r: ■:■-•: 
 
 I'i 
 
 A = 
 
 ^= r- 
 
 A- 
 
 ... 0' 
 
 — 
 
 ^, 
 
 n = 
 
 X 
 
 ^^■^ m 
 
 0^ 
 
 - j:i 
 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 — - 
 
 3 = 
 
 ^^ 3> i^ 
 
 6^ 
 
 — ^5 
 
 
 -D > 
 
 h — 
 
 ■ --- ■< 2 
 
 9 = 
 
 ^^ > *. 
 
 3 — 
 
 
 H ^~" 
 
 ^^— ^ 
 
 1
 
 / 
 
 ■ ■:>' 
 
 / 
 
 ./ 
 
 ^ ^ ■ y" '^■~L. 
 
 /r. 
 
 -i*7r^;*:"M
 
 WELSH GRAMMAR; 
 
 OR, 
 
 ^ ^fjorc and Ca^ 
 
 INTRODUCTIO 
 
 TO THE 
 
 WELSH TONGUE; 
 
 IN TVVO PARTS, TIZ. 
 
 I. A particular account 
 of the several parts of (he 
 Welsh tongue; with the 
 accidentsaudproperfies un- 
 to them respectively ap- 
 pertaining; as cases, gen- 
 ders,numbers, conjugations. 
 
 „-."• A full syntax of each 
 of those parts; shewingwhat 
 places they peculiarly claim 
 in construction ; and what 
 changes they make in the 
 initials of one another, ac- 
 
 ' in set down. 
 
 ■VVHEREUfCTO IS ADDEB 
 
 A COPIOUS ALPHABETICAL TABLE 
 
 ^f iaarttclc0, 
 
 Shewing the proper effects of them on the initials of snbse 
 
 quent words if not suspended by other more 
 
 prevailing parts in the sentence. 
 
 ^*-^^'^^^^^\^.^>^4 
 
 'v^^ .*>*sr ^-*v 
 
 BY W. GAMliOLD, 
 
 Late Rector of Punchr .^«, in Pembrokeshire. 
 
 ^■./Srf^.^.^Vsrv 
 
 Carmartfjen : 
 
 1817.
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 Kind Reader, 
 
 The lansjuage methodized in this small manual 
 is such as needs not that any should enlarge on the praise 
 or antiquity of it ; for whosoever considers it, will be 
 forced to confess, that not any language this day in Europe 
 is more copious and independent than it; and whosoever 
 knows any thing of history, will acknowledge that it is as 
 ancient, to say no more, as the Aborigines of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Its misfortune is, that it is not at all known in foreign 
 countries, unless in a small province of France ; and very 
 little known in this our own island, the principality of 
 Wales only excepted. Yet herein the language as well as 
 proprietors, did but share in the common fate of all con- 
 quered nations ; for it is very obvious that the language 
 of such must as well give way to the language of the con- 
 querors, as the necks of the inhabitants must truckle 
 under the yokes of their subduers. 
 
 The inextensiveness therefore of any language cannot, 
 in justice or reason, be improved to the prejudice of its 
 intrinsic worth. So that taking it for granted, that all 
 men, who know any thing of the British or Welsh tongue, 
 will readily give their suffrage for its antiquity, copious- 
 ness and independence. I sliall therefore only add a word 
 or two, to remove the most popular as well as plausible 
 j)rejudice this language doth labour under. 
 
 There are some, and those not the least learned ia 
 tbe English nation, wh*, judging it a prepostereus chasa 
 
 b2 
 
 13r*^201
 
 IV 
 
 ill the course of their studies, to be ignorant iti the primi- 
 tive language of their own country : and cl-.armed with the 
 mascuiine force and sound of the Welsh tongue, have 
 bestowed some thoughts upon if ; and as nsany as have 
 Jipplied themselves thtreunto with a requisite resolution, 
 have in a short time become great proficients ia it; 
 while others, who made fainter applicatioBF, have had 
 their spirits damped, and dropping their studies with dis- 
 dain, have laid the whole blame on the imcouthness and 
 uiigrammaticalness of the language. 
 
 But that these gentlemen have been very much mis- 
 taken, it is hoped the following treatise will evinc^. It will 
 teach them that both thepurts and the construction of the 
 Welsh tongue are limitted to certain easy and unalterable 
 rules; and those perhaps fewer in Bumber than are inci- 
 dent to any other language. 
 
 I must confess myself much beholden to those two 
 great oracles of the Brit'sh tongue, both the Dr. Davies's ; 
 whose learned grammars furnished me with some rules and 
 many excellent hints ; which, with some remarks I had my- 
 self made oi: the language before I consulted those books, 
 have improved the treatise to the bulk wherein it offers 
 itself now to thy view. If thou hast those grammars by 
 thee, compare them with this ; and thou shall find that I 
 have omitted nothing contained therein, which 1 thought 
 necessary to illustrate a grammatical work; but that I have 
 added several things by them omitted ; which, how perti- 
 nently, is humbly submitted to the opinion of my country- 
 men; who, it is presumed, are best able to judge of the 
 performance. 
 
 *. W. GAMBOLD.
 
 AT Y PARCH. W. G. 
 
 AH SI AAMMADEG CYMJlAEe. 
 
 MAE'ch arfaeth odiaeth, ar adeg gyflawn^ 
 
 Roi'n gyflwyn llammadeg 
 I'ch cydwiadwyr difyr, deg, 
 
 Wr ystig rnwyn ar osteg. 
 Dysg hwn, o daliwn, fcl dylid, sylvr 
 
 Ar sail y gelfyddyd ; 
 Pair rwydd-deb, peraidd ryddid 
 
 I'ch gweithred bob parthed byd. 
 Dysg Sais y ddyfais a'r ddefod, ddefnydd 
 
 A'i ddyfnedd diwaelod, 
 Gwir haties ei gwraidd hynod ; 
 
 Boddhewch eich gwiad, bydd iwch glod. 
 Bu Ddafis ddau, ddawniis, ddoeth, dda'u henvr, 
 
 Ddau heiuwr ddiannoeth : 
 Ar trydydd wyt, wr tradoeth! 
 
 Dilyn eu hoi, Gambol' goeth. 
 Chwytiodd, olrheiniodd y rhai'n y rhwystrau, 
 
 A'r ystyr anghywrain ; 
 A'r geiriau sy' garwa'ii sain, 
 
 Gwnei'r cwbl fel cabulfain. 
 Cywreiniwch, hyfforddwch hwyl eich gyrfa, 
 
 Nes gorfod eich gorchwyl: 
 Eich hynaws gof hoenus a gwyl 
 
 Wna parod hynt eich perwyl. 
 
 G. R, aH eani, 
 
 7f«d dydd c Fawrth, 1722.3, 
 
 b3
 
 To my learned Friend and Neighbour, 
 THE REV. MR. GAMBOLD, 
 
 ON HIS WELSH GRAMMAR. 
 
 Long in barb'rous Welsh I went astray, 
 A.nd talk'd by rote, as country fiddlers play, 
 Broke Priscian's head as oft as when at school, 
 Nor thought the language was confined to rule ; 
 'Till your ingenious pen improved my sense, 
 And shew'd rae number, gender, mood and tense; 
 FroT'd Greece and Rome excell'd us not in 
 
 speech, 
 This scarce as copious, scarcely that as rich : 
 No wonder, when of old our Druids rul'd, 
 \Veread the Gauls came hither to be school'd. 
 
 But haste your Lexicon to publish too ; 
 We still want words to make us Welshmen 
 
 through : 
 That copious magazine, so fully stor'd, 
 All needful aid to student would afford, 
 And to our ancient speech such lustre give, 
 That Phcenix-like its ruins would revive. 
 The softer southern tongues we then should slightj 
 As but for women or tor eunuchs fit : 
 For sure, the stout and brave would all uphold, 
 A language, like themselves, that's masculine 
 
 and bold. 
 
 D. MEREDITH,
 
 0n Untrouuctton 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PARTS OF THE WELSH TONGUE, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Welsh Lellers, 
 
 JL HE Welsh tongue contains twenty-seven 
 letters: a, b, c, ch, d, dd^ e, /", /f, §*, ng, h^ 
 i, I, If, »?, n, o, pf ph, r, s, /, th, u, w, y : 
 Whereof thirteen are single consonants: 
 
 b, c, d, ft gy h, I, my n, /?, r, s^ t ; and sevett 
 are double : ch, dd, ffy tig, U, ph, th. 
 
 Of these consonants, nine are mutable: i, 
 
 c, d, g. If, m, p, r, (which, when radical, is 
 ever attended with h) and t. 
 
 J, k, q, X and :; are properly no Welsh 
 letters ; nor are they wanted in words purely 
 Welsh. 
 
 In exotic words, instead of j we use sf, 
 as Siercj/n, and sometimes ?', pronounced aa 
 V in t/et, i/cs, as lago, loan, James, John ; 
 instead of k we use c, as Habaccuc ; instead 
 of ^ we use cw, as cwcstiwn ; instead of .r we 
 use cs, as Afecsander, and z is retained, as 
 in Ezra. 
 
 Of the twenty-seven letters, seven are vo- 
 wels : a, e, i, o, t(, w, y. 
 
 Whereof four are mutable : a, r, o, w. 
 
 Of Hie seven vowels are made twenty three 
 single diphthongs, and eighteen double or 
 compound diphthongs.
 
 8 
 
 Tlie twenty-three single dipTithongs arc 
 
 ce, a/, OM, aw, e/, eu, ew, ia, ie, io^ iu^ iw^ 
 «y, oe, 0?", oru', wa^, 2£j«, ©e , wi, wo, wy. 
 
 Whereof four are mutable: ae, m. aw, 
 fiffi, and sometimes ei. 
 
 The eighteen double or compound diph- 
 thongs are iae^ iai, lau, iaw^ iei, ieu, iou, 
 iow, wae, wai^ wau, waw, waj/, weit weu, 
 wiw, woWf wj/w. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 T'he proper force or natural sounds of the 
 Welsh Letters. 
 
 ^, ACUTED, sounds as a in the English 
 man, can ; circumflcxcd, ns a in came, dame, 
 
 B as in the English book, hake, break. 
 
 C as in the English caw, cane, come; ne- 
 ver as in cistern. 
 
 Ch as X in the Greek, and being a radical 
 is ever attended with w. 
 
 D as in the English daj/, door, deep. 
 
 Dd as th in the English this, thou, though, 
 
 E, acuted, as e in the English men, ten ; 
 circumflexed, as ea in bear, fear, tear. 
 
 i*'as -y in the English hove, love, glove. 
 
 Ff as f in the EngWsh foul, fish, foam • 
 
 6r as o- in the English get, gone, greet. 
 
 Ng as ng in the English long, thongs 
 strong. 
 
 H as h in the English hand, hind. Note, 
 that some had rather call this an auxiliary 
 than a letter, because it serves only to aspi-
 
 9 
 
 rate (he fotOijoiMi^ consonants, as ch, ph, th^ 
 oc llie follo\vin<^ vowels, as ha, he, Sf-c. 
 
 I as ce in the iiinglisli beer, deer ; or as ea 
 in f/<?ar. ■» 
 
 Z, as / in the Efif^lish lan'^, love, loza. 
 
 LI has a sound peculiar to the VVelsh only ; 
 and is pronounced by filing the tip of the 
 tongue to the roof of the mouth, and breath- 
 ing forcibly through the jaw-teeth, as if 
 written in English Llh, 
 
 il/as m in the English man, crum. 
 
 JVrs n in the English /wne, can. 
 
 O, acuted, as o in gone; circumflexed,as 
 in bone. 
 
 P as p in the English people, plausible. 
 
 Ph as ph in the Greek, or f in the Eng- 
 lish fdol. 
 
 R as r in the English ramble, rich, Rich' 
 ard. 
 
 S as 5 in the English sight, sick, such, 
 
 !Z'as t in the English hat, fat, tattle, touch. 
 
 Th as ih in the English thick, thoughty 
 mouth. 
 
 Uas i in the English this ; if circumflex- 
 ed, as ee in screen, green, between. 
 
 TV as in the English to, who; if circum- 
 flexed, as oo in boon, spoon. 
 
 Y in the penultima, antepenultinaa, &c. as 
 u in the English further, sturdj/, or i in 
 third; in the ultima, or monosyllables, as i 
 in the English thin, skin, (except these mo- 
 nosyllables, 2/, ydd, ym, yn, yr, ys,fy, dy, 
 wyn, which sound y as in the penultima) and 
 if circumflexed, as ee in the English meekj 
 seek. The constant sound of y in the pen-
 
 10 
 
 ultima, and its ordinary sound in the ultima, 
 are both exemplified in that single English 
 word, sundry. 
 
 CHAP. TIL 
 
 The Parts of the Welsh Tongue. 
 
 1 HE parts thereof are eight: Noun, Pro- 
 noun, V^erb, Participle, declined ; Article, 
 Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, undecli- 
 ned. Note, that Interjections are ranked 
 with the Adverbs. 
 
 Before we proceed any further, and be- 
 cause we shall have frequent occasions to 
 distinguish words beginning with the mutable 
 consonants, viz. b, c, d, g, II, m, p, r and t, 
 by their radicals, softs, liquids, and aspirates ; 
 i, e. by the several proper clianges of their 
 initial letters, which is one of the principal 
 parts of construction. It Avill be necessary 
 to premise, in the next place, a type or spe- 
 cimen of such changes, as followeth.
 
 11 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 A type or scheme of the initial changes of 
 mutable consonants. 
 
 
 RADICAL. 
 
 SOFT. 
 
 LIQUID. 
 
 ASriRATE. 
 
 Eich, your 
 
 Dy, ihy 
 
 Fy, viy 
 
 Ei, her 
 
 B 
 
 Bara 
 
 F'ara * 
 
 Mara 
 
 Bara 
 
 C 
 
 Car 
 
 Gar 
 
 Nghar 
 
 char 
 
 D 
 
 Duvv 
 
 Dduw 
 
 jNuw 
 
 Duw 
 
 G 
 
 Gwarth 
 
 Warth 
 
 Ngwarth 
 
 Gwarth 
 
 LI 
 
 Llaw 
 
 Law 
 
 Llaw 
 
 Llaw 
 
 M 
 
 Mam 
 
 Fam 
 
 Mam 
 
 Mam 
 
 P 
 
 Pen 
 
 Ben 
 
 Mhen 
 
 Phen 
 
 Rii 
 
 Rhad 
 
 Rad 
 
 Rhad 
 
 Rhad 
 
 T Tad 
 
 Had 
 
 Nhad 
 
 Tad. 
 
 Note, that m and n are also aspirated in 
 South- Wales, as ez mham, her mother; ei 
 nhaij her nephew. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 The occasional changes of the Welsh parts 
 of speech. 
 
 Of the eight parts of the Welsh tongue, five 
 are subject to occasional changes, viz. noun, 
 pronoun, verb, participle, and adverbs of 
 quality. 
 
 The clianges are of three sorts; first, of 
 their initials ; secondly, of their vowels ; and 
 thirdly, of their terminations. 
 
 Most substantives and adjectives, begin- 
 ning with mutable consonants, are subject to
 
 12 
 
 these three changes ; as, car, n kinsman, ei 
 gar, ei char, fy ngheraint. Mwyn, (masc.) 
 kind; fwyn,{SQm,) mwijn'wn,{\A.) Gxayn, 
 (masc.) white ; gwen or wen (fern.) gwyn- 
 »o«, (pi.) Llym, (masc.) sharp; Ikm or 
 lem, (fern.) Ilymion, (pi.) 
 
 Mi, (pronoun) /. Mi a darewais, 1 have 
 stricken ; a dartwaist tiji? hast thou stric- 
 ken me ? ti cCm tarewaist i, thou hast struck 
 me. 
 
 Caru (verb) to love ; // a geraisf, thou 
 hast loved ; carasant, they have loved. 
 
 Caredig, (participle) beloved ; dy gared- 
 ig chwaer, thy beloved sister ; fy ngharedig 
 chwaer, my beloved sister ; etch caredigion, 
 your beloved friends. 
 
 Adverbs, being formed of adjectives, be- 
 come such by putting yn in apposition to 
 the adjectives, which change their mutable 
 initial consonants into their soft ; as, da, 
 (adjective) good ; yn dda, (adverb) well : 
 mwyn, (adj.) kind ; ynfwyn, (adv.) kindly. 
 
 Initial vowels are also capable of occasion- 
 al changes. Some of cha«ging one vowel 
 into another; as, aberth, a sacrifice, pi. 
 ehyrth ; attal, to stop ; eltyl, he will stop, 
 &c. and all of taking the aspirate h before 
 them : as, addewid, a promise ; ei haddc' 
 wid, her promise, &c. which diphthongs also 
 are: as, eiddo, one's ovvn; ei heiddo, her 
 own, &c. 
 
 Of these several changes, see in the chap- 
 ters of tne several parts, both introduction 
 and construction. And of the initial permu- 
 tations in particular, see chap. 43.
 
 13 
 (HAP. VI. 
 
 ^Thc Welsh nouns. 
 
 WEf.sii nouns arc of (wo sorts: subslaiilivcs 
 and adjectives. Nouns substafKive are two- 
 fold : proper and common. A noun sub- 
 stantive proper is proper to that individual 
 whicli it betokerieth : as, Dafj/dcf, IJavid; 
 IJundain, London. And a noun substantive 
 common is common to all of the kind : as, 
 di/ny a man ; anifail, a beast ; tref, a town ; 
 (ifon, a river. And both sorts of nouns sub- 
 stantive are such as need no other word to 
 shew their signilicntion. 
 
 We shall consider nouns substantive in 
 general, in their tliree main accidejits ot\\y, 
 viz, casesj numbers and genders. 
 
 CHAP. VH. 
 
 The cases of Welsh substantives. 
 
 \'T ELSH substantives have the force or sig- 
 nification of six cases in both numbers, 
 though they are not varied in tteir termina- 
 tions. They are distinguished only by pre- 
 positions set before them, or in tlieir construc- 
 tion, varying their initial letters, if mutable, 
 answerable to tlieir dependance on the prece-. 
 ding words: as ij)^ a house; dodrefn Jy 
 nhj/, t!ie furniture of my house; i'dd dy^ to 
 Jiis house; pri/nodd dy^ he bought a house ; 
 () di/! O house! allan o'i thy, out of iiur 
 house. 
 
 B
 
 14 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 The numbers of JVehh substantives. 
 
 S'y ELSH substantives have ordinarily two 
 numbers, the singular and tlie plural. 
 
 They seem also io have a dual number, 
 viz. when dwi/ or deu (two or both) may be 
 properly compounded with a substantive : 
 as, dwyglust, deudroed, dwT/law, two [or 
 both his or her] cars, feet, hands : or when 
 dau or dwi/ are put in apposition with a sub- 
 stantive : as, daii^r^ dwi/ wraig, two men, 
 two women ; where gwr and grvraig, as 
 well as dau and dzny may seem to be of the 
 dual number. 
 
 Substantives, compounded or put in ap- 
 position with numerals, use the sing-ular 
 nomber : as, tiythnj/nf eight men ; pym- 
 theg gwraig, fifteea women ; can-march or 
 can march, an hundred horse. See chap. 33. 
 
 Some substantives want the singular num- 
 ber: as, gwarfheg, cattle; r^?Vw?', parents. 
 Others want the plural : as, baro, halen, <^c. 
 Words importing quality : as, dewrder^ 
 haelioni, Uawemjdd, Sfc. Generally words 
 ending in rwi/dd, dra, der, deb, in, ni, wg, 
 wch, awd and ant. The names of metals : 
 as, aur, arian, Sfc, Most diminutives': as, 
 dynyn, <Sc. and all proper names.
 
 i.) 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 The numbers of Wehh substantives ^ hou^ 
 formed. 
 
 OoniE subsfanlives have liieir sin;T;ilars for- 
 med of tiioir plmiils, addiiij; y» or en to the 
 plural tenuination, and either changing their 
 vowels or diphtiiongs into other vowels or 
 diphthongs : as, plant, p/enfj/n ,■ brag, breg' 
 yn ; caws, cosi/n ,• r/iow)/, rbaziwi/n ; ehwaWy 
 ckn^mien ; gvoair, gieeirtjn ; haidd, heidden ; 
 gwiaily gwia/en : or not changing their vo- 
 wels at all: as, malicod, madooden; III/ god, 
 Vtjgoden; sir, seren : and all names of 
 trees : as, derze, derwen ; drain, draineii. See. 
 
 Some substantives have two plurals ; the 
 one formed of (he other ; and the latter im- 
 porting great abundance : as, 7/d and i/duu, 
 of ?/den or yd>jn ; haidd and heiddau of 
 heidden. 
 
 Hut generally the plural numbers of sub- 
 stantives are formed of their singulars, and 
 that three ways. 
 
 First, by adding only a syllable to tlie ter- 
 mination of the siuii'ular. 
 
 Secondly, by changing only the vowels or 
 diplithongsof monosyllables into other vovvels; 
 or diphthongs ; or by changing the vowels or 
 dip^thofigs of botli the ultima and penultima 
 of j)ol) syllables into other vowels or diph- 
 thongs. 
 
 Thirdly, by changing the vowels or diph- 
 thongs of the singular, anil adding to the 
 termination too : and of each of these ways ij» 
 order. *
 
 16 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Plurals of suhstantrces made b^ addbip; of'Jt/ 
 a syl/abie to the terminations of their siti' 
 gulars. 
 
 .1 HE syllables usually added to the singuhirs 
 of substaritivcs, to render them plurals, are 
 these ^vhich follow ; 
 
 ytu or eit : as, tad, pi. tadau or tadeu. 
 
 Aint : as, g-o/, pi. go faint. 
 
 Ed: asj merch, pi. merched ; pr^f, j^\. 
 -pryfed. 
 
 Ldd: as, euin, pi. ezcinedd ; b^s, pi. 
 bj/sedd. 
 
 En : as, t/ch, pi. ychen. 
 "X /: as, perthf pi. pert hi; profTzi^r/d, pi. 
 
 proffwydi. 
 
 J (lid: ns,eogf pi. eogiaid; hebog. p\. he- 
 hogiaid: 
 
 Jail : as, esgid^ pi. csgidiav. 
 
 Ion: as, cyng/ior, pi. c7/nghorion ; hoel, 
 pi. hoelion. 
 
 Od, [generally of animals] as, calhy pi. 
 snthod ; colomen, pi. colormnod; draenog, 
 pi. draenosod. 
 
 Oedd: as, «f/, pi. nefoedd ; tir, pi. ^/r- 
 oeci't/. 
 
 }^/f// aSj trefy pi. trtfjjdd ; raaes, pi. 
 
 )r; as, gzcayw, pi .gicayzci/r. 
 Note, that some wortis add two syllables: 
 ^s^ gordderch, pi gordderrhadon; IliJ, pi. 
 IHfogT/dd aiid llifeiriaint ; gwlaw, pi. gwlati." 
 ■oiijdd.
 
 If 
 
 CHAP. xr. 
 
 Plurah of mhstnnthes formed by changing 
 onl// the Towe/s or dipliihongs of the 
 sini^ulars. 
 
 1 HE clian;2jeable vowels are, o, ^, o and w ,• 
 and (lie changeable dipluhongs are, ae, «/, 
 ati^ au\ and bometinies f/, as hath been 
 noted chap. J . 
 
 2'Ae changes of voztels and diphthongs in 
 monosijUabtes stand thus : 
 
 Monosyllables and their compounds, (hat 
 have aior their vowel in the singuhir, turn a 
 into ei in the plural : as, march, pi. meirch, 
 cSr. and sometimes into ai : as, brdn^ pi. 
 bruin. 
 
 E, in the singular, is sometimes changed 
 into ly in t!ie plural : as, cerdd^ pl.czyrdd. 
 
 O, in the singular, is regniariy changed 
 into 2/ : ns, fforchy pi. ffyrch ; ffordd^ pi. 
 fij/rddy S<i'C. except lonn^ pi. tonnau. 
 
 Wy in the singular, is regularly changed 
 into ?/ : :;s, blwch, pi. b/j/ch; tZiDrch, pi. 
 tj/rch ; gior, pi gwiyr, is an anomal. 
 
 Ae is changed into ai or ei : as, draen^ pi, 
 drain; maen^ pi. we/«. 
 
 Oe, in the singular, is turned into wy in 
 the plural: as, croen, pl.crwyn; oen, pi. 
 wyn ; and one into oe ; as, troed, pi. /raerf. 
 
 The changes of vo'teels in dissjjlUioLs^ to ren^ 
 der them plurals, stand thus : 
 
 Such as have a both in the \il(ima and 
 penuUiraa of their singulars, change the a of 
 thepeniiltimaintof, andof the ultima into^; 
 as, aradr, pi. eri/dr ; tarudr, pi. feryrfr/ 
 
 B 3
 
 IS 
 
 crrdarn, p]. ccdijrn: and sometimes lie « oi' 
 (lie iiUiina into r«'; as, dofad^ \A. defaid. 
 
 8ucli as have a in (lie pcnultima and e in 
 tlie ulfinsa, chanf::;c a into f, and e inlo 3/: as, 
 cosltll^ pi. cesti/l! ; padcll^ p!. jpe.dijU : , and 
 some [as poelicnily all snchj change t!ic c ot" 
 the uhima into/; as, casegy pi. resig ; car- 
 rf_e", pi. cenig ; manege pi. ihevig^ tSt. 
 
 Such as have a in penuKima and w in <he 
 ullima, change ihe (i in!o f, and Ihe w inlo 
 3/; as, asgzcr}?, pi. csg?/ni, S\c. oUiers 
 change liie a into f/, and retain ihe u\- a.v, 
 carzi\ pi. ceirw; tarw,\y\. tehxe ; ninri£^ pi. 
 
 Such as have e in llie nltima [and not ha- 
 ving a i.T the pcnultima, as above] gen{-ral'y 
 change that c into j,'; as, cylleJI^ pi. cylljjU ; 
 gicyddei, j)!. g'^yddj/l ; gwden, pi. gudj/'n ; 
 itjncn^ pi. cyiunu 
 
 O in the jjcnuhima, and w in the lillinia ; 
 tlie o is chai <i((l into e, and the rs into 7/: 
 as, cogzon}, j I. ctgyrn. 
 
 Such iis have o in the penultinia, and ^/ in 
 the ultiaia, turn into c, aiid a inloj/; as, 
 J/ollach^ pi. ffei/j/ch. 
 
 Sue!) as have ^ in the pcnultima, and a in 
 <lie nllima, change only the a of the ultima 
 into (12 or ei: as, //j/Janf, pi. Ilvpiint or 
 l/i/ffeiiU ; ln/g(id^ pi. Ui^'gaid or Ilj/gtid, 
 
 Note, that there is no change miule in the 
 Vo\\els or di};!ithongs ofsri^jstnntives, to ren- 
 der them plurals, save in the ultima and 
 ]}eiiultima. Those of th.e an'.epenultima le- 
 main unaltered : Q^cvrA mahnreny pi. me- 
 her in.
 
 19 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 The plurals of JVelsh siibstanlitcs forine.d 
 ioih by the cbnngr oj the vowe/s or diph' 
 tliongs', and the addition of a letter or si/U 
 table to the terminaiion of the singular loo. 
 
 Iv monosyllables, r.tul (lioir compound?, a 
 is clian<!jc(l iiilof/.- i\^, »id/>, pi. mtibion ; 
 gW(h.i\>\. giceisinn ] arch, pi. circJtion. In 
 olhers inio c : as, CY/r, j)i. ctraint ; gwal, 
 j)l. gweliydd ; can/, pi. cernjjdd; na/ii, p!. 
 nentijdd. 
 
 Ae^ in rnonnsylhiblos, is c'lantjed info c/, 
 and somc'titucs cut as, maen, pi. incini ; 
 stier, pi. seiri ; maes, pi. iiicKsjjdd ; cncr^ 
 pi. ccurydd. Vet sonu; of llicsc som<'(imc's 
 make no cliane;(', and only lake (he additiuu : 
 us, 711(102, inaeH, pi. inaeni, ninesj/dd. 
 
 yii, in monosyllables, is cliiiriged inlo c/, 
 addiiii^ ?au : as, wa///, pi. iieiniau ; caib^ pi. 
 ceibiau ; goir, j)I. geiriau, &{C. Some po- 
 lysyllables do the same : as, cadair^ pi. ca- 
 (Ifiiriau. Tiii'se are exceplcd, \vliie!i, retain- 
 ing a only, (hrow away /.• as, naidr, pl- 
 nadrocdd ; gwraig, p\. gwragedd, 
 
 if no consonant i'olluw ai, «/ bo(!i in mo- 
 nosyllables and pollysyllables is turned into 
 (i, and a syllable of some other ternMnalion 
 added : as, nai, pi. neiaint ; carrai, \)\. car- 
 rciait ; gzo/ppai, pi. gwippeiod ; cardollai, 
 pi. cardotleion . 
 
 It' f?t follow ai, (lie plnral both of mono- 
 syllables and poiIysylLablcs is reiiularly^ 
 made, by tlirowing' away I, addinjj iau, and
 
 20 
 
 observini!^ the change of at Into t'r, as, 
 braint, pi. breinlau ; haint, pi. heiniau ; 
 rhagorfraint, pi, rhngorjreiniau ; lhoiii[h 
 hreintiauy hehiliau, rhagorfieinliau be also, 
 but unaptly, used. 
 
 Others are niade by throwing away i from 
 the diphthong, and i from the termination, 
 and doubling n: as, dainty \A>dniin<dd. 
 
 jiu, in monosyllables, is sometimes chan- 
 ged into eu ; and sometimes not changed at 
 all: as, paww, pi. peunod or pau nod ; caul^ 
 pi. ceulau or cuulau. 
 
 Aw is changed either into ew : as, foaT, 
 pi. cewri ; or into o: as, axar^ )^\. orisu ; 
 l/awr, pi. Uoriau ; ilawd, ])1. tlodion, Sfc. 
 or sometimes into cja; : as, caicg^ pi. forc'if- 
 ?awy trawSi, pi. trowsliau ; and sometimes 
 not changed at all : as, pi. traws/iau^ cawg' 
 iaii, Sfc. 
 
 Ei, in monosyllables, ending with twr> 
 consonants, is changed into a: as, lleidr^ pi. 
 Uadron ; neidr^\A. nadrodd ov nadioedd. 
 
 W, in monosyllables, as also in the ultima 
 of polysyllables, is changed intoy, with the 
 addition of au or od, and of Jon in atijectivcs ; 
 as, bwrddy pi. byrddan ; arddwrn^ pi. ar- 
 ddyrnau ; hwrdd, pi. hyrddod: hz£chy pi. 
 hychod : brwnl^ pi. hryntlon. 
 
 Ay in the ultima of pollysyllables, is chan- 
 ged into e, with ydd added : as, porfa^ pi. 
 2)orfeydd ; tyrfa, pi. tyrfeydd. 
 
 JV, in the ultima and petuiltima, is often 
 changeil in both places into ^, with or with- 
 out aspirate : as^ cticmtnu:/, pU cymmylauy 
 or cyvimhyluu.
 
 21 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 The genders of Welsh suhslanlives. 
 
 Welsh subslanlivcs Iiave rcspcclivcly live 
 fTCiulers : (he niasctiliiic, (he fcMiiirniir, iho 
 common, the dDubirul, rtiul the epicene. 
 
 The proper names of men, ■winds, months, 
 (lays of the week: also, qualities, good and 
 bad ; metals, and iho. infinitive moods of 
 verbs, ulien used substantively, are in tlieir 
 natures mnsculines. 
 
 The proper names of women, countries, 
 cities, places, rivers ; also, Ilie appellatives 
 of trees and stones are of the fendnine gender. 
 
