Ill I all tfao ,^f 29. SHERIDAN'S DRAMATIC WORKS AND LIFE. Portrait. 31. GOETHE'S WORKS. Vol.1. [His Autobiography. 13 Books.3 Portrait. 35. WHEATLEY ON THE COMMON PRAYER. Frontispiece. S32 37, 39, 40, 81, & 86. MILTON'S PROSE WORKS. In 5 Vols, with general Ind< < ^ and Portraits. S$j5 38,41, & 45. MENZEL'S HISTORY OF GERMANY. Complete in 3 Vols. Portras V$g 42. SCHLEGELS /ESTHETIC AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. l0 43. GOETHE'S WORKS. Vol. II. [Remainder of his Autobiography, and Trareli.] Jv>@ 44. SCHILLER'S WORKS. Vol. IV. ["The Robbers," "Fiesko," "Lore ai />Q2 Intrigue," and " The Ghost-Seer ."] Translated by Hikm G. Bohh. BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY. 46. SCHLEGEL'S LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY. 47. LAMARTINES HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848. 48 8c 50. JUNiUS'S LETTERS, with Notes, Additions, Essay, Index, &c. 2 Vols. 49, 5C 30, 65, 71. VASARI'S LIVES OF THE MOST CELEBRATED PAINTERS, :ULPTORS, AND ARCHITECTS. Translated by Mrs. Fostrr, with Notes. mplete iu Vols., with Index. LOR'S (JEREMY) HOLY LIVING AND DYING. Portrait. 51. 52. ^v iTHE'S WORKS. Vol III. ["Faust," " Iphigenia," "Torquato Tasso," : d "Egmont."] Translated by Miss Swanwtck. With " Goett von Ber- h hingen," translated by Sir Waltr Scott. 53, 56, 58, 61. 66, 67, 75, & 82. NEANDER'S CHURCH HISTORY. Carefully rerised by the Rrt. A. J. W. Morriaok. 8 Vols. With Index. 54. NEANDER'S LIFE OF CHRIST. 57, 64. NEANDER'S PLANTING OF CHRISTIANITY, & ANTIGNOSTIKUS, 3 Volt. 5Q. GREGORY'S (DR.) LETTERS ON THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. 62 8c 63. JAMES' (G. P. R.) LOUIS XIV. Complete hi 9 Vols. Portraits. 68 8c 70. SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS' LITERARY WORKS, with Memoir, 2 Vols. Port. 60. ANDREW FULLER'S PRINCIPAL WORKS. Portrait. 72. BUTLER'S ANALOGY OF RELIGION, AND SERMONS, with Notes, &c. Portrait. 73. MISS BREMER'S WORKS. Translated by Mart Howitt. New Edition, revised. Vol. I. [" The Neighbours," and other Tales.] Post 8to. Portrait. $s. 6J. 74. NEANDER'S MEMORIALS OF CHRISTIAN LIFE IN THE EARLY AND MIDDLE AGES (including his "Light in Dark Places";. Post 8vo. St. 6d. 76. MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by MARY HOWITT. Vol. II. "The President's Daughters." Portrait. 77 & 80. JOHN FOSTER'S LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE, edited by J. E. Kyland. In 2 Volumes. Portrait. 78. BACON'S ESSAYS, APOPHTHEGMS, NEW ATALANTIS, AND HENRY Portrait. WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS, VII., with Dissertation and Notes. 79. GUIZOTS HISTORY OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT, translated from the French by A. EL Scoblk. With Index. 83. MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by Mart Howitt. Vol. III. "The Home, and Strife and Peace." 84. DE LPLME ON THE CONSTITUTION OF ENGLAND, or, Account of the English GoTernment ; edited, with Life and Notes, by John Macgrkoor, M.P. 85. HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA, from 1782 to the present time; in continuation of COXE. Portrait of the present Emperor. 07 & 88. FOSTER'S LECTURES, edited by J. E. Rtland. 2 vols. 89- MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by MARY HOWITT, Vol IV. "A Diary: The H Family j The Solitary; The Comforter; Axel and Anna ; and a Letter about Suppers. 90. SMITH'S (ADAM) THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS; and "Essay on the First Formation of Languages," with Memoir by Duqald Stkwart. 91, 95, 96, 99, 102, 103, 105, & 106. COWPER S COMPLETE WORKS, Edited by Southkt; comprising: his Poems, Correspondence, and Translations, with Southey's Memoir. With 50 Engravings on Steel. Complete in 8 vols. 3 b BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY. 92. DANUBIAN PROVINCES. Ranke's History of Servia, The Serrian Rerolu- JrSs tion, The Insurrection in Bosnia, and The Slave Provinces of Turkey. Translated ()< hy Mas. Kkrk. 93. GOETHE'S ELECTIVE AFFINITIES, SORROWS OF WERTHER. GERMAN J&< EMIGRANTS, GOOD WOMEN; and A NOUVELETTE. 04. THE CARAFAS OF MADDALONI : Naples under Spanish Dominion. Trans- |a latcd from the German of Al*rkd de Roumont. Portrait of McuanUlh. *y. 97, 109, & 112. CONDI'S HISTORY OF THE ARABS IN SPAIN. Translated S from the Spanish by Mas. Eostkr. In 3 vols, with copious Index. Frontispiece, g } 08 &. 104. LOCKE'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS, containing the Essay on the |f' Human Understanding, the Conduct of the Understanding, &c, with Notes by 52 J. A. St. John, Esq. General Index and a Portrait. In 2 Vols. 100. HUNGARY: ITS HISTORY AND REVOLUTIONS. With a Copious Memoir g^ of K088UTH, from new and authentic sources. Portrait of Kossuth. C> 101 & 113. HISTORY OF RUSSIA to the present time, compiled from Karahstw, 3 Tooke, and Segur, by W. K. Kkt.lt. In 2 vols, with Index, Portraits of Catherine 5% the Second, Nicholas, and Mentschikopf. eg 107 & 108. JAMES;S (G. P. R.) LIFE OF RICHARD CCEUR DE LION, King of IS England. New Edition, with Portraits of Richard and Philip Augustus. Com- gv; pletc in 2 vols. IpO c v 110 & 111. SMYTH'S LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY. New Edition, with ?X> the Author's last corrections, and a General Indtc. 2 vols. JrM 114. GOETHE'S WILHELM MEJSTER'S APPRENTICESHIP, complete in one X Volume. <*. Of) 115. BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER, in a popular form, by Leigh Hurt, complete 2& in one Vol. ^< 116. 117. SMYTHS LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVO- 1 LUTION. New edition, with the Author's last corrections, an additional Lecture, ^v and a General Index. Complete in two Vols. g 118. MIGNETS HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, from 1789 to 1814. & 119. GUIZOTS HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION OF 1640. fg With a Preliminary Essay on its causes and success. Translated hy Wm. Hazlitt, &> 120. GUIZOTS HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION, from the Pall of the Roman Empire 1$ to the French Revolution. Translated by William Hazliit. In 3 Vols. Vol.1. gX 1 BOHN'S EXTRA VOLUMES. Uniform with the Standard Library, price Si. td. 1. GRAMMONTS MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF CHARLES H. Portrait. 2 &. 3. RABELAIS' WORKS. Complete in 2 Vols. Portrait, 4. COUNt HAMILTON'S FAIRY TALES. Portrait. -Vfe^J 6 - BOCCACCIO'S DECAMERON, a complete Translation, by W. K. Kelly, Esq. & Portrait. J 1 c y^ [Vi/f^S 6 ' CERVANTES' EXEMPLARY NOVELS, complete. Portrait. $$$& 7 ' J HEPTAMERON, Tales in the manner of Boccaccio, by Margaret, Queen ofjNavarrk. line Portrait. r to* UNIFORM WITH THE STANDARD LIBRARY, BARBAULD'S (MRS.) SELECTIONS FROM THE SPECTATOR, TATLER, GUARDIAN, AND FREEHOLDER. In 2 Vols. 2>s. 6d. per Volume. BRITISH POETS, from Milton to Kirke Whttb, Cabinet Edition, comprising, in a very small but remarkably clear type, as much matter as the sixty volumes of Johnson's Poets. Complete in -i Vols. Frontispieces. lis. CARY'S TRANSLATION OF DANTE. Extra cloth. 7s. Cd. CATTERMOLE'S EVENINGS AT HADDON HALL. 24 exquisite Engravings on Steel, from Designs by himself; the Letter-Press by the Baroness dk Gala BRELLA. Post 8VO. It. 6d. CHILLINGWORTH'S RELIGION OF PROTESTANTS. 8*. td. CLASSIC TALES; comprising The Vicar of Wakefield, Elizabeth, Paul and Virginia, Gulliver's Travels, Sterne's Sentimental Journey, Sorrows of Werter, Thcodosius and Constantia, Castle of Otranto, and Rasseias. 12mo. 7 Portraits, os. Gd. DEMOSTHENES. Translated by LkLiXD. Portrait. 3s. DICKSON AND MOWBRAY ON POULTRY, Edited by Mrs. Loudox, Illus- trations by Harvey (including the Cochin-China Fowl). 5*. HORACE'S ODES AND EPODES, translated literally and rhythmically, by the Rkv. W. Sewell. 3j. (id. IRVING'S (WASHINGTON) WORKS. Complete in 10 Vols., 1 15*., or 3*. 6J. per Vol. JOYCES SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUES. Greatlv Improved Edition, with Questions, Sec, by Pin mock. (Upwards of GW pages). Woodcuts, bs. JOYCE'S INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 5*. LAMARTINE'S HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION. i vols., post 8vo., new Edition, witb a General Index, and 5 additional Portraits, vix., Lamartine, Talleyrand, Lafayette, Ney, and Louis XVII. Cloth. LAMARTINE'S THREE MONTHS IN POWER. Sewed, 2s. LAMARTINE'S POETICAL MEDITATIONS AND RELIGIOUS HARMONIES. with Biographical Sketch. Portrait. Cloth, 3*. Cd. LAWRENCE'S LECTURES ON COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ZOOLOGY, AND THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN. Frontispiece una Plates, bs. LILLY'S INTRODUCTION TO ASTROLOGY. A New and Improved Edition, by ZJLOKISL, with his Grammar of Astrology, and Tables of Nativities. 5*. LOUDON'S (MRS.) ENTERTAINING NATURALIST, a Description of more than Pive Hundred Animals, with Indexe* of Scientific and Popular Names. With upicards of 500 Woodcuts, by Bewick, Harvey, &c. Revised and enlarged. Is. 6d. LOWTHS LECTURES ON 3*. (id. THE SACRED POETRY OF THE HEBREWS. MICHELETS HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, is. MILLER'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY. Third Revised and Improved Edition, 4 Volumes, at 3*. 6d. per Volume. MITFORDS MISS) OUR VILLAGE. 2 Vols., New Edition, with Woodcuts and beau- tijul Frontispieces on Steel, gilt cloth. Each Vol. bs. NORWAY! A Road Book for Tourists in Norway, with Hints to English Sportsmen and Anglers, by Thomas Forester, Esq. Limp cloth. 2s. PARKES' ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. New Edition, revised, 5/. 66 "4'Xi UNIFORM WITH THE STANDARD LIBRARY. HI In 1 Vol SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS AND POEMS, with Life, by Chalmers. 3*. td. the same, Embellished with 40 pleasing Steel Engravings, elegantly bound in red Turkey cloth, gilt edge*, hs. STANDARD LIBRARY CYCLOP/EDIA OF POLITICAL, CONSTITUTIONAL, STATISTICAL, AND FORENSIC KNOWLEDGE. 4 Vols. 3*. 6rf. each. ThU work contain! as much as eight ordinary octavos. It was first published in another shape by Mr. Charles Knight, under the title of Political Dictionary, at 1 10*. Th Com. piier, Mr. Qjbokob Long, is one of the most competent Scholars of the day. STURM'S MORNING COMMUNINGS WITH GOD. New Edition. 5*. UNCLE TOM'S CABIN, with Introductory Remarks by the Rev. J. Sherman (printed in a large clear type, with head-lines of Contents). 2s. 6d. The same, on fine paper, with 8 new Illustrations by Leech and Gilbkrt, and a beautiful Frontispiece by RiNCULiyr. 3*. 6d. THE WIDE, WIDE WORLD, by Elizabeth Wetherell. Complete in 1 Vol, with Frontispiece, gilt edges. 