IH3WV ^amib^ #Aavnan-# <^i3dnvsoi^ "%; WO* .^WE-UNIVERS/a ^lOSANCElfx* "%3AIN(13\\V ^UIBRARYO^ %)jnY3-J0^ #1 j.OFCALIFOfiU/, AWEUNIVERS/a v%a]AiNn-3ftV CO ^UIBRARYQ^ ^(MITCHO^ "%HAINH3t\V ^ ^AnvaaiH^ ^ " ^ ^OJIIVJJO^ ^HIBRARYQc ^OdllVJJO^ .^EUNIVERS/a * %JI1V3J0^ ^OJIIVJJO^ ^0FCALIF(%, V©1 IV© ^OFCAIIFO^ ^WE-UNIVER%. v^lOS-ANGELFj^ = ■< r*i ^/MAINf!]^ *WE-UNIVER% ^lOS-ANGEUfo A &?( A SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH AND AAIERICAN LITERATURE. BY G. J. SMITH, B.A., Instructor in English, "Washington, D.C., High School. » i » - • • » « • ► sXKck*-,--— • ....it • . ,.....■.',■ . ■ •> BOSTON, U.S.A.: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 1891. ^ V Copyright, 1890, By G. J. SMI Til. All Rights Reserved. « • • Typography by J. B. Ci -ins.. & Co., Boston, CJ.8.A. Presswihik p.-, (HNS \ i .... Boston, i \. PREFACE. A LTHOUGH this summary of our literature is especially in- tended for the use and convenience of teachers and students, it is believed to be not without value for the general reader. In its preparation the effort has been to condense much information Avithin narrow limits. The majority of persons have neither oppor- tunity nor inclination to read formidable works on science or lit- erature, and yet desire that general knowledge which an epitome like this aims to give. In any chosen case there will be found herein, (1) the author's full name, (2) the dates of birth and death, (3) the class of writers to which he belongs, (4) the chronological place of that class in the development of the literature, (5) the best known works of the author, (6) his contemporaries at home and abroad, and (7) leading events in the general history of his time. In most cases, also, a few words of explanation or criticism are given, and the general characteristics of the various periods are briefly stated throughout the work. The chronological arrangement has not been strictly followed, the grouping of the writers according to the fields in which they have labored being thought preferable. An author's relative importance is indicated by the style of type employed. This ranking is of course largely suggestive. Authori- ties must always differ widely in this respect, since an opinion of an author depends upon the degree of acquaintance with him, upon individual tastes, upon various personal and accidental cir- cumstances. A ready means of viewing the ranking adopted in this summary is afforded by the recapitulation given on p. 112. Attention is called to the list of books recommended for general reading. 4 Preface. The day for studying literature from a single text-book has gone by. That the true method consists mainly in reading, and so know- ing the masterpieces of literature, is becoming generally accepted. At the same time the history and the scope of the literature must not be neglected ; it is as a convenient hand-book and guide in the study of literary productions that this book may be useful. It will be found an excellent plan for English teachers to have their pupils learn, first of all, the general outline as given at the first of the book. Both the " historical column" and the list of authors are com- pletely indexed so as to render the outline practically more val- uable. Among others the following authorities have been consulted : Shaw (Manual and New History), Morley, Collier, Brooke (Primer), O. F. Adams (Hand-books), Gilmore (Chautauqua Text- Book), Hart (American Literature), and the encyclopaedias of Chambers and the Duyckincks. To Dr. F. B. Lane, principal of the Washington High School, acknowledgment is made for sug- gestion and encouragement. Washington, D.C., Jan. G, 1890. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface 3 English Literature 7 General Outline (with reference to pages) 7 The Literature in Detail 9 American Literature 65 General Outline 65 The Literature in Detail 67 Summary of the Ranking of Authors 112 List of Books for General Reading 113 Index to Historical Column 118 Index to Authors 121 5 A SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. I. GENERAL OUTLINE. PAGE A. ANCIENT LITERATURE IN ENGLAND. TO A.D. 1350. I. Before the Conquest, 1066 9 a. Celtic (Giklhas) 9 b. Anglo-Saxon (Csedmon, Bede, Alfred) 9 II. From the Conquest, 1066, to 1350. [Meikiejohn's "Early English"] . H a. Latin (Geoffrey of Monmouth, Roger Bacon) ... 11 b. Norman-French (Wace) 12 c. Semi-Saxon. [Morley's "Transitional English."] (Layamon, Orm) 12 B. EARLY ENGLISH. 1350-1480. [Meikiejohn's "Middle English."] I. The Fourteenth Century (last half) (Chaucer, Wycliffe), 13 II. The Fifteenth Century (to 1480) (James l, Caxton) . 15 C. MODERN ENGLISH. 1480 TO THE PRESENT. I. Period of Italian Influence. (1480-1680) • • • • 16 a. Renaissance Era, 1480-1580 (Surrey, More, Ascham) . 16 b. Elizabethan Era, " Golden Age," 1580-1620 (Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon) 19 c. Puritan Era, Cavalier and Puritan Literature, L620- G0 26 1. The Metaphysical Poets (Herbert, Cowley) 26 2. Theologians, etc., of the Civil War and Commonwealth (Tay- lor, Milton) 28 d. Prose of the Restoration Era, 1660-80 (Hobbes, Bunyan) 29 II. Period of French Influence. (1680-1789) • • • • :;1 a. Dry den and the Corrupt Drama (Dryden, Wycherley, Congreve) 31 7 > Ancient Literature in England. l'AUE b. Philosophers and Theologians of Locke's Time (Locke, Boyle, Newton) 32 c. Artificial Poets. " Augustan Age " (Pope, Young) . 33 (l. Prose Writers of the first half of the 18th century, " Augustan Age " (Addison, Steele* Swift) ... 34 e. First great Novelists (Defoe, Richardson, Fielding) . •">(> /. The 18th Century Historians (Hume, Eohertson, Gibbon) 37 g. Miscellaneous Prose Writers, last half 18th century (Johnson, Blackstone, Smith) 37 h. The Orators (Burke, Fox, Pitt, Sheridan) 40 k. Dawn of Romantic Poetry. (1. Minor Poets; 2. Ma- jor; •'!. Impostors.) (Gray, Goldsmith, Cowper), 40 111. Period of Modern Life (1789 to the Present) • • • 43 a. The great poets early in this period: (1) Scottish (Burns, Scott, Campbell); (2) English (Byron, Moore, Shelley, Keats, Wordsworth, Coleridge) . 43 h. Dramatists (Sheridan, Knowles) 40 c. The literature of the 19th century 47 1. Historians and Biographers (Ilallam. Macaulay, Fronde, Buckle) 47 2. Philosophers (Hamilton, Mill, Spencer) 51 3. Clergy (Chalmers, Whateley) 62 4. Physical Scientists (Darwin, Tyndall, Mailer) 53 5. Travellers (Livingstone) 55 6. Reviewers and Essayists (Lamb, !>'■ Quincey, Carlyle, Ruskin) " ,(i 7. Novelists (Scott, Pmlwer, Thackeray. Dickens, Eliot) ... 58 8. Poets (Tennyson, Browning, Arnold. Swinburne) .... *>'2 Ancient Literature in England. 9 II. EXPANDED OUTLINE. Note. — Poetical works will be indicated by tbe use of "quotation-marks The Literature Outlined — The Works. ANCIENT OR PRE-ENGLISH LITERATURE IN ENGLAND. TO 1350. I. Before the Conquest, 1066. The writing of this period has very- slight connection with the succeed- ing literature of England. Neither the Celtic tongue, the Anglo-Saxon, nor the Norman French was fitted for a high order of literary composi- tion. As Marsh observes : " Anglo- Saxon literature, so far from being the mother, was not even the nurse of the infant genius which opened its eyes to the sun of England five centuries ago." The rude songs of Celtic Bard or Saxon Gleeman celebrated mainly the semi- legendary deeds of heroes. The som- bre poems of war and religion, with the equally serious prose works of the learned Saxons and the later Monkish chroniclers, constitute the literature previous to the Conquest. a. Celtic Writers: — A few fragmentary Irish poems of the 5th century survive. — In Wales were the bards Merlin and Taliesin. — Gildhas (6th c.). — History of the Britons. (Latin.) b. Anglo-Saxon Writings: 1. Poetry : — Fragments of Anglo-Saxon poems, such as the "Battle of Finsbor- ough," are preserved. — "Beowulf," a poem of adventure in 6000 lines. The hero, Beowulf, kills the giant Grendel. Contemporary History. B.C. 55. Roman Conquest of Britain. Roman power till 449 A. D. 31. Augustus Caesar founds Roman Empire. 4. Christ born. A.D. 9. Arminius's victory in Germany over tbe Ro- mans. 54. Nero emperor. 98. Trajan. 323. Christianity establish- ed by Constantine, who founds the Eastern Em- pire at Byzantium (Con- stantinople). 325. Council of Nice. 410. Rome pillaged by north- ern barbarians. 449. Invasion of Britain by the Saxons. Saxon power continues till the Danish conquest, 1017, but is not united until Egbert's time, 827. 451. Bat. Chalons, Aetius defeats Attila's Huns. 475. Romulus Augustulus last emperor of Rome. 476. Fall of Rome. Odoa- cer founds kingdom of Italy. Arthur and his Round Ta- ble, about 515. 597. Conversion of the Sax- ons. 622. Flight of Mohammed from Mecca, " The He- gira." 629. His triumphant re-en- trance into Mecca. 632. Mohammed's death. 637. Jerusalem taken by the Saracens. 10 Literature before the Conquest^ 1066. H44 ? Cambridge- I'niversity founded. (Some say in Alfred's reign.) 711. Africa and Spain con- quered by Saracens. 732. Battle of Tours. Sara- cen progress checked by Charles Martel (694-741). 755. The Pope made a tem- poral prince. 708-814. Charlemagne (b. 742) in France. 786-808. Haroun al Raschid, Caliph of Bagdad. 787. The Danes first land in Great Britain. 827. Saxon Heptarchy con- solidated by Egbert, first king of England (d. 839). Anglo-Saxon power (till 1017) : — Ethelwolf , 830 ; — Eth- elred, 857; —Alfred the Great, 871-901. 884. Charles the Fat of France. 887. Separate establishment of France, Germany, Italy, and Burgundy. 912. Normans settle in France. —Edward, 901; — Atliel- stan, 925; — Edmund, 941; — Edred,948; — Ed- wy, 955; — Edgar, 959; —Edward II., 975; — Ethelred, 979-1016. 980. A second Danish inva- sion. 987. Hugh Capet founds in France the Capetian dy- nasty. — Edmund, 1010. Danish line (1017-41): — Canute, liH7; — Harold, 1035; — Hardlcannte, 1039. s, iron* rettored (i04i-oo) : — Edward the ConfeM- or, 1041; —Harold, L068, defeated at Hastings by William the Conquer- or. Afacbeth, king of Scotland, died about 1058 — ( 'tut I, ii mi's •• Paraphrase of the Scrip- tures"— 680 A.I.. "Ne waes her tha giet, nymthe heolster- sceado, Wihi geworden ; ac thes wida grund Stod (li'np and tlim." — The Creation. — Cynewulf (d. 780?). "Elene."— S< of poems relating to Christ. 2. Prose : In La/in : — Aldhem (656-709). A bonk of Riddles. — The Venerable Bede or Baeda (673- 735). Wrote many treatises, 1 >ut- especially a valuable ecclesiastical History of England. — Alcuin (736-804). ( Lived alter 792 in France, under Charlemagne.) Treatises, Letters, and a few Poems. — John Scotus, Erigena (d. 877) (an Irish scholar). On the Division of Nature. — Dunstan (925-988) (a learned monk). The- ological works. — Asser (d. 910?). A Lite of Alfred (of some value). In Anglo-Saxon : —Alfred (829-901). (Greatly influ- ential in encouraging learning.) Many translations, among them Boethius on the Consolations of Philosophy, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, and tin 1 Ancient History of Orosius. " I'Yla spella him sacduii tha Beormas," etc. — The monks who wrote the Saxon CJironicle, covering from 55 b.c. to 1154 A.n. It contains several poems, as "Athelstan's Song of Victory" (year 938). (TheChron- iele is interesting and valuable, though at first crude and frag- mentary.) — Alfric (.1. L006) (the "Gramma- rian"). Eighty Homilies. Look Ancient English Li/cntfia-f. of Latin Colloquy. Translations of parts of the Old Testament. 11 II. From the Conquest, 1066, to 1350.- Anglo-Normans. William the Conqueror brought with him the Norman Feudalism, with its lordly barons and degraded serfs ; its castles, moats, and drawbridges ; its Wambas and Robin Hoods ; its trou- badours or wandering minstrels, men of no small esteem and importance ; and its armor-clad knights, — chival- rous defenders of fair ladies, brave champions in battle or tournament. There were annalists of the glorious and the cruel deeds of the time — annalists cloistered, silent, sober, but who sought amusement in compila- tions of quaint tales, The Gesta. For nearly three hundred years the slow amalgamation of ruling Nor- mans and enslaved Saxons, with the fusion of their languages resulting in English, was in progress. a. The Latin writings of numerous Monk Historians. . Omitting special notice of Ingulphus, Joseph of Exeter, and others, the following as the more important writers may be named : —William of Malmesbury (b. 1006). His- tory of the English Kings (l)e Gestis Reguin), .and English Prelates. —John of Salisbury (d. 1182). Polycraticon (an erudite satire on philosophy). — Hilarius (12th century). Three miracles, or mysteries (see p. 21). "Raising of Lazarus." —Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253). Very voluminous writer on science, philosophy, and religion. —Walter Map (or Mapes) (b. 1143) (" brilliant, earnest "). *Stories of King Arthur, De Nugis Curi- alium (Trifles of Courtiers). Xorman line (1000-1154) : -William I., 1066. 21 yr. 1076, Turks (whose capital was Bagdad) capture Je- rusalem. 107:1-90. Papal power des- potic. -William II., 1087. 13yr. 1095. First Crusade. Insti- gated bv l'eter the Hermit. 1099. Godfrey of Bouillon in Jerusalem. — Henry I., 1100. 35 yr. First miracle play, 1120. -Stephen, 1135. 19 yr. 1149. Second Crusade. 1152-90. Frederick Barba- rossa in Germany. llobin Hood, English outlaw (12th century). 12 Transitional and Early English. Plantagenet line 1 154— 13i\ Ine Comedy. (*' Hell, Purga- tory, ami Paradise.") Wallace, Scotch patriot, de- feated and banged, 1306. — Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. 1154). History of the Britons (preserving the Tales of King Arthur). — Thomas Aquinas (1224-74) (called the " an- gelic doctor " ). A noted theologian. —Matthew Paris (lL'-'io-TM) . 1 1 ist oria Maj< »r. (Other works similar.) —William of Occam (1280-1:547), the "in- vincible doctor." Theologian. —Roger Bacon (1214-92). Opus Ma- jus, Opus Minus. Both on sci- ence. — Thomas of Ercildoun. " Sir Tristrem " (a story for recitation, which the minstrels speedily corrupted) . —Duns Scotus (1205-1308), the " subtle doc- tor. Scottish theologian and logician. —Richard de Bury (1281-1:315). Philobiblon (on the love of books). —Ralph Higden (d. 1363), wrote Mira- cle Plays (probably the 24 " Ches- ter Plays"), and a history, Poly- chronicon (in 7 books). b. Norman French. The trouveres, singing in the " Langue d'Oyl," have left no names to posterity. Best known of the writers in French is — Wace (1112-84), who Avrote the "Brut d'Angleterre," a versiiird History of the Britons (see Geof- frey). c. Semi-Saxon. What Morley calls the Transitional English. — Layamon (living, 1180). The "Brut" (a superior translation and enlarge- ment of AVace's poem). " To nilit a mine slepe, Ther ich laei on bure, Mt'i maette a sweuen ; Ther uore ich fid sari acm." — Account <>/ Arthur's Dream. — i)rm or Orniin (living, 1240). The "Ormulum," a series of homi- lies, in verse without the usual alliD'i'al ion. "Tliiss boc is nemmnedd Orrmulum, Forrthi than Orrm iti wrohhte." Formative or Early English Period. 13 — Robert of Gloucester (1298), Robert .Man- ning, author of " Handlynge Synne," and Robert of Brunne (1330?) wrote Rhyming Chronicles (using many words of French origin). — Romances in poetry ("Havelok the Dane," "Romance of King- Alex- ander," 1280), and Ballad*, like the " Owl and the Nightingale " (by Nicholas of Guildford, 1280), a " beautiful little idyl." — " King Horn." B. EARLY ENGLISH, OR FORMATIVE PERIOD. 1350-1480. At this time there were no fewer than four dialects of the early English. " What Dante did for the dialect of Florence, Chaucer did for the East Midland dialect of England," when he gave it such a breadth, richness, and stability that it became for all time the literary language of the English-speaking people. From this time the growth of the language is generally determined. Its basis, in- considerable in Celtic and Danish, chiefly in Saxon, Norman, and Latin, remains fixed. Additions, however, are made from time to time, from Greek and Latin, especially during the revival of learning; from all living languages more or less, as needed; and even from the jargon and slang of the vulgar classes- The fire kindled by Chaucer, however, smouldered for a hundred and fifty years in a darkness but occasionally brightened ; only to blaze forth matchlessly in the time of the Vir- gin Queen. I. The Fourteenth Century — last half. a. Poetry: — Laurence Minot (under Edw. III.). Ten celebrative poems. -Henry III., 1216. 56 yr. -Edward I., 1272. -Edward II., 1307. 20yr. -Edward III., 1327. 50 yr. -Richard II., 1377. 22 yr. Battle of Bannockburn, 1314. Edw. II. defeated by Rob- ert Bruce, 1274-1329, the greatest of Scottish kings. Jialiol, 1250-1314, king of Scotland (rival of Bruce). Battle of Morgarten, 1315. Swiss victorious, and in- dependent of Austria. Othman (1299-1326), found- er of the Ottoman empire. 1328. Scottish independence acknowledged. 1338. England's hundred years' war with France begun. L4 Formative or Early English Period. — Edward III., 1327. 50 yr. —Richard II., 1377. 22yr. 1346. Battle Creep; French defeated by Edw. III. — (inns first used by Eng- lish. About this time begins a reaction against French in England. Edward 111. established the use of English in courts of law. Boccaccio, 1313-75, Italian novelist. Many later writ- ers borrow plots from his " Decameron " and " Tes- eide." 1347-50. Rienzi, the last of the tribunes at Rome, fails in his rebellion. 1347-50, 1361 , '60. The Black Death in Europe. 1356. Battle Poitiers; Fr. defeated by Black l'rince, who died 1376. Tamerlane, Mogul conquer- or, rises to power, 1369. . Bajazet (1347-1403), Saltan of the Ottomans. 1381. Writ Tyler's revolt. 1386. Battle of Bempacb; [mold vii Winkelried. killed. Austriaus defeated by the Swiss. -John Barbour (1326-96). "The Bruce," 13,000 lines; "Apostrophe to Freedom." " Alt, Freedom is a noble thing, It maketh man to have liking!" -GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1328-1400). (The "Morning- Star of English Poetry." Born in London. Fig- ured in political life.) His poems are (Shaw) — 1. Of the Chivalric Type : " Romaunt of the Rose," "Assembly of Fowls," " Court of Love," "Cuckoo and the Nightingale," " The Flower and the Leaf," "Boke of the Duchess," * ' ' House of Fame. ' ' 2. Of the Italian Type: "Legende of Good Women," " Troilus and Cres- seide," and above all, " The Can- terbury Tales.' 1 '' " Whaun< ; that April with his shoures eote The droughte of Marche hath perced to the rote," — the first two lines of the Prologue. -William Langlande (d. 1400). Wrote, 1362, the popular " Vision of Piers Ploughman " (a protest for a pure priesthood ; of great influence with the common people). (The "Crede" and "Complaint" are later imita- tions.) Also, "Do Wei," "Do Bet," and " Do Best." " The Deposition of Richard II." (BUM)).— Opening of the " Vision," showing the pre- valent alliteration : " In a somer seson Whan softe was the somie." -John Gower (1325-1408). Chaucer speaks of his friend, " Moral Gower." Learned, tedious, but popular in his day. His poems are "Confessio Amantis" (in Eng- lish) and •• Vox Clamantis." "In a Cronique thus I rede ; Aboute a king, as must nede, Ther was of knyghtes and squiers Gret route, and eke of officers." Formative or Early English Verio,]. 15 h. Prose : —Sir Thomas Malory (Henry IV.). A romance, The Byrth, Lif, and Actes of Kyng Arthur (an early example of fine simple prose). —Sir John Mandeville (1300-72). Travels. (Quaint and interesting.) Quotation: "And yee schull understonde, that Machainote was born in Arabye, that was first a pore knave," etc. —John Wycliffe (1324-84). Transla- tions of the Scriptures, 1380 and 1382. (His labors in spreading the Scriptures were so influential that he has been called the " Morn- ing Star of the Reformation." By his tracts and sermons — such as Trialogus and TVyckett — he made English popular.) Specimen : ' ' When Jhesus hadde coinen doun fro the hill," etc. II. The Fifteenth Century, to 1480. a. Poetry: — Andrew Wyntoun, a rhymed " Orygynale Cronikyl of Scotland," 1420. — Thomas Occleve (1370-1454). " Governeil of Princes," " Story of Jonathan." (Po- ems of little merit. ) Quotation : "My mayster Chaucer, floure of eloquence! " —John Lydgate (1370-1460). (Dif- fuse. Great demand for his poems, for entertainments and masks.) "Story of Thebes," "Destruction of Troy," " Falls of Princes." —James I. of Scotland (1394-1436). "The King's Quhair." (A long and meritorious love poem, in "Rhymes Royal " stanzas, so named from it. "Sweet, tender, pure.") "The longe dayes and the nightes eke," etc. b. Prose : TJie Introduction of Printing. —Reginald Pecock (1390-1460). The Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of the Clergy. (Aimed against the Lollards.) House <>f Lancaster (1399- 14til) : —Henry IV., 1399. 14 jr. —Henry V., 1413. 9 yr. —Henry VI., 1422. 39 yr. 1401. First Lollard, follower of Wycliffe, burnt. Van Eyck, 1390-1440. Fleru- ish painter. 1403. Battle Shrewsbury; Percy defeated and slain. 1414-18. Council of Con- stance ; Huss burned . 1412-31. Joan of Arc, French heroine (burned at Rouen). 1415. BattleAgincourt;Hen- ry V. defeats the French. English language adopted by House of Commons, 1414? 1441. Printing from movable types invented by Faust. Made public by Guten- berg, 1454. Jack Cade's rebellion, 1450. 16 Beginning <>t' Mm/cm English. House of York (1461-8;')} : —Edward I v., L461. 22yr. —Edward v., HS3. 74 days. —Richard III., 1483. 2yr. Torquemada, 1420-98, Span- ir.li inquisitor. 1455-85. Ware of tlie Red and the White Roses ( Lan- caster and York). Charles the Bold, 1433-7'; French duke. 1455. Royalists (red roses) defeated at St. Albans. 1461. Battle Wakefield. Duke of York killed. 1461. Battle Towton. Q. Margaret of Anjou (1429- 82), def. by Warwick, the king-maker (1420-71), who had placed Edward IV. on the throne. 1471. Warwick killed at Barnct; also Henry VI. 1471. Tewkshury. Margaret defeated by Edward IV. 1485. Richard killed at Bob- worth. Henry of Rich- mond, victorious, estab- lishes the House of Tudor (1485-1603). — William Caxton (1412-91), having learned printing in Holland, pub., 1474, The Game of the Chesse. In time sixty-three other books, translating many himself. Specimen : " After that, I had accomplysshed and Eynysshed dyuers hystoryes," etc. — The writers of the Paston Letters (1424-1509) (which throw light on the social life of the times as well as the history). —Sir John Fortescue (1430-80?). Tracts. Absolute and Limited Monarchies. C. MODERN ENGLISH. 1480 TO THE PRESENT. For a thousand years after the fall of Rome (476), ignorance, dissen- sion, violence, filled the world — a millennium of darkness. Learning fled to the cloister; for the human race was disheartened by the down- fall of the proudest civilization it had ever reared. Chaucer was the herald in England of the dawn that had broken in Italy. The Italian Renaissance of art and literature, the gradual revival and spread of learning over Europe, the Reforma- tion, the increasing use of printing, the awakening spirit of interest and curiosity that encouraged all manner of investigation and discovery, now began to give that exultation, that freshness, to mental effort, never known before or since, which resulted in the greatest age of literature. I. Period of Italian Influence. 1480 to 1680. a. RENAISSANCE ERA, TO 1580. (Caxton to Spenser.) I. Poets: — Blind Harry (15th a), Harry the Minstrel. Powerful poems on the deeds of Wallace. Modern English: Renaissance E, ra. 17 —John Skeltori (1460-1529). (His "rimes," "ragged, tattered, and jagged," but energetic.) "Colin Clout," "Bouge of Court," "Why Come ye not to Court ? " —Stephen Hawes, 1500, "Pastime of Pleas- ure" ("a work of no ordinary talent"). — William Dunbar (1465-1530). (In strength and imaginative power the " Chaucer of Scotland.") "The Thistle and the Rose," "The Golden Terge." " And first of all in dance was Pryd, With hair wyl'd bak, bonet on side," etc. From " The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins." — Gawin Douglas (1474-1522). Translated with truth and spirit Ovid's "Art of Love" and the "JEneid," 1513, with original prologues. —Robert Barclay (d. 1552). 1508, "Ship of Fools " (a free translation from the Ger- man). —Sir David Lyndsay (1490-1557). "Meldrum's Duel," "A Dreme," " Complaint to the King," " Satire of the Three Estates," 1535 (a morality play). V — Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-47). (Invented the Sonnet and Blank Verse.) Trans. "^Eneid." Son- nets ; sacred paraphrases ; a satire. —Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42). (Friend of Surrey.) Love songs and sonnets. Sat- ires, versified Psalms. — Robert Henryson (16th c). "vEsop's Fabils" in verse. "Testament of Cre- seid" (after Chaucer). —Thomas, Lord Vaux (b. 1510). Minor poems. " On a Contented Mind." —Thomas Tusser (1515-80), a didactic poem " Hundreth Good Points of Husbandrie," 1557. — To this time belong a number of Ballads, authors unknown, "Chevy Chase," "Clym of the Chough," "The Nutbrowne Maid," 1502. Tudor line (1485-1603) : —Henry VII., 1485. 