 Words that are common to both sexes : 
 as, llaltai, cnrdoltai, eennad, baban. plen- 
 tj/n, are of the common of two genders. 
 
 vSuch words as are ol the douijtful gender, 
 which (not being distinguished by gender) 
 are indifferently used in the masculine or in 
 ihe feminine gender: as, iechijdtcriaclh^ 
 -dalgudd/'ad, achns, adaii, innhiod^ clod^ 
 hedd^ and many others. 
 
 The appellatives of birds, beasts and fish, 
 cs, are in their natures of the epicene gen- 
 der ; that is, some masculines, others lend- 
 nines. Yet under the sae.ie gentler are both 
 sexes comprehended ; and are distinguished 
 oidy by adding gwi^ri/-js to the substantive, 
 to sigjufy the male, arul befii/w to signify 
 the female, whatever gender the substantise 
 be of: as, er^r gzerrj/w, eryr beny% : r; lie 
 or she eagle : co/ommen zvrrf/Wi colornmen 
 fe?}i/w ; a he or she ])idgeon : ever giving 
 the additiojial wonls gwrrj/iD and benvw an
 
 22 
 
 inhia! proper <o (lie gender tlic Wci.'^h word 
 ol'tlie aiiinial is of. 
 
 lint forasmuch as llicse five genders be 
 reducible to those two prevailiiio; tjnes, viz. 
 masculine and feminine ; and forasnuich as 
 ail substantives dt> naturally fall into or other 
 of these two genders, vse have thouglit fit to 
 lay doAvn this one general rule folUcuiig, to 
 assist in the finding out of the proper gender 
 of the substantive given, provided tije sub- 
 stantive begin with ojsc or other of the 
 mutable consonants. Ant! as to words begin- 
 ning with immutal)le consonants, or with 
 vowels, no rule can be given for them. 
 
 Kile. Any word beginning w'xiU any < f 
 the mutable consonants, except //and r/i, if 
 upon putting 9/ in apposition before it, its 
 initial consonant doth naturally change into 
 its soft: as, bcllas,?/ fotlas; cciseg^T/goseg; 
 such words are infallibly of tiic feminine 
 gender: but if the initial consonant change 
 not thereupon, we may justly conclude sii<;!i 
 ■wordp to be of th6 masculine gender : us, 
 hrclhyn^y hreUiijn ; march, 1/ maich. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Korjis ad'jtci'rces. 
 
 IN ouNS adjectives, as being only the qua- 
 lities of substantives, must therefore of neces- 
 sity be joined to substantives, ere (lieir sig- 
 nification be fully known.
 
 23 
 
 JVoiins adjective are (o be considered in a 
 four- told rr<j;ird. 
 
 I. In regard of their (lenders 
 
 2 Ntitnbers 
 
 S - 'renninalions 
 
 4 Comparisons. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 The genders of noim^ adjectives. 
 
 JNoiJNS adjectives have respectively three 
 fifendcrs : the masculine, the feminine, and 
 the common. 
 
 The masculine gender is the radix or foun- 
 tain of the feminine. 
 
 The feminine is formed of the masculine 
 two ways. 
 
 I. J3y changing only the initial or radical 
 consonant (if mutable) into its soft : as, 
 h/asus, masc. Jlasus^ fem. cariadus, masc. 
 gariadifs^ fern, f/a, masc. dda, fem. &c, 
 
 II. IJotli by changing their radical initial 
 consonants (if mutable) into their soft ; and 
 changing their vowela too. 
 
 Of feminines, which change the vowels of 
 tlieir masculines, observe, 
 
 lat, Tiiat a;, being the ultimate rowel of 
 the masculine, and having a consonant fol- 
 lowing it, is changed into o in the feminine ; 
 beside the change of t!ie initial consonant, if 
 mutable : as, brwnt^ masc. front y fem. 
 crwm^ masc. grom, ^em. JJIwc/t^ nvisc. J/Iochf 
 fem. /iwn, masc, hon^ fem. &:c- also, hwri' 
 nWy which changing the w in both the
 
 24 
 
 ultima and pen ultima into o, makes honno 
 '\\\ tlie feminine gender. 
 
 Silly, That ?/, bein<^ tlie nltimnie vowel 
 of the masculine, with a consonant followinir ; 
 Ihe^ is chani^ed i/ito f, in Ihe feminine, besi- 
 des tlie change of their radical consonants, if 
 mutable : as, bri/cli, masc. frech, fern. 
 gcC^w, masc. a'ew,'fem. melj/n, masc, felen^ 
 iem. ti/firij masc. denn, fern. hT/sp^ masc. 
 fiesp, feiu. s^c/i, masc. sech. fern. 
 
 Except cyndijn^ ^uych^ erchjjil, gwyllt, 
 hydi/n^ hyiyn^ serfyll, lywyll ; which ordi- 
 narily change not the vowel y. 
 
 Such words are of the common gender, 
 which, beginning with vowels or mutable 
 consonants, change neither their consonants 
 nor their other vowels, but remain the same 
 in their teminines that they were in their 
 mascidincs : as, absennol^ ehiac/io/, iraidd^ 
 odiaeJ/i, uchcl, wllresgar, yfgar^ chisedleu- 
 gar^ jjol. rte/liduol, siaradus. 
 
 Note. Tljere art; two other changes of 
 the initial mutable consonants of adjectives in 
 construction, whicli are common to both the 
 mascidine and feminine genders, viz. inlo 
 their liquids; as, fy tigharedig frawd^ fy 
 pgharciL^ (fruiter: or into their aspirates ; 
 as, ei chuudig J'razcd, el charedig chwaer. 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 OJ the plural number of adjectives. 
 
 J. HE plural number of sucli adjectives as 
 have plurals, is iormed of the masculine 
 gender, and Ihai without any natural change
 
 25 
 
 of their initial letters. However, an occa- 
 sional change they have of their initial 
 mutable consonants, when a preceding pro- 
 noun doth so require it : /// mrT/ntion frat- 
 iaity dif jryiilion fratiau, of brwnl ,■ fy 
 ngharedigion frodijr ^ dj/ garedigion frodyr, 
 of caredig. 
 
 ''I'he plurals of adjectives are formed of 
 siiigular masculines, two ways. 
 
 I. Uy adding only to the singular termi- 
 nation ; which addition is generally ion or 
 on: as, crych, pi. crychion ; du^ pi. dmn ; 
 gwyn, pi. gwynion. 
 
 II . By either changing the singular vowel, 
 with an addition, or by adding another vowel 
 to the ultimate vowel of the singular, and 
 without an addition. 
 
 Of those adjectives which change their 
 singular vowels, and admit of an addition 
 too, note, 
 
 1st, That a being the vowel of the singu- 
 lar number, is in the plural changed into ei : 
 as, gwdg, pi. gweigion; glds, pi. gleision; 
 marw, pi. meirwon ; balcli, pi. beikhion ; 
 dalf, pi. deillion. 
 
 2dly, That aw^ in the singular, is changed 
 into o, in the plural: as, tlawd^ pi. tlodion. 
 
 Sdly, That Wy in the singular, is made y 
 in the pi. as, llwin, pi. llymion ; trwm, pi. 
 irymion ; hrwnt^ pi. bryniion. 
 
 Of those that are made plurals only by 
 adding another vowel to the ultimate vowel 
 pf the singular, observe. 
 
 That many adjectives, having a for their 
 ultimate vowel in the singular, are made 
 
 t
 
 26 
 
 plurals, either by subjoining i (o thai a : as, 
 Ill/dap, pi. llydain ; bychnn^ ^\. by chain ; 
 byddar, pi. byddair, (byddariaid being a 
 plural subsiantivc) atul avail (which chang- 
 ing also the a of the pcnultima into e, makes) 
 erailL, pi. or by changing a into ei: as, mu' 
 rw.f p\, Dieirw ; balch, pi. beilch. 
 
 Many adjectives want their plurals: as, 
 da, gldn, ttg, hagar, serfyll, hyll^ erchyll., 
 tywyll, licuj hydyn, cyndyn, fflwch : al- 
 though poets to some of these give a plural. 
 And all adjectives ending in aid, aidd, ig, 
 in, lydy liyd, us, og ; trugarogion being 
 rather a plural substantive. 
 
 CHAP. xvn. 
 
 The terminations of adjectives » 
 
 J. HE terminations of adjectives being nume- 
 rous, and most of them of little material use 
 to be here enumerated; it may suffice there- 
 fore to note only such terminations as are 
 designative of some peculiar signification. 
 
 Denoted tijerefore is by the termination 
 
 Aid, tiie metal or stull' whereof a thing is 
 made : as, euraid, golden, or made of gold ; 
 arianaid, silver, or made of silver, &c. 
 
 Aidd, likeness or quality : as, philoso- 
 phy ddaidd, philosophical, philosopher-like ; 
 tnorwynaidd, maiden-like. 
 
 y^zt//, poetically for oL 
 
 Ddwyn, bearing or having : as, cleddyf- 
 ddwy)?, ysgwyd'ddwynf bearing or having a 
 swoid or shield.
 
 27 
 
 Fawr, greatness of something: as, clod' 
 fawr, of great repute; treulfawr, costly; 
 pocn-fazi'i\ of great pains. 
 
 Gar, given or addicted to: as, liettj/gar^ 
 given to hospitality ; gwingar, given or 
 addicted to wine. 
 
 Ig, generally relating to a country or 
 place: as, Seisnig, Cymreig, dinesig^ vit/. 
 J7yddig\ of or belonging to England, Wales, 
 tiie city, the mountain: and sometimes qua- 
 lity : as, gwenwj/nig, poisonous. 
 
 Xyrfand ll?/d, an ill or unbecoming quality: 
 as, nychljjd, pining, infirm ; bawli/d, nasty, 
 dirty ; gwenzoijnl/j/d, poisonous ; di/frlhjdy 
 watery. 
 
 IJi/m^ very intensely : as, poethlj/m, very 
 Lot; si/nwt/r-lhym, very wise. 
 
 Og, having or abounding with : as, hrxsy- 
 nog, rushy, or abounding with rushes ; 
 aeiiog, having thick or large brows ; Iroed- 
 ?og, havinjj feet. 
 
 O/, quality : as, synwyrol, prudent ; gor- 
 mesol, oppressive. 
 
 JJs, quality : as, heinus, sickly ; trefims, 
 methotiical; melus, sweet; cariadus, lov- 
 ing; o/)?w.v, fearful. 
 
 /fVcC', deserving, worthy : as, ceiswiw, 
 worthy to be sought. 
 
 TVi/c/i, very or superlatively; as, Jiael' 
 wych, very noble or generous ; maz0rwi/c/iy 
 very great. 
 
 iw, the substance whereof a thing is made : 
 .ns, meinyn, of, or made of, stone; gwydryn^ 
 of, or made of, glass. 
 
 c "■!
 
 28 
 CHAP. XVIIL 
 
 The comparison of adjectives. 
 
 Adjectives have three degrees of compa- 
 rison ; Ihe positive, the comparative, and tbo 
 superlative. 
 
 The positive, being the fountain or original 
 word^ betokeneth a thing without any regard 
 to 0^" comparing with any otiier : as, dUf 
 black ; gwi/n, white. 
 
 The comparative degree, comparing one 
 thing with another, denotes one thing to be 
 more intensely so than the otiier, or more so 
 of the two ; and is made by aclding ach to 
 the positive : as, duacli, gccynacfi, blacker, 
 whiter ; or more black or w hite of the two. 
 
 The supcrhitive degree, comparing one 
 tiling vvifh all present, gives preference to one 
 thing above all, and is made by adding afto 
 the positive : as, duaf, gzpt/nnof, blackest, 
 whitest (of all.) 
 
 All words double the final consonant of their 
 positives, in the comparative and superlative 
 degrees, exce[)t, 1st, Such as circumflex the 
 the vowel of their positives, with their com- 
 pounds: as, gldn, g/anach^ g/anaf; ajlav^ 
 (ijlanach^ njlnnaj ; cds^ casac/i, cnsaf ; at- 
 gas, atgasaclu atgasaf. '^2(\\y^ Such posi- 
 tives as already end with two cousouari's, 
 whether similar or dissimilar : as, ht/rr^ hyr- 
 rr/cA, hi/rraf ; pell^ pe/lach, pellaf ; hagr^ 
 hagrach^ hagraf. 
 
 Positives ending in Z>, d', g^ in the compa- 
 rative and the supeilative change h into pp, 
 d into //, and g into cc : as, cj/ffe/j/bj cj/'
 
 29 
 
 elj/ppach, cyffelijp'paf ; caled., calettachy 
 calcUaf ; iebj/<i;, iebi/cach^ tebyccaf. 
 
 Positives having ai for their vowel, change 
 ai'xwio eiy in the comparative and superlative 
 decrees: as, rhaid, rheillach, rhelitaf. 
 
 Positives having <m for their vowel^ciiange 
 aio into o, in the comparative and superlative 
 degrees: aa^tlawd, tloUach^ tloilaf. 
 
 Positives liaving w lor their vowel, change 
 XD into y in the coniparafivc and superlative 
 degrees : as, hrwnl^ hryntach^ bri/nlaf ; 
 trwmf trj/mmacli ^ irymmaf. 
 
 CHAP. XJX. 
 
 Anomalous compaiisons. 
 
 1 iiESE words subjoined, as well prepositions 
 as adjectives, following not the ordinary- 
 rules of comparison, ha'.\s a peculiar variation 
 of their own, and are thus to be compared. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 POSITIVE. COMPAR. SUPER, 
 
 Agos JNcs Ncsaf 
 
 Bach or bychan L!ai Lleiaf 
 
 jBuan or clau,(S.W.) ^vnt Cyiilaf 
 
 Ha (iwell Goreu fc*** 
 
 Drwg Gwaeth Gwaetl\af 
 
 Hawdd Haws Hawsaf 
 
 Hen Hyn Hynaf 
 
 Hir Fhvy W^yy■^X 
 
 Jenangc lau leuai" 
 
 isel Is Isaf 
 
 Llawer Mwy Mwyaf 
 
 C v)
 
 30 
 
 POSITIVE. COMPAIl. SUPCRp 
 
 Lljdan L!c(l Lletfaf 
 
 Ucliel L'cli & uwch Ucliat' 
 
 Trech Trechaf 
 
 Diweddaf a«rf 
 Diwelhaf 
 Blaenaf 
 Olaf. 
 Prepositions. 
 These following prepositions, allar?, i fy- 
 «M, i mezzn, hwnt, ar ol and i nioes, do form 
 tlieir comparatives and superlatives by pre- 
 fixing nes and nesaf before lliem : as, a/fat?, 
 positive ; nes alia}?, comparative ; nesaf 
 allan^ superlative, &c. 
 
 Observe. The Welsh, besides the three 
 degrees of comparison mentioned in the fore- 
 going chapter, have also another sort of 
 comparison of their adjectives ending in ed ; 
 "which (when such adjectives have ei/n or 
 7nor put in appos/.on with them) import 
 equality: as, m or or cyn laned ag yntefy 
 as fair as he. lint without cyn or mar such 
 import admiration: as, g/anedywl how 
 iair is he ! rnelused yw ! how sweet it is ! 
 
 Some anomalous adjectives form this kind 
 of comparison from their positives : as daed, 
 dryced : others from their comparatives : as, 
 hyned, lleied : others from both : asybuaned, 
 cyntcd: and others wanting it: as, ;»atcr, 
 ijawerf hir, instead (hereof have cynwwint, 
 cyhyd, cyfuwch and cyn vched.
 
 31 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 Numerals, 
 
 Numerals are of two sorts ; cardinals and 
 ordinals. The cardinal numbers are, z/w, 
 dau, triy S(C. deg, un ar ddeg, deuddeg, S^c. 
 pi/mtheg, un ar bt/mtheg, SfC. ugni/i, un ar 
 hugahif 8fC. deg ar hugain, un ar ddeg ar 
 hugain, SfC. deugain, SfC. tri ugain, S,"C. 
 
 Cardinals have no plural, when put in 
 apposition or in composition with their sul)- 
 stantives, though their substantives, at the 
 same time, may be either singulars or plurals ; 
 as, tri gzi)r^ tri-ziyr. But when set alone, or 
 substantively, all of them have plurals except 
 K«, which cannot in nature have a plural : 
 as, deuoeddy trioeddy pedwaroedd, &'C. deg- 
 au, 8fc. ugeiniauy SfC. deugeiniauy S^c. can- 
 noedd, miloeddy Sfc. 
 
 All the cardinals are of i\\Q common jren- 
 der, except dau^ tri, pedwar, which have 
 dwi/y tair, pedair, to their feminines. 
 
 The ordinals are these : nyntaf, ail, try- 
 dydd, pedwarydd or pedwerydd, (Irom which 
 number forward, the ordinals are formed of 
 the cardinals, by adding to the cardinal 
 numbers ed or fed, and by changing p, the 
 final letter of puvip, into m, and ai of the 
 cardinals into ei in the ordinals : as) pum- 
 med, chwechfed, seitlifed, wytkfcd, ?iawed 
 or nawfed, deg fed, mifed ar ddeg, deuddeg- 
 fed, S^c. ugeinfed, unfed ar hugain, deufed 
 ar hugain, ^c. degfed ar hugain, unfed ar 
 ddeg ar hugain, S^c. deugeinfed, unfed a 
 deugain, deufed a deugain, ^^c. canfed, 
 mi/Jed J SsC,
 
 32 
 
 Ordinals have no plural number. 
 
 They are all of" the common gender except 
 trydydd and pedwerydd^ which make /ry- 
 dedd and pedioaredd in the feminine gender. 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 
 JVte pronouns. 
 
 i. JiERfi be twenty-nine pronouns : w?, mj/f^ 
 rninnau ; ti, tydi^ titliau ; efe, ef, e, efo, fOf 
 o, i/ntau ; hwn, lixjoyinw ; yma., yna , yr 
 hum, yr un ; y neb, y saw/, rnau, tun, fy^ 
 dy, ei, eiddo ; pwy, pa. 
 
 These twenty-nine pronouns are thus dis- 
 tinguished : 
 
 These three are personals : mi, ti, efe; 
 and with hwn are also called primitives. 
 
 These lour are demonstratives : hzen, hwn- 
 nw, yrna,yna. 
 
 These lour are relatives : yr hwn,y saw!, 
 y neb, yr itn. 
 
 These six are possessivcs : man, tau, jy, 
 dy, ei, eiddo. 
 
 These twoare interrogatives : pwy, pa. 
 
 Those eleven are derivatives : myfi, min- 
 noii,tydi, iithau, ef, a, efe, (fo,fo,yntau, 
 hwnnw. 
 
 The pronouns have respectively six acci- 
 dcniSj viz. numbers, genders, persons, com- 
 positions, mutilations, and peculiar places in 
 construclion, whereof we shall treat only of 
 the three first in lids place, referring the rest 
 to be considered of in the second part of the 
 bgukj viz, the syntax.
 
 33 
 
 I. Of the personal pronouns and their 
 derivatives. 
 
 1. MI. 
 
 3Ii, ni?/fit I ; minnau, and I, 1 also ; and 
 ill construction ^ and i are singulars of the 
 common gender and of the first person. Plu- 
 ral, ni) n^niy we, us ; ninnau^ and we, we 
 also, us also. 
 
 2. TI. 
 
 3V, tt/diy thou ; tithatf, and thou, thou 
 also, thee also; and in construction di ; are 
 singulars of the common gender and of the 
 second person. Plural, chwi, chwt/chwi, 
 ye or you ; chwithau, and you, you also. 
 
 3. EFB. 
 
 Efe, e/, efo, fa, and in construction, e, 
 fe, o, he, it, him ; ynleu ox yntau^ and he, 
 he also, j)im also, masculines : A/, she,- her ; 
 , hihiy she herself; hilhau^ and she, she also, 
 lier also, feminines. These are singulars, 
 and of the third person. Plural, hwy^ nhwy^ 
 they; /«2(5yw^/m)y, they themselves ; hwynf^ 
 them ; hwyntau and hzoythau^ and they,«^ 
 they also, them also. 
 
 //. The demonstrative pronouns, 
 
 1. HWN, THIS. 
 
 Hz&n^ masculine and neuter ; hon^ femi- 
 nine; //^w, common ; all of the third person. 
 Plural, //J/;?, rhai'n, y rhai'n, y rhai hyuy 
 these. 
 
 2. HWNNW, THAT. 
 
 Ho07ims^ masculine and neuter ; honno^ 
 feminine; hy nny ^ common : all of the third 
 person. Plural, hynny^ rhei'ny^y rhei'ny^ 
 y rhaVny^ y rhai hynny.
 
 34 
 
 3. VMA, THIS. 
 
 4. YNA, THAT, 
 
 Yma Qnd^wa are of al! genders and num- 
 bers, and of the the third person. 
 
 Note, that besides these four dcmonstra- 
 ves, i/r un is also sometimes demonstratively- 
 used : as, 1 Peter 3, 3. Bydded nid yr un 
 oddiallan ; let it not be that outward, &c. 
 ///. Relative pronouns. 
 
 1, Yr hwn, who, whoso, wliosocver, 
 whatsoever, that, he that, the man, (the wo- 
 man, &c.) that wliicb, whom, thej \\ho, 
 they whom. 
 
 Yr hii)Hy raasc. yr hon, fem. yr hyn^ 
 common ; of the third person. Plural, y 
 rhai. 
 
 2. Y SAWL, who, whoso, &c. 
 
 It is a relative, of all genders and numbers, 
 third person. 
 
 *' V ^' ^ Who, whoso, &c. 
 4. V Ji UN, \ ' ' 
 
 They are of all genders and numbers, third 
 
 person. 
 
 Note, that the affirmative adverb a doth 
 
 sometimes supply the room of a relative. 
 
 See Ezek. 18, 4. Eccles. 2, 12. 
 
 IV. The possessive pronouns. 
 
 1. Mau, my, mine. 
 
 Mau, masc. fau^ fem. wan'is the plural. ' 
 
 2. Tau, thy, thine. 
 
 TaU) masc. dau, fem. wants the plural. 
 
 3. Fv, my, mine. 
 
 4. Dy, thy, thine. 
 
 They are of both genders and numbers. 
 5. Eij his, her.
 
 35 
 
 IJi, his, lier, ; e/w, our; e?c/i, your; are 
 of bodi j^enders and numbers. £uf tbeir, 
 plural only, ol all genders. 
 
 6. ElDDO. 
 
 Eiddfl^ answering- all the posscssivcs, is 
 thcieibrc of all persons, genders, and num- 
 bers. 
 
 V. Interrogalhe pronouns. 
 
 1. PwY ? Avho? wiiat man or person ? 
 
 2. Pa? what? what thing? and some- 
 fimcs, what person ? 
 
 They are of all genders and numbers. 
 
 Note, is(, That neither pwt/ nor pa are 
 always intcrrogatives, bat are sometimes 
 indefinite, especially when attended with 
 hi/nnag : '<i^,p'<^^b//?niao- a wncl hijn^ wlioso- 
 ever doeth W\T^ pa ddyn bynnag ai gwntlj 
 whatsoever man sliail do it. 
 
 2dly, Note, (hat pzoiy is never joined to a 
 substantive, and that pa is never witliout one. 
 
 T I. Of dcrrcntive pronouns, see their 
 respective primitives. 
 
 CHAP. XXil. 
 
 Of the Welsh zerbs. 
 
 1 HE Welsh verbs, which, for the most part, 
 are formed of substantives of the same signi- 
 fication with them, are of two sorts, impcr- 
 sonals and personals. 
 
 Impersonais are such as have no persons 
 except the third person singular only i as, 
 dijddhau^ nasi, to dawn, grow night ; d^dd- 
 haodd, nosodd) it dawned, it grew night ;
 
 * 
 
 36 
 
 dj/ddhasai^ nosnsai, it had dawned, it had 
 £:rown night. Personals also sometimes turn 
 into impersonals, viz. when ar cometh after 
 them : as, synnodd arnafj sf/nnodd ar Dda- 
 fydd^ it astonished me, it astonished David. 
 
 Personals are such as have persons : as, 
 ysgrifennais^ ysgrifennaist, ysgriftnnodd, 
 S^c. 1 have written, thou hast written, he 
 hath written, &c. 
 
 Verbs personal are of three kinds ; active: 
 as, i/sgrijetmu, earn, SfC. passive : as, ys' 
 grifetwir, cerir, <Sc. and neuters : as, methuy 
 ci/sgu, rhodio, liecku, chzcerthin ; and all 
 verbs compounded withym; as, ymboeni^ 
 
 To verbs personal belong six accidents : 
 moods, lenses, numbers, voices and conjuga- 
 gatioiis. 
 
 The moods are six: the indicative, impe- 
 rative, optative, potential, subjunctive and 
 infinitive. 
 
 The tenses five : the present, preterimper- 
 fect,preterperiect, preterpl'ipcrlect and future 
 tense. 
 
 The numbers two: the singular and the 
 plural. 
 
 The persons six : three in each number* 
 
 The voices two : the active and passive. 
 
 The conjugations three in the active, and 
 two in the passive. 
 
 Every regular verb, throughout its several 
 moods, tenses, &c. is formed of the infinitive 
 mood, present teuJ^c, active voice. 
 
 But before we | rocecd to exemplify verbs 
 personal, in tiseir method of forming their
 
 S7 
 
 several moods, tenses, &c. it will be higlilj 
 necessary to do two thins^s. 
 
 1. We must prepare the verb for i<s form- 
 ing, by observiiiij what letter of ifs fountaia 
 doth terminate in its forming ; which letter, 
 as directing to the discovery of the original 
 verb, in any of its tenses, persons, &c. we 
 may call the Characteristic Letter : and tlie 
 verb itself so prepared we shall call the Radix 
 of fortnation. 
 
 Verbs therefore, in regard of their forming 
 either remain entire or suffer an apocope. 
 
 1st, Those that remain entire are such as 
 end with a consonant, (except such as are 
 specified under the next rule tbllowing, and 
 except verbs ending in uyn, as in observation 
 the 7th following) as, alteby gzoared, z/m- 
 ladd, gri/mial, CT/mmell, murmur^ yngan, 
 dangos; such ns end in to, (not having w in 
 the penultima also) as, cadw ; such as end in 
 «a', (not hating? before aa;J ^s^ gzcrundaw^ 
 taraw, gadaw / and such as end in oe, auy 
 (not having h before it) oreu : rs^ gzcarchaej 
 argau, dechrcu / where b, </, dd, /, //, «, r, 
 s, €, u and w (their final letters) are their 
 characteristics. 
 
 2dly, The verbs which suffer an apocope 
 are of two kinds. 
 
 First, all verbs ending with vowels (except 
 ae, au, eu and aw^ as above) loose their final 
 vowels; and verbs in iaw throw away aw: 
 as, i/sgrifennuj sathru, neidio, artluddiaw, 
 llofruddiawy tVc. whose radixes of formation 
 are, i/sgrifenv, sathr, neidi, arliuddi, llof- 
 
 D
 
 38 
 
 ruddi; wherefore w, r and i arc their c!ia 
 ractcristics. 
 
 Secondly, verbs ending in 
 
 ^e/, as, gadael ~\ D, 
 
 ^eth, as, marchrigaelh I G. 
 ^in, as, Ucfain \ F 
 
 .4el 
 
 ^eth 
 
 ^in 
 
 Eg 
 
 Yd 
 
 Yll 
 
 Most in ed 
 
 3- 
 -1 
 O 
 
 "^ O 
 
 )» * -^ E^, as, ihtdes. 
 
 ■,0 
 
 1J% 
 
 n 
 
 Yd, as, y map yd 
 
 YU^ as, sefyll £< 
 
 Ed, as, yjed, cerdded J i^Z?d 
 
 II. We must observe, that verbs retain 
 their original vowels throughout (except in 
 the third person singular of the future tense, 
 indicative mood ; and some i)i the second 
 person singular of the imperative mood ; 
 ■which siiall be taken notice of when ve come 
 to those tenses) and what verbs change them. 
 Note, that the vowels here meant arc such 
 as remain, or are changed after the above- 
 mentioned apocope, or cutting off from the 
 termination of the original verb hiath been 
 made, if any siich apocope be to be made. 
 Note further, that tliere is no change made of 
 consonants at all. 
 
 Regular personal verbs, therefore, with 
 regard to their declining, are of two sorts. 
 1st, Such as make no change at all of their 
 vowels, (except in the future tense, indica- 
 tive niood, &c. as above-said ; and, 2JIy, 
 such as do make a change : which we shall 
 be better able to distinguish when we shall 
 have reduced them to classes or conjugations ; 
 which we shall attempt to do when we shall 
 have first premised tliese necessary observa- 
 tions following. 
 
 Observ. 1st. Verbs having I for their
 
 39 
 
 chariictcrislic, and some Iiaving n or r, arul 
 otlicrs eruliiiij in /<y, ?/«•, eir, air^ or iw, bor- 
 row the letter /, aiul place it after their /, ?i, 
 d, s;, 7; iw: as, ymbil^ ymbiliais; erffjn, 
 erfi/niais ; ymiUf^ zjmlidiais ; cynnjjg^ ^y " 
 rii/giais ; cynnixceir^ cynniweiriah ,- ymliw, 
 yntUwiais. And if Iheir idtirnale vowel be rt 
 or «/, they change these besides : as, atlaly 
 atteliais ; ancain, . arwehnais ; c/iwarae, 
 chziSnriais ; cel/wair, cellweiriais. 
 
 Observ. 2d. Verbs eriding in ®, if w 
 be also the vowel of the pennltima, the final 
 w is thrown away, and i borrowed : as, 
 bwrw, bwrinis, bwriaist, S^x. 
 
 Observ. 3^. Verbs remaining entire, and 
 having a double m or n before tiieir vowei, 
 do ordinarily change their last w or n into /?, 
 in all tenses and persions, except wheVe their 
 radixes are their persons : as, cymhellais, 
 i^'C. cynihorfhais, S,x. cynhdiais, S^c. am- 
 heuais, S^c. oi cymmell, lymmorlh^ cynnal^ 
 ammeu ; except cynneit, 
 
 Observ. 4tU. Many verbs ending in n 
 double tlieir w, and borrow nol i: as, gar- 
 pheii, gorphennais ; gofyn, gofynnais. See 
 observ. Ist. 
 
 Observ. 5th. Some verbs having a) for 
 tl'.cir characteristic, by a syncope cut off o, 
 between the xa and s in furminiji; : as, taiosom^ 
 c/ywsom, gvdraiidaxiDsom. Others do not: 
 as, cadwasoni, bwriaaoin, galwasom. 
 
 Observ. 6(h. AH verbs having double 
 consonants for their characteristics, retain 
 those double consonants throughout : as, 
 
 b2
 
 40 
 
 t/sgrifenn, t/sgrffennais, t/sgrifennaist, SfS. 
 except caffael^ cefaist, cafodd. 
 
 Observ. 7th. J)zt)i/n, with i<s compounds, 
 throw away zcj/n in forniinor, and take^g" in 
 the room thereof: as, dxj^^yn^ ymddwyn; 
 dygais^ ymddygais, Sfc. Some others change 
 wy into y : as, dirwyn, dirynnais ; ysgwyd, 
 ysgydteais: 
 
 Observ. 8lh. Verbs having aw in the 
 ultima, -with a consonant following, change 
 aw into o : as, dadymsawdd^ ymbawry dad- 
 ymsoddais, yinborais. 
 
 Observ. 9th, Verbs having to in the 
 »il(ima, with one or two consonants fol- 
 lowing, change w into y throughout : as, 
 hebrwng^ htbryngais, d^c. cyjjwrdd, cy- 
 ffyrddais^ &tC» dargwsg^ dargysgais, S,c. 
 ymwr^ ymyrrais ; siffrwd, sijfrydais. 
 