3*. td. The same, Illustrated with highly finished Engravings on Steel, richly bound in cloth, gilt edges, is. BOHNS SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY. Uniform with the Standard Library, price 5*., {excepting " Cosmos,*' Kidd, and Whewell, which are 3*. Qd., and Mantell'i *' Petrifactions,'* which is 6s.) 1. STAUNTON'S CHESS PLAYERS HAND-BOOK, with Diagrams. 2. LECTURES ON PAINTING, by THE ROYAL ACADEMICIANS; 3. 4, 8, 8c 15. HUMBOLDT'S COSMOS; or, Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Translated, with Notes, by E. C. Ottk. In 4 Vols., with fine Portrait. Tins Translation (though published at so low a price) is more complete than any other. The Notes are placed beneath the text. Humboldt's analytica summaries, and the passages hitherto suppressed, are included; and comprehensive Indices subjoined. 3*. 6a. per Volume. 5. STAUNTON'S CHESS PLAYER'S COMPANION, comprising a Kew Treatise on Odds, a Collection of Match Games, Original Problems, &c. 6. HAND-BOOK OF GAMES, by VARIOUS AMATEURS and PROFESSORS. 7. HUMBOLDT'S VIEWS OF NATURE, with colours d view of Chimb ttraco, fe. 9. RICHARDSON'S GEOLOGY, AND PAUEONTOLOGY, Revised by Dr. Wright, with upwards of 400 Illustrations on Wood. 10. STOCKHARDT'S PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY, Exemplified in Simplo Expe- riments, with upwards of 270 Illustrations. 11. DR. G. A. MANTELL'S PETRIFACTIONS AND THEIR TEACHINGS: A Hand-Book to the FosbUs in the British Museum. Beautijul Wood Engravings. 6s. 6 b BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY. 12. AGASSIZ AND GOULD'S COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. New and Enlarged Edition, vritk nearly 400 Illustrations. 13. 19, & 28. HUMBOLDTS PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HIS TRAVELS IN AMERICA. With General Index. 14. PYE SMITH'S GEOLOGY AND SCRIPTURE. Fifth Edition, with Memoir. 16. OERSTEDS SOUL IN NATURE, Sec. Portrait. 17. STAUNTON'S CHESS TOURNAMENT, vritk Dingramt. 18 & 20. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES- Kirbt on the History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals ; Edited by T. Rtmir Jones. In 2 Vols. Many Illustrations 21. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. Kidd On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physicnl Condition of Man. 3*. 6d. 22. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. Whkwkll's Astronomy and General Physics, considered with reference to Natural Theology. Portrait of the Earl of Bridgewater. 'is. fid. 23. SCHOUWS EARTH, PLANTS, AND MAN, and KOBELL'S SKETCHES FROM THE MINERAL KINGDOM, Translated by A. Heh nut y, F.R.S., &c, \cith Coloured Map of the Geography of Plants. 24. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. Chalmers on the Adaptation of External Nature to the Morn! and Intellectual Constitution of Man, with the Author's last Corrections, and Biogrnpbical Sketch by the Rev. Dr. Cummikg. 25. BACONS NOVUM ORGANUM AND ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. Complete, with Notes, by J. Drvkt, M.A. 26 8c 27. HUMPHREY'S COIN COLLECTOR'S. MANUAL: a popular introduction to the Study or' Coins, ancient and modern; witb elaborate Indexes, and numerous highly -finished Engravings on Wood and Steel, 2 Vols. 29. COMTE'S PHILOSOPHY OF THE SCIENCES, Edited from the ' Cours de Philosophic Positive,' by G. H. Liw es, Esq. 30. MANTELL'S (Da.) GEOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS, including THE ISLE OF WIGHT. New Edition, with Prefatory Note by T. Rupert JosES.Eaq., numerous beautiful Woodcuts, and a Geological Map. 31. HUNTS POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of Nature. 3rd Edition, revised and enlarged. 32 &. 33. ENNEMOSEH'S HISTORY OF MAGIC, Translated from the German by WILLIAM Howitt. With an Appendix of the most remarkable and best authenti- cated Stories of Apparitions, Dreams, Second Sisrht, Predictions, Divinations, Vam- pires, Fairies, Table Turning, and Spirit Rapping, Stc, by Mart Howitc. In 2 Vols. 34. HUNTS ELEMENTARY PHYSICS; Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy. New Edition, revised. Numerous Woodcuts and Coloured Frontispiece. 35. HANDBOOK OF DOMESTIC MEDICINE, by an eminent Fhysician (700 pages). 36 STANLEY'S CLASSIFIED SYNOPSIS of the Dutch, Flemish, and German Painters. 37. BRIDGEV/ATER TREATISES. Provt on Cheniiitrr, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion. Edited by Du. Griffith. Coloured Maps. 86. JOYCE'S SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUES. New and Enlarged Edition, completed to to the prestmt state of knowledge by Dr. Griffith. (Upwards of COO pages). Numerous Woodcuts. 39. STOCKHARDTS AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: or, CHEMICAL FIELD LECTURES. Addressed to Farmers. Translated from the German, with Notes by Prof. Hknfrky. To which is added a Paper on LIQUID MANURE, by J. J. Mich i, Esq. BOHN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY. Uniform with the Stawdad Library, at as. per volume, 1 to 8. LODGE'S PORTRAITS OF ILLUSTRIOUS PERSONAGES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 8 Vols post 8vo. 240 Portraits. 9. CRlllKSHANKS THREE COURSES AND DESSERT, with SO Illustrations. 10. PICKERING'S RACES OF MAN, with numerous Portraits (or Coloured Is. td.) 11. KITTOS SCRIPTURE LANDS, AND BIBLICAL ATLAS, with 24 Mmps, lor Coloured, Is. 6d) lb ^^^m^m SCRIPTURE LANDS; DESCRIBED IN A SERIES OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BT JOHN KITTO, D.D., F.S.A. AND ILLUSTRATED BY A COMPLETE BIBLICAL ATLAS, COMPRISING TWENTY-FOUR MAPS, WITH AN INDEX OF REFERENCE. LONDON: HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1850. UHXVMSXT r?fo PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, LONDON GAZETTE OFFICE, ST. MARTIN'S LANE. PREFACE. Among the various accounts of the Lands of Scripture which exist among us, the one now furnished derives its most dis- tinctive character from the Atlas of Biblical maps with which it is connected. On being invited to furnish, a Memoir to accompany this Atlas, it appeared to the writer, that while it was essential that the primary object of supplying a text to the maps should be kept distinctly in mind, it might be possible to impart some independent interest to the letter-press by taking a somewhat more comprehensive although still, of necessity, cursory view of the whole subject than the mere topogra- phical description of the maps might require. While, there- fore, the range of subjects, and in a great degree, the mode of treatment, has been dictated by the presence of the maps, and by this special designation of the letter-press, the matter has been so arranged, that while it is hoped that nothing has been omitted which can be judged necessary to this associa- tion with the maps, much has been included which that connexion did not absolutely require, but which appeared desirable to complete the plan on which the text is founded. A large proportion of the Atlas, as well as of the text, is occupied with the territories and towns of the twelve tribes. It is in this that the relation of tjie one to the other is most tl PREFACE. apparent. The maps dictated this arrangement of the topo- graphical details ; while their presence made that arrange- ment convenient and satisfactory, by rendering it possible to relieve the text from a large burden of proper names and uninteresting small details, which must, in the absence of the maps, have been included for the sake ol completeness. As the Atlas and the Index together afford all the real information we possess respecting a multitude of places their names, their sites, where they are named in Scripture, and what they are noted for, it seemed unnecessary to repeat in the text the same facts which are thus more adequately displayed. Space has thus been secured for a more particular description of the principal places in each tribe than could otherwise have been afforded. That nothing might be lost by this division of the subject into portions corresponding to the number of the tribes, a general, but necessarily rapid survey of the whole country has been taken under the head of Canaan, which will serve as an introduction to the local descriptions with which the remainder of the volume is occupied. As the Atlas embraces whatever pertains to the geography of the Holy Scriptures, about one-third of the text is devoted to matters not connected with Palestine, though belonging to the geography of the Bible. Since, also, the Atlas is a Scripture Atlas and therefore an Ancient Atlas con- siderable attention has been given to the ancient local history of the places in Palestine, which come within the line of observation selected. In both these respects, as well as in the general plan, this work is distinguished from other pro- ductions of the same author, as well as from those of other writers. It were superfluous to say a word in commendation of maps so beautifully executed. The writer of the text is content to hope that the letter-press may not be altogether unworthy of PREFACE. Vll the companionship in which it appears ; and it is earnestly hoped that the maps and text in this their union, may be an acceptable offering to the readers of the Bible, and contribute something towards their better knowledge of that Sacred Book. In bringing together the information comprised in these pages, the writer has had less occasion to resort to his own previous productions than he at first expected but the memoir has possibly derived some advantage from the oppor- tunities he has had of considering most of the topics it embraces, as well as from the presence of all the needful materials to his mind or near his hand. The memoir, therefore, possesses whatever freshness may result from the fact that it is by no means a reproduction of materials pre- viously used by the same writer, as well as from his not having consciously neglected to consult the most recent researches of English, American, and German travellers, geographers, and critics. Besides the numerous older authorities, the recent works which have been principally consulted, and to which he owes the largest obligations, are the following : Dr. Robinson's Biblical Researches in Pales- tine; Dr. Arnold's Palastina, Halle, 1845; Professor von Raumer's Palastina, third edition, Leipzig, 1850; Winers Real-Worterbuch, new edition, 1848; Dr. Carl Bitter's Erdkunde, especially the two last published volumes (1848, 1850), embracing respectively the Sinai Peninsula and Palestine ; Laborde's Commentaire Geographique snr VExode et les Nombres, 1843 ; Dr. Wilson's Lands of the Bible, 1847; Coleman's Historical Geography of the Bible, Philadelphia, 1849; Dr. Olin's Travels in the East, New York, 1843; Dr. Durbin's Observations in the East, New York, 1845; Schubert's Reise in das Morgenland, Erlangen, 1840; Wil- kinson's Egypt and Thebes, 1 843 ; Lynch's Narrative of an Vlll * PREFACE. Expedition to the Dead Sea, 1848; Williams' Holy City, 1849; Strauss' Sinai