Ill 
 
 
I all tfao 
 
 ,^f 29. SHERIDAN'S DRAMATIC WORKS AND LIFE. Portrait. 
 
 31. GOETHE'S WORKS. Vol.1. [His Autobiography. 13 Books.3 Portrait. 
 
 35. WHEATLEY ON THE COMMON PRAYER. Frontispiece. 
 S32 37, 39, 40, 81, & 86. MILTON'S PROSE WORKS. In 5 Vols, with general Ind< 
 < ^ and Portraits. 
 
 S$j5 38,41, & 45. MENZEL'S HISTORY OF GERMANY. Complete in 3 Vols. Portras 
 V$g 42. SCHLEGELS /ESTHETIC AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 
 l0 43. GOETHE'S WORKS. Vol. II. [Remainder of his Autobiography, and Trareli.] 
 Jv>@ 44. SCHILLER'S WORKS. Vol. IV. ["The Robbers," "Fiesko," "Lore ai 
 />Q2 Intrigue," and " The Ghost-Seer ."] Translated by Hikm G. Bohh. 
 
BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY. 
 
 46. SCHLEGEL'S LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 47. LAMARTINES HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848. 
 
 48 8c 50. JUNiUS'S LETTERS, with Notes, Additions, Essay, Index, &c. 2 Vols. 
 
 49, 5C 30, 65, 71. VASARI'S LIVES OF THE MOST CELEBRATED PAINTERS, 
 :ULPTORS, AND ARCHITECTS. Translated by Mrs. Fostrr, with Notes. 
 mplete iu Vols., with Index. 
 
 LOR'S (JEREMY) HOLY LIVING AND DYING. Portrait. 
 
 51. 
 52. 
 
 ^v iTHE'S WORKS. Vol III. ["Faust," " Iphigenia," "Torquato Tasso," 
 : d "Egmont."] Translated by Miss Swanwtck. With " Goett von Ber- 
 h hingen," translated by Sir Waltr Scott. 
 
 53, 56, 58, 61. 66, 67, 75, & 82. NEANDER'S CHURCH HISTORY. Carefully 
 
 rerised by the Rrt. A. J. W. Morriaok. 8 Vols. With Index. 
 
 54. NEANDER'S LIFE OF CHRIST. 
 
 57, 64. NEANDER'S PLANTING OF CHRISTIANITY, & ANTIGNOSTIKUS, 
 
 3 Volt. 
 
 5Q. GREGORY'S (DR.) LETTERS ON THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. 
 
 62 8c 63. JAMES' (G. P. R.) LOUIS XIV. Complete hi 9 Vols. Portraits. 
 
 68 8c 70. SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS' LITERARY WORKS, with Memoir, 2 Vols. Port. 
 
 60. ANDREW FULLER'S PRINCIPAL WORKS. Portrait. 
 
 72. BUTLER'S ANALOGY OF RELIGION, AND SERMONS, with Notes, &c. 
 
 Portrait. 
 
 73. MISS BREMER'S WORKS. Translated by Mart Howitt. New Edition, revised. 
 
 Vol. I. [" The Neighbours," and other Tales.] Post 8to. Portrait. $s. 6J. 
 
 74. NEANDER'S MEMORIALS OF CHRISTIAN LIFE IN THE EARLY AND 
 
 MIDDLE AGES (including his "Light in Dark Places";. Post 8vo. St. 6d. 
 
 76. MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by MARY HOWITT. Vol. II. "The President's 
 Daughters." Portrait. 
 
 77 & 80. JOHN FOSTER'S LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE, edited by J. E. 
 Kyland. In 2 Volumes. Portrait. 
 
 78. BACON'S ESSAYS, APOPHTHEGMS, 
 NEW ATALANTIS, AND HENRY 
 
 Portrait. 
 
 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS, 
 VII., with Dissertation and Notes. 
 
 79. GUIZOTS HISTORY OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT, translated 
 from the French by A. EL Scoblk. With Index. 
 
 83. MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by Mart Howitt. Vol. III. "The Home, and 
 
 Strife and Peace." 
 
 84. DE LPLME ON THE CONSTITUTION OF ENGLAND, or, Account of the 
 
 English GoTernment ; edited, with Life and Notes, by John Macgrkoor, M.P. 
 
 85. HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA, from 1782 to the present time; in 
 
 continuation of COXE. Portrait of the present Emperor. 
 
 07 & 88. FOSTER'S LECTURES, edited by J. E. Rtland. 2 vols. 
 
 89- MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by MARY HOWITT, Vol IV. "A Diary: The 
 
 H Family j The Solitary; The Comforter; Axel and Anna ; and a Letter 
 
 about Suppers. 
 
 90. SMITH'S (ADAM) THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS; and "Essay on 
 
 the First Formation of Languages," with Memoir by Duqald Stkwart. 
 
 91, 95, 96, 99, 102, 103, 105, & 106. COWPER S COMPLETE WORKS, Edited 
 
 by Southkt; comprising: his Poems, Correspondence, and Translations, with 
 Southey's Memoir. With 50 Engravings on Steel. Complete in 8 vols. 
 3 b 
 

 BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY. 
 
 92. DANUBIAN PROVINCES. Ranke's History of Servia, The Serrian Rerolu- JrSs 
 tion, The Insurrection in Bosnia, and The Slave Provinces of Turkey. Translated ()< 
 
 hy Mas. Kkrk. 
 
 93. GOETHE'S ELECTIVE AFFINITIES, SORROWS OF WERTHER. GERMAN J&< 
 
 EMIGRANTS, GOOD WOMEN; and A NOUVELETTE. 
 
 04. THE CARAFAS OF MADDALONI : Naples under Spanish Dominion. Trans- |a 
 
 latcd from the German of Al*rkd de Roumont. Portrait of McuanUlh. *y. 
 
 97, 109, & 112. CONDI'S HISTORY OF THE ARABS IN SPAIN. Translated S 
 
 from the Spanish by Mas. Eostkr. In 3 vols, with copious Index. Frontispiece, g } 
 
 08 &. 104. LOCKE'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS, containing the Essay on the |f' 
 
 Human Understanding, the Conduct of the Understanding, &c, with Notes by 52 
 J. A. St. John, Esq. General Index and a Portrait. In 2 Vols. 
 
 100. HUNGARY: ITS HISTORY AND REVOLUTIONS. With a Copious Memoir g^ 
 
 of K088UTH, from new and authentic sources. Portrait of Kossuth. C> 
 
 101 & 113. HISTORY OF RUSSIA to the present time, compiled from Karahstw, 3 
 
 Tooke, and Segur, by W. K. Kkt.lt. In 2 vols, with Index, Portraits of Catherine 5% 
 
 the Second, Nicholas, and Mentschikopf. eg 
 
 107 & 108. JAMES;S (G. P. R.) LIFE OF RICHARD CCEUR DE LION, King of IS 
 
 England. New Edition, with Portraits of Richard and Philip Augustus. Com- gv; 
 
 pletc in 2 vols. IpO 
 
 c v 
 
 110 & 111. SMYTH'S LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY. New Edition, with ?X> 
 
 the Author's last corrections, and a General Indtc. 2 vols. JrM 
 
 114. GOETHE'S WILHELM MEJSTER'S APPRENTICESHIP, complete in one X 
 
 Volume. <*. 
 
 Of) 
 
 115. BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER, in a popular form, by Leigh Hurt, complete 2& 
 
 in one Vol. ^< 
 
 116. 117. SMYTHS LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVO- 1 
 
 LUTION. New edition, with the Author's last corrections, an additional Lecture, ^v 
 
 and a General Index. Complete in two Vols. g 
 
 118. MIGNETS HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, from 1789 to 1814. & 
 
 119. GUIZOTS HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION OF 1640. fg 
 
 With a Preliminary Essay on its causes and success. Translated hy Wm. Hazlitt, &> 
 
 120. GUIZOTS HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION, from the Pall of the Roman Empire 1$ 
 
 to the French Revolution. Translated by William Hazliit. In 3 Vols. Vol.1. gX 
 
 1 
 
 BOHN'S EXTRA VOLUMES. 
 
 Uniform with the Standard Library, price Si. td. 
 1. GRAMMONTS MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF CHARLES H. Portrait. 
 2 &. 3. RABELAIS' WORKS. Complete in 2 Vols. Portrait, 
 4. COUNt HAMILTON'S FAIRY TALES. Portrait. 
 
 
 -Vfe^J 6 - BOCCACCIO'S DECAMERON, a complete Translation, by W. K. Kelly, Esq. & 
 Portrait. J 1 c y^ 
 
 [Vi/f^S 6 ' CERVANTES' EXEMPLARY NOVELS, complete. Portrait. 
 
 $$$& 7 ' J HEPTAMERON, Tales in the manner of Boccaccio, by Margaret, Queen 
 ofjNavarrk. line Portrait. 
 
 r 
 
to* 
 
 UNIFORM WITH THE STANDARD LIBRARY, 
 
 BARBAULD'S (MRS.) SELECTIONS FROM THE SPECTATOR, TATLER, 
 GUARDIAN, AND FREEHOLDER. In 2 Vols. 2>s. 6d. per Volume. 
 
 BRITISH POETS, from Milton to Kirke Whttb, Cabinet Edition, comprising, in a 
 very small but remarkably clear type, as much matter as the sixty volumes of 
 Johnson's Poets. Complete in -i Vols. Frontispieces. lis. 
 
 CARY'S TRANSLATION OF DANTE. Extra cloth. 7s. Cd. 
 
 CATTERMOLE'S EVENINGS AT HADDON HALL. 24 exquisite Engravings on 
 Steel, from Designs by himself; the Letter-Press by the Baroness dk Gala 
 
 BRELLA. Post 8VO. It. 6d. 
 
 CHILLINGWORTH'S RELIGION OF PROTESTANTS. 8*. td. 
 
 CLASSIC TALES; comprising The Vicar of Wakefield, Elizabeth, Paul and Virginia, 
 Gulliver's Travels, Sterne's Sentimental Journey, Sorrows of Werter, Thcodosius 
 and Constantia, Castle of Otranto, and Rasseias. 12mo. 7 Portraits, os. Gd. 
 
 DEMOSTHENES. Translated by LkLiXD. Portrait. 3s. 
 
 DICKSON AND MOWBRAY ON POULTRY, Edited by Mrs. Loudox, Illus- 
 trations by Harvey (including the Cochin-China Fowl). 5*. 
 
 HORACE'S ODES AND EPODES, translated literally and rhythmically, by the Rkv. 
 W. Sewell. 3j. (id. 
 
 IRVING'S (WASHINGTON) WORKS. Complete in 10 Vols., 1 15*., or 3*. 6J. 
 
 per Vol. 
 
 JOYCES SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUES. Greatlv Improved Edition, with Questions, Sec, 
 by Pin mock. (Upwards of GW pages). Woodcuts, bs. 
 
 JOYCE'S INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 5*. 
 
 LAMARTINE'S HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION. i vols., post 8vo., new Edition, 
 witb a General Index, and 5 additional Portraits, vix., Lamartine, Talleyrand, 
 Lafayette, Ney, and Louis XVII. Cloth. 
 
 LAMARTINE'S THREE MONTHS IN POWER. Sewed, 2s. 
 
 LAMARTINE'S POETICAL MEDITATIONS AND RELIGIOUS HARMONIES. 
 
 with Biographical Sketch. Portrait. Cloth, 3*. Cd. 
 
 LAWRENCE'S LECTURES ON COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, 
 ZOOLOGY, AND THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN. Frontispiece una 
 Plates, bs. 
 
 LILLY'S INTRODUCTION TO ASTROLOGY. A New and Improved Edition, by 
 ZJLOKISL, with his Grammar of Astrology, and Tables of Nativities. 5*. 
 
 LOUDON'S (MRS.) ENTERTAINING NATURALIST, a Description of more than 
 Pive Hundred Animals, with Indexe* of Scientific and Popular Names. With 
 upicards of 500 Woodcuts, by Bewick, Harvey, &c. Revised and enlarged. 
 Is. 6d. 
 
 LOWTHS LECTURES ON 
 
 3*. (id. 
 
 THE SACRED POETRY OF THE HEBREWS. 
 
 MICHELETS HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, is. 
 
 MILLER'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY. Third Revised and Improved Edition, 
 4 Volumes, at 3*. 6d. per Volume. 
 
 MITFORDS MISS) OUR VILLAGE. 2 Vols., New Edition, with Woodcuts and beau- 
 tijul Frontispieces on Steel, gilt cloth. Each Vol. bs. 
 
 NORWAY! A Road Book for Tourists in Norway, with Hints to English Sportsmen and 
 Anglers, by Thomas Forester, Esq. Limp cloth. 2s. 
 
 PARKES' ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. New Edition, revised, 5/. 
 66 
 
"4'Xi 
 
 UNIFORM WITH THE STANDARD LIBRARY. 
 
 HI 
 
 In 1 Vol 
 
 SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS AND POEMS, with Life, by Chalmers. 
 3*. td. 
 
 the same, Embellished with 40 pleasing Steel Engravings, elegantly bound 
 
 in red Turkey cloth, gilt edge*, hs. 
 
 STANDARD LIBRARY CYCLOP/EDIA OF POLITICAL, CONSTITUTIONAL, 
 STATISTICAL, AND FORENSIC KNOWLEDGE. 4 Vols. 3*. 6rf. each. 
 ThU work contain! as much as eight ordinary octavos. It was first published in another 
 shape by Mr. Charles Knight, under the title of Political Dictionary, at 1 10*. Th Com. 
 piier, Mr. Qjbokob Long, is one of the most competent Scholars of the day. 
 
 STURM'S MORNING COMMUNINGS WITH GOD. New Edition. 5*. 
 UNCLE TOM'S CABIN, with Introductory Remarks by the Rev. J. Sherman 
 (printed in a large clear type, with head-lines of Contents). 2s. 6d. 
 
 The same, on fine paper, with 8 new Illustrations by Leech and Gilbkrt, 
 
 and a beautiful Frontispiece by RiNCULiyr. 3*. 6d. 
 
 THE WIDE, WIDE WORLD, by Elizabeth Wetherell. Complete in 1 Vol, with 
 Frontispiece, gilt edges. 3*. td. 
 
 The same, Illustrated with highly finished Engravings on Steel, richly 
 
 bound in cloth, gilt edges, is. 
 
 BOHNS SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY. 
 
 Uniform with the Standard Library, price 5*., {excepting " Cosmos,*' Kidd, and 
 Whewell, which are 3*. Qd., and Mantell'i *' Petrifactions,'* which is 6s.) 
 
 1. STAUNTON'S CHESS PLAYERS HAND-BOOK, with Diagrams. 
 
 2. LECTURES ON PAINTING, by THE ROYAL ACADEMICIANS; 
 
 3. 4, 8, 8c 15. HUMBOLDT'S COSMOS; or, Sketch of a Physical Description of 
 
 the Universe. Translated, with Notes, by E. C. Ottk. In 4 Vols., with fine 
 Portrait. Tins Translation (though published at so low a price) is more complete 
 than any other. The Notes are placed beneath the text. Humboldt's analytica 
 summaries, and the passages hitherto suppressed, are included; and comprehensive 
 Indices subjoined. 3*. 6a. per Volume. 
 
 5. STAUNTON'S CHESS PLAYER'S COMPANION, comprising a Kew Treatise on 
 
 Odds, a Collection of Match Games, Original Problems, &c. 
 
 6. HAND-BOOK OF GAMES, by VARIOUS AMATEURS and PROFESSORS. 
 
 7. HUMBOLDT'S VIEWS OF NATURE, with colours d view of Chimb ttraco, fe. 
 
 9. RICHARDSON'S GEOLOGY, AND PAUEONTOLOGY, Revised by Dr. Wright, 
 
 with upwards of 400 Illustrations on Wood. 
 
 10. STOCKHARDT'S PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY, Exemplified in Simplo Expe- 
 
 riments, with upwards of 270 Illustrations. 
 
 11. DR. G. A. MANTELL'S PETRIFACTIONS AND THEIR TEACHINGS: A 
 
 Hand-Book to the FosbUs in the British Museum. Beautijul Wood Engravings. 6s. 
 6 b 
 
BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY. 
 
 12. AGASSIZ AND GOULD'S COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. New and Enlarged 
 
 Edition, vritk nearly 400 Illustrations. 
 
 13. 19, & 28. HUMBOLDTS PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HIS TRAVELS IN 
 
 AMERICA. With General Index. 
 
 14. PYE SMITH'S GEOLOGY AND SCRIPTURE. Fifth Edition, with Memoir. 
 
 16. OERSTEDS SOUL IN NATURE, Sec. Portrait. 
 
 17. STAUNTON'S CHESS TOURNAMENT, vritk Dingramt. 
 
 18 & 20. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES- Kirbt on the History, Habits, and 
 Instincts of Animals ; Edited by T. Rtmir Jones. In 2 Vols. Many Illustrations 
 
 21. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. Kidd On the Adaptation of External 
 
 Nature to the Physicnl Condition of Man. 3*. 6d. 
 
 22. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. Whkwkll's Astronomy and General Physics, 
 
 considered with reference to Natural Theology. Portrait of the Earl of 
 Bridgewater. 'is. fid. 
 
 23. SCHOUWS EARTH, PLANTS, AND MAN, and KOBELL'S SKETCHES 
 
 FROM THE MINERAL KINGDOM, Translated by A. Heh nut y, F.R.S., &c, 
 \cith Coloured Map of the Geography of Plants. 
 
 24. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. Chalmers on the Adaptation of External 
 
 Nature to the Morn! and Intellectual Constitution of Man, with the Author's last 
 Corrections, and Biogrnpbical Sketch by the Rev. Dr. Cummikg. 
 
 25. BACONS NOVUM ORGANUM AND ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. 
 
 Complete, with Notes, by J. Drvkt, M.A. 
 26 8c 27. HUMPHREY'S COIN COLLECTOR'S. MANUAL: a popular introduction 
 to the Study or' Coins, ancient and modern; witb elaborate Indexes, and numerous 
 highly -finished Engravings on Wood and Steel, 2 Vols. 
 
 29. COMTE'S PHILOSOPHY OF THE SCIENCES, Edited from the ' Cours de 
 
 Philosophic Positive,' by G. H. Liw es, Esq. 
 
 30. MANTELL'S (Da.) GEOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS, including THE ISLE OF 
 
 WIGHT. New Edition, with Prefatory Note by T. Rupert JosES.Eaq., numerous 
 beautiful Woodcuts, and a Geological Map. 
 
 31. HUNTS POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of 
 
 Nature. 3rd Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 32 &. 33. ENNEMOSEH'S HISTORY OF MAGIC, Translated from the German by 
 WILLIAM Howitt. With an Appendix of the most remarkable and best authenti- 
 cated Stories of Apparitions, Dreams, Second Sisrht, Predictions, Divinations, Vam- 
 pires, Fairies, Table Turning, and Spirit Rapping, Stc, by Mart Howitc. In 
 2 Vols. 
 
 34. HUNTS ELEMENTARY PHYSICS; Introduction to the Study of Natural 
 
 Philosophy. New Edition, revised. Numerous Woodcuts and Coloured Frontispiece. 
 
 35. HANDBOOK OF DOMESTIC MEDICINE, by an eminent Fhysician (700 pages). 
 
 36 STANLEY'S CLASSIFIED SYNOPSIS of the Dutch, Flemish, and German 
 Painters. 
 
 37. BRIDGEV/ATER TREATISES. Provt on Cheniiitrr, Meteorology, and the 
 Function of Digestion. Edited by Du. Griffith. Coloured Maps. 
 
 86. JOYCE'S SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUES. New and Enlarged Edition, completed to 
 to the prestmt state of knowledge by Dr. Griffith. (Upwards of COO pages). 
 Numerous Woodcuts. 
 
 39. STOCKHARDTS AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: or, CHEMICAL FIELD 
 LECTURES. Addressed to Farmers. Translated from the German, with Notes 
 by Prof. Hknfrky. To which is added a Paper on LIQUID MANURE, by 
 J. J. Mich i, Esq. 
 
 BOHN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY. 
 
 Uniform with the Stawdad Library, at as. per volume, 
 
 1 to 8. LODGE'S PORTRAITS OF ILLUSTRIOUS PERSONAGES OF GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN. 8 Vols post 8vo. 240 Portraits. 
 9. CRlllKSHANKS THREE COURSES AND DESSERT, with SO Illustrations. 
 
 10. PICKERING'S RACES OF MAN, with numerous Portraits (or Coloured Is. td.) 
 
 11. KITTOS SCRIPTURE LANDS, AND BIBLICAL ATLAS, with 24 Mmps, lor 
 
 Coloured, Is. 6d) 
 lb 
 
 ^^^m^m 
 
SCRIPTURE LANDS; 
 
 DESCRIBED IN A SERIES OF 
 
 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL 
 SKETCHES. 
 
 BT 
 
 JOHN KITTO, D.D., F.S.A. 
 
 AND ILLUSTRATED BY A 
 
 COMPLETE BIBLICAL ATLAS, 
 
 COMPRISING TWENTY-FOUR MAPS, WITH AN INDEX OF REFERENCE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 1850. 
 
 UHXVMSXT 
 

 r?fo 
 
 PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, 
 LONDON GAZETTE OFFICE, ST. MARTIN'S LANE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Among the various accounts of the Lands of Scripture which 
 exist among us, the one now furnished derives its most dis- 
 tinctive character from the Atlas of Biblical maps with which 
 it is connected. 
 
 On being invited to furnish, a Memoir to accompany this 
 Atlas, it appeared to the writer, that while it was essential 
 that the primary object of supplying a text to the maps should 
 be kept distinctly in mind, it might be possible to impart 
 some independent interest to the letter-press by taking a 
 somewhat more comprehensive although still, of necessity, 
 cursory view of the whole subject than the mere topogra- 
 phical description of the maps might require. While, there- 
 fore, the range of subjects, and in a great degree, the mode of 
 treatment, has been dictated by the presence of the maps, and 
 by this special designation of the letter-press, the matter 
 has been so arranged, that while it is hoped that nothing has 
 been omitted which can be judged necessary to this associa- 
 tion with the maps, much has been included which that 
 connexion did not absolutely require, but which appeared 
 desirable to complete the plan on which the text is founded. 
 
 A large proportion of the Atlas, as well as of the text, is 
 occupied with the territories and towns of the twelve tribes. 
 It is in this that the relation of tjie one to the other is most 
 
tl PREFACE. 
 
 apparent. The maps dictated this arrangement of the topo- 
 graphical details ; while their presence made that arrange- 
 ment convenient and satisfactory, by rendering it possible to 
 relieve the text from a large burden of proper names and 
 uninteresting small details, which must, in the absence of the 
 maps, have been included for the sake ol completeness. As 
 the Atlas and the Index together afford all the real information 
 we possess respecting a multitude of places their names, 
 their sites, where they are named in Scripture, and what they 
 are noted for, it seemed unnecessary to repeat in the text the 
 same facts which are thus more adequately displayed. Space 
 has thus been secured for a more particular description of the 
 principal places in each tribe than could otherwise have been 
 afforded. That nothing might be lost by this division of the 
 subject into portions corresponding to the number of the 
 tribes, a general, but necessarily rapid survey of the whole 
 country has been taken under the head of Canaan, which will 
 serve as an introduction to the local descriptions with which 
 the remainder of the volume is occupied. 
 
 As the Atlas embraces whatever pertains to the geography 
 of the Holy Scriptures, about one-third of the text is devoted 
 to matters not connected with Palestine, though belonging 
 to the geography of the Bible. Since, also, the Atlas is 
 a Scripture Atlas and therefore an Ancient Atlas con- 
 siderable attention has been given to the ancient local history 
 of the places in Palestine, which come within the line of 
 observation selected. In both these respects, as well as in 
 the general plan, this work is distinguished from other pro- 
 ductions of the same author, as well as from those of other 
 writers. 
 
 It were superfluous to say a word in commendation of maps 
 so beautifully executed. The writer of the text is content to 
 hope that the letter-press may not be altogether unworthy of 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 the companionship in which it appears ; and it is earnestly 
 hoped that the maps and text in this their union, may be an 
 acceptable offering to the readers of the Bible, and contribute 
 something towards their better knowledge of that Sacred 
 Book. 
 
 In bringing together the information comprised in these 
 pages, the writer has had less occasion to resort to his own 
 previous productions than he at first expected but the 
 memoir has possibly derived some advantage from the oppor- 
 tunities he has had of considering most of the topics it 
 embraces, as well as from the presence of all the needful 
 materials to his mind or near his hand. The memoir, 
 therefore, possesses whatever freshness may result from the 
 fact that it is by no means a reproduction of materials pre- 
 viously used by the same writer, as well as from his not 
 having consciously neglected to consult the most recent 
 researches of English, American, and German travellers, 
 geographers, and critics. Besides the numerous older 
 authorities, the recent works which have been principally 
 consulted, and to which he owes the largest obligations, are 
 the following : Dr. Robinson's Biblical Researches in Pales- 
 tine; Dr. Arnold's Palastina, Halle, 1845; Professor von 
 Raumer's Palastina, third edition, Leipzig, 1850; Winers 
 Real-Worterbuch, new edition, 1848; Dr. Carl Bitter's 
 Erdkunde, especially the two last published volumes (1848, 
 1850), embracing respectively the Sinai Peninsula and 
 Palestine ; Laborde's Commentaire Geographique snr VExode 
 et les Nombres, 1843 ; Dr. Wilson's Lands of the Bible, 1847; 
 Coleman's Historical Geography of the Bible, Philadelphia, 
 1849; Dr. Olin's Travels in the East, New York, 1843; 
 Dr. Durbin's Observations in the East, New York, 1845; 
 Schubert's Reise in das Morgenland, Erlangen, 1840; Wil- 
 kinson's Egypt and Thebes, 1 843 ; Lynch's Narrative of an 
 
Vlll * PREFACE. 
 
 Expedition to the Dead Sea, 1848; Williams' Holy City, 
 1849; Strauss' Sinai und Golgotha Reise in das Morgen- 
 land, 1847; Dr. Tobler's Bethlehem in Paldstina, 1849; 
 Layard's Nineveh, 1849; Botta's Khorsabad, 1850; Chesney's 
 Euphrates, 1850. Sundry papers in the Journal of the Royal 
 Asiatic Society ; the Geographical Journal; the (American) 
 Bibliotheca Sacra; the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen- 
 landischen Gesellschaft, etc., have also been consulted with 
 advantage. 
 
 JOHN KITTO. 
 
LIST OF THE WOOD-CUT ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mount Ararat 9 
 
 Babylon. Kuins of the Birs Nimrud 40 
 
 The " Tel-i-Nimrud," or Mound of Nimrood. Akar-Kuf. Sup- 
 posed the Accad of Scripture 45 
 
 Nineveh, or the present Mosul 47 
 
 The Mountain and Plain of Sinai 64 
 
 Mount Tabor 96 
 
 Mount Carmel 101 
 
 Fig-tree (Ficus Carica) 153 
 
 Almond-tree (Amygdalus communis) 155 
 
 Bull of Palestine 159 
 
 Goat of Palestine (Capra mambrica) 160 
 
 Leopard (Felts Nimr Pardus) 161 
 
 Bear of Palestine (Ursus Syriacus) ib. 
 
 Hebron 165 
 
 Bethlehem 167 
 
 Joppa 177 
 
 Kuins of Jericho 181 
 
 Shechem 189 
 
 Nazareth 218 
 
 Cana. The modern village 228 
 
 Ruins of Tyre 242 
 
 The present City of Jerusalem 253 
 
 Bethesda. The remains of the ancient Pool 268 
 
 Tomb of Absalom, in the Yalley of Jehoshaphat 274 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE r 
 
 THE SITE OF PARADISE 1 
 
 MOUNT ARARAT 9 
 
 THE SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS 22 
 
 MESOPOTAMIA, BABYLON, ASSYRIA 35 
 
 MESOPOTAMIA 35 
 
 BABYLONIA 40 
 
 ASSYRIA 46 
 
 EGYPT THE EXODUS 53 
 
 MOUNT SINAI 64 
 
 THE WANDERING 74 
 
 CANAAN 1 83 
 
 NAMES, SITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES 83 
 
 FACE OF THE COUNTRY 88 
 
 THE WATERS 108 
 
 CLIMATE AND SEASONS 146 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY 151 
 
 THE TRIBES AND THEIR TOWNS 163 
 
 PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST 214 
 
 CITIES OF THE COAST 240 
 
 JERUSALEM 253 
 
 BIBLICAL ATLAS, comprising 24 Maps. 
 
 GENERAL INDEX, exhibiting both the Ancient and Modern 
 Names of Scriptural Places, with their Latitudes and Longi- 
 tudes, and other Useful Information, in a Tabular Form. 
 
SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 THE SITE OF PARADISE. 
 
 The word Paradise is a Greek term, which, as employed 
 by ancient writers, appears to have denoted an extensive plot 
 of ground inclosed by a strong fence or wall, abounding in 
 trees, shrubs, plants, and garden culture, and in which choice 
 animals were kept in various degrees of restraint or freedom, 
 according as they were ferocious or peaceable. It thus com- 
 bined the ideas contained in our English words park, garden, 
 menagerie and aviary, and answers well enough to the sub- 
 sisting Oriental idea of a garden. This term was used by the 
 Greek translators of the Pentateuch, in the third century 
 before Christ, as the translation of the garden which God was 
 pleased to make the abode of our first parents ; and this 
 being followed by the Latin Vulgate and other versions, the 
 word Paradise became almost a proper name to denote the 
 seat of human blessedness ; and it is perhaps as proper a 
 term for expressing the ideas usually entertained of the 
 i4 Garden of Eden," as any language can afford. 
 
 According to the Mosaic narrative in the first chapter of 
 Genesis, the Garden was in the east part of a country called 
 Eden a word which in Hebrew signifies pleasure or pleasant- 
 ness. The topography of Eden is thus described : " And a 
 river went out of Eden to water the garden, and from thence 
 it was parted,, and became into four heads. The name of the 
 first is Pison : that is it which compasseth the whole land of 
 Havilah, where there is gold, and the gold in that land is 
 good : there is bdellium, and the onyx-stone. And the name 
 of the second river is Gihon : the same is it that compasseth 
 
 J3 
 
2 SCRIPTURE LANDS, 
 
 the whole land of Cush. And the name of the third river 
 is Hiddekel : that is it which goeth toward the east of 
 Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates." 
 
 There is hardly any part of the world in which the site thus 
 indicated has not been sought. In Asia, in Africa, in Europe, 
 in America, in Tartary : on the banks of the Ganges, in the 
 Indies, in China, in the island of Ceylon, in Armenia ; under 
 the Equator; in Mesopotamia, in Syria, in Persia, in Babylon, 
 in Arabia, in Palestine, in Ethiopia ; among the Mountains of 
 the Moon ; near the mountains of Libanus, Antilibanus and 
 Damascus. There are some who, despairing of finding this 
 favoured spot, or not deeming it necessary to seek it upon the 
 earth, have inquired for it elsewhere. " Some," says Adam 
 Clarke, " place it in the third heaven, others in the fourth ; some 
 within the orbit of the moon, others in the moon itself ; some 
 in the middle regions of the air, or beyond the earth's attrac- 
 tion ; some on the earth, others under the earth, others within 
 the earth." 
 
 We must be content to go with those who look for the site 
 of Paradise upon the earth ; and shall find it expedient to 
 direct our attention very much to the two theories which have 
 obtained the suffrages of the greatest number of learned and 
 able advocates. 
 
 It has been assumed that, in whatever situation, otherwise 
 probable, the marks by which Moses characterises the spot 
 are to be found, there we may suppose that we have discovered 
 the site of Paradise. In fixing the first probability, the all 
 but unquestionable fact that the known rivers Euphrates and 
 Tigris are mentioned as two of the four rivers of Eden, is of 
 the greatest importance; and therefore the most exact in- 
 quirers have not sought for the spot at any point distant from 
 those rivers. The Euphrates and Tigris being thus then 
 identified with two of the rivers of Eden, there has still 
 remained a great latitude in the choice of a site for the 
 garden, some looking for it near the sources of those rivers, 
 and others seeking it in the low and flat plains through which 
 they flow in the lower part of their course. 
 
 One consideration that induced a preference for this site is, 
 that the advocates of this opinion considered "heads," as applied 
 to the rivers which went forth from the garden, to mean 
 " sources," which would therefore render it natural to look for 
 
IHE SITE OF PARADISE. 3 
 
 the terrestrial paradise in a mountainous or hilly country, 
 which alone could supply the water necessary to form four 
 heads of rivers. But others those who would fix the site 
 towards the other extremity of the two known rivers, account 
 it sufficient, and indeed more accordant with the text, to re- 
 gard the " four heads" not as sources, but as channels ; that is, 
 that the Euphrates and Tigris united before they entered the 
 garden, and, after leaving it, divided again, and entered the 
 Persian Gulf by two mouths; thus forming four channels, 
 two above and two below the garden, each called by a dif- 
 ferent name. " The river or channel," says Dr. Wells, 4t must 
 be looked upon as a highway crossing over a forest, and which 
 may be said to divide itself into four ways, whether the 
 division be made above or below the forest." With this view 
 some writers are content to take the present Shat-ul-Arab 
 (the single stream which is formed by the confluence of the 
 Tigris and Euphrates, and which afterwards divides to enter 
 the gulf) as the river that went through the garden ; but as 
 Major Kennell has shown that the two great rivers kept 
 distinct courses to the sea until the time of Alexander, 
 although at no great distance of time afterwards they became 
 united, other writers are contented to believe that such a 
 junction and subsequent divergence did, either in the time of 
 Moses or before the Deluge, exist in or near the place indi- 
 cated. The Deluge must have made great changes in the 
 beds of these and many other rivers ; and inferior agencies 
 have alone been sufficient greatly to alter the ancient channels 
 of the Tigris and Euphrates. This is not only rendered 
 obvious by an inspection of the face of the country, but the 
 memory of such events is preserved by local traditions, and 
 they are even specified in the writings of the Arabian geo- 
 graphers and historians. Thus, then, of the two most probable 
 conjectures, one fixes the terrestrial Paradise in Armenia, 
 between the sources of the Euphrates, Tigris, Phasis, and 
 Araxes ; and the other identifies the land of Eden with the 
 country between Baghdad and Basrah ; and, in that land, 
 some fix the garden near the latter city, while others, more 
 prudently, only contend that it stood in some part of this 
 territory, w r here an ancient junction and subsequent separa- 
 tion of the Euphrates and Tigris took place. 
 
 Reverting to Oriental opinion, it may be stated that the 
 
 b2 
 
4 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 most prevalent notion in the east is that which places the 
 terrestrial paradise in the Island of Serendib, or Ceylon. It 
 is alleged that when the first man was driven out of paradise, 
 he was sent to the Mountains of Rahoun in this island, two or 
 three days' journey from the sea. The Portuguese call this 
 mountain Pico de Adamo, or Mountain of Adam, because it is 
 thought that this first of men was buried under it, after he had 
 lived in repentance a hundred and thirty years. The Mussul- 
 mans do not believe that the paradise, in which Adam was 
 placed, was terrestrial, but that it was in one of the seven 
 heavens ; and that from this heaven he was cast down into 
 the island of Ceylon, where he died, after having made a 
 pilgrimage into Arabia, where he visited the site of the future 
 temple of Mecca. They say also, that when God created 
 the Garden of Eden, he created there what the eye has never 
 seen, the ear has never heard, and what has never entered into 
 the heart of man to conceive. 
 
 The first position, of course, places the land of Eden in 
 Armenia, where, within a very circumscribed space, not only 
 the Euphrates and Tigris, but two other great rivers have 
 their sources. These are known by the comparatively modern 
 names of the Halys and Araxes; and if we take these to be 
 the Pison and Gihon of Genesis, we have all the conditions 
 that can well be required. These rivers flow in directions 
 contrary to the Euphrates and Tigris, and watered countries 
 which were inhabited by tribes having little intercourse with 
 the Jews ; and thus their connection with the site of Paradise 
 may, subsequently to the time of Moses, have passed out of 
 remembrance. Assuming these to be the rivers of Eden, the 
 country within the Halys (Pison) answers well to the land of 
 Havilah ; while in that which borders on the Araxes (Gihon) 
 it may be possible to recognize the more remarkable territory 
 of Cush. 
 
 According to a tradition still fondly cherished in the wild 
 valleys of central Armenia, the tract allotted to our first 
 parents, included the northern division of the pashalik of 
 Mosul, and extended from this part of Assyria to some little 
 distance north of Erzrum; its western extremity was in the 
 vicinity of Tokat, towards the Halys, while the eastern 
 border included some portion of the district beyond Lake 
 Van. "Without attaching particular importance to local 
 
THE SITE OF PAKADISE. 5 
 
 impressions," says Col. Chesney, 1 " it must be admitted that 
 those traditions which place Eden in that part of Asia, 
 acquire a certain degree of probability from the fact that we 
 actually find in the great plateau around Ararat, that is, 
 within a circle whose radius is about ninety miles the 
 sources of four noble rivers, which flow from thence to as 
 many different seas, and of which two at least are known, 
 from the description given in the Bible, to have been con- 
 nected with the first abode of man." 
 
 In recent times, Captain Wilford, coming from the study 
 of the Hindoo Puranas, opened what was considered a new 
 source of information on the subject, and placed the site of 
 Eden on the mountains of India.* The view put forth by 
 this writer attracted much attention, and obtained the adhesion 
 of Mr. Charles Taylor, the editor of Calmet, who supports it 
 with his usual ingenuity. His concluding observations are: 
 
 M The situation of Paradise, in Armenia, where the heads 
 of the Euphrates and Tigris spring, where the head of the 
 Araxes and a branch of the Phasis rise not very distant from 
 each other, according to the best accounts we are able to 
 procure of that country (which however are not altogether 
 satisfactory), has many plausibilities in its favour. Never- 
 theless, there is this to be said against it, that mankind could 
 not journey from the East to Babylon, if Armenia were the 
 seat of Noah's deliverance, and if that seat were adjacent to 
 Paradise, as we have uniformly supposed. 
 
 " But the situation of Paradise on the Indian Caucasus, or 
 Imaus Mountains, unites all those requisites which are 
 deemed necessary coincidences with the Mosaic narration. 
 Mountains furnish the sources of rivers; many great rivers 
 rise in these mountains. Paradise furnished four rivers; four 
 rivers rise in these mountains, in a vicinity sufficiently near, 
 though not now from the same lake. Mankind travelled 
 ''from the East' to Babylon; these mountains are East of 
 Babylon." 
 
 This argument is, in fact, the mainstay of those who assign 
 a very easterly position to the land of Eden, and, as in this 
 instance, is regarded by them as conclusive, against at least 
 the claims of the region in Armenia in which the Tigris and 
 
 1 Euphrates and Tigris, i. 268. 
 
 2 The Asiatic Researches, vol. vi., p. 455. 
 
6 SCRIPTUKE LANDS. 
 
 Euphrates have their source, and still more, of course, against 
 Syria. But unfortunately it avails nothing for this purpose. 
 To come from that country to Babylonia it is necessary to keep 
 along on the east side of the Median mountains, and then issue 
 at once from the east into the plain. Such is now the daily route 
 of caravans going from Tabreez (on the borders of Armenia) to 
 Baghdad. They go south as far as Kermanshah, and then, 
 making an almost right angle, take a western direction to 
 Baghdad. This makes their journey ten or twelve days longer 
 than it would be by the direct route, by Sulimanieh, over the 
 mountains of Kurdistan. We have ourselves travelled both these 
 routes, and should say, with perfect conviction, that the latter 
 route difficult, toilsome, and even in some parts dangerous 
 is certainly not the one, as compared with the other, which 
 a migrating people, quite ignorant of what lay before them, 
 would be likely to take. If the easier, but more circuitous 
 route is even now preferred by those who are quite aware of 
 the gain in time which the shorter route offers, no one can sup- 
 pose that these primitive emigrants, with a plain way before 
 them along the foot of the mountains, would traverse an almost 
 impassable region without any definite object and without any 
 knowledge of the parts that lay beyond. Emigrants seeking 
 a settlement in lands not hitherto explored and to whom any 
 particular direction is no object, never entangle themselves 
 among the mountains so long as they have a fair and practi- 
 cable road before them across the plains. 
 
 As the whole theory has been built upon the single text 
 which describes the first known colony of mankind as coming 
 ' from the east,' there is little to uphold it when that support 
 is withdrawn. 
 
 The opinions set forth, or rather indicated, above, are but a 
 few of those that have been propounded ; but although many 
 more might be added, it will be observed that most of them 
 have much in common, and difFer only in some of the details. 
 To enumerate the vagaries of our German neighbours on this 
 subject would be endless. When Rudbeck, a Swede, placed 
 Eden in Scandinavia, and the Siberians told the Czar Peter 
 that it was in Siberia, these became topics of constant 
 ridicule among German scholars ; and yet one of their 
 own number proposed a no less extravagant hypothesis, 
 which was made matter of serious discussion, and has been 
 
THE SITE OF PARADISE. 7 
 
 honoured with more than one elaborate refutation. The 
 name of the author is Hasse, and his view was set forth in a 
 book called k4 Discoveries in the Oldest History of the Earth 
 and of Mankind." His greatest discovery is that the site of 
 Paradise was in Prussia, on the shores of the Baltic, the bedolach 
 or bdellium being the amber that there abounds. He believes 
 that the Caspian and the Euxine were once united, which is 
 probable enough ; but he further holds that their waters 
 flowed by one great river into the Baltic. Lest we should 
 think this a somewhat ungenial clime for the first pair and 
 their blessed garden, he admits that more warmth would be 
 agreeable, but argues that the temperature of the North has 
 been lowered by some great physical revolution, for that 
 originally it was the region of warmth. The trees yielded 
 amber as resin, and bore fruits so beneficial to health, that 
 they might well be called " trees of life." All this seems to 
 be based upon the fanciful notion of the Greeks respecting 
 the hyperborean regions in the Northern Ocean as the birth- 
 place of gods and men, and the abode of longevity and 
 peace. 
 
 Of the opinions which have been started, that which finds 
 the site of Eden in Armenia is the most current, clearly 
 because that site offers the tangible fact that the two which 
 are known of the tour rivers, have their rise in that country. 
 Next to that in acceptance is the opinion that the Eden 
 was on the river (Shat-ul-Arab) formed by the junction of 
 the Tigris and Euphrates, and afterwards dividing to enter 
 the Persian Gulf by two principal estuaries. We must 
 confess that this has always been the favourite theory of 
 our own. But we have of late begun to waver in presence 
 of the various difficulties which beset every alternative, and 
 to doubt whether the site be at all recognizable since the 
 Flood. On this point there is much good sense in the 
 observations of one whose recent loss to Biblical geography 
 there is good reason to deplore. 1 
 
 44 The fundamental error of most inquirers seems to be 
 that they consider the description as having necessarily a 
 reference to certain countries, rivers, and other localities 
 
 1 Rev. N. Morren Translation of Rosenm filler's Biblical Geo- 
 graphy of Central Asia which he has enriched by many learned 
 and valuable notes. -J& 
 
 /** ST ^-< 
 
8 SCKIPTTJRE LANPS. 
 
 which still actually exist on the face of the globe. But the 
 correctness of this supposition may justly be doubted. It 
 does not in the least affect the authenticity or the divine 
 origin of the early part of the Book of Genesis to believe that 
 it embodies traditionary or written documents of a much 
 earlier date than the age of Moses, and which were incorpo- 
 rated by him into his history as being of equal authority with 
 what came under his own observation or was directly revealed 
 to him by God. The apostle Jude 1 seems to intimate that 
 there was a series of inspired men from Adam downwards. 2 
 If then we may suppose the whole account of Paradise to be 
 an inspired antediluvian document, referring exclusively to a 
 state of things which the Deluge swept away, the difficulty of 
 reconciling the account with existing topography will imme- 
 diately vanish. It is true that we find some of the names of 
 countries and rivers there mentioned to have been afterwards 
 applied to countries and rivers of the world after the Flood ; 
 but what was more natural than for Noah's posterity to give 
 the same names to objects in the new world which had 
 been given to similar objects by their antediluvian ancestry ? 
 The identity of the objects, however, does by no means follow, 
 from the mere identity of the names. In fact almost every 
 name of a river or country which occurs in the description of 
 Paradise was applied to more than one river or country in the 
 postdiluvian world. Thus Pishon denotes a stream gene- 
 rally, and Gihon or Jihoon (from a word that signifies to 
 break forth) was also etymologically the designation of a river ; 
 and though now used pre-eminently of the Oxus, as also a 
 prefix to oriental names of the Araxes, the Ganges, &c, it 
 was likewise the name of a rivulet or water-course at Jerusalem, 
 1 Kings i. 38; 2 Chron. xxxii. 30; xxxiii. 14. In the 
 Hiddekel some find the root both of the Indus (Hid, Hind) 
 and the Dijlat or Tigris. There were two Havilahs, one in- 
 habited by a Shemite tribe, Gen. x. 29, the other by a Hamite, 
 Gen. x. 7. The various significations of Cush form one of the 
 chief perplexities in Bible geography ; and we find the name 
 of Eden itself given to more than one district east." 
 
 1 Verse 14. 
 
 9 Among whom was Noah. 2 Pet. ii. 5. 
 
Mount Ararat. 
 
 MOUNT ARARAT. 
 
 The name of Ararat does not anywhere in Scripture occur 
 as the name of a mountain, but only as the name of a country 
 upon " the mountains" of which the ark rested during the 
 subsidence of the flood, Gen. viii. 4. It is however well 
 known that this was the name of one of the most extensive 
 provinces of the kingdom of Armenia ; that, in fact, which con- 
 tains the mountain, or rather " mountains," which have been 
 identified with Ararat. All but universal consent has founded 
 upon this analogy the conclusion that the mountains in ques- 
 tion are those to which the Scripture narrative of the Deluge 
 has reference, and we shall not therefore waste time upon the 
 proof of a fact so generally admitted. 
 
 We have ourselves beheld this mountain ; we have travelled 
 along its base, and have had it for many days continually in 
 
10 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 sight, displayed in all its noble proportions from the base to 
 the icy crown, and we could not but regard with deep emotion 
 the spot the second cradle of our race from which the 
 fathers of mankind came down to replenish the earth which 
 the Flood had desolated. It seemed to us as a monument 
 the grandest in the world of God's judgments and of His 
 mercies. We shall however furnish the reader with a better 
 account of this mountain than even this personal observation 
 enables us to furnish. We shall follow the account of one 
 to whom the mountain was a study, who made it the special 
 object of his researches, and who for the sake of its thorough 
 exploration, and for the renown of being the first to ascend its 
 summit, made a long journey of 2230 miles from the uttermost 
 parts of Europe, and who, when arrived at the spot, made 
 repeated and perilous attempts, until he at length realized the 
 object of his persevering zeal, and stood upon the mountain of 
 the ark. This enterprising traveller was Professor Parrot, the 
 account of whose journey was published in German, 1 but 
 has been ably translated in a somewhat condensed form by 
 Mr. W. D. Cooley, who has added in an appendix some 
 valuable materials of more recent date. 2 
 
 The expedition was made in the year 1829, when the exten- 
 sion of the Russian power in this remote quarter, appeared to 
 render more feasible than it had ever before been, an enter- 
 prise the desire of which had been awakened in the traveller's 
 mind twenty years before, when as he stood upon the summit 
 of the Kasbeg, 3 during a snow storm, a momentary break in 
 the clouds discovered in the distant south, a high, round, soli- 
 tary peak, in all probability the silver crown of Ararat. 
 
 The mountain of Ararat rises on the southern borders of a 
 plain, of about thirty-five miles in breadth, and of a length of 
 which seventy miles may be taken in with the eye ; being a 
 portion of the plain which is watered by a wide curve formed 
 
 1 Reise zum Ararat. 
 
 2 It was published as the first volume of an undertaking, which 
 does not seem to have been appreciated by the public, as it proceeded 
 no further. Its title expresses its object. "The World Surveyed in 
 the XlXth Century : or Recent Narratives of Scientific and 
 Exploratory Expeditions, (undertaken chiefly by command of 
 Foreign Governments.") London : 1845. 
 
 3 The highest summit of the Caucasus. 
 
MOUNT ARARAT. 11 
 
 by the Araxes. It consists, correctly speaking, of two moun- 
 tains the Great Ararat, and its immediate neighbour, the 
 Less Ararat ; the former on the north-west, the latter on the 
 south-east; their summits distant about seven miles from 
 each other, in a right line, and their bases insensibly melt- 
 ing into one another by the interposition of a w T ide level 
 valley. 
 
 The summit of the Great Ararat has an elevation of 17,210 
 feet perpendicular, or more than three miles and a quarter 
 above the sea, and 14,320 feet, or nearly two miles and three 
 quarters, above the plain of the Araxes. The north-eastern 
 slope of the mountain may be assumed at fourteen, the north- 
 western at twenty miles in length. On the former, even from 
 a great distance, a deep gloomy chasm is discoverable, 
 which many compare to a crater ; but which may be more 
 properly regarded as a cleft, just as if the mountain had been 
 rent asunder at the top. From the summit downwards for 
 nearly two-thirds of a mile perpendicular, or nearly three 
 miles in an oblique direction, it is covered with a crown of 
 eternal snow and ice, the lower border of which is irregularly 
 indented, according to the elevations or depressions of the 
 ground ; but upon the entire northern half of the mountain, 
 from 14,000 feet above the sea, it shoots up in one rigid crest 
 to the summit, interrupted here and there by a few pointed 
 rocks, and then stretches downward, on the southern half, 
 to a level somewhat less low. This is the silver head of 
 Ararat. 
 
 The summit of Little Ararat rises 13,000 feet, or nearly two 
 miles and a half, measured perpendicularly, above the level 
 of the sea; and above the plain of the Araxes, it is 10,140 
 feet, or nearly two miles. Notwithstanding this height, it is 
 not always buried in snow, but is quite free from it in Sep- 
 tember and October, and probably sometimes also in August, 
 or even earlier. Its declivities are considerably steeper than 
 those of the Great Ararat ; its form is almost perfectly coni- 
 cal, marked with several delicate furrows, which radiate 
 downwards from the summit, and give the picture presented 
 by this mountain a very peculiar and interesting character. 
 
 The narrative of the attempts made to ascend Ararat 
 by Professor Parrot, is so interesting, that we present the 
 reader with the substance of it in his own words. The first 
 
12 SCBIPTTJRE LANDS. 
 
 and second attempts were unsuccessful. On the first occasion 
 the party reached the height of 13,070 feet, and were at no 
 great distance from the borders of the perpetual snow which 
 covers the upper part of the mountain, when the approach of 
 night compelled them to fix their quarters there among some 
 large and conveniently placed pieces of rock. In the morn- 
 ing the upward march was resumed, and the account thus 
 proceeds : 
 
 44 In about two hours we had reached the limits, properly so 
 called, of the perpetual ice and snow; that is to say, not the 
 place where the snow, favoured by the coolness of a valley, or 
 other circumstances, remains at the lowest elevation, but 
 where, extending continuously on a uniform slope, it is 
 checked only by the warmth of the region below it. I found 
 those limits to be at the height of 14,240 feet above the level 
 of the sea. The way up to that point from our night quarters 
 was rendered extremely fatiguing by the steepness of some of 
 the rocky tracts, which were passable only, because, consist- 
 ing of masses of rock piled one upon the other, they offered 
 angles and edges for the hands and feet. 
 
 44 For an instant we halted at the foot of the pyramid of snow 
 which before our eyes was projected with wondrous grandeur 
 on the clear blue sky : we chose out such matters as could be 
 dispensed with, and left them behind a rock ; then, serious 
 and in silence, and not without a devout shuddering, we set 
 foot upon that region which certainly since Noah's time no 
 human being had ever trodden. At first the progress was 
 easy, because the acclivity was not very steep, and besides it 
 was covered with a layer of fresh snow on which it was easy 
 to walk ; the few cracks in the ice also which occurred, were 
 of no great breadth, and could be easily stepped over. But 
 this joy did not last long ; for, after we had advanced about 
 200 paces, the steepness increased to such a degree, that we 
 we were no longer able to tread securely on the snow, but, in 
 order to save ourselves from sliding down on the ice beneath 
 it, we were obliged to have recourse to that measure, for the 
 employment of which I had taken care to equip myself and 
 my companions, namely, the cutting of steps. Although that 
 which is called ice on such mountains, is in reality snow con- 
 verted into a glacier, that is to say, permeated with water 
 and again frozen, in which state it is far from possessing the 
 
MOUNT AKARAT. 13 
 
 solidity of true ice, yet like this it does not yield to the pres- 
 sure of the foot, and requires, where the slope is very rapid, 
 the cutting of steps. For this purpose some of us had brought 
 little axes, some bill-hooks, while others, again, made use of 
 the ice-staff. The general rule in the ascent was, that the 
 leader should only cut the ice just enough to allow himself to 
 mount, and that each as he followed should enlarge the step ; 
 and thus, while the labour of the foremost was lightened, a 
 good path was prepared for the descent, wherein much firmer 
 footing is required than in ascending. 
 
 fci Through this proceeding, dictated off-hand by necessity 
 and frequent experience, and which, moreover, could not be 
 dispensed with for a single step, as well as through manifold 
 hindrances of a new sort which obstructed the carrying up of 
 the cross, our progress suffered so much delay, that though in 
 the stony region which was by no means easily traversed, we 
 had been able to gain about 1000 feet of elevation in the 
 hour, we could now hardly ascend 600 feet in the same time. 
 It was necessary for us to turn a bold projection of the slope 
 above us, and having come to it, we found on it, and straight 
 across the direction in which we were proceeding, a deep 
 crack in the ice, about five feet wide, and of such length that 
 we could not distinctly see whether it was possible to go 
 round it. To our consolation, however, the drifted snow had 
 in one place filled up the crevice tolerably well, so that with 
 mutual assistance we got safely over, a feat rendered some- 
 what difficult by the circumstance that the edge of the ice 
 which we wanted to reach was a good deal higher than that 
 on which we were standing. 
 
 " As soon as we had got over this little trouble, and had 
 ascended a ver) r moderate slope, we found ourselves on a 
 nearly horizontal plain of snow, which forms a principal step 
 on this side of Ararat, and may be easily recognized in all my 
 sketches of the mountain as an almost horizontal interruption 
 of the slope, next to the summit on the right-hand side. This 
 height was the scope of our exertions this time; for we had, 
 to judge from appearances, work for three hours, and there 
 arose, to our sorrow, a strong humid wind, which, as it gave 
 us reason to expect a snow storm, damped our courage, and 
 took from us all hope of reaching the summit." 
 
 Here, however, they disencumbered themselves of a cross 
 
14 SCRIPTUBE LANDS. 
 
 ten feet high, of wood' painted black, which they had brought 
 up with them with the view of planting it on the summit. 
 They seem to have been much incommoded by it, and were 
 probably glad that the apparent impracticability of taking it 
 higher, gave them a sufficient excuse for disposing of it 
 here. 
 
 " It faces Erivan, and has behind it in that direction the 
 steep snows of the summit, so that being itself black, it will 
 be strikingly relieved, and must be visible with a good tele- 
 scope." This they had afterwards cause to doubt. 
 
 The third attempt, rendered successful by the experience 
 gained in the two former, was made on the 7th of October, 
 1829, and the particulars are thus related i 1 
 
 " The experience acquired in my former ascent had taught 
 me that everything depended on spending the night as close 
 as possible to the limits of perpetual snow, so as to be able to 
 reach the summit and to return again the following day, and 
 that, to that end, the loads of the cattle and of the men must 
 be confined to what was absolutely indispensable. I had 
 therefore three oxen only laden with some warm clothing, the 
 requisite supply of food, and a small quantity of fire- wood. I 
 took also a small cross, made of bars two inches in diameter, 
 but cut of oak, and so put together that the longer piece 
 might serve as a staff to the man who carried it. We directed 
 our course to the same side as before, and in order to spare 
 our strength as much as possible, Abovian and myself rode 
 this time, as far as the rocky nature of the ground allowed us, 
 to the vicinity of the grassy plain, Kip-Ghioll ; we did not, 
 however, leave our horses there as Stepan had done, but sent 
 them back with a Kossak, who attended us for that purpose ; 
 from this place M. Hehn also returned. 
 
 " It was not quite noon when we reached this point ; we 
 took our breakfast, and after resting about an hour and a 
 half we set forward in an oblique course upwards, deviating a 
 little from our former track. The oxen, however, could not 
 follow us so fast ; one of them in particular seemed much 
 weaker than the others ; and as it threatened to cause us no 
 little delay, we deemed it advisable to make ourselves inde- 
 
 1 Although given as a continuous extract, several unessential 
 passages are omitted. This is, therefore, an abstract of the larger 
 account. 
 
MOUNT AEAHAT. 15 
 
 pendent of such aid. We halted, therefore, at the base of a 
 towering pile of stones, over which the poor animals could 
 hardly have climbed ; we then freed them from their loads, 
 which we distributed fairly among the party, so that each 
 man carried his share of covering and fuel ; and this done, we 
 sent back the oxen with their keeper. 
 
 " About half-past five o'clock we were close to the lower 
 border of the snow, and had attained a height considerably 
 above that of our former night quarters : the elevation of this 
 point above the sea was 13,800 feet. The large masses of 
 rock here scattered about determined us in selecting this spot 
 for our night's lodging. A fire was soon kindled, and some- 
 thing warm got ready for the stomach. For me this repast 
 consisted in onion soup, the use of which I can recommend to 
 mountain travellers in such circumstances, as extremely warm- 
 ing and reviving, and better than animal food or meat soups, 
 because these require for their digestion more strength, which 
 they restore indeed, but not so quickly as to allow you to feel 
 any benefit from them within the usually circumscribed 
 period of exertion. 
 
 tfc It was a delicious evening which I spent here ; my eyes at 
 one time set on my good-humoured companions, at another 
 on the clear sky on which the summit of the mountain was 
 projected with wondrous grandeur ; and again, on the grey 
 night, spreading in the distance and in the depth beneath me. 
 Thus I became resigned to the single feeling of peace, tender- 
 ness, love, thankfulness, submission the silent evoking of the 
 past, the indulgent glimpse of the future ; in short, that inde- 
 scribable delightful sensation which never fails to affect 
 travellers at great heights and under agreeable circumstances ; 
 and so, favoured by a temperature of 40 Fahr. no slight 
 warmth for the atmosphere at our elevation I lay down to 
 rest under a projecting rock of lava, while my companions 
 still remained for a long time chatting round the fire. 
 
 " At the first dawn we roused ourselves up, and at about 
 half -past six proceeded on our march. The last tracts of 
 rocky fragments were crossed in about half an hour, and we 
 once more trod on the limits of perpetual snow nearly in the 
 same place as before, having first lightened ourselves by de- 
 positing near some heaps of stones such articles as we could 
 dispense with. But the snowy region had undergone a great, 
 
16 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 and for us by no means favourable change. The newly-fallen 
 snow which had been of some use to us in our former attempt 
 had since melted, from the increased heat of the weather, and 
 was now changed into glacier ice ; so that notwithstanding the 
 moderate steepness of the acclivity, it would be necessary to 
 cut steps from below. This made our progress a laborious 
 affair, and demanded the full exertion of our strength from the 
 first starting. We were obliged to leave one of the peasants 
 behind at the place where we spent the night, as he com- 
 plained of illness ; two others, tired in ascending the glacier, 
 stopped at first only to rest, but afterwards went back to the 
 same station. The rest of us, without allowing ourselves to be 
 detained an instant on account of these accidents, pushed on 
 unremittingly to our object, rather excited than discouraged by 
 the difficulties in our way. We soon after came again to the 
 great crack which marks the upper edge of the icy slope just 
 ascended, and about ten o'clock we found ourselves exactly 
 in the place where we had arrived on the former occasion 
 at noon, that is to say, on the great plain of snow which 
 forms the first step downward from the icy head of Ararat. 
 
 " In the direction of the summit we had before us an 
 acclivity shorter but steeper than that just passed over ; and 
 between it and the furthest pinnacle there seemed to intervene 
 only a gentle swelling of the ground. After a short rest we 
 ascended with the aid of hewn steps the next slope (the 
 steepest of all), and then another elevation ; but now, instead 
 of seeing immediately in front of us the grand object of all our 
 exertions, a whole row of hills had developed itself to our 
 eyes, and completely intercepted the view of the summit. At 
 this our spirits which had never fluctuated so long as we sup- 
 posed that we had a view of all the difficulties to be sur- 
 mounted, sank not a little, and our strength, exhausted by the 
 hard work of cutting steps in the ice, seemed hardly adequate 
 to the attainment of the now invisible goal. Yet, on calcu- 
 lating what was already done and what remained to be done, 
 on considering the proximity of the succeeding row of 
 heights, and casting a glance at my hearty followers, care fled, 
 and " boldly onwards !" resounded in my bosom. We passed, 
 without stopping, over a couple of hills ; there we felt the 
 mountain wind. I pressed forward round a projecting mound 
 of snow, and behold ! before my eyes, now intoxicated with 
 
MOUNT ARARAT. 17 
 
 joy, lay the extreme cone, the highest pinnacle of Ararat. 
 Still a last effort was required of us to ascend a tract of ice 
 by means of steps, and that accomplished, about a quarter past 
 three on the 27th September (9th October, n.s.), 1829, we 
 
 STOOD UPON THE TOP OF ARARAT. 
 
 " What I first aimed at and enjoyed was rest ; I spread out 
 my cloak and sat down on it. I found myself on a gently- 
 vaulted, nearly cruciform surface, of about two hundred paces 
 in circuit, which at the margin sloped off precipitously on 
 every side, but particularly towards the south-east and north- 
 east. Formed of eternal ice, without rock or stone to interrupt 
 its continuity, it was the austere, silvery head of Old Ararat. 
 Towards the east this summit extended more uniformly than 
 elsewhere, and in this direction it was connected by means of 
 a flattish depression, covered in like manner with perpetual 
 ice, with a second and somewhat lower summit, distant ap- 
 parently from that on which I stood above half a mile, but in 
 reality only 397 yards, or less than a quarter of a mile. 
 This saddle-shaped depression may be easily recognised from 
 the plain of the Araxes with the naked eye, but from that 
 quarter it is seen foreshortened; and as the less elevation 
 stands foremost, while the greater one is behind, the former 
 appears to be as high as, or even higher than the latter, which 
 from many points cannot be seen at all. M. Fedorov ascer- 
 tained by his angular measurements made in a north-easterly 
 direction from the plain of the Araxes, that the summit in 
 front is seven feet lower than that behind or further west ; to 
 me, looking from the latter, the difference appeared much 
 more considerable. 
 
 M The gentle depression between the two eminences presents 
 a plain of snow moderately inclined towards the south, over 
 which it would be easy to go from the one to the other, and 
 which may be supposed to be the very spot on which Noah's 
 ark rested, if the summit itself be assumed as the scene of that 
 event, for there is no want of the requisite space, inasmuch as 
 the ark, according to Genesis vi. 15, three hundred ells long 
 and fifty wide, would not have occupied a tenth part of the 
 surface of this depression. Ker Porter, however, makes 1 on 
 
 1 Travels in Georgia, Persia, and Armenia, &c, Lond. 1821, vol. i 
 p. 183. 
 
 C 
 
18 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 this subject a subtle comment favourable to the opinion that 
 the resting-place of the ark was not on the summit of the 
 mountain, but on some lower part of it ; because in Genesis 
 viii. 5, it is said, " On the first day of the tenth month the 
 tops of the mountains appeared;" but in vi. 16 it is stated 
 that the window of the ark was above ; consequently, Noah 
 could have seen only what was higher than the ship, which 
 was therefore lower down than the tops of the mountains : on 
 these grounds Ker Porter is inclined to look upon the wide 
 valley between the Great and Little Ararat as the place where 
 the ark rested. In this reasoning, however, he takes the 
 above quoted texts of Holy Writ in a sense different from the 
 literal one ; for it is nowhere said that Noah saw the moun- 
 tains appear, but it is simply stated that after the ark had 
 rested, the waters subsided, so that already on the first day of 
 the tenth moon the mountains began to appear; then "after 
 forty days Noah opened the window which he had made in 
 the ark and let fly a raven;" and, again, after three weeks, 
 "Noah took off the cover of the ark and saw that the ground 
 was dry," respecting which he might have formed as good a 
 judgment or even a better, from the more elevated point than 
 from the lower. 
 
 " From the summit I had a very extensive prospect, in which, 
 however, owing to the great distances, only the chief masses 
 could be plainly distinguished. The valley of the Araxes was 
 covered in its whole length by a greyish cloud of vapour, 
 through which Erivan and Sardarabad appeared only as dark 
 spots, no bigger than my hand. In the south, the hills behind 
 which Bayazed lay, were more distinctly visible. In the 
 north-north-west, the serrated head of Alaghes rose majes- 
 tically, covered in every hollow w r ith large masses of snow, 
 a truly inaccessible crown of rocks. Immediately in the 
 neighbourhood of Ararat, particularly towards the south-east 
 and on the west at a greater distance, were a number of 
 smaller mountains, for the most part having conical summits, 
 with hollows in the middle, apparently at one time volcanoes. 
 Then towards the east-south-east was the Little Ararat, the 
 head of which no longer appeared as the simple termination 
 of a cone, as it appeared from the plain, but like the section 
 of a truncated quadrangular pyramid, having at its angles 
 and in the middle a number of rocky elevations of various 
 heights." 
 
MOUNT ARAEAT. 19 
 
 It may surprise the reader to learn that the fact of this 
 ascent has been called in question and even denied. It is 
 alleged that as the summit of the mountain is a cone of steep 
 ice, the ascent of it is impossible. But, as Mr. Cooley 
 remarks, in his preface, examples of reputed impossibilities of 
 this kind, achieved by men urged on by scientific curiosity, 
 and stimulated by the struggle with difficulty and danger, are 
 so numerous, that we are only at a loss to reply to this objection 
 with sufficient brevity. Ararat, though high, is yet inferior in 
 altitude to many of the passes of the Himaleh : its icy head may 
 be steep ; but yet that resolute men may climb the narrowest 
 ridge of the steepest ice, was proved in the ascent of the 
 Jungfrau by M. Agassiz, Mr. Forbes, and others, in 1841. A 
 Russian traveller, M. Automonoff, is said to have ascended 
 Ararat in 1834. He is reported to have found the large cross 
 set up by Parrot, nearly covered with snow. The summit of 
 the mountain was, it is understood, nearly reached by Colonel 
 Stoddart, who perished in Bokhara. There seems to be, 
 therefore, no ground for questioning the veracity of Professor 
 Parrot, who appears to have in all respects well merited the 
 high eulogy pronounced upon him by Humboldt that " he 
 was constantly guided by the love of truth." 
 
 A remarkable circumstance in the history of Mount Ararat 
 yet remains to be recorded. In the summer of 1840, Arme- 
 nia was visited by a violent earthquake, which shook Ararat 
 to its foundation. The immense quantities of loose stones, 
 snow, ice, and mud then precipitated from the great chasm 
 immediately overwhelmed and destroyed the monastery of St. 
 James and the village of Arghuri, and spread destruction far 
 and wide in the plain of the Araxes. 
 
 The earthquake of the 20th of June, 1840, was first 
 felt in the vicinity of Ararat, about forty-five minutes 
 past six o'clock in the evening, and continued with alter- 
 nating shocks and undulatory motion of the earth for two 
 minutes. The monastery of St. James and the village of 
 Arghuri, with the summer residence of the Sardar, were 
 all buried in the ruins from the mountain. The streams of 
 mud and melted snow poured down from the great chasm, 
 covered the fields and gardens to the distance of seven 
 miles. The first four shocks, which were the most violent, 
 and were accompanied with a low subterranean noise, seemed 
 
 c2 
 
20 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 to proceed from Ararat in an east -north- east direction, and 
 left on their way traces of terrible violence, particularly in 
 the circles of Erivan and Nakhichevan. 
 
 About seven o'clock the same evening above 3000 houses 
 were thrown down in the district of Sharur, on the Araxes, 
 east of Ararat. But it was in the valley of the Araxes, near 
 the Karasu, or Blackwater, and at the mouth of the Arpa- 
 chai, that the violence of the earthquake was most severely 
 felt. The banks of the Araxes gaped in cracks 10 or 12 feet 
 wide, parallel to the course of the river, and to the distance 
 of a quarter of a mile from it. These fissures threw out 
 water, with great quantities of sand, to the height, in some 
 cases, of 5 feet. The bed of the Araxes was in some places 
 left quite dry; in others, the collected waters were kept in 
 continual agitation, as if they boiled. 
 
 This terrible convulsion was felt to a great distance in dif- 
 ferent directions. But the chief sufferers were the inhabitants 
 of Armenia. Of the population of Arghuri, estimated at a 
 thousand souls, not one escaped. In the town of Nakhichevan 
 nearly 800 houses and other buildings were destroyed. Erivan 
 suffered in like manner; and throughout the villages the 
 habitations laid in ruins amounted to between 6000 and 7000. 
 Had not the earthquake taken place at the hour when the 
 Easterns generally quit the shelter of their roofs to enjoy the 
 freshness of the open air, its effects would have been much 
 more fatal; but it does not appear that above 50 people 
 (exclusive of those who perished on Ararat) lost their lives 
 on the occasion, buried in the ruins of their dwellings. Shocks 
 were felt daily in the villages near Ararat till the 26th June, 
 each continuing about two or three minutes. It was on the 
 24th that the great fall of Ararat, as it has been called, took 
 place. At the commencement of the earthquake the monas- 
 tery of St. James and the village of Arghuri were at once 
 buried beneath the rocks, ice, and torrent of mud which fell 
 from the great chasm above. But as the ice and snow 
 precipitated from the summit gradually melted, the whole 
 mass lost its stability, and about nine o'clock in the morning 
 of the 24th it began to move with extraordinary rapidity 
 down the mountain towards the Karasu, so that in an incre- 
 dibly short time this stream of rocks and mud spread to a dis- 
 tance of 12 or 14 miles in the valley of the Araxes. 
 
MOUNT ARARAT. 21 
 
 The result of this fall has been a vast increase in the size 
 of the great chasm, from which the accumulations of rocks 
 and ice made during ages have been swept away. The 
 snowy summit of Ararat has sunk considerably, but has not 
 fallen in, as was reported. The white, yellow, and vitreous 
 feldspaths, with crystals and pyrites, which seem to form the 
 heart of the mountain, are now fully exposed to view on the 
 upper walls of the great chasm. 
 
22 
 
 THE 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS. 
 
 The subject of the Dispersion of Nations is one of very 
 great and peculiar interest. All the information we possess 
 on the subject is afforded by the tenth chapter of the book of 
 Genesis, which has therefore formed the basis of the investi- 
 gations of many learned and able men. The most recent, as 
 well as (in our judgment) the most satisfactory statement on 
 the subject is embrace*d in a long article 1 from a pen eminently 
 qualified to do it justice, in the Cyclopaedia of Biblical Lite- 
 rature, and we shall best consult the reader's advantage by 
 briefly indicating the conclusions which that interesting con- 
 tribution to the literature of the question exhibits. 
 
 Many obvious reasons incline us to suppose that the small 
 number of mankind which divine mercy spared from the 
 extirpation of the Deluge, eight persons, forming at the 
 utmost five families, would continue to dwell near each other 
 as long as the utmost stretch of convenience would permit 
 them. The dread of dangers, known and unknown, and 
 every day's experience of the benefits derived from mutual 
 aid, would strengthen other motives. It is evident from Gen. 
 xi. 10-16, that about 100 years, according to the Hebrew 
 text, were spent in this state of family propinquity, yet with 
 a considerable degree of proximate diffusion, which necessity 
 would urge : but the dates of the Septuagint, without includ- 
 ing the disputed generation of the postdiluvian Cainan, give 
 400. The Hebrew period can scarcely be admitted: but even 
 that, much more the others, will afford a sufficient time for 
 such an increase of mankind as would render an extensive 
 outspread highly expedient. Tardy expansion would indeed 
 have failed to reach distant regions, till many hundreds or 
 
 1 Nations, Dispersion of, by Dr. J. Pye Smith, F.K.S. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NOAHS DESCENDANTS. 23 
 
 thousands of years had run out; and it may be shown on 
 pretty strong evidence, that a dispersion of mankind was 
 highly desirable to be in a more prompt and active style than 
 would have been effected by the impulses of mere convenience 
 and vague inclination. 
 
 That this dictate of reasonable conjecture was realized in 
 fact, is determined by the Mosaic writings. Of the elder son 
 of Eber, the narrative says, " his name was Peleg, because in 
 his days the earth was divided" (Gen. x. 18); and this is 
 repeated, evidently as a literal transcript, in 1 Chron. i. 19. 
 Some are of opinion that the event took place about the time 
 of his birth, and that his birth-name was given to him as a 
 memorial of the transaction. But it was the practice of pro- 
 bably all nations in the early times, that persons assumed to 
 themselves, or imposed upon their children and other con- 
 nections, new names at different epochs of their lives, derived 
 from coincident events in all the variety of associated ideas. 
 Of that practice many examples occur in the Scriptures. The 
 conjecture is more probable that, in this instance, the name 
 was applied in the individual's maturer age, and on account 
 of some personal concern which he had in the commencement 
 or progress of the separation. Respectable philologists have 
 disputed whether it refers at all to a separation of mankind ; 
 and think that the event which singularly marked Peleg's 
 life was an occurrence in physical geography, an earthquake, 
 which produced a vast chasm, separating two considerable 
 parts of the earth, in or near the district inhabited by men. 
 The possibility of some such geological convulsion cannot be 
 denied: or that it might have been upon a great scale, and 
 followed by important effects upon the condition of mankind. 
 But neither the affirming nor the rejecting of this interpre- 
 tation of " the earth's being divided," can affect the question 
 upon the primeval separation and migratory distributions of 
 men. It is evident that the chapters of Genesis x. and xi. 
 assume the fact, and may be considered as rather a summary 
 recognition of it than as a detailed account. Two sentences 
 are decisive (ch. ix. 19), "These are the three sons of Noah, 
 and from these all the earth was scattered over.' 9 The other 
 is ch. x. 32, " These are the families of the sons of Noah, 
 [according] to their generations, in their nations; and from 
 these the nations were dispersed in the earth, after the Flood," 
 
24 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 It has been the prevalent opinion that the outspreading, 
 which is the entire subject of Genesis, ch. x., and the scatter- 
 ing narrated in ch. xi. 1-9, refer to the same event, the latter 
 being included in the former description, and being a state- 
 ment of the manner in which the separation was effected. 
 But unbiassed reading of the text appears most plainly to 
 mark the distinctness, in time and character, of the two nar- 
 ratives. The first was universal, regulated, orderly, quiet, 
 and progressive : the second, local, embracing only a part of 
 mankind, sudden, turbulent, and attended with marks of the 
 Divine displeasure. 
 
 The former is introduced and entitled in these words: 
 " Shem, and Ham, and Japheth; these are the three sons of 
 Noah; and from them was the whole earth overspread." 
 After the mention of the sons of Japheth, it is added, M From 
 these the isles of the nations were dispersed, in their lands, 
 each to its language, to their families, in their nations." A 
 formula somewhat differing is annexed to the descendants of 
 Ham: "These are the sons of Ham, [according] to their 
 families, to their tongues, in their lands, in their nations." 
 The same phrase follows the enumeration of the house of 
 Shem: and the whole concludes with, "These are the families 
 of the sons of Noah, [according] to their generations, in their 
 nations; and from these the nations were dispersed in the 
 earth after the Flood" (Gen. ix. 19; x. 5, 20, 31, 32). 
 
 We may here quote so much of Mr. Jacob Bryant's disser- 
 tation on this subject, in his Ancient Mythology, as appears 
 to us supported by direct evidence, or a high degree of pro- 
 bability. 
 
 Of Noah " We may suppose that his sons showed him 
 always great reverence ; and, after they were separated, and 
 when he was no more, that they still behaved in conformity 
 to the rules which he established. But there was one family 
 which seems to have acted a contrary part. The sons of Cush 
 would not submit to the Divine dispensation [in the disper- 
 sion of the families] ; and Nimrod, who first took upon him- 
 self regal state, drove Ashur from his demesnes, and forced 
 him to take shelter in the higher parts of Mesopotamia. 
 The sacred historian, after this, mentions another act of 
 a rebellious purpose, which consisted in building a lofty 
 tower with a very evil intent. Most writers have described 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS, 25 
 
 this and the former event (Nimrod's usurping conduct), as 
 antecedent to the migration of mankind : but it will be my 
 endeavour to show that the general migration was not only- 
 prior, but from another part of the world. I think that we 
 may (from Gen. x. and xi.) observe two different occurrences 
 which are generally blended together. First, that there was 
 a formal migration of families to the several regions appointed 
 for them, according to the determination of the Almighty : 
 secondly, that there was a dissipation of others, who would 
 not acquiesce in the Divine dispensation. It is generally 
 thought that the whole of mankind is included in this descrip- 
 tion (Gen. xi. 1,2). But I am not certain that these words 
 afford any proof to this opinion. The passage, when truly 
 translated, does not by any means refer to the whole of man- 
 kind. According to the original, it is said indeterminately 
 that, ' in the journeying of people from the East, they found 
 a plain in the land of Shinar.' The purport of the whole 
 passage amounts only to this, that before there was any 
 alteration in the language of mankind, a body of people came 
 from the East to the place above specified. So that I am far 
 from being satisfied that the whole of mankind was engaged 
 in this expedition from the East. The Scripture does not 
 seem to say so; nor can there be any reason assigned why 
 they should travel so far merely to be dissipated afterwards. 
 We have reason to think that, soon after the descent from 
 the ark, the patriarch found himself in a fine and fruitful 
 country (as described by all the ancient and modern autho- 
 rities). Here I imagine that the patriarch resided. The 
 sacred writings mention seemingly his taking up his abode 
 for a long time upon the spot. Indeed they do not afford us 
 any reason to infer that he ever departed from it. The very 
 plantation of the vine seems to imply a purpose of residence. 
 Not a word is said of the patriarch's ever quitting the place ; 
 nor of any of his sons departing from it till the general migra- 
 tion" When mankind had " become very numerous, it pleased 
 God to allot to the various families different regions to which 
 they were to retire: and they accordingly, in the days of 
 Peleg, did remove and betake themselves to their different 
 departments. But the sons of Cush would not obey. They 
 went off under the conduct of the arch-rebel Nimrod, and 
 seem to have been for a long time in a roving state; but at 
 
26 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 last they arrived at the plains of Shinar. These they found 
 occupied by Ashur (ch. x. 11) and his sons; for he had been 
 placed there by divine appointment. But they ejected him, 
 and seized upon his dominions. Their leader is often men- 
 tioned by the Gentile writers, who call him Belus. 1 In the 
 beginning of this history it is said that they journeyed from 
 the East when they came to the land of Shinar. This was 
 the latter part of their route; and the reason of their 
 coming in this direction may, I think, be plainly shown. 
 The ark, according to the best accounts, both sacred and 
 profane, rested upon a mountain of Armenia, called Minyas, 
 Baris, Lubar, and Ararat. Many families of the emigrants 
 went probably directly east or west, in consequence of the 
 situation to which they were appointed. But those who were 
 destined to the southern parts of the great continents which 
 they were to inhabit, could not so easily and uniformly pro- 
 ceed ; there being but few outlets to their place of destination. 
 For the high Tauric ridge and the Gordycean mountains came 
 between and intercepted their due course." [Mr. Bryant 
 introduces evidence of the next to insurmountable character 
 of those mountains, which must have been far more impass- 
 able in those early times than now.] " I should therefore 
 think that mankind must necessarily, for some ages, have 
 remained near the place of descent, from which they did not 
 depart till the time of the general migration. Armenia is in 
 great measure bounded either by the Pontic Sea or by moun- 
 tains ; and it seems to have been the purpose of Providence 
 to confine the sons of men to this particular region, to prevent 
 their roving too soon. Otherwise they might have gone off 
 in small parties before the great families were constituted. 
 Many families were obliged to travel more or less eastward, 
 who wanted to come down to the remoter parts of Asia. The 
 Cushites, who seem to have been a good while in a roving 
 state, might possibly travel to the Pylee Caspiae before they 
 found an outlet. In consequence of this the latter part of 
 their route must have been a 'journeying from the East.' 
 I was surprised, after I had formed this opinion from the 
 natural history of the country, to find it verified by that 
 
 1 Bel, Baal; not a name of any particular person, but a title, 
 assumed by many, and of different nations; Arte. Mythol. vol. vi. 
 p. 260. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NOAHS DESCENDANTS. 27 
 
 ancient historian Berosus. He mentions the route of his 
 countrymen from Ararat after the Deluge, and says that it 
 was not in a straight line ; but the people had been instructed 
 to take a circuit, and so descend to the regions of Babylonia. 
 In this manner the sons of Cush came to the plains of Shinar, 
 of which Babylonia was a part; and from hence they ejected 
 Ashur, and afterwards trespassed upon Elam in the region 
 beyond the Tigris." 
 
 This, it will be seen, is in substantive agreement with the 
 view before taken by us (p. 4, 5) that the approach to Babylon 
 44 from the east" does not militate against the original 
 descent from the regions of Armenia. 
 
 Mr. Bryant adduces reasons for believing that the Confusion 
 of Tongues was a miraculously-inflicted failure of the physical 
 organs, producing unintelligible pronunciation of one and the 
 same language ; that it affected only the house of Cush and 
 their adherents ; and that it was temporary, ceasing upon 
 their separation. He proceeds : " They seem to have been 
 a very numerous body ; "and, in consequence of this calamity, 
 they fled away ; not to any particular place of destination, 
 but 4 were scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.' 
 They had many associates, probably out of every family ; 
 apostates from the truth, who had left the stock of their fathers 
 and the religion of the true God. For when Babel was 
 deserted we find among the Cushites of Chaldrea some of the 
 line of Shem (ch. xi. 28, 31), whom we could scarcely have 
 expected to have met in such a society. And we may well 
 imagine that many of the branches of Ham were associated 
 in the same manner in confederacy with the rebels: and 
 some perhaps of every great division into which mankind 
 was separated." 
 
 Having thus removed, as we trust, the obstructions and 
 obscurities, our course will be plain and brief in consideration 
 of our chief subject, the first and properly so-called " Dis- 
 persion" of families and tribes destined to form the nations of 
 the earth. 
 
 From the study of the tenth chapter of Genesis, which Sir 
 William Jones calls " the most ancient history of the human 
 race, and the oldest composition, perhaps, in the world," the 
 following observations have presented themselves. 
 
 1. The enumeration comprises only nations existing in the 
 
28 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 age of Moses, and probably of them only the most con- 
 spicuous, as more or less connected with the history of the 
 Israelites. 
 
 2. It cannot be affirmed with certainty that we are here 
 presented with a complete Table of Nations, even as existing 
 in the time of Moses. Of each of the sons of Noah, it gives 
 the sons : but of their sons (Noah's great-grandsons) it is 
 manifest that all are not mentioned, and we have no possible 
 means of ascertaining how many are omitted. 
 
 3. The immediate descendants of Japheth, Ham, and Shem 
 are, except in the instance of Nimrod and a few more, some 
 of which are doubtful, given by names not personal, but 
 designative of tribes or nations, or their countries. 
 
 4. In attaching the names of nations to those here given, 
 there is sometimes a deep uncertainty. Resemblance in 
 orthographical appearance, or in similarity of sound, are not 
 to be relied on alone ; there must be accessory and confirma- 
 tory evidence. But oriental names possess a distinguished 
 character of unchangeableness ; which renders inferences on 
 this ground pretty safe. 
 
 5. We are not warranted to suppose that the families, or 
 clans, or tribes, or however the groups might have been 
 formed, migrated immediately to their respective seats, by 
 any sort of general breaking up. This would presuppose 
 some kind of compulsory enforcement, which neither the 
 nature of the case, nor any intimation in the narrative, war- 
 rants us to assume. 
 
 6. The acts of separation and journeying would have 
 specific differences of impulse and performance ; they would 
 affect one party and another, more or less, as to time, 
 numbers, and rapidity of movement. 
 
 7. Did this great measure, so important in its influence 
 upon the whole history of mankind, originate in a divine 
 command, given by miraculous revelation? Or, was it 
 brought to" pass solely in the way of God's universal provi- 
 dence, to which nothing is great, nothing is small operating 
 by natural means upon the judgments, wills, and actions of 
 men as rational agents? There do not seem to be any 
 decisive reasons for adopting either side of this alternative. 
 In favour of the former may be urged the necessity of a 
 -supernatural authority to induce universal obedience, the 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS. 29 
 
 motive arising from the assurance of divine guidance and 
 protection, and the analogy of the fact which took place 600 
 years after {corrected chronology, but, according to the present 
 Hebrew text, only 176); "The Lord had said unto Abram, 
 Get thee out of thy country, unto a land which I will show 
 thee." (Gen. xii. 1). 
 
 We have now only to place the enumeration of nations 
 before our readers, having availed ourselves of the labours of 
 Bochart, J. D. Michaelis, the younger Rosenmiiller, Gesenius, 
 Robinson, and Baumgarten. 
 
 I. Sons of Japheth, the Iapetus of the Greeks. 
 
 i. Gomer. This name is traced in the Kimmerii of Homer 
 and Herodotus ; the Gomares, (Josephus, Antiq. i. 6), whence 
 Kelts, Gauls, Galatians ; the Kymry ; all the Celtic and 
 Iberian tribes, Welch, Gaelic, Irish, Breton ; the Cimmerian 
 Bosphorus, Crimea. 
 
 Sons of Gomer : 
 
 1. Ashkenaz. Axeni, inhabitants of the southern coasts 
 of the Euxine Sea, and a large part of Armenia ; the Basques 
 in the north of Spain ; the Saxons, as the Jews interpret 
 Ashkenaz, in Jer. li. 27, to be Germany. 
 
 2. Riphath (Diphath, 1 Chron. i. 6, a permutation of D 
 an<f R, not unexampled). Rhibii, east of the Euxine ; Tobata 
 and other parts of Paphlagonia ; Croatia ; the Riphaean 
 mountains, a very obscure name in ancient geography, in- 
 cluding probably some vague knowledge of the Uralian, 
 Hartz, and Alpine regions. 
 
 3. Togarmah. Peoples of Armenia and other parts of the 
 Caucasian region. 
 
 ii. Magog. The Mongoles, Moguls ; the great Tartar 
 nation. 
 
 iii. Madai. The Medes ; people of Iran ; primeval inha 
 bitants of Hindustan. 
 
 iv. Javan. The Greeks, Asiatic and European. Iaones 
 (Horn. II. xiii. 685). 
 
 Sons of Javan : 
 
 1. Elisha. Greeks, especially of the Peloponnesus; Hellas; 
 Elis, in which is Alisium. 
 
 2. Tarshish. The east coast of Spain, where the Phoenician 
 Canaanites afterwards planted their colony. 
 
 3. Kittim. Inhabitants of the isles and many of the coasts 
 
30 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 of the Mediterranean, particularly the Macedonians and the 
 Romans, and those farther to the west. 
 
 4. Dodanim (Rhodanim, 1 Chron. i. 7). Dodona, a 
 colony from which probably settled at the mouths of the 
 Rhone, Rhodanus. 
 
 To this Javanian (Ionian) branch is attributed the peopling 
 of " the isles of the nations" (ver. 5), a frequent Hebrew 
 denomination of the western countries to which the Israelites, 
 Tyrians, Egyptians, &c, had access by sea. 
 
 II. Sons of Ham. The word signifies heat or hot, alluding 
 to the climes which the most of his posterity were to occupy : 
 it was also an indigenous name of Egypt. 
 
 i. Cush. The Ethiopians, first on the Arabian side of the 
 Red Sea, then colonizing the African side, and subsequently 
 extending indefinitely to the west, so that Cushite (Jer. xiii. 
 23) became the appellative of a negro. 
 
 Sons of Cush : 
 
 1. Seba. Joined with Mizraim and Cush (Isa. xliii. 3), 
 evidently denoting contiguity and affinity. This tribe or 
 class is probably referred to Suba, a native name of Meroe 
 upon the Nile, in the farthest south of Egypt, or the begin- 
 ning of Ethiopia. 
 
 2. Havilah. Of this word vestiges are found in vajfous 
 names of places in Western Arabia, and the adjacent parts of 
 Africa. It is quite distinct from the Havilah (ch. ii. 11) in 
 or near Armenia, and probably from another (ver. 29) in 
 Arabia, unless we suppose a union of tribes, or one succeeded 
 by the other. 
 
 3. Sab tah. Sabota or Sabbatha is the name of an ancient 
 trading town of Arabia. 
 
 4. Raamah, Sept. Rhegma (Alex. Rhegehma), which is the 
 name of a port which the geographer Ptolemy places on the 
 Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf. Some, however, take 
 it to be Reama, a town of considerable importance in the 
 south-western part of Arabia the Happy, whose inhabitants 
 are remarkably black ; mentioned along with Sheba in Ezek. 
 xxvii. 22, as a place of rich Oriental traffic. 
 
 Two sons of this Raamah are mentioned, Sheba and Dedan. 
 We find these in the subsequent Scriptures distinguished for 
 trade and opulence (Ps. lxxii. 10, 15; 1 Kings x. 2; Isa. 
 x. 6 ; Ezek. xxvii. 15, 20, 22). They both lie in the western 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NOAH* 8 DESCENDANTS. 31 
 
 part of Arabia. The queen of Sheba came to the court of 
 Solomon. Dedan is not improbably considered as the origin 
 of Aden. 
 
 5. Nimrod, an individual, built, besides Babel, his metro- 
 polis, three cities or towns in the great plain of Shinar 
 Erech, Accad, and Calneh. These were probably Arraca or 
 Arecha on the Tigris (some think Edessa) ; Sacada, near the 
 confluence of the Lycus and the Tigris ; and the third 
 (Calno, Isa. x. 9) Chalonitis of the Greeks, afterwards called 
 Ctesiphon : but much obscurity lies upon these conjectures. 
 
 ii. Mizraim, literally the two Egypts, the upper and the 
 lower : each was called Misr, a word even now vernacular in 
 that country. Of his descendants seven are specified under 
 plural national names, some of which are well ascertained. 
 
 1. Ludim. Ludites, celebrated as soldiers and archers 
 (Isa. lxvi. 19; Jer. xlvi. 9; Ezek. xxvii. 10; xxx. 5), and 
 in those passages connected with other peoples known to be 
 African. The Ludim probably lay towards Ethiopia. They 
 must not be confounded with the Lydians of Asia Minor 
 (ver. 22). 
 
 2. Ananim. Very uncertain. Bochart supposes them to 
 have been wandering tribes about the temple of Jupiter 
 Ammon, where was an ancient people called Nasamones. 
 
 3. Lehabim. Perhaps inhabitants of a coast-district imme- 
 diately west of Egypt. Probably the Lubim (2 Chron. xii. 
 3 ; Nahuni iii. 9). 
 
 4. Pathrusim. The people of the Thebaid (Pathros) in 
 Upper Egypt. 
 
 o. " Casluhim, out of whom came Philistim." A people 
 on the north-east coast of Egypt, of whom the Philistines 
 w r ere a colony, probably combined with some of the Caph- 
 torim. 
 
 6. Caphtorim. Inhabitants of the island Cyprus. 
 
 iii. Phut. This word occurs in two or three passages 
 besides, always in connection with Africa. Josephus and 
 Pliny mention an African river, Phutes. The great modern 
 archaeologist geographer, Hitter, says that hordes of peoples 
 have been poured out of Futa, in the interior of Africa. 
 
 iv. Canaan. His descendants came out of Arabia, planted 
 colonies in Palestine, and gradually possessed themselves of 
 the whole country. 
 
32 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 His children or posterity : 
 
 1 . Sidon, his first-born, founded the city of that name. 
 
 2. Heth, the ancestor of the Hittites. The remaining nine. 
 are well known, and are here laid down in the singular of the 
 patronymic, or patrial adjective the Jebusite, the Emorite 
 (Amorite), the Girgashite, the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite, 
 the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. All are 
 assigned to Palestine, and the boundaries of the country are 
 precisely laid down. 
 
 III. Shem, though here introduced last, is declared to be 
 the eldest of the three brothers. The reason of this order evi- 
 dently is the design of the historian to pursue the line of the 
 favoured people which the Divine Sovereign would raise up 
 in the posterity of Shem, and in which, " when the fulness of 
 the time should come," " all the families of the earth should 
 be blessed." 
 
 Children of Shem : 
 
 i. Elam. The ancestor of the Elamites or Elymseans, who 
 possessed Elymais, a region between Susiana and Media, now 
 called Khusistan. The Japhetian Persians afterwards entered 
 that region and gained the ascendancy, and subsequently they 
 were comprehended under the name of Elam. 
 
 ii. Ashur, the ancestor of the Assyrians. 
 
 iii. Arphaxad ? a personal name in the Abrahamic line. 
 The name appears in Arrhapachitis, a province in Northern 
 Assyria, the primitive seat of the Chasdim, and near to which, 
 or in it, Abraham was born. 
 
 Children of Arphaxad : 
 
 These are chiefly personal, and contribute to form the 
 sacred pedigree which leads to the Messiah. In this line are 
 mentioned two grandsons, Peleg, of whom we have treated 
 before, and 
 
 Eber. The only circumstance that we can attach to him is 
 the very important one (which seems, therefore, to imply 
 something extraordinary in his personal history) of being the 
 origin of the name Ebrew, or as it is commonly written, 
 Hebrew, the " ancient and universal name" of the nation, 
 including Abraham himself. 
 
 Joktan. Universally acknowledged to be the father of the 
 numerous tribes of Arabs in Yemen, Arabia the Happy, so 
 called on account of its spices and other rich products, and 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NOAH'S DESCENDANTS. 33 
 
 to distinguish it from the Rocky and the Desert. Of the 
 founders of those tribes thirteen are specified. The first of 
 evidently Modad, with the Arabic article ; the second is 
 Shaleph ; and Ptolemy mentions a people of interior Arabia, 
 the Salapeni. Hatzarmaveth is a fruitful district on the south 
 coast, which still bears exactly the same name. That name 
 signifies the Enclosure, Gate, or Court of Death, on account 
 of its insalubrity, arising from the great abundance and mix- 
 ture of powerful odours. Jerach signifies the moon ; and on 
 the west of this region is a gold-producing tract, in which 
 are the Mountains of the Moon, which yet must be distin- 
 guished from a group in East Africa, very imperfectly known, 
 and called also by Orientals the Backbone of the World. 
 Hadoram, the Adramites of Ptolemy and Pliny, on the south 
 coast. Uzal, mentioned in Ezek. xxvii. 19, which should be 
 translated " Vedan and Javan [perhaps Yemen ?] from Uzal." 
 The ancient name of a principal city of Yemen, now Sa- 
 naha. Obal (Ebal in 1 Chron. i. 22), unknown. Abimael, 
 unknown ; but Bochart adduces the Mali of Theophrastus 
 and the Minaei of Strabo, a tribe or tribes in Arabia, as pos- 
 sibly intended. Sheba, probably indicating an invasion of 
 this tribe upon the Cushite Sheba and Dedan, Gen. x. 7, and 
 see xxv. 3. From such mixtures much embarrassment often 
 arises in ethnography. Sheba and Seba (x. 7) are often 
 mentioned in the Old Testament as seats of great riches and 
 traffic. Ophir, undoubtedly referring to the sea-port in 
 South Arabia, so celebrated for its traffic in gold, jewellery, 
 and fine woods. The same name was probably given to places 
 in India and East Africa, to which the mercantile ships of 
 this Arabian Ophir resorted. A part of the south coast of 
 Arabia is called Oman, and in it is a town called El-Ophir, 
 with the article. Havilah : perhaps the Cushite settlers were 
 invaded by this Joktanite tribe. Jobab : Ptolemy mentions 
 people, Iobaritce, on the east coast of Arabia. The r may be 
 a mistake, or a dialectic variety, for b. 
 
 These thirteen tribes seem to have formed the confederacy 
 of the independent and unconquerable Arabs, whose penin- 
 sular, desert, and mountainous country defended them from 
 invasion : Ishmael and his descendants were united with 
 them. 
 
 Our text concludes with describing a boundary line for the 
 
 ^-. ., '"UJii ^ 
 
 IIVEBSJ 
 
34 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 country of those tribes " from Mesha to Sephar." The former 
 is probably the country Maishon or Mesene, at the north- 
 west head of the Persian Gulf ; and the latter, on the south- 
 west coast of Arabia, where is found a Mount Sabber. 
 
 iv. Lud. From him the Lydians in Asia Minor derived 
 their name. 
 
 v. Aram. From him the inhabitants of Syria, Chalonitis, 
 and a considerable part of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Children or posterity of Aram : 
 
 1. Uz. In the northern part of Arabia, bordering upon 
 Chaldaea : the land of Job. 
 
 2. Hul. The large flat district in the north of Palestine, 
 through which lies the initial course of the Jordan, even now 
 called the land of Huleh, and in which is the Lake Huleh, 
 anciently Merom. 
 
 3. Gether. East of Armenia ; Carthara was a city on the 
 Tigris. 
 
 4. Mash. A mountain region branching eastward from 
 the great Taurus ridge : the Masian mountains of the Greeks 
 and Romans. 
 
35 
 
 MESOPOTAMIA, BABYLON, ASSYRIA. 
 
 Mesopotamia is named in Scripture Aram Naharaim, and 
 Padanaram. The strict meaning of this designation, as well 
 as the descriptions of some eminent geographers, would seem 
 to warrant the conclusion that Mesopotamia embraced the 
 whole country between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris to the 
 Persian Gulf, notwithstanding the considerations w T hich have 
 been urged by some to exclude the portion of this large tract 
 of country that lay to the south of the Median wall. This is 
 not the place to discuss a question of this nature ; but in the 
 absence of direct evidence to the contrary, it is always best to 
 accept the limits offered by distinguishable natural boundaries, 
 which popular notions and historical accounts usually follow. 
 
 The shape of Mesopotamia, which is that of an isosceles 
 triangle, has, with much propriety, been compared to a boat, 
 and it closely resembles those of the country, the heavy stern 
 being supposed to represent the northern extremity of this 
 territory, whilst the two great rivers form the sides, which 
 terminate in a long tapering bow beyond Kurnah. 
 
 Mesopotamia extends above 10 in longitude from Balis, in 
 38 7' lO^ east longitude to the estuary of the old Karun, in 
 48 45' 16", and 7 31' b* in latitude from the shores of the 
 Persian Gulf, in 30 to Sumeisat, in 37 3 1' 5" north latitude ; 
 its greatest width being about 1 70 miles from Jaber Castle to 
 Hisn Keifa, on the Tigris ; and its extreme length nearly 
 735 miles. The irregular triangle thus formed, has a super- 
 ficies of nearly 76.117 square miles, including the shores of 
 the Gulf from the Pallacopas to the old Karun. As we have 
 seen, the Taurus occupies the northern extremity, and forms 
 the limits of Mesopotamia on the side of Armenia. The rest 
 of Mesopotamia is a plain country, abounding with worm- 
 wood ; but between Baghdad and the Euphrates, a part of the 
 surface is occupied by salt lakes and marshes ; and near the 
 two rivers there are several khors. or fresh lakes, the most 
 
 d 2 
 
36 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 remarkable being those which inundate the neighbourhood of 
 Akar Kuf, of the Birs Nimrud, (the Hindeah), and Lamlun. 
 Some extensive sheets of water are also met with at the 
 season of floods, both above and below Kurnah. 
 
 T e soil of Mesopotamia is generally a sandy clay, the sur- 
 face of which, in the absence of water, is a positive desert; 
 but wherever it is watered by the numerous inlets and irri- 
 gating canals branching from the different rivers already 
 d scribed, it is rich and productive in the extreme. 
 
 The change from a level to a mountainous country in a 
 higher latitude causes a marked difference in the temperatures 
 at the opposite extremities of the province, whilst the central 
 portion enjoys a climate which may be considered as a 
 medium between the others. The southern or warmest 
 region is Babylonia ; but even here the cold winds of the 
 desert are felt during the winter, and especially in the begin- 
 ning of the year, at which time rain is frequent, and even 
 snow falls occasionally. This, however, is the season in 
 which the operations of husbandry and commerce are per- 
 formed; for in summer an average of 104 (in the house) 
 drives the inhabitants into their Sard-abs ,* as it once did the 
 luxurious monarchs into the mountains of Media. This 
 region is well adapted for the growth of cotton, sugar, indigo, 
 and many of the fruits of a warm climate, especially dates, 
 which in the opinion of most judges, excel those of Tafilah, 
 and are decidedly finer than any produced along the Nile. 
 This superiority, however, applies to the dates of the lower 
 Euphrates only ; for in the neighbourhood of Anah the tree 
 begins to have a sickly appearance, and the inferiority of the fruit 
 is very perceptible to the north of that parallel of latitude. 
 
 The next, or intermediate region lies between Anah and 
 Balis, or as far as 36 north latitude. This, like the pre- 
 ceding, is almost entirely a dead level ; and, from its soil, or 
 more probably from the character of its inhabitants, it was 
 considered as a part of Arabia. There is, however, here and 
 there, chiefly along the river, some cultivation, intermixed 
 with good pasture-grounds, the latter affording a sufficiency 
 of herbage, except in summer, when the soil is burnt up by 
 
 1 Vaulted subterraneous apartments, with a high square tower 
 (Badgir) acting like a wind-sail. The temperature is about 10 
 lower than that of the coolest rooms above ground. 
 
MESOPOTAMIA. 37 
 
 the sun. At this season the heat is very great, especially 
 from mid-day till evening, but the nights are not oppressive. 
 Lying near the borders of a mountainous country, the winters 
 here are severe ; and towards the northern extremity of the 
 district they are attended by an abundance of rain, snow, and 
 frost. 
 
 About the Khabur the date tree almost ceases to bear ; but 
 oranges, grapes, pears, apples, with other fruits and grain, 
 arrive at perfection. 
 
 The third and last district comprehends, in part, the 
 northern slopes of the Mesopotamian branch of the Taurus. 
 The eastern side, or the ancient Mygdonia, contains the 
 volcanic ranges of Sinjar, Mardin, and Diarbekir. It enjoys 
 a moderate degree of heat in summer, but the temperature is 
 very low during the winter months. The western tract, the 
 Osroene of the ancients, extends from the eastern side of the 
 Khabur, and includes Rakkah, Haran, Urfah, and Sumeisat; 
 being hilly rather than mountainous, and at the same time 
 but little cultivated, it differs considerably from the preced- 
 ing district, especially as to the temperature : for the in- 
 habitants experience what has been so expressively called by 
 Humboldt an extreme climate, the thermometer being as high 
 as 110 under a tent in July, and 8 below zero in winter, 
 with a continuance of snow for some weeks during the coldest 
 part of the latter period. In the summer, and during the 
 greater part of autumn, there is scarcely any rain in Upper 
 Mesopotamia ; but during the remainder of the latter season, 
 and till the snow is melted in the lower part of the neighbour- 
 ing range of the Taurus, it falls abundantly. This region, 
 like the district southward of the Khabur, abounds with the 
 ordinary kinds of grain, and the fruits of a warmer tempera- 
 ture, such as oranges, grapes, and pomegranates (which are 
 particularly fine); walnuts, pistachios, and other products of a 
 colder region are equally good. The country has, at one 
 season, the aigrette, the parrot, 1 stork, flamingo, bustard, and 
 the Turdus Seleucus, of which the last feeds on that scourge of 
 
 1 This is stated on the authority of Colonel Chesney, in his great 
 work on the Euphrates and Tigris. Our own observations afford 
 no instance of the presence of the parrot in Mesopotamia, and we 
 cannot help distrusting the information, notwithstanding the autho- 
 rity on which it comes. It is probably founded on some miscon- 
 ception. 
 
38 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 the country, the locust. These are succeeded, at a later 
 period, by wild geese, ducks, teal, swans, snipes, tern, and 
 the cinerous vulture. 
 
 The northern part of Mesopotamia, or that above the capi- 
 tal, is known to the Arabs as al-Jezireh, or the island, and 
 the remainder as Irak Arabi ; both of which, and the former 
 especially, being much esteemed for the excellency of the 
 pasture, as well as the fertility of the soil. The products of 
 this region are tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, barley, cotton, 
 large quantities of fine wool, goats' hair, with the addition of 
 gall-nuts and yellow berries in the mountainous parts to the 
 north. The fruits are grapes, melons, apricots, figs, cherries, 
 pomegranates, quinces, pears, and dates, all of which are 
 abundant wherever the least care is taken to cultivate them. 
 The prevailing trees are the sycamore, the silver poplar, with 
 the tamarisk and liquorice plants, both of which are every- 
 where very abundant. Below the Khabur, wormwood covers 
 the plain. 
 
 Bustards abound ; and even the wild asses are still occa- 
 sionally seen traversing the country with their well-known 
 swiftness. Jackalls are found in large troops ; lions and 
 hyaenas are not so numerous; but hares, black and stone- 
 coloured, partridges, francolins, bramin and common wild 
 geese, ducks, teal, pelicans, cranes, etc., are abundant. 
 
 The rivers are full of fish, chiefly barbel and carp, which 
 latter grows to an enormous size in the Euphrates. Truffles, 
 and wild capers, peas, 1 spinach, and the carob, 8 are also 
 found in Mesopotamia. 
 
 The domestic animals of Mesopotamia are camels, horses, 
 buffaloes, sheep, goats, all of a superior kind ; but the cows 
 and oxen are of an inferior breed. The more northern and 
 hilly portion of this territory produces, in addition to copper, 
 lead, and other minerals, grain, honey, wax, gall-nuts, &c, 
 whilst the southern contains salt, lime, bitumen, naphtha, 
 and a superabundance of dates; but the principal wealth is 
 derived from their vast flocks. 
 
 The country produces great quantities of barley and wheat, 
 in their wild as well as cultivated state, but oats do not seem 
 to be anywhere grown. Onions, spinach, and beans, are 
 the usual vegetables, and these are largely cultivated along 
 
 A pea, or rather lentil, called by the Arab adas is particularly good. 
 2 Ceratonia siliqua. 
 
MESOPOTAMIA. o9 
 
 the sides of the rivers, where, just after the water recedes, 
 the progress of vegetation is surprising. Some idea may be 
 formed of the productive qualities of the soil from the fact of 
 eight crops of clover having been cut in the neighbourhood of 
 Busrah during the year. 
 
 The principal towns of Mesopotamia are Diarbekir, Hisn 
 Ke'ifa, Jezireh, Mosul, Tekrit, Sammara, and Kut el-Amarah, 
 along the Tigris; Erzingan, Kemakh, Egin, Kebban Maden, 
 Malatiyah, Rum Kalah, Bir, Rakkah, Dcir, Rawd, Anah, 
 Hadisah, El Uzz, Jibbah, Dewaniyah, Lamlum, Sheikh el 
 Shuyukh, and Kurnah, along the Euphrates: in addition to 
 Suverek, Urfah, Haran, Seroug, Ras el-ain, Mardin, Nisibis, 
 Sinjar, el-Hadhr, Kerbelah, Mesjid Ali, Samawah, Zobeid, 
 and many other villages, both in the mountains and along the 
 streams, between the two great rivers. Grane, or Quade, 
 Mohammarah, and Busrah, are the ports ; and the last, being 
 the principal, is next in importance to Baghdad, the capital. 
 
 Of these sites a few may still be recognized as Scriptural. 
 Urfah is generally regarded as the town which gave its name 
 of Ur of the Chaldees, from which Abraham " went forth not 
 knowing whither he went." The claims of this latter town to 
 be regarded as fc4 Ur of the Chaldees " has lately been disturbed 
 by Major Rawlinson's assigning that distinction to Wurka, 
 or Werka, in Lower Chaldea. (Athencciim* Aug. 24, p. 909.) 
 We know not on what authority this conclusion is founded ; 
 but Mr. Kennett Loftus, to whom Major Rawlinson appears 
 to owe the knowledge of this site, thinks it is that of the 
 ancient Erech. See below, pp. 44, 45. It is perhaps as- 
 sumed that Ur is but a later name of Erech, which is 
 not unlikely. Haran is the place where he tamed seven 
 years, until the death of Terah, his father. It is also re- 
 markable as the abode of Laban, in whose daughter Rebecca, 
 the servant of Abraham found a wife for Isaac, and where 
 Jacob spent twenty years, fourteen of which he served Laban 
 for his daughters; and where, in consequence, eleven of the 
 twelve fathers of Israel were born. The ruins of Haran 
 (properly Charan), are about twenty miles S.E. by S. from 
 Urfah, and consist of a bath, a castle, the remains of a 
 temple or church, and near them is the well of Rebecca. 
 Haran had a sovereign as late as 1199; but the scarcely less 
 ancient city of Urfah took, and still retains its place. 
 
Babvlon. Ruins of the Birs Nimrud. 
 
 BABYLONIA. 
 
 i'he remains which have been found, and the sites which 
 have been identified, indicate that the ancient kingdom of 
 Babylonia comprehended a narrow tract along the river 
 Euphrates, extending from the neighbourhood of Erech, or 
 from about the modern town of Sheikh el-Shuyukh, to Babel; 
 a distance of about 154 miles in a direction westward of north, 
 and continuing from thence 287 miles further, in the same 
 direction, to Kalneh, on the Khabur. The kingdom extended 
 eastward till it joined Assyria, including Accad, and two 
 other cities no less remarkable. One of them bears the name 
 of el-Kush, 1 and the other is the supposed site of the antedi- 
 luvian Sippara, which is within the Median wall, near the 
 southern extremity. 
 
 The greater part of what was called Mesopotamia in later 
 times, constituted, therefore, the territory of ancient Babel, 
 the 'Aram-naharaim, or Syria between the rivers, of the 
 Scriptures, Gen. xxiv. 10, Deut. xxiii. 4. The same tract 
 
 1 Extensive ruins, about 11 miles E.S.E. of Fehrah. 
 
BABYLONIA. 41 
 
 also bore the name of Padan Aram, Gen. xxviii. 2, or Champ- 
 agne Syria; both of which designations agree with the 
 description given of the country by Strabo. The ancient 
 inhabitants of this part of Asia were called Syrians, as 
 some suppose, because it formed part of the government of 
 Syria Proper ; but it is more probable that the appellation was 
 derived from the Assyrians, who, by placing themselves in 
 the plains near Nineveh, after the dispersion, were the ear- 
 liest occupiers of that line of country, from whence, at a later 
 period, when more powerful as well as more numerous, they 
 sent colonies into tipper Mesopotamia. Strabo says that 
 Semiramis and Ninus were Syrians ; and he calls Nineveh 
 itself the metropolis of Syria. 
 
 The ruins near Hillah are still, by the Arabs, designated 
 Babel ; and all historical records, as well as traditions, agree 
 in representing these as the remains of the first city of Nim- 
 rod; the Babylon of Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and other 
 historians. 
 
 Here we are to seek the site of the Tower of Babel, built 
 *nder the direction of Nimrod, apparently with the view of 
 possessing a building so large and so high as should serve for 
 a mark and a rallying point in these vast plains, and thus 
 prevent that further dispersion to which they were destined. 
 Coming as they did from a land of mountains, and from the 
 sacred shade of Ararat, into flat plains seemingly as bound- 
 less as the sea, and observing that in this plain the unex- 
 plored extent of which must have been greatly exaggerated in 
 their minds any marked object, such as a tree, could be 
 seen from a great distance, they concluded to set up a lofty 
 tower, which would at once, as a common centre, be to them 
 what the mount of the ark had been ; and would at the flame 
 time declare their purpose not to disperse, and by affording a 
 signal landmark from afar, protect them, as they thought, 
 from being lost or accidentally dispersed in the illimitable 
 plain. In this we may recognize the natural actions of men 
 who, having these objects in view, find themselves for the 
 first time without those landmarks and objects of distant 
 recognition which mountains afford. So they set about " to 
 build a city," and therein " a tower whose top should reach 
 unto heaven." They used for this purpose the materials still 
 employed in the same country, where there is no stone, and 
 
42 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 where the dryness of the climate prevents the need of burnt 
 bricks. They constructed their works of sun-dried masses of 
 mud, cemented and strengthened with the bitumen which is 
 abundantly produced in the same region. Two mighty heaps 
 are found on the desolate site of Babylon, formed of the foun- 
 dations and fallen superstructure of great ancient works thus 
 constructed; and it is thought by some that one of these 
 (either the Mujelibe or the Birs Nimrud) may present the 
 foundations of the very building which those men undertook, 
 but were prevented from completing, that Birs Nimrud may 
 seem to have been the acropolis, the citadel, or palace of the 
 later Babylon, and the tower left unfinished by the confusion of 
 tongues, and upon which, in a later age, was built that famous 
 temple of Belus, of which glowing accounts have been left us 
 by the Greek historians, and which was accounted one of the 
 wonders of the ancient world. 
 
 The ruins of this vast tower, notwithstanding all the degra- 
 dations of man, generation after generation, and the waste of 
 time, age after age, still remain an enduring monument at 
 once of the ambitious impiety of this ancient race, and of the 
 avenging justice of God. 
 
 On the west side of the Euphrates, at the distance of a few 
 miles from the other ruins of Babylon, stands this huge 
 mountain mass of ruins, bearing the name of Birs Nimrud, 
 the " Tower of Nimrod." Its present height, reckoning to the 
 bottom of the tower, on the summit, is two hundred feet ; the 
 tower itself being thirty-five feet. Looking at it from the 
 west, the entire mass rises at once from the plain in one 
 stupendous, though irregular pyramidal hill. It is composed 
 of fine bricks, kiln-baked. From the western side two of its 
 stories may be distinctly seen ; the first is about sixty feet 
 high, cloven in the middle by deep ravines. The tower-like 
 looking ruin on the top is a solid mass, twenty- eight feet 
 wide, of the most beautiful masonry; to all appearance it 
 formed an angle of some square building, the ruins of which 
 are yet to be seen on the eastern side. 
 
 The cement which connects the bricks is so hard that Ker 
 Porter found it impossible to chip off the smallest piece ; and 
 for this reason none of the inscriptions can be copied, as they 
 are always on the lower surface of the bricks. It is rent from 
 ^e top nearly halfway to the bottom ; and at its foot lie 
 
BABYLONIA. 43 
 
 several tmshapen masses of fine brick-work, still bearing 
 traces of a violent fire, which has given them a vitrified ap- 
 pearance, whence it has been conjectured that the tower had 
 been struck by lightning. 
 
 Sir Robert Ker Porter says " that there are immense frag- 
 ments of brickwork of no determinate figure tumbled toge- 
 ther, and cemented into solid vitrified masses, as if they had 
 undergone the action of the fiercest heat." We are naturally 
 led to connect these appearances with the tradition that the 
 Tower of Babel was overthrown by fire from heaven. 
 
 The appearance of the hill on the eastern side evidently 
 shows that this enormous mass has been reduced more than 
 one-half. Only three stories out of the eight which it for- 
 merly contained can now be discerned ; yet the appearance 
 of the Tower of Nimrod is sublime even in its ruins. Clouds 
 play around its summit ; its recesses are inhabited by lions ; 
 these were quietly basking on the heights when Porter ap- 
 proached it, and, scarcely intimidated by the cries of the 
 Arabs, gradually and slowly descended into the plains. 1 
 
 The other great mound, the Mujelibe, is remarkably similar 
 to the Birs Nimrud in respect of size, the circumference of 
 the former being 2,111 feet, and that of the latter 2,286 feet. 
 This is regarded by some as the mound of the Tower of 
 Babel, though the general current of opinion is now perhaps 
 in favour of the Birs Nimrud. 
 
 The Mujelibe nearly faces the four cardinal points, the 
 west side being the most perfect ; near the top there is a wall 
 which runs all round it, interrupted only by deep ravines or 
 furrows. The whole of the buildings here are composed of 
 unburnt bricks, which are mixed with reeds or straw, with a 
 layer of straw between each course of bricks. The whole 
 extent of the top consists of a confusion of similar mounds 
 and heaps, intermixed with furrows caused by the rains. The 
 corners of the mound appear to have been crowned with 
 turrets. At the foot of the mound, between 70 and 1 00 yards 
 from it, are vestiges of buildings. The mound itself is ex- 
 actly 550 yards by measurement from the river ; but many 
 places are observed where the river has altered its original 
 bed several hundred feet. 
 
 The ruins on this site (near Hillah) can indisputably be shown 
 1 Comp. Isai. xiii. 2021. 
 
44 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 to have existed in the time of Nebuchadnezzar, the name of 
 that monarch having been found upon them by Major Raw- 
 linson. That eminent archaeologist has, however, discovered 
 among the ruins of Niffer, south of Hillah, other inscriptions 
 with a new royal name, and it is uncertain to w r hat period 
 they belong ; and he inclines to the opinion that Niffer may 
 represent the true site of the more ancient Babel of Scrip- 
 ture, while the mounds around Hillah are the remains of a 
 more recent city of the same name. These are points that 
 require more complete investigation before any positive 
 opinion can be pronounced. 
 
 In Lower Babylonia, eighty- two miles south, 34 east 
 from the same place, and at eight miles north, 53 east 
 of the castle of Muwaserah, are the mounds of el- Assay ah, 
 or the Place of Pebbles, which bear also the names of Werka, 
 Irka, and Irak. From these names, as well as from other cir- 
 cumstances, Colonel Taylor, lately British Resident at Baghdad, 
 was induced to conclude that the ruins are those of Erech, 
 the second city of Nimrod. They are near the Karayim 
 canal ; and their effect on the serene sky of this country was 
 particularly imposing, when view r ed from a distance. These 
 mounds, which are now surrounded by the almost perpetual 
 marshes and inundations of the Lower Euphrates, lie some 
 miles east of that stream, about midway between the site of 
 Babylon and its junction with the Tigris. Some have thought 
 that the name of Erech may be preserved in that of Irak [Irak 
 Arabi), which is given to the region enclosed by the two 
 rivers, in the lower part of their course. 
 
 This place has been very lately visited by Mr. William 
 Kennett Loftus, attached to the surveying staff of Colonel 
 "Williams, appointed to settle the boundary line between 
 Turkey and Persia. This gentleman writes " Werka is no 
 doubt the Erech of Scripture, the second city of Nimrod, and 
 it is the Orchoe of the Chaldees. The remains of two massive 
 temples still raise their heads eighty feet above the plain. 
 The bricks of which they are composed are all marked with 
 the single cuneiform stamp. Another lofty structure of 
 sun-dried brickwork occupies the centre of the ruins, which 
 are surrounded by a wall five miles and a half in circum- 
 ference ; traces of man's handiwork are, however, to be seen 
 for a- distance of fifteen miles in circumference. But the 
 
BABYLONIA. 
 
 45 
 
 mounds within the walls afford objects of high interest to the 
 historian and antiquarian ; they are filled, nay, I may say, 
 they are literally composed of coffins, piled upon each other 
 to the height of fifty-five feet. It has evidently been the 
 great burial-place of generations of the Chaldeans, as Meshed 
 Ali and Kerbelah at the present day, are of the Persians. 
 The coffins are very strange affairs ; they are in general form 
 like a slipper-bath, but more depresssd and symmetrical, with 
 a large oval aperture to admit the body, which is closed with 
 a lid of earthenware. The coffins themselves are also of 
 baked clay, covered with green glaze, and embossed with 
 figures of warriors with strange and enormous coiffeurs, 
 dressed in a short tunic and long under garment, a sword by 
 the side, the arms resting on the hips, and the legs apart/' 1 
 
 The " Tel-i-Nimrud" or Mound of Nimrood. Akar-Kuf. Supposed the Accad of 
 Scripture. 
 
 Fifty-five miles north, 13 west of Babel, is the colossal 
 mound of Akar Kuf, around which may be traced the re- 
 1 Art-Journal, August, 1850. 
 
46 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 mains of a city, of which this mound has probably been the 
 high altar or baris, and the name, as well as the primitive 
 construction of the pyramid, may serve to identify the ruins of 
 Accad, Nimrod*s third city. The mound indeed has the local 
 name of Tel-i-Nimrud. This mound is surmounted by a 
 mass of brick-work, which looks like either a tower or an 
 irregular pyramid, according to the point from which it is 
 viewed. It is about 400 feet in circumference at the bottom, 
 and rises to the height of 125 feet above the sloping eleva- 
 tion on which it stands. The mound, which seems to form 
 the foundation of the pile, is a mass of rubbish accumulated 
 by the decay of the superstructure. In the ruin itself the 
 layers of sun-dried bricks of which it is composed can be 
 traced very distinctly. They are cemented together by lime 
 or bitumen, and are divided into courses, varying from twelve 
 to twenty feet in height, and are separated by layers of reeds, 
 as is usual in the more ancient remains of this primitive 
 region. 
 
 ASSYRIA, 
 
 which derives its name from Asshur, the son of Shem, was 
 originally of small extent, and formed the second part of 
 the kingdom usurped by the giant warrior who built or 
 rather restored the three cities of Rehoboth, Calah, and Resen, 
 besides the capital Nineveh. The last reappears in Scripture 
 after the lapse of 1500 years, as the metropolis of a great 
 Assyrian empire. This ancient city was then of an extent 
 fully equal, if not superior to that of Babylon itself. Some 
 writers estimate it to have been forty-eight and others sixty 
 miles in circumference. It was surrounded by a wall a hun- 
 dred feet high, and so broad that three carriages could be 
 driven abreast on them. Upon the wall stood also fifteen 
 hundred towers, each two hundred feet in height. 
 
 In the days of Jonah there were in it a hundred and twenty 
 thousand children who knew not their right hand from their 
 left, which, according to the usual rate of calculation, requires 
 us to estimate the population at two millions of souls, a num- 
 ber that used to be thought scarcely credible, but not at all 
 so when we look to the existing population of the British 
 metropolis. Her merchants are said by Nahum to have been 
 
ASSYRIA. 
 
 47 
 
 more in number than the stars of heaven. 1 In the Book of 
 Jonah it is described as an exceeding great city of three days' 
 journey. 
 
 Nineveh, or the present Mosul. 
 
 The excavations of M. Botta at Khorsabad and KoyunjiA, 
 and those of Mr. Layard at the last-named site and at Nim- 
 rud, with the account which the latter has recently given of 
 his discoveries, and the establishment of a gallery of Assyrian 
 sculptures in our metropolis, has awakened a strong interest 
 in the ancient city of Nineveh, formerly much less known, but 
 now far better known than Babylon. The mound on which 
 stands the alleged tomb of the prophet Jonah (Nebi Yunas), 
 on the left bank of the Tigris, opposite the Mosul, has long 
 been identified from that circumstance with the site of the 
 ancient city. But the ruins at this site are scarcely five miles 
 in circumference, and are therefore far from answering to the 
 dimensions assigned to the ancient Nineveh. And it appears 
 that all these different sites of ruins may have been com- 
 prised in the vast dimensions of ancient Nineveh, correspond- 
 1 Nahum, iii. 16. 
 
48 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 ingto the " three days' journey" of Jonah. If we take the four 
 mounds of Nimrud, Koyunjik, Khorsabad, and Karamles, as 
 the corners of a square, it will be found that its four walls 
 correspond pretty accurately with the 480 stadia or 60 miles, 
 which Strabo assigns to the city, which again answers to the 
 " three days' journey" of the prophet Jonah, twenty miles 
 being still the eastern computation of a days journey. Within 
 this space are many large mounds, including the principal 
 ones in Assyria, and the face of the country is strewed with 
 the remains of pottery, bricks, and other fragments. The 
 space between the great public edifices was probably occupied 
 by private houses, standing in the midst of gardens, and built 
 at distances from one another, or forming streets which in- 
 closed gardens of considerable extent, and even arable land. 
 The absence of the remains of such buildings may be easily 
 accounted for. They were constructed almost entirely of sun- 
 dried bricks, and like the houses now built in the country, 
 soon disappeared altogether when once abandoned, and 
 allowed to fall to decay. The largest palaces would probably 
 have remained undiscovered, had not slabs of alabaster 
 marked the walls. There is, however, sufficient to indicate 
 that buildings were once spread over the space above 
 described ; for beside the vast number of small mounds every- 
 where visible, scarcely a husbandman drives his plough over 
 the soil, without exposing the vestiges of former habitations. 
 Each quarter of the city may have had its distinct name ; 
 hence the place of Evorita, where Sasacus destroyed himself, 
 and the Mespila and Larissa ofXenophon applied respectively 
 to the ruins of Koyunjik and Nimrud. The large mounds 
 already described marked the sites of the principal buildings, 
 and from them have been obtained the sculptures, the draw 
 ings, and the materials for the improved knowledge of this 
 most ancient people which we now possess. 
 
 The views we have stated as to the site of Nineveh, are 
 those of Mr. Layard ; but more recently a paper by Mnjor 
 Kawlinson has been read to the Asiatic Society, reported in 
 the Athenaeum for January 26, 1850. He contends that the 
 ruins of Nimrud represent the old Biblical city of Calah or 
 Halah. 1 The true Nineveh, an older city probably than Halah, 
 he restores to the old site of Nebi Yunas, opposite to Mosul ; 
 Gen. x. 10. 
 
ASSYRIA. 49 
 
 Koyunjik he regards as the suburb of Mespila ; and he 
 describes Khorsabad as named after the king who founded 
 it, and suggests the probable identity of the king's name, read 
 under one form as Sargon, with the title of Sarun or Sargaun, 
 which the Arabs apply to the ruins. Some of these conclu- 
 sions have since 1 been disputed by the author of Notes on 
 Nineveh. We must admit, that although we concur in the 
 doubts of this writer, we do not acquiesce in his own conclu- 
 sions. There is no man living whose opinions on such points 
 are entitled to greater respect than those of Major Rawlinson ; 
 but we must await the more complete exhibition of his views 
 before we can consent to abandon the perfectly symmetrical 
 view respecting the site of Nineveh, which so competent an 
 observer as Layard has put forth. Perhaps their views may 
 not prove irreconcilable, for Layard admits that each of the 
 diiferent quarters of the city may have had its distinct name. 
 He agrees that Koyunjik was the suburb Mespila ; but he 
 finds the Calah of Scripture, and the Larissa of Xenophon not 
 in Nimrud, but in Kalah Serghat. 
 
 In fact, the real difficulty is respecting Calah, in thus 
 placing which, Major Rawlinson not only differs from Layard 
 but from his own former views, in which most geographers 
 who paid any heed to the subject were disposed to acquiesce. 
 Under this view Calah was identified with the ruins of Hol- 
 wan, situated near the river Dialah, about 130 miles to the 
 north-east of Baghdad. We prefer this to the conclusion of 
 Mr. Layard, and to the later one of Major Rawlinson himself; 
 and for this reason in Genesis x. 11, we read that Resen, 
 emphatically described as a " great city," lay between 
 Nineveh and Calah, which- seems to us quite impossible under 
 either hypothesis. There is no room for a great city between the 
 two places under Rawlinson s later hypothesis, and under that 
 of Layard, Calah becomes a remote quarter of Nineveh itself. 
 The condition is quite consistent with the site at Holwan, 
 although the precise site of Resen cannot be determined. At 
 the time when it was said, indeed, that this town lay between 
 Nineveh and Calah, Nineveh was a small place, comparatively 
 with the greatness which it eventually attained ; and if the 
 site of this most ancient Nineveh be, as was generally 
 
 1 May, 1850. 
 
50 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 supposed, and as Rawlinson still conceives, at Nebi Yunas, 
 and Calah, as he supposes, at Nimrud, then Resen may then very 
 well have stood within the two and twenty miles between 
 them; but if this Nimrud was, as Layard thinks, the primeval 
 Nineveh, Resen must have been more to the south ; and still 
 assuming Calah to have been on the site of Holwan, Resen may 
 have been at Kalah Sherghat, thirty miles south of Nimrud, 
 where most extensive mounds of ruins are still found, which 
 hold forth the promise of rich rewards to future exploration. 
 
 Of the other cities mentioned in Genesis x. Rehoboth still 
 exists on the right bank of the Euphrates, at the north-western 
 extremity of the plain of Shinar, three and a-half miles south- 
 west of the town of Mayadin. There are here extensive ruins 
 of an old castle, still bearing the name of Rahabah. 
 
 The date of the principal ruins at Nineveh is still a mystery. 
 They are probably of different dates ; those at Nimrud being 
 supposed by Layard the most ancient. As a proof of their 
 extreme antiquity, it is stated that the earliest buildings in 
 Nimrud were buried, and that the earth which had accumu- 
 lated over them, was used as a cemetery 700 B.C. Mr. Layard 
 conjectured that the buildings dated from 1200 b.c. The 
 rooms were lined with slabs of marble covered with bas- 
 reliefs. , The doorways were flanked by winged figures ol 
 greater height than the slabs ; on all these figures was the 
 mark of blood, as if thrown against them and allowed to 
 trickle down. 
 
 The walls were of sun-dried bricks, and where they rose 
 above the sculptured slabs, they were covered with paintings. 
 The beams, where they remained, were of mulberry. The 
 buildings were provided with a complete system of sewerage, 
 each room having had a drain connected with a main sewer. 
 Among the ruins a small chamber was discovered, formed of 
 bricks regularly arched. Many of the bas-reliefs appeared to 
 have been taken from other buildings and re- used. 
 
 It is well remarked by Professor Edwards, 1 that "the most 
 obvious impression communicated by these sculptures, is the 
 strangeness of the physiognomy of the men its unlikeness to 
 the races now existing in Central Asia. They seem to belong 
 to a race or family now unknown. All the figures indicate 
 
 1 la the American Bibliotheca Sacra, 
 
ASSYRIA, 51 
 
 great physical development, animal propensities very strongly 
 marked, a calm, settled ferocity, a perfect nonchalance 
 amidst the most terrible scenes ; no change of feature takes 
 place whether the individual is inflicting or experiencing 
 horrid sufferings. ' Their bows also dash the young men to 
 pieces ; they have no pity on the fruit of the womb ; their 
 eye doth not spare children.' 1 
 
 " The pictures are very remarkable as indicating the entire 
 absence of the higher mental and moral qualities, and the 
 exuberance of the brutal part of man's nature. At the same 
 time there is not wanting a certain consciousness of dignity 
 and of inherent power. There is a tranquil energy and fixed 
 determination which will not allow the beholder to feel any 
 contempt for these stern warriors. " These paintings are a 
 faithful delineation of the character of the Assyrians, as 
 sketched by the pen of inspiration : They are terrible and 
 dreadful ; their judgment and their dignity shall proceed of 
 themselves. And they shall scoff at the kings, and the princes 
 shall be a scorn unto them ; they shall deride every strong- 
 hold, for they shall heap up dust and take it.' " 
 
 These sites partly determine the limits of the ancient 
 Assyria, which, when independent of Babylon, was bounded 
 on the north by Mount Niphates and part of Armenia ; on 
 the east by that part of Media which lies towards Mounts 
 Chaboras and Zagros ; on the south by Susiana, as well as 
 part of Babylonia ; and, finally, on the west by the River 
 Tigris. According to Ptolemy, Assyria Proper contained the 
 provinces of Calachene, Arapachites, Adiabene, Arbeletes, 
 Apolloniatis, Sittacene, and Chalonitis ; in which are the 
 rivers Tigris, Lycus, Caprius, and Gagus. 
 
 The chief towns were Nineveh, Mespila or Meso-pulai, 
 Larissa, Arbela (Gobil), Dara (Dura), Curcha (Kerkuk), 
 Sammurra, Opis, Artemita, Halus, and Albatia. In some 
 instances, the ancient sites may still be recognised, but by far 
 the greater number are unknown ; and the cities of this once 
 splendid empire are feebly represented by the modern towns 
 of Mosul, Sert, Amadiyah (the town of the Medes), Bitlis, 
 Van, Arbil, Suleimaniah, Kerkuk, Koi-Sanjak, Zakho, 
 Rowanduz, and Julamerik. 
 
 1 Isaiah, xiii. 18. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 The limits thus given comprise the greatest part of the 
 territory of the Kard, or Carduchi, which is to be found in 
 the modern Kurdistan, a country, the general elevation of 
 which, and the height of its mountain ranges, secures the 
 province from the scorching heats to which the people of 
 Mesopotamia are exposed, in the very same latitude ; whilst 
 the cheerful vales and long terraces on the sides of the moun- 
 tains boast of the gum tragacanth plant, at the same time that 
 they yield grain, and produce the vine, as well as other fruit 
 trees. The forests, in addition to the ash and oriental plane, 
 have the finest walnut trees in great abundance ; and the oaks 
 bear large gall-nuts of the very best quality. The honey, 
 which is found in holes underground, or in hives made of 
 mud, is remarkably fine, as well as very plentiful; and 
 it produces a fragrant wax in such quantities that it forms a 
 constant article of export, with the gall-nuts, yellow-berries, 
 goats' hair, &c. In addition to these, the valleys likewise 
 grow silk, cotton, tobacco, hemp, pulse, wheat, barley, rice, 
 Indian corn, flax, sumach, sesame, and the castor-oil plant. 
 Melons and pumpkins grow to an enormous size ; and flowers 
 of all kinds, particularly the gigantic rose, are abundant. 
 
*3 
 
 EGYPT THE EXODUS. 
 
 On going down into Egypt the Hebrew family were allowed 
 by the government to settle in " the land of Goshen." That 
 this land lay on the approach from Palestine is shewn by the 
 fact that the immigrants on their journey to Egypt, halted on 
 the eastern border of the land of Goshen, while one of the 
 number was sent forward to notify their arrival to Joseph, 
 who had already disclosed to them that he expected to obtain 
 the king's leave to settle in that district. Here accordingly 
 they remained for two hundred years and grew into a great 
 nation. 
 
 There is still difficulty in determining the situation of this 
 land. The river Nile, at a great distance from the sea, 
 divides into several branches, and finally discharges its waters 
 into the Mediterranean through several separate mouths, at a 
 distance from each other. From the eastern branch of the 
 Nile, at some distance from the sea, a broad valley runs off in 
 a south-east direction far towards the head waters of the 
 Red Sea. This valley, fertilized by the inundations of the 
 Nile, and overspread with verdure, afforded pasture ground for 
 flocks and herds, while its rich alluvial soil yielded in great 
 abundance the various productions of the country. Through 
 the valley ran an ancient canal, connecting the waters of the 
 Nile with the Red Sea, and commanding to a great extent 
 the commerce of the East. The country adjacent remains to 
 this day an important province of Egypt. Here was doubt- 
 less the land of Goshen, where Joseph settled his brethren. 
 It comprised the land lying on the banks of the eastern arm 
 of the Nile, and extended eastward to the Arabian desert. 
 
 Though itself almost surrounded by a desert waste, it had 
 very fruitful districts, and yielded abundant pasturage. It 
 was therefore suited to the sons of Jacob, " whose trade had 
 
54 SCRirTUEE LANDS. 
 
 been about cattle from their youth ; 1 it was also one of the 
 richest provinces of the kingdom. He " gave them a posses- 
 sion in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land," * which 
 yielded in abundance the productions of the country, and was 
 " as a garden of herbs." 3 Eventually, at the commencement 
 of the eighty years' oppression, the Israelites were con- 
 strained to build within this territory, for the government, 
 " treasure cities," " Pithom and Rameses." These cities 
 were probably established for the purpose of giving the 
 government a firm hold over a people whose increasing 
 numbers inspired it with distrust and apprehension, as well as 
 " cities of store," for the produce of various kinds which the 
 Israelites were compelled to supply as rent for the occupation 
 of the land, as well as places of muster and accompt for the 
 levies engaged in public works, and " in all manner of service 
 in the field." 
 
 Pithom was situated a little distance eastward of the right 
 branch of the Nile, and near the canal which connected this 
 river with the Red Sea. Pithom is indisputably the Patumus 
 of Herodotus, who says that the waters of the Nile were 
 received into this canal a little above the city Bubastis, near 
 the Arabian city Patumus, but discharged themselves into the 
 Red Sea. The canal, according to Strabo, was one hundred 
 feet wide, and sufficiently deep to float large ships. It was 
 built about 600 years B.C. by Pharaoh-Necho, by whom 
 Josiah was slain at Megiddo. 4 
 
 Raameses, called also Rameses, was, like Pithom, a forti- 
 fied city, and the metropolis of Goshen. It was situated in the 
 great, valley of the canal, near the head of the flood waters of 
 the Nile, about midway between the Nile and the Red Sea, 
 at the distance of forty miles or more from it. At a later 
 period, Rameses took the name of Heroopolis, the City of 
 Heroes. In the neighbourhood of what are now called the 
 Bitter Lakes, travellers have discovered an extensive heap of 
 ruins, which the Arabs denominate Abu Keisheid, indicating 
 the position of this ancient city. Rameses, as the metropolis 
 
 1 Gen. xlvi. 30. 2 Gen. xlvii. 11. 
 
 3 Num. xi. 5. Dent. xi. 10. 
 
 4 2 Kings, xxiii. 2933. 2 Chron. xxxv. 22. 
 
THE EXODUS. 55 
 
 of Goshen, became the rendezvous of the children of Israel 
 previous to their departure from Egypt. From hence they 
 began their flight from the bondage of Pharaoh. The city 
 naturally gave its name to the surrounding country. The 
 sacred historian therefore speaks of the Land of Barneses as 
 synonymous with the Land of Goshen. 
 
 Zoan is not mentioned in the historical narrative ; but from 
 Psalm lxxviii. 12, 43, we learn that it was at the time of the 
 Exodus the seat of the Egyptian government, and the scene 
 of the memorable events which wrung a late consent from the 
 government to the departure of the Israelites. It must have 
 been, however, one of the oldest cities of Egypt, for it is 
 elsewhere mentioned in Scripture as having been built some 
 years before Hebron, which already existed in the time of 
 Abraham. 1 " The field of Zoan," or the fine alluvial plain 
 around the city, is now a barren waste ; a canal passes through 
 it, without being able to fertilize the soil ; " fire has been set 
 in Zoan;" and the royal city is now the habitation of fisher- 
 men, the resort of wild beasts, and infested by reptiles and 
 malignant fevers. The locality is covered with mounds of 
 unusual height and extent, full of the fragments of pottery 
 which such sites usually exhibit. These extend for about a 
 mile from north to south, by about three-quarters of a mile. 
 The area in which the sacred enclosure of the temple stood, 
 is about 1,500 feet by 1,250, surrounded by the mounds of 
 fallen houses, as at Bubastis, whose increased elevation above 
 the site of the temple is doubtless attributable to the same 
 cause the frequent change in the level of the houses to 
 protect them from the inundation, and the unaltered position 
 of the sacred buildings. There is a gateway of granite and 
 fine grit- stone to the enclosure of the temple, bearing the 
 name of Rameses the Great. Though in a very ruinous 
 condition, the fragments of walls, columns, and fallen obelisks 
 sufficiently attest the former splendour of the building to 
 which they belonged. The obelisks are all of the time of 
 Rameses the Great, 2 and their number, evidently ten if not 
 twelve, is unparalleled in any Egyptian temple. The name 
 of this king most frequently occurs; but the ovals of his 
 
 1 Num. xiii. 22. Comp. Gen. xxii. 2. 
 * Circa 1355 B.C. 
 
56 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 successor Pthahmen, of Osirtasen III., and of Tirhakah have 
 also been found. The time of Osirtasen III. ascends nearly 
 to that of Joseph, and his name, therefore, corroborates the 
 Scriptural account of the antiquity of the town. Two black 
 statues, and a granite sphinx, with blocks of hewn and occa- 
 sionally sculptured granite, are among the objects which 
 engage the attention of the few travellers who visit this deso- 
 late place. The modern village of San consists of mere huts, 
 with the exception of a ruined kasr (castle) of modern date. 
 
 Leaving Egypt with earnest haste, the children of Israel 
 took their departure from Rameses towards the isthmus of 
 Suez, and encamped the first night at Succoth, 1 a station 
 midway between Rameses and the borders of the Arabian 
 desert, north of Suez. At the end of the second day they 
 had already arrived at the borders of the desert of Etham. 
 
 Twelve miles north-west of Suez is a well two hundred and 
 fifty feet deep, defended by a fortification and a garrison. 
 South and east of this, three miles from Suez, is another 
 watering-place which furnishes the town with water. At one 
 of these places it is reasonable to suppose that the Israelites 
 encamped, where they might be supplied with water. Etham 
 was therefore situated somewhere in the region above the 
 northern point of the Red Sea, in the neighbourhood of the 
 Arabian desert. 
 
 Here the natural course of the Israelites would have led 
 them to advance directly to the desert, passing round the 
 head waters of the Red Sea, and thence southward down to 
 the eastern shore thereof ; but instead of this, they turned to 
 the south, and directed their course along its western coast, 2 
 and encamping near Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the 
 sea, over against Baalzephon. This movement must have 
 seemed to the Egyptians like a suicidal infatuation on the 
 part of the Israelites ; but it had the effect to draw Pharaoh 
 after the retiring host, and to accomplish his overthrow. 
 
 The position of these places cannot be defined. Many sup- 
 pose Migdol to be the same as Magdolum, a strong military 
 fortress on the northern frontier of Egypt, which commands 
 the route to the land of Canaan by the coast of the Mediter- 
 
 1 Exod. xii. 37. Num. xxxiii. 3, 5. 
 
 2 Exod. xiv. 2. Num. xxxiii. 7. 
 
THE EXODUS. 57 
 
 ranean. According to this view, the phrase "between 
 Migdol and the sea," indicates the dangers to ivhich the 
 Israelites were exposed on either side. From Migdol on 
 the left, the garrison, marching out, might intercept their 
 flight, while the sea opposed them on the right. Instead 
 of hastening forward to free themselves from this unfor- 
 tunate dilemma as soon as possible, they turned down the 
 desert shore of the Red Sea on the west side of it, where, 
 hemmed in by the desert and the sea, they seemed to become 
 an easy prey to their pursurers. 
 
 As no trace remains of the stations which are named as if 
 for the purpose of precise indication, it is not probable that 
 either their position or the exact place of the passage of the 
 Israelites through the Red Sea will ever be determinately 
 established. Niebuhr, Dr. Robinson, and many others, limit 
 the passage to the neighbourhood of Suez. From this town 
 an arm of the sea sets up some distance towards the north- 
 east. This bay is less than a mile in width, and is easily 
 forded at low water, on sand-bars that run across it. The 
 tide, however, rises here more than six feet, rendering the 
 passage impracticable in flood-tide, and at all times more or 
 less difficult, so that caravans never cross the ford. Bona- 
 parte nearly lost his life in 1799, in crossing at this very 
 place, though attended by guides who were well acquainted 
 with the ground. The blowing of a "strong east wind," 
 miraculously upon the ebbing waters, is supposed to have laid 
 bare a space on these shoals wide enough for the immense 
 caravan of the Israelites to pass over on dry ground, while 
 the deeper waters of the bay remained on their left, and the 
 main waters of the sea pressed closely upon their right. 
 
 The Egyptians were overthrown " before the morning ap- 
 peared," for so the original should be rendered. Now, sup- 
 posing the children of Israel to have begun their march, as 
 the account of it seems to imply, 1 at a late hour of the night, 
 and considering the vast extent of their caravan, they could 
 only have had time, before the dawn of morning, to pass over 
 a narrow arm of the sea, like that now under consideration. 
 Such is the reasoning of those who limit the passage of the 
 Israelites to the neighbourhood of Suez. 
 
 1 Exod. xiv. 21, 22. 
 
58 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 That eminent geographer Professor, Carl Hitter, supposes 
 that the place of the passage is to be sought still higher up, 
 considerably beyond the present gulf of Suez, in the ancient 
 bed of the Red Sea, which extended 90,000 paces, with an 
 average breadth of 18,000 or 20,000 paces. At the head of 
 this ancient gulf he places Etham and Pi-hahiroth, some- 
 where on its Egyptian side. 1 
 
 It has always been our own opinion, confirmed more and 
 more by the results of progressive inquiry, that the passage 
 was effected a few miles below the town, across the sea itself, 
 where it is about ten miles in width. How could the Israel- 
 ites have been " entangled in the land," so as to become an 
 easy prey to their pursuers, if they had only a narrow and 
 fordable frith before them ? Whence the consternation and 
 distress of the Israelites ? How could the waters be " a wall 
 unto them on the right hand and on the left," so as to justify 
 the expression, " the waters stood upright as an heap, and the 
 depths were congealed in the heart of the sea?" Why the 
 triumphant song of Moses at the miraculous overthrow of the 
 Egyptians, if this was occasioned mainly by the regular 
 return of tidal- waters ? "The dukes of Edom shall be 
 avenged; the mighty men of Moab, trembling shall take 
 hold of them ; all the inhabitants of Canaan shall melt away 
 with fear." And why? Because the Israelites went at low 
 water, over a narrow pass, in safety, as is customary to this 
 day, and the Egyptians in pursuit were drowned by the 
 returning tide ! 
 
 To obviate these objections, the children of Israel are sup- 
 posed to have turned their course from Etham, and passed 
 either in a circuitous route around the Attakah, which rises 
 "lofty and dark," in a bold bluff, from the western shore 
 below Suez, or else directly down the coast, passing between 
 this headland and the sea. This mountain is supposed to 
 have been the Baal-zephon, and the valley on the south side 
 of it Pi-hahiroth. A German writer, in an able and laborious 
 work on Scripture Geography, 2 supposes them to have made 
 their final exit from the south-western border of Goshen, near 
 Cairo, and to have pursued their course to the sea through a 
 
 1 Erdkunde, ii. 232 seq. 
 
 3 Von Raumer, in his Palastina. 
 
THE EXODUS. 59 
 
 valley, still called the Valley of Wandering, south of a chain 
 of mountains which runs from Cairo eastward, and terminates 
 in the Attakah. According to this theory, Rameses was near 
 the present Cairo ; Succoth and Etham were in the valley ; 
 and Migdol, the Deraj, a lofty mountain south of Attakah. 
 