 Observ. 10th. Verbs ending in o, form- 
 ed from the verbs ending in aw, not apoco- 
 pated, are varied as verbs in aw : as, gwran- 
 do, tnro, from gwrandaw, taraw, preter. 
 gwrandewais^ tarewais, S^'c. 
 
 The Conjugalions. 
 
 J, Conjagarion is of such as change no 
 vo^veI at all in forming, (except in I he future 
 tense of the indicative mood, and in the se- 
 cond person singular of the imperative mood) 
 and of such sort are they, which have ?', o, 
 y^ w and e (except when the original verb 
 ends in i) for tlieir last vowels in iheir ra- 
 dixes of formation : as, ceisio, ymbil, gosod, 
 torri, dysgn, gofyn, rhedeg, gorphen^ 
 llethu, bwrw, and many others, whose radixes 
 of formation stand thus : ceisi, ymbilt gosod^ 
 iorr, dysg, gofyn, rhed, gorphen, Uetfi^bwr.
 
 41 
 
 Second conjugation isofsncli as clidn<ye 
 c in the uKima ol" their radixos into e ; as, 
 caru, cerais; cadzo, cedwais ; gwrnndazs, 
 giDiaudewnis, &c. whose radixcs of foraia- 
 tion stand thus : car, cadw^ gwrandaw. 
 
 Tliiicl coiijui^ation is of" such as ori;jinal!y 
 cndinof in ;", antl haviiu; e in the pennltinia, 
 ciiange their e into a: as, lezci., tawodif ; 
 periy paron'a; so, sef/y/l, sfifodd. Note, 
 lliatthise, vvliich changctli into a, stands in 
 tile uhinia, wlien the verbs are prepared lor 
 forming ; as, teui, per^ sej\ oi' tewi, peri, 
 sefijU. I)rew}\ berxoi, and some otlicrs, arc 
 excepted, which arc formed after the tirst 
 coiijuoation. 
 
 Observ. \'^erbs clianging ai in the nitim.i 
 into eovei: us, darltetij darllenais ; arwai/i, 
 arweinia/s / and snch as cljanire zdi/h into ?/; 
 aio inio o ; ro into jy ; as in observations the 
 7ih, 8di, 9ih, above : forasmuch as they 
 strictly o!)scive the said chaniic in all moods, 
 tenses, &c. (except in the indicative nioo(], 
 futnre tense, t'urd piMson singuhir, and im- 
 perative u)ood, second person singular) and 
 that Ihry are formed throughout like verbs 
 of the first conj;jgation, it, seems not requisite 
 to bestow upon them distinct conjugations, 
 
 'J'he personal verbs being tiius digested 
 into distinct classes or conjugations, we may 
 easily discern their properties and changes ia 
 formmg, by the following examples. 
 
 Specimen of forviing regular personals. 
 I' irst conjugation. Djysgu, i/mhil. 
 Second conjugation. Caru, gwrandazs, 
 'Third conjugalion. 7'ewij peri. 
 D 3
 
 42 
 
 ACTIVE yOICE. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Present tense. 1 do, 
 thou dost, &c. 
 
 The Welsh tongue is defective in this 
 tense, and therefore, instead thereof, useth a 
 circumlocution, by a participle of the present 
 tense, v/iih 2/ dd or 3/r x£^J ji^ Sec. in appo- 
 sition with it : as, ydd or 7/r isyf fin di/sgu, 
 cam, tewi, or dj/sgu, cam, ieiQi yr wyf fi, 
 Si'c. 1 do learn, love, hold my peace, &c. 
 or sometimes instead thereof it maketh use of 
 (he future tense of the indicative mood : as, 
 ciedaf, 1 believe; dywedaf, 1 say. 
 
 P ret crimper feet tense. 1 did, thou didst, &c. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 J C Dysgwn \ Uysg \ ") | 
 
 ^ Ymbiliwn f Ymbili v > q* 
 Carwn C Car T ' < o 
 
 ~ I Gwrandawn j Gwraiidaw 3 1 ^ 
 
 „ ^ Tawn, tewit, tawai \ taw | n 
 
 1 Parwn, perlt, parai ^ par J f- 
 But of this tense there is little use in the 
 
 indicative mood ; the preterperfect tense of 
 this mood, and the preterimperfect tense of 
 the optative mood supplying the use of it. 
 
 Preterperfect tense. I have, thou hast, &c. 
 Singular. 
 
 ^ \ Ymbili \ ^'^' ^'^<' °^^^ 
 
 2 S ^^^ ^ ^ C Carodd 
 
 I Gwrandewf J" ^^^^'"^"'^^^wodd 
 o ^ Tew i * i Tawodd 
 
 ^^Pcr ) ^(Parodd.
 
 43 
 
 Plural. 
 
 M Vmbilia | 3 
 \ r 
 
 , /Cara 
 \Gvvra 
 
 2 1 V^<llCl 1 O 
 
 < r^ i.„. > %. 
 
 3 
 
 /ran daw 
 ,/Taw 
 '\Para 
 
 Dwyn makes dug, and ymddxsyn malvos 
 ijmddug, in the the third person singidar ; 
 and ryw/y^eryrf makes sometimes cymmerth. 
 
 The third person singidar is often made to 
 end in 65 ; as, rhoddes Diiw^ efe (t'i dodes, 
 efe a weles ijno ; sometimes in is: as, 
 giorandems^ gadexais^ cedwis ; and some- 
 times in awdd: as, creawdd. 
 
 Verbs ending in oi, throw away i in the 
 singuhir number, and resume it again iu the 
 plural number : as, troi, troais,, troaist^ 
 trddd or troodd ; pi. troisom, troiaoch, troi' 
 snnt. 
 
 Preterpluper, tense. I had, thou liadst, &c. 
 Singular. 
 
 jfDysga ^ 
 
 \ Vmbilia | 
 
 r Cara ' 
 
 2< f^ ' , >swn,sit,sai. P/. se.'iijsech, 
 iGwrandawf ^.^^ 
 
 «Maw I L 
 
 "^XPara J 
 
 Future tense. 1 shall or will, &c. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 n Vrabili/^^'* /\mbil 
 
 gVCaraf C.>ri Car 
 
 \Gwrandawaf Gwrandcwi (xwrendy 
 
 „ r Tawat' Tewi Taw 
 
 ^\Pi\raf Peri Pair.
 
 44 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1 5 A''^\^.c I' wii, wch, ant 
 
 Q^Carvsii Ccrwcli Carant 
 
 '^ I GwraiidavynGwraiidcwch Gwraiidawaiit 
 o S Tawii Tewch Tawoiit 
 
 '^ ^ Purwn Pcrwcli Parant. 
 
 The third person singular of I'lis (ense 
 being the most difficult lo form of any part 
 of the regular verbs, it seemed requisite to lay 
 down these following rules, to assist under 
 that difn cully. 
 
 Rule Iht. Most verbs remaining entire 
 in forming, are the same in the third person 
 singular that tiiey are in their radixcs : as, 
 arxDain^ darlUiin^ cynnyg^ dcclireu, ymladd^ 
 ci/nrixci/a^ gorpl/wtys, Ij/xj/s, 6,c. 
 
 Rule 2d. V\'ry maiiy verbs, in this per- 
 son, end in o, especially verbs originally 
 ending in a: as, diotla^ gzoieddn, i^wrag- 
 edda ; except buyttj/ of bh::ijtt(i. bo verbs 
 origifially ending with v: as, ysgrifenna^ 
 l/anii/ui, of ysgr/'fcnuK^ lur/iHiU!, cSc. (yet 
 some aie excepted ; see iluleSiii.) So verbs 
 ending in o: as, bendiga, viel/diga, cilia., 
 c/iwilia, bendifhia, a/stwi/o, c7/}inortJiw//(i, 
 of bendigOj 7)iefldigo, Si-c. and verbs Cfuling 
 in ai( : as, nmi'/id, lltilin^ l-^c. (aiul anciently 
 anilhda^ lleihua^ S,-c.) of amUtdu, lleihuu^ 
 Sfc. 
 
 Rule 3d. Verbs having « in the ultima 
 of their radixes, change (hat n into ni or ei : 
 as, tajl, iojl or teijl ; ymajl^ t/viiei/l ; gciU^ 
 geill ; parch, peirc/i; radw, cridw ; gafw, 
 geilw. And if they have a also in their
 
 45 
 
 penullima, (liat a is moreover changed info 
 e: as, gwaharddy gweheirdd ; gwarchadu}^ 
 fi;w€rcheidw. 
 
 Rule. 4lh. Verbs having a in the pen- 
 ultima, and e for the vowel of the ultima, 
 change the a of the peniiltima into e, and the 
 e of the ultima into y; as, gwared, gwerf/d; 
 atteb^ eltyb ; attaly ettyl; adzeaen, edwyn ; 
 darllen, derlli/n. 
 
 Rulc5th. Verbs originally having a ox o 
 in tlie penultima, and o or aw in the ulti^na, 
 change the a or o of the penultiraa into e, 
 and the o or aw of the ultima into 3^ ; as, 
 gwrandaw or gwrando, gwrendj/ ; gado, 
 gedy ; iaro^ tery ; addaw, eddy ; aros, erys ; 
 gosod, gesyd; datglo, defg/y ; marchog^ 
 merchyg. 
 
 Rule 6th. Blany having for the ultimate 
 vowel of their radixes, change it into y : as, 
 tro, try; terr^ tyrr ; ihodd^ rhydd ; rho^ 
 '''^y ) ffO) ffy ; golchf gylch , dod, dyd ; 
 clo^ cly ; llosgy liysg ; iroc/i, trych; coll, 
 cyll ; cno, cny ; cyfod, cyfyd,- gwrthod, 
 gwrthyd; deffro, deffry ; cyffro, cyffry ; 
 cijmmorlh^ cymmyrth and cymmorth ; di- 
 jfodd, diffydd. 
 
 Others change o into aw : as, todd, tawdd; 
 boddy bawdd ; /loch, Uawch ; toll, tawl. 
 
 Rule 7th. Some verbs are reducible to 
 no rules: as, cwyd o^ cadi ; dwgofdwyn; 
 cwsg oi'cysgu ; chwardd of chwertkin. 
 
 Rule 8th. Some verbs are the same as 
 their apocopated radixes: as, mcdof niedi ; 
 berw of berwi ; df/sg of dysgu ; gyrr of 
 gyrru ; chwyth of chwythu ; and many 
 others.
 
 46 
 
 Rule 9ili. £", in the uUima of tlie pre- 
 pared verb, is turned into ai : as, sef^ (of 
 sefyll^) saif; per, (of peri,) pair; so ceisio 
 makes cais. 
 
 Imperative mood. — Present Icnse. 
 
 Wants the first person singular. 
 
 Singiiiar. Plural. 
 
 1 / %sg, d jsged -1 Djsg ) J 
 
 H Vmbil.ynibil.Vd / Ymblii ^ ^'"'^^^'be^t 
 c, /Car, cared. PL carwn, cerwcli, carent 
 '"\Gvvran-{!aw, dawent. PL dawn,de\vcb, 
 
 dawent 
 o/ Taw, tawed. PL Tawn, tewch,taNvent 
 \ Par, pared. PI Parwn, perwch, parent. 
 
 Tiie only difficulty in this tense is to know 
 the second person singular of the verb, vvhich 
 is the radix of the other persons. And to 
 direct herein, 
 
 Observe, That the original radix of for- 
 mation, whether the verb be apocopated or 
 remain entire, is the second person of this 
 mood : as, tro, torr, deffro, car, ^]J^Sf 
 rhed, <St. oHroi, lorri, dejf'ro, caru, dijsgv, 
 rhedeg, &!C. So gwrt/iod, ci/mmortii, i/iU' 
 bit, go sod, gofyn, gorphm, d,c. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 Such as end in a in the third person singu- 
 lar of the future tense, indicative mood (see 
 rule 2d under that tense) mnke use of the 
 same words in this person : as, diolta, gzele- 
 dda, Sfc. and hziyyUa, to eat, makes bwijtta 
 here, eat thou ; bu:?/tlaed, cat he ; pi. huj/!- 
 tawn, bw2jttezi.ch, bzcj/ttaeiit. Sefj//l uiakes 
 sdf; peri, par / ^^'J/'^ drtg.
 
 47 
 
 Optative Mood. 
 The optative, potential and subjunctive 
 moods are the same in voice ; ami diti'er 
 only in signification or signs of each respec- 
 tive mood. 
 
 Present tense. 
 The optative, potential and subjunctive 
 moods want this tense. It is supplied by the 
 future tense to! low in":. 
 
 Preterimperfcct tense. 
 Singular. 
 
 1 / ^/¥... 1-^"' *^' ^** ^^' *^"'' ^^^' o^ych, 
 
 cut 
 
 Sinnjular. 
 
 
 '■< 
 
 / Oysir 1 ^ 
 \YmbiU/ 
 
 2 r Carwn Car-it or cer-it 
 
 j^Gwrantlawn G\vrandaw-it or dew-it l 
 2 r Tawn Taw-it or tew-it ^ ^** 
 
 \ Parwn Par- it or per-it 
 
 Plural. 
 
 C;irem C'arcch or cerych Carent 
 
 (xwran- Gwrandawecli or Gwran- 
 
 (lawem j^wratidewych dawent, 
 
 o \ l^ns em Tawecli or tewych Tav.cnt 
 
 ( Parem Parcch or perycli Parent. 
 
 Preterpcrfect and preterpluper feet tenses. 
 
 Singular, 
 jCDysga •\ 
 
 \ Ynibilia f swn, sit, sai. PL sem, 
 Q ^ Cara T scch, sent 
 
 \ Gwrandaw 7 
 Tawswn, iewsi(,tawsai. PL Tawsem, 
 
 tawsech, tawsent 
 Paraswn, paresit, parasai. PL Para- 
 sem, parasech, parasent. 
 
 Note, That ymbil may in tills tense bs
 
 4S 
 
 •ontractcd by a syncope, (Iiiis: ymhiVswn, 
 1/nibiVsit^ ymhiVswn^ ymbil'sui Plur. Ym- 
 biVsem^ ymbil'sech, ymbiVsent. 
 
 Future tense. 
 e ■, f Dysg *1 wyf, ych, o. PI. om, ocb, 
 ^- ^ 1 Vmbili/ ont 
 
 {Carwyf,cerych,caro"^ P/.Car"^ S"^ 
 Gwrand-awyf, evv- Gwran- I " g" 
 yell, awo y daw )• g. V =: 
 
 Q rTawyf, tewych,tawo ( Taw | ^ j 5 
 \Parwyf,perych,paroJ Par J b J 
 
 The adverbs of wishing usually joined with 
 verbs of (he optative mood, are, O na, before 
 verbs beginning with consonants, and O nad 
 before verbs beginning with vowels. 
 
 Note, That gallu, with a nominative case 
 expressed or understood, and the infinitive 
 mood of a verb, do often supply the tenses 
 and persons of the potential mood of that 
 verb: as, gallu o honof, o Jwuot, Sfc. o 
 ddi/nion /ya\ that ], that thou, &c. that 
 men may live ; fel y gallwn., gelHt, gallent 
 fyw^ that 1, that thou,lhat they might live. 
 
 Infinilrce mood. 
 The infinitive mood, active, is the fountain 
 or origin of every regular verb, wherein the 
 verb stands alone, as the center, deriving 
 different variations from itself to all other 
 moods and tenses of both the active and 
 passive voice. It is known commonly by 
 the sign /, to, or by its following another 
 verb in the same sentence, without any no- 
 minative case between. And though the 
 verb stand unvaried, as to itself, yet doth it
 
 49 
 
 admit of three tenses : the present, the prefer, 
 and (be prcterphipci feet tenses. Asfor example, 
 
 Present tense, i ddi/wedi/d, to say ; anfon- 
 oddfi i ddymedyd vortht/ch, he sent me to tell 
 you ; dj/sgwck ofni'r Arglwydd^ learn to 
 fear the Lord, 
 
 Preterperfect tense, dj/wedi i niVth dwylloy 
 thou sayest that 1 have deceived thee. 
 
 Preterpluperfect tense, haerodd i mi ddij" 
 zeedyd^ he asserted that 1 had said. 
 
 Where note, that ns generally put between 
 the former verb and the infinitive mood. 
 
 The voice of the infinitive mood is di- 
 ver sly used. 
 
 1st. As substantives; and as such are 
 made nominative cases to verbs, and substan- 
 tives to adjectives: as, gzeeithio sydd boenui 
 Vr diogf to work is painful to the lazy. < 
 
 2dly. As gerunds: as, nid oes diben ar 
 wneulhur llyfrau lawer, of making many 
 books there is no end ; o'm cadw y mae gwobr 
 iawer, in keeping of them there is great re- 
 ward ; i iachdu'r briwedig o galon, to lieal 
 the broken-hearted ; trwy rodio ger dj/fron, 
 by walking before thee. 
 
 Sdly. As first supine : as, aeth i bregdhu 
 yr efengyl, he went to preach the gospel. 
 
 4lhly. it supplies all the persons of the 
 present tense, indicative mood, active voice. 
 See that tense. It also supplies the persons 
 of the preterpluperfect tense of the subjunc- 
 tive mood, xaedi being placed before the 
 nominative casxi : as, wedi i mi, ti, Ddafydd, 
 ddynioH, roddi, when I, thou, he, DivVicI, 
 men, had given. 
 
 £
 
 50 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 The changes of vowels in forming of verbs 
 passive are these which follow. 
 
 J, in the ultima of the radix of formation 
 in the active voice, is changed in some tenses 
 of the passive into e; as, cor, (of caru,J 
 cerjd; cad, (o( cadwy) cedwid. 
 
 A, in the ultima, is changed into ei : as, 
 arwavi, armein-; wng in the ultima is chan- 
 ged into 1/ng: as, hebrwng makes in the 
 passive hebryng'. 
 
 TVi/n, in the ultima, is changed into^g-; 
 as, dw?/ti makes dug-; i/mddwj/n, ymddug-. 
 
 But forasmuch as these three last sorts of 
 verbs do, in the purely passive formation, 
 strictly keep the change of ai into ei, wng 
 into 2/ng, and of w?/n into i/g, throughout 
 all moods and tenses : there seems no need 
 of giving them distinct conjngations purely 
 upon that account ; but to observe those 
 changes, and to give them the same passivt 
 terminations with these two following speci- 
 mens or conjugations 
 
 The first conjugation changeth no vowel: 
 as, di/sgu. ■ 
 
 The second conjugation changeth a for e ; 
 as, gwrandaw. 
 
 JNote, That one respective termination 
 serves the verb throughout all the persons of 
 the tenses of this voice ; and that the persons 
 of the verb are distinguished only by the 
 nominative case (whether substantive or pro- 
 noun,) which must be always expressed ; 
 and is placed sometimes before and some- 
 times after the verb.
 
 51 
 
 Note further, Tliat besides the regular 
 forming of passive verbs," there are three 
 other usual ways of forming them. 
 
 The ist. By a periphrasis of the verb 
 substantive bod, (to be,) passive voice, and 
 the participle of the present tense of the verb 
 formed. 2d, By putting fe a'm, fe a^t/i, 
 Sfc. before the verb formed ; or a nominative 
 case, if a substantive, after the verb. And 
 the 3d, liy putting a personal pronoun or 
 substantive (nominative cases) iirst, the affir- 
 mative adverb a next, and the verb last. 
 But these two last forms are seldom used in 
 any other mood but the indicative. These 
 several forms will the more plainly appear by 
 the examples following. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Present tense, 
 
 1 am, thou art, &c. 
 Sing, 1. Dysgir, 2. Gwrandewir, fi, di, 
 efc, hi. PI. ni, chwi, hwynt. 
 
 P eriphrastical formations . 
 
 Note, That initial consonants of the verb^ 
 are to be changed according to the property 
 of the preceding nominative cases, 
 
 Urst way. 
 Sing. Yr ydys yn fy, dy, ei. PL ein, 
 eich, eu dysgu, gwrandaw. 
 
 Second way. 
 Sing. Fe a'm, a'th, a'i. PI. a'n, a'ch, 
 a'u dysgir, gwrandewir. 
 
 Third way, 
 Sing. Mi, ti, efe, hi, PI. ni, chwi, hwj 
 ar nhwvj a ddysgir, wrandewir, 
 
 e2
 
 52 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. I was, thou wert, &c. 
 
 Sing, 1. Dysgid, 2. Gwrandewid fi, di, 
 efe hi. PL ni, chwi, hwynt. 
 
 Periphrasticaljormations. — First wa^. 
 Sing. Oeddid, byddid, baid yn iy, dy, 
 ei. PL ein, eich, eu dysgu, gwrandaw. 
 
 Second way. 
 Sing. Fe a'm, a'tb, a'i. PL a'n, a'ch, 
 a'u dysgid, gwrandewid. 
 
 Third way. 
 Sing. Mi, ti, efe, hi. PL ni, chwi, hwj 
 crnhwy a ddysgid, wrandewid. 
 
 Preterperject tense. 1 have been, thou 
 hast been, &c. 
 Sing. 1. Dysgwyd ordysged, 2. Gwran- 
 dawyd or gwrandawed fi, di, efe, hi. PL 
 ni, chwi, hwynt. 
 
 Periphrastical formations. — First way. 
 
 Sing. Buwyd yn fy, dy, ei. PL ein, 
 eich, eu dysgu, gwrandaw. 
 
 Second way. 
 Sing. Fe a'm, a'th, a'i. PL a'n, a'ch, 
 a'u dysgwyd or dysged, gwrandawyd or 
 gwrandawed. 
 
 Third way. 
 Sing. Mi, ti, efe hi. PL ni, chwi, hwy 
 or nhwy a ddysgwyd or ddysged, wranda- 
 wyd or wrandawed. 
 
 Preterplaperfect tense. 1 had been, 
 thou hadstbeen,&c. 
 
 Sing. 1. Dysgasid, 2. Gwrand-awsid or 
 ewsid fi, di, efe, hi. PL ni, chwi, hwynt.
 
 53 
 
 Periphrastical formations. — First zoaj/. 
 Sitig. Buasid, byssic! yn, ty, dy, ei. PI. 
 cin, eich, eu ciysgii, gvvrandavv. 
 
 Second xaarj. 
 
 Sing. Fe a'm, a'tli, a'i, PI. a'n, a'ch, 
 a'u dysgasid, gwrand-aNVsid or ewsid. 
 
 Third way. 
 
 Sing. Mi, ti, efe hi. PL ni, chwi, hwy 
 or nhwy a ddysgasid, wrand-awsid or evvsid. 
 
 Future tense. 1 shall or will be, tliou shall 
 or wilt be, &c. 
 
 Sing. 1. Dysger, 2. Gwrandawer fi, di, 
 ^ei'c hi. PL ni, chwi, hwynt 
 
 Periphraslical formations. — First way. 
 
 Bydder, baer yn fy, dy, ei. PL ein, eicli, 
 ea dysgu, gvvraridaw. 
 
 Second way. 
 
 Sing.' Fe a'm, a'th, a'i. PL a'n, a'ch, 
 a'u dysger, gwrandawer. 
 
 Third way. 
 
 Sing. Mi, ti, efe, hi. PL iii, chwi, Iiwy 
 or nhwy a ddysger wraiidawer. 
 
 Imperati'oe mood. — Present S^- future tense. 
 
 Sing. I. Dysger, 2. Gwrandawer fi, di, 
 efe, hi. PL ui, cluvi, hwyr.t, yn avvr, rhug- 
 llaw. 
 
 Periphrastical formations. 
 
 Sing. Bydder, boerynTy, dy,ei. P/. ein, 
 eichj eu clysgii, gwrandaw. 
 
 E 3
 
 54 
 
 Optative mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Sing. O na, O nad ddjsgir, wiandewir 
 fi, di, efe, hi. PI. ni, chwi, hwynt. 
 
 PeripJirastical formations. 
 Sing-. O nad ys, O nad jdjs yn fy, dy,ei. 
 V\. eiii, eicli, eu dysgu, gwrandaw. 
 
 Preferimperfect tense. 
 
 Sing. Ona, Onad, 1. Udysgsid, 2. Wran- 
 dewsid fi, di, efe, hi. PI. ni, chwi, hwynt. 
 
 Perip hraslical fo rm at ions . 
 
 Sing. O na or O nad, oedtlid, byddid or 
 bald yn fy, ily^ ei. Pi, ein, eich, eu dysgu, 
 gwrandaw. 
 
 Preterperfect and prcterpluper feet tenses. 
 
 Sing. O Dduw na or O Dduw nad, I. 
 Ddysgasid, 2 VVrandawsid fi, di, ele, hi. 
 PI. ni, chwi, hwynt. 
 
 Periphrastical formations. 
 
 Sing. O Dduw na bnasid, bassid orbyssid 
 yn iy^ dy, ei. PI. ein, eich, eu dysgu, 
 gwrandaw. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Sing. O Dduw na or O Dduw nad, ]. 
 JDdysger, 2. Wrandawer fi, di, efe, hi. P|. 
 ni, chwi, Lwynt. 
 
 Perip h rastical form at ions . 
 Sing. O Dduw na bydder or baer yn fy, 
 dy, ei. PI. ein, eich, eu dysgu, gwrandaw. 
 
 The potential and subjunctive moods as ih€ 
 eptatixe*
 
 55 
 
 Infinilroe mood. 
 
 This mood hath but one voice, viz. that 
 of (he infinitive active, to supply its tenses, 
 which are distinguished only by the tense 
 the former verb is of. Jt hath ?'m or/j/, I'th 
 or (/y, ei or izc, ein, eic/i, eu (pronouns) 
 placed before it, answerable to the person of 
 the former verb , and is known by those signs. 
 
 Present and preterim perfect tenses. 
 
 Rhoed fi tnewn ijsgol Vm di/sg'u, 1 was 
 put to school to be taught. 
 
 Haeddi dj/J/iangelhi, thou deservest to be 
 whipped. 
 
 Preterperfect S^ preterpluperject tenses. 
 
 Haeddodd ei (or I'm) ganmol, he deser- 
 ved to have been commended. 
 
 Haeddasair wers Hon ei (or Vw) d^s2;Uf 
 this lesson had deserved to have been leurnt. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Ymegniaf fm derhyn^ or, fy nerbi/n 
 rhagli'aw i ogoniant, 1 will labour to be 
 received hereafter into glory. 
 
 Note, This mood is likewise used after 
 certain adjectives, like a latter supine; as, 
 'nnweddus Vw or ei ddj/sgu, unseemly to 
 be taught or learnti 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. 
 
 The terb substantive bod, to bd 
 
 Xiiis verb is of great use in the Welsh 
 tongue, to supply the defects, or to assist in
 
 56 
 
 the tenses and persons of both tlie active 
 and passive voices. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 ludicatke t?iood. — Present tense. 
 
 Sin£^. Wyf, wjt or wyd, y w, or^ mae, or 
 oes. PI. Y 'in, y'cli, y'lit, or inaeiit, 07' sy. 
 Or thus doiibit d : 
 
 Sing-, ^'dwyf, ydwyi or ydwyd, ydyw. 
 PI. \ dym, ydych, ydynt. 
 
 And poiUicall)' thus : 
 
 Sifig. Yttwyt", yttwyt or yltvvyd, yttyw. 
 Pi. Yttym, yUych,y(lynt. 
 
 Note, That ^tx:, yd^w., sij and sydd., are 
 indefinites ; and therefore serve all the per- 
 sons of both niunbers indiilerently. , 
 
 Prelerimperfect tense. 
 
 Sing. Oeddwn, oeddit or oe(\<\y\^ oedd or 
 ydoedd. Pi. Oeddyni or oecidenij oeddych 
 or oeddechj oeddynt or oeddcnt. 
 
 Pre! er perfect tense. 
 
 Sing, Bum, buost,"t)u, or (according to 
 some) buo. PI, iiuoni, buoch, buant, or 
 buont, or buon. 
 
 Preterphipcrfect tense. 
 Sing. Buaswn, buasit, buasai. PI. Bu- 
 asem, bnascch, buasent. 
 
 Or otlicrvvise, 
 Sing. Bysswn, byssit, byssei, PI. Bys- 
 Bwn, byssyffhjbyssentr 
 
 Future tense. 
 Sing. Byddaf, byddi, bydd. PI. Bydd- 
 ■wn, byddwch, byddant.
 
 57 
 
 Imperative mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Wants the first person singular. 
 
 Sing. Bydd, bydded, or boed, or bid. 
 PI. Byddwn, byddwch, byddant or byddent, 
 
 Optalivey potential, and subjunctive moods. 
 Preterimperfect tetise. 
 
 Sing. Byddwn, byddit, byddai. PI. By- 
 ddem, byddech, byddent, or byddym, by- 
 ddych, byddynt. 
 
 Or contractedly thus : 
 
 Sing. Bawn, bait, bai. PI. Baem, baech, 
 baent, or beym, beych, beynt. 
 
 Preterpluperfect tense. 
 
 Sing. Buaswn, buasid, buasai. PI. Bu- 
 asem, buasech, buasent. 
 
 Or coBtractodly thus : 
 
 Sing. Bysswn, byssit, byssit. PI. Bys- 
 sym, byssych, byssynt. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Sing. Bjddwyf, byddych or byddecli, 
 byddo. PI. By ddom, byddocli, byddont. 
 Or otherwise thus : 
 Sing. Bythwyf, bythych or bythech, by- 
 tho. Pi. Bylhom, bytboch, bythont. 
 Or contractedly thus : 
 Sing. Bwyf, bych or bech, bo. PI. Bom, 
 boch, bout. 
 
 Injinitive mood. 
 In all tenses bod 
 
 This bod, like all other infinitive verbs, is 
 used substantively, for dwelling, mansion, a 
 bein^. 
 

 
 58 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Note, That this verb, hod, hath only the 
 third [)erson singular in the moods and tenses 
 of this voice. 
 
 Indicative mood. 
 
 Present tense. Is, ydys^ and poetically 
 2jdis. 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. Oeddid, 
 Pretcrperfect tense. Buwt/d. 
 Prcterpluperf.ct tense. Buasid or buesid. 
 Future tense. Bj/ddir, 
 
 Imperative mood. 
 Present tense. Bj/dder. 
 
 Optative, potential and subjunctive moods. 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. Bj/dded , contract- 
 edly, beid and haid. 
 
 Preterplu perfect tense. Buasid or buesid. 
 
 Future tense. Bydder, bi/ther, and con- 
 tractedly, baer. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Yn bod, being, existing. 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 
 The four compounds of ho(S, vis, 
 
 Hanfod or hanfFod "1 
 
 Canfod I c i 
 
 Daribd ^formed. 
 
 Cj'orfod J
 
 59 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 Indicative mood. — Present tense. 
 
 1 Henjw 
 
 Third person sino^ular L ^""J^^ 
 ^ ° fuciyw 
 
 J Goryvv. 
 Preter impel' fact tense. 
 
 Sing. Hanoedd-wn, it, hanoedd. PI. Ha- 
 noedd-jm, ych, yi\t. 
 
 Darfod makes only daroedd, third person 
 singular. 
 
 Canfod and gorfod want this tense. 
 
 Preterperfect tense. 
 fHan^ 
 ■ 5-1 Can I fum, fuost, fu. PI* fuom, fuochj 
 cp ) Dar f fuont. 
 iGorJ 
 
 Hanfod hath also hanbu^ third person 
 singular. 
 
 Preterpluperfect tensd 
 
 THanfu "] 
 ^ I Canfu I aswn, asif, asai. PI. asem, as* 
 c^ I Darfu j ech, asent; a/so,esym, esych, 
 LGorfu J [csynt. 
 