und Golgotha Reise in das Morgen- land, 1847; Dr. Tobler's Bethlehem in Paldstina, 1849; Layard's Nineveh, 1849; Botta's Khorsabad, 1850; Chesney's Euphrates, 1850. Sundry papers in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ; the Geographical Journal; the (American) Bibliotheca Sacra; the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen- landischen Gesellschaft, etc., have also been consulted with advantage. JOHN KITTO. LIST OF THE WOOD-CUT ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Mount Ararat 9 Babylon. Kuins of the Birs Nimrud 40 The " Tel-i-Nimrud," or Mound of Nimrood. Akar-Kuf. Sup- posed the Accad of Scripture 45 Nineveh, or the present Mosul 47 The Mountain and Plain of Sinai 64 Mount Tabor 96 Mount Carmel 101 Fig-tree (Ficus Carica) 153 Almond-tree (Amygdalus communis) 155 Bull of Palestine 159 Goat of Palestine (Capra mambrica) 160 Leopard (Felts Nimr Pardus) 161 Bear of Palestine (Ursus Syriacus) ib. Hebron 165 Bethlehem 167 Joppa 177 Kuins of Jericho 181 Shechem 189 Nazareth 218 Cana. The modern village 228 Ruins of Tyre 242 The present City of Jerusalem 253 Bethesda. The remains of the ancient Pool 268 Tomb of Absalom, in the Yalley of Jehoshaphat 274 CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE r THE SITE OF PARADISE 1 MOUNT ARARAT 9 THE SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS 22 MESOPOTAMIA, BABYLON, ASSYRIA 35 MESOPOTAMIA 35 BABYLONIA 40 ASSYRIA 46 EGYPT THE EXODUS 53 MOUNT SINAI 64 THE WANDERING 74 CANAAN 1 83 NAMES, SITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES 83 FACE OF THE COUNTRY 88 THE WATERS 108 CLIMATE AND SEASONS 146 NATURAL HISTORY 151 THE TRIBES AND THEIR TOWNS 163 PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST 214 CITIES OF THE COAST 240 JERUSALEM 253 BIBLICAL ATLAS, comprising 24 Maps. GENERAL INDEX, exhibiting both the Ancient and Modern Names of Scriptural Places, with their Latitudes and Longi- tudes, and other Useful Information, in a Tabular Form. SCRIPTURE LANDS. THE SITE OF PARADISE. The word Paradise is a Greek term, which, as employed by ancient writers, appears to have denoted an extensive plot of ground inclosed by a strong fence or wall, abounding in trees, shrubs, plants, and garden culture, and in which choice animals were kept in various degrees of restraint or freedom, according as they were ferocious or peaceable. It thus com- bined the ideas contained in our English words park, garden, menagerie and aviary, and answers well enough to the sub- sisting Oriental idea of a garden. This term was used by the Greek translators of the Pentateuch, in the third century before Christ, as the translation of the garden which God was pleased to make the abode of our first parents ; and this being followed by the Latin Vulgate and other versions, the word Paradise became almost a proper name to denote the seat of human blessedness ; and it is perhaps as proper a term for expressing the ideas usually entertained of the i4 Garden of Eden," as any language can afford. According to the Mosaic narrative in the first chapter of Genesis, the Garden was in the east part of a country called Eden a word which in Hebrew signifies pleasure or pleasant- ness. The topography of Eden is thus described : " And a river went out of Eden to water the garden, and from thence it was parted,, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pison : that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold, and the gold in that land is good : there is bdellium, and the onyx-stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon : the same is it that compasseth J3 2 SCRIPTURE LANDS, the whole land of Cush. And the name of the third river is Hiddekel : that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates." There is hardly any part of the world in which the site thus indicated has not been sought. In Asia, in Africa, in Europe, in America, in Tartary : on the banks of the Ganges, in the Indies, in China, in the island of Ceylon, in Armenia ; under the Equator; in Mesopotamia, in Syria, in Persia, in Babylon, in Arabia, in Palestine, in Ethiopia ; among the Mountains of the Moon ; near the mountains of Libanus, Antilibanus and Damascus. There are some who, despairing of finding this favoured spot, or not deeming it necessary to seek it upon the earth, have inquired for it elsewhere. " Some," says Adam Clarke, " place it in the third heaven, others in the fourth ; some within the orbit of the moon, others in the moon itself ; some in the middle regions of the air, or beyond the earth's attrac- tion ; some on the earth, others under the earth, others within the earth." We must be content to go with those who look for the site of Paradise upon the earth ; and shall find it expedient to direct our attention very much to the two theories which have obtained the suffrages of the greatest number of learned and able advocates. It has been assumed that, in whatever situation, otherwise probable, the marks by which Moses characterises the spot are to be found, there we may suppose that we have discovered the site of Paradise. In fixing the first probability, the all but unquestionable fact that the known rivers Euphrates and Tigris are mentioned as two of the four rivers of Eden, is of the greatest importance; and therefore the most exact in- quirers have not sought for the spot at any point distant from those rivers. The Euphrates and Tigris being thus then identified with two of the rivers of Eden, there has still remained a great latitude in the choice of a site for the garden, some looking for it near the sources of those rivers, and others seeking it in the low and flat plains through which they flow in the lower part of their course. One consideration that induced a preference for this site is, that the advocates of this opinion considered "heads," as applied to the rivers which went forth from the garden, to mean " sources," which would therefore render it natural to look for IHE SITE OF PARADISE. 3 the terrestrial paradise in a mountainous or hilly country, which alone could supply the water necessary to form four heads of rivers. But others those who would fix the site towards the other extremity of the two known rivers, account it sufficient, and indeed more accordant with the text, to re- gard the " four heads" not as sources, but as channels ; that is, that the Euphrates and Tigris united before they entered the garden, and, after leaving it, divided again, and entered the Persian Gulf by two mouths; thus forming four channels, two above and two below the garden, each called by a dif- ferent name. " The river or channel," says Dr. Wells, 4t must be looked upon as a highway crossing over a forest, and which may be said to divide itself into four ways, whether the division be made above or below the forest." With this view some writers are content to take the present Shat-ul-Arab (the single stream which is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates, and which afterwards divides to enter the gulf) as the river that went through the garden ; but as Major Kennell has shown that the two great rivers kept distinct courses to the sea until the time of Alexander, although at no great distance of time afterwards they became united, other writers are contented to believe that such a junction and subsequent divergence did, either in the time of Moses or before the Deluge, exist in or near the place indi- cated. The Deluge must have made great changes in the beds of these and many other rivers ; and inferior agencies have alone been sufficient greatly to alter the ancient channels of the Tigris and Euphrates. This is not only rendered obvious by an inspection of the face of the country, but the memory of such events is preserved by local traditions, and they are even specified in the writings of the Arabian geo- graphers and historians. Thus, then, of the two most probable conjectures, one fixes the terrestrial Paradise in Armenia, between the sources of the Euphrates, Tigris, Phasis, and Araxes ; and the other identifies the land of Eden with the country between Baghdad and Basrah ; and, in that land, some fix the garden near the latter city, while others, more prudently, only contend that it stood in some part of this territory, w r here an ancient junction and subsequent separa- tion of the Euphrates and Tigris took place. Reverting to Oriental opinion, it may be stated that the b2 4 SCRIPTURE LANDS. most prevalent notion in the east is that which places the terrestrial paradise in the Island of Serendib, or Ceylon. It is alleged that when the first man was driven out of paradise, he was sent to the Mountains of Rahoun in this island, two or three days' journey from the sea. The Portuguese call this mountain Pico de Adamo, or Mountain of Adam, because it is thought that this first of men was buried under it, after he had lived in repentance a hundred and thirty years. The Mussul- mans do not believe that the paradise, in which Adam was placed, was terrestrial, but that it was in one of the seven heavens ; and that from this heaven he was cast down into the island of Ceylon, where he died, after having made a pilgrimage into Arabia, where he visited the site of the future temple of Mecca. They say also, that when God created the Garden of Eden, he created there what the eye has never seen, the ear has never heard, and what has never entered into the heart of man to conceive. The first position, of course, places the land of Eden in Armenia, where, within a very circumscribed space, not only the Euphrates and Tigris, but two other great rivers have their sources. These are known by the comparatively modern names of the Halys and Araxes; and if we take these to be the Pison and Gihon of Genesis, we have all the conditions that can well be required. These rivers flow in directions contrary to the Euphrates and Tigris, and watered countries which were inhabited by tribes having little intercourse with the Jews ; and thus their connection with the site of Paradise may, subsequently to the time of Moses, have passed out of remembrance. Assuming these to be the rivers of Eden, the country within the Halys (Pison) answers well to the land of Havilah ; while in that which borders on the Araxes (Gihon) it may be possible to recognize the more remarkable territory of Cush. According to a tradition still fondly cherished in the wild valleys of central Armenia, the tract allotted to our first parents, included the northern division of the pashalik of Mosul, and extended from this part of Assyria to some little distance north of Erzrum; its western extremity was in the vicinity of Tokat, towards the Halys, while the eastern border included some portion of the district beyond Lake Van. "Without attaching particular importance to local THE SITE OF PAKADISE. 