 Here they would be beset with dangers on every side. On 
 the right a wide waste of mountains and desert ; on the left 
 the impassable Attakah ; before them the sea ; and behind 
 them the Egyptians in eager pursuit, with a regular military 
 force, and six hundred chariots of war. On the supposition 
 that the waters were divided by the direct and immediate 
 power of Jehovah, the Israelites would have eight or ten 
 hours to make their way through the channel opened to them 
 by the hand of Omnipotence, a space amply sufficient for a 
 march of about ten miles. An escape so miraculous, through 
 the depths of the sea, and the fearful overthrow of Pharaoh 
 and his hosts, might indeed strike " the dukes of Edom" and 
 the surrounding nations, far and near, with the fear of 
 Jehovah, and a dread of his people. 
 
 The children of Israel came up from the sea into the Desert 
 oe Etham, not to be confounded with the town of this name, 
 which has been already mentioned, as the second place of 
 encampment in their flight. This desert appears to have 
 extended for some distance down the eastern shore of the Red 
 Sea, 1 and to have comprised a part of the desert of Arabia. 
 
 But the wilderness of Etham was only a small section of 
 the vast Arabian Desert into which the Israelites had now 
 entered ; and where, as a just judgment for their rebellion 
 and murmurings against God, they were to wander forty 
 years, and to die without seeing the good land towards which 
 they were journeying. This immense desert extends from the 
 Nile, in Lower Egypt, to the Euphrates, a distance of one 
 thousand miles from west to east. The remarkable valley of 
 Akabah, and the mountains of Edom, east of it, divide this 
 desert into two great divisions, Arabia Deserta on the east, 
 and Arabia Petra?a on the west. The northern boundary of 
 the latter extends from the eastern mouth of the Nile, along 
 the Mediterranean to Gaza, and thence to the southern 
 
 
 1 Num. xxxiii. 8. 
 
60 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 extremity of the Dead Sea, forming the base of a vast trian- 
 gular desert, in the opposite angle of which, between the Red 
 Sea and the ^Elanitic Gulf, are the mountains of Sinai. 
 
 These mountains consist of an innumerable multitude of 
 sharp, rocky summits, thrown together in wild confusion, 
 rising to different heights, leafless and barren, without the 
 least trace of verdure to relieve the stern and awful features 
 of the prospect. The view from one of these summits pre- 
 sents a perfect " sea of desolation," probably without a 
 parallel on the face of the earth. The valleys between the 
 summits sink into steep and narrow ravines, with perpen- 
 dicular sides of several hundred feet in height, forming a 
 maze of irregular defiles, which can be securely traversed 
 only by the wild Arab, who has his habitation in the " clefts 
 of the valleys" amidst these eternal solitudes. 
 
 Towards the north this wilderness of mountains slopes down 
 in an irregular curvilinear line, which turns outward like a 
 crescent, and runs off, on the one hand, towards the head of 
 the eastern gulf of the Red Sea, and on the other, north- 
 west to this sea itself. The extremities of the long, irregular 
 line, formed by this circular ridge, are joined by a high chain 
 of mountains, et-Tih, extending eastward from the Red Sea, 
 south of Suez, in a continued chain to the ^Elanitic gulf, a 
 distance of near one hundred and twenty miles, and inclosing 
 in a circular segment a high, sandy desert, utterly desolate 
 and barren. 
 
 North of et-Tih, the whole tract of country extending to the 
 Mediterranean, and from the Red Sea to the deep valley of 
 the Akabah, is an immense table land, lying high above the 
 level of the adjacent waters, with a slight inclination to the 
 north. The surface of this elevated plain is overspread with 
 a coarse gravel mingled with black flint stone, interspersed 
 occasionally with drifting sand, and only diversified with 
 occasional ridges and summits of barren chalk hills. In the 
 time of Moses it was a great and terrible wilderness ; and 
 from time immemorial it has been a waste, howling desert, 
 without rivers, or fountains, or verdure, to alleviate the 
 horrors of its desolation. 
 
 But we must suppose that this desert was once supplied 
 in some measure, both with water and with vegetation. 
 The brethren of Joseph repeatedly traversed it from Hebron 
 
THE EXODUS. 61 
 
 to Egypt with asses. 1 When the country was suffering 
 with extreme dearth, Jacob and his sons went down with 
 their flocks, and their herds, 2 But no animal save the camel 
 is now able to pass over the same route. The Israelites 
 to the number of at least two millions, with their flocks 
 and their herds, 3 inhabited portions of this wilderness for 
 forty years, where now they could not subsist a week without 
 drawing supplies both of water and of provisions from 
 a great distance. Others, in view of the sterility of the 
 desert, suppose that the flocks and herds of the Israelites were 
 sustained in the desert by a continued miracle. 
 
 Below Suez, the table-land of the desert breaks abruptly off 
 towards the Red Sea, into a rugged line of mountains, running 
 south by east, at the distance of eight and ten miles from the 
 shore. Along the interval between the brow of these moun- 
 tains and the shore, lay the route of the Israelites. On the 
 eastern shore of the Red Sea, at a short distance below Suez, 
 are several springs of brackish water, called Ayun Musa, the 
 " Fountain of Moses," where Moses is said to have uttered 
 his triumphal song. 4 
 
 Hence k< they went out into the Wilderness oe Shue, and 
 went three days in the wilderness and found no water," when 
 they came to Mar ah, the waters of which were so bitter that 
 they could not drink them. 6 About forty miles below the 
 Fountain of Moses is that of Hawarah, whose water is salt, 
 and so bitter that even camels refuse, unless very thirsty, to 
 drink of it. In this fountain we recognise the bitter waters of 
 Marah, which were miraculously changed at the complaint of 
 the children of Israel. The barren tract between these 
 fountains corresponds with the desert of Shur. 8 
 
 We next find the Israelites at Elim where were several 
 fountains of water, and many palm trees. 7 This station is 
 admitted to be the valley Ghurundel, six miles from Hawarah, 
 where is found an abundant supply of water, some cultivable 
 land, several varieties of plants and shrubs, and a few palm 
 trees. 
 
 Gen. xlii. 20 ; xliii. 24. G*n. xlvii. 1. 
 
 3 Ex. x. 9. 4 Ex. xv. 122. 
 
 * Ex. xv. 22, 25. 6 Ex. xv. 22. 
 
 * Ex. xv. 27. 
 
62 SCRIPTXTEE LANDS. 
 
 From Elim they removed and " encamped by the Red Sea." l 
 This station they reached by a circuitous route around a spur 
 of the mountains on the left, which comes down to the sea, 
 where it terminates in the lofty summit of Jebel Hummam, 
 " extending along the coast towards the south, black, deso- 
 late, and picturesque." 
 
 Near the last station, the coast again becomes an extensive 
 desert, running far down towards the extremities of the 
 peninsula. This desolate region is clearly identified as the 
 Wilderness of Sin, where the Israelites are next found. 2 
 Burckhardt describes it as "a frightful desert, almost wholly 
 without vegetation." This wilderness is memorable as the 
 place where in answer to their murmuring, they were for the 
 first time miraculously fed with quails, to appease their long- 
 ing after the flesh pots of Egypt. 8 Here, also, they were 
 first fed with manna, that bread of Heaven which they con- 
 tinued to eat for forty years, until they reached the land of 
 promise and ate of the corn of that land. 
 
 From this desert, the children of Israel are supposed by 
 Dr. Robinson and others to have turned up south-east, into 
 the mountainous region of Sinai. Their entrance into this 
 mountainous wilderness was through the Wady Feiran, a 
 broad valley which is overspread with vegetation, and tamarisk 
 trees, or occupied with gardens and date plantations. It is 
 much frequented by the Bedouins for pasturage. 
 
 Somewhere in the range of the route from the Wilderness 
 of Sin to Rephidim were the stations of Dophkah and 
 Alush, 4 but their situation is irrecoverably lost. And the 
 same may be said of Rephidim, except that it must have 
 been further in the interior, at the distance perhaps of a 
 day's journey from Mount Sinai. Burckhardt supposes that 
 Rephidim may have been at the extremity of the valley above 
 described (Wady Feiran), which in its extension assumes the 
 name of esh- Sheikh, where it enters by a narrow gorge into 
 the high granite cliffs of these central regions. He says ; 
 " We had now approached the central summits of Mount 
 Sinai, which we had in view for several days. Abrupt cliffs 
 of granite from six to eight hundred feet in height, whose 
 
 1 Num. xxxiii. 10. * Ex. xvii. 1. Num. xxxiii. 11. 
 
 3 Ex. xvi. * Nuin, xxxiii. I?, 13. 
 
THE EXODUS. 63 
 
 surface is blackened by the sun, surround the avenues leading 
 to the elevated platform to which the name of Sinai is speci- 
 fically applied. We entered these cliffs by a narrow defile 
 about forty feet in breadth, with perpendicular granite rocks 
 on both sides." 
 
 At Rephidim, somewhere in this vicinity, and in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Sinai, the Israelites encamped for some time. 
 Here they renewed their murmurings for the want of water, 
 and were miraculously supplied from the rock in Horeb; 
 here were the Amalekites defeated ; and here Jethro, the 
 father-in-law of Moses visited him, and in consequence of 
 his advice, judges were appointed to assist in the administra- 
 tion of justice. 1 
 
64 
 
 The Mountain and Plain of Sinai. 
 
 MOUNT SINAI. 
 
 One stage more from Rephidim brought the Israelites to 
 the very heart of the Sinai mountains, in the valley at the 
 foot of whose high central summits they remained encamped 
 to receive the Law from the mount, and to be organised into 
 a nation. It has been asked, How could such an immense 
 caravan find a suitable place of encampment within the 
 hidden recesses of these mountains, where travellers have found 
 nothing but rugged, frowning cliffs, and high, spindling peaks, 
 dark and desolate beyond description, separated from each 
 other by an endless labyrinth of deep and frightful chasms ? 
 To this difficulty the researches of Robinson and Smith are 
 supposed to offer a satisfactory explanation, which we sub- 
 stantially give in their own words. 
 
 At the foot of the pass which leads up to the sacred 
 shrine beneath the awful mount, from whose summit Jehovah 
 proclaimed his law to the trembling hosts of Israel, Dr. 
 
MOUNT SINAI. 65 
 
 Robinson says, "We commenced the slow and toilsome 
 ascent along the narrow defile, about south by east, between 
 blackened, shattered cliffs of granite, some eight hundred feet 
 high, and not more than two hundred and fifty yards apart, 
 which every moment threatened to send down their ruins on 
 our heads. Nor is this at all times an empty threat ; for the 
 whole pass is filled with large stones and rocks, the debris of 
 these cliffs. The bottom is a deep and narrow water course, 
 where the wintry torrent sweeps down with fearful violence. 
 A path has been made for camels, along the shelving rocks, 
 partly by removing the topmost blocks, sometimes in the 
 manner of a Swiss mountain-road. But though I had crossed 
 the most rugged passes of the Alps, and made from Chamouni 
 the whole circuit of Mont Blanc, I had never found a path 
 so rude and difficult as that we were now ascending." 
 
 After toiling along for nearly two hours, our travellers 
 continue their narrative : 
 
 " Here the interior and lofty peaks of the great circle of 
 Sinai began to open upon us black, rugged, desolate sum- 
 mits ; and, as we advanced, the dark and frowning front of 
 Sinai itself (the present Horeb of the jnonks) began to appear. 
 We were gradually ascending, and the valley gradually 
 opening ; but as yet all was a naked desert. Afterwards, a 
 few shrubs were sprinkled round about, and a small encamp- 
 ment of black tents was seen on our right, with camels and 
 goats browsing, and a few donkeys belonging to the convent. 
 The scenery through which we had now passed, reminded 
 me strongly of the mountains around the Mer de Glace in 
 Switzerland. I had never seen a spot more wild and 
 desolate. 
 
 As we advanced, the valley still opened wider and wider 
 with a gentle ascent, and became full of shrubs and tufts of 
 herbs, shut in on each side by lofty granite ridges, and 
 rugged, shattered peaks, a thousand feet high, while the face 
 of Horeb rose directly before us. Both my companion and 
 myself involuntarily exclaimed, ' Here is room enough for a 
 large encampment !' 
 
 Keaching the top of the ascent or water shed, a fine broad 
 plain lay before us, sloping down gently towards the south- 
 south-east, inclosed by rugged and venerable mountains of 
 dark granite, stern, naked, splintered peaks, and ridges of 
 
66 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 indescribable grandeur; and terminated, at a distance of 
 more than a mile, by the bold and awful front of Horeb, 
 rising perpendicularly in frowning majesty, from twelve to 
 fifteen hundred feet in height. It was a scene of solemn 
 grandeur, wholly unexpected, and such as we had never seen; 
 and the associations which at the moment rushed upon our 
 minds were almost overwhelming." 
 
 They subsequently ascended the frowning summit of Horeb, 
 and sketched the scene from that point : " The whole plain, 
 er-Rahah, lay spread out beneath our feet, with the adjacent 
 wadys and mountains ; while Wady esh- Sheikh on the right, 
 and the recess on the left, both connected with and opening 
 broadly from er-Rahah, presented an area which serves 
 nearly to double that of the plain. 
 
 Our conviction was strengthened that here, or on some 
 of the adjacent cliffs, was the spot where the Lord ' descended 
 in fire' and proclaimed the law. Here lay the plain where 
 the whole congregation might be assembled ; here was the 
 mount that could be approached, if not forbidden ; and here 
 the mountain brow, where alone the lightning and the thick 
 cloud would be visible, and the thunders and the voice of the 
 trump be heard, when the Lord ' came down in the sight of 
 all the people upon Mount Sinai.' 
 
 We gave ourselves up to the impressions of the awful 
 scene ; and read, with a feeling that will never be forgotten, 
 the sublime account of the transactions, and the command- 
 ments there promulgated, in the original words as recorded 
 by the great Hebrew legislator." 
 
 Other travellers have explored a valley on the southern base 
 of Sinai, which was shut out from the view of Dr. Robinson 
 in his ascent by a long ridge of rocks, and which has been 
 found, by measurement of Krafft and Strauss, and others, to 
 be even greater than the valley of er-Rahah on the north. 
 This, it is supposed by Ritter and others, may have been 
 occupied by the Israelites at the giving of the Law. The 
 locality of this tremendous scene may perhaps be determined 
 by future researches. 
 
 An American artist and scholar, Mr. M. K. Kellog, has 
 lately given an interesting account of this valley, which 
 appears to be much more extensive than er-Rahah, and 
 better suited for the accommodation of the immense camp of 
 
MOUNT SINAI. 67 
 
 Israel. To reach this station, the Israelites must have con- 
 tinued their march much further down the coast than on the 
 other supposition, and turned at a .bolder angle up into the 
 mountains near the modern town of Tur or Tor. Dophkah, 
 Alush, and Rephidim, must also, on this supposition, be 
 transferred to other localities corresponding with this sup- 
 posed line of march. 
 
 If there be such a valley at the southern base of Sinai, it 
 seems very extraordinary that it should have escaped the 
 notice of travellers. It must be visible from the summit of 
 Sinai (Jebel Musa) ; but, seen only from that lofty summit, 
 and running in an irregular line at the very base of the 
 mountain, they must have overlooked it in their brief survey 
 of the scenery, so grand, so gloomy and peculiar, which 
 there engaged their contemplation. The subject, however, 
 is so curious and interesting, that we insert in some detail 
 the narrative of the American traveller to which these remarks 
 refer. 
 
 " Having read a letter which appeared in the Literary 
 World of November 20th, from Dr. Kitter to Dr. Robinson, in 
 which it is said that Laborde, in his ' Commentary, 1 ' has now 
 for the first time established the plain of Wady Sebaiyeh at 
 the southern base of Sinai ;' and that this furnishes an 
 important point for the elucidation of the giving of the law,' 
 I have been induced to submit to the consideration of the 
 public, some of the notes from a journal which I kept during 
 my travels in that region in the spring of 1844. 1 
 
 Although I have not yet seen the Commentaries of Laborde, 
 and therefore cannot judge of their correctness in regard to 
 this plain, yet I am happy in being able to furnish some testi- 
 mony as to its existence and extent. Within the last few 
 years a question has arisen as to the existence of a plain in 
 front of Mount Sinai, capable of containing the multitude 
 of Israelites who were to receive the commandments. 
 
 1 The writer seems not to have been aware that this still leaves 
 the priority to Laborde whose journey was undertaken even earlier 
 than that of Robinson, and whose really valuable work, Commentaire 
 Geographique sur VExode et les Nombres, which now lies before us, 
 was published in the very year of Mr. Kellog's journey, 1844. This 
 work certaiuly forms the best literary result of Laborde's celebrated 
 journey. ^s** *^ ^C 
 
 hi M * 
 
 IESITY 
 
68 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Dr. Robinson is the first, I believe, who has attempted to 
 prove that no such plain exists. In his ' Researches ' he 
 finds a plain at the north-east extremity of the mountain 
 called er-Rahah* which he says was 'the plain where the 
 congregation of Israel were assembled, and that the mountain 
 impending over it, the present Horeb, was the scene of the 
 awful phenomena in which the law was proclaimed.' 
 
 He says he was satisfied, after much inquiry, that in no 
 other quarter of the peninsula, and certainly not around any of 
 the higher peaks, is there a spot corresponding in any degree, 
 so fully as this, to the historical account, and to the circum- 
 stances of the case.' Starting upon the hypothesis that 
 there is no other plain than the one he describes, he has 
 been obliged to give the name of Sinai to one of the peaks 
 which overlook this plain, in order that the Israelites might 
 witness the awful ceremonies attending the promulgation 
 of the law which took place upon the holy mountain. If 
 this hypothesis is founded on truth, then tradition is at 
 fault, which has given to another part of this region the 
 name of Sinai, and a capacious plain beneath it ; we must 
 throw aside all our faith in such tradition, and commence in- 
 vestigations which shall elicit the whole truth upon the 
 subject. 
 
 As many late travellers have been led into error respecting 
 the topography of this district, by adopting, without investi- 
 gation, the conclusions of Dr. Robinson, I feel it to be a duty 
 to lay before you such facts as may be of service to those who 
 shall hereafter journey into the wilderness of Sinai. 
 
 On the 6th day of March, 1844, my two companions set 
 out from the convent at Mount Sinai, for the purpose of 
 ascending the mountain St. Catharine. I declined going with 
 them, partly through indisposition, and partly because I 
 thought I could spend the day more usefully in making 
 sketches in the neighbouring convent. After my friend's 
 departure with the guides, I took a little Arab boy with 
 me to carry my sketch-book and water-bottle, and walked 
 up Wady Shueib, until I came to the little Mountain 
 of the Cross (Neja), which almost shuts up the passage 
 into Wady Sebaiyeh, and where I had, for the first time, a 
 view of the southern face of Mount Sinai. Here opened 
 an extended picture of the mountains lying to the south 
 
MOUNT SINAI. 69 
 
 of the Sinaite range, for I was now some 300 feet, above 
 the adjacent valleys. 
 
 After much difficulty, I succeeded in climbing over im- 
 mense masses of granite, to the side of the Mountain of the 
 Cross, which I ascended about 500 feet on its south-western 
 face, in order to obtain a good view of the peak of Sinai, 
 which I was anxious to sketch. Here, close at my right 
 arose, almost perpendicularly, the Holy Mountain; its shat- 
 tered pyramidal peak towering above me some 1400 feet, 
 of a brownish tint, presenting vertical strata of granite, 
 which threw off the glittering rays of the morning snu. 
 Clinging around its base was a range of sharp, upheaving 
 crags, from 100 to 200 feet in height, which formed an 
 almost impassable barrier to the mountain itself from the 
 valley adjoining. These crags were separated from the 
 mountain by a deep and narrow gorge, yet they must be 
 considered as forming the projecting base of Sinai. 
 
 Directly in front of me was a level valley, stretching 
 onward to the south for two or three miles, and inclosed on 
 the east, west, and south by low mountains of various alti- 
 tudes, all much less however than that of Sinai. This valley 
 passed behind the Mountain of the Cross to my left, and out 
 of view, so that I could not calculate its northern extent from 
 where I stood. The whole scene was one of inexpressible 
 grandeur and solemnity, and I seated myself to transfer some 
 of its remarkable features to the pages of my portfolio. 
 
 I remained at work until neariy sunset, when I discovered 
 people coming towards me through the dark ravine between 
 the mountain of Sinai and the craggy spurs which shoot up 
 around its base. I feared they might prove to be unfriendly 
 Arabs ; but, as they came nearer, I discovered them to be 
 my companions and their guides, who were returning from 
 Mount St. Catharine. As the shades of evening were ap- 
 proaching, I shut up my portfolio, and descending the hill- 
 side, I joined my friends, and we returned together to the 
 convent. After dinner, they desired to see what I had done 
 during the day, and my sketch-book was opened to them. 
 They remarked, on seeing the drawing I had made, that 
 as there was no plain on the southern border of the moun- 
 tain, I might as well have left out the one seen in the 
 drawing. After my assurance that I had copied what was 
 
70 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 before me, they laughed, and remarked that none but a 
 painter's imagination could have seen the plain in ques- 
 tion, for they had passed entirely around the mountain that 
 day, and could assert positively that there was no such plain. 
 Here was a difference of opinion certainly, and one that I 
 did not relish much, as it might at some future time be the 
 means of creating a doubt as to the faithfulness of my Eastern 
 drawings. I begged them, therefore, to accompany me 
 the next day to that side of the mountain, and be convinced 
 of what I told them. They remarked that all authority was 
 against me, and time was too precious to go over the same 
 ground twice. " 
 
 It seems that one of them, however, accompanied the writer 
 in his further exploration the ensuing day, for he uses the 
 plural number, and speaks of "his friend." We thus con- 
 dense his statements: One day (7th March), is described as 
 having been spent in Wady es-Sebaiyeh, or the plain before 
 Mount Sinai. After having penetrated into this wady, he 
 says, " We took our course along the base of Jebel Deir, 
 until we came to a point whence the peak of Sinai was no 
 longer visible, because of the intervening point of Jebel Deir ; 
 then striking across Sebaiyeh to the right, keeping Sinai in 
 view, we stopped to contemplate the scene. Here the plain 
 is very wide, and forms one with Wady Sedout, which 
 enters it from the south-east at a very acute angle, and 
 in the whole of which Sinai is plainly visible. These two 
 wadys make a width of at least the third of a mile. The 
 hills rising from the east and south of Sebaiyeh, in front 
 of Sinai, are of gentle ascent, upon which flocks might 
 feed, and the people stand in full view of Sinai. For many 
 miles, perhaps six or more, on the eastern border of this 
 plain, are seen many small plains high up among the hills, 
 from all of which Sinai is plainly visible. Near where we 
 stood, a high, rocky platform of granite arose from the plain, 
 upon which I seated myself, and took a sketch of the valley 
 to its junction with Wady esh- Sheikh on the north, where 
 stands Jebel Fureia, a very conspicuous and singular moun- 
 tain. At this point, Wady Sheikh turns from its eastern 
 course, after leaving Wady Rahah, and runs north around Jebel 
 Fureia, where it receives Sebaiyeh from the south, and with 
 it forms one unbroken plain for about twelve miles to the 
 
MOUNT SINAI. 71 
 
 north of the place where I was seated. Turning back now to 
 the south, we traversed the plain towards the base of Sinai. 
 The wady grew gently narrower as we approached Neja, 
 whose base projected far into the plain, and whose head shuts 
 off the view of Sinai for a distance of about one-half the width of 
 the plain at its base. 
 
 As we passed its foot, Sinai again appeared, and we 
 measured the plain near the pathway which leads up towards 
 Sinai on the southern border of Neja, and which appears to 
 be the only entrance to the Holy Mountain. The measured 
 width here was 430 feet. Passing on 345 paces, we arrived 
 at the narrowest part of the plain, some few yards narrower 
 than where we had measured it. This may be considered as 
 an entrance-door to the plain, which lies directly in front of 
 Sinai, which now spreads out level, clear, and broad, going 
 on to the south with varied widths for about three miles 
 on gently ascending ground, where it passes between two 
 sloping hills and enters another wady which descends beyond, 
 from which it is most probable Sinai may yet be clearly seen. 
 
 On the east, this plain of Sebaiyeh is bounded by moun- 
 tains having long, sloping bases, and covered with wild thyme 
 and other herbs, affording a good tenting-ground immediately 
 fronting Sinai, which forms, as it were, a grand pyramidal 
 pulpit to the magnificent amphitheatre below. The width of 
 the plain immediately in front of Sinai is about 1600 feet, 
 but further south the width is much increased, so that on an 
 average the plain may be considered as being nearly one- third 
 of a mile wide, and its length, in view of Mount Sinai, be- 
 tween five and six miles. The good tenting-ground on the 
 mountain sides mentioned above, would give much more 
 space for the multitude on the great occasion for which they 
 were assembled. This estimate does not include that part of 
 the plain to the north, and Wady esh-Sheikh, from which 
 the peak of Sinai is not visible ; for this space would contain 
 three or four times the number of people which Sebaiyeh 
 would hold. 
 
 From Wady Sebaiyeh we crossed over the granite spurs, 
 in order to pass around the southern border of Sinai into 
 Wady Lejah. These 6purs are of sufficient size to have 
 separate names among the Arabs. Around them were 
 generally deep and rugged gorges and ravines, or water- 
 
72 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 courses, whose sides were formed of ledges of granite neaily 
 perpendicular, of a pink colour, and fine texture. There are 
 no gravel hills, as mentioned by Dr. Robinson, but a series of 
 low granite hills, much broken up, and of different colours, 
 principally of a greenish-grey and brown. The plain is 
 covered with a fine debris of granite. Whilst crossing over 
 these low hills, my friend pointed out the path between them 
 and Sinai, in the ravine, through which he had passed yester- 
 day on his return from St. Catharine ; and it was seen that 
 no plain would be visible from any part of it, owing to the 
 height of the spurs which separated the ravine from Sebaiyeh, 
 and we concluded that most travellers had been led into false 
 views concerning this part of the mountain from having 
 taken the same path, and hence it was that no account has 
 been given respecting the plain of Sebaiyeh. This ravine 
 around Sinai becomes a deep impassable gorge, with perpen- 
 dicular walls, as it enters Wady Lejah, passing through the 
 high neck connecting with the mountain on the south. 
 
 Descending into Lejah, under the rocky precipice of Sinai, 
 we found the wady narrow and choked up with huge blocks 
 of granite which had tumbled from the sides of the 
 adjacent mountains. We could now see the olive ground of 
 the deserted convent of eUArbain situated in the bottom of 
 the narrow valley. Passing through this garden, we found a 
 fine running stream of crystal water, of which we partook 
 freely, for our thirst was great. The garden was walled and 
 well irrigated by many small canals, but nothing seemed to 
 flourish but the olive. 
 
 Continuing down the valley amidst loose rocks of granite, 
 upon some of which were inscriptions in the Sinai te, Greek, 
 and Arabic characters, and enjoying the wildness of the 
 scene, and the gloomy grandeur of the lofty mountains of 
 naked rocks which almost overhung our path, we saw Horeb 
 on our right, and soon entered upon the plain before it, called 
 Wady Rahah. After taking a view of Horeb as the sun 
 was setting, we made our way to the convent, to pass the 
 night within its hospitable walls. Thus was completed a 
 walk around the whole mountain of Sinai. 
 
 The results of these investigations, together with the in- 
 formation afforded by Burckhardt and other travellers, have 
 served to convince my own mind that this district is every 
 
MOUNT SINAI. 73 
 
 way adapted to the circumstances attending the encampment 
 of the Israelites during the promulgation of the law upon 
 Mount Sinai. Though other mountains in this vicinity may 
 answer as well as that of Jebel Musa for this great purpose, 
 still I cannot see any good reason for taking from this moun- 
 tain that holy character with which tradition has invested it 
 for the last fifteen centuries." 
 
 Thus it seems that the question as to the camping ground 
 of the Israelites, which seemed to have been settled by the 
 researches of Dr. Robinson and others, must now be regarded 
 as re-opened for further investigations. The fact is, that a 
 complete and careful survey of the whole of this central 
 mountain region yet remains to be taken. 
 
74 
 
 THE WANDERING. 
 
 The time of the sojourning of the Israelites among the 
 mountains of Sinai was a few days more than eleven months. 
 On the twentieth day of the second month of the second year 
 after their departure from Egypt, the cloud was taken up 
 from off the tabernacle of the testimony, and the children of 
 Israel, taking their departure from out the wilderness of 
 Sinai, came by three days' journey into the Wilderness of 
 Par an. This wilderness is several times mentioned in 
 Scripture. Hagar, when Abraham sent her away, wandered 
 first in the wilderness of Beer-sheba, and afterwards dwelt 
 with Ishmael in the wilderness of Paran. 1 David, after the 
 death of Samuel, retired into this desert. Here also the 
 flocks of Nabal, who dwelt in the southern Carmel, were 
 accustomed to feed. 2 The name occurs also in these texts : 
 " The Lord came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir, unto 
 them, he shined forth from Mount Paran." 3 " The Lord came 
 from Teman and the Holy One from Mount Paran." 4 Now 
 Beer-sheba is well known to have been situated upon the 
 borders of the desert at the southern extremity of Palestine. 
 Carmel was in the neighbourhood of Hebron, lying further 
 south and near the desert, west of the southern part of the 
 Dead Sea. Seir, we know, was south of the Dead Sea, 
 between that and the eastern gulf of the Bed Sea. Mount 
 Paran must be near this chain of mountains, and in the desert 
 of Paran. All these notices will therefore indicate that the 
 whole desert region south of Palestine was designated as the 
 wilderness of Paran, extending down to the mountainous 
 regions of Sinai. 
 
 The general course of the Israelites was north-east towards 
 the eastern or iElanitic gulf of the Bed Sea, which has been 
 
 1 Gen. xxi. 14. 2 1 Sam. xxv. 243. 
 
 3 Deut. xxxiii 2. 4 Hab. iii. 3. 
 
THE WANDERING. 75 
 
 so often mentioned. At first their course from Sinai must 
 have been due north, down the Wady Sheikh some twelve 
 miles, where, according to Dr. Robinson, was Rephidim, at 
 which encampment the Children of Israel, on coming here, 
 turned up to the south to go to Sinai. From the elevated 
 plains around the base of Sinai to this place there is a regular 
 descent, through which water might naturally flow from the 
 rock at Horeb. Indeed, this valley is the natural outlet of 
 the waters from storms and wintry rains, which flow down 
 from these central mountain heights. 
 
 The blackened cliffs about this place, at the junction of the 
 Wadys Sheikh and Feiran, form the outposts of Horeb. And 
 here the Israelites entered upon the desert plain which is 
 called the wilderness of Paran, at the border of the great 
 wilderness which bears this name. 
 
 Moses denominates their first station after three days' 
 march by the name of Taberah, because at this place, their 
 third stage from Horeb, the murmurings of the Children of 
 Israel at the hardships and fatigues of their march in the 
 desert became so strong, that fire, enkindled by the indigna- 
 tion of the Lord, broke forth and raged with great fury 
 among the tents in the outskirts of the camp. The name 
 Taberah, burning, was given as a memorial of this chastise- 
 ment. 
 
 The next station was Kibroth-hattaavah, the graves of 
 lust, where, for " a whole month," they were again fed with 
 quails, and multitudes died in consequence of their surfeit. 1 
 These quails were brought by a strong wind from the sea, 
 the eastern gulf mentioned above ; and this must have been 
 situated near the eastern extremity of the mountainous chain 
 et-Tih, and not far from the western shore of the gulf. It is 
 observable that on this occasion, as on the former, in the 
 wilderness of Sin, the Israelites were fed by the flight of quails 
 from over the sea. In this instance, it would seem from over 
 the eastern branch of the Red Sea ; and in that, from over 
 the western arm of the same sea. 
 
 The Wady Sheikh, which runs north from Sinai, opens at 
 the distance of a few miles into a large valley or plain, 
 extending for more than thirty miles east and west between 
 the Smaitic group and et-Tih on the north. This plain is 
 
 1 Num. xi. 434*. 
 
76 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 called el-Hadharah, corresponding to the Hazeroth of the 
 Scriptures, in some part of which must have been the station 
 of the Israelites of this name, and probably also Taberah, and 
 Kibroth-hattaavah, in which places the Israelites were so 
 severely punished for their repinings and rebellion. 1 
 
 It is supposed by Dr. Wilson, in his Lands of the Bible, 
 that the Israelites continued their course from the north 
 across the plain ; and through a pass in the range of et-Tih, and 
 so to have come out upon tho plateau of the great desert. 
 After some allowance has been made for the natural disposi- 
 tion of every traveller to find the route of the Israelites in 
 that traversed by himself it must be admitted that this 
 route offers fewer difficulties to the orderly progress of an 
 immense body of people than any which has yet been indi- 
 cated. Dr. Wilson thus describes his own passage near the 
 mountainous region of et-Tih to the desert beyond. 
 
 "Turning our faces to the west, we had the long and 
 winding pass of Mareikhi overhanging us. We found it no 
 very easy matter to complete its ascent, which occupied a 
 couple of hours, though we kept our seats on the camels 
 for a considerable part of the way. In the abrupted rocks 
 on each side of our narrow pathway, we had a section of 
 the desert laid bare to our view, from 1000 to 1500 feet in 
 depth. It seemed to us, by its slopes and precipices, and 
 hollows and caverns, to be a striking illustration, as we 
 often noticed among the ravines of the wilderness of the 
 text in which the Israelites are said to have been led through 
 a land of deserts and pits. 2 It was interesting to us, too, 
 in a scientific point of view, as it illustrated the order 
 of supra-position of certain systems of the rocks forming 
 the crust of our globe. We commenced with the variegated 
 sandstone, passed through the cretaceous system, and en- 
 tered above it on layers of tertiary sand and gravel, exactly 
 like those of the Egyptian desert between Suez and Cairo. 
 When we got to the summits above, forming the plateau 
 gently sloping to the north, we reckoned ourselves about 
 4,500 feet above the level of the sea, a good part of the 
 Sinaitic range, and particularly its western division near 
 Jebel Serbal, being still visible. Here we found, even on 
 the surface, beds of the ostrea diluviana, and of coralline, 
 1 Num. xi. * Jer. ii. 6 # 
 
THE WANDERING. 77 
 
 dmost as if they had been yesterday raised from the 
 bed of the ocean. We pitched our tents on the summits 
 of the ridge, about two hours in advance of the southern 
 face." 1 
 
 From this point the course of the Israelites would extend 
 north-east across the great and terrible wilderness, either to 
 Kadesh Barnea, or by a more easterly course to the head of 
 the ^Elanitic Gulf, the Akabah. 
 
 Considering the permanency of ancient names in those 
 parts, we think it far from unlikely that the precise route of 
 the Israelites may be eventually determined. If Burckhardt 
 and Robinson are correct in their supposition, that a fountain 
 at the extremity of the plain of Hadharah, and bearing also 
 the same name, is Hazeroth, then this is decisive as to the 
 whole route of the Israelites from Sinai to Kadesh. This 
 fountain is at the eastern extremity of the plain, at the foot 
 of the Tih mountains, and at the distance of thirty miles or 
 more from Sinai, and forty from the head of the gulf. 
 Hazeroth is memorable for the envious sedition of Miriam 
 and Aaron against the authority of Moses. 2 
 
 The whole region, however, from the southern chain of the 
 Tih to the shore of the gulf, is a frightful desert, and the 
 passage leads through a tangled net of deep and narrow 
 passes between perpendicular walls of sand-stone, grunstein, 
 or granite, often rising several hundred feet in height, and 
 emerging out upon the shore by a narrow gorge or pathway. 
 This route would seem to be more difficult for the Israelites 
 than that proposed by Dr. Wilson, across the desert north of 
 the mountains. 
 
 The eastern gulf of the Red Sea is narrower than the 
 western; but like that, it runs up through the midst of a 
 region totally desolate. The mountains are here higher and 
 more picturesque than those that skirt the Gulf of Suez : the 
 valley between them is narrower, and the desert plains along 
 the shores are less extensive. The shores of this gulf present 
 an undulating outline, approaching and receding so as to vary 
 considerably the width of the waters, which may have an 
 average breadth of eight or ten miles. The mountains along 
 the western coast are mostly precipitous cliffs of granite, 
 perhaps eight hundred feet in height, and generally a mile 
 
 1 Lands of the Bible, i. 262, 263. 2 Num. xii. 
 
78 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 from the shore. The entire length of this bay, formerly 
 known as the ^Elanitic Gulf, and now called the Akabah, is 
 about eighty miles. 
 
 The remarkable chasm which forms the bed of the Akabah 
 continues in a direct line from the head waters of the gulf, 
 more than a hundred miles, to the Dead Sea. The whole 
 valley of the Jordan is, indeed, as already explained, only a 
 continuation of the same depression. The bed of the Dead Sea 
 and of the Sea of Galilee are only still deeper depressions in 
 this extraordinary valley, which extends north, in a direct line, 
 a distance of not less than three hundred and forty miles from 
 the Red Sea, with a variable width from five to ten or fifteen 
 miles, comprising the eastern gulf of that sea, the Arabah, the 
 Dead Sea, and the whole course of the valley of the Jordan. 
 Such a rent in the earth's surface is in geology called a 
 crevasse, and the present is the most remarkable of this class 
 of phenomena of which we have any knowledge. It opens 
 a wide field of speculation respecting the stupendous con- 
 vulsions and disruptions to which the surface of the earth 
 has been subject in the early and unknown ages of its 
 existence. 
 
 From below the Dead Sea northward, this valley takes the 
 name of Ghor, a name which it has appropriately received 
 from the Arabic language, in which it means a valley between 
 two ranges of mountains. The western side of the great 
 valley of the Arabah is limited by a lofty line of cliffs, 
 forming an abutment of the great western desert, which 
 lies at the height of twelve or fifteen hundred feet above 
 the bed of this valley. On the east, the mountains of Edom 
 rise a thousand feet above the opposite bluffs on the west, 
 and raise the plateau of the great eastern desert to a similar 
 elevation above that of the western. The bed of this valley 
 is a sandy desert plain, five or six miles in width. It is a 
 curious fact that this immense valley, stretching from sea 
 to sea, deep, dreary, and desolate, and embracing at both 
 extremities a vast body of water, was totally unknown to 
 modern geographers and travellers from Europe for some 
 years within the present century. 
 
 The next station of the Israelites was Kadesh Barnea, 
 which they reached apparently some time in June of the 
 second year after their departure from Egypt, and not many 
 
THE WANDERING. 79 
 
 days after they quitted Horeb. 1 It was from here that the 
 spies explored the Land of Promise, and returned after forty 
 days with such a report, as occasioned that murmuring in 
 the host which was punished by a sentence of forty years' 
 wandering in the wilderness. This station of Kadesh is of very 
 great historical and topographical importance. Its position 
 has been of late years assigned by general consent to the 
 northern part of the Arabah, at some distance south of the Dead 
 Sea. Dr. Robinson thought it might have been at Ain el- 
 Weibah, a fountain at the mouth of a deep valley that leads up 
 through the mountains to the high western desert south of 
 Hebron. There are here indeed three fountains issuing from 
 the chalky rock of which the slope is composed. They are a 
 few rods apart, running out in small streams from the foot of a 
 low rise of ground at the edge of the hills. The water is not 
 abundant ; and in the two northernmost sources has a sickly 
 hue, like most* desert fountains, with a taste of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. The temperature of the water was 75, that of 
 the air being about the same. But the southernmost 
 source consists of three small rills of limpid and good water, 
 flowing out of the bottom of a small excavation in the rock. 
 This place is now one of the most important watering-places 
 in all the great valley. Mount Hor is seen to great advan- 
 tage, towering in lone majesty, and prominent over all the 
 peaks that immediately top the Arabah. More lately, how- 
 ever, another locality has been indicated. 
 
 The Hev. George Williams, chaplain to the late Bishop 
 Alexander at Jerusalem, took a journey in company with the 
 Rev. J. Rowlands in the autumn of 1842 for the express pur- 
 pose of exploring the southern boundary of Palestine. The 
 starting-point was from Hebron, and the general course of 
 the journey from thence was south by west. The first day's 
 journey terminated in a wide plain, bounded on the south by 
 a range of hills, the country inhabited by the Kenites and 
 Amalekites. On crossing the first range of these hills the 
 next day, they entered into an elevated plain called Wady 
 Rakhmah, extending east and west, which was followed for 
 some distance. " At three o'clock we turned to the left of our 
 path, and having ascended a ridge, a scene of awful grandeur 
 burst suddenly upon us with such startling effect, as to strike 
 1 Num. xii. 16; xiii. 26. Deut. i. 2. 
 
80 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 us dumb for some moments. We found ourselves standing 
 on a gigantic natural rampart of lofty mountains, which we 
 could trace distinctly for many miles east and west of the 
 spot on which we stood, whose precipitous promontories of 
 naked rock, forming as it were bastions of cyclopean archi- 
 tecture, jutted forth in irregular masses from the mountain 
 barrier into a frightfully terrific wilderness stretched far 
 before us towards the south, whore horrors language must 
 fail to describe. It was a confused chaos of chalk, and had 
 the appearance of an immense furnace glowing with white 
 heat, illuminated as it now was by the fierce rays of the sun. 
 There did not appear to be the least particle of vegetation in 
 all the dreary waste ; all was drought, and barrenness, and 
 desolation. Immediately below was the wide and well-defined 
 Wady Murreh, running from east to west, which a few hours 
 to the east divides into two, at a singularly formed hill called 
 Moddera ; the southernmost retaining its name, and going 
 east into the Araba ; the other, called Wady Fikreh, north-east 
 to the Dead Sea. We felt no doubt that we were standing 
 upon the mountain barrier of the promised land ; and this 
 impression was confirmed by our sheikh pointing out, some 
 hours to the west in a valley, the site of Kaddese, the Kadesh 
 of Scripture mentioned in the border." 
 
 It was much regretted that this interesting subject could 
 not then be further investigated; but Mr. Rowlands was 
 afterwards enabled to accomplish this journey, and gave the 
 result of his researches in a letter to Mr. Williams, extracts 
 from which the latter gentleman has given in an appendix to 
 his work on the Holy City. The following is the substance of 
 this communication, so far as relates to the subject under our 
 notice the site of Kadesh. After giving an account of the 
 journey from Gaza with notices of ancient patriarchal sites 
 which were passed in the way Mr. Rowlands thus proceeds : 
 
 " Now, my dear friend, for Kadesh my much talked-of 
 and long sought-for Kadesh you may conceive with what 
 pleasure I tell you that I have at length found out this im- 
 portant and interesting locality to my entire satisfaction. 
 Our excitement (I can speak at least for mine) while we 
 stood before the rock smitten by Moses, and gazed upon the 
 lovely stream which still issues forth from under the base 
 of the rock, was such as baffles description. I cannot say 
 
THE WANDERING. 81 
 
 that we stood still our excitement was so great that we 
 could not stand still we paced backwards and forwards ex- 
 amining the rock and the source of the stream, looking at 
 the pretty little cascades which it forms as it descends into 
 the channel of a rain torrent beneath, sometimes chipping 
 off some pieces of the rock, and at other times picking up 
 some specimens, or some flowers along a green slope beneath 
 it. The rock is a large single mass on a small hill of solid 
 rock, a spur of the mountain to the north of it rising imme- 
 diately above it; it is the only visible naked rock in the 
 whole district. The stream when it reaches the channel 
 turns westward, and after running about 300 or 400 yards, 
 looses itself in the sand. I have not seen such a lovely 
 sight anywhere else in the whole desert." 
 
 Mr. Rowlands then proceeds to describe the situation, and 
 produces his proofs of the identification of Kades or Kudes 
 with the scriptural Kadesh. " The waters of Kades, called Ain 
 Kades, lie to the east of the highest part of Jebel Halal, towards 
 its northern extremity, about twelve miles (or four hours and a 
 half by camel) to the east-south-east of Moilahhi. I think it 
 must be something like due south from Khalasa. But to the 
 proofs, which is the most important part. 1 . Its name Kades, or 
 Kudes (pronounced in English Kaddase or Kuddase) is exactly 
 the Arabic form of the Hebrew name Kadesh ; the K, as you 
 will find both in the Hebrew and the Arabic, not being the 
 common kaf, but k6f, and giving the a a sound somewhat 
 resembling a short u. 2. The locality corresponds with or 
 falls in the line of the southern boundary of the promised 
 land 1 from the southern extremity of the Dead Sea, by Safaa 
 or Maaleh Akrabbim, the Wady el Murra, and the Wady el- 
 Arish, or river of Egypt, succeeds in the same line. 3. It 
 corresponds also with the order in which the places of the 
 border are mentioned, Adar and Azmon, two places in the 
 border which we have discovered under the names of Adeirat 
 and Aseimah, sometimes called Kadeirat and Kaseimah, now 
 and perhaps always, merely springs or fountains, lie to the west 
 of Kades, and Wady el-Arish, or river of Egypt. 4. It lies 
 east of Jebel el Halal, or Mount Halak, mentioned somewhere 
 by Jeremiah as the uttermost extremity of the Promised Land 
 to the south. 5. It lies at the foot of the mountain of the 
 1 Josh. xv. 1, 8. 
 
82 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Amorites. 1 6. It is situated near the grand pass or entrance 
 into the Promised Land by the Beer Laha-roi, which is the 
 only easy entrance from the desert to the east of Halal, and 
 most probably the entrance to which the Hebrews were 
 conducted from Sinai towards the Land of Promise. 7. A good 
 road leads to this place all the way from Sinai, and the dis- 
 tance is about five days of dromedary riding, or about ten or 
 eleven days of common camel riding, as the Bedouins stated. 2 
 8. A grand road, still finer, / was told, by broad wadies, 
 leads from Kades to Mount Hor. 3 9. The nature of the 
 locality itself answers in every respect to the description 
 given of it in Scripture, or rather inferred from it. The 
 mountains to the east of Kades, and some very grand 
 ones to the south, called Jebel Kades, 'the wilderness of 
 Kadesh;' the rock, the water, and the grand space for 
 encampment which lies to the south-west of it, a large 
 rectangular plain about nine by five, or ten by six miles, 
 and thus opening to the west into the still more extensive 
 plain of Par an." 
 
 The supposition that the Kadesh Barnea to which the 
 Israelites first came, is different from the Kadesh Meribah 
 which formed their later encampment, where the wants of 
 the people were miraculously supplied from the smitten rock, 
 and where Moses, for " speaking unadvisedly with his lips," 
 was debarred from entering the Promised Land, has been 
 offered to reconcile difficulties, and is well worthy of con- 
 sideration. It is worthy of note that the country beyond the 
 first Kadesh is called in the sacred narrative "el-Paran," 
 whereas that of the later Kadesh is named " the wilderness of 
 Zin." The supposition that there were two places of this 
 name, solves many difficulties which attend any hypothesis 
 which provides for one only. Seeing that the Israelites 
 approached Palestine, in the first instance, with the view of 
 advancing upon the south, the westward Kadesh of Rowlands 
 agrees well with this determination, whereas their second 
 approach with the intention of passing through the territory 
 of Edom, which borders the Arabah on the east, gives a more 
 obvious fitness in that instance to the more easterly position 
 of Kadesh which Dr. Robinson has assigned. 
 
 1 Deut. i. 19. 2 Deut. i. 2. 3 Num. xx. 22, 
 
83 
 
 CANAAN. 
 
 NAMES, SITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES. 
 
 This country, so small in geographical dimensions, but so 
 great in historical importance, has, both in biblical and in pro- 
 fane writings, many names. The oldest of these is Canaan, 
 or the Land of Canaan. Gen. xi. 31, xii. 5. This name is 
 derived from the fourth son of Ham, because his successors, 
 according to the register of nations given in the 10th chapter 
 of Genesis, were the original inhabitants of the land. In that 
 chapter, verse 19, the boundaries of the Land of Canaan are 
 given namely, from Sidon southward to Gaza ; and eastward 
 as far as Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, in the plain of the 
 present Dead Sea. From this passage and others 1 it follows, 
 that Canaan is properly only the country between the 
 Mediterranean and the river Jordan ; that portion of the 
 country east of the Jordan being denoted by the name of 
 Gilead. 2 It appears that this denomination included also 
 Phoenicia, 3 and the land of the Philistines. 4 In its etymological 
 derivation, the name of the Land of Canaan means simply low 
 tract or region, in opposition to the high lands of Syria. 5 As in 
 this instance the country received the name of its original 
 inhabitants, so the name of Israel, or the Land of the Israelites, 
 and Land of the Hebrews, came from the immigrating suc- 
 cessors of Abraham. In the early ages of the Hebrew history 
 it bore the name as the common dwelling-place of all the 
 sons of Israel ; but when, after Solomon's death, the kingdom 
 was divided, Israel separated herself as the kingdom of the ten 
 tribes, from Judah and Benjamin, whence the denomination 
 
 1 Comp. Exod. xvi. 35, with Jos. v. 10 12. Num. xxxiii. 51. 
 Dent. xi. 30. 
 
 2 Jos. xx. i. Gen. xi. 32. 
 
 3 See Isai. xxiii. 11; Matt. xv. 22; Mark vii. 26. 
 
 4 Zeph. xii. 5. 
 
 5 See Gesenius in tytt No. 2. 
 
 G 2 
 
&4 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Israel is seldom used by the later prophets as the common 
 name for both kingdoms. Soon after the Babylonian exile, 
 however, this name was again adopted according to its ori- 
 ginal meaning; 1 and in the Chronicles the name Israel is 
 even used when Judah only is intended. 2 In an exactly 
 similar way it acquired the name of Judea, that is, Land of 
 Judah, which had its beginning in the portion of the 
 successors of Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. 3 It was then 
 extended to the whole portion formed by the possessions 
 of the two southern tribes of Judah and Benjamin, when 
 these formed a separate kingdom from that of the ten tribes ; 
 and some time after the exile, the whole country was included 
 under this name, as in Hagg. i. 14, ii. 3. This extension of 
 the great name of Judah is in conformity with the pre- 
 eminence over the rest of the tribes, which was assigned to 
 the tribe in the blessing of Jacob. 4 The names Judea and 
 Jewish, as designating the whole country and people, were after- 
 wards generally used. The name Land of the Hebrews occurs 
 in Scripture only in Gen. xl. 15, and it denotes the dwelling- 
 place of the successors of Heber, one of the great ancestors of 
 Abraham. 5 The name of Palestine* is applied in the Bible 
 only to the southern coast towards Egypt : being the south- 
 west portion of Canaan, and forming the land of the Philistines, 
 as in Exod. xv. 14; Isa. xiv. 29; Ps. lx. 10; but Philo and 
 Josephus, like the Greeks and Romans, followed by the later 
 Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans, have used this name to 
 denote the whole country. 
 
 Besides the names thus derived partly from the nature of 
 the country and partly from its inhabitants, it bore also 
 others, with reference to its religious and historical impor- 
 tance, the Land of Jehovah, as the possession of Jehovah, 
 which he gave to his chosen people as an inheritance, and 
 wherein he established his visible presence amongst them. 7 
 This appellation connects itself directly with the Hebrew 
 
 1 1 Mace. iii. 35 ; iv. 11 ; xxx. 31. 
 
 2 2 Chron. xii. 1 15; xvii. 
 
 3 Gen. xxix. 35. 
 
 * Gen. xlix. 812. 1 Chron. vi. 2. 
 
 5 Gen. xi. 14-16. 
 
 6 Peleshet, etymologically " Land of the "Wanderers." 
 
 7 See Lev. xxv. 23. Ps. lxxxv. 2. Isai. viii. 8. Hezek. xxxvii. 
 5. Hos. ix. 3. 
 
CANAAN FACE OF TIIE COUNTRY. 85 
 
 Theocracy, according to which, God was the only true King 
 and Lord of the land and people. It is called Holy Land in 
 Zech. ii. 12 ; Wisd. xii. 3 ; 2 Mace. i. 7. It is named the 
 Land of Promise in Heb. xi. 9, because God promised this 
 land to the patriarchs as a possession to them and their seed 
 for ever. 
 
 Palestine extends along that part of the eastern coast of the 
 Mediterranean Sea situate between Egypt and Asia Minor, 
 somewhere between 30 40 7 and 33 36' of north latitude and 
 34 26' and 36 of east longitude. The extreme length from 
 north to south was perhaps 180 miles. The width in the 
 north scarcely exceeded 20 miles, while on the south it was 
 80 or 90 miles. The average width of the country has been 
 variously estimated at from 45 to 60 miles. 
 
 We must regard the natural boundaries of the country 
 thus : In the west, the Mediterranean Sea ; in the north, the 
 high lands of Syria, terminating in Lebanon and Antilebanon ; 
 in the east, the Great Syrian desert ; in the south, the desert 
 of et-Tih towards the peninsula of Sinai. The political boun- 
 daries, however, varied considerably at different periods. The 
 most ancient specification of the limits is that given in Gen. x. 
 1 9, where the boundaries are laid down of the countries inhabited 
 by the Canaanites thus : " The border of the Canaanites was 
 from Sidon towards Gerar unto Gaza ; and towards Gomorrah, 
 Admah, and Zeboim, extending unto Lasha." These cities 
 are all known except the last. Sidon is the ancient well- 
 known city of the Phoenicians. Gerar is specified as the 
 southernmost city 1 between Kadesh and Shur, and situated in a 
 valley which Robinson 2 conjectures to be the great Wady 
 Sheriah, or one of its branches. Gaza is the acknowledged 
 boundary town of the Philistines towards Egypt ; Sodom, 
 Gomorrah, Admak, and Zeboim, are the cities submerged by 
 the Dead Sea ; and Lasha must also have been situated in 
 their neighbourhood. From this definition, therefore, it 
 seems that the territory of the Canaanites formed a great 
 triangle, having Sidon on the Mediterranean for its apex, 
 and whose base was formed by a line extending from Gerar 
 westward to Gaza, and eastward to the Dead Sea. The next 
 boundary specified as the possession of the Israelites, and 
 
 1 Gen. xx. 1. 2 Researches, il 147- 
 
86 SCEIPTTTRE LANDS. 
 
 which they were to take from the Canaanites, we find in Num. 
 xxxii. 33 42, xxxiv. 2 12, where God appoints to Moses 
 the boundaries for the east and west Jordanic tribes ; and 
 in Jos. xiii. 15 37, and xv. 21, where the land is divided 
 amongst the tribes by Joshua and the priest Eleazar. There 
 the boundaries are no doubt precisely enough stated ; but it 
 is very difficult to follow them in that passage alone, as the 
 knowledge of the situation of many of the cities mentioned 
 as boundaries is entirely uncertain. The southern boundary 
 of the west Jordanic country may be drawn from the 
 southern point of the Dead Sea, then southward by the Wady 
 Arabah as far as Kadesh Earnea (taken to be Ain el-Weibeh), 
 and thence westward as far as where the brook of Egypt (now 
 Wady el Arish) empties itself into the Mediterranean. For 
 the western boundary the Mediterranean Sea is given, from 
 the brook of Egypt as far up as Sidon, which, according to 
 Josh. xix. 28, was reckoned to the tribe of Asher. The 
 northern border may next be extended from the great sea as 
 far as " Mount Hor " towards Hamath unto Hazar Enan. 
 This "Mount Hor" cannot be that in the south-east of 
 Palestine where Aaron died, 1 but must have belonged to 
 Lebanon. As thus understood, the name does not however 
 occur again ; but in the parallel passage, Jos. xiii. 5,* the 
 name of Hermon appears instead of Hor (now Jebel esh 
 Sheikh), and we may therefore accept the names as identical. 
 Hamath is not the city of that name in the tribe of Naph- 
 thali, 3 but the well-known Syrian city Hamath (called by 
 the Greeks Epiphania) on the Orontes. Hazar Enan is no 
 longer known ; it lay, however, according to Eusebius and 
 Jerome, in the territory of Damascus. According to this, 
 the northern boundary must have been drawn from about 
 Sidon, or somewhat northerly from there, eastward to Mount 
 Hermon, from there north-eastward unto Hamath, and from 
 there again southward towards Damascus. It seems, there- 
 fore, the boundary line must have extended according to this, 
 from Sidon to Jebel -esh- Sheikh, and from there through the 
 great valley of Lebanon (the ancient Ccele Syria,) north- 
 ward to some point about Anti-Lebanon, and then again 
 
 1 Num. xxxiii. 38. 2 Coinp. Judges iii. 3. 
 
 3 Jos. xix. 35. 
 
CANAAN. 87 
 
 along its eastern declivity southward into the region of 
 Damascus. 
 
 The eastern boundary of the West Palestine tribes must 
 extend from Hazar Enan, somewhere about Damascus, south- 
 ward to the Sea of Tiberias, and from there follow the course 
 of the Jordan as far as the Dead Sea. 
 
 The boundaries of the east Jordanic tribes Reuben, Gad, 
 and the half-tribe of Manasseh, are stated in Num. xxxii. 
 33; Deut. ii. 3436; iii. 810; xii. 17; Josh. xii. 16; 
 xiii. 8 32. According to this the Arnon (now Wady 
 Mojeb) formed the southern border; the western border was 
 the Jordan as far as the Sea of Tiberias, with the eastern 
 part of the Ghor ;* and the northern boundary extended to 
 Hermon ; the eastern border cannot be so accurately deter- 
 mined, and it is not probable that it will ever well be accu- 
 rately laid down. One single point of measurement is given 
 in the mention of Salchah, 2 which is probably the Szalkat 
 described by Burckhardt as being situate about seven hours from 
 Boszra, on the southern border of the Hauran towards the 
 desert. 
 
 The whole of the interior country of this boundary, the 
 Israelites were to take from the Canaanites, the original 
 inhabitants, and utterly to extirpate them. This, however, 
 did not happen ; for many whole territories never came into 
 their possession, as southward the territory of the Philistines, 
 and northward the whole Phoenician coast; and many cities 
 and countries they only possessed for a short time; and, 
 again, they mixed themselves with the original inhabitants, 
 and with them shared the possessions of their lands. See 
 Josh. xiii. 13; Judg. i. ii. iii. 1-7. 
 
 The great extension which the Israelitish dominions finally 
 received, was acquired under the reigns of David and Solomon. 
 David conquered the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Amalek- 
 ites, the Philistines, and the Edomites, as well as the Syrians 
 of Damascus and of Zobah, and subjected them all to his 
 dominion. Therefore his successor, Solomon, " ruled in the 
 whole land this side of the stream from Tiphsah to Gaza, 
 
 1 The valley of the Jordan and its lakes is understood by this 
 comprehensive designation. 
 
 - Deut. iii. 10. Josh. xii. 5; xiii. 11. 
 
88 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 over all kings on this side the river:" 1 that is from the 
 Euphrates to the Mediterranean Sea. How this great king- 
 dom was soon reduced within narrower limits, and finally 
 ceased to be an independent kingdom, belong to history, and 
 are facts as well known to all our readers as events in the 
 history of their own country. 
 
 FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 The mountains of Palestine, and those of Syria generally, 
 form two great mountain chains, running nearly parallel to 
 each other in the direction of north and south. The eastern- 
 most of these extends with several interruptions from the 
 south-west of Arabia, near the straits of Babel Mandeb, in 
 latitude 35. The portion of this chain lying westward is of 
 far less extent. It reaches likewise, with various intermis- 
 sions, from the point of the Sinai peninsula at Ras Mo- 
 hammed, in latitude 27, as far northward as Lebanon, from 
 which it connects itself by a branch with the Taurus chain in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 The mountain ridge of Palestine Proper connects itself, in 
 latitude 33 30' north, with a great mountain base, which is 
 formed by the union of the eastern and western mountains in 
 the region where lie the sources of the Jordan. This mountain 
 takes the name of Jebel esh- Sheikh (Sheikh's Mountain) 
 or Jebel et-Telj (Snow-mountain), and rises to the height of 
 nearly 11,000 feet above the level of the sea; whence it is 
 mostly topped with snow throughout the year. Its aspect is 
 very imposing, and its masses of rock, with their snow-filled 
 denies, form an exceedingly fine contrast with the rich 
 southern colours of the rest of the landscape. It extends 
 longitudinally from north-north-east to south-south-west, and 
 has a northern and a southern ridge, which explains the 
 plural Hermonim, "the Hermons," in Ps. xlii. 6. 
 
 About the whole Syrian base range a number of smaller 
 mountain groups, which westward advance to the coast and 
 stand quite thick together, being intersected by deep passes 
 but forming no broad valleys. Towards the east, these groups 
 become more and more isolated in the forelying plain, and 
 
 1 1 Kings iv. 24. 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 89 
 
 are finally lost among the undulations of the great Syrian 
 desert. The whole mountain group, which southward con- 
 nects itself to the Jebel esh- Sheikh; the whole country 
 about Banias, Hasbeiya and to the lake Huleh is included 
 under the name Jebel esh Sheikh and forms a high mountain 
 country which sends almost the whole of its waters south- 
 ward into the valley of the Jordan. 
 
 Northwards from the base of Jebel esh -Sheikh proceed, 
 like branches from a root, two great mountain ranges, of 
 which the one, the westward Lebanon, extends nearly from 
 south to north; the other, Antilebanon, takes a south-west 
 and north-east direction. Its mountains hardly rise more than 
 5,500 feet, and abruptly declining about eighteen miles north 
 of Baalbek, are finally lost, south of Horns, quite in the plain. 
 Lebanon, on the contrary, the principal mountain range of 
 Syria, ascends at its highest point, Jebel Makmel, to nearly 9,000 
 feet above the sea, and extends northwards gaining breadth, 
 and sending out branches in all directions, from Antioch to the 
 fore mountains of Taurus. Antilebanon is in direct connec- 
 tion with Jebel esh-Sheikh. Lebanon, on the contrary, is 
 separated by the deep ravine of the Nahr el-Litany (the 
 ancient Leontes), which flows from north to south, and 
 empties itself into the Mediterranean a little north of Sui 
 (Tyre), under the name of el-Kasimiyeh. Notwithstanding 
 this separation, Lebanon belongs to the same mountain 
 system; it is of the same formation, of conformable character, 
 has almost a similar direction, and is of a corresponding period 
 of elevation. Lebanon extends from the neighbourhood of 
 Saida (Sidon) to the watery territory of Nahr el-Kebir, 
 north of Tarabolus (Tripolis) forming a gigantic wall, at 
 Jebel Makmel, south-east of Tripolis, the highest point of 
 which is 9,500 feet above the sea, and reaches the borders 
 of eternal snow. North of Beirut it advances towards 
 the coast, and its declivities arise almost directly from the 
 sea, by which its positive height acquires a most imposing 
 appearance. The contour of Lebanon is not distinguished by 
 sharp decided forms, but has a peculiar uniform character. 
 The mountain has a partly bare appearance, as though burnt 
 up, and is more stony than rocky ; other parts are rounded, 
 and in their form all resemble one another, so that one sees 
 nothing horned or pointed, but long drawn ridges in uniform 
 
90 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 undulating lines, with isolated round, broad, flat, dome -like 
 tops. But at Beirut the line begins to rise boldly, and at 
 Tripolis assumes the sharp pyramidical form which it bears 
 through the whole chain. Its declivities are bare, except 
 here and there a small forest of pine trees, but above, near 
 Tripolis, the small cedar forests, and below the thorny shrubs, 
 form the whole arborescence of the mountain, and this thrives 
 well without any culture. Vegetation, however, continues to 
 its highest summits, forming a fine mountain pasture land, 
 with deep wild passes, rugged precipices, and mountain 
 streams flowing through from the summit down into the sea : 
 but these wild, picturesque, rocky parts are only found in the 
 valleys which lie near the coast, those situated higher are 
 as unimportant in regard to extent, and as uniform in their 
 appearance as the mountains which enclose them. Valleys of 
 large extent are altogether wanting. The expectation of trees 
 in any of these valleys is not always satisfied; still trees are 
 oftener found in them than on the declivities of the mountain. 
 Near Beirut, and north and south as far as between Tripolis 
 and Sidon, the western declivities are as if sown with 
 hamlets and monasteries, many of which have a very pic- 
 turesque appearance. 
 
 The Maronites and Druses have with indefatigable industry 
 detached some small spots, and in some measure adapted 
 them to cultivation, and these they devote to the rearing of 
 mulberry-trees, fig-trees, and vines, all of which grow here 
 exceedingly well. Dark grey cloisters, like the rocks, churches, 
 and castles, appear with picturesque but strange effect, among 
 the terrace plantations of this mountain region. 
 
 The eastern declivity of Lebanon declines less abruptly than 
 the western ; but at its southern point, Jebel ed-Drus, directly 
 opposite Jebel esh- Sheikh, the declivity into the deep valley of 
 the rocks is very abrupt. The valleys which this declivity 
 intersects, in consequence of the more gentle decline, are also 
 softer and bear less the character of deep defiles than is the case 
 on the western side. It is also more fertile, and forests not 
 unfrequently occur, but it is much less inhabited, which may 
 arise from its great distance from the coast ; and the circum- 
 stance of being separated from it by ridges of more than 
 6000 feet above the sea, may also contribute. 
 
 The waters on this eastern declivity are also very scanty, 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 91 
 
 compared with, that of the west, for the Orontes or Asi 
 with the Leontes, are the only rivers of any importance. 
 Lebanon in its entire extent has many names : the southern- 
 most point opposite Jebel esh- Sheikh bears the name of Jebel 
 ed-Drus. Then proceeding northwards is Jebel el-Baruk, 
 Jebel er-Bihan, Jebel el-Kennise, Jebel es-Sannin, from 
 which place to Jebel Makmel it becomes Jebel Arneto, and 
 finally Jebel Akkar, at which point it declines abruptly towards 
 the Nahr el-Kebir. 
 
 Antilebanon, called by the Arabians Jebel esh-Sharki 
 "the eastern mountain," in contradistinction to Lebanon, 
 which is called Jebel el-Gharbi " the western mountain," 
 forms in its entire extent north of Jebel esh- Sheikh, a broad 
 ridge of almost a day's journey, which consists of a number 
 of smaller plateaux, some of which have considerable moun- 
 tain tops, which are occasionally intersected by deep valleys, 
 and form in themselves a mountain land by no means unim- 
 portant. The whole contour of these isolated mountains is 
 soft and undulating, exhibiting long extending ridges with 
 rounded tops. The height of Antilebanon declines greatly from 
 Jebel esh-Sheikh northwards, and its highest point scarcely 
 exceeds 5,500 feet above the sea level. The western declivity 
 of Antilebanon towards the plain of Baalbek is steep and un- 
 fruitful; the plateaus and valleys of the broad mountain 
 ridges on the contrary exhibit a splendid vegetation, partly in 
 arable, and partly in pasture land ; but the higher declivities 
 of the mountain are mostly without trees, and with the excep- 
 tion of a little poor grass, show only some underwood and 
 stunted oaks. Eastward, Antilebanon declines in terraces 
 towards the great Syrian Desert, and previous to the last 
 declivity in the elevated plain of Damascus, again becomes 
 steep. The small plateaux and valleys which are involved 
 among the main ridge of Antilebanon, are the meeting places 
 of a number of small rivers and brooks, which mostly empty 
 themselves over the eastern declivity into the plain of 
 Damascus, and there, after having fertilized all the small 
 vallies and plains of Antilebanon, make the surrounding 
 neighbourhood of that city the paradise of the East. 
 
 The waters of the western declivity are very inconsiderable 
 in comparison, and consist chiefly of a few very unimportant 
 brooks. In its southern part the most striking feature of 
 
92 SCIlIPTUltE LANDS. 
 
 Antilebanon is an immense mass of fore-rock, which extends 
 almost to the walls of Damascus, and joins itself further south- 
 ward to the hilly country which lies east of Jebel esh-Sheikh. 
 Further east, beyond Damascus, it joins the great Syrian 
 Desert. The poplar tree is characteristic of the vegetation 
 of Antilebanon, and increases in dense though small forests 
 through all the well- watered valleys and high plains of this 
 mountain chain. The pine is on the other hand the tree of 
 Lebanon, so that these districts exhibit a marked difference 
 in the character of their foliage. 
 
 Between Lebanon and Antilebanon lies the fertile valley of 
 Baalbek, the ancient Coele Syria probably the plain of Aven, 
 mentioned in Amos i. 5. It increases considerably in width 
 northwards, and joins the plain of Horns. Southwards it 
 decreases, and at Sachle takes the name of el-Bekka. There 
 it presents this peculiarity, that somewhere in the plain of 
 Deir el-Achmar, about three hours north of Baalbek it forms 
 a ridge which is the water- shed of this great enclosed plain, 
 and from which place the land slopes north and south. All 
 brooks north of this separating ridge belong to the Orontes, 
 and those south to the Leontes. The whole high plain is fine 
 cultivable land, but not nearly so much cultivated as it might 
 be. Of the once flourishing state of this country the gorgeous 
 ruins of Baalbek bear full witness. Lebanon is often men- 
 tioned in the Bible. This, its Hebrew name, which Europe has 
 adopted, means " the white," and is derived either from its 
 snow-covered tops, or, more probably from the white-grey 
 colour of its stone. This appellation comprehends in Scrip- 
 ture both Lebanon and Antilebanon. 1 One point bears the 
 name of Amana. 2 Hermon is named as the extreme bor- 
 der of the east-Jordanic portion of Israel's territory, 3 from 
 which it appears that Jebel esh-Sheikh is to be understood 
 by that name. Mount Hermon has also the name Sion ; by 
 the Sidonians it was called Sirion, and by the Amorites 
 Shenir. 4 
 
 "We now descend from the heights of Lebanon into the 
 south of Syria, or Palestine Proper. We have already re- 
 marked that here two great mountain chains determine the 
 
 1 See Sol. Song:, vii. 4 ; Josh. xiii. 5. 2 Sol. Song, iv. 8. 
 
 3 Deut. iii. 8 ; iv. 48. Josh. xi. 3 ; xii. 1. 1 Chron. vi. 23. 
 
 4 Deut. iii. 9 j iv. 48. 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 93 
 
 configuration of the country, one of which leads to the high 
 mountains of Sinai, and the other into the chain of mountains 
 which line the western coast of Arabia. Throughout Palestine 
 from Jebel esh-Sheikh to Hebron, these mountains lie close 
 together, forming a mass of mountain groups, none of which 
 in themselves possess any very considerable extent. These 
 mountains are bare, rounded masses, forming a chaos of sum- 
 mits ; but extending into long plateaux. The first formation 
 exhibits itself in the western group, the principal of which 
 are the mountains of Galilee, of Ephraim, and of Judea. 
 Those in the east which form the high plain of Jaulan ; Jedur, 
 and Hauran, Mount Gilead, and the high, plain of Kerak on 
 the south side of the Dead Sea are principally of the latter 
 description. Between the western mountains and the Me- 
 diterranean Sea lies the fertile plain of Falestin or Palestine, 
 which taken in the geographical extent, may be regarded as 
 reaching, north and south, from Beirut to Gaza. Between the 
 two lines of mountains lies the valley of the Jordan, and the 
 basins of the Lake of Tiberias and of the Dead Sea, the latter 
 of which is more considerably below the sea level than any 
 other known lake on the globe. 
 
 In order to obtain a clear view of the construction of the 
 mountains of northern Palestine, we must enter into a some- 
 what detailed description of Jebel esh-Sheikh, which must 
 be regarded as forming their base. Nearly opposite Da- 
 mascus, Antilebanon separates into two ridges, the eastern 
 one of which, Jebel esh-Sheikh, keeps its direction from 
 north-east to south-west, and therefore may be considered 
 as the proper continuation of Antilebanon. Its highest 
 summit, according to Russeggers estimate, is nearly 10,500 feet 
 above the sea level : it extends between the cities of 
 Rasheiya and Hasbeiya to 33 29' latitude, and after de- 
 creases gradually towards the west-south-west till near the 
 plain north-west of Banias. At the foot of the highest sum- 
 mit, Jebel esh-Sheikh's lower ridge branches off under the 
 name of Jebel Heish, which proceeds southwards, and con- 
 sists of a chain of isolated hills, which, when seen from the 
 plains of Damascus or of Jaulan, appear like high mountains, 
 though when viewed from their base, they seem but mode- 
 rately elevated hills. They end near the plain of Jaulan, 
 in the hill called Tel Faras. Westward of these hills ex- 
 
94 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 tends a small plain, whose margin is in an almost southern 
 direction from Jebel esh-Sheikh to the river Yarmuk. The 
 other ridge of Antilebanon takes a more westerly direction, 
 and is long, low, and flat. South-west of Hasbeiya it ap- 
 proaches nearer to Lebanon, and is separated from the 
 southern end thereof only by the deep and narrow ravine of 
 the Leontes. Here also is the end of Lebanon ; but on the 
 other side of Leontes southwards, runs a broader and lower line 
 of mountains, whose highest point is Jebel Szaffa, the Mount 
 Naphthali of the Bible 1 , which finally ends abruptly in the 
 mountains of Nazareth. Eastward towards the sea of Tiberias 
 the mass of mountains becomes very dense, and declines pre- 
 cipitately towards that lake. Between these two specified 
 ridges into which Antilebanon is separated, lies Wady et- 
 Teim, a broad and fertile valley traversed by a considerable 
 stream (Nahr Hasbeiya). The mountains on both sides of the 
 valley are cultivated and covered with many villages. This 
 wady is divided into two districts the upper wady et- 
 Teim, with the capital Rasheiyah, and the lower Banias and 
 its neighbourhood. These, and a few other districts form the 
 province of Jebel esh-Sheikh. Between the valley of the 
 Leontes and wady et-Teim, and separated from the latter by 
 a row of hills, lies the fine, fertile, and well-watered plain 
 Merj Ayun, which southwards stands in connection with the 
 country of the sea of Huleh. The valley or depressed plain 
 in which the lakes of Huleh (Merom) and Tiberias, with the 
 springs and the first current of the Jordan are situated, is 
 bounded westward by the mountains of Jebel Szaffa, east by 
 Jebel Heish, and northward by Jebel esh-Sheikh. Westward 
 of the mountains of Jebel Szaffa, as far as the coast of Acre, 
 and to Tyre and Sidon, extends a very fertile and tolerably 
 well inhabited hill country, which is distinguished above the 
 rest of Palestine by its beautiful forests. 
 
 In the southern part of this country lies one of the finest 
 plains of northern Palestine, el-Buttauf, which extends from 
 north-east to south-west, and whose waters are conducted 
 through a narrow valley into the Kishon, at Carmel. Between 
 it and the ridge, along the sea of Gennasereth, south of 
 Tiberias, runs in the direction of south-south-east, a flat 
 
 ' Jos. XX. 7 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 95 
 
 tract of fine fertile soil, Ard el-Hamma, which, at its southern 
 end, leads by a narrow wady to the Jordan, somewhere about 
 the place of its egress from the sea. Upon the side of the 
 basin, opposite this intersection, on the eastern border of 
 the plain el-Buttauf, near the village of Hattin, rise two 
 mountain summits, about 60 feet above the plain,' which 
 bear the name of Kurun Hattin, (Horns of Hattin). The 
 summit of the eastern horn is a small round plain, with a 
 few rude ruins ; and the lower ridge between the two horns 
 is likewise levelled to a plain. According to the tradition of 
 the Latins, this is the spot where Christ delivered his 
 sermon on the mount, for which reason it is also called the 
 Mount of Beatitudes ; but the Greek Church knows nothing 
 of this tradition, and Scripture does not specify any parti- 
 cular mountain, while in the neighbourhood of the sea there 
 are probably a dozen elevations, which would agree quite as 
 well with the historical circumstances. 
 
 The southern part of the hilly country of Galilea is in- 
 closed by the lower mountains, which on both sides of Naza- 
 reth run in an eastern and western direction. At the eastern 
 end of these, about two hours from Nazareth, stands Mount 
 Tabor, (now Jebel Tur) almost isolated in the plain. It is a 
 fine mountain, consisting wholly of lime stone, and rising' 
 about 1000 feet above the plain. Viewed from the south-west 
 it looks like the segment of a sphere, but if seen from north- 
 north-west it has the appearance of a truncated cone : the 
 sides of the mountain are to the summit covered with oaks 
 and wild pistachios, myrtles, and other shrubs, which give 
 to it a most beautiful appearance. The rounded top of the 
 mountain is about twenty minutes walk in diameter, but the 
 proper summit consists of a small, longish, basin-shaped plain, 
 of from twelve to fifteen minutes long from north to south, 
 and six to eight minutes broad. This is skirted on the south 
 west by a ledge of rocks of some altitude, and in the north 
 west by lower rocks. This higher ground is overgrown with 
 bushes and small trees, whilst the basin itself is without a tree, 
 and is covered only with grass. There are no springs here ; 
 but there are many hewn cisterns in the rocks, two of which 
 still serve for the preservation of the necessary waters. Upon 
 the ridge of rocks inclosing this small plain are some ruins, 
 which belong to different ages. The principal remains are 
 
96 
 
 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Mount Tabor. 
 
 seen upon, the ridge in the south and at its eastern end, where 
 i?reat masses of ruins lie together in indiscriminate confusion. 
 They appear to be both of dwellings and other buildings, some 
 of hewn and others of large bevelled stones, which cannot be 
 of a later date than the Romans. The walls and traces of a 
 fortress are to be seen to the right of a place along the 
 southern ridge, on which there is a tall, pointed arch of a 
 Saracenic gateway still standing, and bearing the name of 
 Bab el-Hawa, (Windgate). This fortification is evidently of 
 the time of the Crusaders. Tradition fixes upon Tabor the 
 transfiguration of Christ; but as the Evangelists nowhere 
 specify Tabor as the scene of that great transaction, and the 
 tradition first appeared in the fourth century, this may be 
 taken for one of the many local legends which arose in 
 that age. The commemoration of this event is solemnized 
 by the Latin Christians in a small vault on the south-east 
 part, near the highest point among the ruins, where some 
 Latin monks from Nazareth hold yearly a mass on St. Peter s 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 97 
 
 day. The Greeks show the ruins of a small church on the 
 north side of the basin, in which they commemorate the 
 same event, assembling themselves in large numbers at the 
 feast of the Virgin. 
 
 The view from Tabor is extensive and beautiful ; it em- 
 braces the western part of the great plain of Esdraelon, as 
 far as Carmel, and to the north-west the Mediterranean sea is 
 partly visible. To the north the view terminates with the 
 plain of Buttauf, talcing in the Horns of Hattin and the 
 heights of Safed, which are again over-topped by the distant 
 snow-clad summit of Jebel esh-Sheikh. To the right of the 
 plain the whole outline of the sea of Tiberias can be followed, 
 but only a small portion of the sea itself is visible in the 
 north-east. On the other side of the sea the eye takes in the 
 high plains of the Jaulan and Hauran, and more southward, 
 on the side of the Jordan, the high mountains of ancient 
 Bashan and Gilead are seen. Southward the view is bounded 
 by the near mountains of Duhy (Little Hermon,) and 
 Gilboa. 
 
 In the Old Testament Mount Tabor is frequently men- 
 tioned, 1 and it appears as if, in those days, it had had upon 
 its summit, a city of a similar name. 2 In the New Testa- 
 ment the name does not occur. With the Greek and Roman 
 authors, and also in the Septuagint, the name takes the form 
 of Itabyrion or Atabyrion. 
 
 Opposite to Tabor, in tbe south, a chain of mountains 
 extend from north-west to south-east, called by the Arabians 
 Jebel ed-Duhy. It must have been from a misunderstanding 
 of the passage in Psalm lxxxix. 12, that the name of Hermon 
 came to be applied to this ridge, and which even now prevails 
 in the monasteries, and may, therefore, be retained for the 
 sake of brevity. Robinson calls it " Little Hermon" to dis* 
 tinguish it from Hermon proper. It is not extensive, and 
 nothing but a bare, shapeless mass, without natural beauty 
 or fertility. Its greatest height is at the western end, where 
 there is a Mohammedan Wely. 8 Eastward it sinks down 
 
 1 Josh. xix. 22. Judg. iv. 6; viii. 18. Ps. lxxxix. 13. Jer. 
 xlvi. 18. Hos. v. 1. 
 
 2 1 Chron. vi. 77. 
 
 3 Chapel over the grave of a Saint. 
 
98 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 abruptly, with a low ridge, or line of flat hills, along the 
 eastern part of the valley of Jezreel. 
 
 South of Little Hermon, and parallel with it, runs a moun- 
 tainous tract with many ridges, on the whole about an hour 
 in breadth, upon which lies an uninhabited village, named 
 Jelbon. In this name we may recognise the ancient Gilboa, 
 and hence follows the identity of these mountains with the 
 " Mount Gilboa" of the Old Testament, upon which Saul and 
 Jonathan lost their lives in an engagement with the Philis- 
 tines. 1 The inhabitants call these mountains Jebel Fukua, 
 from a contiguous village. The highest part lies eastward ; 
 down toward the valley of the Jordan the mountains are lower. 
 
 Westward of these high hills lies a plain, considerable in 
 extent, called by the inhabitants the Merj ibn-Amir, "the 
 \alley of Jezreel," or the "great plain of Esdraelon" of the 
 Old Testament. It extends in the form of an acute triangle, 
 whose northern side is formed by the steep mountains of the 
 high plain of Galilee, and it has a general direction from east- 
 north-east to west-south-west, and of an extent of from four 
 to five hours. An eastern cliff of these mountains, projecting 
 sharply over the plain, nearly two miles south by east from 
 Nazareth, tradition designates as the Mount of Precipitation, 
 where, against all probability, the incident related in Luke 
 iv. 28-30, is believed to have taken place. 2 Westward these 
 mountains run in a line of lower hills down to Carmel, and a 
 narrow valley between Carmel and these hills serves as the 
 outlet of the brook Kishon into the sea. The eastern side of 
 the plain, between the village Jenin along the western part of 
 Gilboa and Little Hermon as far on as the Mount of Pre- 
 cipitation, does not amount to much under six hours. On 
 the southern side the plain is bounded by low hills, which 
 run in a north-west direction from Jenin to their union with 
 an extension of Carmel. Further south these hills assume a 
 bolder aspect, and form the mountains of Samaria. 
 
 Carmel itself, running from north-west to south-east, toge- 
 ther with the above-mentioned hills extending from it to the 
 south-east, separates the plain of Esdraelon from the great 
 southern plain along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. From 
 
 1 1 Sam. xxviii. 4 ; xxxi. 1. 2 Sam. i. 6, 21. 
 
 2 See Kobinson's Researches, iii., p. 187. 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 99 
 
 the eastern border of the plain of Esdraelon extend three arms 
 towards the Jordan, each about one hour broad, respecting 
 which, to the best of our knowledge, Robinson was the first 
 traveller who afforded any precise information. The northern- 
 most of the arms extends between Little Hermon and 
 Tabor, on both sides, to the very edge of the valley of the 
 Jordan, and likewise northward with very few interruptions 
 almost to Hattin. This branch valley is more remarkable 
 than the two others, as the mountains inclosing it are higher 
 and rise more abruptly from the plain. The middlemost arm 
 goes from Zerin, towards which there has been a gentle 
 ascent in the great plain, but where the land suddenly strikes 
 off into a steep rocky descent of a hundred feet or more into 
 a fine fertile valley in the direction of east-south-east along 
 the northern ridge of Gilboa, between that mountain and 
 Little Hermon. This broad and deep valley goes quite to 
 the plain of the Jordan as far as Beisan (Bethshan). The 
 third and southern arm runs between the range of Mount 
 Gilboa, whose mountains extend far into the plain, and con- 
 tinues up to the hills of Samaria, which are higher here than 
 farther to the west. This branch of the plain is then three- 
 quarters of an hour broad, and rises south-eastwards an hour 
 and a half or two hours beyond Jenin. 
 
 The whole great plain of Esdraelon is very fruitful, but 
 little cultivated, and in most parts of it quite uncultivated ; 
 the two branches are far more so. In the Old Testament 
 the plain bears the name of Jezreel, 1 from the city Jezreel, 
 (the present Zerin of which the Greek name Esdrael or 
 Esdraelon 2 is a softening or corruption. From this the plain 
 also is called " the great plain of Esdraelon," 3 or simply M the 
 great plain.' -4 It is also called the " plain of Megiddo," 6 from 
 the city of Megiddo on the river Kishon. In the middle ages 
 it was called the plain of Saba, from a village and castle Saba. 
 It now bears the name of Merj ibn-Amir, that is, " meadow 
 of Ibn Amir." It situation and extent render it well suited 
 for a battle-field, and such it is famous for having been in 
 olden time. Here Deborah and Barak defeated Sisera and his 
 
 1 Josh. xvii. 16. Judg. vi. 33. Hos. i. 5. 
 
 8 Judith i. 8: iv. 5. 3 Judith i. 8. 
 
 4 1 Mace. xii. 49 ; and also by Josephus. 
 
 5 2 Chron. xxxv. 22. Zach. xii. 
 
 H 2 
 
 pnm 
 
 Ca* ** 
 
 .-rt *:-' 
 
100 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 hosts. 1 Here Gideon conquered the Midianites and the 
 Amalekites, 2 and here Saul fought his last battle against the 
 Philistines, 3 and here also was Josiah slain in battle by 
 Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. 4 At the foot of Tabor the 
 Jews were beaten by the Romans in the year 53 before 
 Christ under the Proconsul Gabinius, and afterwards by 
 Vespasian's general, Placides. In the time of the crusades 
 also many battles were fought in this plain between the 
 Christians and Moslems ; and in modern times a victory was 
 here gained by Napoleon over 25,000 Turks in the year 1799. 
 This plain has thus for more than three thousand years been 
 the battle-field of successive armies. As Dr. E. D. Clarke 
 observes " The Assyrians and the Persians, Jews and Gen- 
 tiles, Crusaders and Saracens, Egyptians, Turks, Arabs, and 
 Franks, have poured out their blood upon this plain. Even 
 Bonaparte achieved here one of his signal victories, and 
 again retired in disgraceful flight from Syria over this great 
 battle-ground of nations." 
 
 This great plain with its eastern branches intersects the 
 mountains of Palestine, whilst it also separates the high 
 plain of Galilee from the mountains of Samaria and Judea. 
 It also intersects in a west-eastern direction the chain running 
 from north to south. The northern mountains in connection 
 with it have also a similar transverse direction as far as Jebel 
 Safed. The mountains of Gilboa and Little Hermon eastward, 
 and likewise Carmel westward, from the prolongations of the 
 mountains of Samaria, partake also of the same character. 
 
 Carmel forms at its north-west point, twelve miles from 
 Acre, an immense projecting cliff towards the Mediterranean 
 Sea, whilst the southern part is connected by a range of hills 
 with the mountains of Samaria. The circumference of Carmel 
 is about twenty-six miles ; the height above the sea is given 
 by Schubert as 1300 feet. It is well watered and covered 
 with rich pasturage. " The flora of Carmel is the most rich 
 and varied that occurs in this part, because it blends the 
 forms of the mountains with those of the vallies and the sea- 
 shores ; and likewise in this world of variegated nature is 
 found a vast number of rare insects. Thus the collector may, 
 
 1 Judges iv. 1224. 
 
 2 Judg. vi. 33 ; and Cbap. vii. 8 1 Sam. xxix. 
 
 4 2 Kings, xxiii. 29. 2 Cliron. xxxv. 22. 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 101 
 
 Mount CarmeL 
 
 all the year round, find here rich rewards and interesting 
 occupation." 1 The upper parts are covered with fig and oak 
 trees ; and, below, the olive and the laurel flourish. It is par- 
 ticularly well watered. A number of crystal brooks rise here, 
 many of which flow from the fountain of Elias, and hasten on 
 in numerous streams to the Kishon. Every kind of culture 
 succeeds in this genial atmosphere. The sides of Carmel, 
 particularly those inclining to the sea, are full of caves, of 
 which can be numbered more than a thousand ; these in for- 
 mer times served as safe retreats for fugitives. 8 One espe- 
 cially, distinguished for its size, is affirmed to have been 
 inhabited by Elias. On the north-western declivity of the 
 mountain is seen the well-known convent of Saint Elias (Deir 
 Mar Elias) at a height of 630 feet above the sea, rebuilt not 
 long since by the monks. At first this cloister was founded 
 by the Carmelites (bare-footed friars, who took their name 
 from the mountain) in the year 1180, and consisted of a 
 1 Schubert, iii., 211. 2 Amos, ix. 3. 
 
102 SCRIPTURE LA^DS. 
 
 chapel only, a few cellars, and wells hewn in the rocks. A 
 cloister built at the beginning of the fourteenth century 
 was turned by the French into a pest hospital towards the end 
 of the last century, and was therefore destroyed by the Turks. 
 In the Bible Carmel is mentioned chiefly as the southern 
 border of the tribe of Asher, 1 and as the place where the 
 prophets Elijah and Elisha wrought some of their illustrious 
 deeds, 2 while its beauty and fertility are not left without 
 memorial. 3 
 
 From the plain of Esdraelon to the desert of et-Tih in the 
 south, there extends without interruption a chain of moun- 
 tains, which in its northern part has the name of " the moun- 
 tains of Ephraim," and in the south of the " mountains of 
 Judea." This chain is in most parts from twenty to twenty- 
 four miles broad, and southward extends to the vicinity of 
 Hebron, attaining there its greatest height, not less than 
 3000 feet above the sea-level ; whilst northward, at Nabulus 
 (Shechem), it sinks to about 1900 feet, and finally declines 
 into the plain Esdraelon. Westward it runs out gradually 
 into a range of low hills which lie between the principal 
 chain and the great plain, towards the sea ; these hills do 
 not attain to more than one-third of the height of the moun- 
 tains themselves. The eastern declivity of this mass of 
 mountains, towards and near to the bed of the Jordan, is 
 much steeper partly because it is in itself more abrupt, and 
 partly from the level of the Dead Sea and of the Jordan on this 
 side lying considerably lower than that of the Mediterranean 
 on the other. The whole line is properly high uneven table- 
 land, formed by masses of isolated mountain groups, none of 
 which in itself possesses any considerable extent. This 
 mountainous tract is consequently intersected by deep val- 
 leys, which run east and west either to the Jordan or to the 
 Mediterranean. The separating waters flowing from these 
 hills follow mostly the course of the high country along the 
 chain, though in such a manner that valleys which by and 
 bye take various directions, in their commencement often run 
 a considerable way by one another. Thus, for instance, a 
 valley which declines towards the Jordan often commences 
 
 1 Josh. xix. 2, f>. 2 1 Kings, xviii. 19. 2 Kings, ii. 25; iv. 25. 
 
 3 Isai. xxxv. 2. Jerem. 1. 19. Amos i. 2, 22. 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 103 
 
 half an hour or more westward of the beginning of other 
 valleys that run towards the Mediterranean. 
 
 The whole of this mountainous district is rich in grain, 
 wine, and fruit ; but the district of Judea is in its southern 
 part, particularly towards the Dead Sea, infertile, and in many 
 places is quite waste, though even here the traces of former 
 culture and fertility are manifest. Southwards these moun- 
 tains run into the desert of et-Tih, which together form the 
 southern border of Palestine. 
 
 We shall now turn to look at the formation of the coast of 
 Palestine. The hilly country, rich in wood, extending along 
 the coast from Sidon to Acre, has been already mentioned. 
 Hereabouts, nearly three hours south of Tyre, is the White 
 Promontory (Has el-Abyad), a steep white limestone rock 
 projecting over into the sea. From this northward along the 
 coast extends the Phoenician plain, about half an hour broad 
 to within about one hour from Sidon, as far as the Nahr 
 el-Auly. The surface of this tract is not altogether level, but 
 rather undulating, the soil fine and fertile, yet uncultivated. 
 From Eas el-Abyad to Acre extends a rugged and steep 
 mountain-land, at whose base, south of Acre, lies the nearly 
 semi- circular plain of Acre, extending to Carmel, six hours 
 wide. On the east this plain is bounded by the woody fore- 
 hills of the Galilean mountains. The plain is fertile and well 
 watered, but waste and uncultivated. By Carmel it is sepa- 
 rated from the great coast plain, which extends from here to 
 Gaza, in length about forty hours, and in breadth from five 
 to eight. This latter plain is called, in Scripture, Sharon in 
 its northern part from Caesarea to Joppa, 1 and in its southern 
 from thence to Gaza it is called Shefelah, or "low country," 
 in the authorized version " the valley." 2 Eastward the plain 
 is bounded by the hill country of Mount Ephraim, and south- 
 ward by the desert. It possesses a rich vegetation, which 
 especially shows itself in the fine quality of its pastures ; it 
 is also well cultivated for Palestine, and contains a good 
 number of villages. The whole coast from Tyre to Sidon 
 possesses not a single bay except that of Acre. 
 
 1 1 Chron. xxvii. xxviii. 9. Isai. xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; lxv 10. 
 Sol. Song, ii. 1. 
 
 2 Josh. xi. 16. Jer. xxxii. 44 ; xxxiii. 13. 1 Mace. xii. 3. 
 
104 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Having thus glanced over the entire country west of the 
 Jordan from north to south from Lebanon to the great 
 Arabian desert, we will now proceed to the mountain chains 
 east of the Jordan. 
 
 From the highest point of Jebel esh- Sheikh branches 
 off a low range of hills running towards the south, under 
 the name of Jebel Heish, which ends north of the Sea of 
 Tiberias, in the Tel el-Faras. Around these hills is a high 
 open plain, which is bounded southward by Jebel Ajlun, 
 and eastward by a range of hills, which extends from Jebel 
 Kesweh, south of Damascus, to Mount Hauran. This high 
 plain has in different parts different names; the northern 
 part along Jebel Heish, is called Jedur (the ancient Iturea) ; 
 south of that as far as the river Yarmuk el Mandhur is the 
 Jaulan (the ancient Gaulanitis), and the country from hence 
 to Jebel Ajlun includes the district of Bottin and Ezzu- 
 weit. That part of the plain lying east of this is called the 
 Hauran (the ancient Auranitis), as far as to the above-men- 
 tioned hills ; and here again more easterly is the district 
 called Lejah (the ancient Trachonitis). This Lejah is a plain 
 of from two to three days' journey in length, and one in 
 breadth, covered with masses of black basalt and small irre- 
 gularly formed rocky tracts of land, among which the eye 
 finds no single object upon which it can rest with pleasure. 
 Interspersed among the masses of rock are a number of small 
 meadows which supply excellent pasturage for the cattle of 
 the neighbouring Arabs. 
 
 The level of the Hauran plain is broken by a number of 
 small hills, upon the declivities or at the bases of which most 
 of the villages are formed. In it is situated Bozrah, the last 
 inhabited place, whence the plain extends out into the great 
 Arabian desert. The whole country possesses no single 
 river which has water in summer only wadys which are 
 without water except in the rainy season. The inhabitants, 
 consequently, use the water with most rigid economy, and 
 from these wadys fill all their reservoirs, which must serve 
 for both man and beast until the return of the rainy season. 
 The plain produces no trees ; but the growth of the grass is 
 in many parts luxuriant, and the wheat of the Hauran is 
 famed throughout Syria. Every hill in the Hauran, every 
 loose stone in the fields, every stone used for building con- 
 
CANAAN FACE OP THE COUNTRY. 105 
 
 sists entirely of basalt, which species of rock extends to the 
 other side of the Sea of Tiberias as far as Tabor. "This black 
 stone," says Seetzen, " gives the villages of this region a 
 characteristic appearance which I have not met with any- 
 where beside, for there is neither tree nor shrub to be found 
 in the plain, by which the sombre hue of these villages can 
 be either relieved or concealed. Thus in the distance one 
 sees nothing but great masses of basalt, which at certain dis- 
 tances are scattered over the plain." The Yarmuck forms 
 the boundary between the basalt and the lime- stone regions ; 
 for all the mountains south of this river are of lime- stone, in 
 which, as in the west, are found innumerable caves. M The 
 whole neighbourhood of el-Bottin contains thousands of caves, 
 which nearly all seem to have been formed by the ancient 
 inhabitants. Most of the houses in the still inhabited villages 
 are half grottoes which have been erected against the pro- 
 jecting rocky walls. One sees, therefore, in every room, if 
 we may so designate these holes, a wall of the natural rough 
 rock, and the others of stone masonry. But beside these 
 there are also a number of larger caves, whose execution 
 must have cost immense labour, because they are with inde- 
 fatigable industry hewn out of the rocky sides of the moun- 
 tains, and the entrance to which is only by a door, also cut 
 out of the natural rock." 1 Upon this great high plain, in a 
 circle of about from thirty to forty miles, lie strewed a number 
 of ruins of cities, villages, castles, temples, and palaces, which 
 we may conclude to belong to the time of the Roman and 
 Greek dominion in the first six centuries of our era, and 
 evince that this region contained an abundant and wealthy 
 population in those times. 
 
 These ruins of antiquity, often still in good preserva- 
 tion, the inhabitants make use of when they are in their 
 wanderings, by taking up their abode among them. The 
 people of the Hauran migrate from one village to another? 
 and in every one they find commodious dwellings in the 
 ancient buildings: a camel carries their families and their 
 utensils, and as they are bound to no place, either by cul- 
 ture or possession of ground, it is not drfficult for them to 
 leave the place of their birth. 2 The most considerable 
 
 1 Seetzen. 2 Burckhardt. 
 
106 SCRIPTURE IANDS. 
 
 elevation in the Hauran is that part situated at the southern 
 angle, Jebel Hauran, whose highest point rises like a cone out 
 of the range of hills. The mountain group is covered with 
 forests, and many considerable wadys have their source there. 
 East and south of it extends the great desert, but for three 
 days' journey there is yet good arable soil, which is broken 
 by many hills, and covered with the ruins of many cities. 
 The name of the desert changes at every tract, and the whole 
 is sometimes called Tellul from its tels or hills. Brooks are 
 not found therein, though water is easily obtained by digging 
 to the depth of 30 or 40 feet. 
 
 Where this desert ends, the sandy desert begins, called 
 el-Hammad, which extends eastward as far as the Euphrates. 
 South of this high plain others join it. The next is Jebel 
 Ajlun, which is very bushy and woody, and the mountain 
 region of Morad: these extend as far as Wady Zerka 
 (Jabbok), and that river separates them from the district 
 Belka, which extends as far south as the Wady Mojib 
 (Arnon). The mountains of Morad are considerably higher 
 than those of the Belka. In the northern part of the latter 
 rises Jebel Jelad the most important; it is about 2| hoars 
 wide from east to west, and its highest summit is called Jebel 
 Osha (Mount of Hosea), because upon it is shown the alleged 
 grave of this prophet. Here the forests thicken, and consist 
 of oaks, terebinths, and walnut trees. In the name Jelad we 
 easily recognise that of the Gilead of the Old Testament, 
 which includes not only the country now so called, but also 
 Morad and Ajlun ; for Jacob in his flight from Mesopotamia 
 came first to Mount Gilead, and went then to the south side 
 of the Jabbok. South of Jebel Jelad as far as Wady Mojib 
 (the Arnon of the Old Testament) is table land, " The Plain " 
 in the Old Testament, 1 which continues as far as Kerak to 
 somewhere just beyond the small river Ahsy; here a few 
 mountains rise as Jebel Attarus and Jebel Shihan. On the 
 eastern side of the southern part of this high plain, just 
 opposite to the mouth of the river Arnon eastward, there is 
 a range of low hills which extend for about three or four hours 
 from north to south. South from these begins a range of 
 lower hills, which are called el-Tarfuyeh, and more south 
 
 1 Num. xxi. 11. 
 
CANAAN FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 107 
 
 Urukaraiyeh ; they then turn westward, and run out south- 
 west from Kerak. 
 
 In this chain of mountains Von Raumur finds the moun- 
 tainous district Abarim of the Old Testament, 1 of which 
 Mount Pisgah and Mount Nebo are separate peaks ; from the 
 latter of which the dying Moses beheld the Land of Promise. 3 
 Seetzen, Burckhardt, and others have however sought Mount 
 Nebo in Attarus, which however does not any more than this 
 conform to the statement of the Old Testament, that the 
 mountain was " over against Jericho/' In the mountains 
 opposite Jericho there is no one that rises high enough to be 
 taken for the Nebo of the Holy Scriptures. Robinson thinks 
 it may perhaps suffice to consider that Moses simply went 
 from the plain to any one high point of the contiguous 
 mountains from which he could obtain a view of the sur- 
 rounding country over the valley of the Jordan and the 
 mountainous district of Judea. 
 
 Lastly, in the extreme south we come to a vast chain of 
 mountains, which under the names Jebel and Sheriat (Seir), 
 extend about four days' journey as far as the iElanitic Gulf. 
 
 1 Josh. xiii. 16; xvii. 21. 
 3 Deut. xxxii. 48; xxxiv. 1. 
 
108 
 
 THE WATERS. 
 
 The Mediterranean Sea, the western boundary of 
 Palestine, is called in the Bible the Great Sea, 1 " the Utter- 
 most Sea" properly "the Hinder Sea" that is, the Western 
 Sea ; 2 for the names of the cardinal points with the Hebrews 
 being formed by directing the face towards the east " before " 
 is east, "behind" is west, "right" is south, and "left" is 
 north. It is also called the "Sea of the Philistines" or 
 sometimes simply The Sea. 3 The coast in the northern part, 
 from Tyre to Acre, is steep and rocky ; the south is, on the 
 contrary, flat and sandy. Good harbours are rarely found, 
 and this, with the circumstance that in the Old World 
 maritime traffic had been from the most ancient times in the 
 hands of the Phoenicians and Egyptians, sufficiently explains 
 why, although in the vicinity of the sea, the Israelites were 
 not a commercial people. 
 
 The most important waters in the interior of the country 
 are the Jordan, with the two lakes of Gennezareth and the 
 Dead Sea. All the other rivers besides the Jordan are for the 
 most part mere winter-brooks, which only have water during 
 the rainy season, and in the summer are dried up. 
 
 The River Jordan. This river has its origin among the 
 mountains, thirty or forty miles north of the sea of Galilee. 
 The original source is a large fountain just above Hasbeiya, 
 twenty miles above Banias, or Csesarea Philippi, and the 
 ancient idolatrous city of Dan, where again are large foun- 
 tains, which have usually been regarded as the head waters 
 of the Jordan. 
 
 The streams from these latter fountains soon unite and 
 form a small river, which, after running a short distance 
 further, unites with the Hasbany. The several sources of 
 the Jordan have been recently explored by the Rev. Mr. 
 Thompson, an American missionary, from whom we have the 
 first authentic account of these interesting localities. His 
 description of the fountain near Hasbeiya is as follows : 
 
 1 Num. xxxiv. 6, 7. 2 Dent. xi. 31. 
 
 3 1 Kings, v. 9. 1 Mace. xiv. 34; xv. 11. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 109 
 
 " The fountain lies nearly north-west from the town, and 
 boils up from the bottom of a shallow pool, some eight or ten 
 rods in circumference. The water is immediately turned, 
 by a strong dam, into a wide mill-race. This is undoubtedly 
 the most distant fountain, and therefore the true source 
 of the Jordan. It at once, even in this dry season, forms 
 a considerable stream. It meanders for the first three miles 
 through a narrow, but very lovely and highly cultivated valley. 
 Its margin is protected and adorned with the green fringe 
 and dense shade of the sycamore, button, and willow-tree, 
 while innumerable fish sport in its cool and crystal bosom. 
 It then sinks rapidly down a constantly deepening gorge 
 of dark basalt for about six miles, when it reaches the level 
 of the great volcanic plain extending to the marsh above the 
 Huleh. Thus far the direction is nearly south; but it now 
 bears a little westward, and, in eight or ten miles, it enters 
 the Lake Huleh not far from its north-west corner, having 
 been immensely enlarged by the waters from the great 
 fountains of Banias, Tel el-Kady, el-Mellahah, Derakit or 
 Bel at, and innumerable other springs. 
 
 The distance from the fountain of Hasbany to the lake 
 cannot be less than twenty-five miles, and nearly in a straight 
 direction. The Huleh may be eight miles long; and the 
 river, after it issues from the lake, preserves the same 
 southerly course, until it falls into the sea of Tiberias. The 
 great fountain of Hasbany, therefore, has an indisputable title 
 to stand at the head of the springs, and fountains, and lakes 
 of this very celebrated and most sacred river." 
 
 The second source of the Jordan is the fountain Tel-el 
 Kady, sixteen or eighteen miles south of Hasbany. This is 
 at the head of the great marsh north of the Huleh, two or 
 three miles west of Banias or Panias, the ancient city of 
 Caesarea Philippi. The tel itself marks the site of the more 
 ancient city of Dan, recognised as the northern limit of 
 Palestine, in the proverbial expression "from Dan to Beer- 
 sheba," and yet more notorious as the principal seat of the 
 idolatrous worship of the Jews. 
 
 The. tel (or hill) is elevated about forty or fifty feet, and 
 its figure is circular, or rather oval, being longest from east to 
 west. One part of it is covered with oak trees, and another 
 part with thick brushwood and briars. It is evidently an 
 
110 SCRIPTURE LAiN-DS. 
 
 extinct crater, about half a mile in circumference. On the 
 south-western side, the wall of this crater has been partly 
 carried away by the action of the great fountain, which 
 gushes out all at once a beautiful river of delicious water, 
 several times larger than the stream at Banias. 
 
 " The fountain," says Mr. Thompson, " in reality first 
 appears in the centre of the crater. The great body of 
 water, however, glides underneath the lava boulders, and 
 rushes out at the bottom of the tel on the west. But a 
 considerable stream arises to the surface within the crater, 
 and is conducted over* its south-western margin, and drives 
 a couple of flouring-mills, which are overshadowed by some 
 magnificent oak trees, and almost buried beneath the luxu- 
 riant vegetation of the place. The two streams unite below 
 the mills, forming a river forty or fifty feet wide, which 
 rushes very rapidly down into the marsh of the Huleh. 
 There were a multitude of turtles sunning themselves on 
 the rocks around. The miller, with whom I happened to 
 be acquainted, pointed out to me a clump of trees about three 
 miles to the south-west, where he assured me the stream 
 from Banias unites with this from the Tel. This junction is 
 in the marsh, a short distance to the north of a huge mound, 
 very similar to the Tel el-Kady, and which, in all probability, 
 is also an extinct crater. My informant had often been 
 there, and I understood him to say that the river, after the 
 junction, flowed along on the north of the mound until it 
 fell into the Hasbany, which I have before mentioned as the 
 main stream of the Jordan. I thought also that I could trace 
 the course which he pointed out through the tall reeds of the 
 marsh, down to the point where these two main streams 
 come together." 
 
 The fountain at Banias is nearly as large as this at Tel el- 
 Kady, and gushes out in a full stream from the base of a 
 mountain in the midst of the ruins of Caesarea Philippi. 
 
 The western borders of Lake Huleh and the great marsh 
 above it are skirted by a high ridge of mountains, from the 
 base of which spring several large fountains, which discharge 
 their waters into the lake and the river above as additional 
 contributions to the Jordan. 
 
 Lake Huleh. Tpie "Waters of Merom." The lake 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. Ill 
 
 itself into which, these waters are collected, is of a triangular 
 or funnel shape, five or six miles broad at its base, and tapers 
 down to an apex at its outlet, at a distance of six or eight 
 miles from the northern base. The modern name of this 
 collection of waters is Bahr el-Huleh, or the lake Huleh ; in 
 the Scriptures it is known as the Waters of Merom. It is at 
 the outlet of this lake that the river assumes the name of the 
 Jordan. 
 
 We subjoin the Rev. W. Thompson's correct and graphic 
 description of these waters, and of the great marsh above 
 them, which, according to his estimate, is not less than eight 
 or ten miles square : 
 
 " As the lake narrows towards the outlet, the plain on the 
 west widens, forming a beautiful and very fertile champaigne 
 called Ard el-Khait. The lake itself is also called el-Khait 
 by the Arabs. The water was clear and sweet, and the shore 
 muddy when we visited it. But a little further south, as 
 the Arabs informed us, it is abrupt and stony ; and such was 
 its appearance. Its surface is, in many places, covered with 
 a marsh plant, having very broad leaves. On its bosom were 
 , sporting a variety of water fowl. By our estimate the lake 
 may be about seven miles long, and its greatest width six. 
 But it very rapidly narrows on the western side towards the 
 outlet of the Jordan. On the north, the lake and the marsh 
 blend and intermingle ; but on all other sides the Huleh is as 
 well denned as any other lake. The land is in fact ploughed 
 quite down to the edge of the water. 
 
 During the dry season of the year the Arabs pasture their 
 cattle on the northern part of the marsh, and appear to pene- 
 trate as far down as the great mound already mentioned. 
 Below this it is wholly an impassable swamp. I asked an 
 Arab if I could not reach the lake through the marsh. He 
 regarded me with surprise for some time, as if to ascertain 
 whether I was in earnest, and then lifting his hand, he swore 
 by the Almighty, the Great, that not even a wild boar could 
 get through. This is probably correct. 
 
 The whole taken together is the largest marsh I have 
 seen. - It is perfectly level, and covered with flags and rushes. 
 Flocks almost innumerable of white sheep and black goats, 
 each with its shepherd before and dogs behind, are seen from 
 early dawn till evening, sauntering lazily along the eastern, 
 
112 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 northern, and western shores of the marsh. Droves of 
 camels, and herds of cows and buffaloes also enliven every 
 part of the plain ; whilst low ranges of tents here and there 
 stretch their black curtains along the reedy marsh, and asso- 
 ciate what is every- day and common-place with what is ancient 
 and patriarchal." 
 
 About ten miles south of the lake Huleh, the Jordan flows 
 into the lake of Gennezareth. Between the two lakes there 
 lies a tract of high uneven table land, through which flows 
 the Jordan into a narrow and somewhat tortuous valley, the 
 npper part a rapid stream, and the lower slow and turbid. 
 About half an hour below the lake Merom an old basaltic 
 stone bridge, still in good preservation, goes across the river. 
 It is called Jacob's Bridge, which name it owes to the 
 legendary belief that Jacob on his return from Mesopotamia 
 crossed the Jordan at this place. 1 Its erection took place 
 probably about the fifteenth century. It is about sixty 
 paces long, and is supported by four arches, and on its 
 eastern side is a tolerably extensive khan. The river here 
 is about eighty feet wide, and its depth is in few places over 
 four feet. Beside many other water plants, the papyrus reed 2 : 
 grows here in large quantities, and to a considerable height. 
 Further down upon the shores are found the Zakkum tree 3 , 
 Christ's Thorn 4 , so called because it is supposed to have 
 formed our Lord's thorny crown ; and among these are seen 
 profusely the blooming shrub of the Oleander. 
 
 The Lake of Tiberias has several names in the Bible. 
 In the Old Testament it is called the Sea of Chinnereth, from 
 a town of that name upon its shores. It is thus called in the 
 Old Testament only. 6 In the Apocryphal books it is called 
 the Water of Gennessar ; 6 in Josephus the Sea of Gennessar : 
 and in the New Testament, where it is very often mentioned, 
 the Sea of Gennesareth, or, according to another reading, 
 
 1 See Gen. xxxii. 22; xxxiii. 17, 18. 
 
 2 Cyperus Papyrus. 
 
 8 Elceagnus angustifolius ; narrow-leaved Oleaster, or Chaste Olive 
 Tree. 
 
 4 Rhamnus spina Christi. 
 
 5 Num. xxxiv. 11. Josh. xii. 3; xiii. 27. 
 
 6 1 Mace. xi. 67. 
 
CA> T AAN THE WATERS. 113 
 
 Gennesar, or the Sea of Galilee. 1 On the shores of this lake 
 our Saviour generally dwelt, and many of his miracles took 
 place upon and near it. 2 Such recollections, in conjunction 
 with the quiet, clear surface of the lake, and the deep blue 
 heavens which arch it over, may well awake the deep emotion 
 with which the scene has been by most travellers surveyed. 
 The Sea of Tiberias is a wide expansion of the Jordan, in a 
 deep valley encircled by mountains, which usually rise from 
 the water's edge in steep acclivities, until they reach the 
 height of 1000 or 1200 feet, except in the north-west, where 
 the hills are lower and more broken. Occasionally they recede 
 a little from the shore and form small plains of extreme 
 fertility. The lake is about twelve miles long, and five 
 broad ; the waters are pure and limpid, and abound with fish 
 as in the time of our Saviour. From its position between 
 high hills, it is exposed to sudden gusts of wind, as in our 
 Lord's time. There was, at the last accounts, not a single 
 boat upon the lake ; the last frail bark employed in bringing 
 wood from the opposite shore, having been purchased, and 
 subsequently abandoned in the Jordan by the American expe- 
 dition. 
 
 The rocks around the lake are lime-stone, and the whole 
 region is volcanic. Near Tiberias (which is the only town 
 on the lake), on the south-west shore, are several hot- 
 springs, and on the opposite side several others, at a short 
 distance from the shore. The opinion has been advanced that 
 the lake itself occupies the crater of an extinct volcano. Ac- 
 cording to the measurement of Lieutenant Symonds, the 
 surface of the lake is 32,898 feet below the level of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 The scenery of the lake has not the stern and awful 
 features of the Dead Sea, but is more rich in hallowed asso- 
 ciations, and more attractive in the softened beauties of the 
 landscape. The view of it from the western height breaks 
 upon the approaching traveller with singular power. 
 
 " We were," says Dr. Olin, 3 " upon the brow of what must 
 
 1 Matt. iv. 18; xv. 29. Mark, i. 16; vii. 31. John, vi. 1. Or 
 Sea of Tiberias, John, vi. 1 ; xxi. 1. 
 
 2 Matt. xiii. 2 ; viii. 2327- Mark, vi. 28. Luke, v. 18. 
 John, xxi. 1 11. 
 
 3 Travels in the East, ii. 388, 389. 1843. New York. 
 
 I 
 
114 SCKIPTUKE LANDS. 
 
 appear to a spectator at its base a lofty mountain, which 
 bounds the deep basin of the Sea of Galilee, and forms the 
 last step in the descent from the very elevated plain over 
 which he had journeyed during the long day. The sun had 
 just set behind us in a blaze of red light, which filled the 
 western sky for many degrees above the horizon, and was 
 slightly reflected from the smooth, glossy surface of the beau- 
 tiful lake, whose opposite shore was visible for many miles on 
 the right and left, rising abruptly out of the water into an 
 immense and continuous bulwark, several hundred feet in 
 height, grand, massive, but softened by graceful undulations, 
 and covered with a carpet of luxuriant vegetation from the 
 summit quite down to the water's edge. Beyond the lake 
 stretched out a vast, and, to our eyes, a boundless region, 
 filled up with a countless number of beautiful rounded hills, 
 all clad in verdure, which at this moment was invested with 
 a peculiar richness of colouring. In the remote distance, 
 though full in our view, the snowy top of Mount Hermon was 
 still glittering and basking in the beams of the sun, while a 
 chaste, cool drapery of white, fleecy clouds hung around its 
 base. The green, graceful form of Mount Tabor rose behind 
 us, while over the broad and well-cultivated plain, the 
 numerous fields of wheat, now of a dark luxuriant green, 
 contrasted very strongly and strangely with intervening 
 tracts of red, freshly-ploughed land. Independent of sacred 
 associations, this was altogether a scene of rare and unique 
 beauty, nay, of splendid magnificence." 
 
 The picturesque beauties of this charming scenery fre- 
 quently attracted the admiring gaze of this traveller, as he 
 reluctantly retired on his way to Safet. 
 
 " The sea is almost continually in sight, and the different 
 elevations, and ever-shifting points of view from which it 
 was seen, gave to this lovely expanse of water, reposing in its 
 deep bed, lustrous and glittering in the sunbeams like molten 
 silver, an endless variety of interesting forms and aspects. I 
 thought some of these views the most exquisitely beautiful of 
 any I had enjoyed of this deeply interesting region, but 
 perhaps it was because they were parting views of a region 
 so honoured and hallowed by the presence and ministry of the 
 adorable Saviour. My eye rested upon the ' Sea of Galilea,' 
 4 the coast of Magdala,' and the * land of Gennesaret,' upon the 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 115 
 
 site of Chorazin, Bethsaida, and Capernaum ' the cities where 
 most of His mighty works were done.' It 'passed over to the 
 other side,' and traced in various directions across the shining 
 lake the probable track of the ' little ships' in which ' He went 
 about doing good,' and that along which He came to his dis- 
 ciples, ' walking on the sea,' and where ' He rebuked the winds 
 and the sea, and there was a great calm.' Surely no region 
 on earth but Jerusalem and its environs alone is richer in 
 affecting associations ; and I felt now as I did upon bidding 
 adieu to the holy city, saddened and quite overpowered with 
 the thought that I should commune with these endeared 
 scenes no more." 1 
 
 It is, however, to be observed that other travellers give a 
 somewhat different impression of the scenery ; this we appre- 
 hend depends much upon the time of the year in which the 
 visit is made, whether in spring, when the scenery is invested 
 with a refreshing green from the recent rains, or in summer 
 and autumn, when every green thing has been dried away by 
 long- continued drought. 
 
 The River Jordan offers that portion of its course, which 
 is historically the most interesting, and geographically the 
 most important, in its way from the Lake of Tiberias to the 
 Dead Sea, in which its waters are lost. This portion of the 
 river was recently known only at one or two points, but has 
 lately been explored through its whole extent by Lieutenant 
 Lynch, of the American navy, who at his own request, was 
 sent by the Government with a party of picked men, and 
 with proper boats, on this particular and very interesting 
 service. This was in 1848. It is true that, in the pre- 
 ceding year, the whole of this portion of the river had been 
 explored by a British officer, Lieut. Molyneux, of H.M.S. 
 Spartan. But the river was too low to enable him to pass 
 down in his boat from the one lake to the other, as the 
 Americans did. It was carried partly on a camel, and the 
 lieutenant made his journey by land. Besides, even if he had 
 done this, the public would not have reaped the benefit, for 
 his untimely death prevented the results of his observations 
 from being imparted to the world. The notes which he left 
 
 Travels in the East, ii., 407, 408. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 were also in cipher, and not likely to be rendered available ; 
 and their value is now, indeed, superseded by our acquaintance 
 with the more complete exploration by Lieut. Lynch and his 
 companions. 
 
 The boats provided in America for this service were of 
 metal one of copper, and the other of galvanized iron. 
 These were mounted on trucks, and drawn by camels from 
 the sea-shore across the country to the Lake of Tiberias. 
 Here the only native boat upon that once populous lake was 
 taken into the service of the party, and the three proceeded 
 together to thread the whole course of the lower Jordan to 
 the Dead Sea. 
 
 There was, in fact, an important geographical problem to be 
 solved. It had been ascertained that the Dead Sea was more 
 than a thousand feet below the level of the Lake of Tiberias 
 and as the distance between the two was but sixty miles, this 
 would give a fall of about twenty feet per mile greater, it 
 was then thought, than any river in the world exhibited. 
 The Mohawk river in America was held to be the one of greatest 
 fall, and that averages not more than four or five feet to the 
 mile ; but it is now known that the Sacramento, in California, 
 has a fall of two thousand feet in twenty miles, or an average 
 of one hundred feet to a mile. It was then, however, thought 
 that such a fall as it seemed necessary to suppose in the case 
 of the Jordan, from the difference of level between the two 
 lakes which it connected, was without example ; and as the 
 course was presumed to be tolerably straight, and as it was 
 not known to contain any rapids, an error in the calculation 
 of the difference of level between the two lakes was more 
 than suspected. This problem it was left for Lieut. Lynch to 
 set at rest. In the first place, the river is full of rapids. 
 The boats plunged down no less than twenty-seven very 
 threatening ones, besides a great number of lesser magni- 
 tude ; and then, although the direct distance does, as stated, 
 not exceed sixty miles, the course of the river is made at 
 le ast two hundred miles by the exceedingly tortuous course of 
 its stream. This reduces the fall to not more than six feet 
 in the mile, for which the numerous rapids in the river suffi- 
 ciently account. 
 
 The descent by the river occupied no less than a week. 
 So great were the difficulties caused by the rapids, that in 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 117 
 
 two days not more than twelve miles were accomplished ; and 
 on the third day the wooden boat brought down from the sea 
 of Galilee was abandoned on account of her shattered con- 
 dition. None but metal boats could have stood the severe 
 work of this passage. It was, nevertheless, made at the 
 season of flood at the same time as the Israelites passed the 
 river and which, although the most unfavourable without 
 boats, should be the most favourable with them. In fact, it 
 is stated, that a few weeks earlier or later the passage down 
 the river in boats would, as in the case of Lieut. Molyneux, 
 have been impracticable, from the want of sufficient water to 
 carry them over the rapids. 
 
 The wide and deeply-depressed plain or valley (Ghor) 
 through which the river flows is generally barren, treeless, 
 and verdureless ; and the mountains, or rather cliffs and 
 slopes of the river-uplands present, for the most part, a 
 wild and cheerless aspect. We have no generalized descrip- 
 tion of the river; but the following condensed account, 
 which applies to the central part, may be taken as sufficiently 
 indicating the general character of the whole. 
 
 44 The mountains towards the west rose up like islands from 
 the sea, with the billows heaving at their bases. Deep rooted 
 in the plain, the bases of the mountains heaved the garment 
 of earth away, and rose abruptly in naked pyramidal crags, 
 each scar and fissure as plainly distinct as if we were within 
 reach, and yet we were hours away ; the laminations of their 
 strata resembling the leaves of some gigantic volume, wherein 
 is written, by the hand of God, the history of the changes he 
 has wrought. The plain, that sloped away from the bases of 
 the hills, was broken into ridges and multitudinous cone-like 
 mounds, resembling tumultuous water at the meeting of two 
 adverse tides ; and presented a wild and chequered tract of 
 land, with spots of vegetation flowering upon the frontiers of 
 irreclaimable sterility. A low, pale, and yellow ridge of 
 conical hills marked the termination of the higher terrace, 
 beneath which swept gently this lower plain with a similar 
 undulating surface, half redeemed from barrenness by spare 
 verdure and thistle-covered hillocks. Still lower was the 
 valley of the Jordan the sacred river ! its banks fringed 
 with perpetual verdure, winding in a thousand graceful 
 mazes ; the pathway cheered with songs of birds, and its own 
 
118 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 clear voice of gushing minstrelsy ; its course a bright line in 
 this cheerless waste. Yet, beautiful as it is, it is only ren- 
 dered so by contrast with the harsh calcined earth around." 1 
 
 The waters of the Jordan are described as being clear and 
 transparent, except in the immediate vicinity of the rapids 
 and falls ; and numerous fish are seen in its deep and steady 
 course. There is no trace of the lions and bears which once 
 were found in the thickets; but the tracks of a leopard* were 
 observed, and several wild boars were noticed. 
 
 On approaching the Dead Sea, the mountains on either 
 hand recede, or rather, the cleft which forms the valley of 
 the Jordan widens, having a broad plain traversed by the 
 river the portion on the west being called " the plain of 
 Jericho," and that on the east the " plain of Moab." It 
 was here that the Israelites crossed ; and here, probably, that 
 Jesus was baptized of John, when multitudes resorted to his 
 baptism. In that belief, and in the persuasion that the same 
 spot was the scene of both events, a pilgrim host comes yearly 
 from Jerusalem at Easter to bathe in the Jordan. This part 
 of the river has, therefore, been the most visited, and is the 
 best known. The American expedition adds nothing to the 
 information previously possessed respecting this portion of 
 the river. The lofty mountains that bound the valley of the 
 Jordan on both sides, continue to bear the same essential 
 characteristics which have been already indicated. Those to 
 the west are the most precipitous, while the eastern, rising 
 by a more gradual slope, attain to nearly double their eleva- 
 tion. The plain, generally, is bare of vegetation ; but about 
 a mile from the river, a meagre sprinkling of shrubs begins 
 to appear, giving the plain here much the appearance of the 
 more verdant parts of the Arabian desert. Half a mile 
 further we descend to a lower stage of the plain, into what 
 may be properly regarded as the outermost channel of the 
 river. This is separated from the higher level by a bank of 
 marl or clay, from thirty to forty feet in height, generally 
 precipitous, but cut through in many places by channels, 
 formed perhaps by the passage of the water that falls in the 
 rainy season upon the upper plain. The plain, along the 
 
 1 Lynch's Narrative of the Expedition to the Dead Sea and the 
 Jordan, pp. 232, 233. 
 
 2 They say "tiger," ignorant that Palestine never had tigers. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 119 
 
 base of this high bank, is covered with mud, but clay pre- 
 dominates towards the river, on approaching to which, one 
 is soon involved in a jungle of luxuriant shrubs and low, 
 tangled bushes. The immediate banks of the river are 
 covered with a low, luxuriant forest of willows, oleanders, 
 tamarisk, and cane. The highest of the trees do not attain 
 an elevation of more than thirty or forty feet, and few of 
 them are more than five or six inches in diameter. The 
 willow is held in high estimation by the pilgrims, who prefer 
 it for staves, which they dip in the river and preserve as 
 sacred memorials. It is this part of the channel, this lower 
 terrace, covered towards the stream with jungle, which is 
 covered with water when the river is in flood. Hence the 
 Scripture alludes to the wild beasts driven from their retreats 
 in the thickets by " the swellings" of the Jordan. Jer. xlix. 
 19. The inundation does not now, nor is there any proba- 
 bility that it ever did, extend beyond the wooded verge of 
 this lower terrace. Just beyond this narrow fertile tract, 
 the ground rises several feet, and the region extending thence 
 to the high bank, is quite too elevated to allow of the suppo- 
 sition of its being inundated by the overflowing of the river. 
 It exhibits no traces of such inundation ; and although the 
 river is usually visited at the season of flood in the spring, 
 no traveller has ever seen the waters extend beyond the 
 narrow verge already described. The language of the text, 
 in Joshua iii. 15, "Jordan overfloweth all his banks all the 
 time of harvest," does not necessarily imply an inundation of 
 greater extent than this. 
 
 In its proper channel, when the bed is full, but not over- 
 flowed, the river is in this part from thirty-five to forty yards 
 wide. The stream sweeps along with a rapid, turbid current. 
 The water is discoloured, and of a clayey hue, not unlike that 
 of the Nile, and although muddy is pleasant to the taste. It 
 has the appearance of being deep ; but we do not know that 
 the depth has been ascertained. Persons entering the stream 
 are soon out of their depth, and are borne rapidly towards 
 the Dead Sea by the current. 
 
 It will from these particulars be seen, that although only 
 relatively and historically an important river, the Jordan 
 still satisfies abundantly all the statements made in reference 
 to it by the sacred writers. It still " overfloweth all its banks 
 
120 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 in harvest ;" and a miracle would be no less necessary now 
 than in the days of Joshua, to enable an immense multitude 
 of men, women, and children, and flocks and herds, unprovided 
 with boats, to pass it at that season. 
 
 The Dead Sea. The name of " the Dead Sea" is not 
 known in Scripture, in which the lake so designated is called 
 by the various names of the East Sea, the Sea of Sodom, the 
 Sea of the Desert, and the Salt Sea. In Josephus and the 
 classical writers, it appears under the name of the Lake of 
 Asphaltites, from the great quantities of asphaltum or bitumen 
 it produced. The now current name doubtless originated in 
 the belief that no living thing could subsist in its waters. 
 There is no mention of it or allusion to it in the New Testa- 
 ment, and in the Old Testament its occurrence under the 
 names just indicated is less frequent than the geographical 
 importance and the remarkable nature of this lake might lead 
 us to expect. 
 
 Through the recent exploration by Lieutenant Lynch, of 
 which we have already spoken in connection with the river 
 Jordan, we are now in possession of as much information 
 respecting this lake as we are ever likely to acquire. It is 
 indeed curious that although the primary object of the 
 American expedition was the exploration of the Dead Sea, 
 and the passage down the Jordan was only incidental to that 
 exploration, yet the information afforded respecting the river 
 is more important than that supplied respecting the lake. 
 This is because the Jordan had not previously been explored, 
 and the information supplied concerning it was altogether 
 new ; but the Dead Sea had been carefully examined at 
 different points, and a tolerably correct idea of its extent, its 
 form, its general character, and the phenomena which it 
 exhibits, had already been collected from the reports which 
 various travellers had given respecting this lake ; it was not 
 therefore left for Lieutenant Lynch and his adventurous 
 companions to discover much that was new, so much as to 
 verify existing accounts, and to establish on the basis of a 
 scientific survey, facts already generally known. There had 
 long been a craving desire in some minds to make a thorough 
 exploration of this sea. In 1835 an Irish traveller named 
 Costigan, after an exposure of eight days upon the water, 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 121 
 
 died in a vain attempt to explore the lake ; and his sole 
 attendant in the expedition was too ignorant to afford any 
 satisfactory information as to the results. 
 
 On the more recent occasion it is somewhat singular that 
 a plan for exploring the lake was formed at nearly the same 
 time by two scientific gentlemen and skilful seamen, one 
 Lieutenant Molyneux of the British navy, and the other 
 Lieutenant Lynch of the United States' service. The plans 
 of these two officers for approaching and exploring the lake 
 were remarkably similar ; although neither could know that 
 the thoughts of the other were in that direction at all. 
 "But," as an American writer observes, "that two navy 
 officers of different services, and in parts of the world far 
 remote, should each without the knowledge of the other be 
 engaged with the same original idea, is one of those curious 
 coincidences of mental sympathy which is sometimes observed to 
 take place among men of science. The coincidence is as striking 
 as the case of Le Verrier and Adams with the new planet.' ' 
 
 On the 20th of August, 1847, Lieutenant Molyneux of Her 
 Majesty's ship " Spartan," was landed at Acre with a few hands. 
 Hiring guides, camels, and horses, he started early the next 
 morning with the ship's dingey, a very small boat, for the lake 
 of Tiberias, and on the 23rd he was embarked upon its waters. 
 The natives were very averse to his descending the Jordan ; but 
 by a show of arms, and by threats to shoot the Sheikhs who 
 annoyed him by the way, he made good his passage, which 
 was however partly accomplished by land, owing to the river 
 being in parts too low at that season to float his vessel. The 
 3rd of September found him fairly embarked on the Dead 
 Sea. The greatest depth which he found is said to have been 
 1350 feet. At noon on the 5th, the party returned to their 
 tent on the shore, completely worn out. Every person and 
 thing in the tent was covered with an offensive shiny sub- 
 stance from the water. The iron was corroded, and looked 
 as if covered with coal tar. Having disembarked, the dingey 
 was again mounted on the backs of camels, and the party 
 proceeded with it to Jerusalem. Lieutenant Molyneux 
 returned to his ship by way of Jaffa, and died soon after 
 getting on board, without having been able to prepare any 
 account of his exploration. The materials left behind him 
 being all "in cypher" perhaps short-hand rather, and we 
 
122 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 should suppose might yet be decyphered ; but this has ceased 
 to be a subject of anxiety, since we have the results of the 
 more complete American expedition, which spent no less 
 than three weeks upon the lake. That expedition was in 
 preparation in America at the time of Lieutenant Molyneux's 
 fatal attempt, and seven months after he abandoned the lake 
 the Americans started from Acre on the same exploration. 
 
 The results of that exploration, so far as regards the Jor- 
 dan, have been already given. The following statement of 
 the result as respects the Dead Sea is prepared from the 
 " Narrative" of Lieutenant Lynch, with a few touches from 
 the less complete statement of another person, apparently a 
 private sailor. 1 We shall first state the general result of the 
 exploration, and then particularly notice such observations as 
 bear upon the old opinions respecting the Dead Sea. 
 
 The expedition spent no less than twenty-two nights upon 
 the lake. During this time the whole circuit of it was made, 
 including the back-water at the southern extremity, which 
 had never before been explored in boats. Every object of 
 interest upon the banks was examined; and the lake was 
 crossed and re-crossed in a zigzag direction through its whole 
 extent, for the purpose of sounding. The figure of the lake, 
 as laid down in the sketch-map, is somewhat different from 
 that usually given to it. The breadth is more uniform 
 throughout ; it is less narrowed at the northern extremity, 
 and less widened on approaching the peninsula in the south. 
 In its general dimensions it is longer, but is not so wide as 
 usually represented. Its length by the map is forty miles, 
 by an average breadth of about nine miles. The observations 
 and facts from day to day are recorded in Lieutenant Lynch's 
 book ; and it is by reading them that the reader must realize 
 the impressions which the survey is designed to produce, for 
 the author does not combine his results in one clear and 
 connected statement ; unless perhaps in the following passage, 
 which is the substance of his communication to his govern- 
 ment, written upon the spot : 
 
 " We have carefully sounded the sea, determined its geo- 
 graphical position, taken the exact topography of its shores, 
 
 1 Published under the name of (i One of the Party/' but which, 
 for convenience, we shall indicate by the name of the editor Mon- 
 tague ; the book, though of little value, has some truthful touches. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 123 
 
 ascertained the temperature, width, depth, and velocity of its 
 tributaries, collected specimens of every kind, and noted the 
 winds, currents, changes of the weather, and all atmospheric 
 phenomena. These, with a faithful narrative of events, will 
 give a correct idea of this wonderful body of water as it 
 appeared to us. 
 
 From the summit of these cliffs, in a line a little north of 
 west, about sixteen miles distant, is Hebron, a short distance 
 from which Dr. Robinson found the dividing ridge between 
 the Mediterranean and this sea. From Beni Naiim, the 
 reputed tomb of Lot, upon that ridge, it is supposed that 
 Abraham looked ' toward all the land of the plain,' and be- 
 held the smoke ' as the smoke of a furnace.' The inference 
 from the Bible, that this entire chasm was a plain sunk and 
 i overwhelmed 1 by the wrath of God, seems to be sustained by 
 the extraordinary character of our soundings. The bottom of 
 this sea consists of two submerged plains, an elevated and 
 a depressed one ; the last averaging thirteen, the former 
 about thirteen hundred feet below the surface. Through the 
 northern, and largest and deepest one, in a line corresponding 
 with the bed of the Jordan, is a ravine, which again seems to 
 correspond with the Wady el-Jeib, or ravine within a ravine, 
 at the south end of the sea. 
 
 Between the Jabbok and this sea, we unexpectedly found 
 a sudden break down in the bed of the Jordan. If there be 
 a similar break in the water-courses to the south of the sea, 
 accompanied with like volcanic characters, there can scarce 
 be a doubt that the whole Ghor has sunk from some extra- 
 ordinary convulsion, preceded most probably by an irruption 
 of fire, and a general conflagration of the bitumen which 
 abounded in the plain. I shall ever regret that we were not 
 authorized to explore the southern Ghor to the Red Sea. 
 
 All our observations have impressed me forcibly with the 
 conviction that the mountains are older than the sea. Had 
 their relative levels been the same at first, the torrents would 
 have worn their beds in a gradual and correlative slope; 
 whereas, in the northern section, the part supposed to have 
 been so deeply engulfed, although a soft, bituminous lime- 
 stone prevails, the torrents plunge down several hundred 
 feet, while on both sides of the southern portion the ravines 
 come down without abruptness, although the head of Wady 
 
124 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Kerak is more than a thousand feet higher than the head of 
 Wady Ghuweir. Most of the ravines, too, have a southward 
 inclination near their outlets ; that of Zerka Main or Callirohoe 
 especially, which, next to the Jordan, must pour down the 
 greatest volume of water in the rainy season. But even if 
 they had not that deflection, the argument which has been 
 based on this supposition would be untenable ; for tributaries, 
 like all other streams, seek the greatest declivities without 
 regard to angular inclination. The Yarmuk flows into the 
 Jordan at a right angle, and the Jabbok with an accute one 
 to its descending course. 
 
 There are many other things tending to the same con- 
 clusion ; among them the isolation of the mountain of Usdum; 
 its difference of contour and of range, and its consisting 
 entirely of a volcanic product. 
 
 But it is for the learned to comment on the facts we have 
 laboriously collected. Upon ourselves the result is a decided 
 one. We entered upon this sea with conflicting opinions. 
 One of the party was sceptical, and another, I believe, a pro- 
 fessed unbeliever of the Mosaic account. After twenty-two 
 days' close investigation, if I am not mistaken, we are unani- 
 mous in the conviction of the truth of the Scriptural account 
 of the destruction of the cities of the plain. I record with 
 diffidence the conclusions we have reached, simply as a pro- 
 test against the shallow deductions of would-be -unbelievers." 1 
 
 The reader finds little in this to confirm the ancient and 
 popular impressions regarding the Dead Sea ; and on examin- 
 ing the report of daily observations, mixed up as it is with 
 personal incidents and circumstances, as little is found, while 
 much may be detected which accounts for the origin of the 
 impressions which vulgar tradition has brought down to us. 
 In fact, all recent research confirms the intimations which the 
 Scriptures furnish, and disproves almost everything which 
 these intimations do not comprise. 
 
 We no sooner, however, get out of the Bible into the 
 Apocrypha, than we are in the region of exaggeration and 
 tradition. The author of the Wisdom of Solomon, speaking 
 of the cities of the plain, says " Of whose wickedness even 
 to this day the waste land that smoketh is a testimony, and 
 
 1 Narrative, pp. 378380. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 125 
 
 plants bearing fruits that never come to ripeness; and a 
 standing pillar of salt is a monument of an unbelieving soul." 
 x. 7. Here are three points smoke rising from the lake ; 
 plants whose fruits will not ripen in this atmosphere ; and 
 the pillar of salt into which Lot's wife was turned. 
 
 Now it must be confessed that this smoke was a very 
 suitable incident for the imagination to rest upon. It was in 
 keeping. It agreed with the doom in which at least the 
 southern gulf of the lake originated, and suggested that the 
 fires then kindled, and by which the guilty cities were con- 
 sumed, still smouldered in the depths or upon the shores of 
 the asphaltic lake. This smoke, however, turns out to be no 
 other than the dense mist from the active evaporation going 
 on upon the surface, which often overhangs the lake in the 
 morning, and is only dissipated as the sun waxes hot. This 
 is frequently mentioned by the expeditionists. It is seen not 
 exclusively in the morning : 
 
 " At one time to-day the sea assumed an aspect peculiarly 
 sombre. Unstirred by the wind, it lay smooth and unruffled 
 as an inland lake. The great evaporation enclosed it in a thin 
 transparent vapour, its purple tinge contrasting strongly with 
 the extraordinary colour of the sea beneath, and where they 
 blended in the distance, giving it the appearance of smoke 
 from burning sulphur. It seemed a vast caldron of metal, 
 fused but motionless." 1 
 
 The idea of fire, which is connected with that of smoke, 
 may in part also have originated in the intensely phospho- 
 rescent character of these heavy waters by night. We are 
 not certain that this has been noticed by any other than the 
 present travellers. "The surface of the sea," says Lieutenant 
 Lynch, " was one wide sheet of phosphorescent foam, and 
 the waves, as they broke upon the shore, threw a sepulchral 
 light upon the dead bushes and scattered fragments of rock." 
 
 Then there are the " fruits which will not ripen." It is 
 evident that there are many plants to which the saline ex- 
 halations and intense heat of the deep basin of the Dead Sea 
 must be uncongenial, and which will therefore scarcely bring 
 forth fruit to perfection ; but there are others with which 
 these conditions agree well, and which will there yield their 
 
 Narrative,}). 324, 
 
126 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 fruits. There is not much evidence on this subject to be 
 found in travellers, who have seldom been there in the season 
 of fruit. But the expeditionists found divers kinds of plants 
 and shrubs in vigorous blossom, and which might therefore 
 be expected to yield their fruits in due season. However, 
 the general character of the shores is dismal, from the general 
 absence of vegetation except at particular spots ; and it must 
 be admitted that the exhalations and saline deposits are as 
 unfriendly to vegetable life as the waters are to animal 
 existence. 
 
 We suspect, however, that the writer of Wisdom had in 
 view those same famous apples of Sodom, of which Josephus 
 speaks as of a peculiar product of the shores of this lake. 
 " These fruits," says Josephus, " have a colour as if they were 
 fit to be eaten ; but if you pluck them with your hands, they 
 dissolve into smoke and ashes." So Tacitus : " The herbage 
 may spring up, and the trees may put forth their blossoms, 
 they may even attain the usual appearance of maturity, but 
 with this florid outside, all within turns black, and moulders 
 into dust." This plant has of course been much sought after 
 by travellers. Hasselquist and others thought it the fruit of 
 the Solanum Melongena or egg-plant, which is abundant in 
 this quarter, but which only exhibits the required character- 
 istics when attacked by insects. But since Seetzen and Irby 
 and Mangles, there has been no question that the renowned 
 " apple of Sodom" is no other than the Osher of the Arabs, 
 the Asclepias procera of the early writers, but now forming 
 part of the genus Callotropis. The plant is a perennial, 
 specimens of which have been found from ten to fifteen feet 
 high, and seven or eight feet in girth. It is a grey, cork -like 
 bark, with long oval leaves. The fruit resembles a large 
 smooth apple or orange, and when ripe is of a yellow colour. 
 It is even fair to the eye, and soft to the touch, but when 
 pressed, it explodes with a puff, leaving in the hand only the 
 shreds of the rind and a few fibres. It is indeed chiefly filled 
 with air like a bladder which gives it the round form, while 
 in the centre it is like a pod, containing a quantity of fine silk 
 with seeds. W T hen green, the fruit, like the leaves and the 
 bark, affords, when cut or broken, a viscous, white, milky fluid, 
 called by the Arabs Osher-milk (Leben-osher), and regarded 
 by them as a cure for barrenness. This plant, however, 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 127 
 
 which from being in Palestine found only on the shores of 
 the Dead Sea, was locally regarded as being the special and 
 characteristic product of that lake, is produced also in Nubia, 
 Arabia, and Persia ; which at once breaks up this one of the 
 mysteries of the Dead Sea. It is no doubt found on these 
 shores from the climate being here warmer, and therefore 
 more congenial to it than in any other part of Palestine. 
 
 As to the pillar of salt into which Lot's wife was turned, 
 the existence of which has been recorded by many traditons, 
 and of which so many travellers have heard vague reports 
 from the natives ; it is one of the most remarkable discoveries 
 of our expedition, that a pillar of salt does exist, which is, 
 without doubt, that to which the native reports refer, and 
 which, or one like which, may have formed the basis of the 
 old traditions. That this pillar, or any like it, is or was that 
 into which Lot's wife was turned, is another question, which 
 it is not needful here to discuss. The word rendered " a 
 pillar," denotes generally any fixed object; and that rendered 
 "salt," denotes also bitumen; and the plain significancy of 
 the text would therefore seem to be, that she was slain by 
 the fire and smoke, and sulphureous vapour ; and her body 
 being pervaded and enveloped by the bituminous and saline 
 particles, lay there a stiffened and shapeless mass. The text 
 appears to mean no more ; but whether this mass may not 
 have formed the nucleus of a mound, or even of a pillar of the 
 same substance, forming as it were the unhonoured grave of 
 this unbelieving woman, is a question we are not called upon 
 to consider. If the text did require us to understand literally 
 "a pillar of salt," we should thereby know that it existed, and 
 should suppose it likely that it exists still ; and the question 
 would then be whether this, which our travellers have found, 
 is that pillar or not. We should probably think not. This 
 pillar is on the west shore of the lake, whereas the site of Zoar, 
 to which Lot fled, has been identified on the east. Besides 
 this pillar is upon a hill, whereas the visitation evidently 
 befell Lot's wife in the plain. The following is the account 
 of it which Lieutenant Lynch gives : 
 
 To our astonishment we saw, on the eastern side of 
 Usdum, one-third the distance from its north extreme, a lofty, 
 round pillar, standing apparently detached from the general 
 mass at the head of a deep, narrow, and abrupt chasm. We 
 
128 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 immediately pulled in for the shore, and Dr. Anderson and I 
 went up and examined it. The beach was a soft, slimy mud, 
 encrusted with salt, and a short distance from the water, 
 covered with saline fragments, and flakes of bitumen. We 
 found the pillar to be of solid salt, capped with carbonate of 
 lime, cylindrical in front, and pyramidal behind. The upper 
 or rounded part is about forty feet high, resting on a kind of 
 oval pedestal, from forty to sixty feet above the level of the 
 sea. It slightly decreases in size upwards, crumbles at the 
 top, and is one entire mass of crystallization. A prop or 
 buttress connects it with the mountain behind, and the whole 
 is covered with debris of a light stone colour. Its peculiar 
 shape is attributable to the action of the winter rains. The 
 Arabs had told us in vague terms that there was to be found 
 a pillar somewhere upon the shores of the sea, but their 
 statements in all other respects had proved so unsatisfactory, 
 that we could place no reliance on them." 
 
 Among the other traditions of the lake are those which 
 speak of the peculiar density and saline qualities of the 
 waters ; that, from the buoyancy imparted to them by this 
 density, bodies could not sink in them ; that, from the in- 
 gredients they hold in solution, no animal life could exist 
 in these waters ; and that, from the pestiferous effluvia, no 
 birds are found near the lake, and that such as attempt to fly 
 across fall dead upon the surface. 
 
