-'-: v R US I NESS FOR MS University of California Berkeley THE PETER AND ROSELL HARVEY MEMORIAL FUND \ HILL'S MANUAL CHICAGO^ MOSES WARREN & Co, HILL'S MANUAL SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS GUIDE TO CORRECT WRITING Slptwng iljon) to (Kxyuss illrittm &l)oug[)t jplomlg, HaptMg, (Skgantlj) anb (Hornet^. EMBRACING INSTRUCTION AND EXAMPLES IN PENMANSHIP, SPELLING, USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS, PUNCTUATION, COMPOSITION, WRITING FOR THE PRESS, PROOF-READING, EPISTOLARY CORRESPONDENCE, NOTES OF INVITATION, CARDS, COMMERCIAL FORMS, LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS, FAMILY RECORDS, SYNONYMS, SHORT-HAND WRITING, DUTIES OF SECRETARIES, PARLIA- MENTARY RULES, SIGN -WRITING, EPITAPHS, ENGRAVERS' INSCRIPTIONS, BOOK-KEEPING, VALUABLE TABLES OF REFERENCE, WRITING POETRY, ETC., ETC. TDBIOS- IE. HILL. CHICAGO: MOSES WARREN & CO., PUBLISHERS. BOSTON: A. W. STOLP. NEW YORK: WM. H. SHEPARD. CLEVELAND: A. C. ROWE. SAN FRANCISCO: WM. H. SHEPARD & CO. 1878. COPYRIGHT, 1877, BY MOSES WARREN & CO. Entered according- to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six, by MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-five, by MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-four, by MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-three s by MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Isied by subscription only and not for sale in the bookstores. Residents of any State desiring a copy should address the publisher, and an Agent -will call upon them. FIFTEENTH EDITION. To THE MILLIONS WHO WOULD, AND MAY, 3Ea0ilg attir Cracefullg IBzpms Written THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. |O enable the writer, sitting easily and gracefully at the desk, to express thought plainly, rapidly, elegantly and correctly, is the object of this book. There have been many excellent works heretofore given to the world treating on Penmanship, that admirably served their purpose in their specialty; but the student when done with their study, though proficient in chirography, was yet ignorant of how to use the same in the transaction of business. Good books in abundance have been published on Grammar, Letter-writing, Composition, and various Business Forms, but, though proficient in a knowledge of their contents, the student, often left with a miserable Penmanship, shrinks from making use of this knowledge, because of the disagreeable labor attendant upon a cramped and detestable handwriting. The result sought to be accomplished by this book is to give both a knowledge of easy, beautiful penmanship, and its correct application in the writing of a great variety of forms which enter into the every- day business and social relations of life, thus supplying the public with a text-book on writing and written forms, alike useful to all classes of society, and meeting an urgent demand heretofore unsupplied. The Teacher of Penmanship will find its pages replete with information pertain- ing to the art of writing. As a treatise on Penmanship, it is more profusely illustrated than any work of the kind now before the public; and though condensed, it is yet sufficiently explicit in detail, and in the consideration of principles, to make the analysis of letters thoroughly understood by the student. The programme of exercises for a course of writing lessons, together with suggestions relating to the organization and management of the writing class, will be welcomed by young teachers, whose pen- manship is sufficiently good to enable them to teach the art, but who fail of success through lack of knowledge of the course to be pursued in order to interest and enter- tain the class after it has assembled. The Teacher of the public or private school will find abundant use for a manual of this kind in the school -room. The subject of letter- writing an art almost universally neglected should be a matter of daily exercise in the recitation -room. The correct form of writing the superscription, the complimentary address, the division into paragraphs, the complimentary closing, the signature, and folding of the VI PEEFACE. letter; the letters of introduction, of recommendation, excuse, sympathy, and business all these practical epistolary forms, such as enter into the every -day transactions of life, should be thoroughly taught in our schools. The gathering of news for the press, the rules and typographical marks for proof- reading, the illustrations of printing types, visiting and business cards, notes of invi- tation, etc. all these exercises and more, can be introduced with great benefit to pupils. In short, nearly every chapter of this Manual, much of which has never been published before in any form, can be' used to supply practical lessons in the school- room. In the business walks of life, a work of this kind has long been required. In penmanship, use of capital letters, punctuation, letter -writing; the forms of notes, bills, orders, receipts, checks, drafts, bills of exchange, articles of agreement, bonds, mortgages, deeds, leases, and wills ; in selecting the kind of type in which to print the hand-bill or card ; the marking letters ; the law of the different States concerning the limitation of actions, rates of interest, usury, and amount of property exempt from forced sale and execution, all this and much more contained herein, will be of especial service for reference in the transaction of business. By the lady, much will be found in a Manual of this kind that will particularly serve her in the writing of her social forms. As a text-book and self-instructor in writing, it admirably serves to give her that delicate and beautiful penmanship which pleases the eye as does fine music the ear. The rules of composition, writing for the press, the letter -writing, the marriage anniversaries, the notes of invitation to the cotton, paper, leather, wooden, tin, silk and other weddings ; the fancy alphabets for needle- work; the selections for the album, lists of common Christian names, and synonyms, abbreviations, foreign words a d phrases, the rules for writing poetry and the poetic selections all these will meet her especial favor. The mistress of the household will find here the form of the testimonial suitable to be given the servant upon his or her departure to seek a situation elsewhere. The mother will find the written excuse to the teacher for the non-attendance of her child at school ; the servant, the form of letter when applying for a situation ; and the bashful, blushing maiden, the cautious, carefully worded letter, that will aid her in giving expression to the hitherto closely guarded secrets of the heart. The sign-painter has daily use for a reference book of this kind, arranged and adapted, as it is, to the comprehension and wants of the knights of the pencil and brush, with the rules of punctuation, prepared for his especial use, and abundant examples of signs, so as to enable him not only to paint the letters and words beautifully, but to punctuate the same correctly. In this department is given a large number of plain and fancy alphabets, while the book throughout contains beauti- ful emblems and different kinds of lettering. The fine specimens of penmanship and pen- flourishing, including round -hand writing, old English, German -text, and orna- PREFACE. Vll mental script letters, will particularly please, presenting, as they do, much that is entirely new, calculated to aid the young sign-painter in doing his work elegantly and correctly. The artist in lettering on marble finds in this work a chapter presenting tomb- stone inscriptions and epitaphs, giving the modern and best forms of wording by which to perpetuate the memory of the departed. More especially will this be valued by the marble -worker as giving him the grammatical wording of the inscription, the abbreviation of words, and their correct punctuation. The grand and costly monu- ment, designed to stand for a thousand years, to be gazed upon by multitudes, and the record that it bears to be read by millions ! How important that, in this con- spicuous place, in such enduring form, the inscription, in grammar, capitalization, and punctuation, should be given absolutely correct. The ornamental scripts, with the plain and fancy alphabets, will also admirably serve the wants of marble - workers. This chapter will likewise assist the mourner who is desirous of selecting an appro- priate inscription to mark the last resting place of the departed. The reader will appreciate the forms herein relating to inscriptions suitable for use by the engraver, when marking the spoon, the ring, the cane, the watch, the modest birth -day gift, or the costly wedding present. The engraver will more especially value these examples, from the fact that they enable the customer to select at once the words desired, and the style of lettering in which they shall be executed ; while the forms of punctuation and arrangement of wording will teach the youngest apprentice at the bench how to execute the same correctly. The secretary of the public meeting, the presiding officer, every member of the assemblage; in fact, every American citizen that aspires to discharge the duties of a freeman, will be aided by the chapter on parliamentary rules, the forms of resolutions appropriate for various occasions, petitions to public bodies, etc. The writer who would express thought more rapidly than can be done by the ordinary method, will discover, in the department devoted to short -hand, the necessary copies and instruction to enable the student to write the same with accuracy, rapidity and ease. The chapter assigned to the writing of poetry, and the dictionary of rhymes, will instruct and aid a certain class.; while the poetic selections will be valued by all lovers of poetry, as presenting some of the most beautiful and charming poems in existence. In short, the varied character of this work appeals alike to the wants of the old and young of all classes. Realizing this, the book is launched on the sea of literature with the confident belief that it is demanded, and that it will accomplish its mission of usefulness. ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Abbreviations, Modern List of, - - 200 Albums, Selections for, 138 Alphabets of Plain and Fancy Letters, - - 240 Articles of Agreement, Form of, 154 Bills of Purchase, Form of, - 153 Bills of Sale, Form of, 156 Bonds, Form of, - 157 Book and Newspaper Type, Sizes and Names of, - 236 Bookkeeping; Directions for Keeping Books of Account, 150 Calls for Public Meetings, Form of, - 208 Capital Letters, Rules for Use of, - 52 China Weddings, Form of Invitation to, 133 Coal, Where it Comes From, - 192 Composition, Rules of, 58 Common Christian Names, List of, - 196 Comparative Value of Different Woods for Fuel, - 186 Collection of Debts; How to Proceed, - - 176 Constitutions and By-Laws, Forms of, 206 Copyright, Law of, - 183 Correcting Proof; Typographical Marks, - 238 Countries of the World; Population, Size, Government, etc., 187 Crystal Wedding, Form of Invitation to, 133 Days of Grace on Drafts, Notes, etc., in Different States, 149 Deeds, Forms of, - 1 60 Degrees at which Substances Melt, Boil, Freeze, etc., 186 Dictionary of Synonyms, Giving over 1 1,000 Words, - 63 Distances to Principal Cities by Land and Water, - 197 Drafts, Forms of, - 149 Engravers' Inscriptions, Forms of, - 255 Epitaphs, Forms of, - - 259 Exemptions from Forced Sale in Different States, - 172 Extempore Speaking, Directions for, - 57 Family Records, Form of, - 131 Fast Trotters, Time of, - - 192 Flowers, Language and Sentiment of, 194 Foreign Words and Phrases, with Pronunciation, - 198 Funeral Notice, Form of, 136 Golden Wedding, Form of Invitation to, - 133 Grammar, Leading Rules of, - 55 Highest Towers, Monuments, etc., in the World, - 189 How to Teach Writing; Programme of Lessons, - 36 How to Ascertain the Present Value of a Widow's Dower, 197 Influence of the Moon on the Growth of Plants, 197 Insurance Tables, 193 'Interest Tables; How to Compute Interest, : 144 Invitation to Receptions, Forms of, 129 Landlord and Tenant; Forms of Leases, - 162 Largest Churches and Theaters; Their Capacity, - 189 Letters Accompanying Gifts, Forms of, - 105 Letters of Advice, Forms of, 101 Letters Applying for Situations, Forms of, 91 Letters Asking Favors, Forms of, 104 Letters of Congratulation, Forms of, - - 97 Letters of Excuse, Forms of, 103 Letters of Friendship and Relationship, Forms of, - 107 Letters of Introduction, Forms of, - 99 Letters of Love and Courtship, Forms of, - 112 Letters of Recommendation, Forms of, 94 Letters of Sympathy, Forms of, - 95 Letter- Writing; General Directions for Correspondence, Limitation of Actions in Different States, Marriage Anniversaries; When to Celebrate Them, - Marriage Certificate, Form of, Marriage License, Form of, Marriage Notices, Form of, Men that went to the War; Number from Each State, Metric System of Weights and Measures, Mortgages, Forms of, - Notes of Invitation to Weddings and Parties, Number of Soldiers Called for During the late Civil War, Oceans, Lakes, Rivers, Mountains; Length, Height, etc., Orders, Forms of, Paper Wedding; When it Occurs, Parliamentary Rules for the Use of Public Meetings, Partnership; Form of Partnership Agreement, Penmanship; Rules and Copies, Petitions to Public Bodies, Forms of, Poetry, Rules for Writing, Population, Area, etc., of Each of the United States, Population of Cities at Last Census, - Precautionary Measures in Transacting Business, Presidents of the U. S.; Historical Facts Relating to, Presidents of the U. S. ; Where They Were Educated, Principal Exports of Various Countries, Promissory Notes, Forms of, Public Celebrations; How to Conduct Them, Public Meetings; Directions for Conducting Them, Punctuation, Rules of, Receipts, Forms of, Resolutions, Forms of, - Selections from the Poets; Fifty Standard Poems, Senators and Representatives, Number From Each State, Short-Hand Writing; Rules and Copies for, - Silk Wedding, Form of Invitation to, Silver Wedding, Form of Invitation to, Sign-Writing, Wording and Punctuation, Spelling, Rules and Directions for, State Laws Relating to Interest, - Strength of Ice, Subscription Papers; How to Draft Them, Superscriptions on Envelopes; Directions for Writing, Tables for Reference; Coins, Value, etc., Time Required to Digest Different Kinds of Food, - Titles; His Excellency; Hon., Rev., Dr., Prof., Esq., etc., Toasts and Sentiments Suitable for Public Occasions, Tombstone Inscriptions, Forms of, Underscoring; Rules for Italicizing, - United States; When, Where and by Whom Settled, United States Army; Its Strength at Various Dates, Vegetables and Plants; Countries Where Originated, Visiting and Business Cards, Forms of, - Vocabulary of Rhymes; Rhyming Dictionary, Wages Table; Showing Earnings per Hour, Day, etc., Wedding Ceremonies, Etiquette of, Weights, Measures, Variation of Time, etc., - Weights of a Cubic Foot; of Metals, Liquids, etc. Wills, Forms of, Writing for the Press; Rules and Directions for, - 79 H3 132 127 126 128 192 "75 158 134 192 1 88 I5 2 132 219 165 17 212 262 I8 7 190 I 7 6 1 80 '39 213 216 52 152 209 279 192 44 132 133 251 48 143 192 171 84 184 189 82 215 257 54 1 88 192 189 137 269 186 125 185 1 86 166 232 TABLE OF CONTENT PENMANSHIP. PAGE. Introductory Remarks, 17 System of Penmanship, Copies, Principles, Im- portance of Practice, Pens, 18 Paper, Ink, Other Writing Materials, How to Practice, - 19 Position while Writing, 20 Position for Sitting and Holding the Pen, - 21 Legibility, Proportion of Small Letters, Relative Proportion of Letters in Large Round-hand, Ele- ments of Small Letters, - 22 General Hints for Small Letters, Principles of Capi- tal Letters, Capital Letters, 23 Views ot the Correct Positions for Holding Hand and Pen while Writing, 24 Views Representing Incorrect Positions for Hand and Pen while Writing, 25 Nature's Rules, Curved Lines, Proportion, 26 Contrast, Position of Hand in Flourishing, Plain Penmanship and Flourishing, - 27 Correct Position for Standing while Writing, - 28 Correct and Incorrect Positions for Sitting and Hold- ing the Pen, - 29 Small Letters Contrasted, Showing Probable Faults. Right and Wrong, - ... 30-31 Description of the Plates, - 32 Lithographic Copies of Alphabets, Figures, Words, and Sentences, ---... 32-33 Blackboard Flourishing, Teaching Penmanship, The Twelve-lesson System, - 33 How to Organize the Writing Class, How to Main- tain Interest, ... 34 Lithographic Copies Representing Ladies' Penmanship, Containing Alphabets, Figures, Words, and Senten- ces, Bttsiness Penmanship, Showing Letter of In- troduction, ------ 34-35 How to Arrange Copies, Commencement of the Writing School, - 35 Programme of Exercises for Each Lesson. First Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Lessons, 36 Lithographic Copies Comprising Off-hand Capitals, Round- hand, and Flourishing, - 36-37 Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Lessons, 37 Eleventh and Twelfth Lessons, ... 38 Lithographic Copies Representing Fine Penmanship and Flourishing, Pe'tt-pictures of Birds, etc., - 38-39 Suggestions to Teachers, .... 39 PAGE. Concluding Suggestions on Penmanship to Learners, Reasons Why we should Write Well, - - 40 Blackboard Flourishing, Chalk and Pencil Drawing, 40-41 Copies for the Writing School, - - - 41 Copies of Ladies' Epistolary Penmanship, 43 SHORT-HAND WRITING. General Directions for Writing Short-Hand, Posi- tion for Holding the Pen when Writing Short- Hand, - - - .' . - 44 SPELLING. Spelling, Names of Elementary Sounds, Letters, Rules for Spelling, Classified list of Words of Similar Pronunciation that are Spelled Differently, Spelling by Sound, - - 48-51 CAPITAL LETTERS. Capital Letters, Rules for the Use of Capitals, 52 PUNCTUATION. Examples, Punctuation Marks, Rules for Punc- tuation, -....- 52-53 Marks of Pronunciation, Marks Directing Attention, Underscoring, . 54 GRAMMAR. Grammar, Mistakes Corrected, 55 Slang Phrases and Profanity, Declamation of Origi- nal Composition, - 56 Writing as an Aid to Extempore Speaking, - 57 Composition, ... 58 Brevity in Telegrams, ... 59 Rhetorical Figures, Metaphor, Allegory, Personi- fication, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Irony, Par- alipsis, Climax, - - 60 Allusion, Exclamation, Interrogation, Euphem- ism, Apostrophe, Vision, 61 Summary, Laws of Language, Specific Directions, Rules of Construction, - 62 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. Examples Given of over Eleven Thousand Synonym- ous Words, Whereby the Writer is Not Only Given the Spelling of all Common Words, but is Enabled with this Table to avoid the Disagreeable Fault of Tautology or Repetition of Words, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 71, 72, 73, 74- 75. 76, 77. ?3 LETTER-WRITING. Style and Manner, Originality, 79 Parts of a Letter, Purity of Expression, Form, - 80 lA 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Position of the Various Parts, Complimentary Ad- dress to the Business Man, To the Married Wo- man, To the Unmarried Woman, Kinds of Paper to Use, Form of a Letter, - 81 Etiquette of Letter-Writing, - 82 TITLES. To Royalty, To Nobility, .... 82 To Baronets, To Knights, Titles of Honor, Profes- sion, and Respect, - - - - 83 SUPERSCRIPTIONS. How to Write Straight on the Envelope, - 83 Form of Superscription on Envelope, to Circulate within the United States, - 84 Letter to England, - - 85 Letter to Germany, Letter to Ireland, Letter from Germany, Letter to be Returned in Ten Days, Suggestions, .... 86 BUSINESS LETTERS. General Directions, Ordering Goods, 87 Form of a Letter Ordering Books, Form of an Order to a Dry-Goods Merchant, From a Young Man Commencing Business to a Wholesale House, Enclosing Order, Requesting Information Con- cerning the Opening of a Store, Answer to the Foregoing, - 88 Enquiry Concerning Real Estate, Letters of Res- ignation, Letter Complaining of Error in Bill, Answer to the Foregoing An Application for Situation on a Railway, Recommending a Suc- cessor in Business, Notice of having Forwarded Goods, Requesting a Friend to make Purchases, 89 Requesting Settlement of Account, Reply to the Foregoing, Urging Payment of Rent, Letter to a Pioneer Settler in the West, Answer to the Foregoing, ...... go APPLICATIONS FOR SITUATIONS. Letters Answering Advertisements,' Miscellaneous Advertisements, "Wanted," Answer to an Ad- vertisement for an Assistant Editor, - - 91 General Directions, Letter from a Boy Applying for a Clerkship, From a Young Lady Applying for a Clerkship in a Store, Answering an Advertise- ment for a Book-keeper, Answering an Advertise- ment for a Cook, Answer to an Advertisement for a Chambermaid, Application for a Situation as a Gardener, --._..- 92 Application for a Situation as a Coachman, Appli- cation from a Governess Answering an Advertise- ment, Requesting Information as to the Character of a Governess, Favorable Reply to the Foregoing, Unfavorable Reply to the Foregoing, Answer- ing an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a Dress- maker, Answer to an Advertisement for a Music- teacher, Answering an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a Printer, 93 LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION. Recommending a Salesman, Recommending a School-Mistress, Recommending a Book-keeper, Recommending a Waiter, Recommending a Cook, Recommending a Washerwoman, Recom- mending a Porter, Declining to Recommend a Cook, .... 94 LETTERS OF SYMPATHY. Expressions of Condolence, To a Friend, on the Death of a Husband, Reply to the Foregoing, On the Death of a Mother, On the Death of a Brother, ... - 95 On the Death of a Wife, On the Death of a Sister, On the Death of a Daughter, On the Death of an Infant, On a Sudden Reverse of Fortune, - 96 LETTERS OF CONGRATULATION. Form of a Letter Congratulating a Friend upon Election to Office, ... .97 Congratulating a Friend upon Receiving a Legacy, Congratulating a Gentleman upon his Marriage, Congratulating a Friend upon the .Birth of a Son, Congratulating a Friend upon the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of his Wedding, Congratulating a Lady upon her Approaching Marriage, Congrat- ulating a Friend upon passing a Successful School Examination, Congratulating an Author upon the Success of his Book, Congratulating a Friend upon Obtaining a Business Situation, - 98 LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. General Directions, Form of Superscribing a Letter of Introduction, Letter Introducing one Gentle- man to Another, Introducing one Lady to An- other, Introducing a Young Musician to a Lady Friend, Introducing an Officer to a Brother Officer. 99 Introducing a Gentleman Seeking a Clerkship, In- troducing a Sister to a Schoolmate, Introducing a Clerk to an Old Fellow-clerk, Introducing a Student to the Writer's Mother, Introducing a Friend to a Member of Congress, Introducing a Literary Lady to a Publisher, Introducing a Daughter about to Make a Visit, 100 LETTERS OF ADVICE. General Directions, Letter Advising a Young Lady to Refuse Gifts from Gentlemen, - IOI Letter of Advice to a Young Man to Beware of Bad Company, Advising a Young Gentleman against a Hurried Marriage, Advice to a Gentleman on the Subject of Health, Advice to an Orphan Boy, 102 LETTERS OF EXCUSE. General Directions, Letter Apologizing for a Broken Engagement, Apologizing for Failure to Pay Money Promptly, Excuse to a Teacher for Non- attendance of Child at School, Apology for Breaking a Business Engagement, Apology for Delay in Returning a Book, 103 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 11 LETTERS ASKING FAVORS. General Directions, Letter Requesting the Loan of a Book, Reply Granting the Favor, Requesting the Loan of Money, Answer Refusing the Re- quest, Requesting a Letter of Introduction, Reply Granting the Request, Requesting the Loan of an Opera-Glass, Answer Refusing the Request, Requesting the Loan of a Pistol, Reply Grant- ing the Request, - 104 LETTERS ACCOMPANYING GIFTS. General Directions Letter Accompanying a Be- trothal Gift of a Ring, Reply to the Foregoing, Letter Accompanying Photographs, 105 Answer to the / Foregoing, Accompanying a Book Sent by the Author, Answer to the Foregoing, Accompanying a Bouquet of Flowers to a Lady, Answer to the Foregoing, Accompanying a Birth- day Gift, Answer to the Foregoing, Accompany- ing a Donation to a Clergyman, Answer to the Foregoing, Accompanying a Gift to a Superin- tendent upon Retirement, Answer to the Fore- going, LETTERS OF FRIENDSHIP AND RELATIONSHIP. General Directions, Letter from a Husband, Absent on Business, to his Wife, From a Young Lady to a Schoolmate just Married, From a Young Girl, at Boarding-School, to her Mother, Answer of the Mother, From an Absent Wife to her Husband, Answer to the Foregoing From a Servant in the City, to her Parents in the Country, The Mother's Reply, Letter from a Father Re- monstrating with his Son, The Son's Reply, From a Married Man to a Friend about to Marry, From a Young Man Who Has Recently Entered College, Descriptive Letter From a Young Man at the " Old Home," to his Parents in the West, no Descriptive Letter from a Young Lady Visiting Chi- cago, to her Parents in the East, - in LETTERS OF LOVE AND COURTSHIP. General Directions. Importance of Care, Necessity of Caution, At What Age to Write Love-Letters, Approval of Parents, Times for Courtship, Honesty, - - - 112 Marrying for a Home, Intemperate Men, Marry- ing Wealth, Poverty, Confidence and Honor, - 113 How to Begin the Love-Correspondence, Letter of a Gentleman to a Lady, Requesting the Privilege of Calling Upon Her, Favorable Reply, Unfavora- ble Reply, An Invitation to a Place of Public Amusement, Reply Accepting, Reply Refusing, Reply with Conditions, 114 Love at First Sight, Unfavorable Reply, Favorable 106 107 108 109 Reply, A Lover's Good-Bye Before Starting on a Journey, Reply to the Foregoing, Letter Asking an Introduction Through a Mutual Friend, Reply, Letter of Introduction, To the Father of the Lady, - 115 Favorable Reply, Unfavorable Reply, Reply Dis- carding a Young Man that Uses Tobacco, Letter to an Entire Stranger, Unfavorable Reply, - 116 Reply More Favorable, A Personal Advertisement in a Morning Paper, Remarks, with Advice Con- cerning Answers to "Personals," The Reply, - 117 Personal Advertisement, A Gentleman Makes a Frank Acknowledgment, Gushing with Sentiment, and Running Over with Poetry, - 118 Favorable Reply, From a Gentleman Confessing Change of Sentiment, Reply to a Young Man Addicted to Intemperance, - 119 One Way of Breaking the Ice, An Offer of Marriage, Favorable Reply, Letter from a Young Man, Who Proposes Marriage and Emigration, Reply, I2O WEDDING CARDS AND INVITATIONS. General Directions, Wedding Cards, Specimens of Cards, - - 121 Invitations to the Wedding, General Directions, Form of Note of Invitation, with Monogram, - 122 " At Home " Cards after the Bridal Tour, Card of invitation to the Wedding at the Bride's Residence, Form of Invitation to the Marriage Ceremony in Church, Note of Invitation and an "At Home" Card Combined, - 123 Illustration of Wedding Cards, with Tie in the Cen- ter, Illustration of Cards Fastened Together with a Ribbon at the Top, Note of Invitation to the Marriage Reception, Note of Invitation to the Reception at the Residence of the Parents of the Bride, the Marriage Ceremony Having Been Pre- viously Performed at Church. - 124 WEDDING CEREMONIES. General Remarks, - 125 Marriage License, The Law of Different States Con- cerning the Age at which Parties can Legally Marry, 126 The Ceremony, Form of Marriage, Form of Ad- dress to the Husband, To the Wife, To Both, Short Form of Marriage, Marriage Certificate, - 127 MARRIAGE NOTICES. General Directions in Preparing them for the News- papers, Examples of Marriage Notices, Married, 128 INVITATIONS TO RECEPTIONS. Various Forms of Invitation to Receptions, Parties, and Balls, .... 129 FAMILY RECORDS. General Suggestions, The Biography of Children, - 130 Condensed Form of Keeping the Record, - 131 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS. MARRIAGE ANNIVERSARIES. Bills of Exchange. Set of Foreign Bills of Exchange, Gold, Silver, and Other Weddings, At What Time Drafts, - 148 Comes the Cotton Wedding, The Paper, The Form of a Bank Draft, Sight Draft, Time Draft, Leather, The Wooden, The Woolen, The Tin, Acceptance, Days of Grace, 149 The Silk, The Crystal, The China, The Sil- BOOK-KEEPING. ver, The Pearl, The Ruby, The Golden, and the Diamond Wedding, Form of Note of Invita- Rules, Directions, and Forms for Keeping Books of .Account -- I en tion to the Silk Wedding. - 132 * J v Invitation to the Crystal Wedding, Invitation to the ORDERS. China Wedding, Invitation to the Silver Wed- For Money, For Merchandise, For Merchandise, ding, Invitation to the Golden Wedding, 133 not Exceeding in Value a Certain Specified Sum, For Goods Stored, 152 NOTES OF INVITATION TO PARTIES. RECEIPTS. General Directions, Written Note of Invitation to For Money on Account, In Full of All Demands, an Intimate Friend, Invitation to a Lawn Soiree, Invitation to an Even- ing Party, Answer Declining the Invitation, 134 In Full of All Accounts, For Money Advanced on Contract, For Rent. For a Note, For a Note of Another Person, ... 152 Invitation to a Dinner Party, Answer Accepting the Invitation, Answer Declining the Invitation, BILLS OF PURCHASE. Invitation to a Halloween Party, Invitation to Forms of Bills of Purchase. Bill of Goods Paid and an Evening Party, Dancing and Refreshments Receipted, Bill of Goods Payable by Note in Specified, - 135 Thirty Davs, 153 Familiar Invitation to a Wadding, Answer Accept- ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. ing, Answer Declining the Invitation, Party for General Definition, Common Form of Agreement, 154 a Young Lady, Invitation to a Picnic, Invitation to a Ball, Invitation to a Festival, 136 Article of Agreement for Warranty Deed, Agreement with Clerk for Services, Agreement for Building a FUNERAL NOTICE. House, 155 General Remarks, ..... 136 Agreement for Sale and Delivery of Personal Property, 156 VISITING AND ADDRESS CARDS. BILLS OF SALE. General Directions, Husband's Card, Wife's Card, Daughter's Card, Address, Wedding, Autograph, General Definition, Common Form of Bill of Sale, Bill of Sale of Personal Property, 156 157 and Business Cards, .... 137 BONDS. SELECTIONS FOR THE ALBUM. General Definition, Common Form of Bond, Bond Prose and Poetic Gems from the Best Authors Select- of the Cashier of a Bank. - 157 ed for Use When Writing in Albums, 138 Bond to a Corporation. 158 COMMERCIAL FORMS. MORTGAGES. Definition of Commercial Terms, Promissory Notes, 139 General Definition, Form of a Chattel Mortgage, - 158 The Law Relating to Promissory Notes, Negotiable Remarks, Real Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment Notes, - 140 of Money, - 159 Form of Note for Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Proxy, ..... 160 Note not Negotiable, Note of Two or More Per- sons, Note on Demand, - 141 DEEDS. Joint Note, Note Payable in Installments, Judg- The Law of Different States Relating to Deeds, ment Note, Note in Missouri, Note Payable in Form of Warranty Deed, with Covenants, 1 60 Merchandise, Due Bills, Form of Guarantee, 142 Quit-Claim Deed, Long Form of Quit-Claim Deed, Abstract of State Laws, Giving Rate of Interest, with Homestead Waiver. - 161 Penalty for Usury, and Limitation of Actions, 143 Release, 162 INTEREST TABLES. LANDLORD AND TENANT. How to Compute Interest at Any Rate per Cent, 144-145 The Law Relating to Leasing Property, 162 Short Form of a Lease for a House, Lease of a BANK FORMS. Dwelling for a Term of Years, with Covenant not Importance of Keeping a Bank Account, Deposit to Sublet, Lease of Farm and Buildings thereon, 163 Ticket, The Pass-Book, - 146 Landlord's Agreement, Tenant's Agreement, Form of a Check Book, 147 Notice to Quit, Tenant's Notice of Leaving, 164 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 13 PARTNERSHIP. General Suggestions Relating to Partnerships, 164 Form of Partnership Agreement. ... 165 WILLS. General Definition, and Law Relating to Wills, - 166 Codicils, - - - 167 General Form of a Will for Real and Personal Pro- perty, Codicil, ... 168 Short Form of Will, Form of Will, where Property is Left to Wife Absolutely, Form of Will, with Entire Property Left to Wife, for Life or Widow- hood, with Disposition of the Same after her Mar- riage or Death, Provision being made for Main- taining Children, etc., Legacies to Executors, - 169 Nuncupative Will, Affidavit to the Foregoing, A Short Form of Will, Conveying the Entire Real and Personal Property to the Wife of the Testator, Clauses for Insertion in Wills. Cancelling Debts that Are or May Be Due, - 170 Desiring that Difference of Opinion about Provisions of the Will be Settled by Arbitrators, Providing that the Wife Shall Have the Custody of the Chil- dren, and Appointing a Guardian in Case of Her Death, - 171 , SUBSCRIPTION PAPERS. General Directions for Writing them. Form of a Subscription Heading, - 171 EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALES. Abstract of State Laws, Showing the Amount of Real Estate and Personal Property Exempt from Sale and Execution in each State in the Union, 172 HOW TO COLLECT A DEBT. What to do When Necessary to Settle an Account by Legal Process, Outline of Proceedings by Moral Suasion and Legal Means When Collecting a Debt, How Debts are Made, General Sugges- tions on the best Methods of Doing Business, Precautionary Measures to be Taken in the Trans- action of Business, What to do to Guard Against Loss When Loaning Money, Loaning Money and Taking Security, How to be Thoroughly Se- cured, - .... 176 First Efforts at Collection, Dunning Letter No. i, Dunning Letter No. 2, Borrowed Money, Reminder No. i, Reminder No. 2, Legal Pro- ceedings, Limit of Jurisdiction with Justice of Peace in Different States, Form of Summons, - 177 The Costs, Trial by Justice and Jury, Form of Writ for Summoning Jurors, Who are Competent as Jurors, Who are Exempt from Serving on Juries, The Result of Failing to Appear at the Trial, What is a "Judgment" and an ' Execu- tion," Form of Execution against Goods and Chattels, - - - 178 Attachment of Goods, The Trial, Attaching the Body, Form of Capias, Form of Bond for Capias, Form of Special Bail, Who is Exempt from Arrest, Suing the Garnishee, Levying upon Real Estate, Appealing to Higher Courts, - - 179 How Soon the Debt may be Collected, Expense of Law Suits, Collecting Large Amounts, The Law of Different States, ... 180 POWER OF ATTORNEY. General Form of Power of Attorney, Letter of Sub- stitution Appended to Power of Attorney, General Power of Attorney to Collect Debts, Letter of Revocation, - 181 DUTIES OF CORONERS. Form of Verdict of Coroner's Jury in Case of Murder, Verdict in Case of Suicide, Verdict in Case of Natural Death, - - 182 REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. Form of a Majority Report, Form of a Minority Report, Report of the Treasurer of an Association, 182 Report of a Special Committee, Report of a Com- mittee at an Agricultural Fair, - 183 COPYRIGHT. Directions for Securing Copyright under the Revised Act of Congress, - 183 TABLES OF REFERENCE. Foreign and United States Gold Coins, Their Weight, Fineness, and Value, Assayed in the United States Mint, Foreign and United States Silver Coins, Weights and Measures, - - 184-185 WEIGHTS, MEASURES, HEAT AND GOLD. Weights of Metals, Weights of Woods, Degrees of Heat and Cold, Ages of Animals, Value of Woods for Fuel, - 186 WAGES TABLE. Amount of Wages per Hour and per Day, when Working at any Rate per Week, - 186 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Growth of the States in the Past Ten Years, 187 POPULATION OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Population, Area, Number of Persons to the Square Mile, Capital, Religion, and Government, of the Principal Countries of the World, - 187 GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLES. Population of the Earth, The World's Highest Mountains, The Earth's Longest Rivers, The Largest Oceans, ~9^s and Lakes, Exports of Va- rious Countries, When, Where, and by Whom Each of the United States was Settled, - - 188 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IMPORTANT FACTS. Name, Place of Residence, Age, When Elected, Length of Time in Office, etc., of the Presidents of the United States, Height of Monuments, Towers, etc., Capacity of Large Rooms, Periods of Di- gestion, Origin of Plants, Quantity of Seed to Plant a Garden, - 189 POPULATION OF CITIES. Population of the Principal Cities of the World, The Population of All the Principal Cities in the United States, at the Last Census, Compared with the Census of Ten Years Before, - 190 UNITED STATES PUBLIC DEBT. Expenditures and Public Debt of the United States Each Year, from the First Report to the Present Time, 191 IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE. Number of Men from each State who went to the war, Number of Men called for, Strength of the Army, Strength of Ice, Number of Electors and Congressional Representatives that each State is Entitled to, Education of the Presidents of the United States, Time of Fast Trotters, Where we get Coal, 192 BOARD AND INSURANCE TABLES. Tables Showing the Cost of Board per Day, Tables Showing Proportionate Cost of Insurance at Short Rates, 193 "GIVEN" NAMES OF PEOPLE. Given Names of Men and Women, in Ordinary Use, 196 DISTANCES, EXPECTATION OF LIFE., Etc. Distances from New York to the Principal Cities of the World, Expectation of Life, Influence of the Moon on the Growth of Plants, - 197 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. Latin Words and Phrases, French Words and Phrases, with Pronunciation, 198 Spanish Words and Phrases, Italian Words and Phrases, - 199 LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. Abbreviations Alphabetically Arranged for Use in Writing, 200-201-202-203-204-205 CONSTITUTIONS AND BY-LAWS. General Directions Relating to Drafting Constitu- tions, 206 Form of Constitutions, By-Laws, and Order of Exer- cises when Conducting a Meeting, - 207 CALLS FOR PUBLIC MEETINGS. Forms of Wording in Calling Public Meetings, Forms of Headings, Examples, " Democratic Rally," " School Meeting," "Old Settlers 1 Re- union," "Firemen's Review," "Woman Suffrage Convention," "Hot for Horse Thieves," "Rail- road Meeting," " Fourth of July," " Shall We Have an Agricultural Fair?" "Eight Hour Meeting," "Temperance Convention," " Vermonters, Attention ! " RESOLUTIONS. 208 209 Forms of Resolutions Appropriate for Many Occa- sions, - - 209-210-211-212 PETITIONS. General Suggestions, Petitions to a City Council, For Opening a Street, Remonstrating Against a Nuisance, Asking for a Policeman, Petitions to the State Legislature, Petition from Farmers Asking for the Extermination of the Canada Thistle, Petition from Farmers, Relative to Stock Running at Large, Petition to the Governor, Ask- ing for the Pardon of a Criminal, - 212 PUBLIC CELEBRATIONS. General Suggestions Concerning Arrangements, Fourth of July, Calling a Meeting to Learn the Feeling of the People, 213 Appointment of the Necessary Officers and Commit- tees to Make the Celebration a Success, Public Dinners, Picnics and Festivals, - 214 TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS. Examples, For a Christmas Dinner, For a Thanks- giving Festival, For the Fourth of July, For a Wooden Wedding, For the Tin Wedding, For the Crystal Wedding, For the Silver Wedding, For the Golden Wedding, - 21$ PUBLIC MEETINGS. How to Call, Organize, and Conduct Public Assem- blies, General Directions Relating to the Prelim- inary Steps to be Taken, in Order to Call a Public Meeting, Form of Call for a Meeting, . 216 Selection of a Chairman, Appointment of a Secre- tary, Order of Business, Committee on Resolu- tions, 217 Adjournment, The Secretary's Report, Govern- ment of Conventions, 218 PARLIAMENTARY RULES. Rules of Order in Conducting Public Meetings, 219 220-22 i -222-223-224-225 226-227-228- 229-230-23 i TABLE OF CONTENTS. 15 WRITING FOR THE PRESS. General Directions, Local Reporting, 232 Important Reportorial Qualifications, t Subjects of Local and General Interest, Items for the News- paper, 233 RESULTS OF BAD PENMANSHIP. The Difficulties, Perplexities and Loss of Time Re- sulting from the Use of Bad Penmanship, - 234 NAMES OF SIZES OF BOOKS. Books, Names of the Different Sizes, Illustrations and Explanations of the Folio, Quarto (410.), Octavo (8vo.), Duodecimo (i2mo.), etc., - 235 BOOK AND NEWSPAPER TYPE. Brilliant, Diamond, Pearl, Agate, Nonpariel, Minion, 236 Brevier, Bourgeois, Long Primer, Small Pica, Pica, English, Great Primer, Two-Line Small Pica, 237 DIRECTIONS FOR READING PROOF. Typographical Marks, Explanations of the Correc- tions, 238 Marks Used in Correcting Proofs, 239 ALPHABETS OF PLAIN AND FANCY LETTERS. Directions for Making Letters, Examples of Differ- ent Styles of Letters, with Alphabets Complete, prepared for the Use of Sign-Writers, Marble- Workers, Engravers, and Others, - - 240 SIGN-PAINTING. Illustrations of the Proper Wording and Punctuation in Sign-Writing, General Directions in Punctua- tion for the Special Use of Sign-Painters, - ENGRAVERS' INSCRIPTIONS. Wording and Punctuation of Inscriptions for Engrav- ing, TOMBSTONE INSCRIPTIONS. General Directions, Examples Showing Correct Wording and Punctuation, Brief Epitaphs, EPITAPHS. Selections from the Poets, Brief Extracts from the Best Poems, Suitable to Accompany Tombstone Inscriptions, * POETRY. Poetry Defined, Examples of Poetry in Prose, " The Old Church," - - . Versification, Blank Verse, Examples of Rhyme, and Blank Verse, - Accent and Feet, Meters, Iambic Feet, Long, Short, and Common Meter, - 251 255 257 259 262 263 264 Trochaic Verse, Examples, Anapestic Verse, Ex- amples, - - 265 Dactylic Verse, Examples, Other Kinds of Poetic Feet, Poetical Pauses, - - 266 Varieties of Poetry, Epic, Dramatic, Lyric, Elegiac, Pastoral, and Didactic Poetry, Kinds of Poems, Odes, Paeans, Ballads, - - 267 Epigrams, Sonnets, Cantatas, Charades, Can- zonets, Epitaphs, Satires, Parodies, Pro- logues, Epilogues, Impromptus, Acrostics, - 268 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. The Poet's Assistant in Making Rhyme, being a Com- plete Collection of all Words that Rhyme, 269 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. Examples of Beautiful Poems, " Eternal Justice," by Charles Mackay, - .... 279 " Hereafter," " The Planting of the Apple-Tree," by Wm. C. Bryant, - - - 280 "Cleon and I," by Charles Mackay, "Hannah Jane," by Petroleum V. Nasby, ... 281 " The Motherless Turkeys," by Marian Douglas, - 283 " Betsy and I are Out," by Will M. Carleton, - 284 " How Betsy and I Made Up," by Will M. Carleton, 285 " Weighing the Baby," by Ethel Lynn," The Old Oaken Bucket," by Samuel Wood worth, " On the Other Side," ..... 2 86 " Maud Muller," by John G. Whittier, - - 287 " Rock Me to Sleep, Mother," by Florence Percy, " Katie Lee and Willie Gray," ... 288 " Never Again,"" If I Should Die To-Night," - 289 " The Lost Steamship," by Fitz-James O'Brien, " There Is No Such Thing as Death," - - 290 " The Vagabonds," by J. T. Trowbridge, - - 291 "Two Little Pairs," "Which Shall It Be?" - 292 " The Little Boy That Died," by Joshua D. Robin- son, " Heaven by Littles," ... 293 " There 's But One Pair of Stockings to Mend To- Night," "Absence," by Frances Anne Kemble, 294 "Elegy Written in a Country Church- Yard," by Thomas Gray ..... 295 " You and I," "Little Feet," by Florence Percy, - 296 " The Wants of Man," by John Quincy Adams, - 297 " The Evening Bells," by Thomas Moore, - - 299 " Words for Parting," by Mary Clemmer Ames, " The Sculptor Boy," .... 299 " The Closing Scene," by Thomas Buchanan Read, " Love Lightens Labor," .... 300 " Birth-Spot Memories," by George D. Prentice, " Oh ! Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud ? " 301 " Roll-Call," "Over the Hill from the Poor-House," by Will M. Carleton. .... 302 " A Message," by Eben E. Rexford, " Changes," " We Parted in Silence," by Mrs. Crawford, - 304 " Rain on the Roof," by Coates Kinney, "Over the River," by Nancy Amelia Priest, ... 305 Gentlemen's Position for Sitting while Writing 20 Ladies' Position for Sitting while Writing, - 21 Correct Positions for the Hand while Writing, 24 Incorrect Positions for the Hand while Writing, 25 The Bird among the Flowers, - 26 Position of the Hands and Pen when Flourish- ing, - - 27 Position for Standing while Writing, - - 28 Correct and Incorrect Positions for Sitting while Writing, - 29 Specimens of Flourishing Eagle and Birds, 40 Specimens of Flourishing Birds and Swan, 41 Books of Different Sizes, - 235 The Package of Letters, - 79 The Friendship Letter, The Wedding, The Exempted Homestead, - The Cottage Home, - The *Court House, - Position of Pen While Writing Short-hand, Public Assemblage in Session, The Sign-Painter, The Funeral Procession, Entrance to Washington's Tomb at Mount Vernon, - The Engraver at Work, Portrait of Franklin, Artist's Brook, - PAGE. IO7 12 5 I 7 2 130 54 44 216 2 5 J 2 57 2 59 2 55 232 262 r STEEL PLATE PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR. FRONTISPIECE. Alphabets, Words, and Figures, - 32 Words and Sentences, - 33 Ladies' Fine Epistolary Penmanship, - 34 Business Penmanship, showing Letter of In- troduction, - - 35 Off-hand Capitals The Swooping Eagle, - 36 The Round Hand, German Text Alphabet The Scroll, - - 37 Fine Specimens of Flourishing, with Gems of Penmanship, - 38 " The Birds," an Elegant Full-page Specimen of Pen Flourishing, - - 39 WRITING. KITING is the art of placing thought, by means of written characters, upon any object capable of receiving the same. The origin of this art is com- pletely veiled in obscurity, no history giving authentic account of its first introduc- tion and use. Its first recorded mention is in the Bible, wherein it is said, referring to the prep- aration of the Ten Commandments by Moses on Mount Sinai, that " The Tables were written on both their sides." Fifteen hundred years before Christ, Cadmus, the Phoenician, had introduced letters into Greece, being sixteen in number, to which several were afterwards added. It is certain that the Greeks were among the very earliest of the nations of the earth to invent and make use of written characters for the record of ideas, which could be clearly interpreted by succeed- ing generations; though the invention of the art came from the advancing civilization of man- kind, and had its origin with various nations; at first in the form of hieroglyphics, or picture writing, which characters have, as mankind progressed, been simplified, systematized, and arranged in alphabets, giving us the various alphabetical characters now in use. Writing and penmanship, though nearly synonymous terms, are quite different in mean- ing. Writing is the expression of thought by certain characters, and embraces penmanship, spelling, grammar and composition. ENMANSHIP is the combina- tion of peculiar characters used to represent the record of thought; and having, since its first invention, continued to change its form down to the present time, so it is probable the style of penmanship will continue to change in the future. The great defect existing in the present system of pen- manship is the superabundance of surplus marks, that really mean nothing. This fault, along with our defective alphabet, consumes in writing, at prese'nt, a great amount of unneces- sary time and labor. Thus, in writing the word Though, we make twenty-seven motions, whereas, being but two sounds in the word, we actually require but two simple marks. That style of writing whereby we use a character to represent each sound, is known as phonography, which system of penmanship enables the penman to write with the rapidity of speech. The phonetic or phonographic system of spelling, wherein each sound is represented by a character, gives us the nearest approach to a perfect alphabet in existence, and is the method of spelling and the style of writing to which we will, beyond question, ultimately attain. It has been found extremely difficult, how- ever, to suddenly change a style of alphabet in general use in a living language; and the mass of the American and English people will, with- out doubt, use the present style of penmanship, 18 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. with various modifications, many decades in the future. To the perfection of that system in general use, in the English and American method of writing, which the present genera- tion will be most likely to have occasion to use throughout their lifetime, this work is directed, as having thus the most practical value ; though Short-hand is illustrated elsewhere. System of Penmanship. Two styles of penmanship have been in use, and each in turn has been popular with Americans in the past fifty years ; one known as the 'round hand, the other as the angular writing. The objection attaching to each is, that the round hand, while having the merit of legibility, requires too much time in its exe- cution ; and the angular, though rapidly written, is wanting in legibility. The best teachers of penmanship, of late, have obviated the objec- tions attaching to these different styles, by com- bining the virtues of both in one, producing a semi-angular penmanship, possessing the legi- bility of the round hand along with the rapid execution of the angular. To the Duntons, of Boston, and the late P. R. Spencer, as the founders of the semi-angular penmanship, are the people indebted for the beautiful system of writing now in general use in the schools throughout the country. Copies. The copies, accompanied by directions in this book, will be found ample in number and sufficiently explicit in detail to give the student a knowledge of writing and flourishing. In acquiring a correct penmanship it is not the practice of many different copies that makes the proficient penman, but rather a proper understanding of a few select ones, for a few copies embrace the whole art. As will be seen by an examination of the copy plates, each letter of the alphabet is made in a variety of styles, both large and small, suc- ceeded by words alphabetically arranged in fine and coarse penmanship, which are excellently adapted to the wants of both ladies and gentle- men, according to the dictates of fancy in the selection of coarse and fine hand. As a rule, however, the bold penmanship, indicating force of character, will be naturally adopted by gentlemen, while the finer hand, exhibiting delicacy and refinement, will be chosen by the ladies. Principles. The principles of penmanship, also repre- sented, give the complete analysis of each letter, while the proper and improperly made letters, representing good and bad placed side by side, will have a tendency to involuntarily improve the penmanship, even of the person who makes a casual examination of the letters of the -alphabet thus made in contrast. The illustrations of curves, proportions and shades that accompany these directions should also be carefully studied, as a knowledge of these scientific principles in penmanship will be found of great service to the student in giving a correct understanding of the formation of letters. Importance of Practice. It is not sufficient, however, that the student merely study the theory of writing. To be pro- ficient there must be actual practice. To con- duct this exercise to advantage it is necessary to have the facilities for writing well. Essen- tial to a successful practice are good tools with which to write. These comprise the following writing materials : Pens. Metallic pens have generally superseded the quill. They are of all styles and quality of metal, gold and steel, however, being the best. In consequence of its flexibility and great dur- ability, many prefer the gold pen ; though in point of fine execution, the best penmen prefer the steel pen, a much sharper and finer hair line being cut with it than with the gold pen. SELF-INSTKUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 19 Paper, For practice in penmanship, obtain of the stationer five sheets of good foolscap paper. Midway from top to bottom of the sheet, cut the paper in two, placing one half inside the other. Use a strong paper for the cover, and sew the whole together, making a writing-book. Use a piece of blotting paper to rest the hand on. The oily perspiration constantly passing from the hand unfits the surface of the paper for receiving good penmanship. The hand should never touch the paper upon which it is designed, afterwards, to write. Ink. Black ink is best. That which flows freely, and is nearest black when first used, gives the most satisfaction. The inkstand should be heavy and flat, with a large opening, .from which to take ink, and not liable to tip over. The best inkstand is made of thick cut glass, enabling the writer to see the amount of ink in the same, and shows always how deep to set the pen when taking ink from the stand. Care should be observed not to take too much ink on the pen ; and the surplus ink should be thrown back into the bottle, and never upon the carpet or floor. Close the bottle when done using it, thus* preventing rapid evaporation of the ink, causing it soon to become too thick. Other Writing Materials. An important requisite that should accom- pany the other writing materials is the pen wiper, used always to clean the pen when the writing exercise is finished, when the ink does not flow readily to the point of the pen, or when lint has caught upon the point. A small piece of buckskin or chamois skin, obtained at the drug store, makes much the best wiper. The student should be provided with various sizes of paper, for different exercises to be written, such as commercial forms, letters, notes of invitation, etc., with envelopes to correspond in size ; together with lead-pencil, rubber, ruler, and mucilage. Thus provided with all the materials necessary, the writing exercise, which otherwise would be an unpleasant task, becomes a pleasure. How to Practice. Having the necessary materials in readiness for writing, the student should set apart a cer- tain hour or two each day for practice in pen- manship, for at least one month, carefully observing the following directions : See Plate 1. Carefully examine each copy on this plate. Devote one page in the writing book to the practice of each copy. Commence with copy No. 1. The practice of this copy is an important exercise for two reasons, being : first, to give sufficient angularity for rapidity in writing; and second, to give freedom of move- ment. The student who carries a heavy, cramped hand, will find great benefit result from practic- ing this copy always at the commencement of the writing exercise. Rest the hand on the two lower fingers never on the wrist, and rest the body and arm lightly upon the fore- arm. Assume thus a position whereby the pen can take in the entire sweep of the page, writing this exercise, in copy No. 1, from the left to the right side of the page, without removing the pen from the paper while making the same. The student may write both with pen and lead -pencil, and should continue the practice of this exercise until perfect command is obtained of the fingers, hand and arm ; and all evidence of a stiff, cramped penmanship dis- appears. Copy No. 2 is a contraction of copy No. 1, making the letter and and < In verted, it forms the lower part of . - and General Hints for Small Letters. Be careful to close the -fl at the top, else it will resemble a ^, Observe the distinction between the ^ and the ^. The /and ^are shaded at the top, and made square. The is crossed one third the distance from the top. The loop is of uniform length in all loop letters. Avoid a loop in the upper part of 4- and d. The dot of the should be at a point twice the height of the letter. Beware of making the extended letters crooked. The left hand mark of the loop letters should be straight, from the center of the loop to the line, sloping at an angle of 52 degrees. See diagram of slope. Figures are twice the height of the > HE desk at which the individual stands when writing, should slightly incline from the front upward. It should so project as to give ample room for the feet beneath, which should be so placed as to be at nearly right angles with each other, the right foot forward, the principal weight of the body resting upon the left. Incline the left side to the desk, resting the body upon the left elbow, as shown in the above engraving, thus leaving the right arm free to use the muscular or whole arm movement, as may be desired. The desk should be so high as to cause the writer to stand erect, upon which the paper should be placed with the edge parallel with the desk. UTINQ 3Pt-pO3r 9 of tlie J Rest the body lightly on the forearm, and the hand upon the two lower fingers, the end of the penholder pointing towards the right shoulder. Practice, in the position herewith shown, either with lead-pencil or pen, upon waste paper, entirely regardless of the form of letters, until the pen can be held easily and correctly, and writing can be executed rapidly. Strike off- hand exercises, and the whole arm capitals, making each letter as perfectly as may be, the practice, however, being with special reference to acquiring the correct position, and freedom of movement. Steady the paper firmly with the left hand, holding it near the top of the sheet, as shown in the illustration. Beware of soiling the paper with perspiration from the left hand. SELF- INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 29 CORRECT I INCORRECT SITTING and HOLDING 'EREWITH are shown, in con- trast, the correct and incor- rect position s for sitting while writing ; the upright figure representing the youth who sits erect, graceful and easy, holding the paper at right angles with the arm, steadying the same with the -left hand. As will be perceived, the correct position, here represented is at once conducive to health and comfort, being free from labored effort and weariness. On the opposite side of the table sits a youth whose legs are tired, whose hands are wearied, and whose head and back ache from his struggles at writing. This boy will be liable to become, ere long, near-sighted, from keeping his eyes so close to his work. He will be round- shouldered, will have weak lungs, and will probably early die of consumption, caused from sitting in a cramped, contracted and unhealthy posture. The bad positions liable to be assumed in writing, are, first, the one here shown ; second, lying down and sprawling both elbows on the table ; third, rolling the body upon one side, turning the eyes, and swinging the head, at the same time protruding and twisting the tongue every time a letter is made. An earnest, determined effort should be made, when writing, to bring the body into an easy, graceful attitude, until the habit becomes thoroughly established. This illustration should be carefully studied by youth when learning to write ; and all writers should give the matter attention. 30 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. SMALL LETTERS CONTRASTED, SHOWING PROBABLE FAULTS. RIGHT AND WRONG. Wrong. Right. 1st a is not closed at the top. It resembles a . 2nd a contains a loop and resembles an e. Wrong. Right. 1st j is crooked and contains too much loop at the bottom. 2nd/, loop too short. \Vrong. Right. lsts is too short. 2nd s contains a loop, top and DOttom. Wrong. Right. 1st b is crooked. 2nd b has a loop too long. Wrong. Right. Wrong. Right. 1st k resembles an h and is crooked. 2nd /, loop too long ; lower part spreads too much. 1st t, not crossed, is too round at the bottom, with bad connecting line. 2nd t slopes too much. W 7 rong. Right. 1st c has the connecting line too high. 2nd c has a loop too large, causing it to resemble the e. Wrong. Right. 1st / is crooked. 2nd /, loop too broad and too long. Wrong. Right. 1st u resembles an . 2nd is irregular in height. Wrong. Right. Wrong. Right. 1st d contains a loop at the bottom. 2nd d 1st m lacks uniformity of slope and appearance, slopes too much. 2nd m lacks uniformity of height, and too angular. Wrong. Right. 1st 7' is too angular at the top and bottom. 2nd v spreads too much. J2, Wrong. Right. 1st e , loop too small. 2nd t?~^y^i^^t^y^^ / / SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 35 attention to the study, from the time of com- mencement to the close. Each pupil in the class should be provided with pen, ink, and a writing book. Practicing in the evening, each should be provided with a lamp, covered with a shade, throwing as strong light as possible on the writing. For the writing book, use five sheets of best foolscap paper. Cut in two, midway from top to bottom of the sheet ; put one half inside the other ; cover with strong paper, and sew the whole together, the cover extending one inch above the writing paper. How to Arrange Copies. Slips are best for copies, as they slide down the paper and can be kept directly above the writing of the pupil while practicing. Twenty- four copies will be generally sufficient to occupy the time of most pupils during the term, and should be arranged to embrace all the princi- ples and exercises it is necessary for the student to understand in writing plain penmanship. The copies may be written or printed. Writ- ten, if well executed; printed, if the teacher can obtain them, suitably arranged for the twelve-lesson term, as they are thus more per- fect than written copies are likely to be, and .save the teacher the drudgery of writing copies. If printed, the copy should be a fine, elegant lithographic fac simile of perfect penmanship ; perfect, because it takes the pupil no longer to learn to make a correct than an incorrect letter. Numbered in the order of their suc- cession, from one to twenty-four, these slips should be wrapped together in a package, which should be pasted on the inside, at the top of the cover, whence they can be drawn as required by the student. When the copy is finished, the slip should be placed at the bottom of the package. The wrapper, holding the copies, should be sufficiently firm and tight to prevent the copies falling from their places when the book is hand- led. If the copies are kept by the pupil free from wrinkles and blots, an advantage of this arrangement is, that when the book is written through the copies are yet carefully preserved in their place, when new writing paper may be added to the book and the copies used again by the same pupil or by others. Another plan is, for the teacher to keep the copies and distribute the same at the commence- ment of the lesson among the members of the class, and collect them at the close. When the teacher is short of copies, this plan may be pur- sued, though the other is the most systematic, and is attended with the least labor. The most advanced and rapid penmen of the class, who write out their copies before the close of the term, may be furnished with copies of various commercial forms, for practice, in the last of the term. Should a second term of lessons be given, those students who attend it should review the copies of the first term for about six lessons, after which they may be drilled in the writing of commercial forms, business letters, composi- tions, etc., according to the capacity and ad- vancement of the pupil. The copy should always be ready before the class assembles. The teacher should never be compelled to write a copy while the school is in session, especially if the class be large. Commencement of the School. The teacher having arranged to give a course of lessons in writing, should open the school at the hour appointed, even if there be no more than one pupil in attendance at the time of commencement, and should conduct the term through, unless insurmountable obstacles pre- vent. If the school possesses real merit the class will steadily increase in size, until a hun- dred pupils may be in attendance, even though but a half dozen were in the class at the open- ing lesson. 36 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES FOR EACH LESSON, First Lesson. CALLING audience to order. Brief statement of what it is proposed to accomplish during the course of instruction. Assembling of the members of the class in front of the teacher, when each pupil, able to do so, should write a sample of penmanship, worded as follows : " This is a sample of my penmanship be- fore taking lessons in writing" each signing name to the same. Pupils should be urged to present the best specimen it is possible for them to write, in order that the improvement made may be clearly shown when the student writes a similar exercise at the close of the term. Specimens written, assume position for sitting and holding pen, full explanation being given by the teacher concerning correct and incorrect positions. Commence writing on the second page, the first page being left blank on which to write the name of the owner of the book. Let the first be a copy composed of quite a number of extended letters, containing such words as, ' My first effort at writing in this book." Writing these words in the first of the term enables the pupils to turn back from the after pages and contrast their writing with their first efforts in the book, on an ordinarily difficult copy, thus plainly showing their improvement as they could not perceive it by commencing with the simplest exercise. Students are encouraged to much greater exertion when they can plainly see their improvement. Having covered the first page with their ordinary penmanship, let the class commence with Copy No. 2, shown on page 41, in the set of writing-school copies, while the teacher fully explains, from the blackboard, the object of the copy. Give half an hour's practice on posi- tion and freedom of movement, making frequent use of the blackboard in illustrating the principles for making letters. The blackboard is, in fact, indispensable to the teacher of pen- manship. Intermission of fifteen minutes. Criticism of position, ex- planation on blackboard of letter m, and practice on the letter by the class. Remarks by the teacher on the importance of a good handwriting, with brief outline of what the next lesson is to be. Second Lesson. Drill on position ; criticism. Use a separate slip of paper for ten minutes' practice on freedom of movement for hand and arm. See that every pupil has the requisite materials. Ex- planation again of letter m as made in words mum, man, mim, etc. Thorough drill, and examination by teacher of each pupil's writing. Intermission. Writing of short words, with special reference to perfecting the letter m. Blackboard explanation of slope of letters, with illustrations showing im- portance of uniformity of slope, etc. Hints in reference to neatness, order, and punctuality, and encouragement, if the improvement of the class warrants the same. Love of appro- bation is one of the ruling organs of the mind. Nothing is more gratifying, when the student has done well, than to be appreciated ; and the pupil is stimulated to much greater exer- tion, when receiving judicious praise from the teacher for work well performed. Prompt and early attendance of the class at the next lesson should be urged, and close by giving outline of next lesson. The teacher should gather and keep the books. Students may each care for their pens, ink, and light. Third Lesson. Drill in movement. Explanation of letter o on the black- board, and letters in which it is made, such as a, d,g, q, e, etc., showing, also, faults liable to be made. Careful examination and criticism of the writing of every student in the class indi- vidually. Explanation of t, d, and/, on the board, showing probable faults, with other exercises at the discretion of the teacher. Intermission. Explanation of length, size, and form of loop letters, the class being supposed to be practicing simi- lar exercises to those illustrated on the board. Explanation and illustration concerning the writing of all the small letters, representing on the board the principles upon which they are made. During the lesson, two hours in lengfh, the students should always be engaged in writing, except at intermission, and while the attention of the class is engaged with the black- board illustrations. Fourth Lesson. A few minutes' drill on freedom of movement. Explanation of position for sitting and holding the pen, showing faults. Illustrations on the blackboard of the fundamental principles for making capital letters, representing curves, proportion, shades, parallel lines, etc. ; students practicing the principles on a loose piece of paper. Careful drill on the capital stem. Caution by the teacher that students do not write too fast. General practice on copies including the capital letters. Indi- vidual examination by the teacher of all the writing books. Intermission. Blackboard illustration, showing faults in the making of the principles ; careful drill on position for sitting, holding pen, and freedom of movement. Representation by teacher of evil effects of cramped penmanship, and weariness resulting from sitting improperly. Earnest effort to induce every pupil to practice as much as possible between lessons, a premium being given to the member of the class who shows greatest improvement at the close of the lessons, and a premi- um to the best penman. Fifth Lesson. Five minutes' drill on off-hand movement, special attention being paid by the class to the position for sitting and holding the pen. Illustration by the teacher, on the blackboard, of capital letters from A to M, making each capital correctly, beside which should be made the same letter as the pupil is liable to make it, showing probable faults. Examination by the teacher of the writing in each book. Intermission. Urgent appeal by the teacher to students to secure the greatest possi- ble excellence in writing, by practice both in and out of the school ; showing not only the reputation acquired by receiving the premium in the class, but the lasting advantage resulting PLATE V. H Orrtaj-h. lah. St.Lc PLATE VI. W CrtrlaA tiffi. 3t.a ,i ; SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 37 from always being able to put thoughts beautifully and readily on paper. Blackboard illustrations, giving the capitals from M to Z, together with probable faults. Careful drill by pupils on capitals, accompanied by examination and criticism of each pupil by the teacher pleasantly suggesting a change where faults are visible, and praising all where improvement is plain. Sixth Lesson. General drill by the class on small letters and capitals. Re- view by the teacher of the capital stem on the blackboard and the making of all capitals in which it occurs. Examination by teacher of writing books. General remarks on punctuation, showing the importance of being able to punctuate correctly ; followed by making each punctuation mark on the board, its use being explained by sentences written. Each student should give careful attention to all blackboard illustrations. Different sentences should be written, and the various mem- bers of the class required to punctuate the same, if possible, correctly. Intermission. Continued drill in penmanship. Special explanation of the capital letter on the blackboard, showing faults liable to be made ; that the height of the 0, correctly formed, is twice its width, is made of a perfect curve, with parallel lines, only one down mark shaded. The teacher will then, on the board, make the capitals in which the same is found. Twenty minutes' practice by the class, applying the principle. Rest occasionally by the class, in which the teacher further illustrates exercises in punctuation. Seventh Lesson. Drill in penmanship, the teacher yet watching and exposing every fault to be seen in sitting and holding the pen ; also any marked fault in penmanship ; calling, however, no names of pupils that may be at fault. Blackboard illustration, show- ing the principle found in the upper part of Q, W, etc. Capi- tals made in which it occurs. Careful drill by pupils on this exercise. Criticism of writing in each book by the teacher. General remarks by the teacher on the use of capital letters, followed by illustrations on the board showing where capitals should be used. Steady practice in penmanship by the class, the pupils being cautioned to write with the utmost care, making it a point to write every letter perfectly, no matter how long it may take to execute the same, remembering that prac- tice will bring rapid writing, but care alone, and attention to principles, will bring perfect penmanship. Brief drill by the class in off-hand penmanship, from copies on the board ; wrist free from the desk, and forearm resting lightly on the desk. The teacher should remind the pupil of the importance of always holding the paper with the left hand, and having now nearly completed the seventh lesson, what is yet the fault with any member of the class? Students should ask them- selves, " What lack I yet in my penmanship?" Intermission. Continued practice by the class. The pupils may rest while the teacher writes several sentences upon the board without capitals, the members of the class suggesting where capitals belong, and also being required to punctuate. Several words may be given for the students to practice next day, the student presenting the best specimen of the same, at the next lesson, to receive honorable mention. Eighth Lesson. Penmanship drill in the writing book. Blackboard illustra- .tion, showing any fault yet discovered by the teacher. Gen- eral remarks on the importance of good penmanship, pecuniarily and intellectually, calculated to inspire the class with a due appreciation of their work. Students can generally write dur- ing the time the teacher is talking, except during blackboard illustration. The teacher will now give general remarks on the writing of business forms, concerning the value and use of promissory notes, bills, receipts, orders, checks, drafts, etc., following by writing a promissory note upon the board, accom- panying the same by an explanation of the form in which a note should be written to draw six per cent., ten per cent., no per cent., etc. If sold to another person, how it should be en- dorsed, etc. After writing one hour, at each lesson, should follow Intermission. Continued practice in penmanship in the writing. Write one copy to the page, a plain hand, and never anything but what is found in the copy. It is a great mistake to practice many styles of penmanship. In so doing the ordi- nary pupil becomes proficient in none. Blackboard illustra- tions, during this lesson, on writing orders, receipts, bills, etc., requiring students to capitalize and punctuate the same. The teacher should urge, at the close of the lesson, the great impor- tance of practice between lessons during the remainder of the term. To whom shall the premiums be given ? That will greatly depend upon the practice out of the school-room. Ninth Lesson. Require every student to write one page in the writing book with the greatest care. The teacher should examine every book. What faults yet remain? Illustrate them on the board. More practice in the writing books. General remarks by the teacher on superscriptions, followed by illustrations on the blackboard. Illustrate why and where to place name on the envelope, together with name of town, county, state ; where to place postage stamp, how to write straight. Illustrate and ex- plain all the various titles used in addressing Kings, Queens, Presidents, Members of Congress, Governors, Judges, Lawyers, Physicians, Clergymen, Professors, etc., etc. Intermission. On a separate slip of paper the students may then each write the superscription they would use were they to address any official, military, or professional man. Continued practice in the writ- ing book, the lesson closing by the teacher requesting each pupil to bring five sheets of note paper and five envelopes for practice in letter writing at the next lesson. Tenth Lesson. Twenty minutes' practice in writing books until all the mem- bers of the class have assembled. General remarks by the teacher on the subject of letter writing and commercial corre- spondence, explaining the various kinds of letters for different purposes, size of paper and envelopes required for each, and all the essentials necessary to writing any kind of a letter well. The teacher will then write a brief friendship letter upon the board, explaining where and how to write the dating, the com- plimentary address, body of the letter, complimentary closing, signature, division of subjects into paragraphs, etc. The stu- 38 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. dents should criticise the letter with reference to punctuation and capital letters, and when the subject is thoroughly under- stood by the class, let each pupil copy the letter from the board ; the teacher in the meantime passing to the desk of each pupil, criticising and making suggestions to pupils that may require assistance. See that all copy the letter. This exercise is invaluable, and every student should be required, if possible, to master it. This lesson, well conducted by the teacher, will give each member of the class information that is worth vastly more than the cost of his tuition for the entire term. Inter- mission. Each member of the class should copy the letter once more. With all the corrections and suggestions that have now been made, many of the class will write the exercise very well. The letter finished, write superscription on envel- ope, the pupils writing such address as they may choose. At the close of the lesson, the students may take with them their envelopes and letter paper, for practice on the morrow, and the pupil that will present the most correctly and beautifully written letter, at the eleventh lesson, shall be awarded a pre- mium of such character as the teacher may select. This will induce a great deal of practice in the next twenty-four hours in letter writing, and will be very beneficial to the class. Eleventh Lesson. General review in penmanship, with practice in writing book for half an hour, followed by writing of last specimens, as follows : " This is a specimen of my penmanship after taking les- sons in writing" each scholar signing name to specimen. Each pupil should write two samples at the commencement of the course of lessons, and two at the close, one of the first to be put with one of the last for the student to keep, showing the advancement made in a course of lessons. The other first and last will be preserved by the teacher, as a me- mento of the pupil, and also to show, in other localities, the amount of improvement made by students in this and pre- ceding classes. During this lesson the teacher will give general remarks on letters of introduction, and notes of invitation and acceptance, with illustrations on the black- board, explaining the circumstances under which they are used. Before the recess, the teacher should appoint three ladies and three gentlemen of the class to assemble at inter- mission, and select three disinterested persons to examine specimens of the class, to determine who shall receive premi- ums at the last lesson. Intermission. Every pupil should write a last specimen. Most students will be surprised to see their advancement in penmanship in the past ten lessons, though no one can actually see all the improvement that has been rrade, as much of the time of the class has been occupied in expla- nation, thus placing a knowledge of correct writing in the head. In after months of practice it will come out at the fingers. The remaining blackboard illustrations of the lesson may relate to card writing ; the teacher explaining the nature of business cards, wedding cards, visiting cards, and address cards ; showing how they should be written, when used, etc. At the close of the lesson, an invitation should be extended to all the people of the neighborhood to be present at the closing exercises of the last lesson to witness the award of premiums, see the improvement of the class, etc. Twelfth Lesson. Students in their seats, and continued practice in the writing books. The teacher has had all the specimens of the class, first and last of each pupil, examined by a committee chosen for that purpose, along with writing books when thought neces- sary, each pupil's name on the specimen being covered by a small piece of paper pasted across the same. The knowledge of who takes the premiums, however, should be entirely kept from the class until the last minute, when the same is announc- ed, amid a breathless silence, by the teacher. All the members of the class having assembled, the teacher will review the posi- tion for sitting, holding pen, kinds of materials to use, how to preserve materials, etc. He should dwell on the importance of frequent composition and letter writing, showing that the writing term, composed as it is of but twelve lessons, cannot be expected to make the student a finished penman in that course of time. That the object of the lessons has been to teach the members of the class how to learn ; that it now simply remains for the pupils to build on their knowledge of the principles. Upon the blackboard, the teacher will then review the fundamental principles over which the class has passed, showing how the principles of curves, proportion, shades, and parallel lines will give elegance and grace to the letter. A few perfect and imperfect letters should again be contrasted together for the benefit of the class, and the enter- tainment of the audience present, the blackboard illustrations comprising the making of birds, eagles, swans, pens, etc., showing the application of the principles in all forms, as well as letters ; thus impressing upon the class the necessity of care- ful attention to nature's rules, in the execution of beautiful penmanship. The teacher should be provided with a small writing desk, containing every article necessary for writing. This he should open before the class, and follow by showing the use for every article contained therein, the concluding remarks on penmanship being that students should provide themselves with every material necessary for composition and letter writing, thus making their practice in the future agree- able, and hence their continued improvement certain. Advert- ing now to the promise made in th,e early part of the term, that those students should be rewarded with honorable men- tion and premiums who had exhibited greatest improvement and excellence the teacher will explain the course pursued in the examination of writing by the committee, and after show- ing that perfect impartiality has been observed, he will announce the name of the person presenting the best letter, and present premium ; following with the name of the pupil having made greatest improvement, concluding with the an- nouncement of the student that is regarded the best penman in the class, accompanying the remarks by presentation of prizes. The exercises of the lesson should close with appro- priate farewell remarks. PLATE W. .2" frerlcuch Tilh. PLATE SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 39 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. WRITING School conducted thus, according to the foregoing ar- rangement of lessons, the princi- ples of penmanship being ex- plicitly illustrated on the black- board and taught by a thoroughly competent teacher, will be of great and lasting service to the community in which it is held, and will afford every member of the class a season of highly profitable enjoyment. Of course the success of the school mainly depends upon the teacher. The instructor is, in fact, the life and soul of the class. If he possess love of order, tact, versatility, know- ledge of human nature, self-possession, with ability to illustrate, explain and entertain his class with story and anecdote pertaining to writing, he will find his classes large and the profession of teaching writing as profitable to himself and as beneficial to the public as any upon which he can enter. Should teaching writing be chosen as a pro- fession for a series of years, it is well for the teacher to select a dozen or twenty villages in which to teach, and give instruction in each of these localities, once or twice a twelvemonth for years in succession rather than teach over a very wide range of country. The teacher's reputation thus becomes established, the profes- sion is dignified and ennobled ; people knowing the worth of the school are free to patronize, and thus the avocation is made much more pleasant and profitable to the teacher. The outline of instruction given for the fore- going series of lessons is but a brief epitome of what each lesson ought to be. The enumer- ation of subjects may guide the young teacher somewhat, but the whole should be greatly elaborated, and will be, by the ingenious teacher, as circumstances demand. The usual charge for a course of instruction of 12 lessons is from $2 to $5 per pupil. Teachers should furnish paper for students, and care for the books when not in use by the pupils. Students may take charge of the other materials required. The strictest order should be maintained. No whispering ought to be allowed. Such still- ness should reign in the school that every scratching pen may be distinctly heard. To secure order the teacher will notice when the first evidence of restlessness begins to mani- fest itself in the class ; certain students becom- ing tired of writing. If this uneasiness is allowed to continue twenty minutes, the school will be oftentimes a scene of confusion, but upon the first appearance of weariness, the attention of the class should be directed for a short time to the blackboard, or the time may be occupied for a little while by some story, humorous or other- wise, having a bearing upon writing ; listening to which the students become rested, and proceed with their practice afterwards with pleasure. Having invited the leading citizens of the town to visit the school, call upon them fre- quently for remarks to the class on the subject of writing. From the business and professional men who may thus address the class, the teacher and pupils may oftentimes gain many valuable ideas, the class will be encouraged, and better discipline will be . secured. The great secret of preserving good order in school is to keep the mind of the students constantly employed with the work in hand. The subjects pertaining to writing are abun- dant, and it becomes the teacher to study and present them to the class in familiar lectures as occasion demands. Many of the succeeding chapters of this book afford subject matter, from which the teacher of penmanship can obtain topics to discuss, that will entertain and instruct the class, while the instructor should, at the same time, be on the alert for practical subjects to illustrate his work, from whatever source they may be obtained. For example, how character can be told from penmanship ; what faculties of mind are employed in the 40 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. execution of writing ; why some pupils are naturally handsome penmen and others not ; why Edward Everett should write elegantly and Horace Greeley with a scrawl ; why gentle- men naturally write a large hand, and ladies fine, etc. The effect of temperament on penmanship, and the result of using stimulants, should be thoroughly considered, and presented to the class. Students should be urged to avoid the use of tobacco as a noxious habit that lays the foundation for intemperance, and the use of strong drink as the destroyer of the soul ; both tobacco and stimulants being also destructive to that steadiness of nerve essential to the exe- cution of beautiful penmanship. Many a boy may be deterred from an evil habit by the good example and advice of the teacher, admonishing him that superiority in penmanship and great excellence in life will come from being strictly temperate. CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS ON PENMANSHIP TO LEARNERS. I HIS book, as is designed, will fall into the hands of many who will never have an oppor- tunity of receiving instruction from a professional teacher. To practice penmanship to advantage, unaided by the teacher, students should pro- vide themselves with necessary materials, as detailed elsewhere. For the purpose of making steady progress in the acquisition of an elegant,plain penman- ship, the student will be assisted by copying choice gems of poetry or prose, first writing each exercise on a separate slip of paper and afterwards transcribing the same in a book kept for the purpose. In the writing of original compositions and letters, each exercise should be copied as long as the student is desirous of improving in penmanship; the copy being always a great improvement upon the original, not only in penmanship, but in spelling, grammar, use of capital letters, and composition. Writers should not rest satisfied until they have absolutely mastered a plain, rapid, and elegant penmanship. The art, being almost purely mechanical, is more easily acquired by some than others; but every person from eight years of age upwards, until the body becomes tremulous with age, having ordinary command of the hand, who will persevere in the attempt, can write a legible, easy penmanship. Among the benefits arising from a good handwriting, some are shown in the following Reasons why we should write well. Because, 1st. Good penmanship of itself adds greatly to our happiness. The conscious- ness to the lady or gentleman of being able to write a letter that shall win the admiration and praise of the friend to whom it is written is a source of unspeakable pleasure to the writer, and to possess this ability throughout our life- time is to be proficient in an accomplishment which adds to our happiness, as does excellence in oratory, painting or music. Good writing is a fine art, and is to the eye what good language is to the ear. 2nd. Good writing is of great benefit to us pecuniarily. The person who may apply for a situation as teacher, clerk, or any position where intellectual ability is required, finds a beauti- fully written letter the best recommendation that can be sent when applying for that position. Hundreds of instances are on record, many doubtless within the knowledge of the reader, where lucrative situations have been obtained through good penmanship, that could never have been secured had the applicant not had a good handwriting. And, 3rd. A mastery of the art of writing is of great service to us intellectually. Persons who can write well, taking pleasure in the practice, will write more than they other- wise would. Every time they write a word SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 41 they spell it, and thus improve in spelling. Every time a sentence is written an application is made of grammar ; and thus knowledge is obtained of how to speak correctly. The sub- ject they write about they become familiar with ; and thus, in the act of writing, they are intel- lectually improved. The most intelligent and influential in any community are those who can express thought most easily and correctly on paper. COPIES FOR WRITING SCHOOL. STANDARD copies for the twelve lessons may consist of the following script lines, though it is important that they be as perfectly prepared as the copies shown on Plates I, II, III and IV. The extra practice, beyond the two copies assigned at each lesson, may be on a separate slip of paper, and should comprise the writing of the elements of letters, commercial forms, off hand capitals, letter writing, etc. Students may join the class, at any time, up to the last half of the term. Whatever may be the time of commencement, however, each pupil should begin with the first copies, and write as many of them as time will permit. The occasional review of the principles, by the teacher, will enable the students that join last to understand them; though it is desirable, for the sake of practice, that each pupil commence, if possible, with the first lesson. As will be seen by examination, the style of penmanship, for ladies and gentlemen, is equally large up to the 17th copy. Beyond that, the size for ladies is decidedly finer. Though important that ladies should be able to write a bold penmanship for business and other writing, the lady involuntarily chooses a more delicate handwriting, by which she thus expresses her natural delicacy and refinement of character. First Lesson. Second Lesson. "/'Z- MSCZ &^2sZ Third Lesson. ex. 22- %> ? ? . 4, 8c 42 COPIES FO11 THE WRITING SCHOOL. Fourth Lesson.- &. (7 Fifth Lesson. Sixth Lesson. XC/. Seventh Lesson. / / Eighth Lesson. /# . V fr&wfete / Ninth Lesson. / Tenth Lesson. '&&' COPIES FOR THE WRITING SCHOOL. 43 Eleventh Lesson. / Twelfth Lesson. LADIES EPISTOLARY. Ninth Lesson, -Tenth Lesson. -cz / y .-i-e -t^t i~4.-e- ^.o- / / / / / /g a.mz -Twelfth Lesson. f? i-e-c-t.-me-n<) o / 44 SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN SHORT-HAND WRITING. Short-Hand Writing. Short-Hand for Business Purposes. 'VERY year adds proof, by the constantly increasing demand for it, how indispensable in a modern education is a knowledge of rap- id writing. The young, by all means, should acquire it. It may be used by the author in his study, the editor in his " sanctum," the clergyman in his library, the lawyer in his office in fact, everywhere that writing is needed, the simplicity and dispatch of Short-hand make its value apparent. The beginner should determine, at the out- set, whether or not he will, for a time at least, do verbatim writing. If he wishes to do this, he must expect to give much time and close at- tention to it. The man or system that promises to give verbatim speed in a few weeks' time, is unworthy of confidence. It is useless to expect to be a good reporter and follow some other business at the same time. Reporting is a pro- fession of itself, and requires the undivided at- tention of the person following it. If, however, the beginner, simply wishing relief from long- hand in his daily writing, is content with a rate of speed that gives a fully written and abso- lutely legible manuscript, a style that is easy to learn, write, read, and remember, let him take up the simplest style, master it thoroughly, and depend for speed upon perfect familiarity with the word-forms used, and the greatest facility in their execution, as in long-hand, and he will gain his object more easily and quickly than if he seeks it through shorter word-forms, which must necessarily be more difficult to learn and read. Very few people need to become verba- tim reporters ; every one, however, having much writing to do, can use a simple style of short- hand to advantage. The grand principle upon which a system of short-hand should be built is that of phonetics. Every sound in the language should be repre- sented by its individual sign, used for that sound and no other. As a simple sound is ut- tered by one impulse of the voice, so should the sign representing it be made by one movement of the hand; resulting in a single, simple sound being represented by a single, simple line. These lines should be of such a form that they may be easily joined, one to another, so that a word may be completely written without rais- ing the pen. The most frequently occurring sounds should be represented by the most easily written signs; and all the sounds should be represented by such signs as will give a free, flowing, forward direction to the writing, with- out running either too far above or below the line upon which it is written. There should be a distinct line drawn between the simplest style for general use which should contain no con- SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN SHORT-HAND WRITING. 45 tracted, irregular, or exceptional word-forms and the more brief and complicated styles for the reporter's use. Of the various systems of Short-hand, that called Tachygraphy ( Ta-kig-ra-Je'), a system invented and elaborated by D. P. Lindsley, of Andover, Mass., probably more nearly meets the requirements of the public than any now in use ; the advantage of this system of Short- hand being, that it combines rapidity with completeness of detail in a very large degree. By permission of Mr. Lindsley we are enabled to present the following synopsis and illustra- tions from his work, " Elements of Tachygra- phy," published by Otis Clapp, No. 8 Beacon St., Boston. THE ALPHABET OF TACHYGRAPHY. CONSONANTAL SIGNS. \ in bay. in pay. in go. in key. in do. in to. in eve. in if. in azure. Ish, sh in show. Ze, z in ooze. Es, a in so. Be, b Pe, p Ga, g Ka, k De, d Te, t Ve, v Ef, f Zhe, z / either upward or down- ward, ando^ ^ <^ > always upward. In joining consonant signs with each other, acute angles should be made where possible, as they are more easily and rapidly made than obtuse angles. The joining of a vowel sign with a consonant, at its beginning, should always form an angle, thus : E, e A, a Ai, ai Ah, a Oo, o O, o in eve. in ace. in air. in are. in do. in ode. Au, au in aught. Oi, oy in boy. Ow, ow in now. I, i in it ; y in duty. e, a, e in ebb. a in ask, at. - 66, oo in foot ; u in full. ^ u, u. in us, fun, hut. ' 6, o in on, or. v I, i in ice. Ew, ew in dew. Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1870, by D. P. LINDLICV in the Clerk's Office or the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Abe, eke, it, of, owes, on, oil, are. At the end of a consonant, the semi-circular vowels are written, either in their alphabetic form or as hooks on the consonant, whichever is most convenient and adds most to facility in writing. The vowels r\ n (distinguished mainly by size), are determined by their being written in the direction the hands of a clock move turning far enough to the right to form a proper angle with the following sign ; and u y (also distinguished mainly by size), are determined by their being written in the opposite direction. Examples : Be, kid, keen, deep, tick, fish, leap, hid, bad car, tan, narrow, last. 46 SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN SHORT-HAND WRITING. The dash vowels should always form angles with consonant signs ; i ^ are varied in their direction to facilitate this. Examples : ^S v ^_^ goat, knowing, | \j___ up, cut. Either the first or second, or both strokes of the vowel diphthongs may be made straight or curved to facilitate joining, thus : Nine, size, noise, now, hew. The other vowel signs do not vary from the alphabetic position, arid must be disjoined when they will not form a proper angle. Disjoined vowels should be written to the left of upright and inclined, and above horizontal consonants, when the vowel sound precedes the consonant sound, and to the right of upright and inclined, and below horizontal consonants, when the vowel sound follows the consonantal. CONSONANTAL DIPHTHONGS. Br, as in brow. c_Dl, as in meddle. c^_Tl, as in settle. Jt VI, as in evil. J> Fl, as in fly. O Zhl, as in ambrosial. , as in special. Nl, as in kennel. 1 Pr, as in prow. *\ Gr, as in grow. *\ Cr, as in crow, e Dr, as in draw, c Tr, as in try. ^) Vr, as in over. *) Fr, as in free. p f Zhr, as in measure. I Sp, as in spy. / Shr, as in shred. \ Sk, as in sky. ^ Thr, as in other. St, as in stay. ^ Thr, as in three. ) Sf, as in sphere. ^ Nr, as in owner. ^~Sm, as in smith. f Bl, as in blow. ^ Sn, as in snow. f PI, as in plow. ^ Gl, as in glow. S^ Cl, as in clay. SI, as in slat. Sw, as in sweet. Bz, as in hubs. s^> Mz, as in hems. Ps, as in hopes. Nz, Ns, as in hens, also Gz, Ks, Dz, Ts, etc." 9 hence. ^_^ Ngz, as in brings. Lz, Ls, as in owls, else. o Rz, Rs, as in wars, horse. ^-Wh, as in when. I \ Vz, as in loaves. ^ Fs, as in roofs. Zz, as in mazes. Sz, as in masses. x t> also Thz, Ths, etc. These signs, it will be observed, are not new ones, but modifications of those already learned. They should be used only where no vowel sound occurs between the consonant sounds. A few examples will explain their use quite fully. Ct sr rr) 1 *} ^ x-~ rc \ > ^ (~~~ _Jx I/ I ' ^~7 ^ Blow, glow, meddle, evil, brow, upper, gray, meeker, draw, utter, over, free, measure, shred, other, owner, spy, stay, sphere, smith, snow, sleep, sweet, when, special, kennel. Where the final consonant of a word is either s or z, preceded by a consonant, a circle is used for the s or z, thus : Hope, hopes, lad, lads, owl, owls, war, wars. When preceded by a vowel, use the alphabetic form for s and z. The circle is also used between two conso- nants, and is then written on the outside of the angle formed by the consonants when both are straight lines, as I ; on the inside of the curve, where one is a curve and the other a straight line, as ~~^ f ; and on the inside of both curves, when possible, as in It is sometimes necessary to write the circle on the inside of one curve and outside of the V Q other, as in j SELF- INSTRUCTOR IN SHORT-HAND WRITING. 47 Two or more words, closely allied in sense, may be joined into a phrase, where the signs composing the words unite readily, thus adding to both the speed and legibility of the writing. Example ; Of the, with it, it is, in such a way, I will be, I have. The first inclined or perpendicular consonant sign should rest upon the line the other signs following in their proper direction. Example : Seek always to form a free, flowing, graceful outline. The most easily written forms are the most beautiful, and vice versa. We have given, of this system, only a synop- sis of the fully written Common Style, but suf- ficient, however, to explain the merits and prin- ciples of Tachygraphy. Those who wish to fit themselves for verbatim writing are referred to the work entitled, " The Note Taker. A Trea- tise on the Second Style of Lindsley's Brief Writing, for the use of Lawyers, Editors, Re- porters, Students, and all persons desirous of taking full notes in Courts of Record, Profes- sional Schools, Seminaries, and Public Assem- blies." Published by the firm to which we have before alluded. The following Extracts are from Pope's Essay on Man. I Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, As, to be hated, needs but to be seen ; Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face, 'V- ^ ^ U , W. /1_, We first endure, then pity, then embrace. Pope's Essay on Man. Second Epistle. 48 RULES FOR SPELLING. SPELLING. lEAUTIFUL penmanship should be accompanied by correct spelling. If the person can possess but one ac- complishment, it is, in fact, better to spell correctly than to write well. Nothing so mars the effect of beau- tiful chirography as bad spelling, which is the more conspicuous when set off by good penmanship. True, there are over a hundred thousand words in the English language, and we cannot reasonably be expect- ed to remember the correct orthography of them all ; and not until the phonetic system is received, by which every word is represented by a recognized sign, can we spell all words correctly without reference to the dictionary ; but tho few hundred words in general use are not so difficult to master. At any rate the wri- ter should have at hand a reliable dictionary, and no word should go from the hand without being correctly -pelled. The following will aid students somewhat in their knowledge of spelling : Names of Elementary Sounds. An elementary sound is the simplest sound of the English language, as a, e, b, k. The English language contains about forty elementary sounds. These sounds are divided into three classes vocals, sub-vocals, and aspirates. The vocals consist of a pure tone only, as a, e, i, o, u. The sub-vocals consist of tone united with breath ; as b, d, 1, m, n, r. The aspirates consist of pure breath only ; as p, t, k, f. The following words contain the different elementary sounds of the language : VOCALS. N-a-me, b-a-11, a-t, m-e, m-e-t, f-z'-ne, p-^-n, s-o-ld, m-o-ve, n-o-t, m-w-te, p-w-11, c-w-p, f-ow-nd. SUB-VOCALS. .Z?-at, d-og, #-o, y-oy, ?-ife, w-an, n-o, so-ng, ba-r, th-ose, v-oice, w-ise, 2/-es, 2-one, a-2-ure. ASPIRATES. JT-aith, A-at, ar-&, j^-ine, s-un, -ake, A-ink, sA-one, cA-ur-c/t, wh-en. Letters. A letter is a character used to represent an elementary sound. The English Alphabet contains twenty-six letters : A, a ; B, b ; C, c ; D, d ; E, e ; F, f ; G, g; H, h; I, i ; J, j ; K, k ; L, 1; M, m ; N, n ; O, o ; P, p ; Q, q ; R, r, S, s ; T, t ; U, u ; V,v; W,w; X, x ; Y, y ; Z, z. As will be seen, there are more elementary sounds than letters. It therefore follows that some letters must represent more than one sound each. Those letters which represent vocals are called vowels. They are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y. Those letters which represent sub-vocals and aspirates are called consonants. The sub-vocals and consonants are 5, c?, g, I, m, n, r, v, z. The aspirates and consonants are /, A, k, c, q, p, t, s. Rules for Spelling. 1. Words of one syllable ending in p, L, or s, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consouau; as STAFF, MILL, PASS; except IF, OF, AS, GAS, HAS, WAS, YES, IS, HIS, THIS, US, THUS. 2. Words ending in any other consonant except F, L, and s, do not double the final letter; except ADD, ODD, EGG, EBB, INN, EBB, PURR, BUTT, BUZZ, and some proper names. 3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before an additional syllable beginning with a vowel ; as ROB, BOBBER ; PERMIT, PERMITTING ; but x final, be- ing equivalent to KS, is an exception, and is never doubled. 4. A final consonant, when not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable; as TOIL, TOILING; VISIT, VISITED. L and s are often doubled, in violation of this rule, when the accent is not on the last syllable ; as TRAVEL, TBAVELLER; BIAS, BIASSED. It is better to write TRAVELER and BIASED. 5. Primitive words ending in LL reject one L before LESS and LT ; as SKILL, SKILLESS; FULL, FULLY: but words ending in any other double letter, preserve it double before these terminations ; as FBEE, FBEELY ; ODD, ODDLY. 6. The final E of a primitive word is generally omitted before an additional termination beginning with a vowel ; as BATE, EATABLE ; FORCE, FORCIBLE ; but words ending in CE and GK retain the E btfore ABLE and ous ; as PEACE, PEACEABLE ; OUTRAGE, OUTRAGEOUS. 7. The final B of a primitive word is generally retained before an additional termination beginning with a consonant; as PALE, PALE- NESS ; but when the E is preceded by a vowel it is sometimes omitted ; as TRUE, TRULY : and sometimes retained ; as SHOE, SHOELESS. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS IN SPELLING. 49 8. The final Y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is changed into i before an additional termination; as MEBKT, MEB- BILY: but with a vowel before, the T is not changed; as VALLEY, VALLEYS, and not VALLIES, as frequently written; and before ING the Y is retained to prevent the doubling of the i; as PITY, PITYING. 9. Compounds generally retain the orthography of the simple words of which they are composed ; as ALL-WISE, BLUE-EYED. 10. Words ending in F or FE have v substituted for the F in forming the plurals : as WIFE, WIVES ; KNIFE, KNIVES, etc., except when ending in FF. 11. Some words are spelt the same in both the singular and plural ; as DEEB, SHEEP, etc., in which instance, by placing A before the word, one is meant, and by using THE, more than one. 12. Some words are spelt altogether differently in the singular and plural; as MOUSE, MICE; GOOSE, GEESE. 