24 yr. —Henry VIII. ,1509. 38 yr. The " much- married mon- arch." (Anne Boleyn, mar. 1533.) 1492. America discovered. 1492. Moorish capital, Gra- nada, taken by the Span- ish. 1493. Maximilian, emp. of Germany. Da Vinci, 1452-1519, a leader in the renaissance of Ital- ian art. Be Soto, 1460-1542, Spanish explorer. 1462-1505, Ivan III., Czar. Machiavelli, 1469-1527, art- ful Italian politician and author. Numbers of Spanish, French, and English dis- coverers. Dr. Johann Faust, German necromancer, flourished 1500. 1500. Brazil discovered by Cabral. 1513. Flodden Field. Leo X. (pope, 1513-21) and Lorenzo de Medici (1448- 92), patrons of literature and art. Cesare Borgia (1457-1507), perfidious Italian duke and cardinal. Lucrezia, his sister, died 1523. Albrecht Durer, German painter and engraver (1471- 1528). 1515. Wolsey, cardinal. Michael Angelo (1474-1563), greatest of the Italian painters and architects. burns the Reformation 1517. Luther Papal Bull. begun. 1519. Magellan circumnavi- gates the globe. 1520. Accession of Emp. Charles V. of Germany. 1520. Soliman II., the Mag- nificent. Raphael, 1483-1520, great Italian artist. Chevalier i?a?/flrtf,1475-1524, French warrior, " without fear and without re- proach." 18 Modern English : Renaissance Era. Tudort 1485 1603): —Henry VII., 1485. J4 yr. — Henry VIII., L509. 38yr. i dward VI., 1547. 6yr. Mary, 1553. 5 yr. — Elizabeth, 1558-1603. Copernicus, 147:;-I."i4;t, great German astronomer. Stat- ed modern theory of the Bolar system. AriostO, 1474-1503, Italian author. " Orlando Furi- oeo." Loyola, 1401-1566, Spaniard. Founded at I'aris, l.">4:;. the society oi Jesuits, with Francis Xavier (1506-52). 1520. The gorgeous field of (loth of (fold, where Benry VIII. met Francis the French king. Xirinyle, 14S4-1531, Swisc reformer. Montezuma (b. 1480). The last of the Aztec emperors in Mexico, conquered by Cortez, 1521. Pizarro in Peru, 1533, sub- jugates the I 'tea. Luther, 1483-1546, the great German reformer. 1 i. Wolsey's fall. 1534. Separation <>t English < Ihurcb from Rome. Hen \\ VIII. the bead "C the ( Ihurch. 1538, monasteries suppressed. inethon, 1407-1660, Ger man leader of the Refor- mation after Luther. 1580, the Augsburg Confession. (Tlir\ are collected in Percy's Reliques, latter part 18th century. See p. 4."!.) "The Perse 1 owt of Northombarlande, And ;i vowe to I << "1 mayd he That he wolde hum in the m< >untayns • ijB Chyvial within dayes thre, Jh the manger of doghti Doglas And all that ever with him be." — Chevy Chase. 2. Prose Writers : — Lord Berners. In 1523 translated Froissart's Chronicle. History of Arthur. —Sir Thomas jtfbre (1480-1535). The philosophical romance, Utopia (Nowhere ; a fanciful account of an ideal republic). A Life of Edward V. ("the first example of good English language." — Ilallam). — Hugh Latimer (1472-1556), the mar- tyr. Sermons ; one on The 1'lough- ers. (Style plain, direct, shrewd.) —Sir Thomas Elyot (d. 1546). The Governor (on education).. —Robert Fabyan (1450-1512). Con- cordance of Historyes. —Edward Hall (1499-1547). Houses of York and Lancaster, a history to 1532. [Fabyan and Hall made the first attempts at studied literary discussion of history. The development, beginning with poetical le- gends, includes the chronicles pf the monk and ttoii\ere, the systematic narrative, and finally the modern philosophical history. Shaw, p. 71 — New History.)] —John Leland (1506-62) (the "King's An- tiquary"). Antiquarian researches. — r ohn Knox (1505-72). History of the Scottish Reformation. —George Buchanan (1506-82). The Psalms (Lat.). The Chameleon. History of Scotland. —Roger Asthma (15J 5-68). (Tutor of Laily Jane Grey and Elizabeth.) Elizabethan Era. 19 Toxophilus (1545), Schoolmaster (1570 ; a scholarly book, still val- uable). —John Fox (1517-87). Book of Mar- tyrs (1565 ; simple and popular). Translators of the Bible : —William Tyndale (1477-1536). Tr. the New Testament. —Miles Coverdale (1483-1565). First publisher of the whole Bible (1535). Edited the Cranmer Bible, 1639. -Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556). Ed- ited the Book of Common Prayer, 1549 ("on the whole, a fine ex- ample of stately prose"). Chief English Bibles : a. Manuscript Bibles : Aldhem, Psalms, 700 ; Alfred, portions, 850; Alfric, Old Testament, 990; Wycliffe, New Testa- ment, 1380, Old Testament, 1382. b. Printed Bibles : Tyndale's New Tes- tament, 1525-30; Coverdale's "Great Bible," 1535; "Thomas Matthews" (J. Rogers), 1537 ; " Cranmer's Bible," 1539-40; the "Bishops' Bible," 1568; the "Genevan" Bible, 1560 or 1570; the Rheims New Testament, 1582; the Douay Bible (from the Vulgate) , 1009; King James Bible (authorized ver- sion), 1611; recent Revised Bible, 1881. b. THE ELIZABETHAN EKA, 1580 TO 1620. The "Golden Age" of Literature. Spenser, Shakespeare, and Bacon, and a host of less illustrious men who in any other age would have ranked among the most eminent, make this an age of great intellec- tual splendor. Spenser produced the great romantic epic. Hooker as a learned theolo- gian, Raleigh as a scholarly historian, Bacon as the far-seeing philosopher of Induction, — a doctrine that has Titian, 1477-1566?, greatest of Venetian painters. Correggio, 1494-1534, Italian painter. Rabelais, 1495-1533, French satirist. " Story of Gar- gantua and Pantagruel." ( 'alvin, 1509-64, Freneh-Eng- lish theologian. Estab- lished Presbyterianism. "Institutes of Theology." 1559-60. Scottish Reforma- tion under Knox. The emperor Charles V. abdicates, 1556; his son, Philip II. of Spain, was husband to Mary of Eng- land. 1562. Slave trade begun. —Henry VIII., 1509. 38yr. —Edward VI., 1547. 6 yr. — Mary, 1553. 5 yr. —Elizabeth, 1558-1603. 45 yr. Cecil, Lord Burleigh, 1520- 98, Lord Treasurer of Eng- land. Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1532-88, favorite of Eliza- beth. (Read Scott's "Ken- ilworth.") 20 Elizabethan Era. -Klizabetli, 1558 1603. Camoens, Portuguese poet, 1517 -79, "The Lusiad." Savonarola, 1552-98, Ital- ian reformer. William tin Silent, 1553-84, founder of the Dutch He- public Arminius, 1560-1609, Dutch reformer. 1572. Massacre of St. Bai tbolomew. Thousands of Buguenote Blain in Paris alone. ( Catharine de' Me- dici in power. reformed the scientific world, — and the surpassingly qualified translators who produced the King James Bible, would have made any age luminous in history; while of this one the culminating glory was the drama as developed by the greatest of writers, William Shakespeare. ". Non-dramatic: — George Gascoigne (1530-77). "The Steel Glass " (our first long satire). — Thomas Sackville (1536-1608). The meritorious parts of "The Mirror for Magistrates" (stories from English history in verse). (See also p. 22.) —Michael Drayton (1553-1631). "P< >ly- olbion " (a vast history and de- scription of the "isle of Britain" ; a unique "poetical ramble"), "Nymphidia" ("exquisite"), "The Barons' Wars." "England's He- roical Epistles," 1598. — William Warner (1558-1609). "Albion's England" (a versified history, clever, popular, full of stories). — Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) (gen- tleman, courtier, soldier, author, rarely accomplished). Love Son- nets, "Astrophel and Stella." (Sidney again, p. 25.) —EDMUND SPENSER (1553-09). ("Brilliant imagination, fertile in- vention, flowing rhythm.'' — Cha- teaubriand.) "The Shepherd's Calendar (1580), "Amoretti," Son- nets, "Colin Clout's come Home Again." - Epithalamium " (1595), "The Faerie Queene" (1590-9.")) [which last was a moral and polit- ical (and at length tedious?) alle- gory in six books]. Also a View of the State of Ireland. (Spenser's Poets of Elizabethan Era. 21 home was for a time Kilcolman Castle, Ireland.) -Fulke Greville, Lord Brook (1554-1628), long obscure poems, " Human Learning," "Wars," etc. — George Chapman (1557-1634). Fine translations of the "Iliad" and " Odyssey." (His work is unique, powerful, spirited.) Also a dra- matist. — Robert Southwell (1560-95). "Times Go by Turns," " Content and Rich." —Samuel Daniel (1562-1619) (" well- languaged Daniel "). Lyrics, such as "Hymen's Triumph." A ver- sified "History of the Wars of the Roses." A History of Eng- land (to Edward III.) ; a few dramas. —Sir Henry Wotton (1508-1009) . ' ' Charac- ter of a Happy Life." Some prose treatises. —Sir John Davies (1570-1620). "The Or- chestra" (gay, bright), " Nosce Teipsum" (condensed, didactic). —Edward Fairfax (d. 1032). A "faithful and vigorous " translation of Tasso's "Jerusalem delivered." "Eclogues," Demonology. — William Drummond (1585-1647). (Though a Scotchman, "entirely English and Elizabethan." — Brook.) Sonnets, "On Sleep"; " On John the Baptist " ; graceful love sonnets; "Elowers of Zion." —Joseph Hall (1574-1656). "Virgide- marium," a collection of satire* (1597 ; energetic, and readable still). The Pleasure of Study. . Dramatic: [Note on the Dawn of the Drama. — The de- velopment seems to have been as follows : 1 . Miracles. Scenes from Bible history. —Oldest MS. 1350. Ex. — Cain and Abel. Fall of Man. 2. Mysteries. Dramatizing the lives of the saints. — Elizabeth, 1558-1603. The Stuarts (1G01-S8) : — James I., lGOo-'Jo. Muni Stuart, Queen of Scots, 1542-87, behead- ed by Elizabeth's order. (Read Lamartine's " Life of Mary Stuart.") Ttlzzio (b. 1540), Italian fa- vorite of Mary. Assassi- nated 1506. Lord Darnley (1545-67), hus- band of Mary. Earl of Both-well (15-2G-77), husband of Mary. Earl of Essex, 1567-1601. Favorite of Elizabeth. Be- headed. liSS. The "Invincible Span ish Armada" defeated bj Sir Francis Drake (1540- 95; circumnavigated the world, 15"y) and Howard. 22 Elizabethan Dramatist*. -Kli/uheth, !■>> 1 "" ■'■■ 77ic Stuarts : -James I., 1603-25. Tanso, 1544-45, Italian epic poet ("Jerusalem Deliv- ered"). i Yichton, tin- " Admirable Urichton," 1560-83, Boot ti»!i prodigy. — Earliest example, 1110, Play of St. Cath- arine. 3. Moralities. Personifications of abstract virtues and vices. Fx., 1450, The Castle of Perseverance. 4. Interludes. Farcical and grotesque. —John Heywood (d. 1565). "The Four P's" (Peddler, Pardoner, Palmer, Poticary). 5. Pageants. Introducing classical person- ages. 6. Masques. Splendid and costly entertain- ments (perfected by Jonson). 7. Iiiule Historical Dramas. For example, —John Bale (1494-1 503). "King John » ; Writers also Account of English s. The Modem Play.] ty— Nicholas Udall (1506-64). The first English comedy, 1551, "Ralph lloyster Doyster " (lively, natural ; in rhyme). — Thomas Sackville (1536-1608). (With Norton ?) The first regular trag- edy, 1562, "Gorboduc, or Ferrex and Porrex" (oppressively tragic, style monotonous). (Sackville also p. 20.) —John Still (1 543-1608). "Gammer Gur- t on's Needle " (" farcical "). t^George Peele (1552-98). "The Arrayne- inent of Paris, 1 ' "David and Bethsabe," "Absolom"; "Edward I." ("our flrsl historical play "). i— >John Lyly (1563-1601). "Endimion," "Campaspe," "Mydas," "Mother Bom- hie," etc. See also p. 25. — Thomas Kyd. The famous play. "Jeron- imo." u — I J obert Greene ( 1560-02 ) . " George A'Greene," "Orlando Furioso," * "Friar Bacon and Friar Bun- gay," *" James the Fourth." Pandosto, a prose romance. A pamphlet, Groats worth of Wit. (hitter against Shakespeare, "the upstart crow''). Elizabethan Dramatists. 23 — Cfirisioplter Murium* (1564^-93). "Faustus," " Tamburlaine," *•• Ed- ward II.," "Jew of Malta." ("Mar- lowe's mighty line " was blank verse, effectively handled, but sometimes bombastic and tedious.) Also a poem, "The Passionate Shepherd." " Summer's Pierce — Thomas Nash (1564-1600). Last Will and Testament. Penniless." WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564- 1616). ("The King of Litera- ture." Married Anne Hathaway 1583. An actor in the Blackfriars and Globe theatres, London.) His plays are thus grouped by Shaw : 1. Historical : " Henry IV.," etc., "Richard II.," "King John." 2. Legendary : " Hamlet," " Lear," " Macbeth," " Caesar," " Antony and Cleopatra," " Coriolanus," " Cymbeline." 3. Fictitious : " Merchant of Ven- Othello," •• Midsummer ice » a Night's Dream," " As You Like It," " Tempest," " Winter's Tale," etc., etc. Also one hundred and fifty-four Sonnets, and several other po- ems ("Venus and Adonis," " The Passionate Pilgrim," " Lu- crece"). — Ben Jonson (1573-1637). (Learned, conceited, pedantic. Plays, though often forceful, lack reality and naturalness. On his tombstone, " rare Ben Jonson ! ") Works : "Every Man in his Humor," 1596 ; " Every Man out of his Humor," " The Alchymist," " Volpone," " Sejanus," "Epicene," "Catiline," 1611; "Cynthia's Revels," "Po- etaster," numerous masques dur- ing his service as laureate. The —Elizabeth, 1558-1603. The Stuarts : —James I., 1003-25. Galileo, 1564-1642, Italian astronomer; invented the telescope 1609. 1570-1680. The Elzevirs, celebrated Leyden pub- lishers. 1571. Turks defeated at Lepanto. 1575. Burbadge's theatre built in London. Cervantes, 1547-1016, fa- mous Spanish novelist. "Don Quixote." a bur- lesque, on chivalry. ~ 1589. Henry IV. of Navarre, in France, founds Bourbon line (which lasted till 1848) . 1.390. Battle of Ivry. Hu- guenots under Henry IV. Lope de Vega, 1502-1035, Spanish author of over 1800 dramas. 1598. Edict of Nantes, giv- ing religious liberty to the Huguenots. 1599. Death of Beatrice ('end, the " beautiful par- ricide." Captain John Smith, 1579- 1031. 1601. Execution of Essex. 1601. Australia discovered by a Dutch sea-captain. Gni/ Fawkes, d. 1606, con- spirator in the "gunpow- der plot," 1605. 24 Elizabethan Dramatists. —Elizabeth, 15f>8-1603. The Stuarts : — James I., 1608-26. 1603. I'nion of Scotland and Knglund under James. 1607. Virginia nettled. 10. —James Shirley (1500-1666). (Last of Eliza- bethan dramatists. " Lady of Pleasure," "The Traitor," etc. His English is ani- mated, i Prone of the Elizabethan Era. 25 2. Prose (of Elizabethan Era) : — John Florio, translation of Montaigne's Essays. — George Pnttenham, Art of English Poesie, 1589 (an elaborate treatise). — Raphael Ilolinshed (d. 1580) wrote chroni- cles (on England, Scotland, and Ireland) that Shakespeare used. —John Stow (1525-1605). English Chroni- cles, Annals, A Survey of London. —Thomas Lodge (1556-1625). Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacy, a tale (contain- ing plot of As You Like It). — Sir Thomas Overbury (d. 1613). Didactic poems, "The Wife." Characters ("ex- cellent," witty, ingenious). — Francis Meres, 1598, Palladis Tamia (re- fers to Shakespeare favorably). —Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) (sol- dier, navigator, courtier, author). A History of the World. (Writ- ten in prison; a compendious sketch, of course unreliable, but valuable.) "The Nymph's Re- ply " (a neat answer to Marlowe's poem, " The Passionate Shep- herd"), "The Lie," "The Pil- grimage," " On Sidney." — John Lyly (1553-98). Euphues, a very popular prose romance (language " euphuistic," smooth, over-poetic, extravagant). — Sir Philip Sidney (1554-8G, killed at Ziitphen). Arcadia, a pastoral romance ; chief work, Defence of Poesy. As a poet, p. 20. N —Richard Hooker (1553-1600). The Law r s of Ecclesiastical Polity. 1594-97 (a defence of the Church against the Puritans). Style " grave, clear, and often musical." —Richard Hakluyt (1553-1616). Voyages (1589). — Stephen Gosson (1555-1624). School of Abuse (against play- writing, 1579). Plays Confuted in Five Actions. —Samuel Purchas (1577-1628). Purchas, His Pilgrimage (a book of travel). En- larged Hakluvt's Voyages. -Elizabeth, 1558-1603. The Stuarts : -James I., 1603-25. Montaigne, 1533-92, French philosopher and essayist. Xdj)ier, 1550-1614, Scotch mathematician. 1621. Microscopes used in Germany; improved 1624 by Torricelli, an Italian physicist (16US-47), who also invented the barom- eter. Tycho Brake, 1545-1601, Swedish astronomer. Kepler, 1571-1630, German astronomer. Harvey (1578-1657) discov- ered circulation of blood, 1619. Grotius, 1583-1645, Dutch jurist. 26 Puritan Era: Cavalier Poets, The Stuarts (lGu:i-88): — James 1.. L603. 22 yr. —Charles I., 1625. 'J4 yr. Cardinal Richelieu, 1585- 1642, prime minister aud real ruler of Prance til! 1642. (Louiu XIII., 1610- 13 1620. The Mayflower lands at 1'lymoutu. Settlement of Salem, 1G2M; of Boston, 1030; of Hartford, 1636. Cromwell, Fairfax, Hamp- den, and I'ym, Puritan leaders. 1628. Petition of Rights. 1629 10. X') Parliament. Oxerutlern, U.S.: 1654, y n ediafa statesman, ( 'ardinal Ufa tarin in Fiance, 1602-61. —SIR FRANCIS BACON, Baron Veru- lam (1561-1626). In Latin, The Advancement of Learning (1605) ; The [nstauratio Magna, including Novum Organum (1620). In Eng- lisli, Essays (iirst ten, 1597; last edition (58), 1625) 3 New Atlantis, 1627, Wisdom of the Ancients. "The Life of Man," as a bubble. (A man of remarkable history and magnificent attainments. Style concise, even to obscurity.) c. PURITAN ERA, 1620-60. (Cavalier and Puritan literature contempo- rary.) The Chained Bible was a thing of the past, but now religious austerity reached intolerance. The typical Puritan frowned on amusement, and deemed joy unseemly. The opposing Cavaliers were restrained by few prudential motives. Their dainty love-sick lyrics and witty " conceits " are in strong contrast with the theo- logical and controversial writings of the Puritans. The result of the Civil War was Puri- tan supremacy in the Commonweall h. 1. The so-called Metaphysical Poets: — John Donne (1573-1631). Satires: ^Metempsychosis" (absurd and fanciful, but abounding in beauty and tenderness). "Character of a Lore," "The Will." —John Taylor (15W)-l(i54). ("The Watei Poet.") Numerous prosy poems. "The P< aniless Pilgrimage." —George Herbert (1583-1632). Sacred lyrics: "The Temple," 1631 (quaint, gentle, devotional). — Phineas Fletcher (1584-1650). "The Purple Island," 1633 (of somemerit and sweetness). Puritan Era : Cavalier Poets. 27 —Giles Fletcher (1588-1623). "Christ's Victory and Triumph," 1010 ("a lovely poem " ; it gave hints to Milton). —George Wither (1588-1667) (a poet of nature). Bucolics ("Shepherd's Hunting," "Mistress of Phila- rete")." In 1613, "Abuses Whipt and Stript," a satire. Hymns. " Hallelujah," 1641. —Robert Herrick (1591-1674) . " Hes- perides " (light, pleasant lyrics on love and wine. "To Corinna, to go a-Maying," "To Daffodils"). " Noble Numbers." —Edmund Waller (1605-87). "Divine Love " (religious poem of some merit), "Battle of the Summer Islands," love verses (playful, me- lodious, finished), "Go, Lovely Rose." —Richard Crashaw (1605-50). "The Chronicle," a ballad ; " Steps to the Temple," 1646, and " Music's Duel" (a beautiful description), " Hymn to the Name of Jesus." — Abraham Cowley (1618-67). "The Mistress," 1647 ("courtly, wit- ty "), " Anacreontics." Began the " Davideis." Essays. —Andrew Marvell (1620-78). (Fin- est of this group in rural poet- ry.) "Nymph Complaining," " Emigrants in the Bermudas," " Thoughts in a Garden." Secondary List : —Thomas Carew (1589-1639). Fine lyrics. A masque. —Francis Quarles (1592-1644). "Di- vine Emblems." "Vanity of the World." —William Habington (1605-45). " Castara " (collected poems). —Sir John Suckling (1609-41). " Ballad upon a Wedding." The Stuarts -James I., 1603. -Charles I., 1625. Commonwealth, 1649-60. Richelieu establishes the French Academy, 1630. 1618-48. Thirty Years' War iu Europe. 1631. Battle of Leipsic : Gustavus Adol- phus of Sweden defeats the emperor Ferdinand's troops. 1630. Gustavus in Pomera- nia. 1632. Battle of Lutzen : Gustavus Adolphus de- feated by Wallensteiu. Descartes, 1596-1650, French philosopher and mathema- tician. Peter Paul llubens, 1587- 1640, Flemish painter. Vandyke or Van Duck, 1599- 1641, Flemish painter; lived in England before his death. Poussin, 1594-1665, French painter. 28 Puritan Era: Prose. -Charle* I., 1625. 24 yr. Commonwealth, 1649. 11 yr. Stuarts restored (1660 —Charles II., 1660. 25 yr. —James II., 1(385. 3 yr. 1G3S. Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Maes. 1640. Long Parliament con- veued. 1C4'2. Civil war commences at Kdgeliill. 1G44. Royalists defeated at Marston M oor and 16 i5 at Naseby. 1649. Execution of < harles 1. at Whitehall Palace. Sir Matthew Hale, I English jurist. CorneUU, i 1-84, founder of tlii- 1- rencfa drama : " I ••■ i i,i," " CEdlpue," etc 2. \ . —John (halkhill (b. 1599?). "Thealina" (patterned after Spenser). —Sir John Denham (1615-68). " The Sophy," •• Cooper's Hill." —Sir Richard Lovelace (1018-'>8). Lines "To Althea." —Henry Vaughan (1021-9:;). (The " Siln- rist.*') "Sacred Poems" ("devotional, pure, ami quaint." — Brook). " Silex Scintillans." —Charles Cotton (ltWO-87). "The Retire- ment." '•Invitation" (to his friend, Izaak Walton). Theologians, etc., of the Civil War and Commonwealth: — Robert Burton (1576-1640). Anat- omy of Melancholy. ("An amus- ing and instructive medley of qui >- tations and classical anecdotes." — Byron.) — Archhishi >p James Usher (1580-1050). An- nates, 1650 (digest of history). Works in ecclesiastical history. —Sir Robert Filmer (d. 1047), a bigoted cham- pion of "divine right" of kings. Patri- archa. —Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1581-1(148). Henry VIII. — William l'rynne (1000-09), a violent Pur- itan. Sconrge of Players, and other pamphlets. — mini Earle (1601-65). Microcosmography. — John Gauden (1605-61). Eikon Basilike (political tract, "image of the king," < 'harles I.). —John Selden (1584- 1 1 ;.~>4). Table Talk (acute, sometimes humorous). —William Chillingworth (1602-4 1 ). Religion of the Protestants. —Sir Thomas Browne (1605-82), a Learned physician. Hydriotapliia (Urn-Burial), 1658. Religio Me- dici, 1643. Vulgar and Common Errors ( Pseudodoxia). The Quin- cuncial Lozenge. (A " fascinating author.") —Thomas Fuller (1608-61). Sermons; llol\ ami Profane State; Church History, 1656: *The Worthies of Puritan Era: Prose. -Milton. 29 d. England, 1662. ("A quaint and delightful writer." — Brook.) —Jeremy Taylor (1613-67). On Lib- erty of Prophesying, Sermons, On Liturgie, Life of Christ, Holy Liv- ing, and Holy Dying (1650). —Richard Baxter (1615-91). *Saint's Everlasting Rest, 1619 ; A Call to the Unconverted. 168 works in all. (An able defender of relig- ious liberty.) —JOHN MILTON (1608-71). (Poet statesman. " The glory of English literature." — Macaulay.) Three periods. I. Early poetic period: " Hymn on the Nativity," the mask " Comus," "Lycidas" (an elegy), "L' Allegro," "II Pense- roso," " Arcades." II. For twenty years he championed republican- ism. His chief prose works are : Of Keformation, 1641 ; Apology for Smectymnuus ; On Divorce, 1614 ; Of Education ; Iconoclas- tes ; Def ensio Anglicani Populi ; *Areopagitica (a noble plea for freedom of the press). III. His later poetic period (greatest works ) : " Paradise Lost," "Paradise Re- gained," " Samson Agonistes." Son- nets: "Blindness," "To the Night- ingale," etc. —Robert Leighton (1613-84). On the Epistle of St. Peter. (A popular preacher and theologian. ) PKUSE OF THE RESTORATION ERA, 1660-80. — Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). De Cive, De Cor pore Politico, Levia- than, 1651 (a treatise on govern- ment, attacking divine right), and Behemoth (a history of the civil war)- (Style "uniform and cor- rect.") StuartS restored : —Charles II., 1660. 25 yr. — James II., 1685. 3 yr. Revolution, 1688. —William and Mary, 1GS8-1702. 14 yr. Moliere, 1622-73, French dramatist : " l'recieuses Ridicules," " The Misan- thrope," "The Hypocrite" (Tartuffe). Louis XIV. (164:5-1715). 72 yr."LeGrand Monarque." Turenne, 1611-75, French general. 1648. Peace of Westphalia (Thirty Years' War). 1650. American Litera- ture may he said to hegin. Colonial period, 1650-1750, principally produced in New England; generally of a theological character. {Mather, Edwards.) 1650. Coveuanters defeated hy Cromwell. 1653. Long Parliament dis- persed hy Cromwell. 1658. Death of Oliver Crom- well. Salvator Rosa, 1615-72, Ital- ian painter. Murillo, 1618-82, greatest Spanish painter. Blaise Pascal, 1623-62, French philosopher and mathematician. Roger Williams, 1599-1683, founder of Rhode Island. 30 Prose of Restoration Era. st Hurts restored . —Charles II., l*>«o. 25 yr. James II., 1685. 3 yr. Revolution, i*>88. — William and Mary, 1688-1702. 14 yr. 1663. First newspaper in ISngiand. Rembrandt, 1607-69, Dutch artist. Stuyvesant, 1602-8-j. Gov- ernor of New Amster- dam. 1664. New York taken by the English. 1662. Royal Society. Rochefoucauld, 1613-80, French wit and author. (Maxims.) 1665. (ireat plague in Lon- don. 1666. Great Loudon lire. 1679. Habeas Corpus an. (ifft-if /""., . 1634 90, found, sr "f iiie Quakers. —Izaak Walton (1593-1683). The Complete Angler (racy descrip- tions, quaint, gentle, cheerful, charming). Biographies of Donne, Herbert, Hooker, and others, ("unique in literature"). —Edward Hyde (Clarendon) (1608- 74). The History of the Great Rebellion, 1702-4. Pernicious Errors in Hobbes's Leviathan, 1676. — Fames Harrington (1011-77). A political romance, Oceana (defending republic- anism). —Samuel Butler (1612-80). "Hudi- bras " (a burlesque on the Puri- tans, learned, witty, very popular, but rough in versification). — Dr. Henry More (1614-87). Immortality. Mystery of Godliness. "The Platoni- » cal Song of the Soul," a philosophical poem. — Ralph Cudworth (1617-88), an assailant of Hobbes. True Intellectual System of the Universe. — Algernon Sidney (1621-84). Discourses on Government. — John Kay (1(528-1705). Wisdom of God in Creation. Plants of England. —John Evelyn (1620-1706). Sylva. Terra (treatise on agriculture). A Diary, containing valuable his- torical information. —Samuel Pepys (1632-1703). Diary (1660—69) (first written in short- hand: transcribed 1825; lifelike descriptions, naive confessions). -John Bunyan (1628-88). ("The Bedford Tinker." A roughly elo- quent preacher, writer of sixty volumes.) Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (an auto- biography). Life and Death of Mi'. I lad man, and the two alle- gories, Holy War and Pilgrim's Progress. French Influence: Corrupt Drama. 31 Period of French influence, 1680 1789. The rigidity of Puritanism gave way to French frivolity and vice which the restored Stuart bought. Dry- den was above his age, but he was forced to cater to its profligate taste. His introduction of classic models, the deteriorated drama, and the labors of erudite scientists and meta- physicians characterize the early part of this period. DRYDEN AND THE CORRUPT DRAMA. —John Dryden (1631-1700). " Annus Mirabilis"; "Absalom and Achi- tophel," " MacFlecknoe," "The Medal " (three powerful satires) ; "The Hind and the Panther," 1687, "Religio Laici"; fcOde on St. Cecilia's Day," 1697; "Alex- ander's Feast." Translated the "iEneid." Several comedies in "a pompous, heroic style." "All for Love," "The Royal Martyr," "Spanish Friar." (An admirable, vigorous prose style.) —Bishop Thomas Ken (1637-1711). " Morn- ing and Evening Hymns." —John Philips (167(3-1708). " The Splendid Shilling" (parody on Milton's blank verse). Comic Dramatists : — Sir William Davenant (1605-68). "Siege of Rhodes" (an opera), " Law against Lovers," " The Cruel Brother." A heroic poem, " Gon- dibert." . — Duke of Buckingham (1627-88). "The Rehearsal" (a burlesque on the stiff dramas of the time). — John Crowne (d. 1704). "Masque of Calisto," *"Sir Courtly Nice," "Thyes- tes," a tragedy. Stuarts restored: —Charles II., L660. 25 yr. — James II., 1685. 3 yr. Revolution, 1688. — William III. and Mary, 1688-1702. 14 yr. .]fodame de Sevigne (1627- 96). Celebrated French beauty and social queen. Boileau, 1636-1711, French poet and satirist. Bossuet, 1627-1704, French prelate, orator, and con- troversialist. Racine, 1639-99, dram itisl. French Fenelon, 1651-1715, French prelate. " Telemachus." 1685. Revocation, by Louis XIV., of the Edict of Nantes (1598). Ma-eppa, 1644-1709, Polish nobleman. (Read Byron's poem.) 1690. James II. was de- feated at the Boyne by William III. 1690. White paper in Eng- land. 32 French Influence: Corrupt Drama. Stuarts n stored : —Charles II., 1060. 25 yr. —James II., 1685. 3 yr. i;< volution, 1688. — William III. and Mary, 1688-1702. 14 yr. Cotton Mather, 1663-1728, famous New England preacher and writer. Mariottc, 1620-84, French physicist. Spinoza, 1632-77, Butch pantheistic philosopher. 1695. Censorship of the Press abolished. (Read Milton's Areopagitica.) Christopher Wren, 1632- 1723, English architect (St. Paul's). 1697. Charles XII. of Swe- den (died 1718). 1607. Treaty of Ryswick, coaliiion against Louis XIV. n'lllnim Perm, 1644-1718, founder of Philadelphia. W liter. (Maxims; No Cross, no Crown.) Mozart, 1656 01, Great German composer. " l,v qniem," " Don • Uovanni." — William Wycherly (1640-1715). ("His gross vigor is remarkable.") "Love in a Wood," "The Plain Dealer," *"The Country Wife." — Airs. Aphra Behn (1042-89). " The Rover," 1677. A popular novel, "Oroonoko." —William Congreve (1670-1729) (sparklingly witty ; characters un- natural). "The Double Dealer," *"Love for Love," "The Mourn- ing Bride," "The Way of the World." —Sir John Van Brugh (1666-1726). " Provoked Wife," " The Relapse " (coarse, obscene, ingenious). — George Farquhar (1678-1707). *" Beaux' Stratagem," " Constant Couple." Tragic Dramatists : — Thomas Otway (1651-85) (greal power and intenseness). " Orphan.'" •• Venice Pre- served." — Nathaniel Lee (1657-92). Eleven tragedies. "The Rival Queens," "Theodosius." —Nicholas Rowe (1673-1718). (The first editor of Shakespeare, 1709-10.) "Jane Shore," "Jane Grey" (melancholy trag- edies). PHILOSOPHERS AND THEOLOGI- ANS OF LOCKE'S TIME. — John Locke ( 1 ( '>: 12-1 704 ) . Letter on Toleration, 1689-91'; On Civil Gov- ernment, 1689. The Reasonable- ness of Christianity. Essay on the Human Understanding, 1690, in four books. —Sir William Petty (1623-87). Treatise on Taxes. Political Arithmetic. —Sir William Temple (1628-99). Es- says (one on Ancient and Modern Learning. 1692, gave rise to the Boyle-Bentley controversy. See Bentley, p. 35). —Robert Boyle (1627-91). (A dis- tinguished experimental philoso- Seventeenth Century Philosophers and Churchmen. 33 pherand chemist. Atomic theory.) Theological and Scientific works. —Isaac Barrow (1630-77). (Able mathematician and theologian.) Sermons, Essays (Wit, Industry, Excellencies of Christianity). —John Tillotson (1630-94). Popular sermons. —John Howe (1630-1705). (Cromwell's chaplain.) The Living Temple. — George Savile, Marquis of Halifax (1630- 95). Short hut finished political treatises. Truth and Moderation. Trimmers. —Robert South (1633-1716). Sermons. —Thomas Burnet (1635-1715). Sacred The- ory of the Earth. —Sir George Mackenzie (1636-91). Moral Essays. Works on Law. Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland. —Gilbert Burnet (1643-1715). (A Scotch divine.) History of the Beformation. History of My Own Times. —Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). Op- tics. Principia. —Jeremy Collier (1650-1726). On the English Stage. — Sir Richard Blackmore (1650-1729). "Prince Arthur." Paraphrases in verse. Prose works. —William Sherlock (1678-1751). Practical Treatise on Death. Controversial works. c. "ARTIFICIAL" POETS. The culmination of classical poetry; polished, correct, but lacking in sen- timent and feeling. It is largely argumentative, didactic, and satir- ical. —Alexander Pope (1688-1744). (A sickly, quarrelsome, vain dwarf. " The Wasp of Twickenham." Yet brilliant, witty, a finished versi- fier, the master of "didactic" poetry.) Early pastorals and ec- logues. "The Dunciad," 1728; "Essay on Criticism," 1711; "Es- WilUam III., 1688. 14 yr. Anne, 17<>2. 12 yr. Hoitse of Hanover (1714- present) : George I., 1714. 13 yr. Leibnitz, 1646-1716, Ger- man mathematician. La Salle, 1651-1719, French explorer in America. Hob Roy ( Robert McGregor) , 1660-1735, Scottish free- booter. Le Sage, 1668-1747, French novelist. "Gil Bias." 1702. War of the Spanish Succession, France against England and Austria. Peter the Great, 1682-1725, emperor of Russia; founds St. Petersburg, 1703. Handel, 1684-1759, German composer. " The Mes- siah," 1741. Duke of Marlborough, 1650- 1722, great English general at Blenheim, 1704. Louis XIV. checked. Marl- borough also victorious at Ramillies, 1706; Mal- plaquet, 1708. 34 Poetry Early in Eighteenth Century. —William III., L688. 1 + yr. Anne, 1702 II. 12 yr. limine a/ Hanover. -(icorge I., ITU. 13 yr. — George II., 1727. 33 yr. Stradivari, 1670-1735, Jul- ian violin-maker. Hogarth, 1697-1764, Knglioh painter. Montesquieu, 1689-1755, French jurist and phil- osopher. ITiin. Battle Pultowa ; Peter defeats Charles XII. 1716. John Law's Minnis- slppl scheme excites Paris. 171 V Charles XII. dies. 1720. South Sea Bubble. itji. Vaccination tried on criminals. Dr. Jenner discovered vaccine, 1706. say mi Man," 17.'!.~>; "Rape of the Look/' 171-J; "Eloisa toAbelard," 1717; Translations of -Iliad" (£5500) and "Odyssey." • I Mini Gay (1688-1732). "Rural Sports," -The Shepherd's Week" (six pastorals), 1714; "Beggar's opera," 1 1728; "Trivia," 1716. —.Matthew Prior (1664-1721). "Coun- try Mouse and City Mouse." "Alma," "Solomon" (religious epic). (Best work in animated love-songs.) —Thomas Tarnell (1679-1718). '-Her- mit," "Hymn to Contentment." — EiJirard Young (1681-1765) . "Love of Fame, the Universal Passion." a satire. *" Night Thoughts " (sombre, gloomy, majestic verse. lacking simplicity : frequently epi- grammatic). —Allan Ramsay (168G-1758). "The Gentle Shepherd" (a pure, gentle, pastoral drama). Light songs. —Thomas Tickell (1080-1740). "Elegy on Addison," '-Colin and Lucy." —William Somerville (1692-1742). "The Chase.'* a jjastoral. — Henry Carey (d. 174:;). •• Sally in OUT Alley.'" a once popular musical ballad. — Richard Savage (1697-1743). "The Wan- derer," a moral poem. & PROSE-WRITEES, FIRST HALF OF EIGHTEENTH CENT CUV. The perfection of elegant prose was attained by the great writers of this period. The periodical essay reached as high a development as at any later t ime, not excepting Johnson's. Swift brought literature into the political arena, and in bitter satire exhibited the powers of the English language. The "patronage system*' was now in full vogue. —Joseph Addison (1672-1719). ("He alone knew how to use ridioule Prose Early in Eighteenth Century. 35 without abusing it. . . . He rec- onciled wit and virtue." — Macau- lay.) Poetical works : " The Cam- paign," 1704; "Rosamond," an opera, 1707; and "Cafc)," a pon- derous tragedy, 1713. But his greatest Avork was the publication with -Richard Steele (1672-1729), of The Tatlerj, 1709-11 ; The Spectator, 1711, 1714 ; The Guardian, 171:;. -Jonathan Swift (1667-1745). (A master of talent of English " debasing what he hated." prose, with a and defiling Jeffrey.) Tale of a Tub, 1704, Battle of the Books, ridiculing Bentley, Public Spirit of the Whigs, Conduct of the Allies (all powerful pamphlets). The Drapier Letters. Gulliver s Travels, 1726. Poems : '-To Stella," "Cadenus and Vanessa," "Verses on my own Death." (Probably married Stella — Esther Johnson — 1 716. Vanessa was Hester Van I iomrigh.) -Richard Bentley (1662-1742). Dissertation (on the "Epistles of Phalaris") which angered Temple (see p. 32). -John Arbuthnot (1067-1705). (A learned wit and humorist.) His- tory of John Bull. Best parts of " Martinus Scriblerus." -George Berkeley (1684-1753). New Theory of Vision, 1709. Princi- ples of Human Knowledge. Mi- nute Philosopher, 1732. (A nom- inalist and an idealist.) -Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1690- 1762). (Sensible, vivacious, well- read.) Letters. -Lord Chesterfield (1699-1751). Let- ters to his Son (on good breeding and worldly wisdom). House of Hanover; George I., 1714. 13 yr. George II., 1727. 33 yr. George III., 17G0. 60 yr. The weak Louis VI". in France, 1715-74 ; Pompa- dour (1721-64) and Du Barri in power. 1725. Peter the Great dies. Fahrenheit, 16S6-1740, Ger- man physicist. Reaumur, 1683-1751, French naturalist, inventor of a thermometer. Swedeiiborg, 1688-177'J Swedish theosophist. Maria Tlieresa, 1717-80, queen of Austria, 1740. I Novelists in Eighteenth Century. Houst of Uatuwi r : —George I., 1714. la yr. —George II., 17 iT. 3Syr. —George III., 1760. 60 yr. 174o. Frederick II., tin Great, emperor of I'ni*-- sia (in2-88 . 1741-4V War of the Aus- trian Succession. (Fred- erick vs. Maria Theresa.) 1743. George II. defeats French ;it Dettingen. CoUey Cibber, 1671-1757, English actor and drama- tist. (•' Non-juror.") Voltaire, 1694-1778, French philosopher, poet, wit, historian, dramatist, :iiid sceptic. " Merope," " < !an- dide." Linnatus, 1707-7*, Bwedish botanist. Eugene .tram, 1704-59, Eng- liHh scholar. (Head Bui- wer's novel.) 174'). Marsh a I Saxe victo- rious at Fontenoy, over the Austrians and Eng- lish. Munchausen, i7'Ju-'.»7, Ger- man soldier and roman- cist. Enter, 17't7-s:;, Swiss phil- osopher. L746. Battle of Culloden; pretender defeated. Crudi a, 1700-70. (Concord- ance.) Scottish minister. Diderot, 1712-84, Prem h philosopher and novelist. Sir Joshua 'Reynolds, I 92. (ire.it Bnglisb paint- er. Author of DiscourBes on Art, — Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733). Fable nf the Bees, or Private Vices Public Benefits. — Lord Shaftesbury (1671-1713). Character istics. The Moralists. — Edmund Hoyle (1872-1769). Games. — Henry St. .John. Viscount Bolingbroke (1078-1751). KcMfctions on Exile. The Study of History. — Thomas Sherlock (1678-1751 i. Sermons, — Conyers Middleton (1683-1750). Life of Cicero. —George Cave (1691-1754). 1731, The Gen- tleman's Magazine. ft THE FIEST GREAT NOVELISTS. —Daniel Defoe (1661-1731). The Review, L702-4. Pilloried for writing the Shortest Way with Dissenters. * ; Ode to the Pillory." Journal of the Plague Tales (great power of realistic descrip- tion) : Apparition of Mrs. Veal. Roxana, Moll Flanders, Singleton, Robinson Crusoe, 1719. — Samuel Richardson (1689—1761). Pamela, 1740; Clarissa Harlowe, 17 IS; *Sir Charles Grandison (novels of sentiment, real, because of minute detail). —Henry Fielding (1707-54). (Ad- venture, fun, description of real life.) Amelia. Joseph Andrews, 1742. Jonathan Wild the Great. Tom Jones, L749 (a model and masterpiece }. — Tobias Smollett (1721-71) . Rod- erick Random, 1 7 is. Peregrine Pickle. Humphrey Clinker. Count Fathom. A History of England (partisan). Tour in France and Italy. — Laurence Sterne (1713-68). Tris- tram Shandy, 177)!). Sentimental Journey. Sermons. (A master in humor and pathos.) —Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74). The Vicar of Wakefield. ( See also p. 41.) Last Half of the Eighteenth Century. i / THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY HISTORIANS. — David Hume (1711-76). (Historian and philosopher.) Treatise on Human Nature, 1738. ~~ The Hu- man Understanding. Principles of Morals, 1752. Moral and Phil- osophical Essays. (A sceptic.) History of England (to 1688), 1754. (Its style, not its candor or research, saves it.) — Willia m Robertson (1721-93) . His- tory of Scotland (to James YT.) ; Emperor Charles Y. —Edward Gibbon (1737-94). Study of Literature, 1761. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1787. dler (1692-1752). Analogy between Natural and Re- vealed Religion (the most "philo- sophical defence of Christianity ever submitted to the world." — Lord Bron nit a m). —Thomas Reid (1710-96, the Scottish metaphysician) . Inquiry into the Human Mind. —Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696-1782). Elements of Criticism. — John Wesley (1703-91). Sermons and Hymns. (Founded Methodism.) —Charles Wesley (1708-88). Sermons and Hymns. —George Campbell (1719-96). Philosophy of Rhetoric. — Sir William Blackstone (1723-80). Commentaries on English Law. —Adam Smith (1723-90). Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759. Wealth of Nations, 1776. (Father of political economy. Urged free trade.) — .Tomes Bosicell (1740-95). (A tat- tling, frivolous toady. But his work is interesting, and as a biog- raphy admirable, full of anecdote.) Life of Johnson, 1791. — " Junius " (Sir Philip Francis, 1740- 1818). Letters in the Public Ad- vertiser, L769-72. (Once influen- tial, but not now read except for the style, being on political dis- cussions. ) — William J 'aho/ (1743-1805). Horse Paulinse. Elements of Moral and Last Half of the Eighteenth Century. 39 U- Political Philosophy, 1785. Evi- dences of Christianity, 171)4. Mrs. Thrale (Hester Lynch Piozzi) (1739- 1821). Anecdotes of Johnson. "Three Warnings." — Mungo Park (1771-1805). Travels. —Rev. Archibald Alison (1757-1830). 1790, Essays on the Principles of Taste. Novelists of this period : —Thomas Holcroft (1744-1809). Over thirty dramatic pieces (" Road to Ruin "). Sev- eral novels, translations, and books of travel. —Henry Brook (1706-83). A once popular theological novel, The Fool of Quality. > u — Horace Walpole (1717-97). Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors. An interest- ing little novel, The Castle of < >tranto. —Thomas Hope (1770-1831). Anastasius, 1819 (describing Turkish and Greek life). Other works on antiquity and art. —Henry Mackenzie (1745-1831). Man of Feeling, 1771 (character of Harley). Man of the World. —Hannah More (1745-1833). "In- flexible Captive," 1763; "Search after Happiness," "Percy," 1777 (successful plays). Practical Piety, Coelebs in Search of a Wife, 1809. —Elizabeth Inchbald (1753-1821). A Simple Story, 1791. Nature and Art, 1796. Dramas (" Such Things Are," "Every One has his Fault"). —William Beckford (1760-1844). Ya- thek, 1787. Burlesque novels. —Mrs. Anne Radcliffe (1764-1823). *Mysteries of Udolpho, 1794. Pvo- mance of the Forest, 1791. —Frances Bumey. Madame D'Arblay (1752-1840). Evelina, 1778. Ce- cilia, 1782. Camilla. (Novels of society.) —William Godwin (1756-1836). Caleb Williams (of extraordinary art and power). St. Leon. House of Hanover : — George I., 1714. 13 yr. —George II., 1727. S3 yr. —George III., 17(H). 00 yr. Daniel Boone, 1735-1820, Kentucky pioneer. Home Tooke, 1730-1812, English philologist and radical. Rothschild, 1743-1812, Jew- ish banker at Frankfort. St. Pierre, 1737-1814, French novelist. " Paul and Virginia." Robespierre, 1758-94, Jaco- bin revolutionist. Alexander Hamilton, 1757- 1804, American statist. Thomas Paine (1737-1809), American pamphleteer and freethinker. La Place, 1749-1827, French mathematician and astron- omer. 40 Orators: End of ^Eighteenth Century. — George III., 1760. 60 yr. —George IV., L820. 10 yr. Talleyrand, 1754-1838, French diplomatist. Madame de StdSl, 17G6-1817, French authoress and wit. " i nriiine." Admiral Nelson, 1758-1805. At Nile, 1798; Trafalgar, 1800. O'Counell, 1770-1S47, Irish patriot and orator. i:> an Nash, 1074-1701, a noted English fop. 170'J. siu). Catherine II. (Bus- — M. G. Lewis ( 1775-1818). The Monk, L796. Bravo of Venice. //. THE ORATORS. —Edmund Burke (1730-97). Numer- ous speeches. ( < >n American Tax- ation, 1774.) An Inquiry into the Sublime and Beautiful, 1756. Present Discontents, 1770. Vin- dication of Natural Society. Re- flections on the French Revolution. (An admirable command of rhet- oric.) —Charles James Fox (1749-1806). Speeches. — Henry Grattan (1750-1820). — John Philip Curran (1750-1817). Irish barrister. —Thomas Erskine (1756-1823). Jurist. — Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751- 1816). Speech on the Begums of Oude. (As dramatist, p. 46.) —William Pitt, "the younger Pitt" (1759-1806). Speeches. (Son of the Earl of Chatham, the Great Commoner, 1708-78.) —Thomas Addis Emmet (1764-1827). Irish orator. Brother of —Robert Emmet (1780-1803). (Both very eloquent.) — Lord Brougham (1779-1868). Speeches. I: DAWN OF ROMAXTIC POETKY. 1. Early Minor Ppets: —Isaac Watts (1674-1748). (Father of mod- ern hymnology.) —Matthew Greene (1696-1737). "The Spleen." —Robert Blair (1699-1746). '-The Grave" (a dull, didactic poem). — Mm Dyer (1700-58). l - Ruins of Rome," "The Fleece" (containing beautiful pic- tures of landscapes), "Grongaj Hill," 1757 ("deservedly successful"). — Philip Doddridge (1702-51). Kise and Prog- n 39 of Religion in the Soul. Hymns. Poeirij : En J of Eighteenth Century. 41 — Joseph Warton (1722-1800). Sonnets. — William Falconer (1730-69). --The Ship- wreck. " —Charles Churchill (17:11-04). "The Ros- ciad " (a bold, critical satire on the stage) . —Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802). "The Bo- tanic Garden." —James Beattie (1735-1803). "The Min- strel," 177-4 (,a didactic poem in the man- ner and stanza of Spenser). —Hannah Cowley (1743-1809). "Maid of Arragon," "Siege of Acre." Comedies ("The Belle's Stratagem"). —George Canning (1770-1827). A poem, " The Antijacobin." 2. Major and Later Poets of the Period. (1740-89.) —James Thomson (1700-48). *"The Seasons." " Castle of Indolence." " Soplionisba " (an unsuccessful drama) . —William Shenstone (1714-63). Pas- torals. " The Schoolmistress," 1742. —Thomas Gray (1716-71). The fa- mous, beautiful " Elegy in a Coun- try Churchyard, ,; TT39r "Ode on the Distant Prospect of Eton Col- lege." Letters from foreign travel (" some of the best in the English language "). — Mark Akenside (1721-70). ("Arti- ficial.") "Pleasures of the Imag- ination," 1744. — William, Collins (1721-59). "Ode to the Passions " (musical, ener- getic, finished). "Ode to Even- ing." —Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74). (See p. 36.) Poems : " Deserted Village," " Traveller." Prose : Vicar of Wakefield, 1766 (p. 21) ; Citizen of the World, 1760 ; Histories of England and Greece. Dramas: She Stoops to Conquer, 1773 ; The Good-natured Man. -George III., 1760. 60 yr. -George IV., 1820. 10 yr. James Watt, 1730-1819. Scol tish engineer, inventor of the steam engine, 1760 (perfected, 1773). Rousseau, 1712-78, French philosopher and writer. " The New Heloise," " Emile, or Education." 1765. Stamp Act. 1769. Conquest of Corsica. — Napoleon and Welling- ton born. Hyder Alt, 1718-82, Hindoo prince. 1772-81. Great English jour- nals established. / Haydn, 1732-1809, German composer. " The Crea- tion," oratorio. 1772. Partition of Poland. 1770. United States Declar- ation of Independence. Lavater, 1741-1801, Swiss physiognomist. Lavoisier, 1743-94, French chemist. 42 Poetry: End of Eighteenth Century. George III., 1760. GO yr. George IV., 1320. 10 yr. William IV., 1830. 7 yr. Warren Hastings, 1732- 1818; in India, 1772-85, as governor. Impeached, 1786. 1777. Burgoyne's surren- der at Saratoga. 1778. Umbrellas in Eng- land. 1781. Sunday Schools founded by Robert Raikes. 1783. United States inde- pendent. Lafayette, 1757-1834, French general and patriot. 1784. Mail coaches. 1787. United States Con- stitution. Schiller, 1759-1805, German poet. -William Cowper (1731-1800). ("Best of English letter-writers." — South- ey.) Didactic poems: "Tabic Talk," " Truth," " Retirement," "The Task," *" John Gilpin," 1785. Hymns and fugitive pieces. "To my Mother's Picture." —George Crabbe (1754-1832). (A poet for the poor; truthful, pathetic, forcible.) "The Library," 1781; " The Village," 1783. " The Parish Register," " The Borough," " Tales of the Hall." —John Wolcott ("Peter Pindar") (1738-18 11) ) . » The Razor Seller," and tales. "Odes." "Lousiad," "Apple Dumplings " (witty, coarse satires). —William Blake (1757-1827). (Poet- painter. Poems reproduce the Eliz- abethan spirit.) "Poetical Sketch- es," "Edward III.," *" Songs of Innocence," and " Songs of Expe- rience." The Literary Impostors : — James Macpherson (1738-96). Po- ems of Ossian (" Fin gal," "Temo- ra," etc.), ancient Gaelic bard. —Thomas Chatterton (1752-70) (the "marvellous boy"). " The Row- ley Papers." Poems taken from Canynge's Coffer. —William H. Ireland (1777-1835). Shakespearian forgeries. ("Vor- t igern.") Great Poetic Era : Beginning of Nineteenth Century. 43 III. Period of Modern Life (1789 to Present). ^a. THE GREAT POETS EARLY LN THIS PERIOD, AND CONTEM- PORARIES. The growth and change begun in the preceding generation bore glorious fruit in the metrical romances of Scott, the poetic inspiration of Burns, and the "impassioned outbursts of Byron and Shelley," Moore and Keats. This poetical abundance is one of the remarkable events of our literature. 1. Scottish Poets: —Robert Burns (1759-96). "Jolly Beggars," " Cotter's Saturday Night," ••Mountain Daisy," "The Twa Dogs," "Tarn O'Shanter," etc. —Bishop Thomas Percy (1728-1811). Collected the old ballads, in his Reliques of Ancient English Po- etry. —James Hogg (1770-1835) ("the Et- trick Shepherd"). A pretty po- em, "Bonny Kilmeny" (in the " Queen's Wake," 1813) . " Forest Minstrel." —Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). (As novelist, p. 58.) " Lay of the Last Minstrel" (1805, instantly popu- lar) ; "Lady of the Lake," 1810; " Marmion," " Rokeby," " Don Roderick." —Thomas Campbell (1777-1844). *" Pleasures of Hope," 1798 ; " Lo- chiel," "Hohenlinden," "Gertrude of Wyoming," 1809; "Ye Mari- ners of England." —John Wilson (1785-1854). "The City of the Plague," "Isle of Palms." As essayist, p. 56. —Robert Pollok (1790-1827). "The Course of Time." —George III., 1760. 60 yr. —George IV., 1820. 10 yr. —William IV., 1830. 7 yr. —Victoria, 1837. 1788. Trial of Hastings. 1789. President Washing- ton inaugurated. 1789. Great French Revolu- tion; Bastille stormed. 1792. Republicans victo- rious at Valmy, under Kellermann (1739-1820). 1792. Attack on the Tui- leries. 1793. Jacobin rule in Paris ; Reign of Terror; Louis XVI. guillotined. Pulaski, 1747-79, Polish pa- triot, killed in America. 1793. Cotton-gin invented by Eli Whitney iu Georgia. 1793. Execution of Marie Antoinette (born in 1755). Marat, 1744-93, Jacobin demagogue, assassinated by Charlotte Corday (1768-93). Kosciusko, 1741-1817, Po- lish patriot. Catherine II., empress of Russia, 1762-96. 1794. Robespierre guillo- tined; end of the Reign of Terror. Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769- 1821, military genius, emperor of the French. Josephine, 1763-1814, first wife of Napoleon. American Literature, third or National Period. 1800 - present. (1800-50, Bryant, Cooper, Poe, Irv- ing, Emerson, Fuller.) 1795. Day of Sections. 1796-97. Napoleon's cam- paign in Italy. \[ Great Poetic Era: Beginning of Nineteenth Century. <; !x<- III.. L760. 60 yr. George IV.. 1820. In yr. William I\ .. 1830. 7 yr. Victoria, 1837. /.