 As to the density of the waters, it is said by Josephus that 
 Vespasian tried the experiment of tying the hands of some 
 criminals behind their backs, and throwing them into the 
 lake, when they floated like corks upon the surface. This 
 was, it must be admitted, not a very sagacious experiment, 
 the position of the hands behind the back, wherein the dan- 
 gerous weight of the arms is supported by the water, being 
 the most favourable to floating safely in any waters. This, 
 therefore, could not prove that bodies would not sink ; yet 
 being thought to prove that, or to have been intended to prove 
 it, Dr. Pococke's assurance that he not only swam but dived 
 in the water, was thought to show either that the experiment 
 had not been correctly stated, or that the water had, in the 
 course of ages, become more diluted than at the time Vespa- 
 sian's experiment was made. This indeed is one of the points 
 in which tradition has not erred. From the impregnation of 
 
CANAAN THE WATEliS. 129 
 
 saline and bituminous matters, this water is greatly heavier 
 than that of the ocean. This has been shown by many travel- 
 lers for a hundred and fifty years past, and scarcely needs the 
 confirmation which the American explorers afford. Their long 
 stay on the lake enabled them, however, to collect a greater 
 number of practical illustrations of the fact. We will put a few 
 of them together from both the books we have named. Some 
 of the particulars almost suggest the idea of a sea of molten 
 metal, still fluid, though cold. The sailor, who took his share 
 in rowing, is most sensible of one of the effects which his 
 commander less notices the unusual resistance of the waves 
 to the progress of the boat, and the force of their concussion 
 against it. There was a storm of wind when the lake was 
 first entered ; and, says this writer, M the waves, dashing with 
 fury against the boat, reminded its bold navigators of the 
 sound and force of some immense sledge-hammers, when 
 wielded by a Herculean power." Again, he dwells on " the 
 extraordinary buoyancy of the waters, from the fact of our 
 boats floating considerably higher than on the Jordan, with 
 the same weight in them ; and the greater weightiness of the 
 water, from the terrible blows which the opposing waves 
 dealt upon the advancing prows of the boat.*' There was 
 another circumstance resulting from this density, noticed by 
 the commander, that when the sea rolled, the boats took in 
 much water from the crests of the waves circling over the 
 sides. Before quitting the lake, Lieutenant Lynch " tried 
 the relative density of the water of this sea and of the 
 Atlantic ; the latter from 25 deg. N. latitude and 52 deg. 
 W . longitude ; distilled water being as 1 . The water of the 
 Atlantic was 1.02, and of this sea 1.13. The last dissolved 
 TT ; the water of the Atlantic \ ; and distilled water -f f of its 
 weight of salt ; the salt used was a little damp. On leaving 
 the Jordan, we carefully noted the draught of the boats. 
 With the same loads they drew one inch less water when 
 afloat upon this sea than in the river.'" 1 
 
 Of the experiments in bathing, little is added to tnose ere- 
 while so graphically recorded by Mr. Stephens in his Incidents 
 of Travels. Stephens says, M It was ludicrous to see one of 
 the horses. As soon as his body touched the water he was 
 
 1 Narrative, p. 377* 
 
130 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 afloat, and turned over on his side ; he struggled with all his 
 force to preserve his equilibrium, but the moment he stopped 
 moving he turned over on his side, and almost on his back, 
 kicking his feet out of water, and snorting with terror." 
 This is closely imitated by Montague, who writes, " An ex- 
 periment with an ass and a horse was also made. They were 
 separately led into the sea, and when the water came in con- 
 tact with the body of the animals, it was found heavier than 
 the body itself, and consequently supported it upon the surface. 
 The legs of the animals being rendered useless, were brought 
 upon the surface, and they were thrown upon their side, 
 plunging and snorting, puzzled by their novel position." l 
 Now, Lieutenant Lynch, in reporting the same experiment, 
 expressly says, that the animals were not turned on their 
 sides ; and he is at a loss to account for Stephens' state- 
 ment, but by supposing that the animal was in that case 
 unusually weak. He admits, indeed, " that the animals turned 
 a little on one side," but adds, that " they did not lose their 
 balance." A similar experiment was made at another time 
 with a horse, which " could with difficulty keep itself up- 
 right." In bathing himself, the commander says, 4k With 
 great difficulty I kept my feet down ; and when I laid [lay] 
 upon my back, and drawing up my knees placed my hands 
 upon them, I rolled immediately over." 
 
 The unpleasant effects of the water upon the skin have been 
 often noticed by travellers. Our explorers, from the length 
 of time they spent upon the lake, had the fullest opportunities 
 >f ascertaining its qualities in this respect. 
 
 " After being in it some hours it takes off all the skin, and 
 ^ives great discomfort ; on washing in it, it spreads over the 
 body a disagreeable oily substance, with a prickly smarting 
 sensation. Another peculiarity was, that when the men's 
 hands became wet with it in rowing, it produced a continual 
 lather, and even the skin is oily and stiff, having a prickly 
 sensation all over it. Hence they washed with delight, 
 when opportunities offered, in the fresh- water streams that 
 came down to the sea. 2 Again we had quite a task to wash 
 from our skin all the uncomfortable substances which had 
 clung to us from the Dead Sea, for our clothes and skin had 
 become positively saturated with the salt water." 3 
 
 1 Montague, p. 219. 2 Lynch, p. 181. 3 Ibid. p. 189. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 131 
 
 But although thus unpleasant, acrid, and greasy, we are 
 assured by Lieutenant Lynch that the water is perfectly in- 
 odorous. And he ascribes the noxious smells which pervade 
 the shores, not, as Molyneux supposed, to the lake itself, but 
 to the foetid springs and marshes along the shore, increased 
 perhaps by exhalations from the stagnant pools upon the flat 
 plain, which bounds the lake to the north. Elsewhere, he 
 contends, that the saline and inodorous exhalations from the 
 lake itself must be rather wholesome than otherwise ; and as 
 there is but little verdure upon the shores, there can be no 
 vegetable exhalations to render the air impure. The evil is 
 in the dangerous and depressing influence from the intense 
 heat, and from the acrid and clammy quality of the waters 
 producing a most irritated state of the skin, and eventually 
 febrile symptoms and great prostration of strength. Under 
 these influences, in a fortnight, although the health of the 
 men seemed substantially sound, "the figure of each had 
 assumed a dropsical appearance. The lean had become stout, 
 and the stout almost corpulent ; the pale faces had become 
 florid, and those which were florid, ruddy; moreover, the 
 slightest scratch festered, and the bodies of many of us were 
 covered with small pustules. The men complained bitterly 
 of the irritation of their sores, whenever the acrid water of 
 the sea touched them. Still all had good appetites, and I 
 hoped for the best." l 
 
 Remarkable effects are afforded by the saline deposits 
 upon the shores. On the peninsula towards the south end 
 M There are few bushes, their stems partly buried in the 
 water, and their leafless branches incrusted with salt, which 
 sparkled as trees do at home when the sun shines upon them 
 after a heavy sleet." 2 " Overhauled the copper boat, which 
 wore away rapidly in this living sea. Such was the action 
 of the fluid upon the metal, that the latter, so long as it w r as 
 exposed to its immediate friction, was as bright as burnished 
 gold, but when it came in contact with the air, it corroded 
 immediately." 3 "The shores of the beach before me, as I 
 write, are incrusted with salt, and looked exactly as if 
 white- washed." 4 "The sands are not so bright as those of 
 
 1 Lynch, p. 336. 2 Ibid., p. 298. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 344. 4 Ibid., p. 344. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 SCRIPTURE LANDS 
 
 the Mediterranean and Atlantic Oceans, but of a darkish 
 brown colour, and have the same taste as the sea-water, 
 although it seldom distributes its waves over them." 1 "We 
 noticed, after landing at Usdum, that, in the space of an 
 hour, our very foot-prints upon the beach were coated with 
 crystallization." 2 "A book of a large octavo size, being 
 dipped in the water, either by accident or otherwise, resisted 
 every attempt made to dry it. I have subsequently seen it 
 in the oven of the ship's galley on several occasions, but 
 without any permanent effect." 3 
 
 " In the salt streams there are plenty of fish, which, 
 when they are unfortunately carried into the Dead Sea by the 
 stream, or caught in their own element by the experimentalist, 
 and thrown into it, at once expire and float. The same expe- 
 riment was made and repeated at the mouth of the Jordan, 
 with ourselves, of fish which we caught there, and cast into 
 the sea; and nature, alike in both instances, immediately 
 refused her life- supporting influence." 4 
 
 The commander himself cites a still more extraordinary 
 fact. In a note at p. 377 of his work, he says, u Since our 
 return, some of the water of the Dead Sea has been subjected 
 to a powerful microscope, and no animalculee or vestige of 
 animal matter could be detected." 
 
 The scarcity of vegetation upon the bushes would account 
 for the comparative absence of land birds from the lake ; and 
 the absence of fishes and other aquatic creatures from the 
 waters would sufficiently explain the absence of aquatic fowl. 
 There is no doubt, for these causes, some scarcity of birds 
 here as compared with other lakes. But the notion that the 
 effluvia of the waters were fatal to birds that attempted to 
 pass, has been disproved during the present century by a 
 great accumulation of evidence, which our explorers have 
 been enabled largely to confirm. In fact, though we have 
 long ceased to have any doubts on this point, we feel some- 
 what surprised at the number and variety of birds that are 
 mentioned as found upon the borders of the lake, as flying 
 over it, or as skimming its surface. It is scarcely worth 
 while to multiply instances of what almost every recent 
 
 Montague, p. 186. 2 Ibid., p. 207. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 224, 4 Ibid., p. 223. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 133 
 
 traveller has noticed. One instance is sufficient and con- 
 clusive, which is, that wild ducks were more than once seen 
 floating at their ease on the surface of the lake. The tradi- 
 tion, now to be treated as obsolete, probably originated in 
 the bodies of dead birds being found on the shore or upon the 
 water. Such were indeed three times picked up by our tra- 
 vellers; but Lieutenant Lynch feels assured that they had 
 perished from exhaustion, and not from any malaria of the 
 sea. 1 
 
 Before quitting the Dead Sea, there is one point to which 
 we feel bound to refer, as it is one of special geographical 
 interest. It is probably the general impression among the 
 readers of Scripture that the vale or inclosed plain now covered 
 by the waters of the Dead Sea was formerly dry land, and 
 formed as a whole the fertile district, " well- watered every- 
 where," which Lot sought for its exuberant pastures. On 
 looking more closely, however, a difficulty is seen which may 
 at the first view elude our notice. It is clear that the Jordan 
 must always have come into this vale as it does at present ; 
 and the general impression doubtless is, that it was then 
 traversed by that stream, which contributed greatly to its 
 beauty and productiveness ; besides which there were other 
 lesser streams lesser, but still considerable, particularly in 
 the winter which must then as now have entered the same 
 basin, adding their waters to the Jordan. This altogether 
 forms a large body of water continually passing into the vale, 
 and the question was, What became of it after passing through 
 this inclosed plain before there was a lake to receive it? 
 There appeared no satisfactory solution. It was seen that it 
 could not have gone off westward nor south-westward to the 
 Mediterranean, on account of the height of the intervening 
 district, and the same objection appeared to apply to its pro- 
 gress to the Red Sea. Some thought that it might have been 
 absorbed by irrigation ; but the water would have been far 
 
 1 . Narrative of the United States 9 Expedition to the Dead Sea. By 
 W. H. Lynch, U.S.N. Commander of the Expedition. London, 1849. 
 Narrative of the Expedition to the Dead Sea, From a Diary by One 
 of the Party. Edited by Edward P. Montague. Philadelphia, 1849. 
 And a Review of the two books in the North British Review, 
 No. 22. August, 1849. 
 
134 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 more than sufficient to irrigate a vastly larger area than that 
 of the vale, had every inch of it been under cultivation ; and 
 that it was far from being wholly under cultivation is shown 
 by the fact that Lot repaired to this vale with his abundant 
 flocks and herds for pasturage. It was then thought by some 
 that the river had a subterraneous outlet to the Mediterranean ; 
 and although this was objectionable as a purely conjectural 
 hypothesis, there appeared no better mode of surmounting this 
 very serious difficulty. 
 
 Thus the question rested until the researches of Burckhardt 
 in this region, in the year 1816, brought to light the very im- 
 portant and interesting fact that a broad valley, like the bed 
 of a river, extends along the mountains of Seir all the way 
 from the Dead Sea to the eastern arm of the Red Sea, 
 anciently known as the iElanitic Gulf, and now as the Gulf 
 of Akabah. We had thus at once provided for us a very 
 satisfactory solution of the difficulty. What could seem more 
 plain and evident than that previously to the formation in 
 that day when the Lord overthrew Sodom of the lake now 
 called the Dead Sea, the river Jordan, enhanced by tributary 
 waters, made its way down the valley to the Red Sea ? 
 
 It was therefore not without regret that at a later period 
 we beheld this beautifully simple hypothesis apparently give 
 way before the considerations urged against it by Professor 
 Robinson in his invaluable Biblical Researches in Palestine. 
 He argued that the Jordan could never have flowed down the 
 valley in question, seeing there is not a descent in that valley 
 towards the Dead Sea, but an ascent from the lake to it ; and 
 that in fact the waters of this vale (called the Arabah), do in 
 the northern part direct their course towards the Dead Sea, 
 and not from it. This discovery, while it throws a great and 
 apparently insurmountable obstacle in the way of the previous 
 hypothesis, enabled Dr. Robinson to dispose of the waters of 
 the Jordan, by leading him to conclude that a lake, receiving 
 the waters of the south as well as of the north, did always 
 exist in the plain ; but it was supposed that the waters were, 
 before the destruction of Sodom, sweet and wholesome, and 
 that the lake was of less extent than it afterwards became. 
 In fact it seems to be assumed that the increase was formed 
 by the submersion of that comparatively small portion (about 
 one-fourth of the whole), which now forms the southern ^x- 
 
CANAAN THE WATE2S. 133 
 
 tremity or bay of the Jake, separated therefrom partly even 
 now by a peninsula. 
 
 With this we were obliged to be content, though far from 
 satisfied, as there still remained some considerable difficulties. 
 It had always been felt that even the whole basin of the Dead 
 Sea was but a small area for the dominion of the five kings, 
 while thus they were driven into a mere corner of the space 
 previously allowed them. All the five cities must have been 
 in this contracted area. They were at least considerable 
 cities for that age ; and when a country is still thinly peopled, 
 we do not find towns so near one another as under this hypo- 
 thesis these must have been. Within that space their very 
 gardens and orchards (which commonly extend to a consider- 
 able distance around even small towns in the East), must 
 have touched each other, without a provision for arable fields. 
 How then was there so much free pasture that Lot removed 
 into the plain with all his herds to enjoy it ? Again, it is 
 clear that in Genesis xiii. 10, the plain to which Lot went is 
 called " the plain of the Jordan," implying that the Jordan 
 flowed through it ; whereas if a lake had been previously 
 there, that lake lay between him and the Jordan, seeing that 
 he must have been in the land at the southern extremity of it. 
 Again it is said that the land to which Lot went, this M plain 
 of the Jordan," was " well- watered everywhere before the 
 Lord destroyed Sodom ; like the garden of the Lord, like the 
 land of Egypt, till we come to Zoar" (the southernmost of the 
 five cities). " Well- watered" indicates a river, not a lake; 
 so does the comparison to Egypt and its Nile ; and how could 
 the whole district, from north to south, be like the garden of 
 the Lord, if three-fourths of the whole surface was covered by 
 the waters of a lake ? 
 
 In view of these difficulties we much desired to see our 
 way back to the perfect satisfaction and comfort which the 
 anterior hypothesis afforded ; and we rejoice to say that this 
 seems to have been found, or at least indicated, by the late 
 American Expedition to the Dead Sea. The narrator of the 
 expedition, as we have just seen, considers the inference from 
 the Scripture account to be, that this entire chasm was a 
 plain, sunk and " overwhelmed" by the wrath of God ; and this 
 he considers to be sustained by the extraordinary character of 
 the soundings obtained. From these it was seen that the 
 
136 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 bottom of the lake consists of two submerged plains, an 
 elevated and a depressed one. The former, which is merely 
 the southern bay, is at an average of thirteen feet below the 
 water. The other, or northern part, forming the great body 
 of the lake, lies fully thirteen hundred feet below the surface. 
 Through this largest and deepest portion, in a line correspond- 
 ing with the bed of the Jordan, runs a ravine, which again 
 seems to correspond with the Wady el-Jeib, or ravine within 
 a ravine, at the south end of the Dead Sea. The obvious 
 inference from this is, that the channel of the Jordan through 
 this plain, with the plain itself through which it flowed, sank 
 down, leaving the ancient channel of the river through the 
 middle still distinguishable. Thus, of course, would be formed 
 a deep basin to receive and retain, with a sufficient expansion 
 for their passing away by evaporation, the waters which 
 formerly passed onward through the plain. This depression 
 seems to have been not wholly confined to the present bed of 
 the Dead Sea, which was thus but an expanded part of the 
 valley of the Jordan, but to have extended its influence cer- 
 tainly to the higher or northern, and probably to the lower or 
 southern, portion of the Jordan's bed. The narrator, in the 
 account already quoted, says : " Between the Jabbok 1 and 
 this sea we unexpectedly found a sudden break-down in the 
 bed of the Jordan. If there be a similar break-down in the 
 water-courses to the south of the sea, accompanied with the 
 like volcanic characters, there can scarcely be a doubt that 
 the whole Ghor (a valley of the Jordan, including the Dead 
 Sea), has sunk from some extraordinary convulsion, preceded 
 probably by an eruption of fire, and a general conflagration of 
 the bitumen which abounded in the plain." 2 
 
 Now it certainly appears from the accounts of Robinson, 
 Bertou, Rowlands, and others, that there are corresponding 
 traces of a " break-down" by some great convulsion in the 
 valley to the south of the lake ; and it is more than probable 
 that this had something to do with the creation of the existing 
 tendency of the waters of the valley to flow towards the Dead 
 Sea. This, therefore, which is the sole fact against the con- 
 clusion that formerly the river Jordan, after flowing through 
 
 1 The Jabbok enters the Jordan about twelve miles above the 
 Dead Sea. 
 
 a Daily Bible Readings, \. 255259. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 137 
 
 the vale of Siddim, pursued its onward course to the Red Sea, 
 can no longer be quoted with entire confidence in disproof of 
 that hypothesis. The matter requires further investigation 
 on the spot ; and we lament with Lieutenant Lynch that the 
 tenor of his commission did not authorize him to extend his 
 explorations into the southern valley. 
 
 Besides the Jordan, Palestine has no rivers of importance, 
 and the greater part can hardly be termed " rivers,"' but 
 simply brooks, which flow down from the mountains either 
 towards the Mediterranean on the one side, or towards the 
 Jordan on the other. Such brooks are called Wadys ; a 
 Wady in Arabic means properly not only a valley, but also 
 the water which flows through it. The proper word for 
 river Nahr, is used synonymously therewith. A few of these 
 wadys are perennial streams ; the greater number are only 
 winter torrents, that is, they are such as do not receive their 
 waters from springs, but merely during and after the rainy 
 season possess a more or less copious stream of water. But 
 in the hot part of the year these are dried up, and their 
 channels become empty. 
 
 We may now proceed to indicate the most considerable 
 of these, first considering those which empty themselves on 
 the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and then such as 
 westward and eastward discharge themselves into the Jordan 
 and its lakes. The most important northern river is the 
 Litany, probably the Leontes of the ancients. It rises south 
 of Baalbek; breaks by a deep ravine the chain of Lebanon 
 and Antilebanon to the southern point of the former, Jebel 
 ed-Drus, and there empties itself about two hours north 
 of Tyre into the sea, by the name of Nahr el-Kasimiyeh, 
 which signifies Division, and probably therefore denotes 
 that the river serves for the boundary line of two contiguous 
 districts. Along the coast of Tyre as far as Acre, a number 
 of small coast rivers fall into the sea, some of which are 
 of sufficient geographical or historical note to claim particular 
 notice. Just below Acre the small river Belus of the 
 ancients, now Nahr Na'man pours forth its waters. This 
 stream is famed for the art of manufacturing glass having 
 been first discovered on its shores. It does not seem to be 
 distinctly mentioned in Scripture : but perhaps it is the Sihor 
 Libnah (Glass river) of Josh. xix. 26. On the southern 
 
138 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 border of the plain of Acre, along the base of Carmel passes 
 the Nahr el-Mukatta, the Kishon of the Bible, which 
 comes from the plain of Esdraelon. Most ancient writers 
 place its source in Mount Tabor ; and this is correct, so far 
 that the waters rising west and south-west of Tabor How 
 to the Kishon ; but not less considerable are the contributions 
 which flow to its bed from the southern part of the plain 
 westward of Little Hermon and Mount Gilboa, as well as 
 from the hilly chain which connects Carmel with the moun- 
 tains of Samaria. The waters of the plain el-Buttauf like- 
 wise flow to the river Kishon, but their junction takes place 
 not far from its mouth. All these brooks in the plain are 
 only winter brooks, and in the summer are without water : 
 nevertheless the Kishon is towards its outlet a perennial 
 stream, possessing a by no means scanty supply of water, 
 being in this part fed from springs which come down 
 from Carmel, or lie in the valley at its foot. Here, pro- 
 bably, somewhere along the permanent stream, it was that 
 Elijah slew the prophets of Baal. On the Kishon, also, 
 was fought the great battle in which Deborah and Barak 
 defeated Sisera, 1 and the river must then have had as much 
 water as now, and probably more ; for large numbers of the 
 Canaanites were drowned in the river, or, at least, as some 
 interpret, the corpses of the slain were carried away by 
 the stream. 2 
 
 Southward of Carmel flow again, from its south-west 
 declivity, and from the hills thereon, a number of small coast 
 rivers. The wadys lying further south receive their waters 
 from the valleys of Mount Ephraim and Judea, and from the 
 hilly country lying between these and the plain. The small 
 river, Nahr Arsuf, has a northern and a southern arm, the 
 former connected with the valleys of Nabulus and Sebustieh. 
 Two hours north of Jaffa the river el-Aujeh, (sometimes also 
 called Belias, St. Peter) flows into the sea, after receiving 
 through Wady Kurawa, the waters of several important 
 wadys, (on one of which Shiloh was situated) that have their 
 rise upon the ridge of Mount Ephraim. All the wadys lying 
 on the western side of the mountain ridge between Bireh and 
 Bethlehem, unite themselves to a great wady, which comes 
 out into the plain under the name of Nahr (or Wady) Rubin, 
 
 1 Judg. iv. 5. 2 Judg. v. 20, 2!. 
 
CANAAN THE WATEES. 139 
 
 when it takes the direction in the great plain of south-east 
 to north-west, and flows into the sea seven miles south of 
 Jaffa. This wady is formed by the junction of three principal 
 arms or branches. The northern arm is a broad, fine, de- 
 pressed plain, Merj (Meadow) Ibn Amir, which runs from west 
 to north quite through the hilly land, and then bends south- 
 west through the great plain of Esdraelon, to which it 
 imparts its name. The middle arm, which has a general 
 direction from east to north-west, is called Wady Surar, which 
 name is also given to the valley for some distance after the 
 junction with the Merj ibn- Amir. The southern arm is called 
 Wady es-Sunt, so called from the number of Sunt trees (a spe- 
 cies of Acacia) which grow in and near it. The valleys upon 
 the western road running down from Bethlehem and Hebron 
 appear all to re-unite in the great Wady Simsim (Samson r), 
 which, after having taken up the great Wady el-Hasy, 
 empties itself into the sea near Ascalon. South of Gaza the 
 Wady Sheriah empties itself, which probably takes up the 
 Wady el-Khalil coming from the south of Hebron, and 
 further on called Wady es-Seba, in which Beersheba was 
 situated. Southward, at the south-east angle of the Mediter- 
 ranean sea, is the great Wady el-Arish, towards which all the 
 valleys in the south-west of Palestine and the great southern 
 desert appear to incline. The exact direction of all these 
 wadys south of Gaza onwards is however not yet known, 
 as this quarter has not yet been adequately explored by 
 travellers. 
 
 The wadys which run from the eastern declivity of the 
 great western chain towards the Jordan are, as the nature 
 of the declivity must evince, much shorter, but also much 
 deeper than those of the western slope. Those wadys which 
 between the lake Huleh and the lake of Tiberias empty 
 themselves into the Jordan, are small and unimportant ; those 
 flowing into the sea of Tiberias are of somewhat greater 
 consequence, as are also a few more to the south ; but in the 
 whole distance, even to the southern extremity of the Dead 
 Sea, there is no stream of any geographical, historical, or 
 scriptural importance, except perhaps the brook Kidron, 
 which passes by Jerusalem to the Dead Sea, but contains no 
 water except in the season of rains, and then not much. We 
 shall have to mention it again. 
 
140 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 It may however be briefly stated that a wady called el- 
 Bireh, and another wady further south which passes by 
 Beisan (Bethshan) and takes its name, receive and conduct 
 to the Jordan the waters of the two eastern branches of the 
 great plain of Esdraelon. At about the middle distance 
 between the two lakes, and about five miles at their mouths 
 from each other, are the Wadys Meleh, Jamel, and Faria, 
 which commence above twenty miles inland, and the last of 
 which drains the waters of the eastern declivities of Shechem 
 and Samaria.. More important still is the Wady Kelt, which 
 is the great outlet eastward of all the waters for ten miles 
 north of Jerusalem. It goes out into the plain of Jericho 
 near Kasr el-Jehud, and although it becomes dry in the 
 summer, yet in many years contains water until very late in 
 the season. 
 
 Without pausing to catalogue lesser streams, we may pro- 
 ceed to the southern end of the Dead Sea, on turning which 
 to pursue our course northward on the eastern side of the 
 Jordan and its lakes, we find ourselves among more important 
 streams, most of them of Scriptural renown. 
 
 At the south-eastern corner of the Dead Sea, Wady el- 
 Kurahy pours in its waters. This, in its upper course, is 
 called el-Ahsy, and rises near the castle el-Ahsy upon the 
 route of the Syrian pilgrim caravan. 
 
 Northward between this and Wady Mojib, many wadys 
 flow from the mountains of Kerak into the plain upon the 
 shores of the sea and are lost in the sands, or in the fields of 
 the country people who cultivate the plain ; but hardly any 
 of them in summer ever reach the Dead Sea. The largest of 
 them is Wady Kerak, or Wady Derraah, a stream which is 
 never dry ; it flows towards the isthmus of the Dead Sea and 
 falls into the bay on its noithern side, fertilizing this district, 
 which is interspersed with thickets of Acacia (Sejal) e Dom, 
 Nebk, and other trees. 
 
 Wady Mojib is, in this region of small rivers, a stream of 
 much relative importance. Its principal source is not far 
 from Katrane, one of the stations of the Syrian pilgrims* 
 caravans. The aspect which the Mojib presents near Arair 
 (Aroer) is very interesting. From the bottom, where the 
 river runs through a narrow strip of verdant level, about forty 
 yards across, the steep and barren banks rise to a great 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 141 
 
 height, covered with prodigious masses of stone, which have 
 become loosened from the high cliiFs, so that if one looks 
 down from above, the valley appears like a deep chasm, pro- 
 duced by some powerful convulsion of nature. 
 
 In proceeding northward along the east coast of the Dead 
 Sea, we next come to the Wady Zerka Ma'in, which flows in 
 a deep, unfruitful vale through a forest of defle trees, which 
 form a canopy over the river, through which even the mid- 
 day sun cannot penetrate. From here to the north end of the 
 sea, except a few small winter brooks coming from the moun- 
 tains, no wadys of any importance flow into it. 
 
 The brooks emptying themselves on this side into the 
 Jordan, are just as unimportant until we come to the Zerka, a 
 small river, which rises on the road of the Syrian Pilgrim road, 
 and falls into the Jordan, about an hour and a half from the 
 village, where it issues from the mountains. Its shores are 
 steep, and overgrown with rushes and the defle shrub. The 
 mountains consist of lime-stone, with strata of various coloured 
 sandstone and large blocks of the black basalt of the Hauran. 
 Somewhat north of the Zerka, and proceeding from Jebel 
 Ajlun, comes Wady Ajlun : and from here, as far as its out- 
 flow from the Sea of Tiberias, a number of small brooks flow 
 into the Jordan. The northernmost, and the most important of 
 these, is the Yarmuk, or Sheriat el-Mandhur, the former pro- 
 bably its old name (which the Greeks softened into Hieromax) 
 and the latter derived from an Arab tribe which dwells in its 
 neighbourhood. Its shores are planted by the Arabs with 
 wheat, barley, pomegranates, citrons, vines, and many kinds 
 of pulse. After it issues from the mountains, however, the 
 bed onwards is so contracted, that between the wady and the 
 sides of the rock on neither side is there any room left for 
 cultivation. This river discharges itself into the Jordan about 
 two hours below the Lake of Tiberias. 
 
 A few small but deep wadys discharge their waters into the 
 lake on the eastern shore of that lake ; but it is not known 
 that anv brooks flow into the Jordan between it and the Lake 
 of Huleh. 
 
 Having thus cursorily surveyed the rivers and brooks of 
 Palestine, with its valleys, it now remains for us to notice such 
 of the valleys and brooks as may be identified with some of 
 those mentioned in the Bible. The situation of the particular 
 
142 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 valleys and streams mentioned in Scripture is often indeed 
 very difficult to be determined, nor is it less difficult to trace 
 them under the names which they now bear. This is partly 
 because many districts have not as yet been sufficiently ex- 
 plored, and partly because the statements in the Bible are 
 often too indefinite to enable one, amongst the numerous 
 wadys, to fix with certainty on the right ones. The Old 
 Testament, however, employs distinctive appellations not much 
 regarded in translations, but a strict attention to which is of 
 material importance in geographical inquiry. The Hebrew 
 word Nachal agrees with the Arabic wady, and signifies a 
 valley traversed by a stream. Gai is rather a vale without 
 regularly flowing waters. Emek is employed for depressed 
 or valley plains. Bik'ah is a plain inclosed by mountains. 
 
 The Nachal, or "Brook of Egypt," 1 is mentioned as the 
 southern boundary of the land, Num. xxxiv. 5 ; Josh. xv. 4-47 ; 
 1 Kings, viii. 65; 2 Kings, xxiv. 7; 2nd Chron. vii. 8; Isaiah, 
 xxvii. 12. It is also denoted in Ezek. xlvii. 19, xlviii. 28 as 
 " the river of the great sea ;" perhaps also the " river of the 
 wilderness" in Amos, vi. 14. Unquestionably this is the 
 present Wady el-Arish. Now if Jos. xiii. 3 and 1 Chron. 
 xiii. 5 have the same reference, the " sihor of Egypt" (that 
 is, the Nile) and the "river of Egypt" 2 (which is also the Nile), 
 are given as the boundaries of the land ; and it may then 
 seem that the ancients regarded Wady el-Arish as a branch 
 of the Nile canal, and gave it the name of the principal stream, 
 just as the Arabian geographer Abulfeda does. 
 
 The town of Gerar lay, according to Gen. xxvi. 1 7, in or near 
 a valley of the same name, and Robinson could get no informa- 
 tion concerning it, but thought that this valley might be no 
 other than the great "Wady Sheriah, or one of its branches. It 
 has since been found by the Rev. J. Rowlands, who writes, 
 " We heard of it at Gaza, under the name of Joorf el-Gerar (the 
 rush or rapid of Gerar), which we found to be three hours 
 S.S.E. of Gaza, a deep and broad channel coming down from 
 
 1 We have already sufficiently noticed the brooks Kishon, the 
 plain of Megiddo or valley Jesreel, the Valley of Sodom, the Salt: 
 Valley. The brook Kidron, with the vallies immediately surround- 
 ing Jerusalem, Hinnom and Jehoshaphat, will be referred to more 
 fully under the description of that city. 
 
 2 Gen. xv. 18. 
 
CANAAN THE WATERS. 143 
 
 the S.E., and receiving a little higher up than this spot Wady 
 esh-Sheriah from the E.N.E. Near Joorf el Gerar are traces 
 of an ancient city called Khirbet el Gerar (the ruins of Gerar)." 
 
 The Valley of Eshcol (Nachal Eshcol, grape valley), from 
 which the spies sent out by Moses brought away a bough 
 laden with clusters of grapes, in evidence of the fertility of the 
 land. 1 is probably correctly identified with a valley on the 
 load from Hebron to Jerusalem, not far to the north of the 
 former city, in which even now are considerable vineyards, 
 where the largest and finest grapes of the country are still to 
 be found. The similarly-named grape valley (Nachal Sorek), 
 where Delilah dwelt, 2 must have lain between Ascalon and 
 Gaza. The Nachal Kanah (brook of reeds), upon the boundary 
 between the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, 3 is the Nahr 
 Arsuf mentioned in p. 138. Upon the eastern declivity of the 
 mountains of Judea towards the Jordan flowed the brook 
 Cherith, where the prophet Elijah concealed himself, and was 
 fed by ravens. 4 According to the words of the Bible, " Go 
 from hence (that is, from Samaria) towards the east," one 
 would suppose this to be the same with Wady Faria ; but 
 from the resemblance in the names, Robinson considers it to 
 be Wady Kelt the letters C and K, R and L, being in 
 Hebrew interchangeable. 
 
 Of the brooks found on the eastern part of Palestine the 
 southernmost is the "brook of willows." 6 The southern 
 boundary of the Moabitish territory is Wady el- Ahsy, which 
 now forms the boundary between the districts of Kerak and 
 Jebal, and is probably the one thus denoted by Isaiah. In 
 the territory of the Moabites lay the " brook Zared ;' ? 6 and this 
 is probably the Wady Kerak. Further north the Arnon, 
 now Wady Mojib, formed the southern boundary of East 
 Palestine, opposite the land of Moab; 7 and the Jabbok, in the 
 
 1 Numb. xiii. 24 ; xxxii. 9. Deut. i. 24. 
 
 2 Judg. xiv. 4. 
 
 3 Josh. xvi. 8 ; xvii. 9. 
 
 4 1 Kings, xvii. 57. 
 
 5 Nachal ha-arabim, better according to some, kf brook of the 
 plain." Isai. xv. 7. 
 
 6 Num. xxi. 12. Deut. ii. 13. 
 
 1 Num. xxi. 13; xxvi. 22; xxxvi. 5. Deut. ii. 24, 36; iii. 8; 
 iv. 48. Josh. xii. 1, 2. Judg. xi. 13. 2 Kings, x. 33. Isai. xvi. 2. 
 Jer. xlviii. 20. 
 
144 SCK1PTUHE LANDS. 
 
 neighbourhood of Mount Gilead, 1 now Wady Zerka, the 
 northern boundary of the Ammonites, separating their ter- 
 ritory from that of the Hebrews. 2 
 
 These are the valleys and brooks which were in the Old 
 Testament designated by the name Nachal. Those to which 
 the term Gai, signifying the bottom of a valley, is appropriated 
 in the Scriptures are the following : 1 . The Valley Zephathah, 
 near Mareshah, in the tribe of Judah. 3 2. The valley of the 
 Craftsmen (Cherashim), first mentioned after the exile, and 
 belonging to the vale of Benjamin. 4 3. The valley of Zeboim 
 (valley of hyenas), likewise in the tribe of Benjamin, " towards 
 the desert. ' ' 6 4 . The valley of Zephthah-El, upon the northern 
 Dorder of the tribe of Zebulon. 6 
 
 Under the term Emek, denoting a depressed valley, we 
 find: 1. The valley of Rephaim (or valley of giants), south- 
 west of Jerusalem, towards Bethlehem, now Wady el-Werd. 7 
 2. The valley of Elah (terebinth vale), where David over- 
 threw Goliah, in the neighbourhood of Socho. 8 This cannot 
 be other than the present Wady es-Sunt (so called from the 
 acacias which are scattered in it), although the traditions o 
 the cloisters erroneously state Wady Beit-Chanina to be the 
 place where that battle was fought. 9 3. The valley of Ajalon 
 is famous in the history of Joshua, because here he com- 
 manded the sun to stand still whilst pursuing the five de- 
 feated kings : " Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon, and thou, 
 moon, in the valley of Ajalon." 10 The battle was fought at 
 Gibeon (now el- Jib), and Joshua, in the pursuit, arrived as 
 far as Bethharon (now Beit Ur). South-west from Beit Ur 
 lies now a village called Jalo, which corresponds with the 
 ancient Ajalon ; and the valley of Ajalon can be no other than 
 the great valley plain of ' Merj ibn Amir,' which lies to the 
 north of this village. 4. A valley is mentioned with Gibeon. 
 
 1 Gen. xxxii. 22. 
 
 2 Num. xxi. 24. Deut. ii. 37; hi. 16. Josh. xii. 2. Judges, 
 xi. 13, 22. 
 
 3 2 Chron. xiv. 9. 4 1 Chron. iv. 14. Neh. xi. 35. 
 I Sam. xiii. 18. Neh. xi. 34. 6 Josh. xix. 14, 27. 
 
 7 Josh. xv. 8; xviii. 16. 2 Sam. v. 18 22; xxiii. 13. Isai. xvii. 5, 
 s 1 Sam. xvii. 2, 19 ; xxi. 9. 
 
 9 Comp. Robinson, ii. 3G3, 607. 
 
 10 Josh. x. 12. 
 
CANAAN THE WATEES. 145 
 
 in Isa. xxviii. 21. 5. The valley of Hebron, 1 is necessarily 
 the Wady el-Khalil, which is the present name of Hebron. 
 6. A valley running south-east^ from Jerusalem towards the 
 Dead Sea must be the alleged Valley of Blessing {Emeh 
 hab-Berackah), 2 Chron. xx. 26. 7. The King's Dale, Gen. 
 xiv. 17, 2 Sam. xviii. 18, lay, according to these two pas- 
 sages, northward upon the Jordan, although some place it 
 near Jerusalem. 8. The valley of Achor must have been in 
 the neighbourhood of Jericho. 2 9. The valley of Succoth lay 
 east of the Jordan, in the upper part of the Ghor. 8 10. The 
 valley of Bacah {Emeh hab-Bacah), or Valley of Weeping, 4 
 is quite undetermined. 
 
 Under the designation of Bik'ah are specified 1. The 
 Plain of Ono. 5 The city Ono is mentioned in 1 Chron. viii. 12, 
 Neh. xi. 35, in connexion with Lydda, in whose vicinity it 
 probably lay. 2. The Plain of Jericho,* is the oasis of 
 Jericho, in the great valley of the Jordan. 3. The Plain of 
 the Mount Lebanon, mentioned in Jos. xi. 1 7, xii. 7, is not, 
 as many think, the great plain el-Bekka, as the additional 
 words '* under Mount Hermon" seem to signify, but a plain 
 at the foot of Jebel esh-Sheikh, perhaps the Ard Banias, 
 where the Jordan rises. 
 
 The natural waters of the country did not either in ancient 
 or in modern times afford a sufficient or constant supply for 
 the necessities of the inhabitants, because in summer they 
 mostly become dried up ; and therefore artificial means were 
 contrived for making up the deficiency. These artificial 
 reservoirs are wells, cisterns, and conduits. Wells and 
 cisterns, for which the Hebrews had but one word, they dis- 
 tinguished simply by their form of construction, the former 
 being merely digged in the ground, and the latter having lean- 
 ing walls. Sometimes the wells contained spring water ; and 
 it was then " a well of living water." 7 Cisterns, on the con- 
 trary, were only made to contain rain-water. The latter have 
 usually only a small round opening at the top ; so that the ex- 
 terior presents the appearance of an ordinary well. They are 
 sometimes raised up by stone-work above, and furnished with 
 
 1 Gen. xxxvii. 14. 
 
 2 Josh. vii. 24, 26; xv. 7. Isai. lxv. 10. Hos. ii. 15. 
 
 8 Ps. lx. 8 j cviii. 8. 4 Ps. lxxxiv. 7. 3 Neh. vi. 2 
 
 6 Deut. xxxiv. 3. i Gen. xxvi. 19. 
 
 L 
 
146 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 a curb and a wheel for the bucket. They increase in width 
 downward, and towards the bottom become very wide. They 
 are quite general in cities, where every house has either one 
 large or several small ones. The water is conducted into them 
 from the roofs of the houses during the rainy season, and remains 
 in them, by reason of much care, clear and fresh through the 
 whole summer and autumn. Many of these are of great 
 antiquity, and not a few of them occur along the ancient 
 roads which are now forsaken. Of the great conduits or open 
 water reservoirs, Robinson says, 1 " The same cause which led 
 the inhabitants to excavate cisterns, also induced them to build 
 in and around most of the cities, large reservoirs for public 
 use. Such tanks are found at Jerusalem, Hebron, Bethel, 
 Gibeon, Bireh, and various other places ; sometimes still in 
 use as at Hebron, but more commonly in ruins. They are 
 mostly built of massive stones, and are situated chiefly in 
 valleys, where the rains of winter could be easily conducted 
 into them. These reservoirs we learned to consider as one 
 of the least doubtful vestiges of antiquity in all Palestine ; for 
 amongst the present race of inhabitants such works are 
 utterly unknown." 
 
 CLIMATE AND SEASONS. 
 
 The climate of Palestine naturally varies in different situa- 
 tions. In the valleys and plains it is very warm, but upon the 
 mountains cool ; but on the average temperate. The climate 
 differs from the temperate parts of Europe more by the changes 
 of wet and dry seasons than by the temperature itself. The 
 medium warmth for Jerusalem is, according to Schubert, 64 
 Fahrenheit. In summer, however, it is about 84 or 86, 
 though the heat may occasionally rise even to 104. The 
 heat is greater in the plains and valleys of the Jordan and 
 about the Dead Sea, where an almost tropical climate pre- 
 vails. On the longest day the sun rises just before five, and 
 sets just before seven o'clock; the shortest day continues from 
 a little after seven until a little before five ; therefore the 
 greatest length of day is about fourteen hours and twelve 
 minutes, and the shortest nine hours and forty-eight minutes. 
 1 Researches- ii. 483. 
 
oANAAN CLIMATE AND SEASONS. 147 
 
 As in the Bible, equally for summer and winter, twelve hours 
 a day are reckoned from the rising to the setting of the suii> 
 and also twelve for the night, the length of the hour neces- 
 sarily varied in summer and winter. There are properly but 
 two seasons in Palestine ; the cold and the warm, or rather 
 the rainy and the dry. 1 The rainy season comes on not sud- 
 denly but by degrees. The rain comes mostly from the west 
 or west-north-west, and lasts two or three days successively, 
 falling particularly during the night. The wind then turns 
 to the east, and many days of fine weather follow. After 
 this first autumn rain the husbandmen sow the winter seed, 
 particularly barley. Later on in the season the rain is less 
 heavy, and occurs at longer intervals, but during no part of 
 the winter does it entirely cease. Snow often falls in January 
 and February, but seldom lies longer than a day at most. 2 
 Hail also occurs during this time ; the ground is, however, 
 never frozen, and ice is very rare. 
 
 The cold attains its greatest height in December and Janu- 
 ary ; towards the end of February the weather is very fine ; 
 in March more or less rain still falls, but seldom after this 
 time. The whole season from October to March may be re- 
 garded as one continued rainy season, occasionally broken by 
 intervals of fine weather. By " the early and the latter rains" 
 of the Bible 8 are properly meant but the first autumnal and 
 the latter spring rains. The suitableness of those designa- 
 tions arises from the fact that the autumnal rains in October 
 agree with the beginning of the old Jewish year. Through- 
 out the winter the roads of Palestine are dirty, uneven, and 
 slippery ; but when the rain ceases, the foulness soon passes 
 off, and the roads become hard, but never even. 
 
 During the months of April and May the sky is generally 
 serene, the air soft and balmy, and the aspect of nature in 
 years of the customary rain, green and refreshing to the eye. 
 
 1 Our spring would then belong to the dry, our autumn to the 
 rainy season, Gen. viii. 22. " While the earth remaineth, seed time 
 and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and 
 night shall not cease." Some have divided the Scriptural year into 
 four seasons, and many Rabbis have even sought for six ; but they 
 all resolve themselves into the two seasons of this passage. 
 
 2 Comp. 2 Sam. xxiii. 20. 1 Mace. xiii. 22. 
 
 3 Deut. xi. 14. Jerem. iii. 3 ; v. 24. James, v. 7- 
 
 l2 
 
148 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 It is the fine season of which is said in Solomon's Song ii. 
 1113, "Now the winter is past, the rain is over, and the 
 flowers appear on the earth ; the time of the singing of birds 
 is come, and the voice of the turtle-dove is heard in our land. 
 The fig-tree putteth forth her new figs, the vines with the 
 tender grape give a good smell." Showers of rain do indeed 
 still occur, but they are mild and refreshing. In ordinary 
 seasons, from the cessation of the spring showers till October 
 and November, no rain falls throughout the year, and the sky 
 is mostly clear. 1 The nights are generally cool, often with 
 heavy dew. 
 
 From June to August the heat is continually increasing, 
 sometimes insupportably so. Its influence and the total want 
 of rain soon destroys the fresh green of the fields, and invests 
 the whole country with an aspect of sterility and barrenness ; 
 all that is left of green is found in the foliage of the dispersed 
 fruit-trees, and in the vineyards and millet-fields. In Sep- 
 tember the nights begin to wax cold, and the heat of the day 
 decreases after having dried and burnt up as it were the 
 whole country ; the cisterns are nearly dry ; the few streams 
 and brooks are exhausted ; and inanimate as well as animate 
 nature revives and exults in the return of rain. Mists and 
 clouds begin now to show themselves ; and showers fall at 
 intervals until October, when the true rainy season of the 
 year commences its periodical return. Thunder-storms are 
 very rare in summer, but are frequent and heavy in the season 
 of rain. 
 
 The harvest, under the circumstances, is naturally earlier 
 in the plains than on the mountains ; in general the grain 
 harvest begins in May, and commences with the barley harvest, 
 which, after two or three weeks, is followed by harvest of 
 wheat. The first ripe grapes are obtained in July ; the general 
 vintage or gathering takes place in September. The climate is, 
 upon the whole, very favourable to health, and this, with the 
 regular mode of life of the inhabitants, sufficiently accounts for 
 the rarity of diseases. Those diseases which do occur are gene- 
 rally of acute kinds, including such as those which are specified 
 
 1 Rain in harvest "is like snow in summer" to the Hebrews an 
 unknown thing. (Comp. Prov. xxvi. 1 and 1 Sam. xii. 17.) Thunder 
 and rain during wheat harvest was a wonder. 
 
CANAAN CLIMATE AND SEASONS. 149 
 
 in Deut. xxviii. 22, 27, 28, among the curses denounced 
 on the breakers of God : s commandments, namely, tumours, 
 swellings, fevers, inflammations, the botch Egypt, the piles, 
 the scab, the itch, madness, and blindness. Leprosy is still 
 very common, and the plague often causes great destruction. 
 
 Palestine in the Bible is shown to be a fertile and beautiful 
 land, when of it is said, it is a good and fat land, flowing 
 with milk and honey, wherein are brooks of the mountains, 
 wells, and lakes of the meadows ; a land upon which the eye 
 of God rests continually from the beginning of the year even 
 until the end of the same. 1 
 
 The accounts of the Greek and Roman authors thoroughly 
 agree with the information given in the Sacred Scripture 
 itself, and by Josephus, concerning the numbering of the 
 inhabitants of the country. The first precise numbering of 
 the people was David's, 2 and gave a total number of 1,300,000 
 men fit to bear arms (according to the parallel passage 
 1 Chron. xxii. 5, as many as 1,570,000), which, if we take 
 the men able to bear arms as the fourth part of the people, 
 though they are generally reckoned as the fifth part, will 
 nevertheless give a population of more than 5,000,000 inha- 
 bitants, which is very large for so small a country. 
 
 The statements of Josephus also evince the presence of a 
 large population, although there can be no doubt that his 
 particular statements are greatly exaggerated. He says, that 
 owing to the fertility of the soil, the towns of Galilee lay very 
 near to one another, and that the smallest of them contained 
 15,000 inhabitants. 8 If, therefore, we give what would under 
 this statement be the low average of 18,000 inhabitants for 
 each of the 204 which he places in Galilee, we should have 
 no less than 3,500,000 of souls for that quarter alone. It 
 is needless to say that this is simply impossible, yet it 
 is not the less certain that all the history of the war 
 with the Romans shows the presence of a very abundant 
 population in that division of the land to which this state- 
 ment has reference. 
 
 With such fertility, and with such a population as this 
 
 1 Comp. Exod. iii. 8; xiii. 5; xxxiii. 3. Deut. viii. 79; xi. 10 
 12. Neh. ix. 25, 35. Isai. xxxvi. 17- 2 Kings, xviii. 32. 
 Ilezek. xx. 6. 
 
 2 2 Sam. xxiv. 9. 3 De Bell. Jud. iii. 32. 
 
150 SC1UPTURE LANDS. 
 
 country formerly possessed, its condition at the present time 
 stands in grievous contrast. Wide tracts of country are now* 
 utterly waste ; few of the best-inhabited places are more than 
 villages, and the number of inhabitants through the whole of 
 Syria barely amounts to 3,000,000 of souls. Some have en- 
 deavoured from this alone to show that the statements of 
 Josephus, and even of the Scriptures, must be incorrect ; but 
 we must consider what destructive wars have raged in the 
 country from the time of Josephus down to the present time, 
 and that even those places now waste and desolate (as, for 
 instance, the wilderness of Judea towards the Dead Sea), are 
 capable of culture, and throughout bear traces of a formerly 
 high cultivation. Evidences of the dense populations of early 
 times also exist in the masses of ruins, which are met with in 
 every place. If we desire with many authors to consider the 
 present comparative desolation as a curse which, in accordance 
 with the denunciation of the Mosaic law, has fallen on the 
 country because of the sinfulness and disobedience of its inha- 
 bitants, we need not on that account deny the power of exter- 
 nal influences ; this destruction came not suddenly or in any 
 miraculous manner, but from the ordinary course of events 
 to which the inhabitants and the country have been in the 
 course of time subjected. 
 
151 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Although it is not within the scope of our plan to fur- 
 nish anything like a complete natural history of Palestine 
 for which, indeed, no adequate materials exist 1 nevertheless 
 it may be proper to indicate, from the most recent authori- 
 ties, the principal and most interesting products of the land, 
 with particular reference to such as are specified in the Sacred 
 Scriptures ; and for this the materials recently furnished by 
 Schubert, Ehrenberg, and Russeger, are of peculiar value. 
 
 In Deut. viii. 9, Palestine is described as a country " whose 
 stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass," 
 or rather copper. From this one might infer the existence 
 of mines in the land ; but no evidence of such being worked 
 can be found in the Bible, and we know that the Hebrews 
 received all metals, both precious and common, from other 
 countries. 8 Iron is indeed found in Lebanon; but was never 
 worked there by the Israelites. Many have supposed that we 
 are therefore to understand this text as having reference not 
 to actual iron ores, but to the black basalt of the Hauran, 
 Lejah, and Jaulan. Even now the Arabs of that neighbour- 
 hood believe that this stone consists principally of iron, and 
 Burckhardt states that he was often asked if he knew how to 
 extract it. Besides this, other metals are mentioned in the 
 Old Testament: copper, silver, gold, tin, lead. What the 
 authorized version, Ezek. i. 4-27, viii. 2, translates by, 
 M brightness as the colour of amber," is likewise understood 
 of a metal, probably an amalgam. The Hebrews have al- 
 ways been fond of jewellery, as is seen even to the present 
 day. Precious stones appear in the Bible in great profusion 
 upon the persons and in the palaces of kings, high priests, 
 
 1 So far as materials did exist ten years since, the subject was 
 attempted to some extent in the large Introduction to Dr. Kitto's 
 Pictorial History and Physical Geography of Palestine. 
 
 Jer. x. 9. -^^JU" ',.-.- 
 
 JXVB-RSITYJ 
 
152 SCRIPT URE LANDS. 
 
 and nobles, 1 but these were all derived from foreign lands, 
 particularly from India and Arabia. 
 
 In regard to plants and animals, a recent German traveller, 
 Schubert, 2 who travelled expressly for purposes of natural 
 history, is the chief authority; and we avail ourselves freely 
 of his observations, incorporating or adding particulars from 
 other authentic sources. 
 
 In the Koran, God is made to swear by the fig and by 
 the olive, that is as some interpret it, by Damascus, and 
 Jerusalem, as represented by those trees. The olive-tree is 
 mentioned in the Bible along with wheat, vines, and fig-trees, 
 as one of the most valuable products of the country. 8 The 
 knotty trunk of the olive-tree rises to twenty or thirty feet 
 high, has a shiny green bark, and its branches extend widely, 
 almost to the top. The leaves are lance-shaped, thick and 
 firm, almost without stalk, about two and a-half inches long, 
 and throughout the year are green. 4 The blossoms appear 
 between the leaves, enfolding the olives in the form of an 
 oval berry, sometimes as large as a pigeon's egg, first green, 
 then purple and black, and containing a hard kernel. They 
 ripen in September. The olive-tree was and is still the chief of 
 the fruit-trees of this country, which seems indeed to be its 
 native land. Schubert declares that he never saw any where 
 olive-trees so old as here. Their cultivation might still, 
 doubtless, become both extensive and lucrative, if such indus- 
 trious hands tended them as in ancient times. The oil 
 obtained from the fruit is excellent. The olive-oil is pressed 
 out of the unripe fruit ; when ripe they are preserved, or eaten 
 raw. The fruit of the wild olive-tree yields in smaller quan- 
 tities a much inferior oil ; it is therefore but little esteemed, 
 and the wood is used for fuel ; it is indeed more of a thorny 
 shrub than a tree. 
 
 1 2 Sara. xii. 30. Exod. xxviii. 7* Judith, x. 21 ; xv. 15. 
 
 2 Reise in das Morgenland. 
 
 8 Exod. xxiii. 11. Deut. vi. 11; viii. 8; xxiii. 24; xxviii. 40, 
 Jos. xxiv. 13. Judg. xv. 5. 
 
 4 Ps. Hi. 10; cxxviii. 3. Jerem. xi. 16. 
 
 5 Rom. xi. 1724. 
 
CANAAN NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 153 
 
 Fig-tree (Ficus Carica). 
 
 The other tree the Fig-tree which the Koran places 
 with the olive, grows in immense numbers in Palestine, and 
 forms extensive plantations in some localities. The fruit 
 has a peculiarly pleasant flavour, and possesses an aromatic 
 sweetness. It is, however, generally smaller than that about 
 Smyrna. Figs were much cultivated in ancient times in 
 Palestine. 1 The blossoms appear in the middle of March 
 on the old branches, concealed in a pulpy case or husk, and 
 ripen soon to fruit ; then the leaves appear. The fruit itself 
 ripens at various times, so that the fig-tree bears fruit through- 
 out the greater part of the year. 
 
 The Vine of Palestine, for the size and quantity of the 
 grape, no less than for the fine quality of the juice, is not 
 excelled, if equalled, by any upon the earth. For the size 
 and abundance of the produce, the southern mountains of 
 the land are now, as of old, distinguished, while those of the 
 northern mountains excel in the quality of the juice. Schubert 
 declares that he drank wine in Lebanon, which, for strength 
 
 1 Prov. xxvii. 18. Cant. ii. 13. 
 
154 SCHIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 and flavour, excelled all others he had ever tasted. As 
 the Mohammedans do not make wine, noi drink it unless 
 in secret, they only require the abundance of grapes which 
 the country produces for present nutriment, or to sell to 
 Christians and Jews, who make wine from them. They are 
 also used for the preparation of raisins, and more especially 
 for the manufacture of that excellent syrup called dibbs, 
 which is mostly sent to Egypt for sale. How great the pro- 
 duce is, may be estimated by the large exportation of this 
 syrup from some places ; according to Shaw, Hebron alone 
 exported yearly in his time not less than 2,000 hundred- 
 weight of this dibbs. About Bethlehem, as also about Jeru- 
 salem, the ripening of the grapes and the vintage takes place 
 in September ; but in Lebanon the vintage is later, and the 
 people generally drink the growth of the year from one 
 gathering to another. The vine is not less than the olive- 
 tree specified in Scripture as one of the principal productions 
 of Palestine. 1 The emissaries whom Moses sent to spy the 
 land cut off a branch laden with grapes, which two men car- 
 ried between them upon a pole, in evidence of the fertility 
 of the land. This was obtained in the neighbourhood of 
 Hebron, which still affords the finest grapes in the country. 
 The culture of the vine is now and was formerly extended 
 over most parts of Palestine. Of the raisin and grape syrup 
 which is obtained at Hebron, Robinson observes 2 , " The 
 produce of these vineyards (near Hebron) is famed through- 
 out Palestine. No wine, however, or arak, is made from 
 them, except by Jews, and this not in great quantities. The 
 wine is good. The finest grapes are dried as raisins, and 
 the rest, being trodden and pressed, the juice is boiled down 
 into a syrup, which, under the name of dibbs, is very much 
 used by all classes wherever vineyards are found, as a con- 
 diment with their food. It resembles molasses (treacle), but 
 is more pleasant to the taste." 
 
 1 Gen. xlix. 11. Deut. vi. 11 ; viii- 8. 1 Sam. via. 14. 2 Kings, 
 v. 26; xviii. 32. Num. xiii. 24. 
 * Researches iv. 442. 
 
CANAAN NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Almond-tree (Auiygdalus communis). 
 
 The tree which first unfolds its blossom before the season 
 of the latter rains, and shows itself in the deep valleys, before 
 the commencement of the cold days of February, is the luz, 
 or Almond-tree. Schubert found in March the neighbour- 
 hood of Bethlehem and Hebron adorned with blossoming 
 fruit trees, amongst which were the apricot, the apple, and 
 the pear; in April, the purple of the pomegranate blossom 
 mingles with the white of the myrtle, and then also the roses 
 of the country, and the variegated cistus are in flower. The 
 Cistus ladaniferus is an evergreen shrub, from three to four 
 feet high with hard, clammy, lanceolate leaves, smooth above 
 and clammy beneath. The bark is brown, but on the young 
 branches reddish. The very large flowers are white, and 
 have a purplish red spot in the centre. This, and a species 
 growing in the Greek islands, Cistus creticus, exudes a gummy 
 substance, which is found on the leaves. This product is 
 known to apothecaries by the name of Gum Ladanum, and is 
 used for incense powder, and for plaisters. 
 
 The Zakkum tree is thorny, and not large, having a green and 
 
156 SCRIPXUliE LANDS. 
 
 shiny rind, and is identified by Hasslequist with the narrow- 
 leaved oleaster, the Elceagnus angustifolius of botanists. It 
 produces a green nut with a pulpy husk. From this fruit an 
 oil is extracted by the Arabs, which they call balsam, (or oil 
 of Jericho,) and employ as a cure for wounds and bruises ; 
 when it is fresh it resembles in taste and colour the oil of the 
 sweet almond. This tree exhales a sweet perfume, and not 
 less odorous is the storax tree. This is the Styrax officinalis of 
 Linnaeus. It is a bushy shrub from ten to twelve feet high, 
 with round, irregular branches. The leaves, which are alter- 
 nate and stalked, on the upper surface are dark- green, and 
 whitish underneath. The white blossoms emit a powerful 
 fragrance, and resemble those of our common syringa. 1 
 The tree yields spontaneously, or from incisions, a limpid 
 resin of a pale or brownish-red colour, having a sharp and 
 pleasant taste. Anciently as now it was used in incense and 
 salves, as well as medicinally. 
 
 With the ancient power of the people, so indeed has the 
 emblem of triumph the Palm passed from the land ; the 
 palm-groves of Jericho, with the exception of few traces, 
 have wholly disappeared. The palm-trees of Palestine were 
 celebrated in antiquity for their excellence and beauty. In 
 the Bible, palm-trees are often used 2 as images of vigour 3 
 and grace. The palm-tree grew mostly about Jericho, whence 
 that town is called the " City of Palm -Trees, 4 in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the Dead Sea, especially near Engeddi, and also 
 by the Lake of Tiberias. Now, however, this tree, once appa- 
 rently so abundant, has become scarce in Palestine. At and 
 near Gaza are found some dispersed palms, but no plantations 
 of them are seen even there ; so likewise at Ramleh, Jaffa, 
 Tyre, and Jenin, and in the Ghor, south of the Dead Sea, a 
 few stunted trees exist, and where once stood the celebrated 
 Palm City, a solitary palm-tree rears its head. 
 
 However well the majestic Cypress may grow in the lower 
 country, and serve as a sign to denote to travellers the 
 proximity of Acre and the neighbourhood of Kaifa ; it is 
 even there but a nursling of man's care, standing in gardens 
 and in cemeteries, and other public places in the vicinity. 
 
 1 Philadelphus coronarius. 
 
 2 Judg. iv. 5. Joel, i. 12. , 3 Ps. xcii. 12. 
 
 4 Dent, xxxiv. 3. Judg. i. 16; iii. 13. 2 Chron. xxviii. 15. 
 
CANAAN NATURAL HISTORY. 157 
 
 The cypress, not unknown in this country, having been in- 
 troduced from Candia in 1548, is indigenous to the Levant. 
 Its shape resembles that of the poplar, and has a hard and 
 almost imperishable wood. The authorized version of the 
 Bible renders by "fir" the word berosh, which denotes the 
 cypress. The wood of this tree was used in the building of 
 the temple, 1 as well as in the construction of the ships of 
 Tyre. 
 
 The richness of the soil in the hills and upon the high places, 
 is evinced by the presence of the azerole,* or parsley-leaved 
 hawthorn, the walnut and arbutus, the laurel and laurestinus, 
 different species of pistachio and terebinth trees, the ever- 
 green oak, also arboreal and shrubby species of rhamnus 
 (buckthorn), the Spanish broom, 3 supposed to be the juniper 
 of Scripture, and a few species of thyme. Upon the woody 
 heights, however, are many species of pine and fir. The 
 sycamore and the carob tree, 4 the mulberry, and the 
 opuntia fig grow, but are mostly planted in the vicinity of 
 towns. Gardens full of oranges and citrons, are found 
 mostly at Nabulus or Shechem. The spontaneous and abun- 
 dant growth of several kinds of grain in many districts of the 
 country, and especially in the plain of Esdraelon and the high 
 plain of Galilee, is a kind of wild succession of the corn 
 which in former times grew here, and now evinces what a 
 rich corn land Palestine was in former days. Besides wheat 
 and barley, rye, scarcely now an object of culture in Syria, 
 may be recognised amongst this wild growth. 
 
 In the present neglected state of agriculture, attention is 
 mostly given to the same species of grain which are culti- 
 vated in Egypt. One sees entire and extensive fields culti- 
 vated with the summer durrah* (" durrah of the heat"), the 
 common durrah, 6 and the autumn durrah, 7 which are all 
 varieties of the Holcus Sorghum of Linnaeus. Maize, spelt, 
 and barley, thrive almost everywhere. In the marshy 
 grounds of the Upper Jordan, and about the Lake Huleh, 
 rice also is cultivated ; and in the neighbourhood of Jacob's 
 
 1 1 Kings, v. 8 : x. 6 ; xv. 34. 2 Chron. ii. 8 ; iii. 5. 
 
 " Crategus Azarolus. 3 Genista Rcetam. 
 
 4 Ceratonia siliqua. * Durrah kaydee. 
 
 6 Durrah sayfeh of Linnaeus. 7 Durrah dimeeree. 
 
158 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Bridge on the Jordan, may be seen very fine tall papyrus! 
 reeds upon the banks of the river. 
 
 Of legumes, the hommus or chick pea, 1 the fuhl or Egyp- 
 tian bean, 2 the hairy-headed kidney bean, 3 and the blue 
 chickling vetch, 4 as well as the adas or lentil, and the field 
 pea, 5 are largely cultivated. Amongst the pulses, the most 
 conspicuous are different species of hibiscus "bamia towileh" 
 the Hibiscus esculentus, " bamia beledi" or " wayka" the 
 Hib. praecox ; here and there the culture of the potatoe, called 
 by the natives " kolkas franschi" is attempted by the Franks. 
 The kharschuf or artichoke, is very common in the gardens of 
 the monasteries, with the khus or lettuce ; in most districts 
 the water-melon and the cucumber are abundantly produced. 
 Hemp is more generally grown than flax; cotton is cultivated 
 in some localities, and some quantity of madder for dyeing is 
 raised. 
 
 Were we to furnish a description of all the large variety of 
 the plants and flowers of Palestine which the spring displays, 
 the information would form a book of itself, for whoever fol* 
 lows but the course of the Jordan from the Dead Sea to th( 
 Lakes of Tiberias and Huleh, and to the sources of the river 
 under Antilebanon, traverses in few days different climatic 
 zones, and finds in them various principal specimens of the 
 vegetable kingdom which, in other countries of the globe, 
 lie hundreds of miles apart ; some of the most remarkable and 
 characteristic can therefore only be indicated. 
 
 One small plant which the pilgrims usually collect on the 
 Mount of Olives, is the Egyptian bloody everlasting : 6 while 
 from Carmel and Lebanon as a farther memorial of their 
 pilgrimage, they take the large oriental everlasting. 7 The 
 mandrake of Palestine 8 is sought with much avidity by 
 oriental Christians as well as by the Mohammedans in the 
 neighbourhood of Jerusalem, because they attribute peculiar 
 virtues to this fruit ; it is however very scarce in that neigh- 
 bourhood, although abundant south of Hebron, as well as on 
 Mount Tabor and on Carmel. 
 
 " Whoever desires to behold the perfection of beauty anc 
 
 1 Cicer arietanum. 2 Vicia fabla, 
 
 3 Phaseolus mungo. 4 Lathyrus satavus. 
 
 5 Pisum arvense. 6 Gnaphalium sanguineum. 
 
 7 Gn. orientate, 8 Mandragora autumnatis. 
 
CANAAN NATURAL HISTORY. 159 
 
 splendour in the lilaceous tribe of plants, as also indeed in 
 other bulbous rooted plants, such as the tulip, the hyacinth, the 
 narcissus, and the anemone, should," says Schubert, u visit in 
 the summer some of these districts through which we passed.'* 
 
 Bull of Paiestme. 
 
 The animal kingdom of Palestine need not long detain our 
 attention ; but the subject is interesting from the breeds and 
 varieties being the same that are mentioned in Scripture. It 
 is very seldom that droves of cattle are seen. Oxen in the 
 vicinity of Jerusalem are few and small, and beef and veal 
 are rarely eaten. But in the Upper Jordan valley, oxen 
 thrive better, and are more numerous, as likewise in the 
 neighbourhood of Tabor and Nazareth, and they are in much 
 the best condition in the northern part of the country east of 
 the Jordan, a distinction indicated in the Scriptural allusions 
 to the strength of the "bulls of Bashan." The buffalo is seen 
 chiefly in the districts upon the sea- coast, where it approxi- 
 mates in size and strength to the buffalo of Egypt. But, 
 upon the whole, the discouragements to the rearing of the 
 larger cattle in the present state of Palestine are such, that 
 were in these latter days another Solomon to ascend the 
 throne of Israel, instead of the ten fatted oxen and twenty- 
 pasture oxen, which were with other animals daily provided 
 for the use of the ancient Solomon's court, he would be 
 obliged to content himself with sheep and goats. These are 
 seen everywhere in all parts of the country in great numbers 
 and numerous flocks. Their milk and their flesh serves for 
 daily nourishment, and their wool and hair for the clothes of 
 the inhabitants. The ordinary species of sheep of this 
 
160 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Goat of Palestine (Capra mambrica). 
 
 country show signs of the fat tail. The hair of the long- 
 eared goat of Syria is of tolerable fineness, but not equal to 
 that of the goats of Asia Minor, of which this seems a dege- 
 nerate breed. It has been doubted that animals of the stag 
 and deer kind exist in Syria, but Schubert declares that he saw 
 one upon Mount Tabor, and believes that he caught sight of 
 another upon the top of a hill, in his way from St. Philip to 
 St. John. He admits, however, that the latter may have been 
 the brown gazelle of this region, 1 for he observed many species 
 of the antelope in Palestine. 
 
 There is but one breed of the camel in this country, at 
 least to the west of the Jordan and these are not abundant, 
 although in the great valley of Lebanon, Schubert saw consi- 
 derable flocks of these animals. Amongst the horses of the 
 Holy Land there are many of fine shape and noble Arab 
 blood ; but very little can be said in praise of what may 
 be considered the native breed of the country. The breed of 
 the ass in Palestine is of a much higher relative quality than 
 that of the horse. Mules are more generally used for riding, 
 as they are found to be more safe in traversing the bad moun- 
 tain paths of the country. The wild hog is abundant upon 
 Mount Tabor and the lesser Hermon, as well as in the woods 
 and shrubby declivities of Carmel, and often comes down 
 from these retreats into the plain of Esdraelon. 
 
 That remarkable animal the waber, which has by some been 
 regarded as the saphan or " coney" of the Bible, though fre- 
 Antilope hinnuleus. 
 
CANAAN NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 161 
 
 quent in Sinai and the nearer parts of Arabia, does not seem 
 to have been seen in Palestine or Syria, to which it owes the 
 designation of Hyrax Syriacus. The guides who conducted 
 Schubert's party from. Jerusalem to the Dead Sea, and subse- 
 quently to Damascus, named the Assad, or lion, among the 
 dangerous animals of the country. But he had reason to 
 distrust their information; and although the lion certainly 
 did anciently inhabit the land, and its presence is repeatedly 
 indicated in Scripture, there has not been, since the time 
 the Crusades, any authentic evidence of its existence 
 
 Leopard {Felts Nimr Pardus). 
 
 in Palestine. The leopard, however, which is also named 
 in Scripture among the wild animals of the country, is 
 still found in the interior of the mountainous districts of 
 Palestine. The bear also still exists in the country; at least 
 
 Bear of Palestine {Vrsus Syriacus), 
 
162 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 in Lebanon, where Ehrenberg saw and described the species 
 which he called the Syrian bear. 1 It is larger and lower 
 than the common brown bear, and of a dull buff colour 
 often clouded with darker brown. Schubert saw some muti- 
 lated hides of bears said to have been killed in Lebanon, but 
 it seemed to him that they more resembled those of the 
 common brown bear than the variety described by Ehrenberg. 
 The hedgehog of Palestine, a specimen of which Schubert 
 met with near Bethlehem, is exactly like our own, differing 
 from the nearer long- eared variety of Egypt. The hare of 
 Palestine is the same as that of Arabia. The porcupine is 
 often found in the clefts of the rocks. The mole is very 
 common; and there seems to be no name for it but the 
 common Arabic one for rat "far" The wolf of these parts 
 is smaller than the European, and both in size and colour 
 bears more resemblance to the fox. It may be doubted if the 
 true jackal is to be found in Palestine, although that name 
 seems to be applied to the Canis Syriacus, an animal resem- 
 bling the fox, but with shorter snout and shorter feet. These 
 animals are often confounded, and they seem in Scripture to 
 be indicated by the common name Shaal (usually rendered 
 "fox"); the nicer distinctions being little attended to in 
 ancient zoological nomenclature. 
 
 Amongst the large birds of prey, the most frequent seem to 
 be the common Aasgeyer, or carrion kite ; 2 the native wild 
 pigeon is not very different from our own, neither is the 
 red-backed shrike, the crow, the roller, and others. Whether 
 the large animal which the Arabs call Temsah. and which is 
 said to be found in a river or small lake east of Shechem, be 
 really the crocodile as some have conjectured, no one has 
 ascertained, and appears very doubtful. The turtle or tortoise 
 of Palestine is the well known Testudo Grteca, common in the 
 Mediterranean. Serpents are now rare in the land, and it does 
 not appear from the testimonies of travellers that any of them 
 are poisonous. Of the insects, the bee, the varieties of 
 beetle, etc., which are found in Palestine, possess but little 
 distinctive interest. The mosquitoes and other insects cause 
 some annoyance to this country, but little in comparison with 
 Egypt and other parts. 
 
 Ursus Syriacus. 
 2 Cathartes Percnopterus. 
 
163 
 
 THE TRIBES AND THEIR TOWNS. 
 
 As to the manner in which the land was divided amongst the 
 Canaanitish people, nothing definite is specified, and indeed 
 only in general are the settlements of even the nations given. 
 
 When the Israelites obtained possession of the land, it was 
 divided into twelve parts amongst the twelve tribes descended 
 from the sons of Jacob : namely, Reuben, Simeon, Levi, 
 Judah, Dan, Naphthali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulon, Joseph, 
 Benjamin ; but the tribe of Levi received none of these 
 defined allotments, but were dispersed in particular Levitical 
 cities "amongst all the others, while Joseph's two sons 
 Ephraim and Manasseh each received a share, thus preserving 
 the number of twelve tribes territorially endowed. But this 
 was rather the ideal than the practical distribution, for all the 
 land in the appointed territories awarded to the particular 
 tribes was not conquered, nor did all that was acquired come 
 to the particular tribes to which it was originally assigned. 
 Even in the time of Moses the tribes of Reuben and Gad had 
 asked and obtained the lands east of the Jordan as their 
 domain, the acquisition of which had not in the first instance 
 been contemplated ; and at the later division under Joshua, 1 
 they were confirmed in its possession. 
 
 After seventeen years of warfare, Joshua had nearly con- 
 quered all the land. Joshua and the priest Eleazar divided 
 the west Jordanic land amongst the nine and a-half tribes. 
 First Judah, Ephraim, and the unprovided half tribe of 
 Manasseh received their portions.* As however it was soon 
 seen that at this scale of distribution" sufficient territory 
 would not be left for the remaining seven tribes, certain 
 portions were cut out from the shares of Judah and 
 Ephraim and assigned to Dan, Simeon, and Benjamin. The 
 
 > 
 1 Jos. xiii. 8. 2 j os# xv# ] 7 . 
 
 M 2 
 
164 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 appointed boundaries of the particular tribes are laid down 
 very precisely, 1 but at this distance of time, and under 
 the changes and disappearance of ancient sites, it is not to be 
 expected that all the details can be accurately followed, and 
 it is much that a tolerably accurate notion of the position and 
 general boundaries of each of the tribes can be made out. 
 
 We shall now proceed to indicate the situation of the 
 different tribes, and then state some particulars of the prin- 
 cipal towns, or those which have anything of ancient or 
 modern interest connected with them. Of the others we 
 know little more than the names, and in some instances the 
 situation, and all the information concerning them which we 
 possess is adequately conveyed in the maps and the index. 
 
 The tribe of Judah was bounded on the east by nearly 
 the whole extent of the Dead Sea ; from thence south up the 
 valley of the Arabah as far as Kadesh-barnea ; thence west- 
 ward across the desert to the river of Egypt, the present 
 Wady El Arish, which empties into the Mediterranean near 
 the south-east corner of this sea. The north boundary ran 
 from the mouth of the Jordan to Jerusalem, through the 
 valley of Hinnom, south of Jerusalem, to Kirjath-jearim, 
 thence westward to Mount Seir (not to be confounded with 
 Seir in Edom). In the second division, the south-western 
 part of Judah was assigned to the tribe of Simeon, although 
 certain towns, rather than a determinate territory, seemed 
 to have been allotted to it. 
 
 Hebron may be regarded as the capital of the tribe of 
 Judah, and not only in Judah, but in all the land, there is no 
 city of Palestine, except Jerusalem, which is of higher historical 
 interest and importance. It is perhaps the oldest inhabited 
 city in the world, for it existed in the time of Abraham, and 
 is stated to have been built seven years before Zoan in Egypt, 
 which was itself a town of venerable antiquity, and has for 
 ages been a desolation. But Hebron still survives. With 
 the exception of Jerusalem, no place on earth is more hal- 
 lowed by high and sacred associations, than this venerable 
 city of Hebron. Here lived the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, 
 and Jacob, and here they were buried with their wives. 
 
 1 Josh. xiii. 21. 
 
THE TRIBES JUDAH. 
 
 165 
 
 Hebron. 
 
 Here they communed with God, and received the promises 
 and the seal of the covenant. The spies that went up from 
 the wilderness to search the land, came to Hebron, then 
 inhabited by the gigantic sons of Anak. 1 It was utterly 
 destroyed by Joshua, 8 and given to Caleb for a possession, 
 in reward for his courage and trust in God. It was one of 
 the cities of refuge and a Levitical city of the sons of Aaron. 8 
 David was here anointed King over Israel, and made it, for 
 seven years and six months the seat of his kingdom. 4 Abner 
 also was here assassinated by Joab ; 6 and Absalom made it 
 his head-quarters in his rebellion against his father. 6 Reho- 
 boammade it one of his fenced cities. It was re-settled after 
 the captivity, and although it is not again mentioned in the Old 
 Testament, and neither in the New does its name occur, we 
 learn from the first book of Maccabees that it fell into the 
 hands of the Edomites, but was recovered from them by 
 
 1 Num. xiii. 
 * 2 Sam. ii. 11. 
 
 ! Josh. x. 8 Josh. xxi. 7 1 1. 
 
 5 2 Sam. iii. 27. 6 2 Sam. x, 5. 
 
166 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Judas Maccabeus. 1 In the time of the Romans it was taken 
 by Cerealis, an officer of Vespasian, and burnt. 8 In the 
 course of time the name " Castle of Abraham" was given to 
 the old building over the grave of the patriarchs (which even 
 Josephus mentions, as probably the old outer wall), and 
 which was afterwards transferred to the city itself; by the 
 Mohammedans this name is retained, but for Abraham's 
 sake the usual name el-Khulil " the friend," t. e., of God was 
 added, and has now become the sole name of the place. In 
 the time of the Crusades, Hebron seems to have come into the 
 hands of the Christians soon after the taking of Jerusalem. 
 Later, in 1 1 67, it was made the seat of a Latin episcopate. 
 After the taking of Jerusalem by Saladin, in the year 1187, 
 the place fell again into the hands of the Mohammedans, and 
 it has ever since remained in their possession. The people of 
 Hebron and the surrounding district bore a conspicuous part 
 in the rising against the Egyptian government in 1 834 ; and 
 after the defeat of the insurgents by Ibrahim Pasha, in a 
 battle fought near Solomon's Pools, they threw themselves 
 into Hebron, which was soon taken by the victorious Ibrahim, 
 and given over to sack and pillage. 
 
 Hebron is situated in a deep and narrow valley in the 
 mountains of Judah, twenty-two miles south of Jerusalem, 
 and an equal distance north-east of Beersheba. It is entirely 
 built of stone, upon the declivities of the hills enclosing the 
 valley. As seen from a distance, the town is beautiful, the 
 solid stone edifices, covered with whole flat roofs, each sur- 
 mounted by a low white dome, make an agreeable impression, 
 but the illusion is dispelled the moment a traveller enters 
 the walls. The streets are narrow, dirty, and dark, and the 
 buildings much dilapidated. Many stalls, and even whole 
 passages in the bazaars were unoccupied. The mutton, 
 grapes, and bread were abundant and good. The population 
 is variously estimated by travellers from 5,000 to 10,000; 
 perhaps there may be 7,000, of which several hundred are 
 miserably poor Jews, who linger around the home of their 
 great progenitor, and drag out a wretched life, shut up in a 
 dark, pestilential quarter of the town, where they have two 
 small synagogues. There are but few Christian inhabitants. 
 
 1 1 Mace. v. 65. 2 Joseph. De Bell. Jud. iv 9; vii. 9. 
 
THE TRIBES JUDAH. 
 
 107 
 
 The appearance of the streets and buildings suggests that 
 population, trade, and wealth are decreasing. The city has 
 scarcely yet recovered from the terrible stroke inflicted upon 
 it, in 1834, by Ibrahim Pasha. In the bottom of the valley, 
 just below the town, is a large square reservoir, built of stone, 
 for the reception of water, which it collects in the rainy 
 season. It is a hundred and thirty-five feet on each side, 
 and twenty-one feet eight inches in depth. Above the town 
 there is another cistern of smaller dimensions, for a similar 
 purpose. These pools, in the opinion of Dr. Robinson, are 
 of high antiquity, and one of them is probably to be regarded 
 as the pool of Hebron, over which David hung up the 
 assassins of Ishbosheth, 2 Sam. iv. 12. 
 
 The reputed site of the cave of Machpelah, the sepulchre 
 of the patriarchs, is covered by a Turkish mosque, and 
 enclosed by a wall of great antiquity, probably beyond the 
 period of the Christian era. This enclosure is two hundred 
 feet by a hundred and fifteen, and fifty or sixty feet in height. 
 It is a moslem, a sacred place ; and neither Jew nor Christian 
 is permitted, on any occasion, to enter within the enclosure. 
 
 Bethlehem. 
 
 The large building in the centre of the drawing, is the convent erected over 
 what tradition affirms to be tne cave of the nativity. 
 
168 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Bethlehem is of peculiar Scriptural interest. It is fre- 
 quently named in Scripture, in the first place by its ancient 
 name of Ephrath, so early as the time of Jacob, whose 
 beloved Rachel died on the approach to it, in giving birth 
 to Benjamin ; and to this day her sepulchre is to be seen in 
 the neighbourhood. But the everlasting renown of this place 
 arises from its having been the birth-place of our Saviour, as 
 previously of his great ancestor, according to the flesh, 
 David, the son of Jesse, whom the Lord raised from the 
 sheep-fold to be king over Israel. It was generally called 
 Bethlehem-Judah, to distinguish it from another Bethle- 
 hem, in Zebulon. 1 It is also called Ephrath, (the fruitful,) 
 and its inhabitants Ephrathites.* It was fortified by Reho- 
 boam, 3 but it does not appear to have been a place of much 
 importance, for Micah, extolling the moral pre-eminence of 
 Bethlehem, says, " Thou Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou 
 he little among the thousands of Judah, 4 " etc. In almost every 
 century since the times of the New Testament, Bethlehem has 
 been visited and mentioned by writers and travellers. Helena 
 built here a church, which appears to have been the same 
 which still exists. Jerome afterwards took up his residence 
 in the convent, which early sprung up around it ; and the 
 Roman matron, Paula, came and erected other convents, and 
 spent here the remainder of her days. There is a cavern, at 
 some distance from the village, which tradition states to have 
 been the birth-place of our Saviour, and in this place Jerome 
 lived, and prepared his version of the Bible, and many 
 other learned and useful works. The crusaders, on their 
 approach to Jerusalem, first took possession of Bethlehem, 
 at the entreaty of its Christian inhabitants. In A.D. 1110, 
 King Baldwin I. erected it into an episcopal see, a dignity 
 it had never before enjoyed. In A.D. 1244, Bethlehem, like 
 Jerusalem, was desolated by the wild hordes of the Kharis- 
 mians. 
 
 Dr. Robinson gives the inhabitants of Bethlehem a bad cha- 
 racter, representing them as " a restless race, prone to tumult 
 and rebellion, and formerly living in frequent strife with their 
 
 1 Josh. xix. 15. Jiidg. xii. 10. 
 
 3 Gen. xlviii. 7. Mic. v. 2. 3 2 Chrou. xi. 6. 
 
 4 Mic. v. 2. 
 
THE TRIBES JTJDAH. 169 
 
 neighbours of Jerusalem and Hebron." In the rebellion of 
 1834 they naturally took an active part; and the vengeance 
 of the Egyptian government fell heavily upon them. The 
 Moslem quarter was laid in ruins; and all the inhabitants, 
 like those of other towns and villages, disarmed. Since then the 
 population has remained almost entirely Christian, and their 
 number is reckoned by the latest traveller 1 at about four 
 thousand. 
 
 Bethlehem lies six miles from Jerusalem, a little west of 
 south; the first appearance of the town is very striking. 
 There are many descriptions of the town ; the following is by 
 Dr. Olin, one of the several American clergymen who have, 
 during the last twelve years, contributed so largely to our 
 knowledge of Palestine. 
 
 " It is built upon a ridge of considerable elevation, which 
 has a rapid descent to the north and east. The width of 
 the town is very inconsiderable, in some places hardly 
 exceeding that of a single street. From the gate at the 
 western extremity to the convent which occupies the eastern, 
 the distance may be half a mile. The first part of the 
 way, the street descends rapidly; farther on, and espe- 
 cially near the convent, it becomes tolerably level. The 
 houses are solidly, though roughly built of the lime-stone of 
 which the whole region is composed; but a large part of them 
 are in a very dilapidated state, and uninhabited. A number 
 are without a roof, of others the walls are in a ruinous condi- 
 tion. The streets are narrow, and though paved, are almost 
 impassable for a horse. 
 
 The environs of Bethlehem are beautiful, but they cannot 
 be said to be well cultivated. There is, indeed, no good til- 
 lage in this country, though the best is perhaps about this 
 ancient town. The soil is fertile, but it is encumbered with 
 rocks, and the hills and valleys are covered to a considerable 
 distance with figs, olives, pomegranates, and vineyards. The 
 deep valley on the northern side of the town, which is over- 
 looked by the road leading to Jerusalem, presents a scene of 
 beauty and luxuriance unrivalled, so far as I have yet seen in 
 Palestine. The steep hillsides by which it is bounded are 
 
 1 Rev. J. A. Spencer Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the Holy 
 Land. 1850. 
 
170 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 terraced with great labour and care, and covered with fine 
 fruit-trees. TKis delicious spot may perhaps be taken as a 
 specimen of the general appearance of the hill country in the 
 prosperous days of the Jewish state, and of what it might 
 once more become under the fostering care of a good govern- 
 ment, and of an industrious civilized population. 
 
 It is only under the walls of considerable towns that agri- 
 culture is practicable. Within two miles of Bethlehem fields 
 are permitted to lie waste which once employed and amply 
 rewarded the labour of a numerous peasantry. Now it is in 
 vain to tell them. The Bedouins, who are always in the 
 vicinity, seize the fruit and com even before they come to 
 maturity. The incursion of a single night is often sufficient 
 to carry away or destroy the entire products of a whole year's 
 industry. Even in broad day these barbarians do not hesi- 
 tate to drive their beast through fields of wheat under the 
 owner's eye, and they graze their animals upon them without 
 scruple. Under such discouragements, little attention is paid 
 to agriculture, and the people of Bethlehem naturally turn 
 their attention to other employments. 
 
 They make crosses and carve ornaments of pearl, which 
 they sell to pilgrims, by whom they are highly prized as 
 memorials of their visits to holy places, if, indeed, they do 
 not invest them with a higher character. 
 
 They also manufacture beads and other trinkets of the 
 mother-of-pearl, and of the wood and kernel of the olives 
 that grow in and about the Garden of Gethsemane. They 
 supply the bazaars of Jerusalem with these wares, and press 
 them upon strangers who visit their town with an importunity 
 that is very annoying. 
 
 The convent of the Nativity, which covers the spot where 
 it is believed our blessed Lord was born, is situated at the 
 east end of the town, and is by far the most conspicuous 
 object which it contains. It is a very extensive stone edifice, 
 irregular in its plan, from having been constructed a piece at 
 a time, and at various and distant eras. The church, and 
 probably some other parts of this immense pile, were built 
 by the Empress Helena. The whole has the appearance of a 
 strong fortress. There is a large but waste esplanade in 
 front, extending westward towards the village, and from the 
 wing of the convent, which projcets a long way in advance 
 
THE TRIBES JUDAII. 171 
 
 before the entrance, and bounds the southern side of the court 
 to the northern declivity of the ridge. 
 
 After passing through the low door and a sort of ante- 
 chamber, we entered the ancient church built by Helena. 
 This is a magnificent structure, though now in a neglected 
 and semi-ruinous state. It is thirty-four paces long and 
 thirty broad, ornamented with forty-eight monolith columns 
 of the Corinthian order, arranged in four rows of twelve co- 
 lumns each. The columns are about two and a half feet in 
 diameter, by more than twenty in height. This church was 
 once richly adorned with paintings and Mosaic, of which only 
 a few mutilated figures remain. The pavement is out of 
 repair. The roof is of wood, and the naked, rough frame- 
 work which supports it has a bad effect, and is quite un- 
 worthy of the fine structure which it surmounts. This roof I 
 take to be a restoration rendered necessary by some casuality, 
 and made in days of adversity. 
 
 The church seems at present to be merely an outer court, a 
 sort of thoroughfare, through which entrance is gained into 
 the smaller churches and the apartments of the convent. A 
 wall has been erected across it, nearer the eastern end, which 
 cuts off a considerable area that has been converted into two 
 small churches or chapels, where the Greeks and Armenians 
 perform their respective rites. The Latins have a separate 
 church in the convent, situated a little farther north. It is 
 not large, but commodious, and in good taste and repair. 
 Formerly these three communities occupied the principal 
 church by turns for the celebration of religious worship ; but 
 difficulties and dissensions arose which led to the present 
 arrangement, and to the partial abandonment of the splendid 
 erection of the munificent and zealous Helena. 
 
 The Armenian chapel is entered through a door in the cross 
 wall already mentioned. It is a very unpretending room ; the 
 altar and all the furniture is plain, and almost mean. The 
 Greek church is in the same apartment, immediately east of 
 the Armenian, from which there is an ascent, by marble steps, 
 of two- and a half feet. It is paved with beautiful marble ; 
 and the altar is richly ornamented in the Greek style. The 
 walls are covered with small paintings of a religious character, 
 and a multitude of gold or gilded lamps, and other objects 
 designed for use or decoration, give some air of splendour 
 and sumptuousness to this ill-proportioned room. 
 
172 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 The grotto of the Nativity is under the Greek chapel, but 
 the entrance is through a door in the southern side of that of 
 the Armenians. In this grotto a star formed of silver and 
 precious stones marks the alleged site of the nativity, and the 
 following inscription forms a circle around it. " Hie de 
 Virgine Maria, Jesus Christus natus est." Golden lamps con- 
 tinually burn over the sacred spot. Above it is a marble 
 table, with the usual decorations of an altar in a Catholic 
 church. Here the pilgrims prostrate themselves, offering 
 up their prayers, and kissing the star and the pavement 
 around it. 
 
 At a distance of about twenty feet from the star of the 
 Nativity is the manger where the infant Jesus was first 
 cradled. The manger is a block of white marble, hollowed 
 out in proper from. It occupies a recess in the grotto, and is 
 less than two feet in height by perhaps four in length. The 
 altar of the wise men is fenced by a kind of screen, above 
 which is seen a painting that represents them doing homage 
 and offering precious gifts to the holy child Jesus. Thirty- 
 two splendid lamps illuminate this stable, now transformed 
 into a gorgeous chapel. The ceiling of the grotto is also 
 thickly hung with costly lamps, the gifts, as the Latin monk 
 who acted as our guide informed us, of Catholic princes, 
 and not of Greeks and Armenians. What confidence is due 
 to the traditions embodied in these memorials is question- 
 able, but they are of long continuance, and are generally 
 believed. " 
 
 Beersheba was on the southern limits of Judah and Pales- 
 tine. Hence the phrase, " from Dan (in the extreme north) 
 to Beersheba" (in the extreme south), to describe the whole 
 extent of the land. It was a favourite station of Abraham, 
 and occurs so often in the history of the patriarchs, that 
 much interest had long been felt in it, although no informa- 
 tion concerning it existed, nor any means of determining the 
 exact spot had been found until it was discovered by Dr. 
 Robinson ; and this certainly is not the least of the many 
 obligations which the public owes to that learned traveller 
 and his accomplished companion the Rev. Eli Smith* 
 
 On coming up from the desert by a long and tedious 
 ascent, he came out on a broad, undulating country, over- 
 spread to a considerable extent with grass, and affording in 
 ordinary seasons good pasturage, a grateful evidence that the 
 
THE TRIBES JUDAH. 173 
 
 desert was at an end. On the north side of a broad, beaten 
 course he found two wells, fifty-five rods distant from each 
 other, one twelve feet in diameter and forty-four and a half 
 feet deep ; the other five feet in diameter and forty-two in 
 depth. The water was sweet and abundant, and flocks were 
 gathering around to drink at these fountains. On some low 
 hills a little north, he found ruins indicative of a considerable 
 village in the remote ages of its prosperity. 
 
 44 Here, then, is the place where the patriarchs Abraham, 
 Isaac, and Jacob dwelt ! Here Abraham dug perhaps this 
 very well ; and journeyed from hence with Isaac to Mount 
 Mori ah to offer him up there in sacrifice. From this place 
 Jacob fled to Padan-aram after acquiring the birthright and 
 blessing belonging to his brother; and here too he sacri- 
 ficed to the Lord, on setting off to meet his son Joseph in 
 Egypt. Here Samuel made his sons judges ; and from here 
 Elijah wandered out into the southern desert, and sat down 
 under a shrub of Relim, just as our Arabs sat down under it 
 every day and every night. Over these smiling hills the 
 flocks of the patriarchs once roved by thousands, where now 
 we found only a few camels, asses, and goats." 
 
 There are other spots in this vicinity which are mentioned 
 in the patriarchal history, but which remained undiscovered 
 until the Rev. John Rowlands performed that journey from 
 Gaza, of which he gave an account in the letter to the Rev. 
 George Williams, and which we have already had occasion 
 to quote in reference to Kadesh. The following is the por- 
 tion of the same letter which refers to these other discoveries. 
 The route was in the first instance from Gaza to Khalasa ; 
 and on the way the site of the ancient Gaza was visited. 
 
 '* We had heard of it at Gaza under the name of Joorf 
 el-Gerar (the rush or rapid of Gerar), which we found to be 
 three hours south-south- east of Gaza, within Wady Gaza, a deep 
 and broad channel coming down from the south-east, and 
 receiving a little higher up than this spot Wady esh-Sheriat 
 from the east-north-east. Near Joorf el-Gerar are traces of 
 an aneient city, called Khirbet el-Gerar (the ruins of Gerar). 
 Our road beyond to Khalasa lay along a plain slightly undu- 
 lated. This plain must be " the land of Gerar." Here we 
 ' sojourned ' for two days (one of which was a Sunday) with 
 Abraham ' in Gerar.' 
 
174 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Khalasa (ancient Chesil, I think), must have been a large 
 city. The remains are very extensive heaps of stones and 
 portions of houses, &c. Our road from Khalasa was nearly 
 in a direct line all the way to Suez, passing near the south- 
 east extremity of Mount Halal. Two hours and a half from 
 Khalasa is an ancient site, called Sebata ; only a few traces of 
 a city, pottery, &c. This, I thought, must be Hormah, or 
 ancient Zephath, 1 the Arabic form of which name would 
 be precisely Sebat or Sebata. Hormah was a name given it by 
 the Jews ; and the Arabs would probably, according to their 
 usual practice, retain the ancient name. Chesil and Hormah 
 are mentioned together in Josh. xv. 30. Hormah could not 
 therefore be very far from Chesil, and the situation of Sebata 
 corresponds well with the great elevated plain of Serr (or 
 Seir, where the children of Israel were chased before the 
 Amalekites) ; it lies to the west of the mountains of Rakhmeh, 
 which, as you remember, are to the west of Ain Rakhmeh, 
 where we saw the wild Arabs. To the east of 'Ain Rakhmeh 
 is the grand plain called es-Serr, which must be the Seir 
 alluded to in Deut. i. 44. The Amorites chased them down 
 the western side of the mountains of Rakhmeh unto Hormah 
 or Sebata, which lies near the borders of the plain. From 
 thence they returned southward to Kadesh. Deut. i. 4, 5. 
 Hormah is nowhere mentioned to be a border city. A few 
 hours to the east of Sebata (said to be three hours) an ancient 
 site was mentioned to me, called Asloodg or Kasloodg, with 
 some ancient walls, most probably Ziklag. 
 
 About a quarter of an hour beyond Sebata we came to 
 the remains of what must have been a very well-built 
 city, called now Rohebeh. This I have not the slightest 
 doubt whatever is ancient Rehoboth, where Abraham, and 
 afterwards Isaac, digged a well. 3 This lies, as Rehoboth 
 did, in the land of Gerar. Outside the walls of the city 
 is an ancient well of living and good water called Bir Ro- 
 hebeh. This most probably is the site, if not the well 
 itself digged by Isaac. The city is not quite so extensive 
 as Khalasa, but the vines are much more considerable. 
 Some portion of almost every house remains perfect, beau- 
 tiful masonry. Mr. Johns admired it greatly. It is of 
 
 1 Judg. i. 17. * Gen. xxvi. 1822. 
 
THE TRIBES JUDAH. 175 
 
 the Saracenic style. The Bedouins said it was once inha- 
 bited by Christians. About ten hours beyond Rohebeh, 
 on our road (t. e., ten hours camel's pace) is a place called 
 Moilahi (or Moilahhi), a grand resting-place of the caravans, 
 there being water here as the name implies. It lies in one of 
 two or three passages or openings in the very southernmost 
 hills or southern border of the Land of Promise, which form 
 the grand outlet from Palestine into the desert, or the grand 
 entrance from the desert into Palestine, by which the great 
 caravan roads from Akaba, Mount Sinai, and Suez, pass to 
 Hebron and to Gaza. It may be ten or fifteen miles to the 
 east-north-east from the nearest extremity of Mount Halal. 
 Shall I not please you when I tell you that we found here 
 Bir Lahai-roi?" 
 
 In proof of this interesting identification, Mr. Rowlands 
 produces these arguments: " 1. Moilahhi lies on the great 
 road from Beersheba to Shur or Jebel es-Sur, which is its 
 present name, a grand chain of mountains running north 
 and south, a little east of the longitude of Suez, lying 
 as Shur did, before Egypt. 1 2. It is probable from Gen. 
 xi. 14, that Bir Lahai-roi was not far from Kadesh ; Moilahhi 
 is about twelve miles from Kadesh. But, 3rd, the grand 
 settling point is its present name. The well has disap- 
 peared, and the "Bir" (well) very naturally been changed 
 into "Moi" (water); and, what is very remarkable, the 
 Arabs of the country call it Moilahhi Hadjar (Hagar). The 
 Arabs from the neighbourhood of Gaza called it Moilahhi 
 Kadesah, but the former insisted upon its true name being 
 Moilahhi Hadjar; and this, as they explained to me, not 
 from the rocky mountains near, but from the name of a per- 
 son called Hagar ; and to confirm this statement of theirs, 
 they conducted us to the house of Hagar (Beit Hagar), where 
 they said such a person lived. It is about half or three 
 quarters of a mile from Moilahhi, in a ravine among the hills. 
 It is certainly a curious place ; its description is simply this : 
 a square chamber of no great dimensions excavated in the 
 perpendicular face of a rock, at some height above the base ; 
 the entrance into this by a passage bored through the rock 
 from beneath, with a winding staircase of good steps cut in 
 the rock, leading up into the middle of the floor of the 
 1 Gen. xvi. 7. 
 
176 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 chamber. Behind this chamber are three other small cham- 
 bers connected with it, which may possibly have served as 
 dormitories, not at all like tombs, nor showing any evidence 
 whatever of their having been a sepulchre. Its name is Beit 
 Hajar, or the house of Hagar." 
 
 Although the traditions connected with this cavern may 
 be questioned, it is, as Mr. Rowlands urges, certainly 
 true that (4) "the wilderness of Paran," where Ishmael 
 is said to have dwelt, 1 lies immediately to the south of 
 this ; a grand plain, bounded on the west by Halal and 
 Jelek, on the east by the mountains or wilderness of Kadesh 
 and Jebel el-Khirm, on the north by the southern hills of 
 Judea, or rather of the promised (not of the possessed) 
 land. This is el-Paran, or plain of Paran, alluded to in 
 Gen. xiv. 6. This also is the country (excellent for pasture 
 in some parts during the rainy season) where Abraham 
 dwelt between Kadesh and Shur ; not at all the same country 
 as Gerar, inferred (without any reason) from Gen. xxi. 1. 
 Shur or Sur lies at its south-west extremity, and Kadesh 
 at its utmost north-eastern extremity. This plain is the 
 Paran through which the Hebrews came from Sinai on 
 their way to Kadesh. 2 The wilderness of Paran may pos- 
 sibly mean the hills bounding the plain to the east of it, 
 and to the south of the wilderness of Kadesh, or, as I am 
 rather inclined to believe, the wilderness of Kadesh was also 
 called the wilderness of Paran from the adjacent plain, as it 
 was called that of Kadesh from the fountain of Kadesh." 
 
 These places of note in patriarchal history belong, how- 
 ever, of right to that portion of Judah' s history, being the 
 south-western part, which was given to Simeon, which besides 
 these contained no other places of note. It may indeed be 
 doubted whether the tribe had any territory determined by 
 boundaries. It would seem rather that certain towns towards 
 the Philistine frontier were assigned to the tribe; for the 
 territory as a whole could not be regarded as a part of Judah. 
 It was regarded as a distinct territory, defined by the cities 
 belonging to it. Simeon had Judah on the north and east, the 
 Philistines' territory on the west, and on the south the 
 wilderness. 
 
 Gen. xxi. 21. * Num. xii. 16: xiii. 26. 
 
THE TRIBES DAN. 
 
 17'i 
 
 The Tribe or Dan was in the same case with Simeon, 
 and had a corresponding portion of Judah's territory upon the 
 north-west. It had thus Judah on the south, Ephraim on the 
 north, Benjamin on the east, and seemingly, the sea shore on 
 the west, but in reality the territory of the Philistines. In 
 the part of the nominal territory belonging to the Philistines 
 lay Joppa, which did not belong to the Israelites until the 
 victories of David broke up the power of that warlike people. 
 There was no other place of note within these limits, and we 
 may therefore notice here a place which became of great 
 importance in the time of the kings, as the only sea port 
 within the land of Israel. 
 
 Joppa is a very ancient town an existence is claimed for 
 it prior to the Deluge, and tradition assigns this spot as the 
 place where Noah built his ark. Rabbinical writers derive its 
 name from Japhet, while the classical geographers refer it to 
 Jope, daughter of iEolus, and affirm that it was on this shore 
 that Andromeda was rescued by Perseus from the sea monster. 
 These and other fables connected with the place, suffice to 
 
 Joppa. 
 
178 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 show the great antiquity of the town. But this evidence is 
 not needed, as the place existed when the Israelites invaded 
 the land of Canaan, and is mentioned as lying on the border 
 of the tribe of Dan 1 . 
 
 Joppa was the only port possessed by the Israelites till 
 Herod formed the harbour at Caesarea; and hence it was 
 that the timber from Lebanon destined for both the first and 
 second temples was there landed. 2 It was the place to which 
 Jonah went, in expectation of finding a ship bound on some 
 distant voyage, and where he found one going to Tarshish 3 . 
 Joppa belonged to the powers which were successively 
 dominant on this shore ; and it does not again appear in 
 Jewish history till the time of Judas Maccabeus, when the 
 inhabitants having, contrary to the faith of treaties, thrown 
 200 Jews into the sea, the hero, to avenge them, surprised the 
 haven by night, and set the shipping on fire. 4 The town 
 itself was a few years after taken by Jonathan ; 5 but was not 
 long retained, as we find it again taken by Simon, 6 and 
 mentioned as an acquisition of especial importance, which he 
 strongly fortified. 7 Joppa was annexed by Pompey to the 
 Roman government of Syria, together with several other 
 towns on the coast, of which the Jews had obtained posses- 
 sion. It is mentioned in the New Testament only in con- 
 nection with the visit of the Apostle Peter, who here raised 
 Tabitha from the dead, and lodged in the outskirts of the 
 town with Simon, the tanner, when favoured with the vision 
 which taught him to call ' no man common or unclean.' 8 
 
 During the Jewish war Joppa was taken by surprise by 
 Cestius, when it was plundered and burnt, and 3,400 of the 
 inhabitants were put to the sword. Its ruins afterwards 
 became the refuge of a great number of persons who had 
 escaped from the destruction of other cities by Vespasian, and 
 who took to piracy for a subsistence. Hence the Romans 
 again marched against the place, when the inhabitants fled to 
 their boats, but were driven back by a storm and destroyed. 
 The city was then utterly destroyed. Joppa was the seat of a 
 
 1 Josh. ix. 46. 2 1 Kings, v. 9. 2 Chron. ii. 16. Ezra, iii. 7. 
 
 3 Jonah, i. 3. 
 * 2 Mace. xii. 37. 5 1 Mace. x. 74 7& 
 
 xii. 34. 7 xiv. 5 ; xv. 28. 
 
 8 Acts, ix. 3639; x. 5, 18; xi. 5. 
 
THE TRIBES DAN". 179 
 
 bishopric in the time of Constantine the Great, as well as 
 when taken by the Arabians under Omar in a.d. 636. 
 
 In the time of the crusades, Joppa was besieged and taken 
 by Baldwin I., and was recovered by the Moslems under 
 Saladin in a.d. 1186. From the first crusade down to our 
 own day, Joppa has been the landing-place of pilgrims going 
 to Jerusalem, and is hence mentioned in almost all the innu- 
 merable itineraries and books of travels in the Holy Land 
 which have appeared in different languages. There is still 
 here an hospital for pilgrims, dependent on the Convent of 
 St. Salvador in Jerusalem, and occupied by Spanish monks. 
 In 1797, the place was taken by storm by the French army 
 under Napoleon, and was sacked without mercy ; when 
 some of the Turkish prisoners, to the number of 500 or 600, 
 were carried- to the neighbouring sand-hills and shot by his 
 order, on the ground that they had broken the parole pre- 
 viously given to them at Gaza. 
 
 Josephus describes the natural unfitness of Joppa for a 
 haven, in terms very similar to those which modern travellers 
 employ. The fact is, the port is so dangerous from exposure 
 to the open sea, that the surf often rolls in with the utmost 
 violence, and even so lately as 1842, a lieutenant and some 
 sailors were lost in pulling to the shore from an English 
 steamer that lay in the harbour. But however bad, it was 
 the only port which existed within reach of the important 
 district which lay behind it inland ; and the miserable state 
 of the ancient roads, or rather perhaps the absence of any 
 roads, made a near harbour, however incommodious, of more 
 immediate consequence than a good one at a greater 
 distance. 
 
 The town is approached on the land side, through rich and 
 extensive gardens and orchards, and is very picturesquely 
 situated upon an eminence or promontory, which is crowned 
 by a castle. It chiefly faces the north ; and the buildings 
 appear, from the steepness of the site, as if standing upon one 
 another. The most prominent features of the architecture 
 from without are the flattened domes by which most of the 
 buildings are surmounted, and the appearance of arched vaults. 
 But the aspect of the whole is mean and gloomy, and inside, 
 the place has all the appearance of a poor though large 
 village. There are no public buildings to engage the eye, 
 
 M 2 
 
180 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 and the houses are mean and comfortless. No ancient ruins 
 have been observed, nor are any to be expected in a place so 
 often destroyed by war. From the steepness of the site, 
 many of the streets are connected by flights of steps, and the 
 one that runs along the sea-wall is the most clean and regular 
 of the whole. There are three mosques in Joppa, and Latin, 
 Greek, and Armenian convents. The former is that in which 
 European pilgrims and travellers usually lodge. The town still 
 enjoys a considerable trade with the neighbouring coasts. Its 
 chief manufacture is soap, which is largely consumed in the 
 baths of Cairo and Damascus ; and its fruits are excellent, and 
 are exported in large quantities, especially water-melons, 
 which are very extensively cultivated here and in other parts 
 of the plain of Sharon. 
 
 The population of Joppa is computed at about 5,600, ex- 
 clusive of military; of these 26 families, with 120 souls, are 
 Jews who have within these few years come from southern 
 Africa and settled here ; most of them are by occupation 
 shopkeepers, carpenters, and weavers of silk. Dr. Wilson 
 relates, that " when we put the question ' to what Tarshish do 
 you think the prophet Jonah attempted to go when he set sail 
 from Joppa ?' Their reply was satisfactory enough. ' To 
 Tarsus in Cilicia.' " 
 
 The territory of Dan proving too contracted for it, or rather 
 being prevented by the strength of the Philistines from 
 taking full possession of it, a colony of them went forth in 
 the time of the Judges, and established themselves at Laish, 
 a few miles north of the waters of Merom, the modern lake of 
 Huleh, and near one of the fountains (Tel el-Kadi) already 
 noticed as one of the sources of the Jordan. This party, in 
 its way through the mountains of Ephraim, stole from Micah 
 at Kirjath-Jearim, his idolatrous images, and established his 
 corrupt worship in the new settlement, which took the name 
 of Dan. The idolatry which was introduced prepared the 
 place to become, several hundred years later, the chief seat of 
 Jeroboam's worship of the golden calf. 1 It was overrun by 
 the Syrians in their invasion, 2 and is celebrated as the nor- 
 thern limit of Palestine. 
 
 1 1 Kings, xii. 29. 
 * 1 Kings, xv. 20. Chron. xvi. 4. 
 
THE TRIBES BENJAMIN. 
 
 181 
 
 The territory of the tribe of Benjamin was but small. Its 
 eastern boundary lay upon the Jordan for a few miles above 
 its estuary, and by a small part of the Dead Sea. On the 
 west it reached seemingly to the highest point of the central 
 range of mountains, which divided it from Dan. The border 
 of Judah formed its southern limit ; and on the north it was 
 separated from Ephraim by a seemingly arbitrary line drawn 
 from the Jordan, westward to Bethel and Betheron. The 
 tribe thus had Judah on the south, Ephraim on the north, 
 Dan on the west, and the Jordan on the east. 
 
 Jerusalem, Jericho, Ramah Gibeah, Bethel, and Gibea, 
 were the most noticeable places in it. Jerusalem was of so 
 much importance as the metropolis of the whole realm, that 
 it must be reserved for separate notice. 
 
 Ruins of Jericho. 
 
 Jericho was situated some twenty miles east of Jeru- 
 salem in that expansion of the valley of the Jordan, on 
 approaching the Dead Sea, which is known as the Plain of 
 
182 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Jericho. The town is memorable as the first which the Israel- 
 ites assaulted after they had miraculously crossed the Jordan, 
 and entered the Promised Land; and for the marvellous over- 
 throw of its walls under the circumstances described in the 
 sixth chapter of Joshua. It was completely destroyed by the 
 conquerors, and Joshua pronounced a fearful curse upon him 
 who should rebuild the city; which was executed five 
 hundred and twenty years afterwards, upon Hiel. 1 Pre- 
 viously to this, and almost immediately after the death of 
 Joshua, reference is made to it, under the name of the city of 
 Palm-trees. 2 In the time of Elijah and Elisha it became a 
 school of the prophets. 3 At a short distance north-west are 
 two fountains near each other, gushing from the earth, and 
 yielding a stream of water sufficient to irrigate the whole 
 plain. These waters are now sweet and wholesome. Whe- 
 ther their salubrity is the effect of that miracle or not, this 
 was doubtless the scene of Elisha 1 s miracle in the healing of 
 the waters. 4 The messengers of David tarried here, after 
 the insult inflicted upon them by Hanun, until their beards 
 were grown. 6 
 
 From the Babylonish captivity the inhabitants of this city 
 returned again to it. 6 Herod the Great in the beginning of 
 his career, captured and sacked Jericho, but afterwards 
 strengthened and adorned it, when he had redeemed its revenues 
 from Cleopatra, on whom the plain had been bestowed by 
 Mark Antony. He appears to have often resided here, pro- 
 bably in winter : he built over the city a fortress called 
 Cypros, between which and the former palace he erected other 
 palaces, and called them by the names of his friends. Here 
 also was a hippodrome or circus, in which this tyrant, when 
 lying at Jericho on his death -bed, caused the nobles of 
 the land to be shut up for massacre after his death. He died 
 there, but his bloody intention was not executed. The palace 
 in this town was afterwards rebuilt more magnificently by 
 Archelaus. By this it will be seen that the Jericho which 
 existed in the time of our Saviour was a great and important 
 city, probably more so than it had ever been since its founda 
 
 1 I Kings, xvi. 34. 2 Judges, iii. 13. 
 
 3 2 Kings, ii. 4, 5. 4 2 Kings, ii. 21. 
 
 5 2 Sam. x. 5. fl Ezra, ii. 34. 
 
THE TRIBES BENJAMIN. 183 
 
 tion. It was once visited by him, when he lodged with 
 Zaccheus, and healed the blind man, who cried to " the Son 
 of David" to have mercy on him. 1 Eusebius and Jerome 
 describe Jericho as having been destroyed during the siege 
 of Jerusalem, on account of the perfidy of the inhabitants, 
 but add that it was afterwards rebuilt ; but as Josephus is 
 silent respecting this event, Dr. Robinson regards it as 
 doubtful. 
 
 That the town continued to exist as a place of importance, 
 appears from the names of five bishops of Jericho, which 
 have been collected. The emperor Justinian built here a 
 Xenodochium, apparently for pilgrims, and also a church 
 dedicated to the Virgin ; and the monastery of St. John, near 
 the Jordan, was already in existence. The town, however, 
 appears to have been overthrown during the Mohammedan 
 conquest ; for Adamnanus, at the close of the seventh 
 century, describes the site as without human habitations, and 
 covered with corn and vines. The celebrated palm- groves 
 still existed. In the next century a church is mentioned ; 
 and in the ninth century several monasteries appear. About 
 the same time the Plain of Jericho is again noticed for its 
 fertility and peculiar products ; having, it seems, been 
 brought under cultivation by the Saracens, for the sake 
 of the sugar and other products for which the soil and climate 
 were more suitable than any other in Palestine. Ruins of 
 extensive aqueducts, with pointed Saracenic arches, remain 
 in evidence of the elaborate irrigation and culture of this fine 
 plain which is nothing without water, and everything with 
 it at a period long subsequent to the occupation of the 
 country by the Jews. It is to this age that we may probably 
 refer the origin of the castle and village, which have since 
 been regarded as representing Jericho. If the present Arab 
 village of Rihah indeed represent the ancient Jericho, no 
 important city certainly had ever a more miserable represen- 
 tative. The village is indeed one of the meanest in the 
 country. It may, perhaps, contain forty human habitations, 
 formed of small, loose stones. The walls, which threaten to 
 tumble down at a touch, are covered with flat roofs, composed 
 of reeds or straw plastered over with mud. A small yard is 
 
 1 Luke, xviii. 3543; xix. 17- Matt. xx. 2934. Mark, 
 X. 4652. 
 
184 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 inclosed around most of the houses, with dry thorn bushes. 
 The village has a similar bulwark, which, insufficient as it 
 appears to oppose resistance to the invader, is quite sufficient 
 against the predatory Bedouins, with their bare feet and legs, 
 or any other enemy in too great haste to set the place on fire. 
 The most conspicuous object in the village is a dilapidated 
 edifice, some thirty or forty feet square, and about as high, 
 which was probably constructed to defend or overawe the 
 place when it possessed more importance than at present. 
 There are some narrrow apertures in the wall that appear to 
 have been designed as loopholes for musketry. If so, they 
 limit the age of the structure to an era subsequent to the 
 invention of gunpowder, and point to a probable Saracenic 
 origin. The pilgrims assign to it a higher antiquity and do 
 it reverence as the house of Zaccheus, where he entertained 
 the blessed Saviour. They also point to a solitary palm-tree, 
 the only survivor of the luxuriant groves that distinguished 
 Jericho as the " city of palms," as the identical sycamore into 
 which this chief of the publicans climbed up to obtain a view 
 of Jesus as he passed through the city. Bihah may contain 
 two hundred people, which would be about five to each 
 house. They have a sickly aspect, and are reputed indolent 
 and vicious. Everything bears now the marks of abject and, 
 what is unusual in the east, of squalid poverty. It has been of 
 late years doubted that this is really the site of the Jericho of 
 Scripture. Mr. Buckingham was, we believe, the first to suggest 
 ithat the place of the ancient city might be identified by some 
 "ruins two miles to the west of this, and near the road that 
 comes down from Jerusalem. This conclusion has found favour 
 with most of the observant travellers who have since visited 
 the place. At Bihah there are no remains whatever to 
 indicate the former presence of a considerable town ; nothing 
 in fact but the tower to induce a suspicion that any thing 
 much better than the present miserable village ever existed 
 upon the spot. The situation does not agree with that of the 
 ancient city, which, according to Josephus, was close to the 
 mountains which bound the plain on the west, and con- 
 siderably nearer to Jerusalem. The other site indicated 
 meets the required conditions. There is indeed nothing 
 massive or imposing in the remains here, though they must 
 from their nature and extent denote the site of a considerable 
 
THE TRIBES BENJAMIN. 185 
 
 city. A number of old foundations and the vestiges of an 
 ancient wall are easily traceable. 
 
 Bethel, originally Luz, is often named in the early history 
 of Abraham and his descendants. Here the patriarch pitched 
 his tent on his first arrival in the land, and called upon the 
 name of the Lord. 1 Jacob, a hundred and fifty-six years after- 
 wards, beheld here a vision of the God of Abraham, received 
 the promise, and entered into covenant with Jehovah. Twenty- 
 one years after, he returned, enriched with the blessings of 
 God's providence, to fulfil his vow and commune with God. 2 
 Bethel was on the borders of Benjamin and Ephraim, 3 and 
 was violently wrested from the former by the sons of Joseph. 
 The ark of the covenant was for a long time here, to which 
 the children of Israel came often to inquire of the Lord. 4 
 Samuel came here also once a year to judge the people. 5 
 Bethel was desecrated by the idolatrous worship of a golden 
 calf erected by Jeroboam, 6 and the prediction of the dis- 
 obedient prophet was fulfilled. 7 It was on this account that 
 the old prophets speak with abhorrence of this city, and 
 Hosea by a play upon words, turned the name " Bethel," 
 House of God, into tfc Beth-aven" House of Idols. 8 After the 
 exile the place was again inhabited by returning. Jews, 9 and 
 was fortified by Bacchides the Syrian general, in the time of 
 the Maccabees. In the New Testament Bethel is not men- 
 tioned, but it still existed, as we learn from Josephus, and was 
 taken by Vespasian in the Jewish war. Eusebius and Jerome 
 describe it as a small village in their day ; and this is the 
 last notice of Bethel as an inhabited place. The name is 
 indeed mentioned by writers of the time of the crusades, 
 but apparently only as a place known in Scripture history, 
 and not as then in existence. Yet the present ruins are 
 greater than those of a small village, and show that after the 
 time of Jerome, the place must probably have revived and 
 been enlarged. 
 
 Gen. xii. 8. * Gen. xxx. 5. 
 
 3 Josh. xvi. 1, 2; xviii. 13, 22. Judges, i. 2226. 
 
 4 Judges, xx. 26, 27. 5 1 Sam. vii. 16. 
 
 6 1 Kings, xxiii. 15. 7 1 Kings, xiii. 
 
 8 Hos. iv. 15; v. 8 ; x. 5, 8 Comp. Amos, v. 5. 
 
 9 Ezra, ii. 28. Neh. vii. 32; xi. 31. 
 
186 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 The ruined churches upon the site and beyond the valley 
 betoken a town of much importance even down to the middle 
 ages, and it certainly is matter of surprise that no allusion 
 to the place as then existing, occurs in the historians of the 
 crusades. The site would seem already to have been for- 
 gotten in ecclesiastical tradition. During the following 
 centuries, Bethel was sought for near Shechem, and it is only 
 within the last few years that its name and site have been 
 discovered among the common people, by the Protestant 
 missionaries in Jerusalem. The monks even now know 
 nothing of it ; and the traveller who communicates only with 
 them, is still led to believe that Bethel and its very name have 
 perished. At Beitin in the mountains of Ephraim, twelve 
 miles north of Jerusalem, and a little east of the road leading 
 to Galilee, through Samaria, Bethel is now, however, identi- 
 fied. It was situated on a tongue of land between two 
 valleys which unite just below, and run off to the south-east 
 towards the Jordan. The place is now overspread with ruins, 
 and though uninhabited, must once have been a town of 
 some importance. Here are the remains of a vast reservoir, 
 three hundred and fourteen feet by two hundred and seven- 
 teen in breadth. The region around, as in the days of 
 Abraham and Jacob, still affords excellent and extensive 
 ground for pasturage and tillage. 
 
 Ramah is a name that frequently occurs in Scripture, being 
 (as the name implies) given to different places built in high 
 situations. The Ramah of Benjamin was on the confines of 
 the two kingdoms of Judah and Israel, between whom there 
 was at all times a kind of contest for its possession. Properly 
 it belonged to Judah, but it was seized and fortified by 
 Baasha king of Israel (b.c. 933), with the apparent view of 
 holding in check the communications between the kingdoms. 
 But it was soon destroyed by Ben-hadad of Syria, a confederate 
 of Asia, king of Judah. 1 It is described by Isaiah as thrown 
 into consternation at the approach of the Assyrians. 2 Here 
 also was heard the voice of lamentation and weeping, Rachel 
 weeping for her children, and refusing to be comforted. 3 
 The distance assigned to it by Josephus and Jerome would 
 
 1 1 Kings, xv. 17. 2 Chron. xvi. I. 
 * Isai. x. 29. 
 3 Jer. xxxi. 15. Matt. ii. 18. 
 
THE TRIBES BENJAMIN. 187 
 
 lead us to seek it somewhere about six miles north of Jeru- 
 salem, and accordingly about two hours north of the city 
 upon a hill, a little to the east of the great road northward, a 
 village still exists under the name of er-Kam, in which we 
 cannot hesitate to recognise the ancient Ilamah of Rengam. 
 
 This Ilamah is not to be confounded with the Ram ah of 
 Samuel, where that prophet lived and was buried. It could 
 not have been the same as this, for when Saul visited Samuel 
 at that place, the prophet in dismissing him to his home in 
 Benjamin, and not far from the Ramah already noticed, fore- 
 told the adventure which was to befal him near Rachel's 
 sepulchre. Now as this sepulchre was near Bethlehem, and 
 as Saul's abode was in Benjamin, the southern border of 
 which is several miles to the north thereof, it is manifest that 
 if Saul in going home was to pass near Rachel's sepulchre, 
 the place where Samuel was must apparently have been to 
 the south of it. 
 
 A town of the name of Gibeon was at the time of the con- 
 quest of the land by the Israelites, one of the M royal cities.'* 
 The inhabitants contrived by stratagem to make a treaty 
 with the Israelites, by which they were saved from destruc- 
 tion, but were devoted to perpetual servitude. 1 Alarmed at 
 this treaty of the Gibeonites, the principal kings of all the 
 southern part of Palestine, under Adonizedek, king of Jeru- 
 salem, entered into a confederacy for mutual defence against 
 the invaders. They brought their united forces against the 
 Gibeonites, who appealed to Joshua, their ally, for protection. 
 This brought him into immediate conflict with the confederate 
 army before Gibeon. The result of the battle was a total 
 discomfiture of the allies. To enable Joshua to complete the 
 victory, the sun at his command "stood still on Gibeon in 
 the midst of heaven, and the moon in the valley of Ajalon ; 
 and hasted not to go down about a whole day." 2 Gibeon 
 afterwads became a Levitical city of the tribe of Benjamin. 
 Under David and Solomon the heights of Gibeon were the 
 appointed places of prayer, where for many years the 
 tabernacle was set up, 3 the ark of the covenant being at 
 Jerusalem. 4 It was here that Solomon, after offering a thou- 
 
 1 Josh. ix. 2 Josh. x. 12, 13. 
 
 8 1 Chron. xvi. 3739. * 2 Chron. i. 3, 4. 
 
188 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 sand burnt offerings, enjoyed the visions of God, and received 
 the promise of wisdom surpassing. 1 Here Abner, captain 
 of Saul's host, was defeated by Joab, in a sore battle, and 
 Asahel, Joab's brother slain. 2 And here Amasa, a com- 
 mander of Absalom's rebel army, was subsequently assassi- 
 nated by Joab. 3 
 
 The locality thus historically interesting, was discovered by 
 Dr. Robinson upon an eminence, five miles north by west 
 from Jerusalem, under the name of el-Jib. It is a moderate 
 sized village, the houses of which stand very unevenly and 
 irregularly sometimes almost above one another, on the hill- 
 side. They seem to have been chiefly rooms in old massive 
 ruins, which have fallen down in every direction. One large 
 building still remains, probably an ancient castle or tower of 
 strength. fct The pool of Gibeon," mentioned in 2 Sam. ii. 13, 
 still exists as a large open reservoir among olive trees, which 
 receives the superfluous waters which issue from a fine foun- 
 tain of water within a cavern. 
 
 Ephraim. The territory of this great tribe, second only 
 to Judah, and its $Lval in power and influence, lay to the 
 north of Benjamin and Dan, and extended from the Jordan 
 to the Dead Sea. Its southern border was properly formed 
 in the east by the Wady Fariah, and in the west by the Wady 
 Arsuf, the Scriptural " brook of reeds." 
 
 The chief places of Ephraim were Shechem, Samaria, 
 and Shiloh. 
 
 Shechem is a very ancient place. It is thirty-four miles 
 north of Jerusalem, and seven miles south of Samaria. In 
 the interval between the arrival of Abraham in Palestine and 
 the return of Jacob from Padan aram, it seems to have arisen 
 into a town ; for when Abraham came there, on first entering 
 the land of Canaan, it is mentioned only as a place described 
 by reference to the oaks in the neighbourhood. 4 But in the 
 history of Jacob it repeatedly occurs as a town having walls 
 and gates : it could not, however, have been very large or 
 important, if we may judge from the consequence which the 
 inhabitants attached to an alliance with Jacob, and from the 
 
 1 1 Kings, iii. 5 15. 2 Chron. i. 313. 
 
 8 2 Sam. ii. 1U-32. 3 2 Sam. xx. 812. 
 
 4 Gen. xii. 6. 
 
THE TRIBES EPHRAIM. 
 
 189 
 
 facility with which the sons of the patriarch were able to sur- 
 prise and destroy them. 1 After the conquest of the country, 
 Shechem was made a city of refuge,' and one of the Levitical 
 towns ; 3 and during the life time of Joshua it was a centre 
 of union to the tribes, 4 probably because it was the nearest 
 considerable town to the residence of that chief in Timnath- 
 serah. In the time of the Judges, Shechem became the 
 capital of the kingdom set up by Abimelech,* but was at 
 length destroyed by him. 6 It must, however, have been ere 
 long rebuilt, for it had again become of so much importance 
 by the time of Rehoboam"s accession, that he there gave the 
 meeting to the delegates of the tribes, which ended in the 
 separation of the kingdom. 7 It was Shechem which the first 
 monarch of the new kingdom made the capital of his domi- 
 nions. 8 Although later in his reign the pleasantness of 
 
 1 Gen. xxxiii. 18, 19 ; xxxiv. 1, 2, 20, 24, 26. 
 
 * Josh. xx. 7. 3 Josh. xxi. 21. 4 Josh. xxiv. 1, 25. 
 
 3 Judges, ix. 19. Judges, ix. 34. 7 1 Kings, xii. 10. 
 
 8 1 Kings, xii. 25. Comp. xiv. 17. 
 
190 SCRIPTURE LA^'DS. 
 
 Tirzah induced him to build a palace there, and to make it 
 the summer residence of his court, which gave it such im- 
 portance that it at length came to be regarded as the capital 
 of the kingdom, till Samaria eventually deprived it of that 
 honour, 1 Shechem, however, still throve. It subsisted 
 during the exile, 2 and continued for many ages after the 
 chief seat of the Samaritans, and of their worship ; their sole 
 temple being upon the mountain of Gerizim, at whose foot 
 the city stood. 
 
 The city was taken and the temple destroyed by John 
 Hyrcanus B.C. 129. In the New Testament it occurs under 
 the name of Sychar, 3 which seems to have been a sort of 
 nick-name, such as the Jews were fond of imposing upon 
 places they disliked ; and nothing could exceed the enmity 
 which existed between them and the Samaritans, who pos- 
 sessed Shechem. Stephen, however, in his historical retro- 
 spect, still uses the proper and ancient name. 4 Not long 
 after the times of the New Testament, the place received the 
 name of Neapolis, which it still retains in the Arabic form 
 Nabulus, being one of the very few names imposed by the 
 Romans in Palestine which have survived to the present day. 
 The name occurs first in Josephus, and then in Pliny. There 
 had already been converts to the Christian faith at this place 
 under our Saviour, and it is probable that a church had been 
 gathered here by the Apostles, 5 and it early became the seat 
 of a bishopric. Justin Martyr was a native of Neapolis. 
 
 When the Moslems invaded Palestine, Neapolis and other 
 small towns in the neighbourhood were subdued while the 
 siege of Jerusalem was going on. After the taking of Jeru- 
 salem by the crusaders, Neapolis and other towns in the 
 mountains of Samaria tendered their submission, and Tancred 
 took possession of them without resistance. After some 
 disasters in the unquiet times which ensued, and after some 
 circumstances which show its remaining importance, the place 
 was finally taken from the Christians inA.D. 1242 by Abu Ali, 
 the colleague of Sultan Bibars, and has remained in Moslem 
 hands ever since. 
 
 1 1 Kings, xiv. 7; xvi. 24. 2 Jer. xii. 5. 
 
 3 John, iv. 5. 4 Acts, vii. 16. 
 
 5 John, iv. 3042. Acts, viii. 25; ix. 31; xv. 3. 
 
THE TRIBES EPHRAIM. 191 
 
 The town of Nabulus is about forty miles north-north-west 
 from Jericho, and thirty-four miles north of Jerusalem. From 
 a few miles south of Shechem runs north a continuous range 
 of mountains, which fall abruptly down on the east, to a 
 narrow and fertile valley from one to three miles in width and 
 eight or ten miles in length. This valley is the Scriptural plain 
 of Moreh. 1 Near the northern part of this plain the moun- 
 tains on the west are rent asunder, forming two high bluffs, 
 separated by a narrow defile, which, as it runs into the in- 
 terior, turns to the south-west, forming a sequestered glen of 
 great beauty, wherein lies the ancient city of Shechem, the 
 modern Nabulus. These opposite bluffs, which form the gate- 
 way to the valley within, are Ebal and Gerizim, the former on 
 the north, the latter on the south. This city is long and 
 narrow, extending along the base of Gerizim, and partly rest- 
 ing upon its lower declivity. Though the houses are solidly 
 built, everything, to the floors and domed roofs being of stone, 
 the streets are narrow and uneven, full of rubbish, stones, and 
 various other obstructions, and very filthy. The bazaars are 
 shaded with mats, or arched much like those of Jerusalem, 
 though very superior in their ample supplies of wholesome- 
 looking provisions, and in the various sorts of merchandize 
 demanded by oriental tastes and habits. Some portions of the 
 city really present the appearance of active business and thrift. 
 There are extensive manufactories of soap, held in high repute 
 in the Levant. It is made with olive oil, of which considerable 
 quantities are likewise exported. There are also manufactories 
 of cotton, and considerable quantities are exported. 
 
 The mountain district around Nabulus is perhaps the best 
 cultivated portion of Palestine, though very inferior in natural 
 fertility to some of the plains that lie towards the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea. The wandering Bedouins seldom venture among 
 these fastnesses; so that the people enjoy a degree of security 
 in their pursuits, and are for the most part allowed to reap in 
 peace that which they have sown. Hence there is scarcely 
 any part of the land in which villages are so numerous ; for, 
 as in the time of Deborah, " the villages cease in Israel," 
 where the country is disturbed and property insecure. This 
 has been already instanced at Bethlehem. The population of 
 Nabulus is commonly estimated at eight or ten thousand. 
 1 Gen. xii. 6. 
 
192 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Four or five hundred are Christians, and the rest, with slight 
 exceptions, are all Mohammedans. They are reputed a 
 valiant as well as a turbulent people. The Christians are of the 
 Greek church, and have a single place of worship. There are 
 no ancient remains in the city a proof, perhaps, that Shechem, 
 though distinguished as the religious capital of the Samaritans, 
 w r as never remarkable for massive or splendid edifices. The 
 temple itself was upon Mount Gerizim, and it is highly pro- 
 bable that the ecclesiastical residences, and other structures 
 connected with the celebration of public worship and the 
 maintenance of the national religion, were in its immediate 
 vicinity, upon the top of the mountain, where some traces of 
 ruins, which may be those of the temple, are still to be found. 
 A mile east of the city is the sepulchre of Joseph, in " the 
 parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph;" and three 
 hundred paces south-east is Jacob's Well, a perpendicular 
 shaft of seventy-five feet in depth and nine feet in diameter, 
 sunk in the solid rock, and still containing water, except in 
 the dryest season of the year. 
 
 Samaria is nearly in the centre of Palestine. The access to 
 it is through Shechem, along the verdant valley which breaks 
 through the mountains westward, between Ebal and Gerizim. 
 After turning a little to the north-west, this valley, at the dis- 
 tance of three or four miles, spreads out into a broad, circular 
 basin, fiYe or six miles in diameter, and bounded on every side 
 by mountains. From the plain of this beautiful amphitheatre 
 of mountains, near the western side, rises a very high hill with 
 almost perpendicular sides, on which stood Samaria, com- 
 manding a position of impregnable strength and of surpassing 
 loveliness. The distance from Shechem and Jacob's Well 
 may be about six or seven miles. 
 
 The city derived its name from Shemer, the owner of the 
 hill, from whom it was purchased by King Omri, who saw 
 the peculiar advantage of the site for a city. 1 It was founded 
 B.C. 925, and became the metropolis of the kingdom of Israel, 
 or of the ten tribes. The site of the capital was thus a chosen 
 one ; and all travellers agree that it would be difficult to find in 
 the whole land a situation of equal strength, fertility, and beauty 
 combined. " In all these particulars," says Dr. Robinson, "it 
 
 1 1 Kings, xvi. 23, 24. 
 
THE TRIBES EPHRAIM. 193 
 
 has greatly the advantage over Jerusalem." Samaria continued 
 to be the capital of Israel for two centuries, till the carrying 
 away of the ten tribes by Shalmaneser about B.C. 720. 1 During 
 all this time it was the seat of idolatry, and is often as such 
 denounced by the prophets, sometimes in connexion with Jeru- 
 salem. It was the seat of a temple of Baal, built by Ahab, and 
 destroyed by Jehu. 8 It was the scene of many of the acts of 
 the prophets Elijah and Elisha, connected with the various 
 famines of the land, the unexpected plenty of Samaria, and 
 the several deliverances of the city from the Syrians. After 
 the exile of the ten tribes, Samaria appears to have continued 
 for a time at least the chief city of the foreigners brought to 
 occupy their place, although Shechem soon became the capital 
 of the Samaritans as a religious sect. John Hyrcanus took 
 the city after a year's siege, and razed it to the ground. Yet 
 it must soon have revived, as it is not long after mentioned as 
 an inhabited place in the possession of the Jews. Pompey 
 restored it to its former possessors ; and it was afterwards 
 rebuilt by Gabinius. Augustus bestowed Samaria on Herod, 
 who eventually rebuilt the city with great magnificence, and 
 gave it the name of Sebaste (which is the Greek form of the 
 Latin name or epithet " Augustus"), in honour of that 
 emperor. Here Herod planted a colony of 6000 persons, 
 composed partly of veteran soldiers, and partly of people from 
 the environs, enlarged the circumference of the city, and sur- 
 rounded it with a strong wall twenty stades in circuit. In the 
 midst of the city that is to say, upon the summit of the 
 hill he left a sacred place of a stade and a half, splendidly 
 decorated ; and here he erected a temple to Augustus, cele- 
 brated for its magnitude and beauty. The whole city was 
 greatly ornamented, and became a strong fortress. Such was 
 Samaria of the time of the New Testament, where the gospel 
 was preached by Philip, and a church was gathered by the 
 apostles. 3 Little is known of the place in the following cen- 
 turies beyond the fact that it still existed, and was the seat of 
 an episcopal see. It seems that the city of Herod had been 
 destroyed by the fourth century, or earlier ; but the occasion 
 is not known. But a town under the same name, though per- 
 
 1 2 Kings, xvii. 3, 5. 
 
 2 1 Kings, xvi. 32, 33. 2 Kings, x. 1828. 
 
 3 Acts, viii. 5, 9. 
 
 o 
 
194 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 haps not exactly on the same site, still survived. It is fre- 
 quently mentioned in the history of the Crusaders, who there 
 established a Latin bishopric. In the seventeenth century it 
 was a miserable place, with scarcely any traces of either the 
 earlier or the later Samaria, the materials having been em- 
 ployed by the existing inhabitants in the construction of their 
 own mean abodes. In the eighteenth century it was un- 
 noticed by travellers, but has again been often visited and 
 described in the present century. 
 
 The present Sebaste still retains under an Arabian dress 
 (Sebustieh) the Greek appellation imposed by Herod. A 
 wretched village is all that remains of this splendid metro- 
 polis from the vicissitudes of two thousand years, and from 
 the decay which has invariably followed Turkish conquest 
 and misrule. There are however some ancient remains, of 
 which a good account is given by Dr. Robinson, Dr. Olin, 
 and others. The decription best suited to our purpose is 
 however that of Dr. Durbin. 1 
 
 " Our next point was Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, the 
 capital of the kingdom of Israel, two hours distant north- 
 west from Nabulus. Issuing from the town on the west, we 
 descended the valley for three-quarters of an hour, passing 
 through luxuriant gardens, rich grain fields, and fine groves 
 of olives and figs, all irrigated by many small aqueducts and 
 canals. The sides of the mountains, which subside as they 
 advance westward, are terraced to their summits, and studded 
 with villages embosomed in olive groves and vineyards. 
 Mount Ebal sinks down rapidly, and disappears in low, culti- 
 vated hills, while Mount Gerizim is prolonged, inclining a 
 little to the north, and joins the lower range of hills which 
 sweep round north-west, enclosing the valley of Nabulus. 
 This valley bends round the western point of Mount Ebal, and 
 then expands on the north of it into a magnificent basin, in 
 the midst of which rises the insulated mountain of Samaria. 
 The road does not make the circuit of the valley, but ascends 
 to the north over the western slope of Ebal, from the summit 
 of which is the richest view in Palestine. The mountains on 
 the south, west, and north form a vast amphitheatre, adorned 
 throughout its whole area with villages , vineyards, groves, 
 
 1 Observations on the East, ii. 24 27. New York, 1845. 
 
THE TKIBES EPHRAIM. 195 
 
 grass, and grain fields. In the northern part of this lovely 
 panorama, the mountain of Samaria is seen rising in the midst 
 of a richly cultivated basin. It is a very regular oblong swell, 
 rising five hundred feet above the level of the plain, very steep 
 on all sides, and richly cultivated to its summit. As seen from 
 Mount Ebal, the broad terrace which girds its middle is 
 clearly distinguishable by a broken line of columns, extending 
 three thousand feet from west to east; their tops rise above 
 the olive trees, while their bases are hid in the luxuriant 
 wheat. Conspicuous on the eastern brow was the noble ruin 
 of the church of St. John the Baptist, under whose walls 
 nestled the miserable little village which still bears the name 
 of the master of the Roman world. On different parts of the 
 hill were lone columns, standing amid the green wheat and 
 olive trees. 
 
 Descending from Mount Ebal, we halted at the eastern 
 base of the mountain of Samaria, immediately under the 
 walls of the venerable cathedral. Situated on the first great 
 terrace which encircles the mountain, the ascent to the 
 church was steep and winding, amid rent walls and fractured 
 arches, which mined the hill. A single glance at the noble 
 ruin reveals its date and its founders. The round arches on 
 the outside of the alcove of the great altar, the pointed ones 
 within, the buttressed walls, the high, narrow, military- 
 looking windows, and the multitude of mutilated Maltese 
 crosses prove it to be the work of the Crusaders and of the 
 Knights of St. John. The alcove is whole, and the walls not 
 much broken, though the stone roof has long since fallen in. 
 The interior is occupied by a small mosque, and a tomb 
 commonly reputed to be that of St. John the Baptist. The 
 tomb covers a deep grot hewn in the rock, which tradition 
 declares to be both the grave and the prison of the Baptist. 
 It can scarcely be so, as we know, on the authority of Jose- 
 phus that John was beheaded in the castle of Machaerus, on 
 the east of the Jordan, near its mouth. Besides, the neigh- 
 bourhood of the Jordan was the proper country of John the 
 Baptist, and in that vicinity where he had preached, and bap- 
 tized, and fallen a martyr, it is most likely that his remains 
 were laid to rest. 
 
 From the church we ascended directly westward, and 
 about two-thirds of the way up came to a second well-defined 
 
 o 2 
 
196 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 terrace, which encircles the hill. Here we found fifteen 
 noble columns standing on the terrace, marking the lines of a 
 quadrangle, about one hundred feet on one side. There are 
 no traces of walls, and the pavement has given way to the 
 plough, the olive, and the young grain. It appeared to me 
 to have been an open colonnade, at once a place of public 
 amusement and an ornament to the city. To the south of it 
 is a smaller quadrangle, also flanked by a colonnade, which 
 was probably connected with the larger one, but certainly did 
 not form a connection between it and the magnificent colonnade 
 seen from Mount Ebal, sweeping round the southern side of 
 the hill; for this is on the first terrace, while those are on 
 the second. From this second terrace we ascended to the 
 summit, which we found to have been formed by art into a 
 level circular plateau, about two hundred and fifty feet in 
 diameter, and precipitous on all sides. Here had stood a 
 magnificent edifice, encircled with a peristyle of fine columns, 
 some of whose bases were still in their places on the edge of 
 the plateau, while fragments of shafts and capitals were 
 mingled with the ruins scattered amid the young grain. 
 
 The position of this edifice, which sat as a crown upon 
 the city of Sebaste, points it out as the magnificent temple 
 which according to Josephus, Herod built in honour of the 
 emperor, his patron, and friend. I saw no view in Palestine 
 to compare with that from the Mountain of Samaria. It took 
 in all the rich and varied prospect from Mount Ebal, and, in 
 addition, the fine valley opening westward to the Mediterra- 
 nean, whose broad expanse sparkled in the sun. 
 
 From the summit I descended to the south-west to the 
 first great terrace, and struck upon the remains of an edifice 
 which seemed to form the western end of the colonnade 
 already mentioned as girding the hill for three thousand feet 
 on the south. I looked out westward to the sea, and then 
 turned and walked eastward with the perpendicular bank of 
 the terrace on my left, and its line of columns on my right. 
 This noble facade is much broken at various and distant 
 intervals. Many shafts and capitals have fallen down the hill 
 and are partly concealed among the olive, almond, and fig- 
 trees, and growing grain; but about eighty are still standing 
 in their places. I walked within the colonnade until it 
 terminated on the east at the village, repeating to myself the 
 
THE TRIBES EPHRAIM. 197 
 
 denunciation of Micah, ' Therefore will I make Samaria as a 
 heap of the field, and as plantings of a vineyard, and I will 
 pour down the stones thereof into the valley, and I will 
 discover the foundations thereof." 1 Some of my young com- 
 panions descended the hill on the north, where they found 
 another magnificent colonnade similar to that already described 
 on the south, and which they represented as scarcely inferior 
 to it. It was situated lower down the hill, probably on the 
 first great terrace. 
 
 It is easy to conceive of the plan of the city. It covered 
 an oval mountain, about 500 feet high, whose greatest 
 diameter, from east to west, was perhaps a mile and a half, 
 and its shortest, from north to south, one mile. It was girded 
 by three great terraces, adorned throughout their whole 
 circle with public buildings and open colonnades, connected 
 with each other at convenient distances by steep avenues, 
 ascending and converging to the summit, which was crowned 
 by a magnificent temple. . Thus in the midst of her glory, 
 she sat in the midst of the magnificent basin as a rich ruby 
 in its ground of gold. This was Samaria of the New Testa- 
 ment. We have seen all that remains of her. Not a vestige 
 of the Samaria of the Old Testament, so intimately connected 
 with the history of Elijah and Elisha, and whose population 
 was carried away captive by Shalmaneser seven hundred 
 years before Christ." 
 
 Shiloh is celebrated as the seat of the Hebrew ritual ser- 
 vice for more than four hundred years that is, from the time 
 that Joshua made choice of this central position where to set 
 up the Tabernacle, and deposit the ark of the covenant, until 
 the ark was taken by the Philistines in the time of Eli. The 
 site of Shiloh had long passed out of knowledge, and our pre- 
 sent information concerning it is one of the many important 
 obligations the public owes to the zeal and knowledge of Dr. 
 Robinson. From this it appears that Shiloh was situated in 
 a retired valley a little to the east of the main road leading 
 from Jerusalem to Shechem, and about fifteen miles south of 
 the latter place. Dr. Robinson writes, " We came at seven 
 o'clock to the ruins of Seilun, surrounded by hills, but looking 
 out through the small valley we had traversed towards the 
 1 Chap. i. 6. 
 
198 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 plain on the south. Hardly five minutes before reaching the 
 proper site, is an ancient ruin, or tower, or perhaps a small 
 chapel, about twenty-eight feet square inside, with walls four 
 feet thick. Within are three prostrate columns, with Corin- 
 thian capitals, lying separate. The stone which forms the 
 upper part of the door- way, is ornamented on the outside with 
 sculptured work, an amphora between two chaplets. Along 
 the outer wall, a defence or buttress of sloping masonry has 
 been built up, obviously at a later period. The Arabs call 
 this ruin the Mosk of Seilun. 
 
 The main site consists of the ruins of a comparatively 
 modern village, covering a small Tel; which is separated 
 from the higher mountains on the north by a deep narrow 
 wady, coming from the east and running down towards Khan 
 el-Lubban. The position is in itself a fine one for strength, 
 if it ever was fortified; though it is commanded by the neigh- 
 bouring hills. Among the ruins of modern houses are many 
 large stones, and some fragments of columns, showing the 
 place to have been an ancient site. At the southern foot of 
 the Tel is a small ruined mosque, standing partly beneath a 
 noble oak tree. 
 
 Our guide told us of a fountain up through the narrow 
 valley towards the east. We went thither, and found that 
 the valley here breaks through a ridge, and is at first shut in 
 by perpendicular walls of rock; then follows a more open 
 tract ; and here at the left, fifteen minutes from, Seilun, is the 
 fountain. The water is excellent, and issues from the rocks 
 first into a sort of artificial well, eight or ten feet deep, and 
 thence into a reservoir lower down. Many flocks and herds 
 were watering round about. In the sides of the narrow valley 
 are many excavated tombs, now much broken away ; near the 
 fountain are also several tombs, and one isolated block. We 
 returned down the valley, and followed it through on the 
 north side of Seilun. 
 