13. In spelling words it is necessary to consider well the different sounds of each part of the word. Every separate sound in a word must have in it one of the following letters, A, E, i, o, or u. Take for ins ance, CONTEMPLATE, which consists of three different sounds, CON-TEM-PLATE ; there are the letters o, E, and A, respectively, in each sound or syllable, as it is called, and each one gives the sound to its syllable. In dividing such words at the end of a line, you must not let the last letter be any one of the above-mentioned five vowels, but must divide according to the syllable. Another rule to be observed in the spelling of words which have ING added to them, when such words end in E, the E must always be left out; as COME, COMING; DIVIDE, DIVIDING. It is also found difficult when the letters i and E come together in a word, to know which is to be placed first. The following simple rule will obviate such difficulty: When i and E follow c in a word, the E is usually placed first ; as BECEIVE, DECEIVE, CONCEIVE, etc. ; in other instances the i comes before the E ; as BELIEVE, BELIEVE, etc. Words of Similar Pronunciation that are Spelled Differently. Ail, Ale. Ail, unwell ; Ale, a liquor. All, Awl. All, everyone ; Awl, shoemaker's tooL Bear, Bare. Bear, wild animal ; Bare, naked. Bier, Beer. Bier, frame for carrying corpse ; Beer, a malt liquor. Bore, Boar. Bore, carried, or to make a hole ; Boar, the male swine. Birth, Berth. Birth, to be born ; Berth, sleeping place. Bee, Be. Bee, an insect ; Be, is used in every other instance. Call, Caul. Call, to visit, or shout after ; Caul, the covering on the heads of some children when born. Currant, Current. Currant, a fruit ; Current, a stream. Draft, Draught. Draft, commercial form, or current of air ; Draught, to draw a load, or a drink. Dear, Deer. Dear, not cheap, term of affection ; Deer, an animal. Fourth, Forth. Fourth, next after third ; Forth, forward. Four, Fore. Four, the number after three ; Fore, the front. Great, Grate. Great, large ; Grate, fire support in the stove. Hail, Hale. Hail, to shout after, frozen rain ; Hale, vigorous. Hear, Here. Hear, to understand ; Here, in this place. Hole, Whole. Hole, an opening ; Whole, entire, complete. I, Eye. I, myself, used thus it should always be a capital ; Eye, organ of sight. Know, No. Know, to understand ; No, a denial. Lief, Leaf. Lief, willingly ; Leaf, part of a tree. More, Moor, Moore. More, in addition ; Moor, a piece of waste land ; Moore, a man's name. None, Nun. None, not any; Nun, a female who secludes herself from all worldly affairs. Piece, Peace. Piece, a bit ; Peace, quietness. Pare, Pear, Pair. Pare, to peel ; Pear, a fruit ; Pair, two. Rain, Rein, Reign. Rain, water falling from clouds ; Rein, a strap for guiding a horse ; Reign, to rule. Reed, Read. Reed, a kind of tall grass; Read, the act of reading. Red, Read. Red, a color; Read, past tense of read. Sign, Sine. Sign, a token ; Sine, a mathematical term. There, Their. There, in that place ; Their, apersonalpronoun. TOW, Toe. Tow, rope material ; Toe, a part of the foot. Vain, Vane. Vain, conceited ; Vane, a weathercock. Vice, Vise. Vice, wickedness ; Vise, a blacksmith's tool. Ware, Wear. Ware, goods, or earthen-ware ; Wear, to make use of clothing. Write, Wright, Rite, Right. Write, to use a pen ; Wright, a man's name ; Rite, a ceremony ; Right, not wrong. Wrote, Rote. Wrote, having written ; Rote, to repeat from memory. You, Yew, Ewe. You, yourself; Yew, a tree; Ewe, female sheep. Blew, Blue. Blew, having blown ; Blue, a color. Made, Maid. Made, formed ; Maid, female servant. Pail, Pale. Pail, a vessel ; Pale, white. Words having prefixes and 'suffixes of different spelling, while having each the same or nearly the same pronunciation. ible and able. The following words end in ible. Most other words of sim- ilar pronunciation end in able. Accessible, Decoctible, Fallible, Admissible, Deducible, Feasible, Appetible, Defeasible, Fencible, Apprehensible, Defectible, Flexible, Audible, Defensible, Forcible, Coercible, Depectible, Frangible, Collectible, Deprehensible, Fusible, Comminuible, Descendible, Horrible, Compatible, Destructible, Ignoscible, Competible, Digestible, Illegible, Comprehensible, Discernible, Immarcessible, Compressible, Discerptible, Immiscible, Conceptible, Distractible, Intelligible, Conclusible, Distensible, Irascible, Congestible, Divisible, Legible, Contemptible, Docible, Miscible, Contractible, Edible, Partible, Controvertible, Effectible, Perceptible, Convertible, Eligible, Permissible, Convincible, Eludible, Persuasible, Corrigible, Expansible, Pervertible, Corrosible, Enforcible, Plausible, Corruptible, Evincible, Possible, Credible, Expressible, Producible, Deceptible, Extendible, Quadrible, Decerptible, Extensible, Reducible, 50 CLASSIFICATION OF WOKDS IN SPELLING. Referrible, Resistible, Sensible, Impulsion, Recension, Revulsion, Reflexible, Responsible, Tangible, Incursion, Recursion, Tension, Refrangible, Reversible, Terrible, Intrusion, Remission, Transcursion, Regible, Revertible, Transmissible, Propulsion, Revision, Version. Remissible, Risible, Visible. Exceptional -words. Coercion, Suspicion, Crucifixion. Reprehensible, Seducible, . Words in i in. The following words end in able : Encage, Enfranchise, Ensure, Approvable, Manifestable, Solvable, Enchant, Engender, Entail, Blamable, Movable, Tamable, Enchase, Engorge, Entangle, Conversable, Provable, Tenable, Encircle, Entrance, Enthrone, Dilatable, Ratable, Transferable, Enclose, Enhance, Entice, Dissolvable, Referable, Unsalable, Encroach, Enjoin, Entire, Incondensable, Reprovable, Untamable, Encumber, Enlard, Entitle, Inferable, Salable, Untenable. Endamage, Enlarge, Entomb, Endear, Enlighten, Entrap, The following words in spelling begin with 1m. Other Endow, Enlist, Entreat, words of similar pronunciation begin with Em. Enfeeble, Enroll, Enure, Imbibe, Immingle, Implant, Words in In. Imboil, Immit, Implead, Imbound, Immix, Impart, _ Imbrue, Immure, Impose, Imbrute, Impact, Impound, Imbue, Impale, Impregnate, Imburse, Impassioned, Impress, Immanuel, Impawn, Imprint, Immaculate, Impeach, Impromptu, Immense, Impearl, Impugn, Inclasp, Incrust, Indict, Indite, Indorse, Indue, Infold, Ingraft, Ingrain, Ingulf, Inquire, Insnare, Insure, Interlace, Interplead, Inthrall, Intrust, Intwine, Inure, Inveigle, Inwheel, Inwrap, Inwreathe. Imminent, Impel, Impulse, Words ending in eive. Immigrant, Impen, Impunity, Conceive, Deceive, Perceive, Immerge, Imperil, Imputable, Receive, Immerse, Impinge, Impute. Words ending in ieve. Immigrate, Achieve, Relieve, Sieve, ise and ize. Aggrieve, Reprieve, Thieve. Believe, Retrieve, The following words terminate with ise. Other words of like pronunciation terminate with ize. Nouns which change f or fe into ves in the plural. Advertise, Criticise, Exercise, Beeves, Leaves, Shelves, Advise, Demise, Exorcise. Calves, Lives, Thieves, Affranchise, Despise, Merchandise, Elves, Loaves, Wharves, Apprise, Devise, Misprise, Halves, Selves, Wives, Catechise, Disfranchise, Recognise, Knives, Sheaves, Wolves. Chastise, Disguise, Reprise, Nouns ending in f or fe in which S is only used in the plural. Circumcise, Divertise, Supervise, Briefs, Turfs, Woofs, Comprise, Emprise, Surmise, Chiefs, Kerfs, Hoofs, Compromise, Enfranchise, Surprise. Fiefs, Surfs, Roofs, Words ending in d, de, ge, mit, rt, 86, or 88, take sion in Griefs, Fifes, Proofs, derivatives. Other words of similar pronunciation in their Mischiefs, Strifes, Beliefs, ending are usually spelled with tion. Kerchiefs, Safes, Reliefs, Scarfs, Gulfs. Abscission, Confession, Divulsion, Dwarfs. Abs'.ersion, Confusion, Emersion, Adhesion, Conversion, Evasion, Nouns ending in eau, iCU, and OU, terminate the plural in x. Admission, Declension, Evulsion, Beaux, Flambeaux, Morceaux, Cohesion, Decursion, Exesion, Bureaux, Rondeaux, Rouleaux, Compulsion, Depulsion, Expulsion, Chapeaux, Plateaux, Tableaux, Condescension, Dissension, Impression, Chateaux, Bijoux, ILLUSTRATIONS OF SPELLING BY SOUND. 51 SPELLING BY SOUND. SYSTEM OF ORTHOGRAPHY, whereby superfluous letters could be dispensed with, educational reformers have long sought to introduce. Of these, the following method of Spelling by Sound was published some time since by the Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of the Chicago Tribune, its advantage over the strictly phonetic system being that the same alphabet is employed as that in general use, which makes it much easier to introduce. It is at the same time more agreeable to the eye. By this system the student can spell any word after learning the sounds, and the reader can readily pronounce any word when reading. The great advantages gained are less space used in writing, less time, correct pronunciation, and correct spelling. The application of this system of spelling is shown as follows : A Specimen of His System. The extreme iregfilarilies ov our orthografy hav long ben a sours ov inconve'niens and anoians. Men eminent az skolars and statsmen hav often pointed out theze absurdities ov speling. Yet the eVil remanes. It encumbers our primary educdsion and robs our yuth ov yeres ov time that shud be deV6ted tu the acquizision ov nolej. It impozes a burden upon the literary man thru life in the Use ov superfluus leters, and compels meny persons tu study speling from the cradle tu the grave or fale tu spel corectly. It iz a fereful barier tu foriners hu wish to lern our langwaje ; and wors than aul, it hinders thousands bv persons from lerning tu rede and rite, and thus largly augments the ranks ov ign6rans and depravity. Theze eVils ar so e'normus in the agrdgate that we fele compeled tu en- dors the words ov the distinguished President ov the American Fil61ojical As6sidsion, Prof. F. A. March, uzed in hiz opening adres at the last anual mdling ov the S6siety : " It iz no Use tu try tu caracterize with filing epithets the monstrous speling ov the English langwaje. The time lost by it is a larj part ov the hole skule time pv the most ov men. Count the ours which ^ch person wdsts at skule in lerning tu rede and spel, the ours spent thru life in kdping up and perfecting hiz nolej ov speling, in consulting dicshundries a work that never ends the ours that we spend in rfting silent leters ; and multiplying this time by the number ov persons hu speak English, and we hav a total ov milyuns ov yeres wasted by ^ch jenerasion. The cost pv printing the silent leters ov the English langwaje iz tu be counted by milyuns ov dolors for e'en jenerdsion." " Sliner or Idler English orthografy must be simplified and reformed." BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. " I fele very hopeful that a beginingwil be made before long in reTorm- ing, not indede everylhing bul al Idsl sumthing in ihe unhislorical, unsis- lemalic, uninlelijible, unlechable, bul by no menes unamendable speling now curenl in England." PROF. MAX MULLER. In spdking ov ihe disgrdsful slale ov English orlhografy and ihe best mode ov reforming it. ihe grate American lexicografer, Dr. Ndah Websler, in ihe intr6ducsion tu hiz Quarto Dicshunary, says : " Nolhing can be more disreputable tu the literdry caracler ov a ndsion lhan the hist6ry ov English orlhografy, unles it is that ov our or- ihoepy." * * * 11 Dr. Franklin compiled a dicshunary on hiz skeme ov reTorm, and pn5- ciired dpes lu becasl, which he ofered lu me wilh a vu tu engaje me tu prosecute hiz dezine. This ofer I declined tu acsept ; fqr I wos ihen, and am slil, convinsed lhal the skeme ov intr6ducing nu caracters intu the langwaje is ne'ther practicable nor expedienl. Eny atempl ov this kind musl sertenly fale of sucses." 'The mode ov asertaning the pronunsiasion ov words by marks, poinls or trifling ollerasions ov ihe present caracters, semes tu be the only won which can be refused tu practis." " Delitful task ! to rere the tender thaut, Tu t^ch ihe yung ide'a hou lu shule, Tu pore fresh inslrucsion 6'er the mind, Tu brethe ihe enlivening spirit, and tu fix The jenerus purpos in the g!6ing brest." "O, lhaulles mortals ! ever blind tu fate, Tu sune dejected and tu sune ^lale." " Worth makes the man and want ov it the felo ; The rest is aul but lether or pninela." Where ihere iz a wil ihere iz a wa ; and while ihe evil continues ihe ne- sesily for orthdgrafic reTorm wil never cese. If ihere ar eny among us hu hav lu lille regard for ihere 6ne children tu smuthe for them the path on which there infant fele musl slumble, we conjure ihem in the name ov God and humanity lu beware ov ihe grdter sin ov crushing by op6zing influens the rising hopes ov milyuns les forlunale, hu hav ne'lher mony nor time lu squonder, bul hu nede aul ihe ades 'posible tu endble ihem tu lake a pozi- sion among the inlelijent, vertuus and hapy sitizens ov our grale and gldrius cunlry. The foregoing will suffice to represent Mr. Medill's idea of simplified orthography. It is almost phonetic and yet pre- serves most of the analogies and peculiarities of the English language. He retains the general rule that e ending a word and preceding a consonant indicates that the vowel is "long." Thus he spells such words as behVve, beleve, release, fierce, repeal, feel, sleeve, league, relese, fe"rse, repele, fele, sieve, lege, guide, course, pique, chaise, paid, repair, gauge, pear, gide, corse, peke, shaze, pade, repare, gage, pare, prove, proof, ihrough, school, door, four, boar, blow, pruve, prufe, ihru, skule, dore, fore, bore, bio. Where the e sound does not indicate the long vowel sound, he proposes to use accented vowels, viz. : a, 6, i, 6, u, and for the sound of u in full, should, etc., he uses u : thus, ful, shud. For the broad sound of a heard in ought, caught, awful, all, broad, he employs au and spells them out ; caut, auful, aul, braud, etc. For the terminals tion, sion, cian, scion, etc., he uses sion. He retains / as the sign of the past tense, and s as that of the plural of nouns and singular of verbs, Ble as a terminal is also retained. K is written for ch in all words in which ch has the sound oik. Ex.: arkitect, monark, skule, etc. All double consonants are reduced to single ones, as only one of them is heard in pronunciation. In all words now spelled with ck, as back, beck, lick, rock, luck, he drops the c as being wholly superfluous. In words ending in ous, he omits the o, as in curius, spurius, and when ou has the sound he also drops the o, as in duble, jurny. He retains y at the end of nouns in the singular, as copy, foly. He writes fiorph in alfabet, fonetics, flosofy, etc. He omits all silent vowels in digraphs, and writes head, hed said, sed, earlh, erlh heifer, hefer, though, erlh tho, phthisic, tizic, leopard, cleanse, lepard, clens, tongue, sieve, built myrrh, tung, siv, bilt, mer. The proposed system is very easily written. After an hour's practice the pen runs naturally into it. The plan is one which would cost adults scarcely an effort to learn to write, and no effort at all to learn to read it. He thinks it is the simplest and most rational compromise with existing usage, prejudice, and etymologies, which can probably be devised with any hope of acceptance, and if accepted and adopted it would secure to :he Anglo-American race throughout the world one of the simplest and best orthographies in existence. 52 CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION. CAPITAL LETTERS. people greatly disfigure their writing, and stamp them- selves as illiterate, by the omission or improper use of capital letters. What do we think of the man who, wishing to place his son in the care of a teacher, wrote a letter, introducing his boy, thus? "deer sur yeW Bein a man of noleg i Wish tu Put Mi son in yure skull." Or, of the mother who sends a line by her child to the boot and shoe merchant as follows ? " mister Grean Wunt you let mi Boay hev a Pare ov Esy toad shuz." Fortunately the rules for using capitals are few, and once acquired, are easily remembered. Rules for the Use of Capitals. Begin every paragraph with a capital letter. Begin every sentence following a period with a capital letter. Begin each proper name with a capital letter. Begin the names of places, as Boston, Newport, Niagara, with capital letters. Begin the words, North, South, East, West, and their com- pounds and abbreviations, as North-east, S. W., with capital letters, when geographically applied. Begin the names of the Deity and Heaven, or the pronoun used for the former, as, in His mercy Thou, Father, etc., with capital letters. Begin all adjectives formed from the names of places or points of the compass as English, Northern, each with a capital letter. Begin each line of poetry with a capital letter. Begin all quotations with a capital letter. Begin all titles of books, and usually each important word of the title, as Hume's History of England, with capital letters. Begin the name of any historical event, as the French Revolution, with capital letters. The pronoun I and the interjection O must invariably be capital letters. Begin names of the month, as June, April, with capital let- ters. Also the days of the week, as Monday, Tuesday, etc. Begin all addresses, as Dear Sir Dear Madam, with capital letters. Capital letters must never be placed in the middle of a word. PUNCTUATION. HILE the omission of punctu- ation may not mar the appear- ance of writing, as do bad spelling and improper use of capitals, its correct use is, nevertheless, essential to the proper construction of a sen- tence. Very ludicrous, and sometimes serious mis- takes result from improper punctuation. In the following sentence, the meaning is entirely changed by the location of the semicolon. " He is an old and experienced hand ; in vice and wicked- ness he is never found ; opposing the works of iniquity he takes delight." " He is an old and experienced hand in vice and wickedness ; he is never found opposing the works of iniquity ; he takes delight." Punctuation Marks. The following are the principal characters or points used in punctuation : Comma , Semicolon, ; Colon : Period Parenthesis ( ) Exclamation ! Interrogation ? Dash Ellipsis The Caret A Hyphen Apostrophe Quotation Marks " " Brackets [ ] Rules for Punctuation. The Comma (,). Wherever occurs a distinct natural division of a sentence ; or where two or more words are connected, without the con- necting word being expressed, the comma is used ; as " Dealer in hats, caps, boots, shoes, etc." " Hedges, trees, groves, houses, and people, all went rushing by." " Towering far above us stood the pines, silent, majestic, and grand." " Verily, verily, I say unto you." The Semicolon (;) is used where a sentence consists of several members each constituting a distinct proposition, and yet having dependence upon each other; as RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 53 " Some men are born great ; some acquire greatness ; some have greatness thrust upon them." "Contributors: Will. M. Carleton ; Wm. C. Bryant ; B. F. Taylor ; John G. Saxe." " Contents : Riches ; Poverty ; Religion." The Colon (:) is used to divide a sentence into two or more parts, which, although the sense is complete in each, are not wholly inde- pendent ; as " Temperance begets virtue : virtue begets happiness." " Two questions grow out of the subject : 1st : What is the necessity of a classical education ? 2d : How far can a classical education be made applicable to the ordinary business affairs of life ? " The Period (.) is placed at the end of every complete and independent sentence ; before decimals ; between pounds and shillings ; after initial letters, and for abbreviations; as "Man, know thyself." "Chas. Williams, M.D." "J. Q. Adams." " Genl. Supt. of C., B., and Q. R. R." " 25. 8s. 4d." " 4.24 miles." The Exclamation Point (!) denotes sudden or violent emotion ; as " O blissful days ! Ah me ! How soon ye passed ! " " Charge, Chester, charge! On, Stanley, on! " " Great bargains! Clothing sold at forty per cent, below cost ! " " Rejoice ! Rejoice ! the summer months are coming." The Note of Interrogation (?) is used after every sentence in which a question is asked ; as " What season of the year do you enjoy most ? " It is also used to denote sneeringly the unbelief of the speaker ; as " His wise counsels (?) failed to accomplish their end." Brackets [ ] and Parentheses ( ) are employed to enclose words thrown into a sentence by way of explanation, which could be omitted without injury to its construction ; as " I have met (and who has not) with many disappointments." " Eight (8) miles and one hundred (100) yards." " In con- clusion, gentlemen, I am for the constitution, the whole consti- tution, and nothing but the constitution." [Great applause.] The Dash ( ) is used when the subject breaks off suddenly, and to show the omission of words, letters and figures ; thus : "I would but ah! I fear it is impossible I would I will reform." "The pulse fluttered stopped went on stopped again moved stopped." "This agreement entered into this day of , 18 , between of the first part, and of the second part, witnesseth, etc." The Hyphen (-) is employed as a character between two words to show that they are con- nected together as a compound word ; thus : Thirty -fold, super-heated, four-leaved, etc. It is also used at the end of a syllable when the remainder of the word follows on the next line. Also in dividing a word to show its pro- nunciation ; as Pro-cras-ti-nate ; val-e-tud-i-na-ri-an ; co-op-e-rate. The Ellipsis (....) is used to represent the omission of words, syllables, and letters, and is sometimes represented by a dash ; thus, k g for king : occasionally by stars ; thus, * * * * : and sometimes by periods ; like these The following examples illustrate its use. " Mrs. W , of C , is said to be the for- tunate individual." " This was in 1850. * * * * Twenty years later, in 1870, we gather up, again, the thread of our dis- course." "If he had married .... Ah, well! it was not so to be." The Apostrophe (') is employed to distinguish the possessive case ; thus : " John's Book." " Superintendent's Office." " Wells' Grammar : " And the omission of letters in the beginning or middle of a word , thus , " I'll, " for " I will." " Thou'lt," for " Thou wilt." " Prop'r," for " Proprietor." " In'st," for " Interest," etc. See rules for punctuation, in the chapter relating to " Sign Painting." The Caret ( A ) is employed, in writing, to show where a word, or several words have been omitted in the sentence, and have been placed above the line ; as handmaid of e " Temperance is the virtue." " Improvment." A A Quotation Marks (" ") are used by the writer to designate a word or sentence quoted or copied from another author ; as " Three things bear mighty sway with men, The Sword, the Sceptre, and the Pen" The Marks of Reference (* t t II 1D are used to call attention to notes of explanation at the bottom of the page. If many notes are used and these are all exhausted, they can be 54 MARKS DIRECTING ATTENTION. doubled. Some writers use letters, and some figures, for reference. Marks of Pronunciation. For the purpose of giving inflection to cer- tain words, or to designate the prolongation of occasional syllables in a word, the author frequently finds it convenient to use certain characters to denote such accents. To illus- trate : The Acute (a) gives the rising inflection ; as " Will you ride ? " The G-rave (a) the falling ; as " Will you walk or ride." The Circumflex (iV) indicates the rising and falling inflection in the same syllable ; as, " Machine," Montreal," etc. The Macron (-) placed above a letter desig- nates a full, long vowel sound ; as " Fate." " Home." " Note." " Eve," etc. A Breve ( w ) denotes a short sound, when placed above a vowel ; as " A-dore." " Glo-ri-ous." . The Diaeresis (a) is used for the purpose of dividing a diphthong, or syllable into two dis- tinct syllables ; as " Avenged." " Beloved." Also when two vowels come together, this character is sometimes used to show that they are not contracted into a diphthong ; as " Cooperate." " Reiterate." " Reappear." The Cedilla (p) is a mark placed under the c to denote that its sound is the same as the letter s; as " Qhaise." " Fagade." The Tilde (n) placed over an n gives it the sound of ny ; as " Minon." " Senor." Marks Directing Attention. The Index (JJUjT'*) is used to call special attention to an important line or clause in the writing or printing , as : Five per cent discount for cash." The Asterism or /Stars ( # *#) is used to desig- nate a general reference ; as " *** The teacher should moke frequent use of the black- board." The Brace \ is employed to unite two or more parts of speech or names that are brought into juxtaposition as ( Marculine. Gender < Feminine, ( Neuter. Committee Win. Smith. John Brown. A Paragraph (^[) is used by the author fre- quently to designate, in the middle of a sen- tence, when he re-reads his manuscript, those words that he wishes to have commence a para- graph. It shows where something new begins. A Section () usually designates the smaller distinct parts of a book. As references they are frequently used with numbers ; thus : " T 87. Wedding Ceremonies in Different Countries." " 172. The Law of Usury in Different States." Leaders ( ) are employed to lead the eye from one portion of the page to another across blank space ; as London - 123 Paris - 84 New York. 304 Underscoring. Words and sentences that the writer desires should be emphatic, are designated by lines drawn beneath the words that are to be empha- sized. Thus one line indicates italics; two lines, SMALL CAPITALS ; three lines, LARGE CAPITALS ; four lines, ITALIC CAPITALS. The words " To arms ! to arms ! ! to arms ! ! ! they cry," Underscored will appear in print thus ' To arms! TO ARMS!! TO ARMS!!! they cry." " Upward and upward we went! gradually the scene grew more and more entrancing! until at length, faster, RICHER, WILDER, GRANDER the weird objects came and went, fading away at last in the long dim distance." NAMES OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 55 GRAMMAR. RAMMAR is the art of writing or speaking a language cor- rectly. There are eight dis- tinct parts of speech, named as follows : Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Prep- osition, Conjunction and Inter- jection. THE NOUN is the name of an object, or some quality of the same ; as knife, horse, house, sharpness, speed, beauty. Nouns are of two classes, proper and common. A proper noun is the name of an individual object ; as England, William, Washington; and should always be capitalized. Names given to whole classes are common nouns ; as sea, land, rmy, tree, etc. A PRONOUN is a word that takes the place of a noun ; as " He reads," " She studies," " It falls." AN ADJECTIVE is a word used to describe a noun; as ''sweet cider," ''educated people," "'fast horse." THE VERB is a word that expresses action ; as " He runs" " She sleeps," "It falls." THE ADVERB tells how the action is per- formed, and modifies the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs ; as " He walks rapidly," " Very soon," " More pleasing," " Directly under," etc. A PREPOSITION is a word that connects other words, and shows the relation between them ; as " The snow lies on the ground," " He went to Europe." A CONJUNCTION is a part of speech used to connect words and sentences together ; as " Houses and Lands." " I walked in the meadows and in the groves, but I saw no birds, nor animals of any kind, because of the dark- ness." AN INTERJECTION is a word used to express sudden or strong emotion ; as ! Alas I Ah ! As a full consideration of the subject of grammar requires a volume of itself, it is not the purpose, therefore, of this book to enter into a detailed explanation of the use of the various parts of speech, along with the rules for applying the same. Fuller instruction relating to tho proper construction of language may be obtained in any of the various text books on grammar, which may be procured at the bookstores. Mistakes Corrected. The object in introducing the subject of gram- mar here is to call attention to the faults liable to be made by the writer and speaker unac- quainted with a knowledge of the correct use of language. To illustrate : special care should be taken to use the plural verb when the plural nominative is used ; as " Trees grows " should be " Trees grow." " Birds flies " should be " Birds fly." " Some flowers is more fragrant than others," should be " Some flowers are more fragrant than others." Care should be exercised in the use of the adjective pronoun ; as "Them men " should be "Those men." The past tense of the word do is frequently improperly used ; as " I done it " should be " / did it." Care should be taken with words terminating with ly ; as " Birds fly swift " should be " Birds fty swiftly;" "She sang beautiful" should be "She sang beautifully;" "He walks rapid" should be "rapidly;" "He talks eloquent" should be " eloquently." The word got is frequently unnecessarily used ; as " I have got the book " should be " I have the book."' The word learn is often wrongly used in place of teach ; as, " Will you learn me to write ?" should be "Willyonteachme to write?" The verbs lay and lie are frequently misused. The following examples illustrate the dis- tinction to be observed in their use. Thus, "I lie down; you lie down; he lies down." But " I lay down the book ; you lay down the carpet ; he lays down the rules." 56 DECLAMATION AND COMPOSITION. The verbs sit and set are often used improp- erly. The following sentences illustrate the difference between them. Thus, "I sit down; you sit down ; he sits down." " I set the table ; you set the trap ; and he sets the saw." Care should be used not to have two negatives in a sentence when affirmation is meant ; thus, " Do n't never tell a lie " should be " Never tell a lie;" "I can't see nothing" should be "I can see nothing," or " I cannot see anything." Slang Phrases and Profanity. A man is known by the company he keeps. He is also known by his language. No amount of good clothes or outside polish can prevent a man from being regarded as vulgar and low-bred who is addicted to the use of profane words. The use of profanity plainly indicates that the person employing it has such a limited knowledge of words suitable to express ideas, that he is com- pelled to use vulgar language in order to convey his thought. And the same measurably is true of slang phrases. Such words as " Level best," "Eight smart," "Played out" "You bet," " Bottom dollar" etc., while sometimes allowed among familiar acquaintances, are vulgarisms, and in all graver speaking and writing should be avoided. The uniform use of a chaste, refined, and beautiful language is not only an index to a pure, clear, and cultivated intellect, but is always, to the lady or gentleman, one of the surest elements of success in any business where language is required. Declamation of Original Compositions. 'HE man or the woman in any com- munity who can express ideas cor- rectly, plainly, readily, with good voice and self possession; in the presence of others, wields always a commanding influence, provided this accomplishment is guided by good judgment, which teaches what to speak, how to speak, when to speak, and where to speak. The correct and fluent expression of thought is largely a matter of practice. Our youth should be early taught to write their thoughts, and to declaim in public. The writing of compositions in school is one of the most important of the studies pursued, and, with every student, in some form, should be among the daily exercises of the school-room ; as in the writing of the composition are learned spelling, penmanship, punctuation, use of capital letters, grammar, and correct expression. And frequently, during the week, should the student declaim ; the declamation being, generally, the student's own composition. Thus youth become accustomed to the speaking of their own thoughts correctly, and oftentimes eloquently. This art, acquired under the guidance of an experienced teacher, will be of infinite service to the man in after life. And with the rapidly widening sphere of woman's work, the ability to speak well in public is equally desirable for her. True, many people who have an ambition for public speaking do not awake to the necessity and importance of this subject until the period of their school days has long passed, when the conviction is likely to force itself upon their minds that they are too late. Such, however, need not be discouraged in their efforts towards the acquisition of a pleasing style of oratory. Let a debating club be established, of half a dozen or more persons, to meet regularly during the week at stated times, for the discussion of current topics of the day , either at a private residence, some hall chosen for the purpose, or at a school-room ^ the exercises of the occa- sion being interspersed with written essays by various members of the club, the whole to be criticised by critics appointed. A few weeks thus spent will oftentimes develop in the club several fluent essayists and speakers. A rule ever to be acted upon by the student is, that whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. Aim always for the greatest excel- lence when commencing the study of any art or science. THE ART OF EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING. 57 WRITING AS AN AID TO EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. | HE ability to make an off-hand speech without the aid of manu- script, at once entertaining and instructive, is an accomplish- ment very much to be desired, and is one that can be acquired in most cases by the man or woman of average talent, who lias the requisite amount of training for this purpose, accompanied by the necessary oppor- tunities for intellectual culture. Such being the fact, the following suggestions may be oppor- tune, as giving an outline of the requisites necessary for the production of a ready speaker. First. The foundation of the discourse should be thoroughly fixed in the mind, and the order of succession in which the arguments are to follow. Second. These should be so arranged that one thought should be the natural outgrowth of the other, and each idea should be so dis- tinctly marked out as to be in readiness the mo- ment it is wanted. Third. The speaker should vividly feel all that he may design to speak, in order that clear ideas may be expressed. The mind should not, however, be so absorbed with the subject in hand as to prevent its acting readily in the development of the topic under consideration. It is possible for the feelings to become so vehement in their expression as to paralyze utterance from their very fullness. Fourth. The feelings, in speaking, must be resolved into ideas, thoughts intc images, to express which there must be suitable language. While the main idea should be firmly grasped, in its elucidation it should be separated into its principal members, and these again divided into subordinate parts, each under perfect command of the speaker, to be called upon and used at will, until the subject is exhausted. Fifth. The full, complete, and ready use of the imagination is of the greatest importance to the extemporaneous speaker, which power may be greatly cultivated by reading the works of Walter Scott, Dickens, and other standard writers who excel in imaginative description. To hold up before the audience a clear, distinct outline of the subject in hand, and paint the picture in fitting language so vividly that the auditors will delightedly follow its progress, step by step, is the distinguishing excellence of the off-hand speaker. With many persons of real talent, the powers of imagination work too slowly to hold the attention of the audience. This hindrance, however, can be largely over- come by practice. Sixth. The difficulty of embarrassment, which afflicts some people upon public appearance, is overcome by practice, and by having a perfectly distinct understanding of what is to be said, which consciousness tends to give confidence and self-poss3ssion. To obtain the ability to present this clear conception of the subject, the speaker should study logic, geometry, and kin- dred subjects, that arrive at conclusions through a process of analytical reasoning. The speaker should be able to think methodically, being able to decompose his thoughts into parts, to analyze these into their elements, to recompose, regather, and concentrate these again in a man- ner such as will clearly illustrate the idea sought to be conveyed. Seventh. One of the most efficient aids to public speaking is the ability to write. The public speaker will do well to commence by writing in full what he is desirous of saying. He should, at the same time, make a study of the various masters of oratory. Writing gives great clearness to the expression of thought, and having plenty of time in its composition, the mind is able to look at the subject in every phase. With the main idea clearly defined and kept constantly in view, let the speaker exam- ine the subject in every light, the different fac- ulties of the mind concentrating upon a single 58 THE AKT OF COMPOSITION. point. Thus, step by step, the subject is con- sidered in all its bearings, the various details of the idea being completely studied, and the whole matter thoroughly developed, until the subject has reached its perfect form. Eighth. The daily study of synonymous words and their meanings will give greater facility of expression. The mind should also be stored with a great variety of information on subjects per- taining to the arts and sciences, from which one can constantly draw in cases of emergency. It is impossible for the speaker to extemporize what is not in the mind. And further, all read- ing and study should be done with such care that every idea thus acquired will be so thor- oughly wrought out as to be available when we wish to communicate our ideas to others. Ninth. In public speaking, one of the great secrets of success is a knowledge of human na- ture. To acquire this the speaker should care- fully study men the passions and impulses that influence mankind their phrenological characteristics, and know them as they are. To do this, he should freely mingle in society, in- terchanging ideas, and seeking every opportu- nity .for the practice of extempore speaking. Tenth. An important element necessary to success in the off-hand speaker is courage. While it is essential that he use choice and fit- ting language in the expression of ideas, let him not hesitate, when he has commenced a sentence, because he cannot readily call to mind the exact language necessary to beautifully clothe the thought. Push vigorously through to the end, even though at a sacrifice, for a time, of the most perfect forms of speech. This courage that dare stand up and speak a sentence un- grammatically even, is necessary to make the good speaker of the future. Finally, while all cannot become equally proficient in oratory, the industrious student of average talent who earnestly resolves to win success as an extempore speaker, will find him- self, in the majority of cases, in time, self-pos- sessed in the presence of others. With ideas clear and distinct, vivified and quickened by imagination, clothed in fitting words and beau- tiful language, he will be enabled to instruct and entertain an audience in a manner vastly better than most people would suppose who may have listened to his maiden efforts in the commencement of his public speaking. COMPOSITION. O be able to talk correctly, the stu- dent should first be able to write properly. Not only should penman- ship be plain and easy, words rightly spelled, capitals correctly used, and sentences grammatically constructed and punctuated, but much depends, also, be- yond that, upon the style of composition, mode of expression, and language used, whether it be acceptable to readers and hearers, or not. As a rule, with the great sea of literature about us, the writer of to-day who is original and condenses ideas into the smallest space, whether in the sermon, book, business letter, or newspaper article, is much the most likely to have readers or hearers. The aim of the wri- ter should therefore be, first, to say something new, presenting a subject fraught with original ideas and second, to give those ideas in the fewest possible words consistent with agreeable expression. " Why did you not make that article more brief " said an editor to his correspondent. " Because," said the writer, ' I did not have time." The idea sought to be conveyed, concerning brevity, is clearly shown in that answer of the correspondent. It is an easy matter to dress ideas many words. It requires much more care, however, to clearly state the same idea in less words. The chief merit of Shakespeare is the thought conveyed in few words ; the meaning that we catch beyond the words expressed. Those poets that will live in immortality have SUGGESTIONS ON COMPOSITION. 59 written thus. The reader cannot fail to recog- nize the truth and thought conveyed in this stanza of Cowper's, beyond the words them- selves : 11 Judge not the Lord by feeble sense, But trust Him for His grace ; Behind a frowning providence, He hides a smiling face." The idea expressed in these few lines brings up in long review the trials of a past life, and the recollection of sorrows and afflictions which we afterwards, not unfrequently, discovered to be blessings in disguise, and in reality seemingly designed for our best good. There is much food for reflection in the follow- ing stanza from Gray's " Elegy" : "Full many a gem, of purest ray serene, The dark, uufathonied caves of ocean bear; Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air." With this reading comes up the thought of those of our fellow men whom we know to be good, noble, and worthy, but whose names will go down to the grave unhonored and unknown. Very plainly we see the meaning beyond the words in the following, also from Gray : " Perhaps, in this neglected spot, is laid Some heart, once pregnant with celestial fire Hand, that the rod of empire migh t have swayed, Or waked to ecstasy the living lyre." A similar idea is expressed by Whittier, though in fewer words : " Of all sad words of tongue or pen, The saddest are these, ' It might have been.' " Both stanzas are deeply freighted with thought beyond what is expressed. Those extracts, whether in prose or poetry, that are destined to go down to coming genera- tions, are so laden with ideas and suggestions that in listening or reading, the scenes they suggest seem to move before us, and we forget words in contemplating that which the words describe. Prose writings often contain gems of thought told very briefly, especially in the works of our best authors. In the following, from Irving's description of the grave, the reader becomes so absorbed in the picture portrayed that the words themselves are lost in the emotions they enkin- dle: " O, the grave ! the grave ! It buries every error, covers every de- fect, extinguishes every resentment. From its peaceful bosom spring none but fond regrets and tender recollections. Who can look down upon the grave even of an enemy, and not feel a compunctious throb, that he should ever have warrtd with the poor handful of earth that lies mouldering before him. "But the grave of those we loved what a place for meditation! There it is that we call up in long review the whole history of virtue and gentleness, and the thousand endearments lavished upon us, al- most unheeded, in the daily intercourse of intimacy; there it is that we dwell upon the tenderness, the SDlemn, awful tenderness of the parting scene the bed of death, with all its stifled griefs, its noiseless attendants, its mute, watchful assiduities the last testimonies of ex- piring love the feeble, fluttering, thrilling O how thrilling ! pres- sure of the hand the last fond look of the glazing eye, turned upon us even from the threshold of existence the faint, faltering accents struggling in death to give one more assurance of affection. "Ay, go to the grave of buried love, and meditate! There settle the account with thy conscience for every past benefit unrequited, every past endearment unregarded, of that departed being who can never never never return to be soothed by thy contrition." The Bible abounds in beautiful and expressive sayings, that reveal much in few words, as shown in the following: "The wicked fl^e when no man pursneth." " Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Thou knowest not what a day may bring forth." "A soft answer tnrneth away wrath." " Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. 1 ' " Hope deferred maketh the heart sick. 1 ' " Cast thy bread upon the waters, for thou shalt find it after many days." Care should be taken to prune out the unnec- essary words with an unsparing hand. Thus, in the sentence, " I have got back, having re- turned yesterday," it is better to say, " I re- turned yesterday." Two young men, upon going into the army during the late civil war, were requested by their friends to telegraph at the close of any battle they might take part in, concerning their condition. At the close of the battle of Perry- ville, one telegraphed the following : " PBBRYVILLE, KT., Oct. 9. 1863. "DEAR FRIENDS: "As requested, I take the first opportunity after the late severe battle, fought at this place, to inform you that I came from the engagement uninjured. "HENKYMOSELEY." The other telegraphed as follows : ' Uninjured. " PERRTVILLE, KT., Oct. 9, 1862. " HIRAM MAYNAED." Hiram well knew that his friends would hear immediately of the battle from the newspapers, and would learn from the same source that his regiment participated in the engagement. Their 60 RHETORICAL FIGURES. next question would then be " How is Hiram ? " To answer that, he had simply to telegraph one word. In a letter afterwards, he gave the par- ticulars. The following rules should be observed in writing : First. Never use a word that does not add some new thought, or modify some idea already expressed. Second. Beware of introducing so many sub- jects into one sentence as to confuse the sense. Third. Long and short sentences should be properly intermixed, in order to give a pleasing sound in reading. There is generally a rounded harmony in the long sentence, not found in the short, though as a rule, in order to express meaning plainly, it is better to use short sen- tences. Fourth. Make choice of such words and phrases as people will readily understand. Rhetorical Figures. HE beauty, force, clearness, and brevity of language are frequently greatly enhanced by the judicious use of rhetorical figures, which are named and explained as follows: A Simile is an expressed comparison. EXAMPLE " Charity, like the sun, brightens every object on which it shines." The Metaphor is an implied comparison, indi- cating the resemblance of two objects by apply- ing the name, quality or conduct of one directly to the other. EXAMPLES "Thy word is a lamp to my feet." " Life is an isthmus between two eternities. 1 ' "The morning of life." "The storms of life." An Allegory is the recital of a story under which is a meaning different from what is ex- pressed in words, the analogy and comparison being so plainly made that the designed con- clusions are correctly drawn. EXAMPLE Thou hast brought a vine (the Jewish nation) out of Egypt; thou hast cast out the heathen and planted it. Thou prepar- edst room before it and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. BIBLE. In Hyperbole, through the effect of imagina- tion or passion, we greatly exaggerate what is founded in truth, by magnifying the good qual- ities of objects we love, and diminish and degrade the objects that we dislike or envy. EXAMPLES " That fellow is so tall that he does not know when his feet are cold." " Brougham is a thunderbolt.' 1 ' 1 Personification consists in attributing life to things inanimate. EXAMPLE " Hatred stirreth up strife; but love covereth all sins." A Metonymy (Me-ton-y-my) substitutes the name of one object for that of another that sustains some relation to it, either by some de- gree of mutual dependence or otherwise so connected as to be capable of suggesting it; thus cause is used for effect or the effect for the cause, the attribute for the subject or the sub- ject for the attribute. EXAMPLES 1. Cause and effect ; as " Extravagance is the ruin of many," that is, the cause of ruin. 2. Attribute and that to which it belongs; as ''Pride shall be brought low" that is, the proud. A Synecdoche (sin-ek-do-ke) is a form of speech wherein something more or something less is substituted for the precise object meant, as when the whole is put for a part, or a part for the whole ; the singular for the plural or the plural for the singular. EXAMPLES " His head is grey," that is, his hair. " The world considers him a man of talent," that is, the people. Antithesis is the contrasting of opposites. EXAMPLES ''Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and heart to this vote." " Though deep yet clear." Irony is a form of speech in which the writer or speaker sneeringly means the reverse of what is literally said, the words being usually mock- ery uttered for the sake of ridicule or sarcasm. Irony is a very effective weapon of attack, the form of language being such as scarcely to admit of a reply. EXAMPLE " Have not the Indiana been kindly and justly treated? Have not the temporal things, the vain baubles and filthy lucre of this world, which are too apt to engage their worldly and selfish thoughts, been benevolently taken from them; and have they not instead thereof, been taught to set their affections on things above? " Paralipsis pretends to conceal what is really expressed. EXAMPLE "IwUlnotcallhimvillain,beciLU9e it wonld be unpar- liamentary. I will no< call him fool, because he happens to be chan- cellor of the exchequer." Climax is the gradual ascending in the expres- sion of thought, from things lower to a higher and better. Reversed, it is called anticlimax. RHETORICAL FIGURES. 61 EXAMPLES "A Scotch mist becomes a shower; and a shower, a storm; aud a storm, a tempest; and a tempest, thunder and lightning; and thunder and lightning, heaveuquake arid earthquake." "Then virtue became silent, heartsick, pined away, and died." Allusion is that use of language whereby in a word or words we recall some interesting inci- dent or condition by resemblance or contrast. EXAMPLES " Give them the Amazon in South America and we '11 give laeiu the Mississippi in ihe United States." After the signing of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, Hancock remarked to his fellow signers that they must all Jiang together. " Yes," said Franklin " or we shall all hang separately." The allusion in this case turns to a pun, which is a play upon words. EXAMPLE "And the Doctor told the Sexton Aud the Sexton tolled the bell." A continued allusion and resemblance in style becomes a parody. EXAMPLE " 'T is the last rose of summer, left blooming alone ; All her lovely companions are faded and gone; No flower of her kindred, no rosebud is nigh, To reflect back her blushes, or give sigh for sigh. I Ml not leave thee, thou lone one, to pine on thy stem ; Since the lovely are sleeping, go, sleep thou with them. Thus kindly I scatter thy leaves o'er the bed Where thy mates of the garden lie scentless and dead." PARODY " 'T is the last golden dollar, left shining alone ; All its brilliant companions are squandered and gone; No coin of its mintage reflects back its hue, They went in mint juleps, and this will go too ! I' 11 not keep thee, thou lone one, too long in suspense; Thy brothers were melted, and melt thou, to pence ! I '11 ask for no quarter, I '11 spend and not spare. Till my old tattered pocket hangs centless and bare." PUN "Ancient maiden lady anxiously remarks, That there must be peril 'mong so many sparks: Roguish-looking fellow, turning to the stranger. Says it 's his opinion she is out of danger." Saxe. Exclamation is a figure of speech used to ex- press more strongly the emotions of the speaker. EXAMPLES "Oh ! the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God ! " " How poor, how rich, how abject, how august How complicate, how wonderful is man ! Distinguished link in being's endless chain ! Midway from nothing to the Deity ! A beam ethereal, sullied and absorbed ! Though sullied and dishonored, still divine ! Au heir of glory ! a frail child of dust: A worm ! a god ! I tremble at myself, Aud in myself am lost." Interrogation is a rhetorical figure by which the speaker puts opinions in -the form of questions for the purpose of expressing thought more pos-- itively and vehemently without expectation of the questions being answered. EXAMPLES " He that planned the ear shall be not hear? He that formed the eye, shall he not see ?" "O Death, where is thy sting? O Grave, where is thy victory ?" " Bat when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week or the next year ? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a Brit- i!i jruard shall be stationed in every IIOIIM; ? * * * Is life so dear, or peace bo sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains aud slavery .'" " Can storied nrn or animated bust Back to its mansions call the fleeting breath ? Can Honor's voice provoke the silent du^t, Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death ?" Euphemism (u-fe-miz-em) is a word or sentence so chosen and expressed as to make a disagree- able fact sound more pleasantly than if told in plain language. EXAMPLES " Deceased " for " dead ;" " stopping payment," instead of "becoming bankrupt;" "falling asleep," instead of "dying;" "you labor under a mistake," for "you lie; " "he does not keep very correct accounts," instead of "he cheats when he can;" "she cer- tainly displays as little vanity in her personal appearance as any young lady I ever saw; " for "she is an intolerable slattern." " I see Auacreon laugh and sing ; His silver tresses breathe perfume; His cheeks display a second spring Of roses taught by wine to bloom." Apostrophe like the exclamation is the sudden turning away, in the fullness of emotion, to ad- dress some other person or object. In this wo address the absent or dead as if present or alive, and the inanimate as if living. This figure of speech usually indicates a high degree of excitement. EXAMPLES " O gentle sleep, Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee, That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down, And steep my senses in f orgetf ulness ? " Thus King David, on hearing of the death of Absalom, exclaims, " O, my son Absalom, my son, my son ! " Osbian's Address to the Moon, is one of the most beautiful illustrations of the apostrophe. " Daughter of heaven, fair art thou ! The silence of thy face is pleasant. Thou cotnest forth in loveliness. The stars attend thy blue steps in the East. The clouds rejoice in thy presence, O Moon ! and brighten their dark-brown sides. Who is like thee in heaven, daughter of the night ? The stars are ashamed in thy presence, and turn aside their sparkling eyes. Whither dost thou retire from thy course, when the darkness of thy countenance grows ? Hast thou thy hall like Ossian ? Dwellest thou in the shadow of grief ? Have thy sisters fallen from heaven ? and are they who rejoiced with thee at night no more ? Yes, they have fallen, fair light ! and often dost thou retire to mourn. But thou thyself shall one night fail, and leave thy blue path in heaven. The stars will then lift their heads; they who in thy presence were astonished will rejoice." "Thou lingering star with less'ning ray, That lov'st to greet the early morn, Again thou usher'st in the day My Mary from my soul was torn. O Mary ! dear departed shade ! " Vision is a figure of rhetoric by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagina- tion as actually before his eyes and present to his senses. EXAMPLES "Soldiers ! from the tops of yonder pyramids, forty cen- turies look down upon you ! " "We behold honses and public edifices wrapt in flames; we hear the crash of roofs falling in, and one general uproar proceeding from a thousand different voices; we see some flying they -know not whither, others hanging over the last embraces of their wives and friends : we see the mother tearing from the ruffian's grasp her helpless bahe, an-i the victors cutting each others' throats wherever the plunder its most inviting." 62 LAWS OF LANGUAGE. Onomatopoeia is the use of such word or words as by their sound will 'suggest the sense, as crash, buzz, roar, etc. Motion is thus easily im- itated, as is also sound, and even the reflections and emotions. EXAMPLES "Away they went pell mell, hurry skurry, wild buffalo, wild horse, wild huntsmen, with clang: and clatter, and whoop and halloo that made the forests ring." " The ball went whizzing past." "While I nodded nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door." General Summary. Dr. Blair's system of rhetoric sums up the most important qualities of style in the six fol- lowing terms, being thus condensed by Kerl : " Purity, propriety, and precision chiefly iu regard to words and phrases; and perspicuity, unity, and strength, in regard to sentences. He who writes with jnirity, avoids all phraseology that is foreign, un- couth, or ill-derived ; he who writes with propriety, selects the most appropriate, the very best expressions, and generally displays sound judgment and good taste; he who writes with precision, is careful to state exactly what he means all that he means, or that is necessary, and nothing more ; he who writes with perspicuity, aims to present his meaning so clearly and obviously, that no one can fail to understand him at once ; he who observes itnify, follows carefully the most agree- able order of nature, and does not jumble together incongruous things, nor throw out his thoughts in a confused or chaotic mass ; and he who writes with strength, so disposes or marshals all the parts of each sen- tence, and all the parts of the discourse, as to make the strongest im- pression. A person's style, according as it is influenced by taste and imagination, may be dry, plain, neat, elegant, ornamental, florid, or turgid. The most common faulty style is that which may be described as being stiff, cramped, labored, heavy and tiresome ; its opposite is the easy, flowing, graceful, sprightly, and interesting style. One of the greatest beauties of style, one too little regarded, is simplicity or nat- uralness; that easy, unaffected, earnest, and highly impressive lan- guage which indicates a total ignorance, or rather innocence, of all the trickery of art. It seems to consist of the pure promptings of nature ; though, in most instances, it is not so much a natural gift as it is (he perfection of art." Laws of Language. The following rules by Dr. Campbell, in ref- erence to the construction of sentences and choice of words will be found of service. 1. When the usage is divided as to any particular words or phrases, and when one of the expressions is susceptible of different meanings, while the other admits of only one signification, the expression which is strictly of one meaning should be preferred. 2. In doubtful cases, analogy should be regarded. 8. When expressions are in other respects equal, that should be pre- ferred which is most agreeable to the ear. 4. When none of the preceding rules takes place, regard should be had to simplicity. 5. All words and phrases, particularly harsh and not absolutely nec- essary, should be dismissed. 0. When the etymology plainly points to a different signification from what the word bears, propriety and simplicity require its dismis- sion. 7. When words become obsolete, or are never used but in particular phrases, they should be repudiated, as they give the style an air of vul- garity and cant, when this general disuse renders them obscure. 8. All words and phrases which analyzed grammatically, include an imperfection of speech, should be dismissed. 9. All expressions which, according to the established rules of lan- guage, either have no meaning, or involve a contradiction, or accord- ing to the fair construction of the words, convey a meaning different from the intention of the speaker, should be dismissed. Specific Directions. PARAGRAPHS. One or more sentences form a paragraph. When a deviation or change is made in the subject a new paragraph is com- menced. The first line of each paragraph in writing should commence about one inch from the left side of the sheet. Preserve a space half an inch in width between the left of the writing and the edge of the sheet. Write as close to the right edge of the sheet as possible. When lack of space prevents the completion of a word on the line, place the hyphen (-) at the end of the line and follow with the remain- ing syllables on the next line. Words may be divided, but never divide syllables. Rules of Construction. 1. The principal words in a sentence should be placed where they will make the most strik- ing impression. 2. A weaker assertion or argument should not follow a stronger one. 3. The separation of the preposition from the noun which it governs, should be avoided. 4. Concluding the sentence with an adverb, preposition, or other insignificant word lessens the strength of the sentence. ORDER OF ARRANGEMENT. Young writers will find it well to prepare a memorandum of the subjects they wish to treat on a separate slip of paper, and the points they wish to make relating to each subject. Having the subjects clearly fixed in the mind, they should com- mence with the least important and follow through to the end, considering the most import- ant at the close. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 63 Dictionary of ifSynonyms. ELEVEN THOUSAND SYNONYMOUS WORDS, For the use of Writers and Speakers. UITE a common fault is that of using, when writing, the same word several times in a sen- tence. To avoid this inelegant repetition, the writer should give careful attention to the 'selection of different words having a similar meaning. Observe the following : Example. He is accurate in figures, accurate in grammar, accurate in spelling, accurate in writing. IMPROVED. He is accurate in figures, correct in grammar, exact in spell- ing, precise in writing. See the word accurate in the dictionary, ac- companied by synonymous words. Example. He made an excellent address in the morning, and his col- league made an excellent address in the evening. IMPROVED. He made an excellent address in the morning, and his col- league entertained the assemblage with an eloquent speech in the evening. Example. The patient suffered untold agony for years ; during which time he suffered not only agony of body, but agony of mind. IMPROVED. The patient suffered untold agony for years ; during which time he endured not only torture of body, but anguish of mind. ABASE humble, lower, degrade, depress, dis- grace. ABATE lessen, reduce, subside, decrease, di- minish. ABBREVIATE abridge, curtail, condense, com- press, epitomize, lessen, reduce, shorten. Asuor. abominate, detest, hate, loathe. ABILITY capacity, power, skill, means, talent. ABLE capable, competent. ABODE dwelling, habitation, residence. ABOMINATE abhor, detest, hate, loathe. ABRIDGE contract, diminish, lessen, shorten. ABSENT abstracted, inattentive, heedless. ABSOKB engross, engulf, imbibe, swallow. ABSTAIN forbear, refrain, withhold. ABSTRUSE hidden, obscure, difficult. ABSURD foolish, unreasonable, preposterous, ridiculous, silly. ABUNDANT ample, copious, plentiful. ABUSIVE insolent, offensive, scurrilous, dis- graceful. ACCEDE acquiesce, agree, consent, assent, comply, yield. ACCEPT admit, receive, take. ACCEPTABLE agreeable, grateful, welcome. ACCESSION addition, augmentation, increase. ACCOMMODATE adjust, adapt, serve, suit, fit. ACCOMPLICE abettor, ally, assistant, acces- sory, associate. ACCOMPLISH complete, effect, achieve, fulfill, execute, realize, finish. ACCOUNT explanation, narration, description, recital. ACCUMULATE heap, collect, gather, amass. ACCURATE precise, nice, exact, correct. ACCUSE asperse, arraign, censure, impeach, defame, calumniate, detract, vilify. ACHIEVE execute, complete, fulfill, realize, accomplish, effect. ACKNOWLEDGMENT confession, concession. ACKNOWLEDGE confess, own, avow, grant. ACQUAINT inform, communicate, disclose, make known. ACQUIESCE comply, yield, consent, agree, as- sent, yield. ACQUIRE gain, attain, procure, win, obtain. ACQUIREMENT attainment, gain. ACQUIT free, pardon, forgive, discharge, clear. ACTIVE quick, nimble, agile, alert, prompt, industrious, busy, brisk, vigorous. ACTUAL real, certain, positive. ACTUATE impel, induce, move. ACUTE sharp, keen, subtle, shrewd, piercing, pointed, penetrating. ADAPT suit, fit, adjust, accommodate. ADD join to, put to, increase. ADDRESS speech, utterance, ability, court- ship, skill, direction. ADDITION augmentation, increase, accession. ADHERE stick, cleave, hold, attach. ADEPT apt, quick, skillful, expert. ADHERENT disciple, follower, partisan. ADHESION sticking, attachment, adherence. ADJACENT close, near, adjoining, contiguous. ADJOURN postpone, defer, delay. ADJUST settle, fit, suit, adapt, accommodate. ADMINISTER give, execute, dispense, manage, supply, serve. ADMIRATION regard, esteem, wonder, sur- prise, amazement. ADMISSION entrance, access, admittance. ADMIT allow, permit, tolerate, concede, grant. ADMONITION warning, advice, counsel, re- proof. ADORN deck, embellish, beautify. ADROIT agile, dexterous, clever, skillful. ADULTERATE corrupt, pollute, debase, defile. 64 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. ADVANCEMENT progression, improvement. ADVANTAGE profit, benefit, use, good. ADVENTURE chance, casualty, contingency, incident, occurrence. ADVERSARY opponent, antagonist, enemy. ADVERSE unfortunate, hostile, contrary, re- pugnant, opposed. ADVERT notice, turn, regard, allude. ADVISE consult, consider, deliberate, ad- monish. ADVOCATE plead, argue, defend, support. AFFABILITY civility, courteousncss, urbanity. AFFABLE civil, courteous, urbane, pleasing. AFFAIR business, concern, matter, transac- tion. AFFECT aim, assume, move, pretend, arrogate. AFFECTING feeling, touching, pathetic. AFFECTION love, fondness, attachment, kind- ness, tenderness. AFFILIATE adopt, receive, initiate, associate. AFFINITY relationship, kindred, alliance, con- formity, attraction. AFFIRM assure, assert, aver, declare, protest. AFFLICTION pain, trouble, distress, grief, sad- ness, sorrow, tribulation, bereavement, cal- amity. AFFLUENCE plenty, abundance, riches, opu- lence, wealth, concourse, influx. AFFORD yield, grant, give, impart, spare. AFFRIGHT alarm, dismay, shock, terrify, appall, frighten, dishearten, intimidate. AFFRONT provoke, insult, outrage, offend. AFRAID fearful, terrified, timicl, timorous. AGED elderly, old, senile, advanced in years. AGENT representative, deputy. AGGREGATE mass, collect, accumulate. AGILE alert, active, lively, quick, sprightly, nimble, brisk. AGITATE shake, disturb, move, discuss. AGITATION disturbance, trepidation, tremor. AGONY pain, distress, torture, anguish, suf- fering. AGREE accede, acquiesce, assent, consent, concur, comply. AGREEABLE suitable, acceptable, pleasing, grateful. AGREEMENT harmony, accordance, covenant, concurrence, contract, bargain. AID assist, help, succor, relieve. AIM aspire, endeavor, level, point. AIR aspect, manner, appearance, look, mien. ALARM fear, consternation, dread, apprehen- sion, fright, terror, summons, surprise. ALIENATE transfer, withdraw, estrange. ALLEGE adduce, affirm, advance, assert. ALLEVIATE ease, abate, lessen, mitigate, re- lieve, diminish, soothe, lighten. ALLIANCE coalition, union, league, combina- tion, confederacy. ALLOT distribute, apportion, assign, appoint. ALLOWANCE wages, pay, stipend, salary, per- mission, concession, grant. ALLUDE refer, suggest, hint, intimate. ALLURE tempt, entice, seduce, decoy, attract. ALTER change, vary, modify, re-arrange. ALWAYS ever, perpetually, constantly, con- tinually, incessantly. AMASS gather, heap, collect, accumulate. AMAZEMENT astonishment, surprise, wcnder, admiration. AMBIGUOUS obscure, doubtful, equivocal, un- certain. AMENABLE answerable, responsible, account- able. AMEND correct, improve, better, rectify, re- form, mend. AMENDS recompense, restoration, reparation, restitution. AMIABLE lovely, kind, charming, delightful, obliging. AMPLE large, extended, spacious, copious, abundant, plenteous. AMUSEMENT entertainment, diversion, sport, pastime, recreation. ANGRY passionate, hot, irascible, hasty. ANGUISH pain, distress, suffering, agony. ANIMATE cheer, enliven, exhilarate, impd, incite, inspire, urge, encourage. ANIMATION life, spirits, liveliness, buoyancy, gaycty, vivacity. ANIMOSITY hatred, enmity, malignity, hos- tility. ANNEX attach, affix, subjoin, add. ANNOUNCE proclaim, declare, advertise, pub- lish. ANNUL destroy, revoke, abolish, cancel, re- peal, annihilate. ANSWER reply, response, rejoinder. ANSWERABLE amenable, accountable, re- sponsible. ANTAGONIST enemy, foe, opponent, adversary. ANTECEDENT previous, former, anterior, pre- ceding, prior, foregoing. ANTIPATHY aversion, abhorrence, dislike, de- testation, hatred. ANXIETY caution, care, perplexity, solic- itude, uneasiness, disquietude. APATHY unfeclingness, indifference, insens- ibility, unconcern. APERTURE cavity, opening. APOLOGY defense, pica, excuse. APPARENT evident, clear, plain, visible, dis- tinct. APPEAL invoke, refer, call upon. APPEARANCE aspect, look, air, manner, mien, semblance. APPEASE calm, soothe, allay, pacify, assuage, tranquilize. APPLAUD praise, approve, extol, commend. APPLAUSE acclamation, shouting, approval. APPOINT allot, fix, provide, order, prescribe, ordain, depute, constitute. APPRAISE value, estimate. APPRECIATE value, esteem, prize, estimate. APPREHENSION fear, terror, alarm, seizure, dread, suspicion, fright. APPRISE inform, acquaint, disclose. APPROACH admittance, access, avenue, pass- age. APPROBATION approval, concurrence, con- sent, sanction, confirmation. APPROPRIATE assume, usurp, set apart. APPROPRIATE peculiar, exclusive, adapted. APPROVE allow, like, applaud, esteem, com- mend. ARBITRATOR judge, umpire, arbiter. ARCHIVES annals, records. ARDENT hot, eager, passionate, fervent, fiery, vehement. ARDUOUS hard, difficult, laborious. ARGUMENT proof , reason, dispute. ARISE mount, ascend, rise, stand up. ARRAIGN charge, accuse, impeach. ARRANGE place, dispose, class, range. ARROGANCE assumption, self-conceit, pride, presumption, haughtiness. ARTFUL crafty, artificial, deceitful, cunning, dexterous. ARTICULATE speak, pronounce, utter. ARTIFICE deception, imposition, stratagem, cheat, deceit, finesse. ATTITUDE posture, gesture. ATTRACT charm, captivate, win, allure, draw, entice. ATTRACTIONS charms, allurements, entice- ments. AUDACITY impudence, boldness, hardihood, effrontery. AUSPICIOUS favorable, propitious, prosper- ous, lucky, fortunate. AUTHENTIC genuine, authorized, true. AUTHORITY power, dominion, force, sway, influence, ascendency. AVARICE greed, covctousncss, cupidity. ADVERSE loath, unwilling, reluctant, repug- nant, unfortunate, unfavorable. AVERSION dislike, antipathy, repugnance, ab- horrence, detestation. AVIDITY eagerness, greediness. AVOCATION calling, trade, profession, office, business, employment, occupation. AVOID shun, elude, eschew. Avow own, confess, recognize, acknowledge. AWAKE arouse, provoke, excite. AWE fear, dread, reverence. B BABBLING idle talk, loquacity, chattering, prattling. BACKWARD loth, unwilling, reluctant, averse. BAFFLE confound, defeat, disconcert, elude, confuse. BALANCE settle, adjust, regulate, equalize. BANTER taunt, ridicule, deride, rally, joke, jest. BARE stripped, naked, destitute, uncovered, unadorned. BARGAIN purchase, cheapen, contract, buy. BASE mean, low, vile. BASHFUL shy, modest, timid, diffident. BASIS foundation, pedestal, ground, base. BASTARD spurious, illegitimate. BATTLE combat, fight, engagement. BZAR carry, bring forth, suffer, support, en- dure, sustain, undergo. BEAT hit, strike, defeat, overthrow. BEAU sweetheart, gallant, fop, dandy. BEAUTIFUL handsome, fine. BEAUTIFY embellish, decorate, adorn, deck, ornament. BECOMING suitable, comely, graceful, decent, befitting, meet, fit. BEG crave, beseech, entreat, ask, request, im- plore, solicit, supplicate. BEGIN originate, commence, enter upon. BEGUILE delude, mislead, deceive, amuse, im- pose upon. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS 65 BEHAVIOR conduct, carriage, manner, deport- ment, address, demeanor. BEHOLD see, look, observe, view. BEHOLDER spectator, looker on, observer. BELIEF credit, faith, trust, certainty, confi- dence, reliance, conviction, opinion, assent. BELOW under, beneath. BEND lean, incline, distort, subdue, bow. BENEATH under, below. BEQUEATH devise, give by will. BESEECH solicit, crave, beg, implore, entreat, request, urge, supplicate. BESTOW grant, confer, give, present. BETTER improve, mend, reform, ameliorate. BLAME reprove, condemn, reproach, censure, reprehend, upbraid, inculpate. BLAMELESS unblemished, innocent, faultless, guiltless, spotless, irreproachable. BLAST desolate, destroy, wither up, split. BLEMISH flaw, spot, defect, fault, speck. BLUNT dull, uncouth, insentient, abrupt. BLUNDER error, mistake. BOASTER braggard, braggart, braggadocio, vauuter, blusterer. BOASTING parade, ostentation, vaunting. BOISTEROUS violent, furious, impetuous. BOLD courageous, daring, fearless, impudent, insolent, audacious. BONDAGE servitude, confinement, imprison- ment, slavery, BORDER edge, verge, rim, brim, margin, brink, side. BORE pierce, penetrate, perforate. BOUND define, confine, restrict, terminate, limit, circumscribe. BOUNTY liberality, generosity, benevolence, beneficence. BRAVE bold, daring, heroic, courageous, un- daunted, intrepid, fearless. BREACH gap, chasm, break, opening. BREAK destroy, batter, rend, dissolve, tame, demolish, shatter. BREAKER surge, billow, wave, sand-bauk, covered rock. BRIEF short, concise, succinct, compendious, summary, epitomized. BRIGHT clear, shining, sparkling, brilliant, glistening, glittering, lucid, resplendent. BRILLIANCY brightness, radiance, splendor, luster. BROAD far-reaching, ample, large, extensive, wide. BKOIL fight, quarrel, altercation, affray. BRUISE break, crush, squeeze, pound, com- press. BUILD erect, establish, found, construct. BULK greatness, largeness, extent, magni- tude, size, dimensions. BURDEN load, freight, weight, cargo. BURNING ardent, fiery, hot, scorching. BURST break, rend, crack, split. BUSINESS trade, occupation, calling, work, avocation, employment, profession. BUSTLE disorder, hurry, tumult, confusion. BUT except, still, however, save, nevertheless, yet, notwithstanding. BUTCHERY havoc, slaughter, massacre, car- nage. BUY procure, bargain, obtain, purchase. CABAL coalition, combination, league, con- spiracy, intrigue, plot. CALAMITY mishap, disaster, misfortune. CALCULATE count, number, compute, reckon, estimate. CALL exclaim, cry, invite, name, summon, subpoena. CALLING trade, occupation, profession, busi- ness, employment, avocation. CALM soothe, compose, tranquilize, pacify, appease, allay, assuage. CANCEL erase, destroy, abolish, repeal, annul, revoke. CANDID frank, open, artless, honest, ingenu- ous. CAPABLE able, fitted, competent, qualified, skillful. CAPACITY capability, faculty, ability, genius, talent. CAPRICE fancy, humor, freak, whim, notion. CAPRICIOUS notional, variable, fickle, change- able, fantastical, whimsical. CAPTIVATE charm, enslave, attract, enchant, enrapture, fascinate, take prisoner. CAPTIVITY servitude, confinement, bondage, imprisonment. CAPTURE prize, seizure. CARE anxiety, solicitude, regard, attention, management, concern, disquietude, worry. CAREFUL cautious, solicitous, attentive, pro- vident, guarded, prudent, circumspect. CARELESS heedless, remiss, thoughtless, in- attentive, negligent, unconcerned. CARESS fondle, endear, embrace, stroke, soothe. CARNAGE massacre, butchery, slaughter. CARRIAGE manner, behavior, mien, deport- ment, demeanor, walk, bearing. CARRY transport, convey, bear. CAST throw, hurl, turn, fling, direct. CATCH snatch, seize, lay hold of, grasp, cap- ture, grip. CAUSE origin, source, reason, inducement. CAUTION advice, warning, notice, admonition, care, solicitude, circumspection. CAUTIOUS careful, wary, watchful, prudent, circumspect. CEASE leave off, desist, discontinue, stop. CELEBRATED honored, famous, illustrious, re- nowned. CELEBRATEpraise, extol, commend, perpet- uate. CENSURE rebuke, reprimand, condemnation, reproach, blame, stricture. CEREMONY form, rite, observance. CERTAIN manifest, actual, real, sure, constant. CHAGRIN vexation, mortification, fretfulness. CHALLENGE demand, defy, call, accuse, claim, object, except. CHANCE hazard, casual, fortuitous. CHANGE alteration, variety, mutation, con- version, vicissitude. CHANGEABLE uncertain, variable, fickle, mu- table, inconstant, unsteady. CHARACTER manner, reputation, description, letter, mark, quality. CHARITY kindness, benevolence, good -will, liberality, beneficence, generosity. CHARM attract, bewitch, delight, enrapture, captivate, fascinate. CHASTEN correct, punish, afflict, chastise. CHASTENESS purity, continence, simplicity, chastity. CHASTISE correct, afflict, punish. CHATTELS effects, movable goods. CHEAT fraud, deception, stratagem, deceit, imposition. CHEER incite, "comfort, gladden, encourage, exhilarate. CHEERFULNESS mirth, gladness, liveliness, eprightliness, gayety, jollity, comfort. CHERISH help, shelter, warm, nurture, foster. CHIDE scold, rebuke, reprove, reprimand. CHIEFLY mainly, principally, particularly, especially. CHILDISH simple, puerile, trifling. CHILDHOOD infancy, minority. CHILDREN offspring, issue, progeny. CHOKE stifle, smother, suffocate. CHOICE selection, election, option. CHOOSE prefer, select, pick, elect CIRCULATE spread, pass, diffuse, propagate. CIRCUMSCRIBE limit, confine, enclose, bound. CIRCUMSTANCE event, incident, state, situa- tion, condition. CIRCUMSPECT watchful, cautious, wary, par- ticular, vigilant, prudent. CIRCUMSTANTIAL miuute, particular, inci- dental, accidental. CIVIL obliging, polite, affable, courteous, complaisant, polished, well-bred. CIVILIZATION refinement, culture. CLAIM demand, pretension, right. CLANDESTINE secret, hidden, private. CLASS division, order, degree, rank. CLEANSING purifying, purging, cleaning. CLEAR free, pure, acquit, absolve, discharge, satisfy, vindicate, evident, apparent, obvious. CLEARLY distinctly, lucidly, plainly, mani- festly, obviously, visibly. CLEMENCY mercy, mildness, lenity, kindness. CLEVER adroit, skillful, ready, expert. CLIMB mount, scale, ascend. CLING stick, hold, cleave, clasp, hang. CLOSE shut, firm, compact, concise, confined near. CLOTHES raiment, garment, covering, attire^ habiliments, apparel. CLOUDED obscured, variegated, dark, gloomy, overcast, sullen. CLUMSY awkward, unhandy, bungling, un- couth. COADJUTOR assistant, colleague, ally. COALITION conspiracy, league, union, com- bination. COARSE gross, inelegant, rough, rude, vulgar, unrefined. COAX flatter, wheedle, fawn, cajole. COERCE force, compel, restrain. COGNOMEN name, appellation, denomination. COHERENT consistent, adhesive, tenacious. COINCIDE harmonize, agree, concur. COLD reserved, chill, frigid, shy, unaffecting. COLLEAGUE ally, associate, partner,coadjutor. COLLECTED calm, placid, unruffled, composed, gathered. COLLECTION gathering, assemblage, contribu- tion, group. 66 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. COLLOQUY dialogue, conference, talk. CoLoa dye, hue, tint, paint, tinge. COMBINATION union, league, coalition, con- spiracy, alliance, confederacy. COMELY graceful, handsome, agreeable. COMFOBT solace, console, encourage, enliven. COMFOBTLESS wretched, desolate, forlorn. COMIC funny, ludicrous,ridiculous, laughable. COMMAND direction, behest, order, precept, injunction. COMMANDING dictatorial, imperative, author- itative, imperious. COMMENCE undertake, begin, originate. COMMEND praise, recommend, extol, applaud, approve, laud. COMMENSUEATE sufficient, adequate, equal, proportionate. COMMENT utterance, explanation, exposition, annotation, note, observation, elucidation, remark. COMMISERATION feeling for, pity, compassion, condolence, sympathy. COMMISSION authorize, empower, enable. COMMODIOUS fit, suitable, convenient. COMMODITY goods, merchandise, wares. COMMON mean, vulgar, low, frequent, general, ordinary, usual. COMMOTION perturbation, tumult, disturb- ance. COMMUNICATE tell, report, make known, dis- close, impart, reveal. COMMUNICATION commerce, intercourse, con- ference. COMMUNION fellowship, union, converse, in- tercourse. COMMUTE exchange, barter. COMPACT contract, agreement, covenant, firm, solid, close. COMPANION ally, accomplice, associate, com- rade, friend, confederate, partner. COMPANY assembly, band, crew, corporation, congregation, association. COMPASS attain, enclose, invest, besiege, en- viron, encircle, consummate. COMPASSION tenderness, pity, sympathy, com- miseration. COMPENSATION pay, amends, reward, remu- neration, requital. COMPETENT suitable, fitted, qualified, able, capable, efficient, effective, skillful. COMPETITION rivalry, contest, emulation. COMPLAINING lamenting, bemoaning, mur- muring, bewailing, regretting, repining. COMPLAISANT agreeable, affable, courteous, civil. COMPLETE conclude, fulfill, terminate, effect, accomplish, consummate, execute, finish. COMPLEX intricate, complicate, compound. COMPLIMENT extol, flatter, praise, congratu- late. COMPLY agree, accord, accede, assent, yield, acquiesce, consent. COMPOSE put together, form, settle, soothe, calm, quiet, compound. COMPREHEND appreciate, embrace, include, understand, conceive, comprise. COMPRESS condense, bind, squeeze. COMPULSION constraint, force, restraint, co- ercion. COMPUNCTION regret, penitence, remorse, re- pentance, contrition. COMPUTE count, number, rate, estimate, cal- culate. CONCEDE yield, grant, allow, deliver, admit, surrender. CONCEAL hide, disguise, cover, secrete. CONCEIT imagination, fancy, notion, freak. CONCEITED vain, proud, egotistical, opinion- ated. CONCEPTION perception, knowledge, fancy, idea, imagination, notion. CONCERN care, interest, affair, business, re- gard, matter. CONCERT contrive, manage, adjust, consult. CONCILIATE win, reconcile, propitiate. CONCLUDE finish, terminate, close. CONCLUSION termination, end, inference. CONCLUSIVE convincing, decisive. CONCORD harmony, agreement, unity, amity, peace. CONCUR agree, coincide, approve, acquiesce. CONDEMN sentence, doom, blame, reproach, reprove. CONDENSE abbreviate, shorten, contract. CONDESCENSION humility, submission, defer- ence. CONDITION rank, state, bond, case, compact, situation, stipulation. CONDOLENCE compassion, sympathy, com- miseration. CONDUCE conduct, tend, lead, contribute. CONDUCT management, behavior, guidance, deportment. CONFEDERATE ally, accomplice, associate. CONFER give, bestow, discourse, grant. CONFESS acknowledge, grant, Own, admit, avow, recognize, disclose. CONFIDE rely, trust, repose, depend. CONFIDENT impudent, bold, positive, dog- matical, absolute, assured. CONFINED limited, shut up, circumscribed, restrained, contracted, imprisoned. CONFIRM corroborate, establish, strengthen. CONFLICT contest, contention, fight, agony, combat, struggle, paug, warfare. CONFORM submit, yield, comply. CONFUSE stupefy, embarrass, abash, con- found, disorder, perplex. CONGHUITY agreement, consistency. CONJECTURE guess, think, surmise, belief. CONNECTED related, joined, united. CONNECTION intercourse, union, commerce, association, communion. CONQUER subdue, vanquish, overcome, Bur- mount. CONSCIOUS aware, sensible, apprised. CONSENT yield, agree, assent, acquiesce, com- ply, accede. CONSEQUENCE result, effect, inference. CONSEQUENTLY accordingly, hence, there- fore, wherefore. CONSIDER ponder, deliberate, regard, reflect. CONSIGN entrust, commit, transfer, make over. CONSISTENT agreeing, consonant, accordant, firm. CONSOLE comfort, soothe, cheer. CONSPICUOUS prominent, noted, distinguish- ed, illustrious. CONSTANCY perseverance, firmness, steadi- ness, stability. CONSTANTLY ever, continually, perpetually, unchangeably, incessantly. CONSTRUCT make, build, erect, form. CONSULT consider, deliberate, advise. CONSUME waste, destroy, absorb, complete. CONSUMMATION perfection, completion. CONTAGIOUS epidemic, infectious. CONTAIN hold, include, embrace, compre- hend. CONTAMINATE pollute, defile, taint, oorwipt, poison. CONTEMN scorn, despise, disdain. CONTEMPLATE consider, meditate, muse. CONTEMPTIBLE paltry, vile, mean, disdainful, despicable, disreputable, low. CONTEND quarrel, debate, contest, argue, vie, strive. CONTENTION strife, conflict, contest, oombat, dispute, dissension. CONTENTMENT acquiescence, happiness, satis- faction, gratification. CONTIGUOUS near, approximating, adjacent. CONTINUAL perpetual, constant, incessant, unceasing, continuous. CONTINUATION continuance, duration. CONTRACT arrangement, bargain, agreement, compact, covenant. CONTRACT curtail, abbreviate, abridge, con- dense, reduce, shorten. CONTRADICT gainsay, deny, oppose. CONTRARY opposite, adverse, inimical. CONTRIBUTE assist, administer, aid, share. CONTRITION remorse, penitence, repentance, compunction, regret. CONTRIVANCE plan, device, means, scheme, invention. CONTROL subdue, restrain, check, govern, curb. CONTROVERSY argument, debate, disputa- tion, contest. CONVENE call together, assemble, convoke. CONVENIENT handy, adapted, suitable. CONVERSATION dialogue, discussion, confer- ence, colloquy. CONVERSE commune, speak, talk, discourse. CONVEY take, carry, bear, transport, CONVICTION persuasion, detection, satisfac- tion. CONVIVIAL agreeable, festal, social, sociable. CONVOKE gather, assemble, convene, call to- gether. COPIOUS ample, full, abundant, exuberant, plenteous, beautiful. CORDIAL hearty, warm, sincere. CORRECT mend, amend, reform, better, im- prove, rectify. CORROBORATE establish, confirm, strengthen. CORRUPTION depravity, pollution, defilement, adulteration, contamination, depravity, in- fection, putridity. COSTLY expensive, precious, valuable. COUNSEL advice, instruction, exhortation. COUNTERACT change, defeat, oppose, hinder, frustrate, prevent. COUNTENANCE uphold, favor, encourage, sup- port, sanction. COUNTERFEIT forged, feigned, false, spurious, imposture, imitation. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 67 COUPLE brace, pair, two, join, connect. COURAGE heroism, valor, bravery, firmness, intrepidity, fearlessness. COURSE mode, way, track, line, career, pro- gress, method, passage, road, route, series, succession. COURTEOUS kind, civil, affable, polished, re- spectful, polite, well-bred. COVENANT arrangement, agreement, contract, pledge, stipulation. COVERING concealing, screening, sheltering, hiding, overspreading COVETOUSNESS greed, avarice, cupidity, in- ordinate desire. COWARD sneak, dastard, poltroon. COWARDICE fear, timidity, cowardliness. CRAFTY underhanded, cunning, artful, wily, deceitful, sly, subtle. CRAVE beg, pray, beseech, entreat, implore, request, solicit, supplicate. CREATE build, form, make, cause, invent. originate, shape, produce. CRIME evil, guilt, wickedness, vice, sin. CRISIS juncture, critical point. CRITICISM stricture, censure, review, remark, judgment. CROOKED bowed, turned, awry, bent, curved, disfigured, deformed. CROSS ill-tempered, fretful, peevish, spleeny, petulant, splenetic. CRUEL barbarous, brutal, inhuman, pitiless, inexorable, unmerciful, harsh. CULTIVATION advancement, civilization, im- provement, refinement, tillage. CURE heal, restore, remedy. CURIOUS prying, inquisitive. CURSE imprecation, malediction, anathema, execration. CURSORY hasty, careless, slight, desultory, superficial. CURTAIL shorten, contract, abbreviate, abridge. CUSTOM habit, manner, usage, prescription, practice. DAMAGE injury, hurt, loss, detriment. DAMPNESS wet, moisture, humidity. DANGER hazard, peril, risk, venture. DARING bold, fearless, valorous, courageous, intrepid, brave. DARK dim, dismal, obscure, gloomy. DATE time, period, epoch, era, age. DEAD still, lifeless, inanimate, deceased. DEADLY fatal, mortal, destructive. DEALING trade, practice, commerce, traffic. DEARTH famine, need, scarcity, want. DEBAR deter, hinder, prevent, exclude, pre- clude. DEBASE lower, degrade, humble, disgrace. DEBATE argue, wrangle, dispute, controvert, contest. DEBILITATE impair, weaken, enervate, en- feeble. DEBILITY infirmity, weakness, incapacity, imbecility, feebleness. DECAY decline, consumption. DECEASE demise, death, departure of life. DECEIT fraud, duplicity, deception, cunning, artifice, guilt, trickery. DECENT comely, fit, seemly, becoming. DECIDE settle, resolve, fix, determine. DECISION sentence, determination, judgment, resolution, conclusion. DECISIVE ending, conclusive, convincing, ; DECLARE announce, pronounce, testify, pro- claim, assure, assert, afllrm. DECLINE droop, decay, shun, reject, repel, sink, refuse. Ih'i'ou.viiK embellish, ornament, beautify, adorn. DECOY allure, tempt, seduce, entice, inveigle. DECREASE lessen, diminish, lower, subside, abate. DEDICATE devote, consecrate, set apart. DEDUCTION abatement, inference, conclusion. DEED action, exploit, achievement, feat. DEFACE mar, disfigure, destroy, mutilate. DEFAME slander, vilify, scandalize, calumni- ate. DEFEAT beat, baffle, conquer, overcome, over- power, overthrow, vanquish, frustrate. DEFECT want, flaw, blemish, imperfection. DEFECTIVE wanting, imperfect, deficient. DEFENDER protector, advocate, pleader, vin- dicator DEFENCE apology, excuse, justification, pro- tection, vindication. DEFER delay, hinder, prolong, retard, post- pone, protract, procrastinate. DEFERENCE respect, regard, condescension, submission, veneration. DEFILE taint, poison, vitiate, corrupt, con- taminate, pollute. DEFICIENT lacking, wanting, imperfect. DEFINITE exact, precise, positive, certain, bounded, limited. DEFRAUD swindle, cheat, rob, deceive, trick. DEGRADE lower, disgrace, lessen, reduce, de- cry, depreciate, disparage. DEGREE rank, position, station, class, order. DEJECTION depression, melancholy, lowli- ness. DELAY hinder, defer, detain, prolong, pro- tract, postpone. DELIBERATE slow, hesitating, considerate, thoughtful, cautious. DELICATE frail, fine, nice, tender, beautiful, weak, elegant, dainty. DELIGHTED pleased, glad, grateful, joyful. DELIGHTFUL sweet, lovely, delicious, charm- ing, gladsome. DELINEATE describe, draw, paint, sketch, de- pict, represent. DELINQUENT criminal, offender. DELIVER give up, save, yield, utter, surrender, concede, rescue, transmit. DELUDE mislead, deceive, cheat, beguile. DELUSION cheat, illusion, deception, fallacy. DEMAND claim, require, ask. DEMOLISH overthrow, destroy. DEMONSTRATE illustrate, show, prove, mani- fest. DENOMINATE name, title, style, designate. DENOTE imply, signify, mark, betoken. DENY refuse, disown, contradict, oppose. DEPARTURE leaving, going away, forsaking, abandoning, exit. DEPENDENCE trust, reliance, confidence, con- nection. DEPLORE bemoan, bewail, lament, mourn. DEPORTMENT behavior, character, carriage, conduct, demeanor. DEPRAVED degraded, corrupt, abandoned, profligate, vicious, wicked. DEPRECIATE underrate, disparage, detract,uu- dervalue, degrade, lower, traduce. DEPRIVE prevent, hinder, depose, divest, strip, abridge. DEPUTE authorize, appoint, constitute. DEPUTY agent, substitute, representative, delegate. DERANGE disarrange, discompose, disorder, confuse, disconcert. DERIDE mock, ridicule, make fun of, banter, laugh at. DESCRIBE illustrate, narrate, delineate, re- count, relate, represent. DESCRIPTION account, illustration, narration, explanation, recital, relation, detail. DESIGN intend, plan, scheme, purpose, pro- ject, sketch. DESIGNATE name, show, point out, indicate, choose, distinguish, style. DESIST stop, leave off, discontinue, cease. DESPERATE desponding, hopeless, mad, care- less, furious, regardless. DESPICABLE mean, vile, worthless, pitiful, outrageous, contemptible. DESPISE hate, scorn, loathe. DESPOTIC arbitrary, self-willed, absolute. DESTINATION point, location, design, fate, lot, purpose, appointment. DESTITUTE bare, forlorn, poor, scanty, for- saken, needy. DESTROY ruin, waste, demolish, consume, an- nihilate, dismantle. DESULTORY hasty, slight, loose, roving. DETACH sever, separate, disjoin, divide. DETAIL account, tale, description, narration, recital. DETAIN keep, restrain, confine, hold. DETECT find, discover, convict. DETERMINE fix, decide, bound, limit, settle, resolve, adjust. DETERMINED firm, resolute, decided, fixed, concluded, ended, immovable. DETEST hate, loathe, abhor, abominate. DETESTABLE hateful, loathsome, abominable, execrable. DETRACT defame, degrade, slander, vilify, cal- umniate, scandalize, derogate. DETRIMENT inconvenience, loss, injury, dis- advantage, damage, hurt, prejudice. DEVELOP grow, unravel, clear, unfold, dis- close, exhibit. DEVIATE stray, wander, err, digress, swerve. DEVICE design, scheme, plan, contrivance, in- vention, stratagem, show. DEVOTE give, apply, consecrate, set apart, dedicate. DEVOUT pious, holy, religious, prayerful. DEXTERITY adroitness, expertness, aptness, ability, skillfulness, skill, tact. DIALECT language, speech, tongue. DICTATE propose, direct, order, prescribe, in- struct, suggest. DIE expire, depart, perish, languish, wither. DIFFER dispute, dissent, vary, contend, dis- agree. 68 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. DIFFERENT unlike, various, diverse. DIFFICULT trying, arduous, hard, trouble- gome. DiFFicuLTY-obstacle, embarrassment, trouble, obstruction, perplexity, trial, impediment. DIFFIDENT retiring, fearful, bashful, distrust- ful, modest, hesitating. DIGNIFIED exalted, elevated, honored, stately. DILIGENT industrious, assiduous, laborious, active, persevering, attentive. DIMINISH shorten, curtail, decrease, abate, lessen, subside. DIRECT show, guide, conduct, manage, regu- late, sway. DIKECTION command, address, order, super- scription. DIRECTLY at once, quickly, instantly, immedi- ately, promptly, instantaneously. DISAGREE dispute, dissent, differ, quarrel, vary. DISAPPOINT foil, defeat. DISASTER misfortune, calamity, mischance, mishap. DISAVOW disown, deny, disclaim, repudiate. DISCARD cast off. dismiss, discharge. DISCERN distinguish, discriminate, penetrate, behold, discover. DISCERNIBLE plain, evident, manifest, per- ceptible, apparent. DISCLOSE reveal, discover, divulge. DISCONCERT disorder, confuse, defeat, ruffle, fret, vex, unsettle, interrupt, derange. DISCORD contention, dissension, inharmony. DISCOVER make known, detect, communicate, reveal, impart, tell, disclose. DISCREDIT dishonor, scandal, disgrace, dis- repute. Ignominy, reproach. DISCRETION prudence, judgment. DISDAIN scorn, contempt, arrogance, pride, haughtiness. DISEASE sickness, distemper, malady, dis- order. DISGRACE degrade, debase, dishonor, abase. DISGUISE cover, disfigure, conceal, dissemble. DISGUST loathing, nausea, dislike, aversion. DISHONOR shame, disgrace. DISLIKE antipathy, aversion, hatred, repug- nance, contempt, abhorrence. DISMISS discharge, divest, discard. DISORDER confusion, bustle, tumult, malady, disease, distemper, irregularity. DISPARAGE lower, undervalue, degrade, de- tract, decry, depreciate. DISPERSE scatter, dissipate, spread, distrib- ute, deal out. DISPLAY parade, exhibit, show, ostentation. DISPLEASE offend, anger, vex. DISPOSE regulate, place, arrange, order, adapt. DISPUTE contest, debate, quarrel, altercation, difference, controversy. DISSEMINATE spread, circulate, scatter, prop- agate. DISSERTATION discourse, essay, treatise, dis- quisition. DissipATE^-disperse, squander, waste, expend, consume, dispel. DISTASTE aversion, disgust, contempt, dislike, dissatisfaction, loathing. DISTINCT clear, obvious, different, separate, unlike, dissimilar. DISTINGUISH discriminate, see, know, per- ceive, discern. DISTINGUISHED noted, conspicuous, eminent, celebrated, illustrious. DISTRESS grief, sorrow, sadness, suffering, affliction, anguish, agony, pain, misery. DISTRIBUTE deal out, scatter, assign, allot, apportion, divide. DISTRICT locality, section, tract, region, terri- tory, province, county, circuit. DIVERSION enjoyment, pastime, recreation, amusement, sport, deviation. DIVIDE separate, part, share, distribute. DIVINE suppose, conjecture, foretell, guess. DIVULGE disclose, impart, reveal, communi- cate, disclose, publish. DOCILE gentle, tractable, teachable, pliant, quiet, yielding. DOCTRINE belief, wisdom, dogma, principle, precept. DOGMATICAL positive, authoritative, arrogant, magisterial, confident. DOLEFUL awful, dismal, sorrowful, woeful, piteous, rueful. DOUBT suspense, hesitation, scruple, per- plexity, uncertainty. DOUBTFUL unstable, uncertain, dubious, pre- carious, equivocal. DRAG pull, bring, haul, draw. DREAD fear, apprehension. DREADFUL fearful, awful, frightful, terrible, horrible. DRESS array, apparel, vestments, garments, attire. DROOP pine, sink, fade, languish, decline. DUMB mute, still, silent, inarticulate. DURABLE lasting, constant, permanent, con- tinuing. DUTIFUL submissive, obedient, respectful. DWELLING home, house, abode, habitation, residence, domicile. EAGER earnest, excited, ardent, impetuous, quick, vehement. EARN acquire, win, make, gain, obtain. EARTH globe, world, planet. EASE rest, quiet, repose, lightness, facility. ECONOMICAL careful, frugal, close, saving, thrifty, sparing. ECSTASY happiness, joy, rapture, transport, delight, elevation, enthusiasm. EDIFICE building, fabric, structure. EDUCATION culture, cultivation, breeding, re- finement, instruction, nurture, tuition. EFFACE destroy, obliterate, erase, expunge, eradicate. EFFECT consequence, purpose, result, event, issue, meaning, reality. EFFECTS things, goods, chattels, furniture, movables, property. EFFICIENT competent, capable, able, effect- ual, effective. EFFORT endeavor, essay, attempt, exertion, trial. ELEGANT graceful, lovely, beautiful, hand- some. ELIGIBLE suitable, fit, worthy, capable. EMBARRASS trouble, entangle, puzzle, per- plex, distress. EMBELLISH ornament, decorate, adoni. illus- trate, deck, beautify. EMBLEM symbol, figure, type. EMBRACE hold, clasp, hug, comprehend, com- prise, include, contain. EMERGENCY necessity, exigency, casualty. EMOLUMENT reward, profit, gain, advantage, lucre. EMOTION feeling, tremor, agitation, excite- ment. EMPLOYMENT occupation, trade, profession, business, avocation. EMPOWER enable, delegate, authorize, com- mission. EMPTY untenanted, vacant, void, evacuated, unfurnished, unfilled. ENCHANT beguile, charm, bewitch, fascinate, captivate, enrapture. ENCOMIUM eulogy, praise. ENCOUNTER quarrel, assault, attack, combat, engagement, meeting. ENCOURAGE cheer, animate, incite, stimulate, countenance, instigate, sanction, support. ENCROACH intrude, trespass, infringe. END finish, close, stop, extremity, termina- tion, finish, sequel, cessation, consequence, death, purpose. ENDEAVOR aim, exertion, effort, attempt. ENDLESS unending, everlasting, perpetual, interminable, incessant, infinite, eternal. ENDURANCE submission, patience, fortitude, resignation. ENEMY adversary, opponent, antagonist, foe. ENERGY determination, force, efficacy, vigor, strength, potency, power. ENERVATE weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, un- nerve, deteriorate. ENGAGE employ, enlist, fight, induce, pledge, promise, attract, win. ENJOYMENT happiness, joy, pleasure, gratifi- cation. ENLARGE extend, lengthen, widen, increase. ENMITY spite, hatred, hostility, malignity, animosity. ENOUGH ample, sufficient, plenty, abundance. ENRAGE excite, irritate, inflame, incense, ag- gravate, exasperate. ENRAPTURE charm, attract, captivate, fasci- nate, enchant. ENTERPRISE business, adventure, attempt, undertaking. ENTERTAINMENT pastime, amusement, sport, recreation, diversion, performance, banquet, feast. ENTICE tempt, decoy, seduce, allure, attract. ENTIRE full, whole, complete, perfect, total, integral. ENTIRELY perfectly, completely, wholly. ENTITLE style, designate, characterize, name, denominate. ENTREAT ask, solicit, crave, beg, beseech, im- plore, petition, supplicate. ENVY suspicion, jealousy, grudging. EPITOMIZE lessen, abridge, reduce, curtail, condense. EQUAL commensurate, adequate, uniform. EQUITABLE just, right, satisfactory, impartial, fair, reasonable, honest. ERADICATE exterminate, extirpate, root out. ERASE expunge, efface, obliterate, cancel. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 69 ERECT build, raise, found, construct, elevate, establish, institute, set up, raise. ERROR blunder, mistake, fault. ESCAPE elope, evade, elude, fly, avoid, pass. ESSENTIAL important, necessary, requisite, indispensable. ESTEEM respect, regard, value, appreciate, prize, love. ESTIMATE rate, compute, calculate, appraise, value, esteem, appreciate. ETERNAL perpetual, forever, endless, infinite, everlasting, immortal, continual. EVADE escape, elude, avoid, shun, prevari- cate. EVEN smooth, level, plain, uniform, equal. EVENT incident, adventure, occurrence, issue, result, consequence. EVER always, constantly, forever, unceas- ingly, continually, incessantly. EVIDENCE proof, deposition, testimony, wit- ness. EVIL sinful, wicked, bad. EXACT enjoin, demand, extract, extort. EXACT sure, strict, punctual, accurate, pre- cise. EXALTED high, elevated, dignified, refined, raised, magnificent, sublime. EXAMINATION search, investigation, scrutiny, inquiry, research. EXAMPLE copy, precedent, pattern. EXASPERATE excite, irritate, provoke, vex, aggravate, enrage. EXCEED improve, outdo, excel, surpass, trans- scend. EXCELLENCE goodness, superiority, purity, perfection, eminence. EXCEPT but, besides, unless, object. EXCHANGE barter, trade, traffic. EXCITE provoke, arouse, stimulate, awaken, incite, irritate. EXCULPATE forgive, acquit, exonerate, ab- solve, justify. EXCUSE pretence, pretext, plea, subterfuge, apology, evasion. EXECRABLE hateful, contemptible, abomin- able, detestable. EXEMPTION- freedom, privilege, immunity. EXERCISE practice, exert, carry on. EXHAUST empty, drain, spend. EXIGENCY necessity, emergency. EXONERATE clear, relieve, justify, acquit, ab- solve, forgive, exculpate. EXPECTATION belief, trust, hope, confidence, anticipation. EXPEDIENT fit, suitable, necessary, requisite. EXPEDITE hurry, hasten, quicken, accelerate. EXPEDITIOUS speedy, quick, prompt, diligent. EXPEL exile, banish, cast out. EXPENSIVE dear, costly, valuable. EXPERIENCE knowledge, trial, experiment, proof, test. EXPERT handy, ready, adroit, skillful, dexter- ous. EXPLAIN show, elucidate, unfold. EXPLANATION detail, description, account, relation, explication, recital. EXPLICIT clear, definite, plain, express. EXPLOIT feat, accomplishment, achievement, deed, performance. EXPLORE search, examine. EXTEND spread out, stretch out, enlarge, in crease, distend, diffuse. EXTENSIVE wide, comprehensive, large. EXTENUATE palliate, lessen, diminish, excuse. EXTERIOR outward, outside, external. EXTERMINATE eradicate, destroy, extirpate. EXTERNAL outward, exterior. EXTOL commend, praise, laud, eulogize, ad- mire, applaud. FACETIOUS amusing, jocular, comic, jocose. FACT incident, circumstance. FACULTY ability, gift, talent, power. FAILING weakness, frailty, imperfection, mis- fortune, miscarriage, foible, fault. FAIR clear, consistent, right, straight, im- partial, honest, equitable, just. FAITH trust, belief, fidelity, credit. FALLACIOUS illusive, visionary, deceitful, de- lusive, fraudulent. FALSEHOOD falsity, falsification, fabrication, fiction, lie, untruth. FAMILIAR free, intimate, unceremonious. FAMOUS celebrated, eminent, renowned, dis- tinguished, illustrious. FANCIFUL ideal, imaginative, capricious, fan- tastical, whimsical, hypochondriac. FANCY imagination, taste, whim, caprice, ia- cliuation, liking, notion, conceit, conception, humor, ideality. FASCINATE charm, attract, captivate, bewitch, enchant, enrapture. FASHION style, mode, custom, manner, way, practice, form, sort. FASTEN fix, hold, stick, annex, attach, affix. FASTIDIOUS particular, disdainful, squeamish. FATE destiny, chance, fortune, luck, doom, lot. FAVOR civility, support, benefit, grace. FAVORABLE auspicious, propitious, suitable. FAULT failing, shortcoming, error, blemish, imperfection, offence. FAULTLESS guiltless, blameless, spotless, in- nocent. FEAR alarm, dread, timidity, terror, fright, trepidation, apprehension. FEARFUL dreadful, horrible, terrible, awful, afraid, timid, timorous. FEARLESS daring, brave, intrepid, undaunted, courageous. FEASIBLE reasonable, plausible, practicable. FEAT exploit, trick, achievement, act, deed. FEEBLE frail, infirm, weak. FEELING sensation, sympathy, generosity, sensibility. FELICITY joy, delight, happiness, prosperity, bliss, blessedness. FERTILE fruitful, prolific, abundant, produc- tive. FERVOR warmth, heat, ardor, vehemence, zeal. FESTIVITY joyfulness, happiness, gayety, fes- tival. FICKLE unstable, changeable, variable, incon- stant, capricious, impulsive. FICTION invention, lie, untruth, falsehood, fabrication. FIDELITY faith, honesty, loyalty. FIERY hot, fervent, impulsive, ardent, pas- eiouate, vehement. FIGURE shape, semblance, form, representa- tion, statue. FINE delicate, nice, pretty, elegant, lovely, showy, beautiful. FINISH conclude, end, close, terminate, com- plete, perfect. FIRM ready, strong, immovable, solid, steady, sturdy, resolute, partnership. FIRST highest, chitf, earliest, primitive, pri- mary, pristine, original, commencement. FITTED suited, competent, qualified, adapte'd. FLAG droop, languish, pine, decline, faint. FLAGITIOUS wicked, flagrant, heinous, atro- cious. FLAVOR taste, odor, fragrance. FLAw-spot, stain, speck, crack, blemish, defect. FLEETING transient, transitory, swift, tem- porary. FLEBTNESS swiftness, rapidity, quickness, ve- locity, celerity. FLUCTUATE vary, waver, change, hesitate, vacillate. FOLLOWER adherent, believer, disciple, par- tisan, pursuer, successor. FONDNESS affection, love, attachment, tender- ness. FORSAKE desert, abandon, abdicate, leave, re- linquish, quit. FOOLISH simple, stupid, silly, absurd, pre- posterous, irrational. FORBEAR refrain, spare, abstain, pause. FORBID deny, prohibit, interdict, oppose. FORCE oblige, compel, restrain. FORCIBLE powerful, strong, mighty, potent, cogent, irresistible. FOREBODE foretell, presage, prognosticate, augur, betoken. FOREGOING before, former, previous, prior, preceding, antecedent, anterior. FOREGO quit, give up, resign. FORETHOUGHT expectation, foresight, antici- pation, premeditation. FORFEITURE penalty, fine. FORGE counterfeit, frame, invent, fabricate. FORGIVE absolve, pardon, remit, acquit, ex- cuse, FORLORN forsaken, lost, lonely, destitute, de- serted. FORM ceremony, observance, rite. FORMAL ceremonious, particular, methodical, exact, stiff, precise. FORTUNATE successful, lucky, prosperous. FORTUNE estate, portion, fate, success. FORWARD confident, eager, bold, ardent, im- modest, ready, presumptuous, progressive. FOSTER keep, harbor, nourish, cherish, nurse. FRAGILE brittle, weak, frail, tender. FRAILTY weakness, unsteadiness, instability, failing, foible. FRAME fabricate, compose, contrive, invent, form, plan, adjust. FRATERNITY brotherhood, society. FRAUD cheat, imposition, deception, deceit, guile. FREAK whim, caprice, humor, fancy. FREE generous, liberal, candid, open, frank, familiar, unconstrained, unconfined, unre- served, munificent, bounteous. FREE deliver, liberate, clear, rescue, affran- chise, enfranchise. 