5 impressions," says Col. Chesney, 1 " it must be admitted that those traditions which place Eden in that part of Asia, acquire a certain degree of probability from the fact that we actually find in the great plateau around Ararat, that is, within a circle whose radius is about ninety miles the sources of four noble rivers, which flow from thence to as many different seas, and of which two at least are known, from the description given in the Bible, to have been con- nected with the first abode of man." In recent times, Captain Wilford, coming from the study of the Hindoo Puranas, opened what was considered a new source of information on the subject, and placed the site of Eden on the mountains of India.* The view put forth by this writer attracted much attention, and obtained the adhesion of Mr. Charles Taylor, the editor of Calmet, who supports it with his usual ingenuity. His concluding observations are: M The situation of Paradise, in Armenia, where the heads of the Euphrates and Tigris spring, where the head of the Araxes and a branch of the Phasis rise not very distant from each other, according to the best accounts we are able to procure of that country (which however are not altogether satisfactory), has many plausibilities in its favour. Never- theless, there is this to be said against it, that mankind could not journey from the East to Babylon, if Armenia were the seat of Noah's deliverance, and if that seat were adjacent to Paradise, as we have uniformly supposed. " But the situation of Paradise on the Indian Caucasus, or Imaus Mountains, unites all those requisites which are deemed necessary coincidences with the Mosaic narration. Mountains furnish the sources of rivers; many great rivers rise in these mountains. Paradise furnished four rivers; four rivers rise in these mountains, in a vicinity sufficiently near, though not now from the same lake. Mankind travelled ''from the East' to Babylon; these mountains are East of Babylon." This argument is, in fact, the mainstay of those who assign a very easterly position to the land of Eden, and, as in this instance, is regarded by them as conclusive, against at least the claims of the region in Armenia in which the Tigris and 1 Euphrates and Tigris, i. 268. 2 The Asiatic Researches, vol. vi., p. 455. 6 SCRIPTUKE LANDS. Euphrates have their source, and still more, of course, against Syria. But unfortunately it avails nothing for this purpose. To come from that country to Babylonia it is necessary to keep along on the east side of the Median mountains, and then issue at once from the east into the plain. Such is now the daily route of caravans going from Tabreez (on the borders of Armenia) to Baghdad. They go south as far as Kermanshah, and then, making an almost right angle, take a western direction to Baghdad. This makes their journey ten or twelve days longer than it would be by the direct route, by Sulimanieh, over the mountains of Kurdistan. We have ourselves travelled both these routes, and should say, with perfect conviction, that the latter route difficult, toilsome, and even in some parts dangerous is certainly not the one, as compared with the other, which a migrating people, quite ignorant of what lay before them, would be likely to take. If the easier, but more circuitous route is even now preferred by those who are quite aware of the gain in time which the shorter route offers, no one can sup- pose that these primitive emigrants, with a plain way before them along the foot of the mountains, would traverse an almost impassable region without any definite object and without any knowledge of the parts that lay beyond. Emigrants seeking a settlement in lands not hitherto explored and to whom any particular direction is no object, never entangle themselves among the mountains so long as they have a fair and practi- cable road before them across the plains. As the whole theory has been built upon the single text which describes the first known colony of mankind as coming ' from the east,' there is little to uphold it when that support is withdrawn. The opinions set forth, or rather indicated, above, are but a few of those that have been propounded ; but although many more might be added, it will be observed that most of them have much in common, and difFer only in some of the details. To enumerate the vagaries of our German neighbours on this subject would be endless. When Rudbeck, a Swede, placed Eden in Scandinavia, and the Siberians told the Czar Peter that it was in Siberia, these became topics of constant ridicule among German scholars ; and yet one of their own number proposed a no less extravagant hypothesis, which was made matter of serious discussion, and has been THE SITE OF PARADISE. 7 honoured with more than one elaborate refutation. The name of the author is Hasse, and his view was set forth in a book called k4 Discoveries in the Oldest History of the Earth and of Mankind." His greatest discovery is that the site of Paradise was in Prussia, on the shores of the Baltic, the bedolach or bdellium being the amber that there abounds. He believes that the Caspian and the Euxine were once united, which is probable enough ; but he further holds that their waters flowed by one great river into the Baltic. Lest we should think this a somewhat ungenial clime for the first pair and their blessed garden, he admits that more warmth would be agreeable, but argues that the temperature of the North has been lowered by some great physical revolution, for that originally it was the region of warmth. The trees yielded amber as resin, and bore fruits so beneficial to health, that they might well be called " trees of life." All this seems to be based upon the fanciful notion of the Greeks respecting the hyperborean regions in the Northern Ocean as the birth- place of gods and men, and the abode of longevity and peace. Of the opinions which have been started, that which finds the site of Eden in Armenia is the most current, clearly because that site offers the tangible fact that the two which are known of the tour rivers, have their rise in that country. Next to that in acceptance is the opinion that the Eden was on the river (Shat-ul-Arab) formed by the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, and afterwards dividing to enter the Persian Gulf by two principal estuaries. We must confess that this has always been the favourite theory of our own. But we have of late begun to waver in presence of the various difficulties which beset every alternative, and to doubt whether the site be at all recognizable since the Flood. On this point there is much good sense in the observations of one whose recent loss to Biblical geography there is good reason to deplore. 1 44 The fundamental error of most inquirers seems to be that they consider the description as having necessarily a reference to certain countries, rivers, and other localities 1 Rev. N. Morren Translation of Rosenm filler's Biblical Geo- graphy of Central Asia which he has enriched by many learned and valuable notes. -J& /** ST ^-< 8 SCKIPTTJRE LANPS. which still actually exist on the face of the globe. But the correctness of this supposition may justly be doubted. It does not in the least affect the authenticity or the divine origin of the early part of the Book of Genesis to believe that it embodies traditionary or written documents of a much earlier date than the age of Moses, and which were incorpo- rated by him into his history as being of equal authority with what came under his own observation or was directly revealed to him by God. The apostle Jude 1 seems to intimate that there was a series of inspired men from Adam downwards. 2 If then we may suppose the whole account of Paradise to be an inspired antediluvian document, referring exclusively to a state of things which the Deluge swept away, the difficulty of reconciling the account with existing topography will imme- diately vanish. It is true that we find some of the names of countries and rivers there mentioned to have been afterwards applied to countries and rivers of the world after the Flood ; but what was more natural than for Noah's posterity to give the same names to objects in the new world which had been given to similar objects by their antediluvian ancestry ? The identity of the objects, however, does by no means follow, from the mere identity of the names. In fact almost every name of a river or country which occurs in the description of Paradise was applied to more than one river or country in the postdiluvian world. Thus Pishon denotes a stream gene- rally, and Gihon or Jihoon (from a word that signifies to break forth) was also etymologically the designation of a river ; and though now used pre-eminently of the Oxus, as also a prefix to oriental names of the Araxes, the Ganges, &c, it was likewise the name of a rivulet or water-course at Jerusalem, 1 Kings i. 38; 2 Chron. xxxii. 30; xxxiii. 14. In the Hiddekel some find the root both of the Indus (Hid, Hind) and the Dijlat or Tigris. There were two Havilahs, one in- habited by a Shemite tribe, Gen. x. 29, the other by a Hamite, Gen. x. 7. The various significations of Cush form one of the chief perplexities in Bible geography ; and we find the name of Eden itself given to more than one district east." 1 Verse 14. 9 Among whom was Noah. 2 Pet. ii. 5. Mount Ararat. MOUNT ARARAT. The name of Ararat does not anywhere in Scripture occur as the name of a mountain, but only as the name of a country upon " the mountains" of which the ark rested during the subsidence of the flood, Gen. viii. 4. It is however well known that this was the name of one of the most extensive provinces of the kingdom of Armenia ; that, in fact, which con- tains the mountain, or rather " mountains," which have been identified with Ararat. All but universal consent has founded upon this analogy the conclusion that the mountains in ques- tion are those to which the Scripture narrative of the Deluge has reference, and we shall not therefore waste time upon the proof of a fact so generally admitted. We have ourselves beheld this mountain ; we have travelled along its base, and have had it for many days continually in 10 SCRIPTURE LANDS. sight, displayed in all its noble proportions from the base to the icy crown, and we could not but regard with deep emotion the spot the second cradle of our race from which the fathers of mankind came down to replenish the earth which the Flood had desolated. It seemed to us as a monument the grandest in the world of God's judgments and of His mercies. We shall however furnish the reader with a better account of this mountain than even this personal observation enables us to furnish. We shall follow the account of one to whom the mountain was a study, who made it the special object of his researches, and who for the sake of its thorough exploration, and for the renown of being the first to ascend its summit, made a long journey of 2230 miles from the uttermost parts of Europe, and who, when arrived at the spot, made repeated and perilous attempts, until he at length realized the object of his persevering zeal, and stood upon the mountain of the ark. This enterprising traveller was Professor Parrot, the account of whose journey was published in German, 1 but has been ably translated in a somewhat condensed form by Mr. W. D. Cooley, who has added in an appendix some valuable materials of more recent date. 2 The expedition was made in the year 1829, when the exten- sion of the Russian power in this remote quarter, appeared to render more feasible than it had ever before been, an enter- prise the desire of which had been awakened in the traveller's mind twenty years before, when as he stood upon the summit of the Kasbeg, 3 during a snow storm, a momentary break in the clouds discovered in the distant south, a high, round, soli- tary peak, in all probability the silver crown of Ararat. The mountain of Ararat rises on the southern borders of a plain, of about thirty-five miles in breadth, and of a length of which seventy miles may be taken in with the eye ; being a portion of the plain which is watered by a wide curve formed 1 Reise zum Ararat. 