 Future tense, 
 
 f Han ") r Henfydd & han- 
 
 * l^or J I^Gorfydd. 
 
 rHan "j 
 
 c"< ^^^ Myddwn, fyddech, fyddant. 
 *" iGot J
 
 60 
 
 Uanfodh also tlius contracted : 
 Sing. Hanflaf, lienffi, henflydd. PI. Han- 
 ffwn, henfFwcli, hanfFant. 
 
 Imperative mood. 
 
 Singular. 
 Uanfyddwcb, or hanflych, or hanbych, 
 hanfydded. 
 
 Cenfydd, canfydded. 
 
 Caret, Derfid owrfdarfydded. 
 
 Caret. Gorfydded. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Plur. J ^^" Ifyddonij fyddoch, fyddont. 
 
 [GorJ 
 
 Ilanfod is also thus contracted. 
 Third person singular. Hanflfed. PI. llan- 
 fforo, hanffoch, hanfiont, 
 
 Optatite, potential and subjunctive moods. 
 
 Present tense. 
 
 crfr^" Vytldwn, fyddit, fyddai. PI. 
 F^ D " r ^>^f'em,fyddech,fyddent; or 
 
 Cq 
 
 * L« 
 
 or 
 
 tyddyni, tyddyeh, fyddynt. 
 
 Hanfod is also thus contracted : 
 
 Sing. Han-fivvn, ffit, fiai. Pi. ii'em, ffech, 
 
 ffent. 
 
 Darfod makes darffai, and gorfod, gof 
 
 ffaij in the third person singular. 
 
 Preterpluperfect iensCk 
 
 f Hanfu"! 
 ^J Canfu laswn,asit,asai.Pl.asem,nsec1)) 
 Cf^S Darfu f asent j oresym,esych,csynt. 
 • tGortu J
 
 61 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 {Han-] 
 Can Ifyddwyf, fyddycli, fyddo. 
 Dar ( PI. fydd.om,och,ont. 
 Gor J 
 
 Or hanfod, darfod, gorfod, thus: 
 
 {HanfFjhanip, lianb^ wyf, ych, o^ 
 Darff y PI. om, och, 
 
 Gorff J ont. 
 
 Infinitive mood. 
 
 Hanfod and hanfFod, canfod, darfod, gorfod. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Note, That these, as all other verbs pas- 
 sive simply formed, have only the voice of 
 the third person singular ; and are distin- 
 guished only by the persons of the nomina- 
 tive cases, whether pronouns or substantives : 
 as, canj'yddir fi^ di, e/e, Dafydd, dynion^ 1 
 am, thou art, he is, David is, men are or will 
 be seen or descried. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Present tense» 
 
 Hanfyddir or hanffir 
 Canfyddir 
 Dartyddir 
 Gorfyddir. 
 
 Preterimperfect tense: 
 
 Hanoedd, or hauoeddid, or hanfyddid, or 
 Canfyddid [hanffid 
 
 Darfyddid 
 Gorfyddid,
 
 62 
 
 Preter perfect tense. 
 
 Hanfuwyd, or hanfFuwyd, or hanfFwyd 
 
 Canfuwyd 
 
 Uarfavvyd 
 
 Gorfuwyd. , 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Hanfyddir or hanfFyddir 
 Canfyddir 
 Darfyddir 
 Gorfyddir. 
 
 Imperative mood.— -Present tense* 
 
 Hanfydder or hanfFer 
 Canfydder or canffydder 
 Darfydder or darffer 
 Gorfydder or gorffer. 
 
 Optative^ potential and subjunctive moods* 
 
 Preter imperfect tense. 
 
 Hanoeddid, or hanfyddid, or hanffid 
 
 Canfyddid 
 
 Darfyddid 
 
 Gorfyddid. 
 
 Preter pluperfect tense* 
 
 Hanfuasid or lianffasid 1 Darfuasid 
 Canfuasid jGorfuasid. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Hanfydder or hanfFer 
 Canfydder or canfl'ydder 
 Darfydder or darfier 
 Gorfydder or gorfFer.»
 
 63 
 
 Participles. 
 
 rHanfod or hanffod 
 ^r J Canfod 
 * "S Darfod 
 
 I^Gorfod. 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 Anomal verbs. 
 
 Myned or myn'd 
 Dyiod or dy wod 
 Gwneuthur, or gwncuthud, or gwneud. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Myned ^ ^ing. yr wyf or ydwyf, wytot* 
 Dyfod > ydwyt, ymae. PI. yry'm or 
 
 Gwneuthur^ ydynijy'ch orydych,y inaent. 
 
 Third person singular^ el, (iel,gwnel. 
 
 Preterperfect tense. — First person singular. 
 
 Aelhym, aetlium, eutliym 
 Daelliym, daethum, deutliyrn 
 Gvviiaelhyra, gwnaethum, gwneulburn, 
 ancientli/ gwneddwyf. 
 
 Second person singular, 
 Acthost, euthost 
 Daethost, deuthost 
 Gwnacthost, gwnculljost. 
 
 Third person singular. 
 Aeth, and anciently elhy w 
 Daelli, and anciently *\cidi\y\s 
 Gwuaeth, anciently gwneddyw, gurug. 
 f 2
 
 64: 
 
 Plur. ^ Daeth > om, och, ant and on(. 
 
 Gwneuthnr had anciently gwneddwynt. 
 
 Preterpluperfect tense. 
 C Aeth ) 
 Sing. ) Daeth C ^"' ^^ f'' P^' ^™' 
 ^ (GwnaethS ^^^' ^"'- 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Sing. Af, aiorei, a. PI. Awn,ewch,ant 
 
 Sing. Ueuaf, or dawaf, or dot. PI. Dcu- 
 wn, or dawn, or down. 
 
 Sing. Deiii, or dewi, or del, PI. Deu- 
 wch, or dewch, or dowch. 
 
 Sing. Daw. Pl.Deuant,ordawant, ordont. 
 
 Sing. Gwnaf, gwnai, gwna. PI. Gwnawn, 
 gwnewch, gwnant. 
 
 Imperative mood, — Present tense. 
 
 Si«g. Dos, aed, or elcd, or elid. PI. 
 
 Awn, ewch, ant or elint. 
 
 rOvred ^ deued, 1 m rv j„ 
 
 •' ', , ' PI. Denv/n, or oa- 
 
 Tyred • " wn, ordown ; deu- 
 
 o "^ ' wed, or ( u i i 
 
 S. ■<{ ,v >i ? > wch, or dewch, or 
 
 J Dyre fdoed, or ( i , i \ 
 
 \ ■^ 1^11 dowch ; deuant, 
 
 \^y^^ jdeHd^^J or dawant, or dont. 
 C ^gwnaed, or 1 Pl.gwnawn 
 
 Sing. ^Gwna -^gwneled, or > gwnewch 
 ^ ( gwnelid ^ gwnant. 
 
 Optative, potential and subjunctive moods. 
 
 P ret crimper feet tense. 
 
 Sing. Awn, ait, ai. PI. Aera, acch, aent, 
 or eym, eych,eynt. 
 
 S. £lwn,elit,elai. PI. EIym,elychjelynt.
 
 65 
 
 f.. i Deu > wn, it, ai. PI. em, ccli, 
 *'"S- ^ Oci ^ ent. 
 
 Sing. Down, doit or dait, doi or dai. 
 PI, Doem or daem, doecli or daecli, doent 
 or daent. 
 
 Sing. Dawn, dewit, dawai. PI. Dawem, 
 dawech, dawent. 
 
 Sing. Gwnawn, gwnait, gwnai. PI. Gwna- 
 em, ech, ent, or Gwne-ym, ycIi, ynt ; or. 
 Sing. GwneUwn, it, ai. Pi. ym, ych, ynt. 
 
 Preterpluperfect tense. 
 
 {Aeth ^ 
 Daeth vwn,it,ai. PI .era, ech, ent, 
 GwnaethJ 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Sing. < Del Wyf, it, o. PI. om,ochjOnt. 
 (.GwnelJ 
 
 Participle of the 
 Present tense. Yn myned, ^n dyfod, yn 
 
 gwneutliur. 
 
 First future. Ar or ar fedr myned, dyfod, 
 gwneutliur. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Preterperfect tense. 
 
 Aethwyd, aethpwyd, aed 
 Daeth-wyd, pwyd, deued, doed, daed 
 Gwnaethwyd, gwnaethpwyd, gwnaei. 
 
 Preterperfect tense, 
 Aeth id, elsid 
 
 Daethid, delsid 
 Gwnaethid, gwnelsid. 
 
 F 3
 
 66 
 
 Future tense. 
 Air, eir 
 
 Deuir, dewir, deir 
 Gwnair, gwneir. 
 
 Imperative tnood, — Present tense. 
 
 Aer, eler 
 
 Deuer, dawer, de!er, doer, daer 
 
 Gvvnaer, gwneler. 
 
 Optative^ potential and subjunctive moods. 
 
 Prelerimperfect tense. 
 
 Aid. eid, elid 
 Deuid, doid, delid 
 Gwnacd, gwneiid. 
 
 Preterpluperfect tense. 
 Aethid or efsid. 
 Daetliid or delsid 
 Gwnaethid or gwnelsid. 
 
 Future tense. 
 Aer or eler 
 
 Deuef, dawer, deler, doer or daer 
 Gwnaer or gwneler. 
 
 Participle of the 
 TDyfod ordyfodedig 
 Present (ense< Gwneuthur or gwneuthur- 
 l edig. 
 
 {Gwybod 
 Adnabod 
 Adwaen. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Indicatixe mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Sing. Gvvn, gwyddost, gwyr, PI, Gwj- 
 ddonf), gwyddocb, gwyddont.
 
 67 
 
 Sincr. Adwaen, advvaenosf, edwyn. PI. 
 AdwacMom, adwacnoch, adwaenont. 
 
 Adwaen makes soiiietinies adsDaenentyihird 
 person plural. 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. 
 TGwybydd"! 
 4^ J Gwydd I \vn, it, ai. PI. em, ech, 
 •"S Gwyp I ent. 
 ^^ Adwaen J 
 
 Adwaen makes sometimes, PI. adwaenym^ 
 adwaeni/chj adwaenynt. 
 
 Preleiperfecl tense. 
 
 c /Gwyb "1 urn, uost, u. PI. uom, uoch, 
 ^•\Adnab/ ant. 
 
 Adnabody makes in the third person sin- 
 gul(V»^ adnabuont. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 ■ { Adimb }y''<''''f' y'''^' { ATebydd. 
 
 "•{AdYab^dd }-'-"'»'• 
 
 hnperatixe mood. —Present tense. 
 
 o r Gvvy. bydd, bydded, or ped 
 • \ Adnebydd, adnabydded. 
 
 P'-feb^dd }-.-•■'-• 
 
 Optative^ potential and subjunctive moods* 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. 
 fGwybydd^ 
 I Gwydd I 
 S. -^ Gwyp )'wn, it,ai. PI. em, ech, ent. 
 I Adnabydd | 
 l^ Adwaen J
 
 68 
 
 Pretepplv perfect tense* 
 
 c J Ciwyb I aswn, asit, asai. PI. asern, 
 ] Gwydcl r asech, asent. 
 (^Adnabu J 
 
 Future tense. 
 fGwybjdd "j 
 S.< Adiiabydd Vwyf,ych,o. PI. oni,och,ont. 
 [_AdAvaen J 
 
 Or contractedly thus : 
 ^ J Gwypwyf, gwypit, gwypo 
 
 I Adnappwyf, adneppych, adnappo. 
 
 !•'• \ Ad3pp \ <""' -••' »"'• 
 
 . Injinithe mood. 
 
 Gvvybod. Adnabod. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Jndicatke mood. — Present tense, 
 Gwyddir, gwyddis, gwyddys, gwis or 
 Adwacnir. [gwys 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. 
 Gvvyddid 
 Adwaenid 
 Adnabyddid. 
 
 Preterperfect tense. 
 Gwybuwyd or gwypwyd 
 Adnabuwyd. 
 
 ^ Future tense. 
 Gwybyddir or gwyppir 
 Adnabyddir. 
 
 Imperative mood. — Present tense, 
 Gwybydder or gwy per.
 
 69 
 
 Anabjdder or adnapper 
 Adwaener. 
 
 OptatixCy potential and subjunctive moods. 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. 
 
 Gwybyddkl orgwjpid 
 
 Adnabyddid 
 
 Advvaeriid. 
 
 Preter pluperfect tense. 
 
 Gwjbyddasid or gwy basic! 
 Adiiubuasid. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 (^wybydder or gwyper 
 Adnabydder or adnapper 
 Adwaener. 
 
 Participle of the 
 
 „ , , i Gwybodediff 
 
 Present tense ■< * j i i i •*' 
 ^ Adnabodedicr. 
 
 Second future. Gwybodadwy. 
 
 Ci/dnabod is formed as adnabody except in 
 
 those tenses uhere adwaen comes instead of 
 
 adnabod. 
 
 Q fCael 
 
 •^ \Cafiael. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Preterperfect tense. 
 
 Sing. Cefais, cefaist, cafodd, or cafas; or 
 conlrnctedli/f Ces, cest, cadd or cas. Pi. 
 Cawsom, cawsochjCawsant. 
 
 Future tense. 
 Sing. Caf, cai, or cei, or ceffi, caiff. PI. 
 Cawn, ccwcb, cant or cafFaut.
 
 70 
 
 Imperalke mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Third person singular. Caed or caffed. 
 PI, Cafom or caffom, cafoch or cafibch, 
 cant or caffant. 
 
 Optaliie, potential and subjunctive moods. 
 
 P ret crimper feet tense. 
 
 Sing. Cawn, cait, cai ; or cafFwn, ce^i^ 
 caffai. PI. Caem, caech, caent ; ce3'm, 
 cejch, ceyiit ; caffem, caffech, caffeut; 
 ceUym, cettjchj ceffynt. 
 
 Preterpluperfect tense. 
 Sing. Caw-swn, sit, sai. PI. sem, sechj sent. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Sing. Cafwjf, cefych or ceych, cafo ; or 
 Cafi'wyf, ceflych, caft'o. 
 
 rcaq 
 
 PI. < Caff vora, och, ont. 
 LCa J 
 
 Infinitize mood. 
 
 Cael. Caffael. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Pretei perfect tense. 
 
 Cafwyd, caffwyd, caed, cad, cafad or 
 caffad. 
 
 Future tense.-- Cair or ceffir. 
 
 Imperative mood. — Present tense. 
 Caer or caffer. 
 
 Optative^ potential and subjunctive moods. 
 Prelerirnperfect tense. — Caid or ccflkl.
 
 71 
 
 Prderpluperfect tense, — Cawsid. 
 luture tense, — Caer or caffer. 
 
 Participle of the first future, — Ar fedrcael. 
 
 4 S%w 
 
 I Marvv. 
 These words are no where found as verbs 
 but in the infinitive mood. They are used 
 adjectiveiy : as, gwrbyxs^ ga)r marw. 
 
 5 Adolwi/n. 
 
 This verb is no M'here found but in the 
 infinitive mood. It borrows the tenses and 
 persons of attolwg or adolwg, 
 
 6. Tebi/gu. 
 This verb is regularly formed throughout, 
 save that it makes 
 
 Indicative and optative moods. 
 Preterpluperfect tense. 
 
 {Tygas "1 wn, it, ai. PI. era^ ech, 
 Dygas I ent; also 
 Sometimes f Dyges > , - 
 
 Tybygas J Tybyges J ^^^^^ >^^^' ^"*- 
 
 »r i Clybu 
 I Clybod. 
 Clj/buy used for clj/wodd, third person sin- 
 gidar, preferperfect tense, indicative mood ; 
 elj/bod used fdr dlj/wed, infinitive mood; 
 cigle and cig/efRre also found for clj/wodd. 
 
 8 Degfe. 
 a is found only in the second person sin- 
 gular, imperative mood, active. 
 
 fj ^ Hwde 
 I I Mwre,
 
 72 
 
 Imperative mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Second person singular. — Hwde, Hwre. 
 Second person plural — Hwdiwch, hwr. 
 iwch and hwrewch. 
 
 fMoes 
 
 \ Moeswch. 
 
 Imperative mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Second person singular. — Moes. 
 Second person plural. — Moeswch. 
 ISole, That moeswch is used hortatively : 
 as, moeswch i ni fj/nedy let us go. 
 
 11 Eb, &c. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Present and preterper- 
 fect tenses. 
 
 e J Eb y I fi, di, cfe, hi. PI. ni, chwi, 
 ^'S Ebyr f hwynt. 
 LEbi J 
 
 12 Medd. 
 
 Indicative mood. — Present tense. 
 
 Sing. Meddaf, medd i, medd. PI, Medd- 
 wn, meddwch, mcddant. 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. 
 
 Sing. Medd-wn, it5,ai. PI. em, ech, ent, 
 or ym, ych, ynt. 
 
 ,p rPiau 
 "'t^iiiau. 
 
 Indicative mvcd, — Present tense. 
 
 Sing. Mi, ti, efc. PI. Ni, chwi, hwynt- 
 hwy piau orblaa.
 
 73 
 
 Preterimperfect tense. 
 
 Sing. Mi,' ti, efe, hi. P\. Ni, chwi, 
 hwynt-hwy pioedd or bioedil. 
 
 Future tense. 
 
 Sing. Mi, ti, efe, hi. PI. Ni, chwi, 
 hwynt-hwy pieusydd or bieusydd. 
 
 U Rhoi. 
 
 This verb is regularly formed in both 
 voices, as other verbs in oi : save that in the 
 first person singular, future tense, indicative 
 mood, it makes r/ro/ and rhoddaf, and third 
 person singular, it makes rh?/ ; and in the 
 imperative mood, second person singular, it 
 makes dj/ro and rho. 
 
 15 Arhos. 
 
 Arhos is a regular verb, but that in form- 
 ing it may throw off as well as retain s: as, 
 arhoaisy arhoaist^ or arhosais, arhosaist^ S^c. 
 1 liave, thou hast stayed, &c. so aro or aros^ 
 stay thou. 
 
 16 Dywedyd. 
 
 Dywedyd is a regular verb, but that it 
 hath sometimes dyxmid and dywawd in the 
 third person singular, preterperfect tense, 
 indicative mood ; and dywaid in the third 
 person singular, future tense, indicativemood, 
 and in the second person singular, imperative 
 mood. 
 
 17 Chwerthin. 
 
 Chwerihin is a regular verb, of the third 
 conjugation, save that instead Qiili it uses dd. 
 
 c
 
 74 
 
 18 Dawr, tawr. 
 
 This verb is used impersonally and per- 
 sonally. 
 
 Impersonally in the present and future 
 lenses, indicative mood : as, 
 
 Present and future tenses. Sinij. Ni'm 
 dawr i, ni'th dawr di, ni ddawr ef. PI. Ni'ra 
 dawr ni, ni'ch dawr chwi, ni ddawr hwynt. 
 
 Personally in the preterimperfect tense, 
 indicative mood : as, preterimperfect tense, 
 ni ddor-wn^ it, ai. pi. em^ ech, ent. 
 19 Gorugaw. 
 
 Preterperfect tense, second person singular, 
 gorwyd; third person singular, gorug^ gor- 
 wu and gorj/w. 
 
 CHAP. XXVI. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Verbs have four participles. Two of the 
 
 active voice, viz. 
 
 ,,..., r-.i C Present tense 
 Participleofthe^^^j^^^,^,^^^.^. 
 
 and two of the passive voice, viz. 
 T, ,. . , ,. ,, i Preter tense 
 Participle ot the ^ second future. 
 
 Of these four participles, there are but two 
 of determinate or limited termination, viz. 
 the participle of the preter tense, and that of 
 the second future. 
 
 1. The participle of the present tense, 
 which in English ends in ing, is made in 
 Welsh by putting 2/n ox gan before the 
 infinitive mood of the verb : as, yn dysgu.
 
 75 
 
 learning ; gan ddyxeedyd., saying. This 
 participle is olall genders and numbers. 
 
 II. The participle of the first or active 
 future, which in English betokens todo^ like 
 the infinitive mood, active, is likewise made 
 in Welsh by putting ar fcdr before the infi- 
 nitive mood of the VVelsh verb: as, ar fedr 
 dywedyd^ about to speak; ar fedr ysgrlfennu^ 
 about to write. This participle also is of all 
 genders and numbers, 
 
 III. The participles of the preter tense, 
 ■which in English endeth in (/, ^, or w, is made 
 in Welsh by adding edig to the radix of 
 each verb's formation: as, car^ caredig ; , 
 dysg, dysgedig; lladd, lladdedig. Or is 
 otherwise made by putting wedi before the 
 infinitive mood : as, wedi ei ddysgu^ taught; 
 uedi ci ladd, slain. 
 
 \Y. The participle of the second or passive 
 fi'.ture, which in English betokens to suffer^ 
 like tlie infinitive mood passive, is made in 
 Welsh by adding adwy to iiie radix of the 
 verb : as, ysgrifetui^ yagrifcnnadicy ; cdi\ 
 carttdisy ; to be, or wliich may be, must or 
 (Might to be wriiien or loved: or otherwise, 
 hy prefixing I'lo to the original verbs : as, 
 jicth Vw hojjll, a thing to be loved. 
 
 iN'ote, That these two latter participles are 
 by some said to have the plural number : as, 
 ciired/gj cavedigion ; caradtsi/, caradziyon. 
 But query, whether these plurals he not 
 rather plural substantives, thougli, for em- 
 phasis, they be often joined to other subslan- 
 tanti^es: as, caredigion bob/, S,c. beloved 
 people, &c. 
 
 e2
 
 '6 
 
 There seems to be another manner of form- 
 ing of participles of the present and of the 
 prcter tenses, apcl both of them from the 
 voice of tlie preter tense, above-specified : 
 as, cared'ig i or wrth d{i^n^ loving a man ; 
 caiedig ddyn^ beloved uian; caredig gan 
 ddijn,, beloved of man. 
 
 -But forasmucli as this method does not an- 
 swer the purport of those participles (neces- 
 sary to be formed) of other verbs, we have 
 thought fit to introduce the former method, 
 as answering the designs of other verbs, and 
 as having obtained both in discourse and 
 print. 
 
 The second or passive future participle is 
 also otherwise made by either prefixing 
 or subjoining o-a/ty to the substantive whence 
 the verb is derived : as ceiswixo or gzemgais^ 
 worthy to be sought for ; clodwiv!) or gwiW' 
 glod, worthy to be praised : or otherwise, by 
 prefixing h^ to the radix of the verb : as, 
 ht/gar, worthy to be loved ; hygof, worthy 
 to be remembered ; if words compounded 
 with /ij/ do not rather import a disposition 
 or feasibility, and answer to able or ible, the 
 comnwn terminations of English adjectives : 
 as, hyhlyg^ flexible, or which may be bent ; 
 hygof^ memorable, or which may be easily 
 minded or called to mind. 
 
 CHAP. XXVII. 
 
 The Articles. 
 The articles (the first of the undeclinable
 
 77 
 
 parts of (he Welsh tongue) are two, y and 
 
 Jst, \ is put in apposilion wi(n substan- 
 tives (or with verbs of the inlinitive mood 
 made substantives) and with adjectives be- 
 ginnins^ eilher wit!) consor)ants or with ay, 
 and sometimes with /, in construction : as, y 
 dijn^ the man ; y fcndigedig forwyn, the 
 blessed virgin ; y gwaeddi, the cry ; y 
 wraigf the woman ; y iaith, the languiige. 
 
 2dly, Vr is used before worcls Ijeginning 
 with vowels, whether radical or in construc- 
 tion : as, yr aberth, the sacrifice ; yrorddig 
 wraig, the angry woman. 
 
 Of their properties in construction see 
 their syntax. 
 
 CHAP. XXVIII. 
 
 The Adverbs. 
 
 An adverb is an undeclinable part of speecli, 
 joined to the verb, the more plainly to declare 
 its intent and circumstance. 
 
 Adverbs are of several sorts. 
 
 Of place : as, yma,yna, yno^ accza, dr&u\ 
 fry^ obry^ all&n, y maes^ i meze^n^ vchod^ 
 isod^ i fymi., i zoarcdy oddi yma^ oddi ynuy 
 oddi Gccw, p'le, i b'le, o b'le, o fewn, oddi 
 fewn, oddifaes, odduchod, oddisod, oddiacctaj 
 oddidraw. 
 
 Of time : as, ynawr^ yr awrhon^ y boreu, 
 
 yn foreu, yn hxDyr^yn ebrwydd^ heddyw^ y 
 
 fory, trennyddj gwrthdrawydd, tranoethy 
 
 , tradwy^ doe^ echdoe, cyn echdoe, gijnt, my'
 
 78 
 
 ^^c/i, beunydd, etto, bj/th, bellack, eusj/s, 
 weithian, erioed, y leni, er llynedd, tta,panf 
 yn ddiweddar. 
 
 Of number: as, vnwaith, dwywailh, 
 teirgzeaithj carmaith, milwaith, SfC. 
 
 Of order : as, yn gyntaf, yn ai/, yn dry- 
 dydd, Si'C. yn ddiwelhaf^ yn olaf, bellac/if 
 zceithkm, o'r diwedd, oddiytna, oddiyna. 
 
 Of asking : as, pa'7n, p^odd, p'wedd, (for 
 pa ham, pa J odd, pa wedd,) pa ddelw, pa 
 Slit, pahcwi, 'pa^m fdly, «, ai, fle, ai nidy^ 
 ouid, mae. 
 
 Of calling : as, how, hai, ha, degle, dehro. 
 
 Of denying : as, na, nad, nas, nac, nag e, 
 ni, ni's, nid, nn ddo, na ddo ddim, nag e ddim. 
 
 Of afiirming : as,/?, do, diau, dicer, ie, 
 
 felly •> pu'm nad (f, yn hollau)!, yn ddiarn- 
 
 Dieu. And before verljs, a,y, ydd, yd, yr, e. 
 
 Of swearing : as, myn, ym, ?', 7 hof a 
 Du'di). 
 
 Of exl)or(in.of : as, iddoy atto, arno, ar- 
 vynt, ad-dolicyn, adolwg. 
 
 Of forbi Iding : as, w<'i. 
 
 Of wishing : as, Ona^ nad, O nadd, O 
 nas. 
 
 Of gathering togetlier : as, ynghyd, yn 
 ^ichl, achlari, ar uriwaith,yn (iwyr. 
 
 Of parfing : as, ar wahaii, o''r neUldu.yn 
 ol, y'ralaen. 
 
 Of chousing : as, yn hy track, echre, yn 
 gynt, yn gyniaj, yn hioyrach, yn olaf, 
 
 Of a Ihing not finished : as, agoi^, yntron, 
 btaidd, prin. 
 
 Of tlivcrsi.'y : as. j/m amgen, yn atvgenat h ,
 
 79 
 
 Of shewing : as, daccw, dj/na, dyma^ dy- 
 frj/j dohry^ draw, zoele, ynjlyriy fal hyn, 
 fdli/. 
 
 Of doubting : as, agatfydd^ ysgalfydd, 
 nid liwyrach^ and odid, fe allai. 
 
 Of chance : as, o ddamwairiy o antur^ ond 
 antur. 
 
 Of likeness : as, felly-) yn unwedd, niegis, 
 trial, yn yr un-modd, yn unsut. 
 ■ Of vehemency : as, r^y, lawn, digon. 
 
 Of comparison : as, cyn^ mor\^ ac, a.^ yn 
 gymmaint., yn fwy, yn Uai. 
 
 Of explaining : as, sef, ys^ ef, malpaif 
 nid amgen, megh, mal. 
 
 Of quality ; (which are frequently made of 
 adjectives and participles, by putting 7/n 
 before them) asj^i'w Idn., yn fwyn, yn ddysg' 
 edig, yn ganmoladwy. Adjectives and par- 
 ticiples are also used adverbially without ?/n 
 prefixed : as, da y gxsnaetJwsty thou bast 
 •done well ; dysgedig yr allebodd^ he answer- 
 ed learnedly 
 
 Of quantity : as, llazDer, ychydig, hych' 
 ydig, gormodd, i gJjd^ pethy yn fawvy 
 ynfychmif o'r eithaf. 
 
 Interjections. 
 
 Interjections arc also reduced into this class 
 of adverbs. Such as nre these : 
 
 Of mtrth : a,s, ha, ha. 
 
 Of sorrow : as, gwae. och. 
 
 Of dread : as, dyt dyt, allal. 
 
 Of marvelling : as, O rhyfedd, O DduWy 
 croes Dduw. 
 
 Of disdaining : as, fei, fwrdd, wfft.
 
 80 
 
 Of praising : as, da, ah da, o'r goreu. 
 Of exclamation : as, tci, wb wb> 
 Of lans:bing : as, ha ha. 
 Of calling : as, ow, how. 
 Of silence : as, ust^ ^st. 
 Of mocking : as, heng. 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 
 Conjunctions. 
 
 Another undeclinable part of speech is a 
 conjunction ; which is used in joining words 
 and sentences together. Whereof some are 
 
 Copulatives : as, «, ac, na, nac, hefyd. 
 
 Disjunctives: as, ai,t2eu, naill ai. 
 
 Discretives : as, eilhr, ond, onid: 
 
 Causals : as, can, gan, canys, can's, gan 
 hyn, gan hyny, herwydd, o herwydd, am, 
 am hyn, am hijny,oblegid, a bleid, a achosy 
 o ethryb. 
 
 Conditionals : as, o, on, ad, or, 
 
 Exceptivcs : as, oni, os ni, onid, as nid, 
 jiamyn, hagen, eithr, oddieithr. 
 
 Jnterrogatives : as, a, ai, oni, onid. 
 
 lllatives: as, am (o achos, o blegid, o 
 ethryb, er mx£yn) hyny. 
 
 Advcrsalives : as, er,yr, cyd, bo, eisoes. 
 
 Redditives : as, elto, er hynny, eisoes, 
 mai, taw, chicailh, c]izi)ailhach,ox chzcaeth- 
 ach . 
 
 Electivcs : as, na, nag, no, nog. 
 
 Diminutives : as, o\ lleiaf, o'r eilhaf, o 
 braidd, n'oed, hydyn oed.
 
 81 
 CHAP. XXX. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 A PREPOSITION is an undeclinable part of 
 speech, set before other parts, either in appo- 
 sition : as, am arian, Formioney ; or else in 
 composition : as, amgjylchj/nu, to surround. 
 
 The prepositions used in apposition are 
 these : 
 
 A, ag, with ; am, for ; ar, upon ; nt, to ; 
 agos at, near unto ; agos i, near ; allan a, 
 out of; ar draws, over, acros ; ar ol, after; 
 amgylch, round about. 
 
 Can, with ; cydd, cyddg, with ; cylchy 
 about ; c7/n, before. 
 
 J)rach, behind ; dros, over. 
 
 Er, for ; er ?/s, since ; erhyn, by ; yn 
 erhyn, against. 
 
 Gan, with and of; gerfydd, by; gydd, 
 gyddg, with ; ger bron^ before or in presence 
 of; gerllaw, near or by; gorimch, abov6, 
 over ; goris, under, beneath ; gyfcrhyny 
 over against, before the face ; gwedi, after. 
 
 Jleb, without, by, or beside : heblaWf 
 beside ; heibio, by, beside, more than ; her- 
 wydd, by, because of; hwnt i, over, beyond; 
 hyd, as far as, until unto. 
 
 /, to ; i maes o, out of ; is, under, under- 
 neath, beneath ; islaw, below. 
 