70 DICTIONARY OP SYNONYMOUS WORDS. FREEDOM liberty, independence, exemption, privilege, familiarity, unrestraint. FREELY- spontaneously, unreservedly, cheer- fully, frankly, liberally, unhesitatingly. FREQUENTLY often, repeatedly, commonly, generally, usually. FRESH new, recent, novel, modern, cool. FRET chafe, anger, gall, agitate, corrode, vex. FRETFUL captious, peevish, petulant, angry. FRIENDLY pleasant, kind, sociable, agreeable, amicable. FRIGHT panic, consternation, terror, alarm. FRIGHTEN terrify, scare, intimidate, affright, alarm, daunt. FRIGHTFUL horrid, horrible, terrible, terrific, dreadful, fearful. FRUGAL careful, economical, saving, prudent. FRUITFUL abundant, plentiful, fertile, pro- ductive, prolific. FRUSTRATE defeat, hinder, nullify, foil, dis- appoint. FULLY largely, amply, completely, copiously, abundantly. FUTILE useless, frivolous, trifling. GAIN obtain, get, win, attain, acquire, profit. GAIT bearing, mien, walk, carriage. GALE breeze, storm, tempest, hurricane. GATHER collect, muster, assemble, compress, fold, infer. GAY dashing, showy, merry, sprightly, fine, cheerful. GENERALLY usually, commonly, frequently. GENEROUS liberal, bounteous, beneficent, mu- nificent, noble. GENIUS talent, intellect, ingenuity, capacity, ability, wisdom, taste. GENTEEL polite, refined, polished, mannerly, cultured. GENTLE tame, meek, mild, quiet, peaceable. GENUINE real, actual, authentic, unalloyed, unadulterated, true, natural. GERMINATE sprout, shoot, grow, bud, vege- tate. GESTURE action, motion, posture, attitude. GET gain, attain, obtain, procure, realize, acquire, possess. GIFT donation, present, gratuity, benefaction, endowment, ability, talent. GIVE impart, confer, bestow, grant, consign, yield. GLAD happy, gay, cheerful, delighted, joyful, joyous, gratified. GLANCE sight, look, glimpse. GLITTER glisten, sparkle, shine, glare, radi- ate. GLITTERING glistening, shining, sparkling, bright, brilliant. GLOOM dark, sad, dim, dull, cloudy, sullen, morose, melancholy. GLOKY fame, renown, praise, honor, reputa- tion, brightness, splendor. GRACEFUL comely, genteel, becoming, ele- gant, neat. GRAND dignified, lofty, great, exalted, ele- vated, magnificent, majestic, glorious, splen- did, superb, sublime. GRANT give, bestow, cede, concede, confer, sell, yield. GRASP gripe, seize, catch. GRATEFUL thankful, agreeable, delicious, pleasing. GRATIFICATION indulgence, happiness, enjoy- ment, pleasure, fruition. GRAVE slow, solemn, thoughtful, serious, im- portant, sedate, thoughtful. GREATNESS size, bulk, magnitude, immensity, power, dignity, grandeur. GREEDINESS ravenousness, rapacity, voracity, covetousness. eagerness. GRIEF sadness, sorrow, regret, melancholy, distress, affliction, anguish. GRIEVE bemoan, bewail, afflict, lament, hurt, mourn, sorrow. GROUP cluster, collection, assemblage. GROW sprout, vegetate, proceed, increase. GUARANTEE warrant, vouch for, secure, GUARD protect, defend, shield, watch. GUESS suppose, conjecture, surmise, divine, think. GUEST stranger, k'-itor, visitant. GUIDE lead, direct, conduct, instruct, control, regulate. GUILTY depraved, wicked, sinful, criminal, debauched. H HALE strong, robust, sound, hearty. HANDSOME fine, fair, pretty, graceful, lovely, elegant, beautiful, noble. HAPPINESS contentment, luck, felicity, bliss. HARASS tire, molest, weary, disturb, perplex, vex, torment. HARBINGER messenger, precursor,forernnner. HARD near, close, unfeeling, inexorable, arduous, difficult, firm, hardy, solid. HARDENED unfeeling, obdurate, insensible, callous. HARDIHOOD boldness, presumption, audacity, effrontery, bravery, daring. HARDLY barely, scarcely, with difficulty. HARDSHIP affliction, oppression, grievance, injury. HARM evil, injury, damage, hurt, misfortune, ill, mishap. HARMLESS gentle, unoffending, inoffensive, innocent. HARMONY unison, concord, melody, agree- ment, accordance. HARSH rough, stern, severe, rigorous, austere, morose. HASTEN hurry, expedite, accelerate, quicken. HASTINESS dispatch, speed, hurry, rashness, precipitancy. HASTY rash, angry, quick, cursory, passion- ate. HATE dislike, abjure, detest, abhor, loathe, abominate. HATEFUL odious, contemptible, execrable, de- testable, abominable, loathsome. HAUGHTINESS vanity, self-conceit, arrogance, pride, disdain. HAZARD trial, venture, chance, risk, danger, peril. HEADSTRONG self-willed, stubborn, forward, violent, obstinate, venturesome. HEAL restore, cure, remedy. HEALTHY well, sound, wholesome, salutary, salubrious. HEAR hearken, listen, watch, attend, over- hear. HEARTY sincere, zealous, warm, strong, cor- dial, ardent, healthy. HEAVINESS sorrow, gloom, dejection, weight, gravity. HEEDLESS dilatory, thoughtless, negligent, re- miss, careless, inattentive. HEIGHTEN raise, advance, improve, aggra- vate. HEINOUS wicked, sinful, flagrant, atrocious. HELP provide, serve, assist, aid, relieve, sup- port, succor. HENCE from, thence, so, accordingly, there- fore, wherefore, consequently. HEROIC bold, noble, brave, fearless, valiant, courageous, intrepid. HEROISM valor, boldness, courage, bravery, gallantry, fortitude. HESITATE pause, falter, wait, delay, scruple, doubt, demur, stammer. HIDDEN obscure, mysterious, secret, covert, concealed. HIDEOUS awful, frightful, horrible, ghastly, grim, grisly. HILARITY jollity, joviality, mirth, merriment, cheerfulness, gayety. HINDER interfere, impede, embarrass, retard, prevent, oppose, stop, thwart, obstruct. HOLD keep, occupy, maintain, retain, detain, grasp, possess. HONESTY honor, fidelity, frankness, integrity, probity, purity, justice, sincerity, rectitude, uprightness, truthfulness. HONOR exalt, dignify, respect, adorn, revere, esteem, venerate, reverence. HOPE desire, belief, trust, confidence, expec- tation, anticipation. HOPELESS desponding, dejected, despairing. HORRIBLE dreadful, terrible, terrific, ftarful v frightful, awful. HOSTILE unfriendly, opposite, contrary, re- pugnant. HOSTILITY enmity, opposition, animosity, ill- will, unfriendliness. HOUSE domicile, dwelling, home, habitation, family, race, quorum. HOWEVER notwithstanding, nevertheless, but, yet, still. HUMBLE meek, lowly, subdued, submissive, modest, unpretending, unassuming. HuRRY j -hasten, expedite, precipitate. HURTFUL annoying, injurious, detrimental, mischievous, pernicious, prejudicial. HYPOCRISY dissimulation, pretence, deceit. I IDEA notion, thought, conception, imagina- tion, perception. IDLE unoccupied, unemployed, inactive, indo- lent, still, lazy, slothful. IGNORANT untaught, unskilled, uninformed, unlettered, unlearned, illiterate. ILLNESS sickness, disorder, disease, malady. ILLUSION falsity, deception, mockery. IMAGINE think, suppose, fancy, conceive, deem, contrive, apprehend. IMBECILITY weakness, languor, feebleness, infirmity, debility, impotence. IMITATE follow, copy, mimic. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 71 IMMATERIAL unimportant, insignificant, in- considerable, inconsequential, uncorporeal, unsubstantial, unconditioned, spiritual. IMMEDIATELY directly, instantly. IMMENSE vast, huge, enormous, prodigious, unlimited. IMMODEST impudent, bold, indelicate, shame- less, indecent, unchaste. IMPAIR lessen, weaken, injure, decrease. IMPART grant, bestow, communicate, reveal, disclose, divulge. IMPATIENT uneasy, restless, eager, hasty. IMPEACH censure, reproach, arraign, accuse. IMPEDE hinder, delay, obstruct, retard. IMPEDIMENT obstruction, obstacle, hiuder- ance. IMPEL urge, force, incite, induce, instigate, animate, encourage. IMPENDING imminent, threatening. IMPERATIVE commanding, authoritative, im- perious, despotic. IMPERFECTION wanting, blemish, fault, de- fect, failing, frailty, foible, weakness. IMPERIOUS commanding, haughty, domineer- ing, imperative, proud, lordly, over bearing, tyrannical. IMPERTINENT rude, quarrelsome, intrusive, insolent, meddling, troublesome, irrelevant. IMPETUOUS hasty, rough, violent, vehement, forcible, boisterous, IMPLICATE involve, entangle, embarrass. IMPLORE beg, beseech, ask, entreat, suppli- cate, solicit, request. IMPLY mean, signify, denote, infer, involve. IMPORTANCE weight, moment, signification, consequence. IMPOSTURE deceit, deception, cheat, fraud, im- position, counterfeit, artifice. IMPRECATION execration, curse, malediction, anathema. IMPROVE cultivate, correct, reform, rectify, amend, advance. IMPUDENT insolent, bold, rude, saucy, imper- tinent, uncouth, shameless, immodest. IMPUTE charge, attribute, ascribe. INABILITY disability, weakness, impotence. INACTIVE sluggish, lazy, idle, slothful, inert, drowsy. INADEQUATE insufficient, incompetent, un- able, incapable. INATTENTIVE negligent, heedless, careless, in- advertent, thoughtless, dilatory, remiss. INCESSANTLY constantly, continually, unre- mittingly, unceasingly. INCIDENT contingency, event, circumstance. INCITE provoke, excite, stimulate, arouse, en- courage, animate, aggravate. INCLUDE contain, enclose, comprise, embrace, comprehend. INCOMMODE molest, disturb, inconvenience, trouble, annoy. INCOMPETENT inapt, insufficient, incapable, inadequate, unsuitable. INCONSISTENT incongruous, ridiculous, con- trary, absurd. INCONSTANT unstable, uncertain, fickle, vari- able, changeable, versatile. INDECENT unbecoming, impudent, immodest, indelicate. INDICATE show, mark, point out, reveal. INDIFFERENT passive, neutral, regardless, un- concerned, impartial. [NDIGENCE poverty, need, want, penury. INDIGENOUS native. INDIGNATION temper, anger, displeasure, con- tempt, resentment, wrath. INDISCRETION imprudence, folly, injudicious- ness. INDISPENSABLE important, essential, neces- sary. INDISPUTABLE undeniable, indubitable, un- questionable, incontrovertible, conclusive, settled. INDISTINCT confused, ambiguous, doubtful, dark. INDUCE persuade, lead, influence, urge, insti- gate, actuate. INDUSTRIOUS diligent, persevering, laborious, assiduous, active. INEVITABLE unavoidable, certain. INEXORABLE immovable, unyielding, relent- less, implacable. INEXPEDIENT unsuitable, unfit, inconvenient. INFECT taint, corrupt, defile, contaminate, pollute. INFERENCE deduction, c6nclusion. INFERIOR less, lower, secondary, subservient, subordinate. INFESTED disturbed, troubled, plagued, an- noyed. INFINITE boundless, unbounded, illimitable, unlimited, immense, eternal. INFIRM- -weak, sickly, decrepit, feeble, debili- tated, imbecile. INFLUENCE authority, power, credit, favor, sway, persuasion. INFORMATION notice, intelligence, counsel, advice, instruction. INGENIOUS inventive, talented, skillful. INGENUITY capacity, genius, invention, skill, talent. INHABIT dwell, occupy, reside, stay, abide, sojourn. INHERENT innate, inborn, inbred. INHUMAN cruel, barbarous, savage, brutal, INIQUITOUS unjust, evil, wicked, nefarious. INJUNCTION order, command, mandate, pre- cept. INJURE harm, hurt, impair, damage, deterio- rate, INNATE natural, inherent, inbred, inborn. INNOCENT pure, blameless, guiltless, faultless, inoffensive, harmless, spotless. INORDINATE immoderate, excessive, intem- perate, irregular. INQUISITIVE curious, enquiring, anxious, pry- ing. INSANITY derangement, craziness, madness, lunacy, mania. INSENSIBILITY dullness, apathy, indifference, stupidity, torpor, imperceptibility. INSIDIOUS deceitful, sly, crafty, cunning, sub- tle, treacherous. INSIGNIFICANT worthless, meaningless, incon- siderable, trivial, unimportant. INSINUATE hint, suggest, intimate. INSOLENT insulting, abusive, rude, haughty, saucy, offensive, impertinent. INSPIRE animate, invigorate, cheer, enliven, exhilarate, suggest. INSTIGATE tempt, incite, urge, encourage, im- pel, stimulate, move. INSTIL infuse, implant, sow. INSTRUCTION education, teaching, precept, suggestion, advice, counsel. INSUFFICIENT inadequate, incapable, incom- petent, unfit, unsuitable, unable. INSULT abuse, affront, outrage, contempt, in- solence, indignity. INTEGRITY purity, probity, truthfulness, up- rightness, honesty. INTELLECT understanding, genius, ability, ca- pacity, talent. INTELLIGENCE intimation, understanding, in- formation, notice, knowledge, intellect. INTEMPERATE excessive, immoderate, inordi- nate. INTEND purpose, mean, design. INTERCEDE mediate, interpose, interfere. INTERLINE insert, alter, add, correct. INTERMISSION cessation, stop, rest, vacation, interruption. INTERMIT abate, suspend, subside, forbear. INTERPOSE mediate, interfere, interpose, in- termeddle. INTERPRET explain, demonstrate, elucidate, expound, decipher. INTERROGATE examine, question, inquire. INTERVAL space, interstice, time. INTERVENING coming between, interposing, intermediate. INTIMIDATE frighten, alarm, daunt, scare. INTOXICATION infatuation, inebriety, drunk- enness. INTRACTABLE perverse, obstinate, stubborn, ungovernable, uncontrollable, unmanage- able. INTREPID fearless, undaunted, bold, daring, valiant, courageous, brave. INTRINSIC real, true, inherent, essential, in- ward, genuine. INTRODUCTORY preliminary, previous, prefa- tory. INTRUDE invade, Infringe, encroach, obtrude, entrench. INTRUST confide, commit. INVADE enter, attack, intrude, encroach, in- fringe. INVALID weak, sick, infirm, feeble, null, void. INVALIDATE weaken, injure, destroy, over- throw. INVECTIVE censure, abuse, railing, reproach, satire. INVENT feign, fabricate, frame, conceive, dis- cover, devise. INVEST enclose, surround, confer, adorn, ar- ray, endow, endue. INVESTIGATION search, examination, inquiry, scrutiny, research. INVETERATE obstinate, confirmed, constant, confirmed, fixed. INVIGORATE restore, strengthen, fortify. INVINCIBLE unyielding, unconquerable. INVOLVE envelope, enwrap, entangle, impli- cate. IRASCIBLE irritable, hasty, fiery, hot, angry. IRE anger, temper, passion, wrath, resent- ment. IRONY ridicule, sarcasm, satire, burlesque. 72 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. IRRATIONAL unreasonable, absurd, foolish, silly. IRREFRAGABLE undeniable, indisputable, in- controvertible, unquestionable. IRRITATE plague, anger, tease, excite, pro- voke, aggravate, exasperate. IRRUPTION opening, bursting forth, invasion, inroad. ISSUE offspring, progeny, end, result, sequel, egress, evacuation, effect, consequence. JADE harass, weary, tire, dispirit. JEALOUSY suspicion, envy, emulation. JEST fun, joke, sport. JOCOSE funny, witty, merry, pleasant, jocular, waggish, facetious. JOCUND joyful, lively, merry, gay, sprightly, sportive, vivacious, light-hearted, mirthful. JOIN unite, add, combine, adhere, close, con- federate, league. JOKE rally, sport. JOLLITY hilarity, mirth, merriment, gayety, festivity, joviality. JOURNEY travel, trip, voyage, tour. JOY happiness, delight, gladness, charm, rap- ture, ecstasy, exultation, felicity, pleasure, transport. JUDGMENT sentence, decision, doom, opinion, discernment, discrimination, penetration, in- telligence, sagacity. JUST exact, accurate, correct, honest, barely, upright, righteous, equitable, incorrupt. JUSTIFY defend, excuse, absolve, maintain, clear. JUSTNESS exactness, accuracy, correctness, equity, propriety. KEEN sharp, penetrating, piercing, cutting, acute, shrewd. KEEP hold, detain, support, retain, maintain, guard, reserve, sustain. KIND indulgent, compassionate, tender, leni- ent, gentle, affable, courteous, benignant, bland. KIND sort, manner, class, race, species, way, genus. KNOWLEDGE understanding, learning, percep- tion, erudition, skill, acquaintance. LABOR toil, work, strive, drudge, exert. LAMENT sorrow, mourn, complain, deplore, bewail, grieve, regret. LANGUAGE tongue, speech, dialect, idiom. LANGUID weary, weak, faint, exhausted, dull, drooping. LARGE comprehensive, capacious, extensive, big, great, huge. LASSITUDE prostration, weariness, languor, enervation, fatigue. LAST latest, hindmost, final, ultimate, end. LASTING durable, continuous, continual, for- ever, permanent, perpetual, eternal. LATENT unseen, hidden, secret. LAUDABLE praiseworthy, commendable. LAUGHABLE droll, ridiculous, comical, mirth- ful. LAVISH profuse, wasteful, extravagant. LAZY indolent, idle, slothful inactive. LEAN bend, incline, totter, waver. LEARNING intelligence, knowledge, erudition, science, literature, information. LEAVE abandon, desert, resign, relinquish, bequeath. LEGITIMATE real, legal, lawful, genuine. LENGTHEN protract, extend, continue, draw out LESSEN diminish, decrease, abate, reduce, sub- side, shrink, degrade. LET allow, permit, suffer, leave, hire. LETHARGIC dull, tired, weary, heavy, drowsy, sleepy. LEVEL even, smooth, plain, flat. LEVITY giddiness, gayety, vanity, fickleness, lightness. LIABLE exposed, responsible, subject. LIBERAL benevolent, generous, munificent, charitable. LIBERATE free, set free, deliver, release. LIBERTY freedom, permission, license, leave, exemption, privilege. LIE deception, untruth, fabrication, fiction, falsehood. LIFE being, energy, vitality, vivacity, brisk- ness. LIFELESS -deceased, dead, inanimate, inactive, stale, flat, dull. LIFT raise, elevate, exalt, hoist. LIGHT illuminate, enlighten, kindle, nimble. LIKE probable, similar, uniform, resembling. LIKENESS resemblance, picture, portrait. LIKING inclination, attachment, fondness, af- fection. LINGER wait, delay, loiter, saunter, hesitate, tarry, lag. LIQUID fluid, liquor. LISTEN hearken, attend, hear, overhear. LITTLE small, diminutive. LIVE exist, subsist, dwell, abide, reside. LIVELY active, energetic, brisk, nimble, joc- und, merry, sprightly, vigorous. LODGE accommodate, entertain, shelter, har- bor. LOFTINESS height, haughtiness, stateliness, elevation, dignity, pride. LOITER lag, saunter, linger. LONELY dreary, lonesome, solitary, retired. LOOK see, behold, view, inspect, appearance. LOOSE unconnected, open, unrestrained, dis- solute, licentious, unjoiuted. Loss injury, damage, waste, detriment. LOT share, portion, fate, fortune, destiny. LOUD noisy, vociferous, clamorous, turbulent, vehement. LOVE liking, affection, fondness, kindness, at- tachment, esteem, adoration. LOVELY attractive, amiable, charming, ele- gant, handsome, delightful, fine, beautiful. LOVER beau, wooer, suitor. LOVING kind, affectionate, tender, attentive, amorous. Low humble, mean, base, abject, debased, dejected, despicable. LOWER humble, humiliate, debase, degrade. LUCKY successful, fortunate, prosperous. LUDICROUS amusing, comical, droll, laugh- able. LUNACY mania, derangement, insanity, mad- ness. LUXURIANT excessive, voluptuous, abundant, exuberant. LUXURY profusion, abundance, excess. M MAGNIFICENT noble, grand, glorious, sublime, splendid, superb. MAGNITUDE size, greatness, bulk. MAINTAIN sustain, keep, support, help, con- tinue, assert, defend, vindicate. MALADY evil, disease, affliction, disorder, dis- temper. MANAGE control, direct, conduct. MANDATE command, charge, order, injunc- tion. MANGLE cut, lacerate, tear, mutilate, maim. MANIFEST evident, clear, apparent, obvious, open, plain. MARGIN edge, verge, rim, brim, brink, border. MARK stamp, impress, imprint, brand, show, observe. MARRIAGE matrimony, wedlock, nuptials. MARVEL wonder, prodigy, miracle. MASSIVE large, ponderous, heavy, bulky. MASTER achieve, overcome, surmount, con- quer. MATURE perfect, complete, ripe. MAXIM saying, adage, proverb. MEAN abject, low, despicable, miserly, sordid, penurious, niggardly. MEANING sense, import, signification, inten- tion, purpose, design. MEANWHILE meantime, interim, intervening. MECHANIC artisan, artificer. MEDDLE interpose, interfere, interrupt. MEDIATE intercede, interpose. MEEK mild, soft, gentle, humble. MEET assemble, join, fit, becoming. MEETING assembly, company, auditory, con- gregation. MELANCHOLY sadness, distress, depression, dejection, gloom, grief. MEI-ODT harmony, happiness, unison, con- cord. MELT dissolve, soften, liquify. MEMORY remembrance, reminiscence, recol- lection. MEND improve, repair, rectify, correct. MERCIFUL mild, tender, gracious, benignant, compassionate, forgiving. MERCILESS hard-hearted, pitiless, cruel, un- merciful. MERCY pity, clemency, compassion, lenity. MERRY happy, gay, joyous, cheerful, lively, mirthful, sportive, sprightly, vivacious. MESSENGER bearer, carrier, harbinger, fore- runner, precursor. METAPHOR similitude, trope, allegory, em- blem, symbol. METHOD order, manner, mode, rule, system, plan, regularity. MIGHTY strong, powerful, great, potent. MILD meek, gentle, kind, easy, sweet, tender, mellow. MINDFUL heedful, observant, attentive. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 73 MINISTER contribute, supply, administer. MIRTH merriment, joy, hilarity, cheerfulness, vivacity, jollity. MISCHIEF damage, harm, hurt, misfortune, injury. MISERLY stingy, covetous, penurious, nig- gardly, avaricious. MISFORTUNE calamity, harm, disaster, mis- hap, ill luck. MISTAKE error, blunder, misconception. MISUSE ill-treat, pervert, misapply, abuse. MITIGATE lessen, alleviate, ameliorate, abate, appease, assuage, soothe, mollify. MODEL pattern, copy, sample, mould, speci- men. MODERATION temperance, sobriety, frugality, forbearance, modesty. MODERN recent, late, new, novel. MODEST quiet, retiring, reserved, diffident, bashful, unassuming. MODIFY re-arrange, change, alter, extenuate, moderate. MOLEST -annoy, vex, tease, trouble, disturb, incommode. MOLLIFY ease, appease, moderate, mitigate, assuage, soften. MOROSE sour, sullen, gloomy, peevish, for- bidding. MOTIVE incentive, reason, cause, principle. MOURN grieve, lament, sorrow, bewail, be- moan. MOVE change, pass, stir, influence, persuade, incite, actuate, instigate, impel. MUNIFICENT bounteous, bountiful, generous, beneficent, plentiful, liberal. MUSE study, ponder, wonder, think, reflect, meditate, contemplate. MUTABLE changeable, unsteady, inconstant, fickle, wavering, unstable, variable, alterable, irresolute. MUTILATE deface, injure, destroy, deprive, mangle, maim. MUTINOUS turbulent, seditious, insubordi- nate. MYSTERIOUS hidden, obscure, dim, mystic, latent, dark. NAKED exposed, nude, unclothed, uncovered, simple, plain. NAME cognomen, appellation, title, reputa- tion, credit, denomination. NARROW contracted, confined, limited, cur- tailed, close. NATIVE indigenous, genuine, intrinsic. NEAR adjoining, adjacent, close, contiguous. NECESSARY needful, expedient, indispensable, essential, important, requisite. NEED poverty, want, penury, indigence. NEFARIOUS evil, wicked, unjust, wrong, in- iquitous. NEGLIGENT careless, heedless, remiss, neglect- ful, inattentive. NEW fresh, late, modern, novel. NIGH close, adjoining, near, contiguous, ad- jacent. NOBLE distinguished, elevated, exalted, illus- trious, great, grand. NOISY boisterous, turbulent, clamorous, high, loud, sounding. NOTED renowned, distinguished, conspicuous, celebrated, eminent, notorious, illustrious. NOTICE warning, information, intelligence, advice. NOTION thought, opinion, sentiment, whim, idea, conception, perception. NOTORIOUS celebrated, distinguished, noted, public, conspicuous, renowned. NOTWITHSTANDING nevertheless, however, in spite of, yet. NOURISH feed, uphold, maintain, cherish, nur- ture, support. OBDURATE inflexible, unfeeling, callous, im- penitent, hardened, insensible, obstinate. OBEDIENT submissive, compliant, yielding, dutiful, respectful, obsequious. OBJECT end, subject, aim. OBJECT oppose, except to, against. OBLIGE compel, coerce, bind, force, engage, favor, please, gratify. OBNOXIOUS offensive, liable, disagreeable, un- pleasant, exposed. OBSCURE hidden, concealed, indistinct, diffi- cult, dark, abstruse. OBSERVANCE ceremony, rite, form, attention, respect. OBSERVANT watchful, attentive, mindful, re- gardful. OBSERVE see, notice, watch, follow, remark, keep. OBSOLETE disused, old, worn-out, antiquated, ancient, old-fashioned. OBSTACLE impediment, obstruction, difficulty, hinderance. OBSTINATE stubborn, resolute, headstrong. OBSTRUCT impede, hinder, stop, prevent. OBTAIN gain, secure, get, win, acquire, pro- cure, earn. OBVIOUS plain, apparent, open, clear, evident, visible, manifest. OCCUPATION work, profession, calling, trade, business, avocation, employment. OCCUPY keep, hold, use, possess. OCCURRENCE event, contingency, adventure, incident. ODOR smell, fragrance, scent, perfume. OFFENSE trespass, crime, injury, sin, outrage, insult, misdeed, wrong, transgression. OFFENSIVE mean, abusive, insulting, imper- tinent, insolent, rude, scurrilous, obnoxious, opprobrious. OFFICIOUS busy, active, forward, obtrusive, intrusive. ONLY solely, singly, alone, simply, merely. OPEN unravel, reveal, disclose, unlock. OPENING fissure, aperture, hole, cavity. OPERATION performance, agency, action. OPINION belief, idea, sentiment, notion. OPINIONATED stiff, obstinate, egotistical, con- ceited, stubborn, self-willed. OPPONENT opposer, adversary, foe, enemy, antagonist. OPPOSITE contrary, repugnant, adverse. OPPROBRIOUS reproachful, abusive, offensive, insolent, insulting, scandalous, scurrilous. OPPROBRIUM shame, disgrace, reproach, in- famy, ignominy. ORATION speech, sermon, lecture, discourse, address, harangue. ORDAIN appoint, invest, order, prescribe. ORDER brotherhood, fraternity, rank, method, succession, series, degree, genus. ORDER mandate, injunction, command, pre- cept. ORDERLY precise, regular, systematic, me- thodical ORDINARY usual, common. ORIGIN rise, cause, source, foundation, be- ginning, descent, fountain. ORIGINAL primitive, first, pristine, primary. ORNAMENT decorate, beautify, adorn, deck, embellish. ORNATE decorated, adorned, embellished, be- decked, garnished. OSTENTATION parade, display, show, bopst. OUTRAGE insult, injure, affront, violence. OUTWARD extraneous, apparent, extrinsic. OVERBEARING repressive, haughty, imperti- nent, lordly. OVERCOME vanquish, conquer, surmount, sub- due. OVERFLOW fill, inundate, deluge, abound. OVERSIGHT mistake, error, misapprehension, inattention. OVERWHELM overpower, crush, upturn, over- throw, subdue. OWNER holder, proprietor, possessor, master. PACIFY calm, still, quiet, conciliate, soothe. PAIN distress, afflict, torture, torment, suffer, hurt. PAINT portray, represent, depict, sketch, color, describe, delineate. PAIR join, two, couple, brace. PALE fade, wan, white, pallid, fair. PALPABLE gross, plain, discernible, percep- tible, apparent. PALPITATE tremble, throb, beat, flutter, gasp, pant. PANG torture, torment, distress, agony, an- guish, sorrow. PARDON acquit, free, forgive, discharge, re- lease, remit, clear. PARSIMONIOUS mean, frugal, miserly, avari- cious, penurious, niggardly. PART share, portion, division, piece, concern, action. PARTICULAR individual, exact, appropriate, circumstantial, peculiar, specific, exclusive, punctual, distinct. PARTICULARLY principally, chiefly, mainly, especially, distinctly, specifically. PARTISAN disciple, adherent, follower. PARTNER associate, accomplice, colleague, coadjutor. PASSION desire, feeling, love, anger, excite- ment. PASSIONATE hot, angry, irascible, hasty, ex- citable. PASSIVE submissive, unresisting, patient, re- signed. PATHETIC affecting, moving, touching. PATIENCE endurance, resignation, fortitude. 74 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. PATIENT resigned, composed, enduring, calm, passive, an invalid. PEACEABLE quiet, calm, tranquil, serene, mild, gentle. PEEVISH fretful, disagreeable, petulant, cross, captions, irritable. PENALTY punishment, pain, fine, forfeiture, chastisement. PENITENCE contrition, remorse, compunction, repentance. PENURIOUS parsimonious, sparing, miserly, niggardly, beggarly. PENUKY want, poverty, indigence, distress, need. PERCEIVE observe, discern, distinguish. PERCEPTION belief, conception, sentiment, idea, sensation, notion. PEREMPTORY positive, arbitrary, dogmatical, absolute, despotic. PERBECT done, complete, finished. PERFIDIOUS false, treacherous, faithless. PERFORATE penetrate, pierce, bore. PERFORM execute, effect, accomplish, pro- duce, achieve, fulfill. PERFUME odor, smell, scent, fragrance, ex- halation. PERIOD circnit, date, age, epoch, era. PERMIT allow, suffer, consent, admit, tolerate, yield. PERNICIOUS noisome, destructive, ruinous, mischievous, hurtful, noxious. PERPETUAL uninterrupted, unceasing, inces- sant, constant, continual. PERPLEX bewilder, annoy, involve, confuse, molest, puzzle, harass, embarrass, entangle. PERSEVERE endure, persist, insist, continue, pursue, prosecute. PERSPICUITY clearness, brilliancy, transpar- ency. PERSUADE urge, induce, influence, exhort, en- tice, prevail upon. PERVERSE stubborn, unmanageable, crooked, cross, untractable. PESTILENTIAL destructive, mischievous, epi- demical, infectious, contagious. PETITION prayer, supplication, request, suit, entreaty. PICTURE likeness, image, effigy, representa- tion. Pious spiritual, devout, godly, religious. PIQUE offense, grudge, dislike, malice, spite, rancor. PITY sympathy, commiseration, compassion, condolence, mercy. PLACE position, site, ground, post. PLACID still, calm, gentle, quiet, tranquil, serene. PLAGUE perplex, embarrass, tantalize, annoy, importune, vex, torment. PLAIN perceptible, discernible, manifest, ob- vious, clear, apparent, evident, distinct. PLAN design, contrivance, scheme, arrange- ment, device, project, stratagem. PLEASANT cheerful, vivacious, agreeable, gay, facetious, jocular, witty. PLEASE gratify, satisfy, humor, delight. PLEASURE satisfaction, happiness, enjoyment, joy, delight. PLEDGE pawn, deposit, security, hostage, earnest. PLENTIFUL bounteous, abundant, copious, ex- uberant, plenteous, ample. PLIANT lithe, limber, yielding, bending, sup- ple, flexible, pliable. PLIGHT predicament, situation, state, condi- tion, case, conjuncture. PLOT plan, arrangement, conspiracy, combi- nation, project, scheme, intrigue. POLITE courteous, well-bred, polished, civil, refined, genteel, affable. POLITENESS good manners, courtesy, civility, good breeding, suavity. POLITIC wise, careful, artful, civil, cunning, prudent. POLLUTE corrupt, taint, defile, contaminate, infect. POMPOUS lofty, stately, ostentatious, showy, magnificent, dignified. PONDER study, reflect, think, muse, consider. PORTION piece, part, quantity, share, division, dower, fortune. POSITIVE confident, certain, real, dogmatic, sure, absolute. POSSESS keep, hold, have, enjoy, occupy. POSTPONE retard, delay, prolong, protract, defer, procrastinate. POSTURE figure, gesture, position, action, at- titude. POTENT powerful, strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible. POVERTY want, need, penury, indigence, suf- fering. PRACTICABLE possible, feasible, available. PRACTICE custom, style, form, manner, use, habit. PRAISE eulogize, applaud, laud, admire, com- mend. PRAYER application, suit, petition, request, entreaty, supplication. PRECARIOUS uncertain, doubtful, dubious, equivocal, unreliable. PRECEDENCE priority, superiority, preference. PRECEDING anterior, previous, prior, ante- cedent, former, foregoing. PRECEPT maxim, rule, principle, injunction, law, doctrine, mandate, command. PRECIOUS choice, costly, valuable, expensive, uncommon, rare. PRECISE careful, particular, exact, accurate, correct, nice. PRECLUDE intercept, prevent, hinder, obviate. PREDICAMENT condition, position, situation, plight. PREDICT -prophesy, foretell. PREDOMINANT prevalent, controlling, over- ruling, prevailing, supreme. PREDOMINATE prevail, rule over. PREFERENCE advancement, choice, priority. PREJUDICE bias, injury, hurt, disadvantage. PRELIMINARY previous, introductory, ante- cedent, preparatory. PREPARE arrange, qualify, equip, fit, make ready. PREPOSTEROUS impossible, absurd, foolish, ridiculous. PREROGATIVE privilege, immunity. PRESCRIBE dictate, ordain, appoint. PRESERVE uphold, maintain, protect, spare, save. PRESSING urgent, emergent, crowding, im- portunate, forcing, squeezing. PRESUME guess, suppose, surmise, think, con- jecture, believe. PRESUMING forward, presumptuous, arrogant. PRETEXT excuse, pretence, pretension. PRETTY lovely, beautiful, fine, agreeable. PREVAILING dominant, ruling, overcoming, prevalent, predominating. PREVENT impede, obstruct, hinder, obviate, preclude. PREVIOUS before, prior, anterior, preliminary, introductory. PRICE cost, expense, value, worth. PRIDE self-esteem, arrogance, haughtiness, conceit, ostentation, loftiness, vanity. PRIMARY elemental, original, first, pristine. PRINCIPAL main, chief, capital, head, leading, important. PRINCIPLE motive, doctrine, tenet, element, constituent part. PRINT impress, stamp, mark. PRIOR before, previous, former, antecedent, preceding, anterior. PRIORITY preference, precedence, pre-emi- nence. PRISTINE original, primitive, first. PRIVACY seclusion, solitude, secrecy, retire- ment, loneliness. PRIVILEGE prerogative, right, advantage, im- munity, exemption. PROBABILITY supposition, likelihood, chance. PROBITY reliability, uprightness, honesty, in- tegrity, veracity. PROCEED progress, arise, advance, emanate, issue. PROCEEDING transaction, course, progression, work. PROCLAIM declare, publish, announce, tell, advertise, promulgate. PROCLIVITY liking, tendency, proneness, in- clination. PROCURE obtain, acquire, gain. PRODIGAL lavish, extravagant, wasteful. PRODIGIOUS great, astonishing, vast, large, amazing, monstrous. PROFANE secular, irreverent, impious, irre- ligious. PROFESSION calling, employment, business, vocation, work, labor. PROFICIENCY advancement, progress, im- provement. PROFIT gain, advantage, emolument, benefit. PROFLIGATE depraved, wicked, corrupt, sin- ful, vicious, abandoned. PROFUSE lavish, wasteful, prodigal, extrava- gant. PROGENY descendants, offspring, race, issue. PROJECT invent, design, plan, scheme. PROLIFIC productive, fertile, fruitful. PROLIX tiresome, tedious, long, diffuse. PROLONG extend, delay, protract, postpone, retard, procrastinate. PROMINENT eminent, conspicuous, distiu- guish'-J. PROMISE agreement, engagement, assurance, declaration, word, obligation, pledge. PROMOTE raise, forward, encourage, advance. PROMPT quick, active, ready, assiduous. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WOEDS. 75 PRONOUNCE say, speak, utter, declare, affirm, articulate, enunciate. PROOF evidence, testimony, argument. PROPAGATE multiply, increase, disseminate, diffuse, circulate, spread, extend. PROPENSITY liking, inclination, pronenees, tendency, bias. PROPER fit, right, suitable, appropriate, just. PROPITIOUS favorable, auspicious. PROPITIATE conciliate, appease, reconcile. PROPORTIONATE equal, adequate, commensu- rate. PROPOSE offer, apply, tender, purpose, bid, intend. PROSPECT view, landscape, survey. PROSPECTIVE future, foreseeing, hereafter, forward. PROSPEROUS fortunate, lucky, flourishing, successful. PROTECT maintain, uphold, guard, shield, de- fend, cherish, foster, patronize. PROTRACT withhold, retard, delay, prolong, defer, postpone. PROUD haughty, assuming, arrogant, lofty, vain, conceited. PROVERB maxim, saying, adage. PROVIDE procure, furnish, supply, prepare. PROVIDENT cautious, prudent, economical, careful. PROVISO requirement, condition, stipulation. PROVOKE excite, irritate, enrage, aggravate, exasperate, tantalize. PRUDENCE forethought, carefulness, wisdom, judgment, discretion. PUBLISH announce, promulgate, proclaim, ad- vertise, declare. PUERILE infantile, boyish, juvenile, childish. PULL bring, haul, draw, drag. PUNCTUAL prompt, particular, exact. PUNISH whip, chastise, correct, discipline. PURSUE follow, prosecute, chase, persist, con- tinue, persevere. PUZZLE confound, perplex, bewilder, embar- rass, entangle. QUACK impostor, pretender, empiric, charla- tan. QUALIFIED capable, fit, competent, adapted. QUARREL fight, affray, riot, battle, contest, contention, altercation, dispute, tumult. QUERY question, interrogatory, inquiry. QUESTION ask, examine, doubt, dispute, con- sider, inquire, interrogate. QUESTIONABLE suspicious, doubtful. QUICK rapid, active, lively, swift, prompt, ex- peditious, brisk. QUIET calm, repose, tranquillity, rest, ease, peaceable, placid, still. QUIT depart, leave, resign, abandon, forsake, relinquish. QUOTA rate, share, proportion. QUOTE copy, relate, cite, adduce. RACE lineage, family, breed, course, genera- tion. RADIANCE light, brightness, brilliancy, glory. RAGE indignation, anger, fury. RAISE heighten, elevate, exalt, erect, collect, propagate. RANK class, degree, place, position. RANSOM purchase, free, redeem. RAPACIOUS voracious, ravenous, greedy. RAPIDITY swiftness, speed, celerity, fleetness, agility, velocity. RAPTURE joy, delight, transport, ecstacy. RARE scarce, uncommon, singular, excellent, unusual, incomparable, raw. RASH impulsive, hasty, thoughtless, violent, headstrong. RATE price, quota, proportion, ratio, value, degree, assessment. RAVENOUS voracious, greedy, rapacious. RAY dawn, beam, gleam, streak, glimmer. REAL certain, true, genuine, positive, actual. REALIZE reach, procure, achieve, consum- mate, accomplish, effect. REASON purpose, proof, motive, argument, origin, understanding. REASONABLE fair, probable, moderate, just, equitable, honest, rational. REBUKE -reprimand, reproach, reproof, cen- sure. RECANT revoke, recall, renounce, withdraw, retract, abjure. RECEDE retire, retrograde, retreat, fall back. RECITE repeat, rehearse. RECKON count, number, estimate, calculate, compute. RECLAIM reform, recover,"correct. RECOLLECTION remembrance, reminiscence, memory. RECOMPENSE satisfaction, pay, price, reward, remuneration, equivalent. RECONCILE propitiate, conciliate. RECRUIT repair, retrieve, replace, recover. RECTIFY mend, improve, correct, amend, re- form. REDEEM restore, rescue, recover, ransom. REDRESS relief, remedy. REFER propose, suggest, allude, intimate, hint. REFINED graceful, genteel, polished, polite, elegant. REFORM correct, amend, rectify, improve, better. REFRACTORY unmanageable, unruly, contu- macious, perverse. REFRAIN forego, forbear, abstain, spare. REGALE refresh, entertain, feast, gratify. REGARD respect, esteem, value, reverence, mind, heed. REGARDLESS careless, negligent, indifferent, unconcerned, unobservant, heedless. REGION section, quarter, district, country. REGRET sorrow, complaint, lament, grief. REGULATE control, rule, direct, govern, dis- pose, adjust. REHEARSE detail, repeat, recite, recapitulate. REJECT refuse, deny, decline, repel. REJOINDER response, answer, reply. RELIANCE trust, belief, confidence, repose, de- pendence. RELIEVE assist, help, succor, alleviate, aid, mitigate, support. RELIGIOUS pious, devout, holy. REMAIN continue, stay, abide, tarry, sojourn. REMAINDER rest, residue, remnant. REMARK comment, observation, note. REMINISCENCE recollection, remembrance. REMISS heedless, negligent, careless, inat- tentive, thoughtless. REMIT send, transmit, liberate, abate, forgive, pardon, relax. REMORSE penitence, distress, contrition. RENEW revive, refresh, renovate. RENOUNCE leave, resign, abdicate, abandon, forego, relinquish, quit. RENOWN fame, reputation, celebrity. REPAIR improve, retrieve, recover, restore. REPARATION restitution, amends, restoration. REPEAL cancel, annul, revoke, abolish, abro- gate, destroy. REPEAT detail, rehearse, recite. REPETITION tautology, prolixity, iteration, reiteration. REPLENISH supply, fill, refill. REPOSE ease, sleep, rest, quiet. REPROACH blame, reprove, censure, condemn, upbraid, reprimand. REPUGNANCE aversion, abhorrence, antipathy, dislike, hatred. REPUGNANT hostile, adverse, opposite, con- trary. REPUTATION repute, fame, honor, character, renown, credit. REQUEST solicit, ask, demand, entreat, beg, beseech, implore. REQUISITE important, necessary, essential, expedient. RESEARCH investigation, study, examination, inquiry. RESEMBLANCE similarity, semblance, simili- tude, likeness. RESIDENCE home, abode, house, dwelling, domicile. RESIDUE leavings, remainder, rest. RESIGN yield, abdicate, renounce, relinquish, forego. RESIGNATION patience, endurance, submis- sion, acquiescence. RESIST endure, oppose, withstand. RESOLUTION firmness, determination, forti- tude, courage, decision. RESORT visit, frequent, haunt. RESPECT esteem, regard, deference, attention, consideration, good-will, estimation. RESPECTFUL deferential, dutiful, obedient, civil. RESPITE delay, suspension, interval, reprieve. RESPONSE reply, answer, rejoinder. RESPONSIBLE amenable, answerable, account- able. REST quiet, ease, repose, intermission, stop, cessation, others, remainder. RESTORE cure, renew, return, repay, rebuild. RESTRAIN confine, repress, restrict, coerce, limit, constrain. RESTRICT limit, circumscribe, hold, bind. RESULT effect, issue, ultimate, consequence, event. RETAIN hold, detain, keep, reserve. RETARD hinder, defer, protract, postpone, de- lay, procrastinate, prolong, prevent, impede. RETIRE recede, withdraw, retreat, secede. RETRACT annul, take back, revoke, recant, recall. RETRIEVE renew, recover, regain. 76 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. REVEAL impart, divulge, communicate, dis- close, expose. REVENGE vindicate, avenge. REVERE adore, worship, reverence, venerate. REVIEW examine, survey, notice, revision. REVIVE enliven, renew, reanimate, refresh, renovate. REVOKE cancel, annul, abolish, repeal, abro- gate, efface, retract. REWARD recompense, remuneration, compen- sation, satisfaction. RICHES wealth, opulence, affluence. RIDICULE deride, banter, laugh at. RIDICULOUS droll, absurd, ludicrous, prepos- terous, unreasonable, improbable. RIGHT correct, just, honest, proper, privilege, claim, direct, straight, immunity. RIGHTEOUS just, godly, upright, honest, incor- rupt, virtuous. RITE form, custom, ceremony, observance. ROAD path, way, course, route. ROAM wander, ramble, stroll, range, rove. ROOM chamber, apartment, space, place. ROUGH harsh, uncivil, rude, uncouth, unman- nerly, unpolished, rugged, severe, stormy. ROUND globular, spherical, circuit, orb, tour. ROUTE path, coarse, way, road. RUDE rough, impertinent, coarse, impudent, unpolished, saucy, bold, disagreeable. RULE authority, government, law, regulation, custom, maxim, habit, precept, guide. SACRED holy, divine, devoted. SAD sorrowful, mournful, dejected, gloomy, melancholy. SAGACITY perception, penetration, acuteness, discernment: SALARY wages, pay, stipend, hire, reward, re- muneration. SANCTION maintain, sustain, uphold, support, ratify, countenance. SAPIENT discreet, wise, sage, sagacious. SARCASM satire, irony, ridicule. SATISFACTION compensation, remuneration, contentment, reward, atonement. SAVING prudent, economical, thrifty, frugal, close, sparing, stingy, penurious. SAYING adage, maxim, proverb, by-word, re- lating, speaking, uttering, communicating. SCANDAL disgrace, reproach, discredit, base- ness, infamy. SCARCE uncommon, unusual, singular, rare. SCATTER disseminate, dissipate, spread, dis- perse. SCENT odor, smell, perfume, fragrance. SCOFF ridicule, sneer, jeer, jibe, belittle. SCOPE object, tendency, aim, drift. SCRUPLE hesitate, doubt, fluctuate. SCRUPULOUS truthful, upright, correct, care- ful, conscientious, cautious. SCRUTINIZE search, examine, investigate. SCURRILOUS disgusting, abusive, offensive, insulting, insolent. SEARCH inquiry, examination, scrutiny, pur- suit, investigation, SECEDE withdraw, retire, recede. SECLUSION quietude, privacy, solitude, retire- ment, loneliness. SECONDARY subordinate, inferior. SECRET hidden, quiet, still, concealed, latent, mysterious, clandestine. SECULAR temporal, worldly. SECURE safe, certain, confident, sure, procure, warrant. SECURITY pledge, warranty, deposit, defence, guard, protection. SEDATE serene, unconcerned, calm, unruffled, still, composed, quiet. SEDUCE decoy, betray, attract, allure. SEE examine, look, behold, observe, perceive, view. SENSE idea, feeling, meaning, judgment, im- port, reason. SENSITIVE keen, susceptible, appreciative. SENTENCE mandate, judgment, decision, pe- riod, phrase, proposition. SENTIMENT expression, opinion, notion, feel- ing. SEPARATE dissociate, detach, disengage. SETTLE determine, fix, establish, arrange, ad- just, regulate. SETTLED conclusive, decided, confirmed, es- tablished. SEVER separate, disjoin, divide, detach. SEVERAL sundry, different, various, diverse. SEVERE cold, stern, harsh, sharp, rigid, cruel, heartless, rough, strict, unyielding, austere, rigorous. SHAKE shiver, quiver, shudder, quake, agi- tate, totter. SHAME dishonor, disgrace, ignominy. SHAMELESS insolent, impudent, immodest, in- delicate, indecent. SHAPE form, fashion, mould. SHARE divide, distribute, apportion, partici- pate, partake. SHARPNESS shrewdness, penetration, keen- ness, acuteness, sagacity, cunning. SHELTER shield, defend, screen, harbor, pro- tect, cover. SHINE illumine, glisten, gleam, glitter, glare. SHINING bright, glittering, radiant, glisten- ing, brilliant. SHOCKING disgusting, terrible, dreadful, hor- rible. SHORT brief, concise, scanty, defective, brittle. SHORTEN lessen, contract, abridge, reduce, curtail. SHOW display, exhibition, parade, representa- tion, spectacle, sight, pomp. SHOWY grand, ostentatious, gay, gaudy, fine, sumptuous. SHREWD sharp, acute, keen, precise. SHUN evade, avoid, elude. SICKLY unwell, sick, ill, diseased, indisposed. SIGN indication, omen, symptom, signal, note, mark, token. SIGNIFY imply, express, betoken, denote, de- clare, utter, intimate, testify. SILENCE quietude, stillness, muteness. SILENT dumb, mute, speechless, still. SILLY ridiculous, foolish, absurd, stupid, dull, weak, simple. SIMILARITY resemblance, likeness, similitude. SIMPLE weak, silly, artless, foolish, unwise, stupid, plain, single. SIMPLY solely, merely, only. SINCE for, as, inasmuch, after. SINCERE true, honest, frank, upright, incor- rupt, plain. SINGULAR particular, eccentric, odd, strange, remarkable, rare, scarce. SITUATION place, position, employment, site, locality, case, condition, plight. SKILLFUL expert, adroit, adept, dexterous, accomplished. SLANDER defame, vilify, calumniate, detract. SLAVERY servitude, bondage, captivity. SLENDER slight, slim, fragile, thin. SLOW tardy, dilatory, tedious, dull. SMALL little, minute, diminutive, narrow, in- finitesimal. SMOOTH easy, mild, bland, even, level. SMOTHER suffocate, stifle, suppress, conceal. SNARLING surly, snappish, waspish. SOBER grave, temperate, moderate, abstemi- ous. SOCIAL sociable, companionable, convivial, familiar. SOCIETY fellowship, company, congregation, association, community. SOFT flexible, ductile, pliant, yielding, mild, compliant. SOLICIT request, ask, entreat, implore, beg, beseech, supplicate, importune. SOLICITATION entreaty, invitation, importu- nity. SOLICITUDE care, anxiety, earnestness. SOLID enduring, firm, hard, substantial. SOLITARY sole, alone, only, lonely, desolate, remote, retired. SOOTHE quiet, compose, calm, appease, tran- quilize, pacify, assuage. SORROW trouble, grief, affliction. SORT order, kind, species. SOUND tone, firm, whole, hearty, healthy, sane. SOUR tart, acid, acrimonious, sharp. SOURCE head, origin, fountain, cause, spring, reason. SPACIOUS large, capacious, ample. SPARKLE glitter, glisten, shine, glare, radiate, corruscate. SPEAK utter, talk, articulate, pronounce, con- verse, say, tell, recite, relate. SPECIES order, kind, class, sort. SPECIFIC definite, particular, special. SPECIMEN sample, pattern, modtl. SPECTATOR beholder, observer, auditor. SPEECH oration, address, harangue, lecture, sermon. SPEECHLESS dumb, silent, mute. SPEND expend, exhaust, squander, dissipate, waste. SPHERE orb, circle, globe. SPIRITED quick, animated, ardent, vivacious, active. SPIRITUAL ethereal, immaterial, unearthly, incorporeal. SPITE pique, malice, grudge, malignity, hate 1 . SPLENDID superb, magnificent, grand, sub- lime, heavenly. SPLENDOR magnificence, brightness, luster, brilliancy. SPLENETIC peevish, melancholy, morose, sul- len, gloomy, fretful. SPORT play, game, amusement, pastime, di- version, recreation. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 77 SPOTLESS faultless, unblemished, blameless, unsullied, clear, untarnished, pure, innocent, stainless. SPREAD distribute, diffuse, circulate, expand, disperse, disseminate, propagate, scatter, dis- pense, sow. SPBINO leap, arise, start, proceed, emanate, flow, jump, issue. SPRINKLE besprinkle, bedew, water, scatter. SPROUT vegetate, bud, germinate. STABILITY fixedness, continuity, steadiness, firmness. STAIN mar, soil, tarnish, blemish, blot, flaw, spot, speck, tinge, color, discolor. STAMMER hesitate, stutter, falter. STAMP mark, print, impress. STANDARD test, rule, criterion. STATE situation, condition, position, plight, predicament. STATION place, situation, position, post. STAY dependence, reliance, staff, prop, abide, remain, continue, delay, hinder, support. STERILITY barrenness, unfruitfulness. STERN unfeeling, severe, austere, strict, cold, rigid, rigorous. STILL quiet, calm, silent, appease, assuage, lull, pacify. STIMULATE arouse, excite, incite, urge, impel, encourage, instigate. STOCK supply, collection, fund, accumulation, store, provision, cattle. STOP rest, intermission, vacation, cessation, delay, impede, hinder, check. STORY tale, anecdote, incident, memoir. STRAIGHT direct, immediate. STRANGE unusual, curious, singular, odd, sur- prising, eccentric. STRATAGEM deception, cheat, artifice, fraud, trick, imposture, delusion. STRENGTH potency, authority, power, force, might. STRICT precise, exact, particular, accurate, nice, severe, harsh, rigorous, stern. STRIFE disagreement, discord, dissension, contest. STRONG able, powerful, stout, vigorous, firm, muscular, robust, hardy. STYLE custom, mode, manner, phraseology, diction. SUBDUE vanquish, overcome, subjugate, con- quer, subject, surmount. SUBJECT control, liable, exposed, object, mat- ter, material. SUBJOIN attach, connect, affix, annex. SUBLIME lofty, elevated, great, exalted, grand, magnificent. SUBMISSIVE obedient, yielding, humble, com- pliant. SUBORDINATE subject, subservient, inferior. SUBSISTENCE livelihood, sustenance, living, maintenance, support. SUBSTANTIAL reliable, strong, solid, stout, real, responsible. SUBSTITUTE agent, representative, exchange, change. SUBTLE sly, artful, cunning, deceitful, crafty, wily, perfidious, insidious, arch, acute, fine. SUBTRACT withdraw, deduct, take from. SUBVERT ruin, overthrow, reverse, controvert, invert, reverse. SUCCESSFUL prosperous, lucky, winning, for- tunate. SUCCESSION series, order, continuance. SUCCOR defend, help, aid, assist, relieve. SUDDEN unexpected, unanticipated, uulooked for, hasty. SUFFER endure, tolerate, bear, permit, allow. SUFFOCATE smother, choke, stifle. SUFFICIENT plenty, abundance, enough, com- petent, adequate. SUFFRAGE vote, ballot, aid, voice. SUGGEST propose, insinuate, hint, allude, in- timate. SUITABLE appropriate, fit, becoming, agree- able, expedient. SUITOR beau, wooer, lover, petitioner. SUMMON cite, call, invite, bid, convoke. SUNDRY several, different, various, diverse. SUPERFICIAL shallow, flimsy, slight. SUPERSEDE supplant, overrule, displace. SUPPLICATE solicit, entreat, beg, beseech, ask, implore. SUPPORT maintain, uphold, sustain, defend, encourage, second, prop, protect, favor, for- ward, cherish, assist, endure. SURE reliable, confident, certain, infallible. SURMISE presume, suppose, think, believe, guess, conjecture. SURMOUNT subdue, overcome, vanquish, con- quer. SURPASS beat, outdo, excel, exceed, outstrip. SURPRISE astonishment, admiration, wonder, amazement. SURRENDER yield, resign, deliver, give up. SURROUND encompass, enclose, encircle, en- viron. SURVEY review, prospect, retrospect. SUSPENSE hesitation, doubt, uncertainty. SUSPICION apprehension, distrust, jealousy. SUSTAIN carry, bear, support, uphold, main- tain. SUSTENANCE livelihood, maintenance, sup- port, living. SWIFTNESS speed, rapidity, velocity, fleetness, quickness, celerity. SYMBOL illustration, type, figure, emblem, metaphor. SYMMETRY proportion, harmony. SYMPATHY compassion, condolence, agree- ment, commiseration. SYMPTOM evidence, token, indication, sign, mark, note. SYSTEM order, method. TALENT faculty, endowment, ability, capa- bility, gift, intellectuality. TALK conference, discourse, chat, conversa- tion, communication, sermon, lecture, dia- logue, colloquy. TANTALIZE plague, tease, provoke, irritate, taunt, torment, aggravate. TASTE perception, discernment, judgment, flavor, savor, relish. TAX duty, assessment, rate, toll, tribute, con- tribution, custom. TEDIOUS wearisome, slow, tiresome, tardy. TELL inform, communicate, reveal, disclose, acquaint, mention, impart, state, talk, report, inform. TEMPER mood, humor, temperament, dispo- sition. TEMPERATE moderate, abstemious, abstinent, sober. TEMPORAL worldly, mundane, sublunary, sec- ular. TEMPORARY uncertain, fleeting, transitory, transient. TEMPT allure, induce, entice, attract, decoy, seduce. TENDER propose, offer, bid. TENDERNESS fondness, love, humanity, affec- tion, benignity. TENET belief, dogma, doctrine, principle, po- sition, opinion. TERMS conditions, words, expressions, lan- guage. TERMINATE close, complete, finish, end. TERRIBLE awful, frightful, fearful, shocking, terrific, horrible. TERROR alarm, fear, dread, consternation, ap- prehension, fright. TEST experiment, proof, experience, trial, standard, criterion. TESTIFY prove, declare, swear, signify, wit- ness, affirm. TESTIMONY proof, evidence. THEREFORE wherefore, accordingly, thence, then, hence, so, consequently. THINK consider, deliberate, meditate, ponder, conceive, contemplate, imagine, surmise. THOUGH allow, while, although. THOUGHT contemplation, meditation, fancy, idea, supposition, reflection, conception, con- ceit. THOUGHTFUL anxious, considerate, careful, attentive, discreet, contemplative. THOUGHTLESS inconsiderate, indiscreet, care- less, foolish, hasty, unthinking. THROW heave, cast, hurl, fling. TIME period, season, age, date, duration, era, epoch. TIMELY opportune, seasonable, early. TIRED wearied, fatigued, harassed. TITLE name, appellation, claim. TOKEN emblem, sign, indication, symptom, mark, note. TOLERATE permit, allow, suffer. TORTUOUS tormenting, crooked, twisted, winding. TOTAL complete, whole, entire, gross, sum. TOUCHING moving, pathetic, affecting. TOUR round, circuit, journey, jaunt, ramble, excursion, trip. TRACE clue, track, mark, vestige. TRADE occupation, avocation, calling, labor, business, dealing, traffic. TRADUCE injure, condemn, depreciate, cen- sure, degrade, calumniate, detract, decry. TRANQUILLITY stillness, peace, quiet, calm. TRANSACT manage, conduct, negotiate. TRANSCEND surpass, excel, outdo, exceed. TRANSPARENT clear, pellucid, pervious, trans- lucent. TRANSIENT brief, fleeting, short. TRANSPORT delight, rapture, ecstacy. TREACHEROUS insidious, faithless, dishonest, perfidious, heartless. TREPIDATION palpitation, emotion, agitation, trembling, tremor. 78 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. TRESPASS violation, offense, misdemeanor, transgression. TRIAL endeavor, attempt, effort, experiment, test, proof, temptation. TRCCK cheat, fraud, deception, artifice, Impos- ture, stratagem, jugglery TRIFLING insignificant, inconsiderable, unim- portant, light, futile, petty, frivolous. TRIP journey, jaunt, tour, ramble, excursion, voyage. TROUBLE anxiety, vexation, adversity, afflic- tion, sorrow, distress. TROUBLESOME annoying, disturbing, vexing, perplexing, teasing, harassing, importunate, irksome. TRUE honest, candid, sincere, reliable, plain, upright. TRUTH fidelity, veracity, candor, faithfulness, honesty. TRY endeavor, attempt. TURBULENT raging, tumultuous, seditious, mutinous, riotous. TURN revolve, -whirl, twist, wheel, circulate, wind, gyrate, contort, bend, distort. TYPE illustration, symbol, figure, emblem, mark. u ULTIMATE latest, last, final, end. UMPIRE judge, arbitrator, arbiter. UNBELIEF incredulity disbelief, skepticism, infidelity. UNBLEMISHED faultless, blameless, spotless, irreproachable, stainless, untarnished. UNCEASINGLY eternally, perpetually, always, constantly, continually. UNCHANGEABLE unalterable, immutable. UNCOMMON singular, unusual, rare, unique, Infrequent, choice, scarce. UNCONCERNED careless, regardless, uninter- ested, indifferent. UNCOVER reveal, expose, strip, discover. UNDAUNTED courageous, fearless, bold, in- trepid. UNDENIABLE Indisputable, Incontrovertible, unquestionable. UNDER subordinate, lower, beneath, below, inferior, subject, subjacent. UNDERSTANDING conception, comprehension, perception, faculty, sense, intelligence, reason, intellect. UNDETERMINED uncertain, irresolute, hesi- tating, wavering, unsteady, doubtful, fluctuat- ing, vacillating. UNFAITHFUL untruthful, faithless, dishonest, disloyal, treacherous, perfidious. UNFOLD explain, divulge, reveal, unravel, develop, expand, open, display. UNHANDY ungainly, uncouth, clumsy, awk- ward. UNHAPPY distressed, miserable, unfortunate, afflicted, wretched. UNIFORM even, alike, equal, same. UNIMPORTANT trivial, trifling, immaterial, Insignificant, petty, Inconsiderable. UNLEARNED uninformed,unlettered,lgnorant, Illiterate. UNLIKE distinct, dissimilar, different. UNLIMITED infinite, boundless, unbounded, illimitable. UNQUESTIONABLE undeniable, indubitable, indisputable, incontrovertible. UNRAVEL unfold, disentangle, extricate, re- veal. UNRELENTING unforgiving, hard - hearted, inexorable, relentless. UNRULY unmanageable, refractory, uncon- trollable, ungovernable. UNSEASONABLE ill-timed, untimely, unfit, un- suitable, late. UNSETTLED doubtful, undetermined, vacilla- ting, unsteady, wavering. UNSPEAKABLE unutterable, Inexpressible. UNSTABLE inconstant, mutable, vacillating, changeable, wavering. UNTIMELY inopportune, unseasonable, pre- mature, unsuitable, UNWILLING loth, backward, disinclined, dis- liking, reluctant, averse. UPBRAID reprove, censure, blame, reproach. UPROAR noise, confusion, bustle, tumult, dis- turbance. URBANITY courtesy, affability, suavity, civil- ity URGE press, incite, impel, instigate, stimulate, animate, encourage. URGENT Importunate, pressing, earnest. USAGE habit, fashion, custom, treatment, pre- scription. USE practice, custom, habit, usage, service, advantage, utility USUALLY generally, commonly UTILITY use, service, benefit, advantage, con- venience, usefulness. UTTERLY perfectly, completely, fully. VACANT void, empty, devoid, unused. VAGUE unsettled, indefinite. VAIN conceited, useless, idle, fruitless, inef- fectual. VALEDICTORY farewell, taking leave. VALUABLE expensive, costly, precious, useful, worthy, estimable. VALUE price, worth, rate, appreciation, esti- mation, account, appraise, assess, compute, regard, respect. VANITY pride, haughtiness, arrogance, con- ceit. VANQUISH subdue, overcome, slay, conquer, confute, subjugate. VARIABLE transitory,. fickle, capricious, un- steady, changeable, versatile, wavering. VARIATION deviation, change, variety, vicis- situde. VARIETY diversion, change, difference. VARIOUS sundry, different, diverse. VEHEMENT hot, eager, fiery, ardent, passion- ate, violent, impetuous. VELOCITY speed, celerity, swiftness, fleetness, rapidity, quickness. VENERATE worship, respect, reverence, adore. VERACITY honesty, integrity, truth. VERBAL oral, vocal. VESTIGE evidence, mark, trace, track. VEXATION chagrin, uneasiness, trouble, sor- row, mortification. VICINITY locality, neighborhood, nearness, section. VIEW picture, prospect, landscape, survey, see, look, behold. VIGOROUS robust, active, energetic, powerful, agile, potent, forcible. VIOLENT turbulent, boisterous, impetuous, furious. VIRTUE chastity, purity, goodness, efficacy. VISIBLE apparent, discernible, evident, plain, distinct, manifest, doubtless, obvious. VISIONARY fanatic, enthusiast, dreamer, im- aginary, fanatical. VOLATILITY lightness, levity, flightiness, gid- diness, livellwess, sprightliness. VOUCH assure, warrant, affirm, aver, protest, attest. VULGAR ordinary, common, low, mean. W AVAGES stipulation, hire, pay, salary, allow- ance. WAKEFUL vigilant, attentive, watchful, ob- servant. WANDER roam, stroll, rove, range, ramble- journey. WANT indigence, need, poverty, lack. WAKE goods, merchandise, commodity. WARLIKE military, martial. WARMTH fervor, ardor, cordiality, animation, heat, vigor, glow, zeal, fervency, vehemence. WARNING notice, advice, monition, caution. WARY discreet, guarded, watchful, cautious, circumspect. WASTE loose, dissipate, [spend, expend, con- sume, lavish, squander. WASTEFUL profuse, extravagant, lavish, prod- igal. WATCHFUL cautious, vigilant, careful, cir- cumspect, attentive, observant, wakeful. WAVER hesitate, vacillate, fluctuate, scruple, to be undetermined. WAY plan, method, course, manner, system, means, fashion, road, route. WEAK infirm, feeble, enfeebled, debilitated, enervated. WEALTH opulence, affluence, riches. WEAKNESS debility, feebleness, frailty, In- firmity, languor, failing, imbecility, silliness, folly WEARINESS languor, lassitude, tediousness, fatigue. WEARY annoy, distress, harass, jade, tire, vex, perplex, fsubdue. WEDDING marriage, nuptials. WEIGHT load, burden, heaviness, gravity, im- portance, signification. WELCOME desirable, agreeable, grateful, ac- ceptable. WHEREFORE consequently, accordingly, so, then, thence, hence, therefore. WHITEN blanch, fade, bleach. AVHOLE undivided, complete, "entire, perfect, total, sum, uninjured. AVICKED sinful, guilty, unjust, flagrant, im- pious, atrocious, criminal, villainous, de- praved, outrageous. WILY cunning, artful, subtle, crafty. WISDOM foresight, prudence, knowledge, un- derstanding. WITHDRAW retreat, recede, retire, take back, go back, retrograde. AVITHHOLD forbear, refrain, refuse, hinder, keep back. AVONDER astonishment, marvel, surprise, ad- miration, amazement. AVONDERFUL strange, curious, astonishing, surprising, marvelous, admirable. WORTHY estimable! deserving, meritorious. AVRETCHED unhappy, miserable. AVRITER author, scribe. YEARLY annually. YET but, however, notwithstanding, still, nev- ertheless. YIELD comply, conform, concede, allow, pro- duce, permit, resign, surrender. ZEAL warmth, ardor, fervor, enthusiasm. ZEALOUS concerned, earnest, iirdeni. fervent, anxious, enthusiastic* warm. LETTERS OP CORRESPONDENCE. T9 OU have thoughts that you wish to communicate to another through the medium of a letter. Possibly you have a favor to bestow. Quite as likely you have a favor to ask. In either case you wish to write that letter in a manner such as to secure the respect and consideration of the person with whom you correspond. The rules for the mechanical execution of a letter are few ; understanding and observing the rules already considered for composition, the writer has only to study perfect naturalness of expression, to write a letter well. Style and Manner. The expression of language should, as nearly as possible, be the same as the writer would speak. A letter is but a talk on paper. The style of writing will depend upon the terms of intimacy existing between the parties. If to a superior, it should be respectful ; to inferiors, courteous ; to friends, familiar ; to relatives, affectionate. Originality. Do not be guilty of using that stereotyped phrase, Dear Friend : I now take my pen in hand to let you know that I am well, and hope you are enjoying the same great blessing. Be original. You are not exactly like any one else. Your letter should be a representative of yourself, not of anybody else. The world is full of imitators in literature, who pass on, leaving no reputation behind them. Occasionally origi- nals come up, and fame and fortune are ready to do them service. The distinguished writers of the past and present have gone aside from the.beaten paths. Letter writing affords a fine opportunity for the display of originality. In your letter be yourself ; write as you would talk. 80 OUTLINES OF A LETTER. PARTS OF A LETTER. Date. Complimentary address. Body of the Letter. Complimentary closing. Signature. Name. Address. Purity of Expression. Bear in mind the importance, in your corre- spondence, of using always the most chaste and beautiful language it is possible to command, consistent with ease and naturalness of expres- sion. Especially in the long letters of friend- ship and love those missives that reveal the heart the language should show that the heart is pure. Let your letter be the record of the fancies and mood of the hour ; the reflex of your aspira- tions, your joys, your disappointments; the faithful daguerreotype of your intellectuality and your moral worth. You little dream how much that letter may influence your future. How much it may give of hope and happiness to the one receiving it. How much it may be examined, thought of, laugh- ed over and commented on; and when you suppose it has long since been destroyed, it may ae brought forth, placed in type, and published broadcast to mil- lions of readers. When, in after years, the letter you now write is given to the world, will there be a word, an expression, in the same that you would blush to see in print ? Write in the spirit of cheer- fulness. It is unkind to the correspondent to fill the sheet with petty complainings, though there are occasions when the heart filled with grief may con- fide all its troubles and sorrows to the near friend, and receive in return a letter of sympathy and condolence, containing all the consolation it is possible for the written missive to convey. The length of letters will depend upon circumstances. As a rule, however, business letters should be short, containing just what is necessary to be said, and no more. Form. To be written correctly according to general usage, a letter will embrace the following parts : 1st, the date ; 2nd, complimentary address ; 3rd, body of the letter ; 4th, complimentary closing ; 5th signature ; 6th, superscription. The above shows the position of the several parts of an ordinary letter. LETTER WRITING ILLUSTRATED. 81 Position of the Various Parts. The following position of the several parts of a letter should be observed : 1. Write the date near the upper right hand corner of the sheet. 2. Commence the complimentary address on the line next beneath one inch from the left side of the sheet. 3. The body of the letter should be com- menced nearly under the last letter of the com- plimentary address. 4. Begin the complimentary closing on the line next beneath me body of the letter, one half of the distance from the left to the right side of the page. 5. The center of the signature may be under the last letter of the complimentary closing. 6. The name and address of the person writ- ten to should come on the line beneath the signature, at the left of the sheet. The Complimentary Address. Of late years it has become common, in business letters, in- stead of giving name and ad- dress at the close, to write the same at the commencement; thus, To the Business Man. MR. WILLIAM B. ASHTON, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir : Your note of the 1st inst. received, etc. To the Married Woman. MBS. HELEN E. KING, Baltimore, Md. Dear MttdtuH : Enclosed find check for, etc. To the Unmarried Woman. Miss HARRIET A. KENDALL, Lowell, Mass. In reply to your favor of the 4th ult., etc. NOTE. It is customary to address the married woman by the name which she ust-s on her cards. It is optional with thelariy whether she uses her own name, "Mrs. Helen K. king, or that of her husband, Mrs. Chas. H. King " FORM OF A LETTER. (Date.) (.Complimentary Address.) (Body of (he Letter.) f -f-o 44jwi.on ds* / / -ci -em-a- Cs 4e= iton. -ad Cs f s -ci r / -oe^id^e i-cc - . / ? (Complimentary Closing.) (Signature.) ( Name.) <&o dbaefi^ J%W^f (Address.) Kinds of Paper to Use. Be particular to use a sheet appropriate in shape to the purpose for which it is employed. Paper is now manufactured of every size adapted to the wants of any article written. The names of the various kinds of paper in general use are Legal-cap^ Bill-paper, Foolscap, Letter-paper, Commercial-note, Note-paper and Billet. In the writing of all Legal Documents, such as wills, taking of testimony, articles of agreement, etc., legal cap is generally used, characterized by a red line running from top to bottom of the sheet. For Bills, paper is commonly ruled expressly for the purpose, and generally bears the name and business advertisement of the person using the same, at the top. When writing Notes, Orders, Receipts, Com- positions, Petitions, Subscription Headings^ etc., foolscap paper is used. For the ordinary friendship letter or other 82 ETIQUETTE OF LETTER WRITING AND TITLES. long letter, it is best to use letter paper, which in size is four-fifths the length of foolscap. The common Business Letter should be so brief as generally to require but one page of commercial note, which is somewhat narrower and shorter than letter paper. Note and billet paper are the smallest sheets made, being suitable for Notes of Invitation, Parents' Excuses for children to teachers, and other written exercises that are very brief. Etiquette of Letter Writing. As a rule, every letter, unless insulting in its character, requires an answer. To neglect to answer a letter, when written to, is as uncivil as to neglect to reply when spoken to. In the reply, acknowledge first the receipt of the letter, mentioning its date, and afterwards consider all the points requiring attention. If the letter is to be very brief, commence sufficiently far from the top of the page to give a nearly equal amount of blank paper at the bottom of the sheet when the letter is ended. Should the matter in the letter continue beyond the first page, it is well to commence a little above the middle of the sheet, extending as far as necessary on the other pages. It is thought impolite to use a half sheet of paper in formal letters. As a matter of economy and convenience for business purposes, how- ever, it is customary to have the card of the business man printed at the top of the sheet, and a single leaf is used. In writing a letter, the answer to which is of more benefit to yourself than the person to whom you write, enclose a postage stamp for the reply. Letters should be as free from erasures, inter- lineations, blots and postscripts as possible. It is decidedly better to copy the letter than to have these appear. A letter of introduction or recommendation, should never be sealed, as the bearer to whom it is given ought to know the contents. Titles. T is customary, in the heading of petitions to persons in official posi- tions, in the complimentary address of a letter, and in Superscriptions, to give each their proper title. These are divided into titles of respect, military, and professional titles. Titles of respect are: Mr., from Master; Mrs., from Mistress; Miss, from the French De-moi-selle ; Esq., from Esquire, an English Justice of the Peace, or member of the legal profession, but applied very indiscriminately to males throughout this country generally. Two titles of the same class should not be applied to the same name. Thus, in addressing John Smith, do not say Mr. John Smith, Esq. ; though we may say Mr. John Smith, or John Smith, Esq. If the profession of the person addressed be known, the professional title alone should be used. If the person be entitled to two titles the highest is given. Titles of respect are usually placed before the name ; as Mr., Hon., Rev., Dr., and military titles. Professional titles sometimes precede and sometimes follow the name ; as Dr. John Smith, or John Smith, M.D.; Prof. John Smith, or John Smith, A.M. The following list illustrates the various titles used for the different ranks, among individuals, either in the complimentary address or super- scription on the envelope. To Royalty. " To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.''' 1 " To the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty." ' To his Royal Highness, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales." In like manner all the other members, male and female, of the Royal family are addressed. To Nobility. " To his Grace the Duke of Argyle." " To the Most Noble the Marquis of Westminster." " To the Right Honorable the Earl of Derby." " To the Right Honorable Lord Viscount Sidney." " To the Honorable Baron Cranworth." TITLES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 83 The wives of noblemen have the same titles Ellsworth's " Text Book on Penmanship " as their husbands ; thus, gives the following classification of the various ' To her Grace the Duchess of Argyle." titles used in the United States. ' To the Most Noble the Marchioness of Westminster," ' To the Eight Honorable the Countess of Derby." Titles of Honor, Profession and Respect. ' To the Eight Honorable the Viscountess Sidney." ' To the Honorable the Baroness Crauworth. 11 President of the United States, " iris Excellency Richard Roe," \ Governor of any State, or Minister The title of Honorable, in Great Britain, is [ to Foreign Countries. applied to the younger sons of noblemen (the f Vice President, Senators and Repre- sentatives of the U. S., Lieut. Gov. of elder son taking, by courtesy, the title next in State, State Senators and Reprtscnta- " Honorable Richard Roe." j . ] lives, Judges, Mayors, and Heads of rank below that of his father.) It is also given Executive Departments of the General to members of parliament and to certain persons holding positions of honor and trust. Government. " Rev. Richard Roe, D.D." Doctor of Divinity. " Richard Roe, LL,D." Doctor of Laws. " Richard Roe," Minister of the Gospel. Tn Rnrnnpt^ ' Dr. Richard Roe," Physician and Surgeon. u LJui uiiCLo. 'Prof. Richard Roe," Prof essor or teacher of any art or scienc<= " Sir Walter Scott, Bart." ' Richard Roe, Esq.." Member of the legal Fraternity. k Mr. Richard Roe." Non-professional gentleman. Tn l/nlfih-fo ' Richard Roe," Plain signature. 1 ItnlyniS. his " Sir William Armstrong, Kt." " Richard x Roe," Unable to write his own name. mark Superscriptions. ttfVELOPES that are perfectly Care should be taken to write upon the plain, for ordinary letter writing, envelope very plainly, giving the full name and are regarded as in much the title of the person addressed, with place of best taste. Ladies do well to use residence written out fully, including town } white. Buff, light straw color, county, State, and country if it goes abroad . or manila answer for business The designation of the street, number, drawer i purposes, though it is always in etc., when written upon the letter, is explained good taste to use white. elsewhere. The upper side of the envelope is that con- For light colored envelopes, a piece of paper taining the flap. Care should be observed, in a little smaller than the envelope may be ruled writing the superscription on the letter, to have with black ink over the blue lines, thus, and the same right side up. placed inside. Extensive practice enables business men to write com- paratively straight upon the 1 j 1 ill "!/* A scrap of paper, ruled like this, when placed envelope, without the aid ot a line. The inexperienced 1 "IT* inside a light - colored envelope, will enable the penmaji may be aided in writing on the buff colored person writing on the same to trace distinctly envelope by lead pencil lines, which should never be used, these lines, and thus write the superscription however, unless completely erased by rubber after the straight. ink is dry. 84 FORMS FOR WRITING SUPERSCRIPTIONS. In writing the superscription, commence the name a little to the left of the center of the envelope. The town, on a line beneath, should extend a little to the right of the name. The State, next below, should stand by itself still further to the right. The county may be on the sameline with the State, towards the left side of the envelope; thus > FORM OF SUPERSCRIPTION ON ENVELOPES. 7 ^^^ ff] -e--7^2^^2^ , v^d-tT/. , / / 111 For the convenience of the mailing clerk handling the letter, the postage stamp should be placed at the upper right hand corner of the envelope. If the town is a large metropolis, the county may be omitted. In that event the street and number are usually given, or the post office box. Each should be written very conspicuously upon the envelope, for the convenience of the post office clerk and the mail carrier; thus, i / VARIOUS FORMS OF SUPERSCRIPTION. 85 If written in the care of any one, the follow- ing may be the form : $4 If, after remaining in the office at its destina- tion a certain length of time uncalled for, the writer is desirous of having the letter forwarded or returned, the same may be indicated upon the outside of the envelope ; thus, If not called for in 10 days, P. M. please forward to Ilotelde Ville, Paris, France. Letter Sent by a Private Party, Acknowledging on the envelope obligation to the person carrying the sam. .. s It is usually safest, in nearly all cases, to give the county, even if the town is well known ; thus, Tourists, when receiving letters abroad, fre- quently have their letters directed in the care of the bankers with whom they deal when on the continent, the form of superscription being thus: el. If not called for in fifteen days, please forward to Royal Bank of Scotland, Glasgow, -/ Letter to a Person In the Immediate Vicinity Sent by carrier, but not through the mail. 86 VARIOUS FOKMS OF SUPERSCRIPTION. SUPERSCRIPTIONS. A letter to Germany will be superscribed somewhat as follows : JOHN KOEN1G, Esq., SPANDA U, Near Berlin, Prussia. PKUSSIA. Letter from Germany : Mr. KARL SCHULZE, BLOOM1NGTON, MCLEAN co., United States of America. ILLINOIS. The county, town, etc., on a letter to Ireland, is shown on the envelope as follows : Stamp. Mr. PATRICK McGUIRE, ENN1SK1LLEN, IRELAND. County of Fermanagh. When it is desired to have the letter returned, if not called for, sooner than it otherwise would be, the direction may be so specified upon the upper left hand corner, similar to the following : not called for in 10 dlyl, return W. B. KEEN'; COOKtf * CO., Booksellers, CHICAGO, I I.I.I.NOIK. GEN. H. B. COOKE, SARATOGA SPRINGS, NEW YORK. Where it is desired to express the title of the husband, on a letter or note of invitation to the husband and wife, the following form may be used : His Excellency and Mrs. U. S. Grant. Governor and Mrs. Wm. H. Brown. Son. and Mrs. D. B. Henderson. Rev. and Mrs. Chag. H. Smith. Professor and Mrs. K. A. Benson. Where a letter is addressed to a husband and wife, each of whom have a title, the address may read as follows : Drs. John E. and Jane H. Brown. To a man and woman, engaged as part- ners in business, but unmarried, the ad- dress may read : Mr. Wm. H. Smith and Miss Mary H. Boone. Or, Wm. H. Smith and Mary H. Boone. To a husband and wife, where the wife, alone, has the title, the superscription will read : Mr. J. B. and Mrs. Dr. E: L. King. To a husband and wife, each of whom have a title, the address may be as follows: Rev. W H. and Mrs. Dr. A. B. Smith. Where the wife has a title, and is, alone, addressed, the form may be ' Rev. Mrs. Chas. D. King. Or, Rev. Mrs. Jane E. King. Or, Rev. Jane E. King. If the lady's husband, alone, has the title, the address will properly read : Mrs. Rev. Chas. D. King. If the lady is unmarried, and is a minis- ter of the gospel or physician, her address may read : Rev. Miss Mary Williams. Or, Rev. Mary Williams. Miss Dr. Helen E. Snow. Or, Or. Helen E. Snmv. Suggestions, If people wish to have their letters perfectly secure from observation it is better to seal them with wax, which cannot be broken without ex- posure. The ordinary envelope is easily opened, and sealed again, leaving no trace of the fact ; though a very heavy fine is imposed as a pen- alty on any one convicted of opening a letter, that is not authorized to do so. In the United States, a letter not called for within a certain length of time is then adver- tised, after which it is held thirty days, when, no owner being found, the letter is forwarded to the Dead-Letter Office at Washington, where it is opened. If the address of the person who wrote the letter can there be learned, the letter is then returned to the writer. If the name or address be written or printed upon the envelope, instead of going to the Dead-Letter Office, the letter will be returned to the writer at the expiration of thirty days. If desirous of having it sooner returned, the writer should add, " Return in 5 days," or " 10 days," etc., as seen in the letter of W. B. Keen, Cooke & Co., shown above. It is safest for persons sending letters to place stamps upon the envelopes themselves, and not depend upon postmasters or their clerks to do so, as, in their haste, they sometimes for- get directions. It has been suggested that the State be writ- ten first upon the envelope ; thus, MISSOURI, CORNING, JOHN SMITH. As the State to which the letter is directed, is, however, no more conspicious at the top of the superscription than at the bottom, there is no advantage gained in this mode of address, on the score of legibility. DIRECTIONS FOR WHITING BUSINESS LETTERS. 87 L IBusiness ILettersj N letters of business, use as few words as possible. 2. Business letters should be promptly answered. 3. Use a clear, distinct writing, avoiding all flourish of penmanship or language. 4. Come at once to your subject, and state it so clearly that it will not be necessary to guess your meaning. 5. Give town, county, State and date ex- plicitly. It is frequently of great importance to know when a letter was written. 6. Read your letter carefully when finished, to see that you have made no omissions and no mistakes. Also carefully examine your envelope, to see that it is rightly directed, with postage stamp affixed. 7. Copy all business letters of your own by hand, or with the copying press made for the purpose. 8. Send money by Draft, P.O. Money-order, or Express, taking a receipt therefor ; thus you have something to show for money, guaranteeing you against loss. Always state in your letter the amount of money you send, and by what means sent. 9. Write date and by whom sent across the end of each letter received, and file for future reference, fastening the letters together with rubber bands, or binding in a letter-file adapted to the purpose. The possession of a letter sometimes prevents litigation and serious mis- understanding. Ordering Goods. In ordering goods, state very explicitly the amount, kind, quality, color, shape, size, etc., and on what terms wanted. Whether you wish the same sent by freight or express, and what express. Much inconvenience is experienced among business men because of a neglect to designate explicitly what is wanted. Should the writer wish to make suggestions, ask questions, or add other matter to the letter which is foreign to the subject, such words should be placed entirely separate from the order. Of fifty or a hundred letters received to-day by the merchant, that one which is mixed up with complaints, enquiries, etc., will probably be laid over till tomorrow, or until time can be spared to read it through. Had the order been explicitly stated, and the suggestions placed elsewhere, the goods would have been forwarded immediately. It is, in fact, better to write the order on a separate sheet from the other matter. Send your order, also, early enough to give yourself plenty of time in which to receive the goods before they are needed. Books, being a common article ordered, may be taken as an example showing the importance of giving a careful description of the goods wanted. To illustrate : be explicit in giving name of book, name of author, by whom pub- FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. lished, style of binding, price at which it is advertised, etc. Thus, a careless person order- ing of Harper & Brothers a United States History will say, " Send me a United States History." Of course the first query of the shipping clerk is, " Whose history?" There are many histories of the United States pub- lished by as many different authors, and the clerk is liable to send the one not wanted, in which case the person ordering is very likely to unjustly blame Harper & Brothers. If the writer should say, " Send me a copy of Willard's History of the United States, by Emma Willard, published by A. S. Barnes & Co., bound in cloth," there would be no liability to mistake. The following will serve as sample forms. Form of Letter Ordering Books. ROCKFOKD, ILL., March 1, 1873. MESSRS. JANSEN, MCCLTJRG & Co., Chicago, 111., Dear Sirs : Enclosed find draft for $48.75, for which please send, by American Express, 10 Tennyson's Poems, Published by Harper & Bros. $1.25 $12.50 10 Thirty Years in the Harem. " " " " 1.50 15.00 10 Literature and Art, by M .Fuller. " Fowler & Wells. 1.00 10.00 5 Getting on in the World, Mathews. S. C. Griggs & Co. 2.25 11.25 $48.75 Thanking you for the promptitude with which you have filled my orders heretofore, I am, Very Respectfully, CASH DOWN. Form of an Order to a Dry Goods Merchant. April 5, 1873. MESSRS. A. T. STEWART & Co., New York , Dear Sirs : Enclosed find Post Office Order for $25, for which please send, by American Express, the following goods: 2 Lancaster table spreads ($3.50) $ 7.00 4 prs. Alexandre Kid Gloves ($2.50), No. 6^, Brown, Green, Yellow, Black. 10.00 8 yds. Calico, Brown with small figure (25c.) 2.00 12 " " White " "' pink dot " 8.00 2 Linen Handkerchiefs (50c.) 1.00 4 prs. Ladies' Cotton Hose (50c.), No. 9, 2.00 Direct to $25.00 MRS. MARY WILSON, ELKHART, IND. From a Young Man Commencing Business, to a Wholesale House, with Order. RACINE, Wis., Aug. 10, 18. MESSRS. FIELD, LEITER & Co., Chicago, 111., Dear Sirs : Having recently commenced business for myself, with fair prospects of success, I shall be pleased to open an account with your house, and trust it will be to our mutual advantage. Should you think favorably of the matter, you will please fill the accompa- nying order with the least possible delay and on your best terms. For testimonials, I refer you to Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., of your city, by whom I have been, until recently, employed; but as this is my first transaction with your house, upon forwarding me an invoice of goods and deducting your usual discount for cash, I will remit a sight draft on the First National Bank of your city, for the amount, by return mail. Expecting your usual prompt attention, I am, Yours Respectfully, HENRY MAYNARD. Reply from Wholesale House, with Invoice. CHICAGO, Aug. 12, 18. Mr. HENUY MAYNARD, Racine, Wis, Dear Sir : We take pleasure in sending this day, by your order, the enclosed invoice of goods, amounting to $1,400, subject to 5 per cent discount f.r prompt cash. Your references being entirely satisfactory, we have no hesitation in opening an account and allowing you our best terms. Trusting that the goods, which are shipped by express, will arrive safely and meet your favor, we are, Yours Truly, FIELD, LEITER & CO. Requesting Information Concerning the Opening of a Store. BOSTON, MASS., Sept. 18, 18. CHAS. H. WILLIAMS, ESQ., Bennington, Vt., Dear Sir : My partner and myself being desirous of establish- ing a branch store in the Clothing trade, I take the privilege of a friend in asking you to send me the number of Clothing stores already in your village, and such other information as may be necessary, con- cerning the feasibility of establishing our business in your place. An early reply will greatly oblige, Yours Very Truly, WM. B. HOPKINS. Answer to the Foregoing, BENNINGTON, VT., Sept. 20, 18. MR. WM. B. HOPKINS, Boston, Mass., Dear Sir: I have taken occasion to enquire in relation to the extent and number of Clothing stores in this place, and am happy to inform you that, while that department of trade is very fairly repre- sented, there seems to be a good opening for a first class store, such as your house would undoubtedly establish. There is also a large store just vacated, in the center of the village, one of the best locations in the town, which can be had at reasonable rent. Hoping that you may carry out your design of locating here, and trusting that you may realize your expectations, I am, Yours Truly, CHAS. H. WILLIAMS. FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. 89 Enquiry Concerning Real Estate. SPKINGLAKE, MICH., Sept. 4, 18 . MESSRS. S. TOWN & SON, Aurora, 111., Dear Sirs: Having heard much said in praise of your beauti- ful city, particularly concerning- railroad privileges, church and educa- tional advantages, I have concluded to make your town my permanent place of abode, if I can locate myself aright, inasmuch as I have a large family of children to educate, and the numerous lines of railway radi- ating from your city will afford me the desired accommodations in my traveling agency. My object in writing you at present is to learn your best terms for a residence containing not less than ten rooms, having from six to ten acres of land attached, situated not over a mile from the postoffice. An immediate answer will oblige, Your Obedient Servant, HARVEY B. WILCOX. Superintendent's Resignation. GALESBURG, ILL., Sept. i, 1878. To THE GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT OF THE C., B. & Q. R. R., Chicago, 111., Dear Sir : I herewith tender my resignation as local superin- tendent of the railroad repair works in this city, my labors in behalf of your company to cease October i, 1878. Respectfully Yours, D. B. LAWSON. Short Form of Resignation. PITTSBURGH, PA., Dec. 2, 1879. To THE DIRECTORS OF THE PITTSBURGH GLASS WORKS, Pittsburgh, Pa., Dear Sirs : Please accept my immediate resignation as business manager of your manufactory. Yours Respectfully, WM. D. WEBSTER. Clergyman's Resignation. To THE TRUSTEES OF FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, Pittsfield, Mass., Gentlemen : It has now been seven years since the commence- ment of my pastoral connection with the First Baptist Church of this city. During this time the church society has grown in numbers, the sabbath school has been continually blessed by a large attendance, and the relations between pastor and congregation have always been of a most pleasant character. For these and other reasons it would be agreeable to continue my connection with the society longer; but other fields of labor affording wider and better opportunities, I feel it but just that I accept the privileges offered. Thanking the congregation to whom I have ministered for their kind and unwavering support, and praying for your continued prosperity, I desire you to accept my resignation as pastor of your society, to take effect January 15, 1878. Yours Very Respectfully, CHAS. B. HANFORD. Letter Complaining of Error in a Bill. TROY, X. Y., June 10, 18 . MESSRS. II. B. CLAFLIN & Co., New York, Dear Sirs : Upon examining bill accompanying your last lot of goods, I find that J am charged with four dozerupairs of cotton hose which I never ordered nor received. I enclose the bill and copy of the invoice of goods, that the error may be corrected. I am, gentlemen, Yours Very Respectfully, H. B. MOORE. Answer to the Foregoing. NEW YORK, June u, 18 . MR. H. B. MOORE, Troy, N. Y., Dear Sir: We regret that you were put to any trouble by the carelessness of a clerk, who, having proved himself incompetent, has left our service. We enclose the correct bill to you, and offer apologies for the error. Truly Yours, H. B. CLAFLIN & CO. An Application for a Situation on a Railway. DAVENPORT, IA., Jan. 15, 18 . HON. B. C. SMITH, Dear Sir : L T nderstanding that you are a shareholder in some of the principal railways, and on intimate terms with several of the directors, I venture to solicit your kind interest in behalf of my eldest son, William, now in his twentieth year. His education has been varied and useful, and his character, so far as I know, is above reproach. For several years he has expressed a desire to enter the employ of a railroad company, and under the circumstances I venture to write to you, in the hope that, should you have it in your power to oblige me, you will kindly intercede in his favor. By doing so vou will confer a lasting obligation both on him and me. I remain, sir, Your Ob'd't Servant, Recommending a Successor in Business. MILWAUKEE, Wis., Dec. 24, 18 . MESSRS. BELL & HARDY, Dear Sirs : We flatter ourselves that there are many friends among our connection who will regret that we are on the point of relin- quishing business. In doing so our premises and stock of goods will be transferred to the hands of Messrs. Williams & Co., who will in future carry on the business on the same approved system and extensive scale as ourselves, provided they can rely upon receiving the patronage of our connection; in the hope of which, it is our pleasure and duty to present these gentlemen to your notice. We cannot speak too highly of the confidence we feel in their liberal mode of conducting mercantile transactions; and, in the hope that they may be honored with the same countenance received by ourselves from your respected firm, we beg to sign ourselves Your Most Obedient Servants, HOPE, GOOD & CO. Notice of Having Forwarded Goods. SOUTH HAVEN, MICH., Sept. i, 18 . MESSRS. HAGER, SPIES & Co., Chicago, 111., Dear Sirs : According to your order, I have shipped you this day, per Steamer Morning Star, 200 baskets Peaches, (Marked H., S. & Co.) 10 bbls. Sweet Potatoes, " 12 " Apples, Trusting that these will prove as satisfactory as those heretofore sent, and bring as good a price, I am Respectfully Yours, A. M. GOODFELLOW. Requesting a Friend to Make Purchases. fKANKAKEE, ILL., Jan. I, iS . DEAR MARY : I am going to trespass on your kindness by asking you to make a few purchases for me. Enclosed find twenty dollars and a memorandum of what I want. My household duties, combined with the objection I have to leaving my children at this season of the year in the care of servants, very closely confine me to my home, and arc my c\c use for troubling you. 90 FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. We are in usual health, and I hope this note will find your family all well. With kind regards to Mr. Webster, and love to children, I remain, Your Sincere Friend, HELEN D. WELLS. To MBS. MAY BENSON, Michigan Ave., Chicago. Requesting Settlement of Account. MEMPHIS, TENN., Oct. 9, 18. HIRAM BAXTER, ESQ., Nashville, Tenn., Sir: I enclose your account. I shall feel obliged by your settlement at an early date, as I have several heavy payments to make. Trusting that you will excuse my troubling you, I am, Yours Respectfully, DELOS HARTWELL. Reply to the Preceding. NASHVILLE, TENN., Oct. 12, IS. DELOS HARTWELL, ESQ., Memphis, Tenn., Sir: As I am unable to send you the money for settlement of our account, without inconvenience, I enclose my acceptance for thirty days, which I trust you will be able to use. Yours Truly, HIRAM BAXTER. Urging Payment of Rent. COLUMBUS, O., March 11, 18. MR. D. P. HOYT, Dear Sir : I have waited patiently for your convenience in the payment of rent for the house you are at present occupying. As, however, you have now been my tenant for four months without meeting any of the payments, which were to be made monthly, I feel obliged to remind you of the fact that there are now $80 due to me. Trusting that you will give the subject your immediate attention, I am, Yours Truly, WEBSTER GREEN. Letter to a Pioneer Settler in the West. TOLEDO, OHIO, July 10, 18. MR. MARTIN FULLER, Dear Sir : I take the liberty, though a stranger, of address- ing you a few lines relative to the inducements for new settlers in your section of the country, having been recommended to do BO through our mutual friend, Artemas Carter. As I have sold out my business in this city for ten thousand dollars, I am anxious to invest the proceeds in a large farm in a young State, feeling satisfied that a new country, like that you are now in, offers attractions for young and energetic men not found in the old cities. You will much oblige me by giving information concerning climate, soil, water, timber, and other inducements for settling in your vicinity. Trusting that doing so will not seriously trouble you, and that I may hear from you soon, I remain, Yours Very Respectfully. CHAS. W. CANFIELD. Answer to the Foregoing. BIG STRANGER, KANSAS, Aug. 15, 18 . MR. CHAS. W. CANFIELD, Toledo, Ohio, Dear Sir : Your welcome letter was received yesterday. I can assure you that I will be only too happy to furnish you all the inform- ation you desire relative to the prospects in this portion of Uncle Sam's domains. I have now been two years in this place, and I can truly say that these years have been the happiest of my life. True, we have endured some hardships incident to pioneer life; but the glorious freedom from the frivolities of fashion, and the formalities of aristo- cratic life, common to the old towns in the East, together with the pleasure one takes in making new improvements, all have combined to render our family perfectly delighted with the country. For a quarter of the money in your possession, you can purchase all the land you will desire to cultivate; the remainder you can loan hereabouts, on bond and mortgage, at good interest. The climate here is healthy and invigorating; the soil good, with running streams in sufficient abundance to water most of the farms. Plenty of building material and fuel can be had in the timber skirting the streams; and the prospect for the ultimate opening of the land in this section to a ready market, through several lines of railway now in contemplation, is very nattering. At present, however, the nearest statiou to my farm, on the stage route, is Chesterfield, thirty- four miles distant, at which place I will take great pleasure in meeting you, with my team, at any time you may appoint. A very excellent farm, adjoining mine, can be bought for five dollaii't ($5) per acre. One corner of the land is crossed by a never-failing stream, with considerable timber along the same. You will have to rough it for a little while after you arrive; but the neighbors will all turn out to aid in getting up your log house, after which you will be at home " under your own vine and fig tree." We have two rooms in our house, and till your house is completed we will give one of them to your family. It will seem a little odd at first, for a fashionable family of six or eight persons to occupy one room, with wolf and deer skins for quilts and coverlets; but, by-and- by, when the young ladies find they are in just as good style as any- body else, they will dismiss their fastidiousness, and think it jolly fun. These privations, that we at first endure, are necessary, perhaps, to enable us to appreciate the fine homes which we all expect to have in the good time coming. Hoping to have the pleasure of welcoming yourself and family as neighbors, I am, Yours Very Truly, MARTIN FULLER. LETTERS APPLYING FOE EMPLOYMENT. 91 ^M^ *~-^ijfc Applications for Situations. Letters answering Advertisements. HE following advertisements, taken from metropolitan papers, are but samples of hundreds of such to be seen every day in the ad- vertising columns of the leading daily newspapers, in the great cities; showing that abundant opportunities constantly offer for obtaining employment, the positions to be secured, however, by letters making application for them. WANTED. Miscellaneous. \\7ANTED-AN EDITORIAL ASSISTANT ON A " literary paper. A thoroughly competent lady pre- ferred. Address D 71, Herald office, New York. V\7 ANTED IN A GRAIN COMMISSION HOUSE, a smart lad for office work; must be a good pen- man. Address, in own handwriting, stating age and salary expected, W 32, Ledger office. As a hundred different persons will sometimes make application for one position which will be given to the individual writing the best letter, everything else being equal, this illustrates in a striking manner the importance of being able to write a letter elegantly and correctly. Answer to an Advertisement for an Assistant Editor. V\7 ANTED A YOUNG LADY CLERK IN A DRY * v goods store. Must be accustomed to the business. Address, with refference, B 80, Picayune Office. \VTANTED-AN ASSISTANT BOOKKEEPER, ONB ** who writes neatly and rapidly; willing to work for moderate salary and who can bring A No. 1 recom- mendations. Address, stating experience and particu- lars, X. Y. Z., Bulletin Office. \\T ANTED AN EXPERIENCED BOOKKEEPER vv in a bank. Address, with references, Z 61, Journal office. V\7 ANTED LADY COPYIST, ABLE TO WRITE A vv bold, distinct hand. Salary good. Address, in applicant's own handwriting, COPY, Republican office. VVTANTED- * * pia ences. Tribune \y ANTED AN ACCOMPLISHED, EDUCATED young lady as a companion, to travel for six montns in Europe, with a gentleman, wife and daughti r. Must be a ready writer, a good conversationalist, and possess vivacity and pleasing manners. Wardrobe furnished, and money to pay all expenses. Address Z. B. M., Commercial office, stating where an interview can be had. 92 LETTERS APPLYING FOR SITUATIONS. General Directions. Letters in reply to advertisements should be written immediately, else you may be too late. Paste the advertisement at the head of your letter, thus it will be known exactly what your communication has reference to. It is not necessary to speak much in praise of yourself, but you may state your reference, your experience, and qualifications fitting you for the position, the whole being told as briefly as possible. Write your application yourself, your hand- writing and the manner of expressing yourself being the test by which the advertiser judges you. If you have written testimonials copy the same, marking them as such, and enclose the copy. From a Boy Applying for a Clerkship. PHILADELPHIA, PA., Nov. 4, 18. 879 Market Street. DEAR SIR: I notice in this morning's "Ledger," your advertisement of " a boy wanted in a grain commission house," which position I take the first opportunity to apply for. I am fourteen years old, have been at school the most of the time, winters, for the past seven years, and understand bookkeeping and conducting correspondence pretty well, having assisted my father much of the time while he was in the coal trade, which was about three years. I am perfectly willing and ready to take my coat off and go right to work at "landlin^ grain or anything else in your line. I refer you to Mr. Ira Belden, Coal Dealer, at 56 Benton street, who has always known me. I will board at home, and will try to earn for you five dollars a week. Very Respectfully Yours, JOHN CLANCY. From a Young Lady Applying for a Clerkship in a Store. 182 Murray St., BUFFALO, N. Y., May 19, 18. DEAR SIR: I take the earliest opportunity of replying to the enclosed advertisement. I have been for the past two years in the employ of Bennett & Haw- ley, Dry Goods Dealers, 4!)3 Camden street, until the dissolution of their firm, about four weeks ago. I beg to refer you, for testimonials, to Mr. Chas. H. Bennett, of the firm of Snow, Williams & Bennett, 178 Harvard street, should you entertain my application. Your very Obedient Servant, MARY H. BENSON. Answering an Advertisement for a Book -keeper. 1184 Longworlh St., CINCINNATI, O., May 1, 18. DEAR SIR: In reply to your advertisement in to-day's " Commercial " for a clerk or assistant bookkeeper, I beg to offer my services to your firm. I have been in the employ of Mr. Wm. H. Wilson for the past four years, until he sold out his business a few days ago, having kept the books of his house during the time. He permits me to refer to him for any testimonial of character or ability which you may require. Should my application meet your views it will be my earnest endea- vor to faithfully and punctually fulfill (he duties required. I have the honor to remain, Yours Very Respectfully. HOMER BUXTON Answering an Advertisement for a Cook. 48 Wentworth Ave., PITTSBURGH, PA., March 17, 1S73. MRS. D. N. HASKINS. Respected Madam : Seeing an advertisement in this morning's " Press " for a good plain and fancy cook, I take the opportunity to apply for the situation. I have been with my present mistress, Mrs. Burton, for three years, and only leave because she has rented her house for the summer, to make an extended visit among her relatives in New England. I shall remain here until Tuesday next, unless I find a place sooner, and Mrs. Burton will give you any information you may desire regard- ing my capacity. I remain, Very Respectfully, SARAH E. WESTON. Answer to an Advertisement for a Chambermaid. (Advertisement pasted in.) No. St., NASHVILLE, TENN., Feb. 14, 18-. DEAR MADAM; In answer to the above advertisement, I beg to state that I am about to leave my present situation,as Mrs. Harrington, with whom I have been for the past six years, is about breaking up house- keeping; and I take the opportunity to apply for the position you offer. Mrs. Harrington assures me that she will take pleasure in recom- mending me to any person who may apply to her concerning my industry and trustworthiness. MARGARET BALLENTINE. Application for a Situation as Gardener. No. 7th St., NEW YORK, June 10, 18. DEAR SIR: Understanding that you want a gardener, I beg to offer myself as a candidate to fill the place. I have bad constant experience for ten years, both in nursery grounds and private gardens, and am thoroughly acquainted with the management of the greenhouse and hothouse. The enclosed testimonials from gentlemen for whom I have worked, will, I trust, prove satisfactory. My last employer, Mr. Snow, I would like to have you see personally, concerning my fitness for the position. I am a married man, thirty-three years of age. If favorable to my application, please address as above, and oblige, Your Obedient Servant, JAMES H. HARPER. APPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT. Application for a Situation as Coachman. 178 St., BOSTON, April 10, 18. MB. JOHN H. WILLIAMS, Dear Sir : Having been informed that you are in want of a coachman, I take the liberty of enclosing you the accompanying testi- monials, to which I ask your attention. Though reared in Deerfleld, I have been in Boston for the past fourteen years, having constantly had charge of horses during that time, as I did on the farm before leaving home. As further evidence of my ability, I may mention that I had chief charge of the Tremont Street Livery Stable until the death of the owner, Mr. Paxtou, after which the stock was sold and the stable closed. Should my application meet your favor, I shall be glad to engage as your coachman, and will do all in my power to merit your approval. Yours Respectfully, HIRAM WILDER. Application from a Governess Answering an Advertisement. (Advertisement pasted in.) No. 784 St., TROY.N. Y., July 18, IS. MBS. C. B. WILLIAMS, Dear Madam : In answer to the above, I would say that I am seeking such a situation as you offer. My present term of teaching will close August 15th, at which time I would be ready to enter upon the work of superintending the education of your Daughters. I have, for several years, taught the higher Encash studies, besides German, Latin, and Drawing. For testimonials, I beg to refer you to the principal of my school, Rev. II. B. Watson. Hoping lhat I may hear from you soon, and that we may make an arrangement mutually satisfactory, I remain, Very Respectfully Yours, HELEN B. CHANDLER. Requesting the Character of a Governess. No. 84 St., TBOT, N. Y. July 19, 18 . REV. II. B. WATSON, Principal, Glenhaven Seminary. My Dear Sir: Having inserted an advertisement in the papers requiring the services of agoverness competent to instruct my two daughters, 1 will esteem it a great favor if you will inform me concerning the ability of Miss Chandler to give instructions in the higher English studies, German and Drawing, she having referred me to you. I ain especially desirous of securing the services of a young lady whose moral influence will guard my children from danger one whose amiability of character will make her a pleasant companion as well as teacher. I am much pleased with the appearance of Miss Chandler, and, if your report is favorable, I shall not hesitate to per- fect an engagement with her at once. Yours Very Respectfully, CLARA B. WILLIAMS. Favorable Reply to the Foregoing, GLENHAVEN SEMINARY, N. Y.. July 81, 18. MBS. CLABA B. WILLIAMS Dear Madam: Your letter of enquiry in regard to Miss Chandler, is before me, in reply to which it affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the high moral character and superior intellectual culture of which she is possessed. During five years' residence in our family she has ever been as one of our own household, and I can thus speak undemaudiugly of her merits. She is thoroughly conversant with the higher English branches, and is quite fluent in Latin and German. Should you complete an engagement with her I feel confident you will have every reason for being pleased with having done BO. Very Truly Yours, HARVEY B. WATSON. Unfavorable Reply to the Foregoing. GLENIIAVEN SEMINABY, N. Y., July 21, 18 . MBS. CLABA B. WILLIAMS, Dear Madam: In reply to your polite inquiries I am sorry to say that the educational acquirements of Miss C'haiulkr, 1 fear, will not be up to the standard you require. While she has taught the higher English for some years, knowing, as I do, the proficiency of your daughters, I doubt if she is capable of advancing them in their studies. Another very unfortunate fault of which she is possessed, which causes me to dispense with her services at the close of the pres- ent term, is her failure to sufficiently command her temper. In other respects I have nothing to say to her prejudice. Regretting that 1 cannot give a more favorable reply to your letter, I remain, Your Most Obedient Servant, HARVEY B. WATSON. Answering an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a Dressmaker. [Advertisement pasted in.] MBS. HABBIET MUNSON, CHICAGO, ILL., Aug. 1, 18 . Dear Madam: In answer to the above I respectfully apply for the situation. Though I never took up the business as a trade, I have long been in the habit of doing all the dressmaking for our family and feel myself competent to do all plainer kinds of sewing neatly and rapidly. Having recently, by the death of an only brother, been thrown upon riy own resources, I am thus induced to seek a position which I think I will enjoy. Hoping that you will accept my services, I remain, Very Respectfully Yours, PAMELIA HARRISON. Answer to an Advertisement for a Music Teacher. WALNUT GBOVE ACADEMY, MASS., June 9, 18. COL. H. B. DABLING. DearSir: Seeing your advertisement in to-day's Journal, I write to offer my services as music teacher in your family. I am a graduate of Music Vale Seminary, and have taught a music class in this institution for the past three terms. My training has been with special reference to teaching the piano, the guitar, and vocal music. I am permitted by Professor Weston, the teacher of music in the Academy, to refer to him for any testimonial of ability. I am, Yours Very Respectfully, AMELIA D. PORTER. Answering an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a Printer. TROY GBOVE, ILL., MB. A. B. COOK, Feb. 4, 18 Dear Sir: Having seen your advertisement in the last Eagle, I would respectfully apply for the position for my son Henry who id anxious to learn printing. He is well versed in the common English branches, having been regular in attendance at the public school for the past seven years. He is now fifteen. I would like to have you take him on trial for a few weeks, and, if he pleases you, will arrange to have him remain until he masters the trade. Respectfully Yours, Z. K. HENDERSON. 