 Here then was Shiloh, where the Tabernacle was set up 
 after the country had been subdued before the Israelites, and 
 where the last and general division of the land was made 
 among the tribes. The ark and Tabernacle long continued 
 here ; from the days of Joshua, during the ministry of all the 
 Judges, until the close of Eli's life ; and here Samuel was 
 dedicated to God, and his childhood spent in the Sanctuary. 
 
THE TRIBES HALF-MANASSEH. 199 
 
 In honour of the presence of the ark, there was * a feast of 
 the Lord in Shiloh yearly, ' during which 4 the daughters of 
 Shiloh came out to dance in dances ; ' and it was on such an 
 occasion that they were seized and carried off by the remain- 
 ing Benjamites as wives. The scene of these dances may not 
 improbably have been somewhere around the fountain above 
 described. From Shiloh the ark was at length removed to 
 the army of Israel; and being captured by the Philistines, 
 returned no more to its former place. Shiloh, henceforth, 
 though sometimes the residence of prophets, as of Ahijah, 
 celebrated in the history of Jeroboam, is nevertheless spoken 
 of as forsaken and accursed of God. It is mentioned in 
 Scripture during the exile, but not afterwards ; and Jerome 
 speaks of it in his day as so utterly in ruins, that the founda- 
 tions of an altar could scarcely be pointed out." 
 
 It is very difficult to define the boundaries of the western 
 half tribe of Manasseh. The most usual and probable hypo- 
 thesis makes it extend across the country from the Jordan to 
 the Mediterranean, north of Ephraim in the western part 
 bending north, so as to come between the west of Issachar 
 and the sea, by which we may the more readily understand 
 its possession of certain towns which lay within the formal 
 boundaries on that side of Issachar. On this hypothesis all 
 the towns of any note belonging to this half tribe will come 
 to be described within the territory of Issachar. On the 
 other hand, some good authorities take the whole country 
 between Ephraim on the south and Zebulun in the north 
 and divide it longitudinally instead of latitudinally giving 
 the east portion to Issachar and the west to Manasseh. This 
 certainly gets over the difficulty which arises from our finding 
 such western towns as Megiddo and Taanach, belonging to 
 Manasseh ; but it does not account for their being, in other 
 lists, expressly placed within the territory of Issachar. Perhaps 
 the former exhibits the formal arrangement, and the latter the 
 actual one. But as the difficulty is great in asertaining actual 
 boundaries where they depart from formal ones, when they are 
 produced or indicated in an authority of such ancient date as 
 the Bible, we think it best to adhere to the received arrange- 
 ment. Thus understood, Manasseh had a considerable share of 
 western territory, considering that half of the tribe was pro- 
 
 EBSXT7)} 
 
200 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 vided for on the other side Jordan ; but it contained no towns 
 of any note, except those of Taanach and Megiddo, which 
 lay within the formal boundaries of Issachar. The fact seems 
 to be that the Manassites gradually appropriated to them- 
 selves the territory of Issachar under Carmel on the west 
 of the plain of Esdraelon finding probably that slow tribe 
 backward in taking possession of those parts of its domain. 
 
 The territory of the tribe of Issachar lay to the north of 
 Ephraim. The boundaries extended up the Jordan some 
 distance, thence north-west to Mount Tabor, from whence they 
 swept around the great plain of Esdraelon to Mount Carmel, 
 and returned to the Jordan on the line of Ephraim, south of 
 Gilboa. It included the most fertile and delightful section of 
 Palestine. 
 
 Although the tribe of Issachar was of little historical note, 
 it contained spots of great scriptural interest, such as the 
 mountains Tabor and Carmel, Gilboa, and Little Hermon, 
 with the plain of Esdraelon and the river Kishon. It had 
 also towns of some biblical note, some mentioned in the Old 
 Testament, and some in the New. Of those named in the 
 former, we have principally Jezreel, Taanach, Megiddo, 
 Endor, and Bethshan. 
 
 Jezreel is in Scripture most frequently mentioned in the 
 history of the house of Ahab for the kings of Israel had then 
 a palace there, where the court sometimes resided, although 
 Samaria was the metropolis of the kingdom. Here was the 
 vineyard of Naboth, which Ahab coveted to enlarge the 
 palace grounds, 1 and here Jehu executed his dreadful com- 
 mission against the house of Ahab, when Jezebel, Joram, and 
 all who were connected with that wretched dynasty perished. 2 
 These horrid scenes appear to have given the kings of Israel 
 a distaste to this residence, as it is not again mentioned in 
 their history. It is, however, named by Hosea : s and in 
 Judith 4 it occurs under the name of Esdraelon. In the days 
 of Eusebius and Jerome it was still a large village, called 
 Esdraela, and in the same age it again occurs as Stradela. 
 
 1 1 Kings, xviii., 5. 2 2 Kin^a, ix. 1437; x. 1 11. 
 
 3 i. 4; comp. i. 11; ii. 22. 
 
 4 i. 8; iv. 3; vii. 3. 
 
THE TRIBES ISSACHAK. 201 
 
 Nothing more is heard of it till the time of the crusades, 
 when it is called by the Franks Parvum Gerinum, and by the 
 Arabs Zerin ; and it is described as commanding a wide 
 prospect on the east to the mountains of Gilead, and on the 
 west to Mount Carmel. But this line of identification seems 
 to have been afterwards lost sight of, and Jezreel came to be 
 identified with Jenin. Indeed the village of Zerin ceased to 
 be mentioned by travellers, till Turner, Buckingham, and 
 others after them, again brought it into notice ; and it is still 
 more lately that the identification of Zerin and Jezreel has 
 been restored. If any further proof of the fact were neces- 
 sary, the identity of the names Jezreel and Zerin, or Jerin 
 might be adduced. This does not at first sight appear ; but 
 the first feeble letter of the Hebrew being dropped, and the 
 last syllable el becoming in, as is not unusual in Arabic (as 
 Beitin for Bethel) the two words are seen to have been ori- 
 ginally the same. 
 
 Zerin is seated on the brow of a rocky, and very steep descent 
 into the great and fertile valley of Jezreel, which runs down 
 between the mountains of Gilboa and Hermon. Lying com- 
 paratively high, it commands a wide and noble view, extend- 
 ing down the broad valley on the east to Beisan (Bethshan), 
 and on the west quite across the great plain to the mountains 
 of Carmel. It is described by Dr. Robinson as a most magni- 
 ficent site for a city, which being itself a conspicuous object 
 in every part, would naturally give its name to the whole 
 region. In the valley directly under Zerin, is a considerable 
 fountain, and another still larger somewhat further to the 
 east, under the northern side of Gilboa, called Aid Jalud. 
 There can therefore be little question, that as in Zerin we 
 have Jezreel, so in the valley and the fountain we have the 
 valley of Jezreel and the fountain of Jezreel of Scripture. 
 
 Zerin has at present little more than twenty humble dwell- 
 ings, mostly in ruins, and with few inhabitants. 
 
 Taanach was one of the royal cities of the Canaanites, 1 
 
 in the territory of Issachar, but assigned to Manasseh. 3 
 
 Schubert, followed by Robinson, finds it in the modern 
 
 Taannuk, now a mean hamlet, on the south side of a small hill, 
 
 1 Josh. xii. 21. 
 
 2 Judges, i. 27; v. 19. Josh. xvii. 1121. I Kings, iv. 12. 
 
202 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 with a summit of table land. It lies on the south-western 
 border of the plain of Esdraelon, four miles south of Megiddo, 
 in connection with which it is mentioned in the triumphant 
 song of Deborah and Barak. 1 
 
 Megiddo was another of the Canaanitish royal cities, and 
 although within the boundaries of Issachar, actually belonged 
 to Manasseh. It was one of those towns which the Israelites 
 were long unable to subdue. Megiddo was rebuilt and 
 fortified by Solomon, 2 and thither Ahaziah, king of Judah, 
 fled when wounded by Jehu, and he died there. 8 It was in 
 the battle near this place that Josiah was slain by Pharaoh 
 Necho. 4 From the great mourning held for his loss, it 
 became proverbial to compare any grievous mourning as being 
 " like the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Me- 
 giddon." 5 The waters of Megiddo are mentioned in Judges 
 v. 19, and are probably those formed by the river Kishon. 
 Eusebius and Jerome do not attempt to mark the situation of 
 the place, and it appears that the name Megiddo in their 
 time was already lost. They often mention a town called 
 Legio, which must in their days have been an important and 
 well-known place, as they assume it as a central point from 
 which to mark the position of several other places in this 
 quarter. This has been identified with the village now called 
 Lejjun, which is situated upon the western border of the great 
 plain of Esdraelon, where it begins to rise gently towards the 
 low range of wooded hills that connect Carmel with the 
 mountains of Samaria. This place was visited by Maundrell, 
 who speaks of it as an old village near a brook, with a khan, 
 then in good repair. This khan was for the accommodation 
 of the caravan on the route between Egypt and Damascus, 
 which passes here. Having already identified the present 
 village of Taannuk with the ancient Taanach, the vicinity of 
 this to Lejjun induced Dr. Robinson to conceive that .the 
 latter might be the ancient Megiddo, seeing that Megiddo 
 and Taanach are constantly named together in Scripture ; 
 and to this a writer in a German review adds the further 
 
 1 Judges, v. 9. 2 1 Kings, xix. 15. 
 
 3 2 Kings, ix. 27. 
 
 4 2 Kings, xxiii. 29, 30. 2 Chron. xxxv. 2025. 
 
 5 Zech. xii. 11. 
 
THE TRIBES ISSACHAR. 203 
 
 consideration that the name of Leggio was latterly applied 
 to the plain, or low valley along the Kishon, as that of 
 Megiddo had been in more ancient times. If this explanation 
 be accepted, and it is certainly probable, though not certain, 
 it only remains to conclude that the ancient Legio was not 
 founded by the Romans, but that this was a new name imposed 
 upon a still older place, which, like the names Neapolis (now 
 Nabulus), and Sebaste (now Sebustieh), has maintained itself 
 in the mouths of the native population, while the earlier 
 name has perished. 
 
 Endor, like Megiddo, belonged to Manasseh, though 
 within the limits of Issachar's territory. It is mentioned in 
 connexion with the victory of Deborah and Barak, 1 but is 
 chiefly memorable as the abode of the sorceress whom Saul 
 consulted on the eve of the battle in which he perished 8 
 The name is not found in the New Testament ; but in the 
 time of Eusebius and Jerome the place still existed as a large 
 village, four miles south of Mount Tabor. At this distance, 
 on the northern slope of the lower ridge of Hermon, a village 
 with this name still exists. 
 
 Bethshan or Bethshean, though within the border of 
 Issachar, actually belonged to the half tribe of Manasseh on 
 the other side the Jordan. It is on the road from Jerusalem 
 to Damascus, and is about two miles from the Jordan, 
 eighteen from the southern end of the lake Gennesareth, and 
 twenty- three from Nazareth. It also bore the name of 
 Scythopolis, perhaps because Scythians had settled there in 
 the time of Josiah (B.C. 631), in their passage through Palestine 
 towards Egypt. The supposition that these were descendants 
 of the Scythians in Palestine, renders more intelligible the text 
 in Coloss. iii. 11, where the Scythian is named with the Jew 
 and the Greek ; and it also explains why the ancient Rabbis 
 did not consider Scythopolis as a Jewish town, but as one 
 of an unholy people. As Succoth lay somewhere in the vicinity, 
 east of the Jordan, some would derive Scythopolis from Succo- 
 thopolis. It is also not improbably supposed to be the same 
 as Beth-shittah. 3 Josephus does not account Scythopolis as 
 
 Ps. lxxxiii. 10. 2 1 Sara, xxviii. 7 sq. 
 
 8 Judges, vii. 22. 
 
204 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 belonging to Samaria, in which it geographically lay ; but to 
 Decapolis, which was chiefly on the other side of the river, 
 and of which he calls it the largest town. 
 
 Although Bethshan was assigned to Manasseh, 1 it was not 
 conquered by that tribe. 2 The body of Saul was fastened 
 to the wall of Bethshan by the Philistines. 3 Alexander 
 Jannaeus had here an interview with Cleopatra. Pompey 
 marched through it on his way from Damascus to Jerusalem, 
 and in the Jewish war 13.000 Jews were slain by the Scytho- 
 politans. In the middle ages the place had become desolate, 
 although it still went by the name of Metropolis Palcestina 
 tertia. We find bishops of Scythopolis at the councils of 
 Chalcedon, Jerusalem (A.D. 536) and others. During the 
 Crusades it was an archbishopric, which was afterwards 
 transferred to Nazareth. 
 
 The Tribe of Zebulon was north of Issachar, and had on 
 the east, part of the lower Jordan, with part of the Sea of 
 Galilee, and extended thence across the country to the borders 
 of Carmel. 4 The boundaries cannot be very distinctly stated, 
 and almost every map lays them down with some variations, 
 although with essential agreement. This territory contained 
 no towns of any note as mentioned in the Old Testament, 
 though several of great importance in the New, such as 
 Nazareth, Tiberias, Cana, Magdala, Capernaum, all of which 
 will duly come under our notice. 
 
 The territory of the tribe of Asher touched at its south- 
 western point upon Carmel, and reached northward behind 
 the coast territory of the Phoenicians as far as to the rocks of 
 Lebanon. Within the territory of this remote tribe, history 
 has not preserved the name of a single town of consequence, 
 although some such probably did exist. 
 
 Naphtali lay to the east of Asher, and commencing at 
 Mount Hermon (Jebel esh Sheikh), included the country of 
 the Jordan, and extended on both sides of the upper stream. 
 But between the Lakes of Huleh and Tiberias the territory 
 became confined to the western side, and its southern boun- 
 
 1 Josh. xvii. 11. s Judges, i. 17. 
 
 1 Sam. xxxi. 10. 4 Josh. xix. 1016. 
 
THE TRIBES NAPHTALI REUBEN. 205 
 
 dary reached some way down the west coast of the latter lake 
 until it met the north frontier of Issachar. 
 
 It contained the towns of Caesarea-Philippi, and one of the 
 Bethsaidas of the New Testament ; but the only place of 
 apparent importance belonging to it that is named in the 
 Old Testament is Kedesh ; as the Kedesh whose king was slain 
 by Joshua is mentioned among the most considerable of the 
 cities of the north l . This was doubtless the Kedesh of 
 Naphtali, and was therefore one of the royal cities of the 
 Canaanites. Barak, one of the judges who defeated Sisera, 
 was a native of this place. It was a Levitical city, and one 
 of the six cities of refuge. This is all we know of it. It is 
 not named in later history, and its site has not yet been 
 found. 
 
 The place of greatest present importance within the ancient 
 limits of this tribe, is not named in the Old Testament, nor 
 in the New. But some have sought it in the Bethulia of the 
 book of Judith ; and as it is within sight of the supposed spot 
 where the Sermon on the Mount was delivered, it has been 
 thought to be the place which supplied to our Saviour the 
 allusion to " a city set on a hill, that could not be hid." In fact 
 the commanding position of this city is perhaps unrivalled in 
 the world, being upon the summit of the highest visible emi- 
 nence from those points of view about the Lake of Tiberias 
 from which Mount Tabor is excluded. There is however 
 much reason to doubt that any city existed on this spot at so 
 early a period, and it is therefore sufficient to indicate its 
 existence, as our considerations do not refer to the modern 
 towns not mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 From Naphtali which lies on both sides the Jordan, we 
 naturally proceed to mention the tribes that lay wholly on the 
 eastern side of that river. These were the tribes of Reuben 
 and Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. 
 
 Reuben had the southern portion of this eastern territory. 
 On the south it was separated from the land of Moab by the 
 river Anion ; on the north it had the tribe of Gad, and on the 
 east the land of the Ammonites, while on the west its boun' 
 
 * Josh. xii. 22. 
 
206 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 dary was formed by the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, with a 
 small portion of the Jordan. It lay opposite the tribes of 
 Judah and Benjamin on the west. The chief towns are Hesh- 
 bon, Dibon, and Aroer. 
 
 When the Israelites approached the promised land on this 
 side, Heshbon was the metropolis of Sihon, king of the 
 Amorites, one of the nations of Canaan, which (or rather part 
 of which) had come over to the east of the Jordan, and dispos- 
 sessed the Moabites and the Amorites of part of the ancient 
 territories, but which came into the hands of the Israelites 
 after they had overthrown the Amorites and defeated their 
 king, who resisted their advance through this country. Hesh- 
 bon afterwards became a Levitical city. The site, still bear- 
 ing the ancient name, has been recognised twenty-one miles 
 east of the mouth of the Jordan, marked by a a few broken 
 pillars, several large reservoirs and wells, together with 
 extensive ruins. These ruins overspread a high hill, com- 
 manding a wild and desolate scenery on every side ; on the 
 north the mountains of Gilead ; on the west the valley of 
 Jordan, and mountains of Palestine beyond ; and on the east 
 the vast desert of Arabia, stretching away towards the 
 Euphrates. 
 
 Aroer lay upon the north bank of the River Arnon, and 
 therefore upon the southernmost limit of the territory which 
 had belonged to the Ammonites, but which by conquest from 
 the Amorites became the domain of Reuben and Gad. Aroer, 
 like Rabbath-ammon, the capital of the Ammonites, seems to 
 have consisted of two parts, or distinct cities, the one on the 
 bank of the river, and the other on a sort of island formed by 
 it ; and is so always spoken of in conjunction with " the city in 
 the midst of the river." Burckhardt found the ruins of this 
 place, now called Araayh, on the edge of a precipice above 
 the Arnon, not far from Diban, which is sufficient to identify 
 both ; but it is evident from the Scripture description of it, 
 that there was another city, considered perhaps as a part of 
 the same, in the valley beneath, and surrounded, either 
 naturally or artificially, by the waters of the river. 
 
 Dibon was also not far from the northern bank of the 
 Arnon. The Israelites, after crossing ^iat river on their 
 
THE TRIBES GAD. 207 
 
 route to the Jordan formed the first encampment at this place, 
 which is now known to have been nearly three miles north of 
 the river. In latter times we find it with other towns of this 
 quarter in the hands of the Moabites \ the descendants of 
 Lot having, it appears, recovered some of their ancient pos- 
 sessions as the power of the tribes beyond the Jordan became 
 weakened. The site has been recognised at a place which 
 bears the scarcely altered name of Diban, in a low tract of the 
 district called the Kourra. The ruins are here considerable, 
 but present nothing of interest 
 
 The territory of the tribe of Gad included the principal 
 portion of the Mountains of Gilead. It extended on the 
 eastern bank of the Jordan from a few miles above the Dead 
 Sea to the Sea of Galilee ; its eastern boundary is unknown ; 
 but on the west the territory of this tribe, north of the Jab- 
 bok, seems to have diminished in breadth to a narrow tract 
 along the Jordan, so that while in its southern part it had 
 eastward the territory of Ammon ; it had on its northern part 
 the domain of Manasseh on its eastern border. 
 
 The chief towns of Gad were Ramoth Gilead and Maha- 
 naim, besides which Rabbath Ammon, called also simply 
 Rabbath, was included within this tribe, and may therefore 
 claim to be noticed in connection with it. This, indeed, was 
 by far the most important place of the three, and that con- 
 cerning which we have the most information. 
 
 The name Rabbath properly denotes a great city or metro- 
 polis, and it is repeatedly given to the capital of the Ammonites, 
 either as Rabbath- Ammon, or in the still full form of u Rabbath 
 of the children of Ammon (Rabbath beni Ammon)." 2 It was 
 the place in which the great iron bedstead of Og, King of Bashan, 
 was preserved. Here also during the siege of the place by 
 Joab, the unsuspecting Uriah was slain through the contrivance 
 of David, that he might possess himself of his wife Bathsheba ; 
 after which the king went in person and took the city, the 
 importance of which is shown by the solicitude of the 
 monarch thus to appropriate to himself the glory of its sub- 
 
 * Jer. xlviii. 32. 2 Deut. iii. 11. 
 
208 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 juration. 1 It was after this that Rabbah was included in the 
 tribe of Gad. After the separation of the ten tribes, Rabbah, 
 with the whole territory beyond the Jordan, adhered to the 
 kingdom of Israel, till it was ravaged by the Assyrians, under 
 Tiglath-pileser, and the inhabitants expatriated to Media. 
 The Ammonites then recovered possession of Rabbah, and the 
 other cities and territories which had in former times been 
 taken from them by the Israelites. 2 Some centuries later, 
 when these parts were subject to Egypt, Rabbah was restored 
 or rebuilt by Ptolemy Philadelphus, and called by him Phila- 
 delphia, and under this name it is often mentioned by Greek 
 and Roman writers, and upon Roman coins as a city of 
 Arabia, Ccele-syria, or Decapolis. The old name was not, 
 however, altogether superseded, for Polybius writes it Rabbat- 
 amana. 
 
 Rabbah appears to have consisted, like Aroer, of two 
 parts; the city itself, and "the city of waters," or royal 
 city, which was probably a detached portion of the city, 
 insulated by the stream on which it was situated. The " city 
 of waters " was taken by Joab ; but against the city itself he 
 was obliged to call for the assistance of David with a rein- 
 forcement. 8 
 
 The ancient name has been preserved among the natives of 
 the country. Abulfeda calls it Amman, and by that name it 
 is still known. It was in ruins in his time. The ruins 
 stand about nineteen miles south-east of Szalt, in a long 
 valley traversed by a stream, the Moiet Amman (water of 
 Amman), which at this place is arched over, the bed as well 
 as the banks being paved. The ruins are extensive, but 
 there remains nothing of much interest, excepting the theatre, 
 which is very large and perfect, and a small odeum close to 
 it. There are also an ancient castle and some vestiges of 
 Roman buildings and of Christian churches. The prophet 
 Ezekiel foretold that Rabbah should become " a stable for 
 camels," and the country a " couching place for flocks.'' 4 
 This has been literally fulfilled, and Burckhardt actually 
 found that a party of Arabs had stabled their camels among 
 the ruins of Rabbah. Too much stress has, however, been 
 
 1 2 Sam. xi. 12. 
 
 2 Jer. xlix. 3. Ezek. xxv. 2 5. 
 
 3 2 Sam. xii. 29. 4 Ezek. xxv. a 
 
THE TRIBES GAD. 209 
 
 laid upon this minute point by some recent writers on pro- 
 phecy. What the prophet meant to say was, that Amnion 
 and its chief city should be desolate ; and he expressed it by 
 reference to facts which would certainly occur in any for- 
 saken site in the borders of Arabia ; and which are now con- 
 stantly occurring, not in Rabbah only, but in many other 
 places. 
 
 Ramoth Gilead, also called Rammoth Mizpeh, or simply 
 Ramoth, also lay in the territory of Gad. It was assigned 
 to the Levites, 1 and was one of the cities of refuge, 2 and 
 one of the towns in which a royal intendant was stationed 
 by Solomon. 3 It was the last of their conquests which the 
 Syrians held ; and Ahab was killed, 4 and fourteen years after 
 his son Joram was wounded 5 in the attempt to recover 
 it. The strength of the place is attested by the length 
 of time the Syrians were enabled to hold it, and by Ahab 
 and Joram having both been solicitous to obtain the aid 
 of the kings of Judah when about to attack it ; these being 
 two of the only three expeditions in which the kings of 
 Judah and Israel ever co-operated. It was here also that 
 Jehu was proclaimed and anointed king; 6 but it is not 
 very clear whether the army was then stiil before the town, 
 or in actual possession of it. Eusebius places Ramoth- 
 Gilead on the river Jabbok, fifteen Roman miles west of 
 Philadelphia (Rabbah). At about this distance west-north- 
 west from Amman, and about eight miles south of the 
 Jabbok, are the ruins of a town, bearing the name of Jelaad, 
 which is merely a different orthography of the Hebrew 
 Gilead. Buckingham is, however, more disposed to seek the 
 site of Ramoth Gilead in a place now called Ramtha, or 
 Rameza, which is about twenty-three miles north-west-north 
 from Philadelphia, and about four miles north of the Jabbok, 
 where he noticed some ruins which he could not examine. 
 As Ramoth in Gilead is called sometimes Ramoth alone, 
 but never Gilead alone, the analogy of name is perhaps in 
 favour of the latter conclusion ; but the bearing and distance 
 
 1 Josh. xxi. 38. 1 Chron. vi. 658. 
 2 Deut. iv. 43 ; Josh. xx. 8. 3 1 Kings, iv. 13. 
 
 4 1 Kings, xxii. 1-57. 2 Chron. xviii. 
 * 2 Kings, viii. 28. 6 2 Kings, ix. 16. 
 
 P 
 
210 SCKIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 from Philadelphia are both in favour of the other. We are 
 not disposed to rely upon either of these alternatives, although 
 nothing better has yet been offered. We must wait. 
 
 Mahanaim lay to the north of the river Jabbok ; it de- 
 rived its name (two hosts) from Jacob's having been there 
 met by the angels on his return from Padan-aram. 1 The 
 name was eventually extended to the town which then 
 existed, or which afterwards arose in the neighbourhood. 
 This town was a city of the Levites.* It was in this city that 
 Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, reigned, 3 probably because 
 he found the influence of David's name less strong on the 
 east than on the west side of the Jordan. The choice at 
 least seems to shew that Mahanaim was then an important 
 and strong place. Hence, many years after, David himself 
 repaired to Mahanaim when he sought refuge beyond the 
 Jordan from his son Absalom. 4 We only read of Mahanaim 
 again as the station of one of the twelve officers who 
 had charge, in monthly rotation, of raising the provisions 
 for the royal establishments under Solomon. 5 The site has 
 not yet been identified. In Dr. Robinson's Arabic list of 
 names of places in Jebel Ajlun we find Mahneh, and this 
 may possibly prove to be Mahanaim. We observe that Dr. 
 Kiepert, in his very excellent " Bible Atlas," published at 
 Berlin in 1847, queries whether Mahanaim may not have 
 been Jerash, which we shall have to notice hereafter. There 
 is a local probability in this, but beyond this no arguments 
 in behalf of this allocation are advanced. 
 
 The half-tribe or Manasseh east of the Jordan occu- 
 pied a much more extensive territory than either of the entire 
 tribes of Reuben and Gad indeed, not far short of as much 
 as both of them together. It was the northern part, and 
 comprised the rich grazing country of Bashan with part of 
 Gilead. It was bounded on the east by a narrow part of 
 Gad, by the sea of Galilee, and by part of the upper Jordan. 
 On the north its limits are all defined ; and on the east it 
 seems to have extended indefinitely into the eastern deserts, 
 
 1 Gen. xxxii. 2. 2 Josh. xxi. 39. 
 
 8 2 Sam. ii. 8. 4 2 Sam. xvii. 24, 27. 1 Kings, ii. 8. 
 
 5 1 Kings, iv. 14. 
 
THE TRIBES HALF-MANASSEH. 211 
 
 which at certain seasons are well lit for pasturage which 
 formed the daily pursuit of the Manasseites on the east of the 
 Jordan. It is very likely that the extent given to this tribe 
 in maps arises in part from uncertainty r or from the inability 
 of distinguishing between the lands territorially possessed, 
 and those merely over which the right of pasturage extended. 
 Jabesh Gilead, Ashtaroth Karnaim, and Bozrah, were its 
 chief towns. 
 
 Jabesh Gilead is first historically mentioned in Scrip- 
 ture as having been sacked by the Israelites for refusing 
 to join in the war against Benjamin. 1 It is chiefly memo- 
 rable for the siege it sustained from Nahash, king of the 
 Ammonites, the raising of which formed the first exploit 
 of the newly- elected king, Saul, and procured his con- 
 firmation in the sovereignty. The inhabitants had agreed 
 to surrender, and to have their right eyes put out (to in- 
 capacitate them from military service), but were allowed 
 seven days to ratify the treaty, In the meantime Saul col- 
 lected a large army, and came to their relief. 2 This service 
 was gratefully remembered by the Jabeshites ; and, about 
 forty years after, when the dead bodies of Saul and his sons 
 were gibbeted on the walls of Bethshan, on the other side of 
 the river, they made a forced march by night, took away the 
 bodies, and gave them honourable sepulture. 3 Jabesh still 
 existed as a town in the time of Eusebius, according to whose 
 indication it must have been about twenty miles south by 
 east from the Sea of Galilee and a few miles from the Jordan. 
 But all actual knowledge of the site is now lost, unless we 
 accept the conclusion of Mr. Buckingham, who thinks it may 
 be found in a place called Jehas or Jejaz, marked by ruins 
 upon a hill, in a spot not far from which, according to the 
 above indications, Jabesh must have been situated. 
 
 Ashtaboth Kabnaim was a Levitical city in this tribe. 
 It existed in the time of Abraham f and as its name of Ash- 
 taroth appears to be derived from the worship of the moon 
 under that name, there is little need to look further than the 
 crescent of that luminary and its symbolical image for an 
 
 Judges, xxi. 8. 
 
 2 1 Sam. xi. 
 
 3 1 Sam. xxx. 1. 
 
 4 Gen. xiv. 5. 
 
 
 p2 
 
212 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 explanation of the addition Carnaim, or rather Karnaim, 
 " horned." 2 Mace. xii. 26, mentions the temple of Ater- 
 gatis (Ashtaroth) in Carnion, which it describes as a strongly 
 fortified town of difficult access, but which was taken by 
 Judas Maccabeus, who slew 25,000 of the people therein. 
 Until lately this place has usually been identified with 
 Mezareib, one of the principal stations of the Syrian pilgrim 
 caravan. But not only the site, but the still existing name 
 has been discovered by Captain Newbold at a spot distant 
 five miles north by west from Mezareib. The following is 
 the substance of his account as given in the " Geographical 
 Journal" vol. xvi. : " Tel Asherah is a large mound, partly 
 natural, partly artificial, in the midst of a vast plain. It is 
 more than half a mile in circumference, and its height from 
 fifty to a hundred feet. Its base is formed of trap-rock, and 
 its upper part is covered with a peculiar dark, ash-coloured 
 soil, mingled with stones and fragments of ancient pottery, 
 such as are invariably found on sites of the most ancient places 
 in Syria. Near the base of this hill, ancient foundations of 
 massive stones, hewn and unhewn, can be distinctly traced. 
 In the soil of the surrounding plain, numerous fragments of 
 stone and pottery show that it is the site of an ancient town 
 of which this Tel or mound was once probably the Acropolis. 
 Its summit presents an irregular surface, now partly occupied 
 by stone inclosures thrown up by the Arabs to form sheep- 
 folds. From the base of the mound there gush forth copious 
 and never-failing springs of excellent water, which form a 
 small reedy pool and marsh, affording an ample supply for 
 very large flocks and herds. In July 1846, there were 
 upwards of 20,000 camels, and more than 50,000 goats grazing 
 there, as the fine pastures of the surrounding plain attract 
 immense numbers of the Anezeh Arabs thither during the 
 summer months. Upwards of 10,000 of them lay encamped 
 round the base of the mound, and between it and Nawa." 
 
 This Ashtaroth was one of the metropolitan towns of Og, 
 King of Bashan. The other was Edrei. Here was fought 
 the battle in which the gigantic king lost his kingdom. It 
 was the seat of a bishop in the early ages of Christianity. 
 Adraa was the name given to the place by the Greeks ; by 
 the crusaders it was known as Adratum, and also as Civitas 
 Bernardi de Stampis. Abulfeda calls it Asdrat. The place 
 
THE TRIBES IIALF-MANASSEH. 213 
 
 now bears the name of Draa, and has been visited in the 
 present century by most of the travellers who have explored 
 the lands beyond the Jordan, Seetzen, Burckhardt, Bucking- 
 ham, Richter, G. Robinson, Newbold, &c. It is situated in 
 a deep valley two hours south-east from Mezareib, and the 
 ruins cover an extent of about two miles in circumference, 
 the principal being an immense rectangular building, with 
 a double covered colonnade all around, and a cistern in the 
 middle. This seems to have been originally a Christian 
 church, and afterwards a mosque. Near the town, in the 
 hollow of the mountains, is a large reservoir cased with 
 stone, near which are the ruins of a large building, with a 
 cupola of light materials. 
 
214 
 
 PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST.' 
 
 It appears to us that the distinction of tribes was not so 
 wholly lost after the captivity as is commonly supposed. So 
 long after as the time of our Lord, the enumeration of the 
 population with a view to taxation, was made according to 
 the tribes, for Joseph being of the " house and lineage of 
 David," was under the imperative necessity of repairing with 
 his wife to David's city of Bethlehem, notwithstanding his 
 abode was afar off at Nazareth in Galilee. 
 
 1 We have caused to be placed here some maps, which cannot 
 fail to be of much use to the reader and the student, but which 
 require no explanation ; for any explanation could only repeat less 
 intelligibly in words the facts and conclusions which the maps 
 themselves more distinctly set forth. 
 
 The map numbered XVIII. enables the reader to realize a distinct 
 apprehension of the relative extent of the two kingdoms of Judah 
 and Israel. At the first view the disnronortion is very great. But 
 if we leave out the districts beyond the Jordan, which were but 
 loosely attached to the kingdom of Israel, the proportions of the two 
 kingdoms in Palestine Proper, or west of the Jordan, are not very 
 unequal. Judah also, in powerful reigns, extended its dominion 
 to the south-east, into Edom and Moab, having thus a portion of 
 additional territory equivalent to that of Israel beyond the Jordan, 
 though differently attached. 
 
 A comparison of this map with the one numbered XIX., shewing 
 the extent of the dominions of David and Solomon, will shew how 
 largely the dominion of the Israelites was extended during the 
 reigns of these great sovereigns, and how greatly it was afterwards 
 reduced. Most of these dominions continued, however, to be held 
 under conditions of tribute by the native princes ; and it would seem 
 that only certain near-lying districts were actually attached to the 
 land of Israel. It could not have been otherwise without disturbing 
 the original and permanent allotments of the tribes ; and it appears 
 that whatever was acquired by the conquest beyond the original 
 territories of the tribes, belonged to the sovereign and was subject to 
 his control, which was not the case in the original territories, to the 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 215 
 
 Nevertheless so far as regards distribution of the territory, 
 the division by tribes was at that time extinct. The whole 
 country was then divided into four different provinces, some- 
 times united under one ruler, sometimes governed by different 
 princes. These four divisions were Galilee, Samaria, Judea, 
 and Perea. Of these, the first three were in Palestine proper, 
 on this side Jordan. The last included the original territory 
 of the tribes beyond Jordan. 
 
 Galilee. This was the northern province of the country. 
 It was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean, or rather 
 Phoenicia, to which the line of the coast belonged ; on the 
 north by Syria and the mountains of Lebanon ; on the east 
 by the Jordan, the Lake Huleh, and Gennesareth, the Sea of 
 Galilee ; and on the south by Samaria. 
 
 The line of division between Samaria and Galilee is not 
 very clearly denned, but it corresponds nearly with the 
 
 lands in which the tribes had an ancient, hereditary, and indefeasible 
 right. Hence, although the crown throve by such acquisitions, the 
 gain or the loss of them was probably of less real consequence to the 
 nation than has been usually supposed. Much of the additional 
 territory which swells, in maps, the extent of the Hebrew monarchy 
 in the times of David and Solomon, at least one-half, and perhaps 
 two-thirds of it, must even then have been unproductive and thinly 
 peopled, and could not have contributed very materially to the real 
 power or to the revenue of the state. Still, a portion at least, equal 
 in extent to the original territory of Israel, was fertile, rich, and 
 populous. 
 
 The map of the Captivities enables the reader to perceive at a 
 glance the extent of territory which was ravaged by successive 
 Assyrian and Chaldean conquerors, and the inhabitants removed 
 according to the policy which at that time prevailed. First, the 
 tribes beyond the Jordan, by Tiglath-pileser ; second, the tribes of 
 the northern kingdom east of the Jordan, by Shalmaneser ; and 
 third, the kingdom of Judah, by Nebuchadnezzar. The minor 
 incidents of this carefully prepared map speak for themselves. 
 
 The map of Judea according to Josephus (XXI.) exhibits 
 the country as divided in the time of Christ, and is therefore the map 
 whose divisions are taken as the basis of the ensuing survey. It 
 exhibits many sites not named in Scripture, and which therefore do 
 not require particular consideration in this work, but which are of 
 mnch use for reference in the reading of Josephus, particularly in 
 his account of the Jewish war. 
 
 The map of Judea according to the Apocryphal Books, 
 
216 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 southern limit of the great plain of Esdraelon, and runs in an 
 oblique and irregular direction from Mount Carmel to the 
 Jordan, below Gennesareth, and in the neighbourhood of 
 Bethshan. It included the original territory of Asher, 
 Naphtali, Zebulun, and Issachar. Galilee again was divided 
 into two provinces, northern and southern. The former, 
 called also Galilee of the Gentiles, lying north of the plain 
 of Esdraelon, was hilly and mountainous, the latter level. 
 Both were very fertile and densely populated. All that has been 
 said of the fertility of Palestine is particularly applicable to this 
 section of the country. About the plain of Jezreel and the Sea 
 of Galilee, it is described by Josephus as a perfect paradise. 
 AH travellers concur in admitting its fertility as well as its 
 beautiful and picturesque scenery. In the time of Josephus 
 there were, as we have already stated, two hundred towns 
 
 will be of the same service in the perusal of the Apocrypha, parti- 
 cularly of the books of Maccabees, all the sites named in which are 
 laid down. Most of the names in these maps are of course the same 
 as in the inspired books, but often somewhat differently spelled 
 the orthography being Graecised. The divisions are little different 
 from those of Josephus the principal being, that the Apocrypha 
 assigns Dora and Carmel to Galilee, and Josephus to Samaria. 
 
 The map (XVIII.) of Judea, or Palestine in the time or 
 our Saviour, exhibits all the sites named in the New Testament. 
 This is therefore the map whose sites are illustrated in the ensuing 
 pages, winch to that extent, afford, a commentary upon it. The differ- 
 ently coloured lines of route, with the texts inserted in the body of 
 the map, and the marginal explanations, will, in connection with the 
 account of these places we are about to give, enable the reader to 
 trace the several journeys of our Lord with interest and advantage. 
 
 That the reader may in like manner be enabled to trace the im- 
 portant and extensive missionary journeys of Saint Paul, a map 
 shewing the countries he traversed, the places he visited, and the 
 routes he followed is added, under the title of Voyages and Tra- 
 vels of St. Paul (XXIV.) This map supplies its own informa- 
 tion. Of the routes laid down, the only one respecting which any 
 material doubt or question has arisen, is that in red, shewing the 
 voyage from Caesarea to Rome. This subject has lately been most 
 ably investigated, and, as we apprehend, most convincingly settled 
 by James Smith, Esq., F.R.S., of Jordan Hill, in his admirable 
 work on the Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul, (Longmans, 1848) ; 
 and in this map the route is therefore laid down in accordance with 
 that gentleman's conclusions. 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 217 
 
 and villages in Galilee, many of which had fifteen thousand 
 and some a hundred thousand inhabitants. He himself, 
 in the last Jewish war against the Romans, readily raised a 
 hundred thousand volunteers from this province. 
 
 After the captivity, Galilee was settled by^a mixed race of 
 foreigners and Jews. The country was favourably situated 
 for intercourse and commerce with other nations. Two 
 large caravan routes passed through it from Damascus ; one 
 to the port of Acre, the other down the coast to Egypt. 
 These caravans crossed .the Jordan between Lake Huleh and 
 Gennesareth over Jacob's bridge. 
 
 In consequence of their mixed origin and their intercourse 
 with foreigners, the language of the Galileans became so 
 provincial that their speech easily betrayed them as Gali- 
 leans. 1 For the same general reason they were less bigoted 
 than the Jews of Judea, and more tolerant towards Christ 
 as an apparent innovator in their religion. He accordingly 
 passed the greater part of his public ministry in Galilee, and 
 chose his disciples from this country, where his miracles 
 and instructions excited less hostility than at Jerusalem. 
 The towns of Galilee, not mentioned in the Old Testament, 
 and which first occur in the New, are Nazareth, Tiberias, 
 Capernaum, Bethsaida, Ca3sarea-Philippi, Cana, and Nain. 
 
 Nazareth is the town of Galilee where the parents of our 
 Lord resided, and where in consequence he abode till the com- 
 mencement of his ministry. It derives all its historical im- 
 portance from this circumstance, for it is not even named in 
 the Old Testament or by Josephus, which suffices to show that 
 it could not have been a place of any consideration, and was 
 probably no more than a large village. The expression of 
 Nathaniel, " Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?'' 
 (John i. 46) might imply a certain degree of evil notoriety in 
 the place. There appears no reason for this, however ; and as 
 the speaker was himself of Galilee, the expression could not 
 have been intended to apply to it merely as a Galilean town ; 
 it seems therefore likely that Nathaniel's meaning was, " Is it 
 possible that so great a good should come from so obscure 
 a place as Nazareth, which is never mentioned by the 
 prophets." 
 
 Matt. xxvi. 73. Mark, xiv. 70. 
 
218 
 
 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 
 Nazareth. 
 
 Nazareth is situated about six miles W.N.W. from Mount 
 Tabor, on the western side of a narrow oblong basin, or de- 
 pressed valley, about a mile long by a quarter of a mile broad. 
 The buildings stand on the lower part of the slope of the 
 western hill, which rises steep and high above them. It is 
 now a small, but more than usually well-built place, containing 
 about three thousand inhabitants, of whom two-thirds are 
 Christians. The flat-roofed houses are built of stone, and are 
 mostly two stories high. The environs are planted with 
 luxuriantly-growing fig-trees, olive-trees, and vines, and the 
 crops of corn are scarcely equalled throughout the length and 
 breadth of Canaan. All the spots which could be supposed 
 to be in any way connected with the history of Christ are, of 
 course, pointed out by the monks and local guides, but on 
 authority too precarious to deserve any credit, and with cir- 
 cumstances too puerile for reverence. It is enough to know 
 that the Lord dwelt here ; that for thirty years he trod this 
 spot of earth, and that his eyes were familiar with the objects 
 spread around. In the south-west part of the town is a small 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 219 
 
 Maronite church, under a precipice of the hill, which here 
 breaks off in a perpendicular wall forty or fifty feet in height. 
 Dr. Robinson noticed several such precipices in the western 
 hill around the village, and with very good reason concludes 
 that one of these, probably the one just indicated, may well 
 have been the spot whither the Jews led Jesus, " unto the 
 brow of the hill whereon the city was built, that they might 
 cast him down headlong" (Luke iv. 28-30) ; and not the 
 precipice, two miles from the village, overlooking the plain of 
 Esdraelon, which monkish tradition indicates to the traveller 
 as the " Mount of Precipitation." He denounces this as the 
 most clumsy of all the local legends of the Holy Land ; and 
 indeed its intrinsic unsuitableness is so manifest, that the pre- 
 sent monks of Nazareth can only surmount the difficulty by 
 alleging that the ancient Nazareth was nearer than the modern 
 to this mountain, forgetting that this hypothesis destroys the 
 identity and credit of the holy places which they show in the 
 present town. It appears to have been originally selected 
 as a striking object to travellers approaching from the plain 
 of Esdraelon. 
 
 The town of Tiberias is less frequently than the lake of 
 that name mentioned in the Gospels. This town was twenty 
 miles from Nazareth and ninety from Jerusalem. It was 
 quite a new city in the time of Christ, having been, in fact, 
 built in his life time, not long before the commencement of 
 his ministry, by the tetrarch Herod Antipas. Hence perhaps 
 it is that other towns on the lake, Capernaum and Bethsaida, 
 are much oftener mentioned than Tiberias, which is indeed 
 only named incidentally in John vi. 23, as " nigh unto the 
 place," where the five thousand were miraculously fed, and 
 whence boats subsequently came to the other side of the 
 lake seeking for Jesus. Antipas gave it the name of Tiberias 
 in honour of the Roman emperor Tiberius, who then reigned. 
 Josephus gives the following account of its origin. " Herod 
 the tetrarch, who was in great favour with Tiberius, built a 
 city of the same name with him, and called it Tiberias. He 
 built it in the best part of Galilee, at the Lake of Gennesa- 
 reth. There are warm baths at a little distance from it, in a 
 village named Emmaus. Strangers came and inhabited this 
 city ; a great number of the inhabitants were Galileans also, 
 
220 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 and many were necessitated by Herod to come thither out of 
 the country belonging to him, and were by force compelled 
 to be its inhabitants ; some of them were persons of condi- 
 tion. He also admitted poor people such as these were col- 
 lected from all parts to dwell in it. He was a benefactor to 
 these, and made them free in great numbers, but obliged 
 them not to forsake the city by building them very good 
 houses at his own expense, and by giving them land also ; for 
 he was sensible that to make this place a habitation was to 
 transgress the Jewish ancient laws, because many sepulchres 
 were to be here taken away, in order to make room for the 
 city Tiberias, whereas our law pronounces that such inhabit- 
 ants are unclean for seven days/' 
 
 Tiberias rapidly rose into importance, and that and Sep- 
 poris (not named in Scripture) were the two largest cities in 
 Galilee, and sometimes the one and then the other held the 
 rank of the principal place of the province. The inhabitants 
 derived their subsistence chiefly from the navigation of the 
 lake and from its fisheries. In the time of the Jewish wars, 
 its fortifications made it an important military station. It 
 held out long and desperately against the Romans, and Ves- 
 pasian, in punishment, cast down part of the walls. 
 
 After the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the 
 Jews from Judea, Tiberias became their chief seat, and fir-p. 
 the middle of the second century it continued for several 
 centuries a central point of Jewish learning, from which pro- 
 ceeded the Mishnah, a work of immense labour, and the 
 determination of the vowel points, and where many of the 
 great Rabbinical doctors achieved their high reputation. Until 
 the time ofConstantine, the Jews remained in exclusive posses- 
 sion of the city ; but at this time there was a Christian church 
 built, and after the year 449 bishops of Tiberias appear in the 
 signatures of the councils. In the year 637, the city, yielding 
 to Omar, passed into the hands of Mohammedans. In the 
 time of the crusades, the city was taken by Godfrey of 
 Bouillon, who built there a church and restored the bishopric. 
 Up to the time of Saladin the place remained in the hands of 
 the Christians ; but after that it was, with the exception of 
 the years 1240 and 1247, constantly under Mohammedan 
 dominion. 
 
 Tabariiyeh, as it is now called, suffered greatly by an earth- 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 221 
 
 quake on new year's day, 1837. Almost every building, 
 with the exception of the walls and some part of the castle, 
 was levelled to the ground. The inhabitants were obliged to 
 live for some time in wooden booths. The effects of that 
 great calamity are still visible. The walls, which are of the 
 dark basalt- stone so often mentioned, about twenty feei 
 high, and also their turrets are in many places rent, and 
 broken, and breached ; so much so that the inhabitants do 
 not consider themselves safe from the inroads of the Arabs. 
 The governor's fortified abode, the most conspicuous building 
 of the place, as we enter the western gate, is nearly as 
 much a ruin as a mansion. The church of St. Peter, said to 
 be built over the place where the miraculous draught of fishes 
 was brought to shore, was never an attractive building, being 
 merely a plain arched vault of an oblong form, and some length. 
 Many of the houses which were thrown down by the earth- 
 quake have not yet been re-erected ; and those which have 
 been lately built are, generally speaking, of very unsubstantial 
 materials. 
 
 The Jews form a considerable part of the population of 
 Tiberias, one-fourth at least. It is indeed one of their sacred 
 sites, and a residence in it is highly valued by them. They 
 live in a separate quarter, near the south wall, in a central 
 situation, and in what now appears as the most respectable 
 part of the town. Many of them are Polish Jews, and tra- 
 vellers give a painful account of their wretched and squalid 
 appearance. They have a poor place of meeting, and the 
 Spanish and Portuguese Jews, who are mostly natives of the 
 country have two synagogues, one of them a decent sort of 
 place, the other small and poor. Here also is a school for 
 boys, and a kind of college for imparting instruction in 
 the higher branches of Hebrew literature. It is probably 
 the attachment of the Jews for the site which has pre- 
 vented its desertion ; it is unwholesome, exposed to deso- 
 lating earthquakes, and derives no advantages from its posi- 
 tion on the beautiful lake, if we except the supply of fish, 
 which might probably be secured somewhere along the shore 
 with less exposure to great calamities. In addition to other 
 inconveniences, Tiberias is beyond all places in Palestine in- 
 fested with vermin, so that it has long been a common saying 
 that " the king of the fleas holds his court in Tiberias." 
 
222 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 The ancient Tiberias was situated immediately south of the 
 present city ; perhaps it also occupied the present site, onlr 
 extending beyond it in that direction, to accommodate it*, 
 larger population. The north-west angle is, however, formed 
 of the ancient wall a short distance north-west from thu 
 south-west corner of the present enclosure, a circumstance 
 which renders it highly probable that the old town extended 
 no farther in this direction. The absence of all antiquities 
 within the city would lead us to the same conclusion. Th 
 western ancient wall, which is still traceable by its ruins, is ir 
 the middle of the plain, between the sea and the mountain. 
 The valley contracts towards the south, and a spur of the 
 mountain extends into it to the south-west angle of the old 
 wall. On its summit, which commands the ancient site, ar 
 extensive ruins of a citadel and its outworks. From thij 
 point of the mountain, the south wall extends east directly tc 
 the sea. The old town was also fortified upon the water side 
 and a massive remnant of the ancient bulwark, a hundred 
 paces in length, strengthened by a round tower, is seen a 
 the south-east corner of the quadrangle. The earth is coveret 
 with shapeless ruins, many of which were concealed by the 
 tall, rank grass. The foundations and a portion of the cellar 
 of one large structure remain entire, twenty-two paces long 
 by sixteen wide. Near this is the substruction of another 
 considerable edifice. Columns of lime-stone and gray granite 
 lie in several places ; in one they are in the edge of the water. 
 From the extent and character of these ruins, we should be 
 led to infer that the ancient Tiberias, though a small city, was 
 well built, and contained several large and costly structures. 
 
 South of the ruins, and distant from them, perhaps, a 
 quarter of a mile, are some mineral springs, which rise a few 
 rods only west from the sea, at the termination of a higher 
 part of the narrow plain, that from this point swells into hills 
 and forms the base of the mountain. Four sources spring 
 up near to each other, almost in a line from north to south, 
 and run off towards the sea in as many separate streams, 
 which send up clouds of steam that indicate the high tem- 
 perature of the water, and convert the atmosphere into m 
 vapour bath. Dr. Olin found the water so hot as nearly t 
 blister his hand, which he had incautiously thrust into it to tes 
 the temperature, and this suggested to him a higher temperature 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 223 
 
 (130 Fahrenheit) than Buckingham assigns to it; but the heat 
 of the water is probably variable. Its taste is nauseously 
 bitter and salt, and it emits a strong smell of sulphur. It 
 leaves a thick sediment upon the stones over which it flows 
 to the sea, which is green, yellow, dull red, and white, as 
 seen at different places. Distance from the source, with the 
 changing temperature, probably produces these differences; 
 or perhaps there may be some variety in the qualities of the 
 several springs. 
 
 There are two bathing-houses a little north of the fountain, 
 one old and partly ruinous, the other is a new edifice, the 
 work of the government. It is well-built, surmounted by a 
 great central dome, with the lower portions of the building 
 roofed with cupolas in the Turkish style. The great public 
 bath is under the high dome, and has a marble basin, and 
 marble steps and pavement. The water is retained in a 
 reservoir until cool enough for use, and it is brought thither 
 by a conduit, which appears to be connected with all the 
 sources. The bathers, therefore, enjoy the combined efficacy 
 of the different sources, if, indeed, there is any variety in 
 their qualities. They seem rather to be so many streams 
 from the same fountain. These baths are a good deal resorted 
 to, chiefly in the summer, by the people of the country for 
 most of the diseases and infirmities that prevail in this 
 climate. They are thought especially useful in ulcers, rheu- 
 matism, &c. It is not a little remarkable that no allusion is 
 made to these baths either in the Old or New Testament. 
 They must always have attracted attention for their physical 
 peculiarities, even though they possessed no reputation for 
 medicinal virtues. They are several times referred to by 
 Josephus. 
 
 Capernaum, like Tiberias, was on the west shore of the lake 
 of Gennesareth. It is often mentioned in the Gospels, being, 
 it would seem, the most usual residence of our Lord, from 
 the commencement of his ministry, when not upon his journeys. 
 If was thus the scene of many of his mighty works ; whence 
 his denunciations of its obduracy. * Thou, Capernaum, 
 which art exalted unto heaven, shall be brought down to 
 hell ; for if the mighty works which have been done in thee 
 had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this 
 
224 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 day." So completely has this word been fulfilled upon this 
 doomed city, that the very site is unknown. 
 
 North of Tiberias, and about midway of the coasts, the 
 hills retire in a kind of arch, and form a small triangular 
 plain, four miles in length, and two in breadth at the widest 
 part, of great beauty and fertility. This is supposed by Dr. 
 Robinson to be the ancient land of Gennesareth, 1 in which 
 the lost city appears to have been located. This plain Jose- 
 phus describes as one of surpassing loveliness and fertility, 
 and modern travellers concur in attesting the truth of the 
 representation. 
 
 " The country named Gennesar extends along the lake, 
 wonderful both for its nature and beauty. On account of its 
 fertility, it refuses no tree, and the cultivators plant in it all 
 kinds of trees, and the temperature of the atmosphere suits 
 the several sorts. For walnuts, which require the greatest 
 cold, flourish there in large quantities, and also palm-trees 
 that require heat, while fig-trees and olives, which require 
 a milder atmosphere, grow near them. One may say that it 
 is the ambition of nature which forces together the things 
 that are naturally enemies to one another ; and that there is a 
 happy contention of the seasons of the year, as if each of them 
 laid claim to this district as its own; for it not only nourishes 
 different sorts of fruit beyond men's expectation, but long 
 preserves them. It supplies men with the principal fruits, 
 with grapes and figs during ten months of the year without 
 intermission, and with the rest of the fruits throughout the 
 whole year as they ripen in course. And besides the good 
 temperature of the atmosphere, it is also watered from a most 
 fertile fountain, called Capharnaum by the natives. Some 
 have thought this fountain to be a vein of the Nile, because 
 it produces the Coracine fish, like the lake near Alexandria. 
 The length of this country extends along the banks of this 
 lake, bearing the same name, for thirty stadia, and in breadth 
 it is twenty. This, indeed, is the nature of that place." 
 
 Just at the foot of the western hills, in the plain indicated 
 by Robinson, is a fountain which he conceives to be this of 
 Capharnaum. It is of pure, limpid water, enclosed in a cir- 
 cular wall of mason- work, near a hundred feet in diameter. 
 
 1 Mark, vi. 53. 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 225 
 
 From the fountain flows a large stream, to fertilize the plain. 
 Here, however, no traces of a town are fouDd, but near another 
 fountain, not far from the shore, there is a small heap of 
 indiscriminate rubbish, which, it is thought, may mark the 
 site of Capernaum. 
 
 It is however questionable whether the designation of 
 "land of Gennesareth' ? is used so restrictedly by Josephus as 
 "Robinson supposes; and a later traveller, Dr. Wilson, dis- 
 sents from the opinion of Dr. Robinson respecting this locality 
 of Capernaum. He, perhaps with greater probability, sup- 
 poses it to have been at the head of the lake, about five miles 
 west of the Jordan, where extensive ruins are found. This is, 
 indeed, not a new conclusion of Dr. Wilson, but merely a 
 restoration of the opinion as entertained by previous travel- 
 lers which Dr. Robinson distrusted. The place is called Tel 
 Hum* The ruins are here very extensive and worthy of 
 notice ; but on account of the rankness of vegetation among 
 them, they cannot be traced with any precision. Most of 
 the erections, all of which with one exception are now pros- 
 trate, seem to have been of undressed stone. The ruinous 
 building which is standing is of no great extent, and is com- 
 posed of older materials, of hewn stones, columns, lintels, and 
 so forth. Another ruin seems to be that of some erection 
 of no ordinary grandeur and extent. Its materials consist of 
 sculptured stone, mostly of the usual rock of the country, 
 but in some articles of a species of marble which must have 
 been brought from a distance. Among the disjecta membra 
 of this erection are the frustra, capitals, and pedestals of 
 numerous Corinthian pillars, with friezes and cornices. Some 
 of the shafts and their appendages, as has been noticed by 
 various travellers, are double. 
 
 Magdala, the native place of Mary Magdalene, was on 
 the coast about four miles above Tiberias, and at the southern 
 extremity of the fertile plain of Gennesareth. By Mark 1 it is 
 called Dalmanutha. Its modern name is Mejdal. Dr. Olin 
 describes it as a miserable looking village of thirty or forty 
 huts. 
 
 " We stopped to make some inquiries of the pale, sickly- 
 looking inhabitants, who resembled the people of Jericho in 
 
 1 viii. 10. 
 
226 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 their aspect and bearing. This region has, in some respects, 
 a striking resemblance to that near the mouth of the Jordan. 
 The thorn of Jericho, which I have so fully described, 
 reappears upon this plain. A few scattered palm-trees adorn 
 the dreary precincts of Tiberias, while the stagnant atmo- 
 sphere and oppressive heat prevailing in this deep valley, are 
 probably the chief causes here, as well as at Jericho, of the 
 sickliness of the climate. This poor village however possesses 
 a special historical interest. The people of whom we inquired 
 its name, called it Mejdal; and it is evident from the name, 
 as well as from its position here, that this is the Magdala of 
 the New Testament, and the Migdal of the Old. 1 At the 
 northern extremity of this village is a large quadrangular 
 edifice, now in a ruinous state. It may have been a khan." 
 
 Bethsaida. Near the northern extremity of the Lake of 
 Tiberias there were two towns of this name, one in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Capernaum and Chorazin on the west shore of 
 the lake, the other on the eastern shore. The former, the 
 city of Andrew and Peter, involved in the doom of Chorazin 
 and Capernaum, is irrecoverably lost ; the latter, mentioned 
 Luke ix. 10, near which Jesus fed the five thousand, was en- 
 larged by Philip the tetrarch, not long after the birth of Christ, 
 and received the name of Julias, in honour of Julia, the 
 daughter of Augustus. Its remains have been found near 
 the northern end of the lake of Tiberias, upon a kind of spur 
 or promontory of the mountains which form the eastern side 
 of the valley of the Jordan, as it approaches the lake. This 
 spot is covered with extensive ruins, and is regarded as a sort 
 of capital by the Arabs of this quarter, although they have 
 lost the ancient name, and now occupy only a few houses in 
 it as magazines. The ruins cover a large portion of the pro- 
 montory or Tel, but consist entirely of unhewn volcanic stones, 
 without any distinct trace of ancient architecture. 
 
 Cjesarea Philippi had this addition to distinguish it 
 from the great Caesarea, the Roman metropolis of Judea : the 
 place was founded, or at least greatly enlarged and adorned 
 by the tetrarch Philip, who gave it the name of Caesarea, 
 in honour of the Emperor Tiberius, adding the cognomen 
 Philippi, to distinguish it from the other Caesarea. It is 
 
 1 Josh. xix. 38. Matt. xv. 39. 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 227 
 
 mentioned in Matt. xvi. 13, Mark viii. 27. Herod Agrippa 
 also bestowed upon it a considerable share of attention, still 
 further extending and embellishing it. In compliment to the 
 Emperor Nero, its name was afterwards changed to Neronias ; 
 and Titus, after the overthrow of Jerusalem, exhibited some 
 public games here, in which the Jewish prisoners were com- 
 pelled to fight like gladiators, and numbers perished in the 
 inhuman contest. Under the Christians it was erected into a 
 bishopric of Phoenicia. During the Crusades it was the scene 
 of various changes and conflicts. It first came into the pos- 
 session of the Christians in 1129, along with the fortress on 
 the adjacent mountain ; but they lost it in 1 165 to the Sultan 
 Nureddin of Damascus, and never recovered it again. Banias 
 has now dwindled into a paltry and insignificant village, 
 whose mean and destitute condition contrasts strikingly with 
 the rich and luxuriant character of the surrounding country. 
 It is said that many remains of ancient architecture are found 
 in the neighbourhood, bearing testimony to the former gran- 
 deur of the place, although it is difficult to trace the site of 
 the splendid temple erected here in honour of Augustus. The 
 ruins of the castle of Banias, which appears to have been a 
 work of the Saracens, down the summit of the adjoining 
 mountain, and displays a wall ten feet in thickness, by which 
 the fortress was defended. The ruins of another fortified 
 castle are visible on the south of the village, and a substantial 
 bridge which conducts to it, inscribed with an Arabic legend, 
 its date being of the age of the crusades. 
 
 The place stands at the head of one of the sources of the 
 Jordan, one of the principal branches. The best description 
 of it is that of the Rev. R. Thompson, in the American Biblio- 
 theca Sacra for 1846. "The city is securely embosomed 
 among mountains, which stand around it on the north-west, 
 north, east, and south. The platform or terrace upon which 
 it is built may be elevated about one hundred feet above the 
 extensive plain of which we* have already spoken. That part 
 of the city which was within the ancient walls lay directly 
 south of the fountain. The stream formed a deep channel 
 along the northern and western walls ; and a part of the 
 water was formerly carried into the ditch, which protected 
 the eastern wall, and fell into the deep ravine of the mountain 
 
 Q2 
 
228 
 
 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 torrent, Wady el-Kid, on the margin of which the southern 
 wall was constructed. 
 
 Thus the city was surrounded by water, and defended on 
 all sides by natural ravines, except on the east, which was 
 secured by a wide and deep fosse. The walls were very thick 
 and solid, and were strengthened by eight castles or towers ; 
 and before the introduction of artillery, Banias must have 
 been almost impregnable. The shape of the city is an irre- 
 gular quadrangle, longest from east to west, and widest at the 
 eastern end. The whole area is small, not being much more 
 than a mile in circumference. The suburbs appear to have 
 been far more extensive than the city itself. The plain 
 towards the north-west and south-west is covered with 
 columns, capitals, and foundations, bearing indubitable testi- 
 mony to the ancient size and magnificence of Banias. 
 Eusebius relates that the woman who was cured of an issue 
 of blood was a native of this place. Her supposed house was 
 still pointed out in the fourth century, when he visited the 
 city." 
 
 Cana. The modem ullage. 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 229 
 
 Cana of Galilee is memorable as the place where our Lord 
 performed his first miracle of changing water into wine. 1 
 Nothing else is recorded of it. The site has long been 
 identified with the present Kefr Kenna, a small place about 
 four miles north-east from Nazareth, on one of the roads to 
 Tiberias. It is a neat village, pleasantly situated on the 
 descent of a hill looking to the south-west, and surrounded by 
 plantations of olive and other fruit-trees. There is a large 
 spring in the neighbourhood, inclosed by a wall, which, if this 
 be the Cana of the New Testament, is doubtless that from 
 which water was drawn at the time of our Lord's visit. It is 
 also observable that water-pots of compact limestone are still 
 used in this neighbourhood ; and some old ones are, as might 
 be expected, shown as those which once contained the 
 miraculous wine. Here are also remains of a Greek church, 
 and of a house said to be that of Nathaniel. There is a 
 ruined place called Kana el-Jalil, about eight miles N. E. 
 from Nazareth, which Dr. Robinson is inclined to regard as 
 the more probable site of Cana. 
 
 As the ancient name of the town of Nain, where our Lord 
 gave back the life to the widow's son, 2 has always been pre- 
 served, it was readily recognised by the Crusaders, and has 
 often been noticed by travellers to the present day. It seems 
 never to have been a place of any consequence, and is now a 
 small hamlet, three miles south by west of Mount Tabor. 
 
 Samaria was the smallest of the four provinces into which 
 Palestine was divided in the time of Christ, comprising only 
 the principal part of the territory of Ephraim and Manasseh. 
 It lay immediately south of Galilee, between that and Judea, 
 and extended from the Mediterranean to the Jordan. The 
 position of this territory between Galilee and Judea explains 
 that those who had to go from the one province to the other, 
 "must needs go through Samaria," 3 unless they went round 
 by the region beyond the Jordan ; and this was a source of 
 much annoyance and inconvenience, seeing that K the Jews had 
 no dealings with the Samaritans." 
 
 The only town of any note beside those mentioned in the 
 
 1 John, iv. 4G. 2 Luke, xvii. 1117. 
 
 & 3 John, iv. 
 
230 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Old Testament within the limits of this province, was 
 Csesarea, situated upon the Mediterranean coast, fifty-five 
 miles north-west from Jerusalem, and thirty-five miles north- 
 east from Joppa. It was built by Herod the Great, at an 
 immense expense. To form a harbour, he constructed an 
 extensive mole or breakwater, sufficient to protect a fleet 
 against the rtorms which rage on this inhospitable coast. It 
 was built of large blocks of stone brought from a great dis- 
 tance, and sunk to the depth of 120 feet. To this stupendous 
 work he added a temple, a theatre, and amphitheatre, together 
 with many splendid buildings, and made it his own residence, 
 and the capital of his realm. After him it became the 
 residence of the Reman governors. 
 
 Csesarea is mentioned in the New Testament in connection 
 with circumstances and events of great interest. Philip 
 preached in all the cities intermediate between Azotus and 
 Csesarea. 1 The Apostle Paul was brought down from 
 Jerusalem on his way to Tarsus, when the brethren were in- 
 ducing him to escape from the violence of the Grecians, who 
 had been irritated by his reasonings. 2 It was the residence of 
 Cornelius the centurion, the first Gentile convert. 3 It wit- 
 nessed the judgment of God inflicted on Herod Agrippa, 
 when, probably in the magnificent amphitheatre erected by 
 his father, he was smitten by the angel of God, when glitter- 
 ing in the gorgeous display of his royal apparel, and rejoicing 
 in the idolatrous plaudits of the excited multitude. 4 Paul 
 concluded at it his voyage from Ephesus, and there saluted 
 the church. 6 This apostle made it a landing-place on a 
 similar occasion, when he took up his abode for a time with 
 Philip the Evangelist. 6 He was afterwards sent hither by 
 Claudius Lysias to appear before Felix, in whose presence he 
 uttered the noble speech which made that governor tremble. 7 
 Here he was imprisoned for two long years, till he was called 
 forth to plead his cause before Festus and Agrippa. 8 From 
 Csesarea he sailed to imperial Rome, to finish, at that centre 
 of influence and of power, his wondrous testimony to the 
 cause of Christ. 9 Csesarea became, after the destruction of 
 
 1 Acts, viii. 40. 2 Acts, ix. 30. 3 Acts, x. 1, &c. ; xi. 11. 
 
 4 Acts, xii. 1913. 5 Acts, xviii. 22. 
 
 6 Acts, xxi. 8, 16. 1 Acts, xxiii. 24; xxiv. 
 
 8 Acts, xxv. 26, 9 Acts, xxvii. 1. 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 231 
 
 Jerusalem, the scene of several battles under Titus, in 
 which fell many Jews. After Constantine it became the see 
 of a bishop. During the crusades the city fell into the hands 
 of the Christians in the year 1126, but it was taken again in 
 1132 by Ismael, Sultan of Damascus. Thus the Christians 
 and Saracens alternately waged war about the possession of 
 the city. The last battle at Pamas was in 1253, when the 
 Christians were obliged to return with great loss to Sidon. 
 
 The existing ruins of Caesarea are very extensive, lying 
 along the shore to the north, where there are some remains 
 of aqueducts. The wall of a fort, surrounded by a moat, 
 still remains in tolerably good order. This Irby and Mangles 
 suppose to be of Saracenic architecture. The ruins within it 
 consist of foundations, arches, pillars, and great quantities of 
 building material; but there is nothing distinctive about 
 them. Various columns and masses of stone are seen lying in 
 the sea close to the shore. The only considerable pile of build- 
 ing standing, is at the southern part of the fort, where travel- 
 lers enter the gate to get a supply of water for themselves and 
 cattle. There are not now more than one or two families of 
 herdsmen occasionally to be found at the Roman capital of 
 Judea. 
 
 Jttdea. This third division of Palestine in the time of 
 our Saviour, was the largest of the three districts west of the 
 Jordan, including on the north the tribe of Benjamin, and 
 extending south to the boundaries of ancient Palestine. 
 
 It contained few towns which had not been already named 
 in the Old Testament, perhaps because in this quarter fewer 
 new places had arisen, and certainly fewer old ones had been 
 left unrecorded in the ancient Scriptures. Arimathea, Lydda, 
 and Bethany, are the only new names that occur. 
 
 Arimathea is mentioned simply as the birth-place of 
 that wealthy Synedrist, in whose sepulchre the body of 
 Christ was laid. Arimathea has usually been identified 
 with Ramleh, a town twenty-four miles north-west from 
 Jerusalem, and eight miles from Joppa; and although 
 Robinson distrusts this identity, the arguments he produces 
 are not unanswerable. The town is first mentioned under 
 its present name by the monk Bernard, about a.d. 870. 
 About a.d. 1150, the Arabian geographer Edrisi men- 
 
232 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 tions Ramleh and Jerusalem as the two principal cities of 
 Palestine. The first crusaders, on their approach found 
 Ramleh deserted by its inhabitants ; and with it and Lyd da 
 they endowed the first Latin bishopric in Palestine, which 
 took its denomination from the latter city. From the situa- 
 tion of Ramleh between that city and the coast, it was a post 
 of much importance to the crusaders, and they held possession 
 of it generally while Jerusalem was in their hands, and long 
 afterwards. In a.d. 1266, it was finally taken from the 
 Christians by the Sultan Bibars. Subsequently it is often 
 mentioned in the accounts of travellers and pilgrims, most of 
 whom rested there on their way to Jerusalem. It appeal's to 
 have declined very fast from the time that it came into the 
 possession of the crusaders. In the tenth century it is men- 
 tioned as almost deserted; but it seems to have revived 
 towards the close of the seventeenth century, although from 
 the descriptions given of it about sixty or seventy years 
 ago, its present somewhat flourishing condition must be 
 regarded as the growth of the present century. 
 
 Ramleh lies in the fine undulating plain of Sharon, upon 
 the eastern side of a broad low swell, rising from a fertile 
 though sandy plain. Like Gaza and Jaffa, this town is sur- 
 rounded by olive groves and gardens of vegetables and deli- 
 cious fruits. Occasional palm-trees are also seen, as well as 
 the karob and the sycamore. The streets are few; the houses 
 are of stone, and many of them large and well built. There 
 are five mosques, two or more of which are said to have once 
 been Christian churches ; and there is here one of the largest 
 Latin convents in Palestine. The place is supposed to con- 
 tain about 3000 inhabitants, of whom two-thirds are Moslems, 
 and the rest Christians, chiefly of the Greek church, with a 
 few Armenians. The inhabitants carry on some trade in 
 cotton and soap. The great caravan road between Egypt 
 and Damascus, Smyrna and Constantinople, passes through 
 Ramleh, as well as the most frequented road for European 
 pilgrims and travellers between Joppa and Jerusalem. 
 
 A little to the west of the town is a remarkable isolated 
 tower, the origin and purpose of which has been disputed. 
 It is 120 feet high, square, with buttressed corners, and built 
 with well-hewn stone, and of Saracenic architecture. It 
 looks more like one of our own old church towers than any 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 233 
 
 other erection to be seen in Palestine. It was probably the 
 tower of a mosque which has perished. Among the planta- 
 tions which surround the town, occur at every step dry wells, 
 cisterns fallen in, and vast vaulted reservoirs, which show 
 that the city must in former times have been upwards of a 
 league and a half in extent. 
 
 The Lydda, which was the scene of Peter's miracle of heal- 
 ing Annas, occurs by that name only in the Acts of the 
 Apostles ; but was perhaps the Lod mentioned several times 
 in the Old Testament, as belonging to Benjamin, though 
 within the limits of Ephraim. Not many years after the 
 time of Peter's visit, the town was reduced to ashes by 
 Cestius Gallus, in his march against Jerusalem ; but it must 
 soon have revived ; for not long after we find it at the head of 
 one of the toparchies of the later Judea, and as such it 
 surrendered to Vespasian, at which time, according to 
 Josephus, it was a village equal to a city ; and the Rabbins 
 have much to say of it as a seat of Jewish learning, of which 
 it was the most eminent in Judea after Jabneh and Bether. 
 In the general change of names which took place under the 
 Roman dominion, Lydda became Diospolis. It was early the 
 seat of a bishopric, and the last bishop named in ecclesiastical 
 records is Apollonius, in a.d. 518. Lydda early became 
 connected with the homage paid to the celebrated saint and 
 martyr St. George, who was not less renowned in the east 
 than afterwards in the west. He is said to have been born 
 at Lydda, and to have suffered martyrdom at Nicomedia in 
 the earliest persecution under Diocletian and Maximian, at 
 the end of the third century. His remains were transferred 
 to his native place, and a church erected in honour of him by 
 the emperor Justinian. This church, which stood outside 
 the town, had just been levelled to the ground by the Moslems 
 when the crusaders arrived at Lydda ; but it was soon rebuilt 
 by them, and they established a bishopric of Lydda and 
 Ramleh. Great honours were paid by them to St. George, 
 and they invested him with the dignity of their patron : from 
 this time his renown spread more widely throughout Europe, 
 and he became the patron saint of England and of several 
 other states and kingdoms. The church was destroyed by 
 Saladin in 1191; and there is no evidence that it was ever 
 rebuilt, although there was in later centuries an unfounded 
 
234 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 impression that the church, the ruins of which were then 
 seen, and which still exist, had been built by our king 
 Richard. From that time there has been little notice of 
 Lydda by travellers. It now exists under its ancient name 
 of Lud, as a considerable village of small houses, with 
 nothing to distinguish it from ordinary Moslem villages, save 
 the ruins of the celebrated church of St. George, which are 
 situated in the eastern part of the town. The building must 
 have been very large. The walls of the eastern end are 
 standing only in the parts near the altar, including the arch 
 over the latter ; but the western end remains more perfect, 
 and has been built into a large mosque, the lofty minaret of 
 which forms the landmark of Lud. 
 
 The village of Bethany lay on the eastern side of the 
 Mount of Olives that side looking from Jerusalem. Its 
 name does not occur in the Old Testament ; but it is fre- 
 quently mentioned in the gospels, as Jesus had some attached 
 friends and disciples in the place ; and he often went thither 
 and spent the evenings with them, during his visit to Jeru- 
 salem. It was here, also, that he raised Lazarus, one of 
 those friends, from the dead ; and here soon after he supped 
 in the house of Simon the leper, where the risen Lazarus was 
 one of the guests, and where his sister Mary washed the 
 Lord's feet with tears of gratitude, and anointed them with 
 costly ointment. 
 
 Although Bethany lies upon the side of the Mount of 
 Olives, it is not visible from the summit of that hill, being 
 hidden in a kind of ravine, the sides of which are terraced, 
 and covered either with fruit-trees, or, in the season, with 
 waving corn. It seems to have anciently stood in a clump of 
 palm-trees, whence its name, which signifies " place of dates." 
 The palms have disappeared ; but the village is still surrounded 
 with fruit-trees, chiefly figs, almonds, olives, and pomegranates. 
 The name of " Bethany" is not now locally known; and the 
 place bears the name of el-Azarizeh, from el-Azir, the Arabic 
 form of Lazarus. It is a poor place, with about thirty inhabited 
 dwellings, of a very humble description. The most conspicu- 
 ous object in the village is a ruinous tower, built with square 
 stones, and seemingly of the time of the crusades, but which 
 the inhabitants gravely allege to have been the house of 
 Lazarus. At some distance north of this, at the edge of the 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 235 
 
 village, visitors are conducted to what is called the tomb of 
 Lazarus. It is not easy to determine whether this is a 
 natural cave, finished and modelled out by human labour, or 
 wholly an artificial excavation. The former seems most pro- 
 bable. Within an entrance three feet and a half high by two 
 feet wide, a flight of twenty-seven steps conducts down into 
 a dark sepulchral chamber, about nine feet square. In its 
 sides are four niches for the reception of bodies ; and there 
 is one fractured sarcophagus. Three more steps lead through 
 an excavated passage, into an arched chamber eight feet 
 square by nine in height. This has every characteristic of an 
 ancient Jewish tomb, in its form and construction. That it 
 was the tomb from which Lazarus was raised by Jesus is 
 open to question ; but we incline to consider that the objec- 
 tions urged against its identity are not, singly or collectively, 
 very conclusive. The strongest objection is that which alleges 
 that the tomb of Lazarus appears to have been at some dis- 
 tance from the village ; whereas this is just at the edge of it. 
 But the present dwellings exhibit no marks of antiquity. 
 They are built in the frailest manner, and they have probably 
 been reconstructed, and their sites changed in every genera- 
 tion ; and although there is clear evidence to show that the 
 general site of Bethany has remained unchanged, a tomb 
 which is now on the border of the village, may easily have 
 been at some distance from it in the time of Christ. In 
 Palestine there seems to have been a general tendency to 
 advance the borders of towns and villages in the direction of 
 spots reputed sacred, for the purpose of bringing them within 
 their boundaries. 
 
 Perea. The part of Palestine beyond Jordan comprised, 
 in the time of our Saviour, the fourth division of Palestine, 
 under the name of Perea a name which does not occur in the 
 New Testament. Indeed, this quarter is only named in con- 
 nexion with the two visits of our Lord to the quarter beyond 
 the lake of Tiberias. On the first of these occasions he came 
 " into the country of the Gadarenes," and was met by two 
 fierce demoniacs M out of the tombs," whom he healed. The 
 country of the Gadarenes must have been the environs of 
 Gadara, a city five miles south of the lake, and about the 
 same distance east of the Jordan. 
 
236 SCTIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 We learn from Josephus that the inhabitants were mostly 
 heathens, which accounts for their possession of herds of 
 swine. The site is usually identified with the present Om 
 Keis. The city formed nearly a square. The upper part of 
 it stood on a level spot, and appears to have been walled 
 all round, the acclivities of the hill being on all sides exceed- 
 ingly steep. The eastern gate of entrance has its portals still 
 remaining. Among the ruins Buckingham found a theatre, 
 an Ionic temple, a second theatre, besides traces and remnants 
 of streets and houses. The prevalent orders of architecture 
 are the Ionic and the Corinthian. The hills in which Gadara 
 stands are of lime- stone. This is a species of rock in which 
 caverns of greater or lesser dimensions are easily and often 
 naturally formed. Accordingly the hills on which Gadara 
 was placed were full of caverns, which were used for tombs. 
 Buckingham speaks of several grottoes, which formed the 
 necropolis of the city, on the eastern brow of the hill. The 
 first two examined by him were plain chambers hewn down 
 so as to present a perpendicular front. The third tomb had a 
 stone door, as perfect as on the day of its being first hung. 
 The last was an excavated chamber, seven feet in height, 
 twelve paces long, and ten broad: within it was a smaller 
 room. Other tombs were discovered by Buckingham as he 
 ascended the hill. He entered one in which were ten sepul- 
 chres ranged along the inner wall of the chamber in a line, 
 being pierced inward for their greatest length, and divided 
 by a thin partition left in the rock, in each of which was a 
 small niche for a lamp. Still more tombs were found, some 
 containing sarcophagi, some without them; all, however, 
 displaying more or less architectural ornament. 
 
 With reference to the caverns which here abound, Buck- 
 ingham says, " The accounts given of the habitation of the 
 demoniac from whom the legion of devils was cast out, have 
 struck us very forcibly, while we ourselves were wandering 
 among the rugged mountains, and surrounded by tombs still 
 used as dwellings by individuals and whole families. A finer 
 subject for the masterly expression of the passions of madness 
 in all their violence, contrasted with the serenity of virtue and 
 benevolence in Him who went about doing good, could hardly 
 be chosen by the pencil of the artist. A faithful delineation 
 of the wild and rugged majesty of the mountain scenery here 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. 237 
 
 on the one hand, contrasted with the still calm of the waters 
 of the lake on the other, would give an additional charm to 
 the picture." One of the ancient tombs, at the time of the 
 visit of Mr. Buckingham, from whom the above extract is 
 taken, was occupied as a carpenter's shop. A perfect sarco- 
 phagus remained within, which was used by the family as a 
 provision chest. 
 
 Gadara was one of the cities of the Decapolis mentioned 
 in Matt. iv. 25. This was not a distinct territory, but a con- 
 federate often towns with them, and subject to a jurisdiction 
 peculiar to themselves, like the free cities in the German 
 states. They were chiefly inhabited by foreigners, and lying 
 to the south and south-east of the lake of Tiberias. They were 
 all in the country east of the Jordan, except Scythopolis or 
 Bethshan on the west, which was one of the ten. There is some 
 difference of opinion in making out the ten cities; but Scy- 
 thopolis, Caesarea-Philippi, Gadara, Hippos, Pella, Gerasa, and 
 Philadelphia (Rabbath Ammon) were among them. Most of 
 these have already been noticed; and of the others there is 
 nothing to record except of Gerasa, the discovery of whose 
 ruins excited much attention above thirty years ago. This 
 place, although not named in Scripture, is not unrenowned in 
 the history of the Jews. King Alexander Jannseus besieged 
 the place, and took it by storm, to possess himself of a large 
 treasure which it contained ; and it was in its neighbourhood 
 that he died. At the commencement of the great and ruinous 
 war with the Romans, Gerasa was burned by the Jews, in 
 revenge for the massacre of their people at Caesarea, and the 
 part of the city which this conflagration had left uninjured 
 was destroyed not long after by one of the generals of Ves- 
 pasian. It was afterwards rebuilt and fortified ; and its name 
 sometimes occurs in the history of the Arabian wars with the 
 Greek empire, and sometimes in the history of the crusades. 
 But the site had for many ages passed out of knowledge, 
 when it was, in 1806, discovered by Seetzen, as still sub- 
 sisting under the name of Jerash, and it has since been 
 visited and described by some other travellers but few in 
 comparison with those who have explored the more accessible 
 sites of the region on this side Jordan. 
 
 The existing remains show that Gerasa was a very splendid 
 city, presenting traces of a larger number of public buildings 
 
238 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 than any other site in Syria, and upon the whole exhibiting a 
 much finer mass of ruins than even Palmyra. The town is 
 built on two sides of a valley, with a fine stream running 
 through it, which a few miles south of the town empties itsel 
 into the river Zerka, the Jabbok of Scripture : the situation 
 being altogether most beautiful. The town must have been 
 principally composed of two main streets, crossing each other 
 in the centre at right angles. The streets have been lined 
 with a double row of columns, some of which are Ionic and 
 some Corinthian. The pavement is still exceedingly good, 
 and there is an elevated space on each side for foot pas- 
 sengers. The principal ruins are those of two grand temples, 
 one of which, as appears by a Greek inscription, was dedi- 
 cated to the Sun, like that of Palmyra, and Burckhardt, who 
 had ample opportunities of comparison, is of opinion that, 
 next to that temple, . this greatly excels in taste and magni- 
 ficence every public building of the kind in Syria. It faced 
 nearly the east, and stood in the centre of an immense double 
 peristyle court. The columns of the temple are of the 
 Corinthian order, and of very fine proportion. They are of a 
 brown free-stone, and eleven of their number are standing, 
 but without the capitals. The pillars of the colonnade around 
 the inclosing court are of the same order, but of smaller size, 
 and must have comprised no less than one hundred and eighty- 
 six columns in the original state of the building. One of the 
 most remarkable peculiarities of this temple is an underground 
 chamber, below the principal hall of the temple, with a bath 
 in the centre. There are also among the ruins five or six 
 other temples of inferior importance, in different parts of the 
 town ; and also the remains of two theatres, the scene of the 
 largest of which is still nearly in a perfect state, presenting, 
 in this respect, a singularity rarely witnessed. There are 
 also traces of two grand baths ; and two bridges, still in good 
 preservation, cross the valley and the river. About three 
 hundred yards from the south-west gate is the circus or 
 stadium; and not far from it a triumphal arch, which has 
 been much admired. To the north-east there is a large 
 reservoir for water, near to which are the remains of an 
 aqueduct, by which. this and the other reservoirs were doubt- 
 less supplied with water. Near to this is a picturesque 
 tomb, fronted by four Corinthian columns. These ruins being 
 
PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHKIST. 239 
 
 overgrown with wood, are objects of much picturesque inte- 
 rest. The ancient cemetery, which almost surrounds the 
 city without the walls, affords a large number of sarcophagi ; 
 most of which have been broken open, as if in search of 
 treasure; but scarcely any of them are highly finished, or of 
 any antiquarian interest. 
 
 The town was nearly square, each side somewhat less than a 
 mile. The walls crossed the river in two places at right 
 angles, the other two sides being parallel to each other on 
 the opposite sides of the hills. Insulated fragments of these 
 walls still remain, showing that they were upwards of eight 
 feet thick, and built of squared stones of middling size. 
 About two hundred and thirty columns are now standing in 
 the city. There are numerous inscriptions in all directions, 
 chiefly of the time of Antoninus Pius, and most of them 
 much mutilated. The stone of which Jerash is built is 
 calcareous, of considerable hardness, the same as the rock of 
 the neighbouring mountains. Burckhardt, to whom we owe 
 the most minute description of the ruins, could not observe 
 that any other stone was employed, and expresses his surprise 
 at the absence of granite columns, " as they abound in Syrian 
 cities of much less note and magnificence than Jerash." Of 
 the private habitations of the city there are none in a state of 
 preservation ; but the whole of the area within the walls is 
 covered with their ruins, forming a strong contrast to the 
 remains of the public buildings which arrest the eye in all 
 directions. The site is now wholly deserted, except by the 
 wandering Arabs, by whom it is occasionally frequented, and 
 who are the sole and most regardless inheritors of a scene 
 once vital with human activities, and which such great wealth 
 was employed to aggrandize, and so much genius to adorn. 
 
240 
 
 CITIES OF THE COAST. 
 
 As the cities along the coast of Palestine did not belong to 
 the Israelites, and as they bear a certain relation to each 
 other, it has been found best to reserve them for separate 
 notice in this place. 
 
 Joppa, which did belong to Israel, and Caesarea, which was 
 in a later age founded by a Jewish king, have already been 
 noticed, and the other cities will alone claim our present 
 consideration. 
 
 The northern portion of this coast territory down to the 
 bay of Carmel belonged to the Phoenicians, and never was 
 possessed by the Israelites. The southern portion down to 
 Gaza was possessed by the Philistines, and it is as belonging 
 to them, that the towns are chiefly known in Scripture history. 
 And although this territory became subject to the sceptre of 
 David, after long and cruel wars between the two nations, 
 the towns were never properly Jewish cities, and down to 
 the time of Christ and the Jewish war, continued to be occu- 
 pied by foreigners. In the Phoenician territory the towns 
 that claim to be included in our survey are Sidon, Tyre, Acre, 
 Achzib, and Sarepta. 
 
 In the most ancient book of Scripture, Sidon occurs as the 
 name of the eldest son of Canaan, the son of Ham. 1 It is 
 generally supposed, on the authority of Josephus, that the city 
 of Sidon was founded by him, and derived its name from him. 
 Sidon must seemingly have taken some ages in acquiring 
 that importance which it possessed at the time that the 
 conquest of Canaan made the Israelites the near neighbours 
 of the Phoenicians, and which is indicated by the fact that 
 in Josh. xix. 28, it is distinguished as the " Great Sidon." 
 It is disputed whether Sidon itself was included among the 
 
 1 Gen. x. 15. 
 
CITIES OF THE COAST. 241 
 
 cities assigned in the . original allotment to the Israelites. 
 The passage which seems to imply that it was, in Judges i. 31, 
 speaks not of Sidon, but of the Sidonians, and may apply 
 merely to the territory beyond their own boundaries, upon 
 which they had encroached, and from which it was intended 
 they should be expelled. But we know that the Israelites 
 were so far from being able to expel them, that they became 
 themselves subject to some oppression from the Sidonians. 
 This appears from Judges, x. 12, and the amount of all this 
 evidence, coupled with the fact that Tyre is scarcely men- 
 tioned, although its site was considerably nearer to the heart 
 of the Hebrew territories, is, that Sidon was in the height of 
 its power at the time of, and for some time after, the Hebrew 
 conquest of Canaan, although she had already established 
 about fifteen miles to the south as a staple for her own wares, 
 that Tyre which was destined, in no long time, to become 
 much greater and more illustrious than the mother city. 
 This had already taken place in the time of David and 
 Solomon, who cultivated friendly relations with the Phoeni- 
 cians, but in the history of whose reigns Tyre is described as 
 great and prosperous, while Sidon is scarcely noticed, 
 although it was then that the border of the Hebrew dominion 
 impinged more closely upon the Sidonian district than it ever 
 did before or after. 
 
 But although " Great Sidon" had then become and long 
 remained only the second of the Phoenician cities, she was 
 still rich and mighty, and secured in a great measure by her 
 excellent harbours from ruin and decline, so long as the 
 maritime commerce of the Phoenicians should endure. In 
 fact, the mother has long survived the daughter, and while 
 Tyre has long been, as the Hebrew prophets foretold, a deso- 
 late place, Sidon has remained to this day a town of consi- 
 derable trade considerable under the comparisons which the 
 existing circumstances of the country afford, but wofully 
 insignificant under any comparison with its condition when 
 first the parent and then the rival of the city " whose mer- 
 chants were princes." 
 
 The modern town of Sidon, or, as it is now called, Saida, 
 is admirably situated on a rising ground overhanging the sea. 
 The ancient city extended further to the east and along the 
 coast than the modern. The rising ground upon which the 
 
 
 
242 
 
 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 town stands projects considerably into the sea. It is inclosed 
 on the eastern side by a high fortified wall, and two mosques 
 are seen to tower conspicuously over the other buildings in 
 the town. The most striking object is the fortress, built 
 upon a rock in the harbour, and connected with the town 
 formerly by a wall, but now by a causeway upon arches. 
 This fortress was built by the celebrated Emir Fakr ed Deen, 
 and is a good and imposing specimen of Saracenic fortresses. 
 Upon an elevation on the north side of the city commanding 
 the town are seen some interesting remains of another and 
 more ancient castle, which is usually ascribed to Louis IX., 
 and which certainly belongs to the age of the Crusades. 
 Between the town and the mountains lie richly cultivated 
 gardens, and beyond these the mountains of Lebanon arise 
 in five ridges one above another, the highest being of course 
 the most remote. Into the bay on this side the town, flows a 
 considerable stream, fed, like the other streams that in this 
 region come direct from the mountains, by the snows of 
 Lebanon. 
 
 ** 'H'lJMw 
 
 .Ruins of Tyre. 
 
CITIES OF THE COAST. 243 
 
 The great commercial city of Tyke, whose name has long 
 been the symbol of all that is rich in manufacture, and of all 
 that is illustrious in commerce, was founded by the more 
 ancient Sidon as a staple for her own wares, and is hence 
 called in Scripture the "Daughter of Sidon." But the 
 daughter, from her more advantageous and defensible position, 
 soon eclipsed without extinguishing the mother ; and already 
 in the time of David and Solomon, Tyre had become the 
 greatest of the Phoenician cities ; and the student of the Sacred 
 Scriptures becomes then interested in its condition and 
 history, by the part taken by its king in supplying materials 
 and workmen for the building of the two Hebrew kings, and 
 from the active share which the Tyrian prince took in the 
 commercial enterprises of Solomon. This elder Tyre was 
 built upon the mainland, and a vivid picture of its prosperity 
 is drawn by the prophet Ezekiel in his twenty-seventh 
 chapter, which furnishes the most interesting record in 
 existence of the most ancient maritime commerce which 
 history has made known to us. At that time, Tyre was in 
 its most flourishing state; but not only this prophet but 
 Isaiah, who was before him, were enabled to see through the 
 mists of time its eventual decline and overthrow. It con- 
 tinued a powerful, rich, and flourishing commercial city till 
 the time of Nebuchadnezzar, who, in extending the frontier 
 of his empire westward to the Mediterranean, was not likely 
 to leave Tyre unmolested. In fact, the city had to defend 
 itself against his forces during a siege and blockade of thirteen 
 years, at the end of which it seems to have been taken by 
 storm, according to the predictions of Ezekiel xxvi-xxix. 
 This blockade was probably so much protracted by the 
 facilities of receiving supplies from the sea, which the 
 besiegers could not wholly exclude. But, indeed, the greater 
 part of the inhabitants during the blockade took refuge in a 
 neighbouring island, already furnished with numerous estab- 
 lishments and buildings, and thus founded the island city of 
 Tyre, which, by favour of its strong position, soon equalled 
 the parent city, and not only outlived the Babylonian and 
 Persian empires, but continued to increase as the ancient 
 Tyre declined. It was finally captured by Alexander, after 
 a most obstinate resistance ; but not until the conqueror had 
 found it necessary to connect the island with the mainland by 
 
 >* Of THB 
 
244 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 a mole, before he could render his resources available for the 
 effectual assault of the city. Alexander sullied his name by 
 his barbarities upon those valiant men, as much as he glorified 
 it by his great work, which, although constructed for only a 
 temporary purpose, has survived through the long subsequent 
 ages, and which to the present time renders the ancient isle 
 a peninsula. In constructing this mole, Alexander made use 
 of the materials of the old city, thereby accomplishing two 
 remarkable prophecies ; " They shall lay thy stones and thy 
 timbers in the dust, in the midst of the waters," Ezek. xxvi. 
 12 ; and " Thou shalt be no more ; though thou be sought for, 
 yet shalt thou never be found again," verse 21. But the 
 conqueror injured Tyre far less by his arms than by the 
 foundation of Alexandria, which thenceforth became what 
 Tyre had been, the emporium for the traffic of the world. 
 Yet Tyre maintained its ground as a place of some commerce, 
 respectable, though no longer grand, for many ages ; and was 
 a place of some importance, military rather than commercial, 
 so late as the time of the Crusades. It was almost the last 
 place in Syria which the crusaders abandoned to the Moslems, 
 and as its strong fortifications, w T hich continued its sole 
 distinction, were then demolished, the place has never since 
 been of any consideration. Successive travellers describe in 
 emphatic language its desolate condition. Yet a few mise- 
 rable inhabitants seem to have always lingered about the 
 spot, and about eighty years ago a part of this peninsula was 
 walled off from the rest, and a town founded there by the 
 Metoualies, under the name of Sur, which still exists, and 
 carries on some small traffic in the products of the neigh- 
 bourhood. Its population never exceeded, and does not now 
 reach 3,000 souls, and it sustained great injury from the 
 earthquake of 1837. 
 
 Of the original city the superficial remains are few, but 
 there is an abundance of prostrate columns and massive foun- 
 dations, which can only be referred to the ancient history of 
 the place. The most marked ancient remains is the wall of 
 the port. It was strengthened at intervals by massive towers, 
 of which some interesting relics still subsist. The causeway 
 of Alexander is now covered by a vast accumulation of sand, 
 which has no doubt mainly contributed to its preservation. It 
 is situated to the right, and beyond it are the remains of an 
 
CITIES OF THE COAST. 245 
 
 aqueduct of considerable extent, but of poor character ; and 
 still further, a hill crowned with a mosque. Most travellers 
 have observed fishermen drying their nets on the ancient 
 walls, and have pointed it out as a manifestation of the old 
 prophecy, " They shall break down the towers of Tyrus, and 
 make her like the top of a rock. It shall be a place for the 
 spreading of nets in the midst of the sea." 
 
 Ac hz ib is merely named in Scripture among the places 
 from which the Israelites were unable to expel the ancient 
 inhabitants. The name became softened by the Greeks, to 
 whose organs the name had a harsh and barbarous sound, to 
 Ecdippa, and the place still survives by the name of Zib. It 
 is upon the Mediterranean coast, about ten miles north of 
 Acre. It stands upon an ascent close by the sea-side, and 
 is a small place, with a few palm-trees rising above the 
 dwellings. 
 
 Acre is the Ptolemais which is named in the Acts of the 
 Apostles as the place where Paul spent a day on his journey 
 to Jerusalem after having landed at Tyre. This place is the 
 Accho of the Old Testament which name it still bears in the 
 shape of Akka but is better known to Europeans in the 
 form of Acre. This place is thirty miles below Tyre, and 
 eight north of Mount Carmel. This town, the key of Syria, 
 is more strongly fortified than any other in the country. 
 The appearance of its defences is still formidable, notwith- 
 standing all the vicissitudes of war which it has survived. 
 
 It stands on an angular promontory jutting into the sea. 
 The walls are in many places double ; and those on the land 
 side are protected by strong outworks of mounds, with facing 
 of stone. The walls are remarkably strong. Age after age 
 it has flourished and fallen into decay, with the alternations 
 of peace and war. It appears to have had some privileges 
 granted to it by Alexander during the siege of Tyre ; and 
 after the division of his empire, it fell to the share of 
 Ptolemy, who enlarged it and gave it the name of Ptolemais. 
 In the time of the New Testament it had become a great city, 
 and in addition to the castle and mole near the south-eastern 
 extremity, there are some vestiges of it a little way outside 
 the town towards the east and south-east fronts. In 636 a. d. 
 the town fell into the hands of the khalif Omar ; subse- 
 quently to which, during a period of more than 400 years, 
 
246 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 the Christians, and among them two English kings, contended 
 for it with the Saracens and Turks, until at length, in 1517, 
 after a protracted and honourable defence by the knights of 
 St. John of Jerusalem, from whom it derived the name of 
 St. Jean d 1 Acre, it was taken possession of by the Turks. At 
 the close of the last century, Jezzar Pasha repaired the town, 
 and put the fortifications in a state which, when manned by 
 British seamen and marines, the gallant Sir Sydney Smith, in 
 conjunction with the Turkish garrison, enabled them to resist 
 the assaults of Bonaparte, and to arrest his career of eastern 
 conquest. In this fortress, as subsequently further strength- 
 ened by the same pasha, a garrison of 3000 irregulars resisted 
 the Egyptian fleet and army from the 20th of November, 
 1831, till the third bloody assault, ordered by Ibrahim Pasha, 
 terminated, on the 27th of May, 1 832, the protracted and 
 gallant defence made by Abdallah Pasha, during which it is 
 said that no less than 35,000 shells were thrown against the 
 town. 
 
 Again, on the 3rd of November, 1840, it was bombarded 
 by the English fleet, and was reduced by the explosion of 
 the powder-magazine, by which two thousand soldiers were 
 hurried into eternity without a moment's warning. The 
 damage caused to the town by the bombardment and the 
 explosion was great. Considerable activity has since been 
 manifested in the restoration of the fortifications ; but 
 very manifest signs of the injury caused to public and private 
 property still remain. In the bazaar the weights used by 
 many of the shopkeepers consist of split shells ; and similar 
 memorials of this and the preceding infliction are found in 
 great abundance in the fields around the town. It is as a 
 garrison town the strongest in Syria that Acre is now to 
 be regarded. The predominance of the military is every- 
 where manifested ; and the rest of the inhabitants appear to 
 be chiefly engaged in ministering to their wants and services, 
 directly or indirectly, through the traffic which the presence 
 of a large body of soldiers creates. The entire population is 
 reckoned at something above 9000, of whom about 8000 are 
 Moslems, and nearly a thousand Christians, mostly Greeks, 
 and thirty families of Jews. 
 
 The houses are well built of stone, with terraced roofs. It 
 contains a finely-arched bazaar, several mosques, baths, khans, 
 
CITIES OF THE COAST. 247 
 
 and other public buildings, among which may be noticed the 
 granary, and the Latin convent, which is a very large build- 
 ing ; also the Serai or palace of the Pasha ; and, nearly in 
 the centre of the town, the mosque of the Pasha Jezzar, who 
 is there entombed. This last, one of the finest mosques in 
 Asiatic Turkey, was constructed by the celebrated pasha of 
 that name, mostly with ancient materials. The interior dis- 
 plays arabesque walls, partly covered with fine marble ; and 
 the exterior a grand cupola, a lofty minaret, a fine entrance 
 portico, and a spacious court, with a fountain shaded by trees : 
 a covered gallery, open towards the interior, surrounds the 
 whole. The Serai of the same pasha is a high castellated 
 keep, on which are mounted several guns, and it is situated 
 in the rear of the north land front; to this is joined the 
 Harem, which like the other parts of the structure, has a 
 high tower near the extremity, to serve as a place of retreat. 
 The streets are numerous and narrow, and had formerly, if 
 not now, the cleanliness of a western city, no camel, dog, or 
 other animal being permitted to pass the inner ditch. The 
 town is amply supplied with water, partly from cisterns, and 
 partly from the low slopes of the mountain, about four miles 
 to the north-east, being brought from a conduit, on which at 
 short intervals were towers, like those between Belgrade and 
 Constantinople. 
 
 At 1200 yards eastward of the town is the celebrated 
 Ceeur de Lion Mount, on which Napoleon, and subsequently 
 Ibrahim Pasha, caused some works to be constructed. This, 
 which the people call Kardillan, is the sole memorial of our 
 valorous Richard's exploits at Acre. 
 
 The five cities of the Philistines seem to have been as 
 many small states independent of each other, except where 
 their general interests were concerned, and each under its own 
 chief magistrate or prince. These towns were Ashdod, Gath, 
 Ekron, Askelon, and Gaza. 
 
 Ashdod, called by the Greeks and Romans Azotus, seems 
 to have been the principal seat of the worship of the fish-god 
 Dagon, and it was thither accordingly that the ark of God 
 was taken on its capture by the Philistines, bringing plagues 
 
248 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 upon the place and ruin upon its idol. 1 Even after the re- 
 duction of the Philistine power, Ashdod does not appear to 
 have been permanently in possession of the Judahites, 
 although it was dismantled by Uzziah, who built towns in 
 the territory of Ashdod. 2 It is mentioned to the reproach of 
 the Jews returned from captivity, that they married wives of 
 Ashdod, with the result that the children of these marriages 
 spoke a mongrel dialect, half Hebrew and half the speech 
 of Ashdod. 8 These facts indicate the ancient importance of 
 the town. It was indeed a place of great strength ; and being 
 on the usual military route between Syria and Egypt, the 
 possession of it became an object of importance in the wars 
 between Egypt and the great northern powers. Hence it 
 was secured by the Assyrians before invading Egypt ; 4 and 
 at a later date it was taken by Psammetichus, after a siege of 
 twenty-nine years, being the longest siege on record. 
 
 The destruction of Ashdod was foretold by the prophets, 6 
 and was accomplished by the Maccabees. 6 But it was after- 
 wards restored, and is mentioned in the New Testament as 
 the town to which the evangelist Philip was carried by the 
 spirit after he had baptized the Ethiopian eunuch. 7 It be- 
 came the seat of a bishopric, and subsisted as a small un- 
 walled town in the time of Jerome. Since that it has been 
 only mentioned as a decayed village, which is its present 
 condition, ft is situated on a grassy hill, near the Mediter- 
 ranean, about midway between Joppa and Gaza, and still 
 bears the name of Esdud. The site is marked by ancient 
 ruins, such as broken arches, and partly buried fragments of 
 marble columns ; there is also a square building resembling a 
 khan, the principal chamber of which had obviously at some 
 former period been used as a Christian chapel. 
 
 Gath is very often mentioned in Scripture. It was to this 
 place that the ark was taken on its removal from Ashdod ; 
 and the name of " Goliath of Gath," has rendered the name 
 familiar to our earliest knowledge. David himself, soon 
 after the death of Goliath, fled to Gath, where he found pro- 
 
 * 1 Sam. v. 19. 9 1 Chron. xxvi. 0. 
 
 3 Neli. xiii. 23, 24. 4 Isai. i. 1, sq. 
 
 5 Jer. xxv. 20 ; Amos, i. 8 ; iii. 9 ; Zeph. ii. 4 ; Zech. ix. 6. 
 6 1 Mace. v. 68; x. 7784 ; xi. 4. 
 7 Acts viii. 40. 
 
CITIES OF THE COAST. 249 
 
 tection from Saul for a year and four months. 1 " Tell it not 
 in Gath," is his pathetic lamentation over Saul and Jonathan, 
 from which place he would conceal their fall. 2 It was after- 
 wards conquered and fortified by him, and also by Reho- 
 boam. 8 David, when he fled from Absalom, had six hundred 
 faithful attendants from this city. 4 Under Jehoash, Gath was 
 taken by Hazael, king of Syria, 6 but it was recovered from 
 Ben-hadad his successor. 6 Uzziah broke down its walls 
 76 b.c, after which it seems not to have recovered its former 
 strength. Amos adverts to its fallen greatness. 7 But the 
 conflict which it sustained for three hundred years with the 
 kings of Judah, attests the strength of this city of the Philis- 
 tines. Modern travellers make no mention of Gath. It has 
 no longer a name or place among the habitations of men. 
 
 From Gath the ark was removed to Ekron. After David's 
 victory over Goliath in the valley of Elah, the Philistines were 
 pursued to Ekron ; and at a later day the prophets utter 
 denunciations against it along with the other cities of the 
 Philistines. 8 For the knowledge of the site of this place the 
 public is indebted to Dr. Robinson. It is now a small 
 Moslem village, built of unburnt bricks or mud, and situated 
 on an eminence, near a ridge of hills that run out from the 
 mountains into the great western plain on the northern fron- 
 tiers of the ancient land of the Philistines. 
 
 " The ancient Ekron," says this traveller, " was at first 
 assigned to Judah as upon its border, but was afterwards 
 apparently given to Dan, though conquered by Judah. It 
 afterwards became remarkable in connexion w T ith the return 
 of the ark by the Philistines, which was sent back from 
 Ekron upon a new cart, drawn by two milch kine. These, 
 being left to their own course, took the straight way to Beth- 
 shemesh, the nearest point of entrance to the mountains of 
 Judah." 9 
 
 It is remarkable that Askelon was the only one of the Rye 
 Philistine cities that was a maritime port. It stood out, 
 
 1 1 Sam. xxviii. 3. 2 2 Sam. i. 20. 
 
 8 2 Sam. viii. 1 ; 1 Chron. xviii. 1 ; 2 Chron. xi. 8. 
 
 4 2 Sam. xv. 19. 5 2 Kings, xii. 17. 
 
 6 2 Kings, xiii. 22. 7 Amos vi. 2. 
 
 8 1 Sam. xvii. 52 ; Jer. xxv. 20 ; Amos i. 8 ; Zeph. ii. 4, 
 
 lSam. v. 10; vL 118. 
 
250 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 indeed, close to the shore, between Ashdod and Gaza, about 
 ten miles south of the former and to the north of the latter. 
 The magnificent Herod was born at Askelon, and although 
 the city did not belong to his dominion, he adorned it with 
 fountains, baths, and colonnades ; and after his death Salome, 
 his sister, resided in a palace at Askelon, which Caesar be- 
 stowed upon her. It suffered much in the Jewish war with 
 the Romans, for its inhabitants were noted for their dislike of 
 the Jews, and they slew 2500 of those who dwelt there. 
 After this Askelon again revived, and in the middle ages was 
 noted not only as a strong-hold, but as a wealthy and im- 
 portant town. As a sea-port merely, it never could have 
 enjoyed much advantage, the coast being sandy and difficult 
 of access. The town bears a prominent part in the history 
 of the crusades. 
 
 There are still extensive ruins of the wall, composed chiefly 
 of brick, which so long held out against the effects of the 
 crusades. Here too, Godfrey, Tancred, and Robert of Flan- 
 ders gained that decisive victory over Adfal and the Egyptian 
 army, which terminated the first crusade. In a.d. 1153, 
 King Baldwin III. of Jerusalem, all the great prelates and 
 barons, with the Knights Templars and Hospitallers, encamped 
 again before the walls of this ancient and celebrated city; 
 until after a lengthened siege, it capitulated, and continued 
 for some time in their possession. It was at last, however, 
 wrested from them by Saladin, and destroyed by him after 
 the battle of Arsuf, in the third crusade, in the apprehension 
 that Richard of England would become its master. It is 
 described at that time as lying in a sandy plain, and built in 
 a semicircular form on the sea side ; it was surrounded by 
 strong walls with four gates, three on the land side, and one 
 opening to the sea, where it afforded no anchorage. The 
 present remains fully accord with this description. The 
 semicircular walls enclose a large piece of ground, which is 
 laid out in gardens even to the water's edge ; but the sand 
 has gained so much that even the upper walls are nearly 
 buried. Fig-trees with the upper boughs only peeping above 
 the sand may be noticed. Granite pillars of moderate size, 
 and a good many columns of coarse marble, are curiously 
 enough stuck through holes in the wall left for the purpose. 
 The modern village is a mere hamlet, half a mile to the north 
 of these ruins. 
 
CITIES OF THE COAST. 251 
 
 Gaza was the southernmost of the five state-cities of the 
 Philistines, situated thirteen miles from Askelon, and forty- 
 five miles from Jerusalem. In Scripture it is often men- 
 tioned in connexion with the other Philistine cities but is 
 itself chiefly celebrated by Samson's exploit in carrying off 
 the gates of the town, and of his subsequent imprison- 
 ment and death. In the Old Testament it always appears as 
 a place of importance which it is indeed to this day the 
 present population being said to be equal to that of Jeru- 
 salem. After the destruction of Tyre by Alexander the 
 Great, that conqueror laid siege to Gaza, at that time 
 occupied by a Persian garrison, and took it after a siege of 
 two months, behaving very savagely to the brave governor 
 Betis and to the inhabitants. The town, which he spared, 
 was at a later period destroyed by another Alexander 
 Jannseus, the king of the Jews (b.c 78), and after forty years 
 was rebuilt by the Romans. It was afterwards, according 
 to Josephus, again destroyed by the Jews, with several other 
 towns, to avenge a massacre of their countrymen at Caesarea. 
 This explains the expression of St. Luke, who, in mentioning 
 Gaza, observes that it was then a " desert." It must, how- 
 ever, soon have been rebuilt or repaired, as it existed in the 
 time of Hadrian, who granted it some important privileges ; 
 these were enlarged by Constantine, who gave it the name of 
 Constantia, in honour of his son, and granted it the rank and 
 privileges of a city. This seems to have led to the statement, 
 that Gaza was rebuilt by Constantine ; but we cannot find 
 good authority for more than we have stated. Jerome says, 
 that the town existing in his time was nearer to the sea than 
 the old one. Under so many changes, besides others of 
 inferior moment which we have not specified, it is not to be 
 expected that much, if anything, of its more ancient remains 
 should now be found. It seems to have undergone a gradual 
 declension in importance, although its share in the commerce 
 between Egypt and Syria still maintains it as a small town 
 in a condition of comparatively decent prosperity. 
 
 The hill on which Gaza stands is about two miles in 
 
 circumference at the base, and appears to have been wholly 
 
 inclosed within the ancient fortifications. The town, being 
 
 surrounded by and interspersed with gardens and plantations 
 
 1 Acts viii. 26. 
 
252 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 of olive and date trees, has a picturesque appearance, to 
 which its numerous minarets raising their elegant forms, not 
 a little contribute ; and as the buildings are mostly of stone, 
 and the streets moderately broad, the interior disappoints 
 expectation rather less than that of most other towns of 
 Syria ; and both the town and the people upon the whole 
 seem comfortable, and in every kind of accommodation far 
 superior to the Egyptians. The suburbs, however, are com- 
 posed of miserable mud huts ; but all travellers concur with 
 Sandys in admiring the richness and variety of the vegetable 
 productions, both wild and cultivated, of the environs. 
 The population of Gaza has been usually much understated. 
 It is really equal, if not superior, to that of Jerusalem, if 
 correctly estimated by Dr. Robinson at fifteen or sixteen 
 thousand. They have manufactures of cotton and soap, but 
 derive their principal support from the commerce between 
 Egypt and Syria, which must all pass this way. They also 
 traffic with Suez for Indian goods brought from Jidda ; and 
 they send a caravan with supplies of provisions (which they 
 sell on very advantageous terms) to the pilgrims on their way 
 to Mecca. The Arabs also make it the mart for the sale of 
 their plunder ; and all these sources of prosperity render 
 Gaza a very thriving place for the country in which it is 
 found. 
 
 There is a hill east of Gaza, believed to be the one on 
 the top of which Samson left the gates of the city and this 
 tradition is probable enough, as the Scriptures tell us he took 
 them to the hill that is before Hebron that is, in the 
 Hebrew, in front of it, as you turn your face towards Hebron. 
 Near the Turkish cemetery is a little tomb, sacred to the 
 memory of the mighty Israelite. Here or hereabouts must 
 have stood the temple which he pulled down upon the Philis- 
 tines and upon himself. 
 
253 
 
 The present city of Jerusalem. 
 
 JERUSALEM. 
 
 It has been thought by many that the " Salem," whose 
 king brought forth bread and wine to Abraham on his return 
 from the slaughter of the kings was the same as Jerusalem. 
 But this is somewhat uncertain, probability seeming to be 
 more in favour of the site on the Jordan, near Bethshan, 
 which antiquity ascribed to the Salem of Melchizedek. 
 
 When the Israelites entered into the Promised Land, the 
 Jebusites had possession of the town, which was called 
 Jerusalem, or the Seat of Peace. Joshua drew the boundary 
 of the tribes through the valley of Hinnom, close to the south 
 side of the town, so that all below this belonged to the tribe 
 of Judah, though the town itself fell to the tribe of Benjamin. 
 It was conquered after Joshua's death through the co-operation 
 of the tribe of Judah, which inhabited it jointly with that of 
 Benjamin, although it appears that Mount Zion always, or 
 
254 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 for the most, remained in the possession of the Jebusites. 
 After having reigned seven years as king in Hebron, David 
 first took Mount Zion, which he surrounded with a wall, 
 and called it the City of David. Under his sway, Jerusalem 
 became a splendid and important town, and its consequence 
 was farther increased by the ark of the covenant being 
 removed thither by David, and by the Lord establishing 
 his dwelling there. Here afterwards Solomon was per- 
 mitted to build a temple to the Lord, in the construction of 
 which were employed those enormous stones, on the remains 
 of which we still gaze with wonder, although three thousand 
 years have rolled away. 
 
 Cedars from Lebanon also were employed in its construction, 
 being brought in floats to Joppa under a treaty with Hiram, 
 king of Tyre. When the whole was finished, a cloud over- 
 shadowed the Most Holy Place, and the glory of the Lord 
 filled the house. Then Solomon blessed the whole congrega- 
 tion of Israel, and kneeling, he prayed that the eyes of the 
 Lord might be open towards the place continually ; and that if 
 the Israelite, or the stranger coming out of a far country, 
 should suffer from any plague or sickness, and should pray 
 toward that house, the Lord would hear in heaven his dwelling- 
 place, and do all for which he has petitioned. Hence the Jews 
 in all the places of their sojourning have always, from that day, 
 turned their faces in prayer towards Jerusalem, which has be- 
 come to them that Kiblah, or point of adoration, which Mecca 
 is to the Mohammedans. Afterwards, this king built himself 
 a house of cedar-wood glittering with gold, and surrounded 
 the town with a wall, which, inclosing Mount Zion on the 
 western side, abutted on the temple itself, protected by high 
 walls. The town was now finished, and the tribes of Israel 
 went up there three times a year to serve the Lord. But the 
 glory of Jerusalem was as transitory as the faithfulness of its 
 people, on which indeed it depended, for Zion was made so 
 beautiful only for their sake as his people, and when they 
 departed from Him its glory became dim. Even during the 
 splendour of Solomon's rule its fall began. When Rehoboam 
 lost ten tribes of the kingdom, Zion's civil importance sank, 
 and when Jeroboam set up calves for worship in Dan and 
 Bethel, the number of those who came to the feasts was 
 greatly diminished. Soon after Shishak, king of Egypt, came 
 
JERUSALEM. 2J5 
 
 up, and took away the treasures from the temple. Hezekiah 
 again did what was pleasing to the Lord, and obeyed the word 
 of the prophet Isaiah ; therefore, when Jerusalem was hard 
 pressed by Sennacherib, king of Assyria, the angel of the Lord 
 smote the Assyrian camp ; but in spite of the threatening pre- 
 dictions of numerous prophets, the apostacy increased under 
 Manasseh and Amon ; although Josiah, by a zealous reforma- 
 tion of the worship, averted the punishment for a short time. 
 
 But eventually Nebuchadnezzar, king of Chaldea or Babylon, 
 approached, and Jerusalem was taken and plundered under 
 Jehoiachin. A few years later, the eyes of Zedekiah were 
 put out, and he, with the chief of the people, was carried 
 away captive to Babylon. The treasures and the costly vessels 
 of the temple were taken; the house of the Lord was burnt; 
 and, with the few who remained, Jeremiah sat among the 
 ruins of Jerusalem, bewailing in his lamentations the fall of 
 the city of the Lord. In their affliction they returned to the 
 God of their fathers, and prayed to him for deliverance ; and 
 their prayer was heard. Cyrus, king of the Medes and Per- 
 sians, became master of Babylon, and he failed not to accom- 
 plish all the prophecies concerning him which Isaiah had 
 uttered two hundred years before. He gave forth a decree 
 permitting such of the Jews as saw fit to return to Jeru- 
 salem, with much treasure, to build again the house of the 
 Lord. In virtue of this decree 50,000 Israelites, with their 
 servants and women, under Zerubbabel of the house of 
 David, and under Joshua the high priest, seventy years 
 from the commencement of the captivity, returned home to 
 Jerusalem ; and the foundations of the temple were speedily 
 laid. With trumpets and cymbals all the people praised the 
 Lord, with a loud shout ; but many of the elders who had 
 seen the first house wept aloud, so that the people could not 
 discern the noise of the shout of joy from the noise of the 
 weeping. When the hands and feet of the people became 
 weary with the work, Haggai encouraged them by the pro- 
 phecy of the " glory of the latter house ;" and Zechariah, by 
 the prospect of M the King of the daughter of Zion riding 
 upon an ass, and upon a colt, the foal of an ass, just and 
 bringing salvation." 
 
 Thus the temple was finished 515 B.C., and the children of 
 Israel celebrated the passover with joy. 
 
w(56 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 But the building of the town proceeded slowly. In 445 B.C., 
 when Nehemiah, at the Persian king's court, asked a returning 
 Israelite " concerning Jerusalem," and received for answer, 
 " The wallsare broken down, and the gates are burned with fire," 
 he wept and mourned several days ; and afterwards, with the 
 authority of the sovereign and with presents from him, re- 
 paired to Jerusalem. He rode by night about the gates and 
 valleys of the town, and said to the rulers of the people, 
 " Come, let us build up the wall, that we be no more a 
 reproach." When Sanballat, the Prince of the Samaritans 
 who had entered the forsaken land, endeavoured by his dis- 
 putes to hinder the building of the wall, each of the labourers 
 had his sword girded by his side; "with one of his hands 
 he wrought in the work, and with the other hand held a 
 weapon." After the completion of the walls, thanksgivings 
 were appointed, and the Levites went round the town with 
 cymbals and harps ; " and the joy of Jerusalem was heard 
 afar off." 
 
 It is related by Josephus, and the story is believed by some 
 and doubted by others, whose doubts we share, that when in 
 331 B.C. Alexander the Great had broken the might of the 
 Persians, the high priest Jaddua, at the command of God, 
 went out at the gates of Jerusalem to meet him. The king 
 recognised in him the man who, before his march against the 
 Persians, had appeared in a dream encouraging him ; and 
 with rich gifts Alexander made sacrifice to the Lord of Hosts. 
 
 After the death of Alexander, Jerusalem soon fell into the 
 possession of the kings of Syria, and so remained until they 
 were driven by oppressive interference with their religious 
 rights to revolt, in consequence of which, Antiochus Epiphanes, 
 in 169 b.c, plundered the temple, broke down the walls, and 
 built a citadel upon Mount Acra, close to the temple, and 
 commanding a view over it. Cruel persecutions drove many 
 into the worship of idols ; but God soon raised up Matthias 
 the Maccabee, who, with his sons, led out the bands of the 
 faithful against their oppressors ; and, after a year, Judas 
 Maccabeus was able to purify the temple, and re-establish 
 the worship of God. After a long warfare, his brother Simon 
 was acknowledged as independent pontiff-prince by the king 
 of Syria. The Maccabees cast down the citadel, levelled 
 Mount Aora, and filled up the valley between it and Moriah, 
 
JERUSALEM. 257 
 
 so that Acra was now no higher than Moriah ; and it ap- 
 peared as though the two mountains had almost melted into 
 one another. 
 
 The rule of these high priests, who soon preferred the 
 name of king to that of priest, was not beneficient to the 
 nation, and even the members of the house contended so vio- 
 lently among themselves that the Roman general Pompey, 
 availing himself of such favourable circumstances, besieged, 
 took, and plundered Jerusalem, B.C. 63. Many princes con- 
 tended for its possession ; and, at last, the Idumean Herod, 
 who was descended neither from the people of Israel, nor from 
 Aaron as priest, nor David as king, established himself in the 
 sovereignty, by means of a close alliance with Rome. He 
 extended the citadel of Acra to the fortress of Antonia. Its 
 site is now occupied by the barracks of the Turkish troops. 
 Having a taste for building, this prince adorned the temple 
 with a magnificence it had never known before, and founded a 
 splendid palace on Mount Zion. But " the sceptre had de- 
 parted from Judah;" yet under the government of this Herod, 
 notable for all deeds of sin and murder, eternal light shone out 
 upon the darkness of the world. In the city of David, the 
 Saviour of the world was born, " which is Christ the Lord." 
 Herod sought to slay the new-born child ; but he was soon 
 removed, and ten years after his death, the land, at the desire 
 of the people, was ruled by Roman governors. 
 
 As the condition of Palestine at this time is of peculiar 
 interest to the student of the New Testament, and is yet not 
 generally well understood, we may illustrate it by reference 
 to a state of things more within the range of our experience, 
 and which bears an acccidental analogy in several of its fea- 
 tures to the case before us. If British India may be used in 
 illustration of the Jewish affairs under this form of govern- 
 ment, we should then name the distant British monarch as 
 the parallel of the distant Roman emperor. The Court of 
 Directors would not, however, precisely take the place of the 
 Senate in this case ; inasmuch as Syria being an imperial 
 province bore little or no relation to the Roman Senate. But 
 the Governor-General will occupy a position much resembling 
 that of the President or Proconsul of Syria, whose authority 
 was absolute and paramount throughout the province ; while 
 the Governor of the Presidencies is as the Procurator of 
 
258 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Judea. The native princes the allies and tributaries of the 
 British Government, stand in the place of the Herods, the 
 Agrippas, the Philips the kings or the tetiarchs, who ruled by 
 the permission and during the pleasure of the foreign sovereign 
 power. Some of them might be compared to the Zemindars, 
 whose original authority has been augmented, consolidated, 
 and rendered almost kingly by British interposition. 1 
 
 Under one of these procurators of Judea, Pontius Pilate, 
 John the Baptist appeared to prepare the way for him who 
 was to come. Now the blessed time arrived for Jerusalem, 
 where God, in the first temple only had appeared in a cloud, 
 " became flesh and dwelt among us." The gracious words 
 proceeding from his lips were heard in the halls of the 
 temple. 
 
 But in those days the things which belonged to her peace 
 were hidden from the eyes of Jerusalem, and by rejecting 
 him, her doom was sealed. There was indeed a respite, 
 during which Herod Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great, 
 and like him in his passion for building, constructed, in con- 
 sequence of the large increase of population, a third wall 
 round the northern part of the town, and the side least for- 
 tified by nature. It enclosed Bezetha, north of Acra, with 
 Gihon, and extended north of the temple to Mount Zion, 
 in the form of a large bow. The limits of Jerusalem were 
 wider than they had ever been before ; but the people con- 
 stantly became more degenerate. Tumult and insurrection 
 broke out, and a momentary success induced them to 
 attempt to free themselves from the Roman yoke. Troops 
 were raised, and governors appointed. Among them was 
 Josephus, who fortified Mount Tabor, and has left us a 
 minute description of the succeeding period of horror. The 
 awful predictions of Moses 2 were then in all respects and to 
 the very letter verified. Vespasian and Titus, with the eagles 
 of the Roman legions, approached. The Christians fled to 
 Pella, on the other side of the Jordan ; but the Jews being 
 assembled at the feast in immense numbers, soon began to 
 suffer from hunger in the besieged city. The various parties 
 
 1 We owe this comparison to the Introduction (p. 28) prefixed to 
 the new translation of Josephus by the late Dr. Traill, so unhappily 
 suspended by his lamented death. 
 
 * Deut. xxviii. 49- 57. 
 
JERUSALEM. 259 
 
 among them contended furiously among each other ; scenes 
 of the most dreadful misery followed ; and mothers devoured 
 their own children, so that even the enemy shuddered at the 
 sight; many thousands were slain; and on the 10th of 
 August, contrary to the wishes of Titus, the temple was en- 
 veloped in flames, and the Holy of Holies consumed. De- 
 fenceless old men, women, and children, were murdered, 
 and the blood flowed in torrents ; but the Jews remained in 
 possession of the strong fortress at Mount Zion until the 1st 
 of September, when that too was taken. 
 
 The Romans continued to plunder until nothing more was 
 left, when they demolished the town and temple. Only three 
 towers were left to testify of the enormous strength of walls 
 of the conquered city. Titus carried the vessels of the temple 
 with him on his triumphal march to Rome ; and the arch of 
 Titus still remains there, a memorial of God's righteous 
 judgment. Among the vessels are the seven-branched can- 
 dlesticks, and the silver trumpets. Medals represent the 
 captive daughters of Judah leaning with fettered hands against 
 a palm-tree, or seated as mourners beneath its shade. 
 
 Seventy years after, when Hadrian endeavoured to plant a 
 Roman colony in the town, the Jews revolted under one 
 Barccober, ki Son of a Star," whom they considered as 
 " the star out of Jacob." But they were again conquered. 
 The town was rebuilt by Hadrian, and the walls re-erected ; 
 but the greater part of Mount Zion remained without, as an 
 arable field. The city then received the name of iElia 
 Capitolina, and the Jews were forbidden to approach it on 
 pain of death. Two hundred years after, they obtained per- 
 mission, on payment of a considerable duty, to enter it on one 
 day of the year. A statue of Venus was set up on the site of 
 the holy sepulchre. But the Christians were now allowed to 
 establish themselves in Jerusalem, and an uninterrupted suc- 
 cession of bishops continued there till the time of Constan- 
 tine, and after that emperor had become a Christian, his 
 mother, the empress Helena, at the age of eighty years, tra- 
 velled w r ith youthful vigour to the Holy Land. She founded 
 churches at Bethlehem and the Mount of Olives. At her 
 request, Constantine built a splendid chapel over the site (real 
 or presumed) of the holy sepulchre, and united to it a large 
 basilica, a church, the size and magnificent endowment of which 
 
 s2 
 
260 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 are minutely described to us. The number of pilgrims was now 
 constantly on the increase. Hosts of monks and hermits set- 
 tled in the Holy Land, and facilitated the admission of the pil- 
 grims. Julian the Apostate, it is true, endeavoured to lower 
 the Christian importance of the town, by giving the Jews per- 
 mission to rebuild the temple ; but it is related that in exca- 
 vating for the foundation, flames of fire burst forth, thus delay- 
 ing the work, which the death of Julian and the interdiction of 
 the new emperor would otherwise have rendered impossible. 
 The external magnificence of the town was, however, in- 
 creased by Justinian, who built to the south of the temple, a 
 stately church, to the honour of Mary. This is the present 
 mosque el-Aksa. 
 
 Jerusalem suffered much by the invasion of the Persian 
 king, Khosroes, and in 636 it was conquered by the Moham- 
 medans under the Khalif Omar; and the whole of Syria came 
 under the sway of the crescent. Omar built a magnificent 
 mosque upon the ruins of the temple, surmounted by a 
 cupola. It now forms, with the mosque el-Aksa, the great 
 Haram el-Scheriff, which is one of the most holy places of the 
 Mohammedans. The projecting shaft of a column in the 
 wall of the mosque, close by the golden gate above the valley 
 of Jehoshaphat, is shewn as the spot from which Mohammed 
 will judge the world. Jerusalem is thus not only the most 
 holy place on earth to Jews and Christians but is even to 
 the Mohammedans second only to Mecca in venerating regard. 
 The Moslems at first were very lenient to the Christians, 
 and put no hindrance in the way of the pilgrims ; but Jeru- 
 salem was destined soon to suffer by the factions of the 
 khalifs; and, under the half insane sultan Hakem of Egypt, 
 the founder of the Druse religion, the churches, and espe- 
 cially that of the Holy Sepulchre, were in the year 1000 
 entirely destroyed. But they were soon rebuilt; for the 
 sufferings of the Christians increased to such a degree, that 
 Peter of Amiens, on returning from a painful pilgrimage, 
 called upon the Christians of the west for aid. With the 
 permission of the Pope, he preached a crusade to the Holy 
 Sepulchre with overpowering eloquence, and fastened a red 
 cross upon the shoulders of those who were willing to shed 
 their blood in rescuing the place of the cross of Christ from 
 the hands of the infidels. The first host was destroyed upon 
 
JERUSALEM. 261 
 
 its march; but the second, under Godfrey of Bouillon, appeared 
 on the 7th of July, 1099, before the gates of Jerusalem. 
 The oppressive heat of the summer, the want of provisions, 
 and, above also, the scarcity of water, placed the crusaders in 
 a very trying position ; but their glowing hearts animated by 
 the desire of rescuing their Lord's sepulchre from the hands 
 of the unbelievers, overcame all difficulties. Although the 
 mountains and valleys round Jerusalem drank the blood of 
 the faithful, and were covered with their bodies, Godfrey 
 of Bouillon scaled the walls on the 15th of July. With him 
 began a succession of Christian kings, who sat upon the 
 throne of Jerusalem eighty-eight years, and established many 
 churches and convents. The great mosque of Omar was 
 converted into a cathedral, and the chapels of Mount Golgotha 
 and the Holy Sepulchre were united into one large church, of 
 which the foundation walls are still remaining. In 1187 the 
 Sultan Saladin was again able to conquer the town; and 
 although other crusades were undertaken, and the town once 
 fell for a short time by treaty into the hands of the Christians, 
 in 1244 they lost it for ever. For six hundred years we 
 hear little of the Holy City ; a few pilgrims only now and then 
 brought home intelligence of the fallen daughter of Zion. At 
 the time of the Reformation, in 1542, Sultan Solyman rebuilt 
 the walls, nearly in the circuit marked out by Hadrian and 
 Herod Agrippa, and they continue so to the present day. The 
 French, under Napoleon, did not reach the town. In October, 
 1808, the greater part of the church of the Holy Sepulchre was 
 consumed by fire ; and the Greeks, who quickly rebuilt it in 
 its present form, limited the Roman Catholics to a side chapel, 
 although from the time of the crusaders they had possession 
 of a large portion of the church. 
 
 When, in 1832, Syria came under the power of Mehemet 
 Ali, the pasha of Egypt, Jerusalem opened its gates to him ; 
 but two years afterwards, it had to suffer from an insurrection 
 of the Fellahs, who threw themselves into the town. It 
 seemed however the beginning of a new and better era for 
 the Christians ; persecution almost ceased ; and rest and safety 
 which, for centuries long had been unknown to the unhappy 
 land, returned. The contentions of Christian parties, and the 
 corruptions arising from various modes of worship, were 
 diminished. European travellers were treated with greater 
 
262 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 consideration, and information respecting the Holy City was 
 much extended. This favourable state of things was griev- 
 ously disturbed by the restoration of the country to the Turks, 
 and to Turkish misrule and intolerance, in 1840. "All rest 
 and security," remarks an eye-witness 1 of the change, " is 
 now at an end ; the sheikhs of the different Arab tribes have 
 raised their heads, and the Bedouins encamp by the very gates 
 of the city. War, and the cries of war, are heard before the 
 walls; anxiety and terror fill the inhabitants; so that the 
 Turkish military are under the protection of the Bedouins 
 against whom they were sent. While under Mehemet Ali's 
 sovereignty, the fields were again cultivated, the destroyed 
 aqueducts repaired, -and the uncommonly fine advantages of 
 the land were wisely used all is now decaying." 
 
 The foundation of a Protestant bishopric at Jerusalem by 
 the concurrence of England and Prussia, and the subsequent 
 establishment of consuls in the holy city by the great powers 
 of Europe, must tend somewhat to raise the political standing 
 of Jerusalem, by establishing a European presence in some 
 dignity therein, and must at all events be regarded as a 
 testimonial to the interest which now again begins to be felt 
 in the state and circumstances of this renowned city. 
 
 Jerusalem lies like an island between the mountains that are 
 round about it, and inclose it like natural walls. South-east 
 from the Mount of Olives is the Mount of Offence ; and to 
 the south is the Mount of Evil Counsel, from which a moun- 
 tain chain extends west and north to the Mount of Olives. 
 Two deep valleys divide the hills of the town ; to the east is 
 the valley of Jehoshaphat or of the Kidron ; and to the west, 
 the narrow and gloomy vale of Hinnom, which extends to the 
 south as far as the valley of Jehoshaphat. Parallel to both 
 these, a third valley, not so deep, divides the heights of the 
 town into two halves the western, which includes Mount 
 Zion, Gihon, and Golgotha ; the eastern, Moriah, Acra, and 
 Bezetha. A widely extended circle is thus formed, encom- 
 passing the town with its hills like a fortress. Moriah is 
 
 1 Rev. F. A. Strauss, in his useful little work, Sinai und Gol- 
 gotha. Reise in das Morgenland, Berlin, 1847, of which there 
 is a translation by the Rev. Dr. Stebbing : James Blackwood, 1849. 
 Of this work we have largely availed ourselves (with corrections) in 
 the present portion of our labour. 
 
JERUSALEM. 263 
 
 about 2,300, Zion 2,500, and the Mount of Olives 2,600 
 feet above the level of the sea. The summit of the latter 
 rises 400 feet above the bed of Kidron. The walls of the 
 town preserve the form given them by the sultan Solyman, 
 and are only injured here and there by the sieges of succeed- 
 ing centuries ; they are protected by about forty square 
 towers, and measure about a league in circumference. There 
 are four gates the Damascus gate to the north, with several 
 gigantic old walls, which may perhaps be referred to the 
 time of Herod; the gate of Stephen to the east, close 
 to the ruins of the temple, upon the portal of which four 
 lions are hewn, dating their origin from the period of the 
 crusades ; the gate of Zion to the south ; and the last and 
 most commonly used, the gate of Jaffa or Bethlehem, called 
 by the Arabs the gate of Khulil (Hebron); it forms the 
 means of communication with the west and south, and is 
 protected by a strong quadrangular tower. The gates are 
 closed at sunset ; and thus, owing to the shortness and heat 
 of the days, exit is rendered impossible at the most agreeable 
 time. They are only opened by an order from the pasha, 
 which it is very difficult to obtain. 
 
 The narrow streets of Jerusalem cross each other at right 
 angles, from north to south and from west to east ; they are 
 distinguished from those of other cities of the East by their 
 superior paving and higher cleanliness. The houses are 
 almost universally built of stone, and are certainly small and 
 mean ; but most of them are surrounded by a dome, which 
 gives a picturesque appearance to the whole. With the 
 domes are connected the flat roofs, ascended by means of 
 staircases. Owing to the mountainous character of the town, 
 very fine prospects are obtained from them ; and a call, or 
 address from the house-top would be audible at a great dis- 
 tance ; the people still hasten to their roofs if anything 
 remarkable is to be seen ; and almost the whole population 
 spend the cool hours of evening there. Glass windows are 
 common, although iron or wooden lattices with shutters, 
 generally satisfy the desires of the Orientals. The best 
 houses are in the Armenian and Mohammedan quarters. 
 
 The town is divided into four large quarters, belonging to 
 the Christians, Armenians, Jews, and Mohammedans. The 
 Armenians inhabit Mount Zion; the other Christians, the 
 
264 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 northern part of it with Golgotha; the Jews, the valley be- 
 tween Zion and Moriah ; and the Mohammedans, the whole 
 north-eastern part of the town, the ancient Acra, and Bezetha. 
 The principal streets divide and form the boundary of the 
 quarters, the one leading from the Jaffa gate to the mosque 
 on Moriah ; the other, from the deep valley near the gate of 
 Zion to the Damascus gate. 
 
 Taking an excursion, with Mr. Strauss for our guide, 
 through the town, we will follow the direction from west to 
 east, and make a detour to the south and north. 
 
 Close to the Jaffa gate is the castle of David, with the 
 tower of Hippicus, built by Herod and spared by Titus. 
 The upper part of the tower, like the remaining wall, 
 is of a later date ; but the lower portion, with the wall 
 of the grave near the castle, is manifestly as old as the 
 time of Herod. Next follows the Protestant episcopal 
 church of St. James, which has been very lately finished. 
 Turning from the castle of David, south of the Protestant 
 church, we enter the Armenian quarter and approach their 
 convent, the richest and largest in Jerusalem, and distin- 
 guished by the extent of its buildings and gardens. Within 
 it is the church of St. James, on the spot where the apostle 
 James, the brother of John, was beheaded. This church is 
 more magnificently adorned than any other in the town. There 
 is also a Syrian convent in the neighbourhood. But close 
 before the gate of Zion are the huts of the lepers ; those 
 unhappy beings, about a hundred in number, whose limbs 
 begin from early youth to die away and rot. These poor 
 creatures marry among one another and perpetuate the 
 disease. They are almost the only beggars the stranger sees 
 in Jerusalem. 
 
 Outside the gate is the greater part of the mountain, which 
 is now excluded from the town. On it is an Armenan con- 
 vent, and the so-called tomb of David. Over this the Mo- 
 hammedans have built a mosque which is deemed very holy. 
 At the side are the burial-places of the Christians ; that of 
 the Armenians is by the walls of the convent ; that of the 
 Latins is to the east, and the Greek cemetery is to the west. 
 The graves are covered with simple flat stones, with inscrip- 
 tions declaring the name and nation of the deceased. 
 
 Returning from the Gate of Zion to that of Jaffa, the road 
 
JERUSALEM. 265 
 
 leads towards the north to the Christian quarter. We first 
 arrive at the Latin Convent, the interior and small chapels of 
 which are less attractive than the glorious prospect gained 
 from the flat roof over the whole town and its environs. Not 
 far off is the Casa Nuova, formerly the only place where 
 European travellers could procure accommodation. At a 
 little distance is the Greek convent. Turning again from the 
 Jaffa Gate towards the east, we follow the street leading from 
 Mount Zion to the Great Mosque. We enter the first side 
 street to the north; and leave to the left the so-called Pool 
 of Hezekiah, which, surrounded by the Coptic convent and 
 other houses, is one of the most pleasant parts of the town. 
 A little further on to the right, in a street occupied with 
 shops, is the entrance to the fore-court of the Church of the 
 Sepulchre. Many disputes have lately arisen as to whether 
 the alleged Holy Sepulchre be really the grave of Christ, and 
 whether the spot shown as the place of the crucifixion be really 
 Golgotha. Into this question we cannot here enter, but have 
 only to indicate some of the prominent features of the build- 
 ing as it stands. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands 
 upon a rocky eminence, declining steeply to the north and 
 east. It properly consists of three different chapels, united 
 in one church. Near the entrance to the south, is that of the 
 Crucifixion ; to the west that of the Holy Sepulchre ; and to 
 the east, united with the long nave of the Greek Church, is 
 the Chapel of the Discovery of the Cross. At the entrance 
 through the chief portal on the south side, the Turkish door- 
 keepers have their stations by the tower. To the right the 
 Chapel of the Crucifixion is reached by twenty steps ; it is 
 eighteen paces square, and is divided into two vaulted chapels. 
 That on the right marks the spot where our Lord was nailed 
 to the Cross ; that on the left the place of its elevation. The 
 rock, which all around is hewn away, is visible here, and is 
 still more easily distinguished in the chapel beneath, the rest- 
 ing-place of the Christian kings of Jerusalem, particularly 
 of Godfrey of Bouillon. In the assumed place of the cruci- 
 fixion, a Greek inscription records the mystery of redemption 
 there accomplished. Again descending to the entrance, we 
 enter on the left a large rotunda, seventy-two feet in diameter, 
 over which is a high cupola, with a small circular opening. 
 Eighteen pillars surround this hall ; and upon them rest the 
 
266 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 the tiers of arches, containing oratories for the different 
 churches. In the midst of the hall, under the central opening 
 in the dome, is the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre ; the 
 exterior is in the Byzantine style, and the interior is in the 
 form of a vault, with ante-hails and a grave chamber. 
 
 Entering at the door, we arrive at the two chambers the 
 angel- chapels, with the stone upon which the angel is be- 
 lieved to have sat after the resurrection of Christ : it is 
 veneered with marble, and rests against the walls upon 
 twelve pillars. A small low door leads to the Sepulchre of 
 Christ ; and, in the arch of the door the rock is visible in 
 which the grave was hewn. It is three feet high, six long, 
 and nearly six broad. On the right of the entrance, a slab 
 of marble covers a surface of six feet in length, three in 
 width, and two and a half in height, in which the body of 
 Christ is said to have rested. Silver lamps illuminate this 
 sanctuary, in which four persons can kneel in prayer. 
 
 Returning to the rotunda, we enter, on the west, the small 
 chapel of the Syrian Christians. In a narrow place behind 
 it is a grave hewn in the natural rock, with horizontal niches, 
 in which it is said that Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus 
 were laid. On the other side of the rotunda opposite the angel- 
 chapels, is the entrance to the great Greek Church the most 
 magnificent of all. Over the Holy of Holies are the two smaller 
 domes of the Sepulchre Church : it is richly adorned with 
 gold and statuary, marble and precious stones ; and is, indeed, 
 overloaded with treasures bestowed by Christian zeal. The 
 church terminates in a series of halls, which contain nume- 
 rous chapels erected in memory of various scenes in the suffer- 
 ings of Christ. Twenty-eight steps lead down to the Chapel 
 of Helena, and eighteen steps deeper is the spot where, in her 
 presence, the cross is said to have been found. 
 
 Passing over a large number of chapels and places of de- 
 votion, we will only mention the Chapel of the Latins, to the 
 north of that of the grave. It is outside the Church, but 
 connected with it by a row of pillars, and is the only chapel 
 containing an organ, " to the tones of which (says Strauss) I 
 have often listened with true emotion, as they pealed through 
 the wide chambers of that great church." 
 
 To the south of the Church of the Sepulchre, and separated 
 from it by a narrow street, are the ruins of a convent belong- 
 
JERUSALEM. 267 
 
 ing to the Knights of St. John. The principal buildings, 
 with their cross passages, and the church, are in good pre- 
 servation. Again entering the gateway in the large cross 
 street to the north, we arrive at the Via Dolorosa, the Way 
 of Sorrow, which was trodden by our Lord when he was led 
 from the judgment hall of Pilate to Golgotha. The street 
 declines towards the great valley, Tyropceon, between Zion 
 and Golgotha on the one side, and Moriah and Acra on the 
 other; in ancient times the seat of commerce and traffic. 
 
 We now enter the second principal street, running from 
 north to south ; from the Damascus gate to the southern end 
 of the bazaar, it forms the boundary of the Christian and 
 Mohammedan, and afterwards of the Armenian and Jewish 
 quarters. At this part the street consists of arched halls for 
 the bazaar ; several parallel halls also extend towards the south. 
 Their pavement is principally composed of marble blocks and 
 enormous stones which once adorned the temple, and are 
 now trodden under the feet of the Arabs. The bazaars are 
 very poorly supplied, only providing absolute necessaries for 
 the Bedouins, who resort thither in great numbers. Quite to 
 the south, between Zion and Moriah, is the Jews'- quarter, 
 which is not much distinguished for cleanliness. 
 
 Following the Via Dolorosa, we descend into the deep 
 valley of Tyropceon, for deep it is, notwithstanding all that 
 has been done to fill it up. A second cross road leads close 
 to Moriah, and, with the other street, incloses the bazaars 
 and the Jews' quarter. After a trifling bend towards the 
 north, the path again ascends in the same direction, and we 
 soon arrive at the Turkish barracks, the ancient fort of 
 Antonia, and the judgment hall of Pilate, which is properly 
 the commencement of the Via Dolorosa, extending about a 
 quarter of a league. Near to this, just within the present 
 gate of St. Stephen (the ancient sheep gate), is what is now 
 and long has been indicated as the Pool of Bethesda, men- 
 tioned in John v. 2 9. This pool measures 360 feet in 
 length by 130 feet in breadth; and the depth is 75 feet to 
 the present bottom, besides the rubbish which has accumu- 
 lated in it for ages. Although there has been no water in it 
 for at least two centuries, it was once evidently used as a 
 reservoir, for the sides have been internally covered with 
 small stones, and these again covered with plaster. The west 
 
268 
 
 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 end is built up like the rest, except at the south-west corner, 
 where two lofty arched vaults extend westward, side by side, 
 under the houses that now cover this part. It would hence 
 seem that this deep reservoir, (whether really the pool of 
 Bethesda or not,) formerly extended further westward in this 
 part, and that these vaults were built in and over it in order 
 to support the structures above. 
 
 Bethesda. The remains of the ancient Pool. 
 