 Mewn, in ; myn, by, (in swearing.^ 
 
 O, from ; o fewn, within ; oddi fewn, on 
 the inside, within ; oddi allan, on the out 
 side, without ; oddiar, over, above, from off; 
 oddiwrth, from off; o blegid, a ethryb, o 
 herwydd, because of ; o jlaen, before ; o
 
 82 
 
 s;7/lch^ about ; oV, out of ; o^r tn ol, behind^ 
 beside ; oV tu yma, on this side ; oV in 
 draw, on the other side ; oV tu inewn, on the 
 inside ; o'r tu allot?, on the outside ; o'l' tu 
 hwnt, on or from the o'.her side ; o''r parth 
 yma, on this side ; purth o, parih ag at 
 towards. 
 
 JRhag, from ; rhag bron, rkag wi/neh, 
 in presence of; rfiz£?ig, betMeen. 
 
 I'an, under; tros, over ; trw?/, through ; 
 tu a, tu ag aij towards ; tu og at am, as to, 
 as touchincf, as concerning. 
 
 IJch, above ; uchben, over ; ticlilawj 
 above, more than ; wrth, by. 
 
 Y maes o, out of; yn, in ; 7/n erhyti, 
 against; ?/;7«7jj//c/?, about ; yvgwydd, be- 
 fore, in presence of; yn ol, after ; ynymyl, 
 by, near. 
 
 Prtpovsitive prepositions used in composi- 
 tion are tliese : 
 
 A, ad, add, af, am, an, ar,'at. Blaen, 
 Cam, cor, cryn, cy, cyd, cyf, rym, cyn, 
 cyng, cyntaf, cyt. Dad, darn, dar, dat^ 
 den, di, dir, dis, drwg, dryg, dy, dys. Eb 
 ech, ed, eg, eil, ell, en, er, es Go, gor^ 
 g^ag, e.z£rth, g^iyr. ilir, hy, hyll. Ir. 
 JLled, llwyr. Rhag, thy. Tra, traws. Ym. 
 JSote here in general, That the same words 
 may be cither adverbs, interjections, or pre- 
 positions, according to their difi'erent uses in 
 construction; and that they may be distin- 
 guished or reduced into their proper res- 
 pective classes, by considering the tenor, or 
 nature of the discourse.
 
 %\ic CotTgtructton 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PARTS OF THE WELSH TONGUE. 
 
 X HE construction of the Welsh parts of 
 speech being natural, and moetly uniform 
 with the English, it may suffice to lay down 
 in the following chapters such rules only as 
 wherein the Welsh tongue mliy have some 
 propriety of idiom; whieh consists, first, In 
 a peculiar placing of its parts, and, secondly, 
 In an occasional change of the initial letters 
 of its radical words into soft, liquid, or aspi- 
 rate, according to the potestas or influence of 
 preceding words, or their dependance on one 
 another in construction. 
 
 Note here in general, That the first words 
 in sentences do ever retain their radical 
 initials, whether vowels or consonants. 
 
 CHAP. XXXI. 
 
 The construction of substantives. 
 
 Substantives come together in construc- 
 tion two ways; first, As belonging to one 
 thing • secondly, As belonging to divers.
 
 84 
 
 I. As belonging to one thing. 
 
 Two substantives, the one a proper, and 
 the other a common, are made either of these 
 ways : 
 
 If the common be placed first, then is^ or 
 yr, o'r aV, if the English be and the, put 
 before it ; and if they be masculines, they 
 make no change of their initials : as, »y ^bre~ 
 nin ^Dafydd a ddywedodd ; or, 'o'r ^brenin 
 ^Dafydtd a ddywedodd ; dywed wrth ^y 
 ^brenin ^Salomon. But if tliey be feminines, 
 both change their initials into their soft : as, 
 *y ^fTcnhines ^Fair; ^y ^forwyn ^Fair, 
 Or they are otherwise made thus : y is pla- 
 ced first, the common substantive next, gan 
 next, and the proper substantive, beginning 
 with its soft,- last : as, *y ^sanl ^gan *Bedr. 
 
 If the fatter substantive be the proper 
 name of a place, and is used as a cognomen 
 to man or woman, then it has regard to the 
 former substantive : i. e. if the former sub- 
 stantive be masculine, the latter substantive 
 changeth not its radical initial : as, ^Owein 
 *Gwyneddy Owen of Northwales ; but if the 
 former substantive be feminine, the latter 
 changeth into its soft : as, ^Fllen *Gaerang- 
 OM, Elinor of Worcester. 
 
 If the former substantive be a proper, and 
 the latter a common, and immediately follow- 
 ing one another, if they be the nominative case, 
 they make no change of their initials : 'Cm 
 ^mdb Ahiel, i5ut if they be of the genitive, or 
 any other case, the common substantive some 
 times changeth its initial into its soft: as. 
 Lis mdb 'Jbiel ^Jdb Seror ,■ gorchymmynodd
 
 ^5 
 
 T/lrenin i 'Fenaia ^fdb Jehoiada: and at 
 other times the common substantive chano-eth 
 not its initial: as, Salphaad^ mdb ^HepheVy 
 *mdb ^Gileady ^mdb Mackir, Sfc. Adoniah 
 mab Haggith a ddaeth at ^Fathseba ^mam 
 Salomon. 
 
 If the common substantive liave acquired 
 the use of a cognomen, it changeth its initial 
 into its soft ; as, ^Jesu ^Grist; ^Mair '^For- 
 wyn ; ^Arthur ^filwr; ^Rhi/s ^fardd. 
 
 The former substantive a proper, and the 
 latter a common : they are often made with 
 1/ or t^r between : as, 'Arthur ^i/ ^milwr; 
 'Nimrod ^j/r ^heliwr ; 'Dafydd ^y ^brenin. 
 Or the common is made absolute by putting 
 a or ac with a personal pronoun, and^w be- 
 tween it and the preceding proper : as, ^Ar* 
 thur ^ac ^yntau ^yn ^filwr^ a laddodd ei elyn- 
 ion Or being both common substantives, 
 areeilher made so: as, Fy 'nhdd, ^ac^ynteu 
 *yn '2(5r, a'm cdr U ^a ^minnau ^yn ^blentyn; 
 or else with ^ or 3/r before the former; and 
 gan y or gan yr before the latter : as, 'y 
 ^Ueidr ^gan yr '^erlhyl ; 'yr erlhyl ^gan y 
 *morwr. 
 
 Two common substantives are otherwise 
 made thus: the substantive betokening the 
 person is placed first, o next, and the occu- 
 pation or quality last : as, g-j^r ^0 ^saer; 
 'benyw ^0 ^olchyddes ; or by the reverse of it : 
 as, 'lleidr *o ^ddyn; 'lladrones *o ^wraig. 
 
 Of two common substantives coming after 
 a verb in apposition, see chap. 36. accu- 
 sative case, 
 
 ]J, Two or more substantives comino- to- 
 
 H
 
 86 
 
 gelber, belonging to divers tlungs, the laUer 
 being, as it were, possessed of the former, 
 and in English distinguished from it by the 
 sign of : as, the house of David; or which is 
 equivalent to it, by placing the possessor 
 (with 5 subjoined) before the possessed: as, 
 David's house. 
 
 if the latter substantive be the proper 
 name of a person, it is immediately subjoined 
 to the former; sometimes with a change of 
 its initial into its soft: as, bu rhyfel hir 
 rhztng ty Saul a Hhij ^Ddafydd ; safusantyn 
 'nhj) ^Oduw. And sometimes without a 
 ifhange : as, iddo y rhydd yr Arglx£ydd or- 
 seddfa ei 'dad ^IJafydd; y coiber i/n crogi 
 wrf.h "-law ^Paul. 
 
 \i the latter substantive be tlie proper 
 name of a country, town or place, and the 
 former substantive be of the plural number, 
 ihen the latter is immediately subjoined, with 
 its radical initial: as, ^gwyr ^ Lloe.gr ; 
 '^wiagedd ^Llundain. Hut if the former 
 substantive be of the singulvr number, then 
 ilse latter chano-oth its radical initial into its 
 solt, and hath o put before it: as, 'gccr ^o 
 ^ l^oegr ; \'.>;wraig *o ^Ijundain. 
 
 lioih substantives being counnon, and not 
 pertaining either to manulacture or material 
 wheicot a thing is done, or to be done, the 
 litter is iiumedi.itcly subjoini^d to the former, 
 without any change of its initial : as, ^cariad 
 -inaiii^ 'hat/ioi/i Hud^ ^gweinidog -Duvy^ 
 ■peii -bryn. 
 
 But ii the former substantive be an artificial 
 piect', and ihe latter the material, then is llie
 
 87 
 
 httcY either immediately subjoined, without 
 any chansfe of its radical initial, if the former 
 be masculine : as, '(y ^coed, ^mor ^pres; or 
 with a change of its radical initial into its 
 soft, if the former substantive be feminine : 
 as, ^i/sgiibor ^goedy ^sarph ^brcs, ^canz&i/ll 
 ^gwyr, \fjlam ^ddn ; or are otherwise made 
 with o between : as, Ui/ -o >goed, ^sarph ^o 
 ^brCs^ ^canwyll ^o ^g^ijr^ ^fflam *o ^ddn y 
 or adjectivciy, thus: '/y ^coedawl, ^ysgubor 
 
 If the former substantive be the artist, and 
 the latter the material, or the piece wrought 
 or to be wrought, the latter is immediately 
 subjoined-. with its radical initial, withoutany 
 regard to the gender of the former : as, ^saer 
 ^coed^ ^gof ^pedolau, ^gwiniedi/ddes^crysau. 
 
 in some respects (he latter substantive 
 hath i between it and the former: as, ^gwr H 
 ^Ddiiw, 'lad H'r \ymddifaid^ ^amser ^i ^ala- 
 rn ; and sometimes r A flg"; as, 'ofn^rhag yr 
 ^haint a sj/rthiasal arnn. 
 
 Lastly, it is to be noted, that tlie substan- 
 tive possessed is ever placed alter the posses- 
 sor, when put in apposition with it. But if 
 tiie substantive possessed be compounded 
 with the possessor, it is then placed foremost 
 in the composition, and the radical initial of 
 tile possessor is ever turned to its soft: as, 
 cad-farch^ a war-horse, or horse of war; 
 adarr/y, a bird-house. 
 
 u'i
 
 88 
 CHAP. XXXII. 
 
 The construction of substantives and 
 adjectitics. 
 
 JLhe adjective generally agrees with its sub- 
 stantive in gender and number : as, ^gthr 
 ^da, ^gzcraig ^dda^ ^^^ffyi ^^^y^y ^casseg' 
 ^wen, ^dynion '^mwynion^ ^cessig ^gwi/nion. 
 
 Vet the adjective agrees with the substan- 
 tive sometimes neither in gendernor number. 
 
 ]st, JNot in gender. For sometimes when 
 the adjective hath obtained the use of a sur- 
 name, and is subjoined to a proper name, the 
 adjective assumes its soft or its feminine 
 initial, though its substantive be of the mas- 
 culine gender : as, ^Ili/wel ^Dday ^Dafydd 
 ^Gani, ^Rhobin ^Ddu. So also do other 
 adjectives: as^ ^ Dafi/dd ^dduwioly ^Haman 
 ^ddichellgaTf ^Lazarus 'dlawd. So also, 
 digon, gormodd, Uarcer and JioU, when 
 joined to masculine substantives common : 
 as, '</ai/V ^ddigon, ^bznyd *ormoddf ^enlljt/n 
 Hax£er^y ^dynion ^oll. And as these adjec- 
 tives are feminines, though joined to mascu- 
 culine substantives ; so when the adjectives 
 are placed before their substantives, with a 
 pronoun possessive between, the adjective 
 may be masculine, though the substantive be 
 feminine: as, ^gwyn ^ei ^llaw^ ^gldn yziD^dy 
 iferch. 
 
 2dly, Not it number. As when the adjec- 
 tive wants the plural number, the singular 
 adjective is joined to a plural substantive: 
 as, *piccel!au Hanllyd, ^dynion ^da. And 
 sometimes, though the adjective have a plu-
 
 89 
 
 ral: as, 'di/nion ^duwiol, ^giDragedd ^cre- 
 fyddol. So when tiie adjective is placed 
 first, and i<s plural substantive after: as, 
 ^amrafael ^famiau, ^caredig ^ddj/tiion. 
 
 Of the places of adjectives in construction 
 with their sitbstantizes. 
 
 The place of the adjective in construction 
 is generally after its substantive : as, ^t^ 
 Hegj ^gwr ''■doethf ^gwraig ^lan. Yet some 
 seem to affect a place before their substan- 
 tives : as, ^hen ^wr, 'hen ^wraig^ ^hen ^dy ; 
 and then the substantives take their soft 
 ifiitials, except when the adjectives are of 
 the comparative or superlative degrees : as, 
 ^mwfjnach ^gwr^ 'crf/faf ^brenin, 'gtannch- 
 ^gwraig, ^goreu ^march, 'gwaethaf -plen- 
 ti/n. 
 
 Poh is ever placed before its substantive, 
 and makes no change of the radical initial of 
 the substantive : as, 'pob ^di/n, 'pob ^gwraig. 
 And so is rhyzv ever placed betbre its sub- 
 stantive, but always makes the radical initiat 
 of its substantive soft; as, 'rkyw ^ar, ^rhj/w 
 ^wrnig ; which wa/// also doeth. 
 
 Some adjectives, being used substantively^ 
 arc also placed before their substantives, 
 witii o between ; so making their substantives 
 of the genitive case : as, ^llawer 'o -feircky 
 ^hyn 'o ^orchwi/l, 'mwjj 'o ^gj/foeth, 'rha- 
 gor 'o ^enl/yn, 'digon 'o \fwj/dj ^llai 'o 
 '^bj/sgod, 'bi/chan 'o \faint^ Si^c. 
 
 jf the substantive and the adjective he the 
 vocative case, their property is this : 1st, 
 
 H 3
 
 90 
 
 Either of (hem may indifferently lead. 2dly> 
 If tbey begin a sentence (without o or any 
 other word before them) and the adjective 
 be placed foremost, then the adjective is 
 made to agree with the gender of the sub- 
 stantive ; but the substantive, of whatsoever 
 gender, takes the soft initial : as, ^trugarog 
 ^DduWy ^garedig "wrdig. And if the sub- 
 stantive lead, then the substantive, if mascu- 
 line, preserves its radical initial, but if femi- 
 nine, it changeth it into its soft ; and the adjec- 
 tives are made to agree with the gend( rs of 
 their substantives: as, > Dtiza Hrugarog, ^for- 
 icjyn ^feiidigedig. But, 3dly, It they follow 
 0, or any other word or words, then the former 
 word, whether substantive or adjective, be- 
 gins with its soft: as, 'O 'dad Hritgarogy 
 'O ^drugarog ^ddd, caniadha hyn ^drugarog 
 'dad, 'D 'fevdigedig ^forioyn. And if the 
 adjeotivebe placed last, it assumes an initial 
 suitable to liie gender ofthe substantive : as, 
 O ^dud Hrugarog, O [foricj/n 'J'endigtdig, 
 
 Of the initial letters of plural substantives 
 and adjectives. 
 
 Plural substantives placed after their ad- 
 jectives, change their radical initials into 
 their soft : as, ^antrafael/on 'bechodaii, ^car^ 
 iadus frodi/r. But p|t!ral adjt^ttivcs placed 
 after their substantives, keep the radical ini- 
 tials of (heir singulars : as, ^gucvagrdd 'inwi/n- 
 Aon, ^nierched 'gxeynion^ ^cessig 'diion. V ea, 
 thougli adjectives wanting plurals are yet 
 added to plural substantives: as, ^Jym@n
 
 91 
 
 'da, ^gwragedd ^gwledig: except digon^ 
 llawer, bagadAud rhai^ which bein^ applied 
 to plural substantives, chan;^e their initials to 
 their soft : as, ^pi/sgod ^ddigon, ^dj/nion 
 Hawer, ^planl 'fagadf ^meibion 'rai. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIII. 
 
 Construction of substantives and numerals* 
 
 J^LMERALs (as was said, chap. 20) are of 
 two sorts, cardinalsand ordinals. 
 
 The properties of cardinals in construction 
 are these: 
 
 Tliey are ever placed before their substan- 
 tives, bcino^ single numerals: as, 'w« 'g"cSr, 
 ^dau 'wry 'deng *ior, 'deuddeng ^i^'r^ ^ugain 
 ^gzJor, ^dengain 'gcor^ ^can 'gr^r. But when 
 tlic number requires more than one word to 
 express it, then the thing numbered is placed 
 next after the first word of the number, and 
 is generally used singularly : as, ^un 'gr^r 
 ar ddcgj ^dau 'wr ar bi/mtlieg^ S<;c. 'can 
 'g:or ac un^ ^de.ucan 'gwr a dau. 
 
 Mil (a thousand) hath o between it and 
 (he thing numbered : as, 'mil ^o ^zOT/r, dwj/ 
 fd 'o ^Wf/r, tSr. iJiit of the placing both of 
 cardinals and ordinals, common use is chiefly 
 to be consulted. 
 
 ^V^lien substantives beginnifig with b, d,gf 
 are compounded with pump, sailli^ '^"J/^/'j 
 nmOy deg, pz/mtlieg, ugain, deugain, S['c. 
 canty then do the subslaniivcs make the fol- 
 lowing changes of (heir initials, y'ri. b into
 
 92 
 
 m, d into w, and g- thrown away: ^and the 
 numerals stand as tolloweth : 
 
 Puni: as, puDi'mUiijch^ pum-nyn^ pum" 
 wr. 
 
 Seilh : as, seilh-muwch^ seith-ni/n, seilh- 
 wr. 
 
 Wylh : as, wyth-muxeichy wylli-nyn-, 
 wylh-wr. 
 
 Naw : as, naw-miiwch^ naw-nyn, nawwr. 
 
 Deng : as, deng-inuwch, deng-tjyn, deng- 
 z€r. 
 
 Pymiheng : as, pymtherig-muwch, pym- 
 thcng-riyn^ pymtheng-wr. 
 
 Ugein : as, ugein-muwchy vgein-nyn, 
 ligein-xjor. 
 
 Deiigein.' as, deugein-muvcch^ deugein- 
 nyn^ deugein-wr. 
 
 Can: as, can-muzcch^ can-nyn, can-wr ; 
 of buzcch, dyn^ g'dir. 
 
 The properties of ordinals in constructioa 
 are tliese : 
 
 They are all placed, when single numerals, 
 before their substantives : as, yr ^ail ^wr, y 
 ^trydydd ^gwr, &c- except cyntaf, which is 
 placed sometimes before its substantive : as, 
 y ^cyntaf ^pelfi ; and sometimes after it: as, 
 y 'gwr ^cynlaf. 
 
 \V lien yn is used ia the description of 
 order, they are all placed next aficr _?//?, and 
 before tiie things treated of: as, ^yu ' gyntaf 
 3oj£<;-, ^ijn 'ail iwfy \i/n ^drydydd ^gwr. 
 
 When more than one word goes to make 
 up the ordinal fuunber, then the thing or 
 substantive is placed next alter the \^ori{ of 
 the number, as in the case ol the cardinals:
 
 93 
 
 as, yr ^unfed 'gt&r ar hugairif y ^ddwyfcd 
 'wraig a deitgain. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIV. 
 
 Construction of pronouns * 
 
 Ihe construction of pronouns consists in 
 three things. 
 
 1st, Their compositions and appositive 
 words. 
 
 2dly, Their places with relation to verbs. 
 
 Sly, Their places with relation to substan- 
 tives. 
 
 These respects we shall consider as we treat 
 of the several classes of the pronouns in their 
 order. 
 
 The classes of the pronouns are six. 
 
 1. Personals W. Possessives 
 
 11 Demonstratives V. Interrogatives 
 111. Relatives VI. Derivatives. 
 
 /. Of the personal protiouns and their 
 derivatixes. 
 
 The personal pronouns are these : 7n?, iiy 
 e/e, hi: and in construction,^, ?, di, e,fe, 
 e/, o, foj efo. Plur. Ni, chwif hwj/, 
 nhwt/y hwj/nt. 
 
 Their compositions are four-fold. 1st, 
 With themselves ; 2dly, With preposi- 
 tions ; 3dlj, With adverbs ; and, Ithlj, 
 With au. 
 
 1st, With themselves : as,
 
 94 
 
 Myji^ nyvi, tydi^ chrioychwi., hi hi, hwyni^ 
 hwy^ and y?, ti., dfc. 1, thou, &c. componn'ded 
 with fion, with one o in apposition and ano- 
 ther o placed between hon and y?, ti, S^-c. as, 
 dywedyd o honof^ o honot^ o hono ; or, o 
 honaw, o honi, o honom, o honoch, o ho' 
 nynt^ that I, thou, he, she, we, ye, they, 
 should say, Allan o honof^ o honoty S^c. 
 out of me, thee, «&c. 
 
 2dly, With prepositions : as, 
 
 Ar, upon : as, arnaf, arnat, arno, ami. 
 Pi. Arnom, arnock^ arnynt, up'on me, thee, 
 him, her; us, you, them. 
 
 ^^,to: as, attaf^ attat, atlOy SiC. to me, 
 thee, him, &c. 
 
 . Can or gaw, with, in possession of: as, 
 eennyf, cennyt ; cennyni, cennych ; gennyin^* 
 gennych ; changing a of can and gan into e: 
 and cantho, canthiy canthynt ; or gatiddo, 
 ganddi, gnnddynt, retaining a; with me,. 
 llice, him, her ; us, you, them. 
 
 Er, fur the sake of : as, erof, erot, erddo, 
 erddi ; erom, eroch, e^l^ynt ; fur ray, thy, 
 his, her, &c. sake. 
 
 Ilcb, without : as, kehof, hebot, htbddo, 
 hebddi; liebom^ heboch, htbddynt ; without 
 me, thee, &c. 
 
 llyd, (with ar in apposition,) all over: 
 as, ar hydof^ ar hydot, ar dyd-ddo, ar hyd- 
 ddi; ar hydom, ar h?/doch, ar hyd-ddynt^ 
 all over me, thee, &c. 
 
 /, to: as, im', it\ in\ (or poetically, j/m', 
 yl'\, yn'J to me, thee, us : iddo, iddi, iddyntf 
 to him, her, them. 
 
 JlhftCj irom or forward : as, rhagof^
 
 95 
 
 rhagolf rhagdJoy rhagddi; rhagoyn^ rhag- 
 och\ rhagddynty from me, thee, &c. of 
 rhagofy dos rhagoty 1 will go forward, go 
 thou forward. 
 
 Rhwngy between : as, rhyngofy rhyngoty 
 rhj/ngddoy rhyngddiy (or rhynglhoy rhyng- 
 thi;) rhyngomy rhyngoc.hy rhyngddynt or 
 rhyngthynt ; between me, thee, him, &c. 
 
 Tuiiy under: as, tanafy tanat: tano,ta?i2; 
 tanoviy tajiochy tanynt; under me, thee, 
 him, &c. 
 
 Trosy for or over: as, trosofy trosoly 
 trostOy trosti; trosoiUy trosochy trostynt ; 
 for or over me, thee, him, &c. 
 
 Trwijy through : as, trzeofy trwot, trwy- 
 ddi ; trwom, trzcochy trwyddym ; through 
 me, thee, him, her, &c. 
 
 • Wrthy by or to : as, wrthyfy wrihyty zor- 
 ihoy wrthi ; zcrtht/my x^rlhychy zarthynt ; 
 by or to me, thee, him, her, &c. 
 
 Yiiy in or withiti : as, ynojy ynoty ynlhoy 
 or ynthaWy or ynddoy ynlhi or ynddi ; ynomy 
 ynodiy ynddyvt ; in or within me, thee, him, 
 her ; us, vou, them. 
 Sdly, With adverbs, 
 r The personal pronouns are often joined witb 
 a or yy adverbs of affirming ; aud witli na or 
 jfiy adverbs of denying, and then they are 
 ever acciis'itive cases governed of the verb, 
 ])lnced between the nominative case and the 
 verb, and contracted by subjoining oidy m 
 for nii^ Ih f.)r tiy i for efor hi, n for niy ch 
 t";>r chii)ty and i (or perhnps u rather,) for 
 hwynt : as, 
 
 J. Duw a';??, ci'thyai; a'f?, a'ch, a i or
 
 96 
 
 a*tt car odd; God loved me, thee, him or 
 her; us, you, them. 
 
 y. Duw y'm^ y*lh; y*n^ y\h carodd ; 
 God loved rue, thee; us, you. Third per- 
 son singular and plural wanted. 
 
 iVa. Dywedodd ncHm^ na'th ; ntCn^ na*ch 
 caret; he said he would not love me, thee ; 
 us, you. Third person singular and plural 
 wanted. 
 
 Ni. Duw nVm, nVth ; nVn, nVch carodd; 
 God loved me, thee ; us, you, not. Third 
 person singular and plural wanted. 
 
 4thly, With au. 
 \ Besides the afore-mentioned prepositive 
 compositions, personnl pronouns are alsosub- 
 junctively compounded with the particle aw, 
 placing a double n between mi and ni and 
 CM, and th between ii, chwiy hi and hw7/f 
 and au : as, jninnau^ ninnau^ iithaii, c/tm- 
 thau, hithau, hwythau ; hwi/nt make hwynt- 
 aU) and ynlau is an anomal. 
 
 Of the words suhjuncti-oely used in apposi' 
 tion zeiih poetical pronouns. 
 
 Personal pronouns have hun or hunan 
 (self or alone) subjoined in apposition with 
 their singulars; and hun or hunan (selves 
 or alone) with their plurals : as, 
 
 Fy or myfi fy hun or hunan; myself, 1 
 myself, myself alone, 1 alone. Dy or tydi 
 dy hun or hunain , thyself, thyself alone, 
 thou thyself, thou alone. Ei or eje ei hun 
 or hunain ; himself, he himself, himself 
 alone, he alone. Ei or hi ei hun or hunan;
 
 1 
 
 97 
 
 herself, herself alone, she Iierself, she alone. 
 Ein or nj/ni ein hun or hunain ; ourselves, 
 we ourselves, we alone. Eich ox chwychwi 
 eich hun or hunain,- yourselves, ye your- 
 selves, ye alone. Eu or hzoi/nt-hxoi/ eu hun 
 or hunain; themselves, they themselves, 
 they alone. 
 
 2c?/y, The places of personal pronouns with 
 relation to verbs. 
 
 1st PERSON. 
 
 Rule 1st. JSIi and myfi^ when nominative 
 eases, are placed before their verbs, with or 
 without the affirmative adverb a.- as, mi ot 
 mijfi ddywedais or a ddywedais wriho. 
 
 Rule 2d. Minnau is likewise placed be- 
 fore its verb, with or without the adverb a : 
 as, mijinau ddj/wedais, or a ddywedais. It 
 is likewise placed after the verb, as well 
 when nominative case to it as when go- 
 verned of it, making the necessary change of 
 its radical initial : as, d^wedais innau; 1 
 also said; tar awodd finnan, he struck me also. 
 
 Rule 3d. Fi is placed after the verb, and 
 is governed of it: as, tarawodd fi; or is 
 placed after tlie nominative case, when the 
 nominative is put after the verb : as, taraw- 
 soch chun fi. 
 
 Rule 4th. /, when nominative c«se, is 
 placed after its verb : as, dt/zoedais i. When 
 governed of the verb, it is likewise placed 
 after the verb, with a'm placed between the 
 expressed nominative case and (he verb : as, 
 eje a^ni tarawodd i. 
 
 I
 
 98 
 
 Rule 5ih. Ni and nimiau^ when nomi- 
 native cases (o a terb, are placed either be- 
 fore (he verb, with or without the affirmative 
 fl between (hem and the verb : as, ni or nin- 
 nau ddijwedmn or a ddyvijedwn ; or they are 
 placed next after the verb : as, dyx&edwn ni 
 or ninnaii. When governed of the verb, 
 they are placed next after it : as, carodd ni 
 or ninnnu, viz. when the nominative case of 
 the verb is not expressed : but when the 
 nominative is expressed, then they are placed 
 cither next after the verb, with an next before 
 the verb : as, Duw a^n carodd ni or tiinnau ; 
 or after the nominative case placed after the 
 verb likewise : as, carodd Duw niox ninnau. 
 
 Rule 6lh. Nt/ni is ever placed before 
 the verb, with or without the affirmative a; 
 and is ever the nominative case of the verb : 
 as, nyni or nyni a ddi/wedwn. 
 
 Stily, JMinnau, /, ni and ninnau^ as rela- 
 ted to substantives, see/y, J^y, ein^ pronouns 
 possessive. 
 
 2d PERSON. 
 
 T/, tijdi, used ns ?;?/, niyfi. Rule 1st above. 
 
 Tiilitiu used as minnau. Rule l^c! above. 
 
 J)i used as fi. Rule 3d above. And as i. 
 Rule 4lh above. f)nly when goviined of 
 the verb it hath u'lh between the expressed 
 nominative case and the verb : as, efe a'lh 
 daroiirodd di. 
 
 < //uv' ant! chidlhau placed as «/ and nil' 
 nail. Rule 5lh. 
 
 C Jizci/thwi used as vT/ni. Rule Gth above. 
 
 oA PE1{S(>N'. 
 
 / />. cfyfo. efo^ e, /e, Oj have no peculiar
 
 99 
 
 places assigned them, with regard to their 
 verbs ; but are placed sometimes beton; the 
 verb, with the affirmative a between them 
 and the verb: as, efe a ddi/wedodd ; and 
 sometimes alter : as, dj/wedodd efe. 
 
 But when ef is governed of the verb, it is 
 ever placed after i(, with u'l put between the 
 nominative case and tjie verb : as, ti a'i la- 
 rewaist ef. 
 
 Note, T!iat some would have this pronoun 
 spelt efe only when it is nominative case to a 
 verb, wlieresocvcr placed ; and spelt e/when 
 governed of a verb. 
 
 /7^, used as e/o above, and as efe. 
 
 Yntau, hi'/iau, Jno^iftaii, hwj/lhau,Yi\a.ced' 
 as minnau^ Rule 2d above. Or as ninnau. 
 Rule 5lh above. 
 
 Hi hi, ninoy, hwyut-lnrnj^ ever nomina- 
 tive cases, and placed before the verb with 
 tlie affirmative a. 
 
 Hwy is ever nominative case, and is pla- 
 ced either before the verb, \vil!i a; or next 
 after the verb : as, hxiOi/ a ddyzcedasant, or 
 dj/:jredasn?it hvoy. 
 
 Hwynt is ever governed of t!ie verb, and' 
 placed after it, with ai put betwee:. the no- 
 minative case and the verb ; as, tfe a\.i 
 lladdodd hzeyttt. 
 
 How the j ersonal pronouns are to be phiced. 
 with regard to their verbs,' when thoy have 
 hun, hunan or hunain subjoined in apposition 
 to them. 
 
 The single personal pronovna fJufs. 
 
 They are generally nominative ca^es to 
 12
 
 100 
 
 tlseir verbs ; and when placed before their 
 verbs, have e»'er their radical pronouns put 
 before <hem, with a o'r ai between them and 
 the verb : as, mi fy hun or hiinan ai ^sgri- 
 fennais or a 'sgrifennais hyn. Or else are 
 placed, without their radical pronouns, alter 
 botii the verb and the word governed of it : 
 as, 'sgrifennais hyn fy hun or fy hunan. 
 And so of the rest. 
 