94 TESTIMONIALS OF CHARACTER AND ABILITY. Letters of Recommendation. KNOWLEDGE of persons recom- mended, of their fitness and capacity for the work they engage in, is always essential, before they can be conscien- tiously commended to others. A letter of recommendation should be written in a plain hand, in as few words as can be used to express the idea distinctly. A recommendation, after considering the moral character of the individual, should relate directly to the work of which the person makes a specialty. An individual giving a recommendation is, in a certain sense, responsible for the character and ability of the person recommended ; hence, certificates of character should be given with caution and care. Recommending a Salesman. SYRACUSE, N. Y., April 10, 18. MESSRS. DUTTON & BROWN, Dear Sirs: Your favor of the 4th Inst., relative to the ability of Mr. Benjamin Walker, is received. We take great pleasure in testi- fying to his high moral worth and his business capacity. He was in our employ for four years, as a salesman, during which time his affa- bility and uniform courtesy to customers, coupled with his truthful representations in regard to goods, made him a universal favorite. Accurate In accounts, ready and graceful as a penman, attentive and kind to all, he is a most useful man in the counting room, and the firm ni curing his services may be congratulated on their good fortune. Very Truly Yours, SMITH & PAXTON. Recommending a Schoolmistress. GLEN DALE SEMINARY, March 1, 18. GEN. A. B. COTTRELL, Dear Sir : It gives me pleasure, in reply to your note of the 21th ult., to most cordially recommend Miss Fannie Chapman to the position of teacher of your village school. As a graduate of this Seminary, and subsequently as a teacher, much of the time conducting the various classes alone, she has proven her- erlf thoroughly competent to conduct a school under almost any cir- cumstances. Though very amiable, she is a strict disciplinarian, and thoroughly conversant with the ordinary branches of an English education. Yours Respectfully, DELOS SIMPSON, Principal Glen Dale Seminary. Recommending a Book-keeper. WHITEHALL, N. Y., Sept. 10, 18. Mr. Ransom Fellows having been in my employ for the past two years as a bookkeeper, it gives me great pleasure to testify to his ability. He is an upright, conscientious, exemplary young man, a good penman and accountant, and a most faithful clerk. He leaves my employ voluntarily, with my best wishes. MARTIN BIGELOW. Recommending a Waiter. TREMONT HOUSE, CHICAGO, Aug. 11, 18. Arthur Brooks, who has been in my employ for two years, has given entire satisfaction, both to myself and guests, as a table waiter. Hon- est, obliging, and neat, it affords me pleasure, as he now leaves my employ, to commend him as a first-class hotel waiter. BROWN PORTER, Steward Tremout House. Recommending a Cook. HARRISBURG, PA., Dec. 20, 18. This is to certify that Catharine Miller did the cooking for my family some ten months, to my entire satisfaction, serving me both as a plain and fancy cook. She is very attentive to her work, and strictly honest and reliable. MYRA D. ROWE. Recommending a Washerwoman. NEW ORLEANS, LA., May 7, 18, This certifies that Hannah Webber, who has been employed in my laundry for the past year, is an excellent washer and ironer, under- standing fine starching, crimping, polishing, etc. HELEN MAYDWELL. Recommending a Porter. CHARLESTON, S. C., Sept. 18, 18. Donald Kennedy, the bearer of this, has been in my employ, as a porter, for the last eighteen mouths. He is a strong, honest, reliablw man, and always very punctual, careful, and faithful in the discharge of his duty. JOHN H. BLISS. Declining to Recommend a Cook. SAVANNAH, GA., Oct. 10, 18. MRS. BALLARD : In reply to your note of enquiry, I decline to recom- mend Bridget Mall ory. She is both dishonest and addicted to intem- perance. HENRIETTA SANFORD. LETTERS OF SYMPATHY AND CONDOLENCE. 95 Letters of Sympathy. EXPRESSIONS OF CONDOLENCE. LETTER of sympathy and condo- lence, though unpleasant to write, may afford inexpressible comfort to a friend in the hour of affliction. Make your letter as brief, but earnest and sincere, as possible. Do not commit the mistake of insinuating that the misfortune is the fault of your friend. Better leave the letter unwritten. Admit the loss. Do not attempt to make light of it. If you are satisfied that it will eventuate in a blessing, you may gently point the way, but with a full admission of the pre- sent deep affliction. To a friend on the Death of a Husband. NEWARK, O., Oct. 18, 18. DEAR FRIEND : I know that no words can make amends for the great loss you have sustained. I deeply realize, from having passed through a similar bereavement, that expressions of condolence wholly fail to restore the loved and lost one, yet I cannot but hope that the heartfelt sympathy of a sincere friend will not be deemed intrusion on your grief. It has- well been said, that " we weep for the loved and lost because we know that our tears are in vain." I would ease your sorrow, and yet I know not how. We can only acknowledge that the affliction is God's will. Over in the beautiful land to which I trust your life com- panion has gone, we Tnay not doubt, he is free from the pains that he so long endured here ; and when we gather at the river, is it not a sweet consolation to think, that among the loved and lost he may meet you on tht other side? Commending you to Him who doeth all things well, I remain, in the tenderest friendship, Your Sincere Friend, WINFIELD BROWN. To MBS. CLARA WAYLAKD, CClumbus, O. Reply to the Foregoing. COLUMBUS, O., Oct. 20, 18. MY DEAR FRIEND : I can scarcely express to you how grateful I am for your sympathizing letter, yet the loss of my husband has BO prostrated me that I am hardly able to write this reply. My friends assure me that time will reconcile me to my great bereavement. Yes, time, and the great consolation that you speak of, which comes from the hope that we will meet our friends in a world where partings are no more, will, I trust, enable me to bear my sorrow. God bless you for your thought of me in the dark hours, and your sweet words of consolation. Your Friend, CLARA WAYLAND. To a Friend on the Death of a Mother. FRIEND ALBERT : EVANSVILLE, TENN., Oct. 16, 18. I have just learned, on my return from a visit in the far west, of the death of your mother. Having suffered the loss of my mother when a child, I know how to sympathize with you in your affliction; though, fortunately for you, your mother lived to guide the footsteps of her boy till manhood's years had crowned his intellect with judgment, and fixed moral principles. It can truly be said, that in the training of her family, in the church, in the social circle, she always did her duty nobly, and was an ornament to society. Ripened in years, and fully prepared for another state of existence, she passes on now to enjoy the reward of a life well spent on earth*. Restored to maidenhood prime, we cannot doubt that in the flowery walks of spirit life ehe is the same good woman that we knew so well here. Truly Yours, To A. H. STEWART, HARTLEY JONES. Belle Plain, Miss. To a Friend on the Death of a Brother. LEXINGTON, Mo., Dec. 10, 18 . DEAR HENRY: I have learned of the death of your brother with profound regret. I condole with you most sincerely on the sad event, and if sympathy of friends can be any consolation under the trying circumstances, be assured that all who knew him share in your sorrow for his loss. There is, however, a higher source of consolation than earthly friendship, and commending yon to that, I remain, Yours Faithfully, SANFORD F. BARTON. 96 LETTERS OF SYMPATHY AND CONDOLENCE. To a Friend, on the Death of a Wife. BURLINGTON, IA., Nov 10, IS- . MY DKAB DELWIN: I know that this letter will find you filled with grief at the loss of your (kar wife. You have, indeed, suffered a great affliction. A more faithful partner never lived, and few men, I venture to say, ever enjoyed more domestic tranquility than yourself. A true wife, and a devoted mother I No higher eulogy can be pro- nounced upon any woman. How the little motherless children will miss her tender caro 1 How those fragile little girls will miss her eweet presence at the evening hour, when she sat by the bedside and listened to their innocent prayers, soothing their little spirits as they dropped off to sleep! Truly the great central sun of your household has gone down, and I most truly, deeply sympathize with you in your affliction. Let us hope, however, In the language of Scripture" 1 1 go to prepare a place for you " that in the golden summer of another life, children, mother and father wiH gather again in a sweet reunion, where part- ings are unknown. Though the days are dark now, spring will come once more. Thus, I trust, pleasant days will come again for you and yours. Send both of the little girls to our home for a mouth's visit, and com" yours; If as soon as you can find time to do so. My previously arrange-d departure, to-morrow, prevents my visiting you. Your Friend, S. B. OSGOOD. To D. B. MAXWELL, Henderson, Kentucky. To a Friend, on the Death of a Sister. AUBURN, N. Y., July 16, 18. DEAR FRIEND: I have learned, with sorrow, of the death of your sister Helen. Though I never knew her personally, I knew her so well through you, that it seims as if I, myself, had lost a very near and intimate friend. I recollect her from that sweet face and gentleness of manner, as I saw her once in your company, that impressed me with the belief that she was one of the angelic ones of earth. I know how deeply yon must have grieved at her death. No one could mourn her loss so truly as yourself. Younger than you, frail and delicate, her guardianship entrusted to yourself, confiding everything to you, it was natural that to a sister's affe ction should be added also, almost a mother's love for your gi ntle sistt r Helen. She died, too, at a time wlun life was, apparently, all blossoming before her. How hard to reconcile ourselves to the loss of dear kindred, when their con- tinued presence is so necessary to our happiness. But may we not hope that the same sweet voice, and gentle confiding heart, that was so dear to sister and kindrid here, is waiting for you in the summer land. " Not dead, but gone before." The loss of near friends thus calls for our contemplation ofc another life toward which we are all tending. You and I, dear M., have talked these matters over often. I know you expect to meet her on the other side; to do I. Believing that your faith in that golden, sunny Future, which yon and I have so often considered, will sustain you, I am. Your ever Faithful Friend, JAS. D. HENRY. To a Friend, on the Death of a Daughter. HARTFORD, CONN., Nov. 14, 18. MY DEAR FRIEND: It is with profound sorrow that I have heard of the death of dear Mary. While you have lost a dutiful and affectionate daughter, 1 have lost one of the dearest friends ^ earth. Outside of yourself, I am confident no one could more fully appreciate her loss than myself. We wt re so much together that I can hardly reconcile myself to the thought that I can no more meet her here. True, her death teaches us that, sooner or later, we must all make the journey across that mystic river. The angels called, and, in the ways of an all-wise Providence, it was best that she should go. We all have the ordeal to pass. Fortunate it would be if all could be as certain of being among the. exalted angels as was our darling Mary. I will come and see you soon. A propos, I send you this little poem, "The Covered Bridge." Your Friend, MYRA. THE COVERED BRIDGE. Tell the fainting sou] in the weary form, There 's a world of the purest bliss, That is linked, as the soul and form are linked, By a Covered Bridge, with this. Yet to reach that realm on the other shore We must pass through a transient gloom. And must walk, unseen, unhelped, and alone, Through that Covered Bridge the tomb. But we all pass over on equal terms, For the universal toll Is the outer garb, which the hand of God Has flung around the soul. Though the eye is dim, and the bridge is dark, And the river it spans is wide, Yet Faith points through to a shining mount, That looms on the other side. To enable our feet in the next day's march To climb up that golden ridge, We must all lie down for one night's rest Inside of the Covered Bridge. To a Friend, on the Death of an Infant. PEMBERTON, Miss., Nov. 18, 18. MY DEAR FRIEND : I realize that this letter will find yon buried in the deepest sorrow at the loss of your darling little Emma, and that words of mine will be entirely inadequate to assuage your overwhelming grief; yet I feel that I must write a few words to assure you that I am thinking of you and praying for you. If there can be a compensating thought, it fe that your darling returned to the God who gave it, pure and unspotted by the world's temptations. The white rose and bud, I send, I trust you will permit to rest upon your darling's pillow. With feelings of the deepest sympathy, I remain, dear friend, Yours Very Sincerely, MARION BRADSHAW. To a Friend, on a Sudden Reverse of Fortune. HANNIBAL, Mo., Aug. 18, 18 . FBIBND STEWART: I regret to hear of your sudden and unexpected heavy loss, and hasten to offer you, not only my earnest sympathy, but aid in whatever way I can assist you. I know your energy and hopeful spirit too well to believe that you will allow this to depress or discourage you from further effort. Per- haps there is, somewhere, a blessing in this reverse. I have had my dark days, but I learned to trust the truth of that little stanza of Cow- " Judge not the Lord by feeble sense, But trust him for His grace; Behind a frowning Providence He hides a smiling face." The child learns to walk after many falls, and many of our richest and most prosperous men have attained their eminence and wealth only by the experience resulting from failure. I predict that you will build on your ruins a brilliant future. How can I serve you? Let me know; by so doing, I shall understand that you have not ceased to value my friendship. Sincerely Your Friend, HERBERT D. WRIGHT. To ROB'T H. STEWART, Singleton, Me. CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 97 Letters of Congratulation. ETTERS of Congratula- tion are very iv properly writ- ten upon re- ceiving intel- ligence of the sudden o prosperity of a near and intimate friend. They should be writ- ten as soon as possible after the occasion that calls them forth. These letters will ad- mit of an abundance of good-natured merri- ment. Do not indulge in over-praise, or too much flowery exaggeration, lest your friend may doubt your sincerity. No envy or discontent should show itself in such a letter. Nor should the same be marred by advice, bad news, the expression of any doubt, or any un- favorable prediction calculated to throw a cloud over the happi- ness of your friend. Form of Letter Congratulating a Friend upon Election to Office. / -e-art-^-e -o ifi z- f ' v f , ? <7 98 CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. Congratulating a Friend upon Receiving a Legacy. APFLETON, Wis., Jan. 1, 18. FRIEND GEOBGE: I have learned to-day, through our friend Charlie Goodwin, of your good fortune in receiving a very material addition to your worldly possessions. Good; I congratulate you. I know of no one who more justly deserves good fortune, and of no person who wil! use it more worthily. You would be ever the same to me, whether good or ill success should attend your pathway. As it is, I take a friend's delight in congratulating you upon your fortune. Your Friend, DANIEL TEMPLETON. Congratulating a Gentleman upon his Marriage. KINGSTON, CANADA, April 4, IS. DEAB WILL: I have just received alittle missive, which informs me of two happy hearts made one. I wish you much joy. You have my i am. st congratulations on the event, and good wishes for a long and serenely happy married life. May each succeeding year find you happier than the one before. God bless you and yours, and surround you ever with His choicest blessings. Your Friend, JOHN K. BUELL. Congratulating a Friend upon the Birth of a Son. GRACELAND, FLA., Jan. 3, 18. DEAR CLARK: Accept my warmest congratulations upon the birth of your son. May his years be long in the land which the Lordgiveth him. May he honor his father and his mother, and be the blessing and support of thiir declining years. I anticipate holding the young gentU man on my knee, and will be over to see you in a few days. My kindest regards to Mrs. Henry. I remain, Faithfully Your Friend, DEB. HARTWELL. Congratulating a Friend upon the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Wedding Day. DARTMOUTH, N. H., March 5, 18. MY DEAR Mr.. BANCROFT: I acknowledge the receipt of a kind invitation to be present at the celebration of the twenty -fifth annivers- ary of your marriage. I have since learned that large numbers of your friends were present on the occasion, presenting yon with an abundant and varied collection of silver, and other elegant and appro- priate gifts. I congratulate you and your good wife upon passing the signal station indicating a quarter of a century of blissful wedded life. That you may both live to allow your friends to celebrate your golden and diamond wedding, is the hope of Your Sincere Friend, PERRY OLMSTED. Congratulating a Lady upon her Approaching Marriage. BANGOB, ME., Dec. 2, 18. DEAR CATHERINE: Two beautiful cards on my table advise me of your approaching nuptials. Allow me to congratulate you upon the choice of such a noble man, to whom you are to entrust your life's happiness. That the midday and evening of your married life may be as cloudless and beautiful as the morning, is the earnest wish of Your Loving Friend, NELLIE GRANT. Congratulating a Friend on Passing a Successful School Examination. UTICA, N. Y., April 6, IS. DEAR HELEN: I was greatly pleased to hear, through our friend Mary, that you had, through diligent application, passed through the prescribed course of study in the Aurora public schools, and had graduated with honors. Knowing how deeply interested your parents and relatives have been in your success, it is particularly gratifying to have you reward them by the achievement of such rapid progress. Accept my best wishes for your future success. Your Friend, DELLA MAYNARD. Congratulating an Author upon the Success of his Book. MARENGO, VA., May 7, 18. FRIEND KEMPLE: I have just finished an attentive examination of your most valuable book, and cannot wonder, after a careful read- ing, that it is meeting so large a sale. The world is greatly indebted to you for presenting in such an attractive form the amount of useful information you have collected within its pages. Thanking you for the benefit I have obtained from its perusal, I remain, Yours Truly. SILAS ACKLEY. Congratulating a Friend upon Obtaining a Business Situation. ASHBURV, PA., June 8, 18. FRIEND JOHN: I am greatly phased to learn that, notwithstand- ing the general dullness of business, you have succeeded in obtaining acKrkship. I doubt not your firm will regard themselves fortunate In securing your services. In the meantime, accept my congratula- tions upon your success. Hoping that your stay may be permanent and prosperous, I am, Yours Truly, CHARLES BE LS II AW. JOHN BELDEN. LETTERS INTRODUCING ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER. 99 Letters of Introduction. ] BETTERS of Introduction should be written very plainly, and should be brief, as the person introduced is com- pelled to wait while the letter is being read. In introducing a person in a business capacity, state distinctly what is his business ; if a pro- fessional man, his profession, and your knowl- edge or information of his ability. The letter of introduction should be left unsealed. It would be great discourtesy to prevent the bearer from seeing what you have written. As in letters of recommendation, the person giving a letter of introduction is, in a measure, responsible for the character and ability of the person introduced. Hence such letters should be guardedly written, or given with full know- edge of the person they introduce. That the person receiving such a letter may know at a glance its character, the letter should, on the envelope, be addressed thus : ff r ' / e highly appreciated by her, and duly acknowledged by her parents, who have jjreat confidence in your judg- ment in matters pertaining to music. Trusting that you will find it agreeable to aid my young friend, I remain, Yours Sincerely, MARY A, BARNET. Introducing an Officer to a Brother Officer. HOLYOKE, MASS., Sept. 17, 1870. DEAR CAPTAIN: My old time comrade, Capt. H. M. Benson, visits your town for the purpose of attending the Army Reunion on the 27th. As he will remain some little time, I commend him to your brotherly care. Believing that your acquaintance will be mutually agreeable, I remain, Fraternally Yours, T. M. SEYMOUR. CAPT. A. M. BELLOWS. 100 LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. Introducing a Gentleman seeking a Clerkship. DENVEB, COL., Oct. 13, IS. FRIBND PATTERSON: This letter will introduce to you my young friend, Morgan Hatfleld, who has been In my employ as a ckrk for the past eighteen mouths, and whom I would still retain, had not the disposing of a portion of my business rendered his services, with those of others of my clerks, unnecessary. Believing that your wide influence would very materially aid him in securing a good position in the dry-goods trade in your city, I presume upon the acquaintance of an old friend in thus writing you. For reference you can use my name. Believing that any assistance you render the young man you will not afterwards regret, I am, Your Friend, HERBERT HOPKINS. A. B. PATTERSON, ESQ. Introducing a Sister to a Schoolmate. SALEM, OREGON, Nov. 14, 18. DEAR FRIEND: This will be brought you by my sister Callie, of whom you have heard me talk so much. No words of mine are neces- sary in introducing you. I have told you both so much of each other that you are already acquainted. I bid you love each other as well as I love you both. Affectionately Yours, JENNIE. Miss LIZZIE BRAYTON. Introducing a Clerk to an Old Fellow Clerk. SILVER CITY, NEW MEXICO, Dec. 18, 18 . DEAR HAL: My friend and fellow clerk, Wm. Bell, will spend a week in your city, and wants to look at the desk where you and I stood, side by side, so long. You will find him a genial, friendly fellow, and will most assuredly not regret my sending him to you. Ever Your Friend, CON. BALDWIN. HALBERT STEBBINS. Introducing a Student to the Writer's Mother. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., Feb. 2, 18. DEAR MOTHER: The bearer of this is my college chum, Harry Wortbiugton. Being about to visit his parents at San Jose, I have per- suaded him to etop over one train to see you and sister Kate. Harry is in the same class with myself, and is, I can assure yon, a splendid fellow. Of course, you and Kate will treat him so fliuly as to make him, perhaps, stay longer than one day. He will tell you all the news. Your ever Affectionate Son, SAMMY DOBBIN. Introducing a Friend to a Member of Congress. DOVER, DEL., Mar. 3, 18. HON. D. B. GRAHAM, Eespecled Sir: The bearer, Mr. D. H. Harmon, is the son of Mrs. Lieut. W. H. Harmon, of this town, whose husband was killed at the battle of I uka, bravely defending the flag. This young man has just graduated from one of our best schools, and at my suggestion visits Washington, thinking to acquaint himself with the condition of things at the Capital, and, if the same could be obtained, would gladly occupy a clerkship for a time. Should it be in your power to grant him such a favor, it will be warmly appreciated by his mother and myself. I remain, Yours Respectfully, V. H. MARTIN. Introducing a Literary Lady to a Publisher. BATON ROUGE, LA., March 4, 18. MR. WARKEN H. WEBSTER, Dear Sir: The bearer, Mrs. Lydia Huntington, visits New York for the purpose of conferring with some publisher relative to introducing her first book to the public. She is a lady of well known reputation and acknowledged talent throughout the South, and will, I feel sure, assume prominent rank erelong in the likrary world. I take the liberty of an old friend to ask of you a consideration of her claims. Yours Very Respectfully, B. U CAMPBELL. Introducing a Daughter about to make a Visit. CHARLESTON, S. C., May 6, 18. MY DEAR MRS. HAMILTON : In compliance with your oft repeated request, I send my daughter to spend a few weeks of her vacation in your delightful country home, trusting that her visit may be as delight- ful for her and yourself as mine was a year ago. Anticipating a visit from you all, ere the close of the present summer, I remain, As ever, your Devoted Friend, MARY DAVENPORT. LETTERS OF ADMONITION. 101 Letters of itAdviceJ k * OUR life has been a suc- cess," said an individual to an old and prosperous business man. " To what do you attribute your success ?" " To an admonition given me by my father, when a boy, which was this : " ' First, to attend strictly to my own business. Second, to let other people's business alone. Observing this, I incurred no ill will by inter- meddling with others, and I saved my time for the development and improvement of my own business." Be very sparing of letters of advice. As a rule, you will have enough to ' do to attend to your own affairs, and as a general thing, advice even when solicited is liable lo give offence. If however, you are asked to give an opinion, you may plainly state it. Do not give it however as a law, nor feel offended if your ad- vice is disregarded. Beware of giving advice from selfishness. Sooner or later your motive will be discovered. Let your admonition be alone for the interest and welfare of your friend. If you expect, however, to be benefited by the course Advising a Young Lady to Refuse Gifts from Gentlemen. c&Ze'Z -/ / / si-'ve-ci'i'M. 4e>t4e4#t -i. which you advise the person to pursue, you may frankly state so. 102 LETTERS OF ADVICE. Letter of Advice to a Young Man to beware of Bad Company. WASHINGTON, B.C., Jan 1, 18. MY DEAR YOUNG FRIEND ; 1 observe by the tone of your lat letter, that you are becoming very intimate with Henry Hubbard and Barney Mclntosh. I need not tell you that your letter has given me much uneasiness. These young men are bad characters, and you cannot continue your association with them, without contaminating your morals. I am an old man, and I write this, my boy, with a most earnest desire for your happiness. You have acquired a fine education, and have entered upon your profession with every prospect of success. You have a widowed mother to support, and an orphaned sister looking to you for guidance. It becomes you therefore to maintain a reputation unsullied, and obtain a good credit, which to a young man in the com- mencement of a business career, is equal to a large capital of itself. Association with these young men will certainly carry you down- ward. They are both without employment, they drive fast liorses, thry wear flash jewelry, they frequent gambling houses, they both use intoxicating drink, chew tobacco, and talk profane language. What would you think of another that might be seen in theircompany ? People will judge you as you would judge any one else. There is much truth in the old proverb, "A man is known by the company he keeps," and I would have your company such as will reflect the high- est honor upon yourself. I have written this letter earnestly and strongly, for I believe your good judgment will take it kindly; and I trust, when you sincerely reflect upon the matter, you will at once dismiss that class of associates from your company. Your earnest Well-Wisher and Sincere Friend, DAVID CLINE. Advising a Young Man against a Hurried Marriage. RUTLAND, VT., April 5, 18. FRIEND CHARLES: You ask me if you will not act the wiser part by marrying Miss Manchester at once, and settling yourself permanently; and yet you inform me that it has been but three weeks since you first made her acquaintance. You may possibly be in jest, and perhaps in earnest; in either case, as you ask my advice, I can but give it. The choosing of a life companion, dear Charles, is a too serious matter to be so hastily decided. The selection of a partner for a dance or a ride may be of little moment. The choice of an associate for business maybe determined in a short time; but the acceptance of a partner for life requires the most serious deliberation. You should take ample time for the study of the character, temperament, disposition and accomplishments of the lady whom you choose to be the sharer of your labors, joys, sorrows, reverses and prosperity. Upon this step hangs a large share of your happiness in life. Do not act too hastily. Trusting however, that I will some day see you happily married and settled, I am as ever, Your most Sincere Friend, GEORGE BACHELDOR. Advice to a Gentleman on the Subject of Health. BOSTON, MASS., May 0, 18 . My DEAR FRIEND: Yours of the 2nd inst. is before me. I am pleased with the prospect that you report in your business, but regret that you should feel discouraged about your health. You ask me what you had better do; I will answer. The first great secret of good health is good habits; and the next is regularity of habits. They are briefly summed up in the following rules: \. Sleep. Give yourself the necessary amount of sleep. Some men require five hours of the twenty four; others need eight. Avoid feather beds. Sleep in a garment not worn during the day. To maintain robust health, sleep with a person as healthy as yourself, or no one. 2. Dress. In cold weather, dress warmly with underclothing. Remove muffler, overcoat, overshoes, &c., when remaining any con- siderable length of time in a warm room. Keep your feet warm and dry. Wash them, in warm water, two or three times a week. Wear warm stockings, large boots, and overshoes when in the snow or wet. Wear a light covering on the head, keeping it always cool. 3._ Cleanliness. Have always a pint or quart of water in the sleep- ing room. In the morning after washing and wipinir hands and face, then wet, with the hands, I'Very part of the body. Cold water will not be disagreeable when applying it with the bare hands. Wipe immedi- ately; follow by bri-k rubbing over the body. The whole operation need not take over five minutes. The result of this wasLi is, the blood is brought to the surface of the skin and made to circulate evenly throughout the body. You have opened the pores of the skin, allow- ing impurities in the body to pass off, and have given yourself in the operation, a good vigorous morning exercise. Pursue this habit regularly, and you will seldom take cold. 4. I/iJlafion of Ike Litnqs. Five minutes spent in the open air, after dressing, inflating the lunirs, by inhaling as full a breath as possible, and pounding the breast during the inflation, will greatly enlarge the chest, strengthen the lung power, and very effectually ward off consumption. 5.f)iff. If inclined to be dyspeptic, avoid mince pic, sausage, and other highly seasoned food. Beware of eating too freely of soups; better to eat food dry enough to employ the natural saliva of the mouth in moistening it. If inclined to over-eat, partake freely of rice, cracked wheat, and other articles (hat are easily digested. Eat freely of ripe fruit, and avoid excessive use of meats. Eat at regular hours, and lightly near the hour of going to bed. Eat slowly. Thoroughly masticate the food. Do not wash it down with continual drink while eating. Tell your funniest stories while at the table, and for an hour afterwards. Do not engage in severe mental labor directly after hearty eating, 6. Exercise. Exercise, not too violent, but sufficient to produce a gentle perspiration, should be had each day in the open air. 7. Condition of Mvvl. The condition of the mind has much to do with health. Be hopeful and joyous. To be so, avoid business en- tanglements that may cause perplexity and anxiety. Keep out of debt. Live within your income. Attend church. Walk, ride, mix in jovial company. Do as nearly riant a? you know how. Thus conscience, will always be at ease. If occasionally disappointed, remember that there is no rose without a thorn, and that the darkest clouds have a silver lining; that sunshine follows storm, and beautiful spring follows the dreary winter. Do your duty, and leave the rest to God who doeth all things well. Hoping to hear of your continued prosperity and recovery of health, I am, Your very Sincere Friend, ALLEN MATLOCK. SIBLEY JOHNSON, M. D. Advice to an Orphan Boy. ARLINGTON, N. C., June 7, 18. MY DEAR CHARLIE: I received your letter last evening. I was greatly pleased to hear that you have secured a position with Colby, Hender- son & Co., and that your sisters are comfortably situated in their new homes. You ask me for advice as to what you shall do to maintain the good opinion of your employers, and thus ultimately, prosperously establish yourself. This desire that you evince to please is one of the very best evi- dences that you will please. Your question is very commendable. How can you succeed? That should be the great question with all young men. It is best answered, perhaps, by the reply of the wealthy and honored old man who gave this advice to his grandson: " My boy, take the admonition of an old man who has seen every phase of human life. "If I could give you but one precept to follow, it would be, Keep good company. But, adding more, I will say: " Be truthful; you thus always have the confidence of others. "Be temperate; thus doing, you preserve health and money. " Be industrious; you will then be constantly adding to your acqui- sitions. " Be economical; thus you will be saving for the rainy day. "Be cautious; you are not then so liable to lose the work of years. "Be polite and kind; scattering words of kindness, they are re- flected back upon yourself, continually adding to your happiness." Observe these directions and you will prosper. With many wishes for your success, remember I am always Your Friend, ABEL MATLOCK. LETTERS OF APOLOGY. 103 Letters of Excuse. ETTERS of Excuse should be written as promptly as may be. Any damage that may have been caused by yourself, you should, if pos- sible, repair immediately, with inter- est. In apologizing for misconduct, failing to meet an engagement, or for lack of punctuality, al- ways state the reason why. By fulfilling every engagement promptly, dis- charging every obligation when due, and always being punctual, you thereby entirely avoid the necessity for an excuse. Any article borrowed by measure, be certain to return in larger quantity and better quality, to make up the interest. To fail to make good that which has been borrowed is the certain loss of credit and business reputation in the neighborhood where you live. No letter of apology can make amends for neglecting to pay your debts. Apologizing for a Broken Engagement. FREDERICK, MD., July 13, 18. MY DEAR Miss MERTON : I fear that you will feel Injured at my failure to keep my appointment this evening. You will, however, I know, forgive me when 1 explain. When about to proceed to your residence rny horse, being very restive, bt-carne BO frightened at an object by the roadside as to cause his runaway, throwing me violently to the ground, bn-aking an arm. and completely demolishing my carriage. Regret- ting my failure lo keep my engagement, I am yet rejoiced that the accident occurred before you had entered the carriage. Trusting that my excuse is a sufficient apology, i n maia, Your Faithful Friend, ALBERT BIGBEE. Apologizing for Failure to Pay Money Promptly. DANBT, N. Y., July 11, 1&-. MR. D. B. FRISBIE, Dear Sir : I very much regret that the failure of H. Cole & Son, will prevent my payment of your note on the 20th Instant, with- out serious inconvenience, to myself. I shall be able to pay it, howev- er, promptly on the 25th. Should the five days delay seriously incom- mode you, please write me at ouce, and I will aim to procure the money from another source. Your Obedient Servant, DANIEL FRAZIER. Excuse to a Teacher for Non-attendance of Child at School. WEDNESDAY MORNING, Sept. 4, 18 . Miss BLAKE: You will please excuse Gertrude for non-attendance at school yesterday afternoon, she being detained in consequence of a severe headache. Very Respectfully, MARCIA BARROWS. Apology for Breaking a Business Engagement. MONTICELLO, ILL., Oct. 15, 18. MR. PAUL D. WARREN, Kensington. Dear Sir : I very much regret being compelled to apologize for not meeting you at the railroad meeting in Salem last Saturday, as I agreed to do. The cause of my detention was the sudden and severe illness of my youngest child, whose life for a time we despaired of. Please write me the result of the meeting. Hoping that the arrange- ments we anticipated were perfected, I am Yours Truly, SOLOMON KING. Apology for Delay in Returning a Book, KENTLAND, IND.,-NOV. 19, 18. MY DEAR AMY: You must excuse my long delay in returning your book. The truth is, it has been the rounds for several to read, though it has not been out of our house. When I had nearly finished its read- ing, Aunt Mary became interested in its contents and read it through. Her glowing description of the character of the work caused mother to peruse it ; so that we have kept it from you several weeks. We f ofouM> AFTBB DECEMBER 14, 1872, WEDNESDAY EVE'G, MAR. 4O, 1872, i Cor. of Seventh and Clinton Sis. MILWAUKEE, WIS. ', At Eight o'clock. This style of invitation, requiring no cards, is 'requently used : The following note, announcing," At Home,'' ifter October 15, requires no cards : jpr rP HAP fsSf . gjf H. D. MILES. MARY D. WILLIAMS. t-^p'St. Paul, Minnesota. ~5_> *'** e^o^R ^So iFr.=5=o Cfjirtrpresfjptn-tanefjurcfj /ff7~'/ / ff) /^T/V / t.Jnuidaa'u tovenina; ^l)ec. s?%/i>; ToFtf*, -A/T 8 O'CLOCK:. GEORGE H. VANCE. ALICE D. SPENCER. cmo-A-o-o, AT FOUB O'CLOCK, F. 11. At Home, after October 15th. No. 12 Oakland Street. 124 NOTES OF INVITATION TO WEDDINGS AND RECEPTIONS. The cards are often made in this proportion, and fastened with a ribbon, thus : The following invitation is accompanied by the cards shown above, fastened by a ribbon in the center. The larger card bears the names of Mr. and Mrs. James Wilson; the other, the name of the bride, Angeline Sherman. aneaue^'l tne /itecuule of uottl wotn/ianu at f / / 7 / if the Of their Daughter, Angeline, Tuesday Eve'g, Apr. 23d, '72, 112 Clinton St., Boston. Not unfrequently the cards are fastened at the top, as shown in this illustration: * The succeeding invitation is issued by the parents of the bride, the reception taking place at their residence, after the ceremony at church. As with the other invitations, this is also accom- panied by the monogram. HENRY D. BAND. JENNIE L. HENDEBSON. ., O- MARRIAGE CEREMONIES. 125 AVING resolved upon marriage, the lady will determine when the cere- mony shall take place. No peculiar form of cere- mony is requisite, nor is it im- perative that it be performed by a particular person. In the United States, marriage is regarded as a civil contract, which may be entered into by a simple declaration of the contracting parties, made in the presence of one or more witnesses, that they, the said parties, do respectively contract to be husband and wife.' In consequence of the recognized vast importance of mar- riage to the parties contracting the same, long usage has estab- lished the custom, almost universally, of having the ceremony perform- ed by, or in presence of, a clergyman or magistrate. To be entitled to contract marriage, the following requisites are necessary : 1st, That they be willing to marry ; 2d, That they be of sound mind ; 3d, That they have arrived at the age allowed by law ; 4th, That neither of the parties is mar- ried already to another who is living, and from whom such party has not obtained a divorce from the bonds of matrimony ; and th, That the parties are not so nearly related by consan- guinity, as to prohibit their marriage, by tho laws of the State in which the marriage is contrac- ted. 126 THE MARKIAGE LICENSE. In most of the States, the common law re- quires that the male be fourteen and the female twelve years of age, before the marriage can take place. In certain States, seventeen for males and fourteen for females ; in others, the age for males is eighteen, for females, fourteen. Formerly in certain Eastern States, parties in- tending to marry were required by statute to re- cord a notice of such intent with the town clerk for three weeks, at the expiration of which time, if no objection was interposed, the clerk was au- thorized to give a certificate to that effect, and the clergyman or magistrate was empowered to per- form the ceremony. In various States, the law requires that parties intending marriage shall previously obtain from the city or town clerk, a certificate of their respective names, occupa- tions, ages, birth-places, and residences upon receipt of which, any clergyman or magistrate is authorized to perform the ceremony. In several States of the Union, the consent of the parents or guardians is required, before the proper officer can issue a license, if the male be under twenty-one years, or the female under eighteen In some of the States, a license to marry must first be procured of the city, town, or county clerk, empowering the clergyman or magistrate to marry the contracting parties, which is word- ed as follows : JKarriagp autAcliltd to Ac J &7ie Aec/ife tf tiie .cd to toin t'n t/ie fioh. ^ond .................................................................................................... (EOUtttg. ) .......................................... _ ................. . .......... ,/ielefyceltfa t/iat on ................... day of.. ........................................................... ,, /<$*/ ....... , Q/ 'f'ot'nfd ' tn (^taUtaae, ........................ _, ana* $8i ....................................................... . ....................... _, aaieead/e to t/ie iven t'n tne attove ^.t'cende, and tAe cudtomA and Jaivd o Committee of Arrangement* D. O. LEWIS, WM. W. BROWN, T). B. SNOW, ). KING, CHAS. WILSON, II. E. Poxwra. 130 RECORD AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE FAMILY. How to Prepare the Register; giving Names of the Family, Births, Marriages and Deaths. URING LIFE, a carefully prepared record of the family, which should be arranged by the head of the household, is of great convenience for reference. This register should con- tain the name, birth, marriage, and death of each member of the family. It may be kept in the Bible, on a paper prepared especially for the purpose, suitable for framing, or in any manner whereby the same may be preserved. It may also contain brief biographical sketches of members of the family. N preparing the register, care should be taken to give the names of the family in full, the town and state where each was born, and date of birth; the state and town where each died, and date of death ; town and state where each married, and date, together with the name of the officiating clergyman, or magistrate, and of one or more witnesses to the marriage. In proving claims to pensions, or heirship to estates, this is frequently of great importance. Observe carefully the form of record shown on the opposite page. BIOGRAPHY I OF CHILDREN. oC UARDIANS and parents are also recommended to prepare in a book of blank pages, made for the pur- pose, a biographical sketch of each child under their charge, noting pecul- iarities of birth, attending physician, color of hair, eyes, &c., when born ; strength of constitution, subsequent disposition, age at which the child first walks, talks, reads, writes, first attends school, and so on upwards until the child is able to take up the record itself. 'HE child's record should be made very full and explicit for many reasons, the principal being that it may be of great service to the future biographer of the child , while the physiologist may draw an important lesson by a comparison be- tween the habits of infancy and those of mature years. This record will certainly be a matter of value to the family, and like the infant- picture, it will be of especial interest to the man and woman as a daguerreotype of their early years. FORM OF FAMILY RECORD. 131 ^ ^ = ~~~- -fef f^^ m- ^f*k. .fSrtN^t. ^h. ^^P-> . V-'' ^ ' EGISTEL OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO May 2, 1800, at Concord, N. H, June 7, 1810, at Troy, N. Y. Dec. 8, 1850, &t Rome, N. Y. HENRY DANIEL BAKER. MARY EMILY BAKER. CHILDREN. WILLIAM WARD BAKER. IIIRAM KING BAKER. WALTER HENRY BAKER. MARY EMILY BAKER. SARAH ADOLINE BAKER. CIIAS. ALBERT DOW BAKER. August 6, 1834, &t Rome, N. Y. April 14, 1837, at Rome, N. Y. July 2, 1839, at Rome, N. Y. May 10, 1842, at Rome, N. Y. Nov. 18, 1845, at Detroit, Midi. Oct. 4, 1848, at Detroit, Mich. June 9, 1862, at Detroit, Mich April 17, 1869, at Rome, N. Y Feb. 6, 1855, at Detroit Mich. Ft I A. G- By Whom Solemnized. Names of Witnesses. DOOOOGOOOO HENRY DANIEL BAKER and MARY EMILY MUNSON. WILLIAM WARD BAKER and BERTHA JANE CORBETT. WALTER HENRY BAKER and ALICE ANN BAILEY. MARY EMILY BAKER MYRON BURTON ELDRIDGE. CHAS. A. D. BAKER and FLORENCE PERCY BRIGGS. By the Rev. A. II. BUIJLING, June 2, 1831, At Troy, New York. By the Rev. D. P. SMITH, S; pt. 1, 1859, At Saratoga Springs, N. Y. By the R'v. ARTHUR BROWF Si pt. 4, 1865, At Rome, New York. By the Rev. D. O. SMITH, Aug. 16, 1805, At Detroit, Michigan. By WM. M. KELLOGG, J. P., March 4, 1872, At St. Louis, Missouri. ( A. D. BAKER. In Presence of < MAKY E. SHERMAN, ( CYNTHIA BENSON. { HANNAH E. HOLMBS, In Present of < TIIOS. E. ANDREWS, W. U. BURTON. ( D. R. NEWELL. In Presence of < SELDEN MARSHALL, I SUSAN MAYNARD. ( CAPT. O. D. KEMVLE, In. Presence of < MALVINA SIMIVON, ( HARRIET PUTNAM. ( ANNA E, Moo HE. In Presence of < CHAS. D. WEI.I., j ABIGAIL MINARD. 132 ANNIVERSARIES OF MARRIAGE. Marriage Anniversaries, GOLD, SILVER AND OTHER WEDDINGS. ASHION has established the custom, of late years, of cele- brating certain anniversaries of the marriage, these being named as follows : The celebration at the expi- ration of the first year is called the COTTON wedding ; at two years comes the PAPER ; at three, the LEATHER ; at the close of five years comes the WOODEN ; at the seventh anniversary the friends assemble with the WOOL- EN, and at ten years comes the TIN. At twelve years the SILK AND FINE LINEN ; at fifteen the CRYSTAL wedding. At twenty, the friends gather with their CHINA, and at twenty-five the married couple, that have been true to their vows for a quarter of a century, are rewarded with SILVER gifts. From this time forward, the tokens of esteem become rapidly more valuable. At the thirtieth anniversary, they are presented with PEARLS ; at the fortieth, come the RUBIES ; dnd at the fiftieth, occurs the celebration of a glo- rious GOLDEN wedding. Beyond that time the aged couple are allowed to enjoy their many gifts in peace. If, however, by any possibility they reach the seventy-fifth anniversary, they are presented with the rarest gifts to be ob- tained, at the celebration of their DIAMOND wed- ding. In issuing the invitations for celebrating these anniversaries, it is customary to print them on a material emblematical of the occasion. Thus, thin wood, leather, cloth, tin-foil, silk, silver and gold paper, and other materials are brought into use. Of course, those who accept of such an invi- tation, and partake of the hospitalities of the host and hostess, are expected to contribute to the collection of gifts that will grace the oc- casion. The form of invitation for such an anniver- sary is represented in the following : QSILK WEDDIKLO \ S' S COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA. ai INVITATIONS TO WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 133 Invitation to the Crystal Wedding. Invitation to the China Wedding. ROME, N. Y. Invitation to the Silver Wedding. IE '* S * l f l ' t ^ _ / /? . // @/? -C4im... fl-^i-C^ -Vi'i l.-W.-'Z. 'IJ.-d-l'l't. CO--(4d't'M> 'l>l*--l.'l--ri ty&.'M. (/\{j'& X/ J sfi / jt . # J> S +t ' , 44 p*. / fa, / 'frC&t> C'&Wl'& {- f/,-0. frC^i, d^ fl t't<& J %^. @)/2 . (~*ft fl / pv ^~^y 'G'C^'Z'l&d't^'Clrf.fi (f^-^tf^C-^^t't'^t^'. & p times put at the end of a note. They stand for the French phrase, " Re- pondez s'il vous plait" an answer, if you please. It is better, however, when an answer is particularly desired, to say, " An answer will oblige." It is courtesy to reply promptly to a note of invitation requesting an answer. If no reply is requested and you send no regrets, it is understood that you accept the invitation. Send invitations to persons in your own city or neighborhood, by your own messenger. It is regarded a violation of etiquette to send them by mail. INVITATIONS TO PARTIES. 135 Invitation to a Lawn Soiree. MR. & MRS. HARRINGTON. MB. D. C. HAREINGTON. Request the pleasure of -our company, at a Lawn Soiree, Friday eve- ning, from half past se'Voi to half past teu o'clock, June 20th, 1872, weather permitting. R. S. V. P. Invitation to an Evening Party. Mrs. Langford requests the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. Bell's company on Thursday evening, 7th inst., at seven o'clock. No. St., Dec. 1st. Answer Accepting the Invitation. Mr. and Mrs. Bell accept, with pleasure, Mrs. Langford's kind invi- tation for Thursday evening, the 7th inst. No, St., Dec. 2d. Answer Declining the Invitation. Mr. and Mrs. Bell regret that it will not be in their power to accept Mrs. Langford's kind invitation for Thursday evening, the 7th inst. No. St., Dec. 2d. Invitation to a Dinner Party. Mr. Conklin presents his warm regards to Mr. Belden, and requests the pleasure of his company to dinner, on Thursday next (18th), at 5 o'clock. Mr. Conklin expects the pleasure, also, of receiving Mr. Wil- bur, of Buffalo. An answer will oblige. No. St., June 16, 18. Answer Accepting the Invitation. Mr. Belden presents his kind regards to Mr. Conklin, and accepts, with pleasure, his polite invitation for Thursday next. No. St., June 17, 18--. Answer Declining the Invitation. Mr. Belden regrets that a previously arranged business engagement will prevent his accepting Mr. Conklin's kind invitation for to-mor- row. Mr. Belden has delayed answering until to-day, hoping to effect a change of appointment, but has learned this forenoon that HO change can be made without serious disappointment to others. No. St., June 17, 18. *** COMPLIMENTS FOR No. 481 MARBLE STREET. COMPLIMENTS FOR ? Refreshments will be Served at Ten o'Clock. 136 INVITATIONS TO PARTIES AND FUNERALS. Familiar Invitation to a Wedding. No.- -St., Dec. 12, 18--. DKAU HATTIK : I have issued but few invitations for our Aggie's wedding, as we desire to be almost entirely private; but the presence of a few dear friends will give us all pleasure. Can we count you among those few? The ceremony will be at seven, on Tuesday evening next, December 18th, and at eight we will receive the other invited guests. Hoping to see you early, I am, Yours Affectionately, BERTHA HANSON. Answer Accepting the Invitation. No.- MY DEAR BERTHA: -St., Dec. 13, 18. I accept with great pleasure your kind invitation to Aggie's wedding, and will be punctual. I most earnestly pray that she may be very happy in her new life and home. Please give her my kindest love and best wishes. Your Friend, HATTIE HARMON. Answer Declining the Invitation. No. MY DEAU BERTHA: -St., Dec. 13, 18-. My recent great bereavement must plead my excuse for not attending the wedding of your dear daughter Aggie. I would not cloud the fostal scene by my heavy weeds of mourning, and I could not lay them aside, even for an hour, while the wound in my heart is so fresh with grief. Deeply regretting that I cannot attend, I can only wish Aggie, in her new relations, the Joyous life of happiness she so richly deserves. Your Sincere Friend, HATTIE HARMON. The following exhibits the size of paper, and the wording of a Funeral Notice, in common use in the metropolitan cities, where it is impossible, frequently, for all the friends to know of the death. SMtUtam Otmnistocfc, S.* a= 4M.-a4-'l-a.-r-ce. <- r / aucattliiej elecl, at -fne dL/'ti jf f f ie {/it /twietctf. , Q/Kw. J, At v>/ttnr/< } Invitation to a Picnic. Invitation to a Ball. "!'3 llaUtni of jHt. ?}opt JSrmina Solicit the presence of Yourself and Friends ^ennioi^ajti |)ici{ic H31. WH. STEVENSON, SUB KENWOOD, t'f/ay (^telnocn, fat. .;//,. Invitation to a Festival. CONTINENTAL HOTEL. Fete Champetre, ON THE GROUNDS OF SPRINGDALE, WEDI^ESD/Y_/FTEF(NOO^ JDl^E 10, 1874. Entrance Ticket, 50 Cents. The above cards may be displayed in this manner, but for actual use should be about four times larger. VISITING AND OTHER CAEDS. 137 Visiting and Address Cards. OUR kinds of cards are in general use, viz. : Wedding, Autograph or Visiting, Ad- dress, and Business cards. The wedding has already been described. The visiting card is used principally by the lady in her calls among acquaintances in the city. The address card is also frequently used for the same purpose, and is useful to present when it may be desired to open future corre- spondence. The business card is valuable for advertising and as being introductory to busi- ness acquaintance. In the autograph card, Chas. H. Briggs will write his name as follows : His wife will write her name : His daughters will add Miss to their names, thus: Or the name may be without the Miss, thus -i. Cs&. c/J-t-e.- The address card may read thus : 18 Beverly Place. Or it may read thus Appleton, Wis. Autograph cards should be used only among those acquaintances to whom the residence is well known. Business cards should contain upon their face the name, business, address and references, if references are used. NOTE. A for rule of etiquette, not now so much observed, was for the eldest daughter, only, to prefix to her name. 138 PROSE AND TOETIC GEMS FROM THE BEST AUTHORS. Selections Album. HE individual is frequently called upon for his or her autograph. In complying, it is customary to couple with the same a senti- ment, signing the name beneath. If the matter written is original, be it long or short, it is usually more highly valued. If a brief selection be made, some of the following quotations may be appropriate: NATURE! though blessed and bright are thy rays, O'er the brow of creation cnchantingly thrown, Vet faint are they all to the luster that plays In a smile from the heart that is dearly our own ! TAKE heart, nor of the laws of fate complain, Though now 'tis cloudy, 't will clear up again. SO far is it from being true that men are naturally equal, that no two people can be half an hour together but one shall acquire evident superiority over the other. IF others he as fair, What are their charms to me? I neither know nor care, For thou art all to me. PURCHASE not friends by gifts; when thou ceasest to give, such I will cease to love. SMALL service is true service while it lasts ; Of friends, however humble, scorn not one : The daisj', by the shadow that it casts, Protects the lingering dew-drop from the sun. O LD Time will end our story, But no time, if we end well, will end our glory. HE most delicate, the most sensible of all pleasures, consists in promoting the pleasures of others. A * ND what is fame? the meanest have their day; The greatest can but blaze and pass away. AH! could you look into my heart And watch your image there! You would own the sunny loveliness Affection makes it wear. H E who labors with the mind governs others ; he who labors with the body is governed by others. '"THERE is pleasure in the pathless woods, 1 There is rapture on the lonely shore, There is society, where none intrudes, By the deep Sea, and music in its roar: I love not Man the less, but Nature more. H E who surpasses or subdues mankind, Must look down on the hate of those below. LET us deal very gently with the erring. We should always re- member that had we been born with a like unfortunate organi/.a- tion, and been trained amid as unfavorable circumstances, we would have done as badly ourselves. I DEEMED that time, I deemed that Pride Had quenched at length my boyish flame; Nor knew, till seated by thy side, My heart in all, save hope, the same. "CARTH holds no other like to thee, -L-' Or if it doth, in vain for me. OH! many a shaft, at random sent, Finds mark the archer little meant; And many a word, at random spoken, May soothe or wound a heart that 's broken. r PHOSE who have finished by making others think with them, have * usually been those who began by daring to think with themselves. DESIRE not to live long, but to live well; How long we live, not years, but actions tell. w HO does the best his circumstance allows, Does well, acts nobly; angels could do no more. AH, well! for us all some sweet hope lies Deeply buried from human eyes; And, in the hereafter, angels may Roll the stone from its grave away. HE who sedulously attends, pointedly asks, calmly speaks, coolly answers, and ceases when he has no more to say, is in the pos- session of some of the best requisites of man. QOMETIME, when all life's lessons have been learned, O And sun and stars forever more have set, The things which our weak judgments here have spurned, The things o'er which we grieved with lashes wet, Will flash before us out of life's dark night, As stars shine most in deeper tints of blue ; And we shall see how all God's plans were right, And how what seemed reproof was love most true. BUSINESS AND COMMERCIAL FORMS. 139 Commercial Forms. NOTES, BILLS, ORDERS, CHECKS, DRAFTS, RECEIPTS, Etc., Etc. the transaction of business, it becomes necessary for all per- sons to occasionally write various business forms. Among those in most frequent use are Receipts, Orders, Bills of Articles Pur- chased, Promissory Notes, Checks, Drafts, etc. To better understand these, it is well to be acquainted with the meaning of the various commercial terms to be constantly seen in our general reading. Definition of Commercial Terms. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to. Ib for pound, and bbl. for barrel; ^ for per or by the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c ^ Ib, and Flour at $ 8@12 ^ bbl. jo for per cent and ft for number. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@1.25, "seller June." ^Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a cer- tain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the inter- est of the person selling " short," to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a cer- tain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise of prices. The "longs "are termed "bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as much as possible. Promissory Notes. A promissory note is a promise or engagement in writing to pay a specified sum at a time therein limited, or on demand, or at sight, to a person therein named, or his order or assigns, or to the bearer. The person making the note is called the drawer or maker. A note is void when founded upon fraud. Thus, a note obtained from a person when in- toxicated, or obtained for any reason which is illegal, cannot be collected. A note given upon Sunday is also void in some States. Notes bear interest only when it is so ex- pressed ; after they become due, however, they draw the legal rate of the State. Notes payable on demand or at sight, draw no interest until after presentation or demand of the same has been made, unless they provide for interest from date on their face ; they then draw the legal rate of interest of the State. If " with interest " is included in the note, it 140 COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. draws the legal rate of the State where it is given, from the time it is made, If the note is to draw a special rate of inter- est higher than the legal, but not higher than the law allows, the rate must be specified. If the note is made payable to a person or order, or to a person or bearer, to a person or his assigns, or to the cashier of an incorporated company, such notes are negotiable. When transferring the note, the indorser frees himself from responsibility, so far as the payment is concerned, by writing on the back, above his name, " Without recourse to me in any event." When a note is made payable at a definite period after date, three days beyond the time expressed on the face of the note (called days of grace) are allowed to the person who is to pay the same, within which to make such pay- ment. Notes payable on demand are not enti- tled to days of grace. If a note is payable at a bank, and is held there on the day upon which it falls due, until the usual hour'for closing, ready for receiving payment thereon, no further demand upon the maker is necessary, in order to charge the in- dorser. The demand must, in all cases, be made upon the last of the days of grace ; a demand before that time passing for nothing as against the indorser. The days of grace, which must be computed according to the laws of the State where the note is payable, are to be reckoned exclusive of the day when the note would otherwise become due, and without deduction for Sundays or holidays ; in which latter case, by special enact- ments in most of the States, notes are deemed to become due upon the secular day next preced- ing such days. Thus, a note, due upon the twenty -fifth day of December, is payable on the twenty-fourth, as the day when due is Christ- mas day ; if the twenty-fourth chance to be Sunday, it is due upon the twenty-third. In order to charge an indorser, the note, if payable at a particular place, must be presented for payment at the place upon the very day it becomes due ; if no place of payment be named, it must be presented, either to the maker per- sonally, or at his place of business, during busi- ness hours, or at his dwelling house, within rea- sonable hours ; if payable by a firm, a present- ment may be made to either of the partners, or at the firm's place of business ; if given by sev- eral persons jointly, not partners, the demand must be made upon all. If the note has been lost, mislaid, or destroyed, the holder must still make a regular and formal demand, offering the party at the same time, a sufficient indemnity in the event of his paying the same. Negotiable Note. COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS FOKMS. 141 Form for Pennsylvania. Note not Negotiable. / Note for Two or More Persons. Note on Demand. $100. NORTHAMPTON, MASS., March i, 18 . On demand, I promise to pay Clinton Briggs, or order, One Hundred dollars, value received, with interest. McREA BROWN. Married Woman's Note in New York. $50. ROCHESTER, N. Y., April 10, 18 . For value received, I promise to pay A. B. Smith, or order, Fifty dollars, one year from date, with interest. And I hereby charge my individual property and estate with the payment of this note. MARY H. WILLIAMS. 14:2 COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. Joint Note. Note Payable by Installments. $700. NASHVILLE, TENN., FEB. 10, 18 . For value received, I promise to pay to Simon Butterfield, or order, Seven Hundred dollars, in manner following-, to wit: Two Hundred dollars in one month from date; Two Hundred dollars in two months; and Three Hundred dollars in three months, with interest on the several sums as they become due. CALEB PRINDLE. Judgment Note. For value received, I promise to pav to Delos Anderson of Buffalo, or order, Three Hundred dollars, with interest, on the first day of April next. And further, I do hereby empower any attorney of the" Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, or of any Court of Record in New York, or elsewhere, to appear for me, and, after a declaration filed therefor, to confess a judgment against me in the above sum, as of last, next or any other subsequent term, with costs of suits, release of errors, etc., with stay of execution until said first day of April next. Witness my hand and seal, at Buffalo, N. Y., this first day of Octo- ber, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two. Signed, sealed and delivered. In presence of HENRY COBB. [SEAL.] HIRAM DOWNER. MARTIN FOSS. Note in Missouri. $400. ST. JOSEPH, Mo., June i, 18 . Three months after date, I promise to pay to Orson Barber Four Hundred dollars, for value received; negotiable and payable, without defalcation or discount. . MURRY "SIMPSON. Note Payable in Merchandise. $i,So. CHESTER, VT., July 14, 18 . For value received, on or before the first day of October next, we promise to pay H. Miller & Co., or order, Fifteen Hundred dollars, in good merchantable White Wheat, at our warehouse in this city, at the market value on the maturity of this note. ARMSTRONG & PHELPS. % Form of a Note for Indiana. $ IOO T7ny INDIANAPOLIS, IND., March i, iS . On demand, for value received, I promise to pay Clinton Briggs, or order, One Hundred and 50-100 dollars, with interest; payable without any relief whatever from valuation or appraisement. DANIEL BURLINGAME. Form of Guarantee. For and in consideration of One Dollar, to me paid by //. B. Claflin tf- Co., of New York, who, at my request, purpose opening a credit with 'John Smith, of Aurora, III., I do hereby guarantee the payment to //. B. Claflin & Co., their successors and assigns, of all indebtedness which said John Smith has incurred or may incur for goods and mer- chandise sold to him, or delivered at his request, by said H. B. Claflin < Co., their successors and assigns, upon credit or tor cash, or on note, or otherwise, without requiring any notice in respect thereto. This guarantee to be open and continuing, covering all interest on any such indebtedness, and also any costs ami expenses which may be incurred by H. B. Claflin & Co., their successors and assigns, in col- lecting. Further, it shall remain in full force until revoked by a written no- tice from me, provided, however, that my liability hereundt-r for pur- chases made shall not at any time exceed $,5,000. Witness my hand, and seal, I T->AX T TFT \T>T TTVTTXTTT New York, Jan. i, 1878. f DANIEL \ OLENTINE. DUE-BILLS. Form of Due-Bill Payable in Money. $100. ROCHESTER, N. Y., Oct. 2, 18 . Dae Walter P. Kimball or order, on demand, One Hundred dollars, value received. C. T. MARSH. Payable in Flour. $400. KALAMAZOO, MICH., Feb. i, 18 . Due on demand, to Sanford Burton, Four Hundred dollars, in Flour, at the market value when delivered. Value received. CHAS. H. WALKER. Payable in Money and Merchandise. $200. KEOKUK, IOWA, May 19, iS . Due, on the loth of June next, to A. B. Condit, or order," One Hun- dred dollars in cash, and One Hundred dollars in merchandise from our store. BELDEN, GREEN & CO. Payable in Merchandise. $20. WEST ARLINOTOX, YT., April Q, 18 . Due Wright Marsh, Twenty Dollars, in merchandise from our store. R. T. HURD & CO. RATES OF INTEREST, AND LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 143 STATE LAWS RELATING TO RATES OF INTEREST, AND PENALTIES FOR USURY. States and Territories. Legal Rate of Interest Rate allowed by Contract. Penalties for Usury. States and Territories. Legal Rate of Interest Rate allowed by Contract. Penalties for Usury. Alabama per cent .8 per cent. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of prin'l and int. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of principal. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of entire interest. Fine and imprisonment. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of entire interest. For. of ex. of int. above \i%. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of excess of int. For. of ex. of int. above 7#. No Usury Law in this state. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of entire interest. Montana per cent per cent. Any rate. 12 Forfeiture of entire interest. For. of thrice the ex. & costs Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of contract. Forfeiture of entire interest. For. of excess above 6$. For. of principal and int. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of excess of 'int. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of entire interest. Statutes of the State. Arizona IO Any rate. IO .. Nebraska . -. IO.. Arkansas 6 Nevada Any rate. --..6... California IO Any rate. Any rate. Any rate. 12 New Hampshire. New Jersey .. ...6.. Colorado -IO .'-..7 Connecticut Dakota --.6-- New Mexico 6 Any rate. ....7... ... 8 .. New York North Carolina . Ohio ...7.. ...6.. Delaware 6 6 Dist. of Columbia. Florida 6 IO ..6.. 8 8 Any rate. .--12... 24 Ontario, Canada. Oregon .. .6 Any rate. - 12 Georgia Idaho ...7-- IO-- IO Pennsylvania ...6.. .-..6... Illinois 6 -- IO- Quebec, Canada. Rhode Island ...6.. Any rate. Any rate. Any rate. -- IO Indiana 6 IO ...6 Iowa -.-6.. IO South Carolina. . Tennessee ...7.. . 6 Kansas . .. 8 12 Kentucky Louisiana . ...6.. e ... 8.-- 8 Texas .8 -12 Utah IO Any rate. ... 6 Maine 6 Any rate. 6 Vermont .6 Maryland 6 Virginia .6 6* e. Massachusetts .. .. 6.. Any rate. IO - Wash. Territory. West Virginia .. -.10.. ...6.. Any rat 6* Michigan . 7 Minnesota 7 12 Wisconsin 7 IO Mississippi- . 6 IO Wyoming -. .-12- . Any rate, lefined by Missouri ...6 .. ...10. .- * Except n cases ( STATE LAWS RELATING TO LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. LIMIT OF TIME IN WHICH ACTION MAY BE BROUGHT ON THE FOLLOWING : States and Territories. Assault and slander. Open Acc'ts. Notes. Judg- ment. Sealed and wit- nessed Instru- ments. States and Territories. Assault and slander. Open Acc'ts. Notes. Judg- ment. Sealed and wit- nessed Instru- ments. * Alabama Years. . . I . . Years. Years. ---6.. Years. 2O-. Years. IO Montana Nebraska . Years. ..-2-- I Years. ---5-- 4 . Years. .-IO-. \ r ears. --IO-. Years. -. 10-- IO-- Arkansas California. . I ... 3- 2 ---5-- -4. .-10.. c -_IO_. e Nevada . ,. 2 .2 4 _ -. 4-. Colorado . - I 6 6 1 New Hampshire New Jersey .. 2 ...6 ...6.. 2O . -.20 . Connecticut 6 .. 6 20 17 2 ^ 6 ...6.. 2O Dakota 2 6 ...6 20 2O New Mexico I .6 .-IO.. IO . IO- Delaware - 3 . 6 20 2O New York 2 -..6.. -..6.. 20 -.20.. District of Colum Florida bia I 3 3 12 12 North Carolina Ohio - 3t- ---3-- ---3-. --I5-- .. IO-- --IO-. -.15.- -.2 4 -- 5- 2O 2O Georgia I A 6 7 2O Ontario (U. Cans Oregon ida) 2 6 6 20 20 Idaho .. ... 2 2 .4 5 5 .2 --.6.. ...6.. --2O-. Illinois .. Indiana .. --.2.. ---5-- ...6.. --IO-. --2O-. ..20.. -2O-. ..IO-. ..20 Pennsylvania .- I- ...6 ...6.. ..2O-. --2O-. Quebec (L. Canada) Rhode Island .. .1,2. I. ---5-- 6 5-- ...6.. -.30-. --30-- ..2O-- Iowa 2 e IO 2O IO Kansas Kentucky Louisiana ...I.. I --3-- ...2.. -5 ---5-- --I5-- e. ---5-- --15-- IO --I5-- --I5-- 20 South Carolina -.2 .. 6 -..6.. ..2O-. -.2O-- Tennessee I.. .. 6.. ...6.. --IO-- ...6.- Texas .... I 2 4- --IO-. Maine 6 20* 20 20 Utah I 2. . -. 4-. - 5-- - Maryland I 3 3 12 12 Vermont 2 6 ..14*. ...8.. g Massachusetts 2 6 2O* 2O 2O Virginia I 5__ --IO-- ..so.. Michigan -. .. 6.. ...6.. ...6 IO. Washington Territory. - West Virginia ...2-- ---3-- --5 HI ...6.. ...6.. --IO-- .. 6-- --IO-. Minnesota .. . 2 6 6 IO" . 6 Mississippi I 3 6 7 7 ^^isconsin 2 6 .6 . . 20. . . . 20 . . Missouri ---5-- --IO-. . . 2O . . .-IO Wyoming ...I.. -..6.. --I5-- --I5-- --I5-- * Promissory notes in Massachusetts, Maine and Vermont barred in six years, unless signed by attesting witnesses, t Slander, 6 months. \ Slander, 6 years. 1 Store accounts, 2 years. J Seals abolished. Assault, 4 years. ||| Store accounts, 3 years. 144 HOW TO COMPUTE INTEREST. jRates of Interest. Showing Accumulations of Interest on Moneys for Days, Months and Years. HOW TO COMPUTE INTEREST ON ANY AMOUNT OF MONEY AT ANY RATE PER CENT. On the following page will be found several valuable Interest Tables, giving the principal legal rates of interest as adopted by the various States in the Union, and the means by which the interest, at any rate, on any amount of money, can be almost instantly computed. Explanation of Tables. By reference to the table on the following page, the time or number of days, months, and years, will be found at the top of the columns ; and the amount of money up- on which interest is comput- ed, in the left hand column. Thus : If we wish to find the interest on $ 1,108 tor one year, 3 months, and 29 days, at 7 per cent we trace from amounts towards the right, and from time, downwards ; resulting as shown in the accompanying example. lilt ?r'st c Int E n f 1000 f 100 8 1000 100 8 1000 100 8 erest on t XAMPLE. or 1 year at 7 per cent. $70.00 1 "7 " ' 7.00 ' 1 3 m'hs 3 " . 3 ., ' 29 days 29 " '29 " he Amoui 7 7 7 7 7 7 ' 7 ' it '. 17.50 1.75 14 5.64 56 05 ..8103.20 To find the interest for more than one year multiply by the number of years. For $20, $40, , etc., multiply the interest on $10, by 2, 4, and so on. The same rule applies for hundreds or thou- sands. The interest at five per cent is one-half of ten per cent ; hence, divide by 2. The interest at 12 per cent is double 6 per cent , hence, multiply by 2. Other rates will be found thus by division and multiplica- tion. =^>*^ro*^=*ot-^x>--p-o^tf=*o-t**o-o*D P TPdT !&* 145 *>J T^AT^T T?^ ffl? HHTvTTPT? ;; 1 AjjJjJLy \J \m Pa IN 1 JJ ? raLI^I .UJjgl. ;; " e=o~-c=o^ff?-o~-ffx>.-ff=o~*x>*-x>~o-o- INTEREST AT SIX PER CENT. DATS. MONTHS. Tear. 1234 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 234667 8 9 10 11 1 Am't INTEREST. $1 000 00000000 n r 000000 000000 11223844650 6 $2 00000000000000111 111111111111 1234567 8 9 10 11 12 t" 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 17 18 24 30 00000001 11111111111112222222 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 $0 00000111 11111111222222222222 8 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23 25 28 $G 00001111 11111222222222233833 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 42 48 64 60 6.00 $e 00001111 11122222222233333333 4 7 11 14 18 21 28 28 32 38 39 00011111 11222222233333333444 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 t $100 '00011111 22222223333333444444 6 9 14 18 23 27 32 36 41 46 60 00111111222222333333444444686 610152028303540456058 235 7 -8 10 12 IS 15 17 18 20 22 23 25 27 28 30 32 33 35 37 38 40 42 43 46 47 48 SO 1.00 1.60 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.80 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 $1.000 17 33 50 07 83 1.00 1.17 1.33 1.60 1.67 1 83 2.00 2.17 2.33 2.50 2.07 2.83 300 3.17 3.33 3.50 3.07 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.07 4.83 6.00 10.CO 16.00 20.00 25 00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 60.00 88.00 60.00 INTEREST AT SEVEN PER CENT. DATS. MONTHS. Tear. 1234 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 234567 8 9 10 11 1 Am't INTEREST. $1 1-1223446666 7 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 21 00000000' 11 111111 111111 112222 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16 18 19 $4 $5 3 6 9 12 16 18 20 23 26 29 32 36 _J 0000 1 11122222222233333383 42 49 0001 1 11222222233333334444 4 8 12 16 20 28 29 33 37 41 45 $8 0001 1 22222223333384444446 6 9 14 19 23 28 33 37 42 47 61 66 $10 Jion $1.000 6 12 18 23 29 35 41 47 83 68 64 70 7.00 246 8 10 12 1 16 18 19 21 23 26 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 61 53 64 50 68 1.17 1.75 2.33 2.92 3.50 4.08 4.67 6.25 6.83 6.42 19 39 58 78 97 1.17 1.36 1.86 1.75 1.94 2.14 2.33 2.63 2.72 2.92 3.11 8.31 3.50 3.69 3.89 4.08 4.28 4.47 4.07 4.86 5.06 5.25 5.44 5.04 6.83 11.67 17.50 23.33 29.17 38.00 40.83 46.67 62.80 88.33 64.17 70.00 INTEREST AT EIGHT PER CENT. DATS. MONTHS. Tear. 123 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 29 1234567 8 9 10 11 1 Am't INTEREST. $2 11288 45-6 677 8 16 _J 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 8 6 8 11 13 16 19 21 24 27 29 24 32 40 48 56 0000 11111112222222223333388 8 7 10 13 17 20 23 27 80 83 -87 $0 0001 11111222222233338338444 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 $7 0001 11122222223333334444445 6 9 14 19 23 28 33 37 42 47 61 $8 $0 $10 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 06 80 8.00 0011 22222333344444556666666 7 13 20 27 33 40 47 63 60 67 73 $100 247 9 11 13 16 18 20 22 24 27 29 31 33 36 38 40 42 44 47 49 61 63 66 58 00 62 64 67 1.83 2.00 2.67 333 4.00 4.67 6.33 6.00 6.67 7.33 $1.000 22 44 67 89 1.11 1.33 1.56 1.78 2.O, 2.22 2.44 2.07 2.89 3.11 3.33 3.56 3.78 4.00 4.22 4.44 4.67 4.89 5.11 5.33 5.56 5.78 6.00 6.22 6.44 6.67 13.33 20.00 26.67 33.33 40.00 40.07 53.33 GO.OC 66.67 73.33 RUM INTEREST AT TEN PER CENT. DATS. MONTHS. Tear. 1234 66 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 J4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 1234667 8 9 10 11 1 Am t INTEREST. Jl 00000000000000000111111 111111 12834567 880 10 t? $3 00000 00111111111111111111222 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 17 18 20 00000 1111111111222222222222 3 5 8 10 IS 16 18 20 23 26 28 8 7 10 13 17 20 23 27 80 33 27 4 8 IS 17 21 25 29 S3 38 42 46 ~?| $8 01111 28233334444666666667777 6 12 18 23 29 36 41 47 83 58 64 7 13 20 27 33 40 47 63 60 67 78 8 15 23 80 38 45 83 60 68 75 83 70 80 90 $11 01111 22333344446666666777888 8 17 28 83 42 50 68 67 75 83 92 1.00 $1K 368 11 14 1 19 22 25 28 81 33 36 89 42 44 47 60 53 58 63 61 64 67 69 72 75 78 81 83 1.67 2.60 8.33 4.17 5.00 6.83 6.67 7.60 8.33 9.17 10.00 100.00 jl pO| 28 50 83 1.11 1.39 1.0 1.514 2.22 2.50 2.78 3.00 3.33 8.61 3.89 4.17 4.44 4.72 5.00 6.28 6.56 6.83 6.11 6.39 6.67 6.94 7.22 7.50 7.78 8.06 8.33 16.67 25.00 33.33 41.67 60.00 58.33 66.67 76.00 83.33 91 67 10 BANK FOKMS. BANK FORMS. Importance of Keeping a Bank Account. 'O business men or women, the keep- ing of a bank account is a matter of rery considerable convenience, as well as pecuniary benefit. If much business is done, money is constantly accumulating, which is easily depos- ited, and is usually more secure from burglary in a reliable bank than elsewhere. It is true that money will sometimes be lost, through the rob- bery or failure of a bank ; but of all the chances for loss which business people have to contend with, that by failure of banks is the least ; while it is found that the practice of depositing each day's accumulations in a bank, having the same in readiness to draw whenever wanted, as a whole, works greatly to the advantage of people doing a large amount of business. Of course, where the deposits are large, and the rates of interest are good, the banker is considerably benefited by having the use of the money. Bankers, however, realize their indebt- edness to the customer, and in various ways, through their acquaintance and influence with wealthy men, often render such aid to their patrons in a time of need, as enables them to carry forward certain enterprises that would be found oftentimes very difficult to accomplish without such aid. If it is intended, when depositing money m a bank, to allow the same to remain for several weeks or months, the banker will usually give the person so depositing a " Certificate of De- posit ; " if, however, it is desired to draw the money out frequently, while daily, perhaps, adding more, the banker will present the depos- itor with a Pass Book, a Check Book, and De- posit Tickets. The Deposit Ticket is a blank form, which the customer will fill up, indicating when, as well as the amount, and kind of funds deposited. The following exhibits the form of a deposit ticket. That printed in Roman type represents the printed matter on the same ; the wording in script illustrates what is written by the depositor , thus : Deposit Ticket. IDfpOSttrt in THIRD NATIONAL BANK, BY J^/e&'tfve ^mi^S s NEW YOKK, (jtttte g 1873. & Currency ... $3 } oCO 2,500 Chucks ........ . 2,000 500 $3,000 The Pass Book. The Pass Book is a memorandum book, in which the receiving teller of a bank enters the date and amount of deposits. On the opposite page is shown the amounts drawn out. From time to time a balance is struck, showing the amount of deposits then in bank. The follow- ing shows the ordinary form of keeping the bank account : Dr. THIKD NATIONAL BANK IN ac. WITH GKOIHJE SMITH. Cr. 1873. June 8 " lO ' 15 July 7 " SO Aug. 7 To Cash Balance 8.000 1,400 3(10 150 5,000 1873. Aug. 7 I'.ahi BVo ace . ich's ret'd 800 400 5(iO 1.010 3,000 9,079 10 15 75 14,850 14,850 8,079 75 The Check Book is a book of blank orders, or checks as they are called, with a margin on which to make a memorandum of date, amount, and to whom the check is given. When the check is filled, it goes to the bank where the individual giving the check deposits money, while the memorandum remains in the book. An idea of the check book may be obtained from the folio wine: : BANK FORMS. 147 Form of a Check Book. -^ No. 1. No. 2. S -dCC. No. 4. o*&enc&e4i-ei4^ or Order, / (./n.u.-Md.-a&tfi "_ - ^iPft Dollars, $3.000. J^a^f. BILLS OF EXCHANGE. A Bill of Exchange is an order addressed to some person at a distance, directing him to pay a certain amount to the person in whose favor the bill is drawn, or to his order. A merchant in Chicago, owing a sum of money for goods to a merchant in London, instead of remitting money or goods to the amount of the debt, goes into the bank and buys from the banker, who keeps an account in London, a bill of exchange for the amount, and sends it to his creditor ; in this way the creditor gets payment from a person in his own city, generally a banker, who keeps an account with some American banker for the purpose of paying such drafts. Letters of Credit have come largely into use, of late years, with tourists abroad, though Bills of Exchange are yet frequently used by per- sons who wish to travel in foreign countries. Thus, if A, an American, wishes to travel over Europe, he estimates the expense of the journey, and finds it to be, perhaps $3,000. To cariy this with him, in gold, would be unsafe and troublesome. He, therefore, goes to a ban- ker and gets a bill of exchange for a thousand dollars, which is the amount he thinks he may require while in England. The banker also having money deposited in - Paris, perhaps, and also in Vienna, he takes a bill for a thousand on a bank in each of those places. With these bills in his possession, he commences his journey, with only money in his pocket sufficient to pay the incidental expenses of the trip, and draws on the London, Paris, and Vienna bankers as occasion requires. The object of this arrange- ment is to secure travelers against loss, the bankers affording this accommodation to mer- chants and travelers for a percentage, which is paid them when they sell the bill of exchange. In issuing these bills of exchange, it is cus- tomary for the banker to issue a set of two or three, worded nearly alike. One of these is kept by the purchaser, to be presented by him to the foreign banker, the other two are trans- mitted by mail, at different times, to the same bank. Thus, if the first bill is lost, the second or third, that go by mail, will still be available, and the holder can obtain the money without being subjected to the delay of writing to America for another bill. These bills are worded as follows : Set of Foreign Bills of Exchange. 1 Chicago, III., July 10, 18 . Exchange for ) .200. \ Sixt y dflyg a ^ ter Si(/Mi of this our FIRST OF EXCHANGE isecond and third of the same tenor and date un- tmiil ), ;>!/ to the order of Abel Cumminys, Two Hundred Pounds Sterling, value re- ceived, and charge the same to Henry Greenebaum & Co. To the Union Dank of London, \ No. 840. London, Eng. J Exchange for | ). J Chicago, July 10, 18 . 200. our SECOND OF EXCHANGE (first and third of the same tenor and date unpaid), pay to the order of Abel Vummings, Two Hundred Pounds Sterling, value received, and charge the same, without further adHce, to Henry Greenebaum 6 Co. To the Union Bank of London, ) No. 840. London, Eng. \ 3 Chicago, July 10, 18 . Exchange for ) 2OO. ) sixty days after sight, of this our THIRD OF KXCHANGK(./irs and second of the same tenor and date unpaid}, pay to the order of Abel Cummings, Two Hundred Pounds Sterling, value received, and charge the same, without further advice, to Henry Greenebaum &* Co. To the Union Bank of London, ) No. 840. London, Eng. ) DRAFTS. A draft may properly be called an inland bill of exchange. It is customary for the bankers in all large cities, to make deposits with bankers in other large cities, and also for the banks in the interior towns to make deposits with some one bank in the nearest metropolis. Thus, the bankers of Milwaukee, Chicago, and St. Louis, have deposits in New York, so that any person wishing to pay a certain sum of money to another person, East, has only to step into a bank and purchase a draft for the amount on New York, which he sends by mail to the creditor, who can usually gefc the amount the draft calls for, at the nearest bank. The banker, as with bills of exchange, charges a certain commission to pay him for his trouble, which is termed " Exchange." There being less liability to lose these inland bills, only one is usually issued. The merchant in the interior town, or other person, wishing to send money to Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, or any other BANK DRAFTS. 149 large city, can generally buy, of their home bank, drafts, thus, on the nearest metropolis, by the payment of the exchange. The object in purchasing a draft is to avoid the danger of loss when sending money from one part of the country to another. Such form is worded as follows, and is known as a bank draft. Form of a Bank Draft. u fo J/te oiaei o/ DUPLICATE UNPAID. C/? f '. n making collections of money, drafts are frequently used, which are usually sent through the banks. A sight draft is used where the person upon whom it is drawn is expected to pay the debt immediately. In the time draft the same is made payable in a certain number of days. Sight Draft, $400. CINCINNATI, O., June 10, 18. At sight, pay to the order of nigghiH & Co., Four Hun- dred dollars, value received, and charge the same to our account. To B. L. SMITII, Milwaukee, Wis. POLLOK BROS. & CO. Time Draft. $50. MEMPHIS, TENN., April 4, 18. Thirty claya after date, pay to the order of Cobh & Co., Fifty dollars, value received, and charge to our account. To IlAUMON, MosiiEii & Co., A. B. MOORE & CO. Buffalo, N. Y. Acceptance. The acceptance of a draft is effected by the drawee, or the person upon whom the same is drawn, if he consents to its payment, writing across the face of the draft, thus : " Accepted, June 12, 1873. B. L. Smith." LAWS OF GRACE ON SIGHT DRAFTS. Grace on Sight Drafts following States : Alabama, Arkansas, Dakota, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, is ALLOWED in the Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Canada. Grace on Sight Drafts the following States f California, Colorado. Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, IS NOT ALLOWED 111 Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia. 150 IForms of ^Book-Keeping, RULES, DIRECTIONS, AND FORMS FOR KEEPING BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. VERY person haying occasion to keep an account with others, is greatly benefited by a knowledge of book-keeping. There are two systems of keep- Ing books in use: one known as SINGLE ENTRY; the other, as DOUBLE ENTRY. In this chapter it is the design to give simply an outline of Single Entry, a method of keeping books which answers every purpose with the majority of people, besides being a system so plain and simple as to be readily comprehended. The books used in Single Entry are generally a Day-book, In which are recorded each day's sale of goods, or labor performed, and money, service, or goods received; and a Ledger, In which the sum total of each transaction is put in its proper place, so arranged as to show, on a brief examination, how the account stands. These books, of different sizes, may be found at the bookstores ; though, in case of necessity, they can easily be made with a few sheets of foolscap paper, ruled as here- after shown. Persons having many dealings with customers should use a Day- book, in which is written each transaction; these being afterwards transferred to the Ledger. Where, however, accounts are few, the ac- count may be made complete in the Ledger, as shown in several forms on the following page. In making charges in a book and giving credit, it is necessary to keep clearly in mind whether the person of whom we write gives or receives. If the individual gives he is a creditor, which is designated by the abbre- viation, Cr. If the person receives, he is a Debtor, the sign lor which is Dr. In the passage from the creditor to the debtor of any article, we get the word " To," with which the creditor commences the ac- count. In the reception by a debtor of an article from a creditor, we get the word " By." The following forms show the manner of keeping an account by Ar- thur Williams, a merchant, with Chas. B. Strong, a farmer, who buys goods and settles his bills, usually, at the end of every month ; in the meantime taking to the store various kinds of produce, for which the merchant gives credit according to the market value. Mr. Williams keeps two books, a Day-book and Ledger. DAY BOOK. It Chas. B. Strong, Dr. To I lb. Tea, $1.25 " 10 " Sugar, icv. i.oo Chas. B. Strong, Dr. To 20 Yds. Calico, loc. 2.00 " I Scoop Shovel, 1.25 Cr. By 2 Bu. Potatoes, 8oc. 1. 60 "\oLbs.Butier, z^c. 2.50 80 Chas. B. Strong, Dr. To I Pr. Rubber Boots, Per D. Wilcox, 7.00 7 oo 84 Chas. B. Strong, Cr. By Cash, to Balance Accotmt, 840 LEDGER. i. 66 JO 34 30 30 3$ JO 40 JO Remarks Concerning the Ledger. S will be seen by the example in the Ledger, the first column contains months; second, day of the month; third, "To D" means To Day-book. In the fourth column, the 14, 38, and 80 refer to the No. of the page in the Day-book which by reference fully explains the transaction. The fifth and sixth columns contain the totals of each purchase or sale as recorded in the Day-book. The Ledger should have an index in the first part which, under the head of S, will contain "Strong, Chas. B.," opposite which is the number 66, showing that Strong's account may be found on page 66 of the Ledger. When the account is balanced and closed, a sloping line is drawn down the space containing the least writing and double lines are made beneath the totals, indicating that the account is "closed." The Day-Book. In the foregoing example only Chas. B. Strong's account is shown on a page of the Day-book. .This is, however, a long book usually, each page being of sufficient length to contain the accounts of several customers. At the top of each page, the day of the week, day of the month, and year, should always be written. If the day's entries com- mence in the middle of the page, write the day of the week and day of the month dis- tinctly above the first, and thus at the beginning of each day's entries. When the total of the entry on the Day-book is transferred to the Ledger, the No. of the page in the Ledger where the account is kept, is placed beside the entry In the Day-book, which shows that the account has been "posted" to the Ledger. FORMS OF ACCOUNTS ACCORDING TO ESTABLISHED RULES OF BOOK-KEEPING. 151 Importance of Book-Keeping. TRANCE as it may seem, there are but very few peo- ple who can keep the simplest form of account cor- rectly. Most in- dividuals are ev- idently deterred from learning correct forms, from the supposition that the art of book-keeping is difficult to master. The fact is, however, all the book- keeping necessary to be understood by people having few accounts, is very easily learned, as will be seen by studying, for a little time, the accompanying forms. The importance of this know- ledge cannot be over-estimated. THE MERCHANT who is successful in business, keeps his accounts in a form so condensed and clear, that his assets and lia- bilities can be determined in a few minutes of examination. THE FARMER who would be prosperous keeps his books in such a manner, that he can tell at a glance what product is most profitable to raise, what he owes, and what is due him from any source. THE MECHANIC who keeps himself free from litiga- tion, and conducts his business successfully, has his dealings all clearly expressed in his accounts, and settles with his customers, if possible, once a month. THZ TREASURER of an association, whose accounts are clear, explicit, and correct, is justly appreciated for the evident honesty of the financial exhibit, and is selected for other places of responsibility and trust. THE HOUSEKEEPER who avoids misunderstandings with her servants, has her account writ- ten so clearly that no mistake is made, and no ill feeling is thus en- gendered in her settlements. ALL PERSONS, in short, who have occasion to keep accounts with others, should have a plain condensed form, which will show at a glance how the account stands. The accompanying forms show the correct methods of keeping accounts in the Ledger, according to the established principles of book-keeping by Single Entry. Farmer's Account with the Merchant. Chas. B. Strong, having but few accounts, requires only the Ledger in which to keep them. He records his transactions with the merchant as follows: Dr. ARTHUR WILLIAMS. Cr. 1875 July To 2 Bu. Potatoes, 80c. " 10 Lbs. Butter, 25c. " CASH, TO BALANCE, 1875. July. By 1 Lb. Tea, " 10 " Sugar, " 20 Yds. Calico, " 1 Scoop Shorel, " 1 Pair Rubber Boots, lOc. lOc. Farmer's Account with Hired Man. A Memorandum in the back part of the Ledger should state the contract between the farmer and hired man. The Ledger shows how the account stands. Dr. HENRY WELLS. Cr. 1875 April May July Sept. To 1 Pair of Boots, " Wm. Wells, for Clothing, " R. R. Ticket, to Boston, " Cash, " NOTB AT 3 MOS. TO BAL. 1875. July Aug. Sept. 31 By 4 Months Labor at 16.00 " 2 10.00 " 8 Days " " 1.00 92 (>D Farmer's Account with Crops. That the farmer may know the profit on any of his crops, he may keep an account as follows. In like manner, an account may be kept with any enterprise. Dr. Acc't with Cornfield ; 16 Acres. Cr. 1876. 1876. May 4 10 To 6 Days Plowing, 2.50 ' 2 " H arrowing, 2.00 15 4 00 00 Oct. 12 18 By Stalks for Fodder, " Husksfor Unix. 30 20 00 00 a 14 25 ' 3 Bu. Seed Corn, 50 ' 2 Days Cultivating, 2.00 1 4 50 00 1877. Mar. M 15 " 800 Bushels Corn, 50c. 8 400 00 00 Ih " 2 " " 2.00 4 00 Sept. 12 "10 " Cutting, 1.00 10 00 Nov. 2 " Husking and Cribbing, 30 00 ./"^ 1877. jr Mar. 4 " Shelling 800 Bushels, 38 00 May 15 4 " Cost of Taking to Market, " Interest on the Land, 32 51 00 20 // " 4 " PROFITS ON THB CROP, 270 30 ./x 458 00 /; 458" 00 Blacksmith's Account with Farmer where Day-book and Ledger are Kept. When the account Is not settled at the end of the month, it may be "closed," and the balance carried over into the next month, as follows: Dr. JAMES H. WATSON. Cr. 1874. * 1874. * Aug. 18 24 To Shoeing 2 Horses, " Repairing Wagon, " Slioeing Horse, " Mending Shovel, 7 11 15 17 4 10 2 00 00 00 50 50 Aug. Sept. 12 24 By 4 Btt. Potatoes, 60c. " 6 " Apples, 50c. " 1 Ton Hay, " BAL. TO NEW Ace., 7 14 15 2 3 7 4 16 40 00 00 10 50 Sept. 1 9 15 To BAL. BRO'T DOWN, " Repairing Reaper, " Ironing Wagon, 30 4 8 17 ~nr 00 00 Sept. 8 17 8(1 By 20 Lbs. Butter, 20c. " 2 Crfs. Wood, 7.00 " CASH, TO BALANCE, 29 34 50 14 11 0(f 00 10 29 10 29 10 ' The figures in this column refer to the number of the page in the Daj-book ; a book in which should be fullj recorded ech djr's tran ucti Book-Keepins for Housekeepers. The following form of account, with the servant, is appli- cable to all domestic affairs; such as accounts with grocerymen, boarders, etc. Dr. MRS. ELLEN STRONG. Cr. 1873. 1873. June 17 To 8 Yds. Cotton Cloth, lOc. 80 June. 7 liy Washing and Ironing, 1 50 " 24 " Cash, V5 * 14 " 11 iisliiini mill Cleaning, f, 00 " 27 " 4 pairs Stockings, 25c. 1 00 > 81 " Cleaning lI'iiK/dir.s-, 3 00 " 2S " CASH, TO BALANCE? 5 45 " as " Washing and Ironing, 1 50 8 00 8 00 Book-Keepins for Treasurers and Others. Treasurers of Societies are shown the correct method of keeping their accounts in the following form: Dr. Salem Lyceum in Acc't with Wm. Brown. Ci. 1872. Jan'y Mar. .1 III-H Dec. 6 Months Rent of Hall, 2 Tons of Coal, 10.00 Lecture by J. Webb, Gas, 6 Months Rent of Hall, BALANCE ON HANJ>, 1872. Jan. Mar. tfov. Dec. By Cash from Last Year, " Dues, " Initiation Fees, " Dues 33 s r,o 152 ORDERS RECEIPTS. ORDERS. For Money. dL*t f . 6>V, .OS, = J.t-0 70 Xi t, <& -e tit -fi^^d. 154 LEGAL FORMS. legal ^Business itForms FORMS OF ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, BONDS, BILLS OF SALE, DEEDS, LEASES, MORTGAGES, RELEASES, WILLS, ETC., ETC. Articles of Agreement. N agreement is virtually a contract, by which a certain person, or per- sons, agrees or contracts to perform certain duties within a specified time. It is of much importance, in all matters upon which may arise a difference of opinion, or misunder- standing, that contracts be reduced very ex- plicitly to writing, thereby frequently saving the parties to the contract, a long and expensive law-suit. No particular form is necessary. Agreements should show that they are made for a reasonable consideration, else they are void in law. Agreements, the provisions of which, are not to be fulfilled within one year from the time of making the same, .should be in writing. While a signature, or marks, written with a pencil, if proven by witnesses, are good in law, it is always safest to execute the contract with pen and ink. A discovery of fraud, or misrepresentation by one party to the agreement, or changing of the date, renders the contract void. Every agreement should state most distinctly the time within which its conditions are to be complied with. Copies of an agreement should always be pre- pared in duplicate, and each party to the agree- ment should retain a copy. General Form of Agreement. THIS AGREEMENT, made the First day of August, 18 , be- tween Isaac E. Hill, of Irish Grove, County of Alchison, State of Missouri, of the first part, and Yard Blevins, of the same place, of the second part WITNESSETH, that the said Isaac E. Hill, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Yard Blevins, that he will deliver, in good and marketable condition, at the village of Corning, Mo., during the month of September, of this year, One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of September, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty- first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of September. And the said Yard Blevins, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said Isaac E. Hill, to pay for said hay six dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as de- livered. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties here- to, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hundred Dollars as fixed and set- tled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. ISAAC E. HILL, YARD BLEVINS. LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS AGREEMENTS. 155 Articles of Agreement for Warranty Deed. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, made this seventh day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sev- enty-three, between Luther Henderson, of Sandy Hill, Wash- ington County, State of New York, party of the first part, and William W. Stewart, of Jamaica, County of Windham, State of Vermont, party of the second part WITNESSETH, that said party of the first part hereby cove- nants and agrees, that if the party of the second part shall first make the payment and perform the covenants hereinafter men- tioned on his part to be made and performed, the said party of the first part will convey and assure to the party of the second part, in fee simple, clear of all incumbrances whatever, by a good and sufficient Warranty Deed, the following lot, piece, or parcel of ground, viz : The west fifty-five (55) feet of the north half of lot number six (6), in block number three (3), Whit- ford's Addition to Chicago, as recorded at Chicago, Cook County, Illinois. And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and agrees to pay to said party of the first part the sum of One Thousand Dollars, in the manner following : Three Hundred Dollars, cash in hand paid, the receipt whereof is heieby ac- knowledged, and the balance in three annual payments, as fol- lows, viz : Two Hundred Dollars, June 7, 1874 ; Two Hundred Dollars, June 7, 1875 ; and Three Hundred Dollars, June 7, 1876; with interest at the rate of ten per centum, per annum, payable on the dates above specified, annually, on the whole sum remaining from time to time unpaid, and to pay all taxes, assessments, or impositions, that may be legally levied or im- posed upon said land, subsequent to the year 1873. And in case of the failure of the said party of the second part to make either of the payments, or perform any of the covenants on his part hereby made and entered into, this contract shall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and deter- mined, and the party of the second part shall forfeit all pay- ments made by him on this contract, and such payments shall be retained by the said party of the first part, in full satisfac- tion and in liquidation of all damages by him sustained, and he shall have the right to re-enter and take possession of the premises aforesaid, with all the improvements and appurte- nances thereon, paying said Wm. W. Stewart the appraised value of said improvements and appurtenances ; said appraise- ment to be made by three arbitrators, one being chosen by each of the said parties, the other being chosen by the first two. It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein contained shall extend to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of the respective parties. In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have here- unto set their hands and seals, the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed, and I J *- LUTHER HENDERSON, delivered in pre- I sence of f \yM. W. STEWART. HARTLY D. WELLS. 1 Agreement with Clerk for Services. THIS AGREEMENT, made this fourteenth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, between Thomas Babcock of Ohio City, County of Cuyahoga, State of Ohio, party of the first part, and Perley White of Cleveland, County of Cuyahoga, State of Ohio, party of the second part WITNESSETH, that said Perley White agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Thomas Babcock, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time, he, the said White, in the store of said Babcock, of Ohio City, will care- fully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Babcock. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said White, the said Babcock agrees to pay to said White the annual sum of twelve hundred dollars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month ; pro- vided that all dues for days of absence from business by said White, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agree- ment due and payable by the said Babcock to the said White. Witness our hands. THOMAS BABCOCK, PERLEY WHITE. Agreement for Building a House. THIS AGREEMENT, made the tenth day of April, one thous- and eight hundred and seventy-two, between Jesse Perry of Germantown, County of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, of the first part, and Abijah Howe, of the same town, county, and State, of the second part WITNESSETH, that the said Jesse Perry, party of the first part, for considerations hereinafter named, contracts and agrees with the said Abijah Howe, party of the second part, his heirs, assigns, and administrators, that he, the said Perry, will, within one hundred and twenty days, next following this date, in a good and workmanlike manner, and according to his best skill, well and substantially erect and finish a dwelling house on lot num- ber six, in block number nine, in Solomon's addition to Ger- mantown, facing on Talpehocken Street, which said house is to be of the following dimensions, with brick, stone, lumber, and other materials, as are described in the plans and specifications hereto annexed. {Here describe the house, material for construction, and plans in full.] In consideration of which, the said Abijah Howe does, for himself and legal representatives, promise to the said Jesse Perry, his heirs, executors, and assigns, to pay, or cause to be paid, to the said Perry, or his legal representatives, the sum of Eight Thousand Dollars, in manner as follows, to-wit : One Thousand dollars at the beginning of said work, one thousand dollars on the fifteenth clay of May next, one thousand dollars 156 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS AGREEMENTS, BILLS OF SALE. on the first day of June next, two thousand dollars on the first day of July next, and the remaining two thousand dollars when the work shall be fully completed. It is also agreed that the said Jesse Perry, or his legal rep- resentatives, shall furnish, at his or their own expense, all doors, blinds, glazed sash, and window frames, according to the said plan, that may be necessary for the building of said house. It is further agreed that in order to be entitled to said pay- ments (the first one excepted, which is otherwise secured), the said Jesse Perry, or his legal representatives, shall, according to the architect's appraisement, have expended, in labor and material, the value of said payments, on the house, at time of payment. For failure to accomplish the faithful performance of the agreements aforesaid, the party so failing, his heirs, executors, or assigns, agrees to forfeit and pay to the other party, or his legal representatives, the penal sum of Fifteen Hundred Dol- lars, as fixed and settled damages, within one month from the time of so failing. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, the year and day first above written. JESSE PERRY, ABIJAII HOWE. Agreement for Sale and Delivery of Personal Property. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, made this eighteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sev- enty-three, between Arthur Belden, of Salem, Washington County, New York, party of the first part, and Lemuel Bald- win, of Jackson, Washington County, New York, party of the second part WITNESSETH, That the said party of the first part hereby covenants and agrees, that if the party of the second part shall first make the payments and perform the covenants hereinafter mentioned on his part to be made and performed, the said party of the second part will, on or before the first day of August next, deliver, in a clean and marketable condition, twelve hundred pounds of wool, of his own production, at the wool house of Barnard & Cline, in Albany, New York. And the said party of the second part heieby covenants and agrees to pay to said party of the first part the sum of fifty-five cents per pound, in the manner following : one hundred dollars cash in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowl- edged, and the balance at the time of delivery of said wool. And in case of the failure of the said party of the second part to make either of the payments, or perform any of the cove- nants on his part hereby made and enteied into, this contract shall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and determined, and the party of the second part shall forfeit all payments made by him on this contract, and such payments shall be retained by the said parly of the first part in full sat- isfaction and in liquidation of all damages by him sustained, and he shall have the right to take possession of said wool, re- move, and sell the same elsewhere as he may deem for his interest. It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein contained, shall extend to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of the respective parties. In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have here- unto set their hands, the day and year first above written. ARTHUR BELDEN, LEMUEL BALDWIN. BILLS OF SALE. A Bill of Sale is a written agreement by which a party transfers to another, for a con- sideration on delivery, all his right, title, and interest in personal property. The ownership of personal property, in law, is not considered changed until the delivery of such property, and the purchaser takes actual possession ; though in some States a bill of sale is primd facie evidence of ownership, even against creditors, provided the sale was not fraudulently made, for the purpose of avoiding the payment of debts. Juries have power to determine the fairness or unfairness of a sale, and upon evidence of fraud such bill of sale will be ignored, and de- clared void. Common Form of Bill of Sale. KNOW ALL MEN by this instrument, that I, Philetus Howe of Middlebury, Vermont, of the first part, for and in consideration of Four Hundred and Fifty Dollars, to me paid by Charles Rose of the same place, of the second part, the re- ceipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Rose, party of the second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns, my undivided half of twenty acres of grass, now growing on the farm of Lo- renzo Pease, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of mules, ten swine, and three cows, belonging to me, and in my posses- sion at the farm aforesaid : to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns, forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and seventy. P1IILETUS HOWE. LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS BONDS. 