 There are various points from which a view of the Mosque 
 of Omar, occupying the site of Solomon's temple can be com- 
 manded. It lies within a large enclosed square occupying 
 the summit of Mount Moriah. In the midst of the great 
 court a platform rises fourteen feet high, while marble steps 
 lead up to it from each of the four sides. On this platform 
 is the Mosque of Omar, an octagonal building, each side of 
 which measures sixty-seven feet. In the middle it is wains- 
 cotted with marble slabs, and adorned with blue and coloured 
 tiles, bearing sentences from the Koran ; every side has seven 
 windows, the middle forming a door to each of the four sides; 
 
JERUSALEM. 269 
 
 the interior is white ; and by each of the eight walls are three 
 columns ; the dome rests upon sixteen pillars, which inclose, 
 by means of trellis- work, the renowned Sakharah stone. The 
 dome is ninety feet high and forty feet in diameter ; and is 
 ornamented with coloured tiles, so that it has from a distance 
 a most brilliant effect. Behind the great platform is a large 
 marble basin surrounded by sward, and by green olive and 
 cypress trees. To the extreme south is Mosque el-Aksa, 
 the magnificent basilica of Justinian, the architectural beauty 
 of which is greatly admired by European travellers. To the 
 east of the great place of the temple commences a row of 
 halls, simply formed of old blocks of stone, and serving as 
 places of residence for the monks or dervishes, who prevent 
 any but Mohammedans from entering the place. To the east, 
 the outside wall is at the same time the wall of the town ; 
 the lower part consists of enormous blocks of stone; among 
 them are several more than twenty feet long, which may 
 have belonged to the buildings of Solomon. In the wall may 
 be perceived the inner side of the beautiful Golden Gate. It 
 is now walled up and closely guarded ; because the Moham- 
 medans have a tradition that through this door the Christians 
 will once enter as masters of the town. Under the Mosque 
 el-Aksa, behind the wall, sixty feet in perpendicular height, 
 a large hall has been discovered, formed by square pillars, 
 above which are very high and beautiful arches. The plan 
 of this hall may be dated at least as far back as the time of 
 Herod. 
 
 Mr. Catherwood, in a communication inserted in Bartlett's 
 Walks about Jerusalem, gives a most interesting account of 
 a complete exploration of the site which he was enabled to 
 make under peculiar circumstances in 1833 ; the fuller 
 account of which it is to be hoped will not much longer be 
 withheld from the public. We make the following extract 
 from this most important paper. 
 
 "The site occupied by the temple was originally called 
 Mount Moriah, and declined steeply from the north-west 
 towards the south-east ; and in order to render it applicable 
 for the building of a magnificent temple, it was necessary to 
 cut away a considerable portion of the rock at the north-west, 
 and raise the ground at the south-east angle. Both of these 
 works still exist, and are in perfect preservation. At the north 
 
270 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 side stood the tower and fortress of Antonia, and it is neces- 
 sary to find room for this without encroaching on the area 
 which I assume to have been appropriated to the temple. At 
 the north-west angle the Via Dolorosa passes within one 
 hundred feet of the area, which appears too narrow a space 
 for a fortress like that of Antonia. But I know no reason 
 why a larger space northward may not be appropriated for 
 this purpose; and the deep trench, so often mentioned by 
 authors, would then form its defence on the east, and the 
 scarped work on its south face a defence to the temple on 
 that side, and still leave six hundred feet for the length of 
 the fortress, by a width of, say two hundred feet, which, 
 in proportion to the size of the city and temple, must be con- 
 sidered of respectable dimensions. If we make the area 
 square we are reduced to the following difficulty : that we 
 have a square of only 940 feet on each side, or 883,600 
 instead of 1,536,640 square feet, cutting off nearly one half, 
 which would make the fortress and its dependencies too exten- 
 sive, and the temple and its courts far too small. 
 
 The Mosque of Omar occupies the middle space, nearly, 
 between the southern and northern walls ; not so, however, 
 in respect to its position between the eastern and the western 
 walls, being exactly one-third, or three hundred and twenty 
 feet nearer the western than the eastern wall, which would 
 allow of deeper porticoes facing the Mount of Olives. Under 
 the dome rises the remarkable rock called el-Sakharah. It is 
 irregular in its form, and measures about sixty feet in one 
 direction and fifty in the other. It projects about five feet 
 above the marble pavement, and the pavement of the mosque 
 is twelve feet above the general inclosure, making this rock 
 rise seventeen feet above the ground, whereas I cannot help 
 thinking that it once formed the foundation of the Holy of 
 Holies of Solomon's temple. I consider it not improbable 
 that the great platform on which the mosque stands, five 
 hundred feet on each side, may indicate the position of the 
 inner court, which surrounded the Holy of Holies. 
 
 To recapitulate. I consider it likely that the present area 
 corresponds very nearly with the ancient one : that the for- 
 tress and tower of Antonia stood entirely without the present 
 enclosure, that the Mosque of Omar occupies the position 
 of the Holy of Holies of Solomon's temple, and that the Nagara 
 
JERUSALEM. 271 
 
 Sakharah was the foundation rock on which it stood ; that the 
 arches at the south-east angle, built evidently to make that 
 part of the area level with the rest, are probably of the time 
 of Herod, as I do not suppose arches were in use in the time 
 of Solomon, however far back the mere invention of the arch 
 may go. Dr. Robinson states his belief that they are of the 
 time of Solomon, from the angle of the piers being bevelled. 
 What proof of antiquity there is to be seen in this, I am at a 
 loss to conjecture. The springing stones of the arch, at the 
 south-west angle, and the Golden Gate, and that under el- 
 Aksa, are probably of the same period. The space of ground 
 between the Via Dolorosa and the area being five hundred 
 and fifty feet long, by one hundred at its western, and one 
 hundred and sixty at its eastern extremity, appears amply 
 large enough for the fortress of Antonia." 
 
 It is now necessary to examine, however shortly, the 
 environs of Jerusalem. Leaving the town by the northern 
 gate of Damascus, we approach the side which is unprotected 
 by a valley, but on which a high plain extends, afterwards 
 rising in the form of mountains. The walls have, therefore, 
 been defended by very deep trenches hewn in the rocks. 
 Immediately before the gate is the so-called Grotto of Jere- 
 miah ; it is forty- two paces in diameter, and is supported by 
 ten colossal pillars ; the hill under which it lies was probably 
 connected with the high northern side of the town, but was 
 broken through by quarries, and then served for the founda- 
 tion of a trench. To the north are the Tombs of the Kings, 
 probably the burial-place of Queen Helena of Adiabene in 
 the apostolic age. Through a rocky door we here enter a 
 court, surrounded by walls of polished rock ; at the southern 
 wall is a portal, the frieze of which is richly adorned with 
 beautiful work. Passing through a hole in the northern 
 corner, we enter a chamber, containing the entrances to four 
 different grave-rooms, with small low niches or graves, cut 
 horizontally in the rock ; the doors of the chambers consist 
 of large and simply ornamented slabs of stone. In the 
 neighbourhood are more courts, with similar graves ; but 
 they are not equal in size to those we have noticd. A little 
 farther off to the north-west we arrive at the Tombs of the 
 Judges, an appellation purely arbitrary. Through a beau- 
 
272 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 tifully sculptured portal, we enter a large chamber, with 
 horizontal niches ; two similar apartments follow, and a pair 
 of steps lead down into two smaller ones. There are alto- 
 gether about sixty burying places. Returning to the northern 
 side of the city, the plain is covered with a pleasant olive 
 grove. There are lovely walks beneath its shade, and the 
 principal people among the Mohammedans assemble there in 
 the evenings. At the north-western corner of the town, on 
 the highest elevation of the hilly ground, stands a large old 
 tree, extending wide the shadow of its boughs. Here a 
 beautiful prospect of Jerusalem and its environs is enjoyed. 
 
 At the beginning of the valley of Hinnom, which abruptly 
 descends between Zion and the western mountain, the de- 
 clivities of both the mountains are often covered, particularly 
 in the afternoon, with pilgrims and monks, who are fond of 
 the walk before the Jaffa gate, and can here greet those who 
 are coming from Bethlehem and Jaffa. In the valley of 
 Hinnom is the second or lower pool of Gihon, more than 
 five hundred feet long, two hundred and fifty feet broad, and 
 about forty feet deep. From this spot the rocks become 
 more abrupt, and closer to one another; and the narrow 
 valley presents a most dismal appearance. Instead of the 
 beautiful fields and gardens that have hitherto adorned it, 
 only a few trees are seen, and turning to the east, south of 
 Mount Zion, we enter the wild defile of the valley of Hinnom, 
 Gehenna, or Tophet, where the Jews in idolatrous times made 
 their sons and daughters pass through fire to Moloch. When 
 the people returned to God, they threw into this ravine the 
 corpses of criminals and of animals, and a fire was constantly 
 kept burning to consume the noxious vapours. Therefore the 
 Jews and Christians designate hell by the name of the valley 
 of Hinnom, or Gehenna, and thus also originated the phrase 
 of "the worm that dieth not, and the fire that is not quenched." 
 
 To the south, opposite Zion, is the Hill of Evil Counsel. On 
 its declivity are a large number of sepulchres, and here was 
 the potter's field, or field of blood (Aceldama), bought by Judas 
 for thirty pieces of silver. This is confirmed by a stratum of 
 white clay, found in this neighbourhood and still employed in 
 potter's work. Until lately the poor pilgrims were buried here. 
 To the south east of the town, the valley of Hinnom unites 
 with that of Kidron, which then proceeds in a more easterly 
 
JERUSALEM. 273 
 
 direction towards the Dead Sea. At the part where both the 
 valleys meet are the Gardens of the Kings, which are watered 
 by the fountains of Siloam, and display the most luxuriant 
 verdure. To the south of them, in the valley of Kidron, is 
 the well Rogel, once the boundary- well between Judah and 
 Benjamin ; it flows into a beautiful antique basin. To the 
 north of the Garden of the Kings, in which Adonijah, the son 
 of David, caused himself to be proclaimed king, is the Pool of 
 Siloam, on the spot where the valley of Tyropceon unites with 
 that of Hinnom, and this again with the valley of Kidron, 
 immediately at the foot of Moriah, which gradually declines 
 towards it. The pool of Siloam receives its waters from the 
 well of the same name the Fountain of the Virgin in the 
 valley of Kidron ; a canal hewn in the rock conveys it to the 
 pool. It is smaller than all the other pools of Jerusalem, and 
 the fountain ripples into it almost imperceptibly. These are 
 "the waters of Shiloah that go softly." The Lord sent the 
 blind man here, that he might wash, and come away 
 seeing. 
 
 Ascending from the valley of Kidron, which is generally 
 dry even at the rainy season, we reach the village of Siloam, 
 situated to the right of the steep declivity of the southern 
 summit of Mount Olivet. Here may have stood the tower 
 which, at the time of Christ, fell and slew eighteen men. 
 The present inhabitants are very poor ; and the whole village 
 presents a melancholy aspect, beautiful as is its situation on 
 the mountain. The valley of the Kidron suddenly narrows 
 at the part where the village ends, aud the descent commences 
 to the Fountain of the Virgin, on the opposite side. On the 
 west, Mount Moriah rises steeply ; and upon its summit, as if 
 in continuation, is the high wall of the mosque. On the east 
 the Mount of Olives abruptly ascends considerably higher, and 
 the way through the valley becomes so narrow, as barely to 
 admit of traffic. It is by some imagined that the Lord will 
 here appear in judgment, and it is supposed that this will be 
 the scene of Joel's prophecy : " I will also gather all nations, 
 and will bring them down into the valley of Jehoshaphat ; 
 and will plead with them there for my people, and for my 
 heritage, Israel." But we cannot be certain what valley is 
 meant, since the name, valley of Jehoshaphat, the Lordjudgeth, 
 is first mentioned in Christian times as applied to this valley. 
 
 T 
 
274 
 
 SCRIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 Jews and Mohammedans, however, agree in looking for the 
 divine judgment in this place. 
 
 The whole of the declivity of the Mount of Olives near this 
 spot, exhibits the simple white grave-stones of the Jews. At 
 the foot of the mountain in the valley, are several large 
 monuments, to which the names Zechariah, James, Absalom, 
 and Jehoshaphat, have been attached. They forcibly remind 
 one of the Egyptian tombs. The first is a small square 
 temple, upon which a little pyramid rises. A niche is cut 
 in the rock, and there is a rude passage round the grave. 
 From this, an opening hewn in the rock leads to a grotto with 
 several chambers. The front towards the valley has an open 
 portal with three pillars. The third tomb is on the spot 
 where a bridge leads over the narrow brook Kidron to the 
 declivity of Moriah. It is a small temple hewn out of the 
 rock, from which a dome projects into a pointed tower. It is 
 denominated the Tomb of Absalom, and is distinguished by 
 its size and position from all the rest. Travellers have 
 remarked a great similarity between it and the monuments 
 
 Tomb of Absalom, in the Valley of Jehoshapliat. 
 
JERUSALEM. 275 
 
 of Petra ; it may, therefore, be of the time of Herod the 
 Great, who, as an Idumean, came from thence. To the north 
 of these tombs the valley again widens, the mountains become 
 less abrupt, and the declivities are covered with pleasant 
 gardens and trees. 
 
 We next arrive at the principal bridge leading from the 
 gate of St. Stephen to the Mount of Olives. This lovely 
 mountain rises on the eastern side of the valley of Kidron in 
 three points : it is now covered with olive-trees, corn-fields, 
 and gardens, and is the most pleasant of all the mountains 
 that are round about Jerusalem. At its foot is a stony plot 
 of ground, inclosed by a low wall, and containing a garden, 
 and eight gnarled and time-worn olive-trees, supposed to be 
 those of the garden of Gethsemane. The garden may well 
 have been here ; but the trees, old as they are, can only be 
 regarded as the descendants of those that in our Lord's time 
 flourished there. The higher we ascend, the more lovely and 
 the more extensive does Jerusalem appear to us. On reach- 
 ing the summit, and turning a little to the south-east, to- 
 wards the declivity, a beautiful valley, richly adorned with 
 trees, is found to approach that of Kidron, and by the 
 southern slope of the eastern ridge of Olivet, we arrive, after 
 a walk of three-quarters of an hour, at Bethany, which has 
 already been noticed, a quiet, peaceful village, surrounded 
 by mountains. 
 
 On the highest summit of the Mount of Olives, in the 
 midst of some Arab houses, are the ruins of a convent and 
 church, pointing out the supposed place of Christ's ascension. 
 In the centre of the -former church is a mosque built over a 
 stone, in which a mark, like the impression of a man's right 
 foot, is shewn as the footstep of Christ at his Ascension. 
 Little as this appears probable, there is nevertheless no rea- 
 son for the supposition that this is not the spot from which 
 Christ was received up into heaven. Through the ruins 
 of the convent, which are now inhabited by a Mohammedan 
 guard, we may ascend a tower used as a minaret, and obtain 
 a most beautiful prospect of the whole neighbourhood of 
 Jerusalem. Protected on the west by the ridge of hills 
 parallel with Olivet, and which exclude a wider view, the 
 holy city lies before us. Surrounded by a chain of fresh, 
 green mountains, considerably higher on the western side, 
 
276 SCHIPTURE LANDS. 
 
 than on the eastern it rises amphi theatrically before our eyes. 
 All traces of its desolation disappear in the distance, and the 
 mass of houses bears a picturesque appearance, with their 
 innumerable domes, towers, and minarets. Immediately at 
 our feet lies the wide extent of the Harem el- Sheriff, with its 
 fresh water, its melancholy cypresses, its charming gardens, 
 and the rich- coloured mosque. Farther off, appears the 
 mighty cupola of the Sepulchre church ; and, at the side, 
 behind a multitude of houses, David's Tower on Zion, 
 and near it the Protestant church of St. James. To the 
 north, in a wide circle, can be discerned the mountains of 
 Ephraim, with Ebal and Gerizim, where blessing and curs- 
 ing were proclaimed ; to the south the undulating moun- 
 tain ridge of Judah, and the charming Tekoah. But the 
 view towards the east is as gloomy as that towards the -west 
 is beautiful. Close behind Bethany, at the foot of the Mount 
 of Olives, begin the barren plains of the desert of Judah. 
 Its grey mountains declining towards the dismal waters of 
 the Dead Sea, look bleak and bare ; while behind the wide 
 and dreary lake rise the barren rocks of the Moabite moun- 
 tains, where Moses upon Nebo once directed his longing gaze 
 towards the heights of the promised land. To the north of 
 the Dead Sea a narrow slip of land extends towards Jericho ; 
 it marks the pleasant shores of the river Jordan, which flows 
 through the wilderness. 1 
 
 1 A very interesting and correct panorama of Jerusalem and its 
 environs from this point of view embodying every object visible in 
 all directions, has just been published in Germany, from actual 
 survey, under the title of Panorama von Jerusalem. We have 
 seen nothing that we judge so useful to the student of these localities. 
 
 


 m :>'" 
 

gfSP^ 
 
 jiff 
 
 ^ttiM 
 
^BA^ 
 
 
 D*? 
 
 iMtoM 
 
23 
 
#y* ptf 
 
 wwm 
 
 ^JFOlp 
 

m 
 
 j^ 
 
 & 
 
ISr *a* 
 
 p^tlPWfl 
 
 4&m>i 
 
17 
 
 y 
 
 mi 
 
 A. 
 
 us 
 
 H . 
 
 w: 5 
 C J 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 J 
 
 \\ \ 
 
 Hljflil! 
 
 
 a. 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 U : 
 
 l i 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 I? 
 
 t->yu.*l *q> jo iumj jgt J TT*M Jnnp 
 
 ^nlnnffg iiiiiiiHiiiH ! 
 
 
KINGDOM 
 . DAVID and SOLOMON 
 
 
 J L<SnfMi1r Emu ti- Occrmn cii 
 
m 
 
 SIT? 
 
 W*M 
 
 && 
 
 mm 
 
m 
 
 
74^ 
 
 ftjHIVB* 
 
 ^tawsfi> 
 
ftfKITBRSXTT] 
 
 A NEW 
 
 GENERAL INDEX, 
 
 EXHIBITING, AT ONE VIEW, ALL THaT IS 
 
 (Ereograpf) trails antr historically 
 
 INTERESTING IN 
 
 THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Distance and 
 
 Bearing from 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Modern 
 Country. 
 
 Abana, or Amana River. . ChrysosrhoeB .. Abilene .... 
 Abarim, Mountains of. . . Abarim Reuben 
 
 Damas . 
 Canaan. 
 
 2 Kings v. 12.. XVIII. 
 Num.xxxiii.48 XIV... 
 
 llOw. B.b. N. 
 40 e 
 
 Syria... 
 Palest. . 
 
 Abdon, or Hebron Hebran Asher ditto... Joshua xxi. 30 VII. . 
 
 Abel, or Abila Arbela Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan 
 
 98>.. 
 
 Abel of the Vineyards Ditto. 
 
 Abel, plain of Ditto , 
 
 Abel, or Abel of Beth- Maacathi, or 
 Maachah, or Maachah. . Abela Ditto , 
 
 Abel-maim, &c Belmaim. . 
 
 Naphtali . . . 
 
 Abel-mea, or Abel-me- 
 holah Belma Manasseh . . 
 
 Abel-meholah, or Abel- 
 mea Belma Ditto 
 
 Abel-mizraim Benjamin.. 
 
 Abel-shittim, or Shittim Arbela Reuben .... 
 
 Aben Bohan, or Bohan- 
 ben-Reuben Benjamin . . 
 
 Abez Abes Issachar.... 
 
 Abila, or Abel Arbela Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan 
 
 Abilene Ccele Syria .... Lebanon.. . 
 
 Aeimaeb Jocktan.... 
 
 Abumah, or Ramah Abuma Judah 
 
 Accad Nisibis Nimrod, 
 
 kgdm. of. 
 Accaron, or Fkron Accaron Dan 
 
 Accho, or Ptolemais Ptolemais or 
 
 Acco Asher 
 
 Aceldama, or Field of 
 Blood Jfoiah 
 
 ditto .. . 
 ditto... 
 ditto ... 
 
 ditto... 
 
 ditto ... 
 
 ditto... 
 
 ditto... 
 
 ditto... 
 
 ditto... 
 
 ditto .. . 
 ditto... 
 
 ditto .. . 
 Syria . . . 
 Shem... 
 Canaan. . 
 
 . Mesopo.. 
 Canaan . 
 
 ditto... 
 
 Syria ... 
 
 Judges xi. 33.. XITI . . 
 Judges xi. 33.. XIII.. 
 Judges xi. 33.. XIII . . 
 
 2 Sam. xx. 14. VII.... 
 
 2 Chron. xvi. 4 VII. .. . 
 
 1 Kings iv. 12. IX 
 
 Judges vii. 22. IX 
 
 Genesis 1. 11. . XI 
 
 Num.xxxiii.49 XIV. . . 
 
 Josh, xviii. 17. XI 
 
 Josh, xix.20.. IX 
 
 86 n. b. b.... 
 62 w. k. b. n. 
 62 n. b. b. N. 
 
 86 N. b. b 
 
 80 n. b. b.... 
 
 21 e 
 
 30 e. b. n.. 
 
 Judges xi. 33.. XIII.. 
 Lukeiii. 1.... XXII.. 
 
 Genesis x. 28.. I 
 
 2Kgs.xxiii.36 XII.... 
 
 Genesis x. 10.. II. . 
 Joshua xix. 43 XI.. 
 
 62 n. e. b. m. 
 
 100 N. W. B.... 
 
 . 475 b. b. n. . 
 . 30 w. b. n. 
 
 Judges i. 31 . . VII. .. . 
 Acts i. 19 XVI... 
 
 Achaia, or Greece Hellas Achnia and 
 
 Pelopon- 
 nesus Graecia 
 
 Achmetha, or Ecbatana. Ecbatana Media 
 
 Acts xviii. 12.. XXIII. 740 n. w. b. w.. 
 Ezra vi. 2 . . . . II 725 B. w. b 
 
 . ditto. . . . 
 
 . ditto.... 
 . ditto.... 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 , ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 . Syria. .. 
 . Persia... 
 . Palest... 
 
 . Turkey.. 
 . Palest... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto ... 
 
 Turkey.. 
 Persia . . 
 
 Achor, Valley of Benjamin . 
 
 Achshaph Acshaph Asher 
 
 Achzib Ecdippa, or 
 
 Achazib Asher 
 
 Achzib Judah 
 
 Acrabbim - Maaleh, or 
 Ascent of Petra Jocktheel Judah 
 
 Ad a oah Judah 
 
 g 
 Adam Adorn Reuben .... 
 
 Canaan, 
 ditto. . . 
 
 ditto .. 
 ditto .. , 
 
 ditto .. , 
 ditto... 
 
 Joshua vii. 24. XI 
 
 Joshua xi. 1.. VII.... 
 
 Judges i. 31... VII.... 
 Josh. xix. 29.. XII.... 
 
 Joshua xv. 3. . XII. .. . 
 Joshua xv. 22. XII. .. . 
 J^ii.s*. HLM. 51 V.. . 
 
 17 E. N. E 
 
 64n 
 
 74 R b. w. . . 
 20 s. w , 
 
 Palest.. . 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 . ditto . 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 Ok l2f: Modem Sanu. Quarter. 1E 
 
 33. 28 36. 25 Nahr-Aawadji... Asia.. . Damascus The river named by Naaman the leper, as better than Jordan. 
 
 32. 45 36. 10 El-Belka ditto., ditto The place where Balak tempted Balaam to curse the 
 
 Israelites. 
 
 33. 19 35. 29 ditto . . Akka A city of the Levites. 
 
 33.18 36. 1 Abil ditto.. Damascus Lysanias was the Tetrarch of this place. 
 
 32. 39 36. 1 Plain of Abil.... ditto .. ditto Here Jephthah smote the Ammonites. 
 
 32. 39 36. 1 ditto . . ditto See Abel of the Vineyards. 
 
 33.10 35.40 ditto., ditto Joab pursued Sheba unto this place, who was aftewards 
 
 slain. 
 
 33. 4 35. 39 ditto.. Akka .... Taken by Benhadad, kins of Syria. 
 
 32. 18 35. 33 ditto . . Damascus See Abelmeholah. 
 
 32.1835.33 ditto., ditto Here the Midianites were routed by the Israelites under 
 
 Gideon. 
 
 31.47 35.39 ditto., ditto Near this place Joseph mourned for his father Jacob seven 
 
 days. 
 
 31. 54 35. 52 ditto . . ditto An encampment of the Israelites in the plains of Moab. 
 
 31. 47 35. 22 ditto . . ditto A boundary-stone between Benjamin and Judah. 
 
 32. 29 35. 41 ditto Akka A boundary town between Issachar and Mana*.u, 
 
 32.39 36. 1 Abil ditto.. Damascus 
 
 33. 30 36. 10 ditto . . ditto Lysanias was the Tetrarch of this place. 
 
 ditto . . Khorassan 
 
 31. 17 35. 32 ditto . . Damascus See Rumah. 
 
 33. 25 44. 20 ditto . . Nisibin . . A city built by Nimrod. 
 
 31. 51 34. 45 Tookrair ditto . . Gaza The Canaanites were never expelled from this city. 
 
 32. 55 35. 5 Akka, or St.Jean 
 
 d' Acre ditto . . Akka .... The Canaanites were never expelled from this city. 
 
 |31 46 35 18 ditto.. Jerusalem A field which was purchased with the thirty pieces of silver 
 
 for which Judas betrayed his Master. 
 
 38. 30 22. 30 Greece Europe Livadia & 
 
 Morea. . Here Paul was accused before Gallio. 
 
 15. 20 45. 50 Hamadan Asia.. Irak- Aje- Here the Records were found relating to the rebuilding 
 
 mi of Jerusalem. 
 
 31. 54 35. 3S ditto .. Damascus Here Achan was stoned by the children of Israel. 
 
 32. 51 35. 19 Shuffummer. . . . ditto . . Akka a Levitical city. 
 
 135. 6 Zib ditto . . ditto The Canaanites were never expelled from this city. 
 
 31.34 35. 4 ditto.. Gaza. 
 
 II. 5 35 35 ditto . . Damascus Southern boundary of Judea. 
 
 11.1835.19 ditto., ditto 
 
 11. 54. 35. 48 ditto., ditto. ... From this place to the Dead Sea the waters^of the Jordaa 
 
 were dried up during the passage of the Israelites. 
 
 a 2 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 1 Tribe or 
 ] Province. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Scripture i Nn. of 
 Reference. \ Map. 
 
 beuri-it; fr,;i 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Mo lern 
 Country. 
 
 
 
 Napbtali ... 
 Naphtali . . . 
 
 Canaan., 
 ditto ... 
 
 Joshua xix. 33 VII.... 
 Joshua xix. 3G VII. .. . 
 
 88 n. b. e 
 
 88 N. b. K 
 
 Palest . 
 ditto.... 
 
 
 
 Adar, or Hazar-addar.... 
 Aditiiaim 
 
 Adar 
 
 Adatha 
 
 Judah 
 
 ditto ... 
 
 Joshua xv. 36. XII.... 
 
 16w.b.s 
 
 ditto..., 
 
 
 
 Vale of Sid- 
 dim 
 
 ditto ... 
 
 Genesis x. 19.. XII.... 
 
 16 s. E 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 
 
 Adoraim, or Adoram .... 
 Adeamttticm 
 
 Adora 
 
 Judah 
 
 Mysia 
 
 ditto... 
 Asia .... 
 
 2 Chron. xi. 9.. XII.... 
 Actsxxvii.2.. XXIV. 
 
 20 w. b. s 
 
 G15 n. w 
 
 ditto.... 
 Turkey. 
 
 Adramyttium . 
 
 
 Mare Internun 
 Odollam 
 
 1 
 
 Mediter. 
 
 Acts xxvii. 27. XXIV. 
 
 Joshua xii. 15. XII.... 
 
 Joshua xv. 7.. XI.... 
 John iii. 22, 23 IX.... 
 
 UOOw. ir.w.... 
 14 s. w 
 
 4 E. N. E 
 
 46 N. E. b. N. . 
 
 
 
 
 Palest.. 
 
 ditto.... 
 ditto.... 
 Persia . . 
 
 Media . . 
 
 
 
 Benjamin .. 
 Manasseh . . 
 
 ditto .. 
 ditto .. . 
 
 Assyria. 
 
 Persia . . 
 
 Canaan, 
 ditto.... 
 
 jEnon, or Enon 
 
 
 
 Ahava River 
 
 Adiava, Lyccus 
 or Zabus .... 
 
 Asher 
 
 
 
 
 Judges i. 31.. . VII.... 
 Joshua viii. 17 XI 
 
 96 w 
 
 7 N. E. b. N.. 
 
 Palest... 
 ditto.... 
 
 Ai, Aiath, Hai 
 
 
 Aiath, Hai, or Ai 
 
 Ai, or Hai 
 
 Benjamin .. 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Isaiah x. 28.. . XI 
 
 7 N.E. b. N.. 
 
 ditto 
 
 
 
 Zebulon . . . 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Judges xii. 13. VIII.. 
 
 56 N 
 
 ditto. . . . 
 
 
 
 Aijalon, or Aiaja 
 
 Ajalon 
 
 Benjamin .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 1 Sam.xiv.31. XI 
 
 12 If. E 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 
 
 Dan 
 
 Simeon .... 
 Naphtali ... 
 Simeon .... 
 Simeon .... 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto.... 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Joshua x. 12.. XI 
 
 1 Chron. iv. 32. XII. .. . 
 Joshua xix. 7. VII.... 
 I Chron. vi. 59 XII.... 
 1 Chron. iv. 32X11.... 
 
 11 N. E 
 
 24 w. s. w.... 
 75 N. b. E .... 
 30 w. s. w. ... 
 26 w. s. w.. . 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ain, Valley of 
 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Ajalon, or Aijalon 
 
 Ajalon 
 
 Dan 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Joshua xix. 42 XI 
 
 56 n....: .... 
 
 ditto 
 
 Akrabbim, or Acrabbim 
 
 Acrabat ana . . . 
 
 Judah 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Num. xxxiv. 4 XII... 
 
 48 s. b. e 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 
 
 Asber 
 
 lenjamin .. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 ditto 
 
 Egypt .. 
 
 Joshua xix. 26 VII . .. 
 1 Chron vi. 60 XI .. . 
 Acts xxvii. 6.. VI .... 
 
 64 if. b. w.... 
 14 e. b. if.... 
 268 w. b. s.... 
 
 ditto 
 
 
 
 ditto.... 
 Egypt.. 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Alexandria. . . . 
 
 
 
 Napbtali . .. 
 Ephraim ... 
 
 Benjamin .. 
 
 Canaan, 
 ditto,... 
 Arphaxac 
 
 Canaan. 
 
 Joshua xix. 33 VII . . . 
 
 Gen. xxxv.8.. X 
 
 Gen. x. 26.... I 
 
 87 n. b. e 
 
 27 if. b. E 
 
 Palest . . 
 
 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 
 
 
 Almon, or Alemetb 
 
 
 Joshua xxi. 18 XI 
 
 14E.b. N 
 
 Palest... 
 
 Almon-Diblathaim Dib 
 latha, or Beth - dibla 
 thaitn 
 
 Diblatha 
 
 Reuben .... 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Num.xxxiii.46 VII . .. 
 
 44 e. b. s 
 
 ditto 
 
 
 
 Asher ...... 
 
 Horeb 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 IKiDgsiv. 16. VII... 
 Num.xxxiii.14 IV ; ... 
 Joshua xix. 26 VII . 
 
 80 n 
 
 ditto.. . 
 
 
 
 
 Amab , 
 
 
 Asber 
 
 Canaan. 
 
 66 n. b. w... 
 
 Palest... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 , I Prormct 
 
 Let. Lonq. : Modern Same. Quarter. ; or Remark*. 
 
 N+tk. hurt. I Pashalic. 
 
 33. 13 35. 32 Asia . . Akka Fenced or fortified city. 
 
 33.13 35.32 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 31.12 31.55 ditto.. Damascus A boundary town between Edom and Judata. 
 
 31.44 35. 1 ditto.. Gaza. 
 
 . .. ditto.. Damascus A city of the plain destroyed by fire. 
 
 31.42-34.55 ditto., ditto A city that was built by Reboboam. 
 
 39. 33 26. 59 Adramyti ditto.. Anadoli 
 
 38. 18. Venice, Gulf of.. Europe Papal Sta. Here Paul foretold the shipwreck that afterwards befel him 
 
 and his companions. 
 
 31.3735. 9 Asia.. Damascus In a cave near this city David hid himself when pursued 
 
 by Saul. 
 
 31.4835.29 ditto . ditto '. 
 
 32.2735.46 ditto., ditto Here John baptized. 
 
 33. 10 47. 8 Haweeza ditto.. Khuzistan 
 
 31. 15 47. 40 Haweeza, or Ar- 
 
 waz P' ver or Here Ezra proclaimed a fast, previous to the return of the 
 
 theZab ditto.. Ajemi.... Israelites to Judea. 
 
 33.23 35.19 ditto.. Akka .... See Accho, &c. 
 
 31.5335.24 ditto.. Damascus Taken and burned by the Israelites under Joshua. 
 
 31.53- 35.24 ditto., ditto See Ai. 
 
 32. 42 35 21 ditto . . Akka .... Elon, one of the judges of Israel, was buried here. 
 
 31.54 35.29 ditto.. Ramleh.. A city of the Levi tea; and here the Philistines were de- 
 feated by the Israelites under Samuel. 
 
 31.5035. 2 ditto., ditto Here the sun and moon stood still at the command of 
 
 Joshua. 
 
 31.37 34.51 ditto.. Gaza 
 
 33. 6-35.32 ditto.. Akka.... A Lexical city. 
 
 31.36 34.47 ditto.. Gaza .... Ditto. 
 
 31.3734.51 ditto., ditto 
 
 31.50 35. 2Yalo ditto.. Ramleh.. See Aijalon. 
 
 31. 535.35 ditto., ditto South-east boundary of Judea. 
 
 32.49 35.17 ditto.. Akka .... 
 
 31. 49 35. 35 ditto . . Damascus A Levitical city. 
 
 31. 10 29. 45 Alexandria Africa. Bahireh . St. Paul sailed in a ship of this port to Rome. 
 
 33. 11 35. 39 Asia .. Akka 
 
 32. 14 35. 23 ditto . . Damascus Here Deborah, the nurse of Rebecca, was buried. 
 
 ditto.. Irak-Aje- 
 
 mi Colony of Joktan, son of Shem. 
 
 31. 49 35. 35 ditto . . Damascus See Alemeth. 
 
 3i.3S 35. 5 ditto., ditto A station of the Israelites. 
 
 33. 10 35. 20 ditto . . Akka A territory under the government of one of Solomon's 
 
 28. 34 33. 35 ditto . . El-Tieh . . An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 32.45 35. 12 ditto.. Akka .. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Amalzk 
 
 Amalekitbs 
 
 Amah 
 
 Am ana, or Ante-Lebanon Anti-libanus .. . 
 
 Ammah, Hill of , 
 
 Ammon, Ham, or Rab- 
 bath- Amnion Philadelphia. . . 
 
 Ammonites, Country of 
 the Ammonitis . 
 
 Ammon-no, or No Thebes, or Dios- 
 
 polis 
 
 Edom Arabia.. 1 Sara. xv. 3.. XIX... 70 s. b. w Arabia.. 
 
 Ditto ditto 1 Sam. xv.6.. XIX... 70 s. w. b.s.. ditto.... 
 
 Judah Canaan.. Joshua xv. 26. XII .. . 36 s. w. b. s.. Palest.. 
 
 Asher ditto.... S. of Sol.iv. 8 VII . .. 100 n. b. e Leban.. 
 
 Benjamin . . ditto .... 2 Sam. ii. 24. . XI . . . . 5 n. e Palest . . 
 
 Gad Arabia . . Deut. ii. 37- . . XIX. . . 55 e. b. n ditto. . . . 
 
 . Gad, part of 
 
 Arabia ditto.. 
 
 1 Sam. xi. 11. II. XIX 75 >. b. n ditto.... 
 
 Pathros .... Egypt .. Ezek. xxx. 15. VII... 600 s. s. w Egypt.. 
 
 Amorites, Country of the Amoritis . 
 
 Reuben and 
 Gad 
 
 Amphipolis Amphipolis 
 
 Amorites, Mount of the 
 
 Anab 
 
 Anahabath 
 
 Ax AN I All 
 
 Anamim 
 
 Anathoth Anathoth 
 
 Anem, or Engannim 
 
 Aneb, or Taanach Tanac 
 
 Anim , .. 
 
 Antioch, in Syria Antiochia 
 
 Antioch, in Pisidia ditto 
 
 Antipatris Caphar-Salama. 
 
 Antonia, Castle of Baris 
 
 Judah i 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Isaachar 
 
 Benjamin .. 
 
 Mizraim 
 
 Benjamin .. 
 
 iBsachar 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Judah 
 
 Phoenicia. . . 
 
 Pisidia 
 
 Ephraim 
 
 Benjamin .. 
 
 Canaan . Judges xi. 21. XIX . . 90 s 
 
 Macedon Acts xvii. 1 . . XXIII. 769 m. w 
 
 Canaan.. Judges i. 35.. XII... 25 s 
 
 ditto Joshua xi. 21. XII. ... 32 s. w 
 
 ditto. . . . Josbua xix. 19. IX 48 n. b. w . .. 
 
 ditto Nehem. xi. 32. XI 10 n. w 
 
 Ham. . . . Gen. x. 13. . . . I 700 s. s. w ... 
 
 Canaan. . Joshua xxi. 18 XI ... . 4 n 
 
 ditto 1 Chron. vi. 73 IX 45 n. n. e 
 
 ditto 1 Chron. vi. 70 IX 45n.n.w... 
 
 ditto Joshua xv. 50. XII ... 28 s. b. e 
 
 Syria . . . Acts xv. 22. . . XXIII. 265 n . b. e ... 
 Asia .. .. Acts xiv. 19... XXIII. 430 n. w. b. n. 
 
 Canaan. . Acts xxiii. 31. X 34 n. w. b. n. 
 
 ditto.... Acts xxi. 34.. XI 
 
 Arabia. . 
 Turkey., 
 ditto.... 
 Palest . . 
 ditto.... 
 ditto.... 
 Egypt.. 
 Palest . . 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto.... 
 ditto. . . . 
 Syria. . . 
 Asia M.. 
 Syria. . . 
 ditto 
 
 Aphek, or Aphiok Aphec Asher ditto.... Judges i. 31.. VII... 84 n.... 
 
 Aphek, or Aphekah Judah ditto.... 1. Sam. iv. 1.. XII... 15 s. e. , 
 
 , ditto.. 
 , ditto.. 
 
 Aphekah, or Aphek Ditto ditto Joshua xv. 53. XII . 
 
 Aphik, or Aphek Asher ditto.... Judges i. 31.. . VII. 
 
 Aphek, In Syria Issachar.... ditto.... Joshua xiii. 4. IX.. 
 
 15 s. e ditto.. 
 
 84 n ditto.. 
 
 45 n. b. w ditto.. 
 
 1 Kings xx. 26 
 
 A.pollonia Apollonia Macedon Acts. xvii. 1.. . XX.... 765 n. w ditto 
 
 Appii Forum Appii Forum . . . Rome Italy. . . . Acts xxviii. 15 XXIII. 1200 n. w. b. w. Italy . . . 
 
 Ar, or Areopolis, or Rab- 
 
 bath-Moab Areopolis Moab Arabia . . Deut. ii. 9 . . . . IV ... . 40 e. s. e Syria . . . 
 
 Arab Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. 52. XII . . . 29 s ditto. . . . 
 
 Arabah, or Betharabah Benjamin., ditto.... Josh, xviii. 18. XI .... 17 e. b. s ditto.... 
 
 Arabia Arabia Shem... Isaiah xxi. 13. IV 120 s. s. w .... Arabia.. 
 
 Arao, or Eder Arad Judah Canaan. . Joshua xii. 14. XII ... 3(1 s. b. w Syria. . 
 
 Iram-Naharaim, or Osroene and 
 
 Padan-Aran Migdonia . . 
 
 Padan-Aram 
 or Haran.. Mesopot. Judges iii. 10. II 400 n. e Al-gizir . 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Xurth. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 30.50-34.10 Asia... Kawata 
 
 30.5034.30 ditto A people whom Saul was sent to destroy. 
 
 31. 18 34. 50 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 33. 20 35. 50 ditto . . ditto Cele jrated for the growth of cedar. 
 
 31. 48 35. 25 ditto . . ditto Joab and Abishai pursued Abner to this place. 
 
 32. 26. 10 Ammaan ditto . . ditto . 
 
 32. 37- 50 ditto . . ditto Conquered by Saul. 
 
 25. 40 32. 40 Luxor Africa.. Said 
 
 30.2035.10 Asia... Palest.... Subdued by the Israelites under Jephtha. 
 
 40. 48 23. 40 Emboli Europe Roumeha St. Paul preached in this city. 
 
 31. 20 35. 20 Asia . Damascus The Amorites were never expelled from this place. 
 
 31. 24 31. 54 ditto . . Gaza From this place Joshua cut off the Anakims. 
 
 32.3335. 2 ditto.. Akka .... A boundary town between Issachar and Manasseh. 
 
 31. 54 35 9 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 20. 029. Africa Hid A colony of Mizraim. 
 
 31.5135.20 Asia.. Damascus A Levitical city. Jeremiah had a possession here. 
 
 32. 28 35. 28 ditto . . Akka .... A Levitical city. 
 
 32.29-35. 4 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 31. 20 35. 23 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 36. 1136. 5 Antakia ditto . . Tripoli. . . St. Paul and Barnabas separated at this place. 
 
 38. 15 31. 30 Ak-Shehr ditto . . Anadolia.. Here Paul was stoned, but afterwards recovered. 
 
 32. n 34. 59 Kefr Saba ditto . . Akka .... From this place Paul was sent to Cesarea. 
 
 31. 47 35. 18 Castello Pele- At this place Paul was confined, previously to his audience 
 
 griuo ditto . . Damascus with Felix. 
 
 33. 1 1 35. 24 El Mukhalid . . . ditto . . Akka .... The Canaanites were never expelled from this place. 
 
 31.3535.28 ditto.. Damascus Here the Philistines pitched to fight with the Israelites, 
 
 and overcame them. 
 
 31.3535.28 ditto., ditto See above. 
 
 33.11 35.24 ditto.. Akka .... See Aphek. 
 
 33.31 35. 5 Aphec ditto., ditto Here the Syrians, and thirty-two kings under Benhadad, 
 
 were defeated by the Israelites under Ahab. 
 
 40. 20 23. 22 Polina ditto . . Boumelia. Paul visited this city on his way to Thessalonica. 
 
 41. 40 13. 35 Borgo-Longo. . . Europe Naples ... Here St. Paul was met by his brethren on his way to Borne. 
 
 31.35 36. in Mehatetet Havj Asia .. Damascus 
 
 31. 18 35. 23 ditto . . ditto ThiB place was given, by command of Jehovah, to Lot. 
 
 31.4435.39 ditto., ditto A boundary town of Benjamin. 
 
 31. 035 ditto Through part of this country (viz. Arabia Petrsea) the 
 
 Israelites under Moses wandered for forty years. 
 
 31.19 35. 9 Tel Arad ditto.. Damascus A royal city, and one of .the thirty-one Kingdoms subdued 
 
 by Joshua. 
 
 W. 10 40. 40 Algezira ditto . . Orfah, Di- The country of Nahor, Abram, Jacob, &c. 
 
 ar Madgar 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 
 bearing /rem 
 
 Aram, or Syria , 
 
 Ararat, or Armenia .... Armenia* 
 Ararat, Mount 
 
 Asshur.. Num. xxiii. 7 XIX... 200 n. e. b. e.. Syria... 
 
 , Minni .. Jer. li. 27 II 675 n. e. b. it.. Erivan.. 
 
 Ararat Armenia Gen. viii. 4. . . II 650 n. e. b. .. ditto.... 
 
 Abba, Arbah, Kirjath- 
 Arba, or Hebron Hebron . 
 
 Arbah, Arba, Hebron, or 
 Kirjath-Arba 
 
 Arbel, or Beth-Arbel. . . . Arbela . . 
 
 Akchi 
 
 Argob Regaba . 
 
 Argob, Regions of 
 
 Ariel, Jehus, Salem, or 
 Jerusalem Hierosolyma . 
 
 , Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. 13. XII ... 17 s. b. n Syria. . . 
 
 . Judab ditto.... Gen. xxxv. 27. XII. .. . 17 s. b. w ditto.... 
 
 . Asber ditto .... Hosea x. 14 . . VII ... 56 n. b. w . . . . ditto. . . . 
 
 , Ephraim . . . ditto Joshua xvi. 2. X 17 n. w. w. . . . ditto 
 
 , Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... 1 Kings iv. 13. XIII . . 80 n. n. e ditto. . . . 
 
 , Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... Deut. iii. 4 . . . X 70 n. e. b. n. . ditto. . . . 
 
 , Judab and 
 
 Benjamin . ditto .... Isaiah xxix. 2. XI. XII 000 p a lest . . 
 
 Arim athea, or Ramah 
 
 Arkites, Country of the . Arce . . . 
 
 Armageddon, Mountains 
 or Val. of, or Megiddo. . Legio, Magaddo 1 
 
 Armenia, or Ararat .... Armenia 
 
 Arnon Arnonis. . 
 
 Arnon, Fords of 
 
 Arnon, River 
 
 , Ephraim. .. ditto. 
 . Phenicia. ... Syria.... 
 
 , Canaan.. 
 
 , Minni .. 
 
 , Canaan.. 
 
 , ditto..*. 
 
 Aroer Aroer 
 
 Aroer Aroer 
 
 Arp ad, or Arphad, or Ar Raphanse 
 
 Arphad, or Arpad Raphanae 
 
 Arfhaxad, Country of 
 
 Artad Aradus Isle .... 
 
 ARU BOTH 
 
 , Reuben .. 
 
 Reuben .. 
 
 Reuben and 
 Moab .... 
 
 , Gad 
 
 , Reuben .... 
 
 . Phenicia 
 
 . Phenicia.... 
 
 Phenicia. . 
 Judah 
 
 Syria.... 
 
 Canaan. 
 
 ditto 
 
 Syria.... 
 
 ditto 
 
 Shem... 
 
 Syria. ... 
 
 Canaan. 
 
 Matt.xxvii.57X 
 
 , Gen. x. 17.... XIX . 
 
 . Zech.xii. 11.. IX.... 
 
 Gen. viii. 4. . . II. . . . 
 . Num. xxi. 13.. XIV. . 
 
 Isaiah xvi. 2. . XIV. . 
 
 2 Kings x. 33. XIV.. 
 Joshua xiii. 9. XIV. . 
 Num.xxxii.34 XIV.. 
 2 Kgs. xviii. 34 XIX. . 
 2Kgs.xviii.34XIX.. 
 
 Gen. x. 22.... I 
 
 Ezek.xxvii. 8. XII.. 
 I Kings iv. 10. XII . . 
 
 24 . w. b. w.. ditto. . , 
 170 n. if. e Syria. 
 
 . 55 N. b. w. .., 
 . 675 if. E. b. n. , 
 . 50 E. b. n 
 
 . 45 E. 8. E 
 
 , 35 B. b. s 
 
 , 38 e. n. e. .... 
 , 43 s. e. b. E... 
 
 . 180 N. N. B...., 
 
 , 180 w. n. e 
 
 185 N. N. E... 
 
 17 s. s. w... 
 
 Palest . . 
 Erivan.. 
 
 Palest.. 
 .. ditto.... 
 
 Syria. . . 
 
 Palest . . 
 .. ditto.... 
 . . Syria. . . 
 
 .. ditto 
 
 .. Turkey.. 
 .. Syria. .. 
 .. Turkey.. 
 
 Arumah, or Rumah Ephraim... ditto.... Judges ix. 41, X 22 if Palest.. 
 
 Ascalon, Askelon, or 
 
 Ashkelon Aacalon Simeon .... ditto.... Judges xiv. 19 XII.., 
 
 AsHAW.orAin Napbtali... ditto.... 1 Chron. iv. 32 VII ... 
 
 AsHAN,orAin Simeon.... ditto.... 1 Cnron. vi. 59 XII . . , 
 
 Ashdod, or Azotus, or 
 
 Azoth Asdod, Asbdotn Dan ditto.... 1 Sam. v 1... X , 
 
 37 w. b. a . . . . ditto. . . . 
 
 79 n. b. e ditto. . . . 
 
 30 w. s. w. ... ditto.... 
 
 30 w. ., 
 
 . ditto.... 
 
 Ashdoth-Pisgah Reuben .... ditto Deut. iii. 17.. . XIV... 34 b ditto.... 
 
 Asher Aser lssachar.... ditto.... Josbua xvii. 7. IX 42 n. n. b ditto.... 
 
 Ashbr, Tribe of Aser Galilee.. Joshua xix. 24 XVII. . 80w ditto.... 
 
 Ashkenaz or Aschenaz. . Armenia Minor. Gomer Japheth. Genesis x. 3.. 1 500 n Turkey.. 
 
 Ashkbnaz, Sea of Pontus Euxinus Gomer ditto.... Jer. li. 27 1 600 n Turkey 
 
 & Russia 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 33.3038.30 Asia 
 
 40.2043.30 ditto 
 
 39.40 43. 50 Agri Daugh ditto.. Mahou. .. On this mount the Ark rested after the Deluge, and from 
 
 thence the descendants of Noah peopled the earth. 
 
 31. 29 33. 15 El-Khalyl ditto . . Damascus The place of Abraham and Isaac's sojourning. 
 
 11. 29 35. 15 El-Khalyl ditto., ditto See Above. 
 
 52.4235. 9Abay ditto.. Akka 
 
 52. 3 35. 12 ditto . . Damascus A boundary town. 
 
 52.59 3G. El Hosn ditto., ditto This place was under the government of one of Solomon's 
 
 purveyors. 
 
 52. 50 36. Djolan ditto . . ditto The cities of which were taken by the Israelites. 
 
 51. 47 - 35. 19 El-Khodes, 
 
 Khoddes, or 
 
 El-Gootz ditto . . ditto Ancient capital of the East, and birthplace of Solomon. 
 
 51. 59 34. 55 Ramla ditto . . Gaza The birthplace of Joseph, a disciple of Christ. 
 
 54. 30 36. 10 Arka ditto . . Tripoli. . . A colony of Canaan, a son of Ham. 
 
 52.40 35.10 ditto.. Akka .... See Megiddo. 
 
 40.2043.30 ditto See Mount Ararat. 
 
 51. 49 36. 16 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 32.2536. 5 ditto., ditto These waters are said to have divided, as did those of the 
 
 Red Sea, affording a dry passage to the Israelites. 
 
 51. 40 - 35. 50 W. el Modjeb. . . ditto . . ditto See above. 
 
 52. 136. 2 Ayra ditto . . ditto A city built by the children of Gad. 
 
 II. 28 -36. 1 Arayer ditto . . Tripoli ... A city which David smote. 
 
 54. 7, 36. 25 Reflneh ditto . . ditto A place of the grossest idolatry. 
 
 5/^30 36. 25 ditto ditto . . ditto Ditto. 
 
 ditto . . Koordistn A colony of Arphaxad, a son of Sherc. 
 
 34. 50 35. 47 Rouad ditto . . Damascus Celebrated for its shipping in the time of Solomon. 
 
 31.32 35. 8 ditto., ditto A place under the government of one of Solomon's pur- 
 veyors. 
 
 32. 835.21 ditto.. Gwa The place where Abimelech dwelt 
 
 31. 40 31. 37 Ascalaan ditto . . Gaza Taken by the tribe of Judah from the Philistines. 
 
 13. 6 35. 32 ditto . . ditto a city of the Levites. 
 
 31.3534.47 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 31.48 34.44 Shdood ditto., ditto Tl.is was a place of idol worship; and here the Philistines 
 
 E laced the Ark of the covenant in the temple of Daaron : and 
 ere Philip was found after the conversion of the Eunuch. 
 
 31. 48 35. 57 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 32. 26 35. 38 ditto . . Akka A boundary town of Manasseh. 
 
 33. 10 35. 20 ditto . . ditto One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 40. 036. ditto . . Auadoli . . Colony of Gomer. 
 
 36. 044. Black Sea Europe ditto 
 
 & Asia 
 
10 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Name, 
 
 .. , Distance nd 
 
 - J bearing fhm 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 AsiiKKtoir,or Askelon, or 
 
 Asealon, or Eshkelon . . Ascalon Simeon Canaan. . Judges xiv. 19 XIT. . . 37 w. b. s Palest. . 
 
 Ashnah Judah ditto Joshuaxv. 33. XII. .. 25 s.w ditto.... 
 
 Ashtaroth, or Beesh- 
 
 terah Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto ... . Gen. xiv. 5 .. XIII... 59n.e. b. n... ditto.... 
 
 Ashtaroth Carnaim Ditto ditto Gen. xiv. 5... XIII... 74 n. b ditto.... 
 
 Asia (proper) Ionia, jEolai, 
 
 Lydia AsiaMin. Acts xvi. 6 .. . XXIII. 500n.w Turkey, 
 
 Asia Minor Asia Minor Asia .... Acts xix. 31 . . XXIII. 550 n. w Turkey , 
 
 AsKELON,or Ashkelon,&c. Esbkelon, As- 
 calon Simeon Canaan. . Judges i. 18 . . XII. . . 37 w. b. s Palest. . 
 
 AssHUR.Assur, or Assyria Assyria Shem ... Genesisx.ll.il 1,600 e. b. n. .. Persia.. 
 
 Assos Assus Mysia AsiaMin. Acts xx. 13 .. XXIII. 632 n. w Turkey, 
 
 Atad, Floor of Benjamin .. . ditto .... Genesis 1. 10 . XI 22 e ditto. . . . 
 
 Ataroth, or Atroth Gad ditto.... Joshua xvi. 2 . XIV. . . 35 n. b. e ditto.... 
 
 Ataroth-adar, or Ata- 
 
 roth-Addah Ephraim . . . ditto .... Joshua xvi. 5 . X 17 w. w. b. w. . ditto. . . . 
 
 Athach Judah ditto.... 1 Sam. xxx. 30 XII. .. 19 s s. e ditto.... 
 
 Athens Athense Attica Greece.. Acts xvii. 15.. XXIII. 670 a. w. b. w. Greece . 
 
 Ather, Ether, or Etara Simeon .... Canaan.. Joshua xix. 7- XII. .. 32 s. w. b. w. 
 
 Atroth, or Ataroth Gad ditto Num. xxxii. 35 XI V. . . 35 n. b. e 
 
 Attalia Attalea,or01biaPamphylia. . Asia.... Actsxiv.25.. XXIII. 375 n. w. b. n. 
 
 Syria ... 
 Pairst . . 
 Turkey 
 
 Ava, or Iva Aria . 
 
 Aven, Plain of 
 
 Aven, or Bethaven , 
 
 Aven, on Beth-shemesh 
 
 AvEN,On,orBeth-shemesh Heliopolis . 
 
 . Cush ditto.... 2Kingsxvii.24 II 1,250 E.b.N. 
 
 , Damascus.. Syria, or 
 
 Aram. . Amos i. 5 . . . . XVIII. 100 n. e. b. .. 
 
 , Benjamin.. Canaan. . Hosea x. 8 .. XI 10 n. n. e 
 
 . Judah ditto .... 1 Sam. vi. 9 . . XII. . . 11 w. b. s. . . 
 
 . Gosben .... Egypt .. Ezek. xxx. 17. IV 240 w.s w..., 
 
 A vim 
 
 Avims, or Avites 
 
 Avites, or Avims 
 
 Avith, in Moab 
 
 Azekah Azeca. 
 
 Azem, or Ezem 
 
 Azmaveth, orBeth-azma- 
 veth 
 
 . Benjamin .. Canaan. . Josh, xviii. 23. XI 5n.e 
 
 . Judah ditto.... Deut. ii. 23 .. . XII. .. 40 s. s.w.... 
 
 . Judah ditto.... Joshua xiii. 3. XII. .. 40 s. s.w. ... 
 
 . Moab Edom . . 1 Chron. i. 46 . IV 140 s. b. e. . . 
 
 . Judah Canaan. . Joshua x. 10. . XII. . . 17 w. s. w. . . 
 
 . Simeon ditto Joshua xv. 29. XII. . . 44 s. w. b. w. 
 
 . Judah ditto Ezra ii. 24 XII. . . 14 e. s. e. . . . 
 
 . Judah ditto.... Joshuaxv. 4.. XII. .. 54 s.w. b. w. 
 
 . Zebulon ditto Joshua xix. 34 VIII.. . 63 n. b. e 
 
 Azmon Asamon 
 
 Aznoth-Tabor Azanoth 
 
 AOTH,Azotus,or Ashdod. Ashdod, Ash- 
 doth Dan ditto .... 1 Sam. . 1. ... XI.. . . , 30 w 
 
 A**a, or Gaza Gaza, Maima . . Simeon ditto .... Jer xxv 20 . . XII. . . 42 w. s. w. .. 
 
 , Persia.. 
 
 Turkey . 
 Syria .. . 
 Palest.. 
 Egypt.. 
 
 , Palest.. 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 ditto 
 
 , Arabia.. 
 
 Palest., 
 , ditto.... 
 
 ditto.... 
 ditto. . . . 
 ditto.... 
 
 ditto.... 
 ditto.... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. J I 
 
 31. 40 - 31. 37 Ascalaan Asia . . Gaza Taken by the tribe of Judah from the Philistines. 
 
 31.31 34. 59 ditto .. ditto 
 
 32. 34 36. 2 Beit el Ras ditto .. Damascus Here Chedorlaomer smote the Rephaims. 
 
 32. 44 36. 9 Tel Ashtereh .. ditto .. ditto The Rephaims, or Giants, defeated by Chedorlaomer. 
 
 38. 28. Smyrna ditto.. Anadoli . 
 
 38. 40 - 33. 30 Anadoli ditto . . ditto .... 
 
 31.40 31. 37 Ascalaan ditto.. Gaza Here Samson gave his marriage- feast, after which he pro- 
 pounded his riddle, and subsequently, in anger, slew thirty 
 of the Philistines. 
 
 37. 40 6a 20 Ai-Shur ditto .. Koordistn 
 
 39.32 26.30 Asso ditto .. Anadoli.. A port of Asia Minor, in which the gospel of Christ was so 
 
 generally diffused. 
 
 31.47 35.44 ditto.. Damascus Here the Israelites mourned over the body of Jacob for 
 
 seven days. 
 
 32. 4 35. 54 ditto . . ditto A boundary town between Gad and Reuben. 
 
 31. 56 35. 3 ditto . . Gaza A boundary town between Benjamin and Ephraim. 
 
 31. 31 35. 28 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 38. 5 23.33 Attini Europe W.Hellas. Here St. Paul found an altar, with an inscription "To the 
 
 unknown God," and took occasion to preach the Gospel. 
 
 31.31 34.48 Asia.. Gaza 
 
 35.5532. 5 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 Satali'e ditto .. Anadolia . Paul and Barnabas here took ship for Antioch, in Syria. 
 
 36.3059.50 ditto.. Balkh.... A place of captivity. 
 
 33. 15 36. 30 Djedour ditto .. Damascus Denounced by the prophet Amos. 
 
 31.55^35.24 ditto., ditto A place of idol worship. 
 
 31.46*35. 6 ditto.. Gaza The Philistines sent the Ark of the Covenant to this place. 
 
 0. 10 31. 22 Matarich Africa . Bahari .. . Pharaoh gave Asenath, a daughter of the High-Priest of this 
 
 place, to Joseph. 
 
 11.51 35.24 Asia .. Damascus 
 
 11. 035. ditto.. Gaza Their country taken by the Israelites. 
 
 31. 035. ditto., ditto See above. 
 
 29. 20 35. 50 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 31. 40 35. ditto . . Gaza Here the Amorites were defeated by Joshua. 
 
 31.25 34.36 ditto., ditto 
 
 31. 43 35. 37 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 H. 14 34. 30 ditto . . ditto A boundary town between Judah and Arabia. 
 
 32. 48 -~ 35. 33 Hottein ditto . . Akka A boundary town between Naphtali and Zebulon. 
 
 l. 48 34. 44 Shdood ditto.. Gaza See Ashdod. 
 
 ill. 31 - 34. 35 Rasse, or Razze. ditto .. ditto This was the capital of the country of the Philistine*. 
 
12 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripts 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Distance and 
 ' ' bearing from 
 
 'P' Jerusalem. 
 
 Baal, High Places of Reuben 
 
 Baal-Bereth Ephraim . . . 
 
 Baal, or Baalath-Beer Simeon .... 
 
 Baalah, or Baalath Dan 
 
 Baalah, Mount Dan 
 
 Baalath-Beer, or Baal Simeon 
 
 Baale, Kirjath-baal, or 
 Kirjatb jearim, &c Judab . 
 
 Baal-gad, Mountain and 
 Town of Asber . 
 
 Baal-hamon, or Baal- 
 
 hermon Manassch, 
 
 byd. Jordan 
 
 Baal-hazor Ephraim... 
 
 Baal-hermon, or Baal- 
 hamon Mnnasseh, 
 
 .,, , -.r. byd. Jordan 
 
 Baalah, or Bilhah, or Kir- 
 jath-jearim, or Baal Judah 
 
 Baal-meon, Bajitb, or 
 Beon Reuben .... 
 
 B aal-peor, or Beth-peor Reuben .... 
 
 Baal-perazim Judah 
 
 Baal-shalisha, Beth- 
 shalisiia, or Shalisha Ephraim... 
 
 Canaan. 
 
 ditto 
 , ditto..., 
 . ditto.... 
 . ditto.... 
 . ditto..., 
 
 . ditto..., 
 
 . ditto..., 
 
 ditto..., 
 ditto 
 
 ditto..., 
 ditto 
 
 ditto..., 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto..., 
 
 Baal-tamar Benjamin... ditto.... Judges xx. 33. XI 
 
 Baal-zephon Cly 8ina, or Kol- 
 
 zum Red Sea.... Shur, or 
 
 Etham . Exodus xiv. 2. IV.. 
 
 Babel, or Babylon Babylon Babylonia, 
 
 or Chaldea. Kingd. of 
 
 Nimrod Genesis xi. 9.. II.. 
 
 Babylon, or Babel Babylon Babylonia, 
 
 rCl " 
 
 
 35 e. 
 23 N. 
 
 
 
 Pales 
 
 Judges viii. 33 X 
 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 1 Chron. iv. 33 XII . . 
 
 39 w 
 
 s 
 
 w. .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 Joshua xv. 9. XI.... 
 
 27w 
 
 b 
 
 s ... 
 
 ditto 
 
 Joshua xv. 11. XI 
 
 26 w 
 
 b 
 
 8.... 
 
 ditto 
 
 Joshua xix. 8. XII... 
 
 . 39w 
 
 s 
 
 W... 
 
 ditto 
 
 2 Sam. vi. 2.. XII.. 
 
 8w 
 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Joshuaxii.7-- VII .. 
 SofSol.viii.il XIII. 
 
 106 N. 
 97 N. 
 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 b. 
 
 E. ... 
 
 ditto 
 
 2 Sam. xiii. 23 X 
 
 ION. 
 
 H. 
 
 E.... 
 
 ditto 
 
 S.ofSol.viii.llXIIL. 
 
 . 97 N. 
 
 b. 
 
 E. ... 
 
 ditto 
 
 
 . 8W 
 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Num.xxxii.38XIV.. 
 
 . 39 e. 
 
 b. 
 
 N.... 
 
 ditto 
 
 Num. xxv. 3 . . XIV. . 
 
 . 49 e. 
 . 3w 
 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 2 Sam. v. 20.. XII.. 
 
 s 
 
 W... 
 
 ditto 
 
 2 Kings iv. 42. X.... 
 
 . 29 N. 
 
 N 
 
 w... 
 
 ditto 
 
 Judges xx. 33. XI.... 
 
 . 10 N. 
 
 w 
 
 b. w 
 
 . ditto 
 
 190 s. w Egyp 
 
 or Chaldea. ditto.... 2Kingsxvii.24 II.. 
 
 . 475 E.. 
 . 475 E.. 
 
 . Turk 
 
 Babylonia, or Chaldea.. Babylonia * Shem... Daniel iii. 1 . . II 500 e ditto 
 
 Baca, Valley of Benjamin.. Canaan. . Ps. lxxxiv. 6. . XI 7 s. w Pales 
 
 Bahurim Benjamin., ditto.... 2 Sam. xvi.5.. XI 4e ditto 
 
 Bajith, Baalmeon, or 
 
 Beon Reuben.... ditto.... Isaiah xv.2.. XIV... 39E.b. n ditto 
 
 Bamoth, or Bamoth-baal Reuben ditto Num.xxi.19.. XIV... 35 e. b. s ditto 
 
 Bamoth-baal, orBamoth Reuben .... ditto.... Joshua xiii. 17 XIV. . . 35 e. b. s ditto 
 
 Bashan Batanea.. 
 
 , Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... Num. xxi. 33 . XIII.. . 70 n . e. b. n. . ditto 
 
 Bashan-Havoth-jair Ditto ditto Deut. iii. 14.. . XIII... 70 n. n. e ditto 
 
 Bashan, Hill of Ditto ditto.... Ps lxviii.15.. XIII... 75 n. n. e ditto 
 
 Bsaloth Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 24. XII .. . 41 s. s. w ditto 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 13 
 
 }&. JSt **** Quarter. *g~~ \ ***. 
 
 31.50 'Ab. 5" Asia.. Damascus See Abarira (mountains of). 
 
 32. 14 35. 20 d'tto . . ditto A place of idol worship. 
 
 31. 29 34. 39 Baalah ditto.. Gaza 
 
 31.41 34.49 ditto., ditto Boundary town between Judah and Benjai 
 
 31.42-34.53 ditto., ditto 
 
 31.2934.39 ditto., ditto 
 
 31. 48 35. 9 ditto . . Damascus See Kirjath-jearim. 
 
 33. 33 35. 31 ditto . . Akka. .... A northern boundary of the Canaanites. 
 
 33. 20 35. 43 ditto . . Damascus At this place Solomon had vineyards. 
 
 31.5835.25 ditto., ditto Here Absolom killed Ammon. 
 
 33. 20 35. 48 ditto . . ditto A primitive dwelling of the Hivites. 
 
 31. 58 35. 9 ditto . . ditto A boundary town between Benjamin and Judah. 
 
 31.54 35. 9 Myoum ditto., ditto A fenced city built by the children of Gad. A place of idolatry. 
 
 11. 46 35. 16 ditto . . ditto Here Balaam came to curse Israel. 
 
 31. 45 35. 15 ditto . . Akka . . . Here David smote the Philistines. 
 
 32.1234. 3 ditto., ditto The inhabitants of this place sent provisions to Elisha at 
 
 Gilgal. South of this place stood Micah's house of idolatry. 
 
 31. 52 35. 9 ditto . . Damascus Here the Israelites smote the Benjamites. 
 
 30. 32. 30 Near Suez Africa. Vostani.. Over against this place the Israelites pitched their tents pre- 
 vious to passing through the Red Sea. 
 
 32.10 44.30 Hillah Asia.. Bagdad.. Here the Lord confounded the language of the children of 
 
 Noah, during the building of the Tower of Babel. 
 
 32. 10 44. 30 ditto ditto., ditto The sire occupied by the Tower of Babel, which afterwards 
 
 became the royal city of the kings of Assyria, and eventually 
 a place of captivity to the children of Israel under Shal 
 maneser. 
 
 32. 046. IrakArabi ditto.. IrakArabi 
 
 31.4535.15 ditto.. Damascus Celebrated for the growth of mulberry trees. 
 
 31.4735.26 ditto., ditto At this place Shimei cursed David. 
 
 31. 5436. 9 Myoum ditto . . ditto See Baal-meon. 
 
 31.4335.57 ditto., ditto An encampment of the Israefites. 
 
 31.43 35. t>7 ditto., ditto See Bamoth. 
 
 32. 45 35. 55 Kanneytra and 
 
 Djolan ditto., ditto Celebrated for the growth of oak trees. 
 
 32. 50 35 50 ditto., ditto The whole of the cities in this country were taken by J a, 
 
 the son of Mauasseh. 
 
 83. 35. 55 Djebel Heish .. ditto., ditto 
 
 81. 11 34. 53 ditto . . Gaza A boundary town between Judah and Dan. 
 
14 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 
 
 Modtrt, 
 Country 
 
 Beer, or Beer-Elim. . 
 Beer, or Beeroth 
 
 Beer-Elim, or Beer .. 
 Bber-la-hai-koi 
 
 Beeroth 
 
 Beeroth 
 
 Beeroth, Beer, or Beroth 
 
 Beersheba, or Sheba ... Bersabe.or Ber- 
 ziumia 
 
 Beersheba, Wilderness 
 of Simeon .... ditto.. 
 
 Beeshterah, or Ashta- 
 roth 
 
 . Moab Arabia. 
 
 . Benjamin .. Canaan. 
 
 , Moab Arabia. 
 
 , Moab Canaan. 
 
 . Naphtali... ditto... 
 
 , Shur Arabia . 
 
 , Benjamin... Canaan. 
 
 Simeon ditto . . . 
 
 Num. xxi. 16 . IV.. 
 Judges ix. 31. XL. 
 
 Isaiah xv. 18 .IV.... 
 . Gen. xvi. 14... XII. . 
 
 Josh, xviii. 25. VII. . 
 
 Deut. x.6.... XL... 
 
 Joshua ix. 17 XL... 
 
 Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto . . 
 
 Bela, or Zoar Zoara, or Segor. Judah ditto . . 
 
 Gen. xxi. 33 . . XII. . . 
 Gen. xxi. 14 . . XII. . . 
 
 . Joshua xxi. 27 XIIL. 
 . Gen. xiv. 2 .. XII. . 
 
 45 s. B. b. e.. 
 
 Syria . 
 
 15 N 
 
 Palest. 
 
 45 s. e. b. E.. 
 
 . Syria . 
 
 51 s. w. b. w. 
 
 . Palest 
 
 SlN.b. E.... 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 70 n. b. e 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 15 N. b. E.... 
 
 . Syria . 
 
 52 s.w. b. w. 
 
 Palest. 
 
 52 s.w. b. w. . ditto... 
 
 Bene-berak 
 
 Bene-jaakan, or Banea . Medeia . 
 
 Benjamin, Tribe of 
 
 Beon, Baal-meon, or Ba- 
 jith 
 
 Berachah, Valley of 
 
 Berea Beroea.. 
 
 . Dan ditto 
 
 . Shur Arabia.. 
 
 . Judea Canaan. . 
 
 , Reuben .... ditto.... 
 
 , Judah ditto 
 
 , Mace- 
 donia. . 
 
 Josh. xix. 45.. XL. 
 Num. xxxiii.31 IV.. 
 Josh, xviii. 11. XL. 
 
 Beuotha, Berotbai, or 
 Chun Barathena . 
 
 Besor, or Bezor, River, or 
 Brk. of the Wilderness . . 
 
 . Simeon Canaan. 
 
 . Syria Zobah . . 
 
 , Syria ditto.... 
 
 . Simeon Canaan. 
 
 Num.xxxii.38XIV... 
 2 Chron. xx. 26 XII. . . 
 
 Acts xvii. 10. . XXIII. 
 
 Genesis xvi.14 XII. .. 
 
 Ezek. xlvii. 16. XIX... 
 
 2 Sam. viii. 8 . XIX. . . 
 
 1 Sam. xxx. 10 XII. . . 
 
 64 n. e. b. n. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 50 8.E. D. S. . 
 
 . Arabia 
 
 26 w. n. w. .. 
 
 . Syria. 
 
 155 s. w 
 
 . Arabia 
 
 North .... 
 
 . Syria. 
 
 39B.b.w... 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 20 s. e. b. s.. 
 
 . Palest 
 
 Is N. w 
 
 . Turkey 
 
 40 s. w. b. s.. 
 
 . Palest. 
 
 130 E.N. B 
 
 . Turkey 
 
 130 E. N.E 
 
 . ditto... 
 
 44 w. S. w 
 
 . Palest. 
 
 Besor, or Bezor, Wilder- 
 ness of, or Desert Simeon . 
 
 Betah, or Tibhath Bathne Hul 
 
 ditto .... 1 Sam. xxx. 10 XII. . . 44 w. s. i 
 Ham. ... 2 Sam. viii 8 . XIX . . 138 n. e. 
 
 , ditto... 
 , Turkey 
 
 Beten Beheteu,or Bat- 
 
 nai, or Ecta- 
 
 tana of Pliny. Asher Canaan. . Joshua xix. 25 VII. . . 59 n 
 
 Bethabara, or Bethany 
 beyond Jordan Reuben ditto John i. 28.... XIV... 24 e. n. 
 
 Palest, 
 ditto... 
 
 Bbthant Bethanea Benjamin., ditto.... Matt. xxL19.. XI 33 e. b. n ditto... 
 
 Beth-arabah, or Arabah, 
 or Beth-barah Benjamin . . ditto 
 
 Joshua xv. 6. . XI 17 e. b. s. . . 
 
 Betharbel, or Arbel Arbela Asher ditto Hosea x. 14 . . VII. ... 56 n. b. w.. . 
 
 Bethanath Judah ditto .... Joshua xix. 3S XII. . . 14 s 
 
 . ditto.. 
 , ditto.. 
 , ditto.., 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 36.15 Asia .. Damascus Here the Israelites halted and Bang praises after finding 
 
 water. 
 
 - 33. 22 Beer ditto . . ditto Here Jotham, the son of Jerubbaal, secreted himself from his 
 
 brother Abimelech, who sought to slay him. 
 
 . 36. 15 ditto . . ditto See Beer, or Beer-Elira. 
 
 Bere an Angel appeared 
 who was called ishmael. 
 
 34. 30 dii to . . Gaza Here an Angel appeared unto Hagar, and promised her a son, 
 
 -' lsbr --' 
 
 6-35.37 ditto.. Akka 
 
 32. 47 ditto . . ditto An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 2 35. 22 Beer ditto . . Damascus See Beer, or Beroth. 
 
 18 34. 52 Bir es-Seba .... ditto .. Gaza Here Abram planted a grove and built an altar after his cove- 
 nant with Abimelech the king of Gerar, to whom he repre- 
 sented his wife Sarah to be his sister. 
 
 18 34. 29 ditto., ditto Here the Angel appeared unto Hagar in her distress, and 
 
 pointed out a spring of water, and promised to bless the lad 
 lshmael, and to make him a great nation. 
 
 34 36. 2 Beit el Ras ditto .. Damascus City of the Levites.-See Ashtaroth. 
 
 5 35.45 Sazfye ditto., ditto One of the cities of the Plain, and from it Lot and his two 
 
 daughters fled previous to its destruction by fire from heaven. 
 
 5734.52 ditto .. Gaza 
 
 5033. 8 ditto . . El-Tieh . . A station of the Israelites. 
 
 55 35. 20 ditto .. Damascus One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 5436. 9 Myoum ditto., ditto A place of idolatry. 
 
 3035.30 Europe ditto The place of thanksgiving of Jehoshaphat and his army after 
 
 they had defeated the Moabites in Seir. 
 
 15 22. 28 Karaferia, or Ve- 
 
 Asia . . Roumelia. Here Paul and Silas preached. 
 . ditto .. Gaza See Beer-la-hai-roi. 
 
 4837.25 ditto . Damascus 
 
 48 37. 25 ditto . . ditto David conquered this city, and found great treasures of brass. 
 
 30 34. 33 Oa-di Gaza ditto .. Gaza Here David met with an Egyptian who conducted him to the 
 
 army of the Amalekites, which he afterwards destroyed with 
 400 men and gained back the spoil previously taken from the 
 Philistines and Judah. 
 
 30 34. 33 ditto . . ditto 
 
 15 - 37. 12 ditto . . Aleppo . 
 
 1 47 -35. 16 ditto.. Akka 
 
 L 57 35. 54 t ditto .. Damascus Here John baptized our liOrd, and it is supposed by many to 
 
 be the identical spot on which the ark rested, while the 
 Israelites passed over under the command of Joshua. 
 
 L48 35. 23 Bethany ditto., ditto This was the abode of Lazarus and his sisters, Martha and 
 
 Mary, and here Christ cursed the barren fig-tree. 
 
 I 44 _ 35. 39 Irbid ditto . . ditto A boundary town between Benjamin and Judah. 
 
 ?. 42 35. 9 ditto . . Akka Denounced by the prophet Hosea. 
 
 I w a*. 19 ditto . . Damascus A fenced city. 
 
IK 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scriptur 
 
 Scripture No of 
 
 Reference. Map. 
 
 
 Bethanim 
 
 Bktu-aram, or Betbaran. Livias 
 
 Beth-aran, or Betbaram 
 
 Bbth-aven, or Aven Betbaveu . 
 
 Beth-aye:*, Wilderness of . 
 
 Bbth-azmaveth, or A2- 
 mavetb 
 
 Beth-baal-meon, Baal- 
 meon, or Bajitb 
 
 Beth-bakah, Arabah, or 
 Betb-arabah 
 
 . Judab Canaan. . Josbuai. 14.. XII.... 17 s. s. w 
 
 .Gad ditto... Joshua xiii.27. XIV. .. 39 if. k 
 
 .Gad ditto ... Joshua xiii.27. XIV. .. 39 n. k 
 
 .Benjamin., ditto ... Joshua vii. 2.. XI 10 if. n. e 
 
 Benjamin., ditto ... Josh, xviii. 12. XII.... 13 if. N. .... 
 
 . Judab ditto... Nebem. vii. 28 XII.... 9i.s.i.. 
 
 .Reuben ... ditto ... Joshua xiii. 17 XIV. .. 40k. b.w.... 
 
 . Benjamin ditto .. . Judges vii. 24. XI 17 e. b. s 
 
 . Palest 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 Beth-birbi . 
 Beth-cab . . . 
 
 Simeon .... ditto... 1 Chron.iv.31. XII.... 38 w. s. w. .. ditto., 
 ditto .. . 1 Sam. vii. 11 . XI 21 w. b. s. . . . ditto. . 
 
 , Dan... 
 . Asher . 
 
 ditto .. . Joshua xix. 27 VII. .. . 62 v. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 Beth-dagon 
 
 Beth-ecad, or Beth-acad 
 
 Beth dibliathim, Dibla- 
 thaim, or Diblatha Diblatha ., 
 
 Bethel, Luz Bethel..., 
 
 . Judah ditto .. . Joshua xv. 41. XII. . . 12 s. w. b. w.. ditto. . 
 
 . Manasseh.. ditto ... Joshua xix. 8. IX 32 if ditto.. 
 
 . Reuben .... ditto... Jer. xlviii.22. XIV... 44 e. b. s ditto.. 
 
 . Epbraim... ditto ... Gen. xxviii.19. X 12 n. b. w ditto.. 
 
 Bethel, Mountains of Benjamin., ditto... 1 Sam. xiii. 2 . XI 15 if. b. w ditto., 
 
 Bethel, Wilderness of . , 
 Bethel, or Luz , 
 
 , Benjamin . . ditto .. . 1 Sam. xiii. 2. . XII. . . 15 if . b. w ditto. , 
 
 , Benjamin . . ditto .. . Genesis xii. 8. XI 7 n. . .' ditto. . 
 
 Beth-bmek 
 
 Betueb, Mountains of.. Betaris . 
 Sethesda, Pool of 
 
 . Zebulon .... ditto .. . Joshua xix. 27 VIII.. . 62 if ditto . 
 
 . Ephraim.... ditto ... S. of Sol. ii.l/. X 12 if. w. b.N.. ditto., 
 
 , Jerusalem., ditto... John v. 2 XI ditto.. 
 
 Betu-hoglah Bethagla Benjamin .. ditto... Joshua xv. 6.. XI 16 k ditto., 
 
 Beth-gamdl Reuben .... ditto... Jer. xlviii. 23 . XIV. . . 54 a. b. s ditto-. 
 
 Bbth-haccerem Herodium Judah ditto... Nebem. iii. 14. XII. .. 15 s. s. k ditto.. 
 
 Bbth-hobon Upper Bether Ephraim.... ditto... Joshua xvi. 5 . X 29 n. n.w ditto.. 
 
 Beth-horon, Nether. . . . Bether Ephraim. . . . ditto. . . 1 Sam. xiii. 18. X 12 if. w. b. if. . ditto. . 
 
 Beth-jeshimoth Bethsimath. ... Gad ditto... Num.xxxiii.49 XIV. .. 25 b ditto.. 
 
 Bethlehem, Bethlehem- 
 Ephratah, Benjamin- 
 
 Judah, orEphratb Bethlehem Judah ditto... 2Chron. xi.6. XII. .. 6 s ditto.. 
 
BENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Modern Xame. Quarter. 
 
 Pushalic 
 
 (1.3135. 8 
 
 12 12 35. 56 El-Uerath.. 
 12. 12 35. 56 El-Herath. . 
 II. 55 35.24 
 
 11.58 35.28 
 
 11.43-35.37 
 
 II. 51 36. 5 Myoum . 
 11.44-35.39 
 
 II. 34 - 34. 38 
 II. 42 34. 56 
 
 12. 49 - 35. 14 . 
 
 1. 42 - 35. 7 
 B. 19 - 35. 17 
 
 XL 38 36. 5 
 H. 58 35. 16 . 
 
 . Asia .. Damascus 
 
 . ditto., ditto 
 
 , ditto., ditto 
 
 ditto., ditto From this place Joshua sent the spies to Ai, which city he 
 
 afterwards subdued. 
 
 . ditto., ditto Near here the bears destroyed the children that derided Elisha. 
 
 . ditto., ditto 
 
 . ditto., ditto See Baalmeon. 
 
 ditto., ditto Gideon took possession of the countries between this place and 
 
 Jordan, in order to attack the Midianites. -See also Beth- 
 arnbah. 
 
 . ditto.. Gaza..... 
 
 . Asia .. ditto The Philistines subdued by the Israelites at this place. 
 
 . ditto.. Akka .... A boundary town between Asher and Syria; also a place of 
 idol worship. 
 
 . ditto . . Damascus 
 
 . ditto.. Akka 
 
 , ditto, 
 , ditto 
 
 , Damascus A station of the Israelites. 
 
 , ditto Here Jacob dreamed that he saw a ladder, &c. and set up his 
 
 pillow of stone, as a pillar of testimony of his vow to the 
 
 12. 10 35. 20 ditto . . ditto. 
 
 B. 10 - 35. 20 . 
 II. 58 35. 15 . 
 
 , ditto. 
 , ditto. 
 
 . ditto 
 , ditto 
 
 pi. 43 35. 38 Ain Hajla. . 
 
 81.46 36.14 
 
 81.34 35.27 
 
 b-2. 14 35. 8- 
 
 Bl.56 35. 10 
 
 81.47.-35.48 
 
 , ditto.. 
 . ditto.. 
 . ditto. 
 . ditto. 
 
 . ditto. 
 . ditto. 
 
 At this place Saul, with 2000 chosen men, defeated the Philis- 
 tine army, which consisted of 30,000 chariots, 6000 horsemen 
 and an innumerable host of footmen- 
 
 , ditto Between this place and Hai Abram pitched his tents, and 
 
 built an altar. And here Jeroboam erected a molten gold 
 calf for idolatrous worship. 
 
 , Akka .... A boundary town between Naphtali and Asher. 
 
 . Gaza. 
 
 , Damascus This was a pool in Jerusalem, which at certain seasons had its 
 waters troubled by an angel, and tbe first person stepping in 
 after that troubling was healed of whatever disease he had. 
 And here Christ performed a miraculous cure on a man who 
 had been waiting thirty eight years. 
 
 .jitto A boundary town between Benjamin and Judah. 
 
 ditto. . 
 ditto. . 
 ditto. 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 A Levitical city. Also a boundary town between Epbraim ana 1 
 Judah. 
 
 ditto An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 U. 40 35. 20 Beitlehem, or 
 
 Bait-el-le-hem ditto., ditto...., 
 
 A fortified city built by Jeroboam. 
 
18 GENERAL INDEX* 
 
 XZZ, *"""'* 
 
 Bethlehem-Ephbatah, 
 Bethlehem, or Bethle- 
 hem- J udah, or Ephrath. Bethlehem Judah Canaan.. Micah v. 2. 
 
 Matt. ii. 5, 6. . XII.... 6 s.. 
 
 Bbthlbhem Zebulon ... ditto.... ISam. xvi.4. . VIII.. 5/ N Syria. 
 
 Bethlehem, Desert of Judah ditto.... 1 Sam. xvi.4.. XII.... 8s. w ditto.. 
 
 BETHLBABOTH.orLeaboth Simeon .... ditto.... Joshua xix. 6. XII. ... 38 w. s. w.... ditto.. 
 
 Bethmiho, or Ho, of ...-. 
 
 Millo Ephraim... ditto.... Judges ix.6.. X 23 n ditto.. 
 
 Beth-maachah, or Abel- , w _ ___ ' 
 
 beth-maachah Maacath Naphtali . . . ditto .... 2 Sam. xx. 14 . VII. ... 86 n. b. k ditto. . 
 
 Beth-marcaboth Dan ditto.... 1 Chron.iv.31. XII.... 34w.b. s ditto.. 
 
 Beth-meow, or Baalmeon Reuben .... ditto.... Jer. xlviii. 23 . XIV. . . 40 e. b. if.... ditto.. 
 
 Beth-nimrah, Nimrah, _ . . . . ,. M .. _, T , r 
 
 orNimrim Bethnabris Gad ditto.... Num.xxxn.36. XIV. . . 30 e. n. k ditto.. 
 
 Bethonnaba, Nob, or 
 
 Nobah Nob Benjamin., ditto.... lSam.xxi.1-9. XI .... 13 w. b.w ditto.. 
 
 Beth palet, or Beth- A . __ _ . . _ T _ MM . 
 
 phelet Judah ditto .... Joshua xv. 2/. XII. ... 44 s. w. b. w. . ditto. . 
 
 Beth-fazzez lssachar ditto Joshua xix. 21 VIII.. . 43 n. b. x ditto.. 
 
 Beth-peob, or Baal-peor Reuben ditto .... Deut. iv. 46 . . XIV. . . 49 e ditto. . 
 
 Bbth-phaoe..... Benjamin., ditto.... Matt. xxi. 1.. XI 2 k. b. n ditto.. 
 
 Bbth-behob, or Rehob Asher ditto.... Jud. xviii. 2S . VII.... 99 w ditto.. 
 
 Beth-behob, Valley of Asher ditto.... Numb.xiii.21. VII.... 99 n ditto-. 
 
 Bethsaida of Galilee.... Jubas Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... Mark viii. 22 . XIII . . 98 ft. b. k Palest 
 
 Beth-s aida, or Chorazin Naphtali . . . ditto .... Mark vi. 45 . . VII. ... 68 n. b. e Syria. 
 
 Beth-shalisha, Baal- ,,..,. 
 
 shalisha, or Shalisha .. Bethsalisa Ephraim.... ditto 2 Kings iv. 42. X 29 n. n. w ditto.. 
 
 Beth-shan, or Beth- 
 
 shean Scythopohs, 
 
 Nysa lssachar .... ditto .... ISam. xxxi.10. VIII.. . 46 w. n. e ditto. . 
 
 Beth-shean, or Beth- 
 
 shan Scythopohs, 
 
 Nysa Issacbftr.... ditto 1 Kings iv. 12. IX 46 n. w. ditto.. 
 
 Bethshemesh Manasseh.. ditto.... ISam. vi. 9.. IX 42 n. n. w ditto.. 
 
 Beth-shemesh Naphtali... ditto Joshua xix.38. VII .. . 69 ditto.. 
 
 Bethshemesh, On, or _. ,. . 
 
 Aven Heliopolis . . . . Egypt Ham.... Isa. xhv. 13 . . IV 220 w. s. w ditto.. 
 
 liBTH-SHEMESH, or Aven Judah, or 
 
 Benjamin . Canaan. . 1 Sam. vi. 9 . . XII. .. . 11 w. b. s ditto. . 
 
 Bbth-shittah Mauasseh.. ditto.... Judges vii. 22. IX 36 n. n. e ditto.. 
 
 Bbth-tappuah Beth-tapphu .. . Judah ditto Joshua xv. 33 . XII. ... 57 s. w. b. w. Palest. 
 
 Bethuel, or Bethul Simeon.... ditto IChron. iv.30. XII ... 36 w. s. w.... ditto.. 
 
 Bethul, or Bethuel Simeon .... ditto Joshua xix. 4. XII... . 36 w. s. w.... ditto... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 19 
 
 Modern .Yme. 
 
 31. 40 35. 20 Beitlebem, or 
 
 Bait-el-le-hem Asia.. Damascus Thb birth-place op our Saviour. The city of David 
 
 Here David was crowned king, by Samuel. 
 
 22.43 35.16 ditto.. Akka Ibzan, a judge of Israel, was buried here. 
 
 31.40 35.25 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 31.32 34.40 ditto.. Gaza 
 
 32. 10 35. 22 ditto . . ditto Here Abimelech was made king. 
 
 33.10 35.40 ditto.. Akka .... This city was taken from the Israelites under Baasha, by Be*. 
 
 hadad, king of Syria.-See Abel of Beth -Maachah. 
 
 31.3834.42 T. ditto.. Gaza 
 
 31.51 36. 5 Myoum ditto.. Damascus See Baal-meon. 
 
 32. 035.51 Ncmrin ditto., ditto A fenced city, and city of the Levites. 
 
 31. 51 35. 2 ditto . . Gaza A city of the Priests. Here Abimelech, the Priest, furnished 
 
 bread, and the sword of Goliah to David, when he was pur 
 sued by Saul. 
 
 81.17 34.35 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 32.2836.2" ditto.. Akka.... 
 
 81. 46 36. 16 ditto . . Damascus See Baal-peor. 
 
 31.4735. 22 ditto., ditto From this place Christ made the triumphant entry into Jera- 
 
 salem, predicted by the prophet Zechariah, ch. ix. 9. 
 
 S3. 25 35. 31 ditto . Akka .... A city of the Levites. 
 
 33.2035.30 ditto., ditto..... 
 
 32. 55 35.46 ditto.. Damascus At this place Christ restored sight to a blind man. 
 
 32. 52 35.37 Baitsada ditto.. Akka Denounced by Christ, on account of the unbelief of its inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 32.1235. 3 ditto., ditto The inhabitants of this place sent provisions to the prophet 
 
 Elisha at Giigal. See Baalshalisha. 
 
 32. 28 35. 43 Bisan, or Biesan ditto . . ditto A principal city of the Decapolis. -The bodies of Saul and his 
 
 three sons were fastened to the walls of this city by the 
 Philistines. 
 
 82. 28 35. 43 Bisan ditto., ditto ITnder the government of one of Solomon's purveyors. See 
 
 above. 
 
 32.3234.59 ditto., ditto A fenced city, and a city of the Levites. 
 
 31.55 35.15 ditto., ditto The Philistines sent the ark of the covenant to this place.- S<e 
 
 Aven. 
 
 30. 1031. 19 Matarieh ditto An idolatrous city of Egypt. 
 
 31.46 35. 00 Ain Shems ditto.. Gaza See Aven. 
 
 32. 29 35. 22 Shut ta ditto.. Akka The Midianites, &c. fled to this place when pursued bv Gideon. 
 
 31. 30 35. 4 Teff"h ditto . . Gaza A boundary town ; the South of Judah towards Edom. 
 
 31.3634.38 ditto., ditto 
 
 SI. 36 34.38 ditto., ditto 
 
 k 2 
 
20 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Distance and 
 bearing frum 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Bbthzur. 
 
 Betonim . 
 
 Bezbk 
 
 Bezek ... 
 
 Bethsura Judah Canaan. . 2 Chron. xi. 7- XII. .. 5 s. s. w. .. Palest 
 
 , Gad ditto.... Joshua xiii. 26 XIV... 52 w. e. b. e. ditto.. 
 
 , Besec Manasseh.. ditto.... 1 Sam. xi. 8.. . IX 39 s. . k. .. ditto.. 
 
 Judah ditto.... Judges i. 4... XII. .. 6 a. b. w. ... ditto.. 
 
 Bezer, or Bozrah, in the 
 
 Wilderness Reuben.... ditto.... Deut. iv. 43.. . XIV... 50 e. b. s ditto.. 
 
 Bbzob, or Besor, Brook of Simeon .... ditto.... 1 Sam. xxx. 10 XII. . . 44w.o.w.... ditto.. 
 
 Bezob, Wilderness of. Simeon ditto.... 1 Sam. xxx 10X11. .. 44w.s.w.... Syria. 
 
 Bileam, or Gathrimmon Manasseh . . ditto .... 1 Chron. vi. 70 IX 39 w. b. w. . . . ditto. . 
 
 Bilhah, or Baalah, or 
 
 Kirjath-jearim, &c Judah ditto.... 1 Chron. vi. 29 XII. . . 8w ditto.. 
 
 Bithrok, Land of Bethar Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... 2 Sam. ii. 29. . XIII.. . 60 n. e. b. e. ditto. . 
 
 Bithynia Asia Minor. Asia.... 1 Peter i. 1. .. XXIV. 570 n. n. w. .. Turkey 
 
 Bizjothjah Judah 
 
 Boan-ben-Reuben, or 
 Aben Bohan Benjamin . 
 
 Boaz, Field of Judah 
 
 Canaan. . Joshua xv. 28. XII. . . 45 
 
 ditto .... Josh, xviii. 17. XI 12 b. 
 
 ditto .... Ruth ii. 3 XII. . . S . 
 
 , Syria. 
 
 , ditto.., 
 , ditto.., 
 
 Bochim, Stone of Benjamin... ditto Judges ii. 1... XI 18 e. b. n ditto.. 
 
 Boscath, or Boskath Boscath Judah ditto 2 Kings xxii. 1 XII. . . 16 s. b. w ditto. . 
 
 Bozez, Rock of Benjamin . . ditto .... 1 Sam. xiv. 4. XI 7 n. w.. ditto. . 
 
 Bozkath, or Boscath Judea ditto Jo3hua xv. 39. XII. .. 
 
 Bozrah, orBostra Moab ditto.... Jer. xlviii. 24 XIV... 
 
 Bozrah, or Bosrah Arabia Edom Syria.... Gen. xxxvi. 33 XIX. . . 
 
 Buz (ncarTema) Edom Canaan.. Jer. xxv. 23... IV 
 
 Cabbon Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 10. XII .. 
 
 Cabul Cabul Asher ditto .... Joshua xix. 27 VII. . . 
 
 Cabul, Land of Cabul Asher ditto.... 1 Kings ix. 13. VII. .. 
 
 16 s.b. w ditto.., 
 
 15 e. h. s ditto.., 
 
 58 N. a. b. e. . Turkey 
 
 ditto.., 
 
 20 s. w Syria ., 
 
 74 n Palest. 
 
 80 w ditto.., 
 
 aim Judah^ ditto.... Joshua xv. 57. XII. . 
 
 alah Asshur Mesopo.. Genesis x. 11. II 
 
 Cai/bb-Efhratah, or 
 Caleb Judah 
 
 Caleb's Land . . 
 
 Canaan. . 1 Chron. ii. 24. XII. .. . 
 Judah ditto .... Joshua xv. 13. XII . . . 
 
 Calweh, Calno,orCanneh. Cetesphon Shinah Kinjrd. of 
 
 Nimrod Genesis x. 10. II. . 
 
 CALNO,Calneh, orCanneh Shinah ditto Isaiah x. 9... II... 
 
 alvary, Mount Golgotha Benjamin . . Judea .. . Luke xxiii. 33. XVI 
 
 ditto.., 
 
 600 n. e Turkey 
 
 30 s. s. w Palest. 
 
 30 s. s. w ditto.. 
 
 , 480 e. b. w Turkej 
 
 . 480 e. b. w ditto.. 
 
 e Palest 
 
 Cappadocia Cappadocia AsiaMin. Acts ii. 9 XXIII. 400 n. 
 
 Cajioh Camon . 
 
 . Turkey 
 
 Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. . Judges x. 5.. . XIII .. "6 w. e. b. n. Taleat 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 21 
 
 Lai. Long. 
 North East. 
 
 Modern Xame. 
 
 Quarter. 
 
 31.3335. 8 ed-Diiweh Asia .. Damascus A fortified city built by Rehoboam. 
 
 32. 19 36. 11 ditto . . ditto A boundary town between Gad and Reuben. 
 
 32. 23 35. 34 ditto . . Akka At this place the kingdom of Israel was confirmed to Saul. 
 
 31.41 35.17 ditto.. Damascus At this place Judah defeated the Canaanites and Perizzites, 
 
 and afterwards cut off the thumbs and great toes of Adoni- 
 bezek. 
 
 31. 35 36. 12 ditto . . ditto A city of refuge, and a city of the Levites. 
 
 31.3034.33 ditto.. Gaza See Besor. 
 
 31.30 34.33 ditto., ditto 
 
 32. 24 35. 8 ditto . . Akka A city of the Levites. 
 
 31. 48 36. 9 ditto . . Damascus . 
 
 32.40 :i6. ditto., ditto Joab passed through this place after pursuing Abner. 
 
 40. 30 38. 30 Kodjali and Boli. ditto .. Anadoli .. Paul and Timotheus, affer passing through Phrysria and Mysia, 
 
 assayed to go to this place, but the Spirit suffered them not. 
 
 31. 18 34.40 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 31. 47 - 
 31.38- 
 
 31. 52 - 
 31. 31 - 
 31.57- 
 
 31. 31 - 
 
 32. 27 - 
 30. 52 - 
 
 , ditto., ditto See Aben-Bohan. 
 
 i. 20 ditto .. ditto .. 
 
 i. 38 ditto., ditto.. 
 
 i. 19 ditto., ditto. 
 
 i. 13 ditto . . ditto . 
 
 >. 19 ditto .. ditto . 
 
 5. 47Boszra ditto., ditto AtownofMoab. 
 
 i. 43 el Busaireh ditto.. Arabia... A city of E dm. 
 
 Here Boaz first saw Ruth, who found favour with him. He 
 afterwards took her to be his wife. 
 
 The birthplace of Jedidah, Josiah's mother. 
 
 . This rock, and that of Seneh, formed a pass, which was called 
 the passage of Michmash, and here Jonathan anl his armour- 
 bearer smote twenty of the Philistines. Afterwards the lot 
 was cast between Saul and Jonathan. Near this place Sa- 
 muel anointed Saul to he king over Israel. 
 
 . See Boscath. 
 
 31.35- 
 33. 0- 
 33.10- 
 
 . ditto . 
 
 , ditto . 
 
 . ditto . 
 
 . ditto . 
 
 ditto A city in alliance with Tema and the princes of Edom. 
 
 Gaza # 
 
 Akka 
 
 ditto Given by Solomon to Hiram king of Tyre, for six score talents 
 
 of gold. 
 
 ditto. 
 
 I. 40 Akliat ditto . 
 
 Damascus 
 
 Aljezirah . Built by Asshur. 
 
 31. 15 - 
 31. 15 - 
 
 5 ditto.. Damascus Here Hezron, one of the judges of Isael, died. 
 
 5 ditto., ditto Caleb's field and tomb. 
 
 32.5045." Modain ditto.. Bagdad.. A city built by Nimrod. 
 
 32.50 45. Modain ditto., ditto See above. 
 
 , ditto.. Damascus This was the common place of execution in Judea, and hw 
 Christ was crucified. 
 
 35. 30 Roum ditto . . Anadoli . . A country visited by St. Paul. 
 
 36. 7 ditto . . Damascus J air, a judge of Israel, buried here. 
 
22 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Cana of Galilee, orKanah. Cana Zebulon Canaan.. John ii. 11. .. V11L. 
 
 s. b. e Palest 
 
 Canaan Chanaan ., 
 
 Canaanites Canaan.. 
 
 Canneh Shinah .. 
 
 , Canaan* 
 Phenicia Genesis x. 6. . III. V Turkey 
 
 , Ham Genesis xv. 21. HI Palest. 
 
 . 80 e. b. n Turkey 
 
 Kingd. of 
 Niinrod. Ezek.xxvii.23. II., 
 
 Capernaum Caphar-Nahum, 
 
 Capharnon... Napbtali ... 
 
 C&pharjama, or Jabnel Napbtali ... 
 
 Caphah-sorek Dan 
 
 Caphtor, Land of Egypt Mizraim.... 
 
 Caphtorim Egypt Mizraim.... 
 
 Carchemesh Circeium Padan-Aram 
 
 Caria Caria AsiaMinor. 
 
 Caria, Sea of Caria Asia Minor . 
 
 Cakmel Carmelia Judah 
 
 Canaan.. Mark i. 21.... VII... 70 n. b. e Palest. 
 
 ditto.... 2Chron.xxvi.6. VII.... 77 M. . e ditto... 
 
 ditto.... Judges xvi. 4. XI 24 s. w ditto... 
 
 Ham.... Deut. ii. 23 .. I. IV.. 230 w. s. w. .. L.Egyp 
 
 ditto .... Genesis x. 14 . I. IV. . 230 w. s. w . . . . ditto. . . 
 
 Mesopo.. Jer. xlvi. 2. .. II 300 n. e. b. e. . Turkey 
 
 Asia .... 1 Mac. xv. 23.. XXIII. 470 n.w ditto... 
 
 ditto.... 1 Mac. xv. 23.. XXIII. 470 n. w Meditei 
 
 Canaan. . 1 Sam. xxv. 2. XII . . . 30 s. b. e Palest . 
 
 CARMEL.Mt Judah ditto.... 1 Sam. xxv. 2 . XII . . . 30 . b. k ditto... 
 
 Carmel Issachar.... ditto.... Joshua xv. 55 . IX 55 n. b. w.... ditto... 
 
 Carmel, Mount Carmelus, Mt. . Issachar. . . . ditto .... 1 Kgs. xviii. 19 VIII.. . 67 n. b. w. . . . ditto. . . 
 
 Carmel, Vale of Carmelus V. .. . Zebulon .... ditto .... Micah vii. 14 . VIII.. . 55 n. b. w . . . . ditto. . . 
 
 Carnaim, or Ashtaroth- 
 
 Karnaim Camion, or Ca- 
 
 pitolias Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto.... Genesis xiv. 5. XIII.., 74 n. e ditto... 
 
 Casiphia Ilircania Parthia .... Media... Ezra viii. 17 . . II 875 n. e. b. N.. Persia. 
 
 Casiphia, Sea of Hircanian Sea . Media Casiphia. Ezra viii. 17 . . II 950 n. e ditto... 
 
 Casluhim Egypt Ham.... Gen. x. 14.... 1 200s.w.b. w.. Egypt.. 
 
 Cedron, or Kidron, Vale 
 
 of. Judah and 
 
 _., Benjamin. Canaan.. John xviii. 1.. XI 20 e. b. s Palest. 
 
 CEDBow.or Kidron, Brook 
 
 of. Cedron Ditto ditto.... John xviii. 1.. XI 20e.d. s ditto... 
 
 CEDROW.or Kidron, Fields 
 of Ditto. 
 
 . ditto .... 2Kings xxiii.4 XI 20 e. b. s ditto. . . 
 
 Cenchrea Kenchries Greece Corinth. Acts xviii. 18 . XXIII. 702 n. w. b. w. Greece 
 
 Cesarea, Philippi Peneas Naphtali... Canaan. . Matt. xvi. 13 . VII.... 92 n. b. e Palest. 
 
 Cesarea Caesarea-Pales- 
 
 tina vel Turris 
 Stratonis .... Manasseh 
 
 on this side 
 
 Jordan.... ditto Acts x. 24. 
 
 Chaldea, or Babylonia. . Chaldea Aram Shem... Dan.xi.24 . 
 
 Chaldeans Chaldea Aram ditto.... Dan. ix.l.. 
 
 Chabor, or Habor Chabor Chaborai .. Media .. 1 Chron. v. 26. II. 
 
 IX.. 
 II.. 
 II.. 
 
 . 49 N. N.w ditto... 
 
 , 450 b Turkey 
 
 . 450 e ditto... 
 
 . 725 e. n. : 
 
 .. Persia. 
 
32. 46 - 
 
 35.29 Cane Galil, Ke- 
 
 pher Kenna . . Asia . 
 
 . Akka 
 
 
 
 
 
 ditto. 
 
 Gaza 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 23 
 
 , At this place our Saviour performed his first miracle by turning 
 the water into wine. 
 
 The scene of the principal events recorded in Scripture history. 
 
 32.50 45. OModain ditto.. Bagdad.. See Calneh. 
 
 32.5535. 4 Tel-IIhoom .... ditto.. Akka .. . The place where Christ commenced his public ministry. 
 
 32. 59 35. 44 ditto . . ditto 
 
 31. 33 34. 54 ditto . . Gaza The residence of Delilab, before she became the wife of Samson. 
 
 30. 20 31. Bahari Africa. Bahari 
 
 30.2031. Bahari ditto., ditto 
 
 34. 50 40. 50 Kirkiseah Asia . . Aljezirah . Besieged and taken l>y Nebuchadreziar. 
 
 37. 10 28. 15 Aydin ditto . . Ay din The coast visited by St. Paul. 
 
 37- 10 - 23. 15 ditto . . Levant .. . Sailed over by St. Paul. 
 
 31. 18 35. 28 ditto . . Damascus Here Nabal had possessions, and Abigail his wife sent presents, 
 
 as a peace offering, unto David. 
 
 31.18 35.28 ditto., ditto 
 
 32.4035.10 ditto.. Akka .... 
 
 32. 51 35. 3 ditto . . ditto On this mount Elijah proposed a test to the priests of Baal to 
 
 ascertain who was the true God, and Elijah was answered by 
 God, to the confusion of those priests. He afterwards slew 
 them at the brook Kislion. 
 
 32. 40 35. 10 Carmel ditto., ditto. 
 
 L 44 _ 36. 9 El-Mezerib ditto .. Damascus The Eephaims were smitten at this place by Chedorlaomer. 
 
 43.30 46. 30 Mazanderan, &c. ditto.. Ghilan... The country from whence Ezra brought the Nethinims to 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 40. 30 51. 30 Caspian Sea ... . ditto . . Casp. Sea 
 
 30. 032. Africa . Bahari .. . A colony of the descendants of Ham. 
 
 31.40 35.35 Asia .. Damascus 
 
 31 40 35 35 ditto., ditto David, in fleeing from Jerusalem before Absolom, his son, 
 
 passed over this brook; and Christ crossed it to enter the 
 garden where Judas was to betray him. 
 
 31 40 35 35 ditto., ditto To this place the idolatrous images and vessels were taken 
 
 from the temple at Jerusalem and destroyed by order of 
 Josiah. 
 
 37 43 - 23. 18 Kenkri Europe Morea ... The port of Corinth, where St. Paul performed his vow. 
 
 33. 16 35 t 43 Banias Asia.. Akka Here our Saviour revealed himself to his disciples. 
 
 32. 32 34. 56 Kaisaria ditto . . ditto Here Peter preached the gospel to Cornelius and his household. 
 
 32. 046. OlrakArebi ditto.. Bagdad.. This was the place where Daniel prophesied. 
 
 32. 046. 9 Irak Arebi ditto., ditto 
 
 36. - 48. 40 Abhar ditto . . Ajemi. ... A place of captivity under Tilgath-pilneser. 
 
 THT5 -J?^ 
 
 foaiVEasiTT 
 
24 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 . , Dhtnm-t and 
 
 Chabran, or Haran Charrae. . 
 
 Chebar, River Chaboras . 
 
 Chemosh 
 
 Chephar-haammonai . 
 Chefhirah 
 
 , Padan-Aram Mesopo. Acts vii. 2. . . . 
 
 , Padan-Aram ditto... Ezek. i. 1 .... 
 
 Benjamin . . Canaan. . 1 Kings xi. 7. . 
 Benjamin .. ditto ... Josh, xviii. 24. 
 Benjamin . . ditto .. . Josh, xviii. 26. 
 
 II... 
 
 . . 3/0 K B. 
 
 b.w. 
 
 . Turkey. 
 
 TT. 
 
 .. 300 N. E. 
 1 N. E. 
 
 
 
 XI... 
 
 
 . Palest... 
 
 XI... 
 
 . . 15 w. . . 
 
 
 . ditto 
 
 XI... 
 
 .. 15 W.N 
 
 w. . 
 
 . ditto... 
 
 Cherethims, or Cheri- 
 thims 
 
 Cherethites, or Cheri- 
 thims 
 
 Cherith, Brook of Cerith.. 
 
 Chesalon, or Mount 
 Ueres 
 
 Simeon.... ditto ... Ezek. xxv. 16 . XIX. . . 60 s. w. b. w. ditto.... 
 
 Simeon.... ditto ... Zeph. ii. 4.... 
 Ephraim... ditto ... 1 Kings xvii. 3 
 
 Chestjlloth, or Chisloth- 
 Tabor Chellus, Xaloth, 
 
 Chezib, or Chesib . 
 
 Chilmau 
 
 Chimham 
 
 Dan ditto ... Joshua xv. 10. 
 
 , Judah ditto... Joshua xv. 30. 
 
 Zebulon .... ditto .. . Joshua xix. 18. 
 
 Judah ditto... Gen. xxxviii.5 
 
 Mesopotamia Shinar. . Ezek. xxvii.23. 
 Judah Canaan. . Jer. xli. 17 .. . 
 
 XIX.. 
 
 . 60 s. w. b. w. 
 
 ditto... 
 
 XI.. . . 
 
 2 N. E 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 XI.. . . 
 
 16 W. N. w. . 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 XII... 
 
 . 37 w. s. w. . 
 
 ditto... 
 
 VIII.. 
 
 . 56 n. b. e. ... 
 
 . ditto... 
 
 XII. . 
 
 . 16 s. w 
 
 . ditto... 
 
 II.... 
 
 . 450 B. N. E.... 
 
 Turkey 
 
 XII. . 
 
 . 10 s. e. b. s.. 
 
 . Palest. 
 
 Chinnereth, Cliinne- 
 roth, Cinneroth, Cinne- 
 reth, or Tiberias, Lake 
 of Genesareth, &c Tiberias. . 
 
 Naphtali . .. ditto ... Num.xxxiv.il 
 
 Mark vi. 48. VII. . 
 
 Chinneroth, Chinne- 
 reth, &c Tiberias. . 
 
 Chios, Isle Chios .... 
 
 Chisloth-Tabor, or 
 Chesulloth Chellus, Xaloth. 
 
 Chittim, or Kittim Italia 
 
 Chittim, Coast of Cyprus Isle .... 
 
 Chittim, Isles of 
 
 Chor-ashan, or Ashan . 
 
 Chorazin, Bethsaida, or 
 Julias Julias. . 
 
 , Naphtali . . . 
 . S.ofElishah 
 
 Zebulon .... 
 Kittim 
 
 Kittim 
 
 , Kittim 
 
 , Simeon .... 
 
 . Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan 
 
 ditto .. . Joshua xi. 2. . VII . . . 64 n. b. e 
 
 OffLydia Acts xx. 15 .. XXIII. 590 n. w 
 
 Canaan. . Joshua xix.12. VIII.. . 56 n. b. e 
 
 Javan... Isaiahxxiii.il HOOn. w. b.w. 
 
 ditto.... 
 Levant. . 
 
 Italy & 
 Greece. 
 
 Javan .. . Num. xxiv. 24 1 1100 n. w. b. w. 
 
 Javan... Ezek. xxvii. 6. I 
 
 Canaan. . i Sam. xxx. 30 XII. . . 30 w. b. s Palest . 
 
 . Levant.. 
 . Mediter. 
 
 Chun, or Berotbai Barathena Syria .. 
 
 ditto .. . Luke x. 13 . . . XIII . . 73 n. n. e.. . , 
 Zobah .. lChron.xviii.8 XIX. .. 130 e. n. b... , 
 
 ditto.... 
 ditto.... 
 
 Cilicia CiliciaCampres- 
 
 tris 
 
 Cilicia, Sea of Aulon Ciliciu 
 
 Citt Of Palm Trees, or 
 Jericho Hierachus. 
 
 Claud a, Isle of. Gaudos 
 
 Cnidus Cnidus Prom.. 
 
 . Great Sea . . 
 Benjamin .. 
 Great Sea . . 
 Caria 
 
 Asia Acts xv. 23 .. XXIII. 320 n. b. e 
 
 Acts xxvii. 5 .XXIII. 260 n. n. w.... 
 
 Canaan. . Judges iii. 13 . XI 17 b. n. e 
 
 Adria ... Acts xxvii. 16. XXII I. 590 w. n. w. .. 
 Asia .... Acts xxvii. 7 XXIII. 485 n. w. b. w. 
 
 Turkey . 
 Mediter. 
 
 Palest.. . 
 
 Mediter. 
 
 Turkey . 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 25 
 
 5. 30 39. 20 Harran Asia .. Diar-Mod- Here Abraham sojourned, and received the command to go to 
 
 zar Canaan. 
 
 3... 42. .. Khabour ditto.. Aljezirah. Near this place Ezekiel saw his first vision. It was also a 
 
 place of captivity. 
 
 ditto . . Damascus A place of idol worship, built by Solomon. 
 
 1.47 35. 3 ditto.. Gaza ., 
 
 1.53 35. 8 ditto., ditto 
 
 1. 30 34. 20 ditto . . ditto ^ nation of the Philistines who were plundered by the Ama- 
 
 lekites, and whom David afterwaids nearly destroyed. 
 
 1.20 34. 20 ditto., ditto See Cherithims. 
 
 2. 2 35. 35 Wody elFarah. . ditto . . Damascus Here Elijah was fed by the wens. 
 
 I. 51 34. 59 ditto . . Gaza. . 
 
 1.29 34. 43 ditto., ditto. . 
 
 2.41 35.31 Eksall ditto.. Akka.... 
 
 I. 34 35. 5 ditto . . Damascus The birthplace of Shelah, the son of Judah. 
 
 3. 45. ditto . . Aljezirah 
 
 1. 3S 35. 25 ditto . . Gaza The residence of Chimham, the son of Barzillai. 
 
 2. 49 35. 33 Bahr el Tabaria. ditto .. Akka .... On this sea, and on the coasts thereof, Christ wrought many 
 
 miracles, and here PetT (jot out of the ship, and walked on 
 the water at the bidding of Christ ; here also the storm ceased 
 by bis command. 
 
 2. 49 35. 38 Tabaria ditto . . ditto A fenced or fortified city. 
 
 g. i5 26. Scio ditto . . Archipela. An island where St. Paul touched at in his voyage to Miletas. 
 
 !. 41 -31.31 Eksall ditto.. Akka . 
 
 I 15. Italy Europe A colony of Kittim. 
 
 1. 0-15. Cyprus Asia.. Sea of Ci- 
 
 licia 
 
 Europe Archipela. 
 & Asia 
 
 15. 34.47 Asia... Gaza To the people of this city David sent part of the spoil take* 
 
 from the Amalekites. See Besor. 
 
 12. 55 35. 45 Battykha ditto . . Damascus See Bethsaida. 
 
 12. 4s 37.25 ditto., ditto David took the shields of gold from the inhabitants of this 
 
 place, after conquering Hadarezer, king of Zobah. 
 
 J7. 30 34. 4 Itschili ditto . . Itschili . . A country visited by St. Paul, and the place of his nativity. 
 
 B. 45. 33.20 ditto.. Levant 
 
 K 54 35. 57 Rah ditto.. Damascus The Israelites discomfited at this place by Eglon, kirg of 
 
 Moab, for their disobedience. 
 
 34.50 24. Cauda Europe Levant .. An island under which St. Paul sailed with some danger, on 
 
 his voyage to Rome. 
 
 36.48 27. 15 Krio, Cape. ... Asia .. Anadoli 
 
26 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scnptur 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Refert 
 
 
 Diftunie <<nd 
 benring- /mm 
 Jerusalem . 
 
 COLOSSB 
 
 Coos, Isle of., 
 Corinth 
 
 , Colossae Phrygia.... Asia.... Col. i. 2 XXIII. 461 n. w Turkey 
 
 , Cos, or Co iEgean Sea. I.of Coos Acts xxi. 1 .. . XXIII. 600 n. w. b. w. Levant 
 
 , Corinthus Corinth.... Greece.. Acts xviii. 1 . . XXIII. 705 n. w. b. w. Greece 
 
 Crete, Isle of Creta I Adria GreatSea Acts xxvii. 7. . XXIII. 560 w. n. w. .. Medite 
 
 Cush Arabia Arabia.. Genesis x. 10. II Turkey 
 
 Cush, or Ethiopia Margiana Ham Isaiah xi. 11.. II. ... 1295 e. n. e. .. Tartarj 
 
 Cuts, orCutha Coethianas, or 
 
 Csetae Armenia.... Shem... 2Kingsxvii.30 II 
 
 Cutha, or Cuth. . 
 Cyprus, Isle of.. 
 
 . 1000 n. e Russia 
 
 Ditto Armenia.... Shem... 2Kingsxvii.34 II J00 n. e ditto... 
 
 Cyprus GreatSea Acts iv.36; v.6 XXIII. 220 n. w. b. n. . Medite 
 
 Cyrene Cyrenaica Ham Lybia .. Acts ii. 10.... IV 680 w Barbar; 
 
 Dabarath, or Dabareh Issachar. ... Canaan. . 1 Chron. vi. 72. IX 52 n. n. e Palest. 
 
 Dabareh, or Dabarath Issachar.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 1- IX 52 n. n.e..,.. ditto... 
 
 Dabbasheth Dabbaseth Zebulon ditto Joshua xix. 11 VIII... 59N.b.w.... ditto... 
 
 Dalmanutha M&nasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto . 
 
 , Mark viii. 10 . XIII... 61 n. n. e.. 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 Dalmatia Dalmatia 
 
 Damascus 
 
 , Illyria... 2 Tim. iv. 10. . XXIII. 1010 n. w Turkey 
 
 Damascus Damascus . . Syria, or 
 
 Aram. . Genesis xiv.15 XIX. . . 122 n. e. b. e. . Syria. , 
 
 Damascus, Country of.. Damascus Damascus.. 
 
 DAMAScus.Wilderness of. Trachonitis . . . . Damascus .. 
 
 Dan, Tribe of Judea 
 
 Dan, Part of Paneas Naphtali . . . 
 
 Dan, Laish, Leshem, La- 
 sha, or Cesarea-Philippi. Lecum, Paneas. Naphtali . 
 
 ditto 1 Kings xi. 24. XIX. . . 122 n. e. b. i 
 
 . ditto IKings xix.15. XIX... 90 n w 
 
 Canaan. . Joshua xix. 48 XI 25 w 
 
 ditto .... Joshua xix. 47 XI 90 n. b. e.. . 
 
 ditto .... Genesis xiv.14 VII. . . 92 n. b. e.. . 
 
 ditto... 
 
 ditto. . . 
 
 Palest. 
 
 , ditto... 
 
 ditto... 
 
 Dan-jaan Naphtali... ditto.. 
 
 Danneh Judah ditto.. 
 
 David, City of Lion Judah ditto.. 
 
 Dead Sea, Salt Sea, Sea 
 of the Plain, or of Sodom 
 
 and Gomorrah L.Asphaltites.or 
 
 MareMortuum. Judah ditto . . 
 
 . 2 Sam. xxiv. 6. VIL . . 
 . Joshuaxv. 49. XII. .. 
 . Neh.iii. 15... XVI .. 
 
 . Josh. xv. 2 .. . XII. . . 
 
 97 N.b. e ditto.. 
 
 46 s. w ditto.. 
 
 South part of 
 Jerusalem .. ditto.. 
 
 Debi* Dabir Gad... 
 
 Debir, or Kirjath-sepher, 
 or Kirjath-sannah Judah . 
 
 Dbcafolis Batanea. . 
 
 . ditto .... Josh. xiii. 26 . XIV.. . 29 M. e. b. b. . ditto. . . 
 , ditto .... Joshua xv. 49. XII. . . 25 s. b. w ditto. . . 
 
 Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... Matt. iv. 25 . . XTII. & 
 XIV. . . 
 
 n. n. ,... dittu.. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 27 
 
 M \ h?"g- Modern Same. Quarter.l p"kSL 
 
 artk. Last. " Paskalic. 
 
 43 29. 32 Konos Asia . . Anadoli . . 
 
 45 27. 5 Zia, Isle ditto.. Archipela. 
 
 4323. 5 Corinth Europe Morea 
 
 Here St. Paul became acquainted with a certain Jew named 
 Aquila. And at this place he declared that he would hence- 
 forth go to the Gentiles. 
 
 15 24. 45 Candia ditto . . Levant , 
 
 032. Asia.. Arabia... Colony of Ham. 
 
 30 61. 30 Cutha Balkh ... ditto.. Balkh.... Colouy of Shem. 
 
 047. Georgia ditto . . Georgia . . 
 
 047. Georgia ditto . . ditto 
 
 15 33. 15 Cyprus ditto . . Levant .. . 
 
 35 21. 40 Cipria, or Kipros Africa . Barca . . 
 
 36 35. 38 Daboury Asia . . Akka . . 
 
 36 35. 38 Daboury ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 4335. 3 ditto., ditto A boundary town of Zebulon. 
 
 A place of idol worship. 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 The birthplace of Barnabas. Here Ananias and Sappbirawere 
 struck dead. 
 
 The birthplace of Simon the Cyrenean. 
 
 A city of the Leviles. 
 
 ditto .. Damascus Visited by our Saviour, after he had performed the miracle of 
 the loaves and fishes. 
 
 42 - 35. 48 
 
 30 IS. 45 Croztia Europe Albania . . Here Titus ministered the gospel. 
 
 35-36. 
 
 22 Dainesk, or El- 
 Sham Asia . . Damascus Near here Abram defeated the combined armies under Chedor- 
 
 laomer, and afterwards received the promise of a son. It 
 was near this place also that Saul was miraculously con- 
 verted. 
 
 0-36. 
 5035. 
 50-34. 
 
 15- 35. 
 
 16- 35. 
 
 21 35. 
 1534. 
 
 Damascus ditto., ditto 
 
 40 Haouran ditto., ditto 
 
 50 ditto.. Gaza One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 40 Banias ditto .. Damascus A part of Naphtali, given to the tribe of Dan, situated near the 
 
 springs of Jordan. 
 
 43 Tel el-Kadi. ditto.. Akka Here Abram rescues Lot, his brother's son, from the hands 
 
 of Chedorlaomer. See also Damascus. 
 
 ditto., ditto 
 
 ditto .. Damascus A city in the mountains of Judah. 
 
 . ditto . . ditto The southern part of Jerusalem, which was built by David. 
 
 30 35. 40 El-Motanah, or 
 
 BahrelLout.. ditto . 
 
 , This was formerly the plain of Jordan, and was chosen by Lot 
 as his inheritance; it was the most beautiful valley in the 
 land; but was, with all its towns, afterwards destroyed by 
 fire and brimstone from heaven, in consequence of the 
 grievous sin of the inhabitants ; after which it became a 
 stagnant water. 
 
 . 2 35. 48 . 
 23 35. 13 . 
 
 .. . ditto . . ditto A fenced city. 
 
 i ditto., ditto A city taken by Joshua, and afterwards assigned to *dt U- 
 
 vites. 
 
 Djolan ditto., ditto A country visited by our Saviour. 
 
28 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Dbdan .' Daden , 
 
 Dedanim, or Dodanim .. Italia . . 
 
 Scripture .\o. of 
 
 Reference. Af/j. 
 
 , Raameh.... Ham.... Genesis x. 7.. I liOO s. e. b. k. Arab 
 
 Dkrbe Lycaonia . 
 
 Diblath, Diblatha, or Al- 
 mou-Diblathaiiu Diblathai . 
 
 Diblatha, Almon-Dibla- 
 thaim, or Diblath Diblathai. 
 
 Dibon, or Dimon Dibon. . 
 
 DlBON-GAD 
 
 Dibon, Plains of 
 
 Diki.au 
 
 . Kittim Javan .. 1-saiab xxi. 13. 
 
 , Lycaonia... Asia.... Acts xiv. 20.. XXIV. 345 n. n. w.... Turk 
 
 . . . 1200 n. w. b. w. Gree 
 
 , Reuben .... Canaan.. Ezek. vi. 14.. IV.... 
 
 , Reuben ditto.... Ezek. vi. 14.. IV.... 
 
 , Gad ditto.... Num. xxi. 30 . XIV. . 
 
 Reuben ... ditto.... Num.xxxiii.45 IV.... 
 
 Reuben ... ditto.... Joshua xiii.17- XIV. . 
 
 Joktan Arpbnxad Gen. x. 27-... I 
 
 44 e. b. s. . 
 44 e b. s. . 
 
 Syrh 
 
 Dimnah Damna . 
 
 Dimon, or Dimonah 
 
 Dimon, Waters of 
 
 Dimon, or Dibon , 
 
 Dimonah, or Dimon .... 
 
 Dinhabah 
 
 Dizahab, or Ezion-Geber. Bernice . 
 
 . Zebulon ... Canaan.. Joshua xxi. 35 VIII . 
 
 , Judah ditto.... Isaiab xv. 9 .. XII... 
 
 , Judah ditto.... Isaiah xv. 9.. XII... 
 
 , Moab Arabia.. Isaiah xv. 9.. XIV.. 
 
 . Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. 22. XII... 
 
 . Edom Arabia.. Gen. xxxvi. 32. 1 V . . . 
 
 . Moab ditto.... Deut. i 1 .... XIX.. 
 
 Dodanim, or Dedanim.. Italia Kittim Javan .. Genesis x. 4.. I. 
 
 DOPUKAU 
 
 Dob, or Nephath-dor .... Dora, Thora. . 
 
 . Paran Arabia.. Num.xxxiii.12 IV ... 
 
 . Mauasseh.. Canaan. . Joshua xvii. 11 IX.... 
 
 Dob, Regions of Dora , 
 
 Dothan 
 
 . Manasseh .. ditto.... 1 KinRS iv. 11. XVIII. 
 . Manasseh.. ditto.... Gen. xxxvii.17 IX 
 
 , ditto 
 
 49 e. b. n Pale* 
 
 4:$ e. b. s ditto 
 
 40 e. s. e ditto 
 
 33 s. b. e Persi 
 
 59 n. b. e Palej 
 
 33 s. b. e ditto 
 
 33 s. b. e ditto 
 
 35 s. e ditto 
 
 33 s. b. e ditto 
 
 110 s. b. e Arab 
 
 139 s. w ditto 
 
 1200 n. w. b. w. Napl 
 Moi 
 
 210 s. s. w Arab 
 
 54 n. w. w.... Pales 
 
 54 n. N. w. . . . ditto 
 
 46 n. n.b ditto 
 
 Dumah Dumatha Judah . 
 
 Duno Gate Judah. 
 
 . ditto.... Isaiahxxi.il. XII.... 31 s. b. w ditto, 
 
 . Jerusa- Nehem. iii. 13. XVI. .. s. e. . . 
 lem. 
 
 Duba, Plain of. . 
 
 , Dura Assyria .... Baby- Danieliii. 1 .. II., 
 
 Ionia. 
 
 , ditto, 
 
 Turk 
 
 East Counts* Mesopotamia.. Padan-Aram Aram, or 
 
 Syria. . Genesis xxv. 6 II Medi 
 
 Per 
 
 East Sea, Dead Sea, Salt 
 Sea, Sea of the Plain, or 
 of Sodom & Uomorrah. L. Asphaltites, 
 
 or Mort uum . J udah Canaan. . Ezek. xlvii. 18 XII. ... 30 e. b. s Syria 
 
 Ebal, Mount . 
 
 i Ephraim... ditto.... Joshua viii. ! 
 
 27 if. b. e Turk 
 
 Ebenezeb, Stone called Benjamin .. ditto.... 1 Sam. vii. 12. XI 3 w. w Pales 
 
 Ebeb f Selah Arphaxad Genesis x. 24. I Persi: 
 
 Ebbonah.., Abiar Ailana... Zin Arabia.. Num. xxxiii.34 IV 145 s. b. w Arabi 
 
 Eo Benjamin.. Canaan. . Joshua xxii.34 XI 22 k. n. e Syria 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 29 
 
 57. Omaun Asia.. Oinaun.. A colony of Gush. 
 
 015. Italy and Greece Europe A colony of Javan. 
 
 33. Sougla Asia.. Anadoli.. Visited by St. Paul immediately after he was stoned. St* 
 
 Antioch. 
 
 836. 5 ditto.. Damascus See Almon-Diblathahn. 
 
 8- 36. 5 
 
 36. 14 
 
 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 Diban ditto., ditto A fenced or fortified city. 
 
 Diban ditto., ditto..... a station of the Israelites. 
 
 Koura ditto., ditto 
 
 35. 36 . 
 5 35. 30 . 
 5 35. 30 . 
 35. 45 . 
 5 35. 30 . 
 35. 30 
 0- 32. 5 
 
 , ditto .. Irak & 
 
 Kborassan A colony of Joktan. 
 
 , ditto . Akka A city of the Levites. 
 
 .ditto.. Damascus 
 
 . ditto., ditto 
 
 1 ditto., ditto See Dibon. 
 
 1 ditto., ditto 
 
 Edom The city of Bela, the son of Beor, kinjc of Edom 
 
 Meenah-el-Dsa- 
 hab Asia . . Tehami . . See Ezion Geber. 
 
 0- 13. 
 17 33. 
 S- 34. 
 
 $8 34. 
 
 H 35 
 
 Italy and Greece Europe A colony of Javan. 
 
 22 Asia . . El-Tieh . . A station of the Israelites. 
 
 57 Tortoura ditto.. Akka 
 
 47 ditto . . ditto . . 
 
 36 ditto., ditto. . 
 
 One of the thirty-one kingdoms subdued by Joshua; also a 
 border town of Issachar and Aslier. 
 
 A district under the purveyorship of Ahinadab, who took Ta- 
 piiatli, a daughter ot Solomon, to be Lis wife. 
 
 Here Joseph \as old by his brethren to the Ishmaelites ; and 
 here the army which came to take Elisha was smitten with 
 blindness. 
 
 17 35. 9 Dumathalf?andel ditto .. Damascus . 
 
 ditto., ditto An eastern jrate of Jerusalem, repaired under Nehemiah, by 
 
 Malchiah, the son of Rechab. 
 
 50 42. 40 Dour,orDoreah. ditto.. IrakArabi Here Nebuchadnezzar set up a colossal intake of gold, (60 
 
 cubiia, or >J0 feet hi^h) and fur refusing to worship this 
 iniatce, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, were by Ids 
 ciiitm and cast into a fiery furnace, but were miraculously 
 preserved. 
 
 Al-gezirah ditto.. The country from whence Abram came. 
 
 30 35. 40 Bahr-el-Lout. . . ditto . . Damascus See Dead Sea. 
 
 13 35. 23 : ditto . . ditto Here Moses pronounced twelve curses ; and here also Joshua 
 
 erected an altar for burnt-offerings, after the destruction of 
 the inhabitants 01 Ai. 
 
 50 35. 17 ditto . . ditto Here the Israelites defeated the Philistines. 
 
 ditto .. Khorassan A colony of Arphaxad. 
 
 22 34. 35 Sat-el-acaba ditto A station of the Israelites. 
 
 53 __ 35.44 ditto.. Damascus An altar erected by the Israelites, in testimony of their pro- 
 mise to worship the Lord God. 
 
30 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Kd a*, Tower of . . 
 
 , Edar , Judah Canaan. . Gen. xxxv. 21. XII . . 
 
 Eden, Country of Gen. ii. 15. . . . II 600 b Turke 
 
 Eden, Garden of Eden Gen. ii. 8 II 600 e ditto. 
 
 Eden, House of Heliopolis .... Damascus.. Syria... Amos. i. 5 XVII.. 170n.n.e. 
 
 EDEB.orArad Arad Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. 21. XII ... 36 s. b. w.. 
 
 Edom, of Idumea Idumsea Arabia... 1 Sam. xiv. 47. XIX. . . 100 s. w. b. 
 
 Edom, Land of Idumaea. ditto Num. xx.23.. IV 
 
 Edbei, or Hadrach Adraa Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. . Num. xxi. 33 . XIIL. . "8k.i 
 
 Edbei Naphtali... ditto.... Joshua xix. 37- VII.... 70 n 
 
 Eglaim, or Eneglaim.... Agallim, or 
 
 Agalla Moab Arabia... Isaiah xv 8.. IV 70 b, 
 
 Eglon Judah Canaan.. Joshua x. 5 .. XII. .. 34 s. 
 
 ,b.E. 
 
 b. s. 
 
 Egypt, Mizraim, or Land 
 of Ham Egypt.. 
 
 . Syria 
 
 . Palest 
 
 , Arabij 
 
 . ditto. 
 
 .. Palest 
 .. ditto. 
 
 .. Arabii 
 .. Palest 
 
 Gen. xxvi. 2.. IV 230 w. b. s Egypt 
 
 Egypt, River of Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. 4 .XII... 60 s. w. b. w. Palest 
 
 Egypt, River of, or Sihor Nilus Ethiopia.... Egypt .. Joshua xiii. 3. XIX. .. 160 w. b. s Egypt 
 
 Ekbon, or Accaron Accaron Dan Canaan. . Judges i. 18 .. XI 30 w. b. n Syria 
 
 Elah Dan. 
 
 Elah, Valley of Dan . 
 
 , ditto. 
 . ditto. 
 
 .. ISam. xvii. 19. XI 19 w. b. n.... ditto.. 
 
 . . 1 Sam. xvii. 2. XII. . . 18 w. b. n. . . . Palest 
 
 , 700 e Turke 
 
 Elam, or Persia Persis, or Ely- 
 
 mais Shem... Gen. x. 22.... 
 
 Elam in Syria Hamoth-Zo- 
 
 bah Syria... Ezra ii. 31 XIX... 200 n. e. b. n.. ditto. 
 
 Elath, Eloth, &c ^Ilana Ailath.. Paran Arabia... 2 Kings xiv. 22 XIX. . 
 
 8 s. w. b. w. Arabii 
 
 El-Bethei Benjamin... Canaan. . Gen. xxxv. 7- III.. 
 
 Elealeh, or Alealeh .... Eleale Reuben . . 
 
 El-elohe-Isbael Ephraim. 
 
 ditto . 
 ditto . 
 
 . Isaiah xv. 4.. XIV... 39 e. b. n ditto.. 
 
 . Gen. xxxiii. 20 X . 26 n ditto. , 
 
 Eleph Heleph. 
 
 Elim Medela . 
 
 , Benjamin .. ditto.... Josh, xviii. 28. XI 13 n ditto,, 
 
 , Desert of Sin Paran... Exodus xv. 27. IV 186 s. w.b. s.. ditto., 
 
 Elishah AZol\* and Ionia Javan Japheth. Genesis x. 4. 1 600 n. w Turke 
 
 fitiSHAH, Isles of Sporades Javan ditto Ezek. xxvii. 7- I 500n.w Levan 
 
 ttwtoH ,. Elkosh . 
 
 1 Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan . Nahum. i. 1 . . XIII.. . 73 to. to. b. n . . Paleet 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 31 
 
 Modern Same. 
 
 . Asia .. Damascus The tents of Israel or Jacob, were spread near this spot for a 
 temporary residence. This tower is supposed to have been 
 occupied by the shepherds at the time the angels announced 
 the birth of the Saviour to them. 
 
 i ditto . . Ehusistan The first country named in the scriptures. 
 
 I. 047. ditto . . IrakArabi Here the Lord placed Adam, and brought to him all the cattle, 
 
 &c. for him to name. Here also Eve was created, and brought 
 to Adam ; and here they continued until their expulsion 
 by God for disobedience. 
 
 *. 36. 20 Near Baalbek . . ditto . Damascus A place of idolatry. 
 
 1. 12 3d. 14 ditto . . ditto See Arad. 
 
 9.3034.30 ditto Conquered by Saul. 
 
 ditto 
 
 2. 48 36. 13 ElDraa,orBitinia ditto . 
 2.5435.33 ditto. 
 
 Damascus Og, king of Bashan, defeated by the Israelites under Moses. 
 Akka A fortified or fenced city. 
 
 1. 35 36. 35 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 I. 33 34. 44 Ajlan ditto . . Gaza The king of this place, with others, made war against Gibeon. 
 
 - 30. Bahari Africa . Babari . 
 
 >.. 15 - 
 I. 5- 
 L.50- 
 
 1.19- 
 1.20- 
 
 34.20 Asia .. Gaza... 
 
 32. 25 Nile Africa . Bahari . 
 
 Here Moses was miraculously preserved from death, in bis in- 
 fancy, (and afterwards wrought many miracles ;) as was >Jm 
 our Lord, by the flight of Joseph and Mary hither. It was 
 also the scene of Joseph's life. See Goshen. 
 
 A south-west em boundary of the promised land. 
 
 Gaza Taken from the Canaanites by Judah. Here the Ark rested 
 
 on its way to Ashdod. See A"shdod. 
 
 - 34. 59 ditto . . ditto 
 
 -35. ditto., ditto It was at this place that David went out and slew Goliath of 
 
 Gatb with a sling and a stone; after which the Philistines 
 were routed, and their tents spoiled. 
 
 - 48. Fars ditto . . Kuzistan. A colony of Shem. 
 
 4. 30 - 37. 
 9. 30 - 34. 
 
 . 
 
 ditto .. Damascus . 
 
 59 Akaba ditto.. Tehama.. A principal sea-port in the time of Solomon. From thence, and 
 
 from Ezion-geoer, his ships fetched the gold, &c. from Ophir. 
 The Jews were afterwards driven from this place by Kezin, 
 king of Syria. 
 
 22 ditto . . Damascus Jacob erected an altar here, when he fled from the face of his 
 
 brother Esau. 
 
 1.57- 
 
 36. 
 
 2.12 - 
 
 33. 
 
 2. 0- 
 
 33. 
 
 B.11- 
 
 33. 
 
 8. 0- 
 
 L 
 
 8.28- 
 
 |& 
 
 3 El-Aal ditto. 
 
 23 ditto. 
 
 . ditto Celebrated for the growth of vines. 
 
 , ditto An altar erected by Jacob in the Promised Land immediately 
 
 on his obtaining possession. 
 
 8-Hamman Mousa 
 
 Corondel ditto. 
 
 Aidin and Meas. ditto . 
 Grecian Isles .. ditto. 
 
 El-Tieb.. An encampment of the Israelites, and there were twelve well* 
 and seventy Palm trees. 
 
 Anadoli.. A colony of Javan. 
 
 ATchipela. Celebrated for the production of blue and purple linen. 
 
 , ditto . . Damascus The birthplace of Nahum the prophet. 
 
32 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 Dbtance and 
 bearing fn.m 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 ELLASAR.Telassar, or Tel- 
 
 harsa, &c Sbarra Aram-Naha- 
 
 raiin Armenia. Gen xiv. 1 . .. II 600 n. e. b.w.. Turke 
 
 Ei.oN.orElon-beth-hanan . 
 
 Dan.. 
 
 Canaan. . Joshua xix. 43 XI 27 w. b. s . . . . Syria. 
 
 El.ON-BKTH-HANAN, Or 
 
 Elon 
 
 Dan ditto .... 1 Kings iT. 9. . XI 27 w. b. s Palest 
 
 Eloth, or Elath, &c ^lana, Ailath Arabia.. 1 Kings ix. 26. XIX... 138 s. w. b. w. Turke 
 
 El-paran Pharan Paran ditto.... Gen. xiv. 6... IV 160 s. s. w Arabh 
 
 Eltekeh, orEltekoah Dan Canaan.. Joshua xix 44. XI 33 w Palest 
 
 Eltkkon Benjamin., ditto .... Joshua xv. 59. XI .. . 8 e. b. n ditto., 
 
 Ei.tolab, or Tolad Simeon .... ditto.... Joshua xv. 30. XI 31 w. s. w.... ditto., 
 
 Emmaus Nicopolis Benjamin .. ditto.... Luke xxiv. 13 . XI 8 n. w ditto., 
 
 Enam Judah ditto. 
 
 En an, or Hazar-enam. . . . Enan Naphtali . . . ditto . 
 
 Endor /Endor Issachar.... ditto. 
 
 . . Joshua xv. 34. XI . . . 
 .. Num. xxxiv 9. VII. . 
 .. lSara.xxviii.7. IX.... 
 
 14 s. b. i 
 94 n. b. | 
 
 4'J n. b. ] 
 
 .. ditto., 
 .. ditto.. 
 .. ditto.. 
 
 En-eglaim, or Eglaim .. Agalla, or Agal- 
 
 liin Moab Arabia.. Ezek. xlvii. 10. IV 70 e. b. s Arabis 
 
 Engannim Judah.... 
 
 Engannim, or Anem Issachar.. 
 
 , Canaan. . Joshua xv. 34 . XII. . . 28 s. w. b. s. . Palest 
 , ditto Joshua xxi. 29. IX 45 n. m. b ditto.. 
 
 Engedi, or Hazezon. 
 tamer Engaddi 
 
 , Judah ditto.... lSam xxiii.29. XII. .. 23 s. b. e.'.... ditto.. 
 
 Enhaddah Issachar ditto. 
 
 En-hakkore Simeon ditto. 
 
 , Joshua xix.21. IX 42 n. n. w ditto.. 
 
 , Judges xv. 19. XT 35 s. w. b. w. ditto.. 
 
 En-hazor Naphtali... ditto.... Joshua xix. 37. VII. .. 82 n. b. e ditto.. 
 
 En-misphat, or Kadesh . Kedes Edom Arabia.. Gen. xiv. f ... IV. 55 s. w Arabia 
 
 Enon, or ^Enon iEnon Manasseh.. Canaan. . John iii. 22, 23. IX 46 n. e. b. .. Palest 
 
 Enrimmon, Oin, or Ain Simeon ditto.... 1 Chron. iv. 32 XII. . . 24 s. w. b. w. ditto.. 
 
 EnboGel Benjamin .. ditto.... 1 Kings i. 9... XVI .. s. e. ., Jerusa 
 
 Enshemesh Benjamin .. ditto Joshua xv. 7.. XI 3 s. e 
 
 Ew tappuah Ephraim. ... ditto.... Joshua xvii. 7. X 26 k. e. b. n. 
 
 Ephbs-dammim, or Pas- 
 dammim Judah. 
 
 , ditto.... 1 Sam. xvii. 1 . XII. 
 
 Palest 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 Ephe8us Ephesus Lydia Asia Actsxix. 1... XXIII. 535 n. vr Turke] 
 
 Ephraim, Tribe of Samaria .... Canaan. . Joshua xvi. 8 . X 25 n. b. w .. .*, . Palest 
 
 Ephraim, Mount Ephraim.. 
 
 Kfhbaim, Wood of Gad 
 
 . ditto. 
 , ditto. 
 
 . . Judges ii. 9 . . X 
 
 .. 2 Sam. xviii. 6. XIII... 
 
 Ephraim, Epbrain, or 
 Ephron Ephraim... 
 
 ditto . . . John xi. 54 . . 
 
 5n. b. w ditto.. 
 
 5 n. b. b. n.. ditto.. 
 
 12 n. e. b. n.. ditto.. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Modern Same. 
 
 043. Asia . . Armenia . One of the confederate kingdoms destroyed by Abram. 
 
 231.48 ditto.. Georgia.. Under the control of one of Solomon's purveyors. 
 
 2 31.48 ditto .. Gaza See above. 
 
 034. 59 Akaba ditto.. Arabia... See Elath. 
 
 6 34.49 Faran ditto.. El-tieh .. The Horites defeated by Chedorlaomer. 
 
 6 34. 41 ditto . . Gaza A city of the Levites 
 
 635.28 ditto., ditto , 
 
 2 34. 44 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 -35.12 ditto.. Gaza A village near Jerusalem, to which two of the disciples were 
 
 journeying on the <iay of the resurrection of Christ, when be 
 unexpectedly appeared to and talked with them. 
 
 -35.22 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 - 35. 39 ditto . . ditto A boundary town. 
 
 - 35. 33 Denouy ditto.. Akka .... Saul terrified by the host the Philistines had raised against 
 
 him, came to this place and invoked a woman, who was a 
 witch, to raise Samuel, who appeared, and announced to 
 Saul that Israel should fall into the hands of the Philistines, 
 and he and his sons should die on the morrow. 
 
 i 36. 35 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 6 34. 57 ditto.. Gaza 
 
 18 35. 28 ditto . . Akka A Levitical city. 
 
 t9 35. 27 Ain Tidy ditto . . Damascus David, being pursued by Saul, took refuge in a cave near this 
 
 8 lace. Here Saul also fell into his hands, but he spared bis 
 fe, and only cut off the skirt of his robe. 
 
 !6 34. 37 ditto .. Akka . 
 
 !9 34. 43 ditto.. Gaza Here Samson Blew 1000 men with the jaw-bone of an ass, after 
 
 which God clave a hole in the jaw, from whence Samson 
 obtained water to refresh himself. 
 
 8 35. 31 Ain-Hozouri. . . . ditto . . Akka .... A fortified or fenced city. 
 
 35. 10 ditto . . Gaza. .... Abram returned to this place, and smote the Amalekites. 
 
 XI 35. 46 ditto .. Akka Here John baptized. 
 
 17 34.51 ditto.. Gaza. 
 
 ditto.. Damascus Here Adonijah, the son of Hajrgith, usurped the kingdom of 
 David ; and here he was afterwards slain by order of So- 
 lomon. 
 
 15 32. i'2 ditto., ditto A boundary town of J udah. 
 
 9 35. 34 ditto . . ditto Ditto of Manasseh and Ephr* 
 
 4535. 4 ditto., ditto Station of the Philistines during: the rencontre between David 
 
 and Goliah. See Azekah, or Shochoh. 
 
 4527.15 Ayasoolook ditto.. Aydin One of the seven churches of Asia. 
 
 10 35. 15 ditto .. Gaza and 
 
 Damascus One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 035. ditto.. Damascus Here Joshua, the son of Nun, had an Inheritance. 
 
 35 35.55 ditto., ditto Here Joab killed Absolom. 
 
 4735.28 ditto., ditto Here Jesus retired for a time with his discipleB, after imsta? 
 
 Lazarus from- the grave. 
 
 
 
34 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Ephrain, Ephraim, or 
 Epbron 
 
 Eturath, Epbratha, or 
 Bethlehem-Ephratah . . Bethlehem . 
 
 Ephratah, Bethlehem- 
 Ephratah, or Ephrath.. Bethlehem . 
 