■■■the, 1749-1 s:;j, great ( German author. " Faust," •• Wllhelm Meister," " Werther." The Kembles (actors) : John, 17-'i7-18'J3: Charles, 1775- L854; Fanny (burn L809 . //, 1770-1S-27, Ger man composer. " Ninth Symphony." . Nelson wins the bat- tle of the Nile. Paganini, 17S4-1S40, Ital- ian violinist. Weber, 178G-182G, German composer. " lier Frei- schiitz." Rossini, 1792-1868, Italian composer. " William Tell," •• Barber of Se- ville." 18D0. Marengo; Keller- maun defeats the ,\ns- trians. Immi. Ilohenlinden : VEareau defeats the Austrian;-. Capital of the United St.iW'N located at Wash- Ington, Ampere, 1776-1836, French physicist. 1801. Paul, czar. assa*-i Dated. 1801. Qnion of England an. I Ireland. 1'. English Poets: —GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON (1788—182 1 ). (A great poet, greater as a poet than as a man.) " Hours ofldleness," 1$07 ; " Engl ish Bards ami S cotch Ki-\ iewers," *" Childe Harold," "The Giaour," "Bride of Abydos," "Siege of Corinth," "Parisina," "Lament of Tasso," "Beppo," "The Vision,'' -1'mi Juan," "Corsair," - Lara," *"Man-, lied." Tragedies: '-Cain," "Ma- rino Faliero," "Two Foscari," "Werner." " Sardanapalus," etc. Shorter poems : "Mazeppa," "Pris- oner of Chillon." "The Dream." —Thomas Moore ( 1 779-1852). " Lalla Rookh," "Irish Melodies," Odes, and some prose (Life of Byron). (Eminently a lyrist.) —Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822). (■•In poetry what Turner was in landscaj »e-painting." — Brook. ) "Alastor," "Queen Mab," "Hel- las," " Revolt of Islam," " Witch of Atlas," "Prometheus Unbound." "Qenci" (a grave and noble trag- edy). -Tut lie Skylark," "To the Nightingale." —John Keats (1796-1821). (A poet of wonderful promise; a "worshipper of beauty.) "Endy mion," "Hy- perion," ••Lamia" (poems of Greek life). •• Isabella." *«Eve of St. Agnes." •• Autumn." —Leigh Hunt (1784-1859). Biog- rapher, novelist, journalist. "Sto- ry of Rimini." —Waller Savage Landor (1775-1864). "Counl Julian," "Gebir." -Hel- lenics." Imaginary Conversa tions. Drama — Thomas Hood ( 1 798-1845). " Bridge Sighs," ••Son- oi' the Shirt." Humorous pieces, The Lake Poets, and Others. 45 —Samuel Sogers (1763-1855). "Pleas- ures of Memory," " Human Life," "Italy" (including -Ginevra"), etc. Secondary List : —Robert Bloomfield (1706-1828) (in easy, harmonious verse, pictures rural life). -Farmer's Boy"; -Wild Flowers"; "Rural Tales," 1810; "May-Day with the Muses." — Tames Montgomery (1771-1^54). ••(.reen- land," "The West Indies," "Prayer." —James Smith (1775-1839). " The Rejected Addresses" (imitations of popular au- thors) . —Horace Smith (1780-1849). Aided in the above ; also wrote " Address to a Mum- my." —Reginald Heber (1783-1823). Hymns (" From Greenland's Icy Mountains," etc.) —Henry Kirke White (1785-1806). " The Primrose," etc. Essays. —Charles Wolfe (1791-1823). "Burial of Sir John Moore." —Mrs. Felicia Hemans (1793-1835). "Homes of England," "Songs of the Affections," "'Lays of Many Lands." The Lake School — So called because these poets resided in and near Gras- mere, in the Lake District of north- ern England. Wordsivorth has passed through criticisms of ridicule ami extravagant praise. Though incon- sistent in theory and in practice, he is yet a true and often masterful poet of nature. Coleridge is great as poet, critic, philosopher, essayist, and theologian. —William Wordsworth (1770-1850). -Lyrical Ballads," 1708-1800 ; "The White Doe of Pvylstone"; "The Idiot Boy"; " The Excur- sion," 1814; "Peter Bell" (full of absurd detail) ; " The Prelude " ; —George III., 1760. —George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. 1802. Photographs. Richter, 1763-1825, "Jean Paul," German author. Grouchy. 17(56-1847, marshal underNapoleon. 1804. Napoleon becomes emperor. 1805. Trafalgar ; death of the victorious Lord Nelson. 1805. Austerlitz ; 1806, Jena ; Napoleon defeats the Coa- lition troops. 1806. Pitt dies. 1S07. Fulton's steamboat on the Hudson. (Robert Fulton, 1765-1815.) 1807. Portugese regent, John, flees to Brazil. Bolivar, 1783-1830, liberator of the South American colonies. 1809. Battle of Wagram ; Napoleon defeats the Austrians. 1810. Divorce of Joseph ine; Napoleon marries Maria Louisa of Austria. Chateaubriand, 1768-1848, French author. " The Ge- nius of Christianity." Lord Castlereagh, 1769- 1822, British statesman. 46 Nineteenth Century: Dramatists. t;cm-£p III., 1760. George IV.. 1820. William IV., 1830. Victoria, 183". r. ;■. Von Humboldt, 1769- 1839, German naturalist and traveller. " Cosmos." Wellington, 1769-1852, Eng- lish general. inih< hi> Schlegel, I7t'>7- 1845; German poet and critic. " Kssays on Dra- matic Literature." Friedrich Schlegel, \~~±- 1829, German scholar. •' Philosophy of History." 1810. Bernadotte, crown prince o1 Sweden. .\rnrshal Key, 1796-1815, aide to Napoleon. 1812. Invasion of Russia by Napoleon; burning of Moscow. 1812-15. England and Unit- ed States at war. Canova, 1757-1822, Italian sen I pi or. Classic subjects; HiatucH of Washington and Napoleon. Fin ZHavolo, 1769-1806, Neapolitan brigand. 1813. Battles of Lutzen and Leipsic; Netherlands Independent. 1813, Terry's victory. Lake Erie, •• Farrow Revisited," 1835. Many fine sonnets. —Samuel T. Coleridge (1772-1834). "Ancient -Mariner" (in Words- worth^ "Lyrical Ballads;' 1798.) "Sunrise in the Valley of Cha- inouni"; "ChristabeL" isi6; "Ku- bla Khan." Table Talk, Lectures on Shakespeare, Biographia Liter- aria, The Friend (periodical). (See p. 51.) ^-2-Uobert Southey (1774-1843). (Very industrious writer. A strong Tory. Tone of his poems exaggerated. Fine prose.) " Joan of Arc," 1796 ; "Thalaba"; "Vision of Judg- ment " (ridiculed by Byron) 5 " Roderick," 1814 ; " Madoe " ; "Curse of Kehama." *Life of Nelson ; Lives of the British Ad- mirals ; Book of the Church ; Col- loquies on Society. b. DRAMATISTS. —Joanna Kaillie (1762-1851). "Do Mont- fort," " The Family Legend," " Ways on the Passions." —George Colman (1762-1836) (the younger). "The Poor Gentleman" ; "John Bull." — Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751- 1816). ("He made the best speech, and wrote the best comedies, the best opera ["The Duenna"], and the best farce."— Byron.) "The Rivals"; "The School for Scan- dal," 1771 ; "The Duenna," 1775; •• TEe Critic," 1779 (a farce). (As ;m orator, p. 40.) — James Sheridan Knowles (1784-1862). -The Hunchback," "The Love Chase," " William Tell." —Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd (1795- 1851). "Ion" ("an exquisite tragic production"); "Athenian Captive"; "Glencoc" Nineteenth Century: Historians. 47 c. THE LITERATURE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. This great age is characterized by the progress of invention and general education. Mental, political, and physical science receive great im- petus from the invaluable works of men like Hamilton, Mill, and Spen- cer ; Miller, Darwin, and Tyndall. Historical, religious, and critical pro- ductions of remarkable power appear from the pens of Macaulay, Hallam, Carlyle, Whateley, Chalmers, Wil- son, Lamb, and De Quincey, with scarcely less illustrious colleagues. Art criticism and ethics form Rus- kin's held ; while the most promi- nent literary characteristic of the time is the development of fiction under such masters as Thackeray, Bulwer, George Eliot, and Dickens. In recent poetry the striking features are the popularization of Tennyson's pure and graceful style, the revival of amatory verse and of the drama under Swinburne, and the introduc- tion of psychological poetry by Rob- ert Browning. 1. The Historians and Biographers (Nineteenth Century) : — William Mitford (1744-1827). Greece, 1784-1818 (dull ; long since su- perseded. Violently prejudiced against democracy.) —John Lingard (1771-1851). England (to 1688), 1819-25 ("influenced by a dislike to the Reformation "). History of the Anglo-Saxon Church. —Henry Hallam (1778-1859). Europe during the Middle Ages, 1818 (exhaustive, judicial). Literature of Europe. Literary Essays. Con- — George III., 1760. —George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. — Victoria, 1837. 1814. Peace States. with United Kean, 1787-1833, and Mac- ready, 1793-1873, great English tragedians. 1814. Abdication of Napo- leon, who goes to Elba; Louis XVIII. in Paris, Louis XVII. having died in 1793. 1815. Napoleon's return to Paris. 1815. Battle of Waterloo; Napoleon exiled. Congress of Vienna; Switz- erland declared inde- pendent. Blucher, 1742-1819, Ger- man field-marshal. De- cided Waterloo. 1821. Death of Napoleon at St. Helena. 1821. Henry Clay's Mis- souri Compromise, con- cerning the slavery ques- tion. Wilberforce, 1759-1833, Eng- lish agitator of slavery dis- cussion. (Slavery in the British colonies abolished 1834.) I- Nineteenth Century: Historians and Biographers. —George III., 1760. —George IV., 182U. -William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. Niebuhr, 1776 L831, German historian of Rome. Ouizot, 1787-1874, French historian. 1822 -29. < Irecian war of in- dependence. 1823. Death of Bozzaris in Greeci . L823 -4. Lord Byron in i in cce. Daniel Webster, 1782-1852. ./. /■'. Coap( r, 1789 1851, American DOVCliBt. 1825. Brazil independent under Doin l'edro. Metternich, 1775-1859, Aus- trian statesman. Washington Irving, 1783 1859, " the ' toldsmitfa ol America." v stitutional History of England, L827 ("prejudice excluded"). —Sir William .Napier (1785-1860). History of the Peninsular War, 1828-40 (in "too poetic prose"). —Sir Francis Pal grave (1788-1861) (archaeologist). A valuable work, The Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth. —Henry H. Milman (1791-1868). His- tory of the Jews. Latin Chris- tianity ("brilliant and romantic style")- Gibbon's Rome. "Fa- zio." " Fall of Jerusalem." —Charles Knight (1791-1873). Pop- ular History of England. Half- Hours with the Best Authors. Notes on Shakespeare. —Thomas Keightley (1792-1872) (pop- ular, unprejudiced). England. Greece. Mythology. Life of Mil- ton. —Thomas Arnold (1795-1842) (Mas- ter at Rugby). Rome ("striking and picturesque rather than philo- sophical"). Lectures on Modern History. ^Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881). Life of Schiller, 1824 Translations from the German ("Wilhelm Meis- ter"). The French Revolution (a remarkable production). History of Frederick II. (the Great). Lives of Cromwell and Sterling. (Also see p. 57.) — George Grote (1797-1871). Greece. -Connop Thirlwall (1797-1875). Greece. —Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800- 59). ( A warm, perspicuous, splen- did prose style.) Essays (on Milton, 1825; Hastings, Bacon, ('live, on History; literary essays). ffistgry of England (1685-1702). (Also poet, p. 62.) Nineteenth Century : Historians and Biographers. — Agnes Strickland (1801-74). Lives of the Queens of England and of Scotland (16 volumes). Lives of the Seven Bishops. —Harriet Martineau (18< 12-76 ). His- tory of England, 1816 to 1840. Romances. Illustrations of Politi- cal Economy. Society in America. — A. W. Kingldke (1802- ). Inva- sion of the Crimea (hve volumes, vivid, fascinating). (As a trav- eller, p. 55.) —William F. Skene (1809- ) (emi- nent antiquary). Celtic Scotland, 1876-80. —Charles Merivale (1808-74). Rome under the Empire. —William Ewart Gladstone (1809- ). Studies in Homer. Juventus Mun- di, etc. — George H. Baivlinson (1810- ). An- cient Monarchies, etc. —John Forster (1812-75). Lives of Goldsmith, Landor, and *Dickens. —Edward Creasy (1812-78). Fifteen Decisive Battles. —Samuel Smiles (1816- ). Life of George Stephenson. Self -Help. Character. Thrift. Brief Biog- raphies. —Austin H. Layard (1817- ). Nin- eveh and its Remains. Monu- ments of Nineveh. Babylon and Nineveh. — James A. Fronde (1818- ). Eng- land, 1529-1603 (picturesque, dra- matic). The Nemesis of Faith. Short Studies on Great Subjects. Life of Caesar. Lifej)f_Carlyle. —William Hepworth BTxon (1821-79). Lives of Howard, Penn, and Blake. New America. Her Majesty's Tower. ^-Henry Thomas Buckle (1822-62). (A talented scholar, "but para- — George III., 1760. — George IV., 1820. — William IV., 1830 — Victoria, 1837. 1827. Navarino. Greece in- dependent, 1829, John Brown, 1800-59. T>aguerre,\ w i\ artist. 9-1851, French Goodyear, 1800-6U, inventor of vulcanized rubber. 1829,, Catholic emancipation in England. 1829. Matches invented. Marshal Bazaine, French general. ISll-Ss, Mommsen (born 1817), Ger- man historian. 50 Nineteenth Century: Historians and Biographers. — George 111., 1760. —George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. 1830. Locomotive first used. 1830. Louis Thilippe in l'aris. Jenny Lirfd fb. 1821), Swed- ish vocalist. 1830. Belgium independent. Kant, 172 4-1804, German metaphysician. "Critique of Lure' Reason." lldlim miiini, 17.'i"i-1S4:;, German physician. Ho- moeopathy. doxical and incoherent.") His- tory of Civilization. —Sir Henry .Maine (1822- ). Roman Law. Ancient Law. Village Com- munities. Early History of In- stitutions. —Prof . David Masson (1822- ). Life of Milton. Biographical and Crit- ical Essays. — E. A. Freeman (1823- ). Norman Conquest ("may be ranked among the great works" of the century). History of Architecture. Histori- cal Essays. Historical Geography of Europe. —William Stubbs (1825- ). Consti- tutional History of England (a "learned and important work"). —Rev. Alfred J. Church (1829- ). Stories from Homer. Stories from Virgil. Stories from Herodotus. Stories from the Greek Tragedies. —Justin McCarthy (1830- ). His- tory of Our Own Times. Novels. —Augustus J. C. Hare (1834- ). Walks in Rome. Days near Rome. Walks in London. Memorials of a Quiet Life. — S. Baring-Gould (1834- ). Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. Lives of the Saints. History of Ger- many. —John R. Green (1837-S3). England. Also Shorter History. Studies from England and Italy. — William EH. Lecky (1838- ). The English in Ireland in the Eigh- teenth Century. History of Eu- ropean Morals. England in the Eighteenth Century, 1818=82, — Rev. J. L. Mahaffy (183&- ). Social Life in Greece. Rambles and Studies an Greece. Old Greek Life. Old Greek Education. •His- tory of Classical Greek Literature. Philosophers of the Present Century, 51 — D. M. Wallace (1841- ). History of Russia. — C. A. Fyffe (1845- ). History of Modern Europe. Primers of an- cient history. The Philosophers (Nineteenth Century) : — Icremy Bentham (1748-1882). Frag- ment on Government, 1776. Prin- ciples of Morals and Legislation, 1789 (" utilitarian "ideas). ("He found jurisprudence a gibberish and left it a science." — Macau- lay.) —Dugald Stewart (1753-1828). Phil- osophy of the Human Mind. Out- lines of Moral Philosophy, etc. — Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832). Ethical Philosophy. The Law of Nature and Nations. Essays. Life of More. —Thomas E. Malthus (1766-1834). Principle of Population. —Thomas Brown (1778-1820) Cause and Effect, etc. —David Ricardo (1772-1823). Taxation, etc. — S. T. Coleridge (1772-1834). Aids to Reflection, 1805. Church and State. Lay Sermons. —James Mill (1773-1836). of the Human Mind, of Political Economy of British India. — Sir William Hamilton (1788-1856). The Philosoplry of the Uncondi- tioned, 1829. Discussions of Phil- osophy, Lectures, etc. —Augustus De Morgan (1806-71). Works on Mathematics. Formal Logic, 1847. —John Stuart Mill ( 1806-73) . System of Logic, 1843. Political Economy, 1848. On Liberty. Subjection of On On Analysis Elements History —George III., 17fi0. —George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. Gall, 1758-1828, German physician, founder of phrenology. Hegel, 1770-1831, German philosopher and pantheist. Froebel, 1782-1852. German educator. (Kindergarten.) Cobbett, 1762-1835, and Peel, 1788-1850, political reform- ers in England. 1832. Poland made a ' of Russia. part Schopenhauer, 178S-1860, German pessimist philos- opher. Gay Lussac, 1778-1850, French chemist. Comte, 179S-1857, French philosopher. (The Posi- tive Philosophy.) Remusat, 1797-1875. French statesman. " Essays on Philosophy." Balzac, 1799-1850, French novelist. Immanuel Fickle, 1797- 1879, German philosopher, follower of Kant's " tran- scendentalism." 52 Philosophers of the Present Century. George III., 1760. — George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. John Bright, 1811-89, Eng- lish statesman. Cobden, 1804-65, English economist. Leading advo- cate of Free Trade. 1835. Telegraph invented. 1838. Test Act repealed. Schubert, 1797-1828, Ger- man composer. Mind and ). Over- Neces- With Women, 1870. Dissertations and Essays. Autobiography . — G. H. Lewes (1817-78). Problems of Life and Mind. History of Phi- losophy. Physiology of Common I j i I'e ( valual >le). Life and Works of Goethe —Alexander Bain (1818-77). Logic ; Mental and Moral Science, 1855 Body, 1ST:;. —William Thomas Thornton (1818- population, Labor, etc. — William Thomson (1819- ). sary Laws of Thought. Peter G. Tait (1825- ), Treatise on Natural Philosophy ; The Un- seen Universe. —Henry L. Mansel ( 1 821 >-71). Limits of Religious Thought ; Prolegom- ena Logica, etc. — John Ruskin (1819- ). Essays on Political Economy ; Ethics of the Dust; Crown of Wild Olives; Sesame and Lilies, and other eth- ical works (beautiful in sentiment and in style). —Herbert Spencer (1820- ). (One of the clearest thinkers of the age.) First Principles (a system of philosophy, an admirable work). Sociology. Biology. On Educa- tion. Psychology. —Walter Bagehot (1826-77). Physics and Politics. History of the Eng- lish Constitution. — W. S. Jevons (1835-88). Lessons in Logic. On Political Economy. Principles of Science. — [Whately, who follows, might also appear in this list. See his works.] :;. The Clergy (Nineteenth Cen- tury) : —RobertHall (1764-1831). [nfidelity. Christianity and Freedom. Ser- mons, eloquent, cogent. Philosophic and Religious Writers. 53 — Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847). Nat- ural Theology. Astronomical dis- course. —Richard Wliately (1787-180:5). New Testament Difficulties. Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Bona- parte. Logic. Rhetoric. Politi- cal Economy. — JohnKeble (1792-1866). Sermons. " Christian Year." — John Henry Newman (1801- ). (Car- dinal, 1879.) Oxford Tracts. Ser- mons. Apologia pro Vita Sua, 1864. — R. C. Trench (1807- ). Study of Words. English Past and Present. Poems. Religious Works. —Henry Alford (1810-71). Poems. Queen's English. Greek Testa- ment. Bible for English Readers (notes and exegesis). —Arthur P. Stanley (the Dean) (1815- 81). Lectures on History of the Jewish Church. Life of Thomas Arnold, 1844. Sermons. —Norman McLeod (1812-72). Ser- mons. Poems. Stories. Remi- niscences of a Highland Parish. —Stopford Brooke (1832- ). Christ in Modern Life. Sermons. An excel- lent Primer on English Literature. Life of F. W. Robertson. _ F. W. Robertson '(1816-53). Ser- mons and Lectures. --—Charles Kingsley (1819-75). As nov- elist, p. 60. Poems : " Sands o' Dee," " Andromeda," etc. Ser- mons. (Interested in the laborers, to whom he preached.) —Charles Spurgeon (1834- ). John Ploughman's Talks. Sermons. L Physical Scientists : —John Dalton (1766-1844). System of Chemical Philosophy. -—Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829). (Inventor of safety -lamp.) Ele- — George II., 1727. -Ceoige III., 17i.". —George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. 1841. Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt. 1843. Napier's conquest of Scinde (India). 1844. Morse Telegraph in United States. Renan, b. 1823, French phil- ologist. " Life of Jesus." American Literature, 1850 to the present (Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, Hawthorne, Mrs. Stowe, Prescott, Ban- croft, Thoreau, Whipple, Holmes). 1S44. Ether as an anaes- thetic 1S45. Irish famine. Folia, 1745-1827, Italian physicist. 1846. Corn laws repealed. Cuvier, 1769-1S32, French naturalist. 54 Scientist* of the Present Century. —George ill., 17t>o. —George IV.. 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837 (leori/f Stcrenson, 17S1 1848, inventor of the loco- motive (1830). 1847. French conquer Al- geria. Ckampottion, 1791-1832, French Egyptologist. 1846. Mexican War begins. 1S47. City of Mexico taken by General Scott. Santa Anna, 1798-1876, Mexican general and president. 1848. Revolt of Hungary under Kossuth (h. 1802). 1849. Gold discovered in California. 1849. The Pope Hies from Rome. Cruikshanh, 1792-1878, Eng- lish humorous artist. Baron Liebig, 1803 7:;, Ger- man chemist. I.trvrrier, 1H1 1-77, Wrench aati onomei . Oaribaldi, 1807 82, Italian popular leader 1 1860 intuits of Chemical Philosophy, 1812. —Mrs. Mary Somerville (1780-1872). Mechanism of the Heavens, 1831. Physical Geography. Molecular and Microscopic Science. —Sir David Brewster (1781-1868). On Light. More Worlds than One. Life of Euler. Martyrs of Science. —Michael Faraday (1791-1867). Lec- tures (Chemistry). Researches in Electricity. —Sir John Herschel (1792-1871). Pre- liminary Discourse on Natural Phi- losophy. Outline of Astronomy. — William Wlieicell (1794-1 866) . His- tory of the Inductive Sciences. A Famous Bridgewater Treatise. —Sir Roderick Murchison (1792-1870). Siluria. On the Geology of Russia. —Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875). Prin- ciples of Geology. Travels in North America. * Antiquity of Man, 1863. —Hugh Miller (1802-56) . (No author equals him as a popular illustrator of geology.) Footprints of the Creator. Old Red Sandstone. Tes- timony of the Rocks. My Schools and Schoolmasters (an autobiog- raphy). —Charles Darwin (1809-82). Origin of Species . Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. The Naturalists' Voyage. Emo- tion in Animals. Climbing-Plants. Insectivorous Plants. Descent of Man. Movements in Plants. — John Tyndall (1S20- ). On Sound. The Forms of Water. Radiation. Heat as a Mode of Motion. Frag- ments of Science. —Alfred R. Wallace (1822- ). (An independent originator of a theory of natural selection.) Travels on Nineteenth Century : Science, Travel. 55 the Amazon. The Malay Archi- pelago. Geographical Distribution J. O OS. of Animals. —Thomas H. Huxley (1825- ). Man's Place in Nature. Protoplasm. Lay Sermons. Lectures (Anatomy and Physiology, Evolution, etc.). —Francis T. Buckland (1826-80). Cu- riosities of Natural History. Fa- miliar History of British Fishes. —Sir John Lubbock (1834- ). Pre- historic Times. Origin of Civili- zation. British Wildflowers. Flow- ers, Fruits, and Leaves. Ants, Bees, and Wasps. Pleasures of Life. —Joseph K Lockyer (1836- ). Solar Physics. Recreations in Astron- omy. — R. A. Proctor (1837-88). Other Worlds. Myths and Marvels of Astronomy. Lectures on Astron- omy, etc. —Clerk Maxwell (1831- ). Elec- tricity and Magnetism. — Max Mutter (1823- ). Chips from a German Workshop. Science of Lan- guage. The Home of the Aryas, etc. —Charles Grant Allen (1848- ). Physiological ^Esthetics. Color and Sense. Force and energy. Color of Flowers, etc. . Travelers : —Charles Waterton (1782-1865). Wander- ings. Essays in Natural History ("in- teresting, delightful"). —A. W. Kinglake (1802- ). Eothen (vivid, eloquent). —Sir J. E. Tennent (1804-69). Greece. Ceylon. —David Livingstone (1817-73). Nar- rative of an Expedition to the Zambesi. —Sir Samuel Baker (1821- ). Lake Nyanza, Cast up by the Sea, a novel. — George III., 1760. —George IV.. 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. 1848-52. Second Republic in France, after Louie* Philippe's abdication. 1851. Coup d'Etat by Louis Napoleon, who in 1852 :is- sumes as Napoleon III. the title of emperor. 1851. World's Fair at Lon- don. Bessemer, born 1813, in- ventor of Bessemer steel. 1851. Gold Australia. discovered in Sir John Franklin, 178ft- 1847, English Arctic ex- plorer. Houdin, 1805-71, French conjurer. 56 Nineteenth Century: Reviewers and Essayists. —George III., 1760. -«;.orge IV., L820. -William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. 1852. Louis is made Napo- leon III. Dr. Kane, 1820-57. itu Chaillu, b. 183 //. M. Stanley, b. 1840. Lord Raglan, 1788-1855, English general in the (1853-56) Crimean War, — England and France against Russia. 1855. Sebastopol taken by England and France, after the battles of Balaklava (read Tennyson's "Charge of the Light Brigade ") and Inkerman. Florenrr nightingale (b. 1820), heroine In the < !| i- i ura 1 1 War. 1857. Indian mutiny. Delhi taken by the Sepoys; English residents mas- sacred. 1858. Atlantic cable at- tempted. William Blackwood, 1776- 1817, Scottish publisher. Junius Brutus Booth, 1796- 1862, English tragedian. Father or John Wilkes and Edwin. Turner, 1775-1851, greal English landscape paintei . 1859. Napoleon III. defeats the Austrian! at Magenta and Solferino. B. Reviewers ami Essayists: — Isaac Disraeli (1766-1848). Curi- osities of Literature. -Francis Jeffrey (1773-1850). Ed- ited the Edinburgh Review 1802-9. (Associated witli Lord Brougham, 1779-1868.) ^-Sydney Smith (1771-1845). Contrib- uted also to the Edinburgh Review. 