157 Bill of Sale of Personal Property. KNOW ALL MEN by these presents, that I, John T. Hall, of Montgomery, Alabama, planter, in consideration of Six Hundred and Seventy-five Dollars ($675) to me in hand paid by Oscar D. Scott, of Montgomery, Alabama, the receipt where- of is hereby acknowledged, do hereby bargain, sell, and deliver unto the said Oscar D. Scott, the following property, to-wit Four mules @ $125 $500 Two sets Harness @ $20 40 Two Farm Wagons @$35- 70 One Corn Planter @ $20. -- 20 Three Plows @ $15 45 Total $675 To have and to hold the said goods and chattels unto the said Oscar D. Scott, his executors, administrators, and assigns, to his own proper use and benefit forever. And I, the said John T. Hall, do avow myself to lie the true and lawful owner of said goods and chattels ; that I have full power, good right, and lawful authority to dispose of said goods and chattels in man- ner as aforesaid ; and that I will, and my heirs, executors, and administrators, shall Warrant and Defend the said bargained goods and chattels unto the said Oscar D. Scott, his executors, administrators, and assigns, from and against the lawful claims and demands of all persons. In witness whereof, I, the said John T. Hall, have hereto set my hand this first day of April, in the year of our Lord, Eighteen Hundied and Seventy-three. JOHN T. HALL. BONDS. A Bond is a written admission of an obliga- tion on the part of the maker, whereby he pledges himself to pay a certain sum of money to another person or persons, at a certain speci- fied time, for some bona fide consideration. The person giving the bond is termed the obligor ; the person receiving the same is called the obligee. A bond, as defined above, is a single bond ; but generally conditions are added to the bond, whereby the person giving the same must per- form some specific act or acts, in which case the bond becomes void ; otherwise it remains in full force and effect. The penalty attached to the bond is usually sufficient to cover debt, interest, and costs, be- ing generally placed at a sum twice the amount of the real debt, the fact being stated that such penalty is the sum fixed upon as liquidated or settled damages, in event of failure to meet payments according to conditions of the bond. The bond may be so drawn as to have the penalty attach and appertain to either the obli- gor or obligee. Though, under ordinary circumstances, the bond is in full effect, yet an act of Providence, whereby its accomplishment is rendered impos- sible, relieves the party obligated from an .en- forcement of the penalty. Action on such instrument must be brought within twenty years after right of action ac- crues, or within such time as provided by the statutes of the different States. Common Form of Bond. KNOW ALL MEN by this instrument, that I, Jonas Clayton of Wilmington, Hanover County, State of North Carolina, am firmly bound unto Henry Morse of the place aforesaid, in the sum of one thousand dollars, to be paid to the said Henry Morse, or his legal representatives ; to which payment, to be made, I bind myself, or my legal representatives, by this in- strument. Sealed with my seal, and dated this first day of July, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three. The condition of this bond is such that, if I, Jonas Clayton, my heirs, administrators, or executors, shall promptly pay the sum of five hundred dollars in three equal annual payments from the date hereof, with annual interest, then the above ob- ligation to be of no effect ; otherwise to be in full force and valid. Sealed and delivered in 1 presence of \ JONAS CLAYTON, GEORGE DOWNING > . J Bond of Cashier of a Bank. KNOW ALL MEN by this instrument, that I, Nathaniel How- ard of the town of San Antonio, County of Bexar, and State of Texas, am firmly bound to the First National Bank corpo- ration of said town, county, and state, in the sum of One hun- dred thousand dollars, to be paid to the First National Bank corporation, or assigns, aforementioned ; for which payment I bind myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, by this instrument. Sealed with my seal, and dated this third day of February, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two. Whereas, the above bounden Nathaniel Howard has been appointed Cashier of the First National Bank of San Antonio, aforementioned, by reason whereof, various sums of money, goods, valuables, and other property, belonging to said Bank corporation, will come into his custody ; 158 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS BONDS, CHATTEL MORTGAGES. Therefore, the condition of the above bond is such, that, if the said Nathaniel Howard, his executors or administrators, at the expiration of his time of service to said Bank, upon request to him or them made, shall deliver unto the said Bank corpo- ration, or their agent, or their attorney, a correct account of all sums of money, goods, valuables, and other property, as it comes into his custody, as Cashier of said Bank, and shall pay and deliver to his successor in office, or any other person au- thorized to receive the same, all balances, sums of money, goods, valuables, and other property, which shall be in his hands, and due by him to said Bank corporation ; and if the said' Nathaniel Howard shall justly, honestly, and faithfully, in all matters, serve the said Bank corporation as Cashier, during his continuance in such capacity, then the above obligation to be of no effect ; otherwise to remain valid and in full force. ' Signed, sealed, and de- | ^^ livered in presence of I NATHANIEL HOWARD. -<[i . s.]>- VY* JOHN STODDARD. J Bond to a Corporation. KNOW ALL MEN by these presents, that I, Cornelius Burr, 6f West Chester, Chester County, State of Pennsylvania, am firmly bound unto the Chester County Beet Sugar Manufactur- ing Company, in the sum of Twenty Thousand dollars, to be paid to the said Company, or their assigns, for which payment to be made, I bind myself and representatives firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal, and dated this August first, eighteen hundred and seventy. The condition of the above bond is such that, if I, the said Cornelius Burr, my heirs, administrators, or assigns, shall pay unto the said Chester County Beet Sugar Manufacturing Com- pany, or assigns, Ten Thousand dollars, in two equal payments, viz. : Five Thousand dollars January first, 1871, and Five Thou- sand dollars July first next following, with accrued interest, then the above to be void ; otherwise to remain in full force and effect. Sealed and delivered in 1 presence of I CORNELIUS BURR. CHARLI.S ROYCE. CHATTEL MORTGAGES. A Chattel Mortgage is a mortgage on person- al property, given by a debtor to a creditor, as security for the payment of a sum or sums that may be due. The mortgaged property may remain in the possession of either party, while such mortgage is in force. In order to hold the property secure against other creditors, the mortgagee (the per- son holding the mortgage) must have a true copy of the mortgage filed in the Clerk's or Recorder's office of the town, city, or county where the mortgagor (the person giving the mortgage) resides, and where the property is, when mortgaged. In some States, a justice of the peace, in the voting precinct where such property mortgaged is located, must acknowledge and sign the mortgage, taking a transcript of the same upon his court docket, while the mortgage itself should be recorded, the same as real estate transfers. Chattel Mortgage. THIS INDENTURE, made and entered into this tenth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, between Amos W. Barber, of the town of Waukegan, of the County of Lake, and State of Illinois, party of the first part, and Alonzo W. King, of the same town, County, and State, party of the second part. Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of Six hundred dollars, in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, does hereby grant, sell, convey, and confirm unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all and singular, the follow- ing described goods and chattels, to wit : Two four-year old cream-colored horses, one Chickering pi- ano, No. 6132, one tapestry carpet, 16x18 feet in size, one mar- ble-top center table, one Stewart cooking stove, No. 4^, one black walnut bureau with mirror attached, one set of parlor chairs (six in number), upholstered in green rep, with lounge corresponding with same in style and color of upholstery, now in possession of said Barber, at No. 8 State St., Waukegan, 111. ; Together with all and singular, the appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in any wise appertaining ; to have and to hold the above described goods and chattels, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, forever. Provided, always, and these presents are upon this express condition, that if the said Amos W. Barber, his heirs, execu- tors, administrators, or assigns, shall, on or before the tenth day of March, A. D., one thousand eight hundred and seven- ty-three, pay, or cause to be paid, to the said Alonzo W. King, or his lawful attorney or attorneys, heirs, executors, adminis- trators, or assigns, the sum of Six Hundred dollars, together with the interest that may accrue thereon, at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the tenth day of March, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two until paid, according to the tenor of one promissory note bearing even date herewith for the payment of said sum of money, that then and from thenceforth, these presents, and everything herein contained, shall cease, and be null and void, anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. Provided, also, that the said Amos W. Barber may retain the possession of and have the use of said goods and chattels until the day of payment aforesaid ; and also, at his own expense, LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS REAL ESTATE MORTGAGES. 159 shall keep said goods and chattels ; and also at the expiration of said time of payment, if said sum of money, together with the interest as aforesaid, shall not be paid, shall deliver up said goods and chattels, in good condition, to said Alonzo W. King, or his heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns. And provided, also, that if default in payment as aforesaid, by said party of the first part, shall fee made, or if said party of the second part shall at any time before said promissory note becomes due, feel himself unsafe or insecure, that then the said party of the second part, or his attorney, agent, assigns, or heirs, executors, or administrators, shall have the right to take possession of said goods and chattels, wherever they may or can be found, and sell the same at public or private sale, to the highest bidder for cash in hand, after giving ten days' no- tice of the time and place of said sale, together with a descrip- tion of the goods and chattels to be sold, by at least four ad- vertisements, posted up in public places in the vicinity where said sale is to take place, and proceed to make the sum of money and interest promised as aforesaid, together with all reasonable costs, charges, and expenses in so doing ; and if there shall be any overplus, shall pay the same without delay to the said party of the first part, or his legal representatives. In testimony whereof, the said party of the first part has hereunto set his hand and affixed his seal, the day and year first above written. Siened, sealed and de- 1 \ A^jf livered in presence of t AMOS W. BARBER. ROBERT KENDALL. :eof \- - J Remarks. When the person giving the mortgage re- tains possession of the property, it is customary to empower the party holding the mortgage with authority to take the goods and chattels mortgaged, into his possession at any time he may deem the same insufficient security for his claims ; or if he shall be convinced that an ef- fort is being made to remove such property, whereby he would be defrauded of his claim, or for any reason whatsoever, when he may deem it necessary to secure his claim, he can proceed to take possession of it ; which pro- perty, after having given legal notice of sale, according to the law of the State governing the same, he is allowed to sell at public sale, to the highest bidder. Out of the money obtained therefrom, he can retain sufficient to liquidate his demand, and defray the necessary expenses, rendering the overplus unto the mortgagor. Real Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment 01 Money. THIS INDENTURE, made this nineteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- one, between Benjamin Harrison, of Urbana, County of Cham- paign, and State of Illinois, and Helen, his wife, party of the first part, and Robert Fairchild, party of the second part. Whereas, the said party of the first part is justly indebted to the said party of the second part, in the sum of Four Thousand dollars, secured to be paid by two certain promissory notes (bearing even date herewith) the one due and payable at the First National Bank in Champaign, 111., with interest, on the nineteenth day of October, in the year one thousand eight hun- dred and seventy-two ; the other due and payable at the First National Bank at Champaign, 111., with interest, on the nine- teenth day of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three. Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for the better securing the payment of the money aforesaid, with interest thereon, according to the tenor and effect of the said two promissory notes above mentioned ; and, also, in consideration of the further sum of one dollar to them in hand paid by the said party of the second part, at the delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby ac- knowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, and conveyed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, and convey, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, forever, all that certain parcel of land, situate, etc., [Describing the premises.] To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the Tenements, Hereditaments, Privileges, and Appurtenances thereunto belonging or in any wise appertaining. And also, all the estate, interest, and clafm whatsoever, in law as well as in equity, which the party of the first part have in and to the premises hereby conveyed unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, and to their only proper use, bene- fit, and behoof. And the said Benjamin Harrison, and Helen, his wife, party of the first part, hereby expressly waive, relin- quish, release, and convey unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, all right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever, in and to the above described premises, and each and every part thereof, which is given by or results from all laws of this State pertaining to the exemption of homesteads. Provided always, and these presents are upon this express condition, that if the said party of the first part, their heirs, executors, or administrators, shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, to the said party of the second part, his heirs, exec- utors, administrators, or assigns, the aforesaid sums of money, with such interest thereon, at the time and in the manner spe- cified in the above mentioned promissory notes, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, then in that case, these presents and everything herein expressed, shall be absolutely null and void. In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed, and de- BENJAMIN HARRISON. livered in resence of I J HELEN HARRISON. LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS DEEDS. Proxy. KNOW ALL MEN by these presents, that *, Winfield Bennett, do hereby constitute and appoint Hiram D. King attorney and agent for me, and in my name, place, and stead, to vote as proxy at the annual election for directors of the Chicago, Bur- lington and Quincy Railroad, at Chicago, Illinois, according to the number of votes I should be entitled to if then personally present, with power of substitution. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this eighth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and sev- enty-one. Witness, BARTON COOK. WINFIELD BENNETT . DEEDS. An instrument in writing, by which lands and appurtenances thereon are conveyed from one person to another, signed, sealed, and prop- erly subscribed, is termed a deed. A deed may be written or printed on parchment or paper, and must be executed by parties competent to contract. The law provides that an acknowledgment of a deed can only be made before certain per- sons authorized to take the same ; these includ- ing, in different states, Justices of the Peace, Notaries, Masters in Chancery, Judges and Clerks of Courts, Mayors of Cities, Commis- sioners of Deeds, etc. In certain states one witness is required to the deed besides the per- son taking the acknowledgment. In others, two witnesses are necessary. In other states none are required. To render a deed valid, there must be a realty to grant, and a sufficient consideration. To enable a person legally to convey property to another, the following requisites are neces- sary : 1st, He or she must be of sane mind ; 2nd, Of age ; and 3rd, He or she must be the rightful owner of the property. The maker of a deed is called the grantor ; the person or party to whom the deed is deliv- ered, the grantee. The wife of the grantor, in the absence of any statute regulating the same, must acknowledge the deed, or else, after the death of her husband, she will be entitled to a one-third interest in the property, as dower, during her life. Her acknowledgment of the deed must be of her own free will and accord, and the Commissioner, or other officer, before whom the acknowledgment is taken, must sign his name as a witness to the fact that her con- sent was without compulsion. Special care should be taken to have the deed properly acknowledged and witnessed, and the proper seal attached. The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the person authorized to receive it. Any alterations or interlineations in the deed should be noted at the bottom of the instru- ment, and properly witnessed. After the ac- knowledgment of a deed, the parties have no right to make the slightest alteration. An al- teration after the acknowledgment, in favor of the grantee, vitiates the deed. By a general Warranty Deed, the grantor agrees to warrant and defend the property con- veyed against all persons whatsoever. A Quit Claim Deed releases what interest the grantor, may have in the land, but does not warrant and defend against others. Deeds, upon their delivery, should be record- ed in the Recorder's office without delay. Warranty Deed with Covenants. THIS INDENTURE, made this eighteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy- three, between Henry Botsford of Lee, County of Berkshire, State of Massachusetts, and Mary, his wife, of the first part, and Calvin Daggett of the same place, of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of Three Thousand Dollars in hand, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, and sold, and by these presents do grant, bargain, and sell, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, all the follow- ing described lot, piece, or parcel of land, situated in the town of Lee, in the County of Berkshire, and State of Massachu- setts, to wit : [Here describe the property.] Together with all and singular the hereditaments ^. ered in presence of > ABIAL KETCHUM. j MARY BOTSFORD. f Quit-Claim Deed. THIS INDENTURE, made the fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, be- tween Oscar Joy, of Nashville, County of Davidson, State of Tennessee, party of the first part, and Lorenzo Fisher, of the same place, party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of Eight Hundred dollars in hand, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby ac- knowledged, and the said party of the second part forever re- leased and discharged therefrom, has remised, released, sold, conveyed, and quit-claimed, and by these presents does remise, release, sell, convey, and quit-claim, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, forever, all the right, title, interest, claim, and demand, which the said party of the first part has in and to the following described lot, piece, or parcel of land, to wit : [Here describe ike land] To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the appurtenances and privileges thereunto belonging, or in anywise thereunto appertaining, and all the estate, right, title, interest, and claim whatever, of the said party of the first part, either in law or equity, to the only proper use, benefit, and be- hoof of the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereunto set his hand and seal the day and year above written. Signed, sealed, and deliv- ered in presence of \ OSCAR JOY. AZRO HOLLIS. Long Form Quit-Claim Deed Homestead Waiver. THIS INDENTURE, made the fourteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy- two, between Park Converse, of Burlington, County of Des Moines, State of Iowa, party of the first part, and Elbridge Robinson, of the same place, party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of Four Thousand dollars in hand, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the said party of the second part forever released and discharged therefrom, has remised, released, sold, conveyed, and quit-claimed, and by these presents does remise, release, sell, convey, and quit-claim, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, forever, all the right, title, interest, claim, and demand which the said party of the first part has in and to the following described lot, piece, or parcel of land, to wit : [Here describe the land.] To have and to hold the same, together with all and singu- lar the appurtenances and privileges thereunto belonging, or in any wise thereunto appertaining ; and all the estate, right, title, interest, and claim whatever, of the said party of the first part, either in law or equity, to the only proper use, benefit, and be- hoof of the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. And the said Park Converse, party of the first part, hereby expressly waives, releases, and relinquishes unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and as- signs, all right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever, in and to the above described premises, and each and every part thereof, which is given by or results from all laws of this State pertaining to the exemption of homesteads. And the said party of the first part, for himself and his heirs, executors, and administrators, does covenant, promise, and agree, to and with the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, that he hath not made, done, committed, executed, or suffered, any act or acts, thing or things, whatsoever, whereby, or by means whereof, the above mentioned and described premises, or any part or parcel there- of, now are, or any time hereafter, shall or may be impeached, charged, or incumbered, in any way or manner whatsoever. In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereunto sets his hand and seal the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed, and deliv- ered in presence of ] PARK CONVERSE. GERRY HOBBS. 11 162 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS LANDLORD AND TENANT. STATE OF IOWA, DES MOINES COUNTY, f SS< I, Gerry Hobbs, a Justice of the Peace in and for the said County, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that Park Converse, who is personally known to me as the same person whose name is subscribed to the fore- going instrument, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed, and delivered the said instrument as his free and voluntary act, for the uses and pur- poses therein set forth, including the release and waiver of the right of homestead. Given under my hand and seal, this fourteenth day of Octo- ber, A. D. 1872. GERRY HOBBS, Justice of the Peace. Release. KNOW ALL MEN by these presents, that I, Arthur Babcock of Logansport, of the County of Cass, and State of Indiana, for and in consideration of One dollar, to me in hand paid, and for other good and valuable considerations, the receipt whereof is hereby confessed, do hereby grant, bargain, remise, convey, release, and quit-claim unto Barton Mclnhill of Lo- gansport, of the County of Cass, and State of Indiana, all the right, title, interest, claim, or demand whatsoever, I may have acquired in, through, or by a certain Indenture or Mortgage Deed, bearing date the tenth day of September, A. D. 1870, and recorded in the Recorder's office of said County, in book A of Deeds, page 84, to the premises therein described, and which said Deed was made to secure one certain promissory note, bearing even date with said Deed, for the sum of Six Hundred dollars. Witness my hand and seal, this sixth day of August, A. D. 1873. fol ARTHUR BABCOCK. Oi-s.S STATE OF INDIANA, ) r CC CASS COUNTY. j I, Archibald Clinton, a No- tary Public in and for said County, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that Ar- thur Babcock, personally known to me as the same person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing Release, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed, and delivered the said instrument of writing as his free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Given under my hand and seal, this sixth day of August, A. D. 1873. ARCHIBALD CLINTON, N. P. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A person leasing real estate to another is termed a landlord ; the person occupying such real estate is known as a tenant. The person making the lease is known in law as the lessor; the person to whom the lease is made, as the lessee. No particular form of wording a lease is necessary. It is important, however, that the lease state, in a plain, straightforward manner, the terms and conditions of the agreement, so that there maybe no misunderstanding between the landlord and tenant. It is essential that the lease state all the condi- tions, as additional verbal promises avail nothing in law. It is held, generally, that a written in- strument contains the details, and states the bar- gain entire, as the contracting parties intended. The tenant can sub-let a part, or all, of his premises, unless prohibited by the terms of his lease. A lease by a married woman, even if it be upon her own property, at common law, is not valid ; but, by recent statutes, she, in many States, may lease her own property and have full control of the same ; neither can the husband effect a lease that will bind her after his death. His control over her property continues only so long as he lives. Neither a guardian nor a minor can give a lease, extending beyond the ward's majority, which can be enforced by the lessee ; yet the latter is bound unless the lease is annulled. If no time is specified in a lease, it is gene- rally held that the lessee can retain possession of the real estate for one year. A tenancy at will, however, may be terminated in the East- ern States by giving three months' notice in writing ; in the Middle and Southern States, six months ; and in the Western States, one month ; though recent statutes, in some States, have somewhat modified the above. The lease that specifies a term of years with- out giving the definite number is without effect at the expiration of two years. A lease for three or more years, being signed by the Com- LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS LANDLORD AND TENANT. 163 missioner of Deeds, and recorded in the Recor- der's office, is an effectual bar to the secret or fraudulent conveyance of such leased property; and it further obviates the necessity of procur- ing witnesses to authenticate the validity of the lease. Duplicate copies of a lease should always be made, and each party should retain a copy of the same. A new lease invalidates an old one. A landlord misrepresenting property that is leased, thereby subjecting the tenant to incon- venience and loss, such damages can be recovered from the landlord by deduction from the rent. A lease on property that is mortgaged ceases to exist when the person holding such mortgage forecloses the same. A landlord, consenting to take a substitute, releases the first tenant. Where there is nothing but a verbal agree- ment the tenancy is understood to commence at time of taking possession. When there is no time specified in the lease, tenancy is regarded as commencing at the time of delivering the writings. If it is understood that the tenant is to pay the taxes on the property he occupies, such fact must be distinctly stated in the lease, as a ver- bal promise is of no effect. Short Form of Lease for a House. THIS INSTRUMENT, made the first clay of May, 1872, wit- nesseth that Theodore Shonts of Asheville, County of Bun- combe, State of North Carolina, hath rented from Tilgham Schnee of Asheville aforesaid, the dwelling and lot No. 46 Broadway, situated in said town of Asheville, for four years from the above date, at the yearly rental of Two Hundred and Forty dollars, payable monthly, on the first day of each month, in advance, at the residence of said Tilgham Schnee. At the expiration of said above mentioned term, the said Shonts agrees to give the said Schnee peaceable possession of the said dwelling, in as good condition as when taken, ordina- ry wear and casualties excepted. In witness whereof, we place our hands and seals the day and year aforesaid. Signed, sealed, and de- 'i THEODORE SHONTS, livered in presence of 1 JOHN EDMINSTER, [TILGHAM SCHNEE. ^ L . s .,; Notary Public. J Lease of Dwelling House for a Term of Years, with a Covenant not to Sub-let. THIS INDENTURE, made this first day of May, 1873, between Hiram Wilcox, of Oxford, County of Benton, and State of Ala- bama, party of the first part, and Barton D. Maynard, of the same town, county, and state, party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, in consider- ation of the covenants of the said party of the second part, hereinafter set forth, does by these presents lease to the said party of the second part, the following described property, to wit : The dwelling house and certain parcel of land, situated on the south side of Main street, between Spring and Elm streets, known as No. 82 Main street. To have and to hold the same to the said party of the second part, from the first day of May, 1873, to the thirtieth day of April, 1875. And the said party of the second part, in con- sideration of the leasing the premises as above set forth, covenants and agrees with the party of the first part to pay the said party of the first part, as rent for the same, the sum of One Hundred and Eighty dollars per annum, payable quarterly in advance, at the residence of said party of the first part, or at his place of business. The said party of the second part further covenants with the party of the first part, that at the expiration of the time men- tioned in this lease, peaceable possession of the said premises shall be given to said party of the first part, in as good condi- tion as they now are, the usual wear, inevitable accidents, and loss by fire, excepted ; and that upon the non-payment of the whole or any portion of the said rent at the time when the same is above promised to be paid, the said party of the first part may, at his election, either distrain for said rent due, or declare this lease at an end, and recover possession as if the same were held by forcible detainer ; the said party of the second part hereby waiving any notice of such election, or any demand for the possession of said premises. And it is further covenanted and agreed, between the parties aforesaid, that said Barton D. Maynard shall use the above mentioned dwelling for residence purposes only, and shall not sub-let any portion of the same to others, without permission from said Hiram Wilcox. The covenants herein shall extend to and be binding upon the heirs, executors, and administrators of the parties to this lease. Witness the hands and seals pf the parties aforesaid. HIRAM WILCOX, BARTON D. MAYNARD. Lease of Farm and Buildings Thereon. THIS INDENTURE, made this first day of March, 1873, be- tween Moses Waite of the town of Doylestown, State of Penn- sylvania, of the first part, and Abijah Hazelton of the same place, of the second part, WUnesseth, that the said Moses Waite, for and in consider- ation of the covenants hereinafter mentioned and reserved, on the part of the said Abijah Hazelton, his executors, adminis- 164 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS LANDLORD AND TENANT. trators, and assigns, to be paid, kept, and performed ; hath let, and by these presents doth grant, demise, and let, unto the said Abijah Hazelton, his executors, administrators, and assigns, all that parcel of land situate in Doylestown aforesaid, bound- ed and described as follows, to wit : [Here describe the land^\ Together with all the appurtenances appertaining thereto. To have and to hold the said premises, with appurtenances thereto belonging, unto the said Hazelton, his executors, ad- ministrators, and assigns, for the term of five years from the first day of April next following, at a yearly rent of Eight Hun- dred dollars, to be paid in equal payments, semi-annualiy, as long as said buildings are in good tenantable condition. And the said Hazelton, by these presents, covenants and agrees to pay all taxes and assessments, and keep in repair all hedges, ditches, rail, and other fences ; (the said Moses Waite, his heirs, assigns, and administrators, to furnish all timber, brick, tile, and other materials necessary for such repairs .) Said Hazelton further covenants and agrees to apply to said land, in a farmer-like manner, all manure and compost accum- ulating upon said farm, and cultivate all the arable land in a husband-like manner, according to the usual custom among farmers in the neighborhood ; he also agrees to trim the hedges at a seasonable time, preventing injury from cattle to such hedges, and to all fruit and other trees on the said premises. That he will seed down with clover and timothy seed twenty acres yearly of arable land, ploughing the same number of acres each -spring of land now in grass, and hitherto unbroken. It is further agreed, that if the said Hazelton shall fail to perform the whole or any one of the above mentioned cove- nants, then and in that case the said Moses Waite may declare this lease terminated, by giving three months' notice of the same, prior to the first of April of any year, and may distrain any part of the stock, goods, or chattels, or other property in possession of said Hazelton, for sufficient to compensate for the non-performance of the above written covenants, the same to be determined, and amounts so to be paid to be determined by three arbitrators, chosen as follows: Each of the parties to this instrument to choose one, and the two so chosen to select a third ; the decision of said arbitrators to be final. In witness whereof, we have hereto set our hands and seals. Signed, sealed, and de- 1 Hvered in presence of MOSES WAITE ' HARRY CRAWLEY. | ABIJAH HAZELTON. j Landlord's Agreement. THIS certifies that I have let and rented, this first day of May, 1872, unto Dennis Holden, my house and lot, No. 18 North Front street, in the city of Philadelphia, State of Penn- sylvania, and its appurtenances ; he to have the free and un- interrupted occupation thereof for one year from this date, at the yearly rental of Twelve Hundred dollars, to be paid monthly in advance ; rent to cease if destroyed by fire, or otherwise made untenantable. JONAS WHEELOCK. Tenant's Agreement. THIS certifies that I have hired and taken from Jonas Whee- lock, his house and lot, No. 18 North Front street, in the city of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, with appurtenances thereto belonging, for one year, to commence this day, at a yearly rental of twelve hundred dollars, to be paid monthly in advance ; unless said house becomes untenantable from fire or other causes, in which case rent ceases ; and I further agree to give and yield said premises one year from this first day of May, 1872, in as good condition as now, ordinary wear and damage by the elements excepted. Given under my hand this day. DENNIS HOLDEN. Notice to Quit. To CHANDLER PECK, Sir: Please observe that the term of one year, for which the house and land, situated at No. 14 Elm street, and now occupied by you, were rented to you, expired on the first day of May, 1873, and as I desire to repossess said premises, you are hereby requested and required to vacate the same. Respectfully Yours, DENSLOW MOORE. NEWTON, MASS., May 4, 1873. Tenant's Notice of Leaving. DEAR SIR : The premises I now occupy as your tenant, at No. 14 Elm street, I shall vacate on the first day of May, 1873. You will please take notice accordingly. Dated this first day of February, 1873. CHANDLER PECK. To DENSLOW MOORE, Esq. PARTNERSHIP. An agreement between two or more persons to invest their labor, time and means together, sharing in the loss or profit that may arise from such investment, is termed a partnership. This partnership may consist in the contri- bution of skill, extra labor, or acknowl- edged reputation upon the part of one partner, while the other, or others, contribute money, each sharing alike equally, or in fixed propor- tion, in the profits, or an equal amount of time, labor and money may be invested by the part- ners, and the profits equally divided ; the test of partnership being the joint participation in profit, and joint liability to loss. LAW OF PARTNERSHIP PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT. 165 A partnership formed without limitation is termed a general partnership. An agreement entered into for the performance of only a par- ticular work, is termed a special partnership ; while the partner putting in a limited amount of capital, upon which he receives a correspond- ing amount of profit, and is held correspond- ingly responsible for the contracts of the firm, is termed a limited partnership, the conditions of which are regulated by statute in different states. A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, which is for the use of the partnership firm, binds all the partners thereby. Negotiable paper of the firm, even though given on private account by one of the partners, will hold all the partners of the firm when it passes into the hands of holders who were ignorant of the facts attending its creation. Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner ; he may make contracts ; may re- ceive money ; endorse, draw, and accept bills and notes ; and while this may be for his own private account, if it apparently be for the use of the firm, his partners will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing with him were ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and thus representation or mis- representation of a partner having relation to business of the firm, will bind the members in the partnership. An individual lending his name to a firm, or allowing the same to be used after he has with- drawn from the same, is still responsible to third persons as a partner. A partnership is presumed to commence at the time articles of copartnership are drawn, if no stipulation is made to the contrary and the same can be discontinued at any time, unless a specified period of partnership is designated in the agreement ; and even then he may with- draw by giving previous notice of such with- drawal from the same, being liable, however, in damages, if such are caused by his withdrawal. Should it be desired that the executors and representatives of the partner continue the business in the event of his death, it should be so specified in the articles, otherwise the part- nership ceases at death. Should administrators and executors continue the business under such circumstances, they are personally responsible for the debts contracted by the firm. If it is desired that a majority of the partners in a firm have the privilege of closing the affairs of the company, or in any way regulating the same, such fact should be designated in the agreement ; otherwise such right will not be presumed. Partners may mutually agree to dissolve a partnership, or a dissolution may be effected by a decree of a Court of Equity. Dissolute con- duct, dishonesty, habits calculated to imperil the business of a firm, incapacity, or the necessi- ty of partnership no longer continuing, shall be deemed sufficient causes to invoke the law in securing a dissolution of partnership, in case the same cannot be effected by mutual agreement. After dissolution of partnership, immediate notice of the same should be given in the most public newspapers, and a notice likewise should be sent to every person having special dealings with the firm. These precautions not being taken, each partner continues liable for the acts of the others to all persons who have no knowl- edge of the dissolution. Partnership Agreement. THIS Agreement made this tenth day of June, 187 , be- tween Charles R. Field, of Salem, Washington County, N. Y., of the one part, and David G. Hobart, of the same place, of the other part, witnesseth : The said parties agree to associate themselves as copartners, for a period of.five years from this date, in the business of buying and selling hardware and such other goods and com- modities as belong in that line of trade ; the name and style of the firm to be " Field & Hobart." For the purpose of conducting the business of the above named partnership, Chas. R. Field has, at the date of this writing, invested Five Thousand Dollars as capital stock, and the said David G. Hobart has paid in the like sum of Five Thousand Dollars, both of which amounts are to be expended and used in common, for the mutual advantage of the parties hereto, in the management of their business. It is hereby also agreed by both parties hereto, that they will 166 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS WILLS. not, while associated as copartners, follow any avocation or trade to their own private advantage ; but will, throughout the entire period of copartnership, put forth their utmost and best efforts for their mutual advantage, and the increase of the cap- ital stock. That the details of the business may be thoroughly under- stood by each, it is agreed that during the aforesaid period, accurate and full book accounts shall be kept, wherein each partner shall record, or cause to be entered and recorded, full mention of all moneys received and expended, as well as every article purchased and sold belonging to, or in anywise apper- taining to such partnership ; the gains, profits, expenditures and losses being equally divided between them. It is further agreed that once every year, or oftener, should either party desire, a full, just and accurate exhibit shall be made to each other, or to their executors, administrators, or representatives, of the losses, receipts, profits and increase made by reason of, or arising from such copartnership. And after such exhibit is made, the surplus profit, if such there be result- ing from the business, shall be divided between the subscribing partners, share and share alike. Either party hereto shall be allowed to draw a sum, the first year, not exceeding six hundred dollars per annum, from the capital stock of the firm, in monthly installments of fifty dollars each ; which amount may be increased by subsequent agree- ment. And further, should either partner desire, or should death of either of the parties, or other reasons, make it necessary, they, the said copartners, will each to the other, or, in case of death of either, the surviving party to the executors or administra- tors of the party deceased, make a full, accurate and final account of the condition of the partnership as aforesaid, and will, fairly and accurately, adjust the same. And also, upon taking an inventory of said capital stock, with increase and profit thereon, which shall appear or is found to be remaining all such remainder shall be equally apportioned and divided between them, the said copartners, their executors or adminis- trators, share and share alike. It is also agreed that in case of a misunderstanding arising with the partners hereto, which cannot be settled between themselves, such difference of opinion shall be settled by arbi- tration, upon the following conditions, to-wit : Each party to choose one arbitrator, which two thus elected shall choose a third ; the three thus chosen to determine the merits of the case, and arrange the basis of a settlement. In witness whereof the undersigned hereto set their hands the day and year first above written. CHARLES R. FIELP. DAVID G. HOBART. Signed in presence of ABEL SMITH. MYRON BROWN. WILLS. The legal declaration of what a person deter- mines to have doue with his property after death, is termed a Will. All persons of sufficient age, possessed of sound mind, excepting married women in cer- tain States, are entitled to dispose of their pro- perty by will. Children at the age of fourteen, if males, and females at the age of twelve, can thus dispose of personal property. No exact form of words is necessary in order to make a will good at law ; though much care should be exercised to state the provisions of the will so plainly that its language may not be misunderstood. The person making a will is termed the tes- tator (if a female, a testatrix). A will is of no force and effect until the death of the testator, and can be cancelled or modi- fied at any date by the maker. The last will made annuls the force of all preceding wills. The law regards marriage and offspring re- sulting, as a primd facie evidence of revocation of a will made prior to such marriage, unless the wife and children are provided for by the husband, in some other manner, in which case the will remains in full force. To convey real estate by will, it must be done in accordance with the law of the State or coun- try where such land is located ; but personal property is conveyed in harmony with the law that obtains at the place of the testator's resi- dence. There are two kinds of wills, namely, written and verbal or nuncupative. The latter, or spo- ken wills, depending upon proof of persons hearing the same, generally relate to personal property only, and are not recognized in all the States, unless made within ten days previous to the death. Verbal or unwritten wills are usu- ally unsafe, and even when well authenticated, often make expensive litigation ; hence the ne- cessity of having the wishes of the testator fully and clearly defined in a written will. LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS WILLS. 167 To give or make a devise of property by will and subsequently dispose of the same, without altering the will to conform to such sale, de- stroys the validity of the entire will. A will made by an unmarried woman is le- gally revoked by marriage ; but she can take such legal steps in the settlement of her prop- erty, before marriage, as will empower her to dispose of the same as she may choose, after marriage. No husband can make a will that will deprive the wife of her right of dower in the property ; but the husband can will the wife a certain amount in lieu of her dower, stating it to be in lieu thereof. Such bequest, however, will not exclude her from her dower, provided she pre- fers it to the bequest made in the will. Unless the husband states distinctly that the bequest is in lieu of dower, she is entitled to both. Property bequeathed must pay debts and in- cumbrances upon the same before its distribu- tion can be made to the legatees of the estate. Though property may be willed to a corpora- tion, the corporation cannot accept such gift unless provision is made for so doing in its char- ter. A will may be revoked by marriage, a codicil, destruction of the will, disposing of property devised in a will, or by the execution of another will. The person making a will may appoint his executors, but no person can serve as such ex- ecutor if, at the time of proving of the will, he be under twenty-one years of age, a convict, a thoroughly confirmed drunkard,*a lunatic, or an imbecile. No person appointed as an executor is obliged to serve, but may renounce his ap- pointment by legal written notice signed before two witnesses, which notice must be recorded by the officer before whom the will is proved. In case a married woman possesses property, and dies without a will, her husband is entitled to administer upon such property in preference to any one else, provided he be of sound mind. Any devise of propert}' made to a subscribing witness is invalid, although the integrity of the will in other respects is not affected. In all wills the testator's full name should be made at the end of such will. If he be unable to write, he may have his hand guided in mak- ing a mark against the same. If he possesses a sound mind, and is conscious at the time of the import of his action, such mark renders the will valid. Witnesses should always write their respect- ive places of residence after their names, their signatures being written in the presence of each other and in the presence of the testator. It should be stated also, that these names are signed at the request of, and in the presence of the testator, and in the presence of each other. Different States require a different number of witnesses. To illustrate, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennes- see, Iowa, Utah, Texas, California, New Jersey, Delaware, Indiana, Virginia, and New York require two subscribing witnesses. The States of Florida, Mississippi, Maryland, Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Wisconsin, Oregon, Minnesota, Michigan, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maine, New Hamp- shire, and Vermont demand three witnesses to authenticate a will. Witnesses are not required to know the con- tents of a will. They have simply to know that the document is a will, and witness the signing of the same by the testator. Proof of signature of the testator by the oath of two reputable witnesses, is sufficient to establish the validity of a will in the State of Pennsylvania ; no subscribing witnesses being absolutely demanded. CODICILS. An addition to a will, which should be in writing, is termed a codicil. A codicil is designed to explain, modify, or change former bequests made in the body of the will. It should be done with the same care and precision as was exercised in the making of the will itself. 168 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS WILLS. General Form of Will for Real and Personal Property. I, Warren P. Holden, of the town of Bennington, County of Bennington, State of Vermont, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and testament, in manner following, to wit : First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my oldest son, Lucius Denne Holden, the sum of One Thousand dollars, of bank stock, now in the First National Bank of Troy, New York, and the farm owned by myself in the town of Arlington, consisting of one hundred and forty acres, with all the houses, tenements, and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my daughters, Fanny Almira Holden and Hannah Oriana Holden, each One Thousand dollars in bank stock, in the First National Bank of Troy, N. Y., and also each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in the town of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, and re- corded in my name in the Recorder's office in the County where such land is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Fanny Almira. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Emory Randor Holden, Five shares of Railroad stock in the Troy and Boston Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land and saw mill thereon, situated in Muskegon, Michigan, with all the im- provements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name in the County where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Mary Leffenwell Holden, all my household furniture, goods, chattels, and personal property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Six Thous- and dollars of bank stock in the First National Bank of Troy, New York, Fifteen shares in the Troy and Boston Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession, and benefit of the home farm, so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law ; said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Walter B. Holden, the income from rents of my store building at 144 Water St., Troy, New York, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Mary Leffenwell Holden, or at any time when she may arrange to relinquish her life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And lastly. I nominate and appoint as executors of this my last will and testament, my wife, Mary Leffenwell Holden, and my eldest son, Lucius Denne Holden. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bennington, the residue of such moneys on deposit to revert to my wife, Mary Leffenwell Holden, for her use forever. In witness whereof, I, Warren P. Holden, to this my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this tenth day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven. Signed, sealed, and de- ~] A A clared by Warren P.Hol- WARREN P. HOLDEN. usj>- Y Y den, as and for his last will and testament, in the presence of us,who,athis request,, and in his pres- ence, and in the presence of each other, have sub- scribed our names here- unto as witnesses there- of. LUTHER O. WESCOTT, Manchester, Vt. HARTLEY B. HAWLEY, Bennington, Vt. DANIEL R. BOTTOM, Bennington, Vt. Codicil. Whereas I, Warren P. Holden, did, oi the tenth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, make my last will and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Fanny Almira, has deceased February third, eighteen hun- dred and sixty-eight, and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Francis Allen Holden, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest, and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Fanny Almira, in the body of this will. la witness whe'reof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this first day of January, eighteen hundred and seventy. Signed, sealed, published, and declared to us by the testator, Warren P. Hol- den, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each oth- er, have subscribed our names as witnesses there- to, at the date hereof. HARTLEY B. HAWLEY, Bennington, Vt. REUBEN T. HURD, Arlington, Vt. DANIEL R. BOTTOM, Bennington, Vt. j WARREN P. HOLDEN. LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS WILLS. 169 Shorter Form of Will. I, Alvin B. Adams, of the city of Pittsburg, in the County of Alleghany, and State of Pennsylvania, being of sound mind and memory and understanding, do make my last Will and Testament, in manner and form following : First. I give, devise and bequeath to my wife, Mary, her heirs and assigns forever, one half of all my property, real, personal, and mixed, of what nature and kind soever, and wheresoever the same shall be at the time of my death ; the same to be in lieu of her dower at common law. Second. I give, devise and bequeath unto such of my children as may be living at the time of my death, one half of all my property, real, personal, and mixed, of what nature and kind soever, and wheresoever the same shall be at the time of my death, to be divided among them, share and share alike. Third. I hereby direct and empower my executor to sell and dispose of all my personal property to the highest bidder at auction, as soon as practicable after my decease, and to sell my real estate at auction or private sale, as it may in his judgment seem most advantageous, or for the interest of my said devisees. Fourth. I direct that the net avails of my real and personal property, so disposed of as aforesaid, and converted into money, shall be divided and paid to my said devisees within one year after my decease. Fifth. I hereby appoint my wife, Mary, guardian of the per- son and estate of such of my children as may be minors at the time of my death. Sixth. I hereby appoint William H. Adams executor of this my last Will and Testament. In witness whereof, I, Alvin B. Adams, the testator, have, to this my last Will and Testament, set my hand and seal this tenth day of April, A. D., 1865. Signed, sealed, published, and declared.by the above ALVIN B. ADAMS. fci~ s. jj named Alvin B. Adams,as and for his last Wtll and Testament, in the pres- ence of us, who have here- unto subscribed our names at his request, as witness- es thereto, in the presence of the said testator and of each other. WINFIELD D. BROWN, CHARLES CAMPBELL. JOHN DOE. Form of a Will Where Property is Left to Wife Absolutely. THIS is the last will and testament of me, Thomas Wedge- wood, made this i8th day of September, 1872, in Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois, as follows : I bequeath all my lands, tenements, and hereditaments, and all my household furniture, ready money, securities for money, money secured by life assurance, goods, and chattels, and all other parts of my real and personal estate and effects whatso- ever and wheresoever, unto my wife, Clara Wedgewood, her heirs, administrators, and assigns, to and for her and their ab- solute use and benefit, according to the nature and quality thereof respectively, subject only to the payment of my just debts, funeral and testamentary expenses, and the charge of proving and registering this my Will. And I appoint my said wife executrix of this my Will, and hereby revoke all other wills. In witness whereof, I hereunto set my hand and seal, the day and year above mentioned. Signed, sealed, published," and acknowledged by the said ThomasWedgewood as and for his last Will and Testament, in the presence of us, who, in his presence, and at his request, and in the pres- ence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. SOLON W. WATSON, CHAS. D. SNYDCR. THOS. WEDGEWOOD, s.f Form of Will with Entire Property Left to Wife, for Life or Widowhood, with Disposition of the Same after Her Marriage or Death, Provision being made for Maintain- ing Children, etc. Legacies to Executors. Realizing the uncertainty of life, I, Charles W. Freeman of Kenosha, in the County of Kenosha, and State of Wisconsin, make this last Will and Testament, while in the possession of sound mind and memory, this I4th day of August, 1870. I give, devise and bequeath unto my executors, hereafter named, all my estate and effects that I may die possessed of or entitled to, upon trust, to be, as soon as conveniently can be, after my decease, sold and converted into money, and the pro- ceeds invested in one or other of the public funds, and the dividends arising therefrom to be paid, yearly each and every year, unto my wife, Harriet D. Freeman, during the term of her natural life, should she so long continue my widow ; the first yearly payment thereof to commence and be payable at the expiration of the first year after my decease, if my wife remains a widow. Upon her second marriage, I direct that one third of all moneys from my estate, set apart for her use by my executors, be given her for her use and behoof forever, to control as she may choose, and the remaining two thirds I will to be given to my children, to be divided equally among all my children by my said wife, the share of each child to be paid on his or her respectively attaining the age of lawful majority ; and I di- rect that the dividends arising therefrom shall be applied, at the discretion of my executors, towards the maintenance and 170 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS WILLS. education of my said children, until they shall severally and respectively attain the said age. And in case any or either of my said children shall happen to die under lawful majority, then I give and bequeath the share or shares of him, her, or them, so dying, unto the survivor or survivors of them. And I nominate and appoint my wife, Harriet D. Freeman, my eldest son, Clinton W. Freeman, and Walter C. Kimball, and the survivor of them, and the executors or administrators of such survivor, to be the executors of this my will, and in consideration of the trouble thus imposed on them, I do hereby give and bequeath unto each of my said executors the legacy or sum of five hundred dollars, free of legacy duty and all other deductions. And hereby revoking s\\ former or other wills by me at any time made, I, the said Charles W. Freeman, to this which I declare to be my last will and testament, set my hand and seal. Signed by the said testator Charles W. Freeman.and acknowledged by him to be his last will and tes- tament, in the presence of us, present at the same time, and subscribed by us in the presence of the said testator and of each other. BARNARD MCDOLE, RICHARD WILSON, HIRAM FLEMING, CHAS. W. FREEMAN. Nuncupative Will. In the matter of the nuncupative will of Jonas Lyman, de- ceased. On the first day of July, in the year one thousand eight hun- dred and seventy-one, Jonas Lyman, being in his last sickness, in his dwelling, situate in Burlington, Iowa, at 84 Huron street in the presence of the subscribers, did declare his last will and wishes concerning the disposition of his property, in the fol- lowing words, viz. : He desired that his seven hundred dollars in the First Na- tional Bank of Burlington, and two hundred dollars in the hands of Silas Holmes, should be given to his mother. He also expressed a desire to have Silas Holmes act as his execu- tor, to collect the same as soon as possible, with interest due, paying the entire amount, when collected, to his mother. He also said, "All my other property I want my mother to have for her separate use, except my house and lot where I live, which I will to my sister Mary." At the time the said Jonas Lyman stated the foregoing as his will, he was of sound mind and memory, and desired us to bear witness that such was his wish and desire. Reduced to writing by us, this tenth day of July, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one. ABIAL GOODING, ARTEMAS WHITE, PETER H. SMITH. Affidavit to the Foregoing. STATE OF IOWA, COUNTY OF LEE. Personally appeared before me, George Hartwell, Clerk of the Court of Probate for said County, Abial Gooding, Artemas White, and Peter H. Smith, who deposed that they were pres- ent on the first day of July, A. D. 1871, at the dwelling of the said Jonas Lyman, situate at 84 Huron street, Burlington, Iowa, and did hear Jonas Lyman utter what is specified in the foregoing writing ; that he wished them to witness that it was his last, will ; and that, at the time he was of sound mind and memory, to the best of their knowledge and belief. Sworn and subscribed before me, this I2th day of July, A.D. 1871. GEORGE HARTWELL, Clerk. A Short Form of Will, Conveying the Entire Real and Personal Property to the Wife of the Testator. A will which bequeaths all the property of the testator, real and personal, wheresoever it may be, carries with it property acquired after its publication, without a repetition of any for- malities. The question in relation to a bequest in such cases, is one of intention, not of power. The following will of Onslow Peters, the legality of which was tested, and sustained by the courts, was found to be amply sufficient in length for the purpose for which it was designed. It read as follows : I, Onslow Peters, do make and publish this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me made. I bequeath all my property, real and personal, wheresoever the same may be, to my beloved wife, Hannah P. Peters. I appoint my said wife the executrix of this my last will and testament. My will is that my said wife shall not be required to give any bonds or security to the judge of probate for the faithful execution of the duties of executrix. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this thirteenth day of September, A. D. eighteen hundred and thirty-eight. CLAUSES FOR INSERTION IN WILLS. Cancelling Debts That are, or May be, Due. Whereas, there are certain sums of money due me, upon mortgages, bills, and otherwise, from persons hereafter named (naming them), it is my will that such indebtedness, immedi- ately after my death, shall be cancelled by my executors. And I do hereby release those persons aforesaid from the payment of all debts due. SUBSCRIPTION PAPERS. 171 Desiring that Difference of Opinion about Provisions of the Will be Settled by Arbitrators. It is my desire that, if any dispute, question, or controversy shall happen, concerning any bequest or other matter in this, my will, such question shall be referred to the arbitration of my friends, A. D. and C. L., with provision for them to choose an umpire ; but should they not be able to act in the matter, then I desire that my wife and eldest son shall each appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators, with the power of choosing a third arbitrator ; and what a majority of them shall determine therein, shall be binding upon all and every person or persons therein concerned. Providing that the Wife shall have the Custody of the Children, and Appointing a Guardian in Case of her Death. And in case I shall leave any child or children, at the time of my death, my will is that my wife shall have the guardian- ship of them during their minority ; and in case of her death, during the minority of said children, then I desire that my friend, D. M., shall have the guardianship of them during their minority ; should he refuse, I will that A. J. shall take such supervision and guardianship. > i SUBSCRIPTION A subscription heading should be written scribed. The following, with variations to suit very plainly and as briefly as may be and ex- the circumstances, will give the reader a general press the object for which the money is sub- idea of the manner of preparing such a form : Form of a Subscription Heading. (Here give Town, State and Date.) ^T-e-/ -^2^ ^'2^^&^?7^7s^7 , tZ^i^e- 'fa?- fo-tZ^- -^%-? d'-t^'J^?^ y (j &' ^fefe-^-t/fe- -& &-'&4!k^^i^M< / -^2^ -MMJ ot-'fty, -zd- -c^L-i- (Qsr4Mt>0wrfw(&r'ri' ' / / / ; / +/ *^\ &$T */ / ff / ^^2^e-'7^-C^^7^C^- / -V-'yi' wfo& &&-7^l4S?'^ZZ/ CbX^-2^-^%' -22^ ^/^^^ / / / (7 sir (y^fawned. Ovi&med. /?j)//- /*/ ^ ^^~ / /* / ^W^^i?^ (7(Q. &\Q-M.-t.c-foe4'CLli' ill*, (I In tl>a Tw/Y./Jtit>a rflir>a i\f tlifi /irmtitv xvVtova vitniitA lv n In' value; earnings of debtor for services Colorado. Home worth $2,000, and Personal Property. There is exempted a homestead worth not to exceed $2,000, and to the head of a family owning and occupying the same, there are exempted various articles of personal property, according to the size of the family, such as is usually determined by the statutes. The tools, working animals, books, and stock in trade, not exceeding $300 in value, is exempted to any person not the head of a family, when used and kept for the pur- pose of carrying on a business or trade. Connecticut No Home exempted. Personal Property of the following value : Necessary apparel and bedding, household furniture necessary for supporting life, arms, military equipments, implements of the debtor's trade, one cow, ten sheep (not exceeding in value 150), are protected, and certain specified amounts of family stores, one stove, the horse, saddle and bridle, buggy and harness (not exceeding in value $aOO), of any practising physician or surgeon, one sewing machine in use, one pew in church In use, and a library (not exceeding in value $500), one boat used ill fishing, not exceeding $200 In value. Dakota Home of 80 Acres, with buildings, or house, and one half acre in a village or city, and Personal Property. The householder is entitled to a homestead consisting of not more than eighty acres of land with buildings and appurtenances thereon, and personal property aggregating in value not to exceed $1,500, which personal property is defined by statute. Delaware JW> Home exempted. Personal Property, $275. -- Family library, family pictures, Bible, school books, seat of pew in church, lot in cemetery, wearing apparel of debtor and family, and tools, implements and fixtures necessary to carry on business worth not over $75. Head of family, in addition to the above, is allowed on other personal property not enumerated above, $200. District Of Columbia. ^ T " Home, exempted. Personal Property of the fotlounmi value : The following property of a house- holder is exempt from distraint, attachment, or sale on execution, ex- cept for servants' or laborers' wages due: Wearing apparel, household furniture to the amount of $300; provisions and fuel for three, months: mechanics' tools or implements of any trade, to the value of $200, with stock to the same amount; the library and implements of a professional man or artist, to the value of $300; a farmer's team and other utensils, to the value of $100; family pictures and library, iu value $400. Florida. Farm, or House and Lot, and Personal Property. - Homestead of one hundred and sixty acres of land and Improvements, if in the country; a residence and one-half acre of ground, if in a village or city; together with $1,000 worth of personal property. An addi- tional sum of $1.000 worth of property is exempt from all debts incur- red prior to May 10, 1865. Georgia. Home worth $2,000, and Personal Property. "Each. head of aTamilv, or guardian, or trustee, of a family of minor children, is entitled to a homestead of realty to the value of S2.000 in specie, and personal property to the value $1,000 in specie, to be valued at the time they are set apart. Idaho. Home worth $3.000, and Personal Property. -The head of a family, being a householder, either husband or wife, may select a gage thereon. ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCED SALE. 173 Illinois. Home worth $1,000. and Personal Property. Lot of ground and buildings thereon, occupied as a lesidence by the debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Ex- emption continues after the death of the householder for the benefit of widow and family, some one of them occupying the homestead until youngest child shall become twenty-one years of age, and until death of widow. There is no exemption from sale for taxes, assessments, debt or liability incurred for the purchase or improvement of such home- stead. No release or waiver of exemption is valid, unless in writing, and subscribed by such householder and wife if he have one), and ac- knowledged as conveyances of real estate, are required to be acknowl- edged. The following articles of personal property owned by the debtor, are exempt from execution, writ of attachment, and distress for rent: First. Necessary wearing apparel, Bibles, school books, and family pictures of every person. Second. Other property worth $100 to be selected by the debtor. When the debtor is the head of a family, and resides with the same, in addition, other property worth $300 may be selected; thouffh such exempt on shall not be allowed from any money due such debtor. A debtor taking the benefit of this act shall make a schedule, subscribed and sworn to, of all his or her personal property, including moneys on hand and due the debtor; and any prop- erty owned by the debtor, and not included in said schedule, shall not be exempt as aforesaid. And thereupon the officer having an execution against the same, shall summon three householders who. upon oath, will appraise and fix a fair value upon each article in said schedule, and the debtor shall then select from such schedule such articles as he or she may desire to retain, the aggregate value of which shall not exceed the amount exempted, to which he or she may be entitled, and deliver the remainder to the officer having the writ. The officer having the writ is authorized to administer tne oath to the debtor and appraisers. Indiana. Home, and Personal Property of the following valve: Any resident householder has an exemption from levy and sale under execution, of real or personal property, or both, as he may select, to the value of $300. The law further provides that no property shall be sold by virtue of an execution for less than two thirds of its appraised cash value. The provisions of this law can be waived in contracts. To do this, the note or contract should read: ''Payable without any relief whatever from, valuation or appraisement laws." Iowa. Farm of 40 Acres, or House and Lot in City and Personal Property. The homestead must embrace the house used as a home by the owner thereof, and if he has two or more houses thus used by him, at different times and places, he may select which he will retain as a homestead. If within a town plat it must not exceed one-half acre in extent, and If not in a town plat it must not embrace in the aggregate more than forty acres. But if when thus limited, in either case its value is less than $500, it may be enlarged till Its value reaches that amount. All wearing apparel kept for actual use, and suitable to the condition of the party, and trunks to contain the same, one shot-gun, or rifle, the proper tools, instruments, or b9oks of any farmer, me- chanic surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor ; the horse or team consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yoke of cattle and wagon with harness, by use of which any physi- cian, public officer, farmer, teamster, or other laborer, habitually earns his living. All private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for sale. If the debtor is the head of a family there is further exempt, two cows, one calf, one horse, fifty sheep, their wool and goods manufactured therefrom, six stands of bees, five hogs, and all pigs under six months; the necessary food for all animals exempt for six months: all flax raised by the de- fendant on not exceeding one acre; one bedstead and necessarj bed- ding for every two in the family; all cloth manufactured by the defendant, not exceeding 100 yards In quantity: household and kitchen furniture notexceeding $200 in value; all spinning-wheels, one sewing- machine, looms, and other instruments of domestic labor kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months; a pew in church, and a lot fn burying-ground not ex- ceeding one acre. The printer bas exempted the nerefs?ry type, presses, etc., for his office' to the value of $1.300. The earnings of a debtor for personal services, or those of his family, ptany time within ninety days nextprecefiinfirthelevy are also exempt from attachment and execution. None of the foregoing exemptionsare for the benefit of a single man not the head of the family, nor of non-residents, nor of those who have started to leu ve the state, but their property is liable to execut'on, with the, exception of ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same: and, in the latter case, of such wearing apparel and such property as the defendant may select, not to exceed 975, to be selected by the debtor and appraised. But no exemptions shall extend to property against an execution issued forthepurchase money thereof. Kansas, Home of 160 Acres of Farm Land, or House and One Acre in a Village or City, and Personal Property. A homestead to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a resi- dence by the family of the owner, together with all the improvements on thesame, shall be exempt from forced sale unrler anyprocess of law, and shall not be alienated except by joint consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists. No value is affixed to the homestead. It may be worth a million dollars. No personal property is exempt for the wages of a servant, mechanic, laborer, or clerk. Every person resid- ing in this State, and being the head of a family, shall have exempt from seizure upon attachment or execution, or other process issued from any court in this State: Family Bibles, school books, and family library; family pictures and musical instruments used by the family; all wear- ing apparel of tie family; all beds, bedsteads and bedding used by the debtor and his family; one cooking stove and appendages, and all other cooking utensils, and all other stoves and appendages, necessary for the use of the debtor and his family; one sewing machine, spinning wheel, and all other implements, and' all other household furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding $500; two cows, ten hogs, one yoke of oxen, and one horse or mule, or in lieu of one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, a span of horses or mnles, and twenty sheep and their wool; necessary food for the support of the stock for one year: one wagon, two plows, drag, and other farming utensils notexceeding $300; grain, meat, vegetables, groceries, etc., for the family for one year; the tools and Implements of any mechanic, miner, or other person, kept for the purpose of carrying on his business, and in addition thereto stock in trade not exceeding $400 in value; library, implements, and oflice furniture of auy professional man. Kentucky. Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property. On all debts or liabilities created after tiie tirst day of June, 1866, so much land, including the dwelling house and appurtenances, as shall not exceed in value $1,000; one work beast or yoke of oxen, two cows and calves, five sheep; wearing apparel, and the usual household and kitchen furniture, of about the value of $100; also one sewing machine. fide owned by me uuutor, iiuviiig a itiimi^, ai jjciouii vi i/ciauiia uv;- pendent upon him for support; together with personal property, making in all a value not exceeding $2,000. Main. Home worth $500, and Personal Property. There is ex- empted a lot of land, dwelling house, etc., not exceeding $500 in value; necessary apparel; a bed, bedstead, and bedding for every two mem- bers of a family; one cooking stove, all stoves used for warming build- Ings, and other necessary furniture to the value of 50; one sewing ma- chine for use, not exceeding $100 in value; all tools necessary for the debtor's occupation; all Bibles and school books for use of the family; one copy of tlie Statutes of the State, and a library not exceeding $150 In value; one cow and one heifer, two swine, ten sheep, and the wool and lambs from them; one pair of working cattle, or instead thereof, one pair of mules, or two horses not exceeding $300 in value; all pro- duce of farms until harvested; corn and gram for use of debtor and family, not exceeding thirty bushels; all potatoes raised or purchased for use in family; one barrel of flour; a sufficient quantity of hay to winter all exempted stock; all flax raised for use, on one-half acre of land; lumber to the amount of $10, twelve cords of fire-wood, five tons of anthracite coal, fifty bushels of bituminous coal, and all charcoal for use In the family; one pew in meeting-house where debtor worships; one horse-sled or ox-sled, $20 in value; one harness worth $20 for each horse or inule; one cart or truck wagon, one harrow, one plow, one yoke, two chains, and on snowing machine; for fisherman, one boat hot exceeding two tons burthen. Maryland. No Homestead Exemption, but Personal Property. The property exempted is tho personal property actually necessary for the sustenance of the family, and the implements or tools necessary to earn a livelihood, and wcuring apparel. The constitution of the State directs the legislature to pass laws exempting from judicial sales property not exceeding $500. One hundred dollars is the amount fixed aim exempted in pursuance Of this constitutional requirement. (The exact language of the law is, "all wearing apparel, books, and the tools of mechanics.") Massachusetts. Home worth $800, and Personal Property. Every householder, having a family, is entitled to a homestead, valued at $800, in farm, or lot of land, and buildings thereon, owned and occu- pied by him as a residence. Necessary clothing, one bedstead, bed, and necessary bedding for every two of the family: one stove used for the dwelling and f uefnot exceeding the value of $20, for th , and library used by him or his family, not exceeding $50 In value: one cow, six sheep, one swine, and two tons of hay: the tools, implements and fixtures necessary for carrying on his trade or business, not exceeding $100 In value: materials and stock necessary for carry ing on his trade or business, and intended to be used therein not exceeding $100 in value: provisions necessary for the family not exceeding $50 in value: the boat, fishing tackle, and nets of fishermen, actually used by them in the prose- cution of their business, to the value of $100: the uniform of an officer or soldier in the mili'ia, and the arms and accoutrements required by law to be kept by him; one pew in church unless required to be sold because of some tax legally laid thereon, and shares in co-operative as- sociations. not exceeding $20 in the aggregate; also rights of burial, and tombs while in use as repositories for the dead. Mississippi. Home worth $2,000, and Personal Property. On debts contracted after September 1, 1870, only eighty acres of land to tlie head of every family, being a housekeeper; to a resident of any in- corporated town, being the head of a family, and a housekeeper, $2,000 worth of real property, comprising the proper homestead. It is under- stood that on debts contracted before September, 1870, the exemptions of the code of 1857 are applicable, viz: One hundred and sixty acres of laud, homestead, $1 500; tools of a mechanic, agricultural implements of a farmer, implements of a laborer; wearing apparel: books of a student, libraries, books and maps; two horses or mules (the new ex- emption gives an additional mule or horse, making two exemptions), one hundred and fifty bushels of corn, four cows and calves, eight hun- dred pounds of pork, twenty bushels of wheat; one yoke of oxen, one wagon; furniture, $250. M ISSO U ri . Home worth $1,500 to $3,000, and Personal Property. Married men are allowed a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres of land to the value of $1,500. In cities of forty thousand inhabitants or over, homesteads shall not include more than eighteen square rods of ground, nor exceed in value $3.000. In cities of less size, homestead shall not include over thirty square rods, nor exceed $1,500 in value. Personal property to the value of not less than $300 to the heads of fam- ilies. Before 1865, certain property of husband, but not that acquired by purchase after marriage, was exempt from liabilities of wife incur- red before marriage. Since statute of 1865, husband is so liable. Michigan. Home worth $1, 500, and Personal Property. Any quantity of land, not exceeding forty acres, and the dwelling bouse thereon with its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, 174 ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALE. and the dwelling house thereon, and its appurtenances, owned and oc- cupied by any resident of the State, not exceeding in value $1,500. Household furniture to amount of $250; stock in trade, a team, or other things which may he necessary to carry on the pursuit of particular business, up to $250; library and school books not exceeding $150; to a householder, ten sheep, two co%ys, five swine, and some minor things. There are some other exemptions beside a homestead, but they are trivial. M i n neSOta. Home of Eighty Acres in Farm Lands, or House and Lot in Villuye or City, and Personal Property. Eighty acres of land selected as a homestead, or a lot and dwelling house thereon, in any incorporated town plat, city, or village, being a homestead: the family Bible, family pictures, school books, or library, and musical in- struments; all wearing apparel of the debtor and his family, all beds, bedsteads, and bedding kept and used by the debtor and his family; all stoves and appendages put up or kept for the use of the debtor and his family; all cooking utensils, and all other household furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding $500 in value ; three cows, two swine, one yoke of oxen and a horse, or in lieu of one yoke of oxen and a horse, a span of horses or mules, twenty sheep and the wool from the same, either in the raw material, or manufactured into cloth or yarn; the necessary food for all the stock mentioned in this section, for one year's support, either provided or g -owing, or both, as the debtor may choose; also, one wagon, cart, or c'.ay, one sleigh, two plows, one drag, and other farming utensils, including tackle for teams, not exceeding $300 in value; the provisions for the debtor and his family necessary for one year's support, either provided or growing, or both, and fuel necessary for one year; the tools and instruments of any mechanic, minor or other person, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade, and in addition thereto, stock in trade not exceeding $400 in value. Also the library and implements of any professional man. All of which articles hereinbefore intended to be exempt shall be chosen by the debtor, his agent, cierk, or legal representative, as the case may be; one sewing machine; the earnings of minor children. None of these arti- cles of personal property are exempt from execution or attachment for the purchase money thereof. Montana. Home worth $2,500, and Personal Property. A. homestead not exceeding in value $2,500 ; in a city or village not to ex- ceed one-quarter of an acre, or farm laud not exceeding eighty acres; the debtor taking his choice selecting either, with all improvements thereon included in the valuation. The lien of a mechanic, laborer, or mortgage lawfully obtained upon the same, is not affected by such ex- emption. In addition to the homestead, personal property to the value of $1,400, and more, according to value of articles enumerated by stat- ute, is allowed to the householder occupying the same. Nebraska. Home worth $500, and Personal Property. A home- stead consisting of any quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, and the dwelling house thereon, and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any incorporated city or village; or, instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quan- tity of contiguous land, not exceeding two lots, being within an incor- porated town, city or village, and according to the recorded plat of said incorporated town, city or village; or, in lieu of the above, a lot or par- cel of contiguous land not exceeding twenty acres, being within the limits of an incorporated town, city or village, the said parcel or lot of land not being laid off into streets, blocks and lots, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, being the head of a family, shall not be subject to attachment, levy, or sale upon execution, or other process issuing out of any court in this State, so long as the same shall be occu- pied by the debtor as a homestead. All heads of families who have neither lands, town lots nor houses entitled to exemption as a home- stead, under the laws of this State, shall have exemption from forced sale on execution the sum of S500 impersonal property. Other oersonal property is exempted, which is enumerated by statute. Nevada. Home worth $5,000, and Personal Property. The husband, wife, or other head of the family, is entitled to a homestead not exceeding in value 85,000, and a debtor has exempted from attach- ment personal property not exceeding in value $1,500, enumerated in the statute. N 6W H a m psh i re. Home worth$500, and Personal Property. Homestead to the value of $500; necessary apparel and bedding, and household furniture to the value of $100; Bibles and school books in use in the family; library to the value of $200; one cow, one hog and one pig, and pork of same when slaughtered; tools of occupation to the value of $100; six sheep and their fleeces; one cooking stove and its furniture; provisions and fuel to the value of $50, and one sewing ma- chine; beasts of the plow, not exceeding one yoke of oxen, or a horse and hay not exceeding four tons. New Jersey. Home worth $2,000 and Personal Property. Lot and buildings thereon, occupied as a residence and owned by the deotor, being ;\ householder and having a family, to the value of $1,500 Personal property to the amount of $200, owned by a resident head of a family, appraised by three persons appointed by the sheriff; and the widow or administrator of a deceased person may claim the same ex- emption of $200 as against the creditors. New York. Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property. Homestead to the value of $1,000, owned and occupied by debtor be- ing a householder and having a family. In addition to the household articles usually enumerated as exempt from the sale under execution and the tools of any mechanic, not exceeding $25 in value, there are exempted necessary household furniture and working tools; team and food for said team for a period not exceeding ninety days; professional instruments, furniture and library owned by any person being a house- holder, or having a family for which he provides, to the value of not exceeding $250, and a sewing machine. Such exemption does notapply to any execution issued on a demand for purchase money of such fur- niture, tools or team, or the food of said team, or professional instru- ments, furniture or library, sewing machine, or the articles now enu- merated bylaw; nor to any judgment rendered for a claim accruing for work and labor, performed in a family as a domestic; nor to any judgment obtained in any court in the City of New York, for work, la- bor or services done or performed bv any female employee, when such amount does not exceed the sum of $15 exclusive of costs. New Mexico. Home worth $1,000; Provisions, $25; Furniture, $10; Tools, $20. Keal estate to the value of $1,000 is exempt in farm if the heads of families reside on the same; also the clothing, beds, and bed clothing necessary for the use of the family, and firewood sufficient for thirty days, when actually provided and intended therefor; all Bibles, hymn books, Testaments, and school books, used by the family, and family and religious pictures; provisions actually provided, to the amount of $25, and kitchen furniture to the value of $10, both to be se- lected by the debtor; also tools and implements belonging to the debtor that maybe necessary to enable him to carry on his trade or business, whether agricultural or mechanical, to be selected by him. and not to exceed $20 in value. Real estate when sold must be first appraised by two freeholders of the vicinity, and must bring two-thirds of the ap- praised value. North Carolina. Home worth $1,000; Personal Property, $500. Every nomestead, and dwellings and buildings used therewith, not exceeding in value $1,000, to be selected by the owner thereof: or. in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town or vil- lage, with the dwellings used thereon, owned and occupied by any res- ident of the State and not exceeding the value of $1,000. Personal property to the value of $500. Ohio Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property. There is ex- empted by law the family homestead, not exceeding in value $1,000; to hold, exempt from levy and sale, personal property not exceeding $500, in addition to the chattel property as aforesaid. Ontario, Canada. Grants that are Free, and Homesteads in the possession of actual settlers, in the Algoma and Nippisslug Districts, and certain lands between the River Ottawa and Georgian Bay, are ex- empt from seizure, while in personal property, beds, bedding, and wearing apparel of the debtor and his family, household furniture, provisions, farm stock, tools and implements, to the value of $60, are exempt from seizure. Oregon. Personal Property. Books, pictures, and musical in- struments, to the value of $75; wearing apparel to the value of $100, and if a householder, to the value of $50 for each member of the family ; tools, implements, apparatus, team, vehicle, harness, or library, when necessary in the occupation or profession of a Judgment debtor, to the amount of $400; if the judgment debtor be a householder, ten sheep with one year's fleece, two cows, five swine, household goods, furniture, and utensils, to the value of $300. No article of property is exempt from execution issued upon a judgment for the purchase price. Pennsylvania. BeaZ or Personal, $300, Property, either real or personal, to the value of $300. The exemption may be waived in note or contract. Q U 6 bee , Can ad a .Personal Property enumerated as follows. worth $20; one cow, four sheep, two hogs, with necessary toou tor thirty days; tools and instruments used in his trade to the value of $20; fifteen hives of bees, and wages and salaries' not yet due; besides cer- tain other properties granted by the courts. R hode Island. No Home Exempted, but Personal Property. The law exempts from sale on execution the household furniture, and family stores of a housekeeper, provided the same do not ex- ceed in value $300; all the necessary -wearing apparel of a debtor and his family; onecow, one hog, the tools or implementsof a debtor's pro- fession to the value of $50. There is no homestead exemption. South Carolina. Home worth $1.000; Personal Property $500 There is exempt from sale and execution in the State a home- stead not exceeding in value $1,000. Household furniture, beds, and bedding, family library, arms, carts, wagons, farming implements, tools, cattle, work animals, swine, goats and sheep, not to exceed m value in the aggregate the sum of $500 ; in addition thereto all necessary wearing apparel. Ten n essee . Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property. The homestead, consisting of the dwelling house, outbuildings, and land appurtenant, to the value of $1,000; also personal property to the value of $500. their designation as a homestead, (subsequent increase in value by im- provements or otherwise does not subject it to forced sale); household and kitchen furniture, $500. To every citizen not the head of a family, one horse, saddle and bridle; all wearing apparel, and tools, books, and apparatus of his trade or profession: also five cows, twenty hogs; one year's provisions, and in case of death of husband, the court will set aside to the widow and children other property or money to the value of the foregoing exemptions, if the estate has not got the specific articles exempted. ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALE. 175 Utah. Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property, .member of the family, $250. To the head of the family is homestead not exceeding in value $1,000, to be selected by the debtor, To each allowed a and personal property to the value of $700 or more, according to the value of articles exempt by statute; aside from the homestead each member-of the family is allowed $250. No property shall be exempt from sale on a judgment received for its price, on a mechanic's lien, or a mortgage thereon. Vermont. Home toortft, |500, and Personal Property. Home- stead to the value of $500, and products; such suitable apparel, bed- ding, tools, arms, and articles of furniture as may be necessary for up- holdinglife; one sewing machine kept for use; one cow, the bestswine, or the meat of one swine; ten sheep, and one year's product of said sheep in wool, yarn or cloth; forage sufficient for keeping not exceed- ing ten sheep and one cow through one winter; ten cords of firewood, twenty bushels of potatoes; such military arms and accoutrements as the debtor is required by law to furnish; all growing crops, ten bushels of grain, one barrel of flour, three swarms of bees and hives, together with their produce in honey; two hundred pounds of sugar, and all let- tered gravestones; the Bibles and all other books used in a family; one pew or slip in a meeting house or place of religious worship; live poul- try not exceeding in amount or value the sum of $10; the professional books and instruments of physicians, and the professional books of clergymen and attorneys at law, to the value of $200 ; and also one yoke of oxen or steers, as the debtor may select, or two horses, kept and used for team work, and such as the debtor may select, in lieu of oxen or steers, but not exceeding in value the sum of $200, with sufficient for- age for the keeping of the same through the Winter; provided, however, the exemption, as to one yoke of oxen or steers, and the forage there- for, is not to extend to any attachment issued on any contract made on or before the twenty-first day of November, 1859, or the exemption as to two horses and the forage therefor, on or before the first day of December, 1866, or any execution issued on a judgment founded on any such contract. West Virginia. Homeworlh $1,000, and Personal Property. Homestead to the value of $1,000 is exempt, where the property of that value is devised or granted to debtor, being a husband or parent, and resident in the State, as a homestead; and where he, previously to con- tracting the debt or liability has placed a declaration of his intention to keep the property as a homestead on the land records of the county in which the real estate is situate. Personal property to the value of $300 is also exempted, provided debtor is a resident and a parent. Washington Territory. Home worth $1,000, and Per- sonal Property. To each householder, being the head of a family, a homestead worth $1,000, while occupied by such family. All wearing apparel, private libraries, family pictures and keepsakes; to each householder, one bed and bedding, and one;additional bed and bedding for every two additional members of the family, and other household goods of the coin value of $1,500; two cows and their calves, five swine, two stands of bees, twenty-five domestic fowls, and provisions and fuel for six months. To a farmer, one span of horses and harness, or two yoke of oxen, and one wagon, witli farming utensils not exceeding $200 coin value. To attorneys and clergymen, their libraries valued at not to exceed $500, with office furniture and fuel. Small boats and firearms kept for use, not exceeding $50 in coin value; parties engaged in light- ering, two lighters and a small boat, valued at $250; the team of a drayman. Wisconsin. Farm of Forty Acres, or House and Lotin Village or Citfy, and Personal Property. A homestead consisting of any quan- tity of land not exceeding forty acres, used for agricultural purposes, and the dwelling house thereon and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any town plat, or city, or vil- lage, or instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quantity of land notexceeding in amount one-fourth of an acre, being within a recorded town plat, or city, or village, and the dwelling-house thereon, and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, shall not be subject to forced sale on execution, or any other final process from a court, for any debt or liability contracted after January 1, 1849. Family Bible, family pictures, or school books; library of debtor, but not circulating libraries; wearing apparel of debtor and family; all stoves put up and kept for use, all cooking utensils, and all other household furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding $200 in value; two cows, ten swine, one yoke of oxen and one horse, or a span of horses or mules; ten sheep and the wool from same, either raw or manufactured; the necessary food for above stock for a year's sup- port; one wagon, cart, or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag, and other farming utensils, including tackle for teams, not exceeding $50 in value; provisions and fuel.for one year; tools and implements or stock in trade of a mechanic or miner, or other person, not exceeding $200 in value; library or implements of any professional man notexceeding $200 in value; all moneys from insuranceof exempt property; earnings of all persons for sixty days next preceding the issuing of any process; all sewing machines kept for use; any swords, plate, books, or other articles, presented by Congress or the members thereof. Wyoming. Home worth $1,500, and Personal Property. A. homestead consisting of a house and lot in a village or city, or land not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, the value not in either case ex- ceeding $1,500, is allowed to a householder occupying the same. Also the following property of a householder being the head of a family, is exempt. Wearing apparel, family Bibles, pictures, school books, cem- etery lots, bedding, furniture, provisions, and such other articles as the debtor may select, notexceeding in value $500. Tools, team, or stock in trade of a mechanic, miner, or other person, kept and used for the purpose of carrying on his business or trade, not exceeding S30Q, are exempt. Library, instruments and implements of any professional man, worth not more than $300. The person claiming exemption must be a bonafide resident of the territory- METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The following system of Measures and Weights, owing to its com- plete decimal character, and the consequent freedom from labor it affords in calculation, by converting one denomination into another, has been adopted by most European nations. Its use lias also been legalized in the United States, and its ultimate adoption, as a uniform system of measurement and weight, by all the civilized countries, it is believed, will be only a matter of time. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. WEIGHTS. Dry Meas'e Liquid Measure. Weight or quantity of water at maxi- mum density. Equip, in BngUsnW eiyM Troy Grains. Avoird. Ounces. Pound Peck Bus. Gills. Pints Qrts. Gals. Centilitre. Decilitre. . Litre Dekalitre. Hectolitre -^ of a litre i of a litre Unit of capac- ity 10 litres 100 litres .07 Milligramme.. . Centigramme.. Decigramme... Gramme Dekagramme.. H 'Ctogramme.. Kilogramme... Myriagramme.. j^ of a gramme, j-^-y of a gramme. -j^j- of a gramme. Unit of weight .'. 10 grammes.. 100 grammes.. 1,000 grammes.. 10,000 grammes.. 100,000 grammes.. 1,000,000 grammes.. 1 millimetre 10 millimetre .0154 .1543 1.543 15.43 1.1 2.75 .70 .176 1.76 0.88 0.22 2.20 22.01 1 cubic decimetre. 10 cubic decimetre. 100 decimetre 1 litre 10 litre ".3527" 3.527 ""2.2046 22.046 220.46 2204.6 MEASURES OF LENGTH. Millier or Ton- neau 1 cubic metre... . Equivalents in English Standard Measures. MEASURES OF SUKhAUt. , Equivalent in English Standard Measures. Inches. Feet. Yards. Rods. Fur- longs. Miles Inches Square Feet. Square Yards. Square Poles. Koods. Ac- res. Millimetre. Centimetre. Decimetre.. Metre Dekametre. Hectometre Kilometre.. Myriametre nnn; of a metre ~ ofametre j-jp of a metre Unit of measure 10 metres.. 100 metres.. 1 000 metres 0.0394 0.3937 3.937 39.37 393.7 Square Decimetre 1S.50 1,550.06 .107 10.76 1.20 119.60 11,9B0.33 3.28 32.80 328. 3280. 1.09 10.94 109.37 1093.63 Sqr. Dekametre, or Are Hectare.., 3.95 395.38 .099 9.88 0.247 2.47 1.99 19.9 199. .497 '".62 6.21 lOioOO metres.. 176 GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ON THE COLLECTION OF DEBTS. /Ziir>> 1 <>) ,n ow to Collect a Debt. i. > WHAT TO DO WHEN NECESSARY TO SETTLE AN ACCOUNT BY LEGAL PROCESS, OUTLINE OF PROCEEDINGS, \JjTHOUGH an earnest effort be made to do business upon a strictly cash basis, debts will be incurred which dishonest, care- less, improvident and unfortunate people will neglect to pay. To understand the necessary steps to be taken in the collec- tion of such debts is a matter which, while it concerns all, is nevertheless understood only by the few ; and, thus lacking- acquaintance with the course which should be pursued, vast num- bers of people are defrauded of their hard earnings and honest dues, and themselves frequently thrown into bankruptcy, when prompt and decisive measures pursued in the collection of debts would have saved to them fortune and independence. Indebtedness having occurred, and the party owing the same neglecting to pay, what shall be the first step taken in its collection? Naturally that will very mate- rially depend upon the nature of the indebtedness and the circumstances under which the debt was made. To illustrate, the following are among the various means by which debts are incurred : How Debts are Made. By buying goods to be paid for when convenient. By buying goods on credit, settlement being made at certain times. By employing service, to be paid for at certain stated periods. By obtaining the use of lands, houses and other property, and con- tracting to pay for the same as per agreement. By purchasing houses, lands and other property, giving a mortgage on the same as security for balance unpaid. By borrowing money ; usually secured by note and mortgage, or responsible indorsement, as the case may be. General Suggestions. To avoid any of these various classes of indebtedness, the following safeguards can be used : First, do a strictly cash business. Mark goods in the beginning as low as you intend they shall be sold, and then part with them only for cash in hand, unless in cases of emergency. This is the best way to obviate all necessity of collecting, and is by far the best course to pursue alike for the buyer and the seller. By adopting the cash S3 - stem as the method of dealing, the price would rule much lower, and yet the merchant would suffer no loss, while the customer would thus be enabled to buy much cheaper, and paying for everything at time of purchase, would buy more sparingly, more economically, and hence would save and lay up money. Precautionary Measures. Send goods abroad only to be paid for when taken. If goods are bought on account, to be paid for at stated periods, let such period be as short as possible, and collect promptly at the time specified. If engaged in the service of others, secure payment if possible once a week, unless engaged in working for a strictly responsible firm who make it a rule to pay monthly. If furnishing boarding-house or hotel accommodations, make it a positive rule to collect all bills at periods not exceeding a week apart. To do otherwise is almost certainly to meet with loss, though there are exceptional ciises with strictly responsible parties who may arrange to pay monthly. If renting houses, lands or other property, always have leases made in duplicate, one of which should be kept by the landlord, and the other by the tenant ; the wording of the lease being specific as to the conditions of payment, and forfeiture, (see " Landlord and Tenant," page 162), if payment be not made promptly. In cities it is customary to have rent paid weekly or monthly, in advance. The payments should always be made at the landlord's residence or place of business. Ac- knowledgment of the payment should be made on the back of the lease when rent is paid. Loaning Money. If loaning money, always require a promissory note of the borrower. (See "Promissory Notes," page 779.) Some exceptions may be made, of course, where the amount is quite small, among very intimate friends. Ordinarily, however, always take a note; and if the amount is consid- erable, or the responsibility of the borrower in the least doubtful, have the payment of the note secured by a mortgage on property worth sev- eral times the amount loaned. (See "Mortgages," page 158.) When difficulty is experienced in collecting an account, get the same, if pos- sible, converted into a note, as it is much easier to handle and collect. Be very certain, when loaning money on real estate, that the amount of security is not only sufficient to pay the note, but that it is free from encumbrance. If a loan is made taking personal property as security, covered by chattel mortgage, see that no other mortgage has been placed on the same property before. FIRST LEGAL, STEPS IN COLLECTING THE DEBT. 177 If the loan is secured by mortgage on real estate, which is much the safest, an Abstract of Title should be required of the borrower, signed by the county clerk or other responsible person, showing that the prop- erty mortgaged is entirely free from encumbrance. Or, if there be encumbrance already upon the same, ascertain what its amount may be. See also that your mortgage, taken as security, is recorded immediately. We have thus enumerated some of the means with which loss by credit may be avoided; but should credits be given, and the par- ties owing neglect or refuse to pay, the following suggestions, it is hoped, may aid in the collection of the debt. Preliminary Proceedings! Of course the first steps to be taken in the collection of a debt will depend upon circumstances. The party owing may have met with a sudden reverse of fortune maybe willing, but unable, without great sacrifice, to pay at present; and thus a variety of circumstances will tend to determine the action to be pursued in the commencement whether it be sharp, positive and energetic, or mild and lenient. We will suppose, however, that the debtor neglects or refuses to pay a just debt. It becomes necessary, therefore, to proceed to its collection by the various discreet and legal steps at command. These are : First, To write a letter calling attention to the account unpaid, stat- ing the time when the obligation was due, and accompanying the same with a bill of goods bought, when, etc. Second, Another letter, a little more pointed than the first, urging the necessity of immediate settlement. Third, To sue for the same before a competent legal officer. First Efforts at Collection. The necessary forms will be very similar to the following: DUNNING LETTER NO. I. MR. A. B. CUSHMAN, ELYRIA, O., Feb. 10, 1877. Oberlin, O. Dear Sir : Please find enclosed a statement of your account to Jan- uary first, at which time we had hoped to have settled with all our cus- tomers. Early attention to this will greatly oblige, Yours Respectfully, BROWN, MEYER & CO. DUNNING LETTER NO. 2. MR. A. B. CUSHMAN, ELYRIA, O., Feb. 20, iSn. Oberlin, O. Dear Sir : We are compelled to place some of our accounts in the hands of collectors for settlement; but our relations with you have always been so pleasant, we wish to avoid doing so in your case. As all uncollected bills go into the hands of the collector next Monday, you will please call upon us before then, and oblige, Yours Resrjectfully, BROWN, MEYER & CO. Borrowed Money. In case the indebtedness is for borrowed money, possibly a small amount, for which no promissory note was given, the easiest method, probably, of disposing of the matter, when it is discovered that the individual does not intend to pay, is to erase the transaction from the memorandum and forget the affair entirely, if possible ; considering yourself fortunate in discovering, before loaning a larger amount, that the borrower was a dead beat. It may be best that you continue on friendly terms, and you cannot afford to break pleasant relations tor a small amount of money, though by this neglect the borrower has forever forfeited your confidence, unless the matter is satisfactorily explained. Should you propose, however, to press collection, a letter similar to the following may be written: REMINDER NO. I. GALESBURG, ILL., Aug. 15, 1877. MR. WEBSTER : The ten dollars borrowed by you on the Fourth of July was to have been paid, according to agreement, on last Monday. Thinking that, possibly, the matter had escaped your recollection, I take this means of reminding you of the fact. Respectfully Yours, CHAS. B. WEEKS. No attention being paid to this letter, it may be well enough to write one letter more, as follows: REMINDER NO. 2. GALESBURG, ILL., Aug. 24, 1877. MR. WEBSTER: I mailed a note to your address some days since,' in relation to money borrowed of me on the Fourth. I fear you must have failed to receive it, otherwise you surely would have given it your attention. As I put all unsettled accounts into the hands of a justice for collection next week on Wednesday, I should like to see you before that time. Respectfully Yours, CHAS: B. WEEKS. Legr-l Proceedings. You have exhausted the usual moral means of collecting your due, and the debt is not yet paid. It is proposed now to collect it, if possi- ble, by legal process. In the first place, can it be collected ? Is the debtor worth enough to be compelled to pay it, aside from the property which the law exempts? What does the law exempt? (See "Exemptions from Forced Sale," page I^2), which applies to heads of families ; also, (" Limitation!:" on page 143). Being satisfied that the debt is collectible, you now place the account in the hands of a Justice of the Peace, unless the amount to be collected is so large as to be out of the justice's jurisdiction. The amount which can be collected through a justice varies in different States. Limit of Jurisdiction with Justice of the Peace. The following shows the largest amount in the different States and Territories which the justice of the peace, through his official position, can have jurisdiction over : Alabama $100 Arkansas aoo California 300 Colorado 300 Connecticut 100 Dakota Ter 100 Delaware 100 Florida 50 Georgia 100 Idaho Ter 100 Illinois 200 Indiana 200 Iowa.. 100* Kansas 300 Kentucky 100 * By consent of parties, $300. Louisiana $100 Maine 20 Maryland 100 Massachusetts .. 