 The double personal pronouns thtts : 
 
 If another personal pronoun be Ihe word 
 governed of (he verb, then that other pro- 
 noun is compounded with the affirmative 
 adverbs a or 3/, or with the negative adverb 
 «?:, and placed next before the verb ; and (he 
 do»ib!e pronoun cither set alone before that 
 governed pronoun, and hun, hunan or hun- 
 ain placed after (he verb ; and if the govern- 
 ed pronoun be repeated after that also : as, 
 myji nth (or y\h, or nith ) waredais jy 
 hun, or fi^' hunan,- or myfi ath {ox yth, or 
 711' Ih) wan-dais a'i fy htm or fy hunan. Or 
 else the double pronoun, together with hun 
 or htman, 6,x. is placed first, the pronoun 
 governed next, and the verb last: as, 7nyfi 
 fy hun or fy hunan a'th waredais, or, ath 
 waredais di. 
 
 But if a substantive be the word governed 
 of the verb, then (he double pronoun is either 
 placed alone first, the affirmative a next, the 
 verb next, and the word governed next, and 
 fy,dy, &c. wi(h hun, 6,c. last: as, myfi a 
 ysgnfenais lyfr fy hun or fy hunan. Or 
 Use double pronoun, with Jiun, 3ic. are pla-
 
 10 r 
 
 ced first, (he aflirmaiive next, the verb next, 
 a-ntl the word governed last : as, myji fy hurt 
 or hun or Jwnan ai/sgrifennais lj/fr% And 
 so of the rest. 
 
 Note in general, That each of single per- 
 sonal pronouns, when Mominative ciises to 
 verbs, are very often wholly omitted, and 
 left to be understood in the person of the 
 verb : as, dywedais, dj/wedaist, S^c. 1 said, 
 thou saidst, &c. 
 
 II, The demonstrative pronouns. 
 
 T!ie denionsttative pronouns are hwn, 
 hwnnw, yma and j/^2<2. 
 
 These are no where compounded but in 
 hyn and hyny^ plurals of hwn anil hvonn'iO ; 
 and that only with rhai^ when their final 
 letter or syllable only is retained, and ai oi 
 rhai sometimes changed into ei : as, of fiyny 
 r/infn, of hyny^ rhe'i'ni or rhai'ny. 
 
 However, hw7i and hwnnw, singulars, and 
 rliaVn and rhefni, plurals, have hun, hun' 
 an and hunain put in apposition wilh them, 
 with ei or cu respeclively between : as, hwn 
 or hwnnw ei hun or huiinn ; rhai'n or rheVni 
 eu hun or hunain. And hiidn hath some- 
 times yma in apposition with it; as, hwn 
 yrna^ this same, or this very man. 
 
 The places of demonstrative pronouns in 
 construction. 
 
 When they are nominative cases to verbs, 
 they arc placed eiiher before their verbs, 
 
 i3
 
 102 
 
 willi a between them and the verb, viz. wlieu 
 a word governed ok the verb follows it: a^, 
 hvDn or hwnnw a wnaeth hyn : or Avith ai 
 between them and the verb, when there Is uo 
 Mvord governed following the verb ; as, lixsn 
 or hwnnio ai gwnaelk ; or they are placed 
 f]ext after the verb, viz, when there is a, 
 qvsestion asked, or when the word governed 
 of the verb is placed tirst, with a put bctvveer\ 
 i( and the verb: as, heUi a wnatth hwn ot 
 Int:/7iKi) :^ y drwg a xcnaelh Iizsn or hwnnw ? 
 
 When they are governed of the verb, 
 (h^'v are placed either after their verbs 
 feub.stantives too, if (iiey have any : as, e/e a 
 ipgrijennoduy Hijfi" hum ox y Hyfr hwnnw: 
 pr they are placed themseives, and their 
 substantives, if t!iey have any, first, flieafiir- 
 uialive a next, the verb next, and the nomi.Tj 
 native case last: as, hwii or hwnnw, ox ij 
 lli/jr hwH or j/ l/yfr Itijonnw a ijsgrij'ennodd 
 tje. 
 
 Whpu hzsn, hzEmm\&:c. hnve him-, S,'C. m 
 appojsilion, fhey are either placed first, witli 
 /nin, 6'C. immediately subjomed, or with, 
 huii, a-(\ placed last ; v»ith ei or eu respeCr'' 
 tiveiy placed next before /mn, isc. as, hwn^ 
 or hwnnw ei htm (or hunan) a j/sgnfcnnodU 
 y ilutr hwn : or, hwn or hwnnw a y^gnfeu' 
 oddy iljjjr hwn ei huu or ei hunan, 
 
 Nole, That besides these four demonstra- 
 tives, yr an is also sometimes demonsfr.iiively 
 used, as, (1 Peter o S ) Lei it not be that 
 oulvvard, &c. Bydded nid yr un oddi
 
 103 
 
 IIL The relathe ])ronoiws. 
 
 The relative pronouns are, i/r kwfii 7/ 
 sowl, y neh^ yr un. ** 
 
 Their places in construction. 
 
 Yr hwn, when nominative case, is placed 
 before the verb, with the affirmative a be- 
 tween it and the verl) : as, yr hzcn a wnH 
 hyn. When it is governed otthe verb, it is 
 placed cither before the verb, viz. when the 
 nominative case is Fet after the verb : as, yr 
 hzen a laddodd efe : or it is placed after tlie 
 verb : as, i)z/w a gar yr hzrn a zoncl gyf' 
 inwKder : and also after the nominative case, 
 if that be placed also after the verb : as. Car 
 Jjuw yr hwn a wnel gyfiozt>nder. 
 
 When yr hum is placed first, the affirma- 
 tive a next, the verb next, and a substantive 
 last, then j/r htsm is indilferentlj-, either the 
 nominative to the verb, or the case governed 
 of it : as, yr h'um a gdryr Arglwydd ; whoso 
 lovetl) the lord, or whom the Lord loveth. 
 . y sawl^ y neb J yr un, are placed as yr 
 hwn. 
 
 IV. The possessive prononns. 
 
 TThe possessive pronouns are, 7}iau, tau, fy^ 
 dij, e/, eiddO) willi their plurals. 
 
 Their co7npositions. 
 
 They are oHen compounded with a. ami ; 
 «, with ; 7;«, neither or nor; ?', to; o. out of. 
 Ant! such as are capi-.b'.e of sucJi competitions 
 are thus contracted:
 
 104 
 
 A : as, a'jn or a'm tad ; a'tli or atk dad ; 
 a'i or rt'/' dad or /Ant/; a'w or d^n tad; d'ch 
 or fl'r/< tad; a'u or o'm /r/rf; and or A\ith 
 my, iliy, his or her ; our, your, their falher. 
 
 Na : as, wa'm or ««'m ^arf, dfc. neither or 
 nor my falher. 
 
 J : as, i'm tad, fth dad, SfC. to my, thy 
 father, &c. 
 
 JNote, That ei, his or her, and eu, their, 
 after ?', to, are changed into w : as, fw dad, 
 i'w Ihdd; to his or her father: fw tad, to 
 their fat her. 
 
 O: as, o'm tad, o^th dad, o^i dad, o'f 
 thdd ; o'n tad, o\li tad, a'u tad; out of ray, 
 thy, &c. fatlier. 
 
 F^ and dj/, before a vowel, often loose ^; 
 as, fenaid, d'enaid, forf?/ enaid, dy enaid. 
 
 FAn and eich, after words ending with 
 vowels, are eitlier contraeted or remain 
 entire^: as, Duw yiBn or yxt ein Ceidzaad; 
 Duw yxc'ch or yw eich Ceidwad. And 
 in 8outh-WaIcs mau and tau are also muti- 
 lated on this account : as, Duw yw'm Ceid' 
 z£ad, Dui£) ywUh Geidwod. 
 
 All the possessive pronouns, except mau 
 and tai/, have the prinutive pronouns of their 
 res|)ective persons often set in apposition with 
 llicin : as, f/y tihdd ?, dy dad d'l, ei dad ef; 
 ein tad ni, eich tad chwi, eu tad hxcy ; eiddo 
 fi, ciddot ti, S,c, fy eiddo fi, dy eiddo ti, StC. 
 or otiierwise with innau, dithau, «Srf. thus: 
 fy nhdd innuii, dy dad ditlinu, ei dad yntan, 
 ei thad hithau ; ein tad ninnau, eich tad 
 chzcithav, eu tad hwythau ; eiddo f finnau, 
 eiddot tilhcin, eiddo yntau, eiddo hithau;
 
 lOo 
 
 ciddmn ninnau, eiddo chwithau, eiddynt 
 hwylhau : and soxnetimes only eiddofy 
 ciddotf Si'C. 
 
 The places of the possessive pronouns in 
 construction* 
 
 Mau and tau are ever placed after Iheir 
 substantives ; 1/ or yr being also put before 
 the substantives : as, 1/ tad mau, 2/ fain fan; 
 y tad tau, y fam dau ; so changing the 
 initials of mau and tau into their softs, if 
 their substantives be feminines. Mau and, 
 tau, when they have no substantives ex- 
 j)resscd, have the article y set before them : 
 as, y mau, y tau, raasc. y fau, y dau, fem. 
 
 All the other possessive pronouns (except 
 eiddo) are placed before their expressed 
 substantives ; the radical initial letter of their 
 substantives being changed after^y into their 
 liquids ; after dy and ei, his, into their softs; 
 after ei, her, into their aspirates ; and after 
 the rest remaining in their radicals, and 
 with or without their primitive pronouns: 
 as,^ nhdd, or fy nhtid i ; dy dad, or dy 
 dad di; ei dad, or ei dad ef ; ei ihdd, or ei 
 thdd hi ; ein tad, or ein tad ni, SfC. 
 
 JSiddo fi and fy eiddo fi, S^c. have ever a 
 substantive, either expressed or understood, 
 as have all the other possessives. But when 
 their substantives are expressed, they are 
 always dissevered from them by a verb: as, 
 hzon yw fy eiddo ji, ox fy eiddo i yw hwn; 
 eiddo pwy yw hwn ? eiddo Dafydd ydyw 
 tiurn.
 
 106 
 
 V. 771 € interrogative pronouns. 
 
 The interrogaHve pronouns are pwj/ and 
 pa. See chap. 21. 
 
 T'heir places in construction. 
 
 1st, They are sometimes nominative cases 
 to verbs, and placed before them, with or 
 without the affirmative a between them and 
 the verb : as, pwy (or pa wr) a ddyxsoaid 
 hyn? px£y yw hwn? pa anifail yw hwn? 
 
 2d\y, They are governed of tiie verb, yet 
 placed before it, with a between: as, pwy 
 (or pa) tjbr a welafji? 
 
 Lastly, They are genitive cases, latter of 
 two substantives, and placed next after the 
 former substantive: as, llyfr pwy yw hwn? 
 whose book is this? 
 
 VI. Derizative pronouns. 
 
 The construction of derivative pronouns is 
 to be seen in the account of their respective 
 priniitives. 
 
 CHAP. XXXY. 
 
 The construction of the nominative case 
 and the verb. 
 
 Rule 1st. A verb personal agreeth with 
 its nominative case in number and person : 
 as, ^myf, a ^ddywedais, Hydi a '^ddyvcedaist^ 
 ^Duw a ^ddywedoddy ^nyni a ^ddywed' 
 dsom. S(C.
 
 [07 
 
 Exception 1st. A noun collec<ive singu- 
 lar, may have a verb plural as well as singu- 
 lar : as, ?/ 'dj/rfa a ^aetkant, or a ^aeth 
 ymaith. 
 
 Exception 2d. The third person singular 
 of any tense of a verb, is made to agree witli 
 a nominative case of the third person plural, 
 if (he nominative case be a substantive, and 
 placed after t!ie verb : as, 'carodd y ^dynion 
 ef; a 'ydi/wW ^milwj/r yn 7/ maes ? j/r ^oedd 
 Haranaii^ a ^mellt^ a ^ chmmmwl tew ar 1/ 
 mr/nydd, Exod. 19, \Q. 'Bi/dded ^goleu- 
 adau, Gen. 1, 14. So when the verb hath 
 two nominative cases singular, with a con- 
 junction copulative between them, provided 
 the nominative cases be each of them of the 
 third person : as, ^aeth 'Pedr a ^loan Vr 
 deml. But when the nominative case is a 
 plural pronoun, the verb, though placed 
 foremost, must agree with it both in number 
 and person : as, ^aelhom ^m, ^acthont ^hw?/. 
 
 liule 2d. When a verb hath two or more 
 nominative cases, (wlicther singular or plu- 
 ral, of divers persons, with conj 11 fictions co- 
 pulative between, the verb shall be made 
 plural, and to agree with tiie nominative case 
 of the worthier person : as, ^mi am "^tylwylh 
 a 'xjcciftanneihwn 7/r Arg;lwi/dd^ Jos. 24, 15. 
 
 Rule 3d. The atiirmative adverb a is 
 generally put before the persons of verbs, if 
 the verbs intend affirmation, (see examples 
 on rule first abovo:) and so is 1/ either ex- 
 pressed or understood before the pronouns of 
 bod: as, '^ -mae Duw yn y nef, Daw ^y 
 ^sydd ddut ^mae cje yn y ly^ ^masr g-ii;r yn 
 ddy^gedig.
 
 108 
 
 As also y or yr before o( her verbs, if any 
 part of the sentence be placed before the 
 verbs : as, wrthym fi ^y ^dywedodd efe, wr- 
 thym fi ^yr "ynganodd: but if the accu- 
 sative case be placed before the verb, then is 
 y ox yr sorae(imes changed into a : as, ^cyf' 
 lafan 'a ^wnaeth efe. 
 
 Rule 4th. If the verb begin the sentence, 
 and its nominative case come after it, then 
 the verb immediately lead : as, gwnaeth 
 Dafydd gyflafan ; or it bath the particle e 
 put before it : as, ewnaelh Dafydd gyjlaf an. 
 
 Rule 5th. The nominative cases of verbs, 
 whether placed before or after their verbs, 
 retain their radical initials : as, 'Dafydd a 
 ^ddywedoddwrth Joahy or '^dywedodd ^Da- 
 fydd With Joah ; ^Diiw a ^wnaeth y hyd, or 
 ^gwnaeth ^Duio y hyd. However, the no- 
 minative case of-^ hu (was) doth sometimes 
 assume the soft form : as, "^hu \fraw yn y 
 gwersyll, 1 Sam. 14, 15. And so do nomi- 
 native cases placed after the third person 
 singular of verbs ending in ai or e/, whatever 
 moods or tenses the verbs be of : as, y ^gallai 
 dyn^ that a man could ; pe 'dywedasai 'dyn 
 wrihyf, if a man had told me ] onid ^arheda 
 ^Duw, if God would not spare ; 'Peitai or 
 pe "bai 'ddyn yn ^alluy if a man could. 
 
 Rule 6th. The nominative cases of verbs 
 passive, which are ever placed after their 
 verbs, if they immediactely follow their verbs, 
 they reserve their radical initials: as, 'ofner 
 ^Duz0, ^dysgir ^daioni i ddynion ; but if 
 some other word or words come between the 
 passive verb and its nominative, then doth
 
 109 
 
 the radical letter of the nominative turn to its 
 soft: as, ^di/sgir iddynion ddaioni. 
 
 Of the construction of pronouns with 
 verbsy see chap. 34, 
 
 CHAP. XXXVI. 
 
 The construction of xerbs, with the words 
 governed of them. 
 
 OUCH substantives or pronouns as come im- 
 mediately after the verb, in the natural order 
 of placing, are commonly called accusative 
 cases. And such as have prepositions (pecu- 
 liarly adapted to or attending on the verb) 
 between them and the verb, may not justly 
 be said to be governsd of the verb, but of 
 those prepositions. Of both Avhich con- 
 structions, we shall treat in this cliapter. 
 
 1 . Of accusative cases. 
 
 Accusative cases, coming after their verbs, 
 (whether immediately or at a distance) what- 
 ever person the verb is of, do change their 
 radical into their soft: as, ^parodd ^gywil- 
 7/dd i mi ; y milwyr a ^wnaethant ^ddifrod; 
 had y wraig a ^t/ssiga ^beny sarph ; ^deng- 
 ys Daw ^drugaredd; ^ port ha bugail da 
 ^braidd yr Arglwydd. 
 
 Jiut if the accusative case begin the sen- 
 tence, it retains its radical letter : as, cyjla- 
 fan a wnaeth y miliar. 
 
 When two accusative cases, in apposition, 
 eome after a verb, the latter is connected to 
 
 K
 
 the former by the particle yn : as, cefais 
 ^gosp ^yn ^wohr am Jy mhoen. 
 
 2. Of verbs zchich have prepositions peculiarly 
 adapted for their use, and are placed after 
 them ; and of which the follozsmg words are 
 governed. 
 
 EXAMPLES. — VERBS OF 
 
 Abounding have 0/ as, lliosogodd o gy- 
 foeth / cijfoethogais o rds. 
 . Accusing have o; as, picy a'm hargy- 
 hoedda i o bechod f 
 
 Agreeing l.ave a ; as, cytuna tVlh elyn* 
 
 Arraying liave d or am : as, gwisg dy hmi 
 dphais ; gwisg hais am danat. 
 
 Asking and intreliting have i or gnn : as, 
 gofynnais iddo or ganddo ; mi urchaf i 
 Dduro or gan Dduw. 
 
 liuying have gan : as, prynais farch gan 
 loan. 
 
 Calling upon have ar : as, galwodd ar 
 Dduw; ilefais ar yr Argh&ydd. 
 
 Of communicating have a : as, cyfranna 
 ar tlawd. 
 
 Of defending or deliveiing have rhag or 
 oddiwrth : as, cadw ni rhag niwed; gucared 
 ni oddiwrth bla. 
 
 Filling have o, a or ug: as, Ucnwais ei 
 ysgubor cf o ?/(/, cifol ef a bwyd, a^i bwrs 
 ef dg arian. 
 
 Hearkening to have«r; as, gwrandaxped 
 ' yr Arglwydd ar Ddafydd. 
 
 Loading have d or ag : as, llwylliodd ef a 
 thrysor oc dg arian » 
 
 Meriting have ar: vts^ haeddodd ar Dda. 
 fyddei garu.
 
 Ill 
 
 The passions of the mind hnvewrth: as, 
 digiodd zvrth y llatic / tosturia wrlh y llamd. 
 
 Practice of use have o: as, ymarfer o 
 fwyndcr i bazoh. -r, .: 
 
 Kcceiving have gan i as, cefais Imy gan 
 loan; cymmer avian gan Simon. 
 
 Withdrawing liave oox oddi: as, aelko'i 
 t£ldd; dos oddi yma ; cilia oddi wrthyf. 
 
 The instrument wherewith a thing is done, 
 is introduced with d between it and the verb : 
 as, taro a throed ; gwthio dg elin; lladd d 
 chleddyf ; hrathu d cholyn. 
 
 Nouns of price follow the verb, with er : 
 as, gz0erthodd er canpvnt ; prynais er arian: 
 and sometimes with am: as, prynais am 
 chiOeiigain. 
 
 Nouns of time come after their verbs, in 
 (he soft form, either alone or with dros or 
 tros : as, arhosais yno Jlwyddyn, hum yno 
 fis ■; or, arhosais yno drosjlwyddyn^ arhosais 
 yno dros amser. 
 
 Verbs passive have gan^ with the casual 
 word of the person acting after them : as, 
 ^prynlr march ^ganddo,- ^cyhuddirefs. o 
 frdd ^ga7i ei ^wds ei him. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVII. 
 
 The conatruclion of questions and answers, 
 
 A QUESTION is askcel divers ways: as, by 
 (I before a verb only ; by ai before a sub- 
 stantive, adjective, pronoun, pariiciple, ad- 
 verb and preposition ; by oni^ onid, ai niily 
 pmy, pa, pa said, pa hyd, mac, andpVe ^lae. 
 
 Jv2
 
 112 
 
 Jst, By a before a verb. 
 
 If (he question be made in the present tense, 
 the answer is made by the same tense of tke 
 verb, only making a proper change of the 
 person of the verb: as, a wyttiyn clywed? 
 answer, uyf. And so likewise, if the ques- 
 tion be ill the future tense : as, a gerwch 
 cliwiji? answer, carwn : or otherwise, by 
 the future of gzentuihur : as, awrendyefe 
 arno ? answer, gwna ; a gerwch chwi fl ? 
 answer, gzanawn. 
 
 If the question be in the preter tense, and 
 the emphasis be in the verb, the answer is 
 made, if affirmative, by do ; if negative, by 
 jta ddo: or otherwise, by repeating the verb, 
 and putting it in the proper person, if an 
 affirmative answer ; but if negative, by re- 
 peating the verb, and putting wa before it : 
 as, a ddj/wedaht di jelly? answer, do, or 
 dywedais; na ddo ox na ddywedais. JBut if 
 the emphasis be in some other word, the 
 question is made by m", and the answer other- 
 wise made, as followeth : 
 
 2. By oi before a substantive, &c. 
 
 A question made by ai, before a substan- 
 tive, adjeciive, pronoun, participle, adverb 
 or preposition, is answered, if affirmatively, 
 by ie alone, or by 'ie and one or two of the 
 "words which followed the interrogative ai ; 
 and if the answer be negative, it is only made 
 by nage : as, 
 
 ^i before a substantive, /li loanyw hwn 
 accze ? answer, ie, or ie, Joan; or nega- 
 tively, nage. 
 
 Ai before an adjective. Ai doeth yw yr
 
 ]i3 
 
 atteh ? answer, i'e, or iV, doelh ; or, nega- 
 tivt'ty, noge. 
 
 Ai before a pronoun. Ai hzon yw'r dyn ? 
 answer, ie, or i"e, hwn ; or, negatively, ?2 age. 
 
 Ai before a participle. Ai dj/sgedig t/w^r 
 7jmadrodd? answer, i>, or ie, dysgedig ; or, 
 negatively, nage. 
 
 Ai before an adverb. Ai fel hyn y dy- 
 wedaist? answer, ie, or ie^ Jd hyn ; or, 
 negatively, nage. 
 
 Ai before a preposition. Ai iros yr afon 
 yr aelh ? answer, ie, or i'e, iros yr afon ; or, 
 negatively, nage. 
 
 3. Questions made by oni bear analogy 
 with those made by a, and have the same 
 answer. 
 
 4. Questions asked by onid and ai md, 
 bear analogy with those made by of, and have 
 the same answer. 
 
 5. Questions asked with pwy (with a 
 generally between pwy and the verb; ex- 
 cept bod and its persons) are answered by a 
 noun or a pronoun : as, pwy a wnaelh hyn? 
 answer, rnyji^ or loan : and sometimes with 
 the verb and accusative case repeated : as, 
 myii a wneuthum hyn^ or ai gxoneulhum ; 
 loan a wnaelh hyn., or o'/ gwnaeth. P^y 
 ydyw hmn ? answer, nii/Ji^ or loan. 
 
 6. Questions by prt, have always a sub- 
 stantive following pa, with which pa agrees; 
 and are answered by a substantive : as, pa 
 beth yw hwn accw ? answer, Uyfr., or Uyfr 
 yw ; pa anifail yw hwn accw? answer, 
 hydd, or hyddyw. 
 
 7. Questions by pa saw!, have either un 
 
 Si3
 
 114 
 
 or a substantive immediately following pa 
 sawl) and are answered by a numeral : as, pa 
 sawl un $ydd ynof answer, tri^'pedwar^ <l^c« 
 pa sawl gt£}r oeddynt ? deuddeg, tcgain, SfC. 
 
 8. Questions by pa hj/d are always 
 made with a verb either immediately follow- 
 ing, or with 7/ or yr between, and are an- 
 swered by a substantive, and (if needful) a 
 numeral too : as, pa hyd^ or o ha hyd yw'r 
 pren ? answer, tioedfedd^ or deuddeg t'roed- 
 fedd; pa hyd yr arhosi yno ? answer, misy 
 or dnv Jis^ or iri mh^ &;c. 
 
 9. Questions by viae or p'le mae^ are an- 
 swered by an adverb or noun of place : as, 
 mae^ or pVe mae^r plenfyn ? answer, j/ma, 
 ox yn y ty ,■ mae Ddafydd ? accw, or yny 
 maes. 
 
 CHAP, xxxviir. 
 
 Construction of the hifinilke mood. 
 
 1 HE infinitive mood either cometh imme- 
 diately after another verb, and in the soft 
 form: as, uiysgwch "^zeneuthur daioni , or 
 cometh after another verb (either imme- 
 diately or at a distance) wilh i before it, and 
 in the soft form: as, pan ^eloch H ^zsedd'io ; 
 or pan ^eloch fr dcml ^i ^weddio. 
 
 The infinitive mood is made substantively 
 after the verb peidio, wiUi a (with) before it, 
 and in the aspirate form : as, paid a lhc4ro ; 
 peidizcch d ihyngn. 
 
 It is sometimes both nominative case to a ' 
 verb and substantive to an adjective ; and is 
 placed inditierently either before or after
 
 115 
 
 tliem, with i before it : as, i ddymedyd ctl- 
 wydd nid yw dda^ or nidyw dda i ddywedyd 
 celwydd. 
 
 Lastly, The infinitive mood makes no 
 change of the radical letter of the word go- 
 verned of it, so the word governed iiume> 
 diatelj follow the infinitive mood : as, na 
 chynnyg ^wneuthur ^cam a neb. But if 
 some otiier word or words come between the 
 infinitive mood and the word governed, then 
 the radical initial ot the word governed is 
 turned into its soft: as, na chynnyg 'wnew 
 thur d neb ^gam. 
 
 Of the construction of infinitives passize, 
 see the introductory part. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIX. 
 
 The construction of participles. 
 
 l:^ARTiciPL.Es areto be considered, 
 
 I. in regard of the substantives they 
 accord with. 
 
 II. in regard of the words governed of 
 them. 
 
 1st, In regard of the substantive they 
 accord witli, no more need here be added 
 than to advertize that they are limited to the 
 same rules and measures that adjectives are. 
 See chap. 32. 
 
 2dly, In regard of words governed of 
 them, observe. 
 
 First, That only two participles are ca- 
 pable of governing cases alter them, viz. 
 participle of t!ie present tense, and the par- 
 ticiple of the active future.
 
 116 
 
 The pnrticiplcs of (he present (ense permits 
 the word iollo^viiio^ to reserve its radical 
 initial: as, ^yn oj'ni ^Diiw ; ^yn rhedeg 
 
 
 The participle of the active future dofh 
 the same : as, ^ar feefr gwrando ^pregeik; 
 ^ar fedr ysgrifemiu '//ythyr. 
 
 Secondly, That participles have the same 
 prepositions and cases after them, that the 
 veibs that thej come of, or have affinity 
 with, require: ns^argi/koeddedig ofai ; am- 
 wisgedig a phais ; archedig (or archadwy) 
 gan Ddiiw ; pry n^ dig gan JacJwudmr ; 
 prynadwy am avian. See chap. SQ. So 
 adjectives also: as, tosturiol (triigarog, 
 Uidiog) wrth ddyn ; tebyg i anifail, Sfc. be- 
 cause the verbs are, tosturio (tnigarhau, 
 llidio) wrth ddyn ; ttbys^u i anifail^ Si;c. 
 
 And if participles or adjectives have after 
 them prepositions, which their verbs will not 
 admit ot, those prepositions, with the casual 
 words, are set after them notwithstanding: 
 as, caredig i or cariadus i or wrth ddyn ; 
 caredig or cariadus gan or y^tnhlith dynion; 
 caraduy gan ddynion. So that in the con- 
 struction of boili participles and adjectives 
 respect mubt be had to the following prepo- 
 sitions. 
 
 Of ablative cases absolute. 
 
 Jjesides what hath been hitherto observed 
 of participles, it is further to be remarked, 
 That each of the four participles, in con- 
 junction witli a noun or pronoun, and having
 
 117 
 
 no other word in the sentence whereof they 
 may be governed, may be made absolute thus: 
 
 When an English participle of the present 
 tense of a verb, or the voice of such a parti- 
 ciple, in conjunction with a participle of 
 another tense, come after either a noun or a 
 pronoun substantive, it is made in Welsh 
 an absolute sentence. As for example: 
 
 In the participle of the present tense, thus : 
 the affirmative adverb a is placed first, the 
 noun or pronoun next, the participle of the 
 present tense of the respective verb last : as, 
 the king coming, the enemies fled ; aV bren- 
 inyndi/fod^ y gelynion affoisant : 1 coming ; 
 a miyn dyjod. And it being be the only par- 
 ticipial voice in the English, then the parti- 
 ciple of the present tense is omitted in the 
 Welsh : as, the king being there ; «V bre- 
 nin yno. 
 
 In the participle of the active future thus : 
 the affirmative a first, the noun or pronoun 
 next, and the participle of the active future 
 last : as, the king being about to go off, all 
 liis retinue mounted ; ar brenin ar fedr 
 myned ymnith, ei osgordd oil a escynnasant 
 eu meirch : I being about to write, he stopt 
 my hand ; a mi ar fedr y<<grifennuy efe a 
 aitaliodd fy Haw. 
 
 In the participle of the preter tense thus : 
 ZDediis placed first, the infinitive mood of the 
 verb next, and the noun last : as, the king 
 being come, all rejoiced ; wedi dyfod y 
 hrenin ^ymlawenhaodd paicb. And if a pro- 
 noun be the substantive of the sentence it is 
 made thus : wedi is placed first, the pronoun
 
 118 
 
 next, and the infinitive mood last : as, 1 
 being coruCi, he never spake a word ; wedify 
 ni/jod^ nid ynganodd efe air. 
 
 In the participle of the passive future thus: 
 ganfod is placed first, the noun or pronoun 
 next, the participle of the future last: as, 
 having a horse to be bought, he hastened 
 to the fair ; gan fod march €w brynu (ytt 
 yn hrynadxsy ) ganddo^ efe a frysiodd Vr 
 farchnad Or <he affirmative « instead of 
 gan fod: as, a "march i'w brynu (or yn 
 brynadwy) ganddo, brysiodd Vr farchnad. 
 
 CHAP. XL. 
 
 Construction of the articles. 
 
 jL is ever placed before words 'beginning 
 with consonants, viz. if the English of those 
 words hath the before them : as, 3/ gt^r, the 
 man ; y brenin, the king. And then, if the 
 words be masculines, their radical letters are 
 not changed : as, y gttwy y brenin : but if 
 they be feminines, their initials are changed 
 into their soft : as, y forwyn^ y frenhine.i. 
 
 Y is never put before vowels, except before 
 ti), when g is thrown away fiom the word, as 
 being feminine : ns,yii:raig ; and sometimes 
 before words begitining with / : as, ^ iwrch. 
 
 Yr is never put entire before any words 
 but such as begin with vowels : as,^r ebol, 
 yr abcrth. Or before such words as begia- 
 uing with g, (having o, e, or y next after 
 g) throw away g in coiistruction : as, yr 
 ardd, ijr ehedigaelh., yr ordderch, yr yrfa; 
 of gar ddy gtnedigaeth, gordderch, gyrfa.
 
 119 
 
 When a Welsh verb, preposition, or other 
 particle, ending with a vowel, come before a 
 substantive or adjective beginning with a 
 consonant as well as vowel, and if the be 
 found in the English between them, then is 
 r of 7/r added to those Welsh words ending 
 with vowels, and the substantives or adjec- 
 tives make no change of their radical initials, 
 if masculines, but change them into their 
 soft, if feminines, (so those feminines begia 
 not with lloxrh) as, cospfr bradwr ; cospfr 
 anfadwr , y tad aW fam; na'r tad na'r 
 Jam; trx£y\ lad a thrwyr fam; oW tod ac 
 o'r fam ; Vr tdd ac i'r fam; cospVrtdd a 
 chospVr fam ; y grasol dad a'r drugarog 
 fam ; y drugarog fam ai grasol dad; myji 
 yw'r {ox ydyxsa'r) dyn. 
 