1 'eter Plymley's Letters. —William Gifford (1757-1826). Quar- terly Review, 1809. "Baviad" and " Mseviad." —Charles Lamb (1 775-1834) ("a genius of rare quality ") . Essays of Elia. John Woodvil, a drama. With Mary, his sister, he wrote Tales from Shakespeare. ^-William Hazlitt (1778-1830). Princi- ples of Human Action. Characters in Shakespeare. Life of Napoleon. Lectures on the Elizabethan Drama Essays. Table Talk. — John G. Lockhart (1794-1854). Lives of Burns, Scott, and Napoleon. Valerius, a novel. Contributor to Blackwood's, 1817. — 'William Howitt (1795-1879). Book of the Seasons (enthusiastic delin- eations of rural scenery). Rural Life in England; in Germany. With bis wife Mary, Poems and Sketches. Homes of the Poets. —John Wilson (1785-1854) (« Chris- topher North"). Noctes Ambro- sianae (lively conversations on gen- eral topics). Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life. Tales. (Con- tribntor to Blackwood's.) "Isle of Palms," " City of the Plague." — Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859). The (melancholy, fascinating) Confes- sions of an English Opium Eater. Stage Coach, and other Essays. (Style polished.) ( 'ritics and Essayists. 57 —Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881 ) . Sartor Resartus, 1834; Heroes and Hero Worship. Lectures. Essays and Miscellany. (See p. 48.) — Mrs. Anna Jameson (1796-1860) (Shakespearian critic). Loves of the Poets. Literature. Women. -Mary Cowden Concordance Essays on Art and Characteristics of Clarke (1809- ). of Shakespeare. -Douglas Jerrold (1803-57). Caudle Lectures, Story of a Feather, Es- says. —James Spedding (1809-81). Ed. Bacon's Works. Life and Let- ters of Bacon. Reviews and Dis- cussions. Evenings with a Re- viewer. -John Stuart Blackie (1809- ). Horae Hellenicee. Translations and poems. Self-Culture. —Dr. John Brown (1810-82). Hone Subse- civse (essays and sketches, including Rab and His Friends). — Sir Arthur Helps (1814-75). Essays. Lives of Cortez and Pizarro. Companions of my Solitude. (" Beautiful and quiet Eng- lish." — Ruskin.) —John Ruskin (1819- ) (The creator of a new literature, that of art). Stones of Venice ; Modern Paint- ers, 1843-60; Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849 ; Lectures on Architecture and Painting, 1854. (Also p. 52.) — John C. Shairp (1819- ). Culture and Religion. Aspects of Poetry. Poetic Interpretation of Nature. — Professor Henry Morley (1822- ). Sketch of English Literature 1 ; and other critical works. —Matthew Arnold (1822-88). Critical and Political Essays. Civilization in America. (Also poet. p. 63.) —George III., 1760. —George IV.. 1820. —William IV., 1S30. —Victoria, 1837. /.'. ir. Emerson, 1803-82, American poet and phi- losopher. Donizetti, 1798-1848, Italian composer. " Lucia di Lammermoor," " Lucrezia Borgia." Alt, 1819-85, and Offen- bach, 1819-80, German composers. lie Tocqueville, 1805-59, French statesman. " De- mocracy in America." Lanclseer, 1802-57, English painter of animals. O. W. Holme* (b. 1809), American writer. Margaret 1810-50, thoress. Fuller Ossoli, American au- Taine (b. 1S2S), French critic and historian. "An- cient Regime," " English Literature." 58 Earlier Novelists of I'll'- Ixccfnt Period. — George III., 1760. —George IV., 1S20. -William IV.. 1830. —Victoria, 1837. 1860. Garibaldi's insurrec- tion in Italy succeeds, and Italy is united under Vic- tor Emmanuel, 1861 . L861. Death of Albert, I'rince Consort, b. 1819. 1861. Emancipation of Rus- sian serfs. 1861-65. Civil War in United States. 1S63. Battle of Gettysburg; Gen. li. E. Lee defeated by Gen. Meade. Beau Brummel, 1778-1840, English man of fashion. Lamartine, 1792-1S09, French poet and states- man. Morse, 1791-1872, inventor of the telegraph. Meyerbeer, 1794-1864, Ger- man composer. " Semira- mide," "Robert le Dia- ble," " L'Etoile du Xord." Afottke, b. 1S00, Prussian general. Dumas, 1803 70, French novelist. " Three Guards- men, " etc. X —Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1834- ). Intellectual Life. Essays. —Rev. Walter W. Skeat (1885- ). Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Various useful editions of Early English produc- tions. Novelists (Nineteenth Century) : a. Earlier Novelists (born last century) : — Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849) (admired greatly by Scott). Castle Rackrent, 1800. Patronage. Absentee. Tales of Fashion- able Life, 1809. — fane Austen (1775-1817) (fine de- scriptions of life in the middle classes). Sense and Sensibility, 1811. Pride and Prejudice, 1813. Emma, 1816. Mansfield Park. Per- suasion. —Mrs. Shelley (1798-1857). Frank- enstein, 1817. The Last Man. Falkland. —Jane Porter (1776-1850). Thaddeus of "Warsaw, 1803. Scottish Chiefs, 1810. —SIR WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). Waverley Novels : 1. Historical (Classification from Shaw) : — Scottisli : Waverley, Monastery, Ab- bot, Old Mortality, Fair Maid of Perth, Legend of Montrose, Castle Dangerous. — English : Ivanhoe, Kenilworth, Wood- stock, Betrothed, Talisman, Peveril of the Peak, Nigel. — Continental : Anne of Geierstein. Quentin Durward, Robert of Paris. 2. Personal : — Cuy Mannerinu. Antiquary, Heart of Midlothian, Pirate, Black Dwarf, Rol> liny, Bride of Lainmermoor, Redgauntlet, etc. —Mary Pnssell Mitford (1789-1855). ( >ur Village. Rienzi, a tragedy. —Frederick Marryat (1792-1848). Peter Simple. Japhet in Search Modern Fiction. 59 of a Father. Jacob Faithful. Mr. Midshipman Easy. (Delightful and humorous sea-tales.) —Samuel Lover (1797-1868). Rory O'More. Handy Andy. Treasure Trove. Poems. b. Later Novelists (born this century) : — Benjamin Disraeli (Beaconslield) (1805-80). Vivian Grey. Con- ingsby. Henrietta Temple. Con- tarini Fleming. Tancred. Endy- mion. Lothair, etc. — Sir Edward George Bulwer-Lytton (1805-73). Pelham, 1827. Eu- gene Aram. The Caxtons. Last Days of Pomjyeii. My Novel. Ri- enzi. Kenelm Chillingly. Strange Story. Ernest Maltravers. Alice. Two successful dramas, 1838-39 : Lady of Lyons ; Richelieu. —William H. Ainsworth (1805-81'). Jack Sheppard. Guy Fawkes. — Charles Lever (1806-72). Harry Lorrequer. The Dodd Family. Charles O'Malley. Martins of Cro' Martin, etc. —Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell (lS10-0r>). Ruth. Wives and Daughters. *Cran- ford. Life of Charlotte Bronte. —Charlotte Bronte (1816-55) . (" Cur- rer Bell." "Novels of passion.") Jane Eyre, 1847 (remarkably suc- cessful). Shirley. Villette. The Professor. —Charles Reade (1814-84). Christie Johnstone. Put Yourself in His Place. Griffith Gaunt. —Anthony Trollope (1815-83). The Bertrams. Barchester Towers. Framley Parsonage. The Warden. Orley Farm. Is He Popenjoy? Phineas Finn. Doctor Thome. (Sa- tirical, dryly humorous, practically public-minded. Characters real.) —George III., 1760. —George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. — Victoria, 1837. Bellini, 1802-35, Italian composer. " La Sonnain- bula," " Norma." Johann Strauss, 1804-19, German composer of dance music. Balfe, 1808-70, Irish com- poser. "Bohemian Girl." Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804- 64, American novelist. MacMahon (b. 1S08), mar- shal and president of France. linns Christian Andersen, 1805-75, Danish author. ■ Schumann, 1810-56, German composer. Lincoln, 1809-65. Mendelssohn, 1809-17, great German musician and composer. " Elijah," " Songs without words," etc. George Sand, 1804-70 (Mine. Dudevant), French novelist. Eugene 5we, 1804-57, French novelist. " Wandering Jew." 60 Modern Fiction. >] ge Ml George IV., 1820. w Ullain n —Victoria, i- pietor Hugo, i^ 1 - French " L* a Uiserabl Dame." Flotow, 1812 83, German compoaer, " Martha." Atlantic narck, b. l s i">- iv.C. " Seven \\ eeke' War" between Austria ;uiJ Prus- sla; battle of Badowa. 1867. Vienna Exposition. Yfa , imilian oi A ustria b. . emperor of Mexico, killed in Stex 3oez Canal. Turguenieff, 1818-83, Bus sian Doveliet. ]s7n 71. Franco Prussian War. 1870. Battle Sedan; Pi Sapoleon 111'. at b. i • Irish .i In New since 1878. " < Icto- m," " < lolleen Ba« • —('/,<< rles Kingsley (1819-75). Alton Locke. Hypatia. Westward II<>. ( Also p. 53, clergyman.) —WILLIAM M. THACKERAY (1811- 63). ("Attacked the petty vanities and insincerities of life.") Paris Sketch Hook. Great Hoggi i rl y Dia- mond. 1840. Vanity Fair. Henrj Esmon d. Pendennis. Virginians. *The Newcomes. Adventures of Philip. Roundahout Papers, L862. The Four Georges. English Hu- morists. -CHARLES DICKENS (1812-70). (Hu- morist, reader, actor, and novelist.) Sketches by Boz, L836. Master Humph ivy's Clock. IS 10. Ameri- canNotes. Pickwick Pagers. David Comerjield. Nicholas Nickleby. Oliver Twist. .Martin Chuzzlewit. Our Mutual Friend. A Christmas Carol. Edwin Drood (unfinished). -"George Eliot" (Marian Evans) (Mrs. Lewes) (1819-80). Scenes of Clerical Life. MilljOnthe Floss. SilasMarner. AdamBede. Daniel Deronda. Eomola. Theophrastus Such. Middlemarch. Felix Holt. '•How Lisa Loved the King." "Spanish Gypsy." (Faith in "plain living, high thinking.") -Captain Mayne Reid | L818-83). Talcs of adventure. -Mrs. Henry Wood (1820- ). East Lynne. -Charlotte M. Yonge (1823- ). Nov- els. I listory of France. Life of Marie Antoinette. The Victorian Half Century. -Mrs. Margaret Oliphant (1828- ). Lady. lane. Harry Joscelyn. Zai- dee. Harry Muir. Agnes. Mark- land. Salem Chapel. Literary History of England. ("Great power of construction, and a Recent Novelists. 61 penetrating knowledge of human nature.") —Dinah Muloch Craik (1826- ). John Halifax. — George MacDonald (1824- ). ("Mas- ter of thought and sentiment; little constructive power.") Malcolm. Alec Forbes. St. George and St. Michael. Donal Grant. Hannah. Robert Falconer. Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood. — William Wilkie Collins (1824-89). Moonstone. Woman in White. Armadale. —Thomas Hughes (1828- ). Tom Brown at Rugby. Tom Brown at Oxford. Alfred the Great. The Manliness of Christ. -George A. Sala (1828- ). Quite. Alone. Seven Sons of Mammon. -Amelia B. Edwards (1831- ) (nov- elist and Egyptologist). Barbara's History. Lord Brackenbury. A Thousand Miles up the Kile, 1876. -James Payn (1880- ). By Proxy. Fallen Fortunes. -B. L. Farjeon (1833- ). Joshua Marvel. Gnf, etc. -Miss M. E. Braddon (1837- ). Dead Men's Shoes. Lady Audley's Secret. Aurora Floyd. (Skilful in plot, but deal- ing with repellent phases of life.) -Thomas Hardy (1840- ). ("Fresh, original"; peasant life.) A Pair of Blue Eyes. Far from the Mad- ding Crowd. Two on a Tower. -Walter Besant ( 1 838- ) . The Inner House, All Sorts and Conditions of Men, etc., and with -James Rice (1843-82). Heart's Delight. Seamy Side, etc. -William Black (1841- ). Princess of Thule. Yolande. Madcap Vio- let. Strange Adventures of a Phaeton. White Wings. Sunrise. —George III., 1760. —George IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. —Victoria, 1837. Millais (b. 1S29), English painter. 1871. France a Republic; Thiers president. 1873. End of Ashantee War in Africa. Laura Bridgman, 1829-89, precocious blind deaf- mute. Rubinstein (b. 1830), pianist and composer. Garfield, 1831-81. Henry Irving (b. 1838), English actor. Gambetta, 1838-82, French statesman. 1874. Electric light. Alplwnse Daudet (b. 1840), French novelist. 1876. Bell telephone. 1876. Centennial at Phila- delphia. 1877 - 78. Ilusso-Turkish War. 1878. At Berlin, Congress of the European powers to establish the results of the war. 1878. Leo XIII. Pope. 62 Recent Poetry. <..•...■£.■ I\ .. 1820. — William IV., 1880. —Victoria, 1887. 1877-88. Phonograph. 1879. Population of Great Britain and Inland, 34,- 800,000 I'opnlntion of United states, 56,000,000, 1879. Zulu War. 1879. Humbert, k. i n •_: of Italy. WhUtier, b. 1807. Longfellow, 1807-82. Arthur Ihurii llnllam, 1M1 -:;."., Tenn] aon'afriend. 1880. Irish Land League. /•:. A. /'<», 1811-49, Ameri- can poet. Cardinal Manning, b. I8(i8. 1881. Alexander II. assas- sinated. Olr null. 1810-82, Norwe- gian violinist. 1 1 t, 181 I -s:., pianist and oompoaer. Verdi, b. 1M4, Italian c " Brnani," " ll Trovatore," " Traviata." Wagm r, 1813 B8, Gorman oompoaer and critic. " Lohengrin," " Tann- hauser." Ooun.xt [a. 1818), French oompoaer. " Faust." mdan War; Got don murdei ed. ./ /:. /..„•,// I, 1819), Anier- poet. — Louisadela Ram6 ("Ouida") (1840- ). Wanda. Under Two Flags, etc. — II. KmIct Haggard (1856- ). She. King Solomon's Mines. Allan Quatermain. ( lleopatra, etc. — Mrs. Hum | ili icy Ward ( - ). Robert Elsmere. — Robert Louis Stevenson (1850- ). Dr. Jekylland Mr. Hyde Treas- ure Island. Island Voyage. Mas- ter of BaUantrae, etc. .s. Poets (Nineteenth century) : — Lord Macaulaj (1800-59). "Lays ill' Ancient Home." "Battle of Ivry." " The Armada," etc. (As historian, p. 48.) —Caroline Norton (1808-77). "Bal- lads lor Children." "The Dream." " The Child of the Islands." ("In- tense, forceful." ) — Novels. — M. F. Tupper (1810-90). "Proverbial Philosophy." —Elizabeth B. Browning (1809-61) (The best English Poetess). ."Casa Guidi Windows." "Prometheus Bound," 1835. *" Aurora Leigh," 1856. "Romaunt of the Page." (Married Robert Browning 1846.) —Alfred Tennyson (1809- ). "In Menioriaiii." 1850. " Idyls of the King," 1859, 1869-72. '-Princess." "Maud." "Enoch Arden." "Locks- ley Hall." -The Brook." "Charge of the Light Brigade." Two dramas unsuccessful on the stage: Queen Mary, 1875; Harold, 1877. —Robert Browning (1812-90). (Met- aphysical, obscure, powerfully dra- matic.) "Paracelsus." " Blot on the Scutcheon." "Men and Wo- men." "Ring and the Book." " Pifine at the Fair." "Sordello." "Pippa Passes." — "Herve Kiel." '■ Pied Piper of Hamelin." "An- drea del Sarto." Recent Poetry. 63 —William E. Aytoun (1813-6-3). "Scot- tish Cavaliers/"' etc. — Philip James Bailey (1816- ). " Festus." " The Mystic." —Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-61). Poems, 1840-50. (Of a high or- der, of genuine humor, enthusi- astic for nature and man.) —Matthew Arnold (1822-88). "Tris- tram and Iseult." " Strayed Rev- eller." "Thyrsis." (Also p. 57.) —Dante G. Rossetti (1828-82). In his only volume, 1871, " Sister Helen." " Rose Mary," etc. The Early Italian Poets, 1873. — Jean Ingelow (1830- ). "Songs of Seven." " Divided." — E. R. Bulwer-Lytton ("Owen Mere- dith") (1831- ). "Lucile." "The Wanderer," etc. —Edwin Arnold (1832- ). "Light of Asia." " Pearls of the Faith." " Indian Song of Songs," etc. —William Morris (1834- ) . " Earth- ly Paradise " (twenty-four tales in verse). "Jason." "Sigurd the Volsung," 1877. Lectures on Art. —A. C. Swinburne (1837- ). Suc- cessfully revived the drama in "Tristram" and " : Both well." " Chastelard." " Atalanta in Caly- don," 1864. "Poems and Ballads," 1866. ■ ) . " Angel in ) . " Craigcrook -Coventry Patmore (1823- the Honse." -Gerald Massey (1828- Castle." -Andrew Lang (1844- ). "Ballads in Blue China." Letters to Dead Authors. -A. W. O'Shaughnessy (1844-81). "Lays of France." " Songs of a Worker," etc. — Oeorjre IV., 1820. —William IV., 1830. — Victoria, 1837. 1888. William I. and Fred- erick William III. die at Berlin. Sardou (b. 1831), French dramatist. Alma Tadema (b. 1836), Belgian painter. Iiosa Bonheur (b. 1832), French painter of animals. Gustave Bore, 1832-83, French artist. Nilsson (b. 1833), Swedish soprano. irm. S. Gilbert (b. 1836), English opera librettist, with Arthur Sullivan (b. 1844), composer. "Mika- do," " Pinafore," " Pa- tience," etc., etc. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1841). 1888. Curnot, President of France. 1889. Centennial Exposition at Paris. A SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. I. GENERAL OUTLINE. TAGE I. The Colonial Period, 1650 1750 .67 a. Writers on Religion and Theology (the Mathers, Edwards) 68 b. Poets (Mrs. Bradstreet, Bay Psalm Book) .... 69 c. Writers on History, Science, etc. (Colden) ... 69 II. The Revolutionary Period, 17501800 70 a. Writers on Politics and Government (Franklin, Hamilton, Paine) 71 b. Miscellaneous Prose Writers (Witherspoon, Dwight), 72 c. Poets (Barlow, Trumbull, Freneau) 73 III. The National Period, 1800 to the Present .... 74 1. First Half of the Century: a. Theology (Alexander, Channing, Wayland) ... 75 b. Politics, Economics, and Law (Webster, Everett) . 76 c. History and Biography (Irving, Wirt, Sparks) . . 78 d. Fiction (Brown, Cooper) 79 e. Science and Language (Audubon, Marsh) .... 81 /. Poetry (Bryant, Willis, Poe) 82 g. Criticism, Philosophy, Belles-Lettres (Emerson, Fuller, Griswold) 84 2. The Last Forty Years: a. Science and Natural History (Agassiz, Draper, Thoreau) 87 b. Politics and Political Economy (Carey, Walker, George) 89 c. Theology and Philosophy (Hopkins, Clarke, Beecher ; Porter, Fiske) 89 65 66 American Literature: General Outline. PAGE it. History, Biography, Travel (Prescott, Bancroft, Bayard Taylor) 92 e. Humor (Browne, Clemens) '.),") f. Poetry (Longfellow, "Whittier, Lowell, Kead, liarte, Miller) 96 _'/. Criticism, Helles-Lettres, and General Literature (Holmes, Whipple) 100 //. Fiction (Hawthorne, Stowe, Howells, James, etc.) . 103 Colonial Times. 67 II. EXPANDED OUTLINE. Note. — Poetical works will be indicated by the use of " quotation-marks." The Literature. I Colonial Period, 1650-1750. General characteristics. — It was hardly to be expected that the early years of our country's history could have brought forth much that was worthy the name of literature. The ener- gies of a frontier people are directed to sterner and more needful tasks than the cultivation of letters. Yet it is a mistake to suppose that the American colonies had no growth in this direction worth the mention. The peculiarly serious character of the Puritans led to copious theo- logical and religious writings. Prom- inent among their fellow -divines stand the Mathers, and another whose name even then commanded respect and admiration from all the English- speaking world — Jonathan Edwards. Por poetry and laborious scientific re- search the environment was hardly favorable, as perhaps the quality of the work in these directions proves. — George Sandys, who wrote (in Vir- ginia, 1621) a translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, and Captain John Smith (1579-1631), who published the True Relation of Virginia, were Englishmen, and their works belong- rather to English than to American Literature. a. Writers on Religion and Theology : — John Cotton (1585-1G52 ; a famous Boston minister). The Bloody Tenent Washed (an answer to Roger Williams's attack). Milk for Babes, Meat for Strong Men. Contemporary History. 1492. Columbus (1436-1506) discovers the New World. 1520. Magellan, and, 1578, Drake, circumnavigate the globe. 1558-1603. Elizabeth, queen of England. 1584-7. Raleigh attempts to plant colonies in Virginia. 1603-25. James I., king of England. 1605. French settle Port Royal, N.S. 1607. The English settle Jamestown, Va. Pocahontas, 1595?-1617. 1608. Quebec settled by Champ lain. 1613. The Dutch settle New York. 1620. First English settle- ment in New England. jn». Shakespeare, 1564- 1616. 1623. New Hampshire set- tled. 1625-49. Charles I., king of England. 1632. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. 1633-36. Connecticut settled. Early Theological Writings. [aland settled under Soger Williams. Delaware settled by the Swedes. Earrard University founded. BO. The Common- wealth CromweU). New Netberland con- clude. I by the English, and called New York. 1670. South Carolina set- tled. John Milton, 1608-74. Pennsylvania settled. < harlM II., 1660 9 Jtmet II., 1685-88, of England. Thr " Bloodless Et< . olution." William and Mary, 1688- 1702, England. Loola \iv.. ol Kr.i 1716, " le Rrand mon- .ir< j Snlcm witchcraft. —Thomas Hooker (1586-1047; "Minister Booker"). The Poor Doubting Chris- tian Drawn to Christ, Church Discipline, etc. —Thomas Shepard (1605-49; a worthy com- panion to Cotton and Hooker). The Parable of the Ten Virgins Opened, The Clear Sunshine of the Gospel break- ing forth upon the Indians of New Eng- land, etc. — Samuel stout (d. 1663). Associated with Hooker as a pastor. Writings theo- logical. —Roger Williams (1606-83; the found- er of Rhode Island). The Bloody Tenent of Religious Persecution, etc. (A strong and liberal thinker.) —John Eliol (1604-90 ; the Apostle to the Indians. The best known of the three preachers who prepared, 1639, the Old Bay Psalm Book). Translated the Scriptures into the Indian tongue. Numerous writ- ings and translations. — Richard Mather (1596-1669; came to Mas- sachusetts, 1635 : pastor at Dorchester. Father of Increase .Mather). Controver- sial treatises and sermons. — Increase Mather (1639-1723; preach- ed in the Old North Church, Bos- ton. Father of Cotton Mather). On Remarkable Providences, His- tory of the Wars with the Indi- ans, etc. —Cotton Mather (1663-1728). Works almost innumerable, and of great influence then. The best known. Magnalia Christi Americana. On Witchcraft, Christian Philosopher, Wonders of the Invisible "World. (Pedantic, learned; style "fan- tastic") — Jonathan Dickinson (1688-1744; ranked as a logician and theolo- gian next to Edwards). Familiar Letters upon Important Subjects in Religion. Earliest American Verse -Writing. till -Jonathan Edwards (1703-58 ; one of the greatest of the world's meta- physicians). Doctrine of Original Sin, *On the Freedom of the Will. (He argued for man's free agency.) Many other theological works. — Aaron Burr (1710-57 ; president of the Col- lege of New Jersey; father of the states- man Burr ; an able man) . Sermons and treatises. "New England's Ik Poets : —William Wood (d. 1639). Prospect," 1(334. — The "translators," who prepared, 1039, the famous Bay Psalm Book. The fol- lowing stanza is from Psalm 137 : " The rivers on of Babilon, There when wee did sit downe, Yea, even then, wee mourned when Wee remembered Sion." —Mrs. Anne Bradstreet (1612-72). Published, 1640, a popular volume of poems, the best of the time, entitled, " The Tenth Muse lately sprung up in America, or several Poems, compiled with great va- riety of Wit and Learning, full of Delight ; wherein," etc., etc. —Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705). (Po- ems once very popular, as theology.) "Day of Doom." "Meat out of the Eater." —Roger Wolcott (1679-1707 ; of Connecticut). " Poetical Meditations " (rude, but " pos- sessing some force " ) . — John Seccomb (1708-92). A witty poem, "Father Abbey's Will." —Mather Byles (1700-88 ; " a witty divine," of whom several good stories are told). Sermons. Poems. e. Writers on History, Exploration, Sci- ence : —Nathaniel Ward (1570-1653). The Simple Cobler of Agawam (a pointed satire on the times). —Gov. John Winthrop (1588-1649). Jour- nal of the Public Occurrences in the Mas- sachusetts Colony. Jnli a Dryden, 1631-1700. Joseph Addison, 1072-1719. Richard Steele, 1072-1729. 1701-13. Frederick I. of Prussia. Queen Anne, 1702-14. George I., 1714-27. Louis XV., 1713-74, of France. Capt. Win. Kidd, 1050-1 701, American pirate. 1732. Washington born. Alexander Pope, 1688-1744. Peter Faneuil, 1700-43, Boston merchant. 1733. Georgia settled. George II., 1727-G0. 'II mial Period: Prose, 174.'.. Loulaburg captured by the English (" King rge'a War "). Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745. 1740. Frederick II. the it, of Prussia. 1755-60. "The French and Indian War " in America. William Pitt, Karl of Chat- ham, 1708-78, " the « ommoner." 17 /• Qui bee sui i endered ; death of tien. Wolfe. / ..6 1886, earaan and lawj er. 1814, Dec. peace. 24. Treaty of 1815, Jan. 8. Battle of New <>rlean«; Gen. Jackson ata the l;< itif-ii. Battle of Waterloo . Simon Bolivar, l"i liberator ol the \ui. mlea. / •././ Aihburton, \~~\ 1848, English diplomatist. Jesus and His Biographers, 1838. Power of Spirit. A fine transla- tion of Schiller's '-Song' of the Bell." —Addison Alexander (1809-60). Com- mentaries on tne Scripture. Ser- mons. Magazine articles and Po- ems. ( A strong writer.) —Theodore Parker (1810-60; an ad- vanced rationalist). The Tran- sient and the Permanent in Chris- t ianity. 1841. Sermons, Addresses, etc. (12 vols.) Politics, Economics, and Law : — James Kent (1763-1847; the Chan- cellor of New York). Commenta- ries on American Law. L826-30; an accepted standard work. — John Quincy Adams (1707-1848; "the old man eloquent"). Lec- tures on Rhetoric. Letters on the Bible. Poems. —Henry Clay ( 1 777-1852). Published speeches. — Joseph Story (1779-1845; a pro- lific and scholarly writer on law). *Onthe Constitution of the United States, 1833. Equity Jurispru- dence, L835. Conflict of Laws. L834. —Thomas II. Benton (1782-1858). Thirty Years 3 View, L854. Abridg- ment of Congressional Debates. Speeches. —John C. Calhoun (1782-1850). Trea- tise on the Nature of Govern- ments. Speeches. ' —Daniel Webster (1782-1852; a mas- ter of English style. '• Clear, logi- cal, brilliant"). Orations, speeches, and state papers; best known: Eulogy on Adams and Jefferson, L826. ' Bunker Hill Orations. The Murder of Captain -Joseph White, First Half of Nineteenth Century: Politics. 