300 Michigan 300 Minnesota .. .. 100 Ohio $300 Oregon 250 Pennsylvania 100 Rhode Island 100 South Carolina.. 100 Tennessee 500 Mississippi 150 Texas 200 Missouri 300 Utah Ter 300 Nebraska 100 Nevada 300 New Hampshire 100 New Jersey 100 New Mexico Ter 100 New York 200 North Carolina.. 200 Vermont 200 Virginia 50 Washington Ter. 100 West Virginia.. 100 Wisconsin 300 Wyoming Ter... 100 First Legal Steps. The amount to be collected being within the jurisdiction of the justice, he will issue a Summons, which will be taken by a constable to the debtor, if he can be found, and read to him, which is termed " serving a summons " upon the person owing the debt. Form of Summons. The wording of this summons will be somewhat as follows: STATE OF I COUNTY, ( The People of the State of to any Constable of said County GREETING : You are hereby commanded to summon A. B. to appear before me at on the day of , at o'clock M., to answer the complaint of C. D. for a failure to pay him a certain demand not exceeding ; and hereof make due return as the law directs. Given under my hand this day of 18 . JOHN DOE, y. P. It may be remarked that the law varies in different States as to where a debtor may be sued. In some States he cannot be sued out of the town where he resides. In others more latitude is given, the facts concerning which the justice will explain, upon application, as to his own State. Upon the issuance of a summons, the constable will proceed to serve the same immediately. But if the defendant cannot be found, or shall evade the service of process by refusing to listen, or bv secreting himself, the constable may leave a copy of the summons with some member of his family of the age of ten years or upward; 12 178 WHO ARE EXEMPT FROM SERVING ON JURIES. and afterward report to the justice when and how his summons was served, and the circumstances attending the same. In the summons the justice will specify a certain place, day and hour for the trial, not less, usually, than five, nor more than fifteen days from the date of such summons, at which place and time defendant is notified to appear. A summons is usually served at least three days before the trial is to take place. The justice indorses on the summons the amount demanded by the plaintiff, with the costs due on the same, and upon the serving of the summons the debtor may pay to the constable the demand and sts, taking- his receipt for the same, which will satisfy the debt and pre- vent all further costs. The CostSi The average costs accruing- up to this point are: justice for issuing summons,' 25 cents; constable for serving, 35 cents; the entire cost de- pending, somewhat, upon how far the constable has to travel, he being entitled, ordinarily, to five cents per mile each way for mileage. In many cases, when served with a summons, the debtor will imme- diately settle the claim rather than allow a greater accumulation of costs ; but should he refuse to make settlement, the constable will return the summons indorsed somewhat as follows: " Served by reading the within to the defendant on the t;th day of July, 1876. JOHN SMITH, Constable." In suing an incorporated company, a copy of the summons must be left with the president. If he is absent, then with the secretary, gene- ral agent, cashier, or principal clerk, if either can be found in the county in which suit is brought. If neither can be found in the county, then by leaving a copy of the summons with any clerk, engineer, director, station agent, conductor, or any such agent found in the county. At the time appointed for the trial, both the plaintiff and defendant, or their representatives, are required to be promptly in attendance, the plaintiff being present for the purpose of proving his claim, and the defendant for the purpose of stating his defense, or the reasons why the claim should not be paid. Should either party fail to appear, he must suffer the penalty hereafter explained. Trial by Justice and Jury. When the parties appear, the justice will proceed to try the case, and after hearing the allegations and proofs, will, if the claim be proved, give judgment against the defendant, including costs and such interest as the law allows. If no claim is proved, the judgment will be against the plaintiff, who will be held responsible for costs. Should either party demand a jury, he can have the same in all cases of trial before a justice of the peace, upon making a deposit with the justice of the jury fees. The jury shall comprise any number from six to twelve, as the parties may agree, though the number usually provided by law is six or twelve. Upon determining to have the case tried by jury, the justice will put into the hands of the constable, or other authorized officer, the following FORM OF WRIT FOR SUMMONING JURORS. STATE OF ) COUNTY, The People of the Stale of GREETING: to any Constable of said County We command you to summon lawful men of your county to appear before me at o'clock M., who are not related to ' plaintiff, or to defendant, to make a jury between said parties in a certain cause pending before me; and have then and there the names of this jury and this writ. Witness my hand this day of , 18 . JOHN DOE, 7. P. In the case of jury trial, the justice will enter judgment according to the verdict of the jury. Who are Competent as Jurors. In most States the following requisites are necessary to make the individual competent to serve on a jury: 1. He should be a resident of the county, and not exempt from serving on jury. 2. Twenty-one years old and under sixty. 3. Of fair character, in the possession of natural faculties, free from legal exceptions, of sound judgment, well informed, and who under- stands the English language. Who are Exempt from Serving on Juries. In general, the following persons, according to the statutes of many States, are exempt from serving on juries, namely: the governor, lieu- tenant governor, secretary of state, auditor of public accounts, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, attorney general, members of the general assembly during their term of office, judges of courts, clerks of courts, sheriffs, coroners, postmasters, mail carriers, practicing attor- neys, all officers of the United States, officiating ministers of the gospel, school teachers during their terms of school, practicing physicians, con- stant ferrymen, mayors of cities, policemen, and active members of the fire department. The Result of Failing to Appear. Should the plaintiff fail to appear within the hour appointed, the jury, or the justice, alone, being in readiness to hear the trial, and no good reason being given for his non-attendance, the suit is dismissed, unless the defendant should desire to have the case tried then or at another time. Should the defendant fail to appear, the justice will hear the case, and if the claim is proved, he will enter Judgment against the defend- ant for the amount which is due the plaintiff, and will issue an Execution for its collection. A "Judgment" is simply the decision of the court that a certain demand or claim shall be paid, and no particular form is required in rendering it. The Execution. An execution is a writ which authorizes an officer, to whom it is directed, to carry into effect the decision of the court. In some States the law permits the imprisonment of a debtor if he refuses to pay the claim against him, and an execution can be issued directing the proper officer to imprison the delinquent until the claim is satisfied. It is more common, however, to issue an execution authorizing an officer to levy upon personal property of the debtor, and a judgment being rendered by the justice against a party, the next step usually taken is to issue an execution for the collection of the amount due. If the plaintiff is satisfied that the debt will be lost unless execution issue immediately, he may take oath to that effect, and the justice will issue an execution authorizing an officer to make levy upon goods at once, but sale of the same usually will not take place under twenty days. If no fear of losing the debt is expressed, execution will issue, gene- rally, in about twenty days from the time judgment was rendered, and the officer usually has about seventy days to make a levy and sell the property to satisfy said execution. FORM OF EXECUTION AGAINST GOODS AND CHATTELS. STATE OF C to any Constable of said County )F 1 OL'NTY, J " The People of the State of- GREF.TING: We command you, that of the goods and chattels of A. B. in your county, you make the sum of dollars and cents, judgment, and dollars and cents, costs, which C. D. lately recovered before me in a certain plea against the said A. B., and hereof make re- turn to me within seventy days from this date. Given under my hand this day of , 18 . JOHN DOE, y. P. When the Writ of Execution against personal property is placed in his hands, it is the duty of the constable to make a levy upon and sell such personal property as he can find sufficient to satisfy the debt, which is not exempted from sale by law, giving ten days' previous notice of such sale by advertisement in writing to be posted up at three of the most public places in the vicinity where the sale is to be made, and on the day appointed for the sale, the constable sells to the highest WHO CANNOT BE ARRESTED. 179 bidder the property levied upon, or as much of the same as may be necessary to pay the judgment, interest and costs. Of course discretion must be used by the constable in selecting prop- erty not exempted from sale, and not already attached or covered by chattel mortgage ; and when covered by the latter, whether it will sell for enough to pay both claims. Attachment of Goods. If a creditor, his agent or attorney, has good reason to believe that there is danger of losing his claim, because the debtor is a non resident of the State, or conceals himself, in defiance of an officer, so that process cannot be served upon him, or has departed from the State with the in- tention of removing his goods from the State, or has fraudulently con- veyed or assigned his effects so as to hinder or delay his creditors, or is about to do so, he can go before a justice of the peace and make affidavit setting forth the nature and amount of the indebtedness, after allowing all just credits and set-offs, for any one or more of the causes mentioned. He will also state the place of residence of defendant, if known, and file a bond with said justice in double the amount sworn to be due, with suf- ficient security, payable to defendant, against whom the writ is issued, conditioned for satisfying all costs and damages awarded to such defend- ant, for wrongfully suing out said attachment That being done, the justice will issue a Writ of Attachment, which authorizes the constable in whose hands it is placed to proceed at once to the residence or place of business df the debtor, or elsewhere where he may have goods and effects within the jurisdiction of the court, and immediately take possession of a sufficient amount of personal prop- erty with which to pay the claim and all costs ; provided, however, if at the residence of the debtor he is allowed to enter. Should the debtor be present when the constable has got possession, he will read the writ to him, the time being specified in the same when his trial will take place. In the meantime the constable or officer will take possession of the goods by removing them or putting them in charge of some person until the day of the trial. If the goods are being re- moved to another county, he can, in most States, follow and take them there. The Trial. At the trial, if it is proven that the debtor had no intention of leaving or refusing to pay his just due, and any damage has been done by the seizure of the property, the creditor will be held responsible for such damage. If the defendant or his representative does not put in an appearance, after having been notified, the justice, at the day appointed, which is usually within a month from the time the attachment was issued, will hear the case, and if the claim be proved, will render judg- ment according!}', and order a sale of the necessary amount of goods to pay the debt and all costs. Attaching the Body. Where an attachment has been issued against a defendant and the constable returns no property found, and yet the plaintiff is satisfied that the defendant has property concealed, removed or assigned with intent to defraud his creditors, and that there is danger of losing his claim unless the debtor is held to bail, it is common in several States for the justice to issue a Capias for the arrest of the debtor, the form of which is as follows: FORM OF CAPIAS. STATE OF COUNTY, 37/i? People of the State of to any Constable of said County GREETING: You are hereby commanded to take the body of and bring him forthwith before me, unless special bail be entered; and if such bail be entered, you will then command him to appear before me at , on the day of , at o'clock M., to answer to the com- plaint of A. B. for failure to pay him a certain demand not exceeding dollars; and hereof make due return as the law directs. Given under my hand, this dav of , 18 . JOHN DOE, J. P. Before issuing a capias, the justice will take from the plaintiff, or his representative, a bond with approved surety, which is substantially in the following Mm: FORM OF BOND FOR CAPIAS. Before .Justice of the Peace. We hereby bind ourselves to pay all damages and costs, if any, which may be wrongfully occasioned by a capias in this case. Dated this day of , 18 . [SEAL.] [SEAL.] Ordinarily the capias is issued only as a last resort, and when it is evident that the claim can only be collected by arresting the defendant and depriving him of his liberty, unless he give satisfactory bail. Being provided with a warrant for the apprehension of the debtor, the defendant is arrested, if found, and brought forthwith before the justice, unless some friend or other person will guarantee that the debtor will promptly appear at the hour and place appointed for trial. This guarantee, termed "giving bail," is in the following form, written on the back of the capias: FORM OF SPECIAL BAIL. I, A. B., acknowledge myself special bail for the within named C. D. Witness my hand, this day of , 18 . A. B. This indorsement must be signed by one or more responsible persons whom the constable is willing to take as security, the condition being that the defendant, if judgment is rendered against him, at the time of trial will pay the same, with costs, or surrender himself, according to the terms of the capias. And in case he fails to pay, or surrender, the persons who signed the bail are held for the payment of the claim. Who Cannot be Arrested. By constitutional right, the following persons are privileged from arrest: Members of congress, except for treason, felony, and breach of the peace, are not liable to arrest during their attendance upon the session of their respective houses, nor while going to or returning from the same. Electors are also privileged from arrest, except for trea- son, felony or breach of the peace, while in attendance upon elections, or while going to or returning from the same. In many States, also, the militia, except in the above cases, are exempt during their attendance at musters, or while going or returning. Attorneys and counselors at law, judges, clerks, sheriffs, and all other officers of the several courts are likewise free from arrest while attending court, and while going to and returning from the same, as are also witnesses and other persons necessarily attending any courts of record on business. Suing the Garnishee. Another means left open for the collection of a claim in various States of the Union, is that of securing the debt by suing a third person who may be owing the defendant. In such case the plaintiff can pro- ceed against this third person, who is called the garnishee, in the same manner as against the debtor, though a certain amount of the money owing is, in some States, exempt, and cannot be garnisheed. Levying upon Real Estate. When no personal property can be found with which to pay the debt, and the debtor is known to possess real estate in sufficient amount to pay the claim, then it is allowable, in certain States, for the justice to certify to the clerk of the circuit court, in the county where judgment was rendered, a transcript of the judgment, which shall be filed by the clerk; and thereupon the same will become a lien upon the real estate of the debtor, and execution may issue from that court, and proceedings be had for the sale of the land and payment of the debt and costs from the proceeds of the sale. Appealing to Higher Courts. Where an action has been brought before a justice to secure a claim, a summons has been issued, the day has been set for a hearing, and judg- ment has been rendered by a justice or a jury, and the decision is that 180 EXPENSE OF A LAWSUIT. How Soon the Debt may be Collected. Thus it will be seen where, in each trial, the defendant promptly de- fends his case and appeals to the higher courts when he finds himself beaten, h'e can escape the payment of the original debt for one, two or more years. As each appeal is attended with heavy costs, however, few men care to punish themselves so much for the sake of wreaking- re- venge upon anybody else. In most cases the debtor will pay the debt in the earlier part of the prosecution, unless he thinks he has good reason for not doing so. What does Law Cost? What will it cost to collect the debt? That question naturally arises, and is, very properly, one that should be considered. Of course it is impossible to determine, definitely, what the costs will be. If a lawyer be employed for an ordinary justice suit, occupying the time but an hour or so, his fee will be five dollars. Should the claim be of considerable amount, and the time of the attorney be employed u day or two, the law- yer's charge will be from ten to twenty dollars. Should the plaintiff come off victorious, and obtain judgment against the debtor, the other costs will be mainly borne by the debtor. Should it be shown that the plaintiff has no just claim, the justice, or jury, if there be a jury, will decide that there was no cause of action, and will assess the costs of suit to the plaintiff. The costs of an ordinary justice suit in most States, will average about as follows: Docketing the suit, 25 cents; issuing summons, 25 cents; constable for serving summons, 35 cents; each mile traveled in serving- summons by constable, 5 cents; justice fee for entering up judgment, 25 cents; for discharge of docket, 25 cents; fee of justice for hearing statement of each party and giving decision, $2. The above are the inevitable costs which will be incurred if the plaintiff and defendant have a trial without witnesses, lawyers or jury, and then settle according to the decision of the justice. If witnesses are called, the expense is 50 cents per day for each wit- ness, to be claimed at time of trial. Fee of justice for issuing each sub- pccna for witness, 25 cents; constable for serving- each subpoena, 25 cents; for mileage each way in serving a subpoena, 5 cents; for admin- istering oath to each witness, 5 cents. Should the suit be tried by a jury, each juryman is entitled, before a justice, to 50 cents for hearing the case, should the jury agree ; for en- tering verdict of the jury, 15 cents; fee of constable for waiting on jury, 50 cents; for entering satisfaction of judgment, 10 cents. Should judgment be obtained against the debtor, and he refuse to settle, the justice will issue an execution to levy upon and sell a sufficient quantity of debtor's goods to pay the debt and all costs. Fee for execu- tion, 50 cents; fee of constable for serving and returning execution, 50 cents; for advertising property for sale, 50 cents; commissions on sales, not exceeding ten dollars, 10 per cent.; for all in excess of that amount, 5 per cent.; except, when through settlement or other cause the property is not sold, in that case the commissions will be one half the above amount. The defendant, thinking that equity may not be had before a certain justice, may have the case tried before the nearest justice; this procedure is termed a " Change of Venue." Fee of justice for transcript in change of venue, 50 cents. Should either party desire to appeal to a higher court, the expenses of appeal before the justice will be: For bond, 35 cents; for entering appeal, 25 cents; for transcript of judgment and proceedings in case of appeal, 50 cunts. In the higher court the cost of trial will usually average from twenty to fifty dollars. Collecting Large Amounts. When the amount to be collected exceeds the jurisdiction of the jus- tice, the plaintiff will apply to the clerk of such higher court as has jurisdiction in the case. This is the circuit court, district court, court of common pleas, or other court of similar character. The clerk of this court, upon application, will issue a summons, which is placed in the hands of a sheriff or his deputy, is served upon the debtor as before, and the case is tried usually before a jury of twelve persons at the next term of that court. The proceedings in this court are usually so intricate as to make- it advisable for the person unaccustomed to legal technicalities to employ an attorney to conduct the case, as is also generally most convenient even in the lower courts. The Law of Different States. We have given thus, in outline, the principal methods resorted to in the different States for the collection of debt. The forms here shown, while not conforming fully to the exact methods pursued in different States, are yet sufficiently accurate to enable the reader to possess a general understanding of the methods of procedure. The special .law of the State where the creditor may reside, as it relates to the collection of debt,, can be learned by application to the justice of the peace in that State, who, upon the plaintiff stating the circumstances, will usually give the necessary information with which legal proceedings may be commenced. POWER OF ATTORNEY TO COLLECT DEBTS. 181 iscellaneous iporms. tf,BB GENERAL FORMS OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. USIXESS firms and individuals having a large trade, where indebtedness is una- voidably incurred for a long- or short time, frequently find it necessary to em- ploy collectors whose special and entire duty it is to promptly collect such indebt- edness or see that the same is paid when due. Oftentimes their work of collec- tion will be in portions of the country hundreds or thousands of iniL-s from the place of business or residence of the creditor. It is usual under these circum- stances to invest such an agent, thus doing business, with what is termed " Power of Attorney," which is done by a written instrument usually under seal. The person or persons so authorized are called attor- neys, and the person or persons so appointing are termed constituents. If a power of attorney is to be recorded, it should be acknowledged. Where any act of the attorney is to be by deed, the authority to execute it must also be by deed. A document authorizing the attorney to execute a sealed instrument, must of itself be under seal, and a power to convey lands requires the same regulations in its acknowledgment by both husband and wife, in many States, as a deed by them would require. The following illustrates the general form and wording of such a document, together with other papers related thereto: GENERAL FORM OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that I, Henry G. Holdcn, of Londonderry, in the County of Windham, and Slate of Vermont, have made, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, con- stitute and appoint James II. Hill, of Downer's Grove, County of Du- page, and State of Illinois, a true and lawful attorney for me, and in my name, place and stead, and in my behalf, to {liere insert the things which the attorney is to do\ hereby giving and granting unto in v said attorney full power and authority in'the premises to use all lawful means in my name and for my sole benefit, for the purposes aforesaid. And generally to do and perform all such acts, matters and things as my said attorney shall deem necessary and expedient for the completion of the authority hereby given, as fully as I might and could do were I personally present. In witness whereof, I, the said Henry G. Holden, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this first day of December, in the yearot our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Signed and sealed in presence of HEXIIY G. HOLDEN. [SEAL.] Letter of Substitution Appended to Power of Attorney! It is customary to authorize the attorney to employ another to assist him when necessary, which person so appointed is termed a substitute. The power to appoint such sub-agent generally accompanies the docu- ment giving power of attorney, and is worded as follows: KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that I, Jas. II. Hill, of Downer's Grove, in the County of Dupage and State of Illinois, named in the let- ter of attorney above mentioned, have made, appointed and substituted, and by these presents do make, appoint and substitute John Holland, of said Downer's Grove, to be the true and lawful attorney of the said Henry G. Holden in the above letter of attorney named, to do and per- lly in all respects, and to all intents and purposes, as I myself might d could do by virtue of the power and authority therein delegated, if I were personally present. In witness whereof, I, the said Jas. II. Hill, have hereunto set un- hand and seal, the fifth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Signed and sealed in presence ot \_ JAS. H. HILL. [SEAL.] GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY TO COLLECT DEBTS. KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that I, Henry G. Holden, in the town of Londonderry, County of Windham, and State of Vermont, have made, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, constitute and appoint Jas. H. Hill my true and lawful attorney, for me and in my name, to ask, demand, sue for, recover and receive of John Holland, and of all and every person and persons whomsoever indebted to me by note, account, or otherwise, all such sums of money, debt, and demands whatsoever, as now are or may be due and owing to me from them or either of them. And in default of payment of the same by them or either of them, to take all lawful means, in my name or other- wise, for the recovery thereof, by attachment, arrest or otherwise, and to arrange and agree for the same; and on receipt thereof to discharge the same, and seal and deliver in a lawful manner, and do all lawful acts concerning the premises as I would do myself were I personally present; and make and revoke such attorneys under him as may be necessary for the purposes aforesaid. Hereby confirming all my said attorney shall in my name lawfully do, or cause to be done, in or about the premises. In witness whereof, I, the said Henrv G. Holden, have hereto set my hand and seal, this ninth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Signed and sealed in presence of \ HENRY G. HOLDEN. [SEAL.] ......................... i LETTER OF REVOCATION. Whereas I, Henry G. Holden, of Londonderry, County of Windham, and State of Vermont, did on the first day of December, in eighteen hundred and seventy-six, by a certain instrument in writing or letter of 182 VERDICT OF A CORONER S JURY AND REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. attorney, make and appoint Jas. H. Hill, of Downer's Grove, County of Dupage, State of Illinois, to be my lawful attorney in my name and for my use, to [/if re set forth ivhat th'e attorney was authorized to do, pre- cisely in the language of the original power}, as by the- same writing, reference thereto being had, will fully appear: Now know all men by these presents, that I, the said Henry' G. Holden, for a just cause, have revoked, recalled and made void the said letter of attorney, and all powers or authorities therein granted, and all acts which shall or may be done by virtue thereof. [If another attorney is to be appointed continue thus .'] And further know ye, that I, the said Henry G. Holden, do by these presents name, constitute and appoint John N. Hurd, of Aurora, County of Kane, and State of Illinois, to be my lawful attorney. Signed and sealed in presence of I HENRY G. HOLDEN. [SEAL.] DUTIES OF CORONERS. The office of coroner is one which the people of every community must provide for. Sudden deaths, which take place through violence, poison, suicide, and accident, demand investigation by persons compe- tent to determine the cause of such death; hence in every State there are statutes regulating the manner of holding the coroner's inquest. The duty of the coroner, upon being notified of a person being found dead, supposed to have come to his or her death through violence or unnatural means, is to summon a jury of twelve men, usually. Upon their assembling he will appoint one of the number a foreman, who, upon their being sworn to do their duty, will carefully proceed to inves- tigate the cause of the death, witnesses being sworn by the coroner, and all other measures taken calculated to arrive at the true facts of the case. As soon as the inquest is held and the verdict of the jury is rendered, if the deceased is unknown and is unclaimed by friends, immediate measures are taken to bury the body, which is done at the expense of the deceased person's estate if such there be. If not, then at the ex- pense, generally, of the county. All goods found, after ten days' notice, according to the law of various States, are sold, and the proceeds, along with the moneys, papers or other valuable thing or things, deposited with the county treasurer, the coroner taking a receipt therefor. In the hands of the county treasurer they are to remain five years, subject to the order of the legal representatives of the deceased. If in that time they are not called for, then the property vests in the county. It is made the duty of the coroner to keep a book of record in which is fully detailed all the circumstances attending every inquest, the testi- mony of witnesses, etc., and where any person or persons are implicated in the death, to arrange to have such witness or witnesses knowing the fact appear at the next term of court. It is made the duty of the foreman to bring in the verdict, which will vary according to circumstances, as follows : VERDICT IN CASE OF MURDER. STATE OF COUNTY, At an inquest held at the house of A. B. in the town of- -, county of , on the day of , 18 , before C. D., acoroner or justice of the peace in said county, upon the body of E. F. \pr, a person unknown], there lying dead, the following jurymen being sworn to inquire into all the circumstances attending the death of the said E. F. [or, a person unknown], decide that one G. H., of [or, late of] the town of , in the county of , aforesaid, [or as the case may be\ on the day of , in the year 18 , at o'clock in the afternoon of that day, made an assault upon the body of the deceased with a rod of iron [or as the case maybe}, from which assault wounds were inflicted on his left breast, causing the death of the deceased on the day of , 18 . [If others mere implicated in the murder, state the fact, and -who.~\ In witness whereof, the jurors have to this verdict set their hands on the day of the inquest. [To be signed by the jurors.} The justice or coroner should indorse on the verdict of the jury his acceptance thereof, which may be as follows: The within verdict was made, signed and delivered to me this day of , 18 . A. B., Coroner or Justice of the Peace. VERDICT IN CASE OF SUICIDE. At an inquest held {proceed as in case of verdict for murder], decide that the said O. P. [or, person unknown] did on the day of , 18 , at the town of , in said county of , voluntarily and with his own hand [here state the nature of his death\, from which act he instantly died [or as the case may be], In witness whereof, etc. [as in case of verdict for murder]. VERDICT WHERE DROWNED BY ACCIDENT. STATE OF | COUNTY, j ss ' At an inquest held [proceed as in case of verdict for murder], decide that the said R. H.j on the day of , at o'clock . M., at , in the countv aforesaid, went into river in the town of , to bathe, ancf was accidentally drowned. In witness, etc. [as in case of verdict for murder']. VERDICT IN CASE OF NATURAL DEATH. STATE OF COUNTY, tli At an inquest held [proceed as in case of -verdict for murder], decide mat the said E. B. on the day of , at in the town of , in the county aforesaid, being found lying on the highway in the town of [or as the case may be], with no marks of violence upon his body, came to his death from natural causes. In witness whereof, etc. [as in case of verdict for murder.] REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. It is common with societies and assemblies of various kinds to entrust the special work of such society or assembly, requiring considerable in- vestigation, to a committee usually consisting of three, five or more, who are expected to examine the subject which they are appointed to investi- gate, and at a certain specified time, or at their earliest convenience, bring in a written report of their conclusions. It is customary to have such committee of an odd number, as three, five, etc., so that in case of the committee failing to agree there can be a majority vote, and a majority as well as a minority report. The following ma}' serve as specimens of various kinds of reports: MAJORITY REPORT. To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Aurora, in Common Council assembled : Your committee, to whom was referred the proposition of John Jones to sell to the city a gravel bed, comprising a piece of land of four rods bv ten in size, being lot four in block ten in the original plat of the city of Aurora, having had the same under advisement, ask leave to report as follows, to wit: The gravel in this bed, though not of the uniform quality that may be desired, is yet sufficiently good to answer the purpose of grading the streets. The quantity in this lot, according to estimate, will be sufficient for the city's use in the east division of the city for the next five years, and, considering^its accessibility, the city is recommended to buy the ', fivi lot at the price offered, namely, five hundred dollars. L. O. HILL, H. H. EVANS. MINORITY REPORT. To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Aurora, in Common Council assembled : The undersigned, the minority of a committee to whom was referred the proposition of John Jones to sell to the city a gravel bed, comprising a piece of land four rods by ten in size, being lot four in block ten in the original plat of the city of Aurora, having had the same under advise- ment, asks leave to report as follows, to wit : The gravel in this r>ed is not such as the city should purchase as a covering for the streets, being in certain veins too fine, and in other places altogether too coarse. As there are other points in the city where lots can be purchased containing gravel which is much better adapted to the purpose of gravel ing streets, just as accessible and quite as cheap, the undersigned therefore recommends that the city do not purchase (he lot at the price offered, namely, five hundred dollars. S. B. HAAVLEY. REPORT OF THF TREASURER OF AN ASSOCIATION. I The undersigned, treasurer of the New York Mutual Benefit Associa- tion, herewith submits his annual report: The balance in the treasurer's hands at the commencement of the present year, was forty-four (44) dollars. During the year, as shown by the accompanying exhibit A, which is hereto appended, there have been received into the treasury, from all sources, five hundred and ninety one (591) dollars and eighty-four (84) cents. During the same time the ex- penditures have been two hundred and fifty-seven (257) dollars and ten (10) cents, leaving a balance in the treasury, and subject to the order of the society, the sum of three hundred ami thirty- four (334) dollars and seventy-four (74) cents. All of which is respectfully submitted. A. VAN OSDEL, Treasurer, N. Y. M. B. A. COPYRIGHT LAW. 183 A. Dr. NEW YORK MUTUAL BENEFIT ASSOCIATION, To A. VAN OSDEL, Treas., 1877. Dec. 31. To cash paid to as- sist various mem- bers $110.00 Cr. To rent paid S. B., 70.00 " carpet 41.00 " stationery S -I " advertising 31.00 $357.10 Balance on hand.. 334.74 $591.84 1877. Jan. i. By balance on hand from last year's account $ 44.00 Dec. 31. By dues 482.00 initiation fees .. fines . 64.00 1.84 $591.84 The undersigned, a committee appointed for the purpose, have com- pared the foregoing account with the vouchers, and findit to be correct. ARTHUR H. KING, L. A. BRADLEY. REPORT OF A SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON CITY HALL. The Committee on City Hall beg leave to submit the following report: The present state of the building requires the early attention of the city, both in reference to needed changes in the arrangement of some of ths rooms and in general repairs. The roof is in need of immediate repair, the paint being so worn away as to leave much of the tin exposed to the weather, which is, con- sequently, badly rusted. The ceiling, walls and seats of the upper hall also require calcimining and painting, and many lights of glass need resetting. They recommend that this room be generally repainted, which, by the painter's estimate, annexed and marked A, can be done for ninety-one (91) dollars. In connection with this improvement, they recommend the remodel- ing- of the office of city clerk, by constructing a platform eight inches in height and seven feet in width on the south and west sides of the room, with a low railing on the outer side of the same. This change can be cheaply made from the present high railing in the room, which should be taken down. The outer doors should also be changed to swing out, instead of in as they now do. The cost of these changes will be but eighty-nine (89) dollars. The entire sum required for the above pur- po~es will amount to one hundred and eighty (180) dollars. All of which is respectfully submitted. A. B. CUMMINGS, ) N. E. CUSHMAN, V Committee on City Hall. A. W. HARTMAN. ) A. ESTIMATE FOR PAINTING ROOF AND INTERIOR OF UPPER HALL. For painting roof two coats, mineral paint $26.00 For calcimining ceiling of upper hall 14.00 For setting seventeen panes ot large glass 9.00 For painting walls two coats 24.00 For painting and graining seats - 18.00 $91.00 BARNARD & STONE, Painters. REPORT OF COMMITTEE AT AN AGRICULTURAL FAIR. To the President and Superintendent of the Washington County Fair : GENTLEMEN Your committee to whom was assigned the duty of deciding concerning the relative merit of swine on exhibition at this show, make the following report: The exhibit of different breeds is good, there being nine distinct classes in the exhibition. Of these, for size, cleanliness and generally superior condition, the first premium is awarded to four animals of the Poland China breed, in pen C, division four. The second premium is given to pen D, division three, containing three animals, SufTolks, which are to be commended for their great weight, considering their age. Very Respectfully ARTHUR MONROE, WILBUR HANCHETT, DEXTER D. BROWN. DIRECTIONS FOR SECURING COPYRIGHTS. PRINTED TITLE FOB ENTRY BEFORE PUBLICATION. 1. A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, photograph, or a descrip- tion of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be sent by mail, prepaid, addressed LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C. This must be done before publication of the book or other article. COPYRIGHT FEES. 2. A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title of each book or other article, must be inclosed wilh the title as above, and 50 cents in addi- tion (or $1 in all) for each certificate of copyright under seal of the Librarian of Congress, which will be transmitted by return mail. WHAT IS REQUIRED TO PERFECT COPYRIGHT. 3. Within ten (lays after publication of eacli book or other article, two complete copies of the best edition issued must be sent, to perfect the copyright, with the address LIBRARIAN OP CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C. It is optional with those sending books and other articles to perfect copyright to send them by mail or express; hut, in either case, the charges are to be prepaid by the senders. Without the deposit of copies above required, the copyright is void, and a penalty of $35 is incurred. No copy is required to be deposited elsewhere. NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT TO BE GIVEN BY IMPRINT. 4. No copyright hereafter issued is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy published, on the title paire, or the page fol- lowing, if it be a book; or, if a map, chart, musicarcompositiou, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some portion of the face or front thereof, or on the face of the substance on which (he same is mounted, the fol- lowing words, viz. : Entered according to art of Conryrfxn, in the year , by , in the office of the Librarian' of Congress, at Wash- ina'on. Or thus: Copyright, IS , by A. S. The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who has not obtained copyright who shall insert the notice "entered according- to act of Congress," etc., or words of the same import, in or upon any book or other article. TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 5. Any author may reserve the right to translate or to dramatize hia own work. In this case, notice should be given by printing the words, Right of translation reserved, or All rig/Us reserved, below the notice of copyright entry, and notifying the Librarian of Congress oi such reservation, to be entered upon the record. DURATION OF COPYRIGHT. (>. Each copyright secures the exclusive right of publishing the book or article copyrighted for the term of twenty-eight years. At the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal for the f urtherterm of fourteen years, making forty- two years in all. Applications for renewal must be accompanied by explicit statement of ownership, in the case of the author, or of rela- tionship, in the case of his heirs, and must state definitely the date and place of entry of the original copyright. TIME OF PUBLICATION. 7. The timcwithin which any work copyrighted may be issued from the press is not limited by any law or regulation, but depends upon the discretion of the proprietor. A copyright may be secured for a pro- jected work as well as for a completed one. ASSIGNMENTS. 8. Any copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its date. The fee for this record is fifteen cents for every 100 words, and ten cents for every 100 words for a copy of the record of assignment. COPIES, OR DUPLICATE CERTIFICATES. 0. A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright entry will be furnished under seal, at the rate of fifty cents each. SERIALS OR SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS TO BE COPYRIGHTED SEPARATELY. 10. In the case of books published in more than one volume, if issued or sold separately, or of periodicals published in numbers, or of en- gravings, photographs, or other articles published with variations, a copyright is to be taken out for each volume of a book, or number of a periodical, or variety, as to size or inscription, of any other article. COPYRIGHTS FOR WORKS OF ART. 11. To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, model or design in- tended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, so as to prevent in- fringement by copying, engraving, or vending such design, a definite description must accompany the application for copyright, and a photograph of the same, at least as large as " cabinet P fze," must be mailed to the Librarian, of Congress within ten days from the comple- tion of the work. FULL NAME OF PROPRIETOR REQUIRED. 12. Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly the nnme and residence of the claimant, and whether the right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No affidavit or formal application is required 184 IMPORTANT FACTS FOR USE IN PREPARING WRITTEN DOCUMENTS. n ABLES FOR KK &S&i> EFERENCE. FOREIGN AND UNITED STATES GOLD COINS. Their Weight, Fineness and Value as Assayed at the United States Mint. NOTE. The weight is given in Troy-ounces and decimals of the same; the fineness shows how many parts in 1000 are fine gold; the value is the intrinsic relative value, as compared with the amount of fine gold in United States coin. FOREIGN AND UNITED STATES SILVER COINS. As Assayed at the United States URnt, the basis of valuation being $1.22^ per ounce of standard fineness. NOTE. Weight in Troy ounces; fineness in thousandths. COUNTRIES. DENOMINATIONS. Weight Fine- ness. Value COUNTRIES. DENOMINATIONS. Weight Fine- ness. Value Old Rix Dollar 0.902 0.836 0.451 0.397 0.596 0.895 O.S03 0.801 0.8iO 0.150 0.1875 0.8116 0.8W 0.801 0.866 0.087 0.927 0.1825 0.178 0.800 0.320 0.402 0.595 0.340 0.340 0.719 0.374 0.279 0.279 0.804 0.8675 0.866 0.861 0.844 0.804 0.927 0.803 0.866 0.766 0.433 0.802 0.712 0.595 0.864 0.667 0.800 0.166 0.092 0.323 0.511 0.770 0.220 0.859Ji 0.400 0.200 0.080 0.040 0.024 to their 833 902 833 900 900 838 897 900 918.5 925 925 850 908 900.5 901 901 877 924.5 925 900 835 900 900 900 900 900 916 991 890 800 903 901 902.5 830 944 877 896 901 909 650 900 750 900 900 875 900 899 750 899 898.5 830 925 900 900 900 9()0 900 %0 Huctua $1,023 1.026 .511 .486 .731 1.021 .98 .981 1.025 .189 .236 1.002 1.068 .982 1.062 .106 1.107 .23 .224 .98 .364 .19 .729 .417 .417 .8?! .466 .376 .338 .985 1.066 1.062 1.055 .953 1.033 1.107 .98 1.062 .948 .383 .982 .727 .729 1.058 .794 .98 .203 1.115 .395 .625 .87 .276 tion. Australia Pound of 1852 0.281 0.2565 0.112 0.363 0.357 0.254 0.867 0.575 0.209 0.027 0.867 0.492 0.427 0.433 0.2567 0.2562 0.2075 0.207 0.427 0.128 0.357 0.2^6 0.186 0.374 0.207 0.362 0.289 0.535 0.8675 0.8675 1.086 1.090 1.245 0.215 0.868 0.867 0.525 0.867 1.055 0.308 0.357 0.140 0.210 0.268 0.215 0.111 0.104 0.161 0.231 0.112 0.05375 0.13437 0.16125 0.26875 0.5375 1.075 ns; 900 f 916.5 916 986 900 900 899 870 917.5 853.5 875 870 900 895 844 916.5 916 899 899 895 909 900 90* 900 916 898 568 572 900 866 870.5 875 875 996 899 870 858 891.5 868 898 912 900 900 916 896 869.5 675 900 900 915 999 900 900 900 900 900 900 inc. 1 $5.324 4.857 8.283 6.754 6.642 4.72 15.593 10.906 3.688 0.488 15.593 9.154 7.90 7,555 4.863 4.851 3.858 3.847 7.90 8.38 6.642 4.76 3.442 7.082 3.843 4.44 3.576 9.956 15.53 15.611 19.643 19.72 5.044 3.997 15.611 15.378 9.675 15.557 19.213 5.807 6.642 2.605 3.976 4.964 3.864 2.237 1.935 2.995 4.369 2.313 1.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 20.00 he value Old Scudo . -. i Florin before 1858* " - - Sovereign 1855 and 1860 t New Florin New Union Dollar Austria Ducat Sovereign i Maria Theresa Dollar, 1780. . . Five Francs " New Union Coin Belgium Belgium 25 Francs Bolivia Doubloon Double Milreis Brazil Twenty Milreis. . _ Canada Twenty Cents Central America. Two Escudos Twenty-five Cents Dollar " Four Reals Central America . Chili Chili Old Doubloon O'd Dollar " Ten Pesos New Dollar Denmark Ten Tnalere Ecuador Four Escudos . China Dollar (English) assumed Ten Cents England Pouud or Sovereign, new Denmark Two Ri'sdaler " average England . Shilling, new France Twenty Francs, new lk average Five Francs, average Two Francs Germany, Ten Thalers " (Ten Mark One Mark ........ " Krone (crown) New Thaler " Twenty Mark . it Florin before 1857 Greece Twenty Drachms u New Florin, assumed Hindostan Mohur" Greece Five Drachms Italy Twenty Lire Hindostan Rupee Itzabu Japan Old Cobang New Itzabu . Yen (new, assumed) Mexico 10 Sen (new coinage) Dollar, new " average Mexico Doubloon, average " new Twenty Pesos (Max.) " " " (Repub.) Naples Naples Six Ducacti . Netherlands Norway New Granada Peru 254 Guilders Netherlands Ten Guilders Specie Daler Dollar of 1857 New Granada Old Doubloon (Bogota) " " '' (Popayan) ... Ten Pesos Old Dollar Dollar of 1858 Pern Old Doubloon i Half Dollar, 1835 and 1838... Sol " Twenty Sols H Portugal Gold Crown Thaler before 1857 Prussia New Crown (assumed) New Thaler Rome 214 Scudi (new)... Russia Five Rubles Ruble Spain 100 Reals Five Lire " 80 New Pistareen Rix Dollar Sweden Ducat Carolin 10 fre Sweden Switzerland" ! Two Francs Tunis [Five Piantres Tunis 25 Piastres Turkey KX) " Tuscany 7 Sguin United States Dollar " Quarter Eagle... Tuscany Florin . United States Dollar Half Dollar " " .-.. Three Dollar .... (Quarter Dollar " .... Half Eagle Dime " .... Eagle ' Double Eagle u i Half Dime . Tliivfi ('(-lit United States Trade Dollar. Weight, 420 Oral s of United States Silver Coins are not given owing TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND VARIATtON OF TIME. * 185 WEIGHTS. Troy. 24 grains ( gr.) 1 pennyw'ht, dwt. 20 dwts 1 ounce, oz. 3.2 grains, 1 carat, diamond wt. By this weight gold, silver, and jewels only are weighed. The ounce and pound in this, are the same as in apothecaries' weight. Apothecaries'. 20 grains 1 scrnple. 3 scruples 1 drachm. 8 drs 1 ounce. 12 ozs 1 pound. Avoirdupois. 16 drams ( drs.) 1 ounce, oz. 1 6 ozs. 1 pound, Ib. 25 Ibs 1 quarter, qr.* 4 quarters 100 weight, cwt. 20 cwts 1 ton. * Formerly 28 Ibs. were allowed to the quarter, but the practice is now nearly out of use excepting In the coal mines in Pennsylvania, the Eastern fish markets, and the U. S. Custom House. Grains are the same In each of the above weights. 5,760 grains, apothecaries' or troy weight 1 Ib. 7,000 grains, a vo irdupo i s weight 1 Ib. Therefore, 144 Ibs. avoir, equal 175 Ibs. apoth. or troy. Of Liquids. 1 gallon oil weighs 9.32 Ibs. avoir. 1 gallon distilled water, 10 Ibs. 1 gallon sea water, 10.32 Ibs. 1 gallon proof spirits, 9. 08 Ibs. Miscellaneous. IRON, LEAD, ETC. 14 Ibs 1 stone. 21K stones 1 pig. 8 pigs 1 fother. BEEP, PORK, ETC. 200 Ibs 1 barrel. 196 Ibs. (flour) 1 barrel. 100 Ibs. (fish) 1 quintal. MEASURES. Dry. 8 quarts 1 peck, pk. 4 pecks 1 bushel, bu. 36 bushels 1 chaldron. 1 United States standard (Win- chester) bushel 18K inches In diameter, and 8 inches deep contains 2150.42 cubic Inches. Liquid or Wine. 4 gills 1 pint pt, 2 pints 1 quart qt. , 4 quarts 1 gallon gal. 31M gallons 1 barrel bbl. 2 barrels 1 hogshead hhd. U. S. standard gallon 231 cubic inches. Beer gallon... 282 " 36 " " ....1 bbl. Time. 60 seconds ...1 minute. 60 minutes 1 hour. 24 hours 1 day. 7 days 1 week. 4 weeks 1 lunar month. 28 '29j 30 or ) j calendar month . i u 1 -.._ 12 calendar months... $ A >"<" 365 davs, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49 seconds 1 solar year. Circular. 60 seconds 1 minute, 60 minutes 1 degree. 30 degrees 1 sign. 90 degrees 1 quadrant. 4 quadrants ) , nlrp i p 360 degrees J J cl1 cle ' A convenient method of finding the difference in time between two places, is to notice their dis- tance apart in degrees of longi- tude, and allow 4 minutes to each degree, based on the following CALCULATION: 1440 minutes 1 day, or revolution of the earth. 1 revolution of the eartli is 360 degrees; therefore, 1 degree 4 minutes. MEASURES. Long. DISTANCE. 3 barleycorns. .1 inch, in. 12 ins 1 foot. ft. 3 ft 1 yard, yd. 5 J6 yds 1 rod, ru. 40 rds 1 furlong, fur. 8 fur 1 mile. CLOTH. 2K inches 1 nail. 4 nails 1 quarter. 4 quarters 1 yard. MISCELLANEOUS. 3 inches 1 palm. 4 inches 1 hand. 6 inches 1 span. 18 inches 1 cubit. 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit. 2>i feet 1 military pace. 3 feet 1 common pace. Square. 144 sq. ins 1 sq. foot. 9 sq. ft 1 sq. yard. 30Jf sq. yds 1 sq. rod. 40 sq. rods 1 rood. 4 roods 1 acre. Surveyors'. 7.92 inches 1 link. 25 links 1 rod. 4 rods 1 chain. 10 square chains. > , _ 160 square rods.... J 1 acre> 640 acres 1 square mile Cubic. 1728 cubicinches 1 cubic foot. 27 cubic feet 1 " yard. 128 cubic feet 1 cord ( wood. ) 40 cubicfeet.,.1 ton (shipping.) 2150.42 cubic in...l standard bu. 268.8 " " ...1 " gal. 1 cubic ft., four-fifths of a bushel. To find the number of bushels in a bin of any dimensions, find the number of cubic feet by mul- tiplying the three dimensions of the bin in feet; deduct one-fifth, and the result is the number of bushels. PAPER. The Sizes in Inches. Flat Writing-Papers. Flat Letter.... ...10x16 Flat Cap 14x17 Double Flat Letter 16x20 Flat Foolscap 13x16 Crown ...15x 19 Folio Post 17 x 22 Demy 16 x 21 Medium 18x23 Check Folio 17x24 Bank Folio 19 x 24 Double Cap 17x28 Royal 19x24 Super Royal 20x28 Imperial 23x31 Of the different sizes there are also several different weights of each size, iis Demy 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28 lus. per ream. Stationers usually rule, cut and fold the sizes required to make the various styles of letter and note papers a flat sheet making one, two or four sheets of letter or note paper. Ledger Papers. Flat Cap 14 x 17 Crown 15x19 Folio 1 7 v 22 Demy 16x21 Medium T8 x 23 Royal 1 9 x 24 Super Royal 20 x 28 Imperial i>3 x 31 Elephant 23 x 28 Book Papers. The usual sizes of these, from the different American and Eng- lish manufacturers, differ but little from the above, except to fill special orders. Paper Counts. 24 sheets 1 quire. 10K quires 1 token. 20 quires 1 ream. 2 reams 1 bundle. 5 bundles 1 bale. Units of Anything. 12 pieces 1 dozen. 12 dozen 1 gross. 12 gross 1 great gross. 20 units 1 score, Railway Signals. One pull of bell-cord signifies "stop." Two pulls mean "go ahead." Three pulls signify "back up." One whistle signifies "down brakes." Two whistles mean " off brakes." Three whistles signify " back up." Cortinued whistles indicate "danger." Rapid short whistles, "a cattle alarm/' A sweeping parting of the hands, on a level with the eyes, signifies " go ahead." A slowly sweeping meeting of the hands, over the head, means "back slowly." Downward motion of tbe hands, with ex- tended arms, signifies "stop." Beckoning motion of one hand, indicates "back." A red flag waved up the track, signifies "danger." A red flag standing by the roadside, means "danger ahead." A red flag carried on a locomotive, signifies "an engine following." A red flag raised at a station, is a signal to "stop." A lantern at night raised and lowered ver- tically, is a signal to "start." A lantern swung at right angles across the track, means "stop." A lantern swung in a circle, signifies "back the train." Difference of Time between Washington and other Cities of the World. 12.00 o'clock (noon) at WASHINGTON. 12.12 .. " P.M New York. 12.24 .. " " Boston. 12.27 .. " " Portland. 1.37 .. " " St. John(N.F). 3.19 .. " " Angra( Azores). 4.31 .. " " Lisbon. 4.43 .. " " Dublin. 4.55 .. " " Edinburgh. 5.07 .. " " London. 5.17 .. " " Paris. 5.58 .. " " ..." Rome. 6.02 .. " " Berlin. 6.14 .. " " Vienna. 6.22 .. " " Cape Town. 7.04 .. " " Constantinople. 11.01 .. " " Calcutta. 12.54 .. " A.M Pekin. 2.48 .. " " Melbourne. 4.51 .. " " Auckland. 8.58 .. " " San Francisco. 9.40 .. " " SaltLake. 11.08 .. " " New Orleans. 11.18 .. " " ..Chicago. 11.52 .. " " Buffalo. 12.00 .. " (noon) Lima (Peru). 'For Metric System of Weights and Measures, see page i United States Land Measure, f TOWNSHIP. 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 17 16 15 14 13 19 30 20 21 22 23 24 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 Each section has fourquarter-Bec- tious, designated as above, each containing 160 acres. The township is six miles square, divided into 36 square miles or sections, numbered as above, each containing 640 acres. SMALLER LAND DIVISIONS. The following table will assist in making an estimate of the amount of land in fields and lots. 5 10 rods x 16 rods ................ 1 acre. t 5 yards x 968 yards ............... 1 i 220 feet x 198 feet ................. 1 25 feet x 125 feet .................. 0717 " 4356 sq. ft., .10 acre. 10890 sq. ft., .25 21780 " .50 " 32670 " .75 5 Or any two numbers whose product is 160. t Or any two numbers whose product is 4,840. i Or any two numbers whose product is 43,560. 186 TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES, WOODS, HEAT, COLD, WAGES, Etc. Weights of a Cubic Foot. Woods for Fuel. Taking shellbark hickory as the highest standard of our forest trees, and calling that one hundred, other trees will compare with it in real value, for fuel, as follows- Shellbark Hickory 100 Pignut Hickory 95 White Oak 84 White Ash 77 Dogwood 75 Heat and Cold. Ages of Animals. Metals. Groceries. Degrees of heat above zero at which substances melt. Substance. l>e280 52,540 375 Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Yorl Wyoming Total Territories. . ^i:: 498 1,026.502 4,705,208 964,982 259,577 442, 730 1,265 North Carolina.. Ohio .... 32,120 Aggregateof theU.S.'2,915,203 31.443,321 38.555,983 00,000,000 " Included in the Railroad Milage of Maryland. ** Colorado admitted to the Union as a State, Aug. 1, 1876. 60,852 Oregon 1874. * Last C Principal Countries of the World ; Population, Area, Religion, and Government. COUNTRIES. Population. Date of Census. Area in Sq. Miles. Inhabitants to Sq. Mile. CAPITALS. Population. Prevailing- Religion. Form of Government. China 4 British Empire 2 Russia United States, with Alaska France Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland German Empire Turkey, or Ottoman Empire Italy ." 25,000,000 1871... 3 26,817,108 1871 4 85,685,945 1871... 8 38,925,600 1870... 2 36,102,921 1872 35,904,435---- 1869.... 32,794,897.... 1875.... 31,628,338 1871 42,726,844.. ..1875.... 28,165,000:):-.- 1856... I 26,801,154 1871 16,642,000 1 870 9,448,233 1872... 3 9,173,000 1874 4,383,291.... 1875..,. 4,400,000 1870 5,253,821.. ..1873.... 5,024,832 1875 3,995,152. ...iS63.... 3,809,527.... 1875.... 2,9 I 3,343----i87i.-.. 2,o63,447-... 1875.... 2,669,147 1870 3,199,000 1871 1,987,352- ---1861..- i,Si 7 ,237....i87S 1,736,922 1869 1,881,505 1875 1,874,000 1874 1,784,194.-.. 1873.... 1,506,531- --1875- 1,457,864 1870 1,680,000 1865 1,300,000 221,079... .1873.... 882,399... .1875.... 718,000 1871 434,520 1870 57 2 >o 350,000 1876 450,000.... 1873.... 250,000 250,000 165,000 1870 71,000 ,741,846 ,677-432 ,003,778 ,603,884 204,091 240,348 113.3.- Pekin 1,648,800 Buddhic ! 49.6 London 3,254,260 Protestant '. 10.-]'. St. Petersburg 667,926 Greek Church : 14.9 Washington 109,199 Protestant ty6.S Paris 1,794,380 Catholic '. 149.4 Vienna 1,000,999 Catholic '. 121,315 160,207 ,742,874 118,847 195,775 ,253,029 761,526 170,096 635,964 ii,37 2 29,292 34,494 260.7 London 3 266.6 Berlin 16.0 Constantinople I 225.5 Rome 85.0 Madrid 2.9 Rio Janeiro 12.0 .Mexico 25.2 Stockholm 6.9 Teheran 461.9 Brussels 171.5. -Munich ,254,260 Protestant 966,872 Protestant ,075,000 Mohammecla n 244,482 Catholic 475,785 Catholic 274,972 CathoJic 210,300 Catholic 152,582 Protestant 85,000 Mohammedan 365,404 Catholic 169,693 Catholic 275,286 Catholic Spain Brazil Mexico Sweden Persia Belgium Ba vari.i Portugal Holland, or Netherlands Columbia (New Grahada) . Chili Switzerland Peru i2,6So 47?,ooo 300.4 Hague 100,254 Protestant 45,000 Catholic .... 132,616 15,992 471,838 15.6 Santiago 166.9 .Berne 148,264 Catholic 36,000 Protestant < Bolivia Norway 842,729 2.3 Chuquisaca Christiana 515,700 3.4 Buenos Ayres 7,533 2 49-7- Stuttgart 14,753 127.0 Copenhagen 368,238 4.8 Caraccas 5,912 254.8 Carlsruhe 19,353 75-3 Athens -.. 40,879 28.9 Guatemala 218,928 5.9 Quito.. 63,787 3.4 Asuncion 2,969 297.2 Darmstadt 9,576 74-9 Monrovia. 7,335 59.2 San Salvador 10,205 56.0 Port au Prince 58,171 6.0 .Managua 66,722 6.7 Monte Video 47,092 5.3 Comazagua 17,827 14.0 San Domingo.. 21,505 7.7 San Jose 7,633 9.3 Honolulu 25,000 Catholic 77,04 1 Protestant 177,800 Catholic : Wurtemburg Denmark Venzuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti 91,623 Protestant 181,291 Protestant 47,000 Catholic 36,600 Catholic 1 46,000 Greek Church '. 45,000 Catholic -1 70,000 Catholic 1 48,000 I Catholic 1 30,000 Protestant 13,000 Protestant 16,000 . Catholic -.J ' 22,000 Catholic 8,000 Catholic 105,295 Catholic 12,000 Catholic 15,000 Catholic 2,000 Catholic 7,633 Protestant..:. "j ...] ...: Nicaraugua Uruguay Honduras San Domingo Costa Rica Hawaii ..Monarchy. -.Monarchy. ..Monarchy. ..Republic. .-Republic. ..Monarchy. Monarchy. ..Monarchy. ..Empire.* ..Monarchy. ..Monarchy. ..Monarchy. ..Monarchy. -.Republic. ..Monarchy. ..Monarchy. ..Monarchy. .-Monarchy. Monarchy. ..Monarchy. Republic. ..Republic. Confederation, t- Republic. ..Republic. ..Monarchy. Republic. ..Monarchy, ..Monarchy. ..Republic! Grand Duchy. ..Monarchy. Republic. Republic. Republic. ..Grand Duchy. ..Republic. Republic. ..Republic. ..Republic. ..Republic. ..Republic. ..Republic. ..Republic. ..Monarchy. * Imperial Confederation. t Republican Confederation. t Population of Turkey in Asia, 16,463,000; area in square miles, 672,621. Population of Turkey in Europe, 8,315,000; area in square miles, 138,264. Population of Turkey in Africa, 3,800,000; area in square miles, 943,740. 188 GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND STATISTICAL TABLES. Area and Population of the Earth. The Longest Rivers of the World. | Area. | Population. | Pop. toSg.Mile. America.. Europe... 14,700,000 3,800,000 ....88,061,148 6 ...296,713,500 80 Kivers. AsIaT 15,000,000 ...699,863,000 46 Africa 10,800,000 ....67,414,000 6 Cceanica 4,500000 ....25,924,000 6 Total 48.800.000 1.177,975.648 24 All these collectively are estimated to speak 3,064 languages, and to possess about 1,000 different forms of religion. The amount of deaths per annum is 33,333,333, or 91,954 per day, 3.730 per hour, 60 per minute, or 1 per second. This loss is com- pensated by an equal or greater number of births. The average duration of life throughout the globe is thirty-three years. One-fourth of its population dies before the seventh year, and one-half before the seventeenth. Out of 10.000 persons only one reaches his hundredth year, only one in 500 his eightieth; and only one in 100 his sixtieth. Another estimate of the earth's population, classified by race and religion, is as follows: BACKS. Whites 550,000,000 Mongolians 550,000,000 Blacks 173,000,000 Copper Colored. .... 12,000,000 RELIGIONS. Pagans 676,000,000 Christians 320,000,000 Mohammedans 140.000,000 Jews 14,000,000 THE CHRISTIANS are divided as follows: Church of Rome. Protestants. Greek & East Church. 170,000000 90,000,000 60,000,000 Oceans, Seas, Bays and Lakes. Oceans. So. Miles. Pacific, about 80,000,000 Atlantic, " 40,000,000 Indian, " 20,000,000 Southern, " 10,000 000 Arctic, ' 5000000 NOTK. The seas, bays, gulfs, etc., connected with each ocean, are included in the foregoing estimate. It may be proper to remark, however, that the exact superficial extent of the several oceans is not known with certainty, nor the exact proportion of land and water. Seas. Length in Miles. Mediterranean, about 2,000 Caribbean " 1,800 China " 1,700 Red " 1,400 Japan " ....1,000 Black " 932 Caspian " 640 Baltic " 600 Okhotsk " 600 White " 450 Aral " 250 Bays. Length Hudson's, about Baffin's " Chesapeake " Tnltea Length. Lakes. Mites. Superior Baikal Michigan Great Slave . Huron Winnipeg Erie Athabasca... Ontario Maracaybo.. Great Bear .. Ladoga Champlain .. Nicaragua 120. . L. of the Woods.... 70.. Geneva 50.. Constance 45.. Cayuga 36.. George 36.. ...380.. ...360.. ...330.. ...300.. ...250.. ...240.. ...270.. ...200.. ...180.. ...150 ...150.. ...125.. ..123.. in Miles. ....1,200 600 250 Width. Miles. 120 35 60 45 90 40 50 20 40 60 40 75 12 40 25 10 10 4 3 The Highest Mountains of the World. Names. | Country. | Feet. | Miles Kunchalnyunga (Himalayas) Thibet 28,178 Sorata, the highest in America Bolivia 25,380 Illimani Bolivia 21,780 Chimborazo Ecuador 21,444 Hindoo-Koosh Afghanistan .. 20,600 Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world. Ecuador 19,408 Antisana Ecuador 19,150 St. Elias, highest in North America... British Poss... 18,000 Popocotepetl, volcano Mexico 1 7,735 Mt. Roa, highest in Oceanica Hawaii 16.000 Mt. Brown, highest peak Rocky Mtns.. Brit. America. 15,900 Mont Blanc, highest in Europe, Alps... Savoy 15,766 Mt. Rosa, next highest peak of Alps... Savoy 15,380 Limit of perpetual snow at the Equator 15,207 Pinchinca Ecuador 15,200 Mt. Whitney California 15,000 Mt. Fairweather Russian Poss. 14,7"" Mt. Shasta California... Pike's Peak Colorado... Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts.,volc. Persia Sumatra . . . Wyoming.. 14,450 , 14,320 14,000 13,800 13,570 Wyoi _ Colorado 13,400 Wash.Territ'y 13,000 Alt. Ophir Fremont's Peak, Rocky Mountains Long's Peak, Rocky Mountains Mt. Ranier Mt. -Vrarat Armenia 12.700 Peak of Teneriffe Canaries 12,236 Miltsin, highest of Atlas Mountains Morocco 12,000 Mt. Hood Oregon 11,570 Mt. Lebanon Syria 11.000 Mt. Perdu, highest of Pyrenees France 10,950 Mt. St. Helen's Oregon 10,150 Mt. ,Etna, volcano Sicily 10.050 Monte Corno, highest of Appenines Naples 9,523 Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield Mts.... Norway 8,115 MountSinai Arabia 8,000 Pindus, highestin Greece 7,677 Stock Mountain, highestin N. Carolina 6,476 Mt. Washington, highest White Mts.... N. Hampshire ..6,234 Mt. Marcy, highest in New York.. . Mt. Hecla, volcano Iceland Ben Nevis, highest in Great Britain Scotland [ansfield, highest of Green Mts Vermont M , Peaks of Otter ............................. Virginia Mt. Vesuvius .............................. Naples Round Top, highest of Catskill Mts.... New York ..... .5,467 .5,000 .4,379 .4,280 2M .4.260 ...& .3.932 ...% .3,804 ...X Locality. Discharge. I Miles Missouri Mississippi Amazon Hoang-Ho Murray Obi Nile Yang-tse-Kia. . Lena Niger St. Lawrence . . Volga Mavkiang Indus Danube Mackenzie Brahmapootra. Columbia Colorado Susquehanna . . James Potomac Hudson N. America.. N. America... Brazil China Australasia... Siberia Egypt, Nubia. China Siberia Soudan Canada Russia Siam Hindostan Germany N. America... Thibet N. America... N. America. . . N. America. . . N. America... N. America... N. America... Rocky Mountains Lake Itaska Andes Koulkoun Mountains Australian Alps Altaian Mountains Blue Nile, Abyssinia Thibet. Heights of Irkutsk Base of Mt. Loina River St. Louis Lake in Volhonsky Thibet Little Thibet , Black Forest , River Athabasca Himalaya, ay a Me Rocky Mountains San laba LakeOtsego Allegheny Mountains. . . Gr. Black Bone Mount'n Marsh nr. L. Champlain Gulf of Mexico.. Gulf of Mexico.. Atlantic Ocean.. Yellow Sea Encounter Bay. . Arctic Ocean Mediterranean. . China Sea Arctic Ocean.... Gulf of Guinea.. G'f St. Lawrence Caspian Sea Chinese Gulf Arabian Sea Black Sea. Arctic Ocean Bay of Bengal. . . Pacific Ocean Gulf of Califor.. Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Bay. Bay of N. Y.... 4.500 3,200 3,200 3,000 8,000 2,800 2,750 2,500 2,500 2,300 1,900 1,900 1,700 1,700 1,630 2,500 1,500 1,090 1,000 400 500 400 325 Historical Facts Relating to the United States. Tear Settled States. Where Settled. By Whom. Admit'd to the Union Capitals. 1565 Florida 1607 Virginia* 1614 New York* .... 1620 MassachusetU ' 1623 N. Hampshire' 1 (124 New Jersey * . . 1625 Maine ... 1627 Delaware*.. .. 1633 Connecticut*.. 1034 Maryland* 1036 Rhode Island* 1003 NorthCarolina' 1669 Wisconsin 1070 Michigan 1670 South Carolina ; 1082 Pennsylvania.' 1085 Arkansas 1690 Texas 1690 Indiana 1699 Louisiana 1711 Alabama 1716 Mississippi 1720 Illinois 1 725 Vermont 1733 Georgia* 1757 Tennessee 1764 Missouri 1769 California 1775 Kentucky 1788 Ohio 1811 Oregon 1833 Iowa 1846 Minnesota 1850 Kansas 1861 Nevada 1862 West Virginia. 1854 Nebraska 1858 Colorado St. Augustine Spaniards 1845 Tallahassee. Jamestown English 1788t Richmond. Manhattan Dutch 1788t Albany. Plymouth English Puritans., 1788t Boston. Dover English 1788t Concord. Bergen Dutch and Danes.. 1787t Trenton. Bristol English 1820 Augusta, Cape Henelopen. Swedes and Finns. 1787t Dover. Windsor From Massachu'ls 1788t Hartford. St. Mary's English l?88t Annapolis. providence English 1790t Prov.&N'port Albeinarle English 1789f Raleigh. Green Bay French 1848 Madison. Detroit French 1837 Lansing. English 1788t Columbia. English 1 7 87t Harrisburg. French 1826 Little Rock. Port Royal Philadelphia Arkansas Post. . . San Antonia Vineennea Iberville... Mobile ....I Natchez Kaskaskia Fort Dummer... Savannah Fort London St. Louis San Diego Boonesboro Marietta Astoria Burlington St. Paul Ft.Leavenworth, Washoe (See Virginia)... Denver Spaniards 1845 Austin. French 1816 Indianapolis. French 1812 New Orleans. French 1814 Montgomery. French 1817 Jackson. French 1818 Springfield. From Massachu'ts 1791 Montpelier. English 1788t Atlanta. FromN. Carolina. 1796 Nashville. French 1821 Jefferson City. Spaniards 1850 Sacramento. From Virginia.... 1792 Frankfort. FromN. England. 1803 Columbus. From New York .. 1859 Salem. From N. England. 1846 Des Moines. FromN. England. 1857 St. Paul. Fr.N.E.&W.States. 1861 Topeka. From California... 1864 Carson City. Formed fr. Va 1862 Charleston. Fr.N.E.&W.States. 1867 Lincoln. Fr. Western States 1876 Denver. The thirteen original States, t Date of adoption of Constitution. Principal Exports of Various Countries. ARABIA Coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense, gum arable. BELGIUM Grain, flax, hops, woolens, linens, laces, various manufactures. BUAZIL Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, gold, diamonds, wheat, dye-woods. CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA and NEW BRUNSWICK Flour, furs, lumber, fish. CAPE COLONY Brandy, wine, ostrich feathers, hides, tallow. CENTRAL AMERICA Logwood, mahogany, indigo, cocoa. CHILI Silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp, hides, sugar, cotton, fruits, CHINA Tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain, articles of ivory and pearl. DENMARK Grain, horses, cattle, beef, pork, butter, and cheese. EASTERN.WESTERN and SOUTHERN AFRICA Gold, ivory, ostrich feathers. EGYPT Rice, grain, linseed, fruits, indigo, cotton, sugar. ECUADOR ana NEW GRENADA Coffee, cotton, indigo, fruits, sugar, cocoa. FRANCE Silks, woolens, linens, cottons, wine, brandy, porcelain, toys. GERMANY Linen-grain, various manufactures of silver, copper etc. GREAT BRITAIN Woolens, cottons, linens, hardware, porcelain, etc. GREENLAND Whale oil, whalebone, seal skins. HINDOSTAN Cotton, silks, rice, sugar, coffee, opium, indigo. HOLLAND Fine linens, woolens, butter, cheese, various manufactures. ITALY Silks, wines, grain, oil, fruits. IRELAND Linens, beef, butter, tallow, hides, potatoes, barley, etc. JAPAN Silk and cotton goods, Japan ware, porcelain. MEXICO Gold, silver, logwood, cochineal, fruits. PERSIA Carpets, shawls, wine, silk, cotton, rice, rhubarb, guns, swords, etc. PERU Silver, gold, Peruvian bark, mercury, sugar, cotton, fruits. RUSSIA Hemp, Iron, linen, grain, timber, furs, tallow, platina. SPAIN and PORTUGAL Silks, wool, wine, oil, fruits, salt, etc. SWEDEN and NORWAY Iron, steel, copper, timber, fish. SWITZERLAND Watches, jewelry, paper, laces, linen, cotton and silk goods, etc. TURKEY Grain, fruits, cotton, oil, wines, carpets, muslin, swords. UNITED STATES Eastern States Lumber, beef, pork, fish, cottons, woolens, etc. Middle States Flour, wheat, salt, coal, cottons, woolens, etc. Southern States Cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, lumber, pitch, fruits. Western States Corn, wheat, lead, coal, iron, salt, lime, beef, pork. VENEZUELA Sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, indigo, fruits. WEST INDIES Sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, spice, cotton. Indigo, fruits. IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE. 189 Presidents of the United States. NAME. Residence Bora. stalled into Office. Age at that time. Term of Office. Died. Age at death George Washington.. John Adams Va Mass.. 1732 1735 1743 1751 1758 1767 1767 1782 1773 1790 1795 1784 1800 1804 1791 ISO!) 1SOS 1822 1822 1789 1797 1801 1809 1817 1825 1829 1837 1841 1841 1845 1849 1850 1853 1857 1861 1865 1869 1877 57 62 58 58 58 58 62 55 68 51 49 65 50 49 66 52 57 47 55 8 yrs Dec. 14, 1799 July 4, 1826 July 4, 1826 June 23, 1836 July 4, 1831 Feb. 23, 1848 June 8 1845 July 24, 1862 April 4, 1841 Jan. 17 1862 June 15, 1849 July 9, 1850 Mar. 8, 1874 Oct. 8, 1860 June 1, 1868 Apr. 14, 1865 July 31, 1875 68 91 83 85 72 80 78 80 68 72 54 66 74 65 77 56 67 Thomas Jefferson James Madison Va Va.... 8 ' 8 ' James Manroe Va 8 ' John Quincy Adams. . Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William H. Harrison. John Tyler. . Mass.. Tenn.. N. Y... Ohio.. Va 4 8 " 4 " 3 yrs. 11 mos.. James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Tenn.. 1 y. 4 m. 5 d... 2y. 7m. 26 d... 4 yrs . . . Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant N. Y... N. H.. Penn. . Ill Tenn.. Ill 4 " ..: 4y. 1 m. 10 d... 3 y. 10 m. 20 d.. Rutherford B. Hayes.. Ohio.. .. Height of Monuments, Towers, Etc. NAMES. Pyramid of Cheops Antwerp Cathedral Strasburg Cathedral St. Martin's Church at Laudshut Pyramid of Cephrenes St. Peter's Church St. Paul's Church, London Salisbury Cathedral Cathedral at Florence Cathedral at Cremona Church at Fribourg Cathedral of Seville , Cathedral of Milan Cathedral of Utrecht , Pyramid of Sakkarah , Cathedral of Notre Dame, Munich St. Mark's Church Assinelll Tower, Bologna Trinity Church Column at Delhi , Pt /rcelain Tower.Nankin Church of Notre Dame Bunker Hill Monument Leaning Tower of Pisa Washington Monument Monument Place Vendome Trajan's Pillar, Rome Obelisk of Luxor, now in , PLACES. Egypt .Belgium... .France .Bavaria .Egypt . Rome .England... .England... .Italy .Lombaa'ay. .Germany .. .Spain . .Lombardy .Holland Egypt. .Bavaria .Venice .Italy .New York .Hindostan .China .Parii . Massachusetts .Italy .Baltimore .Paris .Italy .Paris FEET. .... 543 .... 476 .... 474 .... 456 .... 456 .... 448 .... 404 .... 400 .... 384 .... 372 .... 370 .... 360 .... 355 .... 356 .... 356 .... 348 .... 328 .... 314 .... 283 .... 262 .... 248 .... 232 .... 220 .... 202 .... 183 .... 153 .... 151 .. 110 Capacity of Large Rooms. Estimating a -person to occupy an area of 19.9 inches square. CHURCHES. Will Contain No. Persons. Grand Opera-House, N. Y. 1,883 Booth's Theater, N. York. 1,807 Opera-House, Detroit 1,790 McVicker's Theater, Chi- cago 1 786 Grand Opera-House, Chi- cago 1,786 Cathedral, Milan 37,000 Ford's Opera-House, Bal- timore 1 720 St. Paul's, London 25,600 National Theater, Wash- St. Petronio, Bologna 24,400 Cathedral. Florence 24,300 De Bar's Opera-House, St. Louis 1,696 StSophia's, Constantinople 23,000 California Theater, San Fran Cisco 1,651 Notre Dame, Paris 21,000 Eucliu Ave. Opera-House, Cleveland 1,650 St. Stephen's, Vienna 12,400 St. Dominic's, Bologna 12,000 St. Peter's Bologna . 11 400 Opera-House, Berlin 1,636 Opera-House, Albany 1,404 Hooley's Theater, Chicago 1,373 Coulter Opera-House, Au- rora, 111 1,004 Cathedral, Vienna 1 1,000 Opera-Houses and Theaters. B a r n u m ' s Hippodrome, New York 8,433 Opera-House, Montreal 928 Periods of Digestion, Substance. Hrs. Mm. Rice, boiled 1 Stadt Theater, NewYork.. 3, 000 Academy of Music, Phila- delphia 2865 Carlo Felice, Genoa 2, 660 Acad. of Music, Brooklyn. . Opera-House, Munich 2,307 Alexander, St. Petersburg. 2,332 San Carlos, Naples 2,240 Adelphi Theater, Chicago. 2,238 Imperial, St. Petersburg.. 2,160 La Scala, Milan 2,113 Academy of Paris, Paris... 2,092 Eggs, whipped, raw...'. 1 30 Trout, fresh, fried 1 30 Soup Barley boiled. 1 30 Apples, sweet, mellow, raw. 1 30 Venison steak, broiled 1 45 Sago, boiled 1 45 Tapioca, boiled 2 Barley, boiled 2 Milk, boiled 2 Covent Garden, London... 2,684 Academy of Music, N. Y... 2,526 Boston Theater, Boston 2.972 Music Hall, Boston . 2, 585 Grand Opera - Hall, New Orleans 2,052 Liver, beef, fresh, broiled.. 2 Eggs, fresh, raw 2 Apples, sour, mellow, raw.. 2 Cabbage, with vinegar, raw 2 Milk raw. .. . 2 15 Eggs, fresh, roasted 2 15 St. Charles Theater, New Orleans..., . 2.178 Turkey, domestic, roasted . 2 30 Goose, wild, roasted 2 30 Substance. Hrs. Min. Cake, sponge, baked 2 30 Hash, warmed 2 30 Beans, pod, boiled 2 30 Parsnips, boiled 2 30 Potatoes, Irish, baked 2 30 Cabbage, head, raw 2 30 Custard, baked 2 45 Apples, sour, hard, raw 2 50 Oysters, fresh, raw 2 55 Eggs, fresh, soft boiled 3 Beefsteak, broiled 3 Mutton, fresh, broiled 3 Mutton, fresh, boiled 3 Soup, bean, boiled 3 Chicken soup, boiled 3 Dumpling, apple, boiled 3 Oysters, fresh, roasted 3 15 Pork, salted, broiled 3 15 Porksteak, broiled 3 15 Mutton, fresh, roasted 3 15 Bread, corn, baked 3 15 Carrot, orange, boiled 3 15 Sausage, fresh, broiled 3 20 Oysters, fresh, stewed 3 30 Butter, meited 3 30 Cheese, old, raw 3 30 Oyster soup, boiled 3 30 Bread, wheat, fresh, baked. 3 30 Turnips, flat, boiled 3 30 Potatoes, Irish, boiled 3 30 Eggs, fresh, hard boiled 3 30 Eggs, fresh, fried 3 30 Green corn & beans, boiled. 3 45 Beets, boiled 3 45 Salmon, salted, boiled 4 Beef, fried 4 Veal, fresh, broiled 4 Fowls, domestic, boiled 4 Beef, old, salted, boiled 4 15 Pork, salted, fried 4 15 Pork, salted, boiled 4 30 Veal, fresh, fried 4 30 Cabbage, boiled 4 30 Pork, roasted 5 15 Suet, beef, boiled 5 30 Origin of Plants. Wliere Substance. Originated. Apples Europe. Cucumbers East Indies. Chestnuts Italy. Citrons Greece. Celery Germany. Horse Radish.. .Southern Europe. Nettles Europe. Oats North Africa. Onions Egypt. Pears Europe. Pines America. Pears Egypt. Peaches P \rsia. Parsley Sardinia. Quince Isle of Crete. Radish China. Rye Siberia. Spinach Arabia. Tobacco Virginia. Quantity of Seed to Plant a Garden. Asparagus. I oz. produces 1,000 plants. Asparagus Roots. 1,000 plants to bed 4 x 225 feet. Beans. 1 qt. plants 150 ft. of row. Beets. 1 oz. plants 150 ft. of row. Cabbage. 1 oz. gives 2.500 plants. Celery 1 oz. gives 7,000 plants. Cucumber. 1 oz. for 150 hills. Lettuce. 1 oz. gives 7.000 plants. Melon. I oz. for 120 hills. Onion. Four pounds to the acre. Radish. 1 oz. to 100 ft. of ground. Spinage. I oz. to 250 ft. of row. Squash. 1 oz. to 75 hills. Tomtito. 1 oz. gives 2,500 plants. Turnip. 1% pound to the acre. CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. Before Christ. The Deluge 2348 Babylon built 2247 Birth of Abraham 1993 Deathof Joseph 1635 Moses born 1571 Athens founded 1556 The Pyramids built 1250 Solomon's Temple finished 1004 Rome founded 753 Jerusalem destroyed 587 Babylon taken by Jews 538 Death of Socrates 400 Rome taken by the Gauls 385 Paper invented in China 170 Carthage destroyed 146 Caesar landed in Britain 55 Caesar killed 44 Birth of Christ After Christ. Death of Augustus 14 Pilate, governor of Judea 27 Jesus Christ crucified 33 Claudius visited Britain 43 St. Paul put to death 67 After Christ. Death of Josephus 93 Jerusalem rebuilt 131 The Romans destroyed 580,000 Jews and banished the rest from Judea 135 The Bible in Gothic 373 Horseshoes made of iron 481 Latin tongue ceased to be spoken 580 Pens made of Quills 635 Organs used 660 Glass in England 6ti3 Bank of Venice established 1157 Glass windows first used for lights 1 180 Mariner's compass used 1200 Coal dugfor fuel 1234 Chimneys first put to houses 1236 Spectacles invented by an Italian 1240 The first English House of Commons 1258 Tallow candles for lights 1290 Paper made from linen 1302 Gunpowder invented 1340 Woolen cloth made in England 1341 Printing invented 1436 The first almanac 1470 America discovered 1492 First book printed in England 1 507 After Christ. Luther began to preach 1517 Interest fixed at ten per cent. In England.1547 Telescopes invented 1549 First coach made in England 1564 Clocks first made in England 1568 Bank of England incorporated 15S4 Shakspeare died 1616 Circulation of the blood discovered 16J Barometer invented 1623 First newspaper 1629 Death of Galileo 1643 Steam engine invented 1649 Great fire in London 1666 Cotton planted in the United States 1759 Commencement of the American war 1775 Declaration of American Independence. .1776 Recognition of American Independence.. 1789 Bank of England suspended cash paym't.1791 Napoleon I. crowned emperor 1804 Death of Napoleon 1820 Telegraph invented by Morse 1832 First daguerreotype in France 1839 Beginning of the American civil war 1861 End of the American civil war 1865 Great fire i n Chicago 1871 190 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD, 4 OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES, HAVING 100.000 INHABITANTS AND OVER. ACCORDING TO THE LATEST AUTHORITIES. Abbeokoota, Africa 100,000 A drianople, Turkey 1 00,000 Agra, India 1 49.008 Mmedabad, India 1 30,000 Alexandria, Egypt 180,796 Algiers, Africa 100.000 Amoy, China 250 000 Amsterdam, Holland 289,9^2 Antwerp, Belgium 141,910 Bahia, Brazil 129,109 Bangalore, India 142,513 Bangkok, Siam 500,000 Barcelona Spain 2. r >2,015 Bareilly, India 111,332 Baroda, India 140,000 Belfast, Ireland 174,394 Benares, India 200,000 Bey rout, Syria 1 00,000 Bhurtpoor, i ndia 100,000 Birmingham, England. . . .343,696 Bombay, India 644,405 Bordeaux, France 194,241 Bradford, England 145 827 Breslau, Prussia 171.926 Bristol, England 1 82,524 Bucharest, Turkey 121, 734 Cairo, Egypt 282,348 Calcutta. India 794,645 Canton, China 1,236,600 Cawnpore, India 122,770 Chang-Choo, China 1,000,0(10 Cologne, Prussia 135,371 Damascus, Turkey 120,000 Delhi, India 152,406 Dhar, India 100,000 Dresden, Germany 156,024 Dublin, Ireland 245, 722 Dundee. Scotland 118,974 Edinburgh, Scotland 196,500 Erzeronm, Turkey 100,000 Fez, Morocco 100,000 Florence, Italy 167,093 Foo-Choo. China 600,000 Fyzabad, India. . . 100,000 Genoa, Italy 130,269 Ghent, Belgium 126,203 Glasgow, Scotland 477,144 Greenwich. England 167,632 Hamburg, Germany 224,974 Han-Keoo, China 800,000 Havana, Cuba 205,676 Herat. Afghanistan 100,000 Hull, England 121,596 Hyderabad, India 200, 000 Joodpoor, India 1 50,000 Konigsberg, Prussia 122.636 Leeds, England 259,201 Liege, Belgium 11 1,853 Lille, France 154. 749 Liverpool, England 493,346 Lucknow, India 300,000 Lyons, Fran ce 323, 954 Madras, India 427,771 Manchester, England 383,843 Mtnila, 1'hil'ppine Is 160,000 Marseilles, France 300, 1 3 1 Miako, Japan 500,000 Milan, Italy 261,976 Montreal, Canada 107,225 Moorshedabad, India 146,963 Moscow, Russia 611,970 Nagpoor, India 111,231 Nanking, China 400,000 Nantes, France 11 1,956 Naples, Italy 448,743 Newcastle-on-Tyne, Eng.. 128.1 60 N i ngpo, China 400,000 Odessa, Russia 162,814 Ooroomtsee, Toorkistan. ..150.000 Osaka, Japan 373,000 Palermo, Italy 2 19,938 Patna, India 158 900 Pesth, Hungary 201,911 Portsmouth, England 112.954 Prague, Bohemia 157,123 Riga, Russia 102.043 Rotterdam, Holland 1 18,837 Rouen, France 102,649 Saigon, Auam 200,000 Salford, England 124,805 Seville, Spain 1 18.298 Shang-Hai, China 395,000 Sheffield, England 239,947 Smyrna, Asia Minor 150,000 Soo-Choo, China 2,000,000 Sroke-upon -Trent, Eng.. ..130.507 Toulouse, France 113,229 Trieste, Austria 104.707 Tunis, Africa 125,000 Turi n, Italy 207.770 Valencia, Spain 107,703 Venice. Italy 128,901 Warsaw, Poland 243.512 Yarkand, Toorkistau 125,000 b For population of several other large cities, see capitals of the principal countries of the world, rage 187. Population of the Principal Cities of the United States. CITIES. Adrian, Mich 1875. 10,072 86,013 72,000 11,773 15,329 18,359 10,249 * * * 15.550 23 180 341,919 484,616 134.573 20,000 4J.833 * * * 17,516 28,574 21,234 18,343 101,083 23,605 17,174 25,923 20.538 26,037 45,340 15,308 25,000 1870. 8,438 10,006 69,422 13,570 53,180 13.884 8,6b5 10,610 21,789 17,225 15,389 11,162 267,354 18,289 8.146 10.282 12,692 14,590 250,526 19.876 396,099 117714 14,930 14,387 39.634 20,045 9.109 298.977 48,956 28.323 8,920 9 485 216,239 92,829 9,298 31.274 15,3f.7 12,241 10 020 24,505 20.038 30.473 12,035 79,577 9,294 18,434 11,350 20,832 15.863 19,646 21,830 26.766 12,764 17,718 8,526 10,158 13,818 11,384 16.507 1860. 6.213 3,477 62,367 12,652 28,702 8,025 3,585 3,591 9,554 10,986 14,875 6,011 212418 16,4<.'0 7,527 9,349 8,325 7.075 202,977 13,299 2iJ(i,661 81,129 6,706 7,713 39,606 14,358 4,041 112,172 40,467 25,065 4,581 4,631 161,044 43.417 8,052 18,554 8,799 lii,890 2,011 16,471 11,267 20,081 3965 45 619 8,502 13,000 3,001 11.567 8.682 9,419 11,484 14,026 5,450 9,000 8,143 4,953 7,307 8,733 R.084 CITIES. Hamilton, Ohio 1875. 1870. 11,081 10,125 23,104 37,180 13.092 20,197 9.3-83 8,615 48,244 11,447 9,203 8,789 82,546 32,260 12,766 8,682 13.506 20,233 8.320 28,921 17.873 13,600 14.801 12,380 12,426 8,950 100,753 40.928 28,233 19,304 23,536 10,709 9,176 8,029 40,2-^6 71,440 13,066 22,034 10,543 25,865 9,057 15,396 105,059 21,320 17,014 12,595 15,058 50,840 191.418 15,087 12,521 942,292 19,229 16,653 10076 16,083 9.348 13,643 20.910 1860. 7.223 6,505 13,405 17.956 9,995 9,669 4.848 7,187 18,611 4,799 5.52C 7.702 29,226 4,418 8,136 6,000 9,387 17,630 1.645 17,639 7,429 7,424 9,321 3,727 13,523 2.979 6S.033 36,827 19,083 8,247 20,107 8,137 6,611 4,581 22,621 45,246 2.563 29,458 10,065 16.988 6,612 12,647 71,941 22,300 15,196 13,401 11,256 39,267 118,670 10,046 10,508 805,651 14,620 14,048 7,409 1.8S1 8,877 6,086 16,816 CITIES. Paterson, N. J 1875. . 38,824 1870. 33,579 22.849 18.950 674,022 86,076 31,413 8,293 9,211 10,592 10,492 20,080 68,904 24,052 9.880 7.790 33,930 9,345 51.038 62.386 11,000 16.283 19.565 310,864 20.030 24,117 12.854 12,256 13.000 149,473 28,235 10,026 35.092 17,364 26,703 12,652 8.107 10,966 43,051 18,629 16.103 8.639 31,584 22.874 46,465 28,804 12,443 109,199 10.826 9.336 19,280 16.030 30,841 13,446 41 105 11,003 10,011 1860. 19,586 14.045 18.266 565.529 49,219 26.341 2.868 9.335 6,268 9,480 14,726 50,066 13,718 7,822 4,780 23,162 6.623 37,907 48.204 10,584 12,797 8,932 160,773 10,400 22,252 8,207 8,325 8,408 56,802 22,292 9,576 9.223 9,320 15,199 7,002 6,154 3,679 28,119 15.376 8,594 438 i3.768 17,228 39.252 22.529 4,591 61,122 10.004 7.562 14.083 5,564 21,258 9,552 24,960 8,605 9,229 Akron, Ohio Hannibal, Mo .. 10.000 Peoria, 111 . 30,639 Albany N. Y Harrisburg, Pa Hartford, Conn 2 H d * Petersburg, Va Alexandria, Va Philadelphia, Pa.... Pittsburgh, Pa 817,448 Haverhill, Mass Hoboken, N. J .. 14.700 .. 26,000 Allentown, Pa Portland^ Me . 35,031 Alton, 111 Houston, Texas .. 25,960 Portland, Oregon Portsmouth, N. H... Portsmouth, Ohio Portsmouth, Va .' 10,043 1 1 ?'l 4 2 Altoona, Pa Hudson N. Y .. 8,828 Atlanta, Ga Indianapolis, Ind... 13 889 Auburn N. Y Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Providence, R. I Quincy, 111 . 19.859 .100,675 . 35,181 Aurora, 111 Baltimore, Md Jacksonville. 111.... Janesville Wis. .. .. 10 115 Jersey City, N. J ..109,229 Racine, Wis Raleigh N C . 13,300 15 500 Belleville III Kansas City, Mo.... .. 32,732 Biddeford, Me Binghamton, N. Y... Bloomington, 111 Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn Brooklyn, N. Y Buffalo, N. Y Burlington, Iowa Burlington, Vt Cambridge, Mass Camden, N. J Canton, Ohio Chicago, 111 Charleston S. C Charlestown, Mass.. Chillicothe, Ohio Keokuk, Iowa .. 14,500 40 109 Kuoxvillu, Twin. . . . Richmond, Ind Richmond Va . ... . 13,124 i R v.nn Rochester. N. Y . 81,673 Lancaster Pa 25.421 Lawrence, Kansas 8.149 Lawrence, Mass 35400 Leaven worth, Kansas 16,000 Lewiston, Me * * Lexington, Ky 19,733 Little Rock. Ark 20.475 Lockport, N. Y 12 fi-24 Rorne.N. Y Sacramento, Cal St. Joseph, Mo St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn Salem. Mass Salt Lake City. Ulan. San Antonio, Texas.. Sandusky, Ohio San Francisco, Cal. . . Savannah, Ga Schenectady, N. Y... Scranton, Pa Springfield, 111 Springfield, Mass Springfield, Ohio.... Steubenville, Ohio... Stockton, Cal Syracuse, N. Y Taunton Mass . 11,922 .' 33.400 ' 2 '* 5 I ' 1 ?' 6 l ' 1 *'1 4 ^ .' 25,000 3 H 5 ! 13,360 . 48,315 . 20.429 Logansport, Ind ... Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Lynn, Mass Macon, Ga Manchester, N. H... Madison, Ind Madison, Wis Mansfield, Ohio. .. Memphis, Tenn. ... Milwaukee, Wis ... Minneapolis, Minn. Mobile, Ala * * * '.'. 49.688 .. 32,600 * * * " 11,557 .. 10,039 ".100.750 .. 34,000 .. 46,000 Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbia, S. C Columbus, Ohio Cohoes, N. Y Concord, N. H Council Bluffs, Iowa. Covingtoii, Ky Davenport, Iowa Dayton, Ohio Des Moines, Iowa Nashua. N. H Terre Haut", Ind Titusville. Pa Toledo, Ohio Trenton, N. J 1 H 6 Nashville, Tenn .. 27,950 Dover, N. H New Albany, Ind... Newark, N. J "123.310 Troy, N. Y Utica, N. Y . 48,821 . 32,070 Dubuque, Iowa Eat Saginaw, Mich. Elizabeth, N. J New Bedford, Mass.. 25.876 Newburg, N. Y 17.327 Newburyport, Mass.. 13,323 New Brunswick, N. J. 16,660 Hew Haven, Conn.... * * * New Orleans, La 203,489 >>:wport, Ky 22.000 Vicksburg, Miss Washington, D. C.... Waterbury, Conn Watertown, N. Y Wheeling, W. Va.... Williamsport, Pa Wilmington, Del Wilmington, N. C.... Worcester, Mass 16.032 10,041 29,000 * * * * * 1 * * * 49,265 Elmira, N. Y Erie, Pa Evansville, Ind Fall River, Mass Fonddu Lac, Wis... Fort Wayne, Ind Frederick, Md .. 14,028 New York, N. Y Norfolk Va 1,046,037 .. 23,500 Norwich, Conn Ogdensburg, N. Y.. Omaha, Neb * * Galesburg, III Galveston, Texas Georgetown, D. C frrand Ramds. Mich 3 |-213 . 26.692 Orange, N. J Oshkosh, Wis .. 10,813 .. 17,015 Zanesville, Ohio * * Oswecro. N. Y. . . . .. 22.455 * No census taken since 1870. 191 FINANCIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES; Showing Expenditures and Debt of the Country during the various Political Administrations from the Founding of the Government to the present time; also Presidents and Vice Presidents. Yr. President. Vice President. Public Expenditures. Public Debt. Tr. President. Vice President. Public Expenditures. Public Debt. 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 183b G. Washington G. Washington G. Washington G. Washington G. Washington G. Washington G. Washington G. Washington John Adams.. John Adams. John Adams.. John Adams.. Thos. Jefferson Thos. Jefferson Thos. Jefferson Thos Jefferson Thos. Jefferson Thos. Jefferson Thos.Jefferson Thos. Jefferson Jas. Madison.. Jas. Madison.. Jas. Madison.. Jas. Madison.. Jas. Madison.. Jas. Madison. . Jas. Madison.. Jas. Madison.. James Monroe James Monroe James Monroe James Monroe James Monroe James Monroe James Monroe James Monroe Jno. Q. Adams Jno. Q. Adams Jno. Q. Adams Jno. Q. Adams A. Jackson A. Jackson A. Jackson A. Jackson A. Jackson A. Jackson A. Jackson A. Jackson.. . John Adams *F 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 M. VanBuren. . R. M. Johnson D R. M. Johnson D R. M.Johnson D R. M. Johnson D John Tylert W 37,265,037 15 39,455,438 35 37 614,936 15 28,226,533 81 31,797,53003 32,936,876 53 12,118,10515 33,642,010 85 30,490,408 71 27,632,282 90 60,520,851 74 60,655,143 19 56,386,422 74 44,604,718 26 48,476,104 31 46,712,608 83 54,577,061 74 75,473,17075 66,164,77596 72,726,341 57 71.274,587 37 82.062,186 74 83,678,642 92 77,055,125 65 85,387,313 08 565,667,563 74 899,815,911 25 1,295,541,114 86 1,906,433,33137 1,139,344,081 95 1,093,079,655 27 1,069,889,970 74 584,777,996 11 702,907,842,88 691 680,858 90 682,525,270 21 524,044,597 91 724,698.933 99 682.000,885 32 707,805,070 13 3,308,124 07 10,434,231 14 3,573,343 82 5,250,875 54 13,594,48073 20,601,226 28 32,742,922 00 23,461,653 50 15,925,303 01 15,550,202 97 38,826,534 77 47,044,863 23 63,061,858 69 63,452,773 55 68,304,796 02 66,199,341 71 59,803,117 70 43,243,322 42 35,586,956 56 31,972,537 90 28,699,831 85 44,911,881 03 58,496,837 88 64,842,287 88 90,580,873 73 524,176,412 13 1,119,772,13863 1,815,784,370 57 2,680,647,869 74 2,773,236,173 69 2,678,126.103 87 2,611,687,851 19 2,588,452,213 94 2,480,672,427 81 2,353,211,33211 2,253,251,328 78 2,144,818,713 57 2,143.088,241 16 2, 128,6m 726 32 2,099.439.344 99 .... John Adams F M. VanBuren.. M. VanBuren.. VI. VanBuren.. W.H.Harrison John Tyler John Tyler. . . . John Tyler Jas.K. Polk... Jas. K. Polk... Jas.K. Polk... Jas. K. Polk.. Zach. Taylor.. M. Fillmore... M. Fillmore... M. Fillmore... Frank. Pierce. Frank. Pierce. Frank. Pierce. Franfc. Pierce. Jas. Buchanan Jas. Buchanan Jas. Buchanan Jas. Buchanan A. Lincoln A. Lincoln A. Lincoln A. Lincoln A. Lincoln A. Johnson A. Johnson A. Johnson U.S. Grant.... U.S. Grant.... U. S. Grant.... U. S. Grant.... U. S. Grant.... U.S. Grant.... U. S. Grant ... U. S. Grant.... R. B. Haves John Adams F $3,79743678 8,962,92000 6,479,977 97 9,041,59317 10,151,24015 8,367,776 84 8,625,877 37 8,583,61841 11,002,396 97 11,952,534 12 12,273,376 94 13,270,487 31 11,258,983 67 12,615,113 72 13,598,309 47 15,021,19626 11,292,29299 16,762,702 04 13,867,226 30 13,309,994 49 13,592,60486 22,279,121 15 39,190,52036 38,028,230 32 39,582,493 35 48,244,495 51 40,877,646 04 35,104,87540 24,004,19973 21,763,024 85 19,690,572 69 17,676,592 63 15,314,17100 31,898,53847 23,585,804 72 24,103.398 46 22,656,76404 25,459,479 52 25,044,358 40 24,585,281 55 30,038,446 12 34,356,698 06 24,257,298 49 24,601,982 44 17,573,14-1 56 30.868,16404 575,463,476 52 77,227,924 66 80,352,63404 78,427,404 77 80,747,587 39 83,762,17207 32,064,479 33 79,228,529 12 78,408 669 77 82,798,294 35 83,038,050 80 80,712,632 25 77,054,686 30 86,427,120 88 82,312,15050 75,723,270 66 69,218,398 64 65,196,317 97 57,023,192 09 53,173,21752 48,005,587 76 45,209,737 90 55,962,827 57 81,487,846 24 99,833,660 15 127,334,933 74 123,491,965 16 103,466.633 83 95,529,648 28 91,015,56615 89,987,427 66 93,546,676 98 90,875,877 28 90,269,777 77 83,788,432 71 81,054,059 99 73,987,357 20 67,475,043 87 58,421,41367 48,565,406 50 39,123,191 68 24,332,335 18 7,001,698 83 4,760,082 08 37,513 05 336,957 83 John Adams F John Adams F John Adams F Wm. P Mangum. . W Wm. P. Mangum. . W Wm. P. Mangum. . W George M. Dallas . .D George M. Dallas . . D George M. Dallas . .D George M. Dallas . .D MiUardFillinore. IT' Wm K.King W John Adams F John Adams F Thomas Jefferson. .F Thomas Jefferson. .F Thomas Jefferson. .F Thomas Jefferson. .F Aaron Burr R Aaron Burr R Aaron Burr R D. R. Atchison.... 11" D. R. Atchison.... W Wm. R. King! D D. R. Atchison D Jesse D. Bright.. ..D Jesse D. Bright D J. C. Breckenridge.JD J. C. Breckenridge.D J. C. Breckenridge.D J. C. Breckenridge.-D Hannibal Hamlin...R Hannibal Hanilin..R Hannibal Hamlin..B Hannibal Hamlin..JS Andrew JohnsonT . R Lafayette S. Foster.-K Benj. F. Wade 11 Benj. F. Wade...... R Schuyler Coif ax. . . .R Schuyler Colfax. ...R Schuyler Colfax R Schuyler Colfax. . . . R Henry Wilson R Henry Wilson R Aaron Burr R George Clinton R George Clinton R George Clinton R George Clinton R George Clinton R George Clinton -R George Clinton K George Clinton R Elbridge Gerry R Elbridge Gerryt....-R John Gaillard R John Gaillard R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins.... R D. D. Tompkins.... R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins.... R D. D. Tompkins R John C. Calhoun...R John C. Calhoun....R John C. Calhoun...7J John C. Calhoun....R John C. Calhoun...D John C. Calhoun...D John C. Calhoun...D John C. Calhoun...-D Martin VanBuren. . D Martin VanBuren.. D Martin VanBuren.. D Martin VanBuren.. 1> Henry Wilson** ...R Thos. W. Ferry.... R Wm. A. Wheeler... R. NOTE. Though the principles of the various ndministrations, from 1801 to 1829, are designated as Republican, it may be remarked that the prin- ciples of both the Democratic and Republican parties have materially changed sine* the establishment of these parties, which changes have been wrought by the new political issues that have from time to time sprung up in the history of the government. * The political complexion of the different Presidential terms is of the Presidential term, and David R. Atchison the last half. Indicated by a single letter opposite each year, denned as follows : I Win. R. King died April 17, 1853; David R. Atchison becoming F, Federalist; It, Republican; D, Democratic; W, Whig. Vice-Presiclent pro tern, for the ttrst half of the Presidential term, and t Elbridge Gerry died November 13, 1814, and was succeeded by John Jesse D. Bright for the last half. Gaillard, Vice-President pro tern. If Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by J. Wilkes Booth, April 14- t Wm. H. Harrison died April 4, 1841, after being one month in office. 1865. Andrew Johnson succeeded to the Presidency; and Lafayette S. Jo in Tyler succeeded to the Presidency, and Wm. P. Matigum became Foster to the Vice-Presidency the remainder of the first half of the Vice-President pro tern. Presidential term, and Benj. F. Wade the last half. Zachary Taylor died July 9, 1850, being succeeded by Mlllard Fill- * Henry Wilson died November 22, 1875, and was succeeded by more; Wm. R. King succeeding to the Vice-Presidency the first half Thomas VV. Forry, Vice-President pro tern. 192 IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE. United States Soldiers in the Late Civil War. Number of men furnished by each State and Territory from April 15, 1861, to June 30, 1865. States and Men Territories. Furnished. New York 445-959 Pennsylvania 338, 155 Ohio - -- 3 10,654 Illinois - 258,162 Indiana I94.3 6 3 Massachusetts 146,467 Missouri 108, 162 Wisconsin 91,021 Michigan SS, in Iowa.- 7S>793 New Jersey 75.315 Kentucky - --- 75,275 Maine 69.738 Connecticut 55,755 Maryland -- 46,053 New Hampshire- 33>9'3 Vermont 33,272 West Virginia 32,003 Tennessee 31 ,092 Minnesota 24,002 States and Men Territories. Furnished. Rhode Island 23,248 Kansas 20,095 Dist. of Columbia 16,534 California 15,725 Delaware ^- 12,265 Arkansas 8,289 New Mexico Territory 6,561 Louisiana 5,224 Colorado Territory 4.903 Indian Nations 3,530 Nebraska Territory 3,'57 North Carolina 3> J 56 Alabama 2,576 Texas - 1,965 Oregon 1,810 Nevada 1,080 Washington Territory 064 Mississippi .. 545 Dakota Territor y . . 206 Number of Men Called for by U. S. Government During the Civil War. Number of men called for, periods of service, and number of men obtained under each call. Date of Call. Number Called For. Periods of Service. Number Obtained. April 15, 1861 May 3, 1861 July 22 and 25, iS6i. May and June, 1862. July 2, 1862 August 4, 1862 June 15, 1863. October 17, 1863 February i, 1864 March 14, 1864 April 23, 1^64 July 18, 1864 December 19, 1864 75,000... 82,748 j. 500,000 J ' .3 months. .3 years... .3 months. 300,000... 300,000... 100,000... 300,000 I 200,000 j ' 200,000... 85,000.. 500,000... 300,000.. ...3 years ...9 months.. ...6 months.. ...3 years ...3 years loo days . i, 2, 3 years. . i, 2, 3 years. ... 93,326 ... 714.231 ... 15,007 --- 431.958 ... 87,588 ... 16,361 ... 374.807 ... 284,021 - 384,5 ,.. 204,568 Totals 2,942,748 2,690,401 Strength of the United States Army at Various Dates. Date. Present. Absent. Total. 1,704 .. 16,367 186,751 January i, 1861 14,663 . . July i, 1861 183,588 .. January i, 1862 527,204.. 48,713.. 575,91? January i, 1863 698,802 .. 219,389 .. 918,191 January i, 1864 611,250 .. 249,487 .. 860,737 January i, 1865 620,924 .. 338,536.. 959,460 May i, 1865 797i8o7 .. 202,709 .. 1,000,516 May 1,1875.. - 25,000 EXPLANATORY. The calls of October 17, 1863, and February i, 1864, were combined, and the product of the draft of July, 1863, was credited thereon. In addition to the foregoing number, 63,322 men were obtained, chiefly from the territories and the seceding States, under different calls and for various periods of service. The whole number of men obtained by draft was 168,649. The whole number of colored troops obtained was 186,097. Strength of Ice. Thickness. Strength. Two inches Will support a man. Four inches Will support a man on horseback. Five inches Will support an eighty-pounder cannon. Eight inches Will support a battery of artillery, with carriages and horses attached. Ten inches Will support an army; an innumerable multitude. Education of Presidents. Washington.. Fair English edu- cation. Adams Harvard. Jefferson William and Mary Madison Princeton. Adams, J. Q_.. Harvard. Jackson Limited education Van Buren Academic course. Harrison Hampden Sidney College. Tyler William and Mary Polk University of N. C Taylor Slight rudiments. Fillmore Limited education Pierce -Bowdoin. Buchanan Dickinson. Lincoln Education limited Johnson Self-educated. Grant West Point. Hayes Kenyon College. Monroe and Harrison did not graduate. Monroe left college to join the revolutionary army. Fi- nancial embarrassment prevented Harrison from pursuing a full course. Polk graduated at 23, Tyler at 17. The majority gradu- ated at 20. Political Representation. Number of Presidential Elect- ors, United States Senators and Representatives in Congress that each State is entitled to by Con- gressional apportionment between 1870 and 1880. Rep- States. Elect- ors. Sen- ators re- sen - ta- tiiies Alabama 10 2 8 Arkansas 6 2 4 California 6 2 4 Colorado 3 2 i Connecticut 6 2 4 Delaware 3 2 i Florida 4 2 2 Georgia n 2 9 Illinois 2i 2 19 Indiana 15 2 13 Iowa ii 2 9 Kansas 5 2 3 Kentucky 12 2 10 Louisiana 8 2 6 Maine 7 2 5 Maryland.. 8 2 6 Massachusetts 13 2 11 Michigan u 2 9 Minnesota 5 2 3 Mississippi 8 2 6 Missouri 15 2 13 Nebraska 3 2 I Nevada 3 2 i N. Hampshire 5 2 3 New Jersey 9 2 7 New York 35 2 33 North Carolina. .10 2 8 Ohio 22 2 20 Oregon 3 2 I Pennsylvania 29 2 27 Rhode Island 4 2 2 South Carolina... 7 2 5 Tennessee .12 2 10 Texas 8 2 6 Vermont.. 5 2 3 Virginia n 2 9 West Virginia... 5 2 3 Wisconsin 10 2 8 Totals 369.. 76 293 The Territories of Arizona, Da- kota, Idaho, Montana, New Mex- ico, Utah, Washington and Wyo- ming have each one delegate. The Time of Fast Trotters. Following is a list of the horses that have a record better than 26. Goldsmith Maid 2 Smuggler .2 Lulu 2 Occident ..2 American Girl ..2 Dexter 2 Gloster 2 Red Cloud 2 Lady Thorn 2 Lucy 2 Judge Fullerton 2 Flora Temple 2 George Palmer 2 Camors ._ 2 Membrino Gift 2 Henry 2 Fleety Golddust 2 Mountain Bov 2 Gazelle ". 2 Castle Boy 2 Nettie 2 Bodine 2 Jay Gould 2 George Wilkes 2 Lady Maud 2 Rosalind .2 Membrino Chief 2 Huntress .2 Jennie 2 Lucille Golddust 2 Flora Belle.. ..2 Kilburn Jim 2 Fred Hooper 2 Wm. H. Allen 2 Hotspur 2 Thomas Jefferson 2 Sensation .2 Jim Irving 2 Billy Barr 2 St. James 2 Frank Wood 2 Major Allen 2 Cozette ..2 Music 2 Beppo 2 Chicago 2 Draco Prince.. 2 Lady Blanchard .2 Sleepy John 2 Myron Perry 2 Toronto Chief 2 Jas. Howell, Jr 2 PilotTemple ..2 Kansas Chief 2 Clara G 2 Susie - 2 Coin. Vanderbilt 2 Joker 2 Commodore 2 Nellie Irving 2 Nashville Girl ...2 Joe 2 Crown Prince 2 Thos. L. Young 2 Fannie Allen 2 C. E. Lowe.. 2 Ethan Allen 2 Byron 2 J.J.Bradley 2 Monarch, Jr 2 Spotted Colt 2 Colonel Russel 2 Mohawkjr. 2 Derby -.2 Harrv Harley 2 3* 18 20^ 2 1 '/ 2 22^4 22% 22% 22^ 22% 23 23% 23M 24 24 l /2 24% 24% 25% Where We Get Coal. Area in Sq. Miles. Gt. Britain. 11,900 Germany -- 1,800 U'd States. 192,000 France ____ 1,800 Belgium Austria ____ Russia ..... 1, 11,000 Nova Scotia 18,000 Spa ain ______ Elsewhere. 3,ooo 28,000 Product'n in 1874, tons. 125,070,000 46,658,000 50,000,000 17,060,000 14,670,000 12,280,000 1,392,000 1,052,000 Sio.ooo 5,000,000. BOARD, AND SHORT RATE INSURANCE TABLES. 193 EXPENSE OF BOARD PER DAY. The following 1 table will be found convenient for the proprietors of hotels and boarding-houses in giving the price per day where the board is a certain specified price per week. Thus if it is desired to find the price of five day's board, at ; to be $3.57. (See table.) double the numbers. ;.oo per week, it will be found by reference i r hen the board exceeds $10.00 per week, Days. 1 5Oc 75c $1.00 $1.25 $1.50 $1.75 $3 $3.35 $3.5O $3 $3.50 $4 $4.50 dur Spa $6 *7 88 | $9 910 1 -7 .11 H .18 .21 25 .29 32| 36 43 So W 64 7' .86 I.OO 1.14 [ 1.29 '43 3 .14 .21 29 36 43 So 57 64l 7' .86 1. 00 1.14 1.29 '43 1.71" 2.00 2.29 | 2.57 2.86 3 .21 -32 43 54 .64 75 .86 96 | 1.07 1.29 1.50 1.71 '93 2.14 2-57 3.00 | 3-431 3-86 4.29 4 .29 -43 57 7' .86 1. 00 1.14 '-29 1 i-43 1.71 2.00 2.29 2-57 2.86 3-43 4.OO | 4-57 i 5- '4 5-7' 5 .36 54 7' .89 1.07 1.25 '43 1.61 | 1.79 2.14 2.50 2.86 3-21 3-57 4.29 S-OO 5-7' 1 6.43 7- '4 6 -43 64 .82 1.07 1.29 1.50 1.71 i-93l 2.14 2-S7 3-00 3-43 3-86| 4.29 5- '4 6.00 6.86| 7.71 8-57 1 -So 75 1.00 '25 1.50 '75 2.OO 2-25 1 2.50 3-oo 3-So 4.00 4- So| S-oo 6.00 7-00 S.oo | 9.00 IO.OO SHORT INSURANCE RATES. By the following table may be seen the customary short rates of in- surance for periods less than a year or month. EXPLANATION. Where the rate is one per cent., or $i on $100 for a year, the rate for one month is 4-20 of the annual rate, or 20 cents. (See table.) For six months it would be 14-20 or 70 cents. (See following table, which, by a little study, will be readily understood.) ANNUAL.... 30 35 40 55 60 65 70 75 80 85) 90) 95) 100)105) 1 10 115 120)125)130 135 HO lo 175 200 '50)275)30 i MONTH _____ 6) 7) 8| 9) 10) n| i2J 13) 14) 15 iC,' 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 100 120 2 MONTHS ____ 9 " '2 '4 >S '7 '8 20 21 a 26 27 29) 30) 32) 33) 35 36) 38) 39 40) 42) 45 52) 6o| 6S| 75) 83) 90) 98) 105) 113] 120] 150)180 3 MONTHS ____ 2 14 16 18 20 22 1 24 26 30 32 34 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 60 70 80 90 100 no 120 1301140 150 160 200 240 4 MONTHS ---- 'S| '8| 20) 23) 25) 28) 30) 33) 35) 3 S[ 4 o[ 43) 45 48| So 53 55 1 SS| 6o[ 63) 65) 68 1 70) 75) 88)100)113)125 138)150)163)175 188)200 250(300 5 MONTHS ____ 18 21 24 30 33 36 39) 42) 45) 4S| 51) 54) 57 6o| 63) 66| 69) 72) 75) 78) 81) 84 90)105)120 135 150 165)180)195 210 6 MONTHS ---- 28) 32 35 39| 42) 46 49| S3) 56 6b| 63) 67) 70) 74) 77 81) 84) 87) 90) 94J 97)105)123 140 i7s|'93|2ioJ228|245|263|2So|35o|42o .7 MONTHS ____ 23) 27) 30) 34) 3 8 | 42) 45| 49| 5 2 | 56| 6o| 64) 67 71) 75) 79) 83) 87) 90) 94) 98)102 io6|ii3|i3ifiso|i69 188206)22512441263)281 300375450 8 MONTHS ____ 24) 28) 32 36 40! 