2 It was published as the first volume of an undertaking, which does not seem to have been appreciated by the public, as it proceeded no further. Its title expresses its object. "The World Surveyed in the XlXth Century : or Recent Narratives of Scientific and Exploratory Expeditions, (undertaken chiefly by command of Foreign Governments.") London : 1845. 3 The highest summit of the Caucasus. MOUNT ARARAT. 11 by the Araxes. It consists, correctly speaking, of two moun- tains the Great Ararat, and its immediate neighbour, the Less Ararat ; the former on the north-west, the latter on the south-east; their summits distant about seven miles from each other, in a right line, and their bases insensibly melt- ing into one another by the interposition of a w T ide level valley. The summit of the Great Ararat has an elevation of 17,210 feet perpendicular, or more than three miles and a quarter above the sea, and 14,320 feet, or nearly two miles and three quarters, above the plain of the Araxes. The north-eastern slope of the mountain may be assumed at fourteen, the north- western at twenty miles in length. On the former, even from a great distance, a deep gloomy chasm is discoverable, which many compare to a crater ; but which may be more properly regarded as a cleft, just as if the mountain had been rent asunder at the top. From the summit downwards for nearly two-thirds of a mile perpendicular, or nearly three miles in an oblique direction, it is covered with a crown of eternal snow and ice, the lower border of which is irregularly indented, according to the elevations or depressions of the ground ; but upon the entire northern half of the mountain, from 14,000 feet above the sea, it shoots up in one rigid crest to the summit, interrupted here and there by a few pointed rocks, and then stretches downward, on the southern half, to a level somewhat less low. This is the silver head of Ararat. The summit of Little Ararat rises 13,000 feet, or nearly two miles and a half, measured perpendicularly, above the level of the sea; and above the plain of the Araxes, it is 10,140 feet, or nearly two miles. Notwithstanding this height, it is not always buried in snow, but is quite free from it in Sep- tember and October, and probably sometimes also in August, or even earlier. Its declivities are considerably steeper than those of the Great Ararat ; its form is almost perfectly coni- cal, marked with several delicate furrows, which radiate downwards from the summit, and give the picture presented by this mountain a very peculiar and interesting character. The narrative of the attempts made to ascend Ararat by Professor Parrot, is so interesting, that we present the reader with the substance of it in his own words. The first 12 SCBIPTTJRE LANDS. and second attempts were unsuccessful. On the first occasion the party reached the height of 13,070 feet, and were at no great distance from the borders of the perpetual snow which covers the upper part of the mountain, when the approach of night compelled them to fix their quarters there among some large and conveniently placed pieces of rock. In the morn- ing the upward march was resumed, and the account thus proceeds : 44 In about two hours we had reached the limits, properly so called, of the perpetual ice and snow; that is to say, not the place where the snow, favoured by the coolness of a valley, or other circumstances, remains at the lowest elevation, but where, extending continuously on a uniform slope, it is checked only by the warmth of the region below it. I found those limits to be at the height of 14,240 feet above the level of the sea. The way up to that point from our night quarters was rendered extremely fatiguing by the steepness of some of the rocky tracts, which were passable only, because, consist- ing of masses of rock piled one upon the other, they offered angles and edges for the hands and feet. 44 For an instant we halted at the foot of the pyramid of snow which before our eyes was projected with wondrous grandeur on the clear blue sky : we chose out such matters as could be dispensed with, and left them behind a rock ; then, serious and in silence, and not without a devout shuddering, we set foot upon that region which certainly since Noah's time no human being had ever trodden. At first the progress was easy, because the acclivity was not very steep, and besides it was covered with a layer of fresh snow on which it was easy to walk ; the few cracks in the ice also which occurred, were of no great breadth, and could be easily stepped over. But this joy did not last long ; for, after we had advanced about 200 paces, the steepness increased to such a degree, that we we were no longer able to tread securely on the snow, but, in order to save ourselves from sliding down on the ice beneath it, we were obliged to have recourse to that measure, for the employment of which I had taken care to equip myself and my companions, namely, the cutting of steps. Although that which is called ice on such mountains, is in reality snow con- verted into a glacier, that is to say, permeated with water and again frozen, in which state it is far from possessing the MOUNT AKARAT. 13 solidity of true ice, yet like this it does not yield to the pres- sure of the foot, and requires, where the slope is very rapid, the cutting of steps. For this purpose some of us had brought little axes, some bill-hooks, while others, again, made use of the ice-staff. The general rule in the ascent was, that the leader should only cut the ice just enough to allow himself to mount, and that each as he followed should enlarge the step ; and thus, while the labour of the foremost was lightened, a good path was prepared for the descent, wherein much firmer footing is required than in ascending. fci Through this proceeding, dictated off-hand by necessity and frequent experience, and which, moreover, could not be dispensed with for a single step, as well as through manifold hindrances of a new sort which obstructed the carrying up of the cross, our progress suffered so much delay, that though in the stony region which was by no means easily traversed, we had been able to gain about 1000 feet of elevation in the hour, we could now hardly ascend 600 feet in the same time. It was necessary for us to turn a bold projection of the slope above us, and having come to it, we found on it, and straight across the direction in which we were proceeding, a deep crack in the ice, about five feet wide, and of such length that we could not distinctly see whether it was possible to go round it. To our consolation, however, the drifted snow had in one place filled up the crevice tolerably well, so that with mutual assistance we got safely over, a feat rendered some- what difficult by the circumstance that the edge of the ice which we wanted to reach was a good deal higher than that on which we were standing. " As soon as we had got over this little trouble, and had ascended a ver) r moderate slope, we found ourselves on a nearly horizontal plain of snow, which forms a principal step on this side of Ararat, and may be easily recognized in all my sketches of the mountain as an almost horizontal interruption of the slope, next to the summit on the right-hand side. This height was the scope of our exertions this time; for we had, to judge from appearances, work for three hours, and there arose, to our sorrow, a strong humid wind, which, as it gave us reason to expect a snow storm, damped our courage, and took from us all hope of reaching the summit." Here, however, they disencumbered themselves of a cross 14 SCRIPTUBE LANDS. ten feet high, of wood' painted black, which they had brought up with them with the view of planting it on the summit. They seem to have been much incommoded by it, and were probably glad that the apparent impracticability of taking it higher, gave them a sufficient excuse for disposing of it here. " It faces Erivan, and has behind it in that direction the steep snows of the summit, so that being itself black, it will be strikingly relieved, and must be visible with a good tele- scope." This they had afterwards cause to doubt. The third attempt, rendered successful by the experience gained in the two former, was made on the 7th of October, 1829, and the particulars are thus related i 1 " The experience acquired in my former ascent had taught me that everything depended on spending the night as close as possible to the limits of perpetual snow, so as to be able to reach the summit and to return again the following day, and that, to that end, the loads of the cattle and of the men must be confined to what was absolutely indispensable. I had therefore three oxen only laden with some warm clothing, the requisite supply of food, and a small quantity of fire- wood. I took also a small cross, made of bars two inches in diameter, but cut of oak, and so put together that the longer piece might serve as a staff to the man who carried it. We directed our course to the same side as before, and in order to spare our strength as much as possible, Abovian and myself rode this time, as far as the rocky nature of the ground allowed us, to the vicinity of the grassy plain, Kip-Ghioll ; we did not, however, leave our horses there as Stepan had done, but sent them back with a Kossak, who attended us for that purpose ; from this place M. Hehn also returned. " It was not quite noon when we reached this point ; we took our breakfast, and after resting about an hour and a half we set forward in an oblique course upwards, deviating a little from our former track. The oxen, however, could not follow us so fast ; one of them in particular seemed much weaker than the others ; and as it threatened to cause us no little delay, we deemed it advisable to make ourselves inde- 1 Although given as a continuous extract, several unessential passages are omitted. This is, therefore, an abstract of the larger account. MOUNT AEAHAT. 