77 1830. Reply to Hayne, 1829. ("Battle of the Giants.") —Henry Wheaton (1785-1848). Prog- ress of the Law of Nations. *Ele- ments of International Law, 1836, etc. — John Bouvier (1787-1851). Law Dictionary, 1839. Institutes of American Law, 1851. (Both valu- able works.) — Kobert Y. Hayne (1791-1840 ; of South Caro- lina). Webster's opponent in the Battle of the Giants, 1829. Speeches. —Alexander H. Everett (1790-1847). Europe, a General Survey. Amer- ica, a General Survey. Finished and elaborate essays. —Edward Everett (1794-1865) Fine orations and speeches. Mt. Ver- non Papers. Defense of Chris- tianity. Many articles for the North American Review. ^ —Hugh S. Legare (1797-1843 ; an able and accomplished man). Consti- tutional History of Greece. Essay on Classical Learning. A Roman Literature. Speeches, correspond- ence, etc. — Rufus Choate (1799-1859). Lec- tures. Addresses. ("Brilliant, persuasive.") — Amasa Walker (1799-1875). The Science of Wealth, 1867 (a stand- ard economic work) . — Francis Lieber (1800-72; a scholar of wide influence). On Civil Lib- erty. Political Ethics, 1839. Essays on Labor and Property. Legal and Political Hermeneutics. *Frag- ments on Penology. Civil Liberty and Self-Government, 1853. —William B. Lawrence (1800-81; a high authority in his field). Whea- ton's Commentary on International Law, 1855. Letters on the Treaty 1817. James Monroe inau- gurated. 1820 Henry souri Com passed. Clay's " Mis- ipromise " Bill 1820. George IV., king of England. 1820. Cession of Florida to United States. 1821. Mexico independent of Spain. First Half of Nineteenth Century: History. 1824. LafayetU America. revisits Joseph Smith, founder of the church. 1805 14. Mormon /.. Philo. The Church (a drama). —Mrs. C. L. Hentz (1804-50). Popular "novelettes 1 ': The Mob Cap. Rcna. The Planter's Northern Rride, etc. — Mrs. Kmily Jurlson ("Fanny Forrester") (1817-54). Sketches. Poems. ("Watch- ing.") Mrs. Alice Haven (1828-03). as Fail Eor Children 1 'at ient Waiting No Loss No Such Word Stories First Half of Nineteenth Cent urn : Science. 81 e. Science and Language : —Noah Webster (1758-1843). Spelling Book. * American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828. Nu- merous works on philological sub- jects. —Peter S. Duponceau (1700-1844). Indian Languages of North America. —Alexander Wilson (1766-1813). A scholarly work, American Orni- thology, 1824. — John James Audubon (1780-1851). Birds of America, 1828, etc. Quad- rupeds of America. (Audubon takes high rank as a naturalist.) —Benjamin Silliman (1779-1864). Chemistry. Scientific lectures. Books of travel. —Joseph Worcester (1784-1865). English Dictionary, 1846-60. Gaz- etteers. Elements of History, etc. —James Rush, M.D. (1786-1869). Philosophy of the Human Voice. (" Standard, exhaustive.") —John C. Symmes (1788-1829). Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres (to prove the earth hollow, and open at the poles). — Uenison Olmsted (1791-1859). Letters on Astronomy. Compendium of Natural Philosophy. — Edward Hitchcock (1793-1804). Elemen- tary Geology. Religion of Geology. Fos- sil Footprints in the United States. — Goold Brown (1791-1857). Grammar of English Grammars. Institutes of Gram- mar. — Joseph Henry (1797-1878). Reports as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Valuable scientific papers. —Charles Davies (1798-1870). Text-books on mathematics. —Alexander D. Bache (1800-07). Reports of the Coast Survey. Valuable scientific papers. — Pvobley Dunglison, M.D. (1798- 1869). Medical Dictionary, 1833. Human Physiology. Numerous medical treatises. 1837. Martin Van Jiuren inaugurated. 1841. Wm. Henry Harri- son, inaugurated March 4, dies April 4. John Tyler, president. 1845. James K. Polk inau- gurated. 184o. Texas admitted the Union. to S. F. B. Morse, 1791-1872, American inventor of the telegraph. Charles Goodyear, 1800-60, inventor of vulcanized rubber. Hugh Miller, 1802-56. 82 First Half of Nineteenth Century: Science. 1846. gr< Bi < I it lares war against Mexico. Elial Rome, 1810-67, Amer- ican Inventor. S. T. Coleridge, 1772-1834. 1S17. Capture of Chapulte- pec by Gen. Scott; Mexico surrenders. Santa Anna, 1798-1876, Mexican general. /:. B Sheridan, 1761-1816. — A. J. Downing (1815-52). Valua- ble works on Landscape Garden- ing. Fruit and Fruit Trees of America, 1852. Architecture of Country Houses. — Elisha Kent Kane, M.l). (1820-57). Arctic Explorations, 1856. —George P. Marsh (1801-82). Lec- tures on the English Language. Early English Literature. Men and Nature. The Earth as Modi- fied by Human Action. Icelandic Grammar, etc. (A scholarly phi- lologist of wide culture.) f. Poetry: —Joseph Hopkinson (1770-1842). "Hail Columbia." — Thomas G. Fesseuden (" Christopher Caus- tic") (1771-1837). Humorous Poems. "Terrible Fractoration." "Country Lovers.' ' —Robert Treat Faine (1773-1811). "Adams and Liberty." —Francis Scott Key (1779-1843). "The Star-Spangled Banner." —Washington Allston (1779-1843; well- known painter). "Sylphs of the Sea- sons." Lectures. The Romance of Mo- naldi. —Clement C. Moore (1779-1863). "Visit from St. Nicholas." —Samuel Woodworth (1785-1842). Best known poem, "The Old Oaken Bucket." —John Pierpont (1785-1866). "Airs of Palestine." " Passing Away." Odes. —Richard H. Dana (1787-1879). "The Buccaneer," 1827. Lectures on Shakespeare, 1839-40. The Idle Man : a periodical. Novels: Tom Thornton. Saul Fenton. —Richard Henry Wilde (1789-1847). Conjectures and Researches con- cerning Tasso. Sonnets and Poems. " My Life is Like the Summer Rose." —James A. Hillhouse (1789-1841; dramatist). "Hadad," a sacred First Half of Nineteenth Century: Poetry. 83 drama. "The Judgment." "Per- cy's Masque." "Demetria." (Style " strained, heavy " ; works little read now. ) —Charles Sprague(l 791-1875). "Shake- speare Ode." "The Family Meet- ing." "I See Thee Still." "Curi- osity." —John Howard Payne (1792-1852; made famous by his "Home, Sweet Home " — a masterpiece in lyrical writing). Other poems. Plays: Virginius. Brutus. ^—Pitz-Greene Halleck (1795-1867; the leading poet of this " New York group ") . " Marco Bozzaris." " Con- necticut." Other poems. —Joseph Rodman Drake (1795-1820 ; friend to Halleck). " The Ameri- can Flag." " The Mocking Bird." "The Culprit Pay" ("a poem of V exquisite fancy "). — James Gates Percival (1795-1856). " The Serenade." " Coral Grove." " Seneca Lake." " New England." Miscellany. — Mrs. Maria Brooks (1795-1845 ; called by Southey, Maria del Occidente). " Zoph- iel." Poems ("of fleeting popularity "). —Hannah F. Gould (1789-1865). "The Snow Flake." " Hymn of the Reapers." "The Frost." —WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT (1794- 1878 ; " the American Words- worth," "The Poet of Nature" and " the Woods " ) . " The Embargo," 1808. "Thanatopsis,"1817. "The Ages." "Forest Hymn." "The Flood of Years." "The Snow Shower." "Robert of Lincoln." "Among the Trees." "To a Water- fowl." "Death of the Flowers." Translations of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey." From 1826 to 1876 editor of the N. Y. Evening Post. A correspondent and traveller. Percy Hi/sshe 1792-1822." Shelley, Lord Byron, 1788-1824. 1848. Gold discovered iD California. William Wordsworth, 1770- 1850. 1848. Francis Joseph of Austria. i4 First Half of Nineteenth Century: Poetry. 1840. '■■ " Taylor innugu- rated. Mc died 1850. Millard President. Fill i — George P. Morris (1802-64; a poet of true and fine sentiment). "Wood- man, Spare that Tree." " Whip- poorwill." •• My Mother's Bible." " Long Time Ago." An opera, " Maid of Saxony." —Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806-67. •• He deliberately chose to win merely a transient popularity." — Adams). Scriptural poems ("Absalom," "Jephthah's Daugh- ter," etc.). "Lady Jane." "Me- lanie." Pencillings by the Way. Hurrygraphs. People I Have Met. —Edgar Allen Poe (1811-49. Pro- nounced by Tennyson and many English critics our best Ameri- can poet. His poetry is musical and finished, but lacks feeling and strength). "The Eaven." "The Bells." "Annabel Lee." "Lenore," etc. Criticism. Tales (Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Black Cat, The Gold Bug, etc.). —Christopher P. Cranch (1813- ). •• Ariel and Caliban." A good translation of " iEneid." Satan : a libretto. Stories for Children. The Last of the Huggermuggers. Koboltozo. —Albert G. Greene (1802- ). "Old Grimes." " Canonchet." —Samuel F. Smith (1808- ). Fine lyrics and hymns. " My Country, 'tis of Thee." — Park Benjamin (1809-64; journalist and poel ). •■ The old Sexton." —Mary S. B. Sliindlcr i Mrs. Dana) (1810- ). "TheSouthern Harp." "TheNorthern Harp." " Passing under the Rod." — rones Very (1813-80; a "poet mystic"). Essays and Poems. g. Criticism, Philosophy, Belles-Lettres : — Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844; President of United states Bank). Addresses. A Commercial Digest. (Style brilliant, pol- ished }. First Half of Nineteenth Century: Belles-Lettres. 85 —Thomas H. Gallaudet (1787-1851; educator of deaf-mutes). The Child's Book of the Soul. Natural Theology, etc. —Henry R. Schoolcraft (1793-1864). Tales of a Wigwam. Writings concerning the Indians. —Horace Mann (1796-1859 ; an influ- ential writer on education). Lec- tures on Education. Thoughts for a Young Man. —Samuel G. Goodrich ("Peter Parley") (1793- 1863). Peter Parley's Books (miscella- neous). School Books. —Mrs. C. H. Gilman (1704- ). Recollec- tions of a Southern Matron. Recollec- tions of a New England Housekeeper. — Gulian C. Verplanck (1786-1870; "style clear and beautiful"). Speeches, lectures. Essays on Revealed Religion. Discourses on American History, Literature, and Art. Valuable edition of Shake- speare, 1846. — Mrs. Lydia H. Sigourney (1791-1865 ; a voluminous writer). Letters to Young Ladies. Letters to Moth- ers. Post Meridian, etc. Poems (her best work), "Early Blue Bird." " Talk with the Sea," etc. —Alexander S. Mackenzie (1803-48). A Year in Spain. Spain Revisited. American in England. Essays on Naval Subjects. —Amos Bronson Alcott (1700-1888 ; philos- opher). Conversations. Essays. Tab- lets. Concord Days. " Sonnets and Can- zonets." —RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803- 82; "The Sage of Concord." Phi- losopher, guide, poet, essayist. Prose epigrammatic, terse, superior to his poetry, but often lacking in connection). Essays, 1841-44. Rep- resentative Men. English Traits. Conduct of Life. Society and Soli- tude. Letters and Social Aims. Lectures, Orations, Poems ("Tact." "The Humble Bee"). Charles Lamb, 1775-1834. John Wilson, 1785-1854, Scottish litterateur. Thomas Be Quincey, 1785- 1859. Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881. Horatio Greenough, 1805- 52, American sculptor. First Waif of Nineteenth Century: Belles-Lettres. 1850. California admitted. —Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d' Os- soli) (1810-50; a woman of rare gifts). (Summer on the Lakes, 1843.) Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 184.".. At Home and Abroad. American Literature and the Drama. Papers on Literature and Art. —Mrs. C. M. Kiikland (1801-04. "Books uniformly excellent, style picturesque and graceful." — Adams). A New Home. Who'll Follow? Western Clearings. Fire- side Talks. — Henry Reed (1808-54; an able critic). Lectures on English Lit- erature. Lectures on English His- tory. Lectures on the British Poets. —Delia Bacon (1811-59). 1857, Phi- losophy of the Plays of Shake- speare Unfolded (an attempt to prove Bacon the author of the plays). —Henry Barnard (1811- ; influ- ential writer on educational sub- jects). School Architecture. Na- tional Education in Europe. On Teaching. Pestalozzi, etc. — Rufus W. Griswold (1815-57; of good influence, but of "not much original 1 alent "). *Female Poets of America, 1848. Poets and Prose Writers of America, 1842. The Republican Court. Numerous bi- ographies ami poems. —Horace B. Wallace (1817-52). Art and Scenery in Europe. Literary Criticisms. Legal works. —Anna C. L. Botta (1820- ). hand- book of Universal Literature. Leaves from the Diary of a Re- cluse. Last Forty Years : Science. 87 ti. Literature of the Last Forty Years (1850-1890). a. Science and Natural History : Science, text-books, etc. : — Louis Agassiz (1807-73; a noted scientist). Geological Sketches. Lectures (zoological, etc.). Study of Glaciers, 1837. Structure of Animal Life. A Journey in Brazil. Methods in Natural History. —Arnold Guyot (1807-84). Earth and Man. Creation. Maps. —Asa Gray (1810-88). Botany. How Plants Grow, etc. Darwiniana. Scientific Papers, 2 vols. (High authority.) —Charles Anthon (1797-1867). Classical Dictionary. Text-books. — Joseph Thomas (1811- ; lexicographer). Gazetteers. Medical, Biographical, and Mythological Dictionaries. —James Hadley (1821-72). Lectures on Roman Law. A Greek Grammar. —Horatio Hale (1817- ). Ethnology and Philology. ("A work of great value.") —Max S. DeVere (1820- ). Studies in Eng- lish. Americanisms. Wonders of the Deep. Studies in Comparative Philology. —William D. Whitney (1827- ; ranks among the foremost lin- guists ; "accurate, profound' 1 ). Lectures on Language, lan- guage and the Study of Language. —John W. Draper (1811-82; a clear thinker) . Intellectual Develop- ment of Europe. Chemistry. Natural Philosophy. Human Phy- siology. Conflict between Science and Religion. History of the Civil War, etc. — Henry Schliemann (1822- ; archaeologist). Troy. Mycenae. Ilios, etc. — Dio Lewis (1823- ). New Gymnastics. Our Digestion. Our Girls. — Alexander Winchell (1824- ; a pop- ular style). Sketches of Creation, 1852. Napoleon France. 111. of 1853. Franklin Pierce in- augurated. George Peabody, 1795-1869, American philanthropist. Charles Darwin, 1809-82. Max Midler (b. 1823), Eng- lish philologist. Joseph Leidy (born 1823), American naturalist. John Tyndall (b. 1820). 38 Last Forty Years: Natural History. Thomas Jinx/,,/ (b. 1825 . 1854. Kanaas-XeLii'aska Bill passed. ). Excellent Text-book of astronomer) . ). Physical .s - . /'. Ckate, 1808-78, stutes- iii. >n .hi. I Jurist. is,0. Pre-Adamites. Doctrine of Evolution. World Life. — W. A. Hammond, M.D. (1828- ). Military Hygiene. Sleep and its Derangements. Essays and arti- cles. — I. Dorman Steele (1836- text-books on the sciences. —Austin Flint, Jr. (1836- ). Human Physiology, etc. — Simon Newcomb (1830- ; Mathematical text-books. — F. L. Oswald, M.D. (1845- Education. Summerland Sketches. Zo- ological Sketches. — R. B. Anderson (18-40- ; Norse scholar). Norse Mythology. The Eddas. Viking Tales, etc. — S. P. Langley (1834- ). The New As- tronomy. Natural History: —Henry D. Thoreau (1817-62; a close observer). A Week on the Con- cord, 1849. Excursions. Walden. The Maine Woods, 1864. Cape Cod. Autumnal Tints. Spring in Massachusetts. Wild Flowers. Field and Forest. Summer and Winter. -Spencer F. Baird (1823- ). Works on the birds and mammals of North America. — Klliott Coues (1842- ; recently a theosophist). Key to American Birds. Field Ornithology. Fur- Bearing Animals. New England Bird Life, etc. — John Burroughs (1837- ; a keen naturalist, possessing a delight- ful style). Wake Robin. Win- ter Sunshine. Locusts and Wild Honey. Pepacton. Birds and Poets. — Maurice Thompson (1843- ; a very entertaining writer). (Novels: A Tallahassee Girl. His Second Campaign.) By-Ways and Bird Notes. ' Sketches. 'The Witch- Last Forty Years : Politics. 89 ery of Archery. " Songs of Fair Weather." — Ernest Ingersoll (1852- ). Friends Worth Knowing. Insects, etc. Knocking around the Rockies. b. Politics and Political Economy : —Henry C. Carey (1793-1879). On Political Economy. Social Sci- ence. Credit System. Wages. Currency, etc. —William Lloyd" Garrison (1805-79). A very influential anti-slavery writer. " —Wendell Phillips (1811-84; noted advocate of abolition and woman's rights). Speeches and lectures. —David A. Wells (1827- ; promi- nent tariff reformer). Economic Changes, etc. —Charles Nordhoff (1830- ; able, versatile). Politics for Young Americans. God and the Future Life. Cape Cod and All along Shore. California. Communistic Societies of the United States. — Henry George (1839- ; an eloquent and popular writer). *Progress and Poverty. Social Problems. The Land Question. —Francis A. Walker (1840- ). Wages. Mon^y. Money in its Relations to Trade and Industry. Political Economy. —Richard T. Ely (1854- ). French and German Socialism. The Past and Present of Political Economy. c. Theology and Philosophy : Theological and Religious Writers : — Orville Dewey (1794-1882 ; "a strong and scholarly" Unitarian). Uni- tarian Belief. Human Life. Old World and the New. 1854. Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan. 1855. Alexander II. of Russia. 1857. James Buchanan, president. Henry M. Stanley (b. 1840), American explorer. no Last Forty Year*: Theology. 1890. South Carolina m lei from tlif Union. Louii Kottuth (b. 1802 , Hungarian patriot. Leader in 1M8-9. 1861. " Btar of the West" tired upon. John Medosky, i*K>-? lirst American cardinal. 1861. Kansas admitted as a state. Robert E. Lee, 180G-7U. commandeMn-chlef of the < 'onfederate Army. Oeorat II. Thomas, 1816-70, Kederal general. 1801. Feb. 4, the Southern ' onfederacy formed :ii gotnery, A labaraa. —Charles Hodge (1797-1878; a clear, earnest thinker;. Systematic The- ology. Commentaries on the Epis- tles. —Robert Dale Owen (lsoi-77; noted spir- itualist). Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World. Wrongs of Slavery. — Horace Bushnell (1802-76). Chris- tian Theology, 1851. God in Christ. Nature and the Super- natural. The Vicarious Sacrifice. Christian Nurture, etc. -Tayler Lewis (1802-77; a great Greek scholar). The Platonic Theology. Science and the Bible. Religion and the State. The Six Days of Creation. — Mark Hopkins (1802-87). The Law of Love and Love as a Law. Evi- dences of Christianity. Lectures on .Moral Science. —John Hall (1806- ). Chief End of Man. Sermons. — ( ). A. Brownson (1803-70 ; editor of Brown- son's Review; a Catholic; " bold, able "). Leaves from My Experiences. A novel, Charles Elwood. — lames Freeman Clarke (1810-88; Unitarian of prominence). Ten Great Religions. Prayer. Common Sense in Religion. Orthodoxy. Self -Culture. Steps in Belief. Events and Epochs in Religious History. — Henry James (1811-82). Nature of Evil. Morals and Christianity. Substance and Shadow. The Secret of Swedenborg. — Henry Ward Beecher (1813-87). Life of Christ. Lectures, etc. —Theodore N. Cuyler (1822- ). Sermons: Wayside Springs, stray Arrows. Empty ( 'rib. etc. — J. II. Allen (1820- ; Unitarian theolo- gian). Discourses on Orthodoxy. He- brew Men and Times. Christian His- tory. Laxt Fort// Years : Theology. 91 — E. II. Chapin (1814-81 ; Universalist preacher). The Crown of Thorns. Hu- manity in the City. Christianity the Per- fection of True Manliness. —Charles P. Krauth (1823-83; Lutheran theologian). The Evangelical Mass and the Romish Mass. Sketch of the Thirty Years' War. *The Conservative Refor- mation. — Robert Collyer (1823- ; prominent Uni- tarian). Nature and Life. The Life that Now Is. A Man in Earnest. —Howard Crosby (1826- ; Presbyterian). The Christian Preacher. Life of Jesus. Healthy Christian. Notes on the New Testament. —George P. Fisher (1827- ; Congregational theologian). Beginnings of Christianity. *History of the Reformation. Faith and Rationalism, etc. — T. T. Munger (1830- ; noted Congrega- tionalist). Lectures and Sermons : On the Threshold. Lamps and Paths. Free- dom of Faith. — T. DeWitt Talmage (1832- ). Crumbs Swept Up, etc. —Phillips Brooks (1835- Jesus. Lectures on mons. —J. H. Vincent (1832- Chautauqua Circle), books, etc. — Washington Gladden (1836- ; Congrega- tionalist). Essays on the Lord's Prayer. Things New and Old. —Theodore Tilton (1835- ; editor ; poet). The True Church. ' ' The Fly. ' ' —Lyman Abbott (1835- ). Jesus of Naza- reth. Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truth. Illustrated Commen- tary on the New Testament. A Lay- man's Story. — Minot J. Savage (1841- ; a radical Uni- tarian). Beliefs about Man. Belief in God. Life Questions. Talks about Jesus, etc. —Reginald H. Newton (1840- ; Broad Church ; a clear, daring writer) . Woman- hood. Morals of Trade. Right and Wrong Uses of the Bible. The Book of the Beginnings. —A. V. G. Allen (1841- ). Continuity of Christian Thought. Life of Edwards. )• Influence of Ser- Preaching president of the Sermons. Text- 1861. Abraham inaugurated. Lincoln 1861. Victor king of Italy. Emmanuel, 1861. Fort upon. Sumter tired 1861. Battle of Bull Run. 92 Last Forty Years: Philosophy. John Stuart Mill, l v Edwin .U. Stanton, . Lincoln'* secretary of war. Herbert Spencer (b. 182 lv'.j. Battle of Sblloh. Philosophers : —Laurens P. Eickok (1798-1888). Moral Sci ence. Logic of Reason. Empirical Psy- chol — Joseph Alden (1807- ). Intellectual Phil- osophy. Science of trovernment. Chris- tian Ethics. Example of Washington. —Asa Mahan (1799- ). Intellectual Philoso- phy. Moral Philosophy. Doctrine of the Will. —Daniel I). Whedon (1808-85). *On the "Will. Commentary on the New Testament. —Albert T. Bledsoe (1808- ). Philosophy of Mathematics. Liberty and Slavery. —Francis Bowen (1811- ). Lectures on .Mental Philosophy. Logic. American Political Economy. —Noah Porter (1811- ). The Human Intel- lect, etc. — James McCosh (1811- ; a profound thinker). Laws of Discursive Thought. Logic. Christianity and Positivism. Mill's Philosophy. The Scottish Philosophy. Method of the Divine Government. — JohnBascoin (1832- ; "a keen and influential thinker "). Psychology. ^Esthetics. Political Economy. Philosophy and Religion. Natural Theology. Science of Mind. The Words of Christ. — Joseph Cook (1838- ). Boston Monday Lectures. Orthodoxy. Bi- ology. Transcendentalism. Hered- ity. Socialism. Labor, etc. — John Fiske (1842- ; his books are strong and attractive). Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy. Myths and Mythmakers. Darwinism. The [Jnseen World. Excursions of an Evolutionist. The Idea of God. The Destiny of Man. Beginnings in New England. /■/// Tears: History. . July 1 '.. Battle of < ;. itysburg, Pa.; Lee de- feated by Miaili'. . .Inly 4. Surrender of Vickebiirg to (iranl. »< B. WcClellan, 1821 ' nion generiil. .1. K. Brodhead (181 1-73). A Standard His- tory of the state of New York. Parke Godwin (I8I67- ). Constructive Democracy. Handbook of Biography. Life of Bryant. -Mrs. B. F. KIM (1818 r 77). Queens of American Society. Court Circles of the Republic. Women of the Revolution, etc. -Benjamin Perley Poore (1820-87). Louis Philippe. Political Register, etc. -M. M. Ballon (1822- ). Due South, Due West, etc. Under the Southern Cross. History of Cuba. Life of Hosea Ballon. -James < '. Fletcher (1823- ), and 1). P. Kid- der (1815- ). Brazil and the Brazilians. -Frederick Douglass (1817- ). My Bond- age an.im. kinu of Corot, 1796-1875, painter. French [870. French defeated at .ii by the Prussians. Gordon Bennett, 7J, journalist. l^Tl. tl'i/iiiiin made Em- peror of Germany. Matthew Vtutar, 1792 I founder of Vassar College. Edwin Forrest, 1806-72, American tragedian. l >7i. 77, American million- nalre. ,,/, Jefferson (b. 1829), American actor. 1876. Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. 1-77. B. dent /; Hayes, preai- Ro6eH '■' Ingertoll (b. American lawyer and oral —Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1823- ). Outdoor Papers. Old- port Days. Malbone, a romance. Atlantic Essays. Sympathy of Religions. Young Folks' History of the United States. — lames Parton (1822- ). Articles and numerous attractive biogra- phies (Burr, Jackson, etc. *Vol- taire). The French Parnassus. Humorous Poetry. —George William Curtis (1824- ; present editor of I larper's Weekly). Lotus Eating. The Potiphar Pa- pers. Nile Notes. Prue and I (a volume of delightful sketches). Trumps. — William J. Rolf e (1827- ). Annotated edi- tion of Shakespeare's Plays. Numerous text-books. —Hiram Corson (1828- ). Edition of Chau- cer's works. Handbook of Anglo-Saxon and Early English. —Eugene L. Didier (18 - ). Life of Toe. Primer of Criticism. Life and Letters of Madame Bonaparte. —Ignatius Donnelly (1831- ). Essay on Shakespeare's Sonnets. At- lantis. Ragnarok. The Great ( ' ry ptogram, 1888. — Moncure D. Conway (1832- ). erson at Home and Abroad, monology. Idols and Ideals. Wandering Jew. —A. P. Russell (1826- ). A of One (a sparkling work), brary Notes. Characteristics, a Club Corner, 1890. — Edmund Clarence Stedman (1833- ; poet and critic). Alice of Mon- mouth. "The Blameless Prince." "Pan in Wall Street." "The Lord's Day dale." "The Heart of New England." * Victorian Poets. American Poets. E. A. Poe. Em- De- The Club Li- In Last Forty Years: General Literature. 103 — H. H. Furness (1833- ; noted Shake- spearian scholar). Variorum edi- tions of the plays. —Moses Coit Tyler (1835- ). Brownville Papers. Essays. A scholarly and excel- lent History of American Literature. — C. F. Adams, Jr. (1835- ; "an authority on railway science "). Chapters of Erie. Railroads. A College Fetich. —William Winter (1836- ). The Trip to England. English Rambles. Shake- speare's England. The Jeffersons. "Az- rael." "My Witness." "The Wan- derers." —Mary Abigail Dodge ("Gail Hamil- ton") (1838- ; a " witty, aggres- sive writer, sometimes flippant"). Red Letter Days. Wool Gathering. Gala Days. Summer Rest. Wo- man's Wrong. Sermons to the Clergy. First Love is Best. Bat- tle of the Books. What think ye of Christ ? A Xew Atmosphere. — Whitelaw Reid (1838- ; New York Trib- une). Newspaper Tendencies, etc. —George Alfred Townsend (" Gath") (1841- ). Bohemian Days. The Entailed Hat. Poems, etc. —Sidney Lanier (1842-81; poet and litterateur). "Centennial Ode." "The Stirrup Cup." "Poems." Tiger Lilies, a novel. Science of English Verse. The English Novel and its Development. Florida. Ed- ited The Boys' Percy, Boys' King Arthur, Boys' Mabinogion. — Laurence Hutton (1843- ). Literary Land- marks of London. l. Fiction: —Jacob Abbott (1803-79 ; deservedly popular). The Rollo Books. His- toriGS —NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE (1804- 64 ; the greatest, but not the most popular American novelist ; power of imagination, subtlety of analy- 1877. Russo-Turkish War; followed by the Berlin treaty. 