44) 48) 52) 56) 60 64) 68 72) 76) 8o| 84) 88 92) 96 100 104 108 I2O 140 160180200 240)260): I 1 * 1 , l^ 9 MONTHS ____ 26 30 34 39 43 47 5' SS 60 72 77 81 85) 89) 93] 98)102 io6Jiiojii4 119)128 145 170)191 213 234)252)270 290 315)340)4351510 10 MONTHS 27) 32) 36| 4 [ 45J So) 54 59 63) 68) 72 77 81 81)86)90 95 99) 104)108) 1 12 116)121)125 i35|i57JiSo|203J225|248|27o|293|3 n MONTHS. .. 29) 34| 38) 43J 47| 52) 57 62) 67) 72) 76] 8o| 85) 90) 9s|ioo|io5|iio|iis 120)125) 129) 133) 143) 167) 190 214)237)261 FOR PERIODS LESS THAN ONE MONTH. g fr These tables will be found convenient by the eneral public who may equently desire to insure various kinds of property for a brief time, or longer periods than one year. With this table they "may understand what propor- tion they are to pay. ANNUAL 60 70 So 90)100 I 10 120 '3" 140 $0 '75 200 225 250 275 JOO 350)400)500600 5 DAYS 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 '3 M s 16 IS 19 31 25 38 35 4> 10 DAYS 6 7 S 9) 10 1 1 12 M 15 10 18 20 -M -'5 2^ 30 35 4<. 5" (So 15 DAYS S 9 II 12 '4 '5 16 iS 19 20 22 26 2,S 33 3 6 39 40 5-> "5 7S 20 DAYS 10 ii '3 '4 16 '7 '9 21 23 24 >8 3-' 34 40 4t 48) 56) 64 80 06 should property be insur- ed at one per cent, the rate on $100 worth of insur- ance will be, for 5 days, Scents; for 20 days, 16 cents. At two per cent, for For Periods of Several Years. For Periods Less than One Year. I YEAR. 2 YEARS. 3 YEARS. 4 YEARS. 5 YEARS. CHARGE THIS PROPORTION OF WHOLE PREMIUM. i month, TJ O of annual rate 7 mo's, ^ of annual rate. Q u 1 g tj t( I mo. 2 mo. 3 mo - 4 mo. 5 mo. ? 4 5 or 20 per cent. TTff 3 u 8 u u g 17 c< 2 " 4 " 6 " 8 " 10 " A " 3 J TTG y so 3 " 6 " 9 " 12 " 1 5 " A " 40 4 gTF 10 " -|-- " " 4 " 8 12 " 16 " 20 " i/->" "0 it - TBfff 13 Language flowers #> A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. VERY charming and interesting method of commu- jiicating- thought is by the aid of flowers, their lan- guage and sentiment being understood by the parties who present them. Although the following list is very complete, this vocabulary may be still enlarged by the addition of other definitions, the parties having an understanding as to what language the flower shall represent. Thus an extended and some- times important correspondence may be carried on by the presentation of bouquets, single flowers and even leaves; the charm of this interchange of thought largely consisting in the romance attendant upon an expression of sentiment in a partially disguised and hidden language. Of course much of the facility with which a conversation may be conducted, thus, will depend upon the intimate knowledge possessed of the language of flowers and the variety from which to select. ILLUSTRATIONS. A declaration of feeling between a lady and gentleman may be ex- pressed by single flowers, as follows: The gentleman presents a Red Rose "I love you." The lady admits a partial reciprocation of the sentiment by returning a Purple Pansy "You occupy my thoughts." The gentleman presses his suit still further by an Everlasting Pea "Wilt thou go with me ?" The lady replies by a Daisy, in which she says "I wiU think of it." The gentleman, in his enthusiasm, plucks and presents a Shepherd's Purse "I offer you my all." The lady, doubtingly, returns a sprig of Laurel "Words, though sweet, may deceive." The gentleman still affirms his declaration by a sprig of Heliotrope "I adore you." The lady ad- mits a tenderness of sentiment by the Zinnia "I mourn your absence." LANGUAGE OF THE BOUQ_UET. A collection of flowers in a bouquet may mean very much. Thus a Rose, Ivy and Myrtle will signify "Beauty, Friendship and Love." A Bachelor's Button " Hope, " and a Red Rose "Love, " will indicate that "I hope to obtain your love." I DESIRE TO MARRY YOU. Jonquil Linden. 1 HAVE SWEET MEMORIES IN MY SOLITUDE. Periwinkle Heath. PRAY FOR ME IN MY ABSENCE. White Verbena Wormwood. Thus longer and shorter sentences may be readily expressed by flower-language; and by agreement, if the variety of flowers is not suf- ficient, a change of definition may be given the more common blossoms and plants, whereby the language and correspondence maybe conducted without inconvenience. Flowers and their Sentiment. Acacia, Rose Friendship. Acanthus Art. Adonis, Flos Painful recollections. Agnus Castus Coldness ; life without love. Agrimony Gratitude. Almonds .Giddiness; heedless- ness. Aloe Bitterness. Amaranth Immortality; Unfad- ing. Amaryllis Beautiful but timid. Anemone, Garden Forsaken ; Withered hopes; Illness. Amethyst Admiration. Anemone, Windilowur Desertion. Angelica Inspiration. . Apple Blossom _. Preference. Arbor Vitae Unchanging Friend- ship. Arbutus :..Thee only do I love. Ash Grandeur. Aspen _ Sighing. Asphodel Remembered beyond the tomb. Aster, Double German ..Variety. Aster, Large flowered Afterthought; Love of variety. Bachelors' Button Hope; Single Bless- edness. Balm, Mint_ Pleasantry. Balm of Gilead Healing; I m cured. Balsamine ._ Impatience. Barberry Petulance; 111 temper. Basil Give me your good wishes. Bay Leaf I change but in death. Beech Lovers' tryst; Pros- perity. Begonia Deformed. Bindweed Humility; Night. Birch Grace; Elegance. Bittersweet Nightshade. Truth. Blackthorn, or Sloe Difficulties. Bladder Tree Frivolous amusement Blue Bell. Blue Bottle Borage Box Briers Broom Brvonv, Black . ..Constancy. ..Delicacy. ..Abruptness. ..Stoicism. ..Envy. ..Neatness; Humilitv. Buckbean Bugloss Bulrush Burdock Buttercup. .Be my support. .Calmness; Repose. -Falsehood. .Docility. .Touch me not; Impor- tunity. .Riches; Memories of Cabbage Calla , Camillia ... Camomile . Candytuft. childhood. .Profit. . Delicacy; Modesty. .Gratitude; Perfect Loveliness. .Energy in Adver- Canterburv Bell . Cardinal Flower. sitv. .Indifference; Archi- tecture. .Constancy. .Distinction; Prefer- Carnation China Aster Cedar Leaf Cherry Chestnut Cereus, Night Blooming Chiccory Chrysanthemum ... Cinnamon Tree Cinquefoil Cistus Clover, Red Clematis... Clover, White Clover, Four Leaved. Cockle... ment. .Pure and deep love. Love of variety. I live for thee. A good education. Do me justice. Transient Beauty. Frugality; Economy. A heart left to desola- tion. Forgiveness of inju- ries. A beloved daughter. Surety. Industry. Mental Beauty; Ar- tifice. I promise. Be mine. Vain is beauty without merit. Coltsfoot. Justice shall be done you. Columbine, Red Anxious and trem- bling. Coreopsis _ A 1 ways cheerful. Coriander Hidden merit. Corn Riches; Abundance. Cornelian, Cherry -Continuance; Dura- tion. Cowslip -Native grace; Pen- siveness. Coxcomb Foppery. Crocus Cheerfulness. Cresses Stability. Crowfoot Ingratitude. Currant Thy frown will kill me Crown, Imperial _. -Power; Pride of birth Cucumber Criticism. Cypress 1 Despair ; Mourning. Dahlia ia Dignity and elegance. Daffodil - Unrequited love. Daisy, Garden I share your feelings. Daisy, Single Field I will think of it. Dandelion Oracle; Coquetry. Datura Deceitful charms. Dew Plant Serenade. Dittany of Crete.. Birth. Dodder Meanness ; Baseness. Ebony Tree -Blackness. Eglantine Poetry; I wound to heaf. Elder Compassion. Elecampane Tears. Everlasting Alwavs remembered. Everlasting Pea Wiltthougo with me? Fennel Force ; Strength. Fern Sincerity. Fir Elevation. Flax I feel your benefits. Flos, Adonis . Painful recollections. Forget-me-not Do not forget. Foxglove Insincerity ; Occupa- tion. Fraxinella Fire. Fuchsia Taste; Frugality. A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. 195 Gentian Intrinsic worth. Geranium, Ivy I engage you for the next dance. Geranium, Oak __ A melancholy mind. Geranium, Rose I prefer you. Geranium, Scarlet _ Silliness. Gillyflower, Common Lasting Beauty. Gillyflower, Stock Promptness. Gladiolus Ready armed. Goats' Rue _ Reason. Gold Basket Tranquility. Gooseberry - Anticipation. Grape Vine Intemperance. Grass Utility ; Submission. Greek Valerian Rupture. Golden Rod Encouragement. Gorse, or Tur/.e Anger. Harebell Retirement; Grief. Hawthorn Hope. Hazel - Reconciliation. Heath Solitude. Heliotrope I adore you ; Devotion Henbane Blemish ; Fault. Hibiscus D jlicate beauty. Hoarhound Fire. Holly Ami forgotten ? Fore- sight. Hollyhock Fecundity; Ambition. Honey Flower Sweet and secret love. Honeysuckle - Devoted love ; Fidelity HOJI Injustice. Hornbean - Ornament. Horse Chestnut Luxury. Houstania Innocence; Content. Houseleek Domestic economy. Hyacinth Constancy; Benevo- lence. Hydrangea ...Vain-glory; Heart- lessness. Ice Plant Your looks freeze me. Indian Plum Privation. Iris, Common G.irden A message for thee. Iris, German Flame. Ivy Friendship; Marriage Jasmine, White Amiability. Jasmine, Yellow _ Grace and elegance. Jonquil Desire; Affection re- turned. Jumper.. Asylum; Aid; Pro. tection. Laburnum Pensive beauty. Ladyslipper Capricious !>eauty. Larch Boldness; Audacity. Larkspur, I'ink Lightness; Fickleness Laurel, American Words, though sweet, may deceive. Lantana -Rigor. Laurel, Mountain.. Glory; Victory; Am- bition. Laurestine I die if neglected. I _a vatern Sweet disposition. La vender Mistrust. Lemon Blossom Prudence; Discretion. Lettuce Cold hearted; Cool- ness. Lichen Dejection. Lilac, Purple First emotions of love Lilac, White Youth. Lily, Water Eloquence. Lily, White Majesty; Purity. Lily of the Valley Return of happiness. Linden, or Lime Conjugal; Marriage. Li ver wort Confidence. Locust Tree, Green Love beyond the grave Lotus Leaf. Recantation. Lucern Life. Lupine Dejection. Madder Calumny. Magnolia Love of "Nature. Maiden Hair Discretion. Marjoram Blushes. Manchineel Tree Falseness. Mandrake Rarity- Maple Reserve. Marigold Sacred affection. Marigold, Garden.. Grief; Chagrin. Marigold, Rainy A storm. Marigold and Cypress.. .Despair. Marshmallow . . ." Beneficence. Marvel of Peru Timidity. Mayflower Welcome. Meadow Saffron My best days are past Mezercon Desire to please. Mignonette Your qualities sur- pass your charms. Milfoil War. Mint Virtue. Milkweed Hope in misery. Mistletoe I surmount everything Mock Orange Counterfeit; Uncer- tainty. Monkshood Treachery; A foe is near. Morning Glory Coquetry; Affection. Mountain Ash I watch over you. Moss Maternal love. Mourning Bride I have lost all. Mturwort Good luck ; Happiness Mulberry, Black I shall not survive you Mulberry, White Wisdom. Mullen Good nature. Mushroom Suspicion. Musk Plant Weakness. Myrtle Love in Absence. Myrrh Gladness. Narcissus Egotism ; Self-Love. Nasturtium Patriotism; Splendor Nettle Cruelty. Nightshade Dark Ihoughts; Sor- cery. Oak Hospitality; Bravery. Oleander Beware. Olive Peace. Orange Flower Chastity. Orchis, Bee Error. Orchis, Spider Skill. Osier Frankness. Osmunda Reverie. Oxalis Wood sorrel. Pansy, Purple You occupy my thoughts. Parsley Festivity; Banquet. Passion Flower ..Devotion; Religious fervor. Peach Blossom I am your captive. Peony Ostentation; Anger. Persimmons Bury me amid Na- ture's beauties. Peppermint Warmth of feeling. Pennyroyal Flee away. Periwinkle Sweet memories. Phlox Our hearts are united. Pimpernel Rendezvous ; Change. Pine Endurance; Daring. Pine Apple You are perfect. Pink, Red Pure love. Plane, or Platane Genius. Plum Tree Keep your promises. Plum, Wild Independence. Polyanthus Heart's mystery Pomegranate Conceit. Pompion, or Pumpkin Crossness; Coarseness Poplar, Black Courage. Poplar, White Time. Poppy, Corn Consolation. Poppy, White Sleep; Oblivion. Potatoe _ Benevolence. Primrose Modest worth; Silent love. Privit, or Prim Prohibition. Purple Scabious Mourning. Queen of the Meadow Uselessness. Quince Temptation. Ranunculus, Garden You are radiant with charms. Reeds Music. Rest Harrow Obstacle. Rhododendron Agitation. Rhubarb Advice. Rosebud Confession of love. Rosebud, White Too young to love. Rose, Ci nnamon Without pretension. Rose, Hundred leaved The graces. Rose, Austrian Thou art all that is lovely. Rose Leaf. I never trouble. Rose, Monthly Beauty ever new. Rose, Moss.. Superior merit; Vo- luptuousness. Rose, Musk Capricious beauty. Hose, Red I love you. Rose, White Silence. Rose, Wild, Single Simplicity. Rose, Yellow Infidelity ; Unfaithful- ness. Rosemary Remembrance; Your presence revives me Rue Disdain. Rush Docility. Saffron, Meadow My best days are past. Saffron^ Crocus Do not abuse me. Sage Domestic Virtue ; Es- teem. St. John's Wort Animosity. Sardonia Irony. Satin Flower Forgetful ness. Scratch Weed Roughness. Scotch Thistle Retaliation. Sensitive Plant. Sensitiveness; Mod- esty. Serpent Cactus Horror. Service Tree, or Sorb Prudence. Shepherd's Purse I offer you myall. Silver Weed ..Naivet^. Snapdragon Presumption. Snowball Goodness; Thoughts of Heaven. Snowdrop Consolation; A friend in adversity. Sorrel Parental Affection. Speedwell Fidelity. Spindle Tree Your charms are gra- ven on my heart. Star of Bethlehem Reconciliation ; Pu- rity. Straw, Broken Quarrel. Straw Agreement; United. Strawberry Perfect excellence. Sumach ..Splendid misery. Sunflower, Tall Lofty and wise thoughts. Sunflower False riches. Sunflower, Dwarf Adoration. S weet Flag Fitness. Sweet Pea A meeting. Sweet Sultan Happiness. Sweet William Gallantry ; Fi nesse ; Dexterity. Syringa Memory; Fraternal love. Sycamore Curiosity. Tare Vice. Teasel Misanthropy. Tli i stle Austerity. Thorn Apple Disguise". Thrift Sympathy. Thyme '. Activity. Tremel la Resistance. Tube Rose Dangerous Pleasure ; Volu ptuousness; Sweet voice. Tulip, Variegated Beautiful eyes. Tulip, Red Declaration of love. Valerian, Common Accommodating dis- position. Valerian Facility. Venus's Looking Glass.. Flattery. Verbena -Sensibility; Sensitive- ness. Verbena, Purple I weep for you; Re- gret. Verbena, White ...Pray for me. Vervain .^-Enchantment. Vernal Grass -J.Poor, but happy. Vetch I cling to thee. Violet, Blue Faithfulness. Violet, White Purity ; Candor ; Mod - esty. Volkamenia May you be happy. Wall Flower Fidelity in misfor- tune. Weeping Willow Melancholy. Wheat Wealth. ' Whortleberry Treachery. Wil low, Common Forsaken. Willow Herb Pretension. Wood Sorrel -Joy- Woodbine Fraternal love. Wormwood Absence. Yarrow Cure for the heart- ache. Yew Sad in Zinnia. I mourn your absence. 196 VOCABULARY OF "GIVEN" NAMES, FOR REFERENCE. Names of Men, Alphabetically Arranged. Aaron. Benjamin. Ebenezer. Frederick. Isador. Leander. Nahum. Raymond. Theobald. Abel. Beriah. Edgar. Isaiah. Lemuel. Nathan. Reuben. Theodore. Abiel. Bernard. Edmund. Gabriel. Israel. Leo. Nathaniel. Reuel. Theodoric. Abijah. Abner. Bertram. Bertrand. Edward. Edwin. Gail. Gains. Ivan. Leon. Leonard. Neal. Neil. Reynold. Richard. Theophilus. Theron. Abraham. Boniface. Egbert. Gamaliel. Jabez. Leonidas. Nehemiah. Robert. Thomas. Abram. Burnell. Elbert. Gardner. Jacob. Leopold. Newton. Roderic. Thompson. Adam. Addison. Burton. Byron. Elbridge. ,Eldred. Garret. George. Jairus. James. Leroy. Levi. Nicolas. Niles. Roderick. Rodman. Timothy. Titus. Adalbert. Eleazer. Gerald. Japeth. Lewis. Noah. Rodolph. Tobias. Adolphus. Cadwallader. Eli. Gerard. Jared. Lincoln. Noel. Rodolphus. Tristram. Adoniram. Casar. Eliab. Gershom. Jason. Linus. Norman. Roger. Alanson. Caleb. Elias. Gideon. Jasper. Lionel. Norton. Roland. Ulysses. Alaric. Calvin. Elihu. Gilbert. Jay. Llewelyn. Rollo. Umphrey. Albert. Casimir. Elijah. Giles. Jean. Loami. Obadiah. Romeo. Uranus. Alexander. Cass. Eliphalet. Given. Jedediah. Lorenzo. Obed. Roswell. Urban. Alexis. Cassimer. Elisha. Goddard. Jefferson. Lot. Octavius. Rowland. Uriah. Alfred. Cecil. Elizur. Godfrey. Jeffrey. Louis. Octavus. Royal. Urian. Allan. Chauncey. Ellis. Gregory. Jeremiah. Lucian. Oley. Rudolph. Uriel. Alonzo. Charles. Ellsworth. Griffith. Jeremy. Lucius. Oliver. Rudolphus. Alpheus. Christian. Elmer. Gustavus. Jerome. Ludovic. Ona. Rufus. Valentine. Alphonso. Christopher. El more. Guy. Jesse. Ludwig. Orestes. Rupert. Yard. Alvah. Claudius. Elnathan. Jethro. Luke. Orlando. Vardemond. Alvan. Clarence. Emanuel. Hainan. Job. Luther. Orrlou. Salem. Vernet. Alvin. Clark. Emery, Hanford. Joel. Lyrurgus. Oscar. Salmon. Veronus. Alwin. Claude. Emilius. Hannibal. John. Lyman. Osmond. Samson. Victor. Amariah. Clement. Emmerson. Harold. Jonah. Lysander. Oswald. Sampson. Vincent. Amasa. Columbus. Emmery. Harrie. Jonas. Othello. Samuel. Virgil. Ambrose. Conrad. Emory. Harrison. Jonathan. Madoc. Otto. Saul. Vivian. Amml. Constant. Enoch. Heman. Joseph. Madison. Owen. Seba. Amos. Constantino. Enos. Henry. Josephus. Mahlon. Sebastian. Wade. Andrew. Cornelius. Ephraim. Herbert. Joshua. Manasseh. Patrick. Sem. Walter. Anselm. Cuthbert. Erasmus. Herman. Josiah. Mansfield. Paul. Sereno. Washington. Anson. Cyprian. Erastus. Hezekiati. Josias. Marcellus. Peleg. Serenus. William. Anthony. Cyril. Eric. Hiram. Jotham. Marcius. Peregrine. Seth. Willis. Antony. Cyrus. Ernest. Homer. Joy. Marcus. Peter. Sheldon. Winfield. Archibald. Erving. Horace. Judah. Mark. Philander. Sherman. Winfred. Artemas. Dale. Ethan. Horatio. Julian. Marmaduke. Philemon. Sigismund. Winton. Arthur. Dan. Eugene. Hosea. Julius. Martin. Philip. Silas. Asa. Dana. Eustace. Howard. Justin. Marvin. Philo. Silvanus. Zabdiel. Asahel. Danforth. Evan. Howe. Justus. Matthew. Phineas. Silvester. Zacclieus. Asaph. Daniel. Everett. Howell. Matthias. Pius. Simeon. Zachary. Asher. Darius. Ezekiel. Hubert. Kenneth. Maurice. Pluto. Simon. Zadok. Ashur. David. Ezra. Hugh. King. Melvin. Pompey. Solomon. Zabadiah. Augustin. Itelos. Hugo. Kinnie. Merton. Pontus. Solon. Zachariah. Augustine. IJelwin. Felix. Humphrey. Merwin. Stephen. Zedekiah. Austin. Demetrius. Ferdinand. Laban. Maximilian. Queen. Steven. Zelotes. Augustus. Denis. Fernando. Ichabod. Lambert. Micah. Qulncy. Sylvan. Zenas. Azariah. Dennis. Festus. Immanuel. Langdon. Michael. Quintin. Sylvanus. Zenia. Derrick. Fletcher. Ingram. Laurence. Miles. Sylvester. Zeno. fcarnabas. Dionysius. Forrest. Inigo. Lawrence. Milton. Ralph. Zenos. Barnard. Donald. Francis. Ira. Lafayette. Morgan. Ransom. Tamer. Zeplianiah. Bartholomew. Frank. Irving. Lazarus. Morris. Raphael. Taylor. Zeri. Barton. Earl. Franklin. Irwin. Legrand. Moses. Ray. Thaddus. Zerus. Basil. Eben. Frederic. Isaac. Names of Women, Alphabetically Arranged. Abigail. Aurora. Cornelia. Ettie. Hebe. Katie. Marianne. Paulina. Sophia. Achsa. Azalia. Cynthia. Ethel. Helen. Katrina. Marietta. Pauline. Sophronia. Ada. Ethelind. Helena. Keziah. Mar ilia. Penelope. Stella. Adaline. Barbara. Darina, Ethel in da. Henrietta. Kittie. Marion. Pera. Surelia. Addie. Beatrice. Deborah. Eudora. Hessa. Martha. Perebel. Susan. Adela. Beatrix. Dele. Eudosia. Hester. L,arelda. Mary. Perrine. Susanna. Adelaide. Belinda. Delia. Eugenia. Hesther. Laura. Mathilda. Pettie. Susannah. Adelia. Belle. Delia. Eugenie. Hilda. Lauriet. Matilda. Phebe. Sylvia. Adelina. Bertha. Diana. Eunice. Honora. Laurietia. Maud. Philip. Adeline. Bessie. Dinah. Euphemia. Honoria. Laurinda. May. Phoebe. Tabitha. Adeline. Betsey. Dora. Eva. Hortensia. Lavinia. Meggie. Phyllis. Terine. Adora. Beulah. Dorcas. Evangeline. Huldah. Lena. Mehetabel. Pina. Theodora. Agatha. Blanch. Dorinda. Eve. Leonora. Mehitable. Polly. Theodosia. Agnes. Blanche. Dorothy. Evelina. Ida. Letitia. Melicent. Porcia. Theresa. Alethea. Bridget. Doxie. Imogene. Lettice. Melissa. Priscilla. Thomasine. Alexandra. Fama. Inez. Lexie. Meta. Tilda. Alexandrina. Camilla. Edessa. Fanny. Ionia. Libbie. Metta. Rachel. Tillie. Alice. Capitola. Edith. Fara. Irene. Lillian. Mildred. Rebecca. Tina, Alicia. Caroline. Edna. Fatima. Isabel. Lillie. Minnie. Rebekah. Tryphena. Almeda. Carrie. Effle. . Faustina. Isabella. Lilly. Miranda. Ren a. Almira. Cassandra. Eleanor. Felicia. Isadora. Lois. Miriam. Revella. Ulrica. Althea. Cassie. Electa. Fidelia. Lorana. Morella. Rhoda. Ureneo. Alvaretta. Catharina. Electra. Flora. Jane. Lou. Myra. Rosa. Uretta. Alzina. Catharine. Elida. Floralia. Janet. Louisa. Rosabel. Urexie. Amabel. Catherine. Elinor. Florena. Jean. Louise. Nancy. Rosalia. Ursula. Amanda. Cecilia. Elisabeth. Florence. Jeanne. Lucia. Nannie. Rosalie. Uvenia. Amarilla. Cecily. Elizabeth. Florenla. Jeannette. Lucinda. Nanza. Rosalind. Amelia. Cedelia. Eliza. Frances. Jemima. Lucrctia. Naomi. Rosamond. Valeria. Amy. Celeste. Ella. Francelia. Jennie. Lucy. Nellie. Rose. Valina. Angelica. Celestine. Ellen. Fredrica. Jenny. Lulu. Nettie. Rosella. Victoria. Angelina. Celia. Ellie. Jerusha. Lurelia. Nina. Rosetta. Victorine. Angeline. Charity. Eloise. Gabriella. Jessie. Lurella. Nora. Roxana. Viletta. Ann. Charlotte. Elsie. Genet. Joan. Lureno. Roxie. Viola. Anna. Chloe. Elvira. Geneva. Joanna. Lurietta. Octavia. Ruth. Violet. Annabel. Christina. Erne. Genevieve. Josepha. Lydia. Olive. Viorene. Anne. Cicely. Emellne. Genieve. Josephine. Olivia. Salome. Virginia. Annette. Clara. Emily. Georgiana. Joyce. Mabel. Ophelia. Samantna. Vivian. Antoinette. Clarice, Emma. Geraldine. Judith. Madeline. Olvmpia. Sam i ma. Antonia. Clarissa. Eminerett. Gertie. Julia. Maggie. Ora. Sara. \Velthy. Antonina. Claudia. Eola. Gertrude. Julian na. Mahala. Orianna. Sarah. Wilhelmina. Arabella. Clementina. Ercilla. Juliet. Mai vina. Oriet. Sarepta. Wincie. Ardelia. Clementine. Ernestine. Hagrar. Julietta. Marcella. Orletta. Selina. Winnie. Ariana. Cleopatra. Esmerelda. Hattle. Juuietta. Marcia. Othalia. Serena. Aseneth. Constance. Esther. Hannah. Margaret. Orlinda. Sibyl. Zella. Athena. Cora. Esrusia. Harriet. Katharine. Maria. Sibylla. Zelia. Augusta. Cordelia, Etta. Harriot. Katherine. Marie. Pansy. Souora. Zeiiobia. Aurelia. Coriuna. TABLES OF DISTANCES, EXPECTATION OF LIFE, INFLUENCE OF THE MOON, Etc. 197 Expectation of Life and Present Value of Widow's Dower. Ex- pec- Ag-e. ta- tion in years. 28.15 i 36.78 2 33.74 3 40.01 4 40.73 s 40.88 6 40.69 7 40.47 8 40.14 9 39-7-2 10 39- 2 3 ii- 38.64 12 38.02 13 37-4' H 36.79 iS 36-17 16 35-76 17 35-37 18 34-93 19 34-59 Ag-e. Ex- pec - ta- tion in years. 34.22 33.34 33.46 33-oS 32.70 32.33 31-93 3I-50 31.08 30.66 30-25 29.83 29-43 29.02 28.62 28.22 27.78 27-34 26.91 26.47 Ex- Ex- pec- pec- Age. ta- tion Age. ta- tion in in years. years. 40 26.04 60 15.45 4i 25.61 61 14.86 42 25- '9 62 14.26 43 24.77 63 13.66 44 24-35 64 13-oS 45 23.92 65 I2 -43 4 6 23-37 66 11.96 47 22.83 67 11.48 48 22.27 68 II.OI 49 21.72 69 10.50 So 21.17 70 10.06 5' 20.61 7' 9.60 52 20.05 r- 9.14 53 19.49 73 8.69 54 18.92 74 8.25 P 18.35 17.78 9 7.83 7.40 57 17.20 n 6.99 58 16.63 ?s 6-59 59 16.04 79 6.21 Ex- pec- Age. ta- tion in years. So 5.85 81 5-50 82 5- '6 8.3 4.87 84 4.66 85 4-57 86 4.21 & 3-90 3-67 89 3-56 90 3-73 9' 3-32 9^ 3-12 93 2.40 94 1.98 95 1.62 In the settlement of estates where the widow is entitled to a third interest in the real estate, or a " dower " interest, as it is termed, as long as she may live, it becomes necessary that some definite calculation be made as to how long the widow will probably live to receive this in- terest. This matter being determined, a calculation can readily be made as to how much she is entitled to at present, which being ascertained, the estate can be satisfactorily settled. To illustrate, by the above table, which is generally adopted in the settlement of estate's, it will be seen that, if the widow be 60 years of age, she will probably live 15 and 45- 100 years longer, or until her age is 75 and 45-100 years. By the following table is given the value of an annuity of one dol- lar from I to 35 years at 5 per cent, per annum. Thus for" 15 years the value of one dollar will be $10.3796. Suppose the widow's dower in- terest in the estate to be $100 per year. To find the present value of the widow's interest, therefore, multiply the $100 by 10.3796, and the result is $1,037.96, which is the amount that the widow is entitled to in the set- tlement. Years . 9 Dollars, Cents and looths. 9523 I-8594 2.7232 3-5459 4-3294 5.0756 F2 63 6.4632 7.1078 Years Dollars, Cents and looths. 7.7217 8.3064 8.8632 9-3935 9.8986 10.3796 10.8377 11.2740 11-6895 Years -7 Dollars, Cents and looths. 12.0853 12.4622 12.8211 13.1630 13.4880 13.7986 14.0939 14-375' 14.6430 Years 20 30 31 3-' 33 34 35 Dollars, Cents and looths. 14.8981 15.1401 "5-3724 >5-5,928 15.8026 16.0025 16.1929 "6-3741 Miles. Adrian, Mich . 775 Distances From Miles. Chattanoog-a, Tenn.. 980 New York City to Miles. Lafayette, Ind 903 Miles. Quincy, 111 1,176 Racine, Wis 076 Albany, N. Y 145 Chillicothe, Ohio 645 Cincinnati, Ohio 744 Circleville, Ohio 640 Lawrence, Mass 262 Leaven worth, Kan.. 1,393 Lexington, Ky &)O Raleigh, N. C. 669 Reading, Pa 128 Richmond, Va 356 Alexandria, Va 258 Algiers, La i>55i Allegheny, Pa 434 Allentovvn, Pa 92 Alton, 111 1,060 Cleveland, Ohio 581 Columbia, S. C 744 Columbus, Ohio 624 Concord, N. H . 308 Lexington, Mo '.354 Little 'Rock, Ark i ,430 Lockport, N. Y 507 Louisville, Ky 900 Lowell, Mass 261 Rochester, N. Y 386 Rock Island, 111 1.093 Rome, N. Y 264 Roxbury, Mass 238 Sacramento, Cal 2,900 Annapolis, Md 222 Ann Arbor, Mich 716 Atchison, Kansas 1,368 Atlanta, Ga 1,018 Covington, Ky 745 Cumberland, Md 364 Davenport, Iowa 1,093 Dayton, Ohio 804 Denver City, Col 1,980 Des Moines, Iowa 1,251 Detroit, Mich 679 Lvnchburg, Va 404 Macon, Ga .. 1,121 St. Joseph, Mo i ,384 St. Louls.'Mo 1,084 St. Paul, Minn i,44i Salem, Mass 252 Salt Lake City, Utah 2,410 San Francisco, Cal.. 3,038 Sandusky, Ohio 642 Savannah, Ga 974 Auburn, N. Y 328 Madison, Wis i>O49 Memphis, Tenn 1,289 Milledgeville, Ga.. .1,100 Milwaukee, Wis 996 Mobile, Ala 1,370 Montgomery, Ala 1,193 Montpelier, Vt 454 Nashua, N. H 275 Nashville, Tenn 1,085 New Albany, Ind.. . 903 New Bedford, Mass 181 New Brunswick, N.J 32 Newburg, N. Y 53 New Haven, Conn.. 76 New Orleans, La 1,550 Augusta, Ga 887 Aurora, 111 951 Baltimore, Md 188 Bangor, Me 482 Bath, Me 382 Dover, N. H. 304 Dubuque, Iowa 1,100 Dunkirk, N. Y 460 Elmira, N. Y . 274 Baton Rouge, La 1,320 Belfast, Me. 424 Bellelbntaine, Ohio. 658 Binghamton, N. Y.. 215 Blackstone, Mass 272 Bloomington, 111 1,037 Boston, Mass 236 Bristol, R. 1 215 Springfield, 111 1,062 Springfield, Mass 138 Springfield, Ohio... 828 Staunton, Va 486 Stonington, Conit 143 Syracuse, N. Y 302 Taunton, Mass 210 Tallahassee, Fla 1,190" Terre Haute, Ind 912 Erie, Pa 508 Evansville, Ind 1,021 Fall River, Mass 180 Pitchburg, Mass 286 Fort Kearney, Neb.. 1,598 Fort Wayne, Ind 763 Fredericksburg, Va. 296 Galena, 111. .. 1,083 Bucvrus, Ohio 632 Buffalo, N. Y 433 Burlington, N. J. 7f Burlington, Iowa 1,122 Burlington, Vt 280 Cambridge, Mass 239 Camden, N. J .. 91 Galesburg, 111.. 1,076 Galveston, Texas 1,900 Georgetown, D. C.. 228 Hamilton, Ohio 766 Harrisburg, Pa 182 Hartford, Conn 112 Newport, R. I 162 Toledo, Ohio 742 Nor walk, Conn 45 Omaha, Neb i .455 Oswego, N.Y 237 Tonawanda, N. Y... 463 Trenton, N.J 58 Troy, N. Y 148 Paterson, N. J '17 Peoria, 111 1,072 Utica, N. Y 249 Vicksburg, Miss 1,542 Washington, D. C.. 230 Wheeling, W. Va... 522 Wilmington, Del 116 Wilmington, N. C.. 734 Worcester, Mass 192 Miles. Canandaigua, N. Y. 377 Carson City, Nevada 2,800 Chambersburg, Pa.. 246 Charleston, S. C 874 Indianapolis, Ind 838 Jackson, Miss 1.498 Petersburg, Va 378 Philadelphia, Pa..... 88 Pittsburgh, Pa 431 Portland, Me 344 Jefferson City, Mo. ..1,210 Kalamazoo, Mich .. 822 Charlestown, Mass. 235 Miles. Amsterdam 3,5' Barbadoes .. i,9O'5 Knoxville, Tenn .... 868 Distances by Water F Miles. Chagres 2,308 Charleston 750 Columbia River 15,965 Constantinople 5,140 Providence, R. I 193 pom New York City to Miles. Lisbon 3.175 Liverpool 3.210 London 3.375 Madras 11,850 Malta 4>3,25 Monrovia 3.825 Sandwich Islands.. 15,300 San Francisco 15.858 St. Petersburg 4,420 Singapore 12,710 Smyrna 5,ooo Stockholm 4.050 Tahiti . . ..12,225 Batavia 13,066 Bombay 1 1,574 Bordeaux 3>3io Boston ' 310 Dublin 3,^25 Gibraltar 3,300 Halifax 612 Hamburg 1 1 Tit. Botany Bay 1 3> a 94 Buenos Ay'res 7,no New Orleans 2,045 Panama 2,35$ Pekin '5.3 2 5 Pernambuco 4.760 Philadelphia 240 Q_ucbec i>4 Trieste 5,130 Valparaiso 9.75O Vera Cru/. 2,250 Washington 400 Round the Globe. ..25,000 Calcutta 1 2,425 Canton 13.900 Cape Hiii-n 8,115 Cape of Good Hope 6,830 Havana 1,420 Havre.. 3. 2] o Kingston 1,640 Lima 1 1 ,3 10 The Influence of the Moon on the Growth of Plants. Does the light of the moon affect the growth of plants? Does it make any difference in the growth of a plant what time in the moon it is planted? Undoubtedly it does. Light is a great promoter of growth, and, the more brilliant the light, the stronger and more vigor- ous the growth, all the other con- ditions being favorable. It is a fact, also, with certain plants, that when young they require, like young ani- mals, considerable time for rest and sleep. To have this sleep is to give them ultimate strength and vigor, which is essential to their subse- quent complete development. To illustrate: The seeds of cer- tain vines and other plants sown in the new of the moon will vegetate, and the plants are likely to appear above ground, near the old of the moon, at a time when the moon's radiance is so brilliant that they are compelled to grow under its strong light. Upon the rising of the sun, the growth is still forced forward, and the tender plant, thus in its in- fancy, gets no rest. The seed sown in the old of the moon will bring forth the plant in the new of the moon, or during the dark nights; at which time it ob- tains the needed rest and sleep, in the darkness, which is essential to its future productiveness. That the light of the moon has thus a very perceptible and impor- tant influence upon the growth of plants when very young and tender, is a fact which thousands have veri- fied, though few understand the phi- losophy of the same. 198 COMMON FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. oreign Words and Phrases. following FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES are JL frequently met in reading : Ad captandum, For the purpose of captivating. Ad infuiilum, To an unlimited extent. Ad libitum, At pleasure. Alias, Otherwise. Alibi, Elsewhere. Alma mater, Gentle mother; often applied to the institution where one is educated. A tnor patria, Love of country. A nglice, In English. A nnus mirabilis, A year of wonders. A priori. Beforehand ; from previous knowledge. Bono, fide, In good faith ; genuine. Sis dat qui cito dat, He gives twice who gives promptly. Beatce memoriee, Of blessed memory. Cacocfthes Scribendi. A ridiculous fondness for writing. Caput mortuum, The lifeless head. Casus belli, A case for war. Caveat, Let him beware. Contra, On the other hand ; against. Contra bonos mores, Contrary to good manners. De facto, In fact. De jure, By right. Detritus, Worn off. Dramatis persona, Characters of the play. Ergo, Therefore. Et id genus omne, And all of that sort. Ex officio, By virtue of the office. Exit, He (or she) goes out. Exeunt omnes, They all go out. Ex parte, O" one side only. LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES. Ex tempore, On the moment. Facet iir, Witty sayings. Fac simile, An exact copy. Fiat, Let it be done ; a command. Fiat justitia ruat ccflum, Let justice be done though the heavens crash. Finis, The end. Genius loci, The genius of the place. In propria persona, In person. In transitu, On the way. Imprimis, In the first place. Impromptu, Off-hand. Interim, In the mean time. Item, Also. Lapsus linguce, A slip of the tongue. Magna charta, The great charter. Maximum, The greatest quantity. Mens Sana in corpore sano, A sound mind In a healthy body. Meunt et tuunt, Mine and thine. Minimum, The least quantity. Ne plus ultra, The greatest extent attainable. Nil desperandum. Never despair. Nolens -volens, Willing or not. Noli me tangere, Touch me not. Non compos mentis, Not of sound mind. Non est inventus, Not to be found. Non sequitur, It does not follow. Nota bene, Mark well. Nudum pactum, An invalid agreement Nunc aut nunquam, Now or never. Omnia. vincit amor, Love conquers all things. Onus probandi^&v.r&ei\ of proving. Orator fit, foeta nascitur. The orator is made, but the poet is born. Otium cum dignitate, Ease with dignity. Part passu, With equal pace. Par nobile fratrum, A noble pair of brothers ; two alike. Passim, Everywhere. Paterfamilias, Father of a family. Peccavi, I have sinned. Per capita, By the head. Per diem, By the day Per fas et nefas, Through right or wrong. Per se, By itself. Poeta nascitur nonfit,K poet is born, not mauc. Prima facie, On the first view. Pro et con, For and against. Pro forma, For form's sake. Pro tempore, For the time being. Quondam, Former. Quid nunc ? What now? fius in Urbe, The country in town. Semper idem, Always the same. Sub rosa, Privately. Sui generis, Of its own kind ; unique. Tempus fugit, Time flies. Vale, Farewell. Vent, vidi, i>ici, I came, I saw, I conquered. Verbum sat, A word is enough. Viva voce, By the living voice. Vice versa, The case being reversed. FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES, with Pronunciation. A BAS {ah-bah}, Down with. A BON CHAT BON RAT, To (or for) a good cat, a good rat. A BON MARCHE (ah-bong-mar-skaf), Cheap. A CHEVAL (ah-sheh-val), On horseback. AFFAIRE D' AMOUR (ah-faire-dah-moor), A love affair. AFFAIRE D'HONNEUR (ah-faire-don-ai-ur), An affair of honor. A GENOUX (ah-ge-noo), Upon the knees. AlDE-TOI ET LE CIEL T ! AIDERA, Help yourself and heaven will help you. A LA MODE (ah-lah-mod), In the fashion. A L'IMPROVISTE (ah-lam-pro-vist}, Unawares. AMATEUR (ak-ma-tair), An admirer of and un- professional practitioner in any art. AMOUR {ah-moor), Love. A \}Q\!TRMSfS.(fi.h-loo-trangsse'),TQ the utmost. A PROPOS (ah-pro-poe~), By the way ; to the purpose. A TOUT PRIX (au-too-pree), At any cost. Au CONTRAIRE {o-kong-trayre'}, On the contrary. Au FAIT (o-fay~), All right ; instructed. Au REVOIR (.o-ruh-voo-ar) , Till we meet a^ain. AVANT COUREUR (ah-vang-koo-rayre), Fore- runner. A VOTRE SANTE {au-vottr-sang-taf), To your health. BAS BLEU (bah-bluhe'), Blue-stocking. BEAU MONDE (bo-mongdc), The gay world. FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 199 BELLES LETTRES (bell-lay-tr), Polite literature. BLASE (blah zai), Time-worn, faded. BIJOU (be-joo), A jewel, or gem. BILLET-DOUX (be-yay-dod), A love letter. BON GRE MAL GRE (bon-grai-mai-graf), Willing or not. BONHOMIE (bun-no-mee), Good nature. BONJOUR (bong-joor) , Good day. BON-MOT (bong-mo), A witticism. BONSOIR (bong-sooar) , Good night. BON TON (bong tong}, High fashion. BON VIVANT (bong-vi-vang),K high liver. BONNE BOUCHE (bun-booshe), A tid-bit. BONNE FOI (bun-foo-ali), Good faith. CANAILLE (kan-ayli), The rabble. CARTE BLANCHE (kart-blansh), Full power. CE N'EST QUE LE PREMIER PAS QUI COUTE, It is only the first step that is difficult. CHACUN A SON GOUT, Every one to his taste. CHATEAUX EN ESPAGNE, Air-castles. CHEF D'OSUVRE (shay-duhvr), A masterpiece. CHER AMI (shair-ah-me) . Dear friend (male). CHERE MAlf.(shayre-ah-mee), Dear friend (female) CI-DEVANT (se-duh-vang), Formerly. COMME IL FAUT (kom-ill-foh), As it should be. COMPAGNON DE VOYAGE (.kong-pang-yong), Traveling companion. CONTRETEMPS (kongtr-tang) Disappointment, ac cident. COUP D'ETAT (koo-daih-tah), A stroke of policy. COUP DE GRACE (koo-de-grass), The finishing stroke. COUP D'CEIL, A glance, COUTE QU'IL COUTE (koot-key-koof), Cost what it may. DEBUT (dai-boo), First appearance. DENOUEMENT, (dai-noo-mang), solution ; result. DIEU ET MON DROIT, God and my right. DOT (doh}, A dowry. DOUBLE ENTENDRE (doo-bl-ang-tangdr), Double meaning. Doux YEUX (dooz-yuhe), Tender glances. ECLAIRCISSEMENT (ai-klair-siss-mang), Expla- nation. ECLAT (ai-kla)i), Splendor ; brilliancy. ELITE (ai-litf), Choice ; select. EMBONPOINT (png-bong-poo-aing), Plumpness; fatness. EN AMI (ang-ah-tne), Asa friend. ENCORE (ong-kor), Again. ENIVRE (ai-ne-vrai}, Intoxicated. EN MASSE (ong-mass). In a body. ENNUI (ah-noo-e), Weariness. EN REVANCHE (ung-ruh-vanghshe}, In return. ENTENTE CORDIALS (png-tangte-kor-dyol}, Good understanding. ENTREE (ang-traie), Entrance ENTRE NOUS (angtr-noo), Between ourselves. ESPRIT DE CORPS (es-pree-duh-kor), Pride of association. FAUX PAS (foe-paiv\, False step ; misconduct. FETE (faytc}, A festival. FEU DE JOIE (fuh-dh-JOO-au\ Bonfire; illumina- tion. FOURGON (foor-gong}, A heavy military wagon. GUERRE A MORT (gayre-ah-uto/ir), War to death. GENS D'ARMES (jang-darni). Soldier police. HAUT TON (ho-tonf). Highest fashion. HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE, Shamed be he that evil thinks. JE NE CHERCHE QU' UNE, I seek but one. JE NE SAIF QUOI, I know not what. JEU DE MOTS, A play upon words. JEU D 1 ESPRIT (juh-desi-pree), A witticism. LE BON TEMPS VIENDRA, There is a good time coming. LETTRE DE CACHET, Letter under seal ; a war- rant. L'HOMME PROPOSE ET DIEU DISPOSE, Man pro- poses and God disposes. MALGRE MOI (jnal-grai-tnooali), In spite of my- self. MATINEE (inah-tt-naie), A daytime entertain- ment. MISE EN SCENE (nieeze-ang-seyni:~), Putting on the stage ; getting up. NOM DE PLUME ()iong-duh-plooin) , Literary nickname. Nous VERRONS (tioo-vai-rong} , We shall see. ON DIT (ong-de), It is said. OUTRE (po-tray), Extravagant ; outlandish. PAPIER MACHE (pah-pyai-ma-skai'), Paper pulp prepared for use and ornament. PAR EXEMPLE, For example. PARVENU, An upstart. PETIT (JuA-te), Small, little ; (feminine petite.) PROTEGE (pro-tai-hjai), One protected by an- other: (feminine protegee). QUI vivr (X*? viv), (On the), On the alert. RECHERCHE (ruh-sher-sha), Of rare attraction. RESUME (rai-zoo-tnai), A summary. REVENONS A NOS MOUTONS, Let us return to our subject. ROLE (role). Part in a drama or performance. SANS-CULOTTES (satig-ku-lotQ, Tatterdemalions. SANS FACON (sang-fah-song). Without formality. SANS PEUR ET SANS REPROCHE, Without fear and without reproach. SANS souci (tang-soit-se), Without care. SAUVE QUI PEUT, Save himself who can. SAVANT (sa't-vaHg), A man of science. SAVOIR VIVRE. Good breeding. SOI-DISANT (soo-ali-de-zung), Self-styled. SOIREE (soo-ah-raie), An evening entertainment. TANT MIEUX (fang-tuyuhe). So much the better. TANT PIS (/ang--/>ec). So much the worse. TETE A TETE (tayte-ali-tayte), Face to face. TOUT A vous (toot-ah-voo), Wholly yours. TOUT ENSEMBLE (too-ang-sangbl}, The whole to- gether. Vis A vis(vee-zaA-vee), Opposite. VIVE LE ROI {viw-luh-roo-ali)i Long live the king. VOILA TOUT (voo-ah-lah-too)) That is all. SPANISH WORDS AND PHRASES. A Dios^ Good bye. Adobe, A sun-baked brick. Alma iitia, My dear. Cation, A deep gulch or gorge. Carrai ! Zounds ! Carrambo ! Pest on it ! Ckapa.mil, A thicket of shrub oak. Corral, An inclosure for hotses, etc. Hacienda, A farm. Hidalgo, An aristocrat. La mentira tiene las piernas cortas, Lies have short legs. Olla podrida, An incongruous mass. Poco barba, poco vergiienzu, Little beard, little shame. Poco tietnpo, In a little while. Poco dinero, Little money. Pronunciamento, A declaration. Qitien sabe? Who knows. Seflor, Mr. or Master. Sefiora, Mrs. or Mistress. Sefiorita, Miss. Sierra, Chain of mountains. Vainos ! Let us go ! ITALIAN WORDS AND PHRASES. Cantatrice, A singer. Chiaroscuro, Light and dark shade in painting. Conversazione, Social gathering. Dilettante, A lover of the fine arts. Dolce far niente, Pleasant idleness. Giovine santo, vecchio diavolo, Young saint, old devil. Impresario, A theatrical proprietor or manager. Prima donna, First lady, or " star," in an opera. Signer, Mr. or Master. Signora, Mrs. or Mistress. Signorina, Miss. VirtU, Curious or fine. 200 LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. 1st of Modern Abbreviations. Abbreviations Alphabetically Arranged For use in Writing. A.A.G. Assistant Adjutant General. A.A.P.S. American Association for the Pro- motion of Science. ' A.A.S. Academice Americana Socius, Fellow of the American Academy (of Arts and Sciences). A.A.S.S. Americans Ant iquarian.ee Societatis Socius, Member of the American Antiquarian Society. A.B. Arttum Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts. A.B.C.F.M. American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions. Abp. Archbishop. Abr. Abridgment. A.C. Ante Christum, before Christ. A. C. Archchancellor. Acct. Account. A.C.S. American Colonization Society. A.D. Anno Domini, in the year .of our Lord. A.D.C. Aide-de-camp. Adj. Adjective. Ad. Advertisement. Adjt. Adjutant. Adjt. -Gen. Adjutant-General. Ad lib. Ad libitum, at pleasure. Adm. Admiral; Admiralty. Adm. Ct. Admiralty Court. Admr. Administ rator. Admx. Administratrix. Ad v. Ad valorem, at (or on) the value. Adv. Adverb. JE&.jEtatis, of age ; aged. A.F. & A.M. Ancient Free and Accepted Masons. . A.F.B.S. American and Foreign Bible Society. A.G. Adjutant-General. Alaska Alaska Territory. Agr. Agriculture. A.G.S.S. American Geographical and Statis- tical Society. Agt. Agent. A.H. Anno ITegira;, in the year of the Ilegira. A.H. M.S. American Home Missionary Society. Ala. Alabama. Aid. Alderman. Alex. Alexander. Alg. Algebra. Alt. Altitude. A.M. Anno mundi, in the year of the world. A.M. Artium Magister, Master of Arts. A.M. Ante meridiem, before noon ; morning. Amb. Ambassador. Amer. American. AMM. Amalgama, amalgamation. Amt. Amount. An. Anno, in the year. An. A.C. Anno ante Christum, in the year before Christ. Anat. Anatomy. Auc. Ancient ; anciently. And. Andrew. Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon. Anon. Anonymous. Anth. Anthony. Aor. or aor. Aorist. A.O.S.S. Americana Orientalis Societatis Socius, Member of the American Oriental Society. Ap. Apostle; Appius. A]).A2}iu/, in the writings of ; as quoted by. Apo. Apogee. Apoc. Apocalypse. App. Appendix. Apr. April. A.Q.MG. Assistant Quartermaster-General. A.R. Anna Regina, Queen Anne. A.R. Anno regni, year of the reign. A.R.A. Associate of the Royal Academy. Ariz. Ter. Arizona Territory. Arg.Argu?nenlo, by an argument drawn from such a law. Arith. Arithmetic. Ark. Arkansas. A.R.R. Anno regni regis, in the year of the reign of the king. A.R.S.S. Antiqnariorum Reg'ue Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society of Anti- quaries. Art. Article. A.S. or Assist. Sec. Assistant Secretary. A. S. A. American Statistical Association. A. S.S.U. American Sunday-School Union. Astrol. Astrology. Astron . Astronomy. A. T. Arch treasurer. A. T.S. American Tract Society. Ats. At suit of. Atty. Attorney. Atty.-Geu. Attorney-General. A. U.A. American Unitarian Association. Aub. Theol. Sem. Auburn Theological Sem- inary. A.U.C, Anno urbis condi/ce, or ab urbe condila, in the year from the building of the city (Rome). Aug. August. Aur. Aurum, gold. Auth. Ver. Authorized Version (of the Bible). Av. Average; Avenue. Avoir. Avoirdu pois. A. Y.M. Ancient York Masons. b. Born. B. A. Bachelor of Arts. Bal. Balance. Bait. Bal timore. Bar. Baruch. Bart, or Bt. Baronet. Bbl. Barrel. B.C. Before Christ. B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law. B.D. Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Bachelor of Divinity. Bds. or bds. Boards (bound in). Benj. Benjamin. Bk. Book. B.LL Baccalaureus Legum, Bachelor of Laws. B.lil.fiaccalaureus Medicina-, Bachelor of Medicine. Bost. Boston. Bot. Botany. Bp. Bishop. B.R. Banco Regis or Regincv, the King's or Queen's Bench. Brig. Brigade ; Brigadier. Brig. -Gen. Brigadier-General. Brit. Mus. British Museum. Bro. Brother. Br. Univ. Brown University. B.S. Bachelor in the Sciences. B.V. Beata Virgo, Blessed Virgin. B.V. Bene vale, farewell. C., Ch. or Chap. Chapter. LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. 201 C. or Cent. Centum, a hundred. cset. par. Ccnteris paribus, otlier things being equal. Cal. California ; Calends. Can. Canon. Cant. Canticles. Cap. orc. Caput, capitulum, chapter. Caps. Capitals. Capt. Captain. Capt. -Gen. Captain -General. Cash. Cashier. ca. reap. Capias adrespondendum,n1tiga.] writ. ca. sa. Capias ad salisfaciendum, a legal writ. Cath. Catherine. C.B. Companion of the Bath. C.B. Communis Eancu.;, Common Bench. C.C. Cains College; Account Current. C.C. Chancellor Commander. C.C.C. Corpus Christi College. C.C.P. Court of Common Pleas. C.E. Civil Engineer. Cel. or Celt Celtic. Cf. or cf. Confer, compare. C.G. Commissary-General ; Consul-General. C.H. Court-house. Ch. Church; Chapter; Charles. Chanc. Chancellor. Chap. Chapter. Chas. Charles. Chem. Chemistry. Chr. Christopher. Chrou. Chronicles. Cin. Cincinnati. C.J. Chief -Justice. Clk. Clerk. C.M. Common Meter. C.M.G. Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Co. Company ; county. C.O.D. Cash (or collect) on delivery. Col. Colonel ; Colossians. [tioii Coll. Collector; Colloquial; College; Collec- Colo. Colorado. Com. Commerce; Committee; Commentary; Commissioner ; Commodore. Com. Arr.- Committee of Arrangements. Comdg. Commanding. Comm. Commentary. Comp. Compare; Compound. Com. Ver. Common Version (of the Bible). Con. Contra, against; in opposition. Con. Cr. Contra, credit. Conch. Conchology. Cong. Congress. Conj. or conj. Conjunction. Conn, or Ct. Connecticut. Const. Constable; Constitution. Cont. Contra. Cor. Corinthians. Corol. Corollary. Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary. C. P. Common Pleas. C.P. Court of Probate. C.P.S Gustos Privati Sigilli, Keeper of the Privy Seal. C.R. Gustos Botulorum, Keeper of the Rolls. Cr.* Creditor; credit. Crim. Con. Criminal conversation; adultery. C.S Court of Sessions. C.S - Custos Sigilli, Keeper of the Seal. Ct., cts. Cent; Cents. C. Theod. Codice Theodosiano, in the Theo- dosiau Cocle. Cwt. Hundredweight. Cyc. Cyclopedia. d. Denarius or Denarii, penny or pence. d. Died. D. Five hundred. Dak. Dakota. Dan. Daniel; Danish. D.C. Da Capo, again. D.C. District of Columbia. D.C.L- Doctor of Civil Law. D.D. Dlvinitatis Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. Dea. Deacon. Dec. December; Declaration. Deg. Degree or degrees. Del. Delaware ; Delegate. Del. or del. Delineavit, he (or she) drew it. Dep. Deputy. Dept. Department. Deut. Deuteronomy. D.F. Dean of the Faculty. Dft. or Deft. Defendant. D.G. Dei gratia, by the grace of God. D.G. Deo gratias, thanks to God. Diam. Diameter. Diet, Dictator; Dictionary. Dim. Diminutive. Disc. Discount. Diss. Dissertation. Dist. District. Dist. -Atty. District- Attorney. D.M. Doctor of Music. Do. Ditto, the same. Dols. Dollars. D.O.M. Deo optlmo maxima, to God, the best, the greatest. Doz. Dozen. D.P. Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Debtor; Doctor. D.S. Dal segmo, from the sign, d.s.b. Debit sans breve. D.T. Doctor Theologice, Doctor of Theology. D.V. Deo volente, God willing. Dwt. Pennyweight. E.- East, ea. Each. E. by S. East by South. Eben. Ebenezer. Eccl. Ecclesiastes. Ecclus. Ecclesiast icus. Ed. Editor; Edition. Edm. Edmund. Ed w. Edward. E.E. Errors excepted. e.g. Exempli gratia, for example. e.g.J2x grege, from the flock ; among the rest. E.I. East Indies or East India. Eliz. Elizabeth. E. Ion. East longitude. Encyc. Encyclopedia. E.N.E. East-Northeast. Eng. England ; English. Bat. Entomology. Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary. Ep. Epistle. Eph. Ephesians ;' Ephraim. Esd. Esdras. E.S.E. East-Southeast. Esq. Esquire. Esth. Esther. et al. Et alii, and others. et seq. Et sequentia, and what follows. etc. or &c.Et cceteri, et cceterte, et con.iera, and others ; and so forth. Ex. Example. Ex. Exodus. Exc. Excellency; exception. Exch. Exchequer. Exec. Com. Executive Committee. Execx. Executrix. Exr. or Exec. Executor. Ez. Ezra. Ezek. Ezekiel. E, & O. E. Errors and omissions excepted. Fahr. Fahrenheit. F. A.M. Free and Accepted iL^ccns. Far. Farthing. F.A.S. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. f cap. or fcp. Foolscap. F.D. Fidei Defensor or Defensatrix, Defender of the Faith. Ye.Ferrum, iron. Feb. February. Fee. Fecit, he did it. Fern. Feminine. F.E.S. Fellow of the Entomological Society; of the Ethnological Society. Ff. The Pandects. * F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society. F.H.S. Fellow of the Horticultural Society, fl. fa. -Fieri facia f>, cause it to be done. Fid. Def. Defender of the Faith. Fig. Figure. Fir. Firkin. Fla. Florida. F.L.S. Fellow of the Linnsean'Society. Fol. Folio. For. Foreign. F.P.S. Fellow of the Philological Sociely. Fr. Franc; francs; French. Fr. Fragmentum, fragment. Fr. Francis. F.E.A.S. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. F.R.C.S.L. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. Fred. Frederiek. . F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. Fri. Friday. F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society. Frs. Frisian. F.R.S.E. Fellow of the Royal Society, Edin- burgh. F.R.S.L. -Fellow of the Royal Society, London. F.R.S.L. Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. F.S. A. Fellow of the Society of Arts. F.S.A.E. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. Ft. Foot; feet; Fort. Fur. Furlong. F.Z.S. Fellow of the Zoological Society. G. or g. Guineas. G.A. General Assembly. Ga. Georgia. Gal. Galatians; Gallon. G.B. Great Britain. 202 LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. G.C. Grand Chancellor. G.C. Grand Chapter. G.C.B. Grand Cross of the Bath. G.C.H. Grand Cross of Hanover. G.C.L.H. Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor. G.E. Grand Encampment. Gen.- Genesis; General. Gent. Gen tl eman. Geo. George. Geog. Geography. Geol. Geology. Geom. Geometry. Ger. Germany; German. G.L. Grand Lodge. Gl. Glossa, a gloss. G.M. Grand Master. G.O. General Order. Goth. Gothic. Gov. Governor. Gov.-Gen. Governor-General. G.R. Georgius Rex, King George. Gr. Greek; Gross. Gram. Grammar. Gro. Gross. Grot Grotius. h.a. Hoc anno, this year. Hab. Habakkuk. Hab. corp. Habeas corpus, you may have the body. Eab. fa. poss. Habere facias possessionem. Hab. fa. seis. Habere facias seisinam. Hag. Haggai. Ham. Coll. Hamilton College. H.B.C. Hudson's Bay Company. H.B.M. His or Her Britannic Majesty. H.C House of Commons. Hdkf. Handkerchief, h.e. Hoc est, that is, or this is. Heb. Hebrews. Her. Heraldry. Hf.-bd. Half -bound. Hg. Hydrargyrum, mercury. Hhd. Hogshead. Hist.- History. H.J.S. Hicjacet sepultus, Here lies buried. H.L. House of Lords. II. M. His or Her Majes-ty. II. M. P. Hoc monumentum posuil, erected this monument. Hon. Honorable. Hort. Horticulture. Hos. Hosea. H.R. House of Representatives. H.R.E. Holy Roman Emperor. H.R.H. His Royal Highness. H.R.I. P. Uic requiescit in pace, Here rests in peace. H.S.- Hie sifus, Here lies. H.S.H. His Serene Highness. h.t. Hie titulns, this title; hoc titulo, in or under this title, h.v. Hoc verbum, this word; his verbis, in these words. Hund. Hundred. I, II, III. One, two, three, or first, second, third, la. Iowa. Ib. or ibid. Ibidem, in the same place. Ich. Ichthyology. Ictus. Jurisconsultus, Counselor at Law. Id. Idem, the same. Idaho. Idaho Territory. i.e. Id est, that is. I.H.S. Jesus hominum Salvator, Jesus the Saviour of men. ij. Two (medical). 111. Illinois. In. Inch; inches, incog. Incognito, unknown. Incor. Incorporated. Ind. Indiana ; Index. Ind. Ter. Indian Territory. Indef. Indefinite. Inf. Infra, beneath or below. in f. In fine, at the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted. in lim. }/i limine, at the outset. in loc. In loco, in the place; on the passage. in pr. In principio, in the beginning and be- fore the first paragrapjj of a law. I.N.R.I. Jesus Nazarenus, Rex Jud&orum, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. Inst. Instant, of this month ; Institutes. In sum. In summa, in the summary. Int. Interest. Interj. Interaction. in trans. nt, tramilu, t>ti Che passage. In trod. Introduction, I.O.G.T. Independent Order of GoodTemplars. I.O.O.F. Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. I.O.U. I owe you. I.q. Idem quod, the same as. Isa. Isai ah. Isl. Island. I.S.M. Jesus salva'or mundi, Jesus the Saviour of the world. Ital. Italic; Italian. IV. Four or fourth. IX. Nine or ninth. J. Justice or Judge. JJ. Justices. j. One (medical). J.A. Judge-Advocate. Jac. Jacob. Jan. January. Jas. James. J.C.D. Juris Cimlis Doctor, Doctor of Civil Law. 3.~D.Jurum Doctor, Doctor of Laws. Jer. Jeremiah. Jno. John. Jona. Jonathan. Jos. Joseph. Joph.- -Joshua. J.P. Justice of the Peace. J. Prob. Judge of Probate. J.R. Jacobus Rex, King James. Jr. or Jun. Junior. J.U.D. or J.V.D. Juris utriusque Doctor, Doc- tor of both Xawa 'of the Canon and the Civil Law). Jud. Judith. Judg. Judges. Judge-Adv. Judge-Advocate. Jul. Per. Julian Period. Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. Just. Justinian. J.W. Junior Warden. K. King. K.A. Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia. K.A.N. Knight of Alexander Nevskoi, in Russia. Kan. Kansas. K.B. King's Bench. K.B. Knight of the Bath. K.B.A. Knightof St. Ben to d'A vis, in Portugal. K.B.E. Knight of the Black Eagle, in Ruubia. K.C. King's Council. K.C. Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey. K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath. K.C. H. Knight Commander of Hanover. K.C.S. Knight of Charles III. of Spain. K.E. Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark. K.F. Knight of Ferdinand of Spain. K.F.M. Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily. K.G. Knight of the Garter. K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross. K.G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath. K.G.F. Knight of the Golden Fleece, in Spain. K.G.H. knight of the Guelphs of Hanover. K.G.V. Knight of Gustavus Vasa, in Sweden. K.H. Knight of Hanover. Ki. Kings. Kingd. Kingdom. K.J. Knight of St. Joachim. K.L. or K.L.A. Knight of Leopold of Austria. K.L.H. Knight of the Legion of Honor. K.M. Knight of Malta. K. Mess. King's Messenger. K.M.H. Knight of Merit, in Holstein. K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Joseph, in Bavaria. K.M.T. Knight of Maria Theresa in Austria. Knick. Knickerbocker. K.N.S. Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden. Knt.-Knight. K.P. Knight of St. Patrick; Knight of Pythias. K.R.C. Knight of the Red Cross. K.R.E. Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia. K.S. Knight of the Sword, in Sweden. K.S.A. Knight of St. Anne, in Russia. K.S.E. Knight of St. Esprit, in France. K.S.F. Knight of St. Fernando, in Spain. K.S.G. Knight of St. George, in Russia. K.S.U. Knight of St. Hubert, in Bavaria. K.S.J. Knight of St. Januarius of Naples. K.S.L. Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia. K.S.M.&S.G. Knight of St. Michael and St. George in the Ionian Islands. K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanislaus, in Poland. K.S.S. Knight of the Southern Star, in Brazil. K.S.S. Knight of the Sword, in Sweden. K.S.W. Knight of St. Wladimir, in Russia. K.T. Knight of the Thistle; Knight Templar. Kt.-Knight. K.T.S. Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal. K.W. Knight of William, in the Netherlands. K.W.E. Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland. Ky. Kentucky. L. Fifty or fiftieth. L. Liber, book. L, , or 1. Libra or Librae, pound or pounds sterling. L, or , s. d. Libra, solidi, denarii, Pounds, shillings, pence. La. Louisiana. Lam. Lamentations. LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. 203 Lat. Latitude; Latin. Lb. or Ib. Libra or Libra 1 , pound or pounds in weight. L.C. Lord Chancellor; Lord Chamberlain. Liv. Livre, book. I.e. Lower-case. L.C.J. Lord Chief -Justice. L.D. Lady-Day. Ld.-Lord. Ldp. Lordship. Leg. Legate. Legis. Legislature. Lev. Leviticus. Lex. Lexicon. L.I. Long Island. Lib. Liber, book. Lieut. Lieutenant. Lieut. -Col. Lieutenant-Colonel. Lieut. -Gen. Lieutenant-General. Lieut. -Go v. Lieutenant-Governor. Linn, Linnrean. Lit. Literally ; Literature, LL.B. Legum Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Laws. LL.D. Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws. 1.1. Loco laudato, in the place quoted. loc. cit. -Loco citato, in the place cited. Lon. Longitude. L.S. Locus sig'dli, place of the seal. Lt. Lieutenant. LX. Sixty or sixtieth. LXX. Seventy or seventieth. LXX. The Septuagint (Version of the Old Testament.) LXXX. Eighty or eightieth. M, Meridiem, noon. M. Mille, a thousand. M. orMons. Monsieur, Sir. M.A. Master of Arts. Mace. Maccabees. Mad. Madam. Mad. Univ. Madison University. Maj. Major. Maj. -Gen. Major-General, Mai. Malachi. Man. Manasses. Mar. March. March. Marchioness. Marg. Margin. Marg. Tran.- Marginal Translation. Marq. Marquis. Masc. Masculine. Mass. -Massachusetts. Math. Mathematics ; Mathematician. Matt. Matthew. Max. Maxim. M.B. Medicince Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Medicine. M.B. MusiccB Baccalaureus, Bachelorof Music. M.B.G. et II. Magna Britannia, Gallia et ffibernia, Great Britain, France, and Ire- land. M.C. Member of Congress. Mch. March. M.D. Medicince Doctor, Doctor of Medicine. Md. Maryland. Mdlle. Mademoisel'e. M.E. Methodist Episcopal; Military or Me- chanical Engineer. Me. Maine. Med. Medicine. Mem. Memorandum. Mem. Memento, remember. Merc. Mercury. Messrs, or M M. Messieurs, Gentlemen. Met. Metaphysics. Metal. Metallurgy. Meteor. Meteorology. Meth. Methodist. Mex. Mexico or Mexican. M.-Goth. -Moeso-Gothic. M.H.S. Massachusetts Historical Society. M.H.S. Member of the Historical Society. Mic. Micah. Mich. Michigan. Mil. Military. Min. Mineralogy. Min. Minute. Minn. Minn esota. Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary. Miss. Mississippi. M.L. A. Mercantile-Library Association. MM. Their Majesties. MM. Messieurs, Gentlemen. MM. Two thousand. M.M S. Moravian Missionary Society. MM.S.S.Massachnsettensis Medicince Socie- 'atis Socius. Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Mo. Missouri ; Month. Mod. Modern. MOH. Monday. Mons. Monsieur, Sir. Mos. Months. Mont. TtT. Montana Territory. [Police. M. P. Member of Parliament; Member of M.P.P. Member of Provincial Parliament. M.R. Master of the Rolls. Mr. Mister. M.R.A.S. Member of the Royal AsiaticSociety ; Member of the Royal Academy of Science. M.R.C.C. Member of the Royal College of Chemistry. M.R.C.S. Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. M.R.G.S. Member of the Royal Geographical Society. M.R.I. Member of the Royal Institute. M.R.I. A. Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Mrs. Mistress. M.R.S.L. Member of the Royal Society of Literature. M.S. Memoriae sacrum. Sacred to the memory. M.S. Master of the Sciences. MS.Manuscriptum, manuscript. MSS. Manuscripts. Mt. Mount or mountain. Mus. B. Bachelor of Music. Mus. D. Doctor of Music. M. W.- Most Worthy ; Most Worshipful. Myth. Mythology. N. North; Number; Noun; Neuter, n. Note. N. A. North America. Nah. Nahum. Nat. Natural. Nat. Hist. Natural History. Nath. Nathanael or Nathaniel. N.B. New Brunswick; North British. N.B. Nota Benf, mark well ; take notice. N.C. North Carolina. N.E. New England ; Northeast. Neb. Nebraska. Neh. Nehemiah. u.e.i. Non est inventus, he is not found. nem. con. ornem. diss. Nemine con f rctdicen'f, nfminf dissentiente, no one opposing; unani- mously. Neut. Neuter (gender). Nev. Nevada. New Test, or N.T. New Testament. N.F. Newfoundland. N.G. New Granada; Noble Grand. N.H. New Hampshire; New Haven. N.H.H.S. New Hampshire Historical Society. Ni. pri. Nisi prius (law). N.J. New Jersey. n.]. Non liquet, it does not appear. N. lat. North latitude. N. Mex. New Mexico. N.N.E. North-northeast. N.N.W. North-northwest. N.O. New Orleans. f^o.Numero, number. Nol. pros. Nolens prosegui, unwilling to pro- secute. Nom. or nom. Nominative. Nou con. Not content; dissenting (House of Lords). Non cul. Non culpabUis, Not guilty. Nou obst. Non obstantf, notwithstanding. Non pros. Non prosequitur, he does not prose- cute. Non seq Non sequitur, it does not follow. Nos. Numbers. Nov. November. N.P. Notary Public. N.S. New Style (after 1752); Nova Scotia. N.T. New Testament; N.u. Name or names unknown. Num. Numbers; Numeral. N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary. N.W. Northwest. N.Y. New York. N.Y.H.S. New York Historical Society. O. Ohio. Ob. Obiit, he or she died. Obad. Obadiah. Obs. Obsolete; Observatory; Observation. Obt. or obdt. Obedient. Oct. -October. O.F. Odd-Fellow or Odd-Fellows. Old Test, or O.T. Old Testament. Olym. Olympiad. Ont. Ontario. Or. Oregon. Orig. Originally. Ornith. Ornithology. O.S. Old Style (before 1752). O.T. Old Testament. O.U.A. Order of United Americans. Oxf. Oxford. Oxon. Oxoniensis, Oxonii, of Oxford, at Ox- ford. Oz. Ounce. P.Pondere, by weight. P. or p. Page ; Part ; Participle. Pa. Pennsylvania. Pal . Pal aeon tology. Par. Paragraph. Par. Pas. Parallel passage. 204 LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. Parl . Par! lament. Pathol. Pathology. Payt. Payment. Pb. Plutnbutn,~le&&. P.B. Philosophic. Saccalaureus, Bachelor of Philosophy. P.O. Patres Conscripli, Conscript Fathers; Senators. P.O. Privy Council; Privy Councilor. P.T>. Philosophic Doctor, Doctor of Phil- osophy. Pd. Paid, P.E. Protestant Episcopal. P.E.I. Prince Edward Island, Penn. Pennsylvania. Pent. Pentecost. Per or pr. By the. Per an. Per annum, by the year. Per cent. Per centum, by the hundred. Peri. Perigee. Pet. Peter. P. G. Past Grand. Phar. Pharmacy. Ph. ~B.Philosoplti(K Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Philosophy. Ph.D. Philosophic Doctor, Doctor of Phil- osophy. Phil. Philip; Philippians; Philosophy; Phile- mon. Phila. or Phil. Philadelphia. Philem. Philemon. Philom. Philomathes, a lover of learning. Philomath. Philomathematicus, a lover of the mathematics. Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transactions. Phren. Phrenology. P.H.S. Pennsylvannia Historical Society. Piiix. Pinxit, he (or she) painted it. PI. or plur. Plural, Plff. Plaintiff. P.M. Post Meridiem, afternoon, evening. P.M. Postmaster; Passed Midshipman. P.M.G. Postmaster-General; Professor of Music in Greshain College. P.O. Post-Office. Poet. Poetical. Pop. Population. Port. Portugal or Portuguese. P.P. Paler Patrice,ihe father of his country. P.P.C.Pourprendre conge, to take leave. Pp. or pp. Pages. Pph. Pamphlet. P.R.Populns Romanus, the Roman people. P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy. P.R.C. Post Romam conditam, after the building of Rome. Pref. Preface. Prep. Preposition. Pres. President. Prin. Principally. Prob. Problem. Prof. Professor. Pron. Pronoun ; Pronunciation. Prop. Proposition. Trot. Protestant. Pro tern. Pro tempore, for the time being. Prov. Proverbs ; Provost. Prox. Proximo, next (month). P.R.S. President of the Royal Society. P.S. Post scriptum, Postscript. P.S. Privy Seal. Ps. Psalm or Psalms. Pt. Part; Pint; Payment; Point; Port. P.t. Post-town. P. Th. G. Professor of Theology in Gresham College. Pub. Publisher; Publication; Published; Public. Pub. Doc. Public Documents. P. v. Post-village. Pwt. Penny weight ; pennyweights. Pxt. Pinxit, lie (or she) painted it. Q. Queen ; Question. q. Quasi, as it were; almost, Q.B. Queen's Bench. Q.C. Queen's College. Q.C. Queen's Counsel, q.d. Quasi dicat, as if he should say; quasi dictum, as if said ; quasi dixisset, as if he had said. q.e. Quod est, which is. q.e.d. Quod er.at demonstrandum, which was to be proved, q.e.f. Quod erat faciendum, which was to be done, q.e.i. Quod erat inveniendum, which was to be found out. q.l. Quantum libe.t, as much as you please. Q.M. Quartermaster, qm. Quomodo, how; by what means. Q.M.G. Quartermaster-General, q.p. orq.pl. Quantum plactt, as much as you please. Qr. Quarter. Q.S. Quarter Sessions. q.s. Quantum siifficit, a sufficient quantity. Qt. Quart. qu. or qy. Quatre, inquire; query. Quar. Qu arterl y . Ques. Question, q.v. Quod vide, which see; quantum vis, as much as you will. f^. Recipe, take. R. Regina, Queen ; Rex, King. R. River; Rood; Rod. R.A. Royal Academy; Royal Academician. R.A. Royal Arch. R.A. Royal Artillery. liC.Jiescriptum, a Rescript, re-written. R.E. Royal Engineers. Rec. Recipe or Recorder. Reed. Received. Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary. Rect. Rector; Receipt. Ref. Reference. Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. Reg. Register; Regular. Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. Re.gr. Registrar. Regt. Regiment. Ilel. Religion. Rep. Representative ; Reporter. Rev. Reverend ; Revelation (Book of j ; Re- view; Revenue; Revise. Rhet. Rhetoric. R.I. Rhode Island. Richd. Richard. R.I.H.S. Rhode Island Historical Society. R.M.-Royal Marines; Royal Mail. R.M.S. Royal Mail Steamer. R.N. Royal Navy. R.N.O. Riddare af Nordstjerne Orden, Knight of the Order of the Polar Star. Ro. Redo, rigQt-haml page. Kobt. Robert. Rom. Romans (Book of). Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. R. P.Rfg'ms Professor, the King's Professor. R.R. Railroad. R.S. Recording Secretary. Its. Rtsponsiim, answer; respondere, to an- swer. R S. A. Royal Society of Antiquaries; Royal Scottish Academy. R.S.D. Royal Society of Dublin. R.S.E. Royal Society of Edinburgh. R.S.L. Royal Society of London. R.S.S. Eegix Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society. Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful. R.W.-Right Worthy. R.W.O. Riddare af Wasa Orden, Knight of the Order of Wasa. S. South; Saint; Scribe; Sulphur; Sunday; Sun; Series. S. Solidu8, a shilling. S. A. South America; South Africa; South Australia. s.a..Secundum artem, according to art. Sam. Samuel. Sansc. Sanscrit. S.A.S. Socie/atis Antiquariorum Socius, Fel- low of the Society of Antiquaries. Sat. Saturday. riax. Saxon. Sax. Chron. Saxon Chronicle. S.C. Sena/us C'onsultum, a decree of the Senate; South Carolina. Sc.Sculpsit, he (or she) engraved it. sc, orscil. Scilicet, namely. Scan. Mag. Scandalum magnatum, scandal; or scandalum magnum, great scandal. S. caps. Small capitals. Schol. Scholium, a note. Schr. Schooner. Sci. fa. Scire facias, make known (legal). Sclav. Sclavonic. Sculp, or sculp. Sculj)sil, he (or she) engraved it. S.D. Salutem dicil, sends health. S.E. Southeast. Sec. Secretary ; Second. Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. Sec. leg.Secundnm legem, according to law. Sec. reg. Secundum regulam, according to rule. Sect. Section. Sem. Semble, it seems. Sen. Senate; Senator; Senior. Sept. September ; Septuagint. Seq. Sequentia, following; sequilur, it fol- lows. Ser. Series. Serg. Sergeant. Serg.-Maj. Sergeant-Major. Servt. Servant. S.G. Solicitor-General. Shak. Shakspeare. LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. 205 S.H.S. Socielatis instoria, Socius, Fellow of the Historical Society. Sing. Singular. S. Isl. Sandwich Islands. S. J. Society of Jesus. S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court. Skr. Sanscrit. S.L. Solicitor at Law (Scot.) S. lat. South latitude. S.M. State Militia; Short Meter; Sergeant-Ma- jor ; Sons of Malta. S.M. Lond. Soc. Cor.Sociefatis Mediae, Lon- dlnensls Socius Correspondent, Correspond- ing Member of the London Medical Society. B. n. Secundum naluram, according to nature. Soc. Isl. Society Islands. Sol. Solomon ; Solution. Sol.-Gen. Solicitor-General. S. of Sol. Song of Solomon. S.P. Sine prole, without issue. S.P.A.S. Sociefatls PkUotOpki&X Americana?, Socius, Member of the American Philosophi- cal Society. S. P. G. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Sp. gr. Specific gravity. S.P.Q.R. Senatus Populusque Romani, the Roman Senate and people. Sq. ft. Square foot or square feet. Sq. in. Square inch or inches. Sq. m. Square mile or miles. Sq. r. Square rood or roods. Sq. yd. Square yard. Sr. Sir or Senior. S.R.I. Sacrum Jiomanum Imperiuin, Holy Roman Empire. S.R.S. Societatis Regicn Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society. S.S. Sunday-school. SS. Saints. SS. or es. Scilicet, to wit. as. Semis, half. S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Court (Scotland). S.S.E. South-southeast. S.S.W. South-southwest. St. Saint; Street; Strait. Stat Statute. S.T.D. Sacrce T/ieolog'ue Doctor, Doctor of Sacred Theology. Ster. or Stg. Sterling. S.T.P. Sacra; Tlieologice. Professor, Professor of Sacred Theology. Su. Sunday. Subj. Subjunctive. Subst. Substantive. Su.-Goth. Suio-Gothic. Sun. or Sund. Sunday. Sup. Supplement; Superfine. Supt. Superintendent. Surg. Surgeon ; Surgery, Surg. -Gen. Surgeon-General. Surv. Surveyor. Surv. -Gen. Surveyor-General. Sus. Susannah. *.v.Sub verbo, under the word or title, S.W. Southwest. Syn. Synonym ; Synonymous. T. Terriiory. T.Tulti, all together. T. or torn. Tome, volume. Ta. Tantalum (Columbiuni). T.E. Topographical Engineers. Tenn. Tenpessee. Ter. Terriiory. Tex. Texas. Text. Rec. TexlusReceptus, the Received Text. Th. orThtirs. Thursday. Theo. Theodore. Theol. Theology; Theological. Theoph. Theophilns. Thess. Thessalouiaus. Tho'. Though. Thos. Thomas. Thro'. Through. Tim. Timothy. Tit. Titus. T.O. Turn over. Tob. Tobit. Tom. Vol u me. Topog. Topography ; Topographical. Tr. Transpose; Translator; Translation. Tr. Trustee. Trs. Trustees. tr. Trillo, a shake. Trans. Translator; Translation; Transactions. Treas. Treasurer. Trin. Trinity. Tues. or Tu. Tuesday. Ty p. Typographer. U.C. Urbis condilcf, year of Rome. U.E.I.C. United East India Company. U.J.C. Utriusqtte Juris Doctor, Doctor of both Laws (Civil and Canon). U.K. United Kingdom, ult. Ultimo, last; of the last month. Unit. Unitarian. Univ. University. U.S. United States, n.s. Ul supra or uli sujtra, as above. U.S.A. United States Army. U.S.A United States of America. U.S.M. United States Mail. U.S.M. United States Marine. U.S.M.A. United States Military Academy. U.S.N. United States Navy. U.S.N.A. United States Naval Academy. U.S.S. United States Senate. Utah Utah Territory. V. Five or fifth. V. Violin. VV. Violins, v. or vid. Vide, see. v. or vs. Versus, against ; Versiculo, in such a verse. Va. Virginia. Vat. Vatican. V. -C. Vice -Chancellor. V.D M. Verbi Dei Minister, Minister of God's Word. Ven. Venerable. Ver. Verse. V. -G. Vicar-General, v.g. Verbi Gratia, as for example. VI.-Six or sixth. VII. Seven or seventh. VIIL Eight or eighth. Vice-Pres. or V.P. Vice-President. Vise. Viscount. viz. or vi. Videlicet, to wit ; namely ; that is to say. Vo. Verso, left-hand page. Vol. Volume. V. S. Veterinary Surgeon. Vt. Vermont. Vul. Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible). W. West. Wash. Ter. Washington Territory. Wed.- Wednesday. West. Res. Coll. Western Reserve College, w.f. Wrong font. Whf. Wharf. W.L-West India. Wise. Wisconsin. Wisd. Wisdom (Book of). Wk. Week. W. Ion. West longitude. W.M. Worshipful Master. Wm. William. W.M.S. Wesleyan Missionary Society. W. N.W. West-north west. Wpf til. Worshipful. W.S. Writer to the Signet, W.S.W. West-southwest. Wt. Weight. W. Va. West Virginia. Wyo. Ter. Wyoming Territory. X. Ten or tenth. XI. -Eleven. XII.- Twelve. XIII.-Thirteen. XIV.-Fourteeu. XV.-Fifteen. XVI.-Sixteen. XVII. Seventeen. XVIII.-Eighteen. XIX Nineteen. XX. Twenty. XXX. Thirty. XL. Forty. XC.-Ninety. X. or Xt. Christ. Xmas or Xm. Christmas. Xn. or Xtian. Christian. Xnty or Xty. Christianity. Xper or Xr. Christopher. Yd. Yard, y. or y- The. y m._ Them, yn Then. y r Their; your. y> This, yt That. ' Y.M.C.A. Yonng Men's Christian Association. Yrs. Years; Yours. Zach. Zachary. Zech. Zechariah. Zeph. Zephaniah. Zool Zoology. &. And. &c. Et ccetera, and the rest; and so forth. 206 CONSTITUTIONS AND BY-LAWS. Forms of Constitutions. ARTICLES AND SECTIONS. General Directions Relating to Constitutions and By-Laws. Constitutions. BASIS of action in the government of an association of people, who propose to hold regular and frequent meetings, it becomes necessary to make a specific agreement by such association of the course of action they will pursue, and the rules by which they shall be governed in their deliberations. This agreement is termed a " CONSTITUTION." In its preparation, care should be taken, while making it sufficiently explicit, to have the document as concise, clear and distinct as possible. In the adoption of a constitution by an assembly, it is usually customary to consider it section by section. After it has been accepted, the secretary should make record of the constitution in a blank-book suitable for the purpose. This should be signed by the members of the society, who consent to accept of the same as their fundamental rule of action. Amendments to the. constitution should be Inade in the same book with convenient marks for reference showing where they may be found. By-Laws. When it is desired to add matter more clearly denning cer- tain articles of the Constitution, such explanatory notes are termed ' BY- LAWS." When the Constitution is quite explicit, for most associations by-laws are unnecessary. If it is desir- able, however, to be very minute in explanation, that members of an association may fully understand their rights and duties, by-laws are sometimes quite essential. When added, they should follow immediately after the Constitution. Explanatory words giving the character of each article in the Constitution, may be placed above, or at the left side of the article, as shown in the following forms. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. PKEAMBLE. KUELTY to Animals being a prevailing fault, cal- culated to cultivate the baser passions of man's nature, it becomes necessary, in order to counteract the same, to take individual and united action in opposition thereto. The better to accomplish a re- form in this direction, the undersigned agree to form an association, and be governed in their fun- damental action by the following CONSTITUTION ARTICLE I. The title and name of this Society shall be "THE SAC- RAMENTO SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS," OBJECTS. ARTICLE II. The objects of this Society are to provide effective means for the prevention of cruelty to animals within the limits of the City of Sacramento; to enforce all laws which are now or may hereafter be enacted for the protection of dumb animals, and to secure by lawful means the arrest, conviction and punishment of all persons violating such laws. OFFICERS. ARTICLE III. The officers of this Society shall be a President, six Vice - Presidents, a Counsel, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and an Executive Committee of nine persons, who shall constitute the Board of Directors. MEMBERS. ARTICLE IV. Any person, male or female, may become a member of this Society upon election by the Society, or Executive Committee, and the payment of the sum of two dollars ; and the annual membership fee shall not exceed that amount. Sec. 2. Any person may become a life - member of this Society, upon the payment to the Treasurer of the sum of twenty-five dollars. ANNUAL MEETING. ARTICLE V. The annual meeting of this Society shall be held on the first Thursday iu April of each year, wheiithe annual election of officers shall take place. Sec. 2. Every member of the Society who has been such for ten days or more, and who is not in arrears for dues, shall be entitled to vote at the said election. Sec. S.At the annual meeting the Executive Committee shall present a general report of its proceedings during the past year, and the Secre- tary and Treasurer shall also present their annual reports. Sec. 4. Special meetings of the Society may be called by the President, (or in case of his absence or inabilitv, by one of the Vice-Presidents), and shall be so called upon the written request of fifteen members. Notice of such meeting shall be inserted in at least two daily papers of the city of Sacramento. CONSTITUTIONS AND BY-LAWS. 207 COUNSEL. ARTICLE VI, The Counsel shall be the legal adviser of the Society, its Officers and Executive Committee, and shall have general charge and conduct of all suits and proceedings instituted by or against it, or them, or either of them, or in which the Society may be interested. He shall receive for his services such pecuniary compensation, or fees, as shall be determined by the Executive Committee. SECRETARY. ARTICLE VII. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep minutes of all the proceedings of the Society and of the Executive Committee, and to record the same in the Society's books provided for that purpose ; to conduct the correspondence and keep copies thereof, and to perform such otheifduties as are customary for such an officer, under the direc- tion of the Executive Committee. TREASURER. ARTICLE IX. The Executive Committee may appoint from time to time such special agents as it may deem advisable, and shall have the power to remove the same at its pleasure. Sec. 2. The appointment of every agent of the Society shall be in writing, and he shall receive such pecuniary compensation for his ser- vices as may be determined by the Executive Committee. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. ARTICLE X. The Executive Committee shall have the management, control and 'disposition of the affairs, property and funds of the Society, and shall have the power to fill for the unexpired term any vacancy that may occur in any of the offices of the Society or in its own body. Sec. 2. No member of the Executive Committee, except the Counsel and the Secretary, shall receive or derive any salary or pecuniary com- pensation for his services. Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall hold meetings for the trans- action of business at least once in every month, and at all such meetings live members shall constitute a quorum. ALTERATIONS OR AMENDMENTS. ARTICLE XI. This constitution may be altered or amended by a two- thirds vote of all the members present, at any regular or special meeting of the Society, provided such alteration or amendment has been propos- ed and entered on the minutes, together with the name of the member proposing it, at a previous meeting of the Society. By - Laws. HOURS OF MEETING. ARTICLE I. The hours of assembling for the stated meetings of the Society shall be as follows: From the 1st of April until the 1st of Octo- ber, at eight o'clock P. M., and from the 1st of October until the 1st of April, at half -past seven o'clock, P. M. ADMISSION OP MEMBERS. ARTICLE II. The names of all persons desiring admission to this Society shall be presented to the Secretary, who shall bring the same before the members of the Society for election at any regular meeting. DUTIES OF AGENTS. E III. It shall be the duty of agents appointed to use their orts to secure kind and gentle treatment to all dumb animals, ., -. -_ ,-rosecutioii of violation of law relating to the same. Sec. 2. The agent shall be empowered, and is expected to use his best sfforts to distribute all tracts, papers and literature placed in his hands vhich may be calculated to accomplish the work for which the Society ARTICLE III. utmost eff( by rigid pr is organized. At each regular meeting of the Society, the following shall be, after calling tlie meeting to order, and the opening exercises, the Order of Business. 1. Reading of the minutes. 2. Report of the Board of Directors. 3. Reports of Standing and Special Committees. 4. Reports>of officers. 5. Receiving communications and bills. 6. Admission of new members, and election of -officers at the annual meeting. 7. New business. 8. Reporte of the Secretary and Treasurer, 9. Adjournment. CONSTITUTION OF A VILLAGE LYCEUM mill Object. Officers of the Society. Dntii-x of the Officers. Appointment of Committees. Conditions of Membership. Times of Meeting. Collection of Dues. Parliamenta- ry Authority. Penalty for Violating Rules. PREAMBLE. ROWTH and development of mind, together with readiness and fluency of speech, being the re- sult of investigation and free discussion of religious, educational, political, and other topics, the undersigned agree to form an association, and for its government, do hereby adopt the following CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. The name and title of this organization shall be "The Cambridge Literary Association," and its object shall be the free discussion of any subject coming before the meeting for the purpose of diffusing knowledge among its members. ARTICLE IT. The officers of the Assoc.ation shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Corres- ponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Treasurer and a Librarian, who shall be elected annually by ballot, on the first Monday in January of each year, said offi- cers to hold their position until their successors are elected. ARTICLE III. It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all public meetings of the Society. The first Vice-President shall preside in the absence of the President, and in case of the absence of both President and Vice-President, it shall be the duty of the second Vice-President to preside. The duty of the Secretary shall be to conduct the cor- respondence, keep the records of the Society, and read ;n each meeting a report of the work done at the pre- ceding meeting. The Treasurer shall keep the funds of the Society, making an annual report or all moneys received, dis- bursed, and amount on hand. It shall be the duty of the Librarian to keep, in a careful manner, all books, records and manuscripts in the possession of the Society. ARTICLE IV. There shall be appointed by the Pres- ident, at the first meeting after his election, the follow- ing standing committees, to consist of three members each, namely: On lectures, library, finance, and print- ing, whose duties shall be designated by the President. The question for debate at the succeeding meeting shall be determined by a majority vote of the members present. ARTICLE V. Any lady or gentleman may become a member of this Society by the consent of the majority of the members present, the signing of the constitution, and the payment of two dollars as membership fee. It shall be the pi allege of the Society to elect any person whose presence may be advantageous to the Society, an honorary member, who shall not be required to" pay membership fees or dues. ARTICLE VI. This association shall meet weekly, and at such other times as a majority, consisting of at least five members of the association, shall determine. Th President shall be authorized to call special meet- ings upon the written request of any five members of the Society, which number shall be sufficient to consti- tute a quorum for the transaction of business. ARTICLE VII. It shall be the duty of the finance .com- mittee to determine the amount of dues necessary to be collected from each, member, and to inform the Treas- urer of the amount, who shall promptly proceed to col- lect the same at such time as the committee may desig- nate. ARTICLE VIII. The parliamentary rules and general form of conducting public u. 'tings, as shown in HILL'S MANUAL, shall be the standard authority In governing the deliberations of this association. ARTICLE IX. Any member neglecting to pay dues. or who shall be guilty 'f improper conduct calculated to brln. this association into disrepute, shall be expelled from the membership of the Society by a two-thirds vote of the members present al any regular meeting. No member shall be expelled, however, until lie shall have bad notice of such intention on the part of the as- sociation, and lias been given an opportunity of being heard in his owii defense. ARTICLE X. By giving written notice of change at any regular meeting, this constitution may be altered or amended at the next state.! meeting by a vote of two- thirds of the members present. 208 FORMS OF CALLS FOE PUBLIC MEETINGS. Calls for Public Meetings. Forms of Wording in Calling Public Meetings. varied ciently MONG the duties of the projector of a public meeting will be the writing of the " Call," which should be clear, distinct, and brief, yet suf- ficiently explicit to enable people to know when, where, and for what object they meet. The following, which may be according to circumstances, will suffi- illustrate the general form : Democratic Rally ! AT THE COURT ROOM, Monday Evening, Nov. 7, at 8 o'clock. The DEMOCRATS OF PAXTON, WORKING MEN, BUSINESS MEN, AND CITIZENS GENERALLY, are cordially invited to be present. The meeting will be addressed by the HON. JOSIAH ADAMS, HON. T. M. BAXTER, AND OTHER ABLE SPEAKERS. School Meeting. The Friends of Education are requested to meet at the house of Solomon Biggs, in Walnut Grove, Saturday evening, Sep. 1st, at 7 o'clock, to take action relative to opening a public school in this vicinity. The meeting will consider the selection of directors, the location of the school building, and the propriety of opening a school this fall, before the building is complete. Old Settlers' Reunion. All persons in Adams and adjoining counties, who settled here prior to 1850, are requested to meet at the Court House, in Clinton, Satur- day afternoon, June 10, at two o'clock, to make arrangements for an Old Settlers' Reunion, to be held at such place and time as the meeting shall determine. Firemen's Review. The entire Fire Department of this city i 4 hereby notified to appear on dress parade, Saturday afternoon, at 1.30, on Broadway, between Green and Spruce streets, provided the weather is pleasant, and the streets dry. If the weather does not permit, due notice of postpone- ment will be given. GEO. H. BAKER, Fire Marshal. Woman Suffrage Convention. The Friends of Woman Suffrage are invited to meet in mass conven- tion, at Dixon's Hall, in Chester, June 14, at ten o'clock, A.M., at which time the session will commence, and continue two days, closing on Friday evening. Hon. Asa Cnshing, Rev. H. W. Cooper, Mrs. Gardner, Mrs. Chas. Fuller, and other distinguished speakers will be present, and participate in the proceedings of the convention. Hot for Horse Thieves! All Citizens of Jonesville and surrounding country, favorable to protecting their stock from the depredations of thieves, are e xpected to be present at the Eagle School House, in District No. 10, on Saturday evening, July 12, at 8 o'clock, sharp, to aid in forming an association that will give horse and cattle thieves their just dues. Railroad Meeting. The Midland and Great Western Railroad Company are about locating their railway through this county, having surveyed three routes, one through Hastings, one by way of Brownsville, and the other through this village, passing up the river just east of Fuller's mill. The Company propose to take this route on one condition, namely: that we furnish depot grounds and right of way through this village. Citizens of Pikeville! what action shall we take in this matter? Shall we have a railroad at our own doors, or be compelled henceforth to go ten miles to the nearest depot? Eve'y citizen interested in the growth of our beautiful village is requested to be present at the Town Hall, next Tuesday evening, May 7, at half past seven o'clock, to con- sider this subject. Let there be a full expression from all the people at this meeting. RESOLUTIONS SUITABLE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 209 Fourth of July ! The liberty-loving citizens of Eagleville, who desire to participate this year at home in a genuine, old-fashioned Fourth of July celebra- tion, such as will make the American Eagle proud of the village that bears his name, will meet at Allen's Hall next Saturday evening, at 8 o'clock, to consider the advisability of holding such celebration. Shall We have an Agricultural Fair? Agriculturists, Horticulturists, Mechanics, Artists and others, favor- able to the establishment of an Agricultural and Mechanics' Fair, are desired to meet at the Town Hall, next Monday evening, June 20, at 8 o'clock, to take the necessary steps towards perfecting such organ- ization. Eight Hour Meeting. All mechanics, artisans, laborers, and others, who favor making eight hours a legal day's work, that they may occasionally see their wives and children during the winter months, in the day time, are re- quested to meet in Boyd's Hall, Monday evening, June 14, at 8 o'clock, on which occasion the meeting will be addressed by that distinguished advocate of the rights of the working man, Hon. Archibald P. Green. Temperance Convention. The Friends of Temperance, independent of party or sect, are invited to meet in convention at Fullerton Hall in Fairbury, Wednesday, Oct. 9, at 10 A.M., to consider and discuss the means by which we may arrest the present increasing tide of intemperance in this vicinity, by which our youth are corrupted, our Sabbaths desecrated, and our homes impoverished and dtsolated. Come up and help us, sons, husbands, fathers 1 Come up and aid us, daughters, wives, mothers 1 We want the influence of your presence. Dr. Carr, the eloquent champion of temperance, will be with us. Mrs. Arnold, Mrs. John Berryman, Rev. Dr. Williams, and others will participate in the discussions of the convention, and Prof. Carter, the world-renowned musician, will add interest to the occasion by leading in the singing. The convention will continue in session two days, being addressed Wednesday evening by Rev. H. D. Williams, and on Thursday evening, in the closing address, by Mrs. John Berryman. Vermonters Attention ! All Vcrmonters, resident in this city and vicinity, who are favorable to holding a Vermonters' pic nic sometime during July or August, are requested to meet next Wednesday afternoon, June 15, at Judge Miller's office in Canton, to arrange time, place, and programme of exercises for that occasion. ESOLUTIONS. Appropriate for Many Occasions. RESOLUTIONS are a brief, terse method of expressing the opinions and senti- ments of a company of people relative to any subject which it is desirable to discuss or place on record. They are applicable to nearly any subject, and should be character]' zed by the utmost brev- ity consistent with a clear expression of the idea sought to be conveyed. Resolutions Complimenting a Teacher. "At the close of Mr. Hall's writing school, lately in session at Springfield, which was very fully attended, numbering over one hundred pupils, Prof. Hamilton, Principal of Springfield Academy, offered the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : " WHEREAS, Prof. Geo. B. Hall, in giving instruction in pen- manship to a very large and interesting class in this place, has given most unbounded satisfaction as a teacher of writing, therefore : " Resolved, That, as a teacher and penman he is pre-eminently superior, changing as he does the poorest scribblers almost invari- ably into beautiful penmen, during his course of lessons. " Resolved, That his lectures on epistolary correspondence, punctua- tion, use of capital letters, and the writing of business forms, of them- selves are worth infinitely more than the cost of tuition in his schools. "Resolved, That we recommend him to the people of the entire, country, as a teacher whose schools will be found a great intellectual good in any community so fortunate as to secure his services. " Resolved, That, while we thank him for the very efficient instruction given this class here, we tender him a cordial invitation to visit our city again, professionally, at his earliest convenience." Resolutions of Respect and Condolence. On the Death of a Freemason. " At a regular communication of Carleton Lodge, No. 156, A. F. and A. M., held Feb. 10, 18 , the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted : " WHEREAS, It has pleased the Great Architect of the Uni- verse to remove from our midst our late brother Benjamin W. Rust: and " WHEREAS, It is but just that a fitting recognition of his many virtues should be had : therefore be it 14 210 RESOLUTIONS APPROPRIATE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. " Resolved, By Carleton Lodge, No 156, on the registry of the Grand Lodge of , of Anciem Free and Accepted Masons, that, while we how with humhle submission to the will of the Most High, we do not the less mourn for our brotlu r who has heen taken from us. "Resolved, That, in the (Kath of Benjamin W. Rust, this Lodge laments the loss of a brother who was ever ready to profftr the hand of aid and the voice of sympathy to the needy and distressed of the fraternity ; an active member of this society, whose utmost endeavors were exerted for its welfare and prosperity ; a friend and companion who was dtar to us all ; a citizen whose upright and noble life was a standard of emulation to his fallows. " Resolved, That the heartfelt sympathy of this Lodge be extended to his family in their affliction. " Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the records of the Lodge, and a copy thereof be transmitted to the family of our deceased brother, and to each of the newspapers of Carletou." On the Death of a Member of any Society, Club, or Other Association. "WHEREAS, in view of the loss we have sustained by the decease of our friend and associate, , and of the still heavier loss sustained by those who were nearest and dearest to him ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That it is but a just tribute to the memory of the departed to say that in regretting his removal from our midst we mourn for one who was, in every way, worthy of our respect and regard. " Resolved, That we sincerely condole with the family of the deceased on the dispensation with which it has pleased Divine Providence to afflict them, and commend them for consolation to Him who orders all things for the best, and whose chastisements are meant in mercy. " Resolved, That this heartfelt testimonial of our sympathy and sor- row be forwarded to the of our departed friend by the secretary of this meeting." On the Death of a Clergyman. " WHEREAS, the hand of Divine Providence has removed our beloved pastor from the scene of his temporal labors and the congregation who sat under his ministry, and profited by his example, are desirous of testifying their respect for his memory, and expressing their earnest and affectionate sympathy with the household deprived by this dispensation of its earthly head ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That we tenderly condole with the family of our deceased minister in their hour of trial and affliction, and devoutly commend them to the keeping of Him who looks with pitying eye upon the widowed and the fatherless. " Resolved, That in our natural sorrow for the loss of a faithful and beloved shephe-rd, we find consolation in the belief that it is well with him for whom we mourn. " Resolved, That while we deeply sympathize with those who were bound to our departed pastor by the nearest and dearest ties, we share with them the hope of a reunion in that better world where there are no partings, and bliss ineffable forbids a tear. " Resolved, That these resolutions be transmitted to the family of the deceased, as a token of our respect and veneration for the Christian character of a good man gone to his rest, and of the interest felt by his late congregation in those he loved and cherished. Resolutions Complimenting a Public Officer upon Retirement. 'WHEREAS, the retirement of our esteemed fellow citizen, , from the office of , presents a suitable oppor- tunity for expressing the esteem in which we hold him as a faithful and courteous public servant ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting and the community are due to , for the able and impartial manner in which he has uni- formly performed his public duties, and that we sincerely regret his determination to retire from public life. " Resolved, That he carries with him. on leaving the position which he has so satisfactorily filled, the regard and good wishes of all who had occasion to transact official business with him. " Resolved, That his late associates in office regard his return to pri- vate life as a loss to them, while they sincerely hope that it will prove a gain to him, and trust that his future will be as bright and prosperous as he can anticipate or desire. " Resolved, That the secretary of the meeting be requested to trans- mit to him the preamble and resolutions adopted on this occasion. Resolutions Complimenting a Captain of a Steamer on a Successful Voyage. " At a meeting of the cabin passengers of the steamship , Captain , arrived at thfs port from , on the inst., the following preamble and resolution were unanimously adopted : " In token of our grateful remembrance of the watchful seamanship and agreeable social qualities displayed by Captain and his officers during our late voyage from to this port ; be it "Resolved, That if skill in navigation, urbane and gentlemanly attention to the wants and wishes of the passengers, and a sound, swift, and comfortable vessel, are-among the essentials of a pleasant voyage, then we have reason to congratulate ourselves on having crossed the sea in the good ship , Captain ; that we tender to him, and to all the officers of the vessel, our thanks for the kindness with which they administered to our comfort; that we commend the ship, her appointments, her commander, and his subordinates, to the favor of the voyaging public, because we are of opinion that they deserve it; and, that we hereby request the gentleman acting as secretary of this meeting to see that a copy of this testimonial be placed in the hands of Captain ." (Signed by , etc.) Resolutions Thanking a Conductor, and Commending a Railway. " At a meeting of the passengers on the Palace Sleeping and Dining Car , nearing their journey's end, June 2, 1872, at , the following preamble and complimentary resolutions were unaniirously adopted : " WHEREAS, It has been the good fortune of the persons comprising this meeting to make a safe, quick, and most delightful passage from to , over the railroad ; therefore be it " Resolved, That our thanks are due, and are hereby tendered, to tho Conductor of the Palace Car , for the numerous favors received at his hand throughout the journey ; and we commend him for the many gentlemanly and agreeable qualities which characterize him as a man, and eminently fit him for the position he now holds. "Resolved, That commendation is especially due the railroau com- pany for the excellent accommodations furnished travelers in their comfortable and luxurious coaches, and the superior condition of the track and road-bed, which is so smooth that the traveler rides over the same resting with almost as much ease and pleasure as when seated in his own parlor. RESOLUTIONS APPROPRIATE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 211 " Resolved, That the beauties of scenery and the curiosities of nature to be seen by the tourist over the road, together with safety in traveling, make the journey by this route one of the most picturesque, agreeable, and safe to be enjoyed on the continent, and as such we commend it to the traveling public." Resolutions at a Temperance Meeting. " Mr. Chairman : Your committee on resolutions respect- fully submit the following : " WHEREAS, The saloons of this city are being kept open at all hours of the day and night, in violation of the ordinances governing the same ; and " WHEREAS, Drunkenness is evidently on the increase, in consequence of the total lack of necessary legal restraint, which should close their doors at proper hours of night, and Sundays ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by this meeting to investigate the extent of this violation, and report the same to the city council at their next meeting. "Resolved, That we call upon the mayor, aldermen, and city mar- shal of this city to enforce the law relating to the sale of liquors, and we hereby remind them that the people will hold them to strict accountability for allowing the ordinances governing and restraining saloon keepers to be violated." Resolutions on tbe Departure of a Clergyman. " At a meeting of the Presbyterian society, held in the lecture room of their church, on Tuesday evening, the loth instant, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted : " WHEREAS, Our pastor, the Rev. Hiram G. Morgan, has received a call from the First Presbyterian church of , and, for the purpose of accepting the same, has tendered his resignation as pastor of the Presbyterian church in this city ; and " WHEREAS, We all realize that none but a selfish interest can prompt us to retain him, when a broader field with nobler opportunities is open to him ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That we accept the resignation which severs our relation as pastor and people with feelings of heartfelt sadness. " Resolved, That the ten years of faithful service rendered by him to this society have been greatly blessed in upbuilding our church, increas- ing its membership, and creating feelings of Christian fellowship and good will among other denominations. "Resolved, That for his ministering to the temporal wants of the poor, and the spiritual needs of all ; for the tender solicitude and earnest sympathy which have always brought him to the bedside of the sick and dying; for his efforts in behalf of the education of the massts; and for his exertions to ameliorate the condition of suffering humanity at all times and under all circumstances, the members of this parish, and the people of this city, owe him a debt of gratitude which they can never repay. " Resolved, That, in parting, our kindest wishes will ever attend him, and that we recommend linn to the parish to which he is to minister as one worthy their full confldeiier and highest esteem. Committee. Resolutions on the Departure of a Sunday School Teacher. "WHEREAS, Mr. Grant Watkins is about to remove from our midst and sever his connection with this school, in which he has so long and faithfully labored as teacher ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That we deeply regret the necessity of losing him in the Sunday School work, and most fervently wish 'for him a future of active usefulness in his chosen field of new associations and interests, ever praying that by a well ordered life and a Christian consecration he may at last unite, with all the truly faithful, in sweeter songs of redemption in the bright hereafter." Resolutions Favorable to Forming an Association. " Mr. Chairman : Your committee, to whom was referred the duty of preparing resolutions expressive of the sense of this meeting, beg leave to report the following : " WHEREAS, Our county is being infected by a band of organized horse thieves and highwaymen, making property and human life insecure ; and " WHEREAS, The safety of the people demands that some immediate action be taken looking to the protection of life and property ; therefore, be it "Resolved, That an association of citizens favorable to such pro- tection be formed, to be known and styled ' The Grant County Protect- ive Association.' "Resolved, That this association be governed by five directors, chosen by this meeting. Such directors to choose their president, secretary, and treasurer from their number, any one of whom, upon hearing of the loss of property belonging to any member of this association, shall have authority, upon consulting with two other directors, to take the necessary steps to recover the same, and punish the thief, the expenses of recovery not to exceed the value of said property. " Resolved, That each member of this association shall pay to the treasurer two dollars, as membership fee, upon signing the consti- tution, and shall bear his share of the necessary expense incurred iu recovering stolen property, and convicting thieves. " Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed by this meeting to draft articles of association for the government of the society, regu- lating dues, times of meeting, etc., for each member to sign, essentially embodying the ideas expressed in these resolutions." Resolutions Remonstrating against a Nuisance. " Resolved, That the continuance of the bone boiling establishment and glue factory of Messrs. Smith & Jones in the midst of a densely populated neighborhood, is an intolerable nuisance, which is incom- patible with the health and comfort of those who reside in the vicinity. " Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed by the chair, whose duty it shall be to apprise the authorities of the existence and nature of the nuisance; and, in case such action shall not produce its abatement, then, to employ counsel, and take such other legal steps as the case may require." Resolutions at a Stockholders' Meeting, in Favor of a Certain Route. "Resolved, That the" proposed railroad bridge of this company, at Jackson, be located north, rather than south, of the village, for these reasons : " 1. To build a bridge south of the town will necessitate placing a depot so far from the center of the village as to prevent the people of Jackson from patronizing the road, inasmuch as the South Western railway already has a depot near the center of the town. 212 PETITIONS TO PUBLIC BODIES. " 2. The Bonth line will require more than double the amount of trestle work for the bridge. " 3. The right of way by the southern route is much the most ex- pensive. Even with the purchase of the Jackson foundry grounds (which will remove the abrupt curve in the uppir route), the right of way will cost less than by the south survey, to say nothing of bring- ing the depot nearer the center of the village, and lessening the expanse of trestle work; therefore " Xesolvfd, That, for the foregoing and other reasons, the directors are recommended to take the northern instead of the southern route, for the proposed railway through the town of Jackson." Resolution Instructing Members of the Legislature. " Resolved, That we are opposed to the present oppressive law on our statute books relative to stock running at large, and we lurtby pledge ourselves to vote for no candidate for either house of the legislature who is not pledged to its speedy repeal. " Resolved, That the secretary i.s instructed to furnish a report of this meeting, together with this resolution, to such papers as will bring the subject most generally before the people." Resolution of Thanks to the Officers of a Convention. The following resolution, presented just before the close of a convention, is put by the member who makes the motion it being personal to the presiding officer. " Resolved, That the thanks of this convention are hereby given to the president, for the able, dignified, and impartial manner in which he has presided over its deliberations, and to the other officers for the satisfactory manner in which they have fulfilled the duties assigned to them." ETITIONS A PETITION is a formal request or sup- yy plication, from the persons who present or sign the paper containing it, to the body or individual to whom it is presented, for the grant of some favor. It is a general rule, in the case of petitions presented to Courts that an affidavit should ac- company them, setting forth that the statements therein made, so far as known to the petitioner, are true, and that these facts, by him stated as within his knowledge and that of others, he believes to be true. PETITIONS TO A CITY COUNCIL The people of a town or city very frequently have occasion to petition their town authorities or city government for the granting of favors or the enactment of laws. The following are among the forms of petition to a City Council. For Opening a Street. To THE MAYOF AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF , IN COMMON COUNCIL ASSEMBLED . Gentlemen : The undersigned respectfully solicit your honorable body to open anti extend Walnut street, which now terminates at Adams street, through blocks Nos. 10 and 12 in Hall's addition to , to Benton street, thereby making Walnut a nearly straight and continuous street for two miles, and greatly accommodating the people in that portion of the city. (Here insert city, state, and date.) [Signed by tivo hundred lax-payers, more or /ess.] Remonstrating against a Nuisance. To THE MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF , IN COMMON COUNCIL ASSEMBLED : Gentlemen: Your petitioners respectfully represent that during the past summer John Jones has converted the barn located at No. 184 Monroe street, between Van Buren and Jackson into a slaughter house, which, with the decaying offal about the premises, produces a stench that is unbearable to the citizens living in that vicinity. In all respects the affair is a nuisance to the neighborhood, and we ask your honorable body to have the same removed. (Here insert city, state, and date.) [Signed by one hundred persons, more or less, residing in the neighborhood^ Asking for a Policeman. To THE MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF , IN COMMON COUNCIL ASSEMBLED : Gentlemen : The undersigned citizens and tax payers of , feeling that life and property are very insecure after dark in portions of this town, respectfully ask your hon- CELEBRATION OF PUBLIC HOLIDAYS. 