15 pendent of such aid. We halted, therefore, at the base of a towering pile of stones, over which the poor animals could hardly have climbed ; we then freed them from their loads, which we distributed fairly among the party, so that each man carried his share of covering and fuel ; and this done, we sent back the oxen with their keeper. " About half-past five o'clock we were close to the lower border of the snow, and had attained a height considerably above that of our former night quarters : the elevation of this point above the sea was 13,800 feet. The large masses of rock here scattered about determined us in selecting this spot for our night's lodging. A fire was soon kindled, and some- thing warm got ready for the stomach. For me this repast consisted in onion soup, the use of which I can recommend to mountain travellers in such circumstances, as extremely warm- ing and reviving, and better than animal food or meat soups, because these require for their digestion more strength, which they restore indeed, but not so quickly as to allow you to feel any benefit from them within the usually circumscribed period of exertion. tfc It was a delicious evening which I spent here ; my eyes at one time set on my good-humoured companions, at another on the clear sky on which the summit of the mountain was projected with wondrous grandeur ; and again, on the grey night, spreading in the distance and in the depth beneath me. Thus I became resigned to the single feeling of peace, tender- ness, love, thankfulness, submission the silent evoking of the past, the indulgent glimpse of the future ; in short, that inde- scribable delightful sensation which never fails to affect travellers at great heights and under agreeable circumstances ; and so, favoured by a temperature of 40 Fahr. no slight warmth for the atmosphere at our elevation I lay down to rest under a projecting rock of lava, while my companions still remained for a long time chatting round the fire. " At the first dawn we roused ourselves up, and at about half -past six proceeded on our march. The last tracts of rocky fragments were crossed in about half an hour, and we once more trod on the limits of perpetual snow nearly in the same place as before, having first lightened ourselves by de- positing near some heaps of stones such articles as we could dispense with. But the snowy region had undergone a great, 16 SCRIPTURE LANDS. and for us by no means favourable change. The newly-fallen snow which had been of some use to us in our former attempt had since melted, from the increased heat of the weather, and was now changed into glacier ice ; so that notwithstanding the moderate steepness of the acclivity, it would be necessary to cut steps from below. This made our progress a laborious affair, and demanded the full exertion of our strength from the first starting. We were obliged to leave one of the peasants behind at the place where we spent the night, as he com- plained of illness ; two others, tired in ascending the glacier, stopped at first only to rest, but afterwards went back to the same station. The rest of us, without allowing ourselves to be detained an instant on account of these accidents, pushed on unremittingly to our object, rather excited than discouraged by the difficulties in our way. We soon after came again to the great crack which marks the upper edge of the icy slope just ascended, and about ten o'clock we found ourselves exactly in the place where we had arrived on the former occasion at noon, that is to say, on the great plain of snow which forms the first step downward from the icy head of Ararat. " In the direction of the summit we had before us an acclivity shorter but steeper than that just passed over ; and between it and the furthest pinnacle there seemed to intervene only a gentle swelling of the ground. After a short rest we ascended with the aid of hewn steps the next slope (the steepest of all), and then another elevation ; but now, instead of seeing immediately in front of us the grand object of all our exertions, a whole row of hills had developed itself to our eyes, and completely intercepted the view of the summit. At this our spirits which had never fluctuated so long as we sup- posed that we had a view of all the difficulties to be sur- mounted, sank not a little, and our strength, exhausted by the hard work of cutting steps in the ice, seemed hardly adequate to the attainment of the now invisible goal. Yet, on calcu- lating what was already done and what remained to be done, on considering the proximity of the succeeding row of heights, and casting a glance at my hearty followers, care fled, and " boldly onwards !" resounded in my bosom. We passed, without stopping, over a couple of hills ; there we felt the mountain wind. I pressed forward round a projecting mound of snow, and behold ! before my eyes, now intoxicated with MOUNT ARARAT. 17 joy, lay the extreme cone, the highest pinnacle of Ararat. Still a last effort was required of us to ascend a tract of ice by means of steps, and that accomplished, about a quarter past three on the 27th September (9th October, n.s.), 1829, we STOOD UPON THE TOP OF ARARAT. " What I first aimed at and enjoyed was rest ; I spread out my cloak and sat down on it. I found myself on a gently- vaulted, nearly cruciform surface, of about two hundred paces in circuit, which at the margin sloped off precipitously on every side, but particularly towards the south-east and north- east. Formed of eternal ice, without rock or stone to interrupt its continuity, it was the austere, silvery head of Old Ararat. Towards the east this summit extended more uniformly than elsewhere, and in this direction it was connected by means of a flattish depression, covered in like manner with perpetual ice, with a second and somewhat lower summit, distant ap- parently from that on which I stood above half a mile, but in reality only 397 yards, or less than a quarter of a mile. This saddle-shaped depression may be easily recognised from the plain of the Araxes with the naked eye, but from that quarter it is seen foreshortened; and as the less elevation stands foremost, while the greater one is behind, the former appears to be as high as, or even higher than the latter, which from many points cannot be seen at all. M. Fedorov ascer- tained by his angular measurements made in a north-easterly direction from the plain of the Araxes, that the summit in front is seven feet lower than that behind or further west ; to me, looking from the latter, the difference appeared much more considerable. M The gentle depression between the two eminences presents a plain of snow moderately inclined towards the south, over which it would be easy to go from the one to the other, and which may be supposed to be the very spot on which Noah's ark rested, if the summit itself be assumed as the scene of that event, for there is no want of the requisite space, inasmuch as the ark, according to Genesis vi. 15, three hundred ells long and fifty wide, would not have occupied a tenth part of the surface of this depression. Ker Porter, however, makes 1 on 1 Travels in Georgia, Persia, and Armenia, &c, Lond. 1821, vol. i p. 183. C 18 SCRIPTURE LANDS. this subject a subtle comment favourable to the opinion that the resting-place of the ark was not on the summit of the mountain, but on some lower part of it ; because in Genesis viii. 5, it is said, " On the first day of the tenth month the tops of the mountains appeared;" but in vi. 16 it is stated that the window of the ark was above ; consequently, Noah could have seen only what was higher than the ship, which was therefore lower down than the tops of the mountains : on these grounds Ker Porter is inclined to look upon the wide valley between the Great and Little Ararat as the place where the ark rested. In this reasoning, however, he takes the above quoted texts of Holy Writ in a sense different from the literal one ; for it is nowhere said that Noah saw the moun- tains appear, but it is simply stated that after the ark had rested, the waters subsided, so that already on the first day of the tenth moon the mountains began to appear; then "after forty days Noah opened the window which he had made in the ark and let fly a raven;" and, again, after three weeks, "Noah took off the cover of the ark and saw that the ground was dry," respecting which he might have formed as good a judgment or even a better, from the more elevated point than from the lower. " From the summit I had a very extensive prospect, in which, however, owing to the great distances, only the chief masses could be plainly distinguished. The valley of the Araxes was covered in its whole length by a greyish cloud of vapour, through which Erivan and Sardarabad appeared only as dark spots, no bigger than my hand. In the south, the hills behind which Bayazed lay, were more distinctly visible. In the north-north-west, the serrated head of Alaghes rose majes- tically, covered in every hollow w r ith large masses of snow, a truly inaccessible crown of rocks. Immediately in the neighbourhood of Ararat, particularly towards the south-east and on the west at a greater distance, were a number of smaller mountains, for the most part having conical summits, with hollows in the middle, apparently at one time volcanoes. Then towards the east-south-east was the Little Ararat, the head of which no longer appeared as the simple termination of a cone, as it appeared from the plain, but like the section of a truncated quadrangular pyramid, having at its angles and in the middle a number of rocky elevations of various heights." MOUNT ARAEAT. 