1877. United States troops withdrawn from the South. 1877. Railroad riots at Pitts burgh, and elsewhere. Kellogg (b. 1844), vocalist. Bulwer, 1805-73. Thackeray, 1811-63. Dickens, 1812-70. 10-1 Last Forty Years: Fiction. rnor-gen- . i ji of < lanada. 1879. Keauraption of specie payment*. QriVff, president of France. Ueorge Eliot, 1819-80. [riab Land League funned. 1881. Jamet presiiliia .1. Oarfltld, sis, and purity of diction charac- terize his style). Twice-Told Talcs, 1837. Fanshawe. Grand- lather's Chair. Scarlet Letter, 1850. Mosses from an Old Manse. House of the Seven Gables, 1851. Blithedale Romance. Wonder Book for Boys and Girls. Tangle- wood Talcs. * Marble Faun. Amer- ican. English, and Italian Note- Books. Posthumous : Dolliver Eomance. Septimius Fclton. — R. M. Bird (1805-54). Dramas: Broker of Bogota. Spartacus Cala- var. The Infidel. Nick of the Woods. Robin Day. —William Gilmore Simms (1806-70). The Partisan. Melliohampe. Ye- massee. The Scout. History of South Carolina. Morals of Slav- ery. Biographies. Poems. —Mrs. E. Oakes Smith (180G- ). Novels ami poems. — T. S. Arthur (1809-85). Many novels and stories, popular, but not of much literary character. Ten Nights in a Barroom. —Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809- ). Elsie Venner. Guardian Angel. (Seep. 100.) —Harriet Beecher Stowe (1812- ). *Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852 (one of the most influential novels ever written). Dred. The Minister's Wooing. Pearl of Orr's Island, 1862. We and our Neighbors. Oldtown Folks. -Richard II. Dana, Jr. (1815-82). Two Years before the Mast. To Cuba and Back. Also poetry. —Josiah G. Holland (1819-81 ; novels popular; as poet, p. 98). Arthur Bonnicastle. Sevenoaks. Miss Gil- bert's Career. Nicholas Minturn. Goldfoil. Timothy Titcomb's Let- ters. Last Forty Years : Fiction. 105 -Mrs. Ann S. Stephens (1813- ; sensa- tional). Mary Derwent. Fashion and Famine, etc. -Mrs. E. D. E. N. Southworth (1818- ; a prolific but sensational writer). The Prince of Darkness. Retribution. Ish- mael. The Widow's Son. -Susan Warner (1818- ). Queechy. The Wide, Wide World. -Mrs. E. P. Prentiss (1818-78 ; popular re- ligious fiction). Pemaquid. Home at Greylock. Stepping Heavenward. -Abby Morton Diaz (1821- ; humorous juvenile stories). William Henry Letters. Stimpcett Family, etc. -W. T. Adams (" Oliver Optic ") (1822- ). Boat Club Series. Lake Shore Series, etc. (Popular stories for boys.) -Edward Everett Hale (1822- ; nov- els entertaining and of good influ- ence) . The Man without a Coun- try. Philip Nolan's Friends. The Ingham Papers. Ten Times One is Ten. His Level Best. In His Name. -Donald Grant Mitchell ("Ike Mar- vel") (1822- ). Reveries of a Bachelor, 1850. Dream Life. Ru- ral Studies. My Farm at Edge- wood. Doctor Johns ("an excel- lent novel"). (1823- ). The Temple House. Shoulder Straps. -Elizabeth D. B. Stoddard Morgesons. Two Men. -Henry Morford (1823-84). Days of Shoddy. -James R. Gilmore (" Edmund Kirke ") (1823- ). Among the Pines. My South- ern Friends. -Mrs. Sarah J. Lippincott ("Grace Greenwood") (1823- ). History of My Pets. Life of Victoria. Sto- ries from Many Lands. "Ari- adne." -Adeline D. T. Whitney (1824- ). We Girls. Leslie Goldthwaite. Patience Strong's Outing. Faith Gartney's Girlhood. Poems. 1881. Assassination of A lex- uuder II. of Russia. 18S1, July 2. Garfield shot ; he died September 19. Chester A. Arthur, presi- dent. 1883. Brooklyn Bridge opened. 1883. Lansdoume, gov jrnor general of Canada. 106 Last Forty Tears: Fiction. intkie Collins, 1824-80. < !binese immigration forbidden. Coronal! f <'z;ir Alexander 111. —William M. Baker (1825-83). In- side. Carter Quarterman. Colo- nel Dunvroddie. His Majesty My- self. —Bayard Taylor (1825-78). Hannah Thurston, L863I Story of Kennet. —J. T. Trowbridge (1827- ). Cudjo's Cave. His Own Master. Neigh- bor Jackwood. Lucy Arlyn. The Three Scouts. Coupon Bonds. The Man who Stole a Meeting- House. "The Vagabonds." "At Sea." *" Midsummer" ("an al- most perfect poem." — Adams). " A Home Idyl," etc. — Kose Terry Cooke (1827- ; stories of high rank). Somebody's Neigh- bors. Two Villages, etc. —Maria S. Cummins (1827-66). The Lamplighter. Mabel Vaughan. El Fureidis. —Theodore Winthrop ( 1 828-61 ) . Ce- cil Dreeme. John Brent. The Canoe and the Saddle. Edwin Brothertoff. —Gen. Lew Wallace (1828- ; a dra- matic style). Ben Hur. The Fair God. — Martha Finley (" Martha Farquhar- son")(1828- ). Casella. Wanted, ( a Pedigree. The Elsie Dinsmore Series. -Charles Dudley Warner (1829- ). Saunterings. Winter on the Nile. Backlog Studies. My Summer in a Garden. Mummies and Mos- lems. Baddeck. Irving (in Amer- ican Men of Letters Series). — S. Weir Mitchell (1829- ). In War Time. Roland Blake. Po- ems ("Cap of Youth." "Hill of Stones"). John Esten Cooke (1830- ). Vir- ginia Comedians. Fanchette. Ilen- n St. John. Pokahontas. Lives Last Forty Years: Fiction. 107 of Jackson and Lee. History of Virginia. —Helen Hunt Jackson ("H. H.") (1831-85). Ramona. Bits of Travel. Bits of Talk. "Tides." "October," etc. — Rebecca Harding Davis (1831- ). Paul Bleecker. Waiting for the Verdict. A Law unto Herself. —Louise Chandler Moulton (1832- ). Random Rambles. Essays, sketch- es, poems. —Louisa May Alcoit (1832-88). *Little Women, 18G7. OldJ^ashioned Girl. Little Men. Aunt Jo's Scrap Bag. Aunt Jo's Boys. Work. Hospital Sketches. —James DeMille (1833-80 ; humorous novels). The Cryptogram. American Baron. Com- edy of Terrors, etc. —Frank R. Stockton (1834- ). Rud- der Grange. The Late Mrs. Null. The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine. The Hun- dredth Man. The Lady or the Tiger? The Great War Syndi- cate, etc. — Mrs. Terhune ("Marion Harland") (183- ). Alone, 1854. Moss Side. The Hidden Path. Miriam. Eve's Daughters. Common Sense in the Household. — Harriet Prescott Spofford (1835- ). Amber Gods. Sir Rohan's Ghost. Thief in the Night. —Mrs. A. J. Wilson (1835- ). St. Elmo. Vashti. Beulah. — T. B. Aldrich (1836- ). Marjorie Daw. Story of a Bad Boy. Still- water Tragedy. Prudence Palfrey. Queen of Sheba. "Baby Bell," and other poems. — Edward Eggleston (1837- ). Hoosier Schoolmaster. Circuit Rider. Roxy. End of the World, etc. 1885. Orover Cleveland, president. 1885. Death of Gen. Grant. 108 Last 1880. Charleston earthquake. I 1888. Carnot, Prance president of Forty Years v Fiction. mm Dean Hoirells (1837- ). Venetian Life. Italian Journey- ings. Their Wedding Journey. The Lady of the Aroostook. A Modern Instance. A Foregone Conclusion. A Woman's Eeason. A Chance Acquaintance. Rise of Silas Lapham. Dr. Breen's Prac- tice. April Hopes. Sleeping Car, The Mouse Trap, and other farces. — E. P. Eoe (1838-88; religious, la- bored, popular). Barriers Burned Away. A Face Illumined. From Jest to Earnest. Opening of a Chestnut Burr, etc. —Albion W. Tourgee (1838- ). A Fool's Errand. Bricks Without Straw. John Fax. Hot Plow- shares. Figs and Thistles. —Horace E. Scudder (1838- ). The Bodley Books. Dream Children. Many chil- dren's stories. Noah Webster. — Mary Clemmer Ilndson (1839-84). Eirene. His Two Wives. •• Poems of Life and Nature." Memorials of Alice and Phcehe Cary. Letters. —Julia McNair Wright (1840- ). Almost a Nun. Priest and Nun (Anti-Romanist tales). —Olive Logan Sikes (1841- ). Stories,lec- tures, plays, etc. —Mrs Alden (" Pansy ") (1841- ). Relig- ious tales: Four Girls at Chautauqua. Esther Reid, etc. —Mrs. Mary J. Holmes (18 - ). Tempest and Sunshine, IS.". 1. Lena Rivers. In all, 28 novels. —Anna Dickinson (1842- ). A Paying In- stment. What Answer? Lectures. Ellen Oliuy Kirk (1842- ). Margaret Kent. Midsummer Madness. Lesson in Love. — Nora Perry ( - ). Stories and Poems. Fora Woman. "Afterthe Ball." " Ro- mance of a Rose." — Henry James, Jr. (1843- ). Kod- erick Hudson. The American. The Europeans. Portrait of a Lady. An International Episode. Last Forty Years : Fiction. 100 Daisy Miller (novelette, afterwards dramatized). A Passionate Pil- grim. Watch and Ward. Trans- Atlantic Sketches. Portraits of Places. Life of Hawthorne. —Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (1844- ). Silent Partner. Story of Avis. Doctor Zay. *Gates Ajar. Beyond the Gates. Hedged In. Poems, etc. —George W. Cable (1844- ). Old Creole Days. Madame Delphine. The Grandissimes. ' Dr. Sevier. Bonaventure. Life of Simms. — Constance Fenimore Woolson (1848- ). Anne, 1882. For the Major. Rodman the Keeper. Castle No- where. "Two Women," etc. — Julian Hawthorne (1846- ). Bres- sant. Idolatry. Dust. Garth. Sebastian Strome. Fortune's Fool. Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne, his father. — Mary Halleck Foote (1847- ; novel- ist and artist). Led Horse Claim. JohnBodewin's Testimony. Friend Barton's Concern, etc. —Edgar Fawcett (1847- ). Hopeless Case. Social Silhouettes. Adven- tures of a Widow. Gentleman of Leisure. Ambitious Woman. So- larion. " Romance and Revery." " Song and Story." —William H. Bishop (1847- ). Det- mold. House of a Merchant Prince. — Virginia W. Johnson (1847- ; " graceful, original "). Joseph the Jew. Two Old Cats. A Foreign Marriage. Sack of Gold. An Eng- lish Daisy Miller. —A. S. Hardy (1847- ). But Yet a Woman. The Wind of Destiny. — H. H. Boyesen (1848). Norse Idyls. 1889. Benjamin Harrison, president. William Black (b. 1841), Scottish novelist. Falconberg. Norseman's Pilgrim- 110 Last Forty Tears: Fiction. 1889. Kloort at Johnstown, rennsylvania. 1880. Idmission of North ;i!id South Dakota, Mon- i.m.i, and Washington. age. Talcs from Two Hemispheres. G-unnar. The Light of Her Coun- tenance. Poems. —Joel Chandler Harris (1848- ). Uncle Remus sketches. — Margaret DeLand ( ). John Ward, Preacher. Florida Days. Poems. — Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849- ). That Lass o' Lowrie's. Ha- worth's. Through One Adminis- tration. Louisiana. Little Lord Fauntleroy, etc. -Sarah Orne Jewett (1849- ). Deep- haven. Country By -Ways. Play Days. Old Friends and New. (Simple, graceful stories.) — Anna K. Green (1846- ). *Leaven- worth Case, 1878. Sword of Dam- ocles. Strange Disappearance. The Mill Mystery. — Edgar Saltus (1858- ). Balzac, a Study. The Philosophy of Dis- enchantment. The Truth about Tristrem Varick, 1888. — Lizzie Williams Champney (1850- ). In the Sky Garden, 1886. Bourbon Lilies. Sebia's Tangled Web. Three Vassar Girls in South America. — Edward Bellamy (1850- ). Dr. Heidenhoff's Process. Miss Lud- ington's Sister. ^Looking Back- ward. — George P. Lathrop (1751- ). Rose and Roof tree. An Echo of Pas- sion. Newport. A Study of Haw- thorne. —.Miss Mary N. Murfree ("Charles Egbert Craddock") (1850- ). Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun- tain. Where the Battle was Fought. In the Clouds. Despot of Broom- sedge Cove, etc. Last Fort y Years: Fid ton. Ill -Edith Thomas (1854- ). New Year's Masque. Meritorious short poems. -Blanche Willis Howard (1847- ). One Summer, 1875. Guenn. Aunt Serena. *The Open Door. Aulnay Tower. One Year Abroad (1877). -F. Marion Crawford (1854- ). Mr. Isaacs. Dr. Claudius. A Roman Singer. To Leeward. Paul Patoff. 1889. Brazil declared a re- public. SUMMARY OF THE RANKING. English Authors: Class A. — Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Byron, Scott, Thackeray, Dickens. [9.] Class B. — Jonson, Hooker, Dryden, Pope, Steele, Addison, Swift, Defoe, Johnson, Goldsmith, Hume, Gibbon, Burke, Gray, Cowper, Burns, Moore, Shelley, Wordsworth, Keats, Coler- idge, Sheridan, Macaulay, Mill, Spencer, Darwin, Lamb, Car- lyle, Buskin, Buhver, Eliot, Tennyson, Browning. [33.] Class C. — Bede, Alfred, Caedmon, Gower, Wycliffe, James I., Caxton, Skelton, Dunbar, Surrey, More, Coverdale, Sackville, Sidney. Marlowe, Raleigh, Lyly, Ascham, Beaumont and Fletcher, Massinger, Ford, Webster, Herbert, Waller, Cowley, Barton, Browne, Baxter, Hobbes, Walton, Samuel Butler, Wycherley, Bunyan, Taylor, Locke, Newton, Young, Arbuth- not, Montagu, Fielding, Richardson, Smollett, Sterne, llobert- son, Boswell, Bishop Butler, Blackstone, Paley, Adam Smith, Thomson, Collins, Crabbe, Macpherson, Campbell, Hood, Southey, Knowles, Hallam, Rawlinson, Fronde, Chalmers, Whately, Hugh Miller, Kinglake, J. 11. Green, Hamilton, Stewart, Newman, Kingsley, Herschell, Whewell, Tyndall, Huxley, Muller, Sidney Smith, Wilson, De Quincey, Hazlitt, Morley, Matthew Arnold, Disraeli, Bronte, Eeade, Trollope, Collins, Mrs. Browning, Edwin Arnold. [86.] Ann rican . I \dhors : Class A (aboul on a oar with Class T>, English authors). — Bryant, Irving, Emerson, Longfellow, Lowell, Hawthqrne. [6.] Class B. — Edwards, Franklin, Poe, Cooper, Webster, Whittier, iwe, Pn cott, Bancroft, Bayard Taylor, Holmes. [H-] Class C. — Cotton Mather, Hamilton. Thomas Paine, C. \>. Brown, Audubon, Wirt, Everett, Channing, Margaret Fuller, Thoreau, . - ;e, Holland, Whitman, D. rt I r reading). Fields's Yesterdays with Authors. Whipple's Essays. Lowell's Among my Books and My Study 'Windows (both valuable books). White's Words and their Uses, Study of Shakespeare. Hawthorne's Note-books. Stedman's Victorian Poets. .Mitchell's Reveries of a Bachelor (full of charm). Warner's Backlog Studies, My Sum- mer in a Garden. Curt is' s l'rue and I (very enjoyable sketches). Burroughs's Birds and Poets, Wake Robin, and other works (delightful in style, full of nature). V. Fi'i inn. Gulliver's Travels (Swift). Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. i Fielding's Tom Jones. I Smollett's Peregrine Pickle. Select List of Books. lir> \ Sterne's Tristram Shandy and a Sen- timental Journey, t Johnson's Rasselas. Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. tMackenzie's Man of Feeling. tMore's Ccelebs in Search of a Wife. Walpole's Otranto. Inchbald's Simple Story. Beckford's Vathek. Radcliffe's Udolpho. Burney's Evelina. IGodwin's Caleb Williams. Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, perhaps others. Lewis's The Monk. Austen's Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. Porter's Scottish Chiefs and Thaddeus of Warsaw. Scott's Kenilworth, Ivanhoe, Waver- ley, and others. Marryat's Midshipman Easy, and Jacob Faithful, or Snarleyyow. Lover's Handy Andy, or Rory O'More. Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. Wilson's Lights and Shadows of Scot- tish Life (read some of these short stories) . Disraeli's Endymion, or Lothair. Bulwer's Last Days of Pompeii, My Novel, Chillingly, Strange Story, Rienzi, Coming Race. Lever's Harry Lorrequer. Kingsley's Hypatia, Westward Ho, Alton Locke. Bronte's Jane Eyre and Shirley. Reade's Put Yourself in His Place and Griffith Gaunt. Trollope's Doctor Thorne, Orley Farm, Framley Parsonage. Thackeray's Newcomes (after Pen- dennis), Vanity Fair, Henry Es- mond, Virginians, Yellowplush Papers, The Four Georges, Eng- lish Humorists. Dickens's Our Mutual Friend, Pick- wick Papers, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Martin Chuzzlewit, Old Curiosity Shop, Tale of Two Cities, and the rest. George Eliot's Adam Bede, Middle- march, Romola, Daniel Deronda, Silas Marner, Mill on the Floss. Collins's Armadale, Woman in White, Moonstone. Craik's John Halifax. Hughes's Tom Brown at Rugby. MacDonald's Malcolm, or Robert Fal- coner, Donal Grant, St. George and St. Michael. Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd. Stevenson's New Arabian Nights, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Master of Ballantrae. t Ward's Robert Elsmere. Brown's Wieland and Arthur Mervyn. Cooper's Last of the Mohicans, The Red Rover, The Pirate, The Leath- erstocking Tales. Ware's Zenobia. Hawthorne's Marble Faun, Scarlet Letter, House of the Seven Gables, Wonder Book, Tanglewood Tales. Hale's Man without a Country, In His Name. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Holmes's Elsie Venner and Guardian Angel. Lanier's Boys' King Arthur. Taylor's Hannah Thurston and Story of Kennet. Trowbridge's stories. Eggleston's Hoosier Schoolmaster, Cir- cuit Rider, Roxy. Howells's Silas Lapham, A Modern Instance, Lady of the Aroostook, also his farces. James's Daisy Miller and Portrait of a Lady. Wallace's Ben Hur. Alcott's Little Women, Old- Fashioned Girl, Work. Aldrich's Story of a Bad Boy, Pru- dence Palfrey. Roe's Face Illumined. Phelps's Gates Ajar. Cable's Grandissimes, Dr. Sevier, Old Creole Days. Poe's Tales. "Craddock's" Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains. Stockton's Rudder Grange, The Late Mrs. Null, shorter stories. Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer. Howard's Guenn, One Summer. n; Select List of Books. Burnett's Little Lord Fauntleroy, That La is o'Lowrie's, Through < >ne Ad- ministration. r„ Uamy's Looking Backward. VI. History. Hume's England. ^Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Ro man Empire. i Hallam's Middle Ages and Constitu- tional History of England. i Arnold's Rome. Carlyle's French Revolution. Macaulay's England. Utawlinson's Ancient Monarchies. Creasy's Fifteen Battles. ; Froude's England. tBuckle's History cf Civilization. Kinglake's Invasion of the Crimea. Mi ■< larthy's My Own Times. Green's Histories of England, The Making of England. Dickens's Child's England. Gladstone's Juventus Mundi. Fisher's History of the Reformation. Mackenzie's Nineteenth Century. Irving' s New York. Prescott's Mexico and Peru. Motley's Dutch Republic. tBancroft's United states. Parkman's Histories. Fiske's Critical Period of American History. Stories of the Nations Series. Epochs of History Series. VII Poetry. ( !haucer\s< 'anterlniry Tales ( |irolo-iir, Knight's Tale, Nonne PrestesTale). Ballads (Chevy Chase, Nut-Browne Maid, etc. See Percj 's Reliques i. Spenser's Faerie Queene (two cantos I. Herbert's The Temple. Cavalier poets (selections). Milton's poetical works. Butler's Hudibras. Dryden's St. Cecilia's Day, Annus Mirabilis, ami a satire. Pope's 1 . Rape of the Lock. young's Night Thoughts (parts). Addison's < !ato ami Rosamond. ThOmSOn'8 Seasons. Gray's Elegy. ColUns's < >de to the Passions. Goldsmith's poems. Cowper's John Gilpin, My Mother's Picture. Macpherson's Poems of Ossian (parts). Burns' s Poems. Scott's Lady of the Pake and Lay of the Last Minstrel. Campbell's Poems. Pollock's Course of Time (parts). Byron's Childe Harold and most of his other works. Keats's Poems, also Shelley's and Hood's. Moore's Lalla Kookh and Songs. Rogers' s Ginevra. Smith's Address to a Mummy. Wolfe's Burial of Sir John Moore. Wordsworth's Prelude and Sonnets, Odes on Immortality, etc. Coleridge's Poems. Keble's Christian Year (select). Mrs. Browning's Aurora Leigh. Macaulay's Poems. Tennyson's Idyls of the King, Enoch Arden, In Memoriam, The Prin- cess, Maud, nearly all his shorter poems. Browning's Men and Women, Dra- matis Personse. Matthew Arnold's Poems. ••Meredith's" Lucile and short po- ems (rather light). Drake's Culprit, Fay. Bryant's Poems. Willis's Sacred Poems. Poe's Poems. Longfellow's poems. Whittier's Snow Hound and pieces. Holland's Kathrina. Miller's (Joaquin) Songs of the Si- erras. Bret Harte's Poems. Pead's Closing Scene, Drifting, etc. Lowell's Sir Launfal, Biglow Papers, : ( lathedral, and shorter poems. VIII. Religious Literature. tReligio Medici (Brown). Taylor's Holy Living and Holy Dying. Select List of Books. 117 Baxter's Saints' Everlasting Rest. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. t Butler's Analogy. Hughes's Manliness of Christ. Geikie's Life of Christ. tChanning's Evidences of Christianity. IX. Travel. Mandeville's Travels. IHakluyt's Voyages, t Park's Travels in Africa. Kinglake's Eothen. Livingstone's Travels in Africa. Whymper's Scrambles among the Alps. Edwards's Thousand Miles up the Nile. Taylor's Views Afoot, By-Ways of Europe, Land of the Saracens. Stanley's Through the Dark Conti- nent, t Kane's Arctic Explorations. Mark Twain's Innocents Abroad, Tramp Abroad, Roughing It. tSchliemann's Ilios. Holmes's Our Hundred Days in Eu- rope. X. Science. White's Selborne. Miller's Testimony of the Rocks, Foot- prints of the Creator, Old Red Sandstone. Spencer's First Principles, Biology, and other works (lucid, strong) . Trench's Study of Words. Darwin's Naturalists' Voyage, Emo- tion in Animals, Movement in Plants, Climbing Plants, Insectivo- rous Plants, Descent of Man, t Ori- gin of Species. (The first of these are easy and enjoyable.) Tyndall's Forms of Water (very en- tertaining), On Sound, etc. Huxley's Lectures (popular in char- acter) . Lubbock's British Wildfiowers; Flow- ers, Fruits, and Leaves ; Ants, Bees, and Wasps ; Prehistoric Times. Proctor's Other Worlds, Myths and Marvels of Astronomy. Lockyer's Solar Physics. Ly ell's Antiquity of Man. Thompson's Depths of the Sea. f Mliller's Chips from a German Work- shop, The Science of Language, The Home of the Aryas. Bradford Torrey's Birds in the Bush, A Rambler's Lease. Wallace's Darwinism, Island Life, Malay Archipelago. R. Jeffries' s Excursions, Field and Hedgerow. Allen's Common Sense Science, Colors of Flowers. Agassiz's Journey in Brazil, Geologi- cal Sketches, Methods in Natural History. Winchell's Sketches of Creation, Pre- Adamites. Guyot's Earth and Man, Creation. Thoreau's A Week on the Concord, Maine Woods, Cape Cod, Excur- sions, Walden. Gray's Darwiniana, Scientific Papers (vols. 1 and 2). Burroughs's Works. (See " Essays.") Fiske's Destiny of Man, Idea of God, Beginnings in New Eng- land, etc. The International Science Series (ac- curate and popular, an excellent series) . INDEX TO HISTORICAL COLUMN. True to two letters. Anr, 57. Acre, 13. Adams, John, 7::, 78. Adams, J. Q>, 78. Adams, Samuel, 71. Agiocourtt, 15. Alaska, 9 I Albert, 58. Albert Edward, Alexander II., 02, 7 1, ^\ 105. Alexander III., loo. Alfred, 10. Alma Tadema, 63. Amadeus, L0 I. America discovered, 17. Ampere, 44. Andersen, 59. Andre, 7;;. Angelo, 17. AnUetamt, 93. Aram, 36. Ariosto, 18. Arkwright, 37. Armada, 21. Arminius (soldier), 9. Armlnlua (reformer), 20. Arthur, King, 9. Arthur, ('. A., 105. Aabburton, 70. Atlantic cable, 50, 00, 98. Augabnrg, 18. Austerlltzf, •"' Australia discovered, 23. B tJ \ZET, 14. Balfe, 59. Ballol, 13. Balxae, 51. Bannockbnrnf, 13. irossa, 11. Harnett, 16. II. u num. B urometer, 25. Bayard, < hevalier, 17. Bazalne, 18. Be iti Ice I lend, 23. Becket, 12. Beethoven, 44. Belgian Independent, 50. Bellini, 59. Bennett, .1. 0., loo. Bei aadotte, 46. Bessemer, 56. Bismarck, B0. Black Death, 14. Blackwood, Blenbelmf, 88. Blnoher, 47. I '• n sacclo, 1 1. Bollean, 81. Boleyn, 17. Bonaparte, 11, 43, 15, 16, 17. 7 ■ Bonheni Bo Booth, Edwin, 56, 98. lia Booth, .1. B., 56. Booth, J. W., 56, ''7. Borgia, 17. I:. ibu 'ii Massacre, 71. Boston Tea-Party, 72. Boasuet, 31. Bosworthf, 10. Bothwell, 21. Boucicault, 60. Boynef, 31. Bozzarls, 48. Brazil a republic, 111. Brazil discovered, 17. Brazil independent, 48. Bridgman, 01. Bright, 52. Brown, .lohn, 49. Bruce, 13. Bruramel, 58. Buchanan, 89. Buffon, 37. Hull, Die, 62. Bull Bunf, 91. Hunker Ilillf, 72. Burr, 76. Burbadge's Theatre, 23. Burleigh (Cecil), 19. Byron in Greece, 48. CjESAR, 9. California, 54, 83, 86. Calvin, 19. Cambridge, 10. i 'amoe'ns, 20. < 'anova, 46. Capet, 10. < lapital, 44. Carnot, 03, 108. Castlereagh, 45. Catherine II., 40. Cecil (Burleigh), 19. Cenci, 23. < iensorship, 82. Centennial, 102. Cervantes, 23. ( Ihalmers, 75. < Ihalons, 9. ( !hamplain, 67. i lhampollion, 64. Chapultepecf, B2\ i liarlemagne, 10. Charleston earthquake, 108. i Ibarles the Bold, io. i Iharles the Pat, 10. Charles V., 17, 19. Charles XII., 32, 34. < Iharlea I. executed, 28 Cha.se, 88. i lhateanbriand, 45. Chicago lire, 100. Chieamaugat, 95. Christ, '.'. Clbber, 36. Civil War (England), 28. i'i\il War (United Btatee . Clay, 17, 77. I lleveland, 107 ( 'live, 37. Cloth of Gold, 18. Cobbett, 51. Cobden, 52. Columbus, 67. ( lommonwealtb, 27, 6S. Comte, 51. Confederate States, 90. Congress (Berlin), 01. Congress (Continental), 72. Connecticut, 07. < lonstantine, 9. Constitution (U. S.), 42, 73. Conk, 38. Copernicus, 18. Corday, 43. Corneille, 28. Corn Laws, 53. Cornwallis, 73. Corot, 100. Correggio, 19. Cortez, 18. Cotton-gin, 43. < 'ouncil of Nice, 9. Coup d'fitat, 55. Crecyt, 14. < 'richton, 22. Crimean War, 56. Cromwell, 26, 29. Cruden, 36. Cruikshank, 54. Crusades, 11. Cullodent, 36. Cushman, 101. Custer massacre, 102. Cuvier, 53. Daouerre, 49. Danish invasion, 10. Dante, 12. Darnley, 21. Daudet, 61. Da Vinci, 17. 1 >:ivis, Jefferson, 97. Declaration of Independence, 41, 72. Delaware settled, 68. De Medici, Catherine, 20. lie Medici, Lorenzo, 17. De Montfort, 12. 1 tescartes, 27. De Soto, 17. De Stael, 40. De Tocqueville, 57. Dettingenf, 36. Diderot, 86. Dominic, 12. I), .in Pedro II., 80. Donizetti, 57. Dore, 63. Drake, 21. Hit Barri, 35. I mi Chaillu, 56. Dudevant, 59. Dudley (Leicester), 19. Dumas, 58. DUrer, 17. Dutch in America, 24, 67. Index to Historical Column. 