 ErHRON, Ephrain, or 
 Ephraim 
 
 . Ephraim . . . Canaan. . 2Chron.xiii.19. X 12 n. e. b. n. 
 
 . Judah ditto... Gen. xxxv. 19. XII. .. 6s 
 
 , Judah ditto .. . 2 Chron. xi. 6. XII. . . 6 s 
 
 Ephron, Field of 
 
 Ephron, Mount 
 
 Erech Apamea.. 
 
 Ephraim . . . ditto .. . Joshua xv. 9. . X 12 n. e. b. n. 
 
 Judah ditto... Gen. xlix. 29 . XII, .. IS s 
 
 Judah ditto... Joshua xv. 9 . XII 10 w. b. s.... 
 
 , Kingdom of 
 
 Nimrod.. Shinah.. Gen. x. 10.... II 625 e. b. s 
 
 . Palest 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 ._ ditto., 
 ditto., 
 ditto.. 
 
 , Turke 
 
 Esek, Well of 
 
 Escol, or Eshcol Escol . 
 
 i Simeon .... Canaan. . Gen. xxvi. 20 . XII. ... 41 s. w 
 
 , Judah ditto... Num. xiii. 23 . XII. .. low. s. w.. 
 
 Syria. 
 Palest 
 
 Eshcol, or Escol, Brook 
 of 
 
 Eschol, or Escol, Valley 
 
 , Judah ditto ... Num. xiii. 24 . XII. . . 15 w. s. w. . . 
 
 Judah ditto ... Num. xxxii. 9. XII. .. 15 w. s. w... 
 
 ditto., 
 ditto., 
 
 Esueas Judah ditto ... Joshua xv. 52. XII. .. 41 s. xv.. 
 
 Esukai.on, Askelon, Ash- 
 kelon, or Ascalon Ascalon Simeon . 
 
 ditto. 
 
 ditto ... 
 
 Eshtaol Dan ditto .. . 
 
 Eshtemoa, or Eghtemoh Judah ditto... 
 
 Eshtemoh, or Eshtemoa Judah ditto. . . 
 
 Etam, Rock of Simeon.... ditto... 
 
 Etam, Vale of Simeon .... ditto. . . 
 
 Etam, Athar, or Ether .. Etam Simeon .... ditto... 
 
 Etham, or Shur Bulhas, or Ba- 
 
 thain Arabia.. 
 
 Etham, or Shur, Wilder- 
 
 ness of Bulhas, or Ba- 
 
 tham Arabia.. 
 
 . Cush.. 
 
 Joshua xiii. 3. XII . 
 Joshua xv. 33. XII. 
 ISam. xxx.28. XII. 
 Joshua xv. 50. XII. 
 Judges xv. 11. XII. 
 1 Chron. iv.32. XII. . 
 1 Chron. iv.32. XII. 
 
 37 w. b. s ditto. 
 
 25 w. s. w ditto. 
 
 28 s. b. w ditto. 
 
 28 s. b. w ditto. 
 
 31 s. w. b. w. ditto. 
 
 31 s. w. b. w. ditto. 
 
 31s. w. b. w. ditto. 
 
 Num. xxxiii. 6 IV 167 s.~w. b. w. Arabii 
 
 ditto. . . Num. xxxiii. 8 IV 167 s. w ditto. 
 
 Ether, Ather, or Etam.. Etam Simeon .... Canaan.. Joshua xix. / XII. . 
 
 Ethiopia, or Cush Persia Eden... Genesis x. 6.. II.... 
 
 Euphrates, River Euphrates . 
 
 aldea Baby- Gen. ii. 14 II.... 
 
 Ionia. 
 
 Evi Gad Canaan. . Joshua xiii CI XIV. . 
 
 Ez ei, Stone of Benjamin., ditto... 1 Sam. xx. 19 . XI.. . . 
 
 31 s. w. b. w. Syria . 
 
 Turke 
 
 450 e ditto. 
 
 50 e. n. e Palefli 
 
 12 n. w. w. .. ditto. 
 
 Eem, or Azem Simeon. 
 
 ditto. .. 1 Chron. iv. 29 XII. .. 44 s. w. b. w. ditto. 
 
 Ezion-oaber, Ezion-Ge- 
 
 ber, or Dizahahab Bernice Moab Arabia . . 1 Kings ix. 26. IV. & 
 
 XIX. 139 s. 
 
 Pair Havens LebenusPortus. Crete, I Great Sea Acts xxvii. 8 . XXIII. 560 w. it. w. .. Medi 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 35 
 
 31. 5/ 35. 2S Asia . . Damascus Taken by Abijah from Jeroboam. See also Ephraim. 
 
 31. 40 35. 20 Beit-lehem ditto . . ditto Near this city Rachel died, and was baried. See Bethlehem. 
 
 31. 40 35. 20 Beit-lehem .... ditto., ditto See Betblehera-Ephratah. 
 
 31. 57 35. 23 ditto . . ditto See Ephraim. 
 
 31. 28 35. 17 ditto . . ditto. ... In which was the cave where Abraham and Sarah were buried 
 
 31.45 35.10 ditto., ditto 
 
 30. 40 47. 30 Coma ditto.. Irak-Aje- 
 
 mi A city built by Nimrod. 
 
 31. 22 34. 43 ditto . . Gaza A well dug by the servants of Isaac, near Beersheba. 
 
 31. 40 35. ditto . . ditto From this place the twelve spies, sent by Moses into the land 
 
 of Canaan, brought grapes, pomegranates, &c. 
 
 31.40 35. ditto., ditto See above. 
 
 31.4035. ditto., ditto From whence the spies gave a false report of the fruitfulness of 
 
 the promised land ; ami here the Lord's anger was kindled, 
 and he suare, that of ail the children of Israel who came out 
 of Egypt, none but Caleb and Joshua should enter the pro- 
 mised land. 
 
 31. 17 34. 48 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 31. 40 31. 37 Askalaan ditto . . ditto One of the five lordships of the Philistines. See also Askelon. 
 
 31. 37 34. 51 Es-dad ditto . . Gaza Samson was born and buried between this place and Zorah. 
 
 31. 26 35. 7 es-Semua ditto . . Damascus A city of the Levites. 
 
 31. 19 35. 12 ditto . . ditto Ditto. 
 
 31. 30 34. 48 ditto . . Gaza. Here 3000 men of Judab assembled against Samson. 
 
 31.30 34.48 ditto., ditto 
 
 31.30 34.48 ditto., ditto 
 
 30. 1 32. 20 El-Tieh ditto.. El-Tieh.. The first encampment of the Israelites after their passage of 
 
 the Red Sea. 
 
 30. i _ 32. 20 El-Tieh ditto . . ditto A part of the desert of Arabia in which the Israelites wandered 
 
 for forty years. 
 
 31.3134.48 ditto.. Gaza See Etam, &c. 
 
 Khuzistan ditto.. Bagdad.. Peopled by the descendants of Cush. 
 
 30. 45 46. 40 Euphrates, or , . , . 
 
 Frat ditto.. Arabia... A principal river of Eden. 
 
 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 31.52 35.13 ditto., ditto Here David, by the advice ot Jonathan, hides himself from 
 
 Saul. It was also the place where Jonathan made the cove- 
 nant with David. 
 
 31.25. 34.36 .% ditto.. Gaza 
 
 29. 29 35. 2 Meenah-el-Dsa- . , . . __ 'J 
 
 hab ditto . . Tehami . . A port for Solomon's navy. See also Elath. 
 
 44 55 25 15 Fair Havens . . . Europe I.ofCandia A port touched at by St. Paul, on his voyage to Rome. 
 
 c 2 
 
36 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 Fish Gatk Benjamin . . Jerusa- 
 lem. ., 
 
 Fuller's Field Benjamin.. Canaan. 
 
 Gaash, Valley and Brooks 
 of. Gaaz Ephraim... ditto... 
 
 Gaash, Hill of Ephraim . . . ditto 
 
 Nehem.iii.3. XVI.. 
 Isaiah vii. 3.. XVI.. 
 
 2Sam.xxiii.30. X. ..., 
 Josh, xxiv. 30. X. ..., 
 
 , Gabaa Benjamin .. ditto.... Josh, xviii. 24. XL. 
 
 On Palest . 
 
 s ditto... 
 
 25 x. w. b. w. ditto. . . 
 20 x. x. w.... ditto... 
 12 n ditto... 
 
 Gaba, Geba, or Gob . 
 
 Gad, Land of Gad ditto.... 1 Sam. xiii. 7- XIV ditto... 
 
 Gad, Tribe of Judea ditto.... Josh. xiii. 24 . XIV... 45 x. e. b. e.. ditto... 
 
 Gad, River of, or Valley of Gad ditto.... 2 Sam. xxiv. 5. XIV... 40 n. b ditto..., 
 
 Gadara Gadaris Gad ditto Markv. 1 XIV... 55 n. x. e ditto... 
 
 Galatia Galatia Gamer AsiaMin. Acts xvi. 6 ... XXIII. 480 s. b. w.... Turkey 
 
 GALEED,Gilead,orMizpeh. Galaad Gad Canaan. . Gen. xxxi. 47- XIV. . . 62 x. e Palest . 
 
 Galilee Galilaea Asher,Naph- 
 
 tali,Zebulon, 
 audlssachar. ditto., 
 
 Galilee, Upper, or of the 
 
 Gentiles Galilaea-Gen- 
 
 tium 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . Joshua xx. 7 . XXIII. x ditto. , . , 
 
 , Mark i. 39.... XXIII. On ditto.... 
 
 Galilee, Sea of, Genne- 
 sareth Lake, Lake of Ti- 
 berias, Sea of Cinneroth, 
 Cinnereth, &c Galilaea Zebulon, 
 
 Naphtali, & 
 
 Maiiasseu ditto.... Matt. iv. 18 .. XIII... 65 n. b. e ditto.. 
 
 Gallih Benjamin. 
 
 Gareb, Hill of Gareb Benjamin. 
 
 Gath Gath Dan 
 
 Gath-hepher, or Gittah- 
 hepher Iotapata Zebulon . . . 
 
 ditto 1 Sam. xxv. 44. XI 9 n. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 , ditto.. 
 
 , ditto., 
 ditto., 
 ditto.. 
 
 Gathrimmon Dan , 
 
 Gathrimmon, or Bileam Manasseh . 
 
 Gaza, or Azzah Gaza, Maioraa. . Simeon ditto., 
 
 Gezer Gazara Ephraim.... ditto.. 
 
 . Jer. xxxi. 39.. XVI... Ob ditto.... 
 
 . 1 Sam. xxl 10 XI 23 w ditto. . . . 
 
 . 2Kinss xiv. 29. VIII . . 63 n ditto. . . . 
 
 . Joshua xix. 25 XI 23 W.'b. x. , ., ditto. . . . 
 
 . lCbron. vi. 69. IX 39 N. w ditto. . . . 
 
 . Genesis x. 9.. XIII... 42 w. s. w ditto.... 
 
 . Joshua x. 32. . X. . 
 
 15 n. w. b. .n. ditto.. 
 
 Geba, Gaba, or Gob Gabaa Benjamin .. ditto.... 
 
 Gebal, or Giblite* Gebalene Edom Arabia . . 
 
 Gbbal Byblos Hamath.... Syria... 
 
 Gkbim Judah Canaan. 
 
 GEDERAH,or Gederothaim Judah ditto 
 
 Gbdbroth Judah ditto.... 
 
 Bbderothaim, or Gede- 
 rah Judah ditto.... 
 
 Gedor Gedrus Simeon ditto.... 
 
 Geliloth Benjamin... ditto 
 
 ISam.xiii. 3.. XL.., 
 Joshua xiii. 5. XIX. . 
 Ezek. xxvii. 9. XIX... 
 . Isaiah x. 31 .. XII*.... 
 Joshua xv. 36. XII.... 
 Joshua xv. 41. XII.... 
 
 Joshua xv. 36. XII.... 
 1 Chron. iv-18. XII... 
 Josh, xviii. 17. XI 
 
 13 X. 
 
 26D n. b. e 
 
 SO s 
 
 49 s. w. . 
 16 w. s. V 
 
 ditto.... 
 Arabia. . 
 Syria. .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 Palest... 
 
 16 w. s. w.... ditto... 
 
 16 w. b. s 
 
 41 s. w. b. w. 
 
 ditto..., 
 ditto... 
 
 10 It. > ditto... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 37 
 
 Modern Name. 
 
 Asia . . Damascus Rebuilt by the sons of Hassenaah. 
 
 ditto., ditto Here Isaiah met Ahaz, and comforted him; he also predicted, 
 
 that a virgin should conceive, &c. 
 
 32. 35. ditto . . Gaza An inheritance of Joshua. 
 
 32. 6 35. 11 ditto.. Damascus Here Joshua, the son of Nun, was buried. 
 
 31.52 35. 18 ditto., ditto See Gob. 
 
 ditto., ditto 
 
 32. 15 - 36. Adjloon & Moo- 
 
 rad ditto . ditto One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 , ditto .. ditto . 
 
 32. 36 35. 48 Oom-Keis ditto . . ditto Here Christ dispossessed of the evil spirits the man w ho dwelt 
 
 among the tombs. 
 
 39. 40 32. 30 ditto . . Anadoli . . Here St. Paul preached the gospel and established a church. 
 
 32. 30 36. 10 Djelaoud ditto . . Damascus Jacob's covenant with Laban was made here. 
 
 . Druses & Beled 
 
 Harthe ditto.. Akka .... One of the three principal divisions of the Holy Land. 
 
 Druses ditto .. ditto The scene of the principal events in the life of Christ, and the 
 
 place appointed by him, previous to his death, for an inter- 
 view with his disciples after his resurrection. 
 
 - 35. 38 Sea of Tabaria. . ditto.. Damascus A fresh-water lake, about seventeen miles long, and eight 
 
 miles wide, and abounding with fish. See Chinnereth and 
 Gennesareth. 
 
 ditto., ditto., 
 , ditto., ditto., 
 
 31. 44 _ 34. 53 ditto . . Gaza A fortified city. David fearing Saul, and feigning himself mad, 
 
 goeth to Achish, king of this place. 
 
 32. 48 35. 26 ditto . . Akka The birthplace of Jonah. 
 
 31.5234.54 ditto.. Gaza A city of the Levites. 
 
 32.2435. 8 ditto.. Akka .... Ditto. 
 
 31. 31 34. 35 Rasse, or Razze. ditto .. Gaza Samson carried the gates of this city to the top of a hill, at a 
 
 great distance. 
 
 31.5935. 7 ditto., ditto The king of this place, with the whole of his army were de- 
 feated by Joshua. 
 
 31.52 35. 18 ditto.. Damascus Here Jonathan smote the garrison of the Philistines. 
 
 30. 40 35. 30 Djebal ditto . . Edom .... A sea-port of Syria. See GibliteB. 
 
 35.30 35.40 Gibyle.orDjebail ditto.. Tripoli 
 
 31. 13 34. 40 ditto .. Gaza 
 
 31.4335. ditto., ditto 
 
 31.4335. ditto., ditto 
 
 31.4834.59 ditto., ditto 
 
 31.2933. 6 Jedur ditto., ditto A royal city. 
 
 31. 50 35. 30 ditto .. Damascus 
 
38 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Same. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 Gbwhesaret, Land of, or 
 Gennesareth Gennesar Zebulcn.... Canaan. . Matt. xiv. 34 . VIII... 65 n. b. k. ... Palest.. 
 
 Gennesareth, Lake of, 
 Sea of Galilee, Lake of 
 Tiberias, Sea of Cinne- 
 
 roth, Cinneretb, &c Tiberias Zebulon and 
 
 Naphtali . ditto .... Luke v. 3 .... XIX. . . 80 n. n. e ditto. . . . 
 
 Gerar Gerara Simeon .. . ditto.... Gen.xxvi. 6.. XII.... 38 s. w.b. w. ditto.... 
 
 Gergesa, or Gerasa ... Hippos, Hippo- 
 
 dom ManasBeb, 
 
 by d. Jordan ditto .... Matt. viii. 28 . XIII . . 59 n. n. e ditto. . . . 
 
 Gerizim, Mount Garasim Ephraim.... ditto.... Joshua viii.33. X 25 n.. 
 
 Gbrzites, orGezrites .. Gerrha Simeon .... ditto . . lSam. xxvii.8. XIX.. 
 
 , . Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... 2 Sam. xiii. 38. XIII . 
 
 Geshur Geshuri. 
 
 Geshuri Gesburi. 
 
 Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan ditto.... Josbua xiii. 2. XIII, 
 
 Geshurites Geshuri Simeon .... ditto.... lSam.xxvii.28. XIX. , 
 
 Gether Carduthi Aram Shem... Genesis x. 23 . I 
 
 Gethsemene Benjamin . . Canaan. . Matt. xxvi. 36. XVI. . 
 
 130 w. s.w.... Arabia.. 
 
 . 86 n. b e Palest .. 
 
 . 86 n. b. e ditto.... 
 
 . 80 s. w. b. w. ditto.... 
 
 . 700 n. w Turkey.. 
 
 . 1e Palest.. 
 
 Gbzer, or Gazer Gazari Ephraim.... ditto.... Joshua x. 33.. X 15 n. w. b. n. Syria... 
 
 Giah Benjamin., ditto.... 2 Sam. ii. 24. . XI..., 
 
 Gibbethox , Dan ditto .... Josbua xix. 44 XI ..., 
 
 Gibbah, or Gabaa Gabatha Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 27 XI .... 
 
 Gibe ah Gibea Benjamin., ditto.... 1 Sam. x. 26.. XI..., 
 
 Gibbon, Gaba, or Gibbar. Gabaon Benjamin., ditto.... Joshua x. : 
 
 XI. 
 
 5 N. e. b. N.. ditto.... 
 
 26 w.b. s ditto 
 
 10 s. w. b. w. ditto 
 
 22 n. b.w.... Palest.. 
 
 9 w. n. w. .. ditto.... 
 
 Gibeon, Pool of Benjamin .. ditto.... 2 Sam. ii. 13.. XI.... 7 n. n.w.... ditto..., 
 
 Gibeon, Wilderness of Benjamin .. ditto.... 2Sam.ii.24.. XI.... 22 s. b. b ditto..., 
 
 Giblites, or Gebul Byblos Hamath.... Syria ... Joshua xiii. 5. XIX... 260 n. b. Syria. ., 
 
 Gidom Judah . 
 
 Canaan. . Judges xx. 45. XII. ... 19 w. s. w. . . . Palest . 
 
 Gihon, River Gyndes Eden Paradise.Genesisii.13.il 1340 e. n. e. .. Persia. 
 
 Gi hon, Fountain of. Benjamin .. Canaan. . 1 Kings i. 45. . XVI... Ow Palest.. 
 
 Giiboa, Mount Gelbus Manasseh.. ditto.... 1 Sam. xxxi. 1. IX . . . . 52 n. n. e ditto... 
 
 Gii.ead, or Galeed Galaadites. 
 
 , Gad. 
 
 , ditto.... Gen. xxxvii.25 XIV. . . 50 n. e. b. e.. ditto.. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 ***-,* |fl *> Pr p:ZL"\ 
 
 Asia .. Akka The sick were healed here by touching the hem of Christ's 
 garment. 
 
 32. 50 35. 49 L. Tabaria. . 
 
 . ditto., ditto Christ preached from Simon's ship to the people on the shore 
 
 of the lake ; and here was obtained a miraculous draught of 
 fishes. See Chinnereth and Galilee, sea of. 
 
 11.25 34.43 ditto.. Gaza. 
 
 . The dwelling place of Isaac during the famine; here he denied 
 his wife, for which he was reproved by Abimelech the king. 
 
 12.42 
 12. 12 
 
 - 35. 46 Kerbal - Szam- 
 
 mara ditto .. Damascus Here Christ perfonnci 
 
 the miracle of the swine. 
 
 35.21 ditto., ditto Here Moses pronounced twelve blessings Joshua here wrote 
 
 the law of Moses upon stone, in the presence of the children 
 of Israel. Here also Jotham delivered his parable of the 
 trees, after Abimelech had slain all his brethren, being three- 
 score and ten persons. See Mount Ebal and Shechem. 
 
 .55 33.15 ditto.. Gaza.... A people utterly destroyed by David and his army. 
 
 3. 9 35.46 
 
 ditto. 
 
 . ditto 
 
 1.10 34.10 
 
 
 . Gaza 
 
 
 ditto. 
 
 Koordistan 
 
 
 ditto. 
 
 . Damascus 
 
 n.5933. 7 ditto.. Gaza. . 
 
 3. 9 35. 46 ditto . . Damascus Absalom fled to this place after killing: his brother Amnon for 
 
 the shame he brought on his sister Tamar. 
 
 See above. 
 
 Subdued, but not expelled by the Israelites under David. 
 
 A colony of Shem. 
 
 An occasional resort of Christ, the scene of liis agony, and 
 the place where he was betrayed by the traitor Judas. 
 
 Smitten and utterly destroyed by the Israelites under Joshua. 
 See Gazer. 
 
 To this place Joab and Ahishai pursued Abucr. 
 
 A city of the Levi'.** 
 
 A town of the mountain* of Judah. 
 
 . This was a place of idol VHabin.-: Here Saul dwelt, and here 
 also were seven of his son; <><un by the Inhabitant*. 
 
 . The five kings of the Amorites were defeated by Joshua, and 
 were afterwards destroyed by a tremendous liail-storm at 
 this place. During the battle the sun was commanded to 
 stand still over this city, and the moon over the valley of 
 Ajalon. 
 
 11.52 - 
 11.43 - 
 11. 42 - 
 H. 52 - 
 
 35.23 ditto. 
 
 34.49 ditto, 
 
 35. 6 Jeba ditto , 
 
 35 15 ditto. 
 
 . Damascus 
 
 , Gaza 
 
 Damascus 
 ditto 
 
 II. 54 - 35.16 ditto, 
 
 Gaza. 
 
 II. 53 - 
 
 11. 24 - 
 15.30- 
 
 II. 41 - 
 
 18.10- 
 
 35. 16 . 
 35.21 . 
 
 . ditto , 
 , ditto, 
 
 Damascus 
 ditto 
 
 See Helkath-hazzurim. 
 See Giah. 
 
 35. 40 Gibyle, or Dje- 
 
 bail ditto . 
 
 32. 25 
 32.15- 
 
 Tripoli .. The inhabitants of this piece were employee ny^ cVt>rt.oo o 
 prepare stones and timber for the temple. See Gebal. 
 
 . 34 53 ditto.. Gaza The Benjamites were smitten by the children of Israel and 
 
 pursued to this place. 
 
 - 63". 10 Shat-ul-Hud.... ditto . 
 ditto. 
 
 - 35. 31 Jebel Fuku'a .. ditto , 
 
 36. Djelaad . 
 
 , ditto . 
 
 , Khusistan The second river in the Garden of Eden. 
 
 Damascus Here Solomon was anointed king, by Nathan and Zadok. 
 
 Akka .... Here Saul assembled the Israelites against the Philistines. 
 See Endor. 
 
 , Damascus From this place the Ishmaelites were bringing spice, halm, 
 myrrh, &c. on their way to Sgypt, when the brethren of 
 Joseph sold him to them. See Dot ban. 
 
 fU'HIV-EEoITT] 
 
 *At 
 
 'yrzmv 
 
40 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Distance and 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Gilp ad, Mount Gad Canaan.. Gen. xxxi. 21 . XIV. .. 50n. e. b. e. . Palest, 
 
 Gileao, or Mizpeh, Land 
 of 
 
 Gad ditto.... Judges x. 17-. XIV... 62 n. e ditto.., 
 
 Gilead, Ramoth, or Ra- 
 
 moth Galaad Gad ditto Deut. iv. 43 .. XIV... 41 n. e. b. e.. ditto... 
 
 Gilgal Galgala Benjamin., ditto.... Joshua iv. 19 . XI 20 e. n. e ditto... 
 
 Gilgal of Nations Galgalis Mauasseh.. ditto.... Joshua xii. 23. IX 
 
 Giloh Judah ditto 2 Sam. xv. 12 . XII... 
 
 Gimzo Dan ditto .... 2Chr. xxviii. 18 XII. .. 
 
 Girgashites Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto Genesis x. 16 . XIII.. 
 
 Gitta H-iiEPUER, or Gath- 
 hepher Itopata Zebulon ditto 
 
 Gittaim Judah ditto., 
 
 Gittitks Dan ditto., 
 
 Goath, Valley of Benjamin . . ditto . . 
 
 Joshua xix. 13. VIII.. 
 2 Sam. iv 3 .. XIII... 
 Joshua xiii. 3. XIX... 
 Jer. xxxi. 39.. XVI... 
 
 45 n. n. w. ... ditto... 
 
 22 s. b. e ditto... 
 
 20 N. w ditto... 
 
 65 n. n. E ditto... 
 
 63 n ditto... 
 
 15 e. b. s ditto... 
 
 30 w. b. s ditto... 
 
 Ow ditto... 
 
 Gob, Geba, or Gaba Gob Benjamin., ditto.... 2 Sam. xxi. 19. XI 12 n ditto... 
 
 Gog Sarmatia Asi- 
 
 atica 
 
 . Japheth . Ezek.xxxviii.2 I On. 
 
 Gaulon Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. . Joshua xx. 8 . XIII.. 
 
 64 n. e. b. n.. Palest . 
 
 Golgotha, or Calvary Benjamin., ditto Matt xxvii. 33. XVI. . . Ow ditto... 
 
 Gombr Mysia.Bythenia 
 
 Galatia, &c Japheth. Genesis x. 3.. I 500 w. b. w Turkey 
 
 Gomorrah Judah Canaan.. Genesis x. 19 . III.... s. e Palest.. 
 
 Goshen Judah ditto.... Joshuax.41.. XII.... 29 s. b. w ditto... 
 
 Goshen, or Rameses Egypt Mizraim. Gen. xlvi. 28.. IV 200 w. s. w Egypt. 
 
 Goshen, Land of. Heliopolis Egypt ditto.... Gen. xlv. 10.. IV 200 w. s. w.... ditto... 
 
 Gozan Gauzanitus Media Persia . 2Kings xix. 12 II 650 n. b. b. b.. Persia. 
 
 Gozan, River Amardus, or 
 
 Mardus Media ditto.... 2Kings xvii. 6. II 650N..b.E.. ditto... 
 
 Great Sea, West Sea, or 
 
 Sea of Tarshish Marelnternum Japheth 
 
 & Ham . Num. xxxiv. 7 XXIV. Ow Meditei 
 
 Greece, or Achaia Hellas Achaia& Pe- 
 loponnesus. Grsecia.. Zech. ix. 13.. XXIV. 740 n. w. b. w . Turkey. 
 
 Gob Issachar.... Canaan. . 2 Kings ix. 27. IX 47n. b. w.... Palest. 
 
 Gur-baal Gaha Issachar.. . ditto.... 2Chron. xxvi.7 IX 44N.b.w.... ditto... 
 
 Haeds, or Chabor Matiana Media Persia .. lChron.v.26.. II 7.5 e. n. e Ajemi. . 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 41 
 
 Modern Xante. 
 
 . 36. Djebel Djelaoud. Asia .. Damascus Laban pursued after Jacob, who fled from his house with Ra- 
 chel and Leah, and overtook them on this mount ; and her* 
 he searched for the images which Rachel had taken away, 
 and after much striving, Laban and Jacob made a covenant 
 together. 
 
 3036.10 ditto., ditto., 
 
 , 835. Szalt.or Djelaad. ditto . . ditto See Ramoth Gilead. 
 
 5335.42 Rihhah ditto., ditto This was the first place taken by Joshua west of the Jordan, 
 
 from the bed of which river each tribe took a atone, which 
 were set up by Joshua as a monument to future generations, 
 that they had passed the river on dry land. Here also Sa- 
 muel hewed Agag, the king of the Amalekites, in pieces. 
 
 27 34. 54 ditto . . Akka .... A royal city. 
 
 25 35. 22 ditto . . Damascus The birthplace of Ahithophel, the counsellor of David. 
 
 54 34. 57 Jimzu ditto., ditto A city invaded by the Philistines. 
 
 4535.50 ditto., ditto .... Descendants of Canaan. 
 
 48 35. 26 ditto .. Akka .... See Gath-hepher. 
 
 45 35. 35 ditto . . Damascus Here Baanah and Rechab murdered Ishhosheth, a son of Saul. 
 
 4034.45 ditto.. Gaza One of the nations of the Philistines. 
 
 rusalem ditto . . Damascus Between Jerusalem and Mount Calvary, which was declared to 
 
 be holy unto the Lord for ever. 
 
 58 35. 20 Engeeb ditto., ditto Here Sibbechai slew the giant Saph, who was the brother of 
 
 Goliath of Gath.^See Elah, Valley of. 
 
 Tahtary ditto .. Kirg. Ka- 
 
 saks ... A colony of Japheth. 
 
 42 35. 53 Djolan ditto . . Damascus A city of Refuge, and also of the Levites. 
 
 rusalem ditto . ditto See Calvary, Mount. 
 
 032. Anadoli ditto.. Anadoli.. A colony of Japheth. 
 
 I ditto .. Damascus One of the cities of the plain, which was destroyed by fire from 
 
 heaven. See Dead Sea. 
 
 1835.14 ditto., ditto Here Joshua defeated the Canaan ites. 
 
 55 32. 10 Cairo Africa. Bahari. . Here Joseph received his father and brethren. 
 
 55 32. 10 Kelioub ditto., ditto Given by Joseph to his father Jacob for a dwelling-place. And 
 
 it was miraculously exempted from the plagues which were 
 inflicted by God on the other parts of Egypt. 
 
 048. Ozen Asia.. Azerbigan A place of captivity. 
 
 048. Kizil-Ozen ditto., ditto See above. 
 
 . 30 35. 40 Europe _, . , . 
 
 &Afnc. Levant .. The greater portion of this Sea was navigated by St. Paul. 
 
 , 45 22. 30 Greece Europe Livadia & 
 
 Morea . See Achaia. 
 
 31 35. 8 Asia . . Akka .... At this place Jehu smote Ahaziah, king of Judah, in his cha- 
 riot, after which he fled to Megiddo, and died there. 
 
 29 35. 11 ditto . . ditto Uzziah smote the Arabians, &c. that dwelt in this place. 
 
 48. 40 Abhar ditto . . Azerbigan Pul and Tilgath-pilneser, kings of Assyria, carried the Reuben- 
 
 ites, the Gadites, and the half tribe of Mauasseh, captive to 
 this place, &c. 
 
42 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Hachilah, Hill of Judah Canaan. . 1 Sam. x. 19 . . XII ... 24 s. b. i 
 
 Hadad-rimmon Maximianopolis Issachar.... ditto.... Zech. xii. 11.. IX 43 n. b. w.. .. ditto.. 
 
 Hadashah Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 37. XII .. . 26 s. w. b. w.. ditto.. 
 
 Haddattah Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 25. XII. .. 35 s. s. w Syria 
 
 Hadio Adida,orAditha. Benjamin... ditto.... Ezra ii. 33. . . . XI 14 w. b. n Palest 
 
 Hadoram Joktan . 
 
 . Arphaxad Genesis x. 27 . 1 e. . 
 
 Persia 
 
 Hadrach, or Cajle-Syria. Libanus Lebanon Syria... Zech. ix. 1... XIII.. 
 
 Hagarites, orllajtarenes 1 Chron. v. 10. XII . . 
 
 Hai, Ai, or Aiatb Ai, or Gai . . .. m Benjamin . . Canaan. . Geuesis xii. 8. XL. . . 
 
 Hal ah Chalach.orCha- . _ ' , T 
 
 lachene Media Aram... 1 Chron. v. 26. II. ... 
 
 Halak, Mount Judah Canaan- . Joshua xii. 7 .XII. . 
 
 Halhul Judah ditto .... Joshua xv. 58. XII . . 
 
 Hall Asher ditto.... Joshua xix. 25 VII... 
 
 Ham, Land of Africa, Libya, & . - 
 
 Arabia 1 Chron 1V.40IV.... 
 
 140 n Syria 
 
 Palest 
 
 7 n. x. b. n. ditto.. 
 
 500 n. k Russif 
 
 34 s. a. w Syria 
 
 10s Palest 
 
 72 n ditto.. 
 
 Ham, Mizraim, or Egypt . Egyptus Egypt Ham. . . . IChron. iv. 40. IV 240 s. w. b. w. Egypt. 
 
 Ham, Rabbath-Ammon, . ___ 
 
 or Rabba Philadelphia . . Reuben .... Syria . . . Genesis xiv. 5. XIV. . 
 
 Hamath Emesa , 
 
 , Hamath .... ditto .... Num. xiii. 21 . XIX. . 
 
 55 e. b. p? Paleht 
 
 230 n. N. e Syria 
 
 Hamath, Entering of Hamath Lebanon.... Ham.... Judges iii. 3. . XIX... 213 n. n. e..... Palest 
 
 Hamathites Phoenicia .. Syria... Genesis x. 18. XIX.. 
 
 Hamath-Zobah Sobah Syria. .. 2 Chron. viii.3. VII . . 
 
 II ammath, or Hammoth- Naphtali . . . Canaan. . Joshua xix. 35 XIX. , 
 
 dor 
 
 Hammos Asher ditto.... 1 Chron. vi. 76. VII . . 
 
 Hammon-gog, Valley of Zebulon .... Canaan. . Ezek xxxix.ll VIII., 
 
 . 230 n. n. e ditto.. 
 
 . 240 n. e Syria 
 
 . 83 n. b. e ditto.. 
 
 , 104 n. b. e Palest 
 
 . 50 n. b. w ditto.. 
 
 Hammoth-dob, or Ham- 
 moth Naphtali.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 35 VII ... 50 n. b. w... 
 
 Hamonah Zebulon.... ditto Ezek. xxxix.16 VIII... oON.b.w.... 
 
 Hananeel, Tower of Benjamin.. . ditto Neh. iii. 1 XVI. . . n. e , 
 
 Eanes Anysis or Then- 
 
 nesium Egypt Mizraim. Isaiah xxx. 4 . I V 170 w. b. s.. . . , 
 
 Hannathon Zebulon.... Canaan. . Joshua xix. 14 VIII... 66 n. b. e...., 
 
 Hafharaim Aiphraim Issachar.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 19 IX 51 n. b. w... 
 
 Haradah Paran Arabia... Num.xxxiii.24 IV 125 w. s. w... 
 
 Habau, or Hara Media Persia... 1 Chron. v. 26. II 700 n. e. b. e. 
 
 Haban, or Charran Charrae Padan-Aram Mesopo. Genesis xi. 32. II 370 n. k. b. n., 
 
 ditto. . 
 Syria 
 ditto. . 
 
 Egypt. 
 Syria 
 ditto.. 
 Arabia 
 Turke: 
 Algezi 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 43 
 
 |#-*pSBT 
 
 23 35. 27 Asia . . Damascus Here David hid himself in a cave, and afterwards surprised and 
 
 surrounded Saul, and for the second time spared his life; 
 whereupon Saul blessed David, and prophesied that he should 
 prevail. See Engedi. 
 
 .2335. 8 ditto.. Akka 
 
 . 32 34. 55 ditto . . Gaza 
 
 .1335. 6 ditto . Damascus . 
 
 .4835. 2 ditto.. Gaza 
 
 ditto.. Irak and 
 
 Khorassan A colony of Joktan. 
 
 .3036. El-Bekaa ditto .. Damascus 
 
 ditto.. Gaza Descendants of Ishmael. 
 
 .5335.24 ditto.. Damascus See Al and Bethel, or Luz. 
 
 . 043. Aksiat ditto . . Georgia . . The Israelites were carried captive to this place. See Habor. 
 
 .1635. 1 ditto . . Gaza The southern boundary of the tribe of Judah. 
 
 .37 35.20Halhul ditto.. Damascus 
 
 . 57 35. 16 ditto . . Akka .... A boundary town of Issachar. 
 
 Africa & Arabia. Africa Peopled by Ham the son of Noah, and included the whole of 
 
 Africa, Arabia, and part of Persia. 
 
 . 031. Egypt ditto . . Bahari 
 
 Vost . .. Chosen as a place for pasture by the sons of Simeon. 
 
 . 36. 10 Ammaan Asia . . Damascus The Zuzims were destroyed by Chedorlaomer. 
 
 .037. Hems, or Horns, ditto A kingdom of Syria. 
 
 . 30 35. 45 ditto . . Akka .... A northern boundary of the land of Canaan, and the entrance 
 
 or key to the kingdom of Hamath. 
 
 , 037. ditto.. Tripoli... 
 
 40 38. 20 Horns ditto .. Damascus ^ fortified or fenced city. 
 
 . 8 35. 34 ditto .. Akka Conquered by Solomon. 
 
 , ditto . . Akka .... A city of the Levites. 
 
 .4035.10 ditto., ditto Ezekiel prophesied that this should become the burying place 
 
 of Gog and his multitude. 
 
 . 835.34 ditto., ditto See Hammath, or Hararaath-dor. 
 
 .3635.13 ditto., ditto 
 
 ditto.. Damascus Repaired by Eliashib. 
 
 .1032. Temmis Africa . Bahari .. . 
 
 . 49 35. 29 Asia .. Akka .... A boundary town of Zebulon. 
 
 .36 - 35. 2 ditto., ditto 
 
 .5033. ditto . . El-tieh . . A station of the Israelites in the desert. 
 
 . o47. 20 Ahhar ditto .. Karadagh. A place of captivity. See Habor. 
 
 30 39 20 Harran ditto .. DiahMod. Terah, Abram, and family, resided here for a time after tkey 
 
 left Ur of the Chatdees, on their journey to the land of Ga. 
 naan ; and here Terah died. See Charran. 
 
44 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic JVamfc 
 
 Hareth, Forest of Judah Canaan. . 1 Sam. xxii. 5. XII. ... 25 s. w. b. w. . Pah 
 
 Haroj>, Well of Manasseh.. ditto.... Judges vii. 1. . IX 44 n. n. b ditt 
 
 Harosheth of the Gen- 
 tiles Haroseth Naphtali ditto Judges iv. 13 . VII . .. 76 n. b. e ditt* 
 
 Hauran Auranitis Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Syria .. . Ezek. xlvii. YJ. XIII .. 80 n. e Syri 
 
 Havilah Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 29 . I. II. . . 1700 e. b. if . . . . Pert 
 
 Havilah Cholchis, or 
 
 Cbabala Cush Ham.... Genesis x.7.. LIL.. 700w.b.E Tur] 
 
 Havilah Arabia Paradise.... Eden... Genesis ii. 11. I. II. .. 700 e. b. s dittc 
 
 Havoth-jair, &c Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. . Num.xxxii. 41. XIII .. 70 n. n. e dittc 
 
 Hazar-addar, or Adar Judah ditto.... Num. xxxiv. 4. XII. ... 40 s. w. b. s.. Pale 
 
 Hazar-enan, or Enan Naphtali... ditto.... Num. xxxiv. 9. VII. .. 94 n. b. e dittc 
 
 Hazar-gaddah Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 27. XII. ... 35 s. w dittc 
 
 Hazar-hatticon Damascus.. Syria... Ezek. xlvii. 16. VII- .. 100 n. n. e dittc 
 
 Hazar-maveth Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 26 . I 45 s. w. b. w. Pers 
 
 Hazar-shtjal Simeon.... Canaan.. Joshua xv. 28. XII.... 32 s. w. b. w. Syrii 
 
 Hazar-susah, or Hazar- 
 Busim Simeon ditto.... Joshua xix. 5. XII 33 w. s. w. ... ditto 
 
 Hazerim, or Hazeroth Paran Arabia... Deut. ii. 23 .. IV. & 
 
 XIX.. 108 s. s. w Arab 
 
 Hazeroth, or Hazerim Paran ditto ... Num. xi. 35.. IV. & 
 
 AlX. . 108 s. s. w.... ditto 
 
 Hazezon-tamar, or En- 
 gedi Engaddi Judah Canaan. . Genesis xiv. 7. XII. .. 38 s. b. e Syrii 
 
 Hazor Hasor Naphtali... ditto 1 Kings ix. 15. VII.... 77 n. b. e ditto 
 
 Hazor Judah ditto Joshua xv. 23. XII. .. 40 s. w ditto 
 
 Hazor Petra of the Na- 
 
 bathean Edom Arabia.. Jer.xlix.2S.. IV.... 95 s. b. E Arabi 
 
 Heber Arphaxad ... Shem... 1 Chron. v. 13. II n. b Persi; 
 
 Hebron, Pool of Judah Canaan.. 2 Sam. iv. 12.. XI.... 17 s. b. w Pales 
 
 Hebron, Kirjath-Arba, or 
 Mamre Hebron Judah ditto.... Gen.xxiii. 2.. XII. .. 17 s. b. w ditto. 
 
 Hebron, or Abdon Habran Asher ditto Joshua xix.28. VII. .. 93 n ditto. 
 
 Hebron, Vale of Judah ditto Gen. xxxvii.14 XII. .. 20 ditto. 
 
 Helam .. Persia Persia .. 2 Sam.x. 16 .. XIX... 650 e 
 
 Helbah Asher Canaan.. Judges i. 31 .. VII. .. 104 n ditto. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 45 
 
 , Asia .. Gaza Here Saul charged his servants and commanded them to slay 
 
 the priests of the Lord, but they refusing, Doeg the Edomite 
 killed that day fourscore and live of theiu. 
 
 , ditto.. Damascus Here the Midianites fell by the hand of Gideon, who, by the 
 stratagem of the lamps and pitchers, so terrified them, that 
 every man's hand was turned against his fellow. 
 
 2 35. 31 ditto . . Akka . 
 
 4036.20 
 
 68. Caubul 
 
 Sisera's army assembled here, with 900 chariots, and was de- 
 feated by Deborah and Barak, and he was afterwards slain by 
 Jael, the wife of Heber, who drove a nail through his temples. 
 
 . ditto . . Damascus 
 
 , ditto.. Caubul .. Peopled by the descendants of Joktan. 
 
 35. Armenia . 
 047. 
 
 , ditto.. Georgia.. Peopled by the descendants of Cush. 
 
 . ditto .. Bagdad .. A part of the land of Eden, compassed by the River Pison. 
 
 50 35. 50 . 
 12 34. 55 . 
 
 19 35. 39 . 
 25 - 34. 47 
 
 20 36. 10 . 
 3o - 34. 45 . 
 
 29 34. 43 
 3434.44 ., 
 1534.25 . 
 15 34. 25 . , 
 
 . ditto .. Damascus Taken by Jair, theson of Manasseh. See Bashan-Havoth-Jair. 
 
 . ditto.. Gaza See Adar. 
 
 . ditto.. Akka See Enan. 
 
 . ditto.. Gaza .... A boundary town between Judah and Edom. 
 . ditto . . Damascus A northern boundary of Canaan. 
 . ditto. 
 
 Irak, and 
 Khroras- 
 an .... Peopled by the descendants of Joktan. 
 
 ditto . . Gaza . 
 
 11 35. 37 Ain Tidy . 
 1 35. 38 Ilazouri . . 
 19 35. 3 
 
 . ditto., ditto 
 
 . ditto.. El-Tieh.. The dwelling place of the Avims, or Avites. 
 
 . ditto., ditto A station of the Israelites, from whence they removed to the 
 
 wilderness of Paran ; and here Miriam, the sister of Moses, 
 was struck with leprosy. 
 
 . ditto .. Damascus The Amalekites and Amorites were defeated by Abram at this 
 Dlace. See Engedi. 
 
 , ditto.. Akka .... The chief city of the northern kingdoms. Taken and burnt 
 by Joshua. 
 
 . ditto .. Gaza. .... One of the uttermost cities of Judah towards Edom. 
 
 10 35. 28 Wady Mousa . 
 
 29- 35.17 
 
 - 35. 17 El-Khalyl 
 
 1935.29 
 
 25 3*. 17 
 
 ditto .. El-Arabi . See Selah and Joktheel. 
 
 ditto . . Elam A colony of Selah. 
 
 . ditto .. Damascus Here Baanah and Rechab, sons of Rimmon, slew Ishbosheth, 
 and David ordered his young men to slay them, and having 
 cut off their hands and feet, hung them up over the pool. 
 
 , ditto., ditto A city of refuge. Here Sarah, wife of Abraham died. - Here 
 
 also Joab killed Abner, by smiting him under the fiftli rib, 
 and David wept over his grave. 
 
 , ditto . . Akka .... See Abdon. 
 
 , ditto .. Damascus Here Joseph's brethren threw him into the pit, and steeped his 
 coat in goat's blood, previous to selling htm to the Isumael- 
 ites. See Gilead and Dothan. 
 
 , ditto . 
 . ditto . 
 
 At this place David conquered the Syrians, and smote Sha- 
 bach, the captain of their host. 
 
 Akka .... The Canaanites were never expelled from this place. 
 
46 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Ao of 
 
 Distant e ami 
 fteurii.g from 
 
 , Chalybon, or 
 
 Borea Hamatk Syria . . . Ezek. xxvii. 18 XIX. , 
 
 ) n. n. e Syrii 
 
 Heleph Naphtali.... Canaan.. Joshua xix. 33. VII. .. 91 n. b. e Palei 
 
 Helkath Asher ditto... Joshua xxi. 31 VII. .. 82 n ditto 
 
 Helkath-Hazzurim Benjamin., ditto... 2 Sam. ii. 16. . VII. .. J n. n. w.... ditto 
 
 Hena Anatho Media Persia.. 2Kgs.xviii. 34 II 37n.b.I).e.. Turi 
 
 Hepher Judah Canaan. . Joshua xii. 17. XII. .. 20 s. e Palei 
 
 Hepher, Land of. Judah ditto. . . 1 Kings iv. 10. XII. . . 20 s. e ditto 
 
 Heres, Mt. or Chesalon Dan ditto .. . Judges i. 35 . . XI 16 w. w . w. . . ditto 
 
 . ditto 
 
 Hermon, Mount Issachar.... ditto... Ps. cxxxih. 3 . IX . . . . 48n.. 
 
 Hermon, Mount, Shenir, 
 
 or Sirion Hermon Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto... Joshua xii. 1 . XIII . . 150 n. n. e ditto 
 
 Hesubon Esbus,orEsbuta Reuben ditto... Num. xxi. 25 . XIV. . . 37 e. b. n ditto 
 
 Heshmon Judah ditto ... Joshua xv. 27. XII .. . 35 s. w. b. s.. ditto 
 
 Heth Canaan .... Ham.... Genesis x. 15 . I s ditto 
 
 Hethlon Asher Canaan.. Ezek.xlvii. 15. VII. .. 109 n. b. e ditto 
 
 Hezron, or Hazor Judah ditto ... Joshua xv. 3.. XII. .. 37 s. w. b. s. . Sym 
 
 Hiddehel, River of Tigris Paradise ... Eden ... Genesis ii 14. II 1500 e. b. n. .. Turt 
 
 Hierapolis Hierapolis .... Phrygia.... AsiaMin. Col. iv. 13 XXIII. 20 s ditto 
 
 Hill Country, The .... Daromas Judah Canaan. Joshuaxxi.il. XII. .. 20 s Palei 
 
 Hilon, or Holon Judah ditto... 1 Chron. vi. 5S. XII. .. 20 s. h. w ditto 
 
 Hinnom, Valley of Benjamin., ditto... Jer. xix. 2 . . . . XVI... s. w ditto 
 
 Hittites Judah. 
 
 ditto. .. Deut.vii.l .. III.... 10s. 
 
 Hivites Asher and 
 
 Naphtali . ditto... Deut.vii.l .. XIX... 140 n. b. e ditto 
 
 Hobah Chochaba Damascus.. Syria... Gen.xiv.15.. XIII... 110 w. n. e Syru 
 
 Holon, or Hilon Judah Canaan. . Joshua xxi. 15 XII. 
 
 Hor, Mount, or Seir Edom Arabia.. Num. xx. 27. . IV... 
 
 20 s. b. w ditto 
 
 90 s Arab 
 
 Hoa, Mount, or Seir Dan Canaan.. Genesis xiv. 6. XI 24 w. b. s Pale! 
 
 Horbb Horeb Sinai Arabia... Exodus xvii. 6. IV 320 s. s.w .... Arab 
 
 Horem Naphtali... Canaan.. Joshua xix. 38. VII. ... 67 n. b.E Palei 
 
 Hob-hagidgad Shur Paran .. . Num.xxxiii.32 IV 130 s.w.b:s.. Arab 
 
 Hormah, or Zephath Judah Canaan.. Num. xiv. 45 .IV 42 s. w. b. w. Palei 
 
 Boronaim. Reuben ditto.... Jer. xlviii. 5. . XIV.. 50 e ditto. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 a 
 
 J6. 12 37. 30 Haleb or Aleppo Asia . . Aleppo .. . Celebrated for its wine and white wool. 
 
 >. 38 ditto . . Akka A boundary town between Asher and Naphtali. 
 
 1. 24 Nakhora ditto., ditto A city of the Levites. 
 
 i. 16 ditto.. Damascus Here twelve valiant men of Isbbosheth, the son of Saul, and 
 
 twelve of David's men, slew each other. Abuer and his army 
 were here also smitten. 
 
 . 45 Annah, or Anah. ditto .. Aljezirah.. A place of idol worship. 
 
 1. 31 ditto . . Damascus The king of this place was taken by Joshua. 
 
 i. 31 ditto., ditto Under the government of one of Solomon's purveyors. 
 
 1.59 ditto.. Gaza. The Amorites kept possession of this place in defiance of the 
 
 Israelites. 
 
 33. 
 
 N 
 
 m. 
 
 7 
 
 n. 
 
 54 
 
 34 
 
 U 
 
 31. 
 
 is 
 
 31. 
 
 m 
 
 11. 
 
 51 
 
 J2. 37 35. 26 Hermon ditto . . Akka. . 
 
 33. 30 
 31.53 
 
 -36. El-Heish ditto A northern boundary of Canaan. 
 
 - 35. 3 Heshban ditto .. Damascus A city of the Amorites taken by Joshua. The fish pools were 
 
 here. Canticles vii. 4. 
 
 33.23-35.35 ditto 
 
 il. 15 - 34. 57 ditto 
 
 J6. 10 66. 30 Sbat-ool-Arab. . ditto 
 58. 0. 29. Pambouk-Kalesi ditto 
 ditto 
 
 ditto.. Gaza , 
 
 ditto . . Damascus A colony of Cauaan. 
 
 Akka A boundary town in the north of Canaan. 
 
 Gaza A southern boundary of Judah. 
 
 Bagdad.. . One of the rivers of Paradise. 
 
 Kbarnman , 
 
 Damascus In which the city of Hebron was situated. -The neighbouring 
 country was given to Caleb for a possession. 
 
 31.27 35.14 ditto., ditto. 
 
 ditto . . ditto. 
 
 A city of the Levites. 
 
 Of this place Jeremiah declared that it should be called the 
 valley of slaughter, because here the children of Judah 
 offered up their sons as burnt offerings to Baal. 
 
 ditto.. Akka Subdued by the Israelites. 
 
 34. 
 33.25- 
 
 -35.50 ditto.. 
 
 -36. 20 Kokab ditto.. 
 
 -35.14 ditto.. 
 
 - 35. 25 Djebai Shera.... ditto .. 
 
 31. 42 --34. 54 
 
 28. 37 34. K Orel) or St. Ca- 
 therine 
 
 aitto 
 ditto 
 
 32. i)2 35. 29 
 
 ditto 
 
 30. 133.42 
 
 ditto 
 
 30. 99 35. 13 Nubk es-Sufah 
 
 Ik 52 y;. 17 
 
 difto 
 ditto 
 
 ditto Ditto. 
 
 Damascus At this place Abram gained a decisive battle over Chedorla- 
 onier and Hllies. Lot and his family were rescued, and all 
 his property restored. -See Damascus. 
 
 ditto See Hilon. Levitical city. 
 
 Paran.... An encampment of the Israelites. At this place Aaron, after 
 being stripped of his priestly robes by Moses, died and %vas 
 buri:d. 
 
 Here God comr 
 Israelites wll 
 
 nded Moses to strike the rock, to supply the 
 
 El-Tieh . . An encampment o! the Israelites. 
 
 Gaza Thp people that would invade the land of promise agains' the 
 
 will or God, were smitten by the Amalekites and the t'a 
 naanites unto t i.is place. 
 
4S 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scrrjjture Name. 
 
 Country. 
 
 j y u . of 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Horse Gate 
 
 Hosah, or Hosea . . . . 
 Hitkok, or Hukkok.. 
 Hut 
 
 Benjamin . . Canaan. , Nehem. iii. 28. XVI. . . s. e Palest . 
 
 , Asher ditto.... Joshua xix. 29. VII. .. 79 n ditto... 
 
 . Asher ditto.... 1 Chron. vi. 75. VII. .. 68 n ditto... 
 
 , Padan Aram 
 
 and Hamath. Aram Shem .. . Gen. x. 23 . 
 
 I... 
 
 3 n. k. b Syria 
 
 IIUMTAH 
 
 Hl'B 
 
 Iblbam, or Bileam . 
 Icoitium 
 
 . - Judah Canaan.. Joshua xv. 54. XII. .. 22 s. b. w Palest. 
 
 , ... Gad ditto.... Joshua xiii. 21 XIV. . . 50 e. n. e ditto... 
 
 Issachar. ... ditto.... Joshua xvii. 11 IX 45 n. d. w.... ditto... 
 
 , Iconium Lycaonia ... AsiaMin. Acts xiv. 1. . . . XXIV. 388 n. n. w.... Anadoll 
 
 Idaj.au Zebulon Canaan. . Joshua xix.15. VIII... 51 n Palest.. 
 
 Idumka or Edom Arabia Petroea Arabia.. Isaiah xxxiv. 5 IV 100 s. w. b. w. Arabia. 
 
 Ira Tim Simeon Canaan.. Joshua xv. 29 XII. .. 49 s. w. b. w. Palest.. 
 
 Ijb-abarim Moab Arabia.. Num. xxi. 11 . IV 42 s. e. b. s... Arabia., 
 
 Ijon, or Iron Naphtali ... Canaan. . 1 Kings xv. 20. VII. .. 75 n. n. e Palest. 
 
 Illyricvm Liburnia and 
 
 Dalmatia.... Macedonia Bom. xv. 19.. XXIV. 960 n. w....... Turkey. 
 
 India India. 
 
 ... India... Esther i. 1.... II 1800 e Hindoo- 
 
 stan . , 
 
 Iron or Ijon Naphtali ... Canaan. . Josh. xix. 38. . VII.... 75 n. n. e Palest.., 
 
 Ibshemesh Judah or 
 
 Benjamin., ditto.... Josh. xix. 41.. XI 19 w. b n. .. ditto..., 
 
 Irpeel Benjamin, ditto.... Josh, xviii. 2". XI 13 9. b. b. e. . ditto..., 
 
 Syria.... 2 Sam. x. 6. ... XIX. .. 820 e. n. e Syria ., 
 
 Ish-tob, or Tob Tobie, or Tubi- 
 
 eni 
 
 Isles of the Gentiles Great Sea.. Dodanim 
 
 Cbittim, 
 
 , Genesis x. 5.. I w. . 
 
 Israel, Kingdom of Judea The twelve 
 
 Tribes Canaan. . lSam. xv. 28. . 
 
 Issachar, Tribe of Samaria.... ditto Josh. xix. 2h. . 
 
 Itali Grecia Magna . Kittim Javan ... Acts xxvii. 1.. 
 
 Ithnan, or Juttah ....... Jethira Judah Canaan, 
 
 Ittaii-kazim Tacassin Zebulon.... ditto... 
 
 Itwiika Traconites Manasseh 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto . . 
 
 Josh. xv. 23 . , 
 Josh. xix. 13., 
 
 XVIII Palest., 
 
 IX On ditto..., 
 
 XXIII. 1140 n. w. b. w. Italy ... 
 
 XII. .. 
 VIII... 
 
 25 s. b. e 
 
 54 N. b. b.... 
 
 Palest- 
 ditto.... 
 
 Luke iii. 1.... XIII... 
 
 Ivah or Ava.. Cush Shem. .. Isa xxxvii. 13. II 
 
 (Jaazkr, Jazcr, or Jahaza. Jazer Gad Canaan. . Num. xxi. 22 . XIV . . 
 
 n. n. e Syria .. 
 
 1250 e. b. n. .. Persia . 
 49 n. e. b. e. .. Palest., . 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 49 
 
 tit* i"? Modem Name. Quarter. 
 (Vert*. East. 
 
 Puhalic. 
 
 Asia.. Gaza Repaired by the Priests. 
 
 5 35. 16 ditto.. Akka 
 
 54 35.24 ditto., ditto A Levitical city. 
 
 , ditto.. Algezira& 
 
 Tripoli A colony of Shem. 
 
 2535.17 ditto.. Damascus . 
 
 Haouran ditto . . ditto Smitten by the Israelites under Moses. 
 
 3135. 9 ditto . . Akka .... A city of the Lcvites. 
 
 50 32. 29 Cogni, orConieh. ditto .. Cogni, or 
 
 Konieh. This was the chief city of the province of Lycaonia. Here St. 
 Paul preached in the synagogue to the Jews, who stirred up 
 the Gentiles, &c. who afterwards stoned him. See Derbe. 
 
 37 35-23 ditto.. Akka . 
 
 - 34. 30 El-Djebal ditto . . Damascus This is the Greek name, formed from, and answering to, the 
 
 Hebrew Edom. It was denounced by Jsaiah, and from this 
 place a great multitude followed Christ. 
 
 24 34.29 ditto .. Gaza 
 
 10 35 55 ditto . . Damascus An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 50 35. 29 ditto . . Akka .... A fenced city. Smitten by Benhadad, king of Syria. 
 
 15 19. 40 Croatia and Dal- 
 
 matia Europe lllyria. . . . This place was distinguished into two parts; Liburnia to the 
 
 north, where now lies Croatia ; and Dalmatia to the south ; 
 2 Tim. iv. 10. Here St. Paul preached the gospel. 
 
 Hindoostan . . . . Asia.. Mnnltan 
 
 &c So named from its great western river Indus. Under the 
 
 sceptre of Ahasuerus. 
 
 35. 44 ditto . Akka .... See Ijon. 
 
 46 - 34. 57 ditto . . Gaza Probably the same as Beth-shemash 
 
 54 35. 32 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 20 36. 50 Ezzonet ditto . . ditto The Syrians of this place came to help the children of Amnion 
 
 who were smitten by Joab. See Helam. 
 
 Cyprus, Candia, 
 
 Sicily, &c Europe 
 
 & Asia. Levant... This appellation was given to ail the southern promontories 
 and islands in the Mediterranean Sea, viz. Italy, Greece, 
 Spain, &c. 
 
 , Palestine Asia 
 
 ( Estlrjelon ditto.. Akka.... One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 I 45 14. 25_Naples Europe Naples 
 
 L. 22 35. 24 Asia . . Damascus A Levitical city. 
 
 J.S8 35. 34 ditto.. Akka.... A boundary town of Zebulon. 
 
 Djedour ditto . . Damascus Of this place Philip was tetrarch. 
 
 5. 30 *- 59. 50 Merve-el Nahr. . ditto .. Khorassan A city of idolatry. 
 
 2. 17 36. 6 Djezaze or Jehar. ditto . . Damascus Taken by the Israelites under Moses 
 
50 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 A v/ 0/ 
 
 Distanceand Mod 
 
 Jabbok, River, or Jabok . Jobaccus Gad Canaan. . Num. xxi. 24 . XIV. . . 50 n. 
 
 Jabbok, Fords of Jobaccus Vad . . Gad ditto... Gen. xxxii. 22. XIV. . . 50 n. b ditto. 
 
 Jabes-Gilead, or Jabez . Gad ditto... 1 Sam. xi. 2.. XIV... 45 w. e ditto. 
 
 Jabez, or Jabesb-Gilead Gad ditto. . . Judges xxi. 8 . XIV . . 45 n. e 
 
 Jabneh, or Jamnia Jamnie Dan ditto. 
 
 Jabneel, or Caphar-jama Naphtali. . . . ditto ., 
 
 2Chron.xxvi.6. XIV . 
 Joshua xv. 11. VII. . 
 
 Jacob's Well Epbraim... ditto... Johniv.6.. 
 
 Jagur, or Jadur Judah ditto.. 
 
 Jahaz, Jabzah, or Jaazer. Jabzah Reuben ditto. . 
 
 Jahazah, or Jahaz, Jaha- 
 
 zah, &c Jahzah Reuben ditto. 
 
 Jahzah, &c Reuben ditto. 
 
 Jakabzeel, or Kabzeel Judah ditto., 
 
 Jamnia, or Jabneh Jamnia Dan ditto., 
 
 Janohah, or Janoah Issachar.... ditto.. 
 
 Jan um, or Janus Judah ditto., 
 
 Japheth 
 
 , Joshua xv. 21. XII. . 
 . Num. xxi. 23 . XIV. . 
 
 Joshua xxi. 36. XIV.. 
 IChron. vi.78. XIV.. 
 Neh. xi. 25... XII.. 
 2 Chr. xxvi. 6 . XI.. . . 
 Joshua xvi. 6 . IX ... 
 Joshua xv. 53. XII. . 
 Genesis ix.27. I 
 
 28 w. n. w. .. ditto. 
 77 n. b. e ditto. 
 
 34 s ditto. 
 
 49 n. e. b. e.. ditto. 
 
 49 n. e. b. e... ditto. 
 
 49 n.e. b. e.. ditto., 
 
 35 s. b. e ditto.. 
 
 28 w. n. w. .. ditto., 
 
 40 n ditto., 
 
 35 s. s. w ditto., 
 
 Japhia Zebulon Canaan.. J6shuaxix. 12 VIII... 55 n Palest 
 
 Japhleti Benjamin., ditto ... Joshua xvi. 3 . XI 11 n ditto.. 
 
 Japho, or Joppa Japho Epbraim... ditto. .. Joshua xix. 46. X 33 n. w. b. w. ditto.. 
 
 Jahmuth Jarnus Judah ditto ... Joshua xv. 35. XII. . . 13 w. s. w ditto.. 
 
 Jabmuth, Remeth or Ra- 
 moth Rameth Issachar.... ditto... Joshua xxi. 29. IX 39 n ditto.. 
 
 Jattir, or Jether Jethira Judah ditto .. . Joshua xv. 48 . XII. . . 30 s. s. w ditto. . 
 
 Javan f Japeth.. Isaiah lxvi. 19. I Turke 
 
 Jazeb, Sea of. Canaan. . Num. xxxii. 1. XIV. . . 30 s. s. w Palest 
 
 Jazee, or Jaazer Jazer Gad ditto ... Num. xxxii. 1. XIV. .. 49 k. e. b. e.. ditto.. 
 
 Jeabim, Chesalon, or 
 Heres, Mount Dan., 
 
 ditto .. . Joshua xv. 10 . XI 16 w. n. w. . . ditto. . 
 
 Jebus, Salem, Ariel, Jeru- 
 salem, or Jebusi Hierasolyraa . . Judah and 
 
 Benjamin, ditto... Genesis x. 16 . XVI ditto.. 
 
 J*musites Ditto ditto... Genesis x. 16. III.... About Jerusal. ditto.. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 51 
 
 15 35.50 Zerka Asia . 
 
 15 35. 55 Zerka ditto. 
 
 22 35. 54 Ragib, or Yebes. ditto . 
 
 22 35. 54 Ragib, or Yebes. ditto . 
 
 56 34. 48 Yebna, or Iebno. ditto . 
 59 35. 45 ditto . 
 
 13 35.21 ditto. 
 
 17 35. 6 Djezaze.orJehar. ditto . 
 
 Damascus Sihon, king of the Amorites, having refused to let the children 
 of Israel pass through his land, gathered his people against 
 them, and was utterly destroyed, and his land was afterwards 
 divided between Reuben and Gad for an inheritance. 
 
 ditto At this place Jacob wrestled with an angel and prevailed, he 
 
 then called the place Peniel. 
 
 ditto The men of this city, seeing that Nahash the Ammonite had 
 
 encamped against it, proposed a covenant, with a promise to 
 serve him, but he proposed to put out the ri*ht eye of the 
 Israelites as a reproach, whereupon the Spirit of the Lord 
 came upon Saul, who utterly destroyed the Ammonites, and 
 afterwards became the first king of Israel. 
 
 ditto Saul rescued this place from the Ammonites: and here the 
 
 bodies of Saul and Jonathan were deposited after having 
 been taken down from the walls of Bethshan.-See Beth- 
 shean. See also above. 
 
 Gaza A strong city of the Philistines conquered by Uzziah. 
 
 Akka A city of the Philistines, and its wall was broken down by 
 
 Uzziah. 
 
 Damascus Here Christ conversed with a woman of Samaria, who testified 
 of him, that he told her all things that ever she did. 
 
 ditto A city of the Levites. Sihon, king of the Amorites, defeated at 
 
 this place by the Israelites under Moses. 
 
 17 35. 6 Djezaze.orJebar. ditto . . ditto . . 
 
 17 35. ditto., ditto.. 
 
 13 35. 16 ditto . . ditto . . 
 
 56 34. 48 Jebna ditto.. Gaza.. 
 
 27 35. 21 ditto . . Akka.. 
 
 16. 35. 3 ditto.. Gaza.. 
 
 . A city of the Levites. See above. 
 , See Jahaz, &c. above. 
 
 Europe 
 
 & Asia. . 
 
 , So called from one of the sons of Noah, whose descendants 
 are supposed to have peopled the whole of Europe, and part 
 of Asia. 
 
 41 35.24 Asia .. Akka 
 
 58 35. 17 ditto . . Damascus A boundary town between Manasseh and Ephraim. 
 
 5 34. 47 Jaffa, or Yaffa . . ditto . . Gaza 
 
 3 35. 5 Yarmuk ditto . . ditto . 
 
 The port which was appointed for the reception of cedars and 
 other materials for the building of Solomon's temple. Sef 
 Joppa. 
 
 A royal city which assisted Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, 
 against Gideon. 
 
 32 35.11 ditto.. Akka.... 
 
 30 35. 6 Attir ditto . . Gaza 
 
 ditto.. Anadoli 
 
 2035. 6 rt ditto.. Gaza 
 
 17 36. 6 Szye ditto . . Damascus A fortified city. -See Jaazer. 
 
 A Levitical city. 
 
 A city in the mountains of Judah. 
 
 Colonized by the descendants of Japheth. 
 
 5134.59 ditto.. Gaza Forming a boundary between Dan and Benjamin. 
 
 - 35. 19 El-Khods, Kho- 
 
 des,orEl-Goots. ditto 
 
 Damascus See Ariel, and Jerusalem, 
 ditto., ditto Descendants of Canaan. 
 
 d 2 
 
52 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Nan.. I ~. <W* g#^ 
 
 Y u 0/ r uismnce an 
 
 Jegar-sahadutha , Manasseh 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. Gen. xxxi. 47 . XIII... 68 n. e. 
 
 Jehoshaphat, Valley of Benjamin 
 
 and Dan . . ditto. . . . Joel iii. 2 & 12. XVI. . . k. & s. ., 
 
 Jehovah-jireh, or " the 
 Lof.d will see or pro- 
 vide." Manasseh.. ditto.... Gen. xxii. 14. . III.... 38N.if.fi... 
 
 Jehovah-nissi, or " the 
 Lord my banner." Iloreb Sinai... Exodus xvii.15 IV 40 s. s.w. ., 
 
 . Pale 
 . ditt< 
 
 Jehovah-shalom, or 
 " the Lord send peace." Manasseh . . Canaan. . Judges vi. 24 . IX.. 
 
 Jeuud, or Jebuid Dan .... 
 
 Jerah Joktan . 
 
 . ditto Joshua xix.45. XI 32 w. b. s dittt 
 
 Arphaxad Genesis x. 26 . I Pers 
 
 Jerakmelites Simeon Canaan.. 1 Sam. xxvii.10 XIX. .. 15 s Pale 
 
 Jericho, or City of Palm 
 Trees Hierachus Benjamin .. ditto Joshua ii. 1 .. XI 1/ e. n. e ditto 
 
 Jericho, Waters of. Benjamin., ditto 2Kings ii. 21 .XI 17 b. n. b ditto 
 
 Jbricho, Plains of Benjamin., ditto Joshua v. 10.. XI 20 e. n. b ditto 
 
 Jxrdbl, Wilderness of Judab ditto.... 2Chron. xx. 16. XII. .. 20 s. b. b ditto 
 
 JERUSALEM, Salem, Je- 
 bus, or Ariel Hierosolyma . 
 
 Judah and 
 Benjamin. . ditto. . . . Josh, xviii. 28. XVI. . 
 
 Jbshanah, or Migdal- 
 
 Senna Judah ditto.... 2Chro. xiii. 19. XII. .. 12 e. b. s. ditto 
 
 JbshImon Judah ditto.... Num. xxi.20 . XII. .. 26 s. s. b ditto 
 
 Jmhlah Dan ditto.... Joshua xix. 42 XL..,. 31 w. ditto 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 53 
 
 North. East. 
 
 .33 36. 15 Asia . . Damascus See Galeed. 
 
 ditto., ditto This place is called the king's dale, 2 Sam. xviii. 18 ; and here 
 
 Absolom set up a pillar. It was also a favourite burial place 
 of the Jews. 
 
 23 35. 33 ditto . ditto At this place Abraham was about to offer up his son Isaac as a 
 
 burnt offering, but the angel of the Lord stayed his hand, 
 and provided a ram in place of his son. 
 
 25 34. ditto . . El-Paran . At this place Moses erected an altar in commemoration of his 
 
 having defeated the Amalekites. It was here Aaron and Hur 
 held up his hands, for while they were extended to heaven 
 the Israelites prevailed, and when they dropped the Amalekites 
 prevailed. 
 
 10 35. 40 ditto . . Damascus At this place an angel appeared to Gideon, and promised that 
 
 the Miilianites should fall by his hands, and gave him a token 
 by raising fire out of the rock, which consumed the broth, 
 flesh, and cakes placed thereon. 
 
 40 34. 54 el-Yehudiyeh . . ditto.. Gaza 
 
 ditto.. Irak, and 
 
 Khorassan Colonized by the descendants of Joktan. 
 
 3035.30 ditto.. Gaza.... A people inhabiting part of the country of the Philistines con- 
 quered by David. 
 
 54 35. 3/ Rah ditto . . Damascus To this city Joshua sent the spies, whom Rahab the harlot hid ; 
 
 it was the first taken from the Canaanites by the children of 
 Israel, after their passage over the river Jordan. It was 
 strongly fortified, but its walls were thrown down by a mira- 
 culous interposition of Jehovah, by the simple blowing of 
 rams' horns; and a dreadful curse was pronounced on any 
 one who should ever attempt to rebuild them (Joshua vi. 
 26) ; which was afterwards inflicted (1 Kings xvi. 34). 
 
 35. 40 ditto . . ditto .... The impurity and barrenness of these waters were removed by 
 
 Elisha. 
 
 55 35. 40 ditto . . ditto On the arrival of the Israelites at this place the supply of manna 
 
 ceased, and they did eat of the fruit of the Land of Canaan. 
 
 28 35. 25 ditto . . ditto Here the Lord wrought a special deliverance for the inhabitants 
 
 of Jerusalem, from the combined armies of Amnion, Moab, 
 and Mount Seir. 
 
 47 35. 19 El-Khods, Khod- 
 
 desorKl-Gootz. ditto .. ditto Supposed to have been founded by Melchizedek, who named it 
 
 Salem (or pence). It was afterwards taken by the Jebusites, 
 who erected the fortress on mount Zion, which they called 
 Jebus : David drove them out and built a new city on mount 
 Zion, which was afterwards called the City of David. He 
 made it the seat of his government, brought the ark of the 
 covenant to it from Kirjath-jearim, and died and was buried 
 here. In this city was the celebrated temple of Solomon, 
 which was afterwards destroyed by Nebuzaradan, under Ne- 
 buchadnezzar, king of Babylon, and the spoils were carried to 
 Riblah. The temple was restored by command of the God of 
 Israel, and of Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes, kings of Persia, 
 under Zerubbabel ; and all the vessels, &c taken from the 
 house of the Lord, by Nebuchadnezzar, were given up. The 
 wall and city were restored, under Nehemiab, by men who 
 were obliged to have arms in one hand and working-tools in 
 the other. Itafieruards fell into decay, but was rebuilt by 
 Herod the Great, and became the principal scene of the life 
 of our Lord, ami subsequently also of that of his disciples, 
 until the persecution of the Christians by Herod, when they 
 were scattered abroad. 
 
 ,46 35. 43 ditto . . ditto Taken by Abijah from Jeroboam. 
 
 .22 35.28 ditto .. ditto 
 
 , 48 _ 34.54 ditto.. Gaza , 
 
54 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Namt. 
 
 Jexreel . 
 Jezreel . 
 
 Judah Canaan . Joshua xv. 56 . XII. ... 20 s Palest 
 
 Esdrala, Stra- 
 dela, or Jezrael Manasseh . . ditto .... Joshua xix. 18 IX ... . 43 n. n. b . . . . ditto. , 
 
 Jezreel, Valley, or Plain. Esdrcelon Issachar..-. ditto Judges vi. 33 IX 40 n. b. e ditto. 
 
 Jezbbel, Fountain of Manasseh.. ditto 1 Sam. xxix. 1. IX 44 n. 
 
 Jiphtah Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 43. XII. .. . 29 s. 
 
 Jiphtau-el, Valley of ... Jephtael Zebulon.... ditto ... Joshua xix. 14 VIII.. . 58 n. 
 
 Jobab Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 29 . I 
 
 n. e ditto., 
 
 w. b. s.. ditto.. 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 ditto., 
 
 JOGBEHAH 
 
 Gad. 
 
 , Canaan. . Judges viii. 11 XI V . . 34 n. b. 
 
 Syria. 
 
 Jokdeam Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 56 XII.. 20 s. 
 
 Jokmeam Zebulon ditto 1 Chron. vi. 68 VIII. 51 n. 
 
 JOKNEAM OF CABMEL, Or 
 
 Kibzaim Zebulon ditto Joshua xii. 22. VIII .. ilr. 
 
 b. v ditto.. 
 
 b. w. . . . Palest 
 
 Joktan Eber 
 
 b. w . . . . ditto. , 
 Arphaxad Genesis x. 25 1 b. b. n . . . . Persia 
 
 Jokthebl Jecthaal Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. 38 XII... 15 s. 
 
 Jokthebl, or Selah Petra Edom Arabia.. 2 Kings xiv. ". XIX .. 110 s. 
 
 Joppa, or Japho Joppe Ephraim.... Canaan. . Jonah i. 3 ... . 
 
 Acts ix 43.... X 38 n. 
 
 w. b. s. Palest 
 s. e Arabii 
 
 . w. b. w. Palest 
 Jordan, River Jordanis Ephraim.... ditto Joshua iii. 1... XI 30 n. b. b.B... ditto.. 
 
 Jordan, Plains of Campus Aulon ditto.... Gen. xiii. 10.. XI. 
 
 23 e ditto.. 
 
 Jotbathah, or Etebathe Paran, or 
 
 Kedish .. ditto. 
 
 Judah, Tribe of. \ Judea . 
 
 , ditto.. 
 
 Judah on Jordan Naphtali.... ditto. 
 
 Judah, Mountain of Judah ditto. 
 
 Judea, Wilderness of. Judah ditto., 
 
 Judea Benjamin, 
 
 Pan, Judah, 
 
 and Simeon ditto.. 
 
 . Num.xxxiii.33 IV .... 122 s. s. w Arabia 
 
 . Joshua xv. 1. XII. .. Os Palest 
 
 . Joshua xix. 34 VII. .. 79 n. b. e ditto.. 
 
 . Joshuaxx.7.. XII. .. 25 s ditto.. 
 
 . Joshua xv. 61. 
 
 Luke iv. 1 . . XII.... 15 e ditto. . 
 
 . Acts ix. 31. . . . XXIII. s ditto.. 
 
 Juttah, or Ithnan ...... Jettan Judah ditto.... Josh.xv.55.. XII. .. 25 s. b. e ditto.. 
 
 Kabszbl, or Jakabzeel Judah ditto.... Josh.xv.21.. XII. .. 33 s. b. e ditto.. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 55 
 
 Modern Name. 
 
 27 35. 20 . 
 27 35. 34 . 
 
 i Asia . 
 ditto . 
 
 .... Near this place was Nabotb's vineyard, .vhicb king Ahab co- 
 veted; and bis wife Jezebel, by a iraud, caused Naboth to be 
 stoned, when Abab took possession of the vineyard, by which 
 a curse was brought on Abab, Jezebel, and all their house. 
 
 27 35. 25JIerdj-IbnAamer ditto .. ditto Here the Spirit of the Lord descended upon Gideon, and here 
 
 the Lord gave him the sign he required, by causing the fleece 
 to be wet or dry at his bidding. 
 
 28 35. 33 ditto . 
 
 2335. 1 ditto . 
 
 45 35.20 ditto. 
 
 ditto. 
 
 10 35. < 
 
 , ditto . 
 
 2735.22 ditto. 
 
 37 35. 8 ditto. 
 
 ditto Here the Israelites assembled against the Philistines. 
 
 Gaza 
 
 Beloochis- 
 tan Colonized by the sons of Joktan. 
 
 Damascus The army of Zeba and Zalmunnah overthrown by the army 
 under Gideon. 
 
 ditto 
 
 Akka . 
 
 , A city of the Levites. 
 
 3735. 8 ditto . 
 
 Ajemi and Kho- 
 
 rassan ditto . 
 
 J4 35.11 ditto. 
 
 30 35. 40 WadyMoosa. . . . ditto . 
 
 ditto A royal and Levitical city 
 
 Khorassan Colonized by the descendants of Shem. 
 Damascus , 
 
 ditto See Selah. Taken by Amaziah. 
 
 5 34. 47 Jaffa, or Yaffa.. . ditto 
 
 50 - 35. 45 Moiet Hasbeia, 
 or Sheriat-el 
 Kebir ditto. 
 
 , El-Gbor ditto 
 
 Gaza From this place Jonah took ship for Tarshish, and in his 
 
 passage was thrown into the sea by the mariners. Here 
 Peter restored Tabithn to life. 
 
 Damascus The principal river of Palestine, and is almost the only river in 
 the country which continue.- to flow in the summer. It rises 
 in Dan, near to Caesarea Philipui, at the foot of mount Leba- 
 non ; it enters the Saiuocliorites, or waters of Merom ; 
 passes southward to the Lake of Gennesaret, or Sea of Tibe- 
 rias, through whicli it passes ; enters the valley of El-xbnr, 
 and is lost in the Dead Sea. Its whole course, from its rise 
 till it enters the Dead Sea. is about 150 miles. Our Lord 
 was baptized of Johu in this river. 
 
 , ditto This was chosen by Lot on his separation from Abraham. - 
 
 Dead Sea. 
 
 -See 
 
 50 34. 20 Callab Nahar... . ditto . . Paran .... An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 ditto.. Gaza and 
 
 Damascus One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 335. 42 ditto.. Akka The bridge supposed to be Jacob's i9 near this place. 
 
 3035.15 ditto.. Damascus Hebron, a city of refuge, stood on this mountain. See Hebron. 
 
 ditto., ditto. 
 
 , It was to this place Jesus was led by the Spirit, and here he 
 fasted forty days ; after which he was tempted of the devil. 
 
 Akka and 
 
 Damascus One of the three grand divisions of Palestine in the time of Odb 
 Saviouk, and of which Herod was Tetrarch. 
 
 28 3b. 8 Yuttah ditto .. Damascus A Levitical city. 
 
 13- 35.26 ditto., ditto 
 
56 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 i 
 
 Tribe or 
 Province. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Scripture 
 Reference. 
 
 M, f 
 
 Distance and 
 bearing frim 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Mode<n 
 Country. 
 
 Kadbsk-earnea 
 
 Kadesh, or Rithmah .. .. 
 
 Cedes 
 
 Rekam, Rekem 
 or Rakim 
 
 Wilderness 
 of Kadesh 
 or Zin .... Arabia.. . 
 
 Paran ditto.... 
 
 Kadesh.... ditto.. . 
 
 Arabia ditto.... 
 
 Asher Canaan.. 
 
 Zebulon.... ditto.... 
 
 Ephraim and 
 Manasseh ditto.... 
 
 Judah ditto.... 
 
 Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... 
 
 Zebulon ditto .... 
 
 Naphtali. . . . ditto .... 
 
 Zebulon .... ditto 
 
 Edom Arabia... 
 
 Reuben .... Canaan.. 
 
 [ssachar.... ditto .... 
 Naphtali... ditto.... 
 El-Paran . Arabia... 
 
 Judah Canaan. . 
 
 Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan ditto. . . . 
 
 Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan ditto.... 
 
 Reuben ditto 
 
 Moab ditto.... 
 
 Judah ditto.... 
 
 Benjamin .. ditto.... 
 
 Paran Arabia . . 
 
 Ephraim.... Canaan.. 
 
 Benjamin... ditto.... 
 
 Judah ditto.... 
 
 Judah ditto 
 
 Num. xxxii. 8. IV 
 
 Num. xx. 1 ... IV 
 
 Deut. xxxii. 51 IV 
 
 Genesis xv. 19 III 
 
 Joshua xix. 28 VII.... 
 
 John ii. 11.... VIII... 
 
 Joshua xvi. 8. X. .. 
 Joshua xv. 3. XII... 
 
 Genesis xiv. 5. XIII... 
 Joshua xxi. 34 VIII... 
 Joshua xxi. 32 VII ... 
 Joshua xix. 15 VIII... 
 
 Isaiah xxi. 16 II 
 
 Joshua xiii. 18 XIV... 
 
 IChron. vi. 72. IX 
 
 Joshua xx. 7- VII . .. 
 Num. xxxiii.22 IV 
 
 80 s. w. b. s. 
 
 48 s. w. b. s.. 
 80 s. w. b. s.. 
 
 45 E. 8. E 
 
 89 N 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 ditto... 
 ditto... 
 
 
 
 Palest . 
 
 
 
 ditto. . . 
 
 Kan ah, or Cana of Gali- 
 lee 
 
 Cana 
 
 Arundinetis, or 
 Cana 
 
 Coracea, or Car- 
 caria 
 
 60 N. b. e 
 
 45 n. w. b. w. 
 58 s. w 
 
 74 N. B 
 
 57N.b.E 
 
 73 n. b. e 
 
 57 K. b. B . . . . 
 
 90s. b. e 
 
 44 e 
 
 ditto. . . 
 
 
 
 
 ditto. . . 
 
 K arnaim, or Ashtaroth 
 Carnaim 
 
 ditto... 
 ditto. . . 
 
 
 
 ditto... 
 
 
 
 
 Ked ar, Country of 
 
 Cedreans 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Kedesh, Kislian or 
 
 
 56 N. N. B 
 
 74 n. b. b 
 
 102 w. s. w. .. 
 
 20 s. w. b. s.. 
 
 90 N. N. E 
 
 90 N. N. E .... 
 
 
 Kbdesh Naphtali 
 
 Cades, Cedissus 
 
 ditto. . . 
 Arabia. 
 
 
 
 Palest . 
 
 Kenath, or Kenath No- 
 
 Kenath No3ah, Kenath 
 or Nobah 
 
 Canatha 
 
 Canatha 
 
 Num. xxxii. 42 
 
 1 Chron. ii 23. 
 Genesis xv. 19. 
 
 XIII . . 
 
 XIII... 
 III.... 
 
 ditto. . . 
 
 ditto... 
 ditto... 
 ditto... 
 ditto... 
 ditto... 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Palest . 
 
 ditto... 
 
 
 
 TTT 
 
 70 E. 8. E 
 
 47 s. w. b. s. . 
 20 e. b. n 
 
 132 s. s. w 
 
 L'O N. N. W. ... 
 20 E.b. s 
 
 20n.b.s 
 
 32s 
 
 
 
 Josh. xv. 25 .. XII... 
 Josh, xviii. 21. XI 
 
 Num. xi. 34 . . IV 
 
 Josh, xxi. 22. . X 
 
 1 Kings ii. 37- XVI... 
 
 2 Kings xxiii. 4 XI. & 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Joshua xv. 22 . XII. . . 
 
 Keziz, Valley of 
 
 Kibroth-Hattavah, or 
 Tophel 
 
 Kibzaim, or Jokneam .. 
 
 Kidron or Cedron, Brook 
 of. 
 
 
 
 
 Kinah 
 
 
 ditto..., 
 ditto... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 57 
 
 * bS: * *^hsss 
 
 Pashalic. 
 
 0. 43 34. 30 Ain Kades Asia . . El-Tieh . . Here the Israelites encamped, and from this place Joshua sent 
 
 the spies to view the Land of Promise. See Escol. 
 
 0. 21 35. 22 Ain el-Wiebeh. ditto . . Edom At this place Miriam the sister of Moses died and was buried. 
 
 0. 21 35. 22 Ain el-Wiebeh. ditto . . El-Tieh . . At this place Moses trespassed against the Lord, by not giving 
 
 the glory to Him for the miracle of procuring water from 
 the rock. 
 
 1. 25 - 36. 10 El-Belka ditto .. Damascus One of the original tribes of Canaan. 
 
 3.15 35. 18 Kana ditto . Akka 
 
 2. 46 35. 29 Kefr-Kenna . . . . ditto., ditto See Cana of Galilee. 
 
 2. 25 34. 55 Nahr-el-Kaseb.. ditto .. Gaza A boundary town between Judah and Edom. 
 
 1. 9 34. 30 ditto . . ditto A city on the borders of Edom. 
 
 2.4436. 9 El-Mezerib ditto .. Damascus A city of the Levites. See Carnaim. 
 
 2. 41 35. 38 ditto . . Akka .... A city of the Levites. 
 
 2.5735.35 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 2.41 35.38 ditto., ditto See Kartah. 
 
 ). 30 35. 40 ditto Peopled by the descendants of Ishmael. 
 
 1. 45 35. 9 ditto . . Damascus A city of the Levites 
 
 2. 39 35. 31 ditto . . Akka .... Ditto. 
 
 2. 59 35. 37 Szaffad ditto . . ditto a city of refuge also a city of the Levites. 
 
 L. 33. 25 ditto . . El-Tieh . . An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 1.3135. 4 ditto.. Gaza At this place David smote the Philistines for robbing the 
 
 threshing floors of Keilab. 
 
 1. 12 36. 3 Kanneytra ditto .. Damascus Taken from the Amorites by Nobah, who afterwards called it 
 
 by his own name. 
 
 $.1236. 3 Kanneytra ditto., ditto See Kenath. 
 
 ditto., ditto One of the original tribes of the land of Canaan. 
 
 ). 50 36. 15 ditto . . ditto Ditto. 
 
 1.11 35. 4 ditto.. Gaza 
 
 1.31 35.43 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 8.4334 18 ditto.. El-Tieh.. An encampment of the Israelites. Here the Israelites were 
 
 smitten with a plague, because they lusted for flesh. 
 
 2. 7 35. 16 ditto . . Damascus A city of the Levites. 
 
 I 40 35 35 ditto ditto Shimei was forbidden by Solomon to pass over tnis place under 
 
 pain of death. See Cedron, Brook of. 
 
 1 4035.35 ditto., ditto .... Here Hilkiah burned the images and vessels of idolatry, by 
 
 order of Josiah. 
 
 1.1435.14 ditto., ditto... 
 
58 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 I Pro 
 
 Distance and 
 bearing /rum 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 luntiy. 
 
 King's Dale, or Sbaveh 
 
 Kir, Country of Cyrus 
 
 Kir-haraseth, or Rab- 
 bath Moab Areopolis . 
 
 Judah Canaan. . Genesis xiv.17. XII^. . s. w Palest . . 
 
 Armenia.... Asia 2 Kings xvi. 9. IV 750 n. e. b. n.. Russia.. 
 
 Moab Canaan. . 2 Kings iii. 25. IV 40 e. s. e Syria .. . 
 
 Kiriatraim, or Kir- 
 jatbaim Reuben .... ditto. 
 
 Kirjath Benjamin .. ditto. 
 
 Kirjathaim, or Kiria- 
 thaim Reuben .... ditto. 
 
 Kirjath Kirioth Reuben .... ditto. 
 
 Kirjatuaim, or Kartan Naphtali... ditto., 
 
 Kirjath-arba, Hebron, 
 
 , Hebron Judah ditto..., 
 
 Kirjatharim Reuben ditto. 
 
 Kirjath-baal, or Kir- 
 jath -jeari in, or Bilhah, 
 orBaalab Judah ditto. 
 
 Kirjath-uitzoth Cbarax Moab ditto., 
 
 Kirjatii-jearim, or Kir- 
 jarli-baal, or Bilhab, or 
 Baalau Judah ditto . , 
 
 . Genesis xiv. 5. XIV. .. 38 b Palest... 
 
 . Josh, xviii. 28. XI 11 n. n. w ditto 
 
 . Josh. xiii. 19 . XIV. . . 38 e ditto . . . . 
 
 . Amosii. 2.... XIV... 38 e. b. s ditto.... 
 
 . lChron. vi. 76. VII. ... 73 ic. b. e ditto .... 
 
 . Gen. xxiii. 2.. XII.... 17 s. b. w ditto.... 
 
 . Ezra ii.25.... XIV... 38 e ditto.... 
 
 . Joshua xv. 60. XII. ... 8 w ditto . . 
 
 . Num. xxii. 39. IV 55 e. s. e Syria .. 
 
 . Joshua xv. 60. XII. . . 8 w Palest. .. 
 
 Kirjath-skpher, Debir, 
 or Kirjatb-sanneh Judah ditto., 
 
 Kishion, Kishon, or 
 Kedesb Issachar.... ditto. 
 
 Kishon, Kishion, or 
 Kedesb Issachar.... ditto. 
 
 Kishon, Brook Issachar.... ditto. 
 
 , Joshua xv. 15. XII. . . 25 s. b. w ditto 
 
 . Joshua xix. 20 IX 56 n. n. e ditto 
 
 . Joshua xxi. 28 IX 56 n. n. e ditto ... 
 
 . 1 Kgs. xviii. 40 IX 60 n. b. w. . . . ditto 
 
 Kithlish Judah ditto .... Joshua xv. 40. XII. . . 10 s. w. b. w . ditto. . . . 
 
 Kitron Zebulon.... ditto.... Judges i. 30.. VIII... 58 n ditto.... 
 
 Kittim Javan Japeth.. Genesis x. 4.. I 
 
 Laban Judah Canaan. . Deut. i. 1 XII. . 
 
 Lachish Judah ditto.... Joshua x.33.. XII. . 
 
 Lahai-roi, Well of Simeon .... ditto.... Gen. xxiv. 62 . XII. . 
 
 Lahmam Judah ditto ... Joshua xv. 40. XII. . 
 
 Laish, Dan, Leshem, or 
 
 Pbilippi 
 
 Paneas Naphtali . . . ditto .... Judges xviii.7. VII. . 
 
 Lakum Naphtali. .. ditto Joshua xix. 33 VII. . 
 
 Laodicea Laodicea Hamat.h.... Syria... Col. iv. 13 . . . . XIX.. 
 
 Greece 
 
 & Italy.. 
 
 80 s. w Palest . . 
 
 23 s. w ditto. . . . 
 
 50 s. w. b. w. ditto.... 
 
 3w ditto.... 
 
 92 w . b. e . . . . ditto. . . . 
 
 73 n. n. e ditto.... 
 
 469 n. w Turkey- 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 59 
 
 Asia.. Damascus At this place Abram defeated Cheldorlaoraer and his army. - 
 See also Jehoshaphat, Valley of. 
 
 42. 46. Kur. ditto . . Armenia . A place of captivity 
 
 31. 35 36. 10 Mehatet-elHarj. ditto .. Damascus Here the Moabites, being deceived by the appearance of the 
 
 warer which was miraculously sent over the land, were 
 smiiten by the Israelites, and the king of Moab afterwards 
 ottered his eldest sou as a burnt offering. 
 
 31. 52 35.59 ditto., ditto The Emiins m this place were smitten by Chedorlaomer and hit 
 
 army. 
 
 31.57 35.14 ditto., ditto 
 
 31.52 35.59 ditto., ditto See Kiriathaim. 
 
 31. 40 35. 30 ditto .. ditto 
 
 32.5735.35 ditto.. Akka A city of the Levites. 
 
 31. 29 35. 15 El-Khalyl ditto . . Damascus At this place Sarah, the wife of Abraham, died. See Hebron. 
 
 31.5235.59 ditto .. ditto 
 
 31.48-35. 9 ditto., ditto See Kirjath-jearim. 
 
 31. 18 36. 12 Kerek ditto .. ditto Here Balak brought Balaam, and entertained him, and after- 
 wards took him to several high places to curse the Israelites. 
 
 31. 48 35. 9 Kuriyet el Enab ditto .. ditto The Ark of the T,ord was brought from Abinadab's house, and 
 
 at Nachon's floor, near this place, Uzzah was struck deai 
 for presuming to put forth his hand to save it from Jailing. 
 
 31. 23 35. 13 ditto . . ditto A city of the Levites. 
 
 32. 39 35. 41 ditto . . Akka See Kedesh, &c. 
 
 32.3935.41 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 32.4535. 7 ditto'., ditto At this place the Israelites slew the prophets of Baal by the 
 
 order of Elijah, who afterwards promised the return of rain, 
 which he was made the instrument of withholding. See 
 Carmel, Mount. 
 
 31.42 35. 9 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 32.4435.20 ditto.. Akka.. . The Canaanites were never expelled from this place. 
 
 Europe A colony of Japheth. 
 
 30.52 34. 5 Asia.. Gaza.... See Libnah. 
 
 31.32 34.59 ditto., ditto Taken by Joshua -and here he smote Horam, king of Gezer, 
 
 who came to help it. 
 
 31. 8 34. 55 ditto . . ditto Isaac dwelt at this place after the death of his father Abraham. 
 
 See Beer-Lahai-roi. 
 
 31 47 35.14 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 33. 16 35. Tel el-Kadi .... ditto . . Akka At this place the children of Dan robbed Micah of his idols, and 
 
 took liis priest with them.-See Dan and Cesarea Philippi. 
 
 32.56-35.45 ditto., ditto A fortified city. 
 
 37.10 29. 5 Latakia ditto.. Tripoli .. A place where St. Paul preached, and thence wrote his first 
 
 epistle to Timothy. 
 
60 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 SrriDture No of glance and Mo(krn 
 
 Whence. Mav. Bearing Jron Country . 
 
 Lasea Phsestus Crete GreatSea Acts xxvii. 8. . XXIV. 560 w. n. w. .. Mediter. 
 
 Lasha Calhirhoe Reuben Canaan. . Genesis x. 19 . XIV. . . 31 e. b. s Palest . . 
 
 Lasharon, Saron, or 
 
 Sharon Saronas Ephraim... ditto ... Joshua xii. 18 X 25 n. w. b. n. ditto.... 
 
 Lebanon, Country of. 
 
 Lebanon, Valley of. Libanus, V Asher ditto... Joshua xi. 17 . VII. .. . 130 n. b. e. 
 
 Libaaus Asher and 
 
 Phoenicia . Syria .. Joshua i. 4 .. XIX... 130 n. b. e Syria.., 
 
 Palest.. 
 
 Lebanon, Tower of Temp. Augusti . Asher Canaan. . S.of Sol. vii. 4. VII. . . 100 n. b. e Syria,.. . 
 
 Lebanon, Mountains of . Libanus Asher ditto ... Deut. i. 7 .... VII... 100 n. b. e ditto..., 
 
 Leaboth, or Bethleaboth Simeon.... ditto... Joshua xv. 32. XII. . . 3S w. s. w Palest.. 
 
 Lebonah, or Lebona Ephraim... ditto... Judges xxi. 19 IX ... . 18 n ditto.... 
 
 Lehabim, Lubim, or 
 Lybia Mizraim.... Ham.... Genesis x. 13 . IV. . 
 
 Leshem, Laish, Dan, or 
 Cesarea-Philippi Pumas Naphtali..., 
 
 36 s. b. w Tripoli . 
 
 30 s. w. b. w. Palest.. . 
 
 Lehi, or Ramath-lehi Simeon Canaan. . Judges xv. 9 . XII.., 
 
 ditto ... Joshua xix. 47. VII. .. 92 n. b. b ditto 
 
 , Kadesh .... Arabia . . 
 , Judah Canaan. 
 
 Num. xxxiii.24 IV.... 
 Joshua x. 29.. XII. . 
 
 Libnah Laban. . 
 
 Libnah Libna . . 
 
 Libta, Lubiai, or Leha- 
 bim Lybia Mizraim.... Phut... 
 
 Lod, or Lydda Diospolis Dan Canaan. 
 
 Lodebar, or Debir Manasseh, 
 
 hyd. Jordan ditto .. . 2 Sara. ix. 4 . 
 Lubim, Lybia, or Leha- 
 bim Lybia Mizraim Egypt.. Nahumiii. 9 
 
 Acts ii. 10.... IV.. 
 . lChron.viii.12. XL. 
 
 XIII.. 
 IV.... 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Lud Arphaxad... Shem... Genesis x. 22 
 
 Lcdim Mizraim .... Ham. . . . Genesis x. 13 
 
 Ltthith Moab Arabia.. Isaiah xv.5.. IV...., 
 
 Luz, or Bethel-luz Benjamin .. Canaan . Gen. xxviii.19. XI 
 
 Ltcaonia Lycaonia Asia AsiaMin. Acts xiv. 6 . . . XXIV. 
 
 . 80 s. w Arabia. . 
 
 . 20 w. s. w.... Palest... 
 
 . 400 w Barbary. 
 
 , 21 n. w. b. w. Palest.. . 
 
 , 57 n. e ditto.... 
 
 400 w Barbary. 
 
 , 600 e Persia.. 
 
 , 500 s. w. b. s.. Nubia.. 
 
 50 s. e Arabia.. 
 
 7n Palest.. 
 
 400 n. b. w Turkey . 
 
 Lycia Lycia Asia ditto... Acts xxvii. 5 . XXIII. 390 n.w ditto.... 
 
 L*BDA,orLod Diospolis Dan Canaan.. Acts ix. 32 .. XXIII. 2lN.w.b.w. Palest... 
 
 Lydia 
 
 Asia AsiaMin. Ezek. xxx. 5.. XXIV. 540 n. w Turkey. 
 
 Ltstra Lystra Lycaonia Actsxiv.6... XXIV. 336 n. n. w ditto.... 
 
 Maacathi, or Maachah.. Maacathi Manasseb, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. . Deut. iii. 14 . . XIII .. 91 n. b. e. . .. Palest. . 
 
 Maachah, or Maacathi . . Maacathi Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto... 2 Sam. x. 6 .. XIII... 91 n. b. e ditto.... 
 
 MAALEH-Acrabbim, &c Judah ditto... Joshua xv. 3.. XII. .. 46 s. b. e ditto. .. 
 
 MAALEH-Acrabbim, As- 
 cent of Judah ditto ... Joshua xv. 3.. XII. .. 46 s. b. b ditto.... 
 
 Maarath, or Mareth Judah ditto... Joshua xv. 59 . XII. .. 14 s. w. b. s.. ditto... 
 
 Macedonia Macedonia . < 
 
 Mace- 
 donia . Acts xix. 29 . . XXIV. 860 k. w Turliet 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 61 
 
 35. 25. Trinida Europe Candia . . St. Paul sailed under this place, on his voyage to Rome. 
 
 31. 39 35.56 Near Kefreyn .. Asia .. Damascus 
 
 S2. 7-35. 1 ditto.. Gaza A royal city, conquered by Joshua. 
 
 33. 55 35. 50 El-Behaa ditto.. Akka 
 
 33. 55 35. 50 El-Behaa ditto., ditto Joshua destroyed all the cities and inhabitants from Mount 
 
 Halak unto this place. 
 
 33. 25 - 35. 45 ditto . . ditto 
 
 33. 25 35. 40 Djebal Barouk. . ditto . . ditto Celebrated for the growth of the Cedar. 
 
 31. 32 34. 40 ditto . . Gaza 
 
 32. 4 35. 22 Kane Leban ditto.. Damascus Near this place the Beniamites carried off the daughters of 
 
 Shiloh. 
 
 Barbary Africa Descendants of Mizraim. 
 
 31.30 34.65 Asia.. Gaza..... See Ramath-lehi. 
 
 33. 16 35. 43 Banias ditto . . Akka .... Taken by the children of Dan, who called it Dan-LaiBh, after 
 
 the name of their father. See Laish. 
 
 30.52 34. 5 ditto.. El-Tieh . . An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 31. 38 34. 57 ditto . . Gaza Taken and destroyed by Joshua. 
 
 Egypt Africa . Barca ... . See Lehabim. 
 
 32. 1 35. Loudd Asia.. Gaza See Lydda. 
 
 32. 24 36. 6 ditto . . Damascus The dwelling place of Machir. 
 
 Egypt Africa . Barca .... See Lehabim. 
 
 Asia . . Bagdad.. . A colony of Sbem. 
 
 Egypt Africa . Abyssinia A colony of Mizraim. 
 
 36. 31.15 Asia .. Kerek 
 
 31. 58 35. 15 ditto . . Damascus See Bethel-Luz. 
 
 38. 45 33. 15 Konieh ditto . . Kunijeh. . A province of the Roman Empire in Asia, in which Derbe and 
 
 Lystra were situated. 
 
 36. 40 29. 35 Meas ditto.. Anadoli.. Visited by St. Paul. 
 
 32. 1 35. Loudd ditto . . Gaza Here Petpr cured Eneas of the palsy, after he had kept h is bed 
 
 eight years. 
 
 37.50 28. Ayden ditto .. Anadoli. . A province of the Roman Empire in the time of the apostles. 
 
 37. 16. 32. 30 Hisera ditto . . ditto Here Paul healed a cripple. See Lycaonia. 
 
 33.14 35.49 ditto.. Damascus Taken by Jair. 
 
 33. 14 36." 49 ditto . . ditto Here David defeated tbe Ammonites and their allies. 
 
 31. 5 35. 35 ditto . . ditto South east part of Jerusalem, boundary of Judah. 
 
 31. 5 35.35 ditto., ditto., 
 
 31.36 35.10 ditto., ditto.. 
 
 41. CO 51. 30 Europe Roumelia. A province of Greece visited by tbe apostle PnnL 
 
 WIVBRSITYl 
 
 
 
62 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 Distance and 
 - J bearing from 
 
 M "P- Jerusalem. 
 
 Machpelah, Cave of Judah Canaan.. Genesis xxiii.9 XII.... 18 s Palest. 
 
 Madai Phrygia, &c. 
 
 Madman "ah, Madmenah 
 
 Madon Madon 
 
 Asia Japheth. Genesis x. 2.. I Turkey. 
 
 Judah Canaan. . lChron. ii. 49. XII. .. 51s.w Palest.. 
 
 Napbtali... ditto.... Joshua xi. 1. VII... 92 n. b. e ditto... 
 
 Magbisu . 
 
 Magd ala Magdalum 
 
 Reuben".... ditto Ezra ii. 30. . 
 
 Issachar.... ditto ... Matt. xv. 39 
 
 XIV. . 
 VIII.. 
 
 35 k ditto . . . , 
 
 62 N. b. e ditto.... 
 
 Magog Scythians.. 
 
 Mahanaim 
 
 Mahaneh-dan 
 
 . Joktan Japheth. Genesis x. 2.1 
 
 , Gad Canaan. . Gen. xxxii. 2 . XIII . . 
 
 Dan.. 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . Judges xiii.25; 
 xviii. 12.... XL. 
 
 Makaz, or Mekaz 
 
 Maxkeda.ii 
 
 Makheloth 
 
 Mamre, or Hebron, &c... Hebron. 
 Mamre, Piaia of 
 
 , Dan ditto 
 
 , Judah ditto..., 
 
 , Paran Arabia.., 
 
 1 Kings iv. 9. XI 
 
 Joshuaxi. 10. XII.... 
 
 n. e Tartary. 
 
 53 n. e Palest.., 
 
 26 w. s. w. .. ditto .... 
 
 20 w. n. w ditto 
 
 19 s. v/. b. w. ditto.... 
 
 . Judah Canaan.. Gen. xxiii. 2 .XII. 
 
 , Judah ditto.... Genesis xiii.18 XII. 
 
 Num.xxxiii.25 IV 120 s. w. b. w. Arabia.. . 
 
 17 s. b. w Palest. .. 
 
 18 s. b. w ditto.... 
 
 Manasseh beyond Jor- 
 dan 
 
 . ditto .... Joshua xiii. 29 XIIL. . 65 n. e. b. e. . ditto . 
 
 Manasseh on this side 
 Jordan Batanea. . 
 
 Maon 
 
 Maon, Wilderness of 
 
 ditto.... Joshua xv. IX 40 w ditto ... 
 
 , Judah ditto .... Joshua xv. 55. XII. . . 24 s ditto 
 
 , Judah ditto.... I Sam.xxiii. 24 XII. . . 24 s ditto..., 
 
 Marah Paran Arabia.. Exodus xv. 23 IV 167 s. w.b. s.. Arabia 
 
 Maralah 
 
 Mareshah, or Moresheth Morasthi . 
 
 . Zebulon.... Canaan.. Joshua xix. 11 VIIL. . 49 n. b. w.... Palest. 
 . Judah ditto .... 2Chron. xiv. 7- XII. . . 14 s. w. b. w. ditto. . . 
 
 Maarath Judah ditto Joshua xv. 59. XII. . . 14s.w.b.s... ditto 
 
 Mars Hill Athenae Peloponnesus Greece. . Acts xvii.22.. XXIV.. 640 w. w.b.w.. Turkey.. 
 
 Mash Assyria. 
 
 Aram Shem. .. Genesis x. 23. I. 
 
 Mashal, Mishal, or 
 Misheal Zebulon. 
 
 ditto... 
 
 . Canaan.. 1 Chron. vi 74 VII. .. 53 n Palest.. 
 
 Massah, Rock of Sinai Paran... Exodusxvii. 7 IV .... 215 s. s. w Arabia., 
 
 Mattanah Reuben .... Canaan.. Num. xxi. 18 XIV., 
 
 35 e. b. s. 
 
 Palest . 
 
 Meah, Tower of Jerusalem Benjamin .. ditto Nehem. iii. 1. XVI... Ow.b ditto.-.., 
 
 Mearah Asher ditto Josh. xiii. 4 . VII. .. 107 w ditto.... 
 
 Medeba Medaba Reuben .... ditto.... Num.xxi.30. XIV... 41 e ditto.... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 63 
 
 Modern Name. QuarUr. ^JEte 
 
 11.28 35. 17 Asia .. Damascus The burial place of Abraham and his wife Sarah. See Epi.ren. 
 
 Field of. 
 
 , ditto.. Anadoli. . A colony of Japheth. 
 
 ft. 13 34. .11 ditto .. Gaza 
 
 53. 18 35. 39 ditto .. Damascus The kincr of this place, with ?r>veral others, were destroyed by 
 
 Joshua at the waters of Mcron. 
 
 tl.50 36. ditto., ditto 
 
 52. 46 35. 3S El-Medjde ditto.. Akka.... Christ took ship and sailed over to this place after feeding: the 
 
 five thousand. 
 
 Majujge ditto.. A colony of Japheth. 
 
 12. '22 36. 2 ditto.. Damascus So named by Jacob after he met the angels. See Penuel, and 
 
 Jabbok, Fords of. 
 
 tl.38 34. 54 ditto.. Gaza The birthplace of Samson. 
 
 11.53 34.58 ditto., ditto Under the government of one of Solomon's purveyors. 
 
 11.3735. 1 ditto., ditto The Canaanites were pursued to this place by Joshua. 
 
 10. 39 33. 14 ditto.. El-Tieh.. A statiou of the Israelites. 
 
 11. 29 35. 15 El-Khalyl ditto . . Damascus See Hebron. 
 
 tl. 29 35. 15 ditto .. ditto Here Abraham pitched his tents, and entertained throe angels, 
 
 who revealed the destruction of Sodom, Nc Here also 1 
 received the promise of a son, whom he called lsf:ac, whbh 
 was fulfilled. Gen. xxi. 3. 
 
 . ditto., ditto One half of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 12.20-35.20 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 11.25 35. 10 Ma'in ditto., ditto 
 
 11.25 35.10 ditto., ditto Here David hid himself from the pursuit of Saul. See also 
 
 Engedi, Ziph, and Hachilah. 
 
 !9. 3033 19 ditto.. El-Tieh.. The waters of this place were too bitter to drink, but Moses by 
 
 command of God, threw in tbe branch of a tree, and they 
 became sweet. 
 
 12.35 3 r >. 9 ditto.. Akka ... 
 
 II. 35 34. 56 ditto . . Gaza Here Asa, the son of Abijah, smote Zerah an Ethiopian, who 
 
 came out against him with an immence host, and carried 
 awav great spoils in sheep and camels. It was also the 
 birthplace of the prophet Micah. 
 
 11.36 35. 10 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 !3. 40 38. Europe Hellas.... This was the court of the Areopagites, and here St. Paul 
 
 preached to the Athenians. 
 
 , Aljezirah.. A colony of Aram. 
 
 e. 38 35. 17 ditto.. Akka A city of the Levites. 
 
 3.18 34. ditto.. El-Tieh.. So called by Moses after he had smitten the rock, from which 
 
 water was obtained for the Israelites, after they commenced 
 their sojourn in the wilderness. See Horeb. 
 
 II. 43 36. 12 ditto . . Damascus Here the princes of the Israelites dug a well, by the direction 
 
 of Moses, with tbeir staves. 
 
 ditto., ditto Rebuilt by Eliashab the high priest. 
 
 13.33 35.23 ditto.. Akka Northern boundary of Canaan. 
 
 jl. 40 36. 11 Madeba ditto.. Damascus Laid waste by the Israelites. 
 
64 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scriptur 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 M Ei) e b a, Flains of 
 
 Media Media 
 
 Megiddo, or Megiddon.. Magdolum . 
 
 Megiddo, or Megiddon, 
 Plains of, or Amagiddon 
 
 Megiddo, Waters of 
 
 Megiddox, Valley of 
 
 Me-jarkon, or Jar icon.. 
 
 Mekaz, or Makaz 
 
 Mekoxaii Mechanam . 
 
 Melita, I Melita, I ... 
 
 Manasseh.. Canaan. ' 1 Kings iv. 12 IX..... 47 x. b. 
 
 i Issachar..., 
 , Manasseh . , 
 , lssacliar.... 
 
 Dan 
 
 Dan 
 
 ditto . 
 ditto . 
 ditto . 
 ditto . 
 ditto . 
 , Judah ditto. 
 
 Canaan. . Joshua xiii. 9 XIV. . . 41k Palest . 
 
 Persia . . . Esther l. 3. . . II 700 x. e. b. e. . Persia . 
 
 . Palest . 
 
 . ditto... 
 . ditto... 
 . ditto... 
 , ditto... 
 , ditto... 
 . ditto... 
 . Meditei 
 
 .. 2Kingsix.2f. IX ... 47 x. b.w.. 
 
 . . Judges v. 19 . IX 45 n. b.w . . , 
 
 .. Zeeh.xH.ll.. IX 47 x. b. w.., 
 
 .. Joshua xix. 46 XI 22 w. n. w. . 
 
 .. 1 Kings iv. 9. XI 20 w. x. w. . 
 
 .. Nehxi. 28.... XII... 12 w. b. s.... 
 
 Great Sea. . Ionian S. Acts xxviii. 1 XXIV.. 
 
 [) w b. x. 
 
 , Memphis Egypt... Hoseaiv. 6... IV 231 w. s. w. .. Egypt.. 
 
 Mephaath Reuben Canaan. . Joshua xiii. 18 XIV. . . 45 e Palest . 
 
 Mebatuaim Baby- 
 lonia. Jer. 1. 21 .... II 450 e Turkey 
 
 Meribah, Rock of ! Horeb Arabia... Exodus xvii. 7 IV 416 s. s. w Arabia. 
 
 Merom, Waters of Semechonitis, L Naphtali . . . Canaan.. Joshua xi. 5. VII.... 8S x. b. e Palest. 
 
 Meroz Asher ditto 
 
 Mesha Masius Asyria.. 
 
 Meshech Moschi Japheth. 
 
 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia Aram... 
 
 Metheg-Ammah Simeon .... Canaan.. 
 
 Michmas, or Michmash .Machmas Benjamin., ditto.... 
 
 Michmash, or Michmas . Machmas Benjamin... ditto 
 
 Michmethah Macmatha Ephraim.... ditto.... 
 
 Middix Judah ditto.... 
 
 Midiax Madian Midian .... Arabia.. 
 
 Midiaxites Madian Midian .... ditto.... 
 
 Migdal-el Naphtali Canaan., 
 
 Migd al-gad J udah ditto .... 
 
 Migdalskxxa Judah ditto.... 
 
 M16DOL Magdolus Etham and 
 
 Shur .... Arabia.., 
 
 Migrox Benjamin .. ditto..., 
 
 Judges v. 23.. VIII... 73 x ditto... 
 
 Genesis x. 30 II 305 x. b. e Armenii 
 
 Genesis x. 2.. II 700 x. e. b. x.. Russia 
 
 Gen. xxiv. 10 II 400 x. e Turkey 
 
 2 Sam. viii. 1 XII ... 25 w Palest . 
 
 Neh.vii.31 .. XI.... 
 1 Sam. xiii. 6 XI... 
 
 Joshua xvii. 7. X ... . 
 Joshua xv. 61. XII. . 
 Exodus iv. 12. IV.... 
 
 7x. x. w ditto... 
 
 7x. x. w.... ditto... 
 
 36 x. x. w. . . , ditto. . . 
 
 15 s. e. b.E. .. ditto... 
 
 170s. b.w Arabia. 
 
 Exodus ii. 13. IV.... 
 Joshua xix. 38 VII . . 
 Joshua xv. 37. XII . . 
 2Chron. xiii. 19 XII. . 
 
 75 s ditto... 
 
 73x ditto... 
 
 12 s. b. e ditto... 
 
 12 E.b. s ditto... 
 
 Exod. xiv. 2.. IV 160 w. s. w Egypt. 
 
 1 Sam. xiv. 2 XI. . . . 7 x. w Palest . 
 
 Miletus, or Miletum ... Miletus Caria Asia Acts xx. 15 .. XXIV. 520 x. w.b*w. .Turkey 
 
 Millo, House of Jerusalem 
 
 , Benjamin 
 and Judah.. ditto. 
 
 , 1 Kings ix 15. XVI.. Palest. 
 
 Millo, House of Ephraim.... Canaan. Judges ix. 6.. X 24 x ditto... 
 
 Mixwi Armenia Minor Armenia. .. . Meshech Jer. Ii. 27 II 450 x. b. b Turkey 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 65 
 
 
 Produce 
 Paahahc. 
 
 '1.4036.11 Asia.. Damascus The Amorites defeated by Joshua. 
 
 7. 47. Ajemi ditto . . Khorassan 
 
 j2. 33 35. 12 ditto . . Akka .... One of the purveyorships of Solomon. 
 
 :. 33- 
 
 35- 
 
 R - 
 
 54- 
 
 1.53- 
 
 1.47- 
 
 S. 0- 
 
 35.12 
 35. 10 . 
 35. 12 . 
 34.54 . 
 
 34. 58 . 
 
 35. 7 
 
 - 31.16 
 
 - 36.10 
 
 ditto., ditto See Gur. 
 
 ditto., ditto The kings of Canaan were defeated here by Barak. 
 
 ditto., ditto See MegiUdo. 
 
 ditto.. Gaza , 
 
 ditto., ditto See Makaz. 
 
 ditto . . ditto 
 
 Malta Europe At this place St. Paul was shipwrecked, and here he shook oft 
 
 the viper that fastened on his hand, to the astonishment of 
 the native barbarians. 
 
 Memf, Menf, or 
 Menoul Africa Bahireh.. The residence of the kings of Egypt. 
 
 Asia . . Damascus A city of the Levites. 
 
 3.17- 
 i. 8- 
 
 !. 42 - 
 ).50- 
 
 .53- 
 
 35.17 
 
 .53- 
 
 35.17 
 
 .21 
 
 35. 7 
 
 37 - 
 
 35.35 
 
 .35- 
 
 35. 
 
 ditto . 
 
 34. 5 ditto . 
 
 40. o Bahr-el-Houle, 
 
 (Seaof Julias) ditto., 
 
 35. 13 ditto . 
 
 36. 12 Jebal Mardin . ditto . 
 44.30 ditto ., 
 
 41. 20 Al-Gezirah .... ditto.. 
 34.50 ditto.. 
 
 ditto., 
 
 35. 17 Mukhmas ditto.. 
 
 . ditto. 
 . ditto. 
 . ditto. 
 
 36.30 ditto 
 
 -35.26 ditto, 
 
 - 35. 20 ditto . 
 
 - 35.33 ditto. 
 
 . Bagdad 
 
 . Paran See Massah. 
 
 Akka .... Here divers kings were overcome by Joshua. 
 
 ditto 
 
 DiarArabia A colony of Joktan. 
 
 Georgia. . A colony of Japheth. 
 
 AIGezirah See Aram-Naharaim. 
 
 Gaza Here David subdued the Philistines and Moabitea. 
 
 Damascus 
 
 ditto Here Samuel announced to Saul that his kingdom should not 
 
 be continued to him. 
 
 Tarnara. . Moses fled to this place after slaying a man, and married i 
 Egyptian woman named Zipporah. 
 
 ditto 
 
 Akka.... A fenced or fortified city 
 
 Gaza 
 
 Damascus 
 
 ). 51 32. 29 Adjerood Afr.ca. Bahari ... One of the encampments of the Israelites was near this place. 
 
 1.51 35. 13 j Asia... Damascus Here Saul and his six hundred men tarried previouB to the 
 
 attac k of Jonathan on the Philistines' garrison at Michmash. 
 See also Borez, Rock of. 
 
 f. 15 27. 29 Melas, or Scala- 
 
 nova ditto.. Anadoli.. Visited by St. Paul in his way to Jerusalem. 
 
 ditto., ditto .., 
 
 I. 10 35. 22 ditto . . ditto 
 
 9. 39. ditto.. Koum.. 
 
 Built by Solomon in the city of Jerusalem. 
 . Here the men of Shechem made Abimelecfc king. 
 
66 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Script u i 
 Heferenc 
 
 Minnith .. Mafcnith Reuben Canaan . Judges xi. 33. XIV... 40 e. b. s Pale 
 
 Misgab Reuben .... ditto.... Jer. xlviii. 1 ,. XIV .. 35 e. b. n dittc 
 
 Mishal, or Misheal, or 
 Mashal Zebulon.... ditto.... Joshua xxi. 30 VII .. . 53 n dittc 
 
 Misheal, or Mishal, or 
 Mashal Zebulon.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 26 VII. .. . 53 n dittc 
 
 flfisREPHOTH-MAiM Porphyrion .... Asher ditto.... Joshua xiii 6. VII.... 113 h dittc 
 
 Mithcah Mitylene Paran Arabia.. Num.xxxiii.28 IV .... 135 s. w Aral 
 
 Mitylene I. of Lesbos. jEgeanS. Actsxx. 14. .. XX.. . 520 n. w. b. w. Asia 
 
 Mizah, Hill of Hermonium. . . . Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. . Psalm xlii. 6 . XIII... 78 w. . e .... Pale 
 
 Mizpeh Mispah Benjamin .. ditto ... 1 Sam. vii. 5.. XI 3 n. w. b. n. ditto 
 
 Mizpeh beyond Jordan. . Galaad Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... 2Kings xxv. 23 XIII . . 62 n. e ditto 
 
 Mizpeh of Gilead Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... Judges xi. 29 . XIII. 62 n. e ditto 
 
 Mizpeh of Moab Reuben .... ditto 2 Sam. xxii. 3. XIV. .. 40 N. e. b. e.. ditto 
 
 Mizpeh, Land of, or Val- 
 ley, or Mizpah Galaad Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto .... Joshua xi. 8. . XIII.. . 60 n. b ditto 
 
 Mizpeh, or Mispah, 
 
 Stone of Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto ... . Gen. xxxi. 49. XIII... 65 n. e ditto 
 
 Mizraim, Egypt, or Land 
 
 of Ham Egypt Mizraim.. . Ham.... Genesis x. 6.. IV 240 w. s. w Egy] 
 
 Moab Moabitis Reuben and 
 
 Gad Syria . . . Num. xxi. 39 . IV 35 e. & w. e . . Pale< 
 
 Moab, Plains of Campestria- 
 
 Moab Reuben .... Canaan. . Num. xxii. 1 .XIV .. 25 e ditto 
 
 Moladah Malatha Simeon .... ditto.... Joshua xix. 2 . XII... . 45 s. w. b. w. ditto 
 
 MoPH.orNoph Memphis Egypt Ham.... Isaiah xix. 13 IV 231 w. s. w Egyj 
 
 Morad Benjamin.. Canaan. . Josh, xviii. .. XI 13 n. b. e Palei 
 
 Moreh, Valeof Ephraim ditto Genesis xii. 6. X 40N.s.b.E.. ditto 
 
 MoREH.Hillof Ephraim.... ditto Judges vii. 1. X 40 v. b. e ditto 
 
 Mob i ah, Land of Judah and 
 
 Benjamin, ditto.... Genesis xxii.2 XV ditto. 
 
 Moriah, Mount Benjamin .. ditto 2 Chron. ill. 1. XVI. . 
 
 Mosbba, or Moseroth .. Etham Arabia.. Deut.x.6.... IV 170 s. w Arabi 
 
 Moseroth, or Mosera .. Etham ditto Num xxxiii.30 IV 170 s. w ditto. 
 
 Moxah Benjamin.. Canaan. . Josh, xviii. 26. X 1 17 w. n. w. .. Pales 
 
 Mtba Myra Lysia Asia.... Acts xxvii. 5. . XXIV. 3/0 n. w Turk' 
 
 Mtiia Mysia ditto.... Actsxvi.;... XXIV. 600n.w ditto 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 67 
 
 31.54- 
 
 31.50- 
 
 35.55 . 
 35.17 
 
 - 35. 26 Ras-el Nebbi- 
 onis 
 
 30.11- 
 39.15- 
 
 33.16 
 
 26. 10 Mytilini .. 
 
 . A8ia .. Damascus Here Jephthah defeated the Ammonites. 
 . ditto . . ditto A place of idol worship. 
 
 . ditto . . Akka A Levitical city. 
 
 . ditto .. ditto Ditto. 
 
 , ditto .. ditto The northernmost boundary of the tribe of Asher. See i 
 
 Merom, Waters of. 
 
 ditto . . El-Tieh . . A station of the Israelites. 
 
 , ditto .. Mityleni . Visited by St. Paul in his way to Jerusalem. 
 
 32.58 
 31. 49 
 
 - 35. 45 Tel-el-Faras . . 
 
 - 35. lONebiSamwil.. 
 
 ditto 
 ditto. 
 
 . Damascus 
 
 ditto Here Samuel gathered the Israelites against the Philistines. 
 
 32.30 36. 9 ditto., ditto Here Gedaliah was killed. 
 
 32.30- 
 32. 8 - 
 
 36. 9 . 
 36. 0. 
 
 . ditto 
 . ditto 
 
 ditto The scene of Jephthah's rash vow. See Minnith. 
 
 ditto David came to this place, with the four hundred men who iointd 
 
 themselves unto him at the cave of Adullam. See Adullam. 
 
 Djelaoud ditto. 
 
 ditto Joshua routed and pursued the divers kinjrs from Misrephoth- 
 
 maim to this place. See also Merom, Waters of. 
 
 32. 35 - 
 30. 0- 
 
 36.15 
 
 31. Egypt . 
 
 , ditto . . 
 , Africa . 
 
 ditto See Galeed. 
 
 Bahiri A colony of Ham. 
 
 , El-Belka and 
 Djalaoud ... 
 
 31.20- 
 29.49- 
 
 31. 59 
 
 32. 25 
 
 31. 16 Memf, Menf, or 
 Menautt 
 
 - 35. 24 . 
 
 - 35.35 . 
 
 - 35. 32 . 
 
 . Asia . . Damascus Taken by Sihon, king of the Amorites, who was afterwards 
 conquered by the Israelites. See Jabbok, River of. 
 
 . ditto., ditto From thence Balak first sent to Balaam. 
 
 . ditto.. Gaza 
 
 Africa . Bahiri . . . One of the principal cities of Egypt. 
 
 . Asia.. Damascus 
 
 . ditto, ditto Abram passed through this place to go to Bethel. 
 
 ditto., ditto The Midianites pitched on the north side of this hill against 
 
 Gideon. 
 
 Coiuifv about 
 Jerusalem 
 
 . ditto To this land Abraham was commanded to take his son Isaac 
 
 ami offer hirn on a mountain which was to be shown to him. 
 -See Jehovah-jtreh, which was the name afterwards given 
 by him to that spot. 
 
 . ditto On this mount stood the threshinjr-floor of Oman, and here the 
 
 Lord accepted the sacrifice of David and stayed the sword ol 
 the destroying: an^el, and on this spot Solomon afterwards 
 erected the temple. See Jerusalem. 
 
 29. 50 32. 45 Ayoun Moosa . . ditto . . El-Tieh . . A station of the Israelites. 
 29. 50 32. - 
 31.54 35 
 36. 13 30. 2 
 99. 30 - 27. 4 
 
 !. 45 Ayoun Moosa . . ditto . . ditto See above. 
 
 ditto . . Damascus A city of Lycia. 
 
 I. 23 Myra ditto.. Anadoli.. Visited by St. Paul. 
 
 '. 46 Meas ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 r 2 
 
68 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Naaban, or Naarath Noorath, or 
 
 iNeara 
 
 Naabath, or Naaran Noorath or 
 
 Neara 
 
 Nahalal, Nahalol, or Na- 
 talia! 
 
 Nahalol, Nahalal, or Na- 
 hallal 
 
 Nahalibl 
 
 Nahob, City of, or Haran . 
 
 it ' ', ' Vr Country. 
 
 . Benjamin. . Canaan. 
 
 . Ephraim. .. ditto.... 
 
 , Ephraim. .. ditto.... 
 
 , Zebulon.... ditto.... 
 
 Zebulon .... ditto.... 
 
 Reuben ditto.... 
 
 Padan-Arara Mesopot. 
 
 No of I 
 Map. 
 
 Distun 
 
 Joshua xv. 41 XI low. s. i 
 
 1 Chron.vii. 28 X 23 n. k. . 
 
 Joshua xvi. 7 X 23 n . e. . 
 
 Joshua xxi. 35 VIII.. * 
 
 Naim, or Nain Nain . 
 
 Nain, or Nairn Nain. 
 
 Naioth, in Ramah 
 
 Naphtali, Mount Naphtali .. 
 
 Naphtali, Tribe of Naphtali... 
 
 Naphtuhim Delta 
 
 Nazareth Nazareth.. 
 
 . Issachar.. . Canaan.. 
 . Issachar.... ditto.... 
 . Benjamin . . ditto .... 
 
 . Naphtali ditto 
 
 . UpperGalilee ditto.... 
 . Mizraim .... Ham. . . . 
 . Zebulon Canaan.. 
 
 Judgesi. 30... VIII.. 56n.... 
 Num xxi. 19.. XIV... 38 b. s. 
 Gen. xxiv. 10 ft 370 n. e. 
 
 Lukevii. 11 .. ix * ' b. i 
 
 Luke vii. 11 .. ix 49 n. b. i 
 
 1 Sam. xix. 18 XI. .. M ... 
 
 Joshua xx. 7- VII.... "5 n. b. i 
 Joshua xix.32. VII .. . 70 R. b. i 
 Genesis x. 13 . IV. ... 230 w. b. s 
 Luke ii. 39 ... VIII . . 56 n 
 
 , ditto .. 
 
 , ditto . . 
 
 ditto .. 
 
 , Algezir* 
 
 Palest . 
 ditto .. 
 ditto .. 
 
 , ditto .. 
 ditto .. 
 
 Esypt . 
 . Palest . 
 
 Nbah Noa Zebulon ditto.... 
 
 Neapolis Neapolfs Philippi Macedo. 
 
 Nebaioth Kedar Edom .. 
 
 Neballat Judah Canaan.. 
 
 Nebo Nebau Judah ditto 
 
 Nebo Nebo Reuben ditto.. ,. 
 
 Nebo, Mount Nebo Reuben ditto.... 
 
 Joshua xix. 13 VIII .. C,2 n. b. e ditto.. 
 
 Acts xvi. 11.. XXIV. 75-n.w Turkey 
 
 Isaiah lx. 7-. IV 80s Arabia. 
 
 Neh. xi 34. . . . XII. . . 17 b. b. s Palest.. 
 
 Ezraii. 29.... XII. .. 26s ditto.. 
 
 ,Num. xxxii. 38 XIV. . . 37 e ditto . . , 
 
 Deut. xxxii.49 XIV... 37 e. b. s. . . ditto . . . 
 
 Neiel Asher, ditto.... Joshua xix. 27 
 
 Nekeb Naphtali.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 33 
 
 Netophah Judah ditto.... Ezra ii. 22. . . . 
 
 Nezib Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 43. 
 
 Nibshan ~ Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 62 
 
 Nicopolis Nicopolis Illyria Greece.. Titus iii. 12 . . 
 
 Nimbah, or Nimrim, &c Gad Canaan . Num. xxxii. 3. 
 
 Nimbim, Waters of Gad. ditto Isaiah xv. 6.. 
 
 Nimbod, Kingdom of Syria and Meso- 
 potamia Cush Ham Genesis x. 9 . 
 
 Nineveh, or Nineve Mosiel Kingdom of 
 
 Nimrod .. Asshur.. Genesis x. 11. 
 
 VII.. 
 VII.. 
 XII... 
 XII. . 
 XII. . 
 XXIV. 
 XIV.. 
 XIV... 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ditto.., 
 ditto ... 
 ditto ... 
 ditto ... 
 ditto ... 
 825 if . w. b. w. Turkey 
 Palest . 
 ditto... 
 
 77 * 
 77 n. 
 
 17 s. 
 
 18 e. 
 
 b. e.... 
 
 E.b. E.. 
 
 w. b. w 
 
 S. E. ... 
 
 .b.i 
 
 30 e. 
 550 E. 
 500 N. 
 
 , Turkey 
 . ditto... 
 
 No Tbebezor Dios- 
 
 polis Egypt Egypt. 
 
 Ho, or Bethoannaba Benjamin . 
 
 Nahumiii. 8. IV Egypt. 
 
 Canaan . 1 Sara, xxii.ll X 13 w. b. .... Palest. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 69 
 
 Long. 
 
 Modern Same. \ Quarter. 
 
 31.38 35. 5 Asia . Gaza 
 
 32. 3 35. 38 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 32. 3 35.38 ditto., ditto 
 
 32. 22 35. 19 ditto . . Akka .... A city of the Levites 
 
 32?22 35. 19 ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 31. 36 36. ditto . . Damascus A station of tbe Israelites. See also Mattanah. 
 
 36. 30 39. iO Harran ditto . . Diah Mod. To this place Abraham sent his servaut to get a wife for his son 
 
 Isaac See also llaran and (Jharrau. 
 
 32. 34 35. 29 Naori ditto.. Akka.... See Nain. 
 
 32. 34 35. 29 Naori ditto . . ditto Near the gate of this city Christ raised the widow's son to Hfe. 
 
 32. 3 35.18 ditto.. Damascus Here Samuel dwelt, and to this place David fled from the pur- 
 
 suit of Saul. 
 
 32.59 35. 42 Szaffad ditto.. Akka 
 
 33. 35.40 ditto., ditto One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 31. 31. Rahab Africa . Babiri ... A colony of Mizraim. 
 
 32. 43 35. 26 Nassara Asia . . Akka This was the dwelling place of Our Saviour till he was 30 years 
 
 of age, and it was in the synagogue liere that he preached 
 the sermon which so offended the Jews that they threatened 
 to cast him headlong from the brow of the hill on which the 
 city was situated. 
 
 32. 48-35. 28 Kenny ditto . . ditto 
 
 41. 14 . 28 Napoli Europe Roumelia. Visited by St. Paul. 
 
 Asia .. 
 
 31. 53 34. 48 Beit Nebala . . . ditto . . Damascus 
 
 31.21 35.17 ditto., ditto 
 
 31. 47 35. 5/ ditto . . ditto A city built by the Reubenites. 
 
 31 # 45 35.58 ditto., ditto From this place Moses was commanded to view the promised 
 
 land, and here he afterwards died. 
 
 33. 3 35.22 ditto.. Akka .... 
 
 33. 2 35.41 ditto., ditto 
 
 31.44 35.24 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 31.39 35. 6BeitNusib .... ditto.. Akka 
 
 31. 42 35. 38 ditto . Damascus 
 
 39. 15 20. 40 Nicopoli Europe Albania .. From this place St. Paul wrote his epistle to Titus. 
 
 32. 35. 51 Nimreim Asia . . Damascus 
 
 32. 35.50 Nimrein ditto .. ditto ' 
 
 32.30 45.30 ditto.. Bagdad... The first kingdom on record : established by a son of Cush. 
 
 3g # o 43. 15 Mosul or Mousul ditto . . Koordistan A city built by ABshur, and the inhabitants repenting at the 
 
 preaching of Jonah were preserved from the impending 
 judgment. 
 
 36 10 32. 38 El Luxor Africa . Said A celebrated city of Egypt. 
 
 IX. 47 36. 13 Alia.. Damascus See Bethonnaba. 
 
70 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 'Ma 0/ 
 
 Nob, orNobah Benjamin .. Canaan.. Num. xxxii. 42 XIV. .. 13 w. b. v.... Palest. 
 
 Nobah, or Kenatb-Nobah Canatha Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto.... Num. xxxii. 42 XIII... 90n.n.b ditto.. 
 
 Nod, Land of Elam Persia .. Genesis iv. 16. II 600 or 700 e. .. Persia . 
 
 Nophab Gad Canaan. . Num. xxi. 30. XIV... 52 k Palest. 
 
 Noph, orMopb Memphis Mizraim Egypt.. Isaiah xix. 13. IV ... . 231 w. s. w. .. Egypt- 
 
 North Bay Judah Edom ... Josh, xviii. 19 XII.... 40 s. s. k Palest.. 
 
 Obal Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 28. I b. b. n Persia. 
 
 Oboth Obodae Mount Seir. Arabia.. Num. xxi. 10. . IV 73 s. e. b. s.. Arabia. 
 
 Offence, or Corruption, 
 Mount of Judah Canaan. . 2 Kgs. xxiii. 13 XVI. . . s Palest.. 
 
 Uo, Kingdom of Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto.... Deut. iii. 1 .. XIII.. w. b ditto .. 
 
 Olives, or Olivet, Mount 
 
 of Olivet Benjamin .. ditto.... Matt.xxiv.3; 
 
 John viii. 1 .. XVI... 1$ e ditto... 
 
 Olivet, or Olives, Mount 
 of Olivet Benjamin .. ditto 2 Sam. xv. 30. XVI... lj ditto... 
 
 ON,Aven,orBethshemesh. Heliopolis Goshen Egypt.. Genesis xli. 45 IV 220w.s.w.... Egypt-, 
 
 Oso Ono Dan Canaan. . lChron.viii. 12 XI 18 n. w Palest.. 
 
 0*0, Plains of Dan ditto.... Nehem. vi. 2. XL ... 18 n. w ditto..., 
 
 Ophel, Tower of Judah ditto.... 2Ch. xxxiii. 14 XVI .. s. b ditto.... 
 
 Ophir Ophir Ham.... 1 Kings ix. 23. XI 2400 s. b. e.... Persia-. 
 
 Ophir Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 29. II 1750 e. b. n ... Zangue- 
 
 bar. .. , 
 
 Ophni, or Gophna Gophna Benjamin .. Canaan.. Josh, xviii. 24. XI 17 w. b. w.... Palest., 
 
 OpHRAH,or Ilcpher Manasseh.. ditto.... Josh, xviii. 23. X 9n.e. b.w.. ditto.... 
 
 Ophrah av Abiezer, or 
 Jiphsah Manasseh . . ditto Judges vi. 11 . IX 27 ir. b. b. n. . ditto 
 
 Oheb, Rock of, or Zeeb . Araba . Ephraim.... ditto ... Judges vii.25. ]V 30 n. e ditto.... 
 
 Pean-aram, or Aram 
 Naharaim Mesopotamia.. Aram or 
 
 Syria .... Mesopot. Gen. xxv. 20. H 450w.B.b. w.. Turkey. 
 
 Palestine, or Palestinse. Judaea Simeon and 
 
 Dan Canaan.. Exodus xv. 14 ditto.... 
 
 Pamphylia Pamphylia Asia AsiaMin. Acts xv. 38 .. . XXIV.. 360 w. w. b. if. ditto.... 
 
 Pamphylia, Sea of Allalia Asia Great, or 
 
 West Sea Acts xxvii. 5 . XXIV.. 320 w. w.b.N.. ditto.... 
 
 Paphos Paphos I. of Cyprus. Mediter- 
 raneans. Acts xiii. 6 .. XXIV.. 225 w. w Syria... 
 
 Paean Pharan El-Paran ... Arabia 
 
 Petraea. Deut. i. 1.... IV 130 s.w. b. s... Arabia 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 71 
 
 31.51 3.5. 2 Asia.. Damascus Here the city and priests were destroyed by order of Saul.- 
 
 See also Bethonnaba. 
 
 33.12 36. 3 Kauneytra .... ditto., ditto See Kenath. 
 
 ditto Cain fled to this place after murdering his brother Abel. 
 
 31.5436.20 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 29. 49 31. 16 Azazieh, Memf, 
 
 Menf.or Menouf Africa. Bahiri See Moph. 
 
 31. 10 35. 36 Asia .. Damascus The northern extremity of the Salt Sea. 
 
 ditto.. Irak and 
 
 Khorassan A colony of Joktan. 
 
 30.3536. 5 ditto.. Djebel- 
 
 Shera.. A station of the Israelites. 
 
 31. 47 36. 49 ditto . . Damascus A place of idolatry. See Olives and Olivet, Mount of. 
 
 Kauneytra-Djo- 
 lan,&c ditto., ditto Subdued by the Israelites under Joshua. 
 
 31.4736.49 ditto., ditto Here Our Lord preached his celebrated sermon, and from this 
 
 Elace he sent his disciples for the ass on which he made 
 is public entry into Jerusalem See also Olivet, Mount of. 
 
 31.4736.49 ditto., ditto David fleeing from Jerusalem before his son Absalom, learned 
 
 at this place that Ahithophel had joined A hoalom against 
 him, and here he ottered up that prayer to the Lord, "turn 
 the counsel of Ahithophel,'* &c. See also Olives, Mount of, 
 which was the name afterwards given to this place. 
 
 30. 10 31. 19 Matarieh Africa . Bahiri . . . See Aven. 
 
 32. 035. 6 Asia .. Gaza 
 
 32. 036. 6 ditto., ditto 
 
 ditto.. Jerusalem Rebuilt by Manasseh. 
 
 10. S. 40. Sophala ditto.. Cabul.... From this place Solomon obtained his gold, &c. 
 
 34.5071.20 Africa. Sophala.. A colony of Joktan. 
 
 31.54 35. 17 Asia .. Damascus 
 
 31.5635.17 ditto.. Akka See Hepher. 
 
 32. 13 35. 35 ditto . . ditto Here an angel appeared to Gideon, and declared that the Lord 
 
 was with him, encouraging him to go up against the 
 Midianites. 
 
 32.1035.40 ditto.. Damascus The rock on which two princes of the Midianites were slain, 
 
 by order of Gideon. See Beth-barah and Beth-arabah. 
 
 37. 20 40. 40 Diar-Arabia ditto .. Aljerirah.. The country of Nahor, Abram, Isaac, and Jacob. 
 
 ... ditto.. Palest.... This was the name of the country formerly occupied by the 
 Philistines, but is now generally used to express the whole 
 of the Holy Land. 
 
 36. 49 31. 30 Adalia & Alaya . ditto . . Anadoli . . Here Paul and Barnabas parted. 
 36. 20 31. 20 ditto.. Levant 
 
 34. 50 32. 30 Bafo, or Baff .. . ditto.. Aleppo... Here Elymas the sorcerer was struck blind at the word of 
 
 Saul, who was called Paul. 
 
 31. 34. 49 Faran ditto.. El-Tieh 
 
72 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Claitic Name. 
 
 Paban, Wilderness of Paran ditto. .. Num. xii. 16. IV 130s.w.b.s.. Arabia 
 
 Pabthia Parthiene .. Media.. Acts ii. 9 II 1100k. b. n Persia 
 
 Pabvaim, or Sepharvaim. Parchoatras. . . . Elaiu Persia.. 2 Chron. iii. 6. II 40o e. b. n ditto.. 
 
 Pasdammin, or Ephes- 
 dammiu Judah Canaan. . 1 Cbron. xi 13 XII. . . 11 w. s. w. . . . Palest 
 
 Pataba Lycia Lycia Asia Acts xxi. 1 .. XXIV. 395 n.w Turke; 
 
 Pathros, or Patbrusim, 
 Land of Phaturites .... Egypt Ham.... lsaiab xi. Ii. IV 360 s. b. w Egypt 
 
 Pathbusim, or Pathros, 
 Land of Phaturites Egypt ditto Genesis x. 14 . IV 360 s. b. w ditto.. 
 
 Patmos, Isle of Patbmos S.ofElishah Great, or 
 
 WestSea Rev. i. 9 XXIV. 540 n. w. b. w. Archip 
 
 Pekod Babylonia.. Mesopot. Jer. 1. 21 II 500 or 600 b. .. Persia 
 
 Pkleg Eber Arphaxad Genesis x. 25 . I ditto. . 
 
 Peniel, or Penuel Phanuel Gad Canaan.. Gen. xxxii.30. XIV... 42 n. e Palest, 
 
 Pknuel, or Peniel Phanuel Gad ditto... 1 Kings xii. 25 XIV. .. 42 n. e ditto.. 
 
 Peob, Mount Peor Reuben.... ditto... Num. xxiii. 28 XIV. .. 39 k ditto. 
 
 Pebazim, Mount, or Baal- 
 perazim Judab ditto. .. Isa. xxviii. 21 XII. .. 3 s. w. b. w. ditto.. 
 
 Pkbea Peroea Manasseh, 
 
 Gad, and 
 
 Reuben .. ditto. .. Luke ix. 7.... XXIII. 55 n. n. b.... ditto.. 
 
 Pebez-uzzah Benjamin .. ditto ... 1 Sam. vi. 8 .. XI 11 w ditto.. 
 
 Pkbga Perga Paraphilia.. Asia Acts xiii. 13.. XXIV. 370 n. w. b. n. Turkej 
 
 Pekgamos Pergaraos Mysia ditto... Rev. ii. 12. .. XXIV. 581 . w ditto.. 
 
 Pebbizites Ephraim... Canaan.. Deut. vii. 1. .. III.... On Palest 
 
 Pebsia, or Elam Persis Asher Shem... 2 Ch. xxxvi.20. II 0e Persia 
 
 Pethob Patlmra, or 
 
 Pacura Mesopota... Ashur... Num. xxii. 5 ; 
 
 Tt . x , Deut. xxiii. 4 II 350 n. e Turkej 
 
 Phabpak, River Barrada, or 
 
 Barda Damascus.. Syria .. 2 Kings v. 12 . XIX... 165 n. e. b. n.. ditto.. 
 
 Phenicb, or Phenicia. . . . Phoenicia Asher Canaan. . Acts xt. 3 .... XIX .. 80 n. b. w. . . . Palest. 
 
 Phenicia, orPhenice ... Phoenicia Asher ditto. .. Acts xxi. 2... XIX... n.h.w... ditto.. 
 
 Phenicb Phoenix Isle of Crete Great S. Acts xxvii. 12. XXIV. 585 w. n. w ... Levaut 
 
 Philadelphia Philadelphia... Lydia Asia Rev. iii. 7... XXIV. 510 n. w Turkej 
 
 Philippi Philippi Mace- 
 donia . Acts xx. 6.... XXIV. 761 it. w ditto.. 
 
 Philistim, or Philistines Pbilistia Dan and 
 
 Simeon Canaan.. Genesis x. 14. XII. .. w. and s. w.. Palest, 
 Philistines, or Philistim Philistia Dan and 
 
 Simeon ditto .. . 1 Sam. iv. 1 . . XII. . . w. and s. w. . ditto. . , 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 73 
 
 fift. sr ***** * -* OSS: 
 
 JO. 34.32 Asia.. El-Tieli.. The dwelling-place of Ishmael, and also tue place in which 
 
 the Israelites sojourned for forty years before they were 
 permitted to enter the promised land. 
 
 55. 20 56. 50 ditto . . Khorassan 
 
 J3. 30 42. 40 ditto., ditto From this place gold was carried for the ornaments for the 
 
 temple. 
 
 11.45 35. 4 ditto.. Gaza ... See Ephesdammin. 
 
 16. 10 29. 30 Patera ditto.. Anadoli.. St. Paul touched here in his way to Phoenicia. 
 
 26. 30 33. 30 Haboa Africa. Said A colony of Mizraim. 
 
 J6. 30 33. 30 Habou ditto., ditto Ditto. 
 
 16. 55 26. 32 Patino Asia .. Levant .. It was to this place that the apostle John was banished, and 
 
 here the revelation was given to him which closed the canon 
 of the Scripture. 
 
 ditto 
 
 , ditto . . Khorassan A colony of Arphaxad. | 
 
 12.14 35.56 ditto.. Damascus Built by Jeroboam. See also Jabbok, Fords of. 
 
 12. 14 35. 56 ditto . . ditto See above. 
 