19 It may surprise the reader to learn that the fact of this ascent has been called in question and even denied. It is alleged that as the summit of the mountain is a cone of steep ice, the ascent of it is impossible. But, as Mr. Cooley remarks, in his preface, examples of reputed impossibilities of this kind, achieved by men urged on by scientific curiosity, and stimulated by the struggle with difficulty and danger, are so numerous, that we are only at a loss to reply to this objection with sufficient brevity. Ararat, though high, is yet inferior in altitude to many of the passes of the Himaleh : its icy head may be steep ; but yet that resolute men may climb the narrowest ridge of the steepest ice, was proved in the ascent of the Jungfrau by M. Agassiz, Mr. Forbes, and others, in 1841. A Russian traveller, M. Automonoff, is said to have ascended Ararat in 1834. He is reported to have found the large cross set up by Parrot, nearly covered with snow. The summit of the mountain was, it is understood, nearly reached by Colonel Stoddart, who perished in Bokhara. There seems to be, therefore, no ground for questioning the veracity of Professor Parrot, who appears to have in all respects well merited the high eulogy pronounced upon him by Humboldt that " he was constantly guided by the love of truth." A remarkable circumstance in the history of Mount Ararat yet remains to be recorded. In the summer of 1840, Arme- nia was visited by a violent earthquake, which shook Ararat to its foundation. The immense quantities of loose stones, snow, ice, and mud then precipitated from the great chasm immediately overwhelmed and destroyed the monastery of St. James and the village of Arghuri, and spread destruction far and wide in the plain of the Araxes. The earthquake of the 20th of June, 1840, was first felt in the vicinity of Ararat, about forty-five minutes past six o'clock in the evening, and continued with alter- nating shocks and undulatory motion of the earth for two minutes. The monastery of St. James and the village of Arghuri, with the summer residence of the Sardar, were all buried in the ruins from the mountain. The streams of mud and melted snow poured down from the great chasm, covered the fields and gardens to the distance of seven miles. The first four shocks, which were the most violent, and were accompanied with a low subterranean noise, seemed c2 20 SCRIPTURE LANDS. to proceed from Ararat in an east -north- east direction, and left on their way traces of terrible violence, particularly in the circles of Erivan and Nakhichevan. About seven o'clock the same evening above 3000 houses were thrown down in the district of Sharur, on the Araxes, east of Ararat. But it was in the valley of the Araxes, near the Karasu, or Blackwater, and at the mouth of the Arpa- chai, that the violence of the earthquake was most severely felt. The banks of the Araxes gaped in cracks 10 or 12 feet wide, parallel to the course of the river, and to the distance of a quarter of a mile from it. These fissures threw out water, with great quantities of sand, to the height, in some cases, of 5 feet. The bed of the Araxes was in some places left quite dry; in others, the collected waters were kept in continual agitation, as if they boiled. This terrible convulsion was felt to a great distance in dif- ferent directions. But the chief sufferers were the inhabitants of Armenia. Of the population of Arghuri, estimated at a thousand souls, not one escaped. In the town of Nakhichevan nearly 800 houses and other buildings were destroyed. Erivan suffered in like manner; and throughout the villages the habitations laid in ruins amounted to between 6000 and 7000. Had not the earthquake taken place at the hour when the Easterns generally quit the shelter of their roofs to enjoy the freshness of the open air, its effects would have been much more fatal; but it does not appear that above 50 people (exclusive of those who perished on Ararat) lost their lives on the occasion, buried in the ruins of their dwellings. Shocks were felt daily in the villages near Ararat till the 26th June, each continuing about two or three minutes. It was on the 24th that the great fall of Ararat, as it has been called, took place. At the commencement of the earthquake the monas- tery of St. James and the village of Arghuri were at once buried beneath the rocks, ice, and torrent of mud which fell from the great chasm above. But as the ice and snow precipitated from the summit gradually melted, the whole mass lost its stability, and about nine o'clock in the morning of the 24th it began to move with extraordinary rapidity down the mountain towards the Karasu, so that in an incre- dibly short time this stream of rocks and mud spread to a dis- tance of 12 or 14 miles in the valley of the Araxes. MOUNT ARARAT. 21 The result of this fall has been a vast increase in the size of the great chasm, from which the accumulations of rocks and ice made during ages have been swept away. The snowy summit of Ararat has sunk considerably, but has not fallen in, as was reported. The white, yellow, and vitreous feldspaths, with crystals and pyrites, which seem to form the heart of the mountain, are now fully exposed to view on the upper walls of the great chasm. 22 THE SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS. The subject of the Dispersion of Nations is one of very great and peculiar interest. All the information we possess on the subject is afforded by the tenth chapter of the book of Genesis, which has therefore formed the basis of the investi- gations of many learned and able men. The most recent, as well as (in our judgment) the most satisfactory statement on the subject is embrace*d in a long article 1 from a pen eminently qualified to do it justice, in the Cyclopaedia of Biblical Lite- rature, and we shall best consult the reader's advantage by briefly indicating the conclusions which that interesting con- tribution to the literature of the question exhibits. Many obvious reasons incline us to suppose that the small number of mankind which divine mercy spared from the extirpation of the Deluge, eight persons, forming at the utmost five families, would continue to dwell near each other as long as the utmost stretch of convenience would permit them. The dread of dangers, known and unknown, and every day's experience of the benefits derived from mutual aid, would strengthen other motives. It is evident from Gen. xi. 10-16, that about 100 years, according to the Hebrew text, were spent in this state of family propinquity, yet with a considerable degree of proximate diffusion, which necessity would urge : but the dates of the Septuagint, without includ- ing the disputed generation of the postdiluvian Cainan, give 400. The Hebrew period can scarcely be admitted: but even that, much more the others, will afford a sufficient time for such an increase of mankind as would render an extensive outspread highly expedient. Tardy expansion would indeed have failed to reach distant regions, till many hundreds or 1 Nations, Dispersion of, by Dr. J. Pye Smith, F.K.S. SETTLEMENT OF NOAHS DESCENDANTS. 23 thousands of years had run out; and it may be shown on pretty strong evidence, that a dispersion of mankind was highly desirable to be in a more prompt and active style than would have been effected by the impulses of mere convenience and vague inclination. That this dictate of reasonable conjecture was realized in fact, is determined by the Mosaic writings. Of the elder son of Eber, the narrative says, " his name was Peleg, because in his days the earth was divided" (Gen. x. 18); and this is repeated, evidently as a literal transcript, in 1 Chron. i. 19. Some are of opinion that the event took place about the time of his birth, and that his birth-name was given to him as a memorial of the transaction. But it was the practice of pro- bably all nations in the early times, that persons assumed to themselves, or imposed upon their children and other con- nections, new names at different epochs of their lives, derived from coincident events in all the variety of associated ideas. Of that practice many examples occur in the Scriptures. The conjecture is more probable that, in this instance, the name was applied in the individual's maturer age, and on account of some personal concern which he had in the commencement or progress of the separation. Respectable philologists have disputed whether it refers at all to a separation of mankind ; and think that the event which singularly marked Peleg's life was an occurrence in physical geography, an earthquake, which produced a vast chasm, separating two considerable parts of the earth, in or near the district inhabited by men. The possibility of some such geological convulsion cannot be denied: or that it might have been upon a great scale, and followed by important effects upon the condition of mankind. But neither the affirming nor the rejecting of this interpre- tation of " the earth's being divided," can affect the question upon the primeval separation and migratory distributions of men. It is evident that the chapters of Genesis x. and xi. assume the fact, and may be considered as rather a summary recognition of it than as a detailed account. Two sentences are decisive (ch. ix. 19), "These are the three sons of Noah, and from these all the earth was scattered over.' 9 The other is ch. x. 32, " These are the families of the sons of Noah, [according] to their generations, in their nations; and from these the nations were dispersed in the earth, after the Flood," 24 SCRIPTURE LANDS. It has been the prevalent opinion that the outspreading, which is the entire subject of Genesis, ch. x., and the scatter- ing narrated in ch. xi. 1-9, refer to the same event, the latter being included in the former description, and being a state- ment of the manner in which the separation was effected. But unbiassed reading of the text appears most plainly to mark the distinctness, in time and character, of the two nar- ratives. The first was universal, regulated, orderly, quiet, and progressive : the second, local, embracing only a part of mankind, sudden, turbulent, and attended with marks of the Divine displeasure. The former is introduced and entitled in these words: " Shem, and Ham, and Japheth; these are the three sons of Noah; and from them was the whole earth overspread." After the mention of the sons of Japheth, it is added, M From these the isles of the nations were dispersed, in their lands, each to its language, to their families, in their nations." A formula somewhat differing is annexed to the descendants of Ham: "These are the sons of Ham, [according] to their families, to their tongues, in their lands, in their nations." The same phrase follows the enumeration of the house of Shem: and the whole concludes with, "These are the families of the sons of Noah, [according] to their generations, in their nations; and from these the nations were dispersed in the earth after the Flood" (Gen. ix. 19; x. 5, 20, 31, 32). We may here quote so much of Mr. Jacob Bryant's disser- tation on this subject, in his Ancient Mythology, as appears to us supported by direct evidence, or a high degree of pro- bability. Of Noah " We may suppose that his sons showed him always great reverence ; and, after they were separated, and when he was no more, that they still behaved in conformity to the rules which he established. But there was one family which seems to have acted a contrary part. The sons of Cush would not submit to the Divine dispensation [in the disper- sion of the families] ; and Nimrod, who first took upon him- self regal state, drove Ashur from his demesnes, and