 Fandj/r are seldom put before the former 
 of two subslafitives, when they betoken divers 
 things, nor before proper names. 
 
 CHAP. XLI. 
 
 The conslruciion of adxierbs. 
 
 Adverbs, as being attendants of verbs, are 
 placed either before or after their verbs: as, 
 yma y daeth, or daeth yma. 
 
 Adverbs begiruiing with mutable conso- 
 nants, seldom cliange their radical initials 
 except adverbs of quaiitj, which having yn 
 before them, do ever change their radicals 
 into their soft. 
 
 Of the eflect adverbs have on the initial 
 letters of succeeding words, consult chap. 43. 
 
 Of interjections, note in general, That they
 
 120 
 
 change the initials of the words immediately 
 following them into their soft. 
 
 CHAP. XLII. 
 
 The construction of conjunctions. 
 
 Conjunctions copulative couple like cases: 
 as, hoffaist unwiredd a cham ; and like tenses 
 and persons : a^, 7ni a eisteddais ac a i/sgri- 
 fennais : and sometimes divers tenses : as, 
 mi ath gerais ac cUth garaf. 
 
 Disjunctives couple like cases : as, naill 
 ai hwn ai hwn ac^w; mj/nnwn pe bait frwd 
 neu oer : and like tenses : as, naill ai dos neu 
 aros. 
 
 Discretives and exceptives couple like 
 cases : as, ni char efe neb eithr (oddieilhr, 
 7ianu/n, ond, onid) ei hun: and like tenses: 
 as, ni char efe, eithr casda gyfiawnder. 
 
 Electives couple like cases : as, gwell gen- 
 ni/f hzen nd htannw ; h^n yw hwn nd hwnme. 
 
 Diminutives couple like cases : as, car 
 hawbf o'r llciaf dy zcraig ; gwna ddaioni i 
 bawb, ^nod iUh elyn. 
 
 Ped is always set before words beginning 
 with vowels, except bod, whose b it either 
 changes into its soft : as, ped fyddwn, pcd 
 fyddit, S(c, ped fuaszDn, ped fuasit, SfC. or 
 it doth incorporate with it : as, pettwn, 
 pettity pettai, <^c. 
 
 What eft'ect conjunctians, as also prepositions, 
 have on the radical initials of words immediately 
 following after them, may be seen in the foUow- 
 iog table.
 
 CHAP. XLlir. 
 
 AN ALPHABETICAL TABLE 
 
 OF 
 
 READILY SHEWING WHAT EFFECT THEY HAVE 
 ON THE 
 
 Radical initial letters of subsequent words : 
 
 AS, WHETHER 
 
 They suffer words beginning witli mutable consonants to 
 preserve their initials, or oblige them to change their 
 initials into either soft, liquid or aspirate ; and into which. 
 
 JVlierein note, 
 
 I 
 
 1. That these words have no effect on 
 vocative cases ; the construction whereof is 
 to be sought in chap. 32. 
 
 11. That adj. ^ 
 
 
 ^adjective 
 
 adv. 
 
 
 adverb 
 
 conj. 
 
 
 conjunction 
 
 inter. 
 
 
 interjection 
 
 pre. 
 
 5 
 
 prepositive particle 
 
 prep. 
 
 >f 
 
 preposition 
 
 pro. 
 
 pronoun 
 
 masCj 
 iera. 
 
 CA 
 
 masculine > , 
 feminine ^S^""'^^' 
 
 rad. 
 
 
 radical 1 
 liquid > initial, 
 ^aspirate j 
 
 liq. 
 
 
 asp. . 

 
 122 
 A. 
 
 A, ADV. and conj. as, and, asp. as, yw gj/s- 
 tal mnm hi Hhdd ; 'a '■chig dij saint i Jwyst- 
 fXody ddaear. 
 
 A, prep, with, asp. as, llosgw?/d hi Hi 
 ^Ihdn ,■ Uaddw)/d ef hi 'chleddyf, 
 
 A^ pre. (enlianceth the sense) asp. as, 
 athrLst, very pensive. 
 
 A, inter, aciv. and conj. soil: as, as, 'a . 
 ^ddjywoid efe felly ? 
 
 yi, affirmative adv. M-hethcr expressed or 
 understood, and placed hetbre verbs only, 
 soft: as, iJitw 'a ^ddj/wedodd ; anwadal 
 'fiydd, or 'a ^fydd eu helynt. Tliis is 
 sometimes used relaliveij: as, yr enaid Hi 
 'bec/wy the soul liiatsinneth, Ezec. 18,4. 
 
 Ac^ conj. and, used generaily beiore vo- 
 wels : as, ac efe a ddywedodd. Sometimes 
 piii before consotiants, soi't: as, heunydd Hic 
 -fylh y clodfurwn dydi. 
 
 Acczc, adv. there", soi't : as, htccw 'ddyn. 
 
 A\:ft, compound pro. rad. as, Duw ^a'ch 
 '-carodd. 
 
 AcJdan, adv. alioaether, soft : as, dy 
 zsedodd Uich/an 'gelwyddaa. 
 
 O achosy conj. because of, rad as, 'o ac/ios 
 ^brud. 
 
 Ad, pre. again, soft: as, adfyzchnu, ad- 
 
 feddyli' d. 
 
 Addf pre. (enlianceth the sense) soft : as, 
 addfis)y?i, addwyn. 
 
 Adalwg, &d\\ prithee, soft: as, 'adolwg 
 ^ddi/n. 
 
 Ado'wyiij adv. prithee, soft: as, ^adol- 
 s'yji ^wruig.
 
 123 
 
 Af^ negative pre. See an. 
 
 Ag^ piep. (used before vowels) with : as, 
 dgarian. 
 
 Agatfydd, adv. perhaps, rad. as, ^agat' 
 fydd Hery ergyd. 
 
 Agos, adv. near, niii;h. Before verbs, 
 rad. as, //e'/ suddenly ^agos ^hoddi. lietore 
 substantives, soft : as, oddi wrlhyj fiyn bell 
 na ddos^ tra jo yn Uigos -Jlinder. 
 
 A^ff compound pro, and his, soft : as, ei 
 Jam 'a'2 ^ddd. And her, asp. as, ei mam 
 'at 'I had. And their, rad. as, en mnm Hi 21 
 ^Idd, Governed of a verb, tliem, rad. as, 
 JJiao ^au ^carodd. With his, sott: as, 
 'o'i -ben. With her, asp. as, 'd'i ^phen. 
 ^^ith their, rad. as, ^d'u ^pennau. 
 
 At^ interrogative adv. and conj. rnd. as, 
 'fli" gzcir yw? pa un 'ai ^gzcir 'ai ^celwydd? 
 
 yiie, interrogative adv. soft : as, 'a/e 
 ^blentyn ? 
 
 Fe allaiy adv. perhaps, rad. as, fe 'allal 
 ""dywnid. 
 
 Allan, adv. out, rad. as, ^allan -daelh y 
 dyfroedd. 
 
 yi'w, compound pro. rad. as, Duu.^ ^a'm 
 ^■carodd ; fy Nuio Hi'm ^brenin- Before 
 vowels, asp as, (im ^kescyrn a bydrasant. 
 
 Am, conj. and prep, because, for, soft: 
 as, 'am ^ddyrchaju o honot dy olzvg ; Hwi- 
 ^geiniog ; am ^ofid y rhal a archoliaist li. 
 
 Am, pre. ro ynd, about, soft : as, amfyl- 
 chu, amgnoi, ambori, amdrychu. Am, ne- 
 gative pre see an. 
 
 Am hyn, am hynny, conj. for this or that 
 causCj rad. as, am hyn, or Hwi hyny Ha- 
 rduoddji. k 2
 
 124 
 
 Nid am gen, adv, rad. as, ^nid amgen 
 ~t?/Uu dgehyll. 
 
 Amgylch^ pre. about, rad. as, o ^amgylch 
 'mynydd Seion. 
 
 An, negative pre. makes the following 
 chancres : 
 
 Before b, either changing into am liq. as, 
 ammnsud, of hrwd; or not changing at all, 
 soft: as, anfuddiol, of buddiol. 
 
 Before c liq. as, anghredu, ofcredu. 
 
 Before dViq. as, annilys, oi dilys. 
 
 Before 0-, ^vhether changing into «/, or not 
 changing at all, solt : as, aflan, anlan, of 
 gldn. 
 
 JJcfore II, either rad. as, anUygredig, of 
 llT/gredig, or changing into af, soft : as, «/- 
 hdnais, of Uednais, 
 
 Before m soft : as, anfeddylgar, of m«- 
 ddylgnr. 
 
 Before p turning into am, liq. as, ammher- 
 ffiiith, o^ perffaith. 
 
 Before r turning to af, soft : as, afradlon, 
 of rhiHllon. 
 
 Before t, liq. as, annhrefmis, oftrefntfs, 
 
 A'n, compound pro. before consonants, 
 rad. as, Duw ^d'n ^dewisodd. Before vo- 
 wels, asp. as, "a'w ^hehyrlh i Ui'n ^hwynebau; 
 Duw ^a'n ^hetholodd. 
 
 O (or ond) antur, adv. perliaps, rad. as, 
 ond ^antur ^daw efe yno. 
 
 Ar, prep, upon, ready, soft : as, gorwedd 
 ^ar ^weljj ; ^ar ^farw; y rhai d'yn casdant 
 ^ar 'gam- 
 
 Ar, pre. soft: as, arddigo7iedd, ardym^ 
 mherus.
 
 125 
 
 A'r (for a, and, and yr, t!ie) before mase. 
 rad, as, 'a'r *dj/n. iiet'ore lem. soft; as, 
 
 Arnnf, arnat, SfC. compound pro. upon 
 me, tljee, &c. soft : as, gosodoad ^arnaf, 
 ^arnat^ tSx. ^Iwyth maxscr, 
 
 Arno^ adv. to if, soft : as, ^arno ^gi. 
 
 ArriT/nt, adv. to them, soft : as, ^arnynt 
 
 /it, pre again, back, soft: as, uthrj/nuy 
 at gy weir to.- ' 
 
 A\h^ compound pro. soft : myfi heddj/w 
 ^aHh 'gen/iedlais : iu^ii'th ^dy di, 
 
 Altaf^ alt at i <^'C. compound pro. to me, 
 to thee, &c. soft: as, gyrru ^allaf, 'attaty 
 SfC. "lythyr a wnaeth. 
 
 Altnt, inter, soft : as, ^attat -wraig. 
 
 Atlo, adv. to it, soft : as, ^atto ^bawb. 
 
 Yr awrhoji^ adv. now, even now, rad. as 
 yr ^awrhon ^daeth fr deml ; yr awrhon 
 ^daisaf attat. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bellach, adv. now at length. Before 
 verbs, rad. as, ^bellach ^boed i bob dyn. 
 Before substantives soft : as, ^bellach ^frodyr 
 anwyl. 
 
 Beunydd, adv. daily. Before substan- 
 tives, soft : as, yn gyrru ^beMnydd ^(ytbyr- 
 au. Before verbs radical : as, ^beunydi 
 "gyrrai lylhyrau. 
 
 Blaen^ pre. soft: as, blaendorr?, bJaen- 
 fain. But before //rad. as, blatnUymmu. 
 
 Cyd bo, conj. as long as, rad, as, ^cyd bo 
 ^dyn i'w gael, 
 
 l3
 
 126 
 
 Bore; pre. soft: as, bore-godif bore- 
 ddydd. 
 
 Braidd, adv. and conj. scarcely, hardly. 
 "When it hath 1/ affirmative after it, rad. as, 
 ^hroiddy ^gzctlwn. 
 
 When na, negative, after it, soft: as, 
 ^braidd na Hithrais, 
 
 Breidd, pre. soft : as, breiddfyw. 
 
 Ynfycha/i^ ail v. 
 
 Bj/chtdig^ adv. 
 
 Bi/lhf adv. 
 
 C. 
 
 Can, conj, forasmuch as, soft: as, ^can 
 "^ddyvdedyd honot. 
 
 Can, pre. with, by, soft : as, ^can ^hawb. 
 
 Can, pre. rad. as, canliebrzeng, canym- 
 daith. 
 
 Cans, canys, conj. for, rad. as, ^cam 
 ^byth y pur ha ei drugaredd ; ^canys ^dy- 
 wedasai. 
 
 Croes Dditw, inter, bless me, soft : as, 
 ^croes Dduw ^ddyn. 
 
 \n gwbl, adv. altogether. 
 
 Cy, pre. rad. as, vychwedl. JJefore c 
 liq. as, cynghlo, cynghlwm. 
 
 Cyd, pre. together, soft : as, cyd-ddyoddef, 
 
 Cyf, pre. together, soft : as, ajfru^ymo, 
 cyfrannit, 
 
 Cylch, pre. about, rad. as, ^cylch Hy 
 Dduw, 
 
 Cym, pre, together, liq. as, cymmrawu, 
 cyruDihwyi. 
 
 Cyn, pre. before g rad. as, cyngwysli, 
 cyi/gwi!sgt(.
 
 127 
 
 Before dancl t liq. as, cynneforl^ cynnndl, 
 cynnhehyg ; and sometimes before rf soft : as, 
 cynddefod. Before c soft ; as, cyngwysg. 
 
 Cyn^ conj. as. Before // and rh rad. as, 
 ^cyn Hlylned: ^cyn 'rhatted. Before all 
 others soft: as, ^cyn ^decced, *cyn ^lanedy 
 ^cyn 'belled. 
 
 Cyn, adv. and pre. before, rad. as, ^cyn 
 ^gwneuthur o honot y mynyddoedd ; ^cyn 
 ^dechreuad y hyd. 
 
 Yn gyntaf, adv. first of all, rad. as, yn 
 ^gyntaf ^dywaid wrlho , yn ^gyntaf ^ca- 
 dm^th einioes. 
 
 Cys^ pre. rad. as, cy^jftyw, cyssinio. 
 
 Cyt., pre. rad, KS^cyttref, cyttoni. 
 
 Chwailh, conj. neitlier, rad. as, ^chwaith 
 'mawr ystor oH ein/oes. It generally hath 
 tia or nag before it in apposition, and is 
 itself placed last in the sentence : as, nid 
 leuan 'na Dafydd \ychwaith. 
 
 Chwailhach, conj. mucli less, rad. na 
 wnaed un dyn ddrwgf ^chwaithach ^plentyn 
 Duw. 
 
 Chwij chwychwi, chwif.hau, pro. you, 
 even you. And yoa, soft: as, ^c/iwij or 
 c/mychwif or chxoithau 'ddywedwch, 
 
 7)a, inter, well, soft; as, 'rfa ^ddyn. 
 
 Ah da. inter, very well, soi't : as, ^ah da 
 'fachgen. 
 
 i)flcc2£J, ad V. there is, soft : as, ' Daccw ^ddyn. 
 
 Dad, pre. to undo, soft: as, dadfeddwiy 
 dadgrymmu. 
 
 Dam, pre. soft: as, damgylchu, dam- 
 lewycfiu.
 
 ' 128 
 
 O ddamwain^ adv. pel adventure, rad. as, 
 o ^ddamwain ^daw yno ddyn ; o' ddamxaain 
 ^dywtdwrthyt. 
 
 Dan, prep, under, soft : as, ^dan '■gT/sgod 
 dy adenydd. 
 
 Dar, pre. soft : as, dargrcsg, dar/yngcff. 
 
 Dat, pre. to undo a tiling, soft : as, dat- 
 / gladdu. Before f, rad. as, dattroi 
 
 Debre, deg/e, inter, soft ; as, ^debre or 
 ^degle ddyn. 
 
 Deu, pre. two, soft : as, dciibarth, deufor. 
 And sometimes rad. as, deuparth, deutu. 
 
 Di, pro. thee, soft : as, tarewais i ^di 
 ^ddzoywaith. 
 
 Di, privative pro. soft: as, difeth, di- 
 hechod. 
 
 Diammau, adverb, doi/btless, rad. as, 
 ^diammau ^ gunaethost ar fai. 
 
 Diau, adv. truly, rad. as, ^diau ^gzcran- 
 dawaf arnat, 
 
 Digon, adv. very, enough, rad. as, ^digon 
 •da,^ 'digon ^call. 
 
 Dioer, adv. verily, rad. as, ^dioer '■dywaid 
 Dafydd. 
 
 Yn ddiorphen, adv. always, perpetually ; 
 generally with y or yr after it : as, yn *ddi' 
 orphen ^y peiri ei dnigaredd ef; yn ^ddior- 
 phen ^yr tdxcyn Duw ti blant. 
 
 Dir, pre. vehemently, soil : as, dirboeni, 
 dirdra. Before w, rad. as, dirnadu. 
 
 Disy pre. soft : as, disblygu, disbrofi, dis- 
 glaer. Before t rad. as, d/stewi. 
 
 Wr diwedd, adv. at length, rad. as, oV 
 ^diwedd ^datth iw adicedd 
 
 \n ddiweddar, adv. lately, rad. as, yn 
 ^ddiweddar ^gwtiaeth y ckddyf ddifrod.
 
 129 
 
 Iw ddiwefliuf, adv. lastly. 
 
 Dobrj/, adv. lo beneath or below, soft: 
 as, ^dohry ^wraig. 
 
 Doe, adv. yesterday, soft : as, 'c?oe *ddi- 
 zoethaf etto. 
 
 Drach, pre. used Avith ccfn, either in ap- 
 position : as, drach ci gcfn^ drach ei chejn, 
 drach eu cefnau: or in composition, rad. as, 
 'drachefn ^di/wedasant. 
 
 DraWi adv. yonder, lo there, soft : as, 
 ^drazs) ^garreg. 
 
 Ar drawSf prep, across, rad, as, ar 'draws 
 Hir ei gymmydog. 
 
 Dros, prep, over, soft : as, 'dros ^dir 
 Ffrainc. 
 
 Dfwg, pre. soft : as, drwg-weithredwr. 
 
 Drwy, prep, through, soft: as, 'drwy 
 *gydoly dydd. i 
 
 Dryg^ pre. soft : as, drygwaith drygddyn, 
 
 O Ddnw, inter, soft : as, O ' Dduw ^ddyn. 
 
 Dy^ pre. soft : as, dyddelzisi, dygyrchu. 
 
 Dy, pro. thy, soft : as, 'dy 'fraich ; 'dy 
 ^ddysgxi-yl yr ^oyf. 
 
 Dyfry^ adv. above, upwards, soft: as, 
 ^dyfry 'gymmwL 
 
 Dymma, adv. lo here, soft : as, 'dymma 
 ^fymjdd. 
 
 Dyna, adv. lo there, soft : as, 'dyna 
 ^ddyn. 
 
 Dys, pre. rad. as, dyspeidio^ dystreulio. 
 
 Dytdyt^ inter, soft : as, ^dytdyt ^fachgen. 
 
 E. 
 
 ^, pro. he, soft : as, 'e ^ddyzsedodd. 
 E, adv. of affirming, soft : as, 'e ^ddytised' 
 oddygwr.
 
 130 
 
 Eh, pre. soft : as, ehrWijddo. 
 
 JEbrwi/dd, adv. speedily, rad. as, 'e6- 
 rwj/dd ^daelh achiibiaeth. 
 
 Ech, pre. rad. echdoe : and soft : as, ecA- 
 dyisynii : and asp. ?i^, cchri/d. 
 
 Echdoe, adv. soft : as, ^echdoe ^ddiweddaf. 
 Before verbs, rad. as, ^echdoe ^daeth i'xm) 
 adwcdd. 
 
 Erhre, adv. 
 
 Ed, pre. soft : as, edliwianl, edlym, ed- 
 
 Efy pro. him, sofl : as, tarazDodd 'ff 
 'dracliejfn. 
 
 Efe, pro. he, always with a hciv/een it 
 and the verb, soft : as, 'e/e a ^ddi/mchwelodd 
 
 y g^^yn. 
 
 Efo, pro. he, him : as, e/, efe. 
 
 Eg, pre soft : as, egwan, egri/n^ 
 
 Ei, pro raasc. his, soft: as, ^ei'gnmwedd 
 ar 'e< ^goryn. Fern, her, asp. as, Hi 
 ^phrn, ^ei ^haberth. 
 
 Eich, pro. your, rad. as, 'e/cA ^gwrng' 
 edd, Hicli 'niercfied. 
 
 Eiddo, pro. one's own, rad, as, Hiddo 
 *J)uw ? Ddiixi). 
 
 Ed, pre. soft : as, eUfyz0, eilwailh. 
 
 J\in, pro. our, belove a consonant, rod. 
 as, ^cin ^'Idd yr hxxn zcyt yn y, 8sc. b;'fore 
 a vowel, asp, as, 'em *hainl bechodaii; 'ei?i 
 '/lufKdd zi^eddirtu. 
 
 Eisfoes, adv. and conj, already, rad. as, 
 Hisioes ^cefais aclios. 
 
 OWeithdf. adv. and conj, 
 
 Eithr, conj. but, rad. as, na hoffa, ^eUhr 
 'casd ddyn.
 
 131 
 
 Ell, pre. as, ellnel, clli/ncdd. 
 
 En, pre. racl. as. encil, encyd, 
 
 Er, pre. soft : as, erfai, ergryd, 
 
 Er, conj. and pre. though, for, rad. as, 
 'er ^dijxoedyd o honaw ; 'er ^ceiniog y dydd, 
 
 Er ys, pre. rad. as, 'erys Halm byd. 
 
 Erbyn, pre. against, rad. as, ^erbyn ^ge- 
 lynion y b renin. 
 
 ErUynedd, adv. last year, rad. as, ^erlly- 
 nedd ^daeth I'r zcldd, 
 
 Erioedy adv. ever, never. 
 
 Erof, erot, Sfc. compound pro. for me, 
 for thee, &c. rad. as, ^erof'gwna ddaioni. 
 
 Esy pre. soft : as, esborthiant. 
 
 O ethrybyCon'y because, rad. as, 'o ethryh 
 *brad. 
 
 Eiio, advi and conj. yet, rad. as, ^etto 
 *dywedai. 
 
 Eu^ pro. tlieir, them, rad. as, 'eu 'ladau, 
 ^eu 'taro wnai. Before vowels, asp. as, yr 
 adar lines ^eu 'hesgylL 
 
 Eusys, adv, already ; see eisioes. 
 
 F. 
 
 Falsindfelj adv as, nml. 
 
 Fcf adv. ofixfliriniiig, soft : as, ^fe^wnaeth 
 y cleddyf ddij'rod. 
 
 Fe, pro. he, soft : as, '/e 'gofia lais y 
 truan. 
 
 Felly y adv. so, rad. as, 'felly 'daelk 
 Dafydd. 
 
 O/eav?, prep. rad. as, o 'fezvn 'lyr Ar- 
 glwydd, 
 
 Fif pro. me, rad. a?, tarau:odd efe ^fi 
 Hrwof.
 
 132 
 
 FOf pro. he, soft : as, 'fo iwnaeth gyj- 
 lafan. 
 
 Fo, adv. of afBrming, soft : as, '/e 'ddy- 
 wedid fy ngorchfygu. 
 
 Fo'if compound pro. rad. as, 'fo'i ^dych- 
 uelir. Before a vowel, asp. as, 'fo'i *ham' 
 ddiffyn. 
 
 Fo'm, compound pro. rad. as, '/e'wz *ty- 
 W7/S ar yr union. So, jo'w and /o'cA. 
 
 Iw foreuy adv. early, rad. as,^w 'foreu 
 'deui atlaf. 
 
 Y fory, adv. to-morrow, rad. as, ^ 'fory 
 •daw ymwared. 
 
 Fo'thy compound pro. soft: as, 'fo^ih 
 'dyzpys ar yr union. 
 
 Fry, adv. above, rad. as, 'fry Hywynnodd 
 y scr. 
 
 Fy, pro. my, before //, 7n and rh, rad, as 
 *fy 'llais, fy mam ; 'fy 'rhesuwi» liefore 
 others, liq. as, 'fy "mrenin, fy 'nghdr, fy 
 'Nuw, fy 'mJiob/, fy 'nhdd, fy 'ngeiriau. 
 
 I fynu, adv. up, upwards, rad. as, i fynu 
 *dyrchafodd. 
 
 Ffei, inter, rad aad soft : as, "ffei *rhag' 
 ddo, 'ffei ^ddyn. 
 
 Ffwrdd, inter, soft : as, 'ffyordd 'ddi- 
 jfeit/iwr. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gan, conj. forasmuch as, soft: as, «gan 
 'Wneuthur o honot hyn o beth. 
 
 Gan, pre. with, &oft : as, treuUodd fy 
 llygad 'gan ^ddigter. 
 
 Gennyf^ gennyt^ <^c. compound pro. soft: 
 as, cds ' genriyf ^duyllwr.
 
 133 
 
 Gerfydd^ pre. bj. It has some pronoua 
 possessive or other with it : as, ^^erft/dd ^fy^ 
 Si'c. Haw. 
 
 Gcr bron, pre.* before, in presence of, rad. 
 as, ^ger hron 'brenin Moab. 
 
 Gerllaw, pre. near, rad. as, ^gerllaxa 
 ^mynydd Tabor. 
 
 Go^ pre. somewhat, soft : as, gO'fychan^ 
 go-ddrwg. 
 
 Gor, pre. before t, asp. as, gorthrwm^ 
 gorlhrech. Before others soft : as, gor- 
 ddi/fri^ gorflwng. 
 
 &r goreu, inter, very well, soft : as, «oV 
 goreu ^ddyn. 
 
 Goris, pre. beneath, rad. as, ^goris "^my- 
 nydd Seion, 
 
 Gormodd.) adv. too much, soft: as, 'gor' 
 modd ^fwyd. 
 
 Goruwch, prep, over, above, rad. as, 
 ^goruxDch ^pen y mynydd. 
 
 Gwacy inter, woe, soft : as, 'gwae 'fi. 
 
 Gwagy prep, soft: as, gwag-freuddwyd, 
 gwag-jost. 
 
 Ai'Wahan.i adv. apart. 
 
 Gwaith, its compounds, adv. rad. as, 
 ^unwaith 'clija)ais y chwedl. 
 
 Gwedi, adv. and conj. after, when, rad. 
 as, ^gwedi ^dywedyd hyn, e dawodd. 
 
 Gwcdif prep, after, rad. as, ^ gwedi "^cyn- 
 hauaj. 
 
 Gwell, adv. better, rad. as, ^gwell Hewi 
 nag ymleferydd. 
 
 Gwrth, pre. against, soft t as, gwrth' 
 ddywedyd. 
 
 Gwrthdrennydd, adv. rad. as, ^gwrth- 
 drennydd ^daw achubwr, m
 
 134 
 
 G(£i/r^ pre. awry, soft : as, g'Si/vgammu. 
 
 I gyd, adv. altogether. 
 
 Gyda^ prep, with, together with, asp. as, 
 
 Gyjerhyn., pre. over against, rad. as, 
 ^gyferhyn Hy ei frawd. 
 
 H. 
 
 i/fl, hai, adv. and inter, soft: as, 'ha 
 ^clyn^ 'hai 'fachgcn. 
 
 Ha ha, inter, soft: as, 'Ita ha ^ddynion. 
 
 Uagen, conj. rad. as, Wiagen ^gwnaf fy 
 ngoreu. 
 
 Jleb, prep, soft: as, heh avian ac 'heb 
 ^werth. 
 
 J/eblaze, prep, besides, rad. as, yr oedd 
 yno wyr tracd, 'heblaw ^marchogion. 
 
 Jlebof^ hebot, <S'C. compound pro. 
 
 JJeddyxSy adv. to-day, rad. as, 'heddyw 
 - dycli welaf adref. 
 
 Jlefyd^ cou^. also, soft: as, grcnaeth 
 ddrxrg^ 'hefyd ^gyflafayj. Before verbs, 
 rad. as, dywedodd^ 'hefyd ^tyngodd. 
 
 JleibiO) prep, by, rad. as, 'heibio Hy^r 
 milwr. 
 
 Ilengj inter, soft: as, ^heiig ^tor. 
 
 O hensi/ddy conj. because, rad. as, o 
 'herwijdd -dyrocdasai. 
 
 O herwydd^ prep, because of, rad. as, ' 
 '0 herxsydd -drygioni. 
 
 ///, pro. she, soft : as, '/«' ^ddyiredodd 
 ^rtho. 
 
 /iihi\ pro. slic, soft:_ as, 'hihi ^zonaeih 
 anwiredd. 
 
 Iliry pre. soft : as, hir-drigOj hir-lziydd' . 
 ianl.
 
 135 
 
 Hithau^ pro. and she, soft : as, ^hithau 
 ^ddyxaedodd. 
 
 Yn hollawl, adv. wholly, rad. as, 7/n 
 ^hollawl ^gwnacth eioreu. 
 Hon, pro. this female. 
 
 O honof, o honotj Sf-c. compound pro, 
 soft : as, dj/wedj/d o ^lionof ^gelwydd. 
 
 How, adv. and inter, soft: as, ^hoio 
 ^hlnnt. 
 
 jf/zww, pro. this male. 
 
 \r hwn, pro. usually attended with a 
 affirmative; with ;'/, nisov nid, negatives. 
 
 Hwmiw, pro. that male, soft: as, daelk 
 ^hwmiw ^drannodh 1/ntef. 
 
 Hwtit i, i^iep. beyond, soft; as, ^hwnt i 
 ^melinydd. 
 
 Hwi/, pro. they, soft : as, ^hwy 'ddi/gasid 
 yno. 
 
 Hwynt, hwi/ntau, hwijthauj pro. soft : 
 as, djjgxjcyd ^hzeynt ^drachtfn. 
 
 Hwi/nt'lizcjj, pro. they, soft : as, ^hwijnt' 
 hwj/ 'ddywedasant. 
 
 i'w fiwj/r, nc\v. lately, 
 
 Nid fiwj/rach, adv. perhaps, rad. as, «/(f 
 'kwyrach -daw fr cyntedd. 
 
 Hy, pre. soft: as, hi/ddx£jjn, Jn/gof. 
 
 Hyd, prep, unto, until, soft: as, ^^lyd 
 ^dragi/mjddoldeh . 
 
 iij///, pre. soft : ^hyll-dretn, hyll-zDalU. 
 
 Hynny, pro. that, soft: as, a^hynny 
 *fydd mewn heddwch. 
 
 Er liymuj, conj. notwithstanding, rad. as, 
 er ^hynny ^bwytair ajal. 
 
 Yn hyirach, adv. rather, rad. vts, yn 
 'hy track 'gwna ddaioni. 
 
 M 2
 
 136 
 1. 
 
 /, adv. of swearing, soft : as, tyngodd 
 '/ ^Dduw. And often with r, of ^r, added 
 lo it : as, tijngodd 'i'r 'deniL 
 
 /, pre. to, before a pronoun, rad. as, di/- 
 waid ^i ^mi ; dywedaf ^i Hi. Before a sub- 
 s(an<ive, soft: as, rhoddes rodd H ^dd^nion. 
 When //te Cometh between it and the sub- 
 stantive, in the English, then is r, of yr, 
 joined to it ; and the form of the word Ibl- 
 lowing, if masc. rad. as, rhoddes rodd uW 
 ^gwr; but if feminine, soft : as, rhoddes 
 rodd 'i'r 'wraig. 
 /, pro. me. 
 
 /, sign of the infinitive mood active, soft: 
 as, H ^ddywedydy gwir. 
 
 lawn, adv. in compositioH, soft : as, 
 iawn-farnu. 
 
 Iddoy adv. of exhorting: as, ^iddo ^fech- 
 g?/n: 
 
 JddOf compound pro. soft: as, gwn na 
 ddaw ^iddo 'dramgwj/dd. 
 