 51.49 36. 2... ditto., ditto On this mount Balaam pronounced a blessing on the Israel- 
 
 ites instead of a curse, as Balak desired. See Baal-peor. 
 
 11.46 35.16 ditto., ditto See Baal-perazim. 
 
 12. 20 36. 30 ditto . . ditto A province of the Roman empire in the time of Christ. 
 
 H. 47 35. 6 ditto . . Gaza. .... So named by David, for the judgment inflicted upon Uzzah. 
 
 See Kirjath-jearim. 
 
 (6.45 31.13 Stavios ditto .. Anadoli.. Visited by St. Paul. 
 
 19.15 27. 8 Bergamo ditto., ditto One of the seven churches of Asia. 
 
 12. 35.40 ditto.. Damascus One of the original tribes of Canaan. 
 
 Fars, &c ditto.. Beloochis- 
 
 tan 
 
 15. 30 39. 30 ditto . . Aljezirah. The dwelling-place of Balaam. Balak king of Moab sent to 
 
 this place desiring Balaam to come and curse the Israelites. 
 (3. 35 36. 28 Behairat-el- 
 
 Marj. (Lake of 
 
 the Meadow) . ditto . . Syria .... See Abana, River of. 
 
 13. 35. 10 ditto . . Akka and 
 
 Tripoli .. . Here St. Paul and Barnabas preached the gospel, on their 
 way to Jerusalem. 
 
 13. 35.10 ditto., ditto See Above. 
 
 55. 15 24. 30 Placa Europe A port in the island of Crete, where St. Paul desired to winter. 
 
 but he met with a tempestuous wind called Euroclydon, 
 and was shipwrecked. See Melita, Isle of. 
 
 18. 20 28. 50 Allah-shehr. . . . Asia .. Anadoli . One of the seven churches of Asia. 
 
 H. 123.45 Europe Roumelia So called from Philip, King of Mscedon. It was visited by 
 
 St. Paul, and from this place he wrote his two epistles to 
 the Corinthians. 
 
 , Asia .. Gaza .... Colonized by the descendants of Mizraim. 
 , ditto., ditto One of the original tribes of Cannan. 
 
74 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Diztunce and 
 bearing from 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Phrygia Pbrysia Asia., 
 
 AsiaMin. Acts xvi. 6... XXIV. 460 n. x. w.. 
 
 Phot Gcetulia and 
 
 Libya Ham. . . . Genesis x. 6. . 1 250 w Barbai 
 
 Pi-beseth Bubastus Egypt Mizraira. Ezek. xxx. 17. 
 
 Pihaihboth Pi-hacirorth. . . . Etham .... Arabia... Exod. xiv. 2.. 
 
 IV 210 w. b. s 
 
 IV 187 s. w. b. w. 
 
 Egypt 
 ditto.. 
 
 Pirathox Ephraim.... Canaan.. Judges xii. 15 
 
 Pisgaii, Mount Abarim Reuben ditto.... Deut. xxxiv. 1. 
 
 X 34X.X.W.... 
 
 IV 35k 
 
 Palest 
 ditto. . 
 
 Pisgah, Springs of Reuben .... ditto .... Deut. iv. 49 . . XIV. . . 30 e 
 
 Pisidia Pisidia Asia AsiaMin. Acts xiv. 24 . . XXIV.. 400 x. w. b. x. 
 
 Pisox,Riverof,orPhison Ethiopia.... Cush, or 
 
 Havilah. Genesis ii. 11 . I 6/0e. b. x... 
 
 Pituom Heroopolis .... Egypt Mizraim.Exodusi.il.. IV 170 w. s. w.. 
 
 ditto. . 
 Turkej 
 
 Persia 
 Egypt. 
 
 Plain, Sea of, &c Asphaltites Judah and 
 
 Moab Canaan. . Deut. iv. 49 . . 
 
 Poxtus Pontus Asia AsiaMin. Acts ii. 9 
 
 Potter's Field, or Acel- 
 dauia Aceldama Judah Canaan. . Matt, xxvii. 7. 
 
 Ptolemais, or Accho .. Ptolemais, or 
 
 XIX... 30 b. b.s.. 
 XXIV. 500 x. b. e. . 
 
 Asher ditto .... Acts xxi. 7 . 
 
 XVI... 0s 
 
 XXIV. 68 x. b. w.... 
 
 Palest 
 . Turkey 
 
 . Palest 
 
 ditto. . 
 
 Punox, or Pinon Pbainon Paran Arabia... Num.xxxiii.42 IV 105 s. s. e Arabia 
 
 ?vteoli Puteoli Rome Italy. . . . Acts xxviii. 13. XXIV. 1140 x. w. b. w. Italy . 
 
 Raamah Cush. 
 
 Raamses, or Rameses Goshen .... Egypt... Exodus i. 11.. IV 200 w. s. w. . 
 
 Rabbah, or Habbath- 
 aiuinou, or Ham Philadelphia... Gad Canaan. . 2 Sam. xi. 19 . XIV. . . 55 e. b. x... 
 
 Ham. . . . Genesis x. 6. . I s. e. b. e . . Arabia 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Palest 
 
 ditto.. 
 
 Rabbath-ammox, Rab- 
 bah, or Ham Philadelphia... Gad ditto 2 Sam. xii. 26. XIX. .. 55 e b x . 
 
 Rabbath-Moab, or 
 
 Raoba Areopolis Moab Arabia.. Deut. iii. 11 .. IV 40 e. s. e Syria i 
 
 Rabbith, or Rabba Issachar.... Canaan.. Joshua xix. 20 IX 46 x Palest 
 
 Rachel's Tomb Judah ditto Gen. xxxv. 19. XII. . . 5 s ditto. . , 
 
 Rahab Delta Egypt Mizraim. Ps. lxxxix. 10. IV 220 w. b. s . . . . Egypt 
 
 Rakkath Naphtali... Canaan.. Joshua xix. 35 VII.... 86 x. b. e Palest 
 
 Rakkox Raccon Dan ditto Joshua xix. 46 XI. . 
 
 Rama, or Arimathea . . . . Rama Ephraim.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 36 XI. . 
 
 Kamah Rama Naphtali.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 29 X. .. 
 
 Ramau Asher ditto 1 Sam. i. 19.. VII. 
 
 Ram ah, or Ramathaim- 
 
 , 26 w. b. x dilto.. 
 
 , 24 x. w. b. w. ditto. . 
 
 , 79 x. b. e ditto.. 
 
 108 x ditto.. 
 
 zophem , 
 
 , Rama Benjamin., ditto.... 1 Kings xv. 17 XI 5 x. w. b. w. dittr... 
 
 Hamatiuim-zophem, or 
 Kamah Rama , Benjamin .. ditto.. . . Josh, xviii 25. XI 5 x. w b. x. ditto... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 75 
 
 w*. is i * *- f ^" rteT - 1 
 
 Province 
 PtuAatic. 
 
 - 30. 20 Ak-Shehar and 
 
 Kuniyeh Asia . . Auadolia . Visited by St. Paul. 
 
 Africa Morocco, 
 Algiers, & 
 Tripoli . . . 
 
 47 31. 20 Tel-Basta ditto.. Bauiri 
 
 50 32. 21 Tiah Beni-Israel 
 
 orBaideah... ditto., ditto .... An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 1835. 4 Asia . . Akka .... Here Abdon, one of tbe judges of Israel, died and was buried. 
 
 1536. 2 Djeb. Attarous. . ditto.. Damascus The highest point of Mount Nebo, from which the Lord 
 
 showed Moses the promised laud, after which he died. 
 
 1535.55 ditto., ditto 
 
 1537.30 ditto.. Koniyeh . Visited by St. Paul. 
 
 43. 10 ditto . . Bagdad.. . The first river of Paradise. 
 
 !5 32. 15 Near Sheik el- 
 
 Nedi Africa. Harkia .. A city of Egypt, built by the children of Israel under their 
 
 taskmasters. 
 
 10 35. 40 Asia. . Damascus See Dead Sea. 
 
 36. 30 Trebizond ditto . . Anadoli 
 
 ditto .. Damascus The burial place of strangers in Jerusalem. See Aceldama. 
 
 6 35. 5 Akka, orSt.Jean 
 
 d'Acre ditto.. Akka.... The Canaanites were never expelled from this city. Here the 
 
 apostle l'aul sojourned at the house ol Philip. 
 
 2 35. 56 Tafyie ditto.. Kerek. ... An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 14. 15 Pozzuoli Europe Naples.... St Paul landed at this place, and stayed seven days, on his 
 
 voyage to Rome 
 
 Africa 
 
 5 32. 10 Near Cairo ditto . . Bahiri ... A city of Egypt built by the children of Israel. See Pithom. 
 
 36. 10 Amman Asia . . Damascus Besieged by the Israelites under Joab, by command of David. 
 
 36. 10 Amman ditto . . ditto See Rabbah and Ham. 
 
 I 36. 10 Mehatet-el-Havj ditto . ditto 
 
 12 35. 16 ditto.. Akka 
 
 12 35 18 ditto.. Damascus A pillar was erected over Rachel's grave by Jacob. See 
 
 Ephratb. 
 
 - 31. 10 Garbieh Africa. Garbieh 
 
 J 35. 34 Asia.. Akka.... A fenced city of the Israelites. 
 
 134.50 ditto.. Gaza 
 
 3 - 34. 55 Bamla ditto . . ditto See Arimathea. 
 
 9 35. 28 ditto . . Akka A fenced city of the Israelites. 
 
 15 35.29 ditto., ditto The birthplace of Samuel. 
 
 1 35. 15 er-Ram ditto.. Damascus Built by Baash, king of Israel. Between this place and 
 
 Bethel, in Mount Ephraim, the prophetess Deborah dwelt 
 under a palm tree. 
 
 18 35. 8 Soba t ditto . . ditto See above. 
 
76 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Sr,i t urc I AV> -/ I HST m "" (t AM 
 
 Ramath-lkhi, or Lehi Simeon .... Canaan. . Judges xv. 17. XII.... 3-i 6. w. b. w. Palei 
 
 Ramath-mispeh, &c Gad ditto .... Joshua xiii. 26 XIV... 49 n. b. b. b.. ditto 
 
 Rameses, or Raarri9e3 Goshen .... Egypt... Num. xxxiii.3. IV 200 w. s. w. . . . Egyj 
 
 Rabieses, or Goshen Egypt Mizraim. Gen. xlvii. 11 . IV 200 w. 8. w. ... ditto 
 
 Ramoth. Renieth, or 
 Jarmath Issachar Canaan.. 1 Chron. vi. 73 IX 39w.b.w.... Palei 
 
 Ramoth Gilead, &c. .. Ramath Galaad. Gad ditto ... Deut. iv. 43 .. XIV .. 41 n. e. b. e.. ditto 
 
 Ramoth, SourH,Ramath 
 Beer- Ramoth, &c Simeon .... ditto.... 1 Sam. xxx. 27 XII . . . 50 s. w. b. w. ditto 
 
 Red Sea Heroopolites 
 
 Sinus Arabia Egypt... Exod. xiii. 18; 
 
 xiv. 16 XIX... 200 s.w Arab 
 
 Rehob, or Bethrehob Asher Canaan.. Num. xiii. 21 . VII ... IOOn Pale! 
 
 Rehob, Kiugdom of Syria Aram... 2 Sam. x. 8 .. XIX... 125 n. b. b Syria 
 
 Rehob, Valley of, or 
 Bethrehob Asher Canaan.. Judges xviii.28 VII.... IOOn.d.b Palei 
 
 Rehoboth Birtha Mesopotamia Kingd.of 
 
 Nimrod. Genesis x. 11. II 430 b. n. b . . . . Turk 
 
 Rehoboth, Well of Simeon .... Canaan. . Gen. xxvi. 22. XII... 42 s. w. b. w. Palei 
 
 Rekf.m Benjamin., ditto.... Joshua xiii. 21 XIV .. In ditto 
 
 Rkmeth, Ramoth, or 
 Jarmuth Issachar.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 21 IX 39 n. b. w. .. ditto, 
 
 Remmon, Methar, or 
 Rimmon Zebulon.... ditto.... Joshuaxix. 13. VIII... 65 n. b. e ditto, 
 
 Refhaims Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto ... . Genesis xv.20 60 n. e. b. n. ditto, 
 
 Rephidim Horeb Arabia.. Exodus xvii. 8 IV 281s.w.b.w. Arab 
 
 Rbphaim, Valley of Judah Canaan. . 2 Sam. v. 18 . . XVI. . . 2 s. w Pales 
 
 Resen Larissa Mesopotamia Kingd.of 
 
 Nimrod. Genesis x. 12. II 450 b. n. e Turki 
 
 Reuben Pirea Canaan.. Num xxxiv.14 XIV. . . Ob Pales 
 
 Rezeph Rhecipha Mesopotamia Kingd. of 
 
 Nimrod. 2 Kings xix. 12 .... 350 n. E.b. b.. Turk 
 
 Rhegium Rhegium Italy Acts xxviii. 13. XXIV. 1020 w. n.w.. Italy 
 
 Rhodes Rhodus Sea of Adria. GreatSea Acts xxi. 1 . . . XXIV. 470 n. w. b. w. Asia! 
 
 Riui.ah Emesa, or Rib- 
 
 latha Hamath.... Syria... Num.xxxiv.il XIX... 200 n. n. b Syria 
 
 RiBiiAH Naphtali... Canaan.. 2Kgs. xxiii. 33. VII.... 89 n. b. k Pales 
 
 Rimmon Simeon .... ditto .... Joshua xv. 32. XII ... 30 w. s. w ditto. 
 
 Rimmon, Rock of Benjamin .. ditto.... Judges xx. 47. XI 8 n. w. b. n. ditto. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 77 
 
 -34.40 Asia .. Gaza Here Samson slew a thousand of the Philistines with the jaw- 
 bone of an ass. 
 
 - 36. Ramza ditto . . Damascus See Ramoth-gilead. 
 
 - 32. 10 Near Cairo Africa. Bahiri ... From this place the children of Israel commenced their jour- 
 
 ney to the promised land. -See also Ruanises. 
 
 , ditto., ditto See Goshei 
 
 27 35. 17 Asia .. Akka .... A city of the Levites. 
 
 8 35. Sialt, or Djelaad ditto .. Damascus A city of refuse. Jehoshaphat king; of Judah, and Ahab king 
 
 of Israel, went up against rliis place, at lb* instigation at 
 false prophets; and Ahab was slaiii !>. n man who <!r-w a 
 bow at a venture, according to the words at the prophet 
 Micaiali. 
 
 34. 23 ditto . . Gaza ., 
 
 - 32. 24 Bahr-as-soez, 
 
 Bahr-el-Uolzum, 
 (the Sea of De- 
 struction) ditto . . Egypt Here Moses, by the command of God, divided the waters, so 
 
 that the children of Israel paused over on dry ground ; and 
 Pharaoh and his hosts essaying to follow, were drowned, by 
 the waters returning on them. 
 
 -35.31 ditto.. Akka The spies sent by Moses searched the land of promise, from 
 
 the wilderness of Zin to this place. 
 
 - 35.40 ditto The Syrians of this place having come to help the Ammonites, 
 
 they were both smitten by the Israelites under Joab- 
 
 30 35. 40 ditto . . Akka . 
 
 43. 20 Tecrit ditto . . Aljezirah . A city built by Ashur. 
 
 24 34.41 Rohebeh ditto.. Gaza A well dutc by the herdmcn of liaac, after their contention 
 
 with the herdmeu of Gerar. 
 
 49 35. 19 ditto .. Damascus 
 
 27 35. 17 ditto .. Akka See Ramoth. 
 
 50 35. 28 ditto . . ditto 
 
 30 36. ditto.. Damascus Smote by Chedorlaomer. 
 
 1833.54 ditto.. El-Tieh.. At this place the Israelites defeated the Araalekites. 
 
 ditto .. Damascus Here the Philistines spread themselves, in order to attack the 
 Israelites. 
 
 ditto . . Aljezirah 
 
 ,. ditto . . Damascus One of the twelve tribes of Israel. 
 
 20 41. 35 ditto . . Aljezirah . A place of captivity. 
 
 35 16. 5-Reggio Europe Naples. .. Here St Paul touched, in his voyage to Rome. 
 
 27. 48 Rhodes Asia . . Archipela. Passed by St. Paul, on his voyage to Rome. 
 
 I. 42 36 58 Horns ditto . . Damascus 
 
 I. 14 35. 38 ditto . . Akka Under tribute to Pharaoh-N'ccho. 
 
 1. 33 34. 48 ditto . . Gaza 
 
 1. 54 35. 14 Rummon ditto.. Damascus Here 600 Benjamites bid themselves in the caves for four 
 
 months, from the fury of the Israelites. 
 
76 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Distance and 
 bearing from 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 RiMMON-rAREz Paran Arabia.. Numxxxiii. 19 IV. ... 75 s. w Tur 
 
 Riihath Gomer Japheth. Genesis x. 3. I On ditt 
 
 Rissah Rbinocorura Num.xxxiii. 18 IV . . . . 82 s. w. b. w . Syri 
 
 Riihmah, or Kadesh Paran Kadesh 
 
 Barnea Num.xxxiii. 21 IV ... . 80 s. s. w Aral 
 
 Rogelim Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan. 2 Sam. xix. 31 XIII... 60 n. b Syri 
 
 . Roma Italy.... Acts xxviii. 14 XXIV. 1233 n. w. b. w Ital; 
 
 Rome Roma.. 
 
 Rumah, or Arumah .... Abuma Ephraim Canaan. . 2 Kgs. xxiii.36 X 22 n Pale 
 
 Sa beans Arabia Deserta . Aram . 
 
 Arabia 
 Deserta Job i. 15 II On.e Syri 
 
 Sabtau Cush Ham Genesis x. 7 . I Os.b.d.e... Arab 
 
 Sabtechah . Cush ditto.... Genesis x. 7. 1 8. b ditto 
 
 Salamis Constantia .... I. of Cyprus. Mediter- 
 raneans. Acts xiii. 5.. XXIV. 212 n. n. e Syrii 
 
 Salah Genesis x. 24 . I ditto 
 
 Salcah, or Salcbab .... Salcha Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan.. Joshua xii. 5. XIII... 67 n. b .. Palei 
 
 Salchah, or Salcah .... Salcha Manasseh, 
 
 .. byd. Jordan ditto.... Deut. iii.10. .. XIII... 67 n. e ditto 
 
 Salkm, Jebus, Jeru- 
 salem, or Ariel Hierosolyma .. Judah and 
 
 Benjamin. . ditto .... Genesis xiv.18 XVI ditto 
 
 Salem, Salim, or Shalem Issachar.... ditto.... Gen. xxxiii. 18 IX 40 n. n. e ditto 
 
 Salmons Samonium, or 
 
 Salmodis .... Isle of Crete GreatSea Acts xxvii. 7. . XXIV . 490 w. n. w. . . Cane 
 
 Salt Sea, &c Asphaltites . . . . Judah Canaan . Num. xxxiv. 3 XII. . 
 
 Salt, City of. Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 62 XII... 
 
 "Salt, Valley of Syria ditto.... 2Kgs.xiv.7.. XII.. 
 
 Samaria Sebaste Ephraim . . . ditto .... 1 Kgs. xvi. 24. X 
 
 Samaria, Country of .. . Samaria Ephraim... ditto.... John iv. 4 X. ... 
 
 Samaria, Hill of Ephraim ditto 1 Kgs. xvi. 24 X. ... 
 
 Samaria, Pool of Ephraim... ditto.... 1 Kgs. xxii. 38 X 
 
 30 k. b. s Pales 
 
 24 s. E.b. s... ditto 
 
 280 n. e. b. n.. Syria 
 
 31 n. b. w.... Pales 
 n ditto 
 
 31 n. b. w. ... ditto 
 Syria 
 
 Samos Saraos S. of Elishah GreatSea Acts xx. 15. . . XXIV . 540 n. w. b. w. Archi 
 
 Samothracia Samothrace.... S. of Elishah ditto ... . Acts xvi. 11... XXIV. 695 n. w ditto 
 
 Sansannah Judah. 
 
 Saphir, or Sepharad Judah. 
 
 Sardis Sardes Lydia.. 
 
 . Canaan . Joshua xv. 31. XII. . . 45 s.w Pales 
 
 . ditto.... Micah i. 11 .. XII. .. 28 s. w. b.w.. ditto 
 
 . Asia .... Rev. iii. 1 . . . . XXIV . 540 n. w Turki 
 
 Sarepta, or Zarephath . Ecdippa Ashur Canaan. . Luke iv. 26. . . VII... 100 n Pales 
 
 Sarid Zebulon.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 10 VIII .. 51 n ditto 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 79 
 
 Quarter. 
 
 0.46 34.18 Asia.. Arabia... An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 ditto.. Anadoli.. A colony of Gomer. 
 
 II. 1 33. 50 El-Arish ditto.. Gaza .... An encampment of the Israelite* 
 
 0.30 34.42 Africa Ditto. 
 
 12. 27 - 36. 
 12. 10 13. 
 
 9 Adjeloon Asia .. Damascus Barzillai the Gileadite came down from this place, and went 
 
 over the Jordan with David. 
 
 Rome Europe Naples .. Here the apostle Paul dwelt two whole years, and from tins 
 
 place he wrote epistles to the Ualatians, Epheaians. Philip, 
 plans, Colossians, Philemon, and also his second epistle to 
 Timothy. 
 
 .21 Asia.. Damascus The birthplace of Zebudah, the mother of Jeboiakim. See 
 
 also Arumah. 
 
 , ditto., ditto These were descendants of Ham; and they slew the servants, 
 
 the oxen, and asaes of Job. 
 
 16. - 50. 
 16. 50. 
 
 Lahsa ditto.. Oman A colony of Cush. 
 
 Mahrah ditto.. Mahrah.. Ditto. 
 
 -34. Famagusta ditto.. Aleppo .. Here St. Paul preached, in the synagogues of the Jews. 
 
 ditto A colony of Arphaxad. 
 
 12. 38 36. 8 Szalkbat ditto.. Damascus A country of giants conquered by the Israelites, under Mot.es. 
 
 B. 38 36. 8 Szalkbat ditto . . ditto . 
 
 II. 47 35. 19 El Khods, Kod- 
 
 des, or El-Gootz ditto .. ditto.. 
 
 1. 16 35. 19 ditto.. Akka . 
 
 See Jerusalem. 
 
 Here Jacob purchased a portion of land after he came from 
 Padan-aram and erected his tents, and built an altar. Near 
 here John baptized. See iEnon. 
 
 35.20- 
 31. 30 - 
 31.26 
 35.40 
 32. 18 
 
 32. 13 
 32.18 
 
 37- 35 - 
 
 40. 10 
 
 31. 15 
 31 41 
 38. 15 
 33.26 
 
 - 27. Salamlna. Europe Turkey . . 
 
 - 35. 40 Bahr-el-Luch .. Asia.. Damascus 
 -35.82 ditto., ditto 
 
 - 37. 55 El-Ghor ditto . . ditto 
 
 - 35. 15 Sabusta ditto.. Akka.... 
 
 Beled Harthe . . ditto., ditto 
 
 -35.15 ditto., ditto 
 
 - 35. 15 ditto .. ditto 
 
 Passed by St. Paul, on his voyage to Rome. 
 See Dead Sea. 
 
 Here Amaziah slew ten thousand Edomites. See Selah. 
 
 Built by Omri. Abab was buried here. 
 
 A province of Judea. 
 
 Purchased by Omri, who built the city thereon. 
 
 Here Naboth was stoned, by a stratagem of Jezebel, wife of 
 Aliah, king of Israel, in order to ohtain possession of his 
 vineyard; and here also the dos licked their blood, 
 according to the prophecy of Elijah. 
 
 -26.43 Samo ditto.. Levant .. Touched at by St. Paul. 
 
 - 25. i) Samandrachi, or 
 
 Samothraki .. Europe Ronmelia Ditto 
 
 - 34. 40 Asia . . Gaza 
 
 - 34. 4G es- Sawafir ditto . . ditto 
 
 - 27. 59 Sart ditto.. Anadoli.. 
 
 - Zu 19 Sarphand, or 
 
 Sarphan ditto.. Akka. 
 
 32.37 35. IS ditto., ditto.. 
 
 One of the seven churches of Asia. 
 See Zarcphath. 
 
80 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 | Country. 
 
 * of healing, 
 
 AJ "P- Jerusal, 
 
 Saron, Sharon, or La- ' 
 stiaron Saronas Ephraim. . . . Canaan. . Acts ix. 35 . . . X 25 n. w. b. n. Palest 
 
 Schechem, &c Neapolis Ephraim.... ditto Joshua xx. 7. X 26 n ditto.. 
 
 Scythians Scythia Magog Shem. .. Colos.iii.il. II e. b. n Russii 
 
 Sbba Sebsei Cusb Ham Ps. lxxii. 10 . . I Os.E.b.8.. Arabia 
 
 PelL 
 
 Skcacah Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. 61 XII. .. 20 s. E.b. s. .. Palest 
 
 Sbchu, Well of Benjamin .. ditto.... 1 Sam. xix. 22 XI 14 ic. b. w.... ditto.. 
 
 SKia.Landof Iduniaea Edom Arabia... Gen. xxxii. 3. IV 90s 
 
 Skir, Mount, or Hor Dan Canaan. . Genesis xiv. 6 IV 24 w. b. s . 
 
 . Syria 
 Palest 
 
 Seiratu Benjamin ..ditto.... Judges iii. 26X1. ... 19w.B.b. b.. ditto.. 
 
 Selau, or Joktheel Petra Edom Arabia... 1 Kings xiv. 7 XIX... 110 s. s. e Arabia 
 
 Sela-hammahlekoth Judah Canaan.. I Sam.xxiii.28 XII ... 28 s Palest 
 
 Seujucia Selucia-Pierise . Syria Acts xiii. 4.. XXIV. 255 w Syria 
 
 Sknaah, or Senab Benjamin., ditto.... 1 Sam. xiv. 4.. XI 13 e. b.N Palest 
 
 Seneh, Rock of Benjamin., ditto.... 1 Sam. xiv. 4. XI 7.w., ,,.. ditto.. 
 
 SBiuR.Shenir.orHermon Hermon Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan 
 
 Sepharad, or Saphir Judah 
 
 Sepharvaim, or Parvalm Joktan 
 
 Sbphar, Mount Parchoatras. . . . Joktan 
 
 SuAALBiM,orShaalabbin. Salebi Dan 
 
 Shaalabbin, or Shaal- 
 bim Salebi Dan 
 
 Shaaraim, or Sharaim Judah 
 
 Suahazimau Issachar.... 
 
 Shalem, Salem, or Salim Salininas Issachar 
 
 Shamm, Land of Issachar.... 
 
 Shalisha, Bcthshalisha, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Shamir 
 
 Shamir 
 
 Shapher, Mount . 
 
 , Bethsalisa Ephraim... 
 
 , Judah 
 
 , Uphraiin . . 
 
 . Casius Shur 
 
 ditto . . . 
 ditto . . . 
 Shem .. 
 ditto . . . 
 Canaan . 
 
 ditto... 
 ditto... 
 ditto..., 
 ditto ... 
 ditto .., 
 
 ditto... 
 ditto ... 
 ilitro... 
 Egypt... 
 
 Ezek. xxvii. 5. XIII . . 150 n. n. e.. . 
 Obadiah i. 20 XII. . . 28 s. w. b. * 
 
 2 Kgs. xvii. 24 II 400 b. b. w.. . 
 
 Genesis x. 30 II 970 b 
 
 , Judges i. 35.. XI.... 28 w 
 
 . Joshua xix. 42 XI. .. 28 w 
 
 . 1 Sam xvii. 52 XII. .. 19 w. s. w.. 
 
 . Joshua xix. 22 IX 42 n. b. w . . 
 
 . Gen. xxxiii. 18 IX 40 n. n. e.. . 
 
 . 1 Sam. ix 4.. IX 40 n. n. b... 
 
 . 1 Sam. ix. 4 .. X 29 n. n. w.. 
 
 . Joshua xv. 48 XII ... 30 s. b. w... 
 
 . Judges x. 1 . X 33 n. b. w.. 
 
 Num. xxxiii.23 IV 20 w. s. w. . 
 
 . ditto., 
 ditto. . 
 
 . Persia 
 . Palest 
 
 ditto.. 
 . ditto.. 
 . ditto.. 
 . ditto.. 
 . ditto.. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 ditto. 
 
 . Arabij 
 
 Sharaim, or Shaaraim Judah Canaan.. Joshua xv. 36 XII. .. 19 w. s. w. ... Palest 
 
 Sharon, Saron, or La- 
 
 sharon Saronas Ephraim ... ditto 1 Chron. v. 16. X 25 w. w. b. w. ditto.. 
 
 Shaveh, or King's Dale Judah ditto.... Genesis xiv. 17 XII. .. 2 s. w ditto.. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 81 
 
 Modern Name. 
 
 12. 735. 1 Asia . . Gaza See Lasharon. 
 
 :-'. 12 35. 22 Nablous, or Na- 
 
 polosa ditto . . Damascus A city of refuge also a city of the Levites. 
 
 . ditto.. Tartary.. Descendants of Magog. 
 
 1.30- 
 2. 1- 
 
 1.58- 
 0.39- 
 
 . Yemen. . 
 .32 
 
 . ditto. 
 . ditto.. 
 . ditto . 
 
 - 35. 25 Djebal Shera. . . ditto . 
 
 34. 54 ditto . . Gaza 
 
 i.37 ditto 
 
 . 40 Wady-Mousa. . . ditto 
 
 Mocha . . Descendants of Cush. 
 
 Damascus . 
 
 ditto Saul sent to this place for Samuel and David; and Michal 
 
 put an image in bed, whereby they were deceived, and David 
 and Samuel escaped out of their hands. - See Engedi. 
 
 ditto To this place Jacob sent messengers to his brother Esau, t 
 
 propitiate his favour, previous to meeting him. 
 
 .. The Horites of this place were smitten by Chedorlaomer, and 
 it was afterwards given to Esau for a possession- See alio 
 Hor, Mount of, in Edom. 
 
 , Damascus Ehud escaped unto this place after killing Eglon, king of Moab. 
 
 El-Tieh.. 
 
 Here Amaziah slew those servants which had slain Joash his 
 father. -See Salt, Valley of. 
 
 1.19- 35.22 
 
 5. 5936. 2 Souadia ditto . . Tripoli 
 
 ditto .. Damascus So called by Saul from his givine up the pursuit of David, and 
 turning back against the Philistines. 
 
 Paul and Barnabas cme to this plare immediately after they 
 were sent to preach the gospel to the Gentiles. 
 
 1. SI - 
 1.57- 
 
 .34 . 
 i.13 . 
 
 . ditto.. Damascus 
 
 . ditto., ditto Senah and Bozez are the two rocks forming the passes of 
 
 Michmnsh, where Jonathan miraculously defeated the 
 Philistines. 
 
 3. 20 - 
 1.29- 
 3.30- 
 3. 10 - 
 1. 13 - 
 
 . 50 El-Heish ditto .. ditto Celebrated for the growth of fir trees. 
 
 1.54 ditto.. Gaza. 
 
 1. 40 ditto . . Khorassan 
 
 I. 30 ditto . . ditto The Eastern boundary of the territory of Joktan. 
 
 ditto.. Gaza The Amorites were never expelled from this city. Under the 
 
 government of one oi Solomon's purveyors. 
 
 1 28 - 
 
 35. 
 
 2. 15- 
 
 3.). 
 
 2. 22 - 
 
 33. 
 
 2.12- 
 
 35. 
 
 1. 19- 
 
 35. 
 
 12.19- 
 
 35. 
 
 1. 5- 
 
 33 
 
 1. 39 - 
 
 H 
 
 2. 7- 
 
 35 
 
 48 ditto., ditto . 
 
 58 ditto . ditto. 
 
 11 ditto.. Akka . 
 
 19 ditto., ditto.. 
 
 40 ditto .. ditto.. 
 
 See Salem, Salim, &c. 
 
 3 ditto., ditto 
 
 14 ditto . . Damascus See Samaria. 
 
 11 ditto . . Akka Tola, a judge of Israel, buried here. 
 
 1 Cttipb, or Mount 
 K'-Kas. or Rasel . 
 
 Kasseroon .... Africa. Al-Giofar An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 i ditto., ditto See Saron and Lasharon. 
 
 i dino .. Damascus See King's Dale. 
 
 /^V o? thb"**^ 
 
82 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 -Vo. of 
 
 Distance and 
 bearing from 
 
 Sheba, Country of Sochor 
 
 Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 28. I Ob Persi 
 
 Raamah. ... Ham.... 1 Kings x. I.. I 1200 s. b. b.s. Arab 
 
 Shkba, or Beersheba. . . . Bersabe. . 
 
 Shkbam, Sibmah, &c 
 
 Shkbarim 
 
 , Simeon Canaan. . Gen. xxvi. 33.. XII. .. 52 s. w. b. w. Palei 
 
 Reuben ditto . . . Num. xxsii. 3. XIV. . . 44 b. b. n ditto 
 
 , Benjamin .. ditto. .. Joshua ?ii. 5.. XI 14 n. b. b.... ditto 
 
 Shechem, Schechem, 
 Sychar, or Sychem. . . . Neapolis. , 
 
 Epbraim... ditto. .. Josh. xxiv. 25. X 26 n.. 
 
 , ditto 
 
 Sheep-Gatb Benjamin.. Jerusal. Neh. iii. 1 XVI... Ob.., 
 
 Shelbph Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 26 . I Ob.. 
 
 , ditto 
 Persi 
 
 Shem 
 
 Shbma 
 
 Shew 
 
 Shbnir, Hermon, Sirion, 
 orSenir Hermon. 
 
 Shenir, or Sirion, &c... Hermon. . 
 
 Siiibmah, Sheban, or 
 Sibmah, or Siphmoth 
 
 Judab Canaan. 
 
 . Benjamin ditto . .. 
 
 i Manas seh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto . .. 
 
 , Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto . .. 
 
 Reuben .... ditto.... 
 
 Issachar.. . ditto . .. 
 
 . Asher ditto . .. 
 
 . Judab. ditto. .. 
 
 , Jerusalem., ditto.... 
 . Benjamin .. ditto .... 
 
 Zebulon .... ditto . . . . 
 
 Shimron-Meron, or 
 Shiinron SyiuiraSimonias Zebulon ditto .... 
 
 Shinar, Land of. Babylonia Kingdom of 
 
 Nimrod .. Ashur.. . 
 
 . Reuben ditto 
 
 i Reuben ditto .... 
 
 i Genesis x. 1.. I . ... 
 Joshua xv. 26 XII. . 
 ISam. vii. 12. XL... 
 
 3 s. w. b. s.. Palei 
 Sn.w ditto 
 
 S.of Sol. iii. 8. XIII . . 150 n. n. e ditto 
 
 Shihon Seons, or Sehon 
 
 Shihor-Libnath , 
 
 SUILHIM 
 
 Shiloah, Siloah, or Si- 
 loam, Waters of 
 
 Shiloh Silo 
 
 Shimron, or Shimron- 
 
 meron Symira, or Si- 
 
 monias 
 
 Deut.iii.9. .. XIIL. 
 Num.xxxii. 38 XIV. . 
 Joshua xix. 19 IX.... 
 Joshua xix. 26 VII... 
 Joshua xv. 32 . XII. . 
 
 Isaiah viii. 6. XVI... 
 Joshua xviii. 1 X. ... 
 
 Joshua xi. ].. VIII.. 
 Joshua xii. 20 VIII . 
 
 Shittim, Valley of 
 
 SaiTTiM.orAbel-shittim Arbela. . 
 
 Isaiah xi. 11.. IT .... 
 Joel iii. 18. . . . XTV. . 
 Joshua ii. 1. XIV. . 
 
 Shochoh, Shocho, or 
 Socoh Socho.. 
 
 Judah ditto.... 1 Sara. xvii. 1 XII. . 
 
 150 n. if . b . . . ditto 
 
 44 b. b. w ditto 
 
 44 n ditto 
 
 85 v ditto 
 
 23 w. s. w ditto 
 
 8. e ditto 
 
 16 n. n. e. .. ditto 
 
 59 n. b. b.... ditto 
 
 59 n. b. b. ... ditto 
 
 450 B Turk 
 
 30 b. b. n Pales 
 
 30 e. b. n ditto. 
 
 9 w. s. w ... ditto 
 
 Shocoh, Shoco, or Socoh Socho Judah ditto.... 2 Ch. xxviii.18 XII. .. 9 w. s. w .. ditto 
 
 Shuai, Land of Manasseh.. ditto.... 1 Sam. xiii. 17 IX 30 n. b. b. n. ditto. 
 
 Shunem Sanim Issachar.... ditto.... 2 Kings iv. 8 . IX 40 n. b. w, ditto. 
 
 Shub, or Etham, Desert 
 
 . Sbur Egypt & 
 
 Arabia Genesis xvi 7. IV 160 s. w Turk 
 
 Shusban ., Susiana .... Persia . . Neh. i. 1 II 650 b. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 83 
 
 Modern Name. 
 
 16. 50. Hadramaut 
 
 , . . Asia . . Irak and 
 
 KhoraBsan 
 
 .. ditto The queen of this country, having beard of the wisdom and 
 
 greatness of Solomon, came to prove him with hard questions. 
 
 31.18-34.29 ditto.. Gaza.... See Beersheba. 
 
 31. 57 36. 15 ditto . . Damascus Celebrated for the growth of vines. 
 
 32. 35.25 ditto., ditto The Israelites were chased to this place by the men of Ai. 
 
 32. 12 - 35. 22 Naplousa. 
 
 , ditto., ditto Here Joshua made a covenant with the children of Israel, and 
 
 set up a great stone as a witness unto them : this was the 
 last public act of his life. See Schechem and Sychar. 
 
 ditto., ditto Built by Eliashab the high priest. 
 
 ditto.. Irak and 
 
 Khorassan A colony of Joktan. 
 
 ... # ditto Peopled by the descendants of Shem, a son of Noah. 
 
 31. 19 Ml 59 ditto . . Gaza 
 
 31. 49 35. 16 ditto . . Damascus See Ebenezer. 
 
 33. 20 35. 50 El-Heish ditto., ditto See Senir and Hermon. 
 
 33. 20 35. 50 El-Heish ditto., ditto See Sirion. 
 
 31.57 36.15 ditto., ditto See Shebara. 
 
 32.31 35.21 ditto.. Akka 
 
 33.11-35.12 ditto.. ditto 
 
 3>1. 38 34. 56 ditto . . Damascus 
 
 ditto.. ^ tto See Siloam. 
 
 - 35. 16 Seilun ditto .. ditto The tabernacle was set up at this place by the Israelites. 
 
 32.45 35.31 ditto.. Akka... 
 
 32.45- 
 
 31. 50 - 
 31. 0- 
 31.54- 
 
 31. 41 - 
 
 31. 25- 
 
 32. 15 - 
 
 as. 27 - 
 
 29. 50 - 
 . 15 - 
 
 35.31 ditto., ditto 
 
 A royal and Levitical city, and cue of the thirty-one con- 
 quered by the Israelites under Joshua. 
 
 .50 ditto .. 
 
 ditto .. 
 
 52 ditto.. 
 
 34. 59 Shuweikeh . 
 
 Bagdad . . A part of the kingdom of Nimrod. 
 
 Damascus A place of captivity. 
 
 ditto. 
 
 ditto., ditto. 
 
 -35. 3 Shuweikeh ditto., ditto . 
 
 35.-35 ditto.. ditto 
 
 35.14 ditto., ditto . 
 
 32. 50 Al-Giofar Asia & 
 
 Africa. Arabia 
 
 48. 15 Shouster.orShus Asia .. Ears .. 
 
 , . From this place Joshua sent spies to view Jericho. See Abel- 
 sliittim and Jericho. 
 
 . Between this place and Azekah the Philistines put themselves 
 in battle array against the Israelites.- See Ephes-dammim. 
 
 . Taken by the Philistines. See Ephes-dammim and Shochoh. 
 
 . Invaded by the Philistines. 
 
 . At this place Elisha and his servant Gehazi were entertained 
 by a certain great woman, who, with her husband, caused a 
 little chamber to be built tor him on the wall ; and the pro- 
 phet as a reward promised her a son, who after he was 
 grown, was sent home from the field by his father, and died. 
 and was afterwards miraculously restored to life by Elisha. 
 
 . See Beer-la-hai-roL 
 
 , . The winter residence of the Persian monarchs, and the place 
 where Daniel prophesied 
 
 / 2 
 
64 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scripture Name. 
 
 Classic Name. 
 
 Province. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Scripture 
 Reference. 
 
 Mo. of 
 
 Distance and 
 bearing from 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Mode, 
 Countr 
 
 Sibmah, Shibman, She- 
 bam, or Shipmoth .... 
 
 
 Reuben .... 
 Judah 
 
 Asher 
 
 Asher 
 
 Gad, and 
 Reuben .. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Jerusalem . . 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 Shur 
 
 Paran 
 
 Sinai 
 
 Sinai 
 
 Canaan . Joshua xiii. 19 XIY. .. 
 ditto. . . . Genesis xiv. 8. II 
 
 ditto. . . . Genesis x. 15 . VII. . . 
 
 ditto.... Genesis x. 19. VII. .. 
 
 ditto.... Deut.ii. 24 .. XIII... 
 
 Mizraim Isaiah xxiii.3. 11 
 
 Canaan.. Nehem. iii. 15 XVI... 
 
 ditto. . . . John ix. 7. . . . XVI. . . 
 
 ditto. . . . Luke xiii. 4 . . XVI. . . 
 
 Egypt.. Ezek. xxx. 15. XIX... 
 
 Arabia.. Ezek. xvi. 1.. IV.... 
 
 Horeb . . Isaiah xlix. 12 IV ... . 
 ditto.... Exodus xvi. 1. IV.. .. 
 ditto Exodus xix. 18 XIX. . . 
 
 Canaan . Deut. iv. 48 .. XIII... 
 ditto. ... 1 Sam. xxx. 28. XIV. . . 
 ditto. ... 2 Sam. iii. 26 . XII. . . 
 Syria . . . Genesis x. 27. V 
 
 44B.D. N 
 
 25 8. E 
 
 130w.b b 
 
 107w 
 
 40 b. b. n 
 
 175 w 
 
 8. E 
 
 OS.B 
 
 OS. E 
 
 160 w. b. a. ... 
 180 s. w. b. s.. 
 200 8. b. w 
 
 170 8. 8. W 
 
 200 s. b w 
 
 80 N. N. B 
 
 44 E.b. n 
 
 20 s 
 
 160 n. b. k. ... 
 
 Palea 
 ditto. 
 
 Sidon, Country of 
 
 Sipon, Zidon, or Zidon- 
 llabbah .. 
 
 
 ditto . 
 
 
 ditto . 
 
 Sihon, Kingdom of .... 
 
 Peraea 
 
 Nile 
 
 ditto . 
 Egypt 
 
 Siloah, Shiloah, or Si- 
 
 Palest 
 
 Siloam, Shiloah, or Si- 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Sin 
 
 Pelusiam 
 
 Sin 
 
 
 Sin, Wilderness and De- 
 sert of 
 
 ditto . 
 
 Sinai 
 
 Sinai 
 
 iitto . 
 
 Sion, or Hermon, Mount 
 of 
 
 Hermoa 
 
 Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan 
 
 tteuben .... 
 
 Judah 
 
 Phoenicia .. 
 
 Palest 
 
 
 
 
 SlNITBS 
 
 
 Syria . 
 
 Sibion, or Shenir, &c. . . Ilermon . 
 
 Sitnah, Well of 
 
 Smyrna Lydia . , 
 
 Socoh, or Shochoh, &c. Socoh. . 
 
 SoDOM 
 
 . Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan Canaan . Deut. iii. 9 . . . XIII.. . 150 n. n. b.. . 
 
 , Simeon .... ditto.... Gen. xxvi. 21 . XII. .. 41 s. w. b- 
 Asia (Ionia) AsiaMin Rev. i. 11 XXIV . 560 n. w 
 
 , Judah Canaan. Joshua xv. 35. XII.... 41 w. s. w. 
 
 Judah ditto.... Genesis x. 19. V s. b 
 
 . Palest. 
 
 ditto .. 
 . ditto . . 
 Syria . 
 
 Palest 
 
 Sobbk, Valley of Sorec . 
 
 , ditto Judges xvi. 4 . XII. . . 20 w. s. w Palest 
 
 South Bat Judah ditto Joshua xv. 2 . XII. . . 40 s. s. e ditto . . 
 
 South Country Gebelene Judah ditto Joshua xii. 8. XII... 40 s ditto... 
 
 Sfain Ilispania Tarshich... Japheth Rom. xv. 24.. XIV... 1800 n. w. b. n. Spain.., 
 
 Succoth Darala c . Gad Canaan . Gen. xxxiii. 17 IV.. .. 34 >. e Talest. , 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 S3 
 
 31. 57 36. 51 Asia .. Damascus Celebrated for the growth of vines. 
 
 ditto., ditto At this place Chedorlaomer defeated the kings of Sodom and 
 
 Gomorrau, &c. 
 
 $3.40 35.20 ditto Akka.... A colony of Canaan. 
 
 S3. 34 35. 24 Seyda, or Seide . ditto . ditto. . . Founded by IM oldest son of Canaan ; and was visited by St. 
 
 Paul. 
 
 11. 5 32. 25 Djelaoud and El- 
 
 Jielka ditto .. Damascus Conquere.l by the I>nelites under Joshua. 
 
 il. 30 31. 30 Nile Africa . Bahiri . . . The great river of Egypt. 
 
 , Asia . Damascus Repaired by Shall um. See Siloam. 
 
 , ditto .. ditto The eyes of a man who was born blind having been anointed 
 
 wiih clay by our Lord, he was sent to this place to wash, in 
 order that, he might leceive his sight. 
 
 , ditto., ditto The death of the inhabitants of this place was used by our 
 
 Lord as a warning against self-deception. 
 
 11. 2 32. 30 Tineh ditto . 
 
 28. 50 34. 
 28. 35 34. 
 
 )E1-Tieh ditto . El-Tieh . 
 
 , El-Paran ditto . 
 
 . ditto 
 
 , ditto. 
 , ditto. 
 
 S3. 0-35. 
 II. 57 - 36. 
 II. 28 - 35. 
 13. 10 - 36. 
 
 .5 St. Catherine, or 
 Jibbel-Mousa 
 Tor Sina ditto . 
 
 55E1-Heish ditto. 
 
 15 ditto . 
 
 17 ditto. 
 
 - . . ditto . 
 
 At this place the Israelites murmured for bread ; and here 
 manna and quails were promised and given to thein. 
 
 . ditto The Lord descended in a cloud upon this mount, and gave 
 
 unto Moses the law of the Ten Commandments. 
 
 . Damascus 
 
 . ditto 
 
 , ditto Joab sent messengers to this place after Abner. 
 
 , Tripoli .. Descendants of Cain. 
 
 $3. 20 35. 50 El-Heish ditto . . Damascus This place formed a northern ban-ier between Syria and Pales- 
 
 $1.23 
 $8.61 
 Jl. 44 
 
 - 34. 42 Djebel Heish .. ditto .. Gaza A well dug by the servants of Isaac See Rehoboth, Well of 
 
 -27. Ismir Syria, ditto One of the seven chuiches of Asia. 
 
 -35. 8 Palest. Damascus See Shochoh. 
 
 . ditto .. ditto . 
 
 31.40 35. Asia .. Gaza . 
 
 It was at this place that Lot dwelt; and here he entertained 
 the angels of the Lord, who afterwards warned him to flee 
 the city, as the Lord was about to destroy it by fire from 
 heaven. -See also Dead Sea and Gomorrah. 
 
 At this place Samson abode with Delilah ; and here she be- 
 trayed him to the Philistines, who put out his eyes; lie 
 afterwards was placed by them between two pillars, on 
 which the house stood in which they were assembled, and 
 bowing himself the house fell, and by his death he slew 
 more than he had slain in his life. 
 
 . ditto . . Damascus The south-west border of Canaan. 
 
 Kawata ditto.. Gaza 
 
 West Spain Europe 
 
 3 - 35. 45 Asia . . Damascus . 
 
86 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Distance and 
 
 Bearing from 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Succoth, (Egypt) Seenae Vetero- 
 
 norum Goshen .... Egypt... Num. xxxiii.6. IV 210 w. s. w Effypt . 
 
 Sukkiims Troglodites . . . . 
 
 Sychar, or Schecliem . . Neapolis 
 
 Mizraim .... Ham. ... 2 Chron. xii. 3 XI 260 s. w. b. w. ditto. . . 
 
 Ephraim.... Canaan . John iv. 5 ... . X .... 26 n Palest. 
 
 Sychem, or Sychar .... Neapolis .. 
 
 Syene, Tower of 
 
 Syracuse Syracusa . 
 
 , Ephraim.... ditto.. . 
 
 , Egypt Mizraim. 
 
 , Chittim Japheth . 
 
 Acts vii. 16 .. X 26 n ditto.... 
 
 Ezek. xxix. 10 IV ... . 600 s. w. b. s. Egypt . . 
 Acts xxviii. 12 XXIV. 1030 w. n. w .. Naples 
 
 Syria, or Aram Syria 
 
 Syria-Damascus Damascus. 
 
 Syria-Maachah Maachahi . . 
 
 , Shem ... 
 
 Damascus.. Syria .. 
 
 Manasseh, 
 byd. Jordan Canaan . 
 
 Syria-Zobah Soba 
 
 Taanach, &c Lexio, Thenac, 
 
 or Thaanac . . 
 
 1 Kings x. 29. XIX. . . 200 n. e. b. b. . 
 1 Chron. xviii.6 XIX... 180 n. e. b. n. 
 
 lChron.xix.6. XIII... 80n. b. e 
 
 2Sam.x.6 .. VIII 
 
 Turkey . 
 Syria ... 
 
 Palest., 
 ditto.... 
 
 Issachar.... Canaan.. Joshuaxvii.il IX.. .. 45 n. m. w. ..ditto... 
 
 Taanath-Shiloh , 
 
 Tabbath 
 
 Taberah 
 
 , Ephraim.... ditto .... 
 Manasseh.. ditto.... 
 Paran Arabia.. 
 
 Joshua xvi. 6. X 24 if. b. e ditto.... 
 
 Judges vii. 22. IX 34 n. e. b. n. . ditto. . . . 
 
 Num. xi. 3.. IV 150 s. s. w Arabia.. 
 
 Tabor Itabyrius . 
 
 Tabor, Plain of 
 
 , Zebulon.... Canaan. 
 Zebulon.... ditto... 
 
 , 1 Chron. vi. 77 VIII... 44 n. b. e.... 
 1 Sam. x. 3. . . VIII.. . 42 n. b. u.. . . 
 
 Palett.. 
 ditto.... 
 
 Tabor, Mount Itabyrius Zebulon ditto.... Judges iv. 6.. . VIII... 43 i. b. b.. 
 
 Tadmor, in the Wilder- 
 ness Palmyra 
 
 Tahapanes, Tahpanhes, 
 
 or Tahpenes Daphnae Pelu- 
 
 sicae 
 
 Tahpanhes, Tahapanes, 
 
 or Tahpenes Daphnae Pelu- 
 
 sicae 
 
 Hamath-Zo- 
 bar Syria. . 
 
 Egypt Mizraim. 
 
 Eadesh .... Arabia.. 
 
 2 Kings, ix. 18 XIX . . 250 w. e. b. s . . Syria . 
 
 Jer. ii. 16 IV.... 180 w. s. w Ejrypt.. 
 
 Num.xxxiii.26 IV 110 s. w Arabia. . 
 
 Egypt Mizraim. Jer. xliii. 7 .. IV 180 w. s. w.... Egypt. 
 
 Tahpenes, &c Daphnae Pelu- 
 
 sicae 
 
 Tahtim-hodshi, Landof Samochonitis 
 
 Tamer, Engedi, or Ha- 
 zezou-tamer Engaddi 
 
 TANACu.Taanach.orAner Legio 
 
 Tappuah Taphua 
 
 Tappuah Beth-taphua. .. 
 
 Tarah 
 
 Taralah 
 
 Tarshish, Tarsus, or 
 Tharshish Tartesus 
 
 Egypt ditto.... 1 Kings xi. 19. IV 180 w. s. w. .. 
 
 Naphtali... Canaan.. 2 Sara. xxiv. 6 VII. .. 80 n. b. e 
 
 Judah ditto.... Ezek. xlviii.28 XII ... 37 s. b.E.. .. 
 
 Issachar.... ditto.... Joshua xxi. 25 VIII .. 45 n. n. w.... 
 
 Ephraim ditto Joshua xii. 17 X 25 n. e. b. n.. 
 
 Judah ditto Joshua xv. 34. XII. .. . 33 s. w. b. w. 
 
 Shur Arabia.. Num. xxxiii.42 IV 120 s. w 
 
 Benjamin.. Canaan . Josh, xviii. 27 XI 9 e. n. e.... 
 
 Tarsus, or Tarshish Tarsus 
 
 , Bcetica Spain .. 2Chron. xx. 36 XXIV. 308 n. b. w. 
 
 . Cilicia Asia.... Acts ix. 11. .. XXIV. 308 w.b. w., 
 
 ditto 
 
 Palest . . 
 
 Syria.... 
 Palest . . 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto.... 
 
 Arabia.. 
 
 , Palest.. 
 
 , Spain .. 
 
 Turkey 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 87 
 
 10. 12 31. 30 Birketrel-Hadji. Africa. Keiloub.. Jacob built him a bouse, and sojourned here for a time. 
 
 It was tbe first station of the Israelites after their leaving 
 Ramese8. 
 
 19.1030.50 ditto.. Said Tbis people, with other tribes under Shishak, king of Egypt, 
 
 made war against Rehoboam at Jerusalem. 
 
 t2. 12 35. 22 Napolosa. Asia .. Damascus Here Christ conversed with a woman of Samaria at Jacob's 
 
 well. See Shechem. 
 
 12. 12 35. 22 Napolosa. ditto . . ditto See Epbron, Field of. 
 
 !4. 033. Essouan Africa. Said 
 
 7. 15. 10 Syracuse Europe Sicily At this city St. Paul landed on his voyage to Rome, and re- 
 mained three days. 
 
 S. 30 - 38. 30 Syria & Assyria Asia . . Aljezirah. 
 
 13. 30 36. 30 Damesk ditto . . Damascus A kingdom subdued by David. 
 
 3.1035.45 ditto., ditto Taken by the children of Israel, under Joab and Abisbai. 
 
 3. 037. ditto., ditto .... Ditto. 
 
 2. 32 35. 14 Ta'annuk ditto.. Akka A city of the Levites, belonging to Manasseh, but situated in 
 
 the tribe of lssachar. 
 
 8. 10 35. 27 ditto.. Damascus 
 
 12. 17 35. 38 ditto . . Akka .... Here the Midianites were defeated by Gideon and bis array. 
 
 8.3033.58 ditto.. El-Tieh.. The fire of the Lord burned amonic tbe Israelites at this place, 
 
 for their complaining against him. See Sin, Desert of. 
 
 S. 27 35. 33 El-Tor ditto . . Akka .... A Levitical city. 
 
 12.3735.31 ditto., ditto Here Saul's heart was changed, and he was numbered among 
 
 the prophets. 
 
 3.38 35. 33 Djebel-Tor ditto., ditto .... Here Barak and Deborah assembled ten thousand men in 
 
 order to attack Sisera ; and going down, utterly destroyed 
 his host. See Harosbeth of the Gentiles. 
 
 14. 15 39. 5 Near Antoura . . ditto . Damascus A city built by Solomon. 
 
 0.45 32. 5 Tafnas. Africa. Harkieh 
 
 10. 32 33. 35 Asia . . EKTieh . . An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 10. 4532. 5 Tafnas Africa . Harkieh. . 
 
 10.4532. 5 Tafnas ditto., ditto.. 
 
 B. 035.40 Asia .. Akka. 
 
 11. 29 35.27 Ain Tidy ditto.. Damascus See Engedi. 
 
 32.29 35. 4 Legune ditto.. Akka A Levitical city. 
 
 32. 8 35.36 ditto.. Damascus One of the thirty-one royal cities conquered by Joshua. 
 
 31.27 34.49 ditto .. Gaza 
 
 30. 15 33. 40 ditto . . El-Tieh . . An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 51 . 51 35. 31 ditto . . Damascus A boundary town of Benjamin. 
 
 37. 5 34. 43 Cadiz Europe AndaluBia The most celebrated port in the time of Solomon, from 
 
 whence ships traded to all the then known parts of the world. 
 
 37 5 34. 48 Tarsoos Asia . . Itschili . . The birth-place of St. Paul. 
 
88 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Classic Xante. 
 
 X 0/ 
 
 Map. 
 
 Tavkrxs, the Three 
 
 Tehaphneues, &c Daphnae Pelu- 
 
 MC Egypt. 
 
 Tekoa. or Tekoah Thecua Judah. 
 
 Tekoah, or Tekoa Thecua Judah. 
 
 Tekoa, Wilderness of .. Thecua Judah . 
 
 Italy.... Actsxxviii. 15 XXIV. 1210 n. w. b. w Italy 
 
 , Mizraim Ezek. xxx. 18. XII. .. 180 w. s. 
 
 Canaan.. 2 Chron. xi. 6. XII. .. 11 s. s. e 
 
 , ditto ... 2 Sara. xiv. 2. XII. .. 11 s. s. e 
 
 . ditto ... 2 Chron. xx 20 XII. .. 11 s. s. i 
 
 ... Egypt 
 .. Palest 
 .. ditto.. 
 .. ditto.. 
 
 Telabib Tlielabba Padan-Aram Mesopot. Ezek. iii. 15 . . II 400 w. e. b. n. Turkej 
 
 Telassar, or Ellasar 
 
 Sliarra Aram Naha- 
 
 raira Media . . Isa. xxxvii. 12 XII ... 600 n 
 
 Ibi.aim, orTelem .. Judah Canaan. . 1 Sam. xv. 4. XII. .. 39 s 
 
 e ditto.. 
 
 s. w Palest 
 
 Telem, or Telaim Judah. 
 
 Tel-Harsa, or Tel-bare- 
 
 , ditto . .. Joshua Xv. 24 XII. 
 
 . ditto.. 
 
 Sharra Aram Naha- 
 
 raira Media.. Neh. vii. 6 .. II 600 n. b Turkej 
 
 Tema, Teman.or Temani Theman Teman .... Arabia.. Jer. xxv. 23... I 90s ditto.. 
 
 Tema, Land of Theman Edom ditto. .. Isaiah xxi. 14. I 90s ditto.. 
 
 TEMANi,Teraan,or Tema Theman Teman .. . ditto.... Gen. xxxvi.34 I 90s ditto.. 
 
 TEMAN,Idumea,orEdom Idumea ditto. .. Obadiah ver. 9 IV 100 s. w. b. s.. Arabia, 
 
 TixALCAH Judah Canaan. . Joshua xv. .. XII. .. 36 s. w Palest. 
 
 Tharshish, Tarsus, or 
 Tarshish Tartessus Bcetica Spain .. 1 Kings xi. 2J XXIV.. 30S n. b. w Spain. 
 
 Thebez Thebes Manasaeh.. Canaan.. Jud. ix. 50, :/.;. IX 36 n Palest, 
 
 Tbelasar, Telasser, &c. Sharra Aram Naha- 
 
 raim Media.. 2 Kings xix. 12 XXI II. 600 n. e Turkey 
 
 Thbssalonica Thessalonica .. Macedo . Acts xvii. 1 .. XXIII. 790 n.w ditto... 
 
 Thtatira Thiatira Lydia Asia .... Rev. ii. IS. . . IX ^55 n.w ditto. . . 
 
 Tiberias Tiberias Zpbulon Canaan. . John vi. 23 . . VIII... 60 w. w . e Palest. 
 
 Tiberias, Sea of. Tiberias Zebulou.... ditto. .. John vi. 1 . . VIII.. 65 n. n. e... ditto... 
 
 Tibhath, or Betah Bathne Hul Ham.... 2 Sam. viii. 8. XI 138 n. e Turkey 
 
 Timnath, or Timnathah. Thamnath Dan Canaan. . Judges xiv. 2 XI 22 w. n. w .. Palest. 
 
 Timnath, Vineyards of Dan ditto.... Judges xiv. 5 XI 22 w. n. w. .. ditto... 
 
 TlMNATH- SERAH, Tim- 
 
 tintb-Heres, or Uzzen- 
 
 sherah Thamnathsare Ephraim. ... ditto Josh, xxiv 30. XI 20 n. n.w .. ditto... 
 
 Tiphsah Tiphsa Manasseh .. ditto.... 1 Kings iv. 24 IX 32 n. b. b.... ditto... 
 
 Tiphsah Thapsacus Syria 2 Kings xv. 16 XIX. .. 320 h. b Turkey 
 
 Tiras Troas. 
 
 Goraer .... Japheth. Genesis x. 2. . XIX ditto... 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 89 
 
 Madem Same. 
 
 45 13.13 Europe Naples... Here the brethren came to meet Paul when he was on his 
 
 way, as a prisoner, to Rome. 
 
 45 32. 5 Tafnas Africa. Harkieh 
 
 37 35. 25 St. Pantaleone.. Asia .. Damascus A city built by Rehoboam. 
 
 39 35. 18 Teku'a ditto . . ditto See Tekoa. 
 
 30 36.20 ditto.. Damascus Here J eboshaphat assembled his army previous to his going 
 
 against the children of Ammon, Moab, and Mount Seir; 
 w in> destroyed encli other, according to the word of the Lord, 
 by Jahaziel. See Beracliah, valley of, which was the name 
 aticrwards given to this place. 
 
 20 40. 18 Telabab ditto.. Aljezirah. Hire the Spirit of prophesy was given to Ezekiel. 
 
 43. ditto . . Koordistan See Ellassar. 
 
 10 35. 5 ditto.. Damascus Saul was sent to this place by Samuel utterly to destroy the 
 
 Amah-kites ; but he spared A gag tbeir king, and the best of 
 Ike cattle ; for which act of disobedience the Lord rejected 
 lain from being king over Israel. 
 
 10 35. 5 ditto. . ditto See Telaim. 
 
 43. ditto . . Koordistan . 
 
 35. Maan ditto . . Arabia . . 
 
 035. El-Arabu ditto., ditto 
 
 035. Maan ditto .. ditto 
 
 30 34.30 ditto 
 
 21 34. 50 ditto . . Gaza 
 
 5 34. 48 Cadiz Europe Andalusia See Tarshish. 
 
 22 35.21 Asia .. Akka .... Taken by Abimelech. From a tower of this city a piece of 
 
 mill-stone was dropped by a woman upon Abimelecli'- head, 
 after which he was slain, at his own request, by his armour- 
 bearer. 
 
 43. ditto .. Koordistan 
 
 35 23. 15 Salonicki Europe Roumelia Here St. Paul preached in the synagogue to the Jews. 
 
 45 28. Ak-hissar Asia.. Anadoli.. One of the seven churches of Asia. 
 
 43 35. 40 Tabaria ditto . . Akka 
 
 50 35. 40 Tabaria . . ditto . Damascus In the neighbourhood of this sea, and on i's shores, Christ 
 
 wrought many miracles. See Chinneretb, Geunesaretb, 
 and Galilee, Sea of. 
 
 15 37. 12 ditto.. Aleppo 
 
 45 _ 34 56 Tibneh ditto Gaza .... From this place Samson chose a wife of the daughters of the 
 
 Philistines ; and here he attacked and killed a Hon. See 
 Askelon. 
 
 57 34. 57 ditto . . ditto See above. 
 
 d _ 35. 8 ditto.. Damascus The inheritance of Joshua, and here he was buried. 
 
 1835.23 ditto.. Akka. 
 
 10 39 50 Ul-Der .. ditto.. Syria.... This city was despoiled by Menahem, and much wanton 
 
 cruelty was inflicted on the women, because the inhabitants 
 opened not its gates to him. 
 
 ditto.. Anadoli.. A colony of Japheth. 
 
90 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Script ut 
 
 Country. 
 
 Ao. of 
 
 Diatunce and 
 bearing from 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Tirzah Thirsa Ephraim Canaan.. IKings xiv.17. XII. .. 29 n. b. b Palest 
 
 Tobor, Ishtob, Land of. Tubine, or To- 
 
 Syria.... Judges xi. 5.. XII... 120 e. n. k ditto.. 
 
 Tfv hen, Village of Simeon .... Canaan. . 1 Chron. iv. 32 XIII . . 41 w. s. w ditto.. 
 
 Togarmah Pontus Gomer Japheth. Genesis x. 3.. XII.... 500 n Turkej 
 
 Tolad, or Eltolad Simeon .... Canaan.. 1 Chron. iv. 23 XI 34 w. s. w Palest 
 
 Topuel, or Kibroth-hat- 
 taavah 
 
 , Paran Arabia... Num.xxxiii... IV lS2s.s.w Arabia 
 
 Judah Canaan.. Jer. vii. 31.... XV.... 0s Palest. 
 
 Trachomtes Trachonitis Syria Luke iii. 1.... XXIII. 80 n. e Armen 
 
 Troa8 Alexandria .... Mysia AsiaMin. Acts xx. 5... XXIV. 645 n.w Turkej 
 
 Trosyllium Trogylium Lydia ditto Acts xx. 15.. XXIV. 537 n. w. b. w. ditto. 
 
 Tubal Tabieni Japheth. Isaiah lxvi. 19 II 800 n. n. e Syria 
 
 Tyre, Tyrus, Tzor Palse-Tyrus . . . . Asher Canaan.. Isaiah xxiii. 1. VII... 93 n Palest. 
 
 Tyre, Holds of Tyrus Asher Phoenecia 2 Sam. xxiv. 7. VII .. . 93 n ditto.. 
 
 Tyrus. Tyre, or Tzor .. Asher Canaan. . Jer. xxv. 22 . . VII... 9^ n ditto.., 
 
 Ulai, River of Uleus Elam Persia.. Dan. viii. 2. . . II 640 e Persia. 
 
 Ummah Asher Canaan.. Joshua xix. 30 VII. .. 87 w Palest, 
 
 Uphaz, or Ophir Ham Jer. x. 9 XI. ... 1200 s. b. b.... Zangm 
 
 bar. . 
 
 Ur op the Chaldeans Edessa Mesopot. Genesis xi. 28 XIX... 340 n. e. b. n.. Turkey 
 
 Uz, orHuz Outzi Haran Shem. .. Genesisx.23. II .... 1200 e. n. e. .. Tartar^ 
 
 Uz, Land of Margiana Syria Aram... Job. i. 1 II 100 n. e. b. n.. Syria . 
 
 Uzal Joktan Arphaxad Genesis x. 27. II 0e Persia. 
 
 Uzsen-Sbrah, &c Hamnath. Ephraim.... Canaan.. IChron. vii. 24 X 20n.n.w.... Palest. 
 
 Valley Gate Benjamin .. ditto.... Nehem. ii. 13. XVI... w ditto... 
 
 Vineyards, Plain of the Manasseh, 
 
 byd. Jordan ditto.... Judges xi. 33. XIII... 68 n. e. b. n.. ditto... 
 
 Water Gatb Benjamin., ditto ... Nehem. iii. 26 XVI. . . Ob ditto... 
 
 Zaanaim, or Zaananim, 
 &c. Plain of Naphtali... ditto ... Jud. iv. 11, 21. VII. 
 
 78 n. b. e ditto... 
 
 Zaananim, or Zaanaim Naphtali.... ditto.... Joshua xix. 33 VII. .. 78 n. b. k ditto... 
 
 Zair, or Seir Iduraa Edom ... 2Kingsviii.21 VII Syria... 
 
 Zalmon, Mount Salmona Ephraim.... Canaan. . Judges ix. 48. X. , 
 
 25 N Palest . 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 91 
 
 Modern Same. 
 
 15 35. 27 Asia . . Damascus A royal city, and for some time the seat of government ; and 
 
 here Abijab, the son of Jeroboam, died, according to the 
 word of the Lord, by Ahijah the prophet. 
 
 . The residence of Jepthah, who was thrust out of his father's 
 house ; but when the Ammonites made war against Israel, 
 the elders of Gilead besought him to return and become 
 their captain, and it was here that they entered into a cove- 
 nant for that purpose. 
 
 20 36.50 ditto., ditto. 
 
 27-34.36 ditto.. Gaza 
 
 . .. Si was ditto.. Anadoli.. A colony of Gomer. 
 
 !. 44 ditto . . Damascus , 
 
 .18 ditto.. El-Tieh 
 
 ditto 
 
 See Kibroth-hattavah. 
 
 Near Jeru- 
 salem . . Places of idol worship were erected here, by the children of 
 Judah. 
 
 El-Ledja ditto . . Damascus Of this place Philip was tetrarch. 
 
 to 26. 15 Karasi ditto . . Anadoli. . 
 
 S -26. 
 43. 
 
 0- 47. 
 2-35. 
 
 Here the brethren waited for Paul, and here he celebrated the 
 Lord's supper with them. 
 
 15 C. St. Mary .... ditto .. ditto Here Paul tarried on his way to Jerusalem. 
 
 30 ditto . . Armenia . A colony of Japheth. 
 
 14 Sur or Toor ditto . . Akka 
 
 14 Soor ditto., ditto 
 
 14 ditto., ditto See Tyre. 
 
 30 Karoon ditto . . Fan It was here that Daniel saw a vision of a ram with two horns, 
 
 &c. which was explained to him by Gabriel. 
 
 5 4U. Sophala Africa. Sophala. . Celebrated for its gold. 
 
 5 38. 25 Orfah, or Urfain Asia . 
 
 Balkh ditto . 
 
 Damascus ditto . 
 
 Aljezirah . The primitive abode of Terah, Abram, Nahor, and Haran. 
 
 Uzbecks . A colony of Haran. 
 
 Damascus The country of Job, a wealthy and upright man, one who 
 feared God and eschewed evil. 
 
 , ditto .. Irak and 
 
 Khorassan A colony of Joktan. 
 
 i ditto.. Damascus See Timnath-serah. 
 
 i ditto .. Jerusalem Uzziah built towers near this gate. 
 
 35. ditto.. Damascus The Ammonites were pursued to this place by Jephthah, and 
 
 it was near this place that his daughter came to meet him 
 after his rash vow. 
 
 , ditto.. Jerusalem Here the people gathered together, and spake unto Ezra to 
 
 bring out the book of the law of Moses, which he read dis- 
 tinctly, gave the sense, and caused them to understand the 
 meaning. 
 
 } 35. 34 ditto . . Akka . . , 
 
 Here Sisera's army encamped previous to his being attacked 
 by Barak. See also Tabor, Mount of. 
 
 - 35.34 ditto., ditto See Zaanaim. 
 
 , Shera ditto Here Joram smote the Edomites, after which they revolted 
 
 from Judah. 
 
 -35. IS ditto 
 
 , Damascus Near Sbechem. Here Abimelech cut wood, with which he 
 burned the tower of Schechem, together with about a thou- 
 sand men and women. 
 
92 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Jrll'mJe I ^ ounir y- 
 
 IMttnnct and 
 
 Zalmonau Arabia Parau .. Num. xxxiii.41 IV 125 s Ara 
 
 Zamaiiaim, Mount Ephraim.... Canaan . iCliron. xiii.4. X 33 n. b. w.... Pah 
 
 Zambummim, or Zuzim Gad ditto.... Deut. ii. 20... XIV... 40 k. n. e.... ditt 
 
 Zasoah Judah ditto.... Neh. lii. 13 .. Xll ... 23 s. w. b. w. Syr 
 
 Zaphon Gad ditto.... Joshua xiii. C7 XIV. .. 31 n. e. b. k.. ditt 
 
 Zarkd, or Zered, Valley M . 
 
 of Zared Moab Arabia.. Num. xxi. 12 . IV 30 s.k Ara 
 
 ZAREPHATH.orSarepta.. Sarephta Asher Canaan. 1 Kings xvii.9. VII. .. 100 X Pah 
 
 Zaretan, or Zartanah, 
 
 &c Zartan Issachar ditto.... Joshua iii. 16. IX 44 n. k. b. x. ditt 
 
 Zartanah, or Zartan.. Zartan Issachar ditto.... lKings. iv. 12. IX.. .. 44 N.E.b. n.. ditt 
 
 Zabthan, or Zeredatha, 
 
 &c Manasseh.. ditto.... 1 Kings vii.46. IX .... 35 n. e. b. n.. ditt 
 
 Zaretu-Shahar Reuben .... ditto.... Joshua xiii. 19 XIV .. 36 e. b. n.... ditt 
 
 Zeboiim, or Zeboim Judah ditto.. . Genesis xiv. 2. XII. ... 19 e. s. e ditt 
 
 Zeboim, Vale of Judah ditto.... Genesis x. 19. XII. .. 20 s. e. b. s.. ditt 
 
 Zkeulon Zebulon ditto.... Joshua xix. 27 XIT. .. 54 n. b. w.... ditt 
 
 Zkpad Naphtali... ditto.... Num. xxxiv.8. VII. .. 92 n. b. e. ... ditt 
 
 Zeeb, or Oreb, Rock of. Araba Ephraim.... dit*o.... Judges vii. 25. X 30 n. e ditt 
 
 Zkj.a, or Zelzah Benjamin., ditto 2 Sara. xxi. 14 XI 3w.n.w ditt 
 
 Zklzah, or Zelah Benjamin . . ditto .... 1 Sam. x. 2. . . XI 3 w. i. w ditt 
 
 Zkmaraim Ephraim.... ditto.... 2Chron. xiii.4 X 14 n. e. b n. ditt 
 
 Zrmaritks Simyra Phoenicia... ditto.... Genesis x. 18 . Ill ditt 
 
 Zknan Judah ditto Micah i. 11 .. XT I.... 24 s. w. b. s. dirt 
 
 Zephath, or Hormah. .. Horma Judah ditto.... Judges i. 17.. XII... 42 s.w. b.w.. ditt 
 
 Zf.phathah, or Zephath, 
 
 Valley of Judah ditto 2Chroo.xiv.10 XII... 12 s. w din 
 
 Zer Asher ditto.... Joshua xix. 35 VII .... 99n. b. e. ... ditt 
 
 Zered, or Zared, Brook 
 
 Zared Moab Arabia.. Deut. ii. 13. .. IV 35 s. 
 
 Zereda &c Manasseh.. Canaan.. 1 Kings xi.26. IX 35 n. e. b. n.. ditt 
 
 Zrredathah, Zartan, or 
 Zereda Mauasseh.. ditto 2Chron.iv. 17. IX 35 w. e. b. n.. Pah 
 
 Zererath, or Zartanah Issachar ditto Judges vii. 2J. IX. ... 44n.e. b. jj.. ditt 
 
 Ziddim Naphtali ... ditto.... Joshua xix. 35 VII .. 90 w. b. e ditt 
 
 fmoN. or Sidon, &c .. . Siclag ABia ditto.... Geo. xlix. 13. VII... 107 ditt 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 93 
 
 Modern Same. 
 
 !>. 39 3.5.22 Asia .. El-Tieh . . An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 2.1935.15 ditto.. Akka At this place Abijah assembled his army previous to his con- 
 quest over Jeroooam. 
 
 2.1036. ditto.. Damascus A nation of giants who dwelt among the Ammonites. 
 
 1.31 35. 12 Zanu'a ditto.. Gaza The inhabitants of this place repaired the valley-gate of Jeru- 
 salem, together with the wall unto the dung gate. 
 
 -35.47 ditto.. Damascus. 
 
 I. 20 35. 50 Nahr Assul ditto . . ditto An encampment of the Israelites. 
 
 1. 26 35. 19 Sarphand ditto.. Akka.... To this place Elijah was commanded to go to a widow woman, 
 
 who was to sustain him; and here he wrought the miracle 
 of the barrel of meal and the cruise of oil, and also raised 
 the son of the woman, who was mistress of the house, to life. 
 
 2. 24 35.46 ditto., ditto .... Near this place the Israelites crossed the Red Sea. Hiram. 
 
 king of Tyre, caused the immense brass pillars for Solo- 
 mon's temple, and the various utensils of brass and gold for 
 the temple, to be cast between this place and Succoth. See 
 Adam. 
 
 2435.46 ditto .. ditto 
 
 5. 15 35. 42 ditto . . Damascus See Zaretan. 
 
 1. 57 35. 59 ditto . . ditto 
 
 I. 38 35. 3S ditto., ditto .... A city of the Plain, destroyed by fire, for the iniquity of its 
 
 inhabitants. 
 
 1.38 35.40 ditto., ditto At this place the Israelites were obliged every man to jto 
 
 down to the Philistines, to sharpen his coulter, his axe, and 
 his mattock. 
 
 L 40 35.12 ditto.. Akka One of the twelve tribes. 
 
 1. 21 36. 50 Sudud ditto., ditto .... A northern boundary of Palestine. 
 
 J. 10 35. 40 ditto . . Damascus See Oreb, Rock of. 
 
 1. 43 35. 15 ditto., ditto .... Here was the sepulchre of Kish, in which the bones of Saul 
 
 and Jonathan were finally deposited. 
 
 L. 48 35. 15 ditto . . ditto Rachel's sepulchre was near this place. Here also Saul was 
 
 anointed by Samuel. 
 
 L. 59 35. 28 ditto., ditto See Zamaraim, Mount. 
 
 ditto . . Tripoli .. . Descendants of Canaan. 
 
 1. 27 35. 4 ditto . . Gaza 
 
 ). 59 35. 13 Nukb es-Sufah. ditto .. Damascus See Hormah. 
 
 [,40 35.52 ditto., ditto Here Asa, king of Israel, overcame tlte mighfy army of Mm 
 
 Ethiopians under Zerah, which consisted of one million 
 soldk.rs, and three hundred chariots. 
 
 J. 24 35. 37 ditto . . Akka .... See Kadesh-barnea. 
 
 6 Wady- Beni- 
 
 Ilammad .... ditto . . Damascus . 
 
 2.15 35.42 ditto., ditto The birth-place of Jeroboam. 
 
 2. 15 35. 42 ditto., ditto See Zarthan. 
 
 2.16 36 12 ditto., ditto See Beth-sbittab. 
 
 3. 15 35. M ditto.. Gaza See Zer. 
 
 3. 34 35. 24 Sur. or Soor .... ditto . . Akka .... See Sidon. 
 
94 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Scriptures. j Classic Name. I * Country. jg %;* ^Efr 3 
 
 Ziklag Simeon Canaan. . 1 Sam.xxvii. 6. XII. . . 35 s. w. b. w. Pali 
 
 Zin Judah ditto.... Joshua xv. 3. XII.... 45 s. s. w ditt 
 
 Zin, or Sin/Wilderness of Kedesh.... Arabia.. Num. xiii. 21. IV.... 110 s. b. w.... Ara 
 
 Zion, or Sion Judah Jerusal. Isaiah xii.6.. XIII... South part of 
 
 Jerusalem.. Pali 
 
 Zion, Strong Holds of Judah ditto .... 2 Sam. . 7. XVI... ditto ditti 
 
 Zioa Ziph Judah Canaan.. Joshua xv. 54 XII. .. 10 s. w. b. w. ditti 
 
 Zifh Judah ditto Joshua xv. 24. XII. .. 18 s. s. e.. .. ditt 
 
 Ziph, Wilderness of.... Judah ditto.... lSam. xxiii. 14 XII. . . 20 s. s. a ditt 
 
 Ziph, Wood of. '. Judah ditto.... lSam. xxiii. 15 XII ... 20 s. s. e ditt< 
 
 Zifhron Naphtali ... ditto Num. xxxiv. 9. VII. .. 95w.b.B ditt 
 
 Ziz, Cliff of Judah ditto.... 2Chron.xx. 16 XII. .. 15 s. b ditti 
 
 Zoan Tanis, or Tane Egypt Mizraim Isaiah xix. 11. IV .... 160w.b.s. ... Egy 
 
 Zoar, Bela, or Zair Zoar Judah Canaan.. Gen. xiii. 10.. XII... 50 s. e. b. s... Pah 
 
 Zob-vh Syria .. 1 Sam. xiv. 4". XIX. .. 90 n. e. b. e. Syr! 
 
 Zoheleth, Stone of Benjamin.. Canaan.. 1 Kings i. 9... XI s. b Pah 
 
 Zophim, Field of Reuben ditto Num.xxxiii.14 XIV. .. 8 w. b. w ditti 
 
 Zorah, or Zoreah Sorea Dan ditto.... 2Chron. xi. 10. XI 25 w. b. s ditt< 
 
 Zoreah, or Zorah Sorea Dan ditto.... Joshua xv. 33. XI 25 w. b. s dittc 
 
 Zuph, Land of Benjamin., ditto lSam.ix.5.. XI 8 n. b w dittc 
 
 Zur Gad ditto.... Joshua xiii.21 XIV... 50 e. n. e dittc 
 
 Zusim, or Zamzummim Manasseh 
 
 and Gad,. Ham .. Genesis xiv. 5 XIII. 
 
 XIV... 40 b. n. b ditt< 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 95 
 
 31. 29 - 
 
 Jl. 5- 
 
 34.44 Asia 
 
 35. ditto 
 
 , El-ghor, El- 
 
 Araba ditto 
 
 , Gaza .... A city given by Achish, king of Gath, to David 
 Damascus 
 
 An encampment of the Israelites. See also Sin, Wilder- 
 ness of. 
 
 , ditto . 
 . ditto . . 
 
 11. 40 
 11.29- 
 
 12. 0- 
 
 51.30- 
 
 13. 19 
 11.31- 
 
 (0.59- 
 II. 5- 
 
 13. 0- 
 11.45- 
 
 L b\ 
 
 Jl. 47 - 
 Jl. 39 
 U.54 
 i2. 10 
 
 -35.10 ditto .. 
 
 -35.25 ditto .. 
 
 -36. ditto.. 
 
 -35. 9 Tel hif ditto . . 
 
 -35.41 ditto.. 
 
 -35.35 RasMersed.... ditto.. 
 
 - 31. 58 San Africa . 
 
 - 35. 45 Szafye Asia . . 
 
 -37. ditto.. 
 
 -35.22 ditto.. 
 
 -35. 16 ditto .. 
 
 -34. 48 Sur'ah ditto.. 
 
 -31.54 ditto .. 
 
 -35.16 ditto.. 
 
 -36. ditto.. 
 
 Jerusalem 
 ditto 
 
 Damascus 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 Taken by David from the Jebusites, and afterwards called by 
 his name. See also Jerusalem. 
 
 David fled to this place from the pursuit of Saul, and Jonathan 
 came and comforted him, and made a covenant with him. 
 
 ditto See above. 
 
 Akka .... A northern boundary of the Israelites. 
 Damascus 
 
 The children of Moab, Amnion, and Mount Seir, came up to 
 this place against Jehoshaphat. See also Tekoa, Wilder- 
 ness of. 
 
 Harkieh.. 
 Damascus 
 
 A city in the Vale of Siddim, to which Lot retired by com- 
 mand of the angels of the Lord, previous to the destruction 
 of Sodom and Gomorrah. 
 
 ditto Saul made war against this country, Moab, Ammon, Edom, 
 
 the Philistines, and the Aroalekites. 
 
 Jerusalem Here Adonijah conspired against David, and usurped hit king- 
 dom. See also Eurogel. 
 
 Damascus One of the three places where Balak caused seven altars to be 
 erected, and brought Balaam to curse Israel. See alto BaaL 
 High Places of, and Mount Peor. 
 
 Gaza See Estaol. 
 
 Damascus 
 ditto 
 
 A principal city of the Amoritet. 
 See Zamzummim. 
 
 B. 10 3fi. ditto . . ditto Smitten by Chedorlaomer. 
 
LIST OF THE MAPS COMPEISED IN THL 
 BIBLICAL ATLAS. 
 
 1. The World, shewing the Primitive Settlements of the Descendant 
 
 of Noah. 
 
 2. Mesopotamia, including the East, illustrative of the History of 
 
 Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 
 
 3. Canaan, adapted to the Histories of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 
 
 4. journeyings and encampments op the israelites from egypt 
 
 to Canaan. 
 
 5. Canaan, or the Land of Promise, illustrating Joshua and Judges. 
 
 6. General Map of the Tribes. 
 
 7. Tribes of Asher and Naphtali. 
 
 8. Tribe of Zebulon. 
 
 Tribes of Issachar and Manasseh, on this side Jordan. 
 
 10. Tribe of Ephraim. 
 
 11. Tribes of Benjamin and Dan. 
 
 12. Tribes of Judah and Simeon. 
 
 13. The Half Tribe of Manasseh, beyond Jordan. 
 
 14. Tribes of Gad and Eeuben. 
 
 15. Land of Moriah, or Environs of Jerusalem. 
 
 16. Jerusalem, Plan of the City of. 
 
 17. The Temple, Plans of. 
 
 18. Kingdoms of Judea and Israel, illustrative of the Books of Kings 
 
 and Chronicles. 
 
 19. Kingdom of David and Solomon. 
 
 20. Canaan, shewing the Captivities of Judah and Israel. 
 
 21. Judea, according to Josephus. 
 
 22. Judea, according to the Apocryphal Books. 
 
 23. Judea or Palestine, illustrating the History of the New Testa- 
 
 ment, and exhibiting the Travels of the Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 2 4. Voyages and Travels of St. Paul. 
 
 - - .... 
 
 r^> Of th* 
 
% BtM Gatelipe of 
 NEW BOOKS AT EEDUCED PEICES, 
 
 PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY 
 
 HENRY G. BOHN, 
 
 YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. 
 
 THE COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS AND REMAINDERS, IN 100 PAGES, MAY 
 BE HAD GRATIS. 
 
 %* All the Booh advertised in the present Catalogue are neatly boarded in cloth, 
 or bound. 
 
 FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, PAINTING, HERALDRY. 
 ANTIQUITIES, TOPOGRAPHY, SPORTING, PICTORIAL AN O HIGHLY 
 ILLUSTRATED WORKS, ETC., ETC. 
 
 ANGLER'S SOUVENIR. Fcap 8vo, embellished with upwards of 60 beautiful Engravings 
 on Steel b> Beck with and Topham, and hundreds of engraved Borders, every page being 
 surrounded (pub. at 18*.), cloth, gilt, 9s. 
 
 ARTIST'S BOOK OF FABLES, com prising a Series of Original Fables, illustrated by 280 
 exquisitelv beautiful Engravings on Wood, by Harvey and other eminent Artists, after De- 
 signs !>y 'the la e James Northcote, R.A. Post 8vo., Portrait (pub. at 1/. is.), cloth, 
 gilt, 9s. 
 
 BARBER'S ISLE OF WIGHT. 42 fine Steel Plates, and Dr. Mantkll's Gkological 
 
 Map. 8vo, gilt, cloth, 10*. Qd. 
 
 BEWICK'S SELECT FABLES, with a Memoir. 8vo, with several Portraits of Bewick, 
 and upwards of 330 Engravings on Wood. Original impressions (pub. at 14. Is. ), boards 10*. 
 
 Newcastle, 1820 
 
 BILLINGTON'S ARCIHTECTURAL DIRECTOR, being an improved Guide to Archi- 
 tects, Draughtsmen, Students, Builders, and Workmen, to which is added a History of the 
 Ait. fee., aiid a Glossary of Architecture. New Edition, enlarged, 8vo, 100 plates, cloth lettered 
 (pub. at 1/. 8*), 10*. (id. 1848 
 
 BOOK OF BRITISH BALLADS, edited by S. C. Hall; every pa?e richly embellished 
 witn very highly finished Wood Engravings', after Designs by Creswick, Gilbert, Frank- 
 i.j ::, Co&BOULD, &c., Imperial 8vo, cloth gilt edges (pub. at 21. 2.t), 1/. 5*. 
 
 BOOK OF COSTUME, from the earliest period to the present time. Upwards of 200 
 beautiful Engravings on Wood, by Lintox. 8\o (pub. at It. Is.), gilt cloth, gilt edges, 10*. 6d. 
 
 1847 
 
 BOOK OF GEMS, OR THE POETS AND ARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 :< vols. 8vo. I.'jO exquisite Line Engiavings after Turner, Boningtox, Lands i:er, Roberts, 
 Mulo&ADY, etc. etc.; also numerous Autographs (pub. at 4/. 14s. (id.) Cloth elegantly gilt, 
 %L jv., or in morocco 3/. 3*. 
 
 BOOK OF GEMS, OR THE MODERN POETS AND ARTISTS OF GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN. Svo. 50 exquisitely beautiful Line Engravings after Turner, BoxlffGTOtf, etc. 
 etc. (pub. at U. 11*. 6d.), cloth elegantly gilt, 155., or morocco, XL \s. 
 
 BOOK OF RAPHAEL'S CARTOONS. BY CATTERMOLE 8vo, with an exquisite 
 Portrait of Raphael, a View of Hampton Court, and seven very highly finished Steel Engrav 
 lugs of the celebrated Cartoons at Hampton Court (pub. at 15* ), cloth, gilt, 7*. bd. 1815 
 
 BOOK OF CMAKSPEARE GEMS- A Series of Landscape Illustrations of the most inte- 
 resting localities ot Shakspeme's Dramas; with Historical ;-nd Descriptive Accounts, by 
 Washington Irving, Jesse, W. Howitt, Wordsworth, Inglis, and others. Svo, witn 
 45 highly-finished Steel Engravings (pub. at 1/. 11a. 6d.), gilt cloth, 14*. 
 
 B 
 
CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 BOOK OF WAVERLEY GEMS. A Series of 64- highly-finished Line Engravings of the 
 most interesting Incidents and Scenes in Walter Scott's Novels, by Heath, Finden, Rolls, 
 and others, after Pictures by Leslie, Stothard, Cooper, Howard, &c, with illustrative 
 letter- press, 8vo. (pub. at 11." lis. 6c/.), cloth, elegantly gilt, 15*. 
 
 BROCKEDON'S PASSES OF THE ALPS. 2 vols. medium 4to. Containing 109 beautiful 
 Engravings (pub. at 10/. 10s. in boards), half-bound morocco, gilt-edges, 31. 13s. 6cZ. 
 
 BRITTONS CATHEDRAL CHUTCH OF LINCOLN, 4to, 16 fine plates, hyLE Keux, 
 (pub. at 3/. 3s.), cloth, 1/. 5s. Royal 4to, Large Paper, cloth, 1/. lis. 6cf. 1837 
 
 This volume was published to complete Mr. Britton's Cathedrals, and is wanting in most of 
 the set3. 
 
 BRYAN'S DICTIONARY OF PAINTERS AND ENGRAVERS. New Edition, cor- 
 rected, greatly enlarged, and continued to the present time, by George Stanley, Esq., com- 
 plete in one large volume, impl. 8vo, numerous plates of monograms, 21. 2s. 
 
 BUNYAN'S PILGRIM'S PROGRESS, Stothakd's Illustrated Edition. 8vo, with 17 
 exquisitely beautiful illustrations alter this delightful Artis-t, executed on Steel by Goodall 
 and others, also numerous woodcuts, cloth gilt (pub. at 1/. Is.), 12s. 
 
 the same, India Proofs, cloth gilt (pub. at 21. 2s.), 11. Is. 
 
 BURNETTS ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS ON 
 
 PAINTIMG, 4to, 12 Sne plates, cloth (pub at 21. 2s.), 1/. Is. 1842 
 
 the same, large paper, royal 4to, proof impressions of Plates, cloth (pub. at 41. is.), 21. 2s. 
 
 BYRON'S TALES AND POEMS, Findkn's Illustrated Edition, with 46 Engravings or* 
 Steel, 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges (pub. at 1/. 1*.), 10s. 6d. 
 
 CANOVA'S WORKS, engraved in outline hy Moses, with Descriptions and a Biographical 
 Memoir by Cicognari. 3 vols., imp. 8vo, 155 plates, and fine portrait by Worthingtjn, half- 
 bound morocco (pub. at 61. 12s.), 21. 5s. 
 
 CARTERS ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE OF ENGLAND. Illustrated hy 103 Copper- 
 plate Engravings, comprising upwards of Two thousand specimens. Edited by John Brit - 
 ton, Esq. Royal folio (pub. at i2/. 12s.), half-bound morocco, 41. 4s. 1837 
 
 CARTERS ANCIENT SCULPTURE AND PAINTING NOW REMAINING 
 
 IN ENGLAND, from the Earliest Period *.o the Reign of Henry VIII. With Historical and 
 Critical Illustrations, by Douce, Gough, Meyrick, Dawson, Turner, and Brittox. 
 Royal folio, with l'JO large "Engravings, many of which are beautifully coloured and several 
 illuminated with gold (pub. at 15/. 15.), half-bound morocco, 8/. 8s. 1838 
 
 CARTER'S GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, and Ancient Buildings in England, with 120 
 Views, etched by himself. 4 vols, squai* 12mo ( pub. at 21. 2s.), half morocco, 18s 1124 
 
 CATLINS NORTH-AMERICAN INDIANS. 2 vols. impl. 8vo. 360 Engravings (pub. at 
 21. 12s 6d.), cloth emblematically gilt, 11. 10*. 
 
 CATTERMOLE'S EVENINGS AT HADDON HALL. 24 exquisite Engravings on Steel, 
 from designs by himself. Post 8vo (originally pub. at 11. lis. 6</.), gilt cloth^giit edges, 7s. Gci. 
 
 CATTERMOLE'S ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR OF 
 
 THE TIMES OF CHARLES I. AND CROMWELL, with 30 highly- finished Engravings on 
 Steel, after Cattermole, by Rolls, Willmore, and other first rate Artists, imperial Svo, 
 cloth extra, gilt edges, 1/. Is. 
 
 CHAMBERLAINE'S IMITATIONS OF DRAWINGS from the Great Masters in the 
 Royal Collection, engraved by Bartolozzi and others, impl. fol., 70 Plates (pub. at 12/. 12s.) r 
 half bound morocco, gilt edges, 51. 5s. 
 
 CLAUDE'S LIBER VERITATIS. A Collection of 300 Engravings in imitation of the 
 original Drawings of Claude, by Earlom. 3 vols, folio (pub. at 31/. 10s.), half-bound 
 morocco, gilt edges, 10/. 10s. 
 
 CLAUDE, BEAUTIES OF, 24 FINE ENGRAVINGS, containing some of his choicest 
 Landscapes, beautifully Engraved on Steel, folio, with descriptive letter-press, and Portrait, 
 in a portfolio (pub. at 3/. 12s.), 1/. 5s. 
 
 CONSTABLE'S GRAPHIC WORKS, many of them now first published, comprising forty 
 large and highly-finished Mezzutinto Engravings on Steel, by David Lucas, with short de- 
 scriptive letter-press, extracted from Leslie's Life of Constable, folio, hall-bound morocco, 
 gilt edges, 3/. 13s. Cd. 
 
 CONSTABLE, THE ARTIST, (Leslie's Memoirs of) including his Lectures, 2nd Edition 
 with 2 beautiful Portraits, and the plate of" Spring," demy 4to, cloth (pub. at It. Is.), 15s. 
 
 COESVELT'S PICTURE GALLERY. With an introduction by Mrs. Jameson. Royal 
 4to, 9o Plates beautifully engraved in outline. India Proofs (pub. at 5/. 5s.), half-bound 
 morocco, extra, 31. 3s. 
 
 COOKE'S SHIPPING AND CRAFT. A series of 65 brilliant Etchings, comprising 
 picturesque, but at the same time extremely accurate Representations. Royal 4to (pub. at 
 3/.18* Qci.) gilt c l vth, 1*. lis. M. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 
 
 COOKE'S PICTURESQUE SCENERY OF LONDON AND ITS VICINITY. 50 beau- 
 tiful Etchings, after drawings by Calcott, Stanfield, Prout, Rorerts, Harding, Stark, 
 and Cotman. Royal 4to. "Proofs (pub. at si.), gilt cloth, 21. 2s. 
 
 CONEY'S FOREICN CATHEDRALS, HOTELS DE VILLE, TOWN HALLS, 
 
 AND OTHER REMARKABLE BUILDINGS IN FRANCE, HOLLAND, GERMANY, 
 AND ITALY. 32 fine large Plates. Imperial folio (pub. at 101. 10*.}, half-morocco, gilt edges, 
 31. 13*. 6d. 1812 
 
 CORONATION OF GEORGE THE FOURTH, by Stb George Naylor, in a Series of 
 above 40 magnificent Paintings of the Procession, Ceremonial, and Banquet, comorehending 
 faithful portraits of m;-ny of the distinguished Individuals who were present; with historical 
 and descriptive letter-press, atlas folio (pub. at 521. 10s.), half-bound morocco, gilt edges. 
 12/. 12s. 
 
 COSTUME AND HISTORY OF THE CLANS, by John Sobteski Stolbebg Stuabt, 
 and Charles Edward Stuart, Imperial folio* comprising 210 pages of letter-press and 36 
 finely executed Lithographs, crimson cloth boards (pub. at Si. 6s.), 31. 3s. Edin. 1S15 
 
 - the same, with the Plates most beautifully Coloured, half-bound morocco extra, gilt 
 
 edges, 81. 8s. 
 
 COTMAN'S SEPULCHRAL BRASSES IN NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK, tending to 
 illustrate the Ecclesiastical, Military, and Civil Costume of former asres, with letter-press 
 inscriptions, etc., by Dawson Turner, Sir S. Meyrick, etc. 173 Plates. The enamelled 
 Brasses are splendidly illuminated, 2 vols. impl. 4to. half-bound morocco, giit edges, 6^. 6a. 1836 
 
 the same, large paper, imperial folio, half morocco, gilt edges, 8/. 8s. 
 
 COTMAN'S ETCHINGS OF ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS in various counties in 
 England, with Letter-press Descriptions by Rickman. 2 vols, imperial folio, containing 247 
 highly spirited Etchings (pub. at 2ii.), half morocco, 81. 8s. 1838 
 
 DANIELL'S ORIENTAL SCFNERY AND ANTIQUITIES. The original magnificent 
 edition, 150 splendid coloured Views, on the largest scale, of ihe Architecture, Antiquities, and 
 Landscape Scenery of Hiudoostan, 6 vols, in 3, elephant folio (pub. at 210.'.), elegantly half- 
 bound morocco, 521. 10s. 
 
 DANIELL'S ORIENTAL SCENERY, C vols, in 3, small folio, 150 Plates (pub. at 
 18/ 18*.), half-bound morocco, 6/. 0*. 
 This is reduced from the preceding Urge work, and is uncoloured. 
 
 DANIELL'S ANIMATED NATURE, being Picturesque Delineations of the most inte- 
 resting Subjects from all Branches of Natural History, 125 Engravings, with Latter press 
 Descriptions, 2 vols, small folio (pub. at 15/. 15s.), half morocco (uuitorm with the Oriental 
 ..cry) 3/. 3*. 
 
 DOM QUIXOTE, PICTORIAL EDITION. Translated by Jakvis, carefully revised. 
 
 a copious original Memoir of Cervantes. Illustrated by upwards of 820 beautiful Wood 
 
 Enirravi:)rs after the celebrated Designs of Tony Johannot, including lii new and beautiful 
 
 large Cuts, by Armstrong, now first added. 2 vols, royal 8vo (pub. at 21. 10s.), cloth gilt, 
 
 1/. 8s. 
 
 OULWICH GALLERY, a Series of 50 beautifully Coloured Plates, from the most cele- 
 brated Pictures in this Remarkable Collection, executed hy R. Cockburn (Custodian.) All 
 mounted on Tinted Card-board in ihe manner of Drawings, imperial folio, including 4 very 
 !;trse additional Plates, published separate y at from 3 to 4 guineas each a.d not before 
 included in the Series. In a handsome 'portfolio, with morocco back (pub at 40/.), lot. 16s. 
 
 "This is one of the most splendid and interesting of the British Picture Galleries, and has 
 for some years been quite unattainable, even at the full price." 
 
 ECCLESTON'S INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES, thick 8vo, with 
 numerous woodcuts, cloth (pub. at It. Is.), 9s. 
 
 EGYPT-PERRINGS FIFTY-EIGHT LARGE V'EWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF 
 
 THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, ABOU ROASH, &c. Drawn from actual Survey and 
 Admeasurement. With Notes and References to Col. Vvse's treat Work, also to Denon, tiio 
 irreat French Work on Egypt, Rosellini. Belzoni, Burckhardt. Sir Gardner Wilkinson, Lane, 
 r.nd others. 3 Parts, elephant folio, the size of the great French " Egypte " (pub. at 151. 15.) 
 in printed wrappers, 3/. 3*. ; half bound morocco, 4Z. 14s. Gd. 1842 
 
 ENGLEFIELD'S ANCIENT VASES, drawn and engraved bv IT. Moses, imperial 8vo, 
 51 fine plates, 12 of which are now first published, cloth lettered ("pub. at 1/. 1C.), 12s. 
 
 ENGLEFIELD'S ISLE OF WIGHT. 4to. 501ar<:e Plates, engraved by Cooke, anda Geo- 
 logical Map (pub. 71. 7s.), cloth, 21. 5s. 1815 
 
 FLAXMAN'S HOMER. Seventy-five beautiful Compositions to the Tltad and Odyssey, 
 engraved under i laxman's inspection, by Piroli, Moses, and Blake. 2 vols, oblong folio 
 (pub. at 5/. 5s.), boards 21. 2s. 1805 
 
 FLAXMAN'S /ESCHYLUS, Thirty-sk beautiful Compositions from. Oblong folio (pub, 
 at 2M2. 6d.), boards U.ls, 1831 
 
 b2 
 
CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 FLAXMANS HESIOD. Thirty-seven beautiful Compositions from. Oblong folio (pub- 
 
 at 21. 12s. 6r/.). boards If. Is. ' 1817 
 
 " Flaxman's unequalled Compositions from Homer, JEschylns, and Hesiod, have long 
 been the admiration of Europe; of their simplicity and beauty the pen is quite incapable of 
 conveying an adequate impression." Sir 'J'lwmus Lawrence. 
 
 FLAXMAN'S ACTS OF MERCY. A Series of Eight Compositions, in the manner of 
 Ancient Sculpture, engraved in imitation of the original Drawing*, by F. C. Lewis. Oblong 
 folio (pub. at 21. 2s.), half-bound morocco, lGs. 1831 
 
 FROISSART. ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF. Seventy-four Plates, printed in 
 
 Gold and Colours. 2 vols super-royal 8vo. half bound, uncut (pub. at 4/. 10s.), 3/. Ids. 
 I. the same, large paper, 2 vols, royal 4to, half-bound, uncut (pub. at 10/. 10*.), 6/. 6s. 
 
 GALERIE DU PALAIS PITTI. in 100 livraisons, forming 4 thick vols, super-royal folic 
 containing 500 fine Engravings, executed by the first Italian Artists, -with descriptive letter- 
 press in Fiench (pub. at 50/.), 2\l. Florence, 183745- 
 
 the same, bound in 4 vols, half-morocco extra, gilt edges, 251. 
 
 the same, large paper, proof before the letters, 100 livraisons, imperial folio 
 
 (pub. at 100/.), 30/. 
 
 the same, bound in 4 vols, half-morocco extra, gilt edges, 351. 
 
 CELL AND GANDY'S POMPEIANA, or the Topography, Edifices, and Ornaments of 
 
 Pompeii. Original Series, containing the Result of allthe Excavations previous to 1819, new ami 
 elegant edition, in one vol. ro\al 8vo, with upwards of 100 beautiful Line Engravings b\ 
 Goodall, Cooke, Heath, Pye, &c. cloth extra, 1/. 11* 6c/. 
 
 GEMS OF ART. 36 FINE ENGRAVINGS, after Rembrandt, Cuyp, Reynolds, 
 Poussjn. Murrilo,Teniers,Correggio, Vanlervelde, folio, proof impressions, in port- 
 folio (pub. at 8/. 8*.), 1/. lis. 6ci. 
 
 GILLRAY'S CARICATURES, printed from the Original Plates, all engraved by himself 
 between 1779 and 1810, comprising the best Political and Humorous satires of the Reign of 
 George the Third, in upwards of 000 highly-spirited Engravings. In 1 large vol. atlas'folio 
 (exactly uniform with the original Hogarth, as sold by the advertiser), half-bound red morocco 
 extra, gilt edges, 8/. 8s. 
 
 GILPIN'S PRACTICAL HINTS UPON LANDSCAPE GARDENING, with some 
 Remaiks on Domestic Architecture. Royal 8vo, Plates, cloth (pub. at 1/.), 7s. 
 
 GOETHE'S FAUST, ILLUSTRATED BYRETZSCH in 26 beautiful Outlines, royal 4to 
 
 (pub. at 1/. \s.), gilt cloth, 10s. Grf. 
 This edition contains a translation of the original poem, with historical and descriptive notes. 
 
 GOODWINS DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. A Series of New Designs for Mansions, 
 Villas, Rectory-Houses, Parsonage-Houses; Bailiff's, Gardener's, Gamekeeper's, and Park- 
 Gate Lodges; Cottages and other Residences, in the Grecian, Italian, and Old English Stvle 
 of Architecture; with Estimates. 2 vols, royal 4to, 96 Plates (pub. at 5/. 5s.), cloih, 2u 12s. 6d. 
 
 GRINDLAY'S (CAPT.) VIEWS IN INDIA, SCENERY, COSTUME, AND ARCHI- 
 TECTURE; chiefly on the Western Side of India. Atlas 4to. Consisting of 36 most beauti- 
 fully coloured Plates, highly finished in imitation of Drawings; with descriptive Letter-press- 
 (Pub. at 12/. 19*.), half-bound morocco, gilt edges, 8/. 8s. 1830 
 
 This is perhaps the most exquisitely-coloured volume of landscapes ever produced. 
 
 HAMILTON'S (LADY) ATTITUDES. 26 bold Outline Engravings, royal 4to, limp 
 
 cloth, lettered (pub. at U lis. Gd.), 10s. 6d. 
 
 HANSARDS ILLUSTRATED BOOK OF ARCHERY. Being the complete History and 
 Practice of the Art: interspersed with numerous Anecdotes; forming a complete Manual for 
 the Bowman 8vo. Illustrated by 38 beautiful Line Engravings, exquisitely finished, by 
 Engleheari, Portbury, etc. after Designs by Stephahoff (pub. at 1/. lis. 6d ), gilt cloth, 
 
 10s. M. 
 
 HARRIS'S GAME AND WILD ANIMALS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA, Large imperial 
 folio. 30 beautifully coloured Engravings, with 30 Vignettes of Heads, Skins, &c. (pub. at 
 10/. 10s.), haif-morocco, 6/. 6s. 18H 
 
 HARRIS'S WILD SPORTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. Imperial 8vo. 26 beautifully 
 coloured Engravings, anda Map (pub. at 21. 2s,), gilt cloth, gilt edges, 1/. Is. 1844 
 
 HEATH'S CARICATURE SCRAP EOOK, on 60 sheets, containing: upwards of 1000 
 Comic Subjects, after Seymour, Cruik.sha.nk, Phiz, and other eminent Caricaturists, 
 Oblong folio (pub. at 21. 2*.), cloth gilt, 15s. 
 
 This clever and entertaining volume is now enlarged by ten additional sheets, each com- 
 tainiiiii numerous subjects. It includes the whole of Heath's Omnium Gatherum, both Series; 
 lUliatratu&j) fit jDejnguplpgy and Witchcraft; Old Ways and New Ways; Nautical Dictionary; 
 Scenes in London; Sayings and Doings, etc. ; a series of humorous illustrations of Proverbs, 
 etc. As a l.-irie and almost infinite storehouse of humour it stands alone. To the young 
 artist it wouid be found a r*o$t valuable cullectUm of studies; and to the family circle & 
 constant source of unexceptionable ajnusjernenf* 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 5 
 
 HOGARTH'S WORKS ENGRAVED BY HIMSELF. 153 fine Plates, (including: the two 
 well-known '" suppressed Plates,") with elaborate Letter-press Descriptions, by J. Nichols. 
 A' las folio (pub. at 50/.), half-bound morocco, gilt back and edges, with a secret pocket for 
 suppressed plates,' 11. Is. 
 
 HOLBEIN'S COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH. A Series of 80 exquisitely heautiful 
 Portraits, engraved by Bartolozzi, CoorER. and others, in imitation of the original 
 Dmwings preserved in the Royal Collection at Windsor; with Historical and Biographical 
 Letter-press Ijv Edmund Lodge, Esq. Published by John Cha>ii erlaixe. Imperial 4to, 
 (pub. at 15/. 15**.), halt-bound morocco, full gilt back and edges, 5/. 15*. Gci. 1812 
 
 HOFLAND'S BRITISH ANGLER'S MANUAL; Edited by Edward Jess*, Esq.; or 
 
 tbe Art of Am ling in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland; including a Piscatorial Account 
 ot the principal Rivers, Lakes, and Trout Streams; with Instructions in Fly Fixhing, Trolling, 
 and Angling of every Description. With upwards ot 80 exquisite Plates, m any of which are 
 highly finished Landscapes engraved on Steel, the remainder beautifully engraved on Wood. 
 8vo, eiegant in gilt cloth, \2s. 
 
 HOPE'S COSTUME OF THE ANCIENTS. Illustrated in upwards of 320 beautifully- 
 eiuraved Plates, containing Representations ot Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Habits and 
 Dresses. 2 vols, royal 8vo, New Edition, with nearly 20 additional Plates, boards, reduced 
 to 21. 5s. 1841 
 
 HOWARD (FRANK) ON COLOUR, as a Means of Art, being an Adaptation of the 
 Experience of 1'rofessors to the practice of Amateurs, illustrated by 18 coloured Plates, 
 post 8vo, cloth gilt, 8*. 
 
 In this able volume are shown the ground colours in which the most celebrated painters 
 woiked. It is very valuable to the connoisseur, as well as the student, in painting and 
 water-colour drawing. 
 
 HOWARD'S (HENRY, R. A.) LECTURES ON PAINTING. Delivered at the lloyal 
 Academy, with a Memoir, by his aou, Frank Howard, large post 8vo, cloth, 7*. 6c/. 1SJ8 
 
 HOWARDS (FRANK) SPIRIT OF SHAKSPEARE. 483 fine Outline Plates, illustrative 
 
 ot all the principal Incidents in the Dramas of our national Bard, 5 vols, Svo, (pub. at It;. 8*.) 
 
 cioth. 11. 2s. 182733 
 
 *** The 43 Plates may be had without the letter-press, for illustrating all 8vo. editions of 
 
 Shakspeare, for U. 11*. (k/. 
 
 HOWITTS (MARY) LIVES OF THE BRITI C H QUEENS; ok, KOYAL BOOK OF 
 BEAUTY. Illustrated with 28 splendid Portraits of the Queens of England, by the first 
 Artists, engraved on Steel under the direction of Charles Heath. Imperial bvo, very richly 
 bound in crimson cloth, gilt edges, 1/. 11*. 6d. 
 
 HUMPHREYS' (H NOEL) ART OF ILLUMINATION AND MISSAL PAINTING. 
 Illustrated with 12 splendid Examples from the Great Masters of the Art, selected from 
 Missals, all beautifully illuminated. Square linno, decorated binding, 1/. 1*. 
 
 HUNT'S EXAMPLES OF TUDOR ARCHITECTURE ADAPTED TO MODERN 
 
 HABITATIONS, lloyal 4to, 37 Plates (pub. at 21. 2s.), half morocco, 1/. is. 
 
 HUNT'S DESIGNS FOR PARSONAGE-HOUSES, ALMSHOUSES, ETC. Royal 
 4to, II Plates (pub. at 1/. Is.), half morocco, 14*. 1841 
 
 HUNTS DESIGNS FOR GATE LODGES, GAMEKEEPERS' COTTAGES, ETC. 
 
 Royal 4to., 13 Plates, (pub. at 1/. 1*.), half morocco, 14*. 1811 
 
 HUNTS ARCHITETTURA CAMPESTRE; ox, DESIGNS FOR LODGES, GAR- 
 DENERS' HOUSES, etc., IN THE ITALIAN STYLE. 12 Plates, royal 4to. (pub. at 
 11. Is.), hall morocco, 14*. 1827 
 
 ILLUMINATED BOOK OF CHRISTMAS CAROLS. Square Svo. 24 Borders illumi- 
 nated in Gold and Colours, and 4 beautiful Miniatures, richly Ornamented Binding (pub. at 
 1*. os.), 15a." 1846 
 
 ILLUMINATED BOOK OF NEEDLEWORK. By Mrs. Owv.x,with a HUtorvof Needle- 
 work, by the Countess of Wiltox, Coloured Plates', post Svo. (pub. at 18*.), giltcloth, 9s. 1847 
 
 ILLUMINATED CALENDAR FOR 1850. Copied from a celebrated Missal known asthe 
 " Hours" of the Duke of Anjou, imperial Svo , 36 exquisite Miniatures and Borders, in gold 
 and colours, Ornamented Binding (pub. at 21. 2s.), 15*. 
 
 ITALIAN SCHOOL OF DESIGN. Consisting of 100 Plates, chiefly engraved byBAXTO- 
 lozzi, after the original Pictures and Drawings of Guerctxo. Michael Angelo, Domewi- 
 chixo. Anmbale, Ludovico, and Agostino Caracct, Pietho da Coktoxa, Carlo 
 Makatti, and others, in the Collection of Her Majesty. Imperial 4to. (pub. at li)l. 10*.), half 
 morocco, gilt edges, 3/. 3s. 1812 
 
 JAMES' (G P R.) BOOK OF THE PASSIONS, roval 8vo, illustrated with 16 splendid 
 Line Engravings, after Drawings by Enw rd Courbould. Stephanoff, Cu alox, Kekxy 
 Meadows, and Jenkjxs ; engraved under the superintendence of Charj.es Death. New 
 and improved edition (just published), elegant in gilt cloth, gilt edges (pub. at U. 11*. 6rf.), 
 Ut. 
 
CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 JAMESON'S (MRS.) BEAUTIES OF THE COURT OF CHARLES THE SECOND, 
 
 with their Portraits after Sir Peter Lely ;>nd other eminent Painters; illustrating the Diaries 
 of Pei-ys, Evelyn, Clarkklon, &c A new edition, considerably enlarged, with an Intro-, 
 ductory Essay and additional Anecdotes. Imperial 8vo, illustrated by 21 beautiful Portraits 
 comprising the whole of the celebrated suite of Paintings by Lely, preserved in the Windsor 
 Gallery, and several from the Devonshire, Grosvenor, and Althorp Galleries, extra gilt cloth, 
 11. 5s. 
 
 the same, imperial 8vo, with India proof impressions, extra gilt cloth, gilt edges, 21. 10*. 
 
 JONES'S (OWEN) ILLUMINATED BOOKS Of THE MIDDLE AGES, with Histo- 
 rical and Descriptive letterpress by Noel Humphreys. Illustrated by 39 large Plates, splen- 
 didly printed in gold and colours, comprising some of the finest Examples of Illuminated 
 Manuscripts of the Middle Aces, particularly Italian and French. Atlas folio, handsomely 
 half-bound morocco, gilt edges (pub. at 16/. 16s.), 8/. 8s. 
 
 KINGSBOROUGH'S (LORD) ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO, comprising Facsimiles 
 of Ancient Mexican Paintings and Hieroglyphics, preserved in the Royal Libraries of Paris, 
 Ilerlin, Dresden, Vienna; the Vatican and the Borgian Museum, at Home ; the Institute at 
 Boiogna; the Bodleian Library at Oxford; and various others; the irreater part inedited. 
 Also, the Monuments of New Spain, by M. Dupaix, illustrated by upwards of 1000 elaborate 
 and highly interesting Plates, accurately copied from the originals,' by A. Aglh>, o vols, impe- 
 rial folio, Very neatly half bound morocco, gilt edges (pub. at 140/.),' 35/. 
 
 the same, 9 vols, with the Plates beautifully colovrem, half bound morocco, 
 
 gilt edges, (pub. at 210/.), 63/. 
 ihe two Additional Volumes, now first published, and forming; the 8th and 9th of the 
 
 whole work, may be had separately, to complete the former seven, in red boards, as formerly 
 
 done up, 12/. 12. 
 
 KNIGHTS (HENRY GALLY) ECCLESIASTICAL APCHITECTURE OF ITALY, 
 FROM THE TIME OF CONSTANTIiVE TO THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. With an 
 Introduction and Text. Imperial folio. First Series, containing 40 beautiful and highly inte- 
 resting Views of Ecclesiastical Buildings in Italy, several of which are expensively illuminated 
 in gold and colours, half-bound morocco, 5/. 5s. 1843 
 
 Second and Concluding Series, containing 41 beautiful and highly interesting Views of Eccle- 
 siastical Buildings in Italy, arranged in Chronological Order; with Descriptne Letter-press. 
 Imperial foiio, half-bound morocco, 5/. 5*. 1814 
 
 KNIGHT'S PICTORIAL LONDON. 6 vols, bound in 3 thick fcandeome vols., imperial 
 Evo, illustrated by G50 Wood Engravings (pub. at 3/. 3s.), cloth gilt), 1/. 18s. 1841-44 
 
 LANDSEER'S (SIR EDWIN) ETCHINGS OF CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS, Com- 
 
 prising 38 subjects, chiefly early works o this talented Artist, etched by his brother Thomas 
 or his Father, (some hitherto unpublished), with letter-press Descriptions, royal 4to., cloth, 
 1/. Is. 1853 
 
 LONDON. WILKINSON'S LONDINA ILLUSTRATA; or, GRAPHIC AND 
 
 HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS of the most Interesting and Curious Architectural Monu- 
 ments of the City and Suburbs of London and Westminster, e . i) , Monasteries, Churches, 
 Chatitable Foundations, Palaces, Balls, Courts, Processions, Places of early Amusements, 
 Theatres, and Old Houses. 2 vols, imperial 4to, containing '2-x; Copperplate Engravings, with 
 Historical and Descriptive Letter-press (pub. at 26/. 5s.), half-bound morocco, it. 5s. 1819-25 
 
 LOUDON'S EDITION OF REPTON ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING AND 
 
 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. New Edition, 250 Wood Cuts, Portrait, thick 8vo, cloth 
 lettered (pub. at 1/. 10s.), 15s. 
 
 MARCENY DE GHUY, CCUVRES CE, ("untenant differens Morceaiix d'Histoires, Por- 
 traits, Paysages, Bataiiles, etc., with above 50 remarkably fine Engravings, after Paintings by 
 PotrssiN, Vasdyck, RsMBRAHBT, and others, including Portraits of Charles I., the Maid of 
 Orleans, &c. fine impiessions. Imp. 4to, half fcound morocco (p.tb. at 5/. 5s.), 1/. IGs. Paris, 1755 
 
 MARTIN'S CIVIL COSTUME OF ENGLAND, from the Conquest to- the Present 
 Period, from Tapestry, MSS., &c. Royal 4to, 61 Plates, beautifully Illuminated in Gold and 
 Colours, cloth, gilt, 2/. 12s. 6tr. 1842 
 
 MEYRICK'S PAINTED ILLUSTRATIONS OF ANCIENT ARMS AND ARMOUR, 
 
 a Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour as it existed in Europe, but particularly in England, 
 from the Norman Conquest to the Reign of Charles II., with a Glossary, etc. by Sir Samukl 
 Rush Meyrick, LL.D., F.S.A., etc., new and greatly improved Edition, corrected and en- 
 larged throughout by the Author himself, with the assistance of Literary and Antiquarian 
 Friends (Albeut Way, etc.) 3 vols, imperial 4to, illustrated by more than loo Piates, 
 splendidly illuminated, mostly in gold and silver, exhibiting some of the finest Specimens 
 existing in England; also anew Plate of the Tournament of Locks and Keys (puh. at IU.) 
 naif-bound morocco, gilt edges, 10,'. 10s. 18 14 
 
 Sir Walter Scott justly describes this Collection as " the incomparable armoury." 
 Edinburgh Review. 
 
 MEYRICK'S ENGRAVED ILLUSTRATIONS OF ANCIENT ARMS & ARMOUR, 
 
 in the Collection of Goodrich Court, 150 Engravings by Jos. Sk.EX.IOK, 2 vols, folio (pub. 
 at 11/ 11a.), half morocco, top edges gilt, 4/. 14*. lid. 
 
PUBLISHED Oil SOLD BY H. G. BOHK. 
 
 MILLINGEN'S ANCIENT UNEDITED MONUMENTS; comprising Painted Greek 
 Vases, Statues, Busts, Bas-Reliefs, and other Remains of Grecian Art. 62 large hih1 beautiful 
 Engravings, mostly coloured, with Letter-press Descriptions, imperial 4to. (pub. at M. 9.) 
 hail' morocco, 41. Us. 6d. 1822 
 
 MOSES'S ANTIQUE VASES, CANDELABRA, LAMPS, TRIPODS, PATER/E, 
 
 Tazzas, Tombs, Mausoleums, Sepulchral Chambers, Cinerary Urns, Sarcophagi, Cippi, and 
 other Ornaments, 170 Plates, several of which are coloured, with Letter-pre.ss, by Hope, 
 small 8vo. (pub. at 3/. 3a.), cloth, 1/, 5*. 1814 
 
 MULLERS' ANCIENT ART AND ITS REMAINS, or a Manual of the Archaeology of 
 Art. By C. O. Muller, author of "History and Antiquities ofthe Doric Race." New editiou 
 by Welcker, translated by John Leitch. Thick 8vo, cloth lettered (pub. at 18*.), 12*. 
 
 MURPHY'S ARABIAN ANTIQUITIES OF SPAIN; representing, in 100 very highly 
 finished line Engravings, by Le Keux, Finden, Landseeh, G. Cooke, kc, the most 
 remarkab e Remains of the Architecture, Sculpture, Paintings, and Mosaics of the Spanish 
 Arabs now existing in the Peninsula, including the magnificent Palace ofthe Alhambra; the 
 celebrated . osque and Bridge at Cordova; the Royal Villa of Generaliffe; and the Casa de 
 Carbon ; accompanied by Letter-press Descriptions, in 1 vol. atlas folio, original aud brilliant 
 impressions ofthe Plates (pub. at 42/), half morocco, 12/. 12*. 1813 
 
 MURPHY'S ANCIENT CHURCH OF BATALHA, IN PORTUGAL, Tlans, Eleva- 
 tions, Sections, and Views of the ; with its History and Description, and an Introductory 
 Discourse on GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, imperial folio, 27 fine Copper Plates, engraved 
 by Lowry (pub. at 6/. 6*.), half morocco, 21. 8*. 1793 
 
 NAPOLEON GALLEK Y ; or, Illustrations of the Life and Times of the Emperor, with 
 99 Etchings on Steel b Rkvell, and other eminent Artists, in one thick volume, post 8vo. 
 (pub. at 1/. Is.), gilt cl th, gilt edges, 10*. 6</. 
 
 NICOLASS (SIR HA *IS) HISTORY OF THE ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD 
 
 OFTHE BRITISH 1 --1P1RE; with an Account of the Medals, Crosses, and Clasps which 
 have been conferred for Naval and Military Services; together with a History of the Order of 
 the Guelphs of Hanover. 4 vols, imperial 4to, splendidly printed and illustrated by numerous 
 fine Woodcuts of Badges, Crosses, Collars, Stars, Medals, Ribbands, Clasps, &c, and many 
 lanre Plates, illuminated in gold and colours, including full-length Portraits of Queen Victoria, 
 Prince Albert, the King of Hanover, and the Dukes of Cambridge and Sussex. (Pub. at 
 14/. 14a.), cloth, with morocco backs, 5/. 15*. 6d. *** Complete to 1817 
 
 the same, with the Plates richly co.oured, but not illuminated, and without the 
 
 extra portraits, 4 vols, royal 4to, c.oth, 3/. 13*. 6tf. 
 
 ' Sir Harris Nicolas has produced the first comprehensve History of the British Orders of 
 Knighthood ; and it is one of the most elaborately prepared and splendidly printed work* that ever 
 issued from the presx. The Author appears to us to have neglected no sources of information, 
 and to have exhausted them, as far as regards the general scope and purpose of the inquiry. 
 The Graphical Illustrations are such as become a work of tnis character upon such a subject; 
 at, of course, a lavish cost. The resources of the recently revived art of wood-engraving have 
 been combined with the new art of printing in colours, so as to produce a rich eilect, almost 
 rivalling that ofthe monastic illuminations. Snrha book is sure of a place in every great library. 
 It contains matter calculated to interest extensive classes of readers, and we hope by our 
 specimen to excite their curiosity." Quarterly Review. 
 
 NICHOLSONS ARCHITECTURE; ITS PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. 218 
 
 Plates by Lowky, new edition, revised by Jos. Gwilt, Esq., one volume, royal 8vo, 
 1/. 11*. 6c/. 1618 
 
 For classical Architecture, the text book of the Profession, the most useful Guide to the 
 Student, and the best Compendium for the Amateur. An eminent Architect has declared it to 
 be " not only the most useful book ofthe kind ever published, but absolutely indispensable to 
 the Student." 
 
 PICTORIAL HISTORY OF GERMANY DURING THE REIGN OF FREDERICK 
 
 THE GREAT; including a complete History of the Seven Years' War. By Francis 
 Kugler. Illustrated by Adolph Hexzel. Royal Svo, with above 500 Woodcuts (pub. at 
 1/. 8*.), cloth gilt, 12*. 1845 
 
 PICTORIAL GALLERY OF RACE-HORSES. Containing Portraits of all the Winning 
 Horses of the Derby, Oaks, and St. Leger Stakes, during the last Thirteen Years, and a 
 History ofthe principal Operations ofthe Tur:. By Wildrake (George Tattersall, Esq.). 
 Royal 8vo, containing 95 beautiful BagTavtnjrsof Horses, after Pictures by Cooper, Herring, 
 Hancock, Alkex, &c. Also full-length chaiacteristic Portraits of celebrated living Sports- 
 men (" Cracks of the Day"), by Seymour (pub. at 21. 2s), scarlet cloth, gilt, 1/. 1*. 
 
 PICTORIAL HISTORY OF FRANCE AND ITS REVOLUTIONS, (comprising the 
 period 1789 to 1848), by George Long, with fine Portraits, and numerous large woodcuts, 
 after Designs by Harvey. Large imperial 8vo, cloth (pub. at 1/,) 12*. 
 
 PICTURESQUE TOUR OFTHE RIVER THAMES, in its Western Course, deluding 
 particular Descriptions of Richmond, Windsor, and Hampon Court. By John Fisher 
 Murray. Illustrated by upwards of 100 very highly-finished Wood Engravings by Orrin 
 Smith, Bkanston, Landeli.s, Linton, and other eminent Artists; to which are a<iud 
 several beautiful Copper and Steel Plate Engravings by Cooke and others. One large hand- 
 some volume, royal 8vo. (pub. at 1/. 5*.), gilt cloth, 10*. 6d. 1815 
 The most beautilul volume of Topographical Lignographs ever produced. 
 
CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 PINELLI'S ETCHINGS OF ITALIAN MANNERS AND COSTUME, including his 
 Carnival, Banditti, &c, 27 Plates, imperial 4to, hall-bound morocco, 15s. Rome, 1810 
 
 PUGIN'S GLOSSARY OF ECCLESIASTICAL ORNAMENT AND COSTUME: 
 
 setting forth the Origin, History, and Signification of the various Emb ems. Devices, and 
 Symbolical Colours, peculiar to Christian Designs of the Middle Ages. Illustrated by nearly 
 8o Plates, splendidly printed in gold and colours, lloyal 4to, half morocco extra, top edges 
 gilt, 71. 7*. 
 PUGIN'S ORNAMENTAL TIMBER GABLES, selected from Ancient Examples in 
 England and Normandy. lloyal 4to, 30 Plates, cloth, 11. Is. 1830 
 
 PUGIN'S EXAMPLES OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, selected from Ancient 
 Edifices in England; consisting of Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Parts at large, with 
 Historical and Descriptive letter-press, illustrated by 225 Engravings by Le Keux, 3 vols, ito, 
 (pub. at 1^/. 12s.) cloth, 71. 17. 6d. 1839 
 
 PUGIN'S GOTHIC ORNAMENTS. 90 fine Plates, drawn on Stone by J.D. Harding 
 
 and others. Royal 4to, half morocco, 31. 3s. 1844 
 
 PUGIN'S NEW WORK ON FLORIATED ORNAMENT, with 30 Plates, splendidly 
 printed in Gold and Colours, royal 4to, elegantly bound in cloth, with rich goli ornaments, 
 31. 3s. 
 
 RADCLIFFES NOBLE SCIENCE OF FOX-HUNTING, for the use of Sportsmen, royal 
 8vo, nearly 40 beautiful Wood Cuts of Hunting, Hounds, &c. (pub. at U. 8s.), cloth gilt, 
 10s. 6d. 1839 
 
 RICAUTIS SKETCHES FOR RUSTIC WORK, including Bridges, Park and Garden 
 Buildings, Seats and Furniture, with Descriptions and Estimates of the Buildings. New 
 Edition, royal 4to, 18 Plates, cloth lettered (pub. at 16s.), 12s. 
 
 RETZSCH'S OUTLINES TO SCHILLER'S "FIGHT WITH THE DRAGON." 
 
 lloyal 4to, containing 10 Plates, engraved hy Moses, stifi* covers, 7s. 6d. 
 
 RETZSCH'S ILLUSTRATIONS TO SCHILLER'S " FRIDOLIN," Royal 4to, contain- 
 ing 8 Plates, engraved by Moses, stiff covers, 4s. 64. 
 
 REYNOLDS' (SIR JOSHUA) GRAPHIC WORKS. 300 beautiful Engravings (compris- 
 ing nearly 400 subjects,) after this delightful painter, engraved on Steel by S. W. Reynolds. 
 3 vols, folio (pub. at 36^.), half bound morocco, gilt edges, 121. 12s. 
 
 ORBINSON'S RURAL ARCHITECTURE; being a Series of Designs for Ornamental 
 Cottages, in 96 Plates, with Estimates. Fourth, greatly improved, Edition. .Royal 4to 
 (pub. at 4^. 4s.), half morocco, 21. 5s. 
 
 flOBINSON'S NEW SERIES OF ORNAMENTAL COTTAGES AND VILLAS. 
 
 50 Plates by Harding- and Allom. Royal 4to, half morocco, 21. 2s. 
 
 ROBINSON'S ORNAMENTAL VILLAS. 96 Plates (pub. at 4/. As.) half morocco, U. 5s. 
 
 ROBINSON'S FARM BUILDINGS. 56Plates (pub. at 2/. 2s.) half motocco, 1/. lis. Gd. 
 
 ROBINSON'S LODGES AND PARK ENTRANCES 48 Plates (pub at 2/. 2s), half 
 morocco, 11 lis. 6c/. 
 
 ROBINSON'S VILLAGE ARCHITECTURE. Fourth Editiou, with additional Plate. 
 41 Plates (pub. at 11. 16s), half hound uniform, 11. 4s. 
 
 ROBINSONS NEW VITRUVIUS BRITANNICUS; or, Views, Plans and Elevations 
 of English Mansions, viz., Woburn Abbey, Hatfield House, and Hardwicke Hall: also 
 Cassiohnry Hou>e, by John Britton, imperial folio, 50 fine Engravings, by Le Keux 
 (pub. at 16/. 16s.), half morocco, gilt edges. 3/. 13s. (id. 1847 
 
 ROYAL VICTORIA GALLERY, comprising 33 beautiful Engravings, after Pictures at 
 BUCKINGHAM PALACE, particularly Rembrandt, the CKtades, Teniers, Gerard 
 Douw. Both, Cuyf. Reynolds, Tiiian, and Rubens; engraved by Greatuach, S. W. 
 Reynolds, Presbury, Burnet, &c. ; with letter press by Linnell, royal 4to. (pub. at 
 41. 4s.), halt morocco, 1/. lis. 6d. 
 
 RUDING'S A NALS OF THE COINAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND ITS 
 
 DETENDENCIES. Three vols, 4to, 15U Plates (pub. at 6/. 6s ), cloth, 41. 4s. 1S10 
 
 SCHOLA ITALICA ARTtS P'CTORI/E, or Engravings of the finest Pictures in the Gal- 
 leries at. Rome, imperial folio, consisting of 40 beautiful Engravings after Michael Angelo, 
 Raphael, Titian, Caracci, Guido, Parmkhano, eti . by Volpato and others, fine im- 
 pressions, naif-bound morocco (pub. at 1(U. 10s.), 21. lis. 6d. Rou.ue, 1806 
 
 SHAW'S SPECIMENS OF ANCIENT FURNITURE. 75 Plates, drawn from existing 
 
 authorities, with descriptions by Sir Samuel R. Meyrick, K.H., medium 4to, plain (pub. 
 
 at 21. 2s.), )l. Us. (id. 
 the same, with a portion of the plates coloured, medium 4to (pub. at 41. 4s.), 31. 3s. 
 the same, imperial 4to, large paper, with the Plates on India paper, many of them finely 
 
 coloured (pub. at 8/. 8s.), .</. 5s. 
 - the same, impeiiai 4to, large paper, with the whole of the Plates beautifully coloured 
 
 (pub. at 10. 10s.), 6/. 6s. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 9 
 
 SHAW'S ILLUMINATED ORNAMENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES, from the 6th tothe 
 17th Century, selected from manuscripts and early printed hooks, .-,9 Plates, carefully coloured 
 from the originals, with descriptions by Sir Frederick Madden, K.H., in one vol. 4to (pub. 
 at 5/. .";.), il. is. 
 
 the same, large paper, hiirhly-finished with opaque colours, and heightened with gold, 
 
 imperial 4to (pub. at 10/. 10s.), 8/. *. 
 
 SHAWS ALPHABETS, NUMERALS, AND DEVICES OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 
 
 selected from the finest existing Specimens, 48 Plates (26 of them coloured) imperial 8vo. 
 (pub. at 21. 2*.), lit Us. 6d. 
 1 the same, large paper, imperial 4to, with the coloured plates highly-finished, and 
 
 heightened with gold (pun. at 4/. is.), 31. 10s. 
 
 SHAWS HAND-BOOK OF MEDI/EVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES, being a 
 
 selection of 20 Plates of Alphabets, and 17 Plates of original specimens of Labels, Monograms, 
 Heraldic Devices, &c. not heretofore figured, in all 37 Plates, printed in colours, imperial 8vo. 
 in cloth boards (pub. at 1/. 16.?.), 15*. 
 
 SHAW'S SPECIMENS OF THE DETAILS OF ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 with descriptions by T. Moule, Esq., 60 Plates, 4to, boards (pub. at 3/. 3s.), 2/. 2s. 
 
 the same, larse paper, imperial 4to, proof plates on India paper, some coloured (pub. at 
 
 6/. 6*.), 4/. it. 
 
 SHAW'S ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF ORNAMENT, select examples from thepurest and best 
 
 specimens of all kinds and of all ages, M Plates, 4to, boards (pub. at 11. 10.), 11 5s. 
 i i the same, large paper, imperial Ito, all the Plates coloured, boards (pub. at 3/.), 21. 12s. 6</. 
 
 SHAW'S SPECIMENS OF ORNAMENTAL METAL WORK, with 50 plates, 4to, boards 
 (pub. at 21. 2a.), \t. Is. 
 
 SHAW'S DECORATIVE ARTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES, exhibiting on 41 Plates, with 
 numerous Woodcuts, beau iful specimens of the various kinds of Ancient Enamel, Metal 
 Work, Wood Carvings, Paintings on Stained Glass, Initial Illuminations. Embroidery, Book- 
 binding, and other Ornamental Textures, also line and elegant Initial letters to the various 
 des notions, imperial 8vo, boards (pun. at 21. 2s.), 11. 16s. 
 
 the same, large paper, imperial 4to, 41 Plates, some coloured, boards (pub. at 41. 4i.) 
 
 3/. IDs. 
 
 the same, large paper, imperial 4to, with the whole of the plates coloured in the highest 
 style, forming a very beautiful and interesting volume, boards (pub. at 8/. 8s.), 6/. 6s. 
 
 SHAWS DRESSES AND DECORATIONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES, from the 7<h to 
 the 17th centuries, with an Historical Introduction and Descriptive Text to every Illustration, 
 consisting of 85 Copper Plates of elaborate Woodcuts, a profusion of beautiful Initial Letters, 
 and examples of curious and singular ornament enriching nearly every page of this highly 
 decorated work, 2 vols., imperial 8vo, the plates carefullv coloured, boards (pub. at 71. 7s.), 
 61.6s. 
 
 the same, 2 vols large paper, imperial 4to, the plates highly coloured and picked-in with 
 gold, boards (pub. at 18/.), 15/. 
 
 the same, large paper, imperial 4to, with the plates highly coloured and the whole of the 
 
 Initial Letters and Illustrations picked in with gold (only 12 copies got up in this manner) 
 (pub. at 30/.), 24/. 
 
 SHAW'S GLAZIER'S BOOK, or Draughts serving for Glaziers, but not impertinent for 
 
 Plasterers, Gardeners, and others, consisting of elaborate designs for Casement Windows, 
 Plasterer's work, garden walks, etc , 117 Piates, mostly taken from a woik published la 1615, 
 by Walter Gidde, with others from existing authorities added, demy 8vo, boards (pub. at 
 16s.), 10s. 6rf. 
 
 SHAW AND BRIDGEN'S DESIGNS FO=? FURNITURE, with Candelabra and interior 
 
 Decoration, 60 Plates, royal 4to (pub. at 3/. 3s.), half-bound, uncut, 1/. lis. 6d. 1838 
 
 the same, large paper, impl. 4to, the Plates coloured (pub. at 61. 6s.), half-bd., uncut, 3/. 3s. 
 
 SHAW'S LUTON CHAPEL, its Architecture and Ornaments, illustrated in a series of 2G 
 highly-finished Line Engravings, imperial folio (pub. at 3/. 3s.), half morocco, uncut, 1/. 16*. 
 
 1830 
 
 SILVESTRE'S UNIVERSAL PALEOGRAPHY, or Facsimiles of the writings of every 
 age, taken from the most authentic Missals and other interesting Manuscripts existing in the 
 Libraries of France, Italy, Germany, and England. By M. Silvestre. containing upwards of 
 300 large and most beautifully executed fac-similes, on Copper and Stone, most richlv Illumi- 
 nated in the finest style of art, 2 vols, atlas folio, half-morocco extra, uiit edges, 31/. 10s. 
 
 the Historical and Descriptive Letter-press by Champollion, Figeac, and Cham- 
 
 pollion, jun. With additions and corrections by Sir Frederick Madden. 2 vols, royal svo, 
 cloth, 1/. 16s. 1850 
 
 the same, 2 vols, royal Svo., hf. mor. gilt edges (uniform with the folio work), 21. 8s. 
 
 SMITHS fC. J.) HISTORICAL AND LITERARY CURIOSITIES. Consisting of 
 Fac-simie* of interesting Autographs, Scenes of remarkable Historical Events and interestin 
 Localities, Engravings of Old Houses, Illuminated and Missal Ornaments, Antiquities, & 
 &c, containing 100 Plates, some illuminated, with occasional Letter-press. In 1 volume 4 to 
 half morocco, uncut, reduced to 3/. 
 
10 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 SMITHS ANCIENT COSTUME OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. From 
 the 7th to the ICth Century, with Historical Illustrations, folio, with 62 coloured pates illu- 
 minated with Gold and Silver, and highly finished (pub. at 10/. 10*.), half bound morocco 
 extra, gilt edges, 3/. 13s. 6c/. 
 
 SPORTSMAN'S REPOSITORY : comprising a series of highly-finished Line Engravings, 
 representing the Horse and the Dog, in all their varieties, by the celebrated engraver John 
 Scott, from original paintings by Reinagle, Gilpin, Stubbs, Cooper, and Landseer, accom- 
 panied by a comprehensive Description by the Author of the "British Field Sports," 4to, with 
 37 large Copper Plates, and numerous Woodcuts by Burnett and others (pub. at 21. 12*. 6t/.), 
 cloth gilt, 1/. 1*. 
 
 STORER'S CATHEDRAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 4 vols. 
 8vo, with 256 engravings (pub. at 11. 10s.), half morocco, 2/. 12*. 6d. 
 
 STOTHARD'S MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 147 beautifully 
 finished Etchings, all of which are more or less tinted, and some of them highly illuminated in 
 gold and colours, with Historical Descriptions and Introduction, by Kempe. Folio (pub. at 
 19/. J, half morocco, 8/. 8*. 
 
 i . or on large paper, Plates illuminated (pub. at 28/.), 121. 12*. 
 
 STRUTT'S SYLVA BRITANNICA ET SCOTICA; or Portraits of Forest Trees, distin- 
 guished for their Antiquity, Magnitude, or Beauty, comprising 50 very large and highly finished 
 painters' Etchings, imperial folio (pub. at 91. 9*.), half morocco extra, gilt edges, 41. 10*. 
 
 1826 
 
 STRUTT'S DRESSES AND HABITS OF THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND, from 
 tbe Establishment of the Saxons in Britain to the present time; with an historical and 
 Critical Inquiry into every branch of Costume. New and greatly improved Edition, with Cri- 
 tical and Explanatory Notes, by J. R. Planche', Esq., F.S.A. 2 vols, royal 4to, 153 Plates, 
 cloth, 41. 4s. The Plates coloured, 11. 7*. The Plates splendidly illuminated in gold, silver, 
 and opaque colours, in the Missal style, 20/. 1812 
 
 STRUTT'S REGAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Containing the most authentic Representations of all the English Monarchs from Edward the 
 Confessor to Henry the Eighth: together with many of the Great Personages that were emi- 
 nent under their several Reigns. New and greativ improved Edition, by J. R. Planche*", 
 Esq., F.S.A. Royal 4to, 72 Plates, cloth, 21. 2s. The Plates coloured, 41. 4*. Splendidly 
 illuminated, uniform with the Dresses, 12/. 12*. 1842 
 
 STUBBS' ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 24 fine large Copperplate Engravings, Impe- 
 rial folio (pub. at 41. 4s.), boards, leather back, 1/. 11*. 6d. 
 
 The original edition of this fine old work, which is indispensable to artists. It has long been 
 considered rare. 
 
 TATTERSALL'S SPORTING ARCHITECTURE, comprising the Stud Farm, the Stall, 
 the Stable, the Kennel, Race Studs, &c, with 43 beautiful Steel and Wood illustrations, several 
 after Hancock, cloth gilt (pub. at 1/. 11*. 6d.), 1/. 1*. 1850 
 
 TRENDALLS DESIGNS FOR ROOFS OF IRON, STONE, AND WOOD, with 
 
 Measurements, &c, for the use of Carpenters and Builders (an excellent practical work), 4to, 
 limp cloth (pub. at 15*.), 7*. 6d. 1851 
 
 TURNER AND GIRTIN'S RIVER SCENERY ; folio, 20 beautiful Engravings on Steel' 
 after the drawings of J. M. W. Turner, brilliant impressions, in a portfolio, with morocco 
 back (pub. at 5/. 5*.), reduced to 1/. 11*. 6d. 
 
 the same, with thick glazed paper between the plates, half-bound morocco, gilt 
 
 edges (pub. at 6/. 6*.), reduced to 21. 2*. 
 
 TURNER'S LIBER FLUVIORUM, or River Scenery of France, 62 highly-finished Line 
 Engravings on Steel by Willmore, Goodall, Miller, Cousens, and other distinguished 
 Artists, with descriptive Letter-press byLEiTCH Ritchie, and a Memoir of J. W. M. Turner, 
 R.A, by Alaric A. Watts, imperial 8vo, gilt cloth, 1/. 11*. 6c/., or India Proofs, 3/. 3*. 
 
 WALKERS ANALYSIS OF BEAUTY IN WOMAN. Preceded by a critical View of the 
 general Hypothesis respecting Beauty, by Leonardo da Vinci, Mengs, Wixckelmax\, 
 Hume, Hogarth, Burke, Knight, Alison, and others. New edition, royal 8vo, illustrated 
 by 22 beautiful Plates, after drawings from life, by H. Howard, by Gauci and Lane (pub. at 
 2/. 2*.), gilt cloth, 1/. 1*. 
 
 WALPOLE'S (HORACE) ANECDOTES OF PAINTING IN ENGLAND, with some 
 Account ot the Principal Artists, and Catalogue of Engravers, who have been born or resided 
 in England, with Notes by Dallaway; New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by Ralph 
 Wornum, Esq., complete in 3 vols. 8vo, with numerous beautiful portraits and plates, 21. 2*. 
 
 WARRINGTON'S HISTORY OF STAINED GLASS, from the earliest period of the Art 
 to the present time, illustrated by Coloured examples of Entire Windows, in the various styles, 
 imperial folio, with 25 very large and beautifully coloured Plates (one of them nearly four feet 
 in length) half bound morocco, gilt edges (pub at 8/. 8s.), 51. 15*. Gd. 
 
 WATTS'S PSALMS AND HYMNS, Illustrated Edition, complete, with indexes of 
 "Subjects," " First Lines," and a Table of Scriptures, 8vo, printed in a very large and beauti- 
 ful type, emhellished with 24 beautiful Wood Cuts by Martin, Westall, and ohiers (pub. at 
 1/. 1*.), gilt cloth, 7*. 6d. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 11 
 
 WESTWOODS PALEOGRAPHIA SACRA PICTORIA; being a series of Illustrations of 
 the Ancient Versions ot the Bible, copied from Illuminated Manuscripts, executed between 
 the fourth and sixteenth centuries, royal 4to, 50 Plates beautifully illuminated in gold aud 
 colours, halt-bound, uncut (pub. at il. 10.), 3 ^ los. 
 