119 Edict op Nantes, 23. Revocation, 31. Edward the Confessor, 10. Egbert, 10. Electric light, 61. Elzevirs, 23. Emancipation, 49, OS, 93. English Church, 18. English in Commons, 15. English in court, 14. Essex, 21, 23. Ether, 53. Euler, 36. Fahrenheit, 35. Fairfax, 26. Faneuil, 69. Farragut, 96. Faust, 17. Fawkes, 23. Fenelon, 31. Fichte, 51. Field, 99. Fifteenth Amendment, 99. Fillmore, 84. First Continental Congress,72. Flodden Fieldt, 17. Florida ceded, 77. Flotow, 60. Fontenoyt, 36. Forrest, 100. Fort Sumter, 91. Fouque, 78. Fox, George, 30. Fra Diavolo, 46. Francis Joseph, 83. Franklin, Benjamin, 37. Franklin, Sir John, 55. Frederick I. (Prussia), 69. Frederick the Great, 36, 38. French Academy, 27. French and Indian War, 37, 70. French Republic, 100. French Revolution, 43-73. French settled America, 67. Froebel, 51. Fulton, 45, 74. Galileo, 23. Gall, 51. Gambetta, 61. Garfield, 61, 104, 105. Garibaldi, 54, 58. Gay-Lussac, 51. Genevan award, 101. Genghis Khan, 12. George IV., 77. George Sand, 59. Georgia settled, 69. Gettysburg!, 58, 94. Gilbert, 63. Godfrey of Bouillon, 11. Goethe, 44. Gold in California, 54, 83. Goodyear, 49, 81. Gordon, 62. Gounod, 62. Granada taken, 17. Grant, 60, 99, 107. Great Plague and Fire, 30. Greece independent, 48, 49. Greenough, 85. Grevy, 104. Grotius, 25. Grouchy, 45. Guizot, 4S. Gustavus Adolphus, 27. Habeas Corpus, 30. Hahnemann, 50. Hale, 2S. Hallam, A. II., 62. Hamilton, 39, 74. Hampden, 26. Hancock, 71. Handel, 33. Hapsburgs, 12. Haroun Al Raschid, 10. Harrison, Benjamin, 109. Harrison, W. H., 81. Harvard College, 28, 68. Harvey, 25. Hastingsf, 10. Hastings, Warren, 42. Haydn, 41. Hayes, 102. Hegel, 51. Henry of Navarre, 23. Hogarth, 34. Hohenlindenf, 44. Houdin, 55. House of Commons, 12. House of Hanover, 33. Howe, 82. Hugo, 60. Humbert, 62. Humboldt, 46. Hundred Years' War, 13. Huss, 15. Hyder Ali, 41. Ingersoll, R. G., 102. Inquisition, 12. Ireland, 44, 53, 104. Irving, Henry, 61. Ivan IH., 17. Ivryt, 23. Jack Cade, 15. Jackson, Andrew, 76, 80. Jackson, Stonewall, 93. Jamestown settled, 07. Jefferson, Joseph, 102. Jefferson, Thomas, 74, 78. Jenaf, 45. Jenner, 34. Joan of Arc, 15. Johnson, Andrew, 98, 99. Johnstown flood, 110. Josephine, 43, 45. Kane, 56. Kansas admitted, 90. Kansas Nebraska Bill, 88. Kant, 50. Kean, 47. Kellermann, 43, 44. Kellogg, 103. Kembles, the, 44. Kepler, 25. Kidd, 69. Knox, 19. Koliuf, 38. Kosciusko, 43. Kossuth, 54, 90. La Fayette, 42, 78. Lamartiue, 58. La Motte Fouque, 78. Lancasters, the, 15. Land League, 62. Landseer, 57. Lansdowne, 105. La Place, 39. La Salle, 33. Lavater, 41. Lavoisier, 41. Law, John, 34. Lawrence, 75. Lee, 90, 97. Leibnitz, 33. Leicester, 19. Leidy, 87. Leipsict, 27, 46. Leo X., 17. Leo XIII., 61. Lepantof , 23. Le Sage, 33. Leverrier, 54. Lexingtonf 72. Liebig, 54. Lincoln, 59, 91, 97. Lind, Jenny, 50. Linnaeus, 36. Lisbon earthquake, 37. Liszt, 62. Locomotive, 50, 54. Logan, 70. Lollards, 15. Long Parliament, 28, 29. Lope de Vega, 23. Lome, 104. Louis XIII., 26. Louis XIV., 29, 32, 33. Louis XV., 35, 69. Louis XVI., 43, 72. Louis XVIII. , 47, 76. Louis Philippe, 50. Louisburg taken, 70. Louisiana purchase, 74. Loyola, ]8. Luther, 17, 18. Lutzeuf, 27, 46. Macbeth, 10. Machiavelli, 17. MacMahon, 59, 101. Macready, 47. Madison, 75. Magellan, 17, 67. Magentaf, 56. Magna Charta, 12. Mahomet Ali, 53. Mail coaches, 42. Malplaquetf, 33. Manning, 62. Marat, 43. Marengot, 44. Margaret of Anjou, 16. Maria Theresa, 35. Marie Antoinette, 43. Marie Louisa, 45. Mariotte, 32. Marlborough, 33. Marston Moorf, 28. Martel, 10. Maryland, 67. Mary Queen of Scots, 21. Mather, 29, 32. Maximilian, 17, 60. Mayflower, 26. Mazarin, 26. Mazeppa, 31. McClellan, 94. McClosky, 90. Melancthon, 18. Mendelssohn, 59. Mesmer, 38. Metternich, 48. Mexican War, 54. Mexico independent, 77. Meyerbeer, 58. Microscopes, 25. Millais, 61. Mirabeau, 38. Missouri Compromise, 47. Mohammed, 9. Moliere, 29. Moltke, 58. Mommsen, 49. Monroe, 77. Montaigne, 25. 120 Index to Historical Column. Montesquieu, 34. Montezuma, 18. 1 , 24. Morgarti nt, 13. M.>ri la, Robert, 70. Mm - 'I . .u burned, 46, 75, Mozart, 82. Munchausen, 86. Murillo, 29. NAFIXR, _ Napoleon, 1 1, 4"., 45, 16, 47, 73, .n api ileon [II., 65, 87. Nasebyt, 28. Nash, Beau, 40. Naval -in« > * . 1 I. Necker, 88. Nelson, 44, 45. Nero, '.'. New ( trleansf, 76. Ney, 46. Niebuhr, 4->. Nightingale, 56. Nilsson, 63. Normans, 10. Nullification, 80. O'Connell, 40. Odoacer, 9. ( tffenbach, 57. Ole Ball, 62. i Ithman, 13. Oxenstierne, 26. I'AiiANIN!, It. Paine, 89. Partition of l'oland, 41. Pascal, 29. Paul (Czar), 44. Peabody, 87. Peel, 51. Pennsj Ivania settled, 32, 68. Percy, 15. Perry (Commodoi e ,89 Terry's victor} f, 46, 76. Peter the Great, 88, 35. Petition of Rights, 26. Philip II., 19. Phonograph, 02. Pierce, B7. Pitt, 45, 7o, 71. I Izarro, 18. Plantagenets, 12, Pocahontas, 67. PoYtierst, 14. Polk, 81. Toinpadoiir, IJ.'i. --in, 27. Powers, 101. Printing, i">. Pulaski, 4:;. Pultowaf, 84. Pym, 26. QUSBBO si: i FLBD, 61 Quebec taken, 70. BUaaLAia, 19. B, 81. Raglai Ralkes, 12 o id riots, 108. b, 67. Randol) b. ] i Raphael, 17. Reaumur, 35. irmation, 17. Reign of Tei roi Rembrandt, 30. Ri'-musat, 51. Kenan, 53. Rev< re, 74. Reynolds, 36. Rhode Island, G8. Richelieu, 20. Ricbter, 45. Kienzi, 14. Rizzio, 21. Robespierre, 39, 4.".. Robin Hood, 11. Rob Roy, 33. Rochefoucauld, 30. Romans, 9. Rossini, 44. Rothschild, 39. Rousseau, 41. Royal Society, 30. Rubens, 27. Rubenstein, 61. Russo-Turkish Wai , 61, 103. SADOWAt, 60, 98. St. Albansf, 16. St. Bartholomew, 20. st. Pierre, 39. Salem Witchcraft, G8. Salvator Rosa, 29. Santa Anna, 54. sj. Saracens, 9. Saratoga., 42, 72. Sardou, 63. Savonarola, 20. Saxe, 36. Saxon Invasion, 9. Schiller, 42. Bchlegels, the, -4 •'>. Schopenhauer, 51. Schubert, 52. Schumann, 59. Scott (General), 54, 7'.). Sebastopolf, 56. Secession, 90. Sedanf, 60, 100. Seminole War, 80. Sempachf, 14. Sepoy mutiny, 56. Seven Years' War, 38. Sevigne, 81. Sherman (General), 96. Bhilohf, 92. Slave trade, 19. Smith (Captain), 23. Smith, Joseph, 78. Solferinof , 56. Soliman II., 17. Sotliern, 101. Bonth Carolina settled, OS. South Sea Rubble, 34. Specie Paviueiits resumed 104. Spinoza, 32. Stamp Act, II, 71. Stanley, 56, Stanton, 92. Star of West, 90. Stephenson, < leorge, »4. Steuben, 71. Stradivari, 84. Strauss, 59. stuait, Gilbert, 74. irts, 21,24, 28. Btuyvesant, 30 Sue", 69. sue/ 1 lanal, 60. Sullivan, Sir A., 63. Swedenborg, 35. Switzerland Independent, 47. Taine, , r i7. Tallej rand, 40. Tamerlane, 14. Tasso, 22. Taylor, S4. Telegraph, 52, 53, 81. Telephone, 61. Telescope, 23. Test Act, 52. Tewksburyf, 16. Texas, 80, 81. Thiers, 100. Thirty Years' War, 27. Thomas, 90. Titian, 19. Tooke, 39. Torquemada.-lO. Torricelli, 25. Toursf, 10. Towtont, 16. Trat'algarf , 45. Trajan, 9. Tudors, 17. Turenne, 29. Turguenieff, 60. Turner, 56. Tycho Brahe, 25. Tyler (Wat), 14. u. s. independent, 42. Vaccination, 34. Valmvt, 43. Van Buren, 81. Vanderbilt, 102. Van Dyke, 27. Van Eyck, 15. Vassar, 100. Verdi, 62. Vicksburgf, 94. Victor Emmanuel, 58, 91. Victoria, 80. Virginia settled, 24. Volta, 53. Voltaire, 36. Wagner, 62. Wagramf, 45. Wakefleldf, 16. Wallace, 12. Wallenstein, 24, 27. War of 1812, 40, 75, 70. War with Mexico, 82. Wars of Roses, 10. Warwick, 16. Washington (General), 38,43, 73. Washington taken, 76. Waterloof, 70. Watt, 41. Wat Tyler, 14. Wayne, 72. Weber, 44. Wellington, 41,46. Whitney, Eli, 43, 73. Wilberforce, 47. Wilderness*, 95. William I. (Germany) , 63, 100. William IV, SO. William the Conqueror, 10, 11, William the Silent, 20. Wolfe (General), 37, 70. Wolsey, 17, 18. Wren, 32. Xavier, 18. Yorks, THE, 10. Zulu War, 62. Zwingle, 18. INDEX TO AUTHORS. Abbott, Jacobf, 103. Abbott, J. 8. C.f, 93. Abbott, Lymant, 91. Adams, C. F.f, 103. Adams, Hannahf, 78. Adams, Johnf, 71. Adams, J. Q.j, 76. Adams, W. T.f, 105. Addison, 34. Agassizt, 87. Ainsworth, 59. Akenside, 41. Alcott, Bronsont, 85. Alcott, L. M.f, 107. Alcuin, 10. Alden, Josephf, 92. Alden, Mrs.f, 10S. Aldhem, 10. Aldrichf, ln7. Alexauder, Addisont, 70. Alexander, Archibald f, 75. Alford, 53. Alfred, 10. Alfric, 10. Alison, 39. Allen, A. V. G.t, 91. Allen, Grant, 55. Allen, J. II. t, 90. Allibonef, 101. Allstonf, 82. Ames|, 72. Ancient English, 9. Andersont, 88. Anglo-Normans, 11. Anglo-Saxon, 9. Anthonf, 87. Aquinas, 12. Arbuthnot, 35. Arnold, Edwin, 63. Arnold, Matthew, 57, 63. Arnold, Thomas, 48. Arthur, T. S.t, 1'i4. " Artemas Ward "f, 96. Artificial Poets, 33. Ascham, 18. Asser, 10. Audubonf, 81. Augustan Age, 33. Austen, 58. Aytoun, 03. Bache, A. P.t, 81. Bacon, Delia), 86. Bacon, Francis, 26. Bacon, Roger, 12. Bagby.f 96. Bagehot, 52. Bailey, James, 03. Baillie, Joanna, 46. Bain, 52. Bairdt, 88. Baker, Samuel, 55. Baker, W. M.f, 106. Bale, 22. Ballads, 17. Ballou, Hoseat, 75. Ballou, M. M.f, 94. Bancroft!, 93. Barbour, 14. Barclay, 17. Baring-Gould, 50. Barlowt, 74. Barnard}, 86. Barnesf, 75. Barrow, 33. Bartlettt, 101. Bascomf, 92. Baxter, 29. Bay Psalm Bookt, 69. Beaconsfield, 59. Beattie, 41. Beaumont, 24. Beckford, 39. Bede, 10. Beecher, 11. W.f, 90. Beecher, Lyman f, 75. Behn, Mrs., 32. Belknapf, 72. Bellamyt, 110. Benjaminf, 84. Bentham, 51. Bentley, 35. Bentonf, 76. Beowulf, 9. Berkeley, 35. Berners, 18. Besant, 61. Beverlyt, 70. Bibles, 19. Biddlef, 84. Bird, B. M.f, 104. Bishopf, 109. Black, 61. Blackie, 57. Blackmore, 33. Blackstone, 38. Blair, Robert, 40. Blake, 42. Bledsoef , 92. " Blind Harry," 16. Bloomfield, 45. Bokerf, 98. Bolingbroke, 36. Boswell, 38. Bottaf, 86. Bouvierf, 77. Bowenf , 92. Boyeseu.f 109. Boyle, 32. Brackenridgef , 73. Braddon, 61. Bradford f, 70. Bradstreetf, 69. Brewster, ">4. Brodheadf, 94. Bronte, 59. Brook, Henry, 39. Brook, Lord'(Greville), 21. Brooke, Stopford, 53. Brooks, Phillipsf, 91. Brooks, Mrs.t, 83. Brougham, 40. Brown, C. B.f , 79. Brown, Gooldf, 81. Brown, Pr. John, 57. Brown, Thomas, 51. Browne, C. F.f, 96. Browne, Sir Thomas, 28. Browning, 62. Browning, Mrs., 62. Brownsonf, 90. Bryantt, 83. Buchanan, 18. Buckingham, 31. Buckland, 55. Buckle, 49. Bulwer (father), 59. Bulwer (son), 63. Bunyan, 3U. Burdettef, 96. Burke, 40. Burnets, the, 33. Burnettf, llu. Burney, 39. Burns, 43. Burrf, 69. Burrittf, 101. Burroughsf, 88. Burton, 28. Bushnellt, 90. Butler, Joseph, 38. Butler, Samuel, 30. Butler, W. A.f, 98. Bylest, 69. Byrdt, 70. Byron, 44. CABLEt, 109. Oaedmon, 10. Calhounf, 76. Calvertf, 93. Campbell, Alexanderf, 75. Campbell, George, 38. Campbell, Thomas, 43. Canning, 41. Canterbury Tales, 14. Carew, 27. Carey, 34. Carey, H. C.f, 89. Carlyle, 48, 57. Carys, thet, 98. Catlinf, 93. Cavalier Poets, 26. Cave, 36. Caxton, 16. Celtic Writers, 9. Chalkhill, 28. Chalmers, 53. Champneyl, 110. Channingt, 75. Chapint, 91. Chapman, 21. Chatterton, 42. Chaucer, 14. Chesterfield, 35. Chevy Chase, 17. Childf, 80. Chillingworth, 28. Choatef, 77. Church, A. J., 50. Church, Benjaminf, 70. 121 L22 Index to Authors. Churchill, 41, Clarke, Mary C Clarkef, 90. lie A-.-, 33, 34. . 76 rgy (English), Olem Clough, 63. lent, : '>- ii Idge, 4''., 51. i , ;; I. Collins, William, 41. Collins, Wilkie, 61. Collyer, Robert f, 91. I 'ollllall, 46. ilonial Periodf, 0". ( 'onuTovc, Conn Cook, , 92 . Rose P.f, i, J. k.'. Cook.\ P. IV. 97. i tooper, J. F.| i lorsonj , 102, Cottoi ( ktttonf, 67. i 'on,---, 88. Coverdale, 19. ( lowley, Abraham, "27. ley, Hannah, 11. ( lowper, 42. Cox, I. S.t, 94. . ibe, 42. '« Craddock "f, 110. Cralk, 61. Crallrht. -I. ( Iranmer, 19. i Irashaw, 27. ( Irawfordf, ill. isy, 4'.». ( iritlcs, Btnglisb, 66. 1 [owardf, '.'1. ( Irowne, :;i . i ludworth, 30. CummioBf, I < lurran, W Cartiaf, 102. Onylerf, ( lynewulf, 10. D ALTON, 53. Dana, Mrs.t, B4. Dana, ft. II.*, B2. Dan ., ft. II., Jr.f, 104. Daniel. 21. D'Arblaj . I ):n win, ( Ibarlea, G i. I i.iruni, Erasmus, 41. Davenant, 31. Davleaf, 81. I ».i\ lea, -I . 1 1 ,'..., Jefferaonf, Davis, ft. II. t. 107. Davy, 63. Defoe, Dekker, 24. De Lan I*. 110. I),- la ftarae, 62. De Mlllef, 107. I >•• Morgan, 51. Dennam, 28. De Qnlncey, Derbyt, De Veret, B7. 108. I At klnaon, Johnt, 71 Dicklni in, Jon ithanf, 68. Dicksont, 100. Dldiert, 102. Diaraeli, Benjamin, 59. I lisraeli, Isaac, 50. Dixon, 49. I loanef, 75. Doddridge, 40. Dodgef, 103. Domic, 26. Donnellyt, 102. I ibuglas, 17. asat, 94. I lowningt, s '-. Draket, B3. Drama, < lorrupt, 31. I lawn of, 21. Elizabetban, 22. Modern, 40. Draperf, 87. Drayton, 20. Drummond, 21. Dryden, 31. Dunbar, 17. I tunglisont, 81. Dnnatan, 10. 1 tuponceanf, 81. Dnyckincks, tlief, 101. Dwightt, 73. Dyer, 40. Earle, 28. Edgewortb, 58. " Edmund Klrke"t, 105. Edwards, Amelia B., 61. Edwards, Jonathan!, 6 I. glestont, 107. » Eliot, George," 60. Eliot, Johnt, 68. Elizabetban Era, 19. Elletf,94. Elyt,89. Elyot, 18. Emersont, 85. Emmets, the, 40. Ercildoun, 12. Erigena, 10. Erskine, 40. Essayists, 50. Evans, Marian, 60. Evelyn, 30. Everetts, tliet, 77. Faryan, 18. Faerie Queene, 20. Fairfax, 21. Falconer, 41. " Fanny Fern"t, 101. " Fanny Forrester " Faraday, 54. Farjeon, 61. Farqubar, 32. Fawcettt, ndent, 82. Feudalism, 11. Fiction, Recent English, 59, Fielding, 36. Fieldet, 101. Filmer, 28. Finleyf, 106. Fisher, Q . 91. . 92. Fletcher, Giles, 27. Fletcher, J. Ct, 94. iher, John, 24. Fletcher, Pbineas, 26. Flint, Austin*. B8. Flint, Tiraotbj Kli>riu, 'J.' Footet, 109. Kord, 24. Forgers, 42. Formative Period, 13. Forster, 49. Fosterf, 99. Fortescue, 10. Fux, C. J., 4(i. Fox, John, 19. Franklint, 71. Francis, 38. Freeman, 50. French Influence, 31. Freneaut, 73. Froude, 49. Fuller, Margarett, 86. Fuller, Thomas, 28. Furness, II. II. t, 103. Furness, William H.', :.".. Fyffe, 51. "Gail Hamilton "t, 103. Gallaudett, 85. ( Warrick, 38. Garrisont, 89. Gascoigne, 20. Gaskell, Mrs., 59. " Gath "t. 103. Gauden, 28. Gay, 34. Geotlrey of Monmouth, 12. Georgef, 89. " George Eliot," GO. Gibbon, 37. < ; ifford, 56. Gildhas, 9. Gilesf, 100. Gilmanf, 85. (iilinoref, 105. Glad.lent.91. Gladstone, 49. Godfreyf, 73. Godwin, Parkef, 94. Godwin, William, 39. Golden Age, 19. Goldsmith, 36, 41. Goodrichf, 85. Gordon, 44. Gosson, 25. Gouldf, 83. Gould (Baring-Gould), 50. Gower, 14. "Grace Greenwood "f, 105. Grant, Robertf, 100. ti rattan, 40. ( Iiay, A>at, 87. < tray, Thomas, 41. Greeleyt, 93. I l-reen, Anna I\.|, 110. Green, J. B ( treene, A. G.t, 84. ( ireene, Matthew, 40. Greene, Robert, 22. ( Ireville, 21. Griswoldt, B6. (irosseteste, 11. Grote, 48. Guyotti 87. IlABUERTONt, 96. Habington, 27. Hadleyt, 87. Haggard, 62. Hakluyt, 25. ii ile, E. E.t, 105. Hale, lloratiot, 87. Halifax, 33. Hall, Edward, 18. Hall, Johnt, 90. Hall, Joseph, 21. Hall, Robert, 52. liallam, 47. ! l.llt-ckt, 83. Index to Authors. 123 Hamerton, 58. Hamilton, Alexander!, 72. Hamilton, Sir William, 51. Hammond!, 88. Hardy, A. S.f, 109. Hardy, Thomas, 61. Hare, 50. Harrington, 30. Harris, Joel C.t, 110. "Harry the Minstrel," 16. Hartf, 100. Harte, Brett, 99. Hawes, 17. Hawkesworth, 38. Hawthorne, J.t, 109. Hawthorne, N.t, 103. Hayf, 99. Hayes t, 95. Hayne, P. H.f, 99. Hayne, R. Y.f, 77. Haven t, 80. Hazlitt, 56. Heber, 45. Helps, 57. Hemans, 45. Henry, Joseph!, 81. Henry, Patrickf, 71. Henryson, 17. Hentzf, 80. Herbert, George, 26. Herbert, Lord, 28. Herrick, 27. Herschel, 54. Heywood, John, 22. Heywood, Thomas, 24. "H. H."t, 107. Hickokf, 92. Higden, 12. Higginsonf, 102. Hilarius, 11. Hildrethf, 93. Hillhousef, 82. Historians, 18th century, 37. 19th century, 47. History, Development of, 18. Hitchcock!, 81. Hobartf, 74. Hobbes, 29. Hodgef.90. Hoffmanf, 80. Hogg, 43. Holcroft, 39. Holinshed, 25. Holland!, 98, 104. Holleyt, 96. Holmes, O. W.f, 100, 104. Holmes, M. J., 108. Home, 38. Hood, 44. Hooker, Richard, 25. Hooker, Thomasf, 68. Hope, 39. Hopkins, Samuel!, 72. Hopkins, Markf, 90. Hopkinson, F.f, 73. Hopkinson, J.t, 82. Howard, Blanche!, 111. Howard (Surrey), 17. Howe, John, 33. Howe, Julia Ward!, 97. Howellsf, 108. Howitts, the, 56. Hoyle, 36. Hudson, H. N.f, 101. Hudson, M. C.f, 108. Hughes, 61. Hume, 37. Hunt, 44. Hutchinson!, 72. Huttonf, 103. Huxley, 55. Hyde, 30. "Ike Marvel"!, 105. Impostors, 42. Inchbald, 39. Ingelow, 63. Ingersoll, C. J.f, 78. Ingersoll, Ernest!, 89. Interludes, 22. Ireland, 42. Irvingf, 78. Italian Influence, 16. Jackson, H. H.f, 107. James, H.f, 90. James, H., Jr.f, 108. James of Scotland, 15. Jameson, 57. Jayf, 71. Jefferson!, 71. Jeffrey, 56. Jerrold, 57. Jevons, 52. Jewettf, 110. John of Salisbury, 11. Johnson, Dr., 37. Johnson, Virginia!, 109. Jonson, Ben, 23. "Josh Billings"!. 95. Juddt, 80. Judsont, 80. " Juuius," 38. Kames, 38. Kane!, 82. Keats, 44. Keble, 53. Keightley, 48. Ken, 31. Kennan!, 95. Kennedy!, 80. Kent!, 76. Key!, 82. King James Bible, 19. Kinglake, 49, 55. Kingsley, 53, 60. Kirk, Ellen O.!, 108. Kirk, J. F.!, 94. " Kirke, Edmund"!, 105. Kirkland, Mrs.!, 86. Knight, 48. Kuowles, 46. Knox, 18. Krauth!, 91. Kyd, 22. Lake School, 45. Lamb, 56. Landor, 44. Lang, 63. Langland, 14. Langley!, 88. Lanierf, 103. Larcom!, 99. Lathropt, 110. Latimer, 18. Latin Writers, 10, 11. Lawrence!, 77. Layamon, 12. Layard, 49. Lecky, 50. Lee, Henry!, 73. Lee, Nathaniel, 32. Legarti!, 77. Leighton, 29. Leland, Charles G.f, 95. Leland, John, 18. Leslie!, 79. Lever, 59. Lewes, G-. H., 52. Lewes, Mrs., 60. Lewis, Dio!, 87. Lewis, M. G., 40. Lewis, Taylerf, 90. Lieber!, 77. Lingard, 47. Lippincott!, 105. Livingstone, 55. Locke, D. R.!, 96. Locke, John, 32. Lockhart, 56. Lockyer, 55. Lodge, H. C.t, 95. Lodge, Thomas, 25. Logan, J.!, 70. Logan, Olive!, 108. Longstreet!, 95. Longfellow!, 96. Lossing!, 93. Lovelace, 28. Lover, 59. Lowell!, 98, 101. Lubbock, 55. Lydgate, 15. Lyell, 54. Lyly, 22, 25. Lyndsay, 17. Lytton, 59. Macaulay, 48, 62. MacDonald, 61. Mackenzie, Sir George, 33. Mackenzie, Henry, 39. Mackenzie, Alexanders.!, 85. Mackintosh, 51. Macpherson, 42. Madison!, 72. Mahaffy, 50. Mahanf, 92. Maine, Sir Henry, 50. "Major Downing"!, 95. Malory, 15. Malthus, 51. Mandeville, John, 15. Mandeville, B., 36. Mann!, 85. Mansel, 52. Map, 11. " Marian Harland"!, 107. "Mark Twain"!, 96. Marlowe, 23. Marryat, 58. Marsh!, 82. Marshall!, 78. Marston, 24. " Martha Farquharson "f, 106. Martineau, 49. Marvell, 27. Masques, 22. Massey, 63. Massiuger, 24. Masson, 50. Mather, Cotton!, 68. Mather, Increaset, 68. Mather, Richardt, 68. Maxwell, 55. McCarthy, 50. McCosh!, 92. McLeod, 53. " Meredith," 63. Meres, 25. Merivale, 49. "Metaphysical Poets," 26. Middleton, 36. Miller, Hugh, 54. Miller, Joaquin!, 100. Miller, Samuel!, 75. Mill, James, 51. Mill, John S., 51. 124 Index to Authors. Milman. 4s\ Milton, -J'.'. Mlnot, IS. Miracles, 21. Mitchell, D. G.f, 105. Mitchell, B. W.t, 106. \i Itford, M Iss, Mltford, William, -17. Modern English, i • • . Modern Life, period of, 13. Monroef, tj. Montagu, 35. Montgomery, 45, Moore, Thomas, 41. Moore, I !. O.f, 82. Moralities, 22. More, Hannah, 39. More, Henrj . 30. More, Sir Thomas, 18. Morfordf, 105. Morley, 57. Morns, (i. I'.!, si. Morris, I loin ern« urf, 72. Mori s, Willi, mi, 63, Morions, tbef, 70. Motleyt, 93. Moultonf, 107. " \h-. Partington "f, '.>... Midler, 55, Mnlock, 61. Mungerf, 91. Murfreef, 110. MorehlBon, 54. Murra} ', 72. Mysteries, 21. NAPIER, 48. " N.i»by"t, 96. Nash, 23. National Periodf, 74. Newcombf, ss - Newman, 53. Newton, Sir Isaac, 33. Newtonf, 91, Nicholas ol i luildford, 1.1. Nineteenth Centurj , 17-74. Nordhofff, 89. Norton, 62. Novelists, English, 36, :: i, 58. Novelists, American f, 79, Xuthrownc Maid, 17. Nyef, 96. ' Id I.KVE, 15. Ollphant, 60. Ive Logan "f, 108. " I Mivi-r Optll Olmsted f, Si, ( Orators, 40. • Inn, 12. ' I'Shaughness) , 63. •■ Osaian," 42. ddf, ss. . 71. < Itwaj . 82, Ida," O verbury , 25. Owenf, 90. I'm.i- \s i -. 22. Paine, R. I ■. 82. Paine, Thomasf, 71. Paley, Palfreyti ' '•■ Palgrave, is. Palmer, R iy1 97. 108 Paradise Lost, 29. Paris, 12. Park, 39. Parkerf, 76. Parkmanf, ( .)4. Parnell, 84. Par ton, Jamesf, 102. Parton, Baranf, 101. Paston Letters, 16. Patmore, 63. Pauldingf, 79. Payn, 61. Paynef, 83. 1'ecock, 15. Peele, 22. Pepys, 80, Percivalf, s:;. Percy, 43. Perryf, 108. Petty, 32. l'helps, E. S.f, 109. Philips, 31. Phillips, Wendellf, 89. Philosophers, 51. Piatts, Hut, on. Pierpontf, 82. " Piers Ploughman," 14. Piozzi (Mrs. Thrale), 39. l'itt, 40. Poef, 84. Pollok, 43. l'ooref, 94. Pope, 33. " Porte Crayon "f, 101. Porter, .lane, 08. Porter, Noah), 92. Prenticef, 96. Prentissf, loo. Prescottf, 93. Preston f, 99. Printing, 15. Trior. :;4. Proctor, 55. Prynne, 28. I'm chas, 25. Puritan Era, 26. Puttenham, 25. QtURLES, 27. Quincyf, 78. KaI>( l.IFI'F, 39. Raleigh, 25. Ramsay, Allan, 34. Ramsay, I tavidf, 73. Rawlinson, 4'.'. Ray, John, 30. Readf, 98. Reade, •'•'.>. Reedf, 86. Reid, Mayne, 60. Reid, Thomas, 38. Reid, Whitelawf, 103. Renaissance Era, 16. Restoration Era, 29. Ri \ iewers, 66. Revolutionary Period t, 70. Rexfordf, loo. Ricardo, 51. Rice, 61 . Richard de Bury, 12. Richardson, 36. Rllej t, loo. Roberl < I r< .11. Robei i "i Brunne, 13. Robert of Gloucester, 13. Robertson, William, :;7. Robertson, P. W., 03. Roef, 108. Rogers, J., 19. s, 8., 46. Rolfef, 102. Romantic Poets, Dawn, 40. Era of, 44. Rooseveltf, 95. Rossetti, 63. Rowe, 32. Rowsonf, 73. Rush, B.f, 72. Rush, J.f, 81. Ruskin, 52, 07. Russellf, 102. Sackvili.k, 20, 22. St. John, 36. Sala, 61. Saltusf, 110. Bandyst, 67. Sargentf, 97. Savage, M. J.f, 91. Savage, Richard, 34. Savile, 33. Saxef, 97. Saxon Chronicle, 10. Schliemannf, 87. Schooleraftf, 85. Scientists, 53. Scott, 43, 58. Scotus, John, 10; Duns, 12. Scudderf, lo8. Seccombf, 69. Sedgwick f, 79. Seidell, 28. Semi-Saxon, 12. Shaftesbury, 36. Shairp, 07. Shakespeare, 23. Sbawf, 95. Sheaf, 94. Shelley, 44. Shelley, Mrs., 08. Shenslone, 41. Bhepardf, 68. Sheridan, 40, 46. Sherlock, Thomas, 33. Sherlock, William, 36. Bhillaberf, 95. Shindlerf, 84. Shirley, 24. Sidney, A., 30. Sidney, Philip, 20, 25 Sigourneyf, 80. Bikesf, 108. Sillinianf, 81. Simmsf, 104. Skeat, 58. Skelton, 17. Skene, 49. Smiles, 49. Smith, Adam, 38. Smith, Horace, 40. Smith, ('apt. John), 67. Smith, James, 4.'). Smith, Sebaf, 95. Smith, B. F.|, B4. Smith, Sydney, 56. Smith, Mrs. E. O.f, 104. Smollett, 36. Somerville, Mary. 54. SomerviUe, William, 34. South, 33. Bouthey, 46. Southworthf, 105. Southwell, 21. Bparksf, 79. Spedcling, 07. Spencer, 52. Spenser, 20. Spollbrd, II. P.f, 107. Spragne, Chariest, 83. Spurgeon, 03. Index to Authors. 125 Stanley, 53. Stedraant, 102. Steele, J. D.f, 88. Steele, Richard, 35. Stephens, Alexander 11. t, 9o. Stephens, Ann S.t, 105. Sterne, 36. Stevenson, 62. Stewart, 51. Stilesf, 72. Still, 22. Stocktonf, 107. Stoddard, E. D. B.t, 105. Stoddard, R. H.f, 98. Stone, W. L.t, 79. Stone, S.f, 68. Story, Josephf, 76. Stow, John, 25. Stowe, H. B.f, 104. Streetf, 97. Strickland, 49. Strotherf, 101. Stubbs, 50. Suckling, 27. Surrey, 17. Swift, 35. Swinburne, 63. Swintonf, 95. Symmesf, 81. Tait, 52. Talfourd, 46. Talmagef, 91. Taylor, Jeremy, 29. Taylor, John, 26. Taylor, Bayardt, 94, 106. Temple, 32. Tennent, 55. Tennyson, 62. Terhunet, 107. Thackeray, 60. Thaxterf, 99. Thirlwall, 48. Thomas, Editht, 111. Thomas, Isaiahf, 78. Thomas, J.t, 87. Thomas of Ercildoun, 12. Thompson, Count Rumfordt, 73. Thompson, D. P.t, 80. Thompson, Mauricet, 88. Thomson, James, 41. Thomson, Sir William, 52. Thoreauf, 88. Thornton, 52. Thrale, Mrs., 39. Tickell, 34. Ticknorf, 92. Tillotson, 33. Tiltont, 91. Tourgeef, 10S. Towlet, 95. Townsendf, 103. Travelers, 55. Trench, 53. Trouveres, 12. Trollope, 59. Trowbridget, 106. Trumbullt, 73. Tuckermant, 101. Tudorf, 79. Tupper, 62. Tusser, 17. Tyler, M. C.t, 103. Tyler, Royallf, 74. Tyndale, 19. Tyndall, 54. Udall, 22. Uphamt, 75. Usher, 28. Utopia, 18. Van Brugh, 32. Vaughan, 28. Vaux, 17. Venablef,99. Verplanckf, 85. Veryt, 84. Vincentf, 91. Wace, 12. Walker, Amasaf , 77. Walker, Francis A.t, 89. Wallace, A. R., 54. Wallace, D. M., 51. Wallace, H. B.f, 86. Wallace, Lewt, 106. Waller, 27. Walpole, 39. Walton, 30. Wardt, 69. Ward, Mrs., 62. Ware, Henryf , 74. Ware, Williamt, 80. Warner, C. D.t, 106. Warner, Susanf, 105. Warner, William, 20. Warton, Joseph, 41. Warton, Thomas, 38. Washingtont, 71. Waterton, 55. Watts, 40. Way land f, 75. Webbf, 96. Webster, Daniel f, 76. Webster, John, 24. Webster, Noahf, 81. Wellsf, 89. Wesleys, the, 38. Whateley, 52, 53. Wheatleyf, 73. Wheatonf, 77. Whedont, 92. Whewell, 54. Whipplet, 101. White, Gilbert, 38. White, H. K., 45. White, R. G.f, 101. Whitmanf, 98. Whitney, Mrs.t, 105. Whitney, W. l).f, 87. Whittierf, 97. Wigglesworthf, 69. Wildet, 82. William of Malmesbury, 11. William of Occam, 12. Williams, J.t, 70. Williams, Rogerf, 68. Willisf, 84. Wilson, Alexander!, 81. Wilson, John, 43, 56. Wilson, Mrs. A. J.f, 107. Winchellf, 87. AVinsort, 94. Wintert, 103. Winthrop, Georgef, 69. Winthrop, Theodoret, 106. Wirtf, 78. Wither, 27. Witherspoont, 72. Wolcott, John, 42. Wolcott, Rogerf, 69. Wolfe, 45. Wood, Mrs. Henry, 60. Wood, Williamt, 69. Wood worth t, 82. Woolmant, 72. Woolsonf, 109. Worcesterf, 81. Wordsworth, 45. Wotton, 21. Wrightf, 108. Wyatt, 17. Wycherly, 32. Wycliffe, 15. Wyntoun, 15. Yonge, 60. Young, 34. *;?• = v / li v-/ v ^ I MVFRSIIY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles I his book is DUE on the last date stamped below. "In tf£\>> y ■UW a» oft 'ft* SEP 3 1989 inn L9-S<>rips4939 < TO 2> £ t» VIvJ I I T U J^J ^EUNIVER^ s>AO$ANGElfj> ^/maino^ JJi 11 N.W ^WEUNIVER% M .^lOSANGELfj> "%3AINfH\W WtfUNIVERS//, 12 ^frUBRARYQ^ ^UIBRARYtf/^ (Tfcl ILIITI I Life I V <~> "- 1^5 3 1158 00894 63 r-> O £ IMiinnNi T iliii!?S! 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