 Tm, compound pro. having i after it at a 
 distance, either expressed or understood, rad. 
 as, i/r Arglwydd oedd H'tn *dal, H'm "^cyn- 
 nal, ac ^i'm ^codi ; dj/gais efWm Hy, i- e. 
 iV/t dal iy Si-c. fm ty i. Before a vowe!, 
 asp. as, H''rn ^herhyn ; dy help a gdf^i'm 
 ^henaid, i. e. fm herbyn hi, Vvi henaid i. 
 Jr, pre. soft : as, ir-las, ir-wyrdd. 
 is, pre. below, rad. as, ^is ^daiar. 
 Itn\ compound pro, for / mi, soft : as, ffa 
 wneled hwn 'ini' 'waradwydd; haeddodd 'im* 
 oddywedyd',
 
 137 
 
 IslaWf prep, below, underneath, rad. as, 
 ^ islam Vy Ddafj/dd. 
 
 Isodj adv, beneath. 
 
 Tthf compound pro. soi't : as, u'tk ^garu/ 
 ^i'th It/s ^barc/iedig Arglwydd. 
 
 Tw, compound pro. masc. soft : as, 'i'cc; 
 ^ddd; fern. asp. as, H'w 'thdd. Tw, plur. 
 rad. as, 'fw ^Ladau. Before a verb (sign of 
 the infinitive mood passive) soft : as, -peth 
 ^fw ^gofiO) a thing to be remembered. 
 
 Yn Uai, adv. usually with na or o after it. 
 
 Llawer, adv. rad. as, Ulazcer ^gwaitk. 
 
 Yn llawn, rad. as, ^;j Hlawn -melldUhion, 
 When o follows, soft: as, yn 'Hawn o 
 ^jelldithion. 
 
 Lkd^ pre. soft : as, lled-fyw^ Ued-farw. 
 
 OW Ueiaf^ conj, at leastwise, rad. as, oV 
 HleiaJ 'gwna hyn. 
 
 Llwyr^ pre. soft: as, Ihnjr-fwytta. 
 - Llyma^ adv. soft : as, Hlynia ^blentyn, 
 
 Yn llyn^ adv. thus. 
 
 Llyna, adv. ^oft : as, ^llyna ^ddyn. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mae, verb, rad. as, ^mae "dyn yma. 
 
 Mae, adv. soft: as, ^mae ^Dafydd? 
 
 1 maesy adv. without, generally with o or 
 y after it. 
 
 Mai, conj. that, rad. as, clywais ^mai 
 'celxaydd yw» 
 
 Maly adv. as, like, rad. as, ^mal ^dyn yr 
 oedd. 
 
 Malpai, adv. as if, rad. ^malpai 'dy«>edyd. 
 
 Mauj pro. possessive, either put with a 
 
 M O
 
 138 
 
 substantive, or with y only before it; yet 
 ever having respect to some substantive, and 
 changing its initial, answerable to the gender 
 of the substantive: as, y tad mau, y fam 
 fiiu; my father, my mother : or^ mau., yfau. 
 
 Yn fawr, adv. greatly. 
 3Ieg}s, adv. as, like, rad. as, ^megis ""dyn 
 y lie jar odd. 
 
 Melon., adv. and prep, in, within, rad. as, 
 ^mexsn ^It) ; ^rnewn ^pryd. 
 
 Mi, pro. I, soft : as, ^mi '^ddywedais. 
 
 Mi?7?wu, pro. and J, soft; as, ^minnau 
 ^glywais. 
 
 j\Jo, negative, having ni before it, at some 
 distance, soft: as, 7ii dd bylh i barliuu ^mo 
 ^hxybrau pech aduriald. 
 
 1v!o\h, tor mo ek/iy rad. as, Iieb orfod 
 "■mo^ch ^cymmell. 
 
 jMo''i, for 7no ti, masc. soft : as, fieb orfod 
 vizcy ^rno^i ^daro. Fern. asp. as, heb orfod 
 niwy ^nio'i UliaVo. For mo en, plur. rad. 
 as, /leb orfod mwy ^mo''u ^laro. 
 
 Mo'm, for vio elm, negative. Before cou- 
 soiiants, radical : as, nichlyw ^mo'm ^cerydd. 
 llefore vowels, asp. as, ni wrtliyd ^mo^m 
 ^/teitaid. 
 
 Mo'n, for 7720 em, rad. as, vi chrnit yn 
 frail ^7110' n 'gorfod. 
 
 JSIor, adv. and conj. as, makes no change 
 of // or rk : as, ^mor^Uaweii, ^mor ^rhntted ; 
 changing others into soft: as, 'mor^jluned, 
 ^mor ^dccced, 
 
 JlJoUh, for mo eilh, soft: as, ni xryl 
 ^mo'lli -imr gyfammod. 
 
 JiaT/jadv. more, nul* ?i^,^mz€y "dyrnvnol 
 ynt nag aiir.
 
 139 
 
 Yn fwi/, adv. usually with na or o after it. 
 
 Mi/fi, pro. 1, soft : as, ^nii/fi 'ddj/wedaf. 
 
 3ij/n, adv. of swearing, by, rad. as, 'm^n 
 ^pen Pharao. 
 
 Mijnych^ adv. oft, rad. as, ^mynych 
 'ci/rchai atto. 
 
 N. 
 
 Na, conj. neither, nor, asp. as, '/?« 
 ^plieri^ ^na -chj/nf)'on. 
 
 Na, adv. not, before verbs beginning ^\ilh 
 b, d, 0-, //, m, rh.) soft : as, 'wa ^Ij/sia; ^na 
 ^ddychwel ; ^na ^dd ; ^na ^yrr ; hia^ladd; 
 ^na \f)jnn; ^na ^rodia : (except before bod, 
 rad. as, '«a -bawti, 'na ^bwi/J\ 'na ^hyddwyf ; 
 yet by dd imns to fydd : as, '/?« 'Jydd ym- 
 rysongar.) Jiefore verbs beginning with c, 
 p, t^ asp. as, 'na ^chais ; 'na ^phall ; 'na 
 Hhaw. 
 
 O wfl, adv. would to God, hath the same 
 property as na. 
 
 JVac, adv. and conj. used before vowels : 
 as, 'nac 'animau. 
 
 Nad^ adv. Ix-fore consonants, rad, as, 
 dyzoaid 'nad ^ Ddfydd ydoedd. 
 
 O nad, adv. of wishing. 
 
 Nag e, adv. of denying, soft : as, 'nag e 
 ^ddim, 
 
 Nailly adj . soft : as, y ^naiU 'ddyn ; y 
 ^naill 'da. 
 
 Namyn^ conj. rad. as, 'namyn 'pymlkeg, 
 
 Na'r, for na yr, nor the. Before masc. 
 rad. as, 'nar ^gwr. Before iem. soft: as, 
 
 Na's,i\(\v. rad. &s,dyii:nid'mi's ^gwnaelh- 
 
 0Sl.
 
 140 
 
 Y nebf pro. ■whoso. It hath either a 
 affirmative, or ni ornis, negatives, after it. 
 
 OV neilllu, adv. aside, apart. 
 
 iVew, conj. or, solt : as, pan chzoilio efe 
 am waed ^neu ^drais. 
 
 Ni, adv. halh the same properties as na 
 adv. 
 
 Niy pro. we, us, rad. as, ni wnawn ^ni 
 'mwy ufudd-dod. 
 
 JS/id, adv. before consonants, rad. as, ^nid 
 ^di/n ydyiQ. 
 
 Ni'm^ wi'w, nVch, compound pro. rad. as, 
 ^ni^m, ^ni^n, ^nfch -carodd. 
 
 Ninnau, pro. and we, soft : as, ^ninnau 
 'ddijwedwn. 
 
 Nis, adv. not, before consonants rad. as, 
 ^nis '^mynni ddyall. 
 
 NVih^ compound pro. soft : as, ^ni'th 
 'garodd. 
 
 iVo, conj. as na, conj. 
 
 No^d, conj. even, rad. as, car bawby 
 'no'd 'gefyn. 
 
 Nog, as nac. 
 
 Nyni, pro. we, soft : as, myni^ddywedwn', 
 
 O. 
 
 O, pro. he, soft: as, 'o ^ddywedodd wr- 
 thyf, dyicedodd 'o ^gelnoydd. 
 
 O, prep, troai, of, out of, soft: as, 'o 
 tddydd i ddydd ; 'o 'fraint a phris. 
 
 (J, conj. if, rad. as, 'o 'cert fi. Sometimes 
 asp. as, 'o ^chyfyd rhai Vm herbyn, Psalraau 
 Can, i^, 48. 
 
 O, inter, saft: as^'O 'Dduw I 'O 'wraig, 
 mazier yw dy ffydd.
 
 141 
 
 O dhryh^ advi and prep, because of, 
 rad. as, 'o ethryh ^godineh. 
 
 Q Jlaen, prep, before, rad. as, 'o flaen 
 ^brenin Si/ via. 
 
 O herwydd, adv. and prep, because of, 
 rad. as, 'o hervoydd ^drygchxDant. 
 
 O gylch^ prep, about, rad. as, 'o gylch 
 ^mynydd Seion. 
 
 O blegid, ohleid, conj, because of, rad. as, 
 ^obfegid *celwydd. 
 
 Obry^ adv. below, soft : as, ^obry ^ddyn. 
 
 Och, inter, soft: as, ^och'Dduw. 
 
 Of/, conj, if, used before vowels : as, ^od 
 'erya eje. 
 
 Oddi-accwy adv. rad. as, ^oddi-accw 'daw 
 e'n ebrwydd. 
 
 Oddi-allan^ prep, used with i after it : as, 
 odd i- all an i dy. 
 
 Oddiar^ prep, soft: as, ^oddiar ^gefnyrasyn 
 
 Oddi-draw, adv. rad. as, ^oddi'draw 'daw 
 aderyn. 
 
 Oddieithry conj. rad. as, ^oddieithr *gwds 
 y 77/ arc hog. 
 
 Oddi fewn, adv. and prep. rad. as, 'oddi 
 fewn Vy Simon. 
 
 Oddixorih, prep, from, soft : as, 'oddizsrtk 
 *bla, haint y nodau, St'C. 
 
 Oddi-yma, adv. from hence, rad. as, 
 'oddi-yn/a Hramzcyodd. 
 
 Oddi-yna, adv. from thence, rad. as, 
 'oddi-yna 'torrodd allan. 
 
 OJduckod, adv. from above, rad. a's, 
 'odduchod 'daeth yr eryr. 
 
 Oddusodf adv. beneath, rad. as, 'oddusod 
 'tardd ffynhonnau. 
 
 Ol, compound pro. out of bis, soft t as,
 
 142 
 
 ,d^i *dy, 'oH 'ogoniant. Her, asp. as, 'o'l 
 •f/ify. Their, rad. as, 'o^u *lai. 
 
 Yn o/, adv. rad. as. 'i/7i ol *dychxstlyd. 
 So, z/w o/, prep, as, ^yn ol "splendid fy nwylo. 
 
 O^m^ compound pro. out of my, rad. as, 
 'o'm 'lij i. 
 
 Ond, conj. rad. as, 'o7id Hirion ydyu'r 
 arfau. 
 ^ Ond odid. adv. rad. as, 'ond odid 'daw 
 trachefn. 
 
 Oni, OS fit, conj. soft: as, cospir di ^oni 
 (or 'OS ni) *weithi. 
 
 Onid^ adv. and conj. rad. as, 'oiud 'dyn 
 a welaf ? 
 
 Otiis, conj. rad. as, 'onis 'dywedi zerfhyf? 
 
 O'?', conj. if, rad. as, 'o'r'dywedi ge/wydd. 
 
 O'r, prep, before, masc. rad. as, 'o'r 4y. 
 Before fem. soft : as, 'oV 'dref. 
 
 O'l', before adjectives, rad. SiS^'oW'glanaf; 
 'o^r 'puraf, 
 
 O^r (fu ollan, tu dram), tu feu:n, tu hwnf, 
 iu ol) parth yma, prep, iiave i or i'r after 
 tlicm. 
 
 Os, conj. if, rad. as, 'as "lery efe. 
 
 Os ?2id, conj. rad. as, unwaith, ^s nid 
 'dzoywaith y daeth. 
 
 O'th, compound pro. soft : as,'o7/i 'garu; 
 H ddaw <oHh ^ddaidu attad. 
 
 Ow, inter, soft : as, 'ow 'icraig'. 
 
 F. 
 
 Pa, pro. what, soft : as, 'pa 'ddyn ? 'pa, 
 ^guddio^f wyt dy wynebpryd? 
 
 Pa (ddelw^ ethryb, fodd) sut, p'odd, 
 p^wedd, paham, adv. used with^or^r after 
 thera.K
 
 143 
 
 Paw, adv. wben, soft: as, 'pan 'go/lwn; 
 ^pan 'wasgarodd. 
 
 Parth a, prep, towards, asp. as, 'parth a 
 'iMef. 
 
 Parth agy prep, towards, used before 
 vowels : as, 'parth ag 'adref. 
 
 Pe, pes, conj. it, rad. as, 'pe, or 'pes, 
 ''gzoneuthit hynny. 
 
 Pedy conj. if, used before vowels, except 
 before bod and its tenses; and then soft : as, 
 "ped ^ji/ddi£n, S(c, or incorporated with 
 them : as, pettr£ti, pettit, pettai. 
 
 P'le^ adv. where, rad. as, 'pHe ^gwnaeth 
 
 Pob, adj. every, rad. as, 'pob ^gdr, qiob 
 gzaraig. 
 
 Prin, adv. scarcely, used as braidd, vide. 
 
 Pzny, pro. who, soft : as, 'pwj/ 'ddi/wed' 
 odd Jelly ? 
 
 R. 
 
 Rhag, pre. soft : as, rhag-JIaenu, rhag- 
 '* 'ywedyd. 
 
 Rhag, pre. from, rad. as, 'rhag 'blinder a 
 chasineb ; 'rhag 'tare dy droed wrth garreg. 
 
 Rhag bron, rhag xoyneb, prep, before, 
 presence of, rad. as, ^rhag bron ('rhag wy- 
 neb ^Duw. 
 
 Rhagof, rhagof, compound pro. 
 
 Rhwng, prep, between, rad. as, 'rhwng 
 Hy Ddajydd a'r llan. 
 
 Rhy, pre. soft : as, rhy-draul. 
 
 Rhy, adv. excessively, soft : as, ac yn 
 'rhy ""gas eu geiriau. 
 
 O rhyfedd, inter, soft : as, o Whyfedd 
 ^ddyn.
 
 144 
 
 Rhyngof^ rhyngot, compound pro. have 
 u or flo-j with a pronoun or substantive after 
 them: as, rhj/ngof a Duu\ And sometimes 
 a peculiar primitive pronoun between them 
 and a or ag : as, rhz/ngof ji a Dafydd ; 
 rhyngot ti ag ef. 
 
 Rhyita, adj. some, soft: as, rhym ^ddyriy 
 ^rhyw ^wraig. 
 
 S. 
 
 Y sawli pro. whoso, he that, generally 
 attended with a affirmative ; or with na or ni 
 negat. as, y sawl a wnel hyn ; y sawl ni 
 wnel (or nVs gwnel) hyn. 
 
 Sefy adv. rad. as, 'sef 'cadarn yze) d'or- 
 chymmyn. 
 
 'Stj inter, soft : as, ''st *blentyn. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tan, prep, under, soft : as, Ha7i 'draed. 
 
 Tally pro. thy, used after its sub. with y 
 oi yr before them: as, i/ tddtau, i/r Ar- 
 glwydd tan. And sometimes with y only 
 before it : as, y tou, tiiine. 
 
 Taw, conj. that, rad. as, dywaid, 'Taze, 
 'Celwydd yw. 
 
 Ti, pro. thou, soft : as, 'ti 'ddywedaist. 
 
 Tra, adv. whilst, rad. as, 7r« 'paihao 
 haul a Ileuad. 
 
 T'ra, pre. before c, p, t, asp. as, tra-cha- 
 darn, tra-phrydferth, tra-thenau. Before 
 others, rad. as, tra-dyfal, Ira-gldn, tra- 
 mawr. 
 
 Tradwy, adv. rad. as, 'tradtinj 'cyfododd. 
 
 Yn dragywydd, adv. for ever, rad, as, 
 yn 'dragywydd *rhydd dnfgaredd.
 
 145 
 
 Tranoelky adv. rad. as, 'trano'elh *traetk' 
 odd araith. 
 
 7 raws, pre. soft : as, traws-ddadl, traws- 
 gt/hudded. 
 
 Trennyddy adv. rad. as, Hrennydd^dych' 
 wel adref. 
 
 Tros, prep, soft: as, rhoddes ei fywydyn 
 brydwerth Hros * ddynion. Uefore an ad- 
 verb, sometimes rad. as, ^tros ^byth. 
 
 ^'rwof^ trwot, 8fc. compound pro. rad. as, 
 Hrwyof UarazDodd gleddyf. 
 
 Trz^jy, prep, through, soft: as, Hrwy ^orlh- 
 rymder ; Hrwy ^gorph y dydd. 
 
 T'ua, prep, towards, asp. as, ^tua ^thref. 
 
 Tiiag at, prep, soft : as, Huag at ^dy'r 
 dewyn, 
 
 2uag at am, prep, as touching, soft: as, 
 ^tuag at am ^gelwyddau dynion. 
 
 Tydiy pro. thou, soft : as, Hydi ^ddywed- 
 aist, 
 
 U. 
 
 Uck, prep, above, over, rad, as, 'wc/^ 
 ^mymjdd Seion, 
 
 Uwch, prep, above, over, rad. as, ^iiwch 
 ""gwynt ; ^uwch 'dyfroedd lawer mae ei 
 dr^n ; rhoist dy fendithion ^uwch ^pobtaiol. 
 
 Uchben, uwchben, prep, over, above, rad. 
 as, Hiwchben ^mesur. 
 
 Uchlaw, uwchlaw, prep, above, more than, 
 rad. as, ^uwchlaw ^punt. 
 
 Uchod, adv. upwards, above. 
 
 Yn unmodd, yn unsut, yn unwedd, adr. 
 alike. They have a (prep. ) after theoj. 
 
 Ust, inter, soft : as, 'ust ^bUntyn. 
 
 N
 
 146 
 
 I wared, adv. down, downwards, rad. 
 as, i ^ wared ^descijnnodd. 
 
 Wb, zoOwb, inter, soft : as, ^wby or 'whwb 
 'ddynion. 
 
 fVcUhian, adv. now at length, rad. as, 
 ^meithian ^dychwelwn. 
 
 Wfft, inter, soft: as, ^w^t ^ddijn, 
 
 Wrtk, prep, bj, soft: as, 'mrth ^fcsur , 
 ^zrrth ''■fynyddyr oUwydd. 
 
 Wrlhyf^ wrthyt, S;c, compound pro. rad. 
 as, ^wrtlii/f, <Sc. ^gryn afiechyd, 
 
 Y. 
 
 y, article. Before masc. rad. as, ^y ^gar, 
 'V ^hrenin: Before fem. soft: as, '3/ ^wraigf 
 \i/ 'frenhines. 
 
 y, adv. of affirming, rad. as, diait 'y 
 'daelhy dyn ; rhoi dial hawdd '^ ^gaUaf. 
 
 Y leni, adv. this year, rad. as, ^y lent 
 'gwnaeih lanastra. 
 
 Ychydig, adv. a little, soft : os, 'ychydig 
 'fwydy or o fwyd. 
 
 Yd, yddy adv. of affirming, used before 
 vowels. 
 
 Ym, adv. of swearing, by, rad. as, ^ym 
 ^ty Dduw. 
 
 1 »2, pre. soft: ixs, ymbleidio^ymdretglo. 
 
 Y^7n, y'n, y^ch, compound pro. rad. as, 
 Duw ^y'ni, &,c, 'carodd. 
 
 Yma, hither. Before a verb, rad. as, 
 ^yma 'daw y brenin. Before a substantive, 
 soft : as, daw ^yma ^ddyn. 
 
 Ymaes, prep, out of ^ used with after it: 
 asj y rams o dy.
 
 147 
 
 Ymaith, adv. away, rad. as, ^i/maith Haj- 
 Iwn eu from iait. 
 
 Y^mlaen, adv. forwards ; it has 1/ or 7/r 
 generally idler it : as, y''mlaen y cerddaiW 
 marchog. 
 
 Y^mron, adv. almost, rad. as, '^ifmron 
 ^cysgUf \y''mron ^marw. 
 
 Yn, particle, when it denotes quality, 
 state, or distribution ; before llor rh, rad. as, 
 'yn ^llawen, ^yn Hlonydd^ ^yn Hhannau^ 
 ^yn ^rheioL JtJut before other consonants, 
 soft : as, ^yn -frenin, 'yn ^frenldnes^ ^yn 
 ^frenhines, ^yn ^warih, ^yn ^dduj ^yn '■dir' 
 ion, ^yn ^fwyn^ ^yn ^ogoneddus. 
 
 IV, when sign of the participle of the 
 present tense, rad. as, ^yn ^caru, ^yn -dy* 
 wedyd. 
 
 Yn, pre. hath generally y after it. Or 
 otherwise makes the following changes : 
 
 Before h, yn changes its owti n into 7n ; 
 and makes the following initial liq. as, ^yjn 
 'fnSny niynydd. 
 
 JiJetore c, ^w either casts away*" its w, or 
 Ciianges it into ?;/, and makes the folloAving 
 initial liq. as, y''nghanol, y'nghynghor yr 
 tiniiuwiolion^ y' Nghrisl le^u. 
 
 Before rf, liq. as, ^yn *Nuw, ^yn ^nealius^ 
 ^yn ^nefodol. 
 
 Before g, yn loses its «, and makes the 
 following initial liq. as, y'ngwri/izsyneh, 
 y'ngzoeithredoedd eu dwylo. 
 
 Before m, yn changes into ym, and t'le 
 following initial rad. as, ^ym -meddiant. 
 
 Betote p^ yn changes [nioyin, and makes 
 the following initial liq. as, ^ym -mliyn'h 
 merch Seion. n 2
 
 148 
 
 Before t, yn makes the following initial 
 liq. as, ^yn ^nheml ei santeiddrwydd / 'yn 
 *nhir y rhai byw. And soraetimes throws 
 away its «, and incorporates with the word: 
 as, y'' nholldy'' r hrenin, y^^^^y Simon. 
 
 Yn erhyn^ prep. rad. as, 'yn erbyn '■ge- 
 lynionyh renin. 
 
 Yn ol^ adv. and prep, after, rad. as, 'yn 
 ol ^dzjzcedi/d hyny ; 'yn ol ^Dafijdd y daw 
 Pedr. 
 
 Yn ymyl, prep, by, rad. as, 'yn ymyl 
 ^mor 2'iberias. 
 
 Yna, adv. then, rad. as, 'yna ^dywedodd 
 
 loan 
 
 Yn azior, adv. now, rad. as, 'yn awr 
 '^dychwelwn adref. 
 
 Y^nghylch, prep, about, rad. as, ^y^ng- 
 hylch ^blwyddyn^ 'y''nghylch Hrugain. 
 Yngody adv. 
 
 Y'ngwydd, prep, before, in presence of, 
 rad. as, 'y^igwydd ^pawb. 
 
 Y^nghyd, adv. together. 
 
 y«o, adv. there. Jiefore verbs, rad. as, 
 ^yno ^gwnaed ei wely. Before other parts, 
 soft: as, bydd 'yno ^ddrwg-Weithredwyr ; 
 bydd 'yno Jylh eu Hetty. 
 
 Ynofy ynoty ynod, 6:c. conapound pro. 
 rad. as, 'j/«o/, S^c, ^tt/f clefydau; ^ynod 
 ^gorfoleddaf. 
 
 Fntau, pro. and he, soft : as, 'yntau ^ddy^ 
 Tffedai. 
 
 Vr, adv. of affirming, used before vowels : 
 as, ^yr ^oeddgwr aH enw loan. 
 
 Yr^ conj. adversat. as, er» 
 
 Ys e/, adv. as, sef.
 
 149 
 
 Ysgatfydd, adv. perhaps, rad. as, ^i/sgat' 
 fydd ^daw anghyfluDr. 
 
 Yt\ for i tif soft: as, am \//t' ^gi/sgodi 
 trestynt. 
 
 V'tkf compound pro. soft .- as, heddj/w 
 ^i/th 'genhedlais. 
 
 Note in general, That many of these par° 
 tides, especially adverbs, have 1/ generally 
 understood between them and the verb ; or 
 have their influence suspended by the nomi- 
 native case, and therefore suffer verbs to 
 retain their radical initials. But when they 
 are placed next before other parfs of speech, 
 they change the initials of those parts ge- 
 nerally to the soft form. Examples hereof 
 may be seen on yma and yna> 
 
 lArfsJ' W^^ y^/^/'./^A^A*^^ A^^*« 
 
 JTints;* 
 
 •/^r ^^A/^/sr^^^*^^y*/^^ /N*N.* 
 
 k3
 
 I
 
 INDEX. 
 
 r ys**^./V^^«#**' 
 
 A. 
 
 A-BLATivE cases absolute, chap. 39. 
 
 Accusative cases, their property in constructionj 
 chap. 36. 
 
 Adjectives, chap. 14. Their genders, chap. 15. 
 Their plurals, chap. 16. Some have termina- 
 tions peculiar to their signification, chap. 17. 
 Their comparisons, chap. 18. Some anoma- 
 lously compared, chap. 19. Their coustruc- 
 tion with their substantives, chap. 32. 
 
 Adnabod, an anomal, formed, chap. 25. 
 
 Adolwyn, an anomal, formed, chap. 25. 
 
 Adverbs, what, and of how many sorts, chap, 
 28. Their construction, chap. 41. 
 
 Adzeaen, an anomal, formed, chap. 25. 
 
 Anomalous verbs, chap. 25. 
 
 ArhoS) an anomal, formed, chap. 25. 
 
 Articles, parts of speech, how many, chap. 27. 
 Their construction, chap. 40. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bod, the verb substantive, formed in both voices, 
 chap. 23. It hath only the third person sin- 
 gular in the moods and tenses of the passive 
 voice, ibid. 
 
 Bijzoj aa anomaly chap, 25,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cael and caffael^ anomals, chap, 25. 
 Canfod, compound of bod, formed, chap. 24. 
 Chzcerthhif an anomal, chap, 25. 
 Clybu^ clijbod, anomals, chap. 25. 
 Conjugations, three in the active, chap. 22 ; and 
 
 two in the passive, ibid. 
 Conjunctions, their kinds, '"chap. 29 ; their 
 
 construction, chap. 42. 
 Consonants, single, 13; double,?; mutable, 
 
 9, chap. 1. Specimen of the initial changes 
 
 of mutable consonauts, chap. 4. 
 
 D« 
 
 Darfod^ compound of iorf, formed, chap. 24. 
 
 Vawr, anomal, chap. 25. 
 
 Degle^ anomal, chap, 25. 
 
 Diphthongs, single, chap. 23 j double, 18] 
 
 mutable, 4, chap. 1, 
 Dyfod^ anomal, formed, chap. 25. 
 Djjwcdi/d, anomal, chap. 25. 
 
 E. 
 
 Ebf ebr^ chap. 25. 
 
 G. 
 
 Genders of substantives, how many, chap. 13; 
 
 of adjectives, how many, chap. 15, 
 Gorjod^ compound of bod, formed, chap. 24. 
 Gorugaw, anomal, chap. 23. 
 Gzcneuthur, anomal, formed, chap. 25. 
 Gwj/bod, anomal, chap. 25. 
 
 H. 
 
 JIanfod or hanffod, compounds of bodj formedj 
 
 chap. 24. 
 Ilwde^ hwrc) anomal&j chap. 25«
 
 INDEX. 
 
 I. 
 
 J properly no Welsh letter, chap. 1, 
 
 Infinitive mood active; its Toice used as sub- 
 stantive, gerund, supine, and to supply many 
 persous, chap. 22. Its construction, chap. 
 38. It is sometimes both nominative case to a 
 verb, and substantive to an adjective, ibid. 
 
 Initial. Specimen of initial changes of mutable 
 consonants, upon special occasions, chap. 4. 
 A table, shevring the effect certain particles 
 have on the initial letters of subsequent 
 words, chap. 43. 
 
 Interjections, chap. 28. 
 
 K. 
 
 K no Welsh letter, chap. 1. 
 
 L. 
 
 Letters, Welsh, 27, chap, 1. Their riatural 
 sounds, chap. 2. 
 
 M. 
 
 MarWi, anomal, chap. 25. 
 Medd, anomal, chap. 25. 
 Moes, moeswchi anomal, chap. 25< 
 Moods of verbs, 6, chap. 22. 
 Mynedj anomal, formed, chap. 23. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nominative case, its construction with its verb, 
 chap. 35. 
 
 Nouns, their kinds, chap. 6.' 
 
 Numbers of substantives, chap- 8. How for- 
 med, chap. 9. 
 
 Numerals, their kinds and genders, chap. 20. 
 Their construction with substantives, chap. 
 33. 
 
 P. 
 
 Participles, how many, and how made, chap.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 26. Their construction, chap. 39. They 
 have casual words after them, ibid. Required 
 in ablative cases absolute, ibid. 
 
 Parts of the Welsh tongue, how many, chap. 3, 
 Their occasional changes, how many, chap. 5. 
 
 Passive voice ; one respective termination (viz, 
 that of the third person singular) serves all 
 persons and tenses, chap. 22. Verbs passive 
 have^aw before their casual words, chap. 36. 
 
 Viau^ anomal, chap. 25. 
 
 Plurals of substantives variously formed, chap. 
 9, 10, 11, 12; of adjectives, how formed, 
 chap. 16. Of the initial letters of plural 
 substantives and adjectives in constructionj 
 chap. 32. 
 
 Prepositions of two sorts, and what they arc, 
 chap. 30. 
 
 Price, nouns of, how they come after their 
 verbs, chap. 36. 
 
 Pronouns, their number, kinds, genders, num- 
 bers, and persons, chap. 21. Their coropo- 
 sitioas and places in constructionj chap. 34. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q no Welsh letter, chap. 1. 
 
 Question. The construction of questions and 
 
 answers, chap. 37. Questions put diverslj, 
 
 and answered diveisiy, ibid. 
 
 R. 
 
 J?/io«', anomal, cUap. 25. 
 
 S. 
 
 Substantives, their genders, how many, chap. 
 13. Their numbers, chap. 8. Their plurals 
 variously formed, chap. 9, IG, 11, 12. Their 
 construction, when they belong to one thing,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 and when they betoken dirers, how, chap. 31. 
 Two substaatives compounded together, their 
 properties, chap. 31. Their construction 
 with adjectiyes, chap. 32. Their construc- 
 tion with numerals, chap. 33. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tawr^ anomal, chap. 25. 
 
 Time, nouns of, how they come after their 
 verbs, chap. 36. ., 
 
 Ti/bi/gUy anomal, chap. 24. 
 
 V. 
 
 Verbs, their kinds and accidents, how they are 
 to be prepared for forming, chap. 22. Ano- 
 malous verbs, chap. 25. Their construction 
 with their nominative cases, chap. 35. Their 
 construction with words governed of them, 
 chap. 36. Some have prepositions peculiar 
 unto them, chap. 36. 
 
 Vocative case, the property of substantive and 
 adjective, when so, chap, 32. 
 
 Voices of verbs, 2, chap, 22. 
 
 Vowels, 7 ; mutable, 4, chap, 1, 
 
 X. 
 
 X no Welsh letter, chap. 1. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Z no Welsh letter, chap, 1,
 
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