 WHISTONS JOSEPHUS, ILLUSTRATED EDITION, complete; containing both the 
 Antiquities and the Wars of the Jews. 2 vols. 8vo, handsomely printed, embellished with 52 
 beautiful Wood Engravings, by various Artists (pub. at 11. 4*.), cloth boards, elegantly gilt, 14*. 
 
 WHITTOCKS DECORATIVE PAINTER'S AND GLAZIER'S GUIDE, containing the 
 most approved methods of imitating every kind of Fancy Wood and Mai be, In Oil or Distemper 
 Colour, Designs for Decorating Apartments, and the Art of Staining and Painting on Glass, 
 &c, with Examples from Ancient Windows, with the Supplement, 4to, illustrated with 101 
 plates, of which 44 are coloured (pub. at 21 14*.), cloth, 1/. 10*. 
 
 WHITTOCKS MINIATURE PAINTER'S MANUAL. Foolscap 8vo, 7 coloured plates, 
 and numerous woodcuts (pub. at 5*.), cloth, 3*. 
 
 WIGHTWICKS PALACE OF ARCHITECTURE, a Romance of Art and History. Impe- 
 rial 8vo, with 211 Illustrations, Steel Plates and Woodcuts (pub. at 21. 12*. Gd.), cloth, 1/. 1* 
 
 1840 
 
 WILD'S ARCHITECTURAL GRANDEUR of Belgium, Germany, and France, 2-1 line 
 Plates by Le Keux, &c. Imperial 4to (pub. at 1/. 18*.), half-morocco, U. 4*. 1837 
 
 WILD'S ENGLISH CATHEDRALS. Twelve select examples from the Cathedrals of 
 England, cf the Ecclesiastic Architecture of the Middle Ages, beautifully coloured, after 
 the original drawings, by Charles Wild, imperial folio, mounted on tinted cardboard like 
 drawings, in a handsome portfolio (pub. at 12/. 12*.), hi. 5s. 
 
 WILD'S FOREIGN CATHEDRALS, 12 Plates, coloured and mounted like Drawings, in a 
 handsome portfolio (pub, at 12/. 12*.), imperial folio, 5/. 5*. 
 
 WILLIAMS' VIEWS IN GREECE, G4 heautiful Line Engravings by Miller, Hof.s- 
 burgh, and others. 2 vols, imperial 8vo (pub. at Gl. G*.), haif-bound mor. extra, gilt edges, 
 21. 12*. Gd. 1829 
 
 WINDSOR CASTLE AND ITS ENVIRONS, INCLUDING ETON, hy Leitcii 
 Reitchie, new edition, edited hy E.Jesse, Esq., illustrated with upwards of 50 beautiful 
 Engravings on Steel and Wood, royal 8vo, gilt cloth, 15*. 
 
 WOODS ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES AND RUINS OF PALMYRA AND 
 
 BAA1.BEC. 2 vols, in 1, imperial folio, containing 110 fine Copper-plate Engravings, some 
 very large and folding (pub. at 71. 7*.), half-morocco, uncut, 31. 13*. Gd. 1827 
 
 igtatural pJtstori}, agriculture, &x. 
 
 ANDREW'S FIGURES OF HEATHS, with Scientific Descriptions, G vols, royal Svn, 
 with 300 beautifully coloured Plates (pub. at 15/.), cloth gilt, 71. 10*. ISSO 
 
 BAUER AND HOOKER'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENERA OF FERNS, 
 
 in which the characters of each Genus are displayed in the most elaborate manner in a series 
 if magnified Dissections and Figures, liighly-tini'shed In Colours, imp. 8vo, Plates, 07. 1838 42 
 BEECH EY BOTANY OF CAPTAIN BEECHEY'S VOYAGE, comprising an 
 Account of the Plants collected by Messrs. Lay and Collie, and other Officers of tin- 
 Expedition, during the voyage to the Pacific and Behrinz's Straits. By Sir William 
 Jackson Hooker, and G. A. W. Arkott, Esq., illustrated by 100 Plates, beautifully 
 engraved, complete in 10 paits, 4to (pub. at 71. 10*.), 51. 1S31 41 
 
 BEECHEY- ZOOLOGY OF CAPTAIN BEECHEYS VOYAGE, compiled from the 
 Collections and Notes of Captain Bkechky, and the Scientific Gentlemen who accompanied 
 the Expedition. The Mammalia by Dr. Richardson; Ornithology, hy N. A. Virions. Esq.; 
 Fishes, by G. T. Lay, Esq., and E. T. Bennett. Esq.; Crustacea, by Richard Owe*, 
 Esq.; Reptiles, by John Edward Gray, Esq. Shells, by W. Sowerbv, Esq.; an 1 Geology, 
 by the Rev. Dr. Buck i. and. 4to, illustrated hy 47 Plates, containing many hundred Figures, 
 beautifully coloured by Sowekby (pub. at li. 5*.), cloth, 3/. 13*. Gd. 18"i> 
 
 BOLTON'S NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SONG BIRDS. Illustrated whit 
 
 Figures the size of Life, of the Birds, both Male and Female, in their most Nature] Attitudes; 
 their Nests and Esrgs, Food, Favourite Piants, Shrubs, Trees, &c. &c. New Edition, revised 
 and very considerably augmented, 2 vols, in 1, medium 4to, containing 80 beautifully coloured 
 plates ("pub. at SI. 8*.), haif-bound morocco, gilt backs, gilt edges, 3/. 3*. K.15 
 
 BROWN'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS 
 OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND; with Figures, Descriptions, and Localities of all 
 the Species. Royal 8vo, containing on 27 large Plates, 330 Figures of all the known British 
 Species, in their full size, accurately drawn from Nature (pub. at 1 5s.), cloth, 10s. 6d. 184 j 
 
 CARPENTER'S ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY; including a Comprehensive Ske'ch of Use 
 
 frincipal Forms of Animal Structure. New edition, carefully revised, with 287 capital Wood 
 llustrations, post 8vo, cloth, 5*. 
 
12 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 CARPENTER'S ZOOLOGY AND INSTINCT IN ANIMALS; a Systematic View of 
 
 the structure, habits, instincts, and uses of the principal families of the Animal Kingdom, and 
 the chief Forms of Fossil Itemains, 2 vols, post8vo, with 630 capital illustrations on wood, cloth, 
 reprintiug. 
 
 CARPENTER'S VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND BOTANY, inclndinar the 
 
 structures and organs ot Plants, their characters, uses, geographical distribution, and classifi- 
 cation, according"to the Natural System of Botany. New and enlarged edition, with 225 capital 
 illustrations on wood, post 8vo, cloth, reprinting. 
 
 CURTIS'S FLORA LONDINENSIS; Revised and Improved by Gkorgk Grave?, ex- 
 tended and continued by Sir W. Jackson Hooker; comprising the History of Plants indi- 
 genous to Great Briiain. with Indexes; the Drawings made by Sydenham, Edwards, and 
 Lindley. 5 vols, royal folio (or 10!) parts), containing 617 Plates, exhibiting the full natural 
 size of each Plant, with magnified Dissectio s of the Parts of Fructification, &c, all beauti- 
 fully coloured (pub. at 87/. 4s. in parts), half bound morocco, top edges gilt, 30/. 1835 
 
 DENNY MONOGRAPHIA ANOPLURORUM BRITANNI/E. OR BRITISH 
 
 SPECIES OF PARASITE INSECTS (published under the patronage of the British Associa- 
 tion) Svo, numerous beautifully coloured plates of Lice, containing several hundred magnified 
 figures, cloth, 1/. lis. M. IMS 
 
 DEJUSSIEU'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY, translated by J. H. Wilsox, F.L.S., &c, 
 thick post 8vo, with 750 capital Woodcuts, cloth (pub. at 12s. 6ci.),8s. 6c/. Van Voorst, 1849 
 
 DON'S GENERAL SYSTEM OF GARDENING AND BOTANY, 4 vols, royal 4to, 
 numerous Woodcuts (pub. at 11/. 8s.), cloth, 1/. lis. 6d. 18311838 
 
 DON'S HORTUS CANTABRIGIENSIS ; thirteenth Edition, 8vo (pub. at 1/. 4*.), 
 clo:h, 12s. 1815 
 
 DONOVANS NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INSECTS OF INDIA, EnlargecTby 
 
 J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., 4to, with 58 plates, containing upwards of 120 exquisitely 
 coloured figures (pub. at 6/. 6s.), cloth gilt, reduced to tt. St. 1812 
 
 DONOVANS NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INSECTS OF CHINA. Enlarged by 
 J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., 4to, with 50 plates, containing upwards of 120 exquisitely 
 coloured figures (pub. at 6/. 6s.), cloth gilt, 21. 5s. 
 " Donovan's works on the Insects of India and China are splendidly illustrated, and 
 
 extremely useful." Naturalist. 
 
 'The entomological plates of our countryman Donovan are highly coloured, elegant, and 
 useful, especially those contained in his qu;irto volumes (Insects of India and China), where a 
 great number of species are delineated for the first time." Sivainson. 
 
 DONOVAN'S WORKS ON BRITISH NATURAL HISTORY. Viz; Insects. 16 vols. 
 Birds, 10 vols. Shells, 5 vols. Fishes, 5 vols. Quadrupeds, 3 vols. together 39 vols. 8vo, 
 containing 1198 beautifully coloured plates (pub. at 66/. !)s. ), boards, 23/. 17s. The same set of 
 S I vols, bound in 21 (pub. at 73/. 10s.), half green morocco extra, gilt edges, gilt backs, 30/. 
 Any of the classes may be had separately. 
 
 DOYLE'S CYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HUSBANDRY, and Rural Affairs in 
 General, New Edition, Enlarged, thick Svo, with 70 wood engravings (pub. at 13s.), cloth, 
 8s. Gd. 1843 
 
 EPISODES OF INSECT LIFE, 3 vols. Crown 8vo, with 108 illustrations, tastefully 
 drawn and engraved, elegantly bound in fancy cloth (pub. at 21. 8s.), \l. 7s. 
 
 the same, the plates beautifully coloured, bound in extra cloth, gilt back, sides, and 
 
 edges (pub. at 3/. 3s.), U. 16s. 
 
 the second series, containing 36 illustrations, distinct and complete in itself, has lately 
 
 been reprinted, and may now be had separate. y (pub. at 16s.) 
 
 or the second series, with coloured plates (pub. at 1/. Is,), 14s. 
 
 DRURY'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF FOREIGN ENTOMOLOGY; wherein are exhibited 
 upwards of 600 exotic Insects, of the East and West Indies, China, New Holland, North and 
 South America, Germany. &c. By J. O. Westwood, Esq.. t'.L.S. Secretary of the Entomo- 
 logical Society, &c. 3 vols. 4to, 1*50 Plates, most beautifully coloured, containing above 600 
 figures of Insects (originally pub. at 15/. 15s.), half-bound morocco, 6/. 16s. Gd. 1837 
 
 GOULD'S HUMMING BIRDS. A General History of the Trochilida?, or Humming 
 
 Birds, with especial reference to the Collection of J. Gould. F.R.S., &c. (now exhibiting in 
 
 the gardens of the Zoological Society of London). by W. C.L. Martin, late one of the Scientific 
 
 Officers of the Zoological Society of London, fcap. 8vo. with 16 coloured Plates, cloth gilt, 5s. 
 
 the same, with the Plates beautifully coloured, heightened with gold, cloth gilt, 10s. M. 
 
 GREVILLE'S CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA, comprising the Principal Species found in Great 
 Britain, inclusive of all the New Species lecently discovered in Scotland. 6 vols, royal 8vo, 
 360 beautifully coloured Plates (pub. at 16/. 16s.),*half-morocco, 8/. 8s. 18238 
 
 This, though a complete Work in itself, forms an almost indispensable Supplement to the 
 thirty-six volumes of Sowerby's English Botany, which does not comprehend Cryptogamous 
 Plants. It is one of the most scientific and best executed works on Indigenous Botany ever 
 produced in this country. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHX. 
 
 13 
 
 HARDWICKE AND GRAY'S INDIAN ZOOLOGY. Twenty parts, forming two vol* 
 royal folio, 202 coloured plates (pub. at 21/.), sewed, 12/. 12*., or half-morocco, gilt edges, 
 14/. 14*. 
 
 HARRIS'S AURELiAN; OR ENGLISH MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES. Their 
 Natural History, together with the Plants on which they feed; New and greatly improved 
 Edition, by J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., &c. in 1 vol. sm. folio, with 44 plates, containing 
 above loo "figures of Moths, Butterflies. Caterpillars, &c, and the Plants on which they feed, 
 exquisitely coloured after the original drawings, half-bound morocco, 4/. 4s. 1840 
 
 This extremely beautiful work is the only one which contains our English Moths and Butter- 
 flies of the full natural size, in all their changes of Caterpillar, Chrysalis, &c, with the plants 
 on which they feed. 
 
 HOOKER AND GREVILLE, ICONES FILICUM ; OR FIGURES OF FERNS, 
 
 With DESCRIPTIONS, many of which have been altogether unnoticed by Botanists, or have 
 
 not been correctly figured. 2 vols, folio, with 240 beautifully coloured Plates (pub. at 25/. 4*.), 
 
 half-morocco, gilt edges, 12/. 12*. 182931 
 
 The grandest and most valuable of the many scientific Works produced by Sir William Hooker. 
 
 HOOKER'S EXOTIC FLORA, containing Figures and Descriptions of rare or otherwise 
 interesting Exotic Plants, especially of such as are deserving of heing cultivated in our Gar- 
 dens. 3 vols, imperial 8vo, containing 232 large and beautifully coloured Plates (pub. at 15/.), 
 Cloth, 6/. 6*. 18231827 
 
 This is the most superb and attractive of all Dr. Hooker's valuable works. 
 
 M The Exotic Flora,' by Dr. Hooker, is like that of all the Botanical publications of the in- 
 defatigible author, excellent; and it assumes an appearance of finish and perfection to which 
 neither the Botanical Magazine nor Register can externally lay claim." Loudon. 
 
 HOOKER'S JOURNAL OF BOTANY, containing Figures and Descriptions of such 
 Plants as recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity, or history, or by the uses to which they 
 are applied in the Arts, in Medicine, and in Domestic Economy; together with occasional 
 Botanical Notices and Information, and occasional Portraits and Memoirs of eminent Botanists. 
 4 vols. 8vo, numerous Plates, some coloured (pub. at 3/.), cloth, 1/. 1834 12 
 
 HOOKER'S BOTANICAL MISCELLANY, containing Figures and Descriptions of 
 Plants which recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity, or history, or by the uses to which 
 they are applied in the Arts, In Medicine, and in Domestic Economy, "together with occasional 
 Botaaical Notices and In ormation, including many valuable Communications from distin- 
 guished Scientific Travellers. Complete in 3 thick vols, royal 8vo, with 153 plates, many finely 
 coloured (pub. at 5/. 5*.), gilt cloth, 2/. 12*. 6d. 183033 
 
 HOOKERS FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA ; OR THE BOTANY OF BRITISH 
 NORTH AMERICA. Illustrated by 240 plates, complete in Twelve Parts, royal 4to (pub. 
 at 121. 12*.), 8/. The Twelve Parts complete, done up in2 vols, royal 4to, extra cloth, 8/. 
 
 182940 
 
 HUISH ON BEES; THEIR NATURAL HISTORY AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 
 
 New and greatly improved Edition, containing also the latest Discoveries and Improvements 
 in every department of the Apiary, with a description of the most approved Hives now in use, 
 thick 12mo, Portrait and numerous Woodcuts (pub. at 10*. Gd.), cloth gilt, C*. (id. 1844 
 
 JARDINE'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY, 40 vols, 1200 coloured Flates, extra red cloth, 
 
 boards (pub. at 12/.), 11. 
 the same, 40 vols, morocco, gilt edges (pub. at 20/.), 10/. 10*. 
 
 or the volumes separately, according to the following arrangements, in red cloth, top edges 
 
 gilt, 4*. 6c/. 
 
 13. Animals. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1. British Birds, vol. 1 
 
 2. Ditto vol. 2 
 
 3. Ditto vol. 3 
 
 4. Ditto vol. 4 
 
 5. Sun Birds 
 
 6. Humming Birds, vol. 
 
 7. Ditto vol. 
 
 8. Game Birds 
 
 9. Pigeons 
 
 10. Parrots 
 
 11. Birds of Western 
 
 12. Ditto 
 
 13. Fly catchers 
 
 14. Pheasants, Peacocks, 
 
 1. Introduction 
 
 2. Lions, Tigers 
 
 3. British Quadrupeds 
 
 4. Dogs, vol. 1 
 
 5. Ditto, vol. 2 
 
 6. Horses 
 
 7. Ruminating Animals 
 
 (Deer, Antelopes, 
 
 Africa 
 vol. 1 
 vol.2 
 
 vol.1 
 &c.) 
 
 22. Animals. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 8. Ruminating Animals, vol. 2 
 
 ( Goats, Sheep, Oxen) 
 
 9. Elephants, &c. 
 
 10. Marsupialia 
 
 11. Seals, &c. 
 
 12. Whales, &c. 
 
 13. Monkeys 
 
 1. Introduction to Entomo- 
 
 logy 
 
 2. British Butterflies 
 
 3. British Moths, &c. 
 
 4. Foreign Butterflies 
 
 5. Foreign Moths 
 C. Beetles 
 
 7. Bees 
 
 1. Introduction, and Foreign 
 
 Fishes 
 
 2. British Fishes, vol. 1 
 
 3. Ditto vol. 2 
 
 4. Perch, &c. 
 
 5. Fishes of Guiana, &c. vol. 1 
 
 6. Ditto vol.2 
 
14 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 JOHNSON'S GARDENER, complete in 12 vol*, with numerous. woodcuts, containing the 
 
 Potato, one vol. Cucumber, one vol. Grape Vine, two vols Auricula and Asparagus, one 
 
 vol. Pine Apple, two vols. Strawberry, one vol. Dahlia, one vol. Peach, one vol together 
 
 10 vols, 12mo, Woodcuts (pub. at 11. is.), cloth, 10s. 
 
 either of the volumes may be had separately (pub. at 2s. 6d.), Is. 
 
 LATHAM'S GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS; being the Natural History and Descrip- 
 tion at all the Birds (above four thousand) hitherto known or described by Naturalists, with 
 the Synonymes of preceding Writers; the secend enlarged and improved Edition, compre- 
 hending all the discoveries in Ornithology subsequent to the former pub ication, and a General 
 Index, 11 vols, in 10, 4to, with upwards of 200 co.oured Plates, lettered (pub. at 2t\l. 8s.), cloth, 
 11. 17*. 6d. Winchester, 182128. The same with the plates exquisitely coloured like drawings,. 
 
 11 vols, in 10, elegantly half-bound, green morocco, gilt edges, 12/. 12s. 
 
 LEWIN'S NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES- 
 
 Third Edition, with an Index of the Scientific Names and Synonymes, by Mr. Gould and Mr. 
 Eyton, folio, 27 plates, coloured (pub. at 4/. 's.), half-bound morocco, 21. 2s. 1838 
 
 LINDLEY'S BRITISH FRUITS ; OH FIGURES ANT) DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MOST 
 
 IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF FRUIT CULTIVATED IN GREAT BRITAIN. 3 vols. 
 royal 8vo, containing 152 most beautifully coloured plates, chiefly by Mrs. Withers, Aitist 
 to the Horticultural Society (pub. at 101. 10s.), half bound morocoo extra, gilt edges, 51. 5*. 
 
 1841 
 " This is an exquisitely beautiful work. Every plate is like a highly finished drawing.. 
 similar to those in the Horticultural Transactions.' 5 
 
 LINDLEY'S DIGITALIUM MONOGRAPH I A. Folio, 28 plates of the Foxglove (pub. 
 
 at 4/. 4s.), cioth, I/, lis. (id. 
 
 the same, the plates beautifully coloured (pub. at 61. 6s.), cloth, 21. 12s. 6d. 
 
 LOUDON'S (MRS) ENTERTAINING NATURALIST, being Popular Descriptions, 
 Tales, and Anecdotes of more than Five Hundred Animals, comprehending all the Quadrupeds, 
 Birds, Kishes, Reptiles, Insects, &c, of which a knowledge is indispensable in polite educa- 
 tion. With Indexes of Scientific and Popular Names, an Explanation of Terms, and an Ap- 
 ?endix of Fabulous Animals, illustrated by upwards of 500 beautiful woodcuts by Bewick, 
 Iarvev, Whimper, and others. New Edition, revised, enlarged, and corrected to the 
 present state of Zoological Knowledge. In one thick vol. post 8vo, gilt cloth, 7s. 6d. 1850 
 
 LOUDON'S (J. C.) ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM. or the 
 
 Trees and Shrubs of Britain, Native and Foreign, delineated and described ; with their propa- 
 gation, culiure, management, and uses. Second improved Edition, 8 vols. 8vo, with above 
 400 plates of trees, and upwards of 2500 woodcuts of trees and shrubs (pub. at 10^.), bl. 5s. 1814 
 
 LOUDON'S VILLA GARDENER, comprising the choice of a Suburban Villa Residence j 
 the laying-out, planting, and culture of the garden and grounds; and every necessary infor- 
 mation tor the Amateur in collecting, placing, and rearing all the plants and trees usually 
 cultivated in Great Britain; the management of the Villa Farm, Dairy, and Poultry Yard. 
 Second edition, edited by Mrs. Loudon, 8vo, cioth extra, with upwards of 377 diagrams, &c. 
 finely engraved on wood (pub. at 12s.), 8s. 6d. 
 
 LOW'S DOMESTIC ANIMALS OF GREAT BRITAIN, exemplified 'in fifty-six large 
 and very beautifully coloured plates of the various breeds of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Hog, 
 from drawings by Nicholson, R.S.A., after paintings by Shijels, R.S.A., 2 vols, in 1, imp. 4to, 
 half bound morocco, gilt edges (pub. at 161. 16s.), 8^. 8s. 
 
 MANTELL'S (DR.) NEW GEOLOGICAL WORK. THE MEDALS OF CREATION 
 or First Lessons in Geology, and in the Study of Organic Remains; including Geo' 
 Excursions to the Isle of Sheppey, Brighton, Lewes, Tilgate Forest, Cliarnwood Forest, 
 Farringdon, Swindon, Calne, Bath, Bristol, Clifton, Matlock, Crich Hill, &c. By Gideon 
 Aj.gi.rvox Mantell, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S , &c. Two thick vols, foolscap 8vo.,* with co- 
 loured Plates, and several hundred beautiful Woodcuts of Fossil Remains, cloth gilt, 11. Is. 1S54 
 
 MANTELL'S (DR.) PICTORIAL ATLAS OF FOSSIL REMAINS, consisting of 
 
 Coloured Illustrations selected from Parkinson's "Organic Remains of a Former WorW," and 
 Artis's "Antediluvian Phytology," with descriptions, by Dr. Mantell, 4to, with 74 coloured 
 plates, 21. 5s. IMO 
 
 MANTELL'S WONDERS OF GEOLOGY, or a Familiar Exposition of GeolosrcnJ Phe- 
 nomena. Sixth greatly enlarged and improved Edition. 2 vols, post 8vo, coloured Plates, and 
 upwards of 200 Woodcuts, gilt cloth, 18s. lata 
 
 MANTELL'S GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION ROUND THE ISLE OF WIGHT, 
 
 and along the adjacent Coast of Dorsetshhe. In 1 vol. post 8vo, with numerous bctaul 
 executed Woodcuts, and a Geological Map, cloth giit, is. 
 
PUBLISHED OB SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 15 
 
 SCHLEIDEN'S PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC BOTANY; or Botany as an Inductive 
 Science, translated by Dr. Edwin* Laskester, 8vo, with nearly 400 Illustrations on wood 
 and steel, cloth (pub. at 1/. 1*.), 10*. 6d. 1849 
 
 SELBY'S COMPLETE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY. A most magnificent work of the 
 Figures of British Birds, containing exact and faithful representations in their full natural 
 size of all the known species found in Great Britain, 3So Figures in 223 beautifully coloured 
 Plates. 2 vols, elephant folio, elegantly half-bound morocco (pub. at luic), gilt back and 
 gilt edges, '311. 10s. 1834 
 
 11 The grandest work on Ornithology published in this country, the same for British Birds 
 that Audubon's is for the Birds of America. Every figure, excepting in a very few instai ces 
 of extremely large birds, is of the full natural size, beautifully and accurately drawn, with all 
 the spirit of life." Ornithologist's Tnt Book. 
 
 " What a treasure, during a rainy forenoon in the country, is such a gloriously illuminated 
 work as this of Mr Selby ! It is, without doubt, the most splendid of the kind ever published 
 in Britain, and will stand a comparison, without any eclipse ot 'its lustre, with the most magni- 
 ficent ornithological i-llustrations of the French school. Mr. Selby has long and deservedly 
 ranked high as a scientific naturalist." Blackwood's Mayuzine. 
 
 SELBY'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY. 2 vols. 8vo. Second 
 Edition (pub. at \s. Is.), Vis. 1833 
 
 SIBTHORPE'S FLORA GR/ECA. The most costly and magnificent Botanical work 
 ever published. 10 vols, folio, with 1000 beautifully coloured Plates, half-bound, morocco, 
 publishing by subscription, and the number strictly limited to those subscribed for (pub. at 
 252*.), 63/. 
 
 Separate Prospectuses of this work are now ready for delivery. Only 40 copies of the 
 original stock exist. No greater number of subscribers' names can therefore be received. 
 
 SIBTHORPES FLOR/E GR/EC/E PRODROMUS; sivc Plantarum omnium Enume- 
 ratio, quas in Provinciis aut Insulis Gradse invenit Joh. Sibthorpe : Characteres et 
 Synonyma omnium cum Anuotationibus J ac. Edy. Smith. Four parts, in 2 thick vols. 8vo, 
 (pub. at 2/. 2s.) 14. Lmidmi, 1816 
 
 SMITHS (COLONEL HAMILTON) HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES, its 
 
 Typical Forms, Primeval Distribution, Filiations and Migrations, with 34 coloured Plates 
 (each containing two or more subjects), Portrait, and Vignette title-page, thick leap. Svo, full 
 gilt cloth (pub. at 7s. 6d.), 5s. 
 This volume ranges with .Tardive's Naturalist's Library. 
 
 SOWERBY'S MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Containing a complete Introduction to 
 the Science, illustrated by upwards of 650 Figures of Shells, etched on copper pi 'tcs, in which 
 the most characteristic examples are given of all the Genera established up to the present 
 time, arranged in Lamarckian Order, accompanied by copious Explanations; Observations 
 respecting the Geographical or Geological distribution of each ; Tabular Views of the Sys- 
 tems of Lamarck and De Blainvilie ; a Glossary of Technical Terms, &c. New Editiijn, 
 considerably enlarged and improved, with numerous Woodcuts in the text, now first added, 
 8vo, cloth, 18*. ; or with the Plates coloured, cloth, 1/. 16*. 
 
 SOWERBY'S CONCHOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS; OR, COLOURED FIGURES 
 OF ALL THE HITHERTO UNFIGURED SHELLS, complete in 200 Parts, 8vo, com- 
 prising several thousand Figures, all beautifully coloured (pub. at 151.) 71. 10s. 1815 
 
 SPRY'S BRITISH COLEOPTERA DELINEATED; containing Figures and Descrip- 
 tions of all the Genera of British Beetles, edited by Shuckard, 8vo, with 94 plates, comprising 
 688 figures of Beetles, beautifully and most accurately drawn (pub. at It 2.s.), cloth, U. Is. 1840 
 "The most perfect work yet published in this department of British Entomology." 
 
 STEPHENS' BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. 12 vols. 8vo, 100 coloured Plates (pub. at 
 
 21/.), half bound, 8/. 8*. 1828-46 
 Or separately, Lepidoptera, 4 vols. Al. is. Coleoptera, 5 vols. 41. 4s. Dermaptera, 
 
 OrTHOPTERA, NEUROPTERA, &C, 1 VOl. 1/. 1*. HXMEXOl'TERA, 2 vols. 21. 2s. 
 
 SWAINSONS EXOTIC CONCHOLOGY; or, FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF 
 RARE, BEAUTIFUL, OR UNDESCRIBED SHELLS. Royal 4 to, containing 04 large and 
 beautifully coloured figures of Shells, half bound mor., gilt edges (pub. at bl. 55.), 21. 12s. 6<i 
 
 SWAINSONS ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS: or, ORIGINAL FIGURES AND 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING ANIMALS, selected chiefly 
 from the Classes of Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, 6 vols. ro\al 8vo. containing 
 318 finely coloured Plates (pub. at 16/. 16*.), half bound morocco, gilt edges, Vt. 9*. 
 
 SWEET'S FLORA AUSTRALASICA: or, A SELECTION OF HANDSOME OR 
 CURIOUS PLANTS, Natives of New Holland and the South Sea Islands. 15 Nos., forming 
 lvol. royal 8vo, complete, with 56 beautifully coloured Plates (pub. at 3/. 15*.), cloth, 1/. 16*. 
 
 1827-28 
 
 SWEETS CISTINE/E: or, NATURAL ORDER OF CISTUS, or ROCK ROSE. 30 
 Nos., forming 1 vol. royal 8vo, complete, with 112 beautifully coloured Plates (pub. at 51. 5s ), 
 cloth, 21. 12*. M. 1828 
 
 One of the most interesting, and hitherto the scarcest, of Mr. Sweet's beautiful publications.' 
 
16 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 JfWscdlancous (English Hiteratutt, 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, POETRY AND THE 
 DRAMA, MORALS, AND MISCELLANIES. 
 
 BACON'S WORKS, both English and Latin. "With an Introductory Essay and copious 
 Indexes. Complete in 2 large vols, imperial 8vo, (pub. at 21. 2s.), cloth, 1/. lGs. 
 
 BOSWELL'S LIFE OF DR. JOHNSON; BY THE RIGHT HON. J. C. CROKER. 
 
 Incorporating his Tour to the Hebrides, and accompanied by the Commentaries of all pre- 
 ceding Editors, with numerous Additional Notes and Illustrative Anecdotes; to which ave 
 added Two Supplementary Volumes of Anecdotes by Hawkins, Piozzi, Murphy, Tykrs, 
 Reynolds, Stevens, and others. 10 vols. 12mo, illustrated by upwards of 50 Views, Por- 
 traits, and Siieets of Autographs, finely engraved on Steel, from Drawings by Stanfield, 
 Harding, &c, cloth, reduced to 1/. 10s. 
 
 This new, improved, and greatly enlarged edition, beautifully printed in the popular form of 
 Sir Walter Scott and Byron's Works, is Just such an edition as Dr. Johnson himself loved and 
 recommended. In one of the Ana recorded in the supplementary volumes of the present 
 edition, he says : "Books that you may carry to the fire, and hold readily in your hand, are 
 the most useful after all. Such books form the mass of general and easy reading." 
 
 BRITISH ESSAYISTS, viz., Spectator, Tatler, Guardian, Rambler, Adventurer, Idler, 
 and Connoisseur. 3 thick vols. 8vo, Portraits (pub. at 21. 5s.), cloth, 1/. 7s. Either volume 
 may be had separate. 
 
 BRITISH POETS, CABINET EDITION, containing the complete Works of the prin- 
 cipal English Poets from Milton to KlRKE White. 4 vols, post 8vo. (size of Standard 
 Library), printed in a very small but beautiful type. 22 Medallion Portraits (pub. at 2t. 2s.)., 
 cloth, ISs. 
 
 BROUGHAMS (LORD) POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, and Essay on the British Con- 
 stitution, 3 vols. 8vo. (pub. at 11. lis. 6d.), cloth. U. Is. 1844-46 
 - Britisli Constitution (a portion of the preceding work), 8vo, cloth, 3s. 
 
 BROUGHAM'S (LORD) LIVES OF MEN OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE, who 
 
 flourished in the time of George III. Svo, with 10 fine Portraits (pub. at U. Is.), cloth, 10s. M. 
 
 1845 
 
 BURKE'S (EDMUND) WORKS "With a Biographical and Critical Introduction by 
 
 Rogers. 2 vols, imperial 8vo, closely but handsomely printed (pub. at 21. 2s.), cloth, 1/. 10s. 
 
 BURKE'S ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF HERALDRY; OR, GENERAL ARMOURY OF 
 
 ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND IRELAND. Comprising a Registry of all Armorial 
 Bearings, Crests, and Mottoes, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, including the 
 late Grants by the College of Arms. With an Introduction to Heraldry, and a Dictionary of 
 Terms. Third Edition, with a Supplement. One very large vol. imperial 8vo, beautifully 
 printed in small type, in double columns, by Whittingham, embellished with an elaborate 
 Frontispiece, richly illuminated in gold and colours; also Woodcuts (pub. at 21. 2s.), cloth 
 gilt, 11. Is. 1844 
 
 The most elaborate and useful Work of the kind ever published. It contains upwards of 
 30,000 Armorial Bearings, and incorporates all that have hitherto been given by Guillim, Ed- 
 mondson, Collins, Nisbet, Berry, Robson, and others; besides many thousand names which 
 have never appeared in any previous Work. This volume, in fact, in a small compass, but 
 without abridgment, contains more than four ordinary quartos. 
 
 BURNETT'S HISTORY OF HIS OWN TIMES, AND OF THE REFORMATION, 
 
 with Historical and Biographical Notices. 3 vols, super royal Svo. cloth, U. lis. 6d. 
 
 BURNS' WORKS, WITH LIFE BY ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, AND NOTES BY 
 
 SIR WALTER SCOTT, CAMPBELL, WORDSWORTH, LOCKHART, &c. Royal 8vo, 
 fine Portrait and Plates (pub. at 18s.), cloth, uniform with Byron, 10s. 6d. 
 
 This is positively the only complete edition of Burns, in a single volume, 8vo. It contains 
 not only every scrap which Burns ever wrote, whether prose or verse, but also a considerable 
 number of Scotch national airs, collected and illustrated by him (not given elsewhere) and full 
 and interesting accounts of the occasions and circumstances of his various writings. The very 
 complete and interesting Lite by Allan Cunningham alone occupies 164 pastes, and the Indices 
 and Glossary are very copious. The whole forms a thick elegantly printed volume, extending 
 in all to 818 pages. The other editions, including one published in similar shape, with an 
 abridgment of the Life by Allan Cunningham, comprised in only 47 pages, and the whole volume 
 in only 504 pages, do not contain above two-thirds of the above. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S LIFE AND TIMES OF PETRARCH. With Notices of Boccaccio and 
 his Illustrious Contemporaries. Second Edition. 2 vols. 8vo, fine Portraits and Plates (pub. 
 at 1/. lis. 6d.), clo.h, 12s. 1843 
 
 CARY'S EARLY FRENCH POETS. A Series of Notices and Translations, with an 
 Introductory Sketch of the History of French Poetry ; Edited by his Son, 'the Rev. Henry 
 Cary, Foolscap 8vo, cloth. 5s. 1846 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. l7 
 
 CARY'S LIVES OF ENGLISH POETS, supplementary to Dk. Johnson's "Lives.- 
 Edited by his Son. Foolscap 8vo, cloth, 7*. 184ff 
 
 CHURTONS RAILROAD BOOK OF ENGLAND; Historical, Topographical, and 
 Picturesque; descriptive ot all the Cities, Towns, Country Seats, and Subjects of local inte- 
 rest on the various Lines, imperial 8vo, cloth, with map and numerous cuts, (pub. at U. 1*. ) r 
 reduced to 10s. 6d. 1831 
 
 "LASS I C TALES. Cabinet Edition, comprising the Vicar of Wakefield, Elizabeth 
 i'aul and Virginia, Gulliver's Travels, Sterne's Sentimental Journey, Sorrows of Werter-. 
 fheodosius and Constantia, Castle of Otranto, and Rasselas, complete in 1 volume, 12mo; 
 
 1 "--'ion Portraits (pub. at 10*. 6d.), cloth, 2s. 6rf. 
 
 COPLEY'S (FORMERLY MRS. HEWLETT) HISTORY OF SLAVERY AND ITS 
 
 ABOLITION. Second Edition, with an Appendix, thick small 8vo, fine Portrait ot 
 Clarkson (pub. at 6*.), cloth, U. Gd. 1839 
 
 COWPER S POETICAL WORKS, including bis Homer, edited by Cart. Illustrated 
 edition, royal svo, with 18 beautiful Engravings on Steel, after Designs by Harvey, cloth, gilt 
 edges. 15. 
 
 CRAIK'S ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE; or, CURIOSITIES OF FAMILY HIS- 
 TORY. 4 vols, post Svo, with fine Portraits on Steel of Walter Deverevx Earl of Essex, 
 Anne Duchess of Monmouth and Buccleuch, Mary Tudor, and Sir Robert Dudley, 
 cloth (pub. at U. 2*.), 18*. 
 
 DAVIS'S SKETCHES OF CHINA, During an Inland Journey of Pour Months ; with 
 an Account of the War. 2 vols, post Svo, with a new Map of China ipub. at 1G.), cloth 9. 1841 
 
 DIBDIN'S BIBLIOMANIA: OR BOOK MADNESS- A Bibliographical Romance. New 
 Edition, with considerable Additions, Including a Key to the assumed Characters in the Dramr 
 and a Supplement. 2 vols, royal Svo, handsomely printed, embellished by numerous Wow 
 cuts, many of which are now first added (pub. at 3/. 3*.) cloth, U. 11*. 6d. Large Paper, imp^, 
 rial 8vo, of which only very few copies were printed (pub. at 5/. 5s.), cloth, 3/. 13s. Od. 184 j 
 This celebrated Work, which unites the entertainment of a romance with the most valuable, 
 information on all bibliographical subjects, has long been very scarce and sold for considerable 
 sums the small paper for Hi. 8s., and the large paper for upwards of 50 guineas ! ! 1 
 
 DIBDIN'S (CHARLES) SONGS. Admiralty edition, complete, with a Memoir by 
 T. Dii:din. Illustiated with 12 Characteristic Sketches, engraved on Steel by George 
 Cruiksiiank. l2uio, cloth lettered, 5s. IS 18 
 
 DOMESTIC COOKERY, by a Lady (Mm. Rundkll). New Edition, with numerous 
 additional Receipts, by Mrs. Birch, 12mo, with 9 Plates (pub. at 6s.), cloth, 3*. 
 
 ENGLISH CAUSES CELEBRES. OR REMARKABLE TRIALS. Square 12mo (pub- 
 lished at 4*.), ornamental wrapper, 2s. 1844 
 
 FENNS PASTON LETTERS, Original Letters of the Paston Family, written during the 
 Reitrns of Henry VI, Edward IV, and Richard III, by various persons of Rank and Const- 
 quern e, chiefly on Historical Subjects. New Edition, with Notes and Corrections, complete. 
 
 2 Tola, bound in 1, s-quare 12mo (pub. at 10s.), cloth gilt, 5a. Quaintly bound in maroon 
 morocco, iar\ed boards in the early style, gilt edges. 15*. 
 
 The original edition of this very curious and interesting series of historical Letters is a raro 
 book, and sells for upwards of ten guineas. The present is not an abridgement, as might he 
 si pposed fiom its foim, but gives the whole matter by omitting the duplicate version of the 
 letters written in an obsolete language, and adopting only the more modern, readable version, 
 published by Fenn. 
 
 "The Paston Letters are an important testimony to the progressive condition of society, and 
 come in as a precious link in the chain of the moral history of England, which they atone in 
 this period supply. They stand indeed singly in Europe UulUim. 
 
 FIELDING'S WORKS, C DITED BY ROSCOE, COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME 
 (Tom Jones, Amelia, Jonathan Wild, Joseph Andrews, Plays, Essays, and Miscellanies.) 
 medium 8vo, with 20 capital plates by Cruiksiiank (pub. at 1*/. 4s.), cloth tilt, lis. 
 
 M Ot all tite works of imagination to which English genius has given origin, the writings of 
 Henry Fielding are perhaps most decidedly and exclusively her own." Sir n alter Scott. 
 
 'The prose Homer of human nature." Lord Byron. 
 
 FOSTERS ESSAYS ON DECISION OF CHARACTER; on a Man's Writing Memoirs 
 of Himself; on the epithet. Romantic; on the Aversion of Men of Taste to Evangelical Religion, 
 &c. Fcap. Svo, Eighteenth Edition (pub. at 6*.)i cloth, 5s. 
 
 " I have read with the greatest admiration the Essays of Mr. Foster. He is one of the most 
 profound and eloquent writers that Lngiand has produced." Sir James Mackiniutli. 
 
 FOSTER'S ESSAY ON THE EVILS OF POPULAR IGNORANCE. New Edition 
 cle.antly printed, in fcap. vo, now first uniform with his Essays on Decision of Character f 
 cloth, 5s. 
 
 "Mr. Foster always considered this his best work, and the one by which he wished his 
 literary claims to be estimated." 
 
 A work which, popular and admired, as it confessedly i3, has never met with the thousandtk 
 part of the attention which it deserv*"." Dr. Pye Smith. 
 
 FROISSARTS CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND SPAIN, &c. New 
 
 Edition, by Colonel Johnes, with 120 beautiful Woodcuts, 2 vols, super-royal 8vo, clotk 
 lettered (pub. at 1/. 16s.), U. 8. ISiy 
 
18 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 FRCISSART, ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF, 74 Plates, printed in gold and 
 
 colours, 2 vols, super-royal 8vo, half bound, uncut (pub. at it. 10.), 'M. 10s. 
 - the same, large paper, 2 vols, royal 4to, half bound, uncut (pub. at lQl.lQs.), Gl. 6*. 
 
 FROISSARTS CHRONICLES, WITH THE 74 ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 INSERTED, 2 vols, super- royal 8vo, elegantly half-bound red morocco, gilt edges, emble- 
 matically tooled (pub. at 6^. 6s.), U. 10s. 18t9 
 
 GAZETTEER.- NEW EDINBURGH UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, AND GEOGRA. 
 
 PHICAL DICTIONARY, more complete than any hitherto published. New Edition, revised 
 and completed to the present time, by John Thomson (Editor of the Universal Attus, &c), 
 very thick 8vo (1040 pages) Maps (pub. at 18s.), cloth, 12s. 
 
 This comprehensive volume is the latest, and by far the best Universal Gazetteer of its size. 
 It includes a full account of Affghanistan, New Zealand, &c. &c. 
 
 <SELL'S (SIR WILLIAM) TOPOGRAPHY OF ROME AND ITS VICINITY. An 
 
 improved Edition, complete in one vol. 8vo, with several Plates, cloth, Vis. With a very large 
 Map of Rome and its Environs (from a most careful trigonometrical survey), mounted on cloth 
 and folded in a case so as to form a volume. Together 2 vols. 8vo, cloth, 11. Is. 184G 
 
 "These volumes are so replete with what is valuable, that were we to employ our entire 
 jdurnal, we could after all afford but a meagre indication of their interest and worth. It is, 
 indeed, a lasting memorial of eminent literary exertion, devoted to a subject of great import- 
 ance, and one dear, not only to every scholar, but to every reader of intelligence to whom' the 
 truth of history is an object of consideration." 
 
 ^GILLIES' (DR.) HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS, relating to Remarkable Periods of the 
 Success of the Gospel, including the Appendix and Supplement, with Prefaces and Continuation, 
 by the Rev. H. Bonar, royal 8vo (pub. at 15s. Gd.), cloth, 7s. 6d. 1845 
 
 GLEIGS MEMOIRS OF WARREN HASTINGS, first Governor-General of Bengal. 3 
 vols. 8vo, fine Portrait (pub. at 21. 5s.), cloth, 11. Is. 1841 
 
 GOETHE'S FAUST, PART THE SECOND, as completed in 1831, translated into 
 English Verse by John Macdonald Bell, Esq., Second Edition, fcap. 8vo (pub. at 6s.), 
 cloth, 3s. 1812 
 
 GOLDSMITH'S WORKS, with a Life and Notes, 4 vols. fcap. 8vo, with engraved Titles 
 and Plates by Stoihard and Cruikshank. New and elegant Edition (pub.'at 11.), extra 
 cloth, 12s. 
 
 "Can any author can even Sir Walter Scott, be compared with Goldsmith for the variety, 
 beauty, and power of his compositions? You may take him and 'cut him out in little stars,' so 
 many lights does he present to the imagination." Athenaeum. 
 
 " The volumes of Goldsmith will ever constitute one of the most precious " wells of English 
 undefiled." Quarterly Review. 
 
 GORDON'S HISTORY OF THE GREEK REVOLUTION, and of the Wars and Cam- 
 paigns arising from the Struggles of the Greek Patriots in emancipating their country from the 
 Turkish voke. Bv the late Thomas Gordon, General of a Division of the Greek Army. 
 Second Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, Maps and Plans (pub. at 11. 10s.), cloth, 10s. Gd. 1812 
 
 GORTONS BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. A new and enlarged Edition, with a 
 Supplement, completing the Work to the present time, 4 vols. 8vo, cloth lettered, 1/. lis. Gd. 
 
 GRANVILLE'S (DR.) SPAS OF ENGLAND and Principal Sea Bathing Places. 3 vols 
 post 8vo, with large Map, and upwards of 50 beautiful Wood ;uts (pub. at It. 13s.), cloth, 15s. 
 
 isn 
 GRANVILLE'S (DR.) SPAS OF GERMANY, 8vo, with 39 Woodcuts and Maps (pub. at 
 
 18s,), Cloth, 9s. 1843 
 
 HEEREN'S (PROFESSOR) HISTORICAL WORKS, translated, from the German viz. 
 
 Asia, New Edition, complete in 2 vols Africa, 1 vol.- Euhope and its Colonics, l 
 
 vol. Ancient Greece, and Historical Treatises, 1 vol Manual op Ancient His- 
 tory, 1 vol. together 6 vols. 8vo (formerly pub. at 71.), cloth lettered, uniform, 3/. 3s. 
 *** New and Complete Editions, with General Indexes. 
 " Professor Heeren's Historical Researches stand in the very highest rank among those with 
 which modern Germany has enriched the Literature of Europe. "Quarterly Review. 
 
 HEEREN'S HISTORICAL RESEARCHES INTO THE POLITICS, INTERCOURSE, 
 
 AND TRADES OF THE ANCIENT NATIONS OF AFRICA; including the Carthaginians, 
 
 Ethiopians, and Egyptians. New edition, corrected throughout, with an lnd'.'X, Life of the 
 Author, new Appendixes, and other Auditions. Complete in 1 vol, Svo, cloth, 16s. 
 
 HEEREN'S HISTORICAL RESEARCHES INTO THE POLITICS, INTERCOURSE, 
 
 AND TRADES OF THE ANCIENT NATIONS OF ASIA: including the Persians, Phoe- 
 nicians, Babylonians, Scythians, and Indians. New and improved Edition, complete in 2 
 vols. 8vo, elegantly printed (pub. originally at 21. 5'.), cloth, U. 4s. 
 
 " One of the most valuable acquisitions made to our historica. stories since the days of 
 Gibbon." Athenaeum. 
 
 HEEREN'S ANCIENT GREECE, translated by Bancroft; and HISTORICAL 
 
 TREATISES; viz. 1. The Political consequences of the Reformation. II. The Rise, Pro- 
 gress, and Practical Influence oi Political Theories. III. The Rise and Growth of the Conti- 
 nental Interests of Great Britain. In l vol Svo* with Index, cloth, 15s. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 10 
 
 HEEREN'S MANUAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF 
 
 EUROPE AND ITS COLONIES, from its formation at the close oftlie Fifteenth Century,, 
 to its re- establishment upon the Fallot Napoleon; translated from the Fifth German Edition,. 
 New Edition, complete in 1 vol. 8vo, cloth, lit. 
 
 " The best History of Modern Europe that has yet appeared, and it is likely long to remain 
 without a rival. Athenaeum. 
 
 "A work ot sterling value, which will diffuse useful knowledge for generations, after ail the 
 shallow pretenders to that distinction are fortunately forgotten." Literary Gazette. 
 
 HEEREN'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY, particularly with regard to the Consti- 
 tutions, the Commerce, and the Colonies ot the States of Antiquity. Third Edition, corrected 
 and improved. 8vo (pub. at 15*.), cloth 12s. 
 
 ** * Mt w Edition , with In dejr. IS!? 
 
 "We never remember to have seen a Work in which so much useful knowledge was con- 
 densed into so small a compass. A careful examination convinces us that this book will ho- 
 useful for our English higher schools or colleges, and will contribute to direct attention to the 
 better and more instructive parts of history. 'The translation is executed with great fidelity. " r 
 Quarterly Journal oj Education. 
 
 HEEREN'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. For the rise of Schools Mid 
 Private Tuition. Compiled from the Works of A. H. L. Heerex, 12mo (pub. at 2*. &/.) 
 cloth, 2*. 
 
 "An excellent and most useful little volume, and admirably adapted for the use ol schools 
 and private instruction." Literary Gazette. 
 " A valuable addition to our list ot school books." Athenaeum. 
 
 HUME AND SMOLLET'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, complete in 1 large vol., with a 
 Memoir of Hume, irapl. 8vo, fine portraits of the authors, extra cloth (pub. at 1/. 5*.), 1/. Is. 
 
 JAMES'S WILLIAM THE THIRD, comprising the History of his Reign, illustrated in a 
 series of unpublished letters, addressed to the Duke of Shrewsbury, by Jamj x VxRKON', 
 Secretary of State; with Introduction and Notes, by G. P. 11. James, Esq., 3 vols. 8vo, Por- 
 traits (pub. at 21. 2s.), cloth, int. 1S4I 
 
 JAENISCH'S CHESS PRECEPTOR; anew Analysis of the openings of Gamesj trans- 
 late.!, with Notes, by Walker, 8vo, cloth, lettered (pub. at 155.), 6s. Gd. lsi? 
 
 JOHNSON'S fDR.) ENGLISH DICTIONARY, printed verbatim from the Author's List 
 Folio Edition. With all the Examples in full. To which are prefixed a History of the 
 guage, and an English Grammar. 1 large vol. imperial t-vo (pub. at 21. 2.), cloth, 
 
 JOHNSON S (DR.) LIFE AND WORKS, by Murphy. New and improved Edition, 
 complete in 2 thick vols. 8vo, Portrait, cloth lettered (pub. at 1/. 11j. fid.), 15a. ISJtf 
 
 JOHNSONIANA; a Collection of Miscellaneous Anecdotes and Sayings, gatliered from 
 nearly a hundred different Publications, and not contained in Bosw ki.l's Life of Johnson. 
 Edited by J. W. Croker, M.P. thick fcap. 8vo, portrait and frontispiece (pub. at 10s.),. 
 cloth, 4*. Gd. 
 
 JOHNSTON'S TRAVELS IN SOUTHERN ABYSSINIA, tlironirh the Country of Adel, 
 to the Kingdom of Shoa. 2 vote. 8vo, Map and Plates (pub. at 1/. 8*.) cloth, 10s. Gd. 1844 
 
 KNIGHT'S JOURNEY-BOOKS OF ENGLAND. BERKSHIRE, including a full 
 Description of Windsor. With 23 Engravings on Wood, and a large illuminated Map. 
 Reduced to 1*. 6d. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE, including the Isle of Wight. With 32 Engravings on Wood, and a large illu- 
 minated Map. Reduced to 2s. 
 
 DERBYSHIRE, including the Peak, &c. With 23 Engravings on Wood, and a large illumi- 
 nated Map. Reduced to Is. 6t/. 
 
 KENT, with 5S Engravings on Wood, and a large illuminated Map. Reduced to 2s. Gd. 
 
 KNIGHT'S OLD ENGLAND'S WORTHIES: a Portrait Gallery of tbe most 
 eminent Statesmen, Lawyers, Warriors, Anists, Men of Letters and Science, Ac, of Great 
 Britain, accompanied by full and original Biographies (written by Lord Brougham, Ckaik, 
 De Morgan, and others), imperial 4to, with 74 fine Portraits on steel, 121ar<re coloured Plates 
 of remarkable buildings, and upwards of 250 historical and decorative Vignettes on wood, 
 cloth gilt (pub. at Is. 2s. Gd.), 15s. 
 
 KNOWLESS IMPROVED WALKER'S PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, containing 
 - above 50,000 additional Words; to which is added an Accentuated Vocabulary of Classical and 
 Scripture Proper Names, new edition, in 1 thick handsome volume, large bvo, with Portrait, 
 cloth lettered (pub. at ll. is.), 7s. Gd. 
 
 LACONICS; OR, THE BEST WORDS OF THE BEST AUTHORS. Seventh 
 Edition. 3 vols. ISmo, with elegant Frontispieces, containing 30 Portraits (pub. at 15s.l. cloth 
 gilt, 7s. Gd. o l . = 
 
 This pleasant collection of pithy and sententious readings, from the best English authors o- 
 all ages, has long enjoyed great and deserved popularity. 
 
 LAMARTINE'S HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION. 4 vols, post 8vo, new Edition, 
 with a General Index, and five additional Portraits, viz., Lamartixe, Talleyrand, La- 
 fayette, Key, and Louis XVII., cloth (uniform with Standard Ljerapy), 14*. 
 
20 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 LAMB'S (CHARLES) WORKS, complete; containing: his Letters, Essays of EKa, 
 Poems, Plays, &c, -with Life of the Author, including the additional Memorials, by Sir T. N. 
 Talfourd, in 1 stout volume royal Svo, handsomely printed, with Portrait and Vignette Title, 
 (pub. at 16s.), cloth, 12s. 
 
 LANE'S KORAN, SELECTIONS FROM THE, with an interwoven Commentary, trans- 
 lated from the Arabic, methodically arranged, and illustrated by Notes, Svo. (pub. at 10s. 6d.), 
 cloth, 5s. 1843 
 
 LEAKE S (COL.) TRAVELS IN THE MOREA. 3 vols. 8vo. With a very large Map of 
 the Morea, and upwards of 30 various Maps, Plans, Plates of ancient Greek Inscriptions, be. 
 (pub. at 21. 5s.), cloth, 1/. 8s. 1830 
 
 LEWIS'S (MONK 1 ) LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE, with many Pieces in Prose and 
 Verse, never before published. 2 vols. 8vo, Portrait (pub. at 11. 8s.), cloth,. ft*; 183it 
 
 LISTERS LIFE OF EDWARD, FIRST EARL OF CLARENDON. With Original 
 
 Correspondence and Authentic Papers, never before published. 3 vols. Svo, Portrait (pub. ;;t 
 21. 8s.). cloth, 18s. 183S 
 
 " A Work of laborious research, written with masterly ability." Atlas. 
 
 LODGE'S (EDMUND) ILLUSTRATIONS OF BR TISH HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, 
 
 AND MANNERS, in the Reijrns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I. 
 Second Edition, with above 80 Autographs o. the principal Characters of the period. Three 
 vols. 8vo. (pub. at 1/. 16s.), cloth, ll. 183S 
 
 MACGREGORS PROGRESS OF AMERICA FROM THE DISCOVERY BY 
 
 COLUMBUS, to the year 1846, comprising its History and Statistics; 2 remarkably thick 
 volumes, imperial 8vo, cloth lettered (pub. at 4/. 14s. 6d.), ll. lis. 6c/. 1S17 
 
 MALCOLM'S MEMOIR OF CENTRAL INDIA. Two vols. 8vo, third edition, with large 
 Map (pub. at ll. 8s.), cloth, 18s. 1832 
 
 MALTE-BRUN AND BALBI'S UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY; comprising, 1. The 
 History of Geographical Discovery ; 2. Principles of Physical Geography; 3. Complete De- 
 scription, from the most recent sources, of all the Countries of the World. New and enlarged 
 Edition, revised and corrected throughout, with an Alphabetical Index of 13,500 Names. 
 Thick 8vo, cloth (pub. at 1/. 10s.), reduced to 15s. 1851 
 
 MARRYATS BORNEO AND THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. Imperial 8vo, 
 richly illustrated with numerous beautiful Lithographs, tinted like Drawings, and Engravings 
 on wood (pub. at ll. lis. 6d.), cloth gilt, 12s. 1848 
 
 MARTIN'S (MONTGOMERY) BRITISH COLON'AL LIBRARY; forming a popular 
 and Authentic description of all the Colonies of the British Empire, and embracing t lie His- 
 tory Physical Geography Geology Ciimate Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Kimrdoms 
 
 Government Finance Military Defence Commerce Shipping Monetary System - Religion 
 
 Population, White and Coloured Education and the Press Emigration Social State, &<., 
 of each Settlement. Founded on Official and Public Documents, furnished by Government, 
 the Hon. East India Company, &c. Illustrated by Original Maps and Plates. Ten volumes, 
 foolscap Svo (pub. at 31.), cioth, 11. 15*. 
 
 These 10 vols, contain the 5 vols. Svo, veibatim, with a few additions. Each volume of the 
 above series is complete In itself, and sold separately, as follows, at 3s. Gd. ; 
 
 Vol. I. The Canadas, Upper and Lower. 
 
 Vol. II. New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, Swan River, and South Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 Vol. III. The Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, and Seychelles. 
 
 Vol. IV. The West Indies. Vol. I. Jamaica, Honduras, Trinidad, Tobago, Granada, 
 the Bahamas, and the Virgin Isles. 
 
 Vol. V The West Indies. Vol. II.- British Guiana, Barbadoes, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, 
 Demerara, Essequibo, Berbice, Anguilla, Tortola, St. Kitt's, Barbuda, Andgua, Montserrat, 
 Dominica, and Nevis. 
 
 Vol. VI. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Isle, 
 The Bermudas, Newfoundland, and Hudson's Bay. 
 
 Vol. VII. Gibraltar, Malta, The Ionian Islands, &c. 
 
 Vol. VIII. The East Indies. Vol. I. containing Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Agra, &c. 
 
 Vol. IX. The East Indies. Vol. II. 
 
 Vol. X. British Possessions in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, viz. Ceylon. 
 Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Sier.a Leone, the Gambia, Cape Coas.t Castle, Accra, the 
 Falkland Islands, St. Helena, and Ascension. 
 MARTIN'S (MONTGOMERY) CHINA. Political, Commercial, and Social. Two vols. 
 8vo, C Maps, Statistical Tables, &c, (pub. at It. 4s.), cloth, 14s. 1847 
 
 MAXWELL'S LIFE OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON. Three handsome vols. 8vo. 
 Embellished with numerous highly- finished Line-Engravings by Cooper and other eminent 
 Artists, consisting ot Battle-Pieces, Portraits, Military Plans and Maps; besides a great 
 Dumber of tine Wood Engravings ; (pub. at 'M. 7s.), elegant in gilt cloth, 11. 10s. Large paper, 
 India proofs (pub. at 5/.), giit cloth, 21. 12s. (it/. 
 
 " Mr. Maxwell's ' Life of the Duke of Wellington, in our opinion, has no rival among similar 
 
 publications of the day We pronounce it free from flattery and bombast, succinct 
 
 and masterly The type and mechanical execution are admirable; the plans of 
 
 battles and sieges numerous, ample, and use ul; the pornaits of the Duke and his warrior 
 Contemporaries many and faithful; the battle pictures animated and brilliant; and the 
 \igneites of costumes and manners worthy of the military genius of Horace Vernet himself." 
 
 MILL'S ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, new edition, revised and corrected, 
 8vo, (pub. at 8s.), cloth, 3s. 6d UM 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN". 21 
 
 MINIATURE LIBRARY (BOHN'S.) 
 
 All foolscap 12mo., printed on the finest paper, and very elegantly boarded in ike new style of 
 morocco cloth. 
 
 BARBAULD AND AIKIN'S EVENINGS AT HOME; comprising a great variety 
 of musing Instruction for Young Persons, complete, elegantly printed, frontispieces", 
 cloth gilt (puh. at 6s. ) 3*.; or with giit edges, 3s. od. 
 
 EOURRIENNES MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON. One stout, closely but elegantly 
 printed volume, fcap. 12mo. with fine equestrian portrait of Napoleon, and frontispiece, 
 cloth gilt, (puh. at 5s.), 3s. 6d. ; or with gilt edges, 4*. 
 
 BUNYAN'S PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. Quite complete, including the Third Part 
 with a Life ;<nd numerous explanatory Notes by the Rev. T. Scott. Elegantly printed on 
 fine wove paper, and embellishedwith 25 fine lull-sized Woodcuts by Harvey", containing 
 all in Soutney'j edition, also a fine frontispiece and vignette, cloth gilt, 3s. 64. ; or with 
 gilt edja'S, is. 
 
 BYRON'S POETICAL WORKS, including several Suppressed Poems not published 
 in other editions, in 1 thick vol., with a beautiful Frontispiece, cloth giit, 3s. Cd. ; or with 
 giit edues, 4s. 
 
 BYRON'S DON JUAN, complete, elegantly printed, frontispieces, cloth gilt, (pub. 
 at :#.), 2$. Gd.; or with gilt edges, 3*. 
 
 CHEEVERS LECTURES ON BUNYAN'S PILGRIM'S PROGRESS, and the 
 
 Liie and Times of Bunyan, frontispieces, cloth gilt, l's. (id. 
 
 COLERIDGE S SELECT POETICAL WORKS, cloth gilt, 2s.; or gflt edges, & &. 
 
 COWPER'S POETICAL WORKS, with a short Life by Southey, including (for the 
 first time in a small size), all the Copyright Poems, complete in one handeeme volume, 
 fcp. 2;ino. (7M pages), very elegantly printed, with two extremely beautiful Frontispieces 
 alter Harvey, engraved on Steel by Goodall, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.; or with gilt edges, 4s. 
 
 DRYDENS POETICAL WORKS, complete in 1 vol. with a Portrait, Frontispiece 
 and Vignette Title, cloth gilt, 3. (><l. ; or with gilt edges, 4s. 
 
 ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF MANNERS AND ETIQUETTE; comprising an improved 
 dition of Chesterfield's Advice to his Son on Men and Manners; and The Young Man's 
 Own BOOK ; a Manual of Politeness, Intellectual Improvement, and Moral Deportment, 
 calculated to form the Character on a solid Basil, and to insure Respectability ana Success 
 in Liie, one elegantly printed volume, frontispiece, cloth gilt, 2s.; or with gilt edges, 2*. 6d. 
 
 HEBER'S (BISHOP) AND MRS. HEMAN'S POETICAL WORKS. Three vols. 
 in one, cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. ; or with gilt edges, 3*. 
 
 HERRICK S POETICAL WORKS, complete in one thick volume, elegantlv printed, 
 fine frontispiece by Cattermole, cloth gilt, 3*.; or with gilt edges, 3s. Id, 
 
 JOE MILLER'S JEST BOOK; being a Collection of the most excellent Bon Mots, 
 Brilliant Jests, and Striking Anecdotes in the English Language, complete in one thick and 
 closely but elegantly printed volume, frontispiece, cloth gilt (pub. at 4s.), 3s.; or with gilt 
 edgee, 3s. Cd. 
 
 NEW JOE MILLER. A Selection of Modern Jests, Witticisms, Droll Tales, &c. 
 cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. ; or with gilt edges, 3*. 
 
 LONGFELLOW'S POETICAL WORKS, viz., Voices of the Night Evangeline 
 Se.iside and Fireside Spanish Students Poetical Translations, 2 vols, in 1, portrait and 
 frontispieces, cloth gilt, 2s. M. ; or with gilt edges, 3s. 
 
 LONGFELLOW'S PROSE WORKS, viz., Outre-Mer Hyperion Kavanagh, 3 
 vols, iii 1, cloth gilt 2s. Cd.; or with gilt edges, 3s. 
 
 MILTON'S POETICAL WORKS, with Life and Notes by Dr. Stebbiptg; to winch 
 
 is prefixed Dr. Chanxixg's Essay on Milton. Frontispiece, cloth gilt. (pub. at Cs.), 
 3s. o '. ; or with gilt edges, 4s. 
 
 OSSIAN'S POEMS, translated by Machperson ; with Dissertations concerning 
 the Era and Poems of Ossiax; and Dr. Blair's Critical Dissertation. Complete i'n 
 1 neatly printed volume, frontispiece, new Edition, cloth gilt (pub. at 4s.), 3s.; or with 
 gilt edges, 3s. (k/. 
 
 POPE'S HOMER'S ILIAD, complete, with Explanatory Notes and Index, and an 
 Essay on the Lite, Writings, and Genius of Homer, elegantly printed, frontispieces, cloth 
 gut (pub. at 6s.), 3*.; or with gilt edges, 3s 6d. 
 
 This is the only pocket edition with notes. 
 
 SCOTT'S (SIR WALTER) POETICAL WORKS; containing Lay of the Last Min- 
 strel. Marmion, Lady of the Lake, Don Roderick, Rokeby, Ballads, Lvrics, and Songs; 
 with Notes, and a Life of the Author, complete in 1 elegant'ly printed volume, portrait and 
 frontispiece, cloth gilt (pub. at 5.), 3s. 6d.; or with gilt edges, 4s. 
 
 STURM'S REFLECTIONS ON THE WORKS OF GOD, and of his Providence 
 throughout all Nature, translated from the German, complete in 1 elegantly printed vol., 
 frontispiece, cloth gilt (pub. at 5s.), 3s. ; or witti giit edges, 3s. Gd. 
 
 THOMSON'S SEASONS, with his Castle of Indolence; 4 beautiful woodcuts, 
 cloth gilt, 2s. ; or with giJt edges, 2s 6d. 
 
 VATHEK AND THE AMBER WITCH. Two vols, in one, cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. : or 
 with gilt edges, 3s. 
 
22 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 MONSTRELETS CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE, by Colonkl 
 
 Johnes, with Notes, and upwards of 100 Woodcuts (uniform with Froissart), 2 vols, super 
 royal 8vo, cloth lettered (pub. at U. 10s.), ll. 4s. 
 
 MOORE'S (THOMAS) EPICUREAN, A TALE; AND ALCIPHRON, A POEM 
 
 Turner's Illustrated Edition, leap. 8vo, 4 beautiful Engravings (pub. at 10s. 6d.), cloth 3*. 
 or elegantly bound in morocco, 7s. fie/. 1839 
 
 NELSON'S LETTERS AND DISPATCHES, by Sm Hakris Nicolas, 7 vols, 8vo. 
 
 (pub. at 51. 10s.), cloth, 3/. 10s. 184546 
 
 OXFORD ENGLISH PRIZE ESSAYS, new Edition, brought down to 1836,5 vols, crown 
 8vo, cloth lettered (pub. at 21. 5s.), 1/. 5s. 
 
 PERCYS RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY, consisting of Old Heroic 
 Ballads, Songs, and other Pieces ot our Earlier Poets, together with some few of later date, 
 and a copious Glossary, complete in 1 vol. medium 8vo. New and elegant Edition, with beau- 
 tifully engraved Title and Frontispiece, by Stephanoff (pub. at 15*.), cloth gilt, 7*. Gc/. 
 
 "But above all, I then first became acquainted with Bishop Percy's * Reliques of Ancient 
 Poetry.' The first time, too, I could scrape a few shillings together, I bought unto myself a 
 copv of these beloved volumes; nor do I believe I ever read a book half so frequently, or with 
 half the enthusiasm." Sir Waller Scott. 
 
 " Percy's Reliques are the most agreeable selection, perhaps, which exists in any language." 
 Ellis. 
 
 RAFFLES' HISTORY OF JAVA, with an Account of Bencoolen, and Details of the 
 Commerce and Resources of the Indian Archipelago. Edited by Lady Raffles. Together 
 2 vols. 8vo, and a splendid quarto Atlas, containing upwards of 100 Plates by Daniell, 'many 
 finely coloured (pub. at 3^. 10s.), cloth, U. Is. 
 
 ROBINSON CRUSOE. Cabinet Pictorial Edition, including his further Adventures, 
 with Life of Defoe, &c , upwards of GO fine Woodcuts, from Designs by Harvey, post Svo. 
 New and improved Edition, with additional cuts, cloth gilt, 5s. 
 The only small edition which is quite complete. 
 
 "Perhaps there exists no work, either of instruction or entertainment, in the Eng'ish lan- 
 guage, which has been more generally read or more deservedly admired, than the Life and 
 Adventures of Robinson Crusoe." Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 ROBIN HOOD ; a Collection of all the Poems, Songs, and Ballads relating to tliis cele- 
 brated Yeoman ; to which is prefixed, his History from inedited Documents, and a Memoir of 
 Ritson, by J. M. Gutch, F.S.A. Two vols, elegantly printed in crown Svo, with Porirait of 
 Ritson, and upwards of 120 tasteful wood engravings by Faiilholt, extra cloth (pub. at 
 11. 10s.), reduced to 15s. 
 
 ROLLINS ANCIENT HISTORY. A New and complete Edition, with engraved 
 Frontispieces and 7 Maps. 2 vols, bound in 1 stout handsome vol. royal 8vo, (pub. at ll. is. ), 
 cloth, 12s. 
 
 The only complete edition in a compact form; it is uniform in size and appearance with 
 Moxon's Series of Dramatists, &c. The previous editions of Rollin in a single volume are 
 greatly abridged, and contain scarcely half the work. 
 
 ROSCOE S LIFE AND PONTIFICATE OF LEO THE TENTH. New and much 
 improved Edition, edited by his Son, Thomas Roscoe. Complete in 1 stout vol. Svo, closely 
 but very handsomely printed, illustrated by 3 fine Portraits, and numerous illustrative En- 
 gravings, as head and tail- pieces, cloth, 11. 4s. 1S45 
 
 ROSCOE'S LIFE OF LORENZO DE MEDICI, CALLED " THE MAGNIFICENT." 
 
 New and much improved Edition, edited by his Son, Thomas Roscoe. Complete in l stout 
 vol. Svo, closely but very handsomely printed, illustrated by numerous Engravings, introduced 
 as head and tail-pieces, cloth, \2s. 1815 
 
 " I have not terms sufficient to express my admiration of Mr. Roscoe's genius and erudition, 
 or my gratitude for the amusement and information I have received. I recommend his labours 
 to our country as works of unquestionable tienius and uncommon merit. They add the name of 
 Roscoe to the very first rank of English Classical Historians.'' Matthias, Pursuits nf Literature. 
 
 " Roscoe is, I think, by far the best of our Historians, both for beauty of style and for deep 
 reflections; and his translations of poetry are equal to the originals."' Wa//;r,7c, Eartcf Orjord 
 
 ROSCOE'S ILLUSTRATIONS, HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL, of the Life of 
 
 Lorenzo de Medici, with an Appendix of Original Documents. Svo, Portrait of Lorenzo, and 
 Plates (pub. at 14s.), boards, 7s., or in 4to, printed to match the original edition. Portrait and 
 Plates (pub. at 11. lis. M. ), boards, l(s. 
 *** This volume is supplementary to all editions of the work. 
 
 ROXBURGHE BALLADS, edited by John Payne Collifk, post 4to, beautifully 
 printed by Whittingham, and embellished with 50 curious Woodcuts, half bound morocco, 
 in the Roxburghe style (pub. at II. is.), 12s. IS!? 
 
 SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS AND POEMS. Valpy's Cabinet Pictorial Edition, with 
 Life, Glossarial Notes, and Historical Digests of each Flay, &c. 15 vols. fcap. 8vo, with 171 
 Plates engraved on steel after Designs of the most distinguished British Artists; also Fac- 
 similes of all the known Autographs of Shakespeare (pub. at 3/. 15*.), cloth, rich gilt, 21. 5s. 1843 
 
 SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS AND POEMS. 1 vol. 8vo, with Explanatory Notes, and a 
 Memoir by Dr. Johnson-, Portrait (pub. at 15s.), cloth, 7. M. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 23 
 
 SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS AND POEMS. Pocket Edition, with a Life by Alexander 
 Chalmers, complete in 1 thick vol. 12mo. printed in a Diamond type, with 40 steel Engravings 
 (pub. at 103. 6d.), cloth, 5s. 1848 
 
 SHAKSPERE'S PLAYS AND POEMS, with Explanatory Notes, and a Sketch of Ids 
 Life and Writings, edited by Charles Knight. Illustrated by 40 large Designs on wood 
 by W. Harvey-. Sixth Edition, thick Svo. cloth, 10*. Gd. 
 
 SHERIDAN'S (THE RIGHT HON. R. BRINSLEY) SPEECHES, with a Sketch of 
 his Life, edited by a Constitutional Friend. New and handsome library Edition, with Portrait, 
 complete in 3 vols. Svo. (pub. at 21. 5s.), cloth, 18*. 1812, 
 
 " Whatever Sheridan has done has been, par excellence, always the best of its kind. He has 
 written the best comedy (School forScandal), the best drama (TheDuenna), the best farce (The 
 Critic), and the best address (Monologue on Garrick) ; and to crown all, delivered the very 
 best oration (the famous Begum Speech) ever conceived or heard in this country." Byron. 
 
 SHIPWRECKS AND DISASTERS AT SEA. Narratives of the most remarkable 
 Wrecks, Conflagrations, Mutinies, &c. comprising the " Loss of the Wager," ''Mutiny of the 
 Bounty," &c. 12mo, Frontispiece and Vignette (pub. at 6*.), cloth, 3*. 
 
 SMOLLETT'S WORKS, Edited by Roscoe. Complete in 1 vol. (Roderick Random, 
 Humphrey Clinker, Peregrine Pickfe, Launcelot Greaves, Count Fathom, Adventures of an 
 Atom, Travels, Plays, &c.) Medium 8vo, with 21 capital Plates, by Cruikshank (pub. at 
 11. 4 ), cloth gilt, 14s. 
 
 " Perhaps no book ever written excited such peals of inextinguishable laughter as Smol- 
 lett's. Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 SOUTHEY'S LIVES OF UNEDUCATED POETS- To which are added, "Attempts 
 in Verse," by John Jones, an Old Servant. Crown 8vo, (pub. at 10*. Gd.), cloth, 4s. 6c/. 
 
 Murray, 1836 
 
 SPENSER'S POETICAL WORKS. Complete, with Introductory Observations on the 
 Faerie Queen, and Glossarial Notes, handsomely printed in 5 vols, post 8vo, fine Portrait, 
 (pub. at 2s. 12s. Gd.), cloth, 1/. Is. 1845 
 
 STERNE'S WORKS. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo, Portrait and Vignette (pub. at ISs.) 
 cloth, 10s. Gd. 
 
 ST. PIERRE'S WORKS, including the "Studies of Nature," "Paul and Virginia," and 
 the u Indian Cottage," with a Memoir of the Author, and Notes, by the Rev. E. Clarke 
 complete in 2 thick vols. fcap. 8vo, Portrait and Frontispieces (pub. at Ids.), cloth, 7*. 1846 
 
 SWIFT'S WORKS. Edited by Roscoe. Complete in 2 vols, medium 8vo, Portrait, 
 
 (pub. at )/. 12*.), cloth gilt. 1/. 4s. 
 " Whoever in the three kingdoms has any books at all has Swift." Lord Chesterfield. 
 
 TAYLOR'S (W. B. S.) HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN. Numerous 
 Wood Engravings of its Buildings and Academic Costumes (pub. at 1/.), cloth, 7*. 6c/. 1845 
 
 THIERS' HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, the 10 parts in 1 thick vol- 
 royal Svo, handsomely printed, cloth lettered (pub. at 1/. 5*.), 10s. 
 
 THIERS' HISTORY OF THE CONSULATE AND EMPIRE OF NAPOLEON, 
 
 the 10 parts in 1 thick vol., royal 8vo, handsomely printed, cloth lettered (pub. at 1/. 5*.), 10*. 
 
 TUCKER'S LIGHT OF NATURE PURSUED. Complete in 2 vols. 8vo. (pub. atK 10*.), 
 
 cloth, 15s. 
 
 "The 'Light of Nature' is a work which, after much consideration, I think myself autho- 
 rized to call the most original and profound that has ever appeared on moral philosophy. Sir 
 James Mackintosh. 
 
 TYTLER'S ELEMENTS OF GENERAL HISTORY. New Edition, thick 12mo, (526 
 closely printed pages), steel Frontispiece (pub. at 5*.), cloth, 3s. Gd. 
 
 WADE'S BRITISH HISTORY, CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. Comprehending 
 a classified Analysis of Events and Occurrences in Church and State, and of the Constitutional, 
 Political, Commercial, Intellectual, and Social Progress of the United Kingdom, from the first 
 Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of Queen Victoria, with very copious Index and 
 Supplement. New Edition. 1 large remarkably thick vol. royal 8vo, (120*0 pages), cloth, 18s. 
 
 WALTON AND COTTON'S COMPLETE ONGLER, edited by Joitn Major; the 
 second improved Edition, with new Plates, elegantly printed in fcap. Svo, with 12 exquisite 
 Engravings on steel, by Wilmore, Absolov, and others, and 71 fine wood Engravings after 
 Creswick, Kenny Meadows, Cooper, Lance, &c. (pub. at 18s.), cloth gilt, 9s. 1844 
 This is by far the most elegant and compact edition ever published of this universal favourite. 
 
 WATERSTON'S CYCLOP/EDIA OF COMMERCE, MERCANTILE LAW, FINANCE, 
 COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY AND NAVIGATION. New Edition, including the New 
 Tariff (complete to the present time) ; the French Tariff, as far as it concerns this Country; 
 and a Treatise on the Principles, Practice and History of Commerce, by J. R. M'Culloch. 
 1 very thick closely printed vol. Svo, (900 pages), with 4 Maps (pub. at 1/. 4s.), extra cloth, 
 10s. Gd. 
 
 "This capital work will be found a most valuable manual to every commercial man, and a 
 useful book to the general reader." 
 
24 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS 
 
 WEBSTER'S AND WORCESTER'S NEW CRITICAL AND PRONOUNCING 
 
 DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, including Scientific Terms: to which 
 are adiled Walker's Key to the Pronunciation of Classical and Scriptural Proper Names, 
 much enlarged : and a Pronouncing Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names. New Edi- 
 tion, enlarged and entirely revised by Worcester. In 1 thick vol. royal 8vo (pub. at 11. 5s. ), 
 cloth, 15*. 1851 
 
 WHITE'S FARRIERY, improved by Rosser, 8vo, with Plates engraved on steel (pub. 
 at. 14a.), cloth, 7s. 1847 
 
 WHYTE'S HISTORY OF THE BRITISH TURF, FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD 
 TO THE PRESENT DAY. 2 vols. Svo, Plates (pub. at 11. 8*.), cloth, 12s. 1840 
 
 WILLIS'S PENCILLINGS BY THE WAY. Anew and beautiful Edition, with addi- 
 tions, fcap. 8vo, fine Portrait and Plates (pub. at 6s.), extra red Turkey cloth, richly gilt back, 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 " A lively record of first impressions, conveying vividly what was seen, heard, and felt, by an 
 active and inquisitive traveller, through some of the most interesting parts of Europe. His 
 curiosity and love of enterprise are unbounded. The narrative is told in easy, fluent language, 
 with a poet's power of illustration." Eoinburyh Review. 
 
 WRANGELL'S EXPEDITION TO SIBERIA AND THE POLAR SEA. Edited by 
 Lieut.-Col. Sabine, thick 12mo, large Map and Portrait (pub. at 6?.), cloth, is. 6d. 1844 
 
 WRIGHT'S COURT HAND RESTORED, or the Student assisted in reading old 
 Charters, Deeds, &c. small 4to. 23 plates (pub. at 11. 6s.), cloth, 15s. 1846 
 
 ^fieologg, JHorals, (JBccIestastical f^istorg, a. 
 
 BAXTER'S (RICHARD) WORKS, with Sketch of the Life, and Essay on the Genius 
 
 of the Author, 4 vols, imperial 8vo, (pub. at 4/. 4s.), 21. 12s. 6d. 
 
 BINGHAM'S ANTIQUITIES OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. New and improved 
 
 Edition, carefully revised, with an enlarged Index. 2 vols. imp!. 8vo, cloth, 1/. lis. 6c/. 1850 
 
 Bingham is a writer who does equal honour to the English clergy and to the English nation, 
 
 and whose learning is only to be equalled by his moderation and impartiality. "Quarterly Rev. 
 
 CALMET'S DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE, WITH THE BIBLICAL FRAG- 
 MENTS, by the late Charles Taylor. 5 vols. 4to. illustrated by 202 Copper-plate Engrav- 
 ings. Eighth greatly enlarged Edition, beautifully printed on fine wove paper (pub. at 
 10/. 10s.), gilt cloth, 41. 14s. 6d. 
 
 "Mr. Taylor's improved edition of Calmet's Dictionary is indispensably necessary to every 
 Biblical Student. The additions made under the title of ' Fragments' are extracted from the 
 most rare and authentic Voyages and Travels into Judea and other Oriental countries; and 
 comprehend an assemblage of curious and illustrative descriptions, explanatory of Scripture 
 incidents, customs, and manners, which could not possibly be explained by any other medium. 
 The numerous engravings throw great light on Oriental customs." Home. 
 
 CALMET'S DICTIONARY OF THE HOLY BIBLE, abridged, 1 large vol. imp. 8vo, 
 Woodcuts and Maps (pub. at 1/. 4s.), cloth, 15s. 
 
 CARY'S TESTIMONIES OF THE FATHERS OF THE FIRST FOUR CENTURIES 
 
 TO THE CONSTITUTION AND DOCTRINES OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, 
 as S3t forth in the XXXIX Articles, 8vo, (pub. at 12s.), cloth, 7s. Gd. Oxford, Talboys. 
 
 "This work may be classed with those of Peai son and Bishop Bull; and such a classifica- 
 tion is no mean honour." Church of England Quarterly. 
 
 CHARNOCKS DISCOURSES UPON THE EXISTENCE AND ATTRIBUTES OF 
 
 GOD. Complete in 1 thick closely printed vol. 8vo, with Portrait (pub. at 14s.), cloth, 6s. 6cL 
 " Perspicuity and depth, metaphysical sublimity and evangelical simplicity, immense learn- 
 ing but irrefragable reasoning, conspire to render this performance one of the most inestimable 
 productions that ever did honour to the sanctified judgment and genius of a human being." 
 Toplady. 
 
 CHRISTIAN EVIDENCES. Containing the following esteemed Treatises, with Tre- 
 
 fatory Memoirs by the Rev. J. S. Memf.s, LL.D., viz: Watson's Apology for Christianity; 
 
 Watson's Apology for the Bible; Paley's Evidences of Christianity ; Paley's Horaj Paulinse; 
 Jenyns' Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion; Leslie's Truth of Christianity Demon- 
 strated; Leslie's Short and Easy Method with the Deists; Leslie's Short and Easy Method 
 with the Jews; Chandler's Plain Reasons for being a Christian : Lyttleton on the Conversion 
 of .st. Paul; Campbell's Dissertation on Miracles; Sherlock's Trial of the Witnesses, with 
 Sequel; West on the Resurrection. In 1 vol. royal 8vo (pub. at 14s.), cloth, 10s. 
 
 CHRISTIAN TREASURY. Consisting of the following Expositions and Treatises, Edited 
 by Memes, viz: Magee's Discourses and Dissertations on the Scriptural Doctrines of Atone- 
 ment and Sacrifice; Witherspoon's Practical Treatise on Regeneration; Boston's Crook in the 
 Lot; Guild's Moses Unveiled; Guild's Harmony of all the Prophets; Less'l Authenticity, 
 Uncorrupted Preservation, and Credibility of the" New Testament; Stuart's Letters on the 
 Divinity of Christ. In 1 vol. royal Svo (pub. at 12s.), cloth, 8s. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. 25 
 
 CRUDENS CONCORDANCE TO THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT, revised 
 and condensed by G. H. Hannay, thick 18mo, beautifully printed (pub. at 6*.), cloth, 3s. 6d. 
 
 " An extremely pretty and very cheap edition. It contains all that is useful in the original 
 work, omitting only prepositions, conjunctions, &c, which can never be made available for 
 purposes of reference. Indeed it is all that the Scripture student can desire." Guardian. 
 
 FOXS BOOK OF MARTYRS; the Acts and Monuments of the Church, edited hy 
 Dr. Cumming, 3 vols. imp. 8vo, with upwards of 1000 wood illustrations, imperial 8vo, extra 
 cloth (pub. at 3/. 13s. Qd.), 21. 12s. Gd. 
 
 FULLER'S (REV. ANDREW) COMPLETE WORKS; with a Memoir of his Life, hyhis 
 Son, 1 large vol. imperial Svo, New Edition, Portrait (pub. at 11. 10s.), cloth, 18s. 
 
 GRAVES'S (DEAN) LECTURES ON THE PENTATEUCH. 8vo, New Edition (pub. 
 at 13*.), cloth, 9s. 1846 
 
 HALL'S (THE REV. ROBERT) COMPLETE WORKS, with a Memoir of his Life, hy 
 Dr. Olinthus Gregory, and Observations on his Character as a Preacher, by John Foster, 
 Author of Essays on Popular Ignorance, &c. ; 6 vols. 8vo, handsomely printed, wiia beautiful 
 Portrait (pub. at 3/. 16s.), cloth, contents lettered, If. lis. 6d. 
 The same, printed in a smaller size, 6 vols. fcap. 8vo, 1/. Is., cloth lettered. 
 ' Whoever wishes to see the English language in its perfection must read the writings of that 
 great Divine, Robert Hall. He combines the beauties of Johnson, Addisox, and Burke, 
 without their imperfections." Uuyald Steicart. 
 
 44 1 cannot do better than refer the academic reader to the immortal works of Robert Hall. 
 For moral grandeur, for Christian truth, and for sublimity, we may doubt whether they have 
 their match in the sacred oratory of any age or country." Professor Sedywtck. 
 
 44 The name of Robert Hall will be placed by posterity among the best writers of the aire, as 
 well as the most vigorous defenders of religious truth, and the brightest examples of Christian 
 charity ."Sir J. Maektnt'tsh. 
 
 HENRY'S (MATTHEW) COMMENTARY ON THE BIBLE, hy Bickkiistetii. In 
 6 vols. 4to, New Edition, printed on tine paper, (pub. at 91. 9s.), cloth, 3/. 13s. 6d. 
 
 WILL'S (REV. ROWLAND) MEMOIRS, by his Friend, the Rev. W. Jonks. Edited, 
 with a Preface, by the Rev. James Shkrma.v (Rowland Hill's Successor as Minis er of 
 Surrey Chapel). Second Edition, carefully revised, thick post 8vo, fine steel Portrait (pub. 
 at los.), cloth, 5s. 
 
 HOPKINS'S (BISHOP) WHOLE WORKS, with a Memoir of the Author, and a very 
 extensive general Index of Texts and Subjects, 2 vols, royal 8vo (pub. at 11. 4s.), cloth, Ijs. 
 "Bishop Hopkins's works form of themselves a sound body of divinity. He is clear, vehe- 
 ment, and persuasive." Bickersteth. 
 
 HORNE ON THE PSALMS, a Commentary on the Book of Psalms, in which their 
 literal sense aud metaphorical application is pointed out. New and elegant edition, complete 
 in one volume, Svo, cloth (pub. at Ss.). 6s. 6d. 
 
 HOWE'S WORKS, with Life, hy Calamy, 1 large vol. imperial 8vo, Portrait (pub. at 
 
 1/. 10*.), cloth, 1/. 10s. 
 
 44 1 have learned far more from John Howe than from any other author I ever read. There 
 is an astonishing magnificence in his conceptions. He was unquestionably the greatest of the 
 Puritan divines." Robert Hall. 
 
 HUNT INGDON'S (COUNTESS OF) LIFE AND TIMES- By a Member of the Houses 
 of Shirley and Hastings. Sixth Thousand, with a copious Index. 2 large vols. 8vo, Portrait! 
 of the Countess, Whitfield, and Wesley (pub. at U. 4s.), cloth, 14*. 
 
 LEIGHTON'S (ARCHBISHOP) WHOLE WORKS; to which is prefixed a Life of the 
 Author, by the Rev. N. T. Pearson. New Edition, 2 thick vols. 8vo, Portrait (pub. at 11. 4.) 
 extra cloth, 16s. The only complete Edition. 
 
 LEIGHTON'S COMMENTARY ON PETER; with Life by Pearson, complete in 1 
 thick handsomely printed vol. 8vo, Portrait (pub. at 12s.), cloth, 9s. 
 
 LIVES OF THE ENGLISH SAINTS. By the Rev. J. II. Newman and others, 14 vols. 
 ItBM (pub. at 21. 8s.), sewed in ornamental covers, 11. 1*. 1S.1 5 
 
 M'CRIE'S LIFE OF JOHN KNOX, with illustrations of the History of the Reformation 
 in Scotland. New Edition with numerous Additions, and a Memoir, &c. by Andrew Ciuchton, 
 Fcap. Svo (pub. at 5s.), cloth, 3s. lid. 1847 
 
 MAGEE'S (ARCHBISHOP) WORKS, comprising Discourses and Dissertations on the 
 Scriptural Doctrines of Atonement and Sacrifice; Sermons, and Visitation Charges. With a 
 Memoir of his Life, by the Rev. A. II. Kenny, D.D. 2 vols. 8vo (pub. at 11. 6*.), cloth, 18s. 
 
 "Discovers such deep research, yields so much valuable information, and affords no many 
 helps to the refutation of error, as to constitute the most valuable treasure of biblical learning 
 of which a Christian scholar can be possessed." Christian Observer. 
 
 MORES (HANNAH) L'FE. by the Rev. IIkntiy Thompson, post Svo, printed uniformly 
 with her works, Portrait, and Wood Engravings (pub. at 12s.), extra cloth, 6s. Cadel>, 1838 
 
 "Ti.is may be called the official edition ofHannah More's Life. It brings so much new and 
 interesting matter into the field respecting her, that it will receive a hearty welcome from the 
 public. Anions the rest, the particulars of most, of her publications will reward U\e curiosity 
 f literary readers." Literary Gazette. 
 
26 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 MORE'S fHANNAH) WORKS, complete in 11 vols. fcap. 8vo, with portrait and vig- 
 nette titles, cloth, 1/. 18s. (k<. 18j3 
 MORE'S (HANNAH) SPIRIT OF PRAYER, fcap. 8vo, Portrait (pub. at Qs.), cloth, 4s. 
 
 Cadell, 1843 
 
 MORES (HANNAH) MORAL SKETCHES OF PREVAILING OPINIONS AND 
 
 MANNERS, Foreign and Domestic, with Reflections on Prayer, post 8vo (pub. at <js.) r 
 cloth, 4s. 
 
 MORES (HANNAH) ESSAY ON THE CHARACTER AND PRACTICAL 
 
 WRITINGS OFST. PAUL, post 8vo (pub. at 10s. 6cZ.), cloth, 5s. 
 
 MORE'S (HANNAH) CHRISTIAN MORALS. Post Svo (pub. at 10*. 6d.), cloth, 5*. 
 MORE'S (HANNAH) PRACTICAL PIETY; Or the Influence of the Religion of the 
 
 Heart on the Conduct of the Life, 32mo, Portrait, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 The only complete small edition. It was revised just before her death, and contains much 
 
 improvement, which is copyright. 
 
 MORE'S (HANNAH) SACRED DRAMAS chiefly intended for Young People, to which 
 is added " Sensibility," an Epistle, Simo (pub. at 2s. 6c/.), gilt cloth, g^t edges, 2s. 
 This is the last genuine edition, and contains some copyright additions, which are not in any 
 
 other. 
 
 MORE'S (HANNAH) SEARCH AFTER HAPPINESS; with Ballads, Tales, Hymns, 
 and Epitaphs, 32mo (pub. at 2s. 6d.), gilt cloth, gilt edges, Is. GtZ. 
 
 NEFF (FELIX) LIFE AND LETTERS OF, translated from the French of M. BosT,by 
 
 M. A. Wyatt, leap. 8vo, Portrait (pub. at Cs. ), cloth, 2s. Gc/. 1843 
 
 NEWTON'S (REV. JOHN) WORKS, with a Life of the Author, by the Rev. Richard 
 
 Cecil, and an introduction by the Rev. T. Cunningham, M.A. imperial Svo, with Portrait 
 (pub. at It. 5s.), 15s. 
 
 PALEY'S WORKS, in 1 vol. consisting of his Natural Theology, Moral and Political 
 Philosophy, Evidences of Christianity, llorae Paulinas, Clergyman's Companion in visiting the 
 Sick, &c. Svo, handsomely printed in double columns (pub. at 10s. Gc/.), cloth, 5s. 
 
 RIDDLES ECCLESIASTICAL CHRONOLOGY; or Annals of the Christian Church 
 from its Foundation to the Present 'lime ; containing a View of General Church History (in- 
 cluding Controversies, Sects, and Parties, Ecclesiastical Writers, &c.) 8vo, cloth (pub. at 
 15s.), reduced to 7s. Qd. 
 
 SCOTT'S (REV. THOMAS) COMMENTARY ON THE BIBLE, with the Author's 
 las Corrections and Improvements, and 81 beautiful Woodcut Illustrations and Maps. 3 vols, 
 imperial 8vo (pub. at At. 4s.), cloth, 11. 10s. 1850 
 
 SIMEON'S WORKS, including his Skeletons of Sermons and Horse Homileticae, or 
 Discourses digested into one continued Series, and forming a Commentary upon every Book 
 of the Old and New Testament; to which are annexed an improved edition oi Claude's Essay 
 on the Composition of a Sermon, and very comprehensive Indexes, edited by Rev. Thomas 
 Hartwell Horxe, 21 vols. Svo (pub. at 10*. 10s.), cloth, 71. 7s. 
 
 The following miniature editions of Simeon's popular works are uniformly printed in Z2mo> and 
 
 bound in cloth ; 
 THE CHRISTIAN'S ARMOUR, 9tf. 
 THE EXCELLENCY OF THE LITURGY, 9rf. 
 THE OFFICES OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, 94. 
 
 HUMILIATION OF THE SON OF GOD; TWELVE SERMONS, 9d. 
 APPEAL TO MEN OF WISDOM AND CANDOUR, 9d. 
 DISCOURSES ON BEHALF OF THE JEWS, Is. GcZ. 
 
 "The works of Simeon, containing 2536 discourses on the principal passages of the Old and 
 New Testament will be found peculiarly adapted to assist the studies of the younger clergy in 
 their preparation for the pulpit; they will likewise serve as a Body of Divinity; and are by 
 many recommended as a Biblical Commentary, well adapted to be read in families." Lowndes. 
 
 SMYTH'S (REV. DR ) EXPOSITION OF VARIOUS PASSAGES OF HOLY 
 
 SCRIPTURE, adapted to the Use of Families, lor every Day throughout the Year, 3 vols. Svo 
 (puU. at U. lis. (id.), cloth, 9s. 1842 
 
 SOUTH'S (DR. ROBERT) SERMONS: to which are annexed the chief heads of the 
 Sermons, a Biographical Memoir, and General Index, 2 vols, royal Svo (pub. at I*. 4s.), 
 cloth, 15s. 
 
 STEB3INCS HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST, from the Diet of Augsburg, 
 1M0, to the present Century, 3 vols. Svo (pub. at 1/. 16s.), cloth, 12s. 1SJ9 
 
 STURM'S MORNING COMMUNING WITH GOD, OR DEVOTIONAL 
 
 j\ EDITA'I IONS FOR EVERYDAY IN THE YEAR, translated from the German. New 
 Edition, post svo, cloth, 5s. 
 
 TAYLOR'S (JEREMY) COMPLETE WORKS, with an Essay, Biographical and 
 Critical ; 3 large vols, imperial 8vo, Portrait (pub. at 31. 15s.), cloth, 3/. 3s. 
 
PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY II. G. BOIIN. 27 
 
 TAYLOR'S (ISAAC OF ONGAR) NATURAL HISTORY OF ENTHUSIASM, 
 
 'i '.nth Edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth, ft*. 
 
 " It is refreshing to us to meet with a work bearing, as (his unquestionably does, the impress 
 of ho'd, powerful, and original thought. Its most strikingly original views, however, never 
 transgress the hounds of pure Protestant orthodoxy, or violate the spirit of truth and soher- 
 ness; and yet it discusses topics constituting the very root and basis of those furious polemics 
 which have shaken repeatedly the whole intellectual and moral world." Athenwum. 
 TAYLOR'S (ISAAC) FANATICISM. Third Edition, carefully revised. Fcap. 8vo 
 
 , 6s. 
 " It is the reader's fault if he does not rise from the perusal of such a volume as the present 
 a wiser and a better man. Eclectic Review. 
 
 TAYLORS (ISAAC) SATURDAY EVENING, Seventh Edition. 1'cap. 8vo, cloth, 5s. 
 " ' Saturday Evening,' and * Natural History of Enthusiasm,' are two noble productions." 
 Blockii'ood's Magazine. 
 
 TAYLOR'S (ISAAC) ELEMENTS OF THOUGHT, or concise Explanations, alpha- 
 betical^ arranged, of the principal Terms employed in the usual Branches of Intellectual 
 Philosophy. Ninth Edition. 12mo, cloth, 4s. 
 
 TOMLINE'S (BISHOP) ELEMENTS OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY, Fourteenth 
 Edition, with additional Notes and Summary, bySTEnniNG. 2 vols. 8vo, cloth, lettered (pub. 
 at 1/. Is.), 10*. M. 
 
 TOMLINE'S (BISHOP) INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE, 
 
 OR ELEMENTS OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY. Containing Proofs of the Authenticity 
 and Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures; a Summary of the History of the Jews; an Account of 
 the Jewish Sects; and a brief Statement of the Contents of the several Books of the Old and 
 New Testaments. Nineteenth Edition, elegantly printed on line paper, 12mo (pub. at 5s. Gc/.), 
 cloth, 3s. 6d. 
 
 ** Well adapted as a manual for students in divinity, and may be read with advantage by the 
 most experienced divine." Marsh's Lecture*. 
 
 WADDINGTON'S (DEAN OF DURHAM) HISTORY OF THE CHURCH, 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE REFORMATION. 3 vols. 8vo (pub. at U. IDs.)' 
 cloth boards, U. 1*. 
 
 WADDINGTON'S (DEAN OF DURHAM) HISTORY OF THE CHURCH, 
 
 DURING THE REFORMATION. 3 vols. 8\o (pub. at 4/. 1 1*. fid.), cloth boards, is*. 18-11 
 
 WILBERFCRCE'S PRACTICAL VIEW OF CHRISTIANITY, With a comprehensive 
 Memoir of the Author, by the Rev. T. Price, lBmo, printed in a large handsome type (pub. at 
 6s. ) , gilt cloth, 2*. Gd. UM 3 
 
 Jporcitjn languages ani ^Literature. 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 CLASSICS AND TRANSLATIONS, CLASSICAL CRITICISM, DICTIONARIES, 
 GRAMMARS, COLLEGE AND SCHOOL BOOKS, ATLASES, &c. 
 
 ATLASES A NEW GENERAL ATLAS, engraved by Sidnky Hall, demy folio, 
 g Maps, with the Divisions and Boundaries carefully coloured, and a complete General 
 Index. New Edition, corrected to the present time, half morocco, 2t. 12r. Gd. 
 
 WILKINSONS CLASSICAL AND SCRIPTURAL ATLAS, with Historical and 
 Chronological Tables, imperial 4to. New and improved Edition, 53 maps, coloured (pub. at 
 21. 4s.), half bound morocco, 1/. 1). Gd. 1842 
 
 WILKINSON'S GENERAL ATLAS. New and improved Edition, with all the Railroads 
 inserted. Population according to the last Census, Parliamentary Returns, &c, imperial 4to. 
 4G Ma,;s, coloured (pub. at It. Mil.), half bound morocco, 1/. 5*. ibi'i 
 
 AINSWORTH'S LATIN DICTIONARY, by Dr. Jamikson, an enlarged Edition, con- 
 taining all the words of the Q,uarto Dictionary. Thick 8vo, neatly bound ( pub. at ] U. ) 9s. 
 
 7 1847 
 
 BIBLIA HEBRAICA, EX EDITIONE VANDER HOOGHT. Recognovit J. D. Allk- 
 
 makd. Very thick Svo, handsomely printed (pub. at \t. 5s.), cloth, 10.?. Cd. Land. Duncan, 1850 
 
 BOURNE'S (VINCENT) POETICAL WORKS, Latin and English, LSrno (pub. at 
 
 3?. 6cZ.), cloth, 2s. fid. 1838 
 
 the same, large paper, an elegant volume, 12mo (pub. at 5s.), cloth, 3s. Cut. 1838 
 
 CICERO'S LIFE, FAMILIAR LETTERS, AND LETTERS TO ATTICUS, 
 
 by Middle-ton, Melmoth, and Heberden, complete in one thick vol. royal 8vo, portrait, 
 (pub. at 1/. 4s.), cloth, 12s. 1818 
 
 CORPUS POETARUM LATINORUM. Edidit G. S. Walker. Complete in 1 very 
 
 thick vol. royal Svo (pub. at 21. 2*.), cloth, 18s. 
 This comprehensive volume contains a library of the poetical Latin classics, correctly 
 
 printed from the best texts, viz; 
 
 Catullus, Virgil, Lucan, Sulpicia, Calpurnius Siculus 
 
 Tihullns, Ovid, Persius, Statins, Ausoidus, 
 
 Propertius, Horace, Juvenal, Si ins Italicus, Claudian. 
 
 Luerethis, Pincdrus, Martial, Valerius Placcus, 
 
28 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 DAMNSI LEXICON GR/ECUM, HQMERICUM ET PINDARICUM. Cura Duncan, 
 ro\al 4to, New Edition, printed on fine paper (pub. at 31. 5s.), cloth, 11. Is. 1842 
 
 "An excellent work, the merits of which have been universally acknowledged by literary 
 characters." Dr. Dibdin. 
 
 DEMOSTHENES, translated by Lkland, the two vols. 8vo, complete in 1 vol. 12mo> 
 handsomely printed in double columns, in pearl type, portrait (pub. at iis. ), cloth, 3s. 
 
 DONNEGAN'S GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON, enlarged; with examples, literally 
 translated, selected from the classical authors. Fourth Edition, considerably enlarged, care- 
 fully revised, and materially improved throughout; thick 8vo (17a2 pages)'(pub. at 2/. 2s.), 
 cloth, 15s. 
 
 GRAGLIAS ITALIAN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-ITALIAN DICTIONARY, with a 
 compendious Italian Grammar and Supplementary Dictionary of Naval Terms, ISino, roan 
 (pub. at 8s.), 4s. 6c/. 
 
 HERMANNS MANUAL OF THE POLITICAL ANTIQUITIES OF GREECE, 
 
 Historically considered, translated from the German, 8vo (pub. at 15s.), cloth, 10s. ('.<). 
 
 Orford. Talboy*, 183fi 
 "Hermann's Manual of Greek Antiquities is most important." Thirlwali's Hist, oj Greece, 
 vol. 1, p. 443. 
 
 HERODOTUS, CAREYS (REV. H.) GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO 
 
 HERODOTUS, adapted to the Text of Gaisford and Baehr, and all other Editions, 8vo, cloth 
 (pub. at 12s.), 8s. 
 
 LEMPRIERE'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. Miniature Edition, containing a full 
 Account of all the Proper names mentioned in Ancient Authors, and much useful information 
 respecting the uses and habits of the Greeks and Romans. New and complete Edition, 
 elegantly printed in pearl type, in 1 very thick vol. 18mo (pub. at 7s. 6d.), cloth, is. (id. 
 
 LIVII HISTORIA, EX RECENSIONE DRAKENBORCHII ET KREYSSIG; 
 
 Et Annotationes Crevierii, Stkothii, Ruperti, et aliorum ; Animadversiones Niemuhrii, 
 
 Wachsmuthii, et suas addidit Travkrs Twiss, J. C. B. Coll. Univ. Oxon. Socius et Tutor. 
 
 Cum Indiee amplissimo, 4 vols. 8vo (pub. at 1/. 18s.), cloth, 1/. 8*. Oxford, 1811 
 
 This is the best and most useful edition of Livy ever published in octavo, and it is preferred 
 
 in all our universities and classical schools. 
 LIVY. Edited by Prendeville. Livii Historise libri quinque priores, with English 
 
 Notes, by Prendeville. New Edition, 12mo, neatly bound in roan, 5*. 
 
 the same, Books 1 to III, separately, cloth, 3s. 6c/. 
 
 the same, Books IV and V, cloth, 3s. 6c/. 
 
 NEW MATS PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF RHETORIC; or, the Principles and Rules of 
 Style, with Examples. Sixth Edition, 12mo (pub, at 5s. 6c/.), cloth 3s. 6c/. 
 
 OXFORD CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, from the 
 ear iest Period to the present Time : in which all the great Events. Civil, Religious, Scien'ific, 
 and Literary, of the various Nations of the Wor.d are placed, at one view, under the eve of the 
 Reader in a Series of parallel columns, so as to exhibit the state of the whole Civilized World 
 at any epoch, and at the same time form a continuous chain of History, with Genealogical 
 Tables of all the principal Dynasties. Complete in 3 Sections; viz;]. Ancient History, 
 TI. Middle Ages. III. Modern History. With a most complete Index to the entire work, 
 folio (pub. at 1/. 16s.), half bound morocco, 1/. Is. 
 
 The above is also sold separatelv, as follows; 
 THE MIDDLE AGES AND MODERN HISTORY, 2 parts in 1, folio (pub. at 1Z. 2s. 6c/.), 
 
 sewed, Lis. 
 MODERN HISTORY, folio (pub. at 12s. ), sewed, 8*. 
 
 PLUTARCH'S LIVES, hy the Langhoknes. Complete in 1 thick vol. 8vo (pub. at 
 
 15s.), cloth, 7s. 6c/. 
 
 RAMSHORNS DICTIONARY OF LATIN SYNONYMES, for the Use of Schools and 
 Private Students. Translated and edited by Dr.Lieber. Post8vo. (pub. at 7*.), cloth, 4s. 6d. 
 
 1841 
 RITTERS HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, translated from the German, 
 by A. J. W. Morrison, B.A.. Trinity College, Cambridge. 4 vols. 8vo, now completed, with 
 a General Index, cloth, letterfd (pub. at 3*. 4s.). 21. 2s. 
 The Fourth Volume may be had separately. Cloth, 16s. 
 
 " An important work : it may he said to have superseded all the previous histories of philo- 
 sophy, and to have become the standard work on the subject. Mr. Johnson is also exempt 
 from the usual faults of translators.' Quarterly Review. 
 
 SCHOMANN'S HISTORY OF THE ASSEMBLIES OF THE ATHENIANS, 
 
 translated Irom the Latin, with a compiete Index, 8vo. (pub. at 10s. 6c/.), cloth, 5s. Comb. 183s 
 
 A book of the same school and character as the works of Heeren, Boeckh, Schlegel, &c 
 
 ELLENDT'S GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO SOPHOCLES, translated by 
 
 Cary. 8vo, (pub. at 12s.),, cloth, 0s. <jd. Orford, Talboys, 1841 
 
 STUARTS HEBREW CHRESTOMATHY, designed as an Introduction to a Course 
 
 of Hebrew Study. Third Edition, 8vo, (pub. at 14s. j, cloth, 9s. Oxford, Taiboys, 1834 
 
 This work, which was designed by its learned author to facilitate the study of Hebrew, has 
 
 had a very extensive sale in America. It n.r.ns a desirable adjunct to all Hebrew Grammars, 
 
 ind is sullicient to complete the system )f instruction in that language. 
 
PUBLISHED OH SOLD BY H. G. BOIIN. 20 
 
 TACITUS, (the Latin Text), complete, from the Text of Brotier, with his Explanatory 
 Notes in English, edited, for the use of Schools and Colleges, by A. J. Valpy, M.A. 3 vols, 
 po.st 8vo, (pub. at 1/. 4s.), cloth, 10s. Gd. 
 
 TERENTIUS, CUM NOTIS VARIORUM, CURA ZEUNII, cura Giles; acced. Index 
 
 copiosissimus. Complete in 1 thick vol. Svo, (pub. at 16s.), cloth, 8s. 1X37 
 
 VALPY'S GREEK TESTAMENT, WITH ENGLISH NOTES, accompanied by parallel 
 
 passages from the Classics. Fifth edition, 3 vols. Svo, with 2 maps (pub. at 2/.), cloth, \l. 5s. 1847 
 VIRGIL EDWARDS'S SCHOOL EDITION. Virgil ii ;Eneis, cura Edwards, et Questi- 
 
 ones Virgilianse, or Notes and Questions, adapted to the middle Forms in Schools, 2 vols in 1, 
 
 12nio, bound in cloth (pub. at 6s. Gd.). 3s. 
 
 *** Either the Text or Questions may be had separately (pub. at 3s. Gd.), 2s. Gd. 
 
 WILSON'S (JAMES PROFESSOR OF FRENCH IN ST. GREGORYS COLLEGE) 
 
 FRENCH ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-FRENCH DICTIONARY, containing full Expla- 
 nations, Definitions, Synonyms, Idioms, Proverbs, Terms of Art and Science, and R.ules of 
 Pronunciation in ea h Language. Compiled from the Dictionaries of the Academy, Bowyer, 
 CnvMBAun. Garner, Laveaux, Des Car..jeres and Fain, Johnson and Walker. 
 1 large closely primed vol. imperial Svo, (pub. at 21. 2s.), cloth, 18s. 
 
 XENOPHONTIS OPERA, GR. ET LAT. SCHNEIDERI ET ZEUNII, Accedit Index 
 (PonsoNand Elmsley's Edition), K) vols. 12mo, handsomely printed in a large type, done 
 up in 5 vols. (pub. at 4/. 10s.), cloth, 18t. 1841 
 
 the same, large paper, 10 vols, crown Svo, done up in 5 vols, cloth, 1/. 5s. 
 
 XENOPHON'S WHOLE WORKS, translated by Spklman and others. The only com- 
 plete Edition, 1 thick vol. Svo, portrait, (pub. at 15s.), cloth, 10s. 
 
 J2,obeIs, SStorfes of Jpictton, Hic$t aUealrfog. 
 
 CRUIKSHANK "AT HOME;" a New Family Album of Endless Entertainment, con- 
 sisting of a Series ol Tales and Sketches by the most popular Authors, with numerous clever and 
 humorous Illustration! on Wood, hv Criiksiiank and Seymour. Also, CRUIKSHANK'S 
 ODD VOLUME, Oil HOOK OF VARIETY. Illustrate i by Two Odd Fellows Seymour 
 and Cruikshank. Together 4 vols, in 2, fcap. 8vo, (pub. at 21. 18s.), ciotli, gilt, 10s. Gd. 1815 
 
 HOWITTS 'WILLIAM) LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF JACK OF THE MILL, 
 
 A Fireside Story. By William Howitt. Second Edition. 2 vols. leap. 8vo, with 40 Illus- 
 trations on Wood (pub. at 15s.), cloth, 7s. G</. 1845. 
 HOWITT'S (WILLIAM) GERMAN EXPERIENCES Addressed to the English, both 
 Goers Abroad and Stayers at Home. 1 vol. fcap. 8vo, (pub. at 6s.), cloth, 3s. Gd. 1844 
 
 LAST OF THE PLANTAGENETS, an Historical Narrative, illustrating the Public 
 Events, and Domestic and Ecclesiastical Manners of the 15th and 16th Centuries. Fcap. 8vo, 
 third Edition (pub. at 7s. W.), cloth, 3s. Gd. 1839 
 
 MARRYATS (CAPT.) POOR JACK. Illustrated by 46 large and exquisitely beautiful 
 Eivrravinus on Wood, after the masterly Designs of Claruson Stanfield, It.A. 1 hand- 
 some vol. royal svo, (pub. at Ms.), gilt cloth, <Js. 
 
 MARRYATS PIRATE AND THE THREE CUTTERS 8vo, with 20 most splendid 
 line Engravings, after Stanfield, engraved on Steel by Charles Heath (originally pub. 
 at L. Is.) gilt cloth, 10. Gd. 
 
 MAYHEW'S IMAGE OF HIS FATHER ; or, One Boy is More Trouble than a Dozen 
 Giris; a Tale, with 13 capital Engravings by Phiz. New Edition, in 1 vol. post Svo. cloth gilt, 
 (pub. at 7s.), reduced to 3s. Gd. 
 
 MILLER'S GODFREY MALVERN, OR THE LIFE OF AN AUTHOR. By the 
 
 Antboi of " Gideon Giles," ' Hoyston Gower," " Day in the Woods," &.c. &c. 2 vols, in I, 
 8vo, with 21 clever Illustrations by Fiiiz (pub. at 13*.), cloth, 6s. Gd. 1843 
 
 " Tltis work has a tone and an Individuality which distinguishes it from all others, and cannot 
 be read wiiliout pleasure. Mr. Miiler ha* the forms and colours of rustic life more completely 
 under his control th n any of his predecessors." Athenaeum. 
 MITFORD'S (MISS) OUR VILLAGE; complete in 2 vols, post yo, a Series of Rural 
 Tales and Sketches. New Edition, beautiful Woodcuts, gilt cloth, 10s. 
 
 PHANTASMAGORIA OF FUN. Edited and illustrated by Alfred Crowquilt.. 
 2 vols, post Svo, illustrations by Leech, Cruikshank, xc. (pub. at 18s.), cloth, 7?. 6'/. 1843 
 
 SKETCHES FROM FLEMISH LIFE. By Hendrik Conscieince. Square 12mo, 130 
 Wood Engravings (pub. at 6s ), cloth, 4s. Gd. 
 
 UNIVERSAL SONGSTER. Illustrated by Cruikshank ; beinj the largest collection 
 of the best Songs in the English language (upwards of 5,000) , 3 vols, xvo, with 87 humorous 
 Engravings on Steel and Wood, by George Cruikshank, and S medallion Portraits (pub. at 
 11. 10s.), cioth, 13s. Gd. 
 
SO CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS, 
 
 ALPHABET OF QUADRUPEDS. Illustrated by Figures selected from the works of the 
 
 Old Masters, square 12mo, with 21 spirited Engravings after Berghem, Remrrandt, Cuyp, 
 Paul Potter, &c. and -with initial letters by Mr. Shaw, cloth, gilt edges (pub. at 4s. Gd.), 3 
 
 1850 
 the same, the Plates coloured, gilt cloth, gilt edges (pub. at 7*. Gd.), 5*. 
 
 CRA3B'S (REV. G) NEW PANTHEON, or Mythology of all Nations j especially for 
 the Use of Schools and Young Persons; with Questions for Examination on the Plan of 
 Pinnock. 18mo, with 30 pleasing Lithographs (pub. at 3s.), cloth, 2s. 1847 
 
 DRAPER'S JUVENILE NATURALIST, or Country Walks in Spring, Summer, Autumn, 
 and Winter. Square 12mo, with 80 beautifully executed Woodcuts (pub. at 7s. Gd.), cloth, gilt 
 edges, 4s. 6d. 1843 
 
 EQUESTRIAN MANUAL FOR LADIES, by Frank IIowaed. Fcap. 8vo, upwards of 
 50 beautiful Woodcuts (pub. at 4s.), gilt clolh, gilt edges, 2s. Gd. 1844 
 
 GAMMER GRETHEL'S FAIRY TALES AND POPULAR STORIES, translated from 
 the German of Grimm (containing 42 Fairy Tales), post 8vo, numerous Woodcuts by George 
 Cruikshank (pub. at 7s. Gd.), cloth gilt, 5s. 1840 
 
 GOOD-NATURED BEAR. A Story for Children of all Ages, by R. H. Hoene. Square 
 8vo, Plates (pub. at 5s. ), cloth, 3s., or with the Plates coloured, 4*. 1850 
 
 GRIMM'S TALES FROM EASTERN LANDS. Square 12mo, Plates (pub. at 5s.), 
 cloth, 3s. C'i., or Plates coloured, 4s. 6d. 1847 
 
 HOWITTS (WILLIAM) JACK OF THE MILL. 3 vols. 12mo, (pub. at 15s.), cloth 
 gilt, 7s. Gd. 1844 
 
 HOWITTS (MARY) CHILD'S PICTURE AND VERSE BOOK, commonly called 
 
 " Otto Speckter's Fable Book;" translated into English Verse, with French and German Verses 
 opposite, forming a Triglott, square 12mo, with 100 large Wood Engravings (pub. at 10s. Gd.), 
 extra Turkey cloth, gilt edges, 5s. 1845 
 
 This is one of the most elegant juvenile books ever produced, and has the novelty of being in 
 three languages. 
 
 LAMB'S TALES FROM SHAKSPEARE, desigr.cd principally for the use of Young Per- 
 sons (written by Miss and Charles Lamb), Sixth Edition, embellished with 20 large and beau- 
 tiful Woodcut Engravings, from Designs by Harvey, fcap. 8vo, (pub. at 7s. Cs.), cloth gilt, 5s. 
 "One of the most useful and agreeable companions to the understanding of Shakspeare which 
 have been produced. The youthful reader who is about to taste the charms of our great Bard, 
 is strongly recommended to prepare himself by first reading these elegant tales." Quarterly 
 Review. 
 
 L. E. L. TRAITS AND TRIALS OF EARLY LIFE. A Series of Tales addressed to 
 
 Young People. By L. E. L. (Miss Lakdon). Fourth Edition, fcap. Svo, with a beautiful 
 Portrait engraved on Steel (pub. at 5s.), gilt cloth, 3s. lo45 
 
 LOUDON'S (MRS.) ENTERTAINING NATURALIST; being popular Descriptions, 
 Tales and Anecdotes of more than 500 Animals, comprehending all the Quadrupeds, Birds, 
 Fishes, Reptiles, Insects, fee, of which a knowledge is indispensable in Polite Education. 
 Illustrated by upwards of 500 beautiful Woodcuts, by Bewick, Harvey, Whimper, and 
 others, post 8vo, gilt cloth, 7s. Gd. 
 
 MARTIN AND WESTALL'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE BIBLE; tfceleiter- 
 
 press by the Rev. Hobart Caunter, 8vo, 144 extremely beautiful Wood Engravings by the 
 first Artists (including reduced copies of Martin's celebrated Pictures, BeLsluizzar's Feast, 
 The Deluge, Fall of Nineveh, &c), cloth gilt, gilt edges, reduced to 12s. Whole bound mnr., 
 richly gilt, flit edges, 18s. 1846 
 
 A most elegant present to young people. 
 
 PARLEY'S (PETER) WONDERS OF HISTORY. Square 16mo, numerous Woodcuts 
 (pub. at 6s.), cloth, gilt edges, 3s. Gd. 1816 
 
 PERCY TALES OF THE KINGS OF ENCLAND ; Stories of Camps and Battle-fields, 
 
 Wars, and Victories (modernized from Holiksheii, Froissart, and the other Chroniclers), 
 2 vols, in 1, square 12mo. (Parley size.) Fourth Edition, considerably improved, completed 
 to the present time, embellished with 16 exceedingly beautiful Wood Engravings (pub. at 9s.) 
 cloth gilt, gilt edges, 5s. 
 This beautiful volume has enjoyed a large share of success, and deservedly. 
 
 ROBIN HOOD AND HIS MERRY FORESTERS. By Stephen Percy. Square 13mo, 
 8 Illustrations by Gilbert (pub. at 5s.), cloth, 3s. 6c'., or with coloured Plates, 5s. 1850 
 
 SHERWOOD'S (MRS.) ROBERT AND FREDERICK; a Tale for Youth, fcap. 8vo, 
 with 20 highly finished wood Engravings, clo'.h, gilt edges, (pub. at 9s. Gd.), reduced to 4s. Gd. 
 
PUBLISHED OH SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. ol 
 
 STRICKLAND'S (MISS JANE) EDWARD EVELYN. A. Tale of the Rebellion of 1715 5 
 to which is added, "The Peasant's Tale," by JMXXMXTU Taylor, fcap. Svo, 2 hue Plates 
 (pub. at 5a.), cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. IS 19 
 
 TOMKIN'S BEAUTIES OF ENGLISH POETRY, selected for the use of Youth, nnd 
 designed to inculcate the Practice of Virtue. Twentieth Edition, with considerable additions,, 
 royal 18mo, very elegantly printed, with a beautiful Fronispiece after Harvey, elegant, gilt 
 edges, 3a. 6d. 
 
 WOOD-NOTES FOR ALL SEASONS (OR THE POETRY OF BIRDS); a Series of 
 Songs and Poems for Young People, contributed by Barry Cornwall, Wordsworth, 
 Moore, Coleridge, Campbell, Joanna Baillie, Eliza Cook, Mary Howitt, Mrs. 
 Hemans, Hogg, Charlotte Smith, &c. fcap. 8vo, very prettily printed, with lo beautiful 
 "Wood Engravings (pub. at 3*. Gd.), cloth, gilt edges, 2s. IS 12 
 
 YOUTH'S (THE) HAND-BOOK OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE, in a Series- 
 of Familiar Conversations on the most interesting Productions of Nature and Art, and on 
 other Instructive Topics of Polite Education. By a Lady (Mrs. Palllser, the Sifter o( 
 Captain Marryat), 2 vols. fcap. 8vo, Woodcuts (pub at 15*.), cloth gilt, 6*. 18 i 
 
 This is a very clever and instructive book, adapted to the capacities of young people, on the- 
 plan oithe Conversations on Chemistry, Mineralogy, Botany, &c. 
 
 JWustc nntJ Jftusical SSSorfts. 
 
 THE MUSICAL LIBRARY. A Selection of the best Vocal and Instrumental Music, 
 
 both English and Foreign. Edited by W. Ayrton, Esq., of the Opera House. B vols, folio,, 
 comprehending more than 400 pieces of Music, beautifully printed with metallic types (pub. 
 at 4/. 4*. ), sewed, 1/. lis. lid. 
 The Vocal and Instrumental may be had separately, each in 4 vols. \Gs. 
 
 MUSICAL CABINET AND HARMONIST. A Collection of Classical and Popular 
 Vocal and Instrumental Music; comprising Selections from the best productions of ail the 
 Great Masters ; English. Scotch, and Irish Melodies ; wi'.h many oftlie National Airs of other 
 Countries, embracing Overtures, Marches, Rondos, Quadrilles, Waltzes, and Gallopades ;, 
 also Madrigals, Duets, and Glees; the whole adapted either for the Voice, the Piano-foite, the 
 Harp or the Organ; witli Pieces occasionally for ihe Flute and Guitar, under the superinten- 
 dence of an eminent Professor. 4 vols, small folio, comprehending more than 300 pieces of 
 Music, beautifully printed with metallic types (pub. at 21. 2s.), sewed, 16*. 
 
 The great sale of the Musical Library, in consequence of its extremely low price, has induced 
 the Advertiser to adopt the same plan of selling the present capital selection. As the contents 
 are quite different from the Musical Library, and the intrinsic merit of the selection is equal, 
 the work will no doubt meet with similar success. 
 
 MUSICAL GEM ; a Collection of 300 Modem Songs, Duets, Glees, &c. by the most 
 celebrated Composers of the present <**y, adapted for the Voice, Flute, or Violin (edited 
 by John Parky). 3 vols, in 1, 8vo, with a beautifully engraved Title, and a very richly illu- 
 minated Frontispiece (pub. at 1/. 1*.), cloth gilt, 10*. (it/. 1841 
 The above capital collection contains a great number of the best copyright pieces, including 
 some of the most popular songs of iiraham, Bishop, &c. It forms a most attractive volume. 
 
 iffleWctne, Sburgerg, gjnntomp, fiemistrg, 
 ^IjBstologB, Set. 
 
 BATEMAN AND WILLAN'S DELINEATIONS OF CUTANEOUS DISEASES, 
 
 4to. containing 72 Plates, beautifully and very accurately coloured under the superintendence 
 of an eminent Professional Gentleman {.Da.. Carswell ), (pub. at 121. I2s. ), half bound mor. 
 5^. 5. 1840 
 
 "Dr. Bateman's valuable work has done more to extend the knowledge of cutaneous diseases 
 than any other that has ever appeared." Dr. A. T. Thompson. 
 
 BEHR'S HAND-BOOK OF ANATOMY, by Birkktt (Demonstrator at Guy's Ilospital), 
 thick 12mo, closely printed, cloth lettered (pub. at 10*. 6d.), 3s. M. 1846 
 
 BOSTOCK'S (DR.) SYSTEM OF PHYSIOLOGY, comprising: a Complete View of 
 the present state of the Science. Fourth Edition, revised and corrected throughout, 8vo, (900 
 pages), (pub. at 1/.), cloth, 8*. 1834 
 
 BURN'S PRINCIPLES OF MIDWIFERY. Tenth and best Edition, thick 8vo, cloth 
 lettered, (pub. at lo.), bs. 
 
$2 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS. 
 
 CELSUS DE MEDICINA Edited by E. Mii.ligan, M.D. cum Indice copiosissitno ex 
 edit. Targae. Thick 8vo, Frontispiece, (pub. at 16s.), cloth, 9s. 1831 
 
 This is the very best edition of Celsus. It contains critical and medical notes, applicable to 
 the practice of this country; a parallel Table of ancient and modern Medical terms, synonymes, 
 weights, measures, Sc. and. indeed, everything which can be" useful to the Medical Student; 
 together with a singularly extensive Index. 
 
 HOPE'S MORBID ANATOMY. Royal 8vo, with 43 highly finished coloured Plates, 
 containing 260 accurate Delineations of Cases in every known 'variety of Disease (pub. at 
 5/. 5.*.), cloth, 31. 3s. 1834 
 
 -LAWRENCE'S LECTURES ON COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, 
 
 ZOOLOGY, AND THE NATURAL HISTORY OP MAN. New Edition, post 8vo, with a 
 Frontispiece of Portraits, engraved on Steel, and 12 Plates, cloth, 55. 
 
 LAWRENCE (W.) ON THE DISEASES OF THE EYE. Third Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. 8vo, (820 closely printed pages), (pub. at 1/. 4s.), cloth, 10s. Gd. 1814 
 
 LEY'S (DR.) ESSAY ON THE CROUP. 8vo, 5 Plates (pub. at 16*.), cloth, 3*. GU 1836 
 
 MEW LONDON SURGICAL POCKET BOOK. Thick royal 18nio. (pub. at 12*.), tlf 
 
 bound, 5s. 1841 
 
 MEW LONDON CHEMICAL POCKET BOOK; adapted to the Daily use of the 
 Student, royal 18mo, numerous Woodcuts (pub. at 7s. Gd.), half bound, 3s. Gd. 1844 
 
 PARIS' (DR.) TREATISE ON DIET AND THE DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS, 
 
 Fifth Edition (pub. at 12s.), cloth, 5s. 
 
 PLUMBES PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF THE SKIN, 
 
 Fourth Edition, Plates, thick 8vo (pub. at 1/. is ), cioth, Cs. Gd. 
 
 SINCLAIR'S (SIR JOHN) CODE OF HEALTH AND LONGEVITY. Sixth Edition 
 complete in 1 thick vol. 8vo, Portrait (pub. at 1/.), cloth, 7s. 1844 
 
 SOUTH'S DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES; together with their several Connexions 
 with each other, and with tlie Muscles, specially adapted for Students in Anatomy, numerous 
 Woodcuts, third edition, 12mo, cloth lettered (pub. at 7*.), 3s. id. 1837 
 
 STEPHENSON'S MEDICAL ZOOLOGY AND MINERALOGY; including also an 
 Account of the Animal and Mineral Poisons. 45 coloured Plates, royal 8vo, (pub. at 21. 2s.), 
 cloth, It Is. 1838 
 
 WOODVILLE'S MEDICAL BOTANY. Third Edition, enlarged by Sir W. Jackson 
 Hooker. 5 vols, (to, with 31u Plates, engraved by Sovvekby, most carefully coloured (pub. 
 at 10/. 10s.), half-bound morocco, ol. 5s. The Fifth, or Supplementary Volume, entirely by Sir 
 W.J. Hooker, to complete the old Editions. 4 to, 30 coloured Plates (pub. at 21. 12s. Git.), 
 boards, It. lis. Gd. 1832 
 
 Jiflat&tmattcs. 
 
 BRADLEY'S GEOMETRY, PERSPECTIVE, AND PROJECTION, for the use of 
 
 Artists. 8 Plates and numerous Wood uts (pub. at 7s.), cloth, 5s. 1840 
 
 EUCLID'S SIX ELEMENTARY BOOKS, by Int. Lardnke, with an Explanatory 
 Commentary, Geometrical Exercises, and a Treatise on Solid Geometry. 8vo, Ni .th Edition, 
 cloth, 6s. 
 
 JAMiESON'S MECHANICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN; including Treatises on the 
 
 Composition and Resolution Of Force*; the Centre of Gravity; and the Mechanical Powers; 
 
 illustrated by Examples and Designs. Fourth Edition, greatly improved, 8vo, (pub. at 15*.), 
 
 cloth, 7s. Gd. 1350 
 
 " A great mechanical treasure." Dr. Birkbtek. 
 
 BOOKS PRINTED UNIFORM WITH THE STANDARD LIBRARY. 
 JOYCE'S SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUES, enlarged by Pinnock, for the Instruction and 
 
 Entertainment of Young People. New and greatly improved and enlarged Edition, bv 
 WlLMAM Pinnock, completed to the present state of knowledge (GOO pages), numerous 
 Woodcuts, 5s. 
 
 STURM'S MORNING COMMUNINGS WITH GOD, or Devotional Meditations for 
 
 every Day in the Year, 5s. 
 
 CHILLINGWORTHS RELIGION OF PROTESTANTS. 500 pp. 3*. 6d. 
 
 CARY'S TRANSLATION OF DANTE- (Upwards of COO pages), extra blue cloth, 
 with a richly gilt back, 7s. Gd. I847 
 
 MICHELETS HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, translated by C. Cocks, 
 2 vols, in I, 4s. 
 
 STARLING'S (MISS) NOBLE DEEDS OF WOMAN, or Examples of Female Courage, 
 Fortitude* and V rtue. Third Edition, enlarged and improved, with two very beautiful Fron- 
 tispieces, elegant in cloth, 5s. 
 
 PRINTED BY HAITaJSON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S 3LANE. 
 
BOHN S CLASSICAL LIBRARY. Mm 
 
 A Series of Literal Prose Translations or the Greek and Latin Classics, 
 
 WTTB NOTES AND INDEXES. ScV*'' 
 
 ^J 
 
 Uniform vcith the Standard Library, 5s. each (exerpt T/ntcudides, Mtchylus, Virgil, Cv^iV 
 
 Horace, Cicero's Offices, Demosthenes, appendix to J^schy'liis, Aristotle's Org anon, ^^-v^M 
 
 all of which tire '6s. 64. each volume). Sk^n"' 
 
 1. HERODOTUS- By tlic Rev. Henry Cary, M.A. Frontispiece. SoS^-' 
 
 2 & 3. THUCYDIDES. By the Rev. II. Dale. In 2 Vols. (3s. 64. each). Frontispiece. gSSvA'? 
 
 4. PLATO. Vol. I. By Cary. [The Apology of Socrates, Crito, Phnedo, Gorgias, SS^H^ 
 
 Prptagotas, Plucdrus, Thextctus, Euthyphrou, Lysis.] Frontispiece. -vV.'' 
 
 5. LiVY'S HISTORY OF ROME, literally translated. Vol. I., Books 1 to 8. f&^'x 
 C.PLATO. Vol.11. By Davis. [The Republic, Tinueus, aud Critias.] sW^ 
 
 7. LIVY'S HISTORY OF ROME. Vol. II., Books 9 to 20. p>^' 
 
 8. SOPHOCLES. The Oxford Translation, revised. Srv>. ')J y 
 
 9. /E3CHYLUS, literally translated. By an Oxonian. (Price 3j. Gi.) Ij^/fc^ 
 
 *- 
 
 Appendix to, containing the new readings given in Hermann's posthu- 
 
 mous edition of /Eschylus, translated and edited by G. Burges, M.A. (os. Od). 
 
 10. ARISTOTLE'S RHETORIC AND POETIC. With Examination Questions 
 
 11. LIVY'S HiSTORY OF ROME. Vol. III., Books 27 to 36. 
 
 12 Sc 14. EURIPIDES, literally translated. From the Text of Dindorf. In 2 Vols. 
 13. VIRGIL By Davidson. New Edition, Revised. (Price 3s. Gd.) Frontisniset. 
 
 15. HORACE. By Smart. New Edition, Revised. (Price 3*. 6d.) Frontispiece. 
 
 16. ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS. By Pro*. R. W. Browne, of King's College. 
 
 17. CIOERO'S OFFICES. [Old Age, Friendship, Scipio's Dream, Paradoxes, &c] 
 
 13. PLATO. Vol. III. By G. Buur.Es, M.A. [Euthydemus, Symposium, Sophiste*, 
 Political, Laches, Parmenides, Cratylus, and Meno.] 
 
 19. LIVY'S HISTORY OF ROME. Vol. IV. (which completes the work). 
 
 20. CSAR AND HIRTIUS. With Index. 
 
 21. HOMER'S ILIAD, in prose, literally translated. Frontispiece. 
 
 22. HOMER'S ODYSSEY, Hymns, Epigrams, and Battljs of the Frogs axd Mick. 
 
 23. PLATO. Vol. IV. By G. Be roes, M.A. [Philebus, Charmides, Laches, The 
 
 Two Alcibiadcs, and Ten other Dialogues.] 
 
 24. 25, & 32. OVID. By II. T. RILEY, B.A. Complete in 3 Vols. Frontispieces. 
 
 26. LUCRETIUS. By the Rev. J.S.Watson. With the Metrical Version of J. M. Good. 
 
 27. 30, 31, & 34. CICERO'S ORATIONS. By C. D. Yonge. Complete in 4 Vols. 
 
 (Vol. 4 contains also the Rhetorical Pieces.) 
 
 28. PINDAR. By Dawson W. Turner. With the Metrical Version of Moors. Front. 
 -29. PLATO. Vol. V. By G. Burges, M.A. [The Laws.] 
 
 33 & 35. THE COMEDIES OF PLAUTUS, By H. T. Riley, B.A. In 2 Vole. 
 
 35. JUVENAL, PERSIUS, &c. By the Rey. L. Evans, M.A. With the Metrical 
 Version of Gifford. Frontispiece. 
 
 37- THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY, translated chiefly by G. Burges, A.M., with Metri- 
 cal Versions by various Authors. 
 
 38. DEMOSTHENES. The Olynthiac, Philippic, and other Public Orations, with 
 ^'otes, Appendices, &c, by C. Rann Kennedy. (3*. 6d.) 
 
 1 e 
 
mm 
 
 BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY. 
 
 -'K/^2 22 - PAULI'S LIFE OF ALFRED THE GREAT- To which is appended ALFREDS 
 VivAS? ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF OROSIUS, with a literal translation. Notes, 
 
 ^vMS-3 and an Anglo-Saxon Grammar and Glossary, by B. Thorpe, Esq. 
 
 &5$3 24 & 25. MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER'S FLOWERS OF HISTORY, especially 
 .y./N^o such as relate to the affairs of Britain, from the beginning of the world to 
 
 'kSsI Al) - 13 7 - ^riutotated by C. D. Yongk, B.A. In 2 Vols. 
 
 ^V2 23. LEPSIUS'S LETTERS FROM EGYPT, ETHIOPIA, and the PENINSULA OF 
 k '<sP^J SINAI. Revised by the Author. Translated by Lkonora and Joanna B. 
 
 &C$%t Hornkr. With Maps and Coloured View of Mount Barkal. 
 
 iV^/<2 27, 28, 30 &, 36. ORDERICUS VITALIS. His Ecclesiastical History of England 
 ''?v>v% an( * -^ oriliau ^y translated, with Notes, the Introduction of Guizot, Critical Notice 
 
 r V>Vvi D y "* ^ euue au ^ verv c pi us Index, by T. Forkster, M.A. In 4 Vols. 
 
 vraf 20. INGULPH'S CHRONICLE OF THE ABBEY OF CROYLAND, with the Conti- 
 S/v*s5 nnations by Peter of Blois and other Writers. Translated, with Notes and an 
 
 ,Vyj>| Index, by II. T. Rii.ky, B.A. 
 
 $*?& 32. LAMBS SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH DRAMATIC POETS of the time of Eliza- 
 beth; including las Selections from the Garrick Plays. 
 
 33. MARCO POLO'S TRAVELS, the translation oi Marsden, edited, with Notes and 
 Introduction, by T. Wkight, M.A., E S.A., 8cc. 
 
 34. FLORENCE OF WORCESTER'S CHRONICLE, with the Two Continuations; 
 comprising Annals of English History, from the Departure of the Romans to the 
 Reign of Edward 1. Translated, with Notes, by T. Forester, Esq. 
 
 35. HAND-BOOK OF PROVERBS, comprising the whole of Ray's Collection, and a 
 complete Alphabetical Index, in which are ""introduced iarjje Additions collected by 
 Hknet G. Boiln. 
 
 BOHN'S PHlLOLOGlQO-PHlLOSOPHiCAL LIBRARY. 
 
 Uniform with the Stand a ed Library, price 5s. per Volume. 
 
 1. TENNEMANN'S MANUAL of the HISTORY of PHILOSOPHY, revised aud con- 
 
 tinued by J. II. Morkll. 
 
 2. ANALYSIS and SUMMARY of HERODOTUS, with synchronistic^ Table of 
 
 Events, Tables of Weights, Money, &c. 
 
 3. TURNER'S (DAWSON W.) NOTES TO HERODOTUS, for the use of Students. 
 
 With Map, Appendices, and Index. 
 
 4. LOGIC, or the SCIENCE OF INFERENCE, a popular Manual, by J. De vet. 
 
 5. KANTS CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON, translated by Mkiklkjohx. 
 
 6. ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF THUCYDIDES, by T. Wheeler. New Edition, 
 
 with the addition of a complete Index. 
 
 81 
 
 4<j 
 

 
 $35 
 
 BONN'S BRITISH CLASSICS. 
 
 Uniform with the Standard Library, price 3s. Gd per Volume, 
 
 1, 3, 5, 8, 11 &14. GIBBON'S ROMAN EMPIRE; Complete and Unabridged, with 
 
 variorum ]N'otes, including, in addition to all the Author's own, those of Guizot, 
 
 Wenck, Niebuhr, Hugo, Neander, and other foreign scholars. Edited by an 
 
 ElfGLISH Churchman, with Portrait and Maps. 
 2, 4, & 6. ADDISON'S WORKS, with the Notes of Bishop Hued. With Portrait 
 
 and Engravings on Steel. 
 7. DEFOE'S WORKS, Edited by Sin Waltkr Scott. Vol 1. Containing the Life, 
 
 Adventure, and Piracies of Captain Singleton, and the Life of Colonel Jack. 
 
 Portrait of Defoe. 
 . DEFOE'S. WORKS, Vol. 2. Containing Memoirs of a Cavalier, Adventures of 
 
 Captain 'Carlcto n, Dickory Cronke, &c. 
 10. PRIOR'S LIFE OF BURKE, (forming the 1st Volume of BURKE'S WORKS), new 
 
 Edition, revised by the Author. Portrait. 
 
 12. BURKE'S WORKS, Vol 1, containing ail Vindication of Natural Society, Essay on 
 
 tiie Sublime and Beautiful, and various Political Miscellanies. 
 
 13. DEFOE'S WORKS, Edited by Sib, Walter Scott. Vol.3. Containing the Life of 
 
 Moll Flanders, and the History of the Devil. 
 
 15. BURKE'S WORKS. Vol. 2, containing Essay on the French Revolution, Political 
 
 Letters and Speeches. 
 
 16. ADDISON'S WORKS, with the Notes of Bishop Hurd. Vol. 4. 
 
 17. DEFOE'S WORKS, Vol. 4. Roxana, or the Fortunate Mistress; and Life and 
 
 Adventures of Mother Ross. 
 
 18. BURKE'S WORKS, Vol. S. Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, See, See. 
 
 19. BURKE'S WORKS, Vol. 4, containing his Report on the Affairs of India, and 
 
 Articles against Warren Hastings. 
 
 20. GIBBON'S ROMAN EMPIRE, Vol. 7, with a very elaborate Index. 
 
 21. DEFOE'S WORKS, Vol. 5, containing the History of the Great Plague of London, 
 
 IMS j the Fire of London, 1G66 (by an anonymous writer); the Storm; and the 
 
 True Born Englishman. 
 22 8c 23. BURKES WORKS (in Sii Volumes). Vols, i & <f. 
 24- & 25. ADDISON'S WORKS. Vols. 5 & 6. 
 
 BOHN'S ECCLESIASTICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 Uniform with the Standard Library, price 5s. per Volume. 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, Translated lrom the Greek, 
 
 with 
 
 1. EUSE3IUS' 
 Notes. 
 
 2. SOCRATES' ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, in continuation of Eusmitjs, with 
 the Notes of Valxsiuh. 
 
 3. THEODORET AND EVAGRIUS. Ecclesiastical Histories from A.D. 332 to 
 a.d. 427, and from a.d. 431 to a.d. 544. Translated from the Greek, with General 
 Index. 
 
 A^g 4. THE WORKS OF PHILO JUDytUS, translated from the Greek by C. D. 
 Yongk, B.A. Vol. 1. 
 
 "5. PHILO JUD/EUS, Vol.2. 
 
 6. SOZOMEN'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY from a.d. 324-140: and the Eccle- 
 siastical History of Phii.ostobgius, translated from the Greek, with a Memoir of 
 the Author, by'E. Walford, M.A. 
 
 7 & 8. PHILO JUD/EUS, Vols. 3 & 4 t with general Index. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 d$5 
 
 mw$m 
 
^ RETJJRN TO the circulation desk of any 
 
 University of California Library 
 or to the 
 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 (415)642-6233 
 I 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books 
 
 to NRLF 
 I Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days 
 prior to due date 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 NOV 2 1 Q9Q 
 
 APR 1 3 W 
 
 -sv-/^'^/irw.\>'w,\ v-.n ',-nsv >> v-^.-'r>\r 
 
> V '2Z> V 'it> V '^ 7 (r- "7 L - 7 CJ 
 
 ^Xft<S2fe 
 
 y6uuQuwuuuuwu 
 
 YB 26248 
 
 S SHILLING SERIL... 
 
 INTRODUCTION to the history of the nineteenth 
 
 f translated from the German (tcith a Memoir of the Author). 
 ^T/R'S (DR. W. B.) PHYSIOLOGY OF TEMPERANCE AND TOTAL 
 ABaTiNfcNCE, being an Examination of the Effects of the excessive, moderate, 
 and occa&ons! use of Alcoholic Liquor* on the Human System (or on fine papa , 
 bound in cloth, 2s. 6d.) 
 
 RVING WOLFERTS ROOST, AND OTHER TALES, li.; or on fine paper, 
 with Portrait, Is. 6d. 
 
 IRVING'S LIFE OF WASHINGTON, Vel. 1. Early Li/e and Adventure*. Fin 
 Portrait, 3*. 6d. 
 
 Vol. 12. The American War, Invasion of^Hiada, 4c. 2*. 6d. 
 
 BOHM'S MIMA' 
 
 Foolscap \2mo. elegantly bo 
 
 *BAULD AND AIK1N S EVENINGS AT 
 JRRIENNE'S MEMOIRS OF NAPQ/ 
 NYAN'S PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. 
 
 all in Southey's E it ion. 
 
 f CHEEVERS LECTUR/ 
 
 SON S POETICAL WORKS, 
 
 not included m other eti^j 
 
 DON J 
 
 LERIDGE^ 
 
 WRER'^ 
 
 St* 
 
 ,PY, 
 
 )ut. 3s. 
 frontisp. is.dd. 
 
 rr, containing 
 
 s. Gd. 
 
 ral suppressed Poems 
 
 
 y including all the copyright 
 
 iRNKY, by GOODALL. Ss.&ti. 
 
 dth a Portrait, Frontispiece, and 
 
 .v^UETTE, comprising an improved 
 
 /I on Men and Manners. 2*. 
 ^AL WORKS. 3 Vols, in 1. Fronts. -2s. td. 
 emrmi Frontispiece. 3s. 
 
 E MILLER'S JEST BOOK. Frontispiece. 3s. 
 
 NGFELLOW'S POETICAL WORKS, vir. Voices of the Night Evangeline Sea- 
 aide and Fireside Spanish Students Translations. Portrait and Froniisp. is. &d. 
 
 PROSE WORKS, viz. Outre-Mer Hyperion Kavanagh. 2s. 6i. 
 
 LTON'S POETICAL WORKS, with Life and Notes by Dk. Stubbing; and Dr. 
 Chanuing's Essay on Milton. Frontispiece. 3s. 6d. 
 
 :W JOE MILLER, a Selection of Modern Jests, Witticisms, Droll Tales, &c. 2s. 6d. 
 
 SIAN'S POEMS, with Dissertations hy Macphkrson and Dr. Blair. Frontisp. 3s. 
 
 PES HOMER'S ILIAD. Essay on Homer. Notes and Essays. Frontispiece. 3s. 
 
 ODYSSEY, (uniform). Frontispiece. 3s. 
 
 OTT'S POETICAL WORKS, and Life, in one volume. Port, and Frontisp. 3s. Gd. 
 
 URMS REFLECTIONS ON THE WORKS OF GOD. Frontisp. 3s. 
 
 JOMPSONS SEASONS. With his Castle of Indolence, 4 beautiful Woodcuts. 2s. 
 
 iTHEK, AND THE AMBER WITCH- 2 vol*, in 1. 3*. 6d. 
 
B 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 
 BH 
 
 I 
 
 III 
 
 MH 
 
 Hi 
 Hi 
 
 ifl 1 : 
 
 1 
 
 I^HI 
 
 ' ;i!i 
 
 H 
 
 : T' X 
 
 Mi::?:'! 
 
 HH 
 
 w; 
 
 hH 
 
 Km