forced him to take shelter in the higher parts of Mesopotamia. The sacred historian, after this, mentions another act of a rebellious purpose, which consisted in building a lofty tower with a very evil intent. Most writers have described SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS, 25 this and the former event (Nimrod's usurping conduct), as antecedent to the migration of mankind : but it will be my endeavour to show that the general migration was not only- prior, but from another part of the world. I think that we may (from Gen. x. and xi.) observe two different occurrences which are generally blended together. First, that there was a formal migration of families to the several regions appointed for them, according to the determination of the Almighty : secondly, that there was a dissipation of others, who would not acquiesce in the Divine dispensation. It is generally thought that the whole of mankind is included in this descrip- tion (Gen. xi. 1,2). But I am not certain that these words afford any proof to this opinion. The passage, when truly translated, does not by any means refer to the whole of man- kind. According to the original, it is said indeterminately that, ' in the journeying of people from the East, they found a plain in the land of Shinar.' The purport of the whole passage amounts only to this, that before there was any alteration in the language of mankind, a body of people came from the East to the place above specified. So that I am far from being satisfied that the whole of mankind was engaged in this expedition from the East. The Scripture does not seem to say so; nor can there be any reason assigned why they should travel so far merely to be dissipated afterwards. We have reason to think that, soon after the descent from the ark, the patriarch found himself in a fine and fruitful country (as described by all the ancient and modern autho- rities). Here I imagine that the patriarch resided. The sacred writings mention seemingly his taking up his abode for a long time upon the spot. Indeed they do not afford us any reason to infer that he ever departed from it. The very plantation of the vine seems to imply a purpose of residence. Not a word is said of the patriarch's ever quitting the place ; nor of any of his sons departing from it till the general migra- tion" When mankind had " become very numerous, it pleased God to allot to the various families different regions to which they were to retire: and they accordingly, in the days of Peleg, did remove and betake themselves to their different departments. But the sons of Cush would not obey. They went off under the conduct of the arch-rebel Nimrod, and seem to have been for a long time in a roving state; but at 26 SCRIPTURE LANDS. last they arrived at the plains of Shinar. These they found occupied by Ashur (ch. x. 11) and his sons; for he had been placed there by divine appointment. But they ejected him, and seized upon his dominions. Their leader is often men- tioned by the Gentile writers, who call him Belus. 1 In the beginning of this history it is said that they journeyed from the East when they came to the land of Shinar. This was the latter part of their route; and the reason of their coming in this direction may, I think, be plainly shown. The ark, according to the best accounts, both sacred and profane, rested upon a mountain of Armenia, called Minyas, Baris, Lubar, and Ararat. Many families of the emigrants went probably directly east or west, in consequence of the situation to which they were appointed. But those who were destined to the southern parts of the great continents which they were to inhabit, could not so easily and uniformly pro- ceed ; there being but few outlets to their place of destination. For the high Tauric ridge and the Gordycean mountains came between and intercepted their due course." [Mr. Bryant introduces evidence of the next to insurmountable character of those mountains, which must have been far more impass- able in those early times than now.] " I should therefore think that mankind must necessarily, for some ages, have remained near the place of descent, from which they did not depart till the time of the general migration. Armenia is in great measure bounded either by the Pontic Sea or by moun- tains ; and it seems to have been the purpose of Providence to confine the sons of men to this particular region, to prevent their roving too soon. Otherwise they might have gone off in small parties before the great families were constituted. Many families were obliged to travel more or less eastward, who wanted to come down to the remoter parts of Asia. The Cushites, who seem to have been a good while in a roving state, might possibly travel to the Pylee Caspiae before they found an outlet. In consequence of this the latter part of their route must have been a 'journeying from the East.' I was surprised, after I had formed this opinion from the natural history of the country, to find it verified by that 1 Bel, Baal; not a name of any particular person, but a title, assumed by many, and of different nations; Arte. Mythol. vol. vi. p. 260. SETTLEMENT OF NOAHS DESCENDANTS. 27 ancient historian Berosus. He mentions the route of his countrymen from Ararat after the Deluge, and says that it was not in a straight line ; but the people had been instructed to take a circuit, and so descend to the regions of Babylonia. In this manner the sons of Cush came to the plains of Shinar, of which Babylonia was a part; and from hence they ejected Ashur, and afterwards trespassed upon Elam in the region beyond the Tigris." This, it will be seen, is in substantive agreement with the view before taken by us (p. 4, 5) that the approach to Babylon 44 from the east" does not militate against the original descent from the regions of Armenia. Mr. Bryant adduces reasons for believing that the Confusion of Tongues was a miraculously-inflicted failure of the physical organs, producing unintelligible pronunciation of one and the same language ; that it affected only the house of Cush and their adherents ; and that it was temporary, ceasing upon their separation. He proceeds : " They seem to have been a very numerous body ; "and, in consequence of this calamity, they fled away ; not to any particular place of destination, but 4 were scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.' They had many associates, probably out of every family ; apostates from the truth, who had left the stock of their fathers and the religion of the true God. For when Babel was deserted we find among the Cushites of Chaldrea some of the line of Shem (ch. xi. 28, 31), whom we could scarcely have expected to have met in such a society. And we may well imagine that many of the branches of Ham were associated in the same manner in confederacy with the rebels: and some perhaps of every great division into which mankind was separated." Having thus removed, as we trust, the obstructions and obscurities, our course will be plain and brief in consideration of our chief subject, the first and properly so-called " Dis- persion" of families and tribes destined to form the nations of the earth. From the study of the tenth chapter of Genesis, which Sir William Jones calls " the most ancient history of the human race, and the oldest composition, perhaps, in the world," the following observations have presented themselves. 1. The enumeration comprises only nations existing in the 28 SCRIPTURE LANDS. age of Moses, and probably of them only the most con- spicuous, as more or less connected with the history of the Israelites. 2. It cannot be affirmed with certainty that we are here presented with a complete Table of Nations, even as existing in the time of Moses. Of each of the sons of Noah, it gives the sons : but of their sons (Noah's great-grandsons) it is manifest that all are not mentioned, and we have no possible means of ascertaining how many are omitted. 3. The immediate descendants of Japheth, Ham, and Shem are, except in the instance of Nimrod and a few more, some of which are doubtful, given by names not personal, but designative of tribes or nations, or their countries. 4. In attaching the names of nations to those here given, there is sometimes a deep uncertainty. Resemblance in orthographical appearance, or in similarity of sound, are not to be relied on alone ; there must be accessory and confirma- tory evidence. But oriental names possess a distinguished character of unchangeableness ; which renders inferences on this ground pretty safe. 5. We are not warranted to suppose that the families, or clans, or tribes, or however the groups might have been formed, migrated immediately to their respective seats, by any sort of general breaking up. This would presuppose some kind of compulsory enforcement, which neither the nature of the case, nor any intimation in the narrative, war- rants us to assume. 6. The acts of separation and journeying would have specific differences of impulse and performance ; they would affect one party and another, more or less, as to time, numbers, and rapidity of movement. 7. Did this great measure, so important in its influence upon the whole history of mankind, originate in a divine command, given by miraculous revelation? Or, was it brought to" pass solely in the way of God's universal provi- dence, to which nothing is great, nothing is small operating by natural means upon the judgments, wills, and actions of men as rational agents? There do not seem to be any decisive reasons for adopting either side of this alternative. In favour of the former may be urged the necessity of a -supernatural authority to induce universal obedience, the SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS. 29 motive arising from the assurance of divine guidance and protection, and the analogy of the fact which took place 600 years after {corrected chronology, but, according to the present Hebrew text, only 176); "The Lord had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, unto a land which I will show thee." (Gen. xii. 1). We have now only to place the enumeration of nations before our readers, having availed ourselves of the labours of Bochart, J. D. Michaelis, the younger Rosenmiiller, Gesenius, Robinson, and Baumgarten. I. Sons of Japheth, the Iapetus of the Greeks. i. Gomer. This name is traced in the Kimmerii of Homer and Herodotus ; the Gomares, (Josephus, Antiq. i. 6), whence Kelts, Gauls, Galatians ; the Kymry ; all the Celtic and Iberian tribes, Welch, Gaelic, Irish, Breton ; the Cimmerian Bosphorus, Crimea. Sons of Gomer : 1. Ashkenaz. Axeni, inhabitants of the southern coasts of the Euxine Sea, and a large part of Armenia ; the Basques in the north of Spain ; the Saxons, as the Jews interpret Ashkenaz, in Jer. li. 27, to be Germany. 2. Riphath (Diphath, 1 Chron. i. 6, a permutation of D an