213 orable body to appoint a night policeman to have supervision of the streets and alleys from Harrison to Walnut streets, on Broadway. (Here give city, state, and date.) [Signed by one hundred lax-payers, more or lessl\ PETITIONS TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE. Petition from Farmers, asking for the extermi- nation of the Canada Thistle. To THE HONORABLE THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRE- SENTATIVES OF THE STATE OF , IN LEGISLATURE CONVENED : The undersigned, citizens of County, respectfully represent that this, and neighboring counties, are becoming infested with that pest, the Canada thistle. As yet they are not in sufficient quantity to be beyond control, but it is feared if they are allowed to go without restraint two years longer, they will be so spread as to make their extermination next to impossible. We, therefore, respectfully request your honorable body to take some action looking to their immediate subjection, thus saving the farming community from an evil which cannot be removed if allowed to exist much longer. (Here give county, state, and date.) [Signed by one thousand farmers, more or lessl\ Petition from Farmers, relative to Stock run- ning at large. To THE HONORABLE THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRE- SENTATIVES OF THE STATE OF , IN LEGISLATURE CONVENED : Your petitioneis, residents and tax-payers of County, respectfully represent to your honorable body that the farmers of this State are at present subjected to an immense drain on their resources, by being compelled to build thousands of miles of fence, not for their own use, but for the purpose of preventing the encroachment of others. At a low estimate, it is costing millions of dollars every year for this needless fencing. The man who wishes to keep stock may fence the necessary pasturage for the same, but to compel the farmer who does not have stock in any considerable quantity to keep up miles of fence, continually to rot down and be rebuilt, is an oppression which is causing many farmers to remain in poverty, who otherwise might be in comparatively independent cir- cumstances. We, therefore, petition you to enact a law that will prevent stock of every description from running at large. (Here give county, state, and date.) [Signed by five hundred farmers, more or lessl\ Petition to the Governor, asking for Pardon. To JOHN M. PALMER, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS : The Petition of the undersigned Citizens respectfully represents: That on the ninth day of July, 1871, John Jones, of the city of Chicago, was convicted before the Criminal Court, in said city of the crime of manslaughter, and sentenced therefor to the State prison at Joliet, where he now remains, for the term of twelve years : that the evidence upon which he was convicted, as will be seen by the summary appended, was not altogether conclusive : that previous to that time the said Jones had maintained the reputation of being a peaceable and up- right man : and that his conduct since imprisonment, accord- ing to the letter of the warden, filed herewith, has been most exemplary. The said Jones has a family who need his support : and under the impression that the well-being of society will not be injured by his enlargement, and that the ends of justice, under the circumstances of the case, have been sufficiently answered, they respectfully implore executive clemency in his behalf. (Here give town, state, and date.) [Signed by, etc., etc.] I UBLIC WELEBRATIONS. A PLEASING variety in the routine of life is an occasional celebration. These are given often by certain societies, and comprise festivals, public dinners, picnics, excursions, reunions, etc. Fourth of July. A very appropriate day for a general celebra- tion, in the United States, is the Fourth of July. In preparing for such a celebration, it is first necessary to appoint suitable committees to carry out the details of the work incident to such an occasion. This is done by calling a meeting of the citizens at some public place, "/or the pur- pose of making arrangements for celebrating the forthcoming anniversary of American Independ- ence!" which meeting should organize in the usual form, by the appointment of president and secretary. The meeting should consider the feasibility of such celebration, and, if it is deemed advis- able to celebrate this anniversary, should appoint an executive committee of three, to have general supervisionof the whole affair, to be assisted by : 214 PUBLIC DINNERS, PICNICS AND FESTIVALS. 1. A finance committee, who will solicit the necessary funds. 2. A committee on grounds, to select a suit- able place for holding the celebration, furnish- ing speakers' stand, seats for people, etc. 3. Committee on orator, who will provide speakers, reader of Declaration of Independence, etc. 4. Committee on music, to provide band, singing by the glee club, etc. 5. Committee on procession, who will induce the various societies, and a representation from the different trades, to appear in street proces- sion, along with a representation of the different states in the Union. 6. Committee on military display, who will organize any military exhibition that may be thought advisable, take charge of firing guns, etc. 7. Committee on fireworks, who will attend to the arrangements for such exhibition in the evening. 8. Committee on amusements, whose espe- cial duty it shall be to organize such street dis- play of burlesque, etc., as will entertain and amuse the people. The executive committee may appoint; the president of the day, the necessary marshals, and arrange for additional attractions and novelties calculated to secure the success of the celebration. Let these arrangements be made three or four weeks before the " Fourth." Now, let the executive committee thoroughly advertise the list of committees, and what it is proposed to accomplish. In the meantime, the finance committee should report to the executive what amount of money may be relied upon, and the committee on orator should report the names of their speakers, while the various other com- mittees will report what the attractions are to be in their several departments. Then the executive committee should pre- pare their posters and programmes, descriptive of what strangers from abroad will see who attend the celebration, and crowds of people will come from near and far. It is not necessary for many people to be interested, at first, in the celebration, to make the same a success. The resolve by one person to have a grand celebration, who will call a public meeting, associate with himself two others, as an executive committee, and follow by the appointment of the necessary committees, publishing the whole to the world, and going ahead, will generally make a very successful celebration. In the smaller towns so many committees may not be necessary, but having a good Ex- ecutive Committee, the work is made much lighter, by being distributed among a good many persons, though it will always devolve upon two or three individuals to carry the affair through to a successful conclusion. Public Dinners. The same regulations, to a certain extent, as in the Fourth of July celebration, may be ob- served in other public entertainments, though it may not be necessary to have as many com- mittees. Where it is resolved to give a public dinner to a distinguished man, the first move is to extend to the person an invitation, as numerously signed as possible. If he accepts, he either fixes the day himself, or leaves that to the option of the party inviting him. In the latter case, they designate a time that will best suit his conveni- ence. Arrangements having been made thus far, committees may be appointed on table, invita- tions, toasts, etc., the affair being conducted according to the etiquette of such occasions. Picnics and Festivals. These social entertainments, which are usually conducted in the interest of certain societies, are mostly pleasant affairs in proportion as they are agreeably conducted by the managers. They should be especially noticeable for the absence of all formality, jollity and mirth reign- ing supreme. If another committee is appointed, outside of the executive, let it be a committee on fun. TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS APPROPRIATE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 215 ENTIMENTS: A MONG the delightful titbits that afford _X~JL. variety and merriment on certain festal occasions, may be toasts and sentiments, thus : For a Christmas Dinner. "Christmas hospitality: And the ladies who make it delightful by their mincing ways." " The sports of the holidays: Sleighing the Dears, and taking com- fort among the Buffaloes.' 1 '' For the Thanksgiving Festival. " Our opinion on the Eastern Question: We agree with Russia, that Turkey ought to be gobbled." "The health of our venerable host: Although an American citizen, he is one of the best Grand Seniors that ever presided over Turkey." "Thanksgiving: The magnetic festival that brings back erratic wan- derers to the Old Folks at Home." "The thanksgiving board: While it groans with plenty within, who cares for the whistling of the wind without." "Thanksgiving: The religious and social festival that converts every family mansion into a Family Meeting House." For the Fourth of July. "The American Eagle: The older he grows the louder he screams, and the higher he flies." " The Union of the States, and the Union of the Sexes:The one was the beginning of man's independence, the other is the end of it." "Our Standard Sheet: It has often been badly mangled, and terribly scorched, but is, nevertheless, the noblest sheet that ever covered a hero on the bed of glory." For a Wooden Wedding. " Our Host and Hostess : The fire of affection they mutually kindled five years ago has not gone out ; on the contrary, we are glad to see them wooding up." ' The Wooden Wedding of our Friends: And may all the children be chips oftlie old block." " The Hero and Heroine of this Wooden Festival: May they flourish like green bay trees in their youth, and retain all their pith, when they become elders." For the Tin Wedding. "The Golden Rule of Matrimony: Marry the first time for love the second time for Tin." 'The Fair Bride: She blushed at her first marriage, but she shows more metal to-day." " Tin Weddings: And the bright reflections to which they give rise." For the Crystal Wedding. " Crystal Weddings: The medium through which the bliss of endur- ing affection is magnified, reflected, and made transparent to every- body." "The fifteenth year of Wedlock: A matrimonial Stage, chiefly re- markable for its Tumblers." " Our Hospitable Hostess: And may it never be her fate to look on life 'as through a glass darkly. 1 " "The New Married Couple: They will not find the friendship of their friends as brittle as their gifts." For a Silver Wedding. ' A quarter of a century of Married Happiness : The best flve-twenty bond in the world." "The Bridal Pair: Their admirable performances in double harness well entitle them to the plate." " Our Kind Entertainers: Know all men, by these presents, how sin- cerely we love them." For the Golden Wedding. "Matrimony's Pleasant Autumn: May it always bear golden fruit." " The Bridegroom's Prize : Not toys of gold, but the more attractive metal by his side." * Selected from Barber's " Ready-made Speeches." 216 HOW TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. ^Public ifMeetings. HOW TO CALL, ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUBLIC ASSEMBLAGES. Duties of Officers, Order of Business, Introduction of Resolutions, and Parliamentary Usages in the Government of Public Gatherings. HE people of every community, in order to introduce laws, regulations, and organizations by which they shall be gov- erned and benefited, find it necessary to meet from time to time in public assemblages. Thus, before a school can be established, it is necessary to have a meeting of the citizens, to take the preliminary steps towards obtaining the school. Before a church organization can be had, a meeting of persons favorable to such proceeding must first take place, to secure sufficient concert of action to accomplish the object. To obtain unity of sen- timent, and harmony of action, in the carrying forward of any important enterprise, the people must be called together, and the minds of a suf- ficient number directed into the desired channel to effect the contemplated purpose. In educating public sentiment, calling the people together, and introducing the resolutions that shall embody the sense of the meeting, much written business is required that may properly be considered here. To show the manner in which a meeting is convened, called to order, organized, and con- ducted, we will take a political gathering as an example. To illustrate: William Jones, who lives in the town of Monroe, being a zealous politician, is desirous of having a republican meeting in his town, just before election. He, therefore, con- sults with John Belden, Arthur Bennett, George Moody, and others, who have a certain influence, as to time and place. Arrangements are also made with two or three persons, accustomed to public speaking, to address the meeting. Notice is then given, by written placards or printed posters, as follows : " Republican Meeting. ALL CITIZENS of Monroe, who favor the principles of the REPUBLI- CAN PARTY, are n questi d to meet on THURSDAY EVENING, OCT. 1st, at the TOWN HALL, at SEVEN O'CLOCK, to take such action as may be deemed best to promote the Success of the. Party in the COMING ELECTION. The Meeting will be addressed by the HON. WILLIAM SPENCER, THOMAS HOPKINS, ESQ., and OTHEBS." The projectors assemble at the Hall early, and decide, from an examination of the audience, who will make a suitable presiding officer, and secretary , or these persons may be selected SELECTION OF OFFICERS AT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 217 previous to the meeting, with the understanding that they will be present. Selection of Chairman. Half or three-quarters of an hour is usually given from the time when the meeting is appointed, for general conversation, while the audience is assembling. At half-past seven, Wm. Jones steps forward, and says : " The meeting will please come to order." As soon as the audience becomes still, Mr. Jones continues : " I move that Samuel Lockwood act as Presi- dent of this meeting." Mr. Arthur Belden says : " I second the motion." Then, Mr. Jones puts the question thus : " It has been moved and seconded, that Mr. Samuel Lockwood act as President of this meet- ing. All in favor of the motion y. r 'll manifest the same by saying, ' Aye.' ' As soon as the affirmative vote has been expressed, he will say : " Those who are opposed will say, ' No. v ' If the " Ayes " predominate, he will say : " The ' Ayes ' have it. Mr. Lockwood will take the chair." If, however, the ' Noes ' are in the majority, he will say : " The ' Noes ' have it ; the motion is lost.'' Thereupon, he will nominate another person, or put the question upon the nomination of some one else.* As soon as the chairman is chosen, he will take his place. Appointment of Secretary. Mr. Arthur Bennett then says : " I move that Mr. Hiram Cooper act as Secre- tary of this meeting." This motion being seconded, the Chairman puts the question, and declares the result. The meeting is now organized. The Chair- man will direct the Secretary to read the call, or, if a copy of the call is not to be obtained, he will ask one of the projectors to state the object of the meeting. v Order of Business. That speech being concluded, the President will say : " You have heard the call, and understand its object ; what is the further pleasure of the meeting ? " Mr. Jones, thereupon, says : " I move that a Committee of three be ap- pointed by the chair to draft resolutions express- ive of the sense of this meeting." This is seconded. The Chairman then says : " Gentlemen, you have heard the motion ; are you ready for the question ? " If any one desires to speak against the motion, or has any remark to make, he arises, and says : " Mr. Chairman." The Chairman turns towards the speaker, and listens to him, and each in succession. When they are all done, or in case no one responds to the call, he puts the question in the previous form, and declares the result. Committee on Resolutions. The resolution being adopted, the Chairman says: " I will appoint as such Committee William Jones, Albert Hawkins, and Henry Peabody." Where a motion is made moving the appoint- ment of a committee, it is parliamentary usage to appoint, as the first person selected on such committee, the mover of the resolution. The Committee withdraws to prepare the resolutions, or to examine those previously pre- pared for the purpose. Upon the retirement of the Committee, the audience will call for the leading speakers of the evening to address the meeting. When the speeches are concluded, the Chairman of the Committee comes forward, and says : 218 KEPOKTS OF MEETINGS AND GOVERNMENT OP CONVENTIONS. " Mr. Chairman, the Committee report the following resolutions." He then reads the resolutions, and gives them to the Secretary. The Chairman now says : " You have heard the resolutions. What shall be done with them ? " Arthur Bennett says : " I move they be adopted." The motion is seconded. The Chairman then says : " The question on the passage of the resolu- tions is now before the house. Are there any remarks to be made on the subject ? " * If no objections are made, the President will put the question, and declare the result. The formality of appointing a Committee on Resolu- tions may be avoided by the resolutions being introduced and read by one of the projectors of the meeting. The resolutions adopted, and the speeches concluded, the Chairman will ask : "What is the further pleasure of the meet- ing?" Adjournment. If there be no further business, some one moves an adjournment. As the question is not debatable the Chairman puts it direct. If carried, he says : " The meeting is adjourned." If thought best to convene another meeting, the Chairman will declare : " The meeting is adjourned to the time fixed upon." The foregoing, it will be seen, by varying the call, and changing the business to suit, will answer for most political gatherings, or any pub- lic meeting. If it is desirable to make the proceedings public, it is the duty of the Secretary to fully write up the business of the meeting, and trans- mit the same to the nearest newspaper favorable to the cause. If the meeting be of sufficient * If there is a pood deal of business before the meeting, the chairman may dispatch such business much more rapidly by immediately putting a question, when moved and seconded, without inviting remarks. importance, it maybe well for him, immediately after being chosen to fill the position, to move the appointment of two Assistant Secretaries, who will aid him in writing up the proceedings for two or three newspapers. The Secretary's Report. The Secretary's report of a meeting, will, of course, vary according to circumstances. In the record of the foregoing meeting, it would read as follows : Pursuant to call, a meeting of the Republican citizens of Monroe was held in the Town Hali on Thursday evening, Oct. 10th, Samiul Lockwood being chosen president of the meeting, and Hiram Cooper appointed secretary. On motion of Mr. William Jones, the chairman appointed as a com- mittee on resolutions, Messrs Win. Jones, Albert Hawkins, and Henry Peabocly. During the absence of the committee, the meeting -was very ably addressed by Hon. W. Spencer, of Beluiont, who reviewed the work that had been done by this party, in a speech of some forty minutes. Mr. Spencer was followed by Thomas Hopkins, Esq., of Cambridge, in a half hour's speech, in which he particularly urged upon all Repub- licans the necessity of vigilant effort from this time forward till the election. The committee on resolutions reported the following, which were unanimously adopted. (Here the Secretary inserts the Resolutions.) On motion, the meeting was adjourned. Government of Conventions. While the foregoing form is applicable, with suitable variations, to the management of ordi- nary public meetings, it is generally necessary in political conventions, which contain fre- quently a large number of delegates with a great diversity of interests to subserve, several candidates being often before the convention seeking position, to make first a temporary, and afterwards a permanent organization. Comprised, as the convention is, of delegates, who are representatives from constituencies of different parts of the county, or state, the assemblage is a legislature of the party, and is governed by nearly the same rules. The strict- est application of these rules is often necessary, in order to preserve decorum in its discussions, and dignity in its action. A convention may be called, either by some committee appointed by previous conventions to make the call, or it may be convened by invitation of the leading friends of a particular GOVERNMENT OF MEETINGS AND CONVENTIONS PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 219 cause, or measure. The call should contain some general directions as to the mode of elect- ing delegates. The night before the convention a caucus is generally held in the several towns of the county, for the purpose of selecting delegates to attend the same. These delegates are some- times instructed by the meeting to vote for cer- tain men or measures, in the convention. Two sets of officers are chosen in the conven- tion temporary, and permanent. The first is for the purpose of conducting the business pre- paratory to organization. The temporary chairman is chosen in the manner heretofore designated. In selecting the permanent officers, it is usual to allow the delegation from each county, district or town- ship, the right to name one member of the com- mittee on permanent organization. In order to save time, it is common to appoint a committee, at the same time, on credentials, whose duty it is to ascertain if each delegate is entitled to vote in the convention. During the interval that follows, it is custom- ary, while the committees are engaged in their labors, to call upon various prominent men to address the gathering. The officers recommended by the committee chosen for the purpose, are generally elected ; the real business of the convention can now be performed. It is customary to give the thanks of the con- vention to its officers just previous to adjourn- ment. In that case, the member who makes the motion puts the question upon its adoption, and declares the result. PARLIAMENTARY RULES.' 'HE foregoing illustration of the method of conducting public meetings and conventions will give the reader a general idea of the mode of procedure in the organization and management of any public gathering ; as many questions arise, however, concerning parliament- ary usage on disputed questions, the following rules of order will be of interest to all persons who may have occasion to participate in the work of public meetings : Duties of the President of a Meeting. The presiding officer of a meeting should possess acuteness of hearing, a clear, distinct voice, positiveness of manner, self- possession, and a clear understanding of his duties, which are as follows : First, if the meeting be temporary in its character, the president, having been appointed by the members of the congregation present, will, after taking the chair, proceed to state the object of the meeting, or call upon some member in the audience, who is supposed to know the object of the gathering, to do so. SELECTION OF A SECRETARY. Should no one move the appointment of a secretary, the president will suggest the necessity of a recording officer, and will call upon the meeting to nominate a suitable person for the position. Upon his nomination the chairman will put the same to vote and announce the result, as he will all motions and propositions properly presented, that may necessarily arise in the course of the proceedings. In making a statement to the assembly, or putting a ques- tion, it is customary for the chairman to arise and stand while doing so, though he may retain his seat if much more conve- nient, while reading any communication or message to the meeting. ORDER. He should strictly maintain order, or call upon some one or more persons in authority to do so ; should see that members of the meeting, while engaged in the presenting of motions or in debate, observe the order and decorum enjoined by parlia- mentary rules ; should decide all questions of order ; should appoint members of committees when required by motion to do so, and should not leave his chain unless the same be filled by a vice president (if there be one) or by the appointment of a pro tempore chairman. QUORUM. When presiding over a deliberative assembly, such as a council or legislature, his actions will be largely governed * Parliamentary rules are called parliamentary from the fact that the rules end regulations that row povern puMic bodies, throughout this country, are substantially those that have been long in use by the British Parliament iu Euylaml. 220 DUTIES OF CHAIRMEN AND SECRETARIES PARLIAMENTARY RULES. by the rules and regulations of the body itself. In such cases it is customary for the chairman to ascertain whether or not a quorum of members be present. Should such not prove to be the case within thirty minutes from the time appointed for the opening of the meeting, it will be in order to adjourn from lack of a quorum, though it will be proper to send an officer in authority to secure the attendance of a sufficient number of members to make a quorum, whereby business may be transacted. At any time during the session, should it be ascertained that less than a quorum of members is in attendance, the chair- man must announce the fact, and suspend the transaction of business, as the proceedings of the meeting are illegal when less than a quorum is present. Should the meeting open with a quorum of members, some of whom should afterwards leave, and the fact be discovered when calling the yeas and nays upon any question, that a quo- rum is not present, the meeting should adjourn. It will be in order to take up the uncompleted business at the next meeting exactly at the same point it was when the absence of a quorum was ascertained at the preceding meeting. SIGNING PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. It is the duty of the presiding officer to place his signature to all documents and proceedings of the assembly, when neces- sary, in order to authenticate the same. In general, the chairman being created by the meeting, as a representative of the members present, his duty is to obey their commands, and declare the will of the assemblage in a just and impartial manner. Duties of the Secretary. The secretary, upon taking the chair at a temporary meeting, will provide himself with the necessary stationery with which to note the proceedings on the occasion. READING CALL, ETC. lie will, upon request of the president, read the call for the meeting, all communications, messages, and resolutions that may be offered ; will furnish a copy of the proceedings for pub- lication, if desirable, or for any person interested who may wish to examine the same ; and will preserve the record of pro- ceedings for presentation and examination at a subsequent meeting, if held. WHAT TO MAKE RECORD OF. The secretary of a deliberative assembly will, after reading the minutes of preceding meeting, make note of and enter upon his journal the substance of all proceedings and enactments passed by the assemblage. All discussions, motions proposed, and other matter not voted upon, are not entered. Such is the rule in legislative assembles. In other meetings it is frequent- ly customary to present a report, not only of what is actually done, but also an outline of the discussions and proceed- ings in the meeting. PRESERVATION OF IMPORTANT PAPERS. The secretary should file all papers of importance, after hav- ing read the same, and being the custodian of all such, should never allow any member or other person to remove them without permission from or direction of the assembly. CALLING ROLL AND SIGNING PAPERS. He should call the roll when ordered, for the purpose of either noting the absentees or taking a vote of the yeas and nays. He will inform committees of their appointment, the nature of the business they are chosen to consider, will authen- ticate all proceedings, acts, and orders of the meeting by his signature, and will issue calls for special sittings. It is customary for the secretary to stand while reading any extended document or calling the roll of members in large assemblages, and to retain his place throughout the session of the meeting unless some one be appointed pro tempore to act as secretary during his absence. Where one or several assistant secretaries are chosen, less inconvenience is occasioned by the temporary absence of the secretary. The Treasurer. The office of treasurer, while often distinct, is frequently coupled with that of secretary. This portion of his duty con- sists in entering in a book provided for the purpose, an account of all moneys received and disbursed in behalf of the body which he serves. ORDERS TO PAY MONEY. The rule is, to pay out no moneys without an order bearing the signatures of the president and secretary, or the chairman of a finance committee, who is empowered to audit bills, which orders the treasurer should carefully preserve as vouchers. BONDS. It is further customary to require bonds of such officer for the faithful performance of his duty, where any considerable amount of money is handled, he being also required to yield possession of his books to his successor, in good order. The Committees. All public bodies find it necessary, in order to systematize their work and expedite business, to appoint certain individu- als of their number to have charge and control of certain de- partments of the work, relating to their deliberations. SELECT AND STANDING COMMITTEES. Where appointed for a particular occasion, the committee is known as and called a select committee ; where appointed at the beginning of a session, to consider all matters of a certain nature, it is termed a standing committee. COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. A " committee of the whole " consists of all the members. As it is the duty of the standing and select committees to pre- pare measures to be acted upon by the full assembly, so it is the duty of the "committee of the whole " to consider and ar- range the preliminaries of the business that the assembly is to consider. This committee can act with much less formality than is consistent with the customary forms of parliamentary usage in full assemblage. DUTIES OP COMMITTEES PAKLIAMENTARY KULES. 221 Appointment of Committees. The constitution and by-laws of an association usually pro- vide for tjje appointment of standing committees, who sit per- manently during the session. The members of such commit- tees in deliberative assemblies, unless otherwise ordered, are appointed by the presiding officer. The necessity of a select committee^ is usually suggested by some member of the assembly, who frequently moves that a certain number be appointed, either by the cnairman or the meeting. Should this committee be appointed by the meeting, it is customary to select by majority vote one at a time, thus giving the assembly ample time to consider the fitness of each candidate for the proposed committee ; though the entire num- ber may be voted upon at once, if thought desirable, to save time. CHAIRMAN OF A COMMITTEE. While the members of the committee possess the right to select their chairman, it is a recognized courtesy to select the first person appointed on the committee as chairman of such com- mittee. The necessity of appointing a new committee is sometimes obviated, if there be already a committee appointed, by assigning the matter to be considered to such committee. VARIOUS COMMITTEES. In most legislative bodies the committees appointed by the presiding officer at the opening of the session, are sufficient in number to appropriately consider any subject that may be brought before the meeting. Thus, in the City Council, there is usually provision made for the appointment of a committee on "police," on "fire and water," on "abatement of taxes," on " streets and alleys," on " license," public grounds," etc. Committees are also appointed by legislative assemblies, whose duty it is to consider everything of a judicial character, mat- ters relating to taxation, public institutions, etc. Any matter arising during the session, decidedly distinct in its character, and requiring considerable deliberation, is usually referred, by motion of one of the members of the assembly, to the commit- tee having jurisdiction over that kind of business. CALLING THE COMMITTEE TOGETHER. When a committee is appointed, it is usual for the first named member to call such committee together as soon as possible, though it is not allowable for a committee to hold its meeting during the session of the main body, unless ordered to do so. Committee Reports. No order is necessary to require a committee to report. Whenever a conclusion is arrived at by the majority, a report should be made by the chairman of the committee to the main body. The minority of a committee can also present a report, by obtaining leave to do so. If a majority cannot be obtained, or an agreement made, the committee should report the fact and ask to be discharged. Upon being discharged, a new com- mittee may be appointed as before, or the matter may be dis- posed of by the main body. RECEIVING THE REPORT. When a report is made, the chairman, or person appointed to present the report of the committee, rises in the assembly, and states to the presiding officer that the committee which he represents is ready to make their report concerning the matter which they have had under consideration. The person making this announcement may himself move that the report be re- ceived and (if a select committee) the committee discharged, though it is more usual for some other member of the assem- bly 'to make such motion. The question is then put by the presiding officer to the meeting, as to whether the report will be received then ; or, if not then, a time is fixed upon when it will be received. REPORT IN WRITING. The person making the report usually presents the same in writing, reading the document in his place, after which he pre- sents the report, and all papers relating to the subject, to the secretary ; or the report may be given to the secretary to read, after which the meeting will consider the matter of its accept- ance. As a rule, upon someone member of the meeting moving the acceptance of the report, the same being seconded, the presid- ing officer will announce the report accepted, without taking a vote thereon. If, however, decided objection is made, a vote by the meeting will be taken. A report by a select committee being accepted, the commit- tee is dissolved, though anything further arising on the ques- tion, the matter may be recommitted to the same committee. When accepting a report, it is common for a member to move that the report be accepted and the committee discharged. Reports may be made by the simple expression of opinion by the committee, or by resolution or resolutions. Committee of the Whole. When it becomes necessary for the assembly- to form itself into a committee of the whole, such action is taken on motion of some member of the meeting. The motion being carried, the presiding officer appoints a chairman of the committee, and himself takes a seat with the other members of the assem- bly, the chairman of the committee taking his seat with the clerk at the secretary's desk. CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. The chairman appointed by the presiding officer is usually accepted by the meeting, though the meeting possesses the power to select another chairman, should the members see fit to enforce the privilege, some one member of the meeting put- ting the question on the selection of another candidate. QUORUM. The same number is necessary in the committee of the whole to form a quorum as in the main body, and should the number be less than a quorum, the committee is com- pelled to rise, when the chairman informs the presiding officer that the committee is unable to transact business for want of a quorum. DISSOLVING THE COMMITTEE. While the committee of the whole is in session the president usually remains in the room, so that, should any disturbance 222 EIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MEMBERS OF MEETINGS PARLIAMENTARY BULES. arise in the committee, he may take the chair, dissolve the committee, and restore the body to order. Should such action be taken, the motion must be put as before, that the committee may sit again. The secretary makes no record in his journal of the proceed- ings of the committee, but only the report of such committee to the main body. COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE CANNOT ADJOURN. A committee of the whole cannot adjourn; it must rise. Neither does it take the ayes and noes, nor take up the pre- vious question. If unable to finish the business before time for adjournment, the committee may rise ; the presiding officer will resume the chair ; the chairman of the committee will report progress and ask leave to sit again, which leave is usually granted upon mo- tion. REPORT TO THE MAIN BODY. Should the subject be concluded, on motion the committee will rise, the president will resume his seat, and the committee will report its proceedings and conclusions to the main body, upon the motion of some member, as with other reports. With the exception that members may speak as often as they can obtain the floor in committee of the whole, the same rules apply to the committee of the whole as govern the main body. THE SECRETARY. The assistant clerk usually acts as secretary of the commit- tee of the whole, and the presiding officer of the main body may participate in the proceedings of the committee of the whole, along with the other members of the assembly. EXAMINATION OF MATTER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE. In the case of any communication referred to a committee, it is usual to proceed to have it read by the clerk, section by section, or paragraph by paragraph, he noting such sugges- tions as the members may see fit to make, and adding such amendments as may be thought best. Should the paper originate in the committee, erasures and interlineations may be made on such paper, in such number as may be thought best, though a clean copy of the same should be made when completed. Should the paper originate out- side of the committee, amendments and changes should be made on a separate sheet of paper. When the amendments are complete, the committee should rise, and report to the general assembly. Duties of Members of a Meeting. Having defined the duties of the officers and committees, it is equally important that members of the assembly also under- stand their duties and privileges. EQUALITY OF MEMBERS. An assemblage of citizens, meeting in deliberative assembly is, in the highest sense of the term, a representation of a free and independent people, standing, for the time, upon a plane of exact equality. Every member of the meet- ing will assume the position he is fitted to fill, and will win the esteem and respect of his associates there, in proportion to his worth, perhaps more nearly than anywhere else. APPRECIATION OF EACH MEMBER'S ABILITY. If well informed in parliamentary usage, the fact is very clearly seen. If possessed of a high degree of intellectual culture if gifted with fluency of speech and readiness in de- bate the fact is clearly shown on such an occasion as this. Wealth and poverty stand side by side. Eminence in position and lowliness of condition are lost sight of for the time, and the real worth of the speaker, and active participator in the public meeting, is revealed in the proceedings of the as- sembly. The same rights being accorded to all, it therefore becomes each member to exhibit such deportment as will, in the highest degree, promote the harmony and efficiency of the meeting. ORDER AND DEPORTMENT OF MEMBERS. Upon calling the meeting to order, every member should, if possible, become seated, with head uncovered. The member wishing to speak will arise and address the presiding officer, when the president, upon hearing such address, will call the member by name, or indicate him by position, that the body may give attention to his remarks. It is customary for a member to stand while speaking, if able to do so, and the rules of decorum forbid any unseemly con- duct upon the part of other members, calculated to disturb the speaker, such as general conversation, laughing, hissing, or passing about the room between the speaker and the presiding officer. Right to the Floor. Two or more persons arising to speak at nearly the same time, the chairman will decide who was first up, by calling the name or otherwise indicating such person, whereupon he pro- ceeds, unless he voluntarily withdraws in favor of another. In case the president is unable to decide the matter, it should be left for the meeting to determine who is entitled to the floor. Readiness of discernment, and promptness of decision, how- ever, upon the part of the chairman, usually render this appeal unnecessary. TREATMENT OF A DISORDERLY PERSON. In cases of persistency in any improper course of action, or breaches of decorum, it is in order for any member of the assembly to make complaint of such offending member to the chairman, who names the offender, states in presence of the meeting the offence complained of, and offers the offender an opportunity for explanation of his conduct. WITHDRAWAL FROM THE ASSEMBLY. If the offence is of such grave character as to require the ac- tion of the meeting upon the same, the member so offending should withdraw, though the privilege may be given him of re- maining. It is optional with the meeting whether the member be allowed to remain or not, while his conduct is being con- sidered by the assembly. In no case, however, should he vote upon matters relating to himself. If he does so, the vote should not be received, as no person has a right to act as judge upon his own conduct. INTRODUCING BUSINESS AT PUBLIC MEETINGS PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 223 KINDS OF PUNISHMENT INFLICTED. After a due consideration of the offense, the assembly may reprimand the offender ; may deprive him of the privilege of voting, or speaking, for a certain length of time ; may compel him to apologize, or suffer expulsion ; or, if deemed for the best interests of the assembly, may expel him from the associa- tion. Speaking to the Question. No one can speak more than once to the*sarne question, without permission from the assembly, even though he may change his mind on the subject ; when he obtains the floor, he may speak as long as he chooses, unless a regulation exists to the contrary. The person introducing the subject, however, after every one else wishing to speak on the matter has spoken, may close the debate. MAKING EXPLANATION. A member may, however, be permitted to make an explana- tion relating to any material part of his speech, though he is not allowed to review the same at length for the purpose of introducing additional arguments. RESPECT DUE THE CHAIRMAN. Upon the chairman rising to make any explanation or state- ment, the member occupying the floor at the time should re- sume his seat, giving the president an opportunity of being heard. DESIGNATING MEMBERS OF THE ASSEMBLY. The rule of a well conducted meeting, in order to prevent personalities, is to avoid calling any person by name during a debate in assembly ; it being customary to designate the person referred to by number, or as the member from such a state, such a county or district, or " my opponent," " my colleague," or the member who spoke last, etc. Impropriety of Personalities. To secure continued harmony among members of a public assembly, everything of a personal nature should be studiously avoided. Any allusion to the personal appearance of another member, reference to his peculiarities, ridicule of his private opinions on political or religious matters, is all very ungentle- manly, and will, in the end, react to the injury of the person making the remarks. Such a course of action will sometimes make a lifelong enemy of the person alluded to. It is desirable for each member of the assembly to secure all the friends in the meeting it is possible to obtain ; to do this, he should treat every member of the meeting as he would wish to be treated, under like circumstances. The speaker should confine himself closely to principles involved in the subject he is treating, though he may criticise the position taken by his ad- versary. Any personal allusions, however, should be of a courteous and complimentary character. NECESSITY OF THE CHAIRMAN PRESERVING ORDER. When a member fails to observe the rules of decency and decorum, becomes personal and offensive, it is the duty of the chairman to call the speaker immediately to order, and check such language. The neglect of a presiding officer to do this will frequently cause a body that meets in continuous session to be- come greatly demoralized, and cause it to lose its power and efficiency for good. CALLING TO ORDER. When a member is called to order by the president he should take his seat, unless allowed to explain. In case the meeting be appealed to, the question is decided without debate. If the body is not appealed to, the question shall be decided by the chair. If the decision be favorable, the speaker is allowed to proceed ; if unfavorable, the speaker is not allowed to proceed without permission of the assembly. Introducing the Business of a Meeting. The officers and members of an assembly understanding their duties, they are then in readiness for the transaction of such business as may come before the meeting, or any work they may have met to consider. In legislative assemblies, generally, the order of business is provided for in the by-laws of the association, and generally comes in the following order : I. The secretary reads his record of the preceding meeting. 2. Reports of standing committees. 3. Reports of special committees. 4. Special orders. 5. Unfinished business. 6. New business. Official Form of Conducting a Meeting. The rapidity with which business may be transacted in a de- liberative assembly will greatly depend upon the readiness of action, and executive ability of the presiding officer. If such officer be thoroughly informed in parliamentary usage, quick and positive in decision, the council or association that other- wise would be detained in discussions and business half the day or night, may have the same business dispatched in an hour. PROMPTITUDE OF THE PRESIDING OFFICER. The president should be promptly in his seat at the minute appointed, and should strictly enjoin upon members the neces- sity of punctuality. Thus, much time is gained in the early part of a meeting. Upon taking the chair, the president will give the signal, and will say, " The meeting (or council, society, club, associa- tion, as the case may be) will please come to order." READING OF THE MINUTES. If a previous meeting has been held, and the record of the same has been kept by the secretary, the president will say: " The secretary will please read the minutes." The minutes of the preceding meeting should be as brief as possible, and plainly state the work transacted at the last meet- ing. At the close of their reading, the president will say: " You have heard the minutes read ; what action will you take on them ? " If the minutes are correct, some member will say " I move the minutes stand approved." This motion is seconded, when the president says : " It is moved and seconded that the minutes stand ap- 224 PRESENTING PETITIONS; CALLING AYES AND NOES PARLIAMENTARY RULES. proved. All in favor of the motion manifest the same by saying ' Aye ! ' " " Those of the contrary opinion, ' No !' " The formality of a vote on the minutes is dispensed with in many associations, as follows : At the close of the reading of the minutes, the president says: "You have heard the reading of the minutes ; what action will you take thereon ? " A member says, " I move that the minutes, as read, stand approved." The president says, " If no objection is offered, the minutes will stand approved." The president will then promptly call for reports of " stand- ing committees," if there be a standing rule to that effect, " special committees," etc., reports, petitions, etc., from the members, passing in under each head. New Business. New business usually comes in under the head of communi- cations or petitions, and is presented by some member rising to his feet and saying : " Mr. president (or Mr. chairman)." The attention of the president having been arrested, he will call the member by name, or designate his number, and an- nounce his willingness for the member to proceed. TWO PERSONS RISING AT THE SAME TIME. If two members should rise at nearly the same time, the presi- dent will determine who was first up. If his opinion is ap- pealed from, the matter will be decided by a majority vote of the meeting. Should there be a tie, the president will vote and determine the matter. A member making a statement relating to some matter, or presenting a communication or petition in writing from some person or persons, such communication or petition should be signed by the petitioner or petitioners. Presenting Petitions. The member who presents a petition should be so informed of the character of his petition, as to be able to make a plain statement of the nature of its contents, and whether it is worthy of consideration or not. The person presenting the petition, or some other member, may move that the communication be received, and referred to the committee having charge of that class of business. At the same tinv:, he should give the paper to the secretary. His motion being seconded, the president will say : " If no objection is offered, the communication (or petition^ as the case may be) is so referred. The secretary makes note of the fact, and holds the paper in his custody, until given to the proper committee. IMMEDIATE ACTION ON THE PETITION. If it is desirable to have the petition acted upon at once, the person presenting it offers a motion to that effect, and upon its being seconded it is put to vote by the president, as follows : " It has 'been moved and seconded that (here the president should so distinctly slate the question that all may understand the proposition before the meeting). All in favor of the motion will manifest the same by saying 'Aye !'" When the ayes have voted, he will say : " All opposed to the motion, ' No ! ' " Or the motion having just been made, the president may say : "It has been moved and seconded that (here he slates the question) be passed. All in favor of the same, etc." Calling the Ayes and Noes. Frequently the member who makes a motion, for the purpose of placing the ayes and noes of each member on record, will say: " I move the adoption of the resolution, and that the clerk call the ayes and noes thereon." The president will then state the question, and say : " The clerk will please call the ayes and noes." As a rule, unless a motion receives a second, the question is not put to vote ; the idea being that if a motion does not pos- sess sufficient popularity to secure a second, it is not worth the while to take up the time of the assembly in putting the same to vote. Stating the Question. A motion that has been made and seconded, has next to be stated by the president. Until it is so stated, no action can be taken thereon, as it is not yet before the meeting for discus- sion. Having been stated, and being before the meeting, it can only be withdrawn by motion and second, the same as it was introduced. EXPLANATION OF THE QUESTION. Whenever any member fails to understand the question, the president should state the same for the information of the member, if desired. The assembly can consider but one question at a time, which should be disposed of before another question can be intro- duced. INTRODUCTION OF MOTIONS. As a rule, to insure the passage of a resolution, it is safest for the person introducing the same to have the proposition plainly reduced to writing (see chapter on resolutions). Thus the clerk or president having occasion to announce the motion, is much more likely to bring the matter clearly before the meeting. Whether the proposition readily receive the sanction of the assembly or not will depend upon the following conditions : 1. The assembly should completely understand the objects, tendency, and character of the resolution, or 2. If the resolution relate to a matter of public interest, and is obviously a subject that requires immediate atten- tion, and its passage will be of very decided benefit, an assem- bly will be apt to consider it favorably at once, and will be likely to take immediate action relating to its passage. TEMPORARY SUPPRESSION OF THE QUESTION. If, however, the body deem the proposition of no especial consequence, or wish more time for the investigation of the HOW TO ADOPT OR DEFEAT RESOLUTIONS PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 225 subject, or an opportunity to make amendments and changes rendering it more acceptable, then they may cause its suppression, at least for a time, by some member moving that the question lie on the table. If this is seconded, this question takes precedence of any other before the assembly. If this motion is decided in the affirmative, the main ques- tion, and all matters relating to it, is removed from before the meeting, until such time as it suits the convenience of the as- sembly to take the matter up. If decided in the negative, the business relating to the prin- cipal motion before the house will proceed, as though the mo- tion to " lie on the table " had not been made. Previous Question. A question may be postponed by moving the previous question, which is done as follows : Upon a motion being made to adopt a resolution, it is allow- able for a member to move that " the question be now put." This last motion, which is termed moving the previous ques- tion, becomes the immediate question before the house, and at once shuts off debate on the main question. When the friends of a measure are afraid to have the same discussed, it is com- mon for them to move that " the question be now put ; " hoping to have strength enough, if the resolution is not discussed, to carry their point. If their motion is carried, then the original question is put, and immediately disposed of. It is common, also, for the party anxious to defeat a measure, being fearful that its discussion will make a favorable impres- sion on the members, to move " that the question be now put ;" their hope being that the members, being unacquainted with the resolution, will not consent to its adoption, until it has been more thoroughly discussed. POSTPONEMENT OF THE QUESTION. When it is decided that the question should not then be put, all further discussion of the original question is usually post- poned for that day. This depends upon the standing rule of assembly, however. With some state legislatures it is the rule, if the question is decided in the negative, to resume the debate and pioceed with the discussion. Formerly, in the English parliament, when it was decided that the question be not put, the question could not be brought up again during the session. At the present time, however, the decision that the motion shall not be put, effects a postpone- ment only until the next day.* * "The operation of a negative decision is different in different assemblies; m some, as for example, in the house of representatives of congress, it operates to dispose of the principal or main question, by suppressing or removing it from before the house for the day; but in others, as In the house of representatives of Massachusetts, and in the house of assembly of New York (in the former by usage only, and in the latter by rule), the effect of a negative decision of the previous question is to leave the main question under debate for the residue of the sitting, unless sooner disposed of by taking the question, or in some other manner. In England, the previous question Is used only for suppressing a main question; the objecf of the mover is to obtain a decision of it in the negalive; and the effect of such a decision, though in strictness only to suppress the question for the day, is, practically and by parlia- mentary usage, to dispose of the subject altogether. In this country, the previous question is used chiefly for suppressing debate on a main question; the Object of the mover is to obtain a decision of it in the affirmative; and the effect of a decision the other way, though in some Suppression of Questions. When it is desirable to suppress a question, or prevent its passage, there are several plans resorted to by parliamentarians. Among these are : 1st. Moving an adjournment, which is immediately in or- der; and if the hour be late, will oftentimes be passed. 2d. Moving that the question be laid on the table for the present ; the argument being that, on a subsequent occasion, the meeting will have more time and better opportunity to consider the merits of the question, and hence will be better informed concerning its merits. 3d. To secure, if possible, an indefinite postponement of the question, which virtually defeats it. If the maker of the mo- tion for postponement is fearful that the question is so popular with the assembly that the members will not submit to an in- definite postponement, he will 4th. Aim to secure at least a postponement to a certain time in the future, hoping that it will be subsequently forgotten, or the pressure of business will be such that it cannot be taken up at the time appointed. Or, the member, trusting to the unpopularity of the ques- tion, or the unwillingness of the meeting to pass a measure without due consideration, may move the " previous question," by 5th. Moving that the question be now put. The member may suggest indefinite changes in the question, sufficient to show the importance of some amendment, and thereupon 6th. Move its reference to a committee having jurisdiction over that class of questions, or a select committee, as the case may be. If the question has been once considered in com- mittee, it may be recommitted. Or the member may 7th. Move an amendment to the question, which will great- ly change, modify, or weaken the force of the question. Should all these means fail, and the question be put and carried, subsequent light on the subject may cause the mem- bers to change their opinions, in which case 8th. The question may be taken up at the next sitting or any subsequent meeting, and be reconsidered. To Secure the Passage of a Question. 1st. The member introducing a question should have given the matter very careful and considerate attention ; being thus thoroughly informed concerning its merits, and consequently able to fully illustrate and represent the claims of the measure he advocates. 2d. Personal acquaintance, conversation, and explanation with various members of the assembly relative to the question to be brought forward, will aid much in securing favorable consideration of the subject. 3d. The introduction of the motion when adjournment is assemblies operating technically to suppress the main question for the day only, is, in general, merely to suspend the taking of the question for that day; either leaving the debate to go on during the residue of the day, or'the subject to he renewed on the next or some oilier day. The operation of an affirmative decision is the same, in both countries, namely, the putting of the main question immediately, and without further debate, delay, or consideration." - - ( 'u*l< '/< as t lu- ll Hi century. Books, which \\ ere in manuscript, i" those, days, were few. and so very valuable that great care was taken in their preservation, jewelers and other artisans engaging in the manufacture and ornamentation of their covers. With the advanced civilization of the 19th century, however, the superior machinery for book binding has not only cheapened the cost, but the facilities in sonic large establishments, are such as to enable manufacturers to elegantly bind, in muslin, one hundred and fifty copies per hour. 236 BOOK AND NEWSPAPER TYPE. NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT SIZES OF BOOK AND NEWSPAPER TYPE. and leaded; the upper portion being solid, and the lower part leaded. This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of n This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newsp This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, fr This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Bri This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to TV This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. A This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. A B C D E This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. ABODE 1234 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. ABCDEFG 123456789 10 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP 123456789 10 1112 This pa;e contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pics. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ& 12345678910 Thi page conlin > specimen of fourteen kind, of newspaper nd book Ijpe, from DriUi.nl to Two-line Small Pio. ABCDEFQH1JKLUNOPQBSTUVWXYZ& 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 IS BRILLIANT. nklkat,lv as the perverse, idlmii, ciele b'.y will ripen i iMiril.lv the maker ,,f hi) own destiny ; and if he fail to acq indis|^ii9Hble. Among tin- business habits, that are highly :;. dis (VII, The fai I...V if he Hi.' t long becomes a valuable fuwistant, and the youth I, il certain to make himself useful to g he may he called upon to fill the DIAMOND. ice foreshadows the workman, just a> surely as the bend of a ___ The upright, obedient, industrious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capable man, as unmistakably as the psrverie, idling, careless boy will rip ' lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is, a boy is measurably the maker of his own destiny ; and ac'iuire a mv' Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiving 11 \y ^his master Fausts design, and being himself 12 ^2 rdesirous\ardently) to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting (incidcndi) the characters in a matrix, that the letters might easily be 5 ' / singly cast j instead of bieng cut. He pri- 12 / 11 1 vately cut matrices} for the whole alphabet: " Faust was so pleased with the contriva /that he promised Peter to give him hb/only 13 /d a ughter Christina in marriage, a/promise 3 & / Ayljich he soon after performed. Sx 19 ad I C^ut there were many djjffifculties at first no "I with these letters, as there had been before * 0fr0 metal being too soft 3 ^% a > / with wooden ones, tj to support the fopde of the im pression : but 9 this defect was soon remedied, by mixing s >^i i 12 a substance with the metal which sufficiently^. o y wnen ne anowea ni4 jfwm EXEMPLIFIED. THOUGH several differing opinions exist as to the individual by whom the art of printing was first discovered, yet all authorities concur in admitting PETER SCHOEFFER to be the person who invented cast metal types, having learned the art of cutting the letters from the Gutenbergs : he is also supposed to have been the first who engraved on copper-plates. The following testimony is preserved in the family, by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Ascheffenburg: PETER SCHOEFFER, of Gernsheim, perceiv- ing his master Faust's design, and being him- self ardently desirous to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting (incidendi) the characters in a matrix, that the letters might easily be singly cast, instead of being cut. He privately cut matrices for the whole alphabet: and when he showed his master the letters cast from these matrices, Faust was so pleased with the con- trivance, that he promised Peter to give him his only daughter Christina in marriage, a promise which he soon after performed. But there were as many difficulties at first with these letters, as there had been before with wooden ones, the metal being too soft to sup- port the force of the impression : but this defect was soon remedied, by mixing the metal with a substance which sufficiently hardened it.' EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECTIONS. ACKELLAR'S American Printer gives the follow- ing rules for correcting proof which will be found of convenience to all who write for the press : A wrong letter in a word is noted by drawing a short per- pendicular line through it, and making another short line in the margin, behind which the right letter is placed. (See No. I.) In this manner whole words are corrected, by drawing a line across the wrong word and making the right one in the margin opposite. A turned letter is noted by drawing a line through it, and writing the mark No. 2 in the margin. If letters or words require to be altered from one character to another, a parallel line or lines must be made underneath the word or letter, viz. for capitals, three lines ; small capi- tals, two lines ; and Italics, one line ; and, in the margin oppo- site the line where the alteration occurs, Caps, Small Caps, or Ital. must be written. (See No. 3.) When letters or words are set double, or are required to be taken out, a line is drawn through the superfluous word or letter, and the mark No. 4 placed opposite in the margin. Where the punctuation requires to be altered, the correct point, marked in the margin, should be encircled. TYPOGRAPHICAL MARKS ILLUSTRATED. 239 When a space is omitted between two words or letters which should be separated, a caret must be made where the separa- tion ought to be, and the sign No. 6 placed opposite in the margin. No. 7 describes the manner in which the hyphen and ellipsis line are marked. When a letter has been omitted, a caret is put at the place of omission, and the letter marked as No. 8. Where letters that should be joined are separated, or where a line is too widely spaced, the mark No. 9 must be placed under them, and the correction denoted by the marks in the margin. Where a new paragraph is required, a quadrangle is drawn in the margin, and a caret placed at the beginning of the sen- tence. (See No. 10.) No. ii shows the way in which the apostrophe, inverted commas, the star and other references, and superior letters and figures, are marked. Where two words are transposed, a line is drawn over one word and below the other, and the mark No. 12 placed in the margin ; but where several words require to be transposed, their right order is signified by a figure placed over each word, and the mark No. 12 in the margin. Where words have been struck out, that have afterward been approved of, dots should be marked under them, and Stet. written in the margin. (See No. 13.) Where a space sticks up between two words, a horizontal line is drawn under it, and the mark No. 14 placed opposite, in the margin. Where several words have been left out, they are tran- scribed at the bottom of the page, and a line drawn from the place of omission to the written words (see No 15) ; but if the omitted matter is too extensive to be copied at the foot of the page, Out, see copy, is written in the margin, and the missing lines are enclosed between brackets, and the word Out, is inserted in the margin of the copy. Where letters stand crooked, they are noted by a line (see No. 16) ; but, where a page hangs, lines are drawn across the entire part affected. When a smaller or larger letter, of a different font, is improperly introduced into the page, it is noted by the mark No. 17, which signifies wrong font. If a paragraph is improperly made, a line is drawn from the broken-off matter to the next paragraph, and No 1" written in the margin. (See No. 18.) Where a word has been left out or is to be added, a caret must be made in the place where it should come in, and the word written in the margin. (See No. 19.) Where a faulty letter appears, it is marked by making a cross under it, and placing a similar one in the margin (see No. 20) ; though some prefer to draw a perpendicular line through it, as in the case of a wrong letter. MARKS USED IN CORRECTING PROOF. Turn letter. Q Indent line one em quadrat. Take out ; expunge. A The caret shows where the letter or word is omitted. Insert space. Less space. Close up entirely. Remove type, and insert a space, in place of what is removed. ./ ^_/ Take out type, and close up. X Bad type. Push down space. Plane down a letter. No paragraph. Placed under erased words, restores them. Written in the margin, restores a cancelled word or words that have dots under them. II Begin a paragraph. / Letters stand crooked. /-/ Should be a compound word. C or L Remove to the left. H or -I Remove to the right. i | Carry higher up on page. i i Carry down. ^=^ Three lines, beneath writing, denote capitals. Two lines, beneath writing, denote small capitals. One line, beneath writing, denotes italics. tV. f. Wrong font type. vb' Transpose letters, words or sentences. 6. C. Lower case, or small letters. ^. C. Small capitals. O Teriod. (7) Colon. ^ Calls attention to some doubtful word or sentence. 240 PLAIN AND FANCY ALPHABETS. STANDARD REPRESENTING ^j^yT^) lain and A& *> e=ffl^_^-n &&&&& TT-^-^jBO C^f^^^^^^^SF^ S_ ancy etters, MARBLE-WORKERS, DIRECTIONS. (TUDENTS at Lettering should carefully observe the pro- portion of all Letters. The upper parts of B, E, K 'and S, it will be seen are a little smaller than the lower part of these letters. The difference in size between the upper and lower part of the S is shown, by observing this letter when turned bottom side up. As will be seen in the following examples, with those letters having a fine line, the period and other punctuation marks are round ; in the block and square letters, the period and kindred marks are square. These alphabets, including the brush and marking letters, comprise the leading standard plain and fancy letters necessary for ordinary use. The principles of script letters, together with copies of round hand, script, scroll work and flourishing, will be found in the first part of this book, in the chapter relating to penmanship. CANON MINARET. ALPHABETS OF MARKING LETTERS. 241 Letters. ITALIC. ASCDEFGHIJKL MNOPQMSTUVWX abed efg hijklmnopqr stuv w x y s . (! ? : ; ae cej BRUSH LETTERS. 16 242 ROMAN AND BRUSH LETTER-ALPHABETS. BRUSH LETTERS FOR MARKING PURPOSES MODERN STYLE. kOivy^ ^ PLAIN ROMAN LETTERS. A B CDEFGHI JKL MN OPQKSTUVW XYZ.& M (E abcdefghijklmnopq rstuvwxyz. seoel2345 6 7 8 9 O. $ STANDARD ALPHABETS. 243 ANTIQUE POINTED EXTENDED. A IB CD IYL N O W 1234 F GUI JK Q RSTXJV YZ <5t. 6 7 8 e O . ONE-HAND DEAF AND DUMB ALPHABET. w DORIC. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP QRSTU V WX YZ? abode fghijklmnopqrs tuvwxyz4te$1234567890. POINTED CONDENSED. ABGDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSl 244 OLD ENGLISH AND MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS. OLD ENGLISH TITLE TEXT. OLD ENGLISH FANCY TEXT. A. ili k w it it \-* \^ sit /i\ If ORNAMENTAL INITIAL LETTERS. 245 246 NEW ORNAMENTAL CAPITALS. ORNAMENTAL INITIAL LETTERS. 247 248 ORNAMENTAL INITIAL LETTERS. ORNAMENTAL INITIAL SCRIPT, TOR ENGRAVING, FANCY NEEDLE-WORK, ETC. 249 250 ORNAMENTAL INITIAL SCRIPT, FOR ENGRAVING, FANCY NEEDLE-WORK, ETC. CORRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN PAINTING. 251 SigiufPunctuation. Illustrations of the Proper Wording and Punctuation of Sign Writing. Unusually Large Marks are used to Distinctly Illustrate Punctuation. The following samples of Signs will be found convenient by Sign Writers as showing correct punctuation. BANK. POST-OFFICE. JOHN SMITH. JOHN HENRY SMITH. J. H. SMITH. JOHN H. SMITH. CHARLES SMITH. HENRY JONES. C. SMITH & H. JONES. . SMITH & JONES. The period (.) is used at the end of every sentence, even if it be but one word ; as, Bank. Merchant Tailor. John Smith. Will- iam Jones, Dealer in Hats, Caps and Furs. The period is also used to show the omission of letters, at the last of a name or word, called abbreviation ; as Co. for Company ; H. J. Smith for Henry James Smith. In the abbreviation of Chas., Wm., Thos., Jas., Mobt., Bros., and Saml., while the rule is to use the apostrophe, it is customary to use the period. . The comma (,) is used, in sign painting, to show the omission of words. This is shown in the following sentences : Brown and West and Co. are Dealers in Paints and Oils and Grlass, and so forth. To avoid repeating the and we use the comma, thus : Brown, West $ Co., Dealers in Paints, Oils, G-lass, $c. The apostrophe (') is used to show the omis- sion of letters, in the beginning or middle of a word, thus: 'tis for it is; 'twere for it 252 COKRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN PAINTING. '73 for 1873; comp'y for company ; pack'g for packing; d's for days; m's for months; y's for years ; gen 1 ! ag't for general agent, etc. The apostrophe is also used to show the pos- sessive, thus : Brown's Bank. If the owner's name terminates with an s, the apostrophe follows the s; as, Wells' Bank, Briggs' Store. If two or more persons are spoken of, in the possessive, the apostrophe follows the s ; as, Ladies' Entrance ; Gents' Parlor ; Tomlinson Brothers'' Bank. If, however, the person's name takes the character of an adjective, de- scribing the article, no apostrophe is required ; as, Briggs House ; Merchants Bank. This character (> spak<-. /'< rf< / break, steak, etc. Allowable rhymes, back, rack, etc., beck, deck, etc., speak, weak, etc. AL. Cabal, canal, animal, admiral, cannibal, capital, cardinal, comical, conjugal, corporal, criminal, critical, festival, funeral, g< neral, hospi- tal, interval, liberal, madrigal, literal, magical, mineral, mystical, musical, natural, original, pastoral, pedestal, personal, physical, poet- ical, political, principal, prodigal, prophetical, rational, satirical, re- ciprocal, rhetorical, several, temporal, tragical, tyrannical, carnival, schismatical, whimsical, arsenal. Allowable rhymes, all, ball, etc., ail, mail, etc., ale, pale, etc. ALD. Bald, scald, emerald, etc. Perfect rhymes, 'the. preterits and parti- ciples of verbs in all, aul, and awl, as called, mauled, crawled, etc. ALE, see AIL. ALP. Calf, half, behalf, etc. Allowable rhymes, staff, laugh, etc. Al.K. Balk, chalk, stalk, talk, walk, calk, etc. Perfect rhyme, hawk. Al- lowable rhymes, sock, clock, etc. ALL. All, ball, call, etc. P< rf< ct rfiymi .--. awl. b:iwl, brawl, sprawl, squall. Allowable rhymes, cabal, equivocal, etc. crawl, AL. 270 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. ALM. Calm, halm, becalm, psalm, palm, embalm, etc., wliose plurals and third persons singular rhyme tvitfi alms, as calms, becalms, etc. ALT. Halt, malt, exalt, salt, vault, assault, default, arid fault, (fie last of which is, by Pope, rhymed with thought, bought, etc. ALVE. Calve, halve, salve, valve. AM. Am, clam, ham, pam, ram, cram, dram, flam, sham, swam, epigram, anagram, etc. Perfect rhymes, dam, lamb. Allowable rhymes, damo, lame, etc. AME. Blame, came, dame, same, flame, fame, frame, game, lame, name, tame, shame, inflame, became, defame, misname, misbecame, over- came, etc. Perfect rhymes aim, claim, maim, acclaim, declaim, t x- clairn, proclaim, reclaim. Allowable rhymtx, dam, ham, etc., hem, them, etc., theme, scheme, etc., dream, gltam, etc. AMP. Camp, champ, cramp, damp, stamp, vamp, lamp, clamp, decamp, encamp, etc. AN. Ban, can, dan, man, nan, pan, ran, tan, van, bran, plan, scan, span, than, unman, fore-ran, began, trepan, courtezan, partisan, artisan, Etlican, caravan, etc. Allowable rhymes, bane, cane, plain, mane, etc., tan, lean, wan, swan, etc., gone, upon, etc. ANCE. Chance, dance, glance, lance, trance, prance, entrance, romance, advance, mischance, complaisance, circumstance, countenance, di liv- erance, consonance, dissonance, extravagance, ignorance, inheri- tance, maintenance, temperance, intemperance, exhorbitance, ordi- nance, concordance, sufferance, sustenance, utterance, arrogance, vigilance, expanse, enhance. ANCH. Branch, stanch, blanch, ranch, hanch. Perfect rhymes, launch, paUnCh ' AND. And, band, hand, land, rand, sand, brand, bland, grand, gland, stand, strand, command, demand, countermand, disband, expand, withstand, understand, reprimand, contraband, etc. Allowable rhyme*, wand, fond, bond, etc., and the preterits and participles of verbs in ain and eau, as remained, leaned, etc. ANE, see AIN. ANG. Bang, fang, gang, hang, pang, tang, twang, sang, rang, harangue, clang. Allowable rhymes, song, long, etc. ANGE. Change, grange, range, strange, estrange, arrange, exchange, inter- change. Allowable rhymes, revenge, avenge, etc. ANK. Rank, blank, shank, clank, dank, drank, slank, frank, spank, stank, lank, plank, prank, rank, thank, disrank, mountebank, etc. ANSE, see ANCE. ANT. Ant, cant, chant, grant, pant, plant, rant, slant, aslant, complaisant, displant, enchant, gallant, implant, recant, supplant, transplant, ab- sonant, adamant, arrogant, combatant, consonant, cormorant, pro- testant, significant, visitant, covenant, dissonant, disputant, elegant, elephant, exorbitant, conversant, extravagant, ignorant, insignificant, inhabitant, militant, predominant, sycophant, vigilant, petulant, etc. Allowable rhymes, faint, paint, etc. See AINT and ENT. AP. Cap. gap, hap, lap, map, nap, pap, rap, sap, tap, chap, clap, trap, flap, knap, slap, snap, wrap, scrap, strap, enwrap, entrap, mishap, etc. Allowable rhymes, cape, tape, etc., cheap, heap, and swap. APE. Ape, cape, chape, grape, rape, scrape, shape, escape, mape, crape, tape, etc. Allowable rhymes, heap, keep, etc. APH, see AFF. APSE. Lapse, elapse, relapse, perhaps, and the plurals of nouns and third persons singular of (he present tense in ap, as caps, maps, etc., he saps, he laps, etc. Alloivable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons singular of verbs in ape and cap, as apes, he apes, heaps, he heaps, etc. APT. Apt, adapt, etc. Rhymes, the preterits and participles of the verbs in ap, an tapped, slapped, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and par- ticiples of the verbs in ape, as aped, escaped, etc. AR. Bar, car, far, jar, mar, par, tar, spar, scar, star, chair, afar, debar, nnbar, catarrh, particular, perpendicular, secular, angular, regular, popular singular, titular, vinegar, scimitar, calendar, collender. Per- fect rhyme, the plural verb are. Allowable rhymes, bare, prepare, etc., pair repair, wear, tear, war, etc., and words ending in er or or, having the accent on the last syllable, or last but two. ARE. Barb, garb, etc. ARCE. Farce, parse, Mars, etc. Allowable rhyme, scarce. ARCH. Arch, march, parch, starch, countermarch, etc. ARD. Bard, card, guard, hard, lard, nard, shard, yard, bombard, discard, regard, interlard, retard, disregard, etc., and the preterits and parti- ciples of verbs in ar, as barred, scarred, etc. Allowable rhymes, cord, reward", etc. ARD. Ward, award, reward, etc. Allowable rhymes, hard, card, see the last article, hoard, lord, bird, curd, and the preterits and participles of the verbs in ar, or, and ur, as barred, abhorred, incurred, etc. ARE. Bare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, pare, tare, rare, ware, flare, glare, scare, share, snare, spare, square, stare, sware, prepare, aware, beware compare, declare, ensnare. Perfect rhymes, air, hair, fair, lair, pair chair, stair, affair, debonnair, despair, impair, repair, etc., bear, pear swtar, tear, wear, forbear, forswear, ete., there, were, where, ere, e'er ne'er, elsewhere, whate'er, howe'er, howsoe'er, whene'er, where'er etc., heir, coheir, their. Allowable rhymes, bar, car, etc., err, prefer and hear, here, etc., regular, singular, war, etc. ARES. Unawares. Rhymes, theirs, and the plurals of nouns and third per- sons singular of verbs in are, air, eir, ear, as care, he cares, pair, he pairs, heirs, bear, he bears, etc. The allowable rhymes are the plurals of nouns and the third persons singular of verbs which are atlowed to rhyme with the termination ars, as bars, cars, errs, prefers, etc. AKF. Scarf. Allowable rhymes, dwarf, wharf. ARGE. Barge, charge, large, targe, discharge, o'ercharge, surcharge, en- large. Allowable rhymes, verge, emerge, gorge, forge, urge, etc. ARK. Bark, cark, dark, dark, lark, mark, park, shark, spark, stark, em- bark, remark, etc. Allowable rhymes, cork, fork, etc. ARL. Snarl, marl, parl. Allowable rhymes, curl, furl, etc. ARM. Arm, barm, charm, farm, harm, alarm, disarm. Allowable rhymes, warm, swarm, storm, etc. ARN. Barn, yarn, etc. Allowable rhymes, warn, forewarn, etc., horn, morn, etc. ARN. Warn, forewarn. Perfect rhymes, horn, morn, etc. Allowable rhymes, barn, yarn, etc. ARP. Carp, harp, sharp, counterscarp, etc. Allowable rhyme, warp. ARSH. Harsh, marsh, etc. ART. Art, cart, dart, hart, mart, part, smart tart, start, apart, depart, impart, dispart, counterpart. Perfect rhymes, heart, etc. Allowable rhymes, wart, thwart, etc., hurt, etc., dirt, flirt, etc., pert, etc. ART (sounded ORT). Wart, thwart, etc. Perfect rhymes, short, retort, etc. Alloivable rhymes, art, sport, court, etc. ARTH, see EARTH. ARVE. Barye, starve, etc. Allowable rhymes, nerve, deserve, etc. AS. Was. Alloicable rhymes, has, as. ASS. Ass, brass, class, grass, lass, mass, pass, alas, amass, cuirass, repass, surpass, morass, etc. Allowable rhymes, base, face, deface, etc., loss, toss, etc. ASE. see ACE. ASH. Ash, cash, dash, clash, crash, flash, gash, gnash, hash, lash, plash, rash, thrash, slash, trash, abash, etc. Allowable rhymes, wash, quash, etc., leash, etc. ASH. Wash, quash, etc. Allowable rhymes, cash, dash, etc. ASK. Ask, task, bask, cask, flask, mask. ASP. Asp, clasp, gasp, grasp, hasp. Allowable rhymes, wasp, etc. AST. Cast, last, blast, mast, past, vast, fast, aghast, avast, forecast, over- cast, outcast, repast. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ass, s classed, amassed, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ace, as placed, etc. Nouns and verbs in aste, as taste, waste, etc. ASTE. Baste, chaste, haste, paste, taste, waste, distaste. Perfect rhymes, waist, and the preterits and participles of verbs in ace, as faced, placed, THE POET'S ASSISTANT IN MAKING RHYME. 271 etc. Allowable rhymes, cast, fast, etc., best, nest, etc., and the preter- its and participles of verbs in ess, as messed, dressed, etc. AT. At, bat, cat, hat, fat, mat, pat, sat, rat, tat, vat, brat, chat, flat, plat, sprat, that, giiat. Allowable rhymes, bate, hate, etc. ATCH. Catch, match, hatch, latch, patch, scratch smatch, snatch, despatch. ATE. Bate, date, fate, gate, grate, hate, tate. mate, pate, plate, prate, rate, Bate, state, scnte, slate, abate, belate, collate, create, debate, elate, di- late, estate, ingrate, innate, rebate, relate, sedate, translate, abdicate, abominate, abrogate, accelerate, accommodate, accumulate, accurate, adequate, affectionate, advocate, adulterate, aggravate, agitate, alien- ate, animate, annihilate, antedate, anticipate, antiquate, arbitrate, arrogate, articulate, assassinate, calculate, capitulate, captivate, cele- brate, circulate, coagulate, commemorate, commiserate, communi- cate, compassionate, confederate, congratulate, congregate, conse- crate, contaminate, corroborate, cultivate, candidate, co-operate, considerate, consulate, capacitate, debilitate, dedicate, degenerate, delegate, deliberate, denominate, depopulate, dislocate, deprecate, discriminate, derogate, dissipate, delicate, disconsolate, desperate, deprecate, educate, effeminate, elevate, emulate, estimate, elaborate, equivocate, eradicate, evaporate, exaggerate, exasperate, expostulate, exterminate, extricate, facilitate, fortunate, generate, gratulate, hesi- tate, illiterate, illuminate, irritate, imitate, immoderate, impetrate, importunate, imprecate, inanimate, innovate, instigate, intemperate, intimate, intimidate, intoxicate, intricate, invalidate, inveterate, invio- late, legitimate^ magistrate, meditate, mitigate, moderate, necessitate, nominate, obstinate, participate, passionate, penetrate, perpetrate, ptr- souate, potentate, precipitate, predestinate, predominate, premeditate, prevaricate, procrastinate, profligate, prognosticate, propagate, re- criminate, regenerate, regulate, reiterate, reprobate, reverberate, ruminate, separate, sophisticate, stipulate, subjugate, subordinate, suffocate, terminate, tolerate, temperate, vindicate, violate, unfor- tunate. Perfect rhymes, bait, plait, strait, wait, await, great. Nearly perfect rhymes, eight, weight, height, straight. Allowable rhymes, beat, heat, etc., bat, cat, etc., bet. wet, etc. ATH. Bath, path, etc. Allowable rhymes, hath, faith, etc. ATHE. Bathe, swathe, lathe, rathe. AUB, see OB. AUCE, see AUSE. AUCH, see OACH. AUD. Fraud, laud, applaud, defraud. Perfect rhymes, broad, abroad, bawd ; and the preterits and participles of verbs in aw, as gnawed, sawed, etc. Allowable rhymes, odd, nod, etc., ode, bode, etc., also the word load. AVE. Cave, brave, gave, grave, crave, lave, nave, knave, pave, rave, save, shave, slave, stave, wave, behave, deprave, engrave, outbrave, forgave, misgave, architrave. Allowable rhyme, the auxilliary verb have. AUGH, see AFF. AUGHT, see OUGHT. [AULT, see ALT. AUNCH. Launch, paunch, haunch, staunch, etc. AUNCE, see ONSE. AUNT. Aunt, daunt, gaunt, haunt, jaunt, taunt, vaunt, avaunt. Perfect rhymes, slant, aslant. Allowable rhymes, want, etc., pant, cant, etc. AUSE. Cause, pause, clause, applause, because. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nounx, and third persons singular of verbs in aw, as laws, he draws, etc. Allowable rhyme, was. AUST, see OST. AW. Craw, daw, law, chaw, claw, draw, flaw, knaw, jaw, law, maw, paw, raw, saw, straw, thaw, withdraw, foresaw. AWD, see AUD. AWK, see ALK. AWL. Bawl, brawl, drawl, crawl, scrawl, sprawl, squaW. Perfect rhymes, ball, call, fall, gall, small, hall, pall, tall, wall, stall, install, forestall, thrall, iuthrall. AWN. Dawn, brawn, fawn, pawn, spawn, drawn, yawn, lawn, withdrawn. AX. Ax, tax, wax, relax, flax. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns, anil tti'inl />> raonx Annular of verbs in ack, as backs, sacks, etc., h(j lacks, lie packs, etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nounx, anil t//if/ / r- son.ii singular of verbs in ake, as cakes, lakes, etc., he makes, ho takes, etc. AY. Bray, clay, day, dray, tray, flay, fray, gay, hay, jay, lay, may, nay. pay, play, ray, say, way, pray, spray, slay, spay, stay, stray, sway, affray, allay, array, astray, away, belay, bewray, betray, decay, defray, delay, disarray, display, dismay, essay, forelay, gainsay, inlay, relay, repay, roundt lay, virelay. Perfect rhymes, neigh, weigh, inveigh, etc., prey, they, convey, obey, purvey, survey, disobey, grey. Allowable rhymes, tea, sea, fee, see, glee, etc. AZE. Craze, daze, blaze, gaze, glaze, maze, raze, amaze, graze. Perfect rhymes, raise, praise, dispraise, etc., praise, paraphrase, etc., and the nouns plural, and third persons singular of the present tense of verbs in ay, eigh, and ey, as days, he inveighs, he obeys, etc. Allowable rhymes, ease, tease,- seize, etc., and keys, the plural of key, also the auxiliaries has and was. E and EA, see EE. EACE, see EASE. EACH. Beach, breach, bleach, each, peach, preach, teach, impeach. Nearly perfect rhymes, beech, leech, speech, beseech. Allowable rhymes, fetch, wretch, etc. EAD, see EDE and EED. EAF, see 1EF. EAGUE. League, teague, etc. Perfect rhymes, intrigue, fatigue, etc. Allow- able rhymes, Hague, vague, etc., leg, beg, etc., bag, rag, etc. EAK, see AKE. Beak, speak, bleak, creak, freak, leak, peak, sneak, squeak, streak, wtak, tweak, wreak, bespeak. Nearly perfect rhymes, cheek, leek, creek, meek, reek, seek, sleek, pique, week, shriek. Allowable rhymes, beck, speck, etc., lake, take, thick, lick, etc. EAL. Deal, heal, reveal, meal, peal, seal, steal, teal, veal, weal, zeal, squeal, repeal, conceal, congeal, anneal, appeal. Nearly perfect rhymes, eel, heel, feel, keel, kneel, peel, reel, steel wheel. Allowable rhymes, bell, tell, etc., bale, tale, etc., bill, fill, etc., ail, fail, etc. EALM, see ELM. EALTH. Health, wealth, stealth, commonwealth, etc. EAM. Bream, cream, gleam, seam, scream, steam, stream, team, beam, dream. Perfect rhymes, fleam scheme, theme, blaspheme, extreme, supreme. Nearly perfect rhymes, deem, teem, beseem, misdeem, esteem, disesteem, redeem, seem, etc. Allowable rhymes, dame, lame, etc., limb, him, etc., them, hem, etc., lamb, dam, etc. See AME. EAN. Bean, clean, dean, glean, lean, mean, wean, yean, demean, unclean. Perfect rhymes, convene, demesne, intervene, mien. Nearly perfect rhymes, machine, keen, screen, seen, green, spleen, between, careen, foreseen, serene, obscene, terrene, etc., queen, spleen, etc. Allowable rhymes, bane, mane, etc., ban, man, etc., bin, thin, begin, etc. BANS, see EN8E. EANT, see ENT. EAP, see EEP and EP EAR, see EER. EARD. Heard, herd, sherd, etc. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in er, as erred, preferred, etc. Allowable rhymes, beard, the preterits and participles of verbs in ere, ear, and ar, as revered, feared, barred. EARCH. Search, perch, research. Allowable rhymes, church, smirch, lurch, parch, march, etc. EARN, see ERN. EARSE, see ERSE. EART, see ART. EARTH. Earth, dearth. Perfect rhymes, birth, mirth, etc. Allowable rhymes, hearth, etc. EASE, sounded EACE. Cease, lease, release, grease, decease, decrease, increase, release, sur- cease. Perfect rhyme, peace. Nearly perfect rhymes, piece, niece, fleece, geese, frontispiece, apiece, etc. Allowable rhymes, less, mess, etc., lace, mace etc., miss, hiss, etc., nice, vice, etc. EASH, see ESH. EAST. East, feast, least, beast. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and parti- cipity of verbs in ease, as ceased, increased, etc. Nearly perfect rhyinf, priest. Allowable rhymes, haste, taste, etc., best, chest, etc., fist, list, etc., and the preterits and participles of verbs in ess and IBS, as dressed, hissed, etc. EAT. Bloat, eat, feat, heat, meat, ne;it-. peat, treat, wheat, beat, cheat, cleiVnt, estreat, escheat, entreat, retreat. Ptrject rftymM, obsolete, replete, concrete, complete. Nuirly ) rfect rhymm, feet, fleet, gleet, reet, meet, sheet, elect, street, sweet, discreet. Allon'ublf rhymes, ate, grate, hate, etc., get, met, etc., bit, hit, etc. See ATE. BATH. Breath, death, etc. Allowable r/ii/infs, heath, sheath, teeth. 272 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. EATHE. Breathe, sheathe, etc. Perfect rhymes, wreath, inwreath, bequeath, beneath, underneath, etc. Nearly perfect rhymes, seethe, etc. EAVE. Cleave, heave, interweave, leave, weave, bereave, inweave. Perfect rhymes, receive, conceive, deceive, perceive. Nearly perfect rhymes, eve, grieve, thieve, aggrieve, achieve, believe, disbelieve, relieve, re- prieve, retrieve. Allowable rhymes, give, live, etc., lave, cave, etc., und have. EBB. Ebb, web, etc. Allowable rhymes, babe, astrolabe, etc., glebe, etc. ECK. Beck, neck, check, deck, speck, wreck. Allowable rhymes, break, take, etc., beak, sueak, etc. ECT. Sect, abject, affect, correct, incorrect, collect, deject, detect, direct, disrespect, disaffect, dissect, effect, elect, eject, erect, expect, indirect, infect, inspect, neglect, object, project, protect, recollect, reflect, reject, respect, select, subject, suspect, architect, circumspect, dialect, intel- lect. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in eck, as decked, checked, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of cerbs in ake, and eak, as baked, leaked. ED. Bed, bled, fed, fled, bred, led, red, shred, shed, sped, wed, abed, in- bred, misled. Perfect rhymes, said, bread, dread, dead, head, lead, read, spread, thread, tread, behead, o'erspread. Allowable rhymes, bead, mead, etc., blade, fade, etc., maid, paid, etc., and the preterits and 'participles of verbs in ay, ey, and eigh, a* bayed, obeyed, weighed, etc. EDE, see BED. EDGE. Edge, wedge, fledge, hedge, ledge, pledge, sedge, allege. Allowable rhymes, age, page, etc., siege, oblige, etc., privilege, sacrilege, sortilege. EE. Bee, free, glee, knee, see, three, thee, tree, agree, decree, degree, dis- agree, foresee, o'ersee, pedigree, he, me, we, she, be, jubilee, lee. Nearly perfect rhymes, sea, plea, flea, tea, key. Allowable rhymes, a 1 1 words of one syllable ending in y, ye, or ie, or polysyllables of these ter- minations having the accent on the ultimate or antepenultimate syllable. EECE, see EASE. EECH, see EACH. EED. Creed, deed, indeed, bleed, breed, feed, need, meed, heed, reed, speed, seed, steed, weed, proceed, succeed, exceed. Perfect rhymes, knead, read, intercede, precede, recede, concede, impede, supersede, etc., bead, lead, mead, plead, etc. Allowable rhymes, bed, dead, etc., bid, hid, etc., made, blade, etc. EEF, see IEF. ,, EEK, see EAK. EEL, see EAL. EEM, see EAM. EEN, see EAN. EEP. Creep, deep, sleep, keep, peep, sheep, steep, sweep, weep, asleep. Nearly perfect rhymes, cheap, heap, reap, etc. Allowable rhymes, ape, rape, etc., step, nep, etc., hip, lip, etc. EER. Beer, deer, fleer, geer, jeer, peer, meer, leer, sheer, steer, sneer, cheer, veer, pickeer, domineer, cannoneer, compeer, engineer, mutineer, pio- neer, privateer, charioteer, chanticleer, career, mountaineer. Perfect rhymes, here, sphere, adhere, cohere, interfere, persevere, revere, austere, severe, sincere, hemisphere, etc., ear, clear, dear, fear, hear, near, sear, smear, spear, tear, year, appear, besmear, disappear, en- dear, auctioneer. Allowable rhymes, hare, dare, etc., preter, deter, character, etc. EESE, see EEZE. EET, see EAT. EETH, see EATH. EEVE, see EAVE. Breeze, freeze, wheeze, sneeze, squeeze, and the plurals of nouns and third persons singular, present tense, of verbs in ee, a.? bees, he sees. Perfect rhymes, cheese, these, etc. Nearly perfect rhymes, ease, ap- pease, disease, displease, tease, seize, etc., and the plurals of nouns in ea, as teas, pleas, etc., and the polysyllables ending in es, having the accent on, the antepenultimate, as images, monarchies, etc. EFT. Cleft, left, theft, weft, bereft, etc. Allowable rhymes, lift, sift, etc., and the third persons singular, present tense, of verbs in afe, aff, augh, and iff, as chafed, quaffed, laughed, whiffed, etc. EG. Egg, leg, beg, peg. Allowable rhymes, vague, plague, etc., league, teague, etc. EIGH, see AY. EIGHT, see ATE. EIGN, see AIN. E1L, see AIL. BIN, see AIN. EINT, see AINT. EIR, see ARE. EIT, see EAT. EIVE, see EAVE. EIZE, see EEZE. ELL. Ell, dwell, fell, hell, knell, quell, sell, bell, cell, dispel, foretell, ex- cel, compel, befell, yell, well, tell, swell, spell, smell, shell, parallel, sentinel, infidel, citadel, refel, repel, rebel, impel, expel. Allowable rhymes, bale, sail, etc., heal, peal, etc., eel, steel, etc. ELD. Held, geld, withheld, upheld, beheld, etc. Perfect rhymes, the pre- terits and participles of verbs in ell, as swelled, felled, etc. Allo/mbte rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ale, ail, etc., heal, seal, etc. as empaled, waled, etc., healed, sealed, etc. ELF. Elf, pelf, self, shelf, himself, etc. ELK. Elk, whelk, etc. ELM. Elm, helm, realm, whelm, overwhelm, etc. Allowable rhymes, palm, film, etc. ELP. Help, whelp, yelp, etc. ELT. Belt, gelt, melt, felt, welt, smelt, pelt, dwelt. Perfect rhyme, dealt. ELVE. Delve, helve, twelve, etc. ELVES. Elves, themselves, etc. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons singular of verbs in elf, and elve, as twelves, delves, shelves, etc. EM. Gem, hem, stem, them, diadem, stratagem, etc. Perfect rhymes, condemn, contemn, etc. Allowable rhymes, lame, tame, etc., team, seam, theme, fleam, etc. EME, see EAM. EMN. Condemn, contemn, etc. Perfect rhymes, gem, hem, etc. Allmcable rhymes, lame, tame, etc., team, seam, etc. EMPT. Tempt, exempt, attempt, contempt. EN. Den, hen, fen, ken, men, pen, ten, then, when, wren, denizen. Al- lowable rhymes, bane, fane, etc., mean, bean, etc. ENCE. Fence, hence, pence, thence, whence, defence, expense, offence, pre- tense, commence, abstinence, circumference, conference, confidence, consequence, continence, benevolence, concupiscence, difference, diffi- dence, diligence, eloquence, eminence, evidence, excellence, impeni- tence, impertinence, impotence, impudence, improvidence, inconti- nence, indifference, indigence, indolence, inference, intelligence, inno- cence, magnificence, munificence, negligence, omnipotence, penitence, preference, providence, recompense, reference, residence, reverence, vehemence, violence. Perfect rhymes, sense, dense, cense, condense, immense, intense, propeuse, dispense, suspense, prepense, incense, frankincense. ENCH. Bejich, drench, retrench, quench, clench, stench, fench, trench, wench, wrench, intrench. END. Bend, mend, blend, end, fend, lend, rend, send, spend, tend, vend, amend, attend, ascend, commend, contend, defend, depend, descend, distend, expend, extend, forefend, impend, misspend, obtend, offend, portend, pretend, protend, suspend, transcend, nnbend, apprehend, comprehend, condescend, discommend, recommend, reprehend, divi- dend, reverend. Perfect rhyims, friend, befriend, and the preterits and participles of verbs in eri, as penned, kenned, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ean, a*' gleaned, yeaned, etc. ENDS. Amends. Perfect rhymes, (he plurals of nouns and third ptrsonx singular, present tense, of verbs in end, as ends, friends, he mends, etc. ENE, see EAN. ENGE. Avenge, revenge, etc. ENGTH. Length, strength, etc. ENSE (sounded ENZE). Cleanse. Perfect rhymes, the_ plurals of nouns, and third persons singular, present tense, of verbs in en, as hens, fens, he pens, he kens, etc. ENT. Bent, lent, rent, pent, scent, sent, ehent, spent, tent, vent, went, ab- sent, meant, ascent, assent,attent, augment, cement, content, consent, descent, dissent, event, extent, foment, frequent, indent, intent, invent, THE POET'S ASSISTANT IN MAKING RHYME. 273 lament, misspent, o'erspent, present, prevent, relent, repent, resent, ostent, ferment, outwent, underwent, discontent, unbent, circumvent, represent, abstinent, accident, accomplishment, admonishment, ack- nowledgment, aliment, arbitrament, argument, banishment, battle- ment, blandishment, astonishment armipotent, bell potent, benevo- lent, chastisement, competent compliment, complement, confident, continent, corpulent, detriment, different, diffident, diligent, dispar- agement t document, element, eloquent, eminent, equivalent, establish- ment, evident, excellent, excrement, exigent, experiment, firmament, fraudulent, government, embellishment, imminent, impenitent, imper- tinent, implement, impotent, imprisonment, improvident, impudent, incident, incompetent, incontinent, indifferent, indigent, innocent, in- ealent, instrument, irreverent, languishment, ligament, lineament, magnificent, management, medicament, malcontent, monument negli- gent, nourishment, nutriment, Occident, omnipotent, opulent, orna- ment, parliament, penitent, permanent, pertinent, president, precedent, prevalent, provident, punishment, ravishment, regiment, resident, redolent, rudiment, sacrament, sediment, sentiment, settlement, sub- sequent, supplement, intelligent, tenement, temperament, testament, tournament, turbulent, vehement, violent, virulent, reverent. Allow- able rhymes, paiut, saint, etc. ENTS. Acc9titrements. Perfect rTnjrnes. ike plurals of norms, and third per- sons s'uiyulat', present tense, ofve,rbsin ent, as scents, he assents, etc. EP. Step, nep, etc. Allowable rhymes, leap, reap, etc., rape, tape, etc. EPT. Accept, adept, except, intercept, etc. Perfect rhymes, crept, slept, wept, kept. Allotcablf rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ape, eep, and eap, a*' peeped reaped, shaped, etc. ERR. Err, aver, defer, infer, deter, inter, refer, transfer, confer, prefer, parterre, administer, wagoner, islander, arbiter, character, villager, cottager, dowager, forager, pillager, voyager, massacre, gardener, slan- derer, flatterer, idolater, provender, theater, amphitheater, foreigner, lavender, messenger, passenger, sorcerer, interpreter, officer, mariner, harbinger, minister, register, canister, chorister, sophister, presbyter, lawgiver, philosopher, astrologer, loiterer, prisoner, grasshopper, astronomer, sepulcher, thunderer, traveler, murderer, usurer. Allow- able rhymes, bare, care, etc., ear, fear, etc., bar, car, etc., sir, fir, her, etc. ERCH, see EARCH. ERCE, see ERSE. ERD, see EARD. ERE, see EER. ERGE. Verge, emerge, absterge, immerge. Perfect rhyme, dirge. Nearly perfect rhymes, urge, purge, surge. Allowable rhymes, barge, large, etc. ERN. Fern, stern, discern, concern. Perfect rhymes, learn, earn, yearn, etc. Allowable rhymes, barn, yarn, etc., burn, turn, etc. ERSE. Verse, hearse, absterse, adverse, averse, converse, disperse, immerse, perverse, reverse, traverse, asperse, intersperse, universe. Perfect rhymes, amerce, coerce, etc., fierce, tierce, pierce, etc. Allowable rhymes, farce, parse, Mars, etc., purse, curse, etc. ERT. Wert, advert, assert, avert, concert, convert, controvert, desert, di- vert, exert, expert, insert, invert, pervert, subvert. Allowable rhymes, heart, part, etc., shirt, dirt, etc., hurt, spurt, etc. ERVE. Serve, nerve, swerve, preserve, deserve, conserve, observe, reserve, disserve, subserve. Allowable rhymes, starve, carve, etc., curve, etc. ESS. Bless, dress, cess, chess, pness, less, mess, press, stress, acquiesce, access, address, assess, compress, confess, caress, depress, digress, dispossess, distress, excess, express, impress, oppress, possess, profess, recess, repress, redress, success, transgress, adulteress, bashfulness, bitterness, cheerfulness, comfortless, comeliness, dizziness, diocese, drowsiness, eagerness, easiness, embassadress, emptiness, evenness, fatherless, filthmess, foolishness, forgetf uluess, forwardness, froward- ness, fruitfulness, fulsomeness, giddiness, greediness, gentleness, gov- erness, happiness, haughtiness, heaviness, idleness, heinonsness, hoary- ness, hpllowness, holiness, lasciviousness, lawfulness, laziness, little- ness, liveliness, loftiness, lioness, lowliness, manliness, masterless, mightiness., motherless, motionless, nakedness, neediuess, noisomeness, numberless, patroness, peevishness, periidkmsness, pitiless, poetess, prophetess, ransomness, readiness, righteousness, shepherdess, sor- ceress, sordidness, spiritless, sprightliness, stubbornness, sturdiness, surliness, steadiness, tenderness, thoughtfulness, ugliness, uneasiness, unhappiness, votaress, usefulness, wakefulness, wantonness, weapon- less, wariness, willingness, willfulness, weariness, wickedness, wilder- ness, wretchedness, drunkenness, childishness. Allowable rhymes, mass, pass, etc., mace, place, etc. ESE, see EEZE. ESII. Flesh, fresh, refresh, thresh, afresh, mesh. Allowable rhymes mash flash, etc. ESK. Desk. Perfect rhymes, grotesque, burlesque, etc. Allowable rhymes, mask, ask. EST. Best, chest, crest, guest, jest, nest, pest, quest, rest, test, vest, west, arrest, attest, bequest, contest, detest, digest, divest, invest, infest, molest, obtest, protest, retest, suggest, unrest, interest, manifest, etc. Perfect rhymes, breast, abreast, etc., and the preterits and participles of verbs in ess, as dressed, abreast, expressed, etc. Allowable rhymes, cast, fast, etc., haste, waste, etc., beast least, etc. See EAST. ET. Bet, jet, fret, get, let, met, net, set, wet, whet, yet, debt, abet, beget, beset, forget, regret, alphabet, amulet, anchoret, cabinet, epithet, para- pet, rivu let, violet, counterfeit, coronet, etc. Perfect rhymes, sweat, threat, etc. Allowable rhymes, bate, hate, etc., beat, heat, etc. ETCH. Fetch, stretch, wretch, sketch, etc. Allowable rhymes, match, latch, etc., peach, bleach, etc. ETE, see EAT. EVE, see EAVE. BUM, see UME. EW. Blew, chew, dew, brew, drew, flew, few, grew, new, knew, hew, Jew, mew, view, threw, yew, crew, slew, anew, askew, bedew, eschew, re- new, review, withdrew, screw, interview, etc. Perfect rhymes, blue, clue, cue, glue, hue, rue, sue, true, accrue, ensue, endue, imbue, im- brue, pursue, subdue, adieu, purlieu, perdue, residue, avenue, revenue, retinue. EWD, see EUD. EWN, see UNE. EX. Sex, vex, annex, convex, complex, perplex, circumflex, and the plu- rals of nouns, and third persons singular of verbs in eck, as checks, he checks, etc. Allowable rhymes, ax, wax, etc., and the plurals of nouns, and third persons singular of verbs in ake, ack, eak, eke, ique, ike, etc. breaks, rakes, etc., he takes, he breaks, racks, he ekes, pikes, he likes, he pipes, etc. EXT. Next, pretext, and the preterits and participles of verbs in ex, as vexed, perplexed, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ax, as waxed, etc. EY, see AY. IB. Bib, crib, squib, drib, glib, nib, rib. Allowable rhymes, bribe, tribe, etc. IBE. Bribe, tribe, scribe, ascribe, describe, superscribe, prescribe, pro- scribe, subscribe, transcribe, inscribe. Allowable rhymes, bib, crib, etc. ICE. Ice, dice, mice, nice, price, rice, spice, slice, thrice, trice, ad- vice, entice, vice, device. Perfect rhymes, rise, concise, precise, paradise, etc. Allowable rhymes, miss, kiss, hiss, artifice, avarice, cockatrice, beneflce, cicatrice, edifice, orifice, prejudice, precipice, sac- rifice, etc., piece, fleece, etc. ICH, see ITCH. ICK. Brick, sick, chick, kick, lick, nick, pick, quick, stick, thick, trick, arithmetic, asthmatic, choleric, catholic, phlegmatic, heretic, rhetoric, scttismatfc, splenetic, lunatic, politic, empiric. Allowable rhymes, like, pike, etc., weak, speak, etc. ICT. Strict, addict, afflict, convict, inflict, contradict, etc. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ick, as licked, kicked, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ike, eak, us liked, leaked, etc. ID. Bid, chid, hid, kid, lid, slid, rid, bestrid, pyramid, forbid. Allowable rhymes, bide, chide, parricide, etc., and the preterits ami prtrt'n-'ipli* uf the verbs in y or ie, as died, replied, etc., lead, bead, mead, deed, need, etc., and lite preterits and participles of verbs in ee, as freed, agreed, etc. IDE. Bide, chide, hide, glide, pride, ride, slide, side, stride, tide, wide, bride, abide, guide, aside, astride, beside, bestride, betide, confide, de- cide, deride, divide, preside, provide, subside, misguide, subdivide, etc. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in, ie and y, as died, replied, etc., an-d the participle sighed. Allowable rhymes, bead, mead, etc., bid, hid, etc. IDES. Ides, besides. Perfect rhymes, tlie plurals of nouns and third per- sons Angular of verbs in ide, as tide, he rides, etc. Allowable rhym'< t, ri/s inn/ participle* of wrb* hi own, as frowned, renowned, etc. All!>.< of c<-.rbs in one, oau, and un, as toned, moaned, sunned, etc., consequently fund, refund, etc., and wound (a hurt), pronounced woond. OUNG, see UNG. OUNT. Count, mount, fount, amount, dismount, remount, surmount, ac- count, oiscouut, miscount. Allowable rhytni-s, want, font, don't, won't, OUP, see OOP. OUR. Hour, lour, sour, our, scour, deflour, devour, etc., rhymes perfectly with bower, cower, flower, power shower, tower, etc., pronounced bow'r, tow'r, etc. Allowable rhymes, bore, more, roar, pour, tour, moor, poor, etc., pure, sure, etc., sir, stir, bur, cur, etc. OURGE, see URGE. OURNE, see ORN ana URN. OURS. Ours rhymes perfectly u'ifh the plurals of nouns and third persons pnsi-nt of verbs in our, and ower, as hours, scours, deflours, bowers, showers, etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons present of verbs in oor and ure, as boors, moors, etc., cures, endures, etc. OURS. Yours rhymes perfectly with the plurals of nouns and third persons present of verbs in ure, as cures, endures, etc. Allowable rhymes, ours, and its perfect rhymes and the jilurals of nouns and third persons pre- sent 'of verbs in oor, ore, and ur, as boors, moors, etc., shores, pores, etc., burs, slurs, stirs, etc. OURSE, sff ORCE. OUKT, see OUT. OUHTH, seeOHTH.. OUS, see US. OUS, pronounced OUCE. House, mouse, chouse, etc. Allowable rhymes, the. nouns close, dose, jocose, etc., deuce, use, produce, etc., us, thus, etc., moose, and the noun noose. OUSE, pronounced OUZE, see OWZE. OUT. Bout, stout, out, clout, pout, gout, grout, rout, scout, shout, snout, spout, stout, sprout, trout, about, (.evout, without, throughout, etc., maims i>> rjnily null doubt, redoubt, misdoubt, drought, etc. Allow- a'l'i rhymes, note, vote, etc.. boat, coat, etc., lute, suit, etc., got, not, etc., nut, shut, hoot, boot, etc. OUTH. Mouth, south, when nouns have < he th sharp. The verbs to mouth, to south, may allowably rhyme with booth, smooth, etc., which see. OW, sounden OU. Now, bow, how. mow, cow, brow, plow, sow, vow, prow, avow, al- low, disallow, endow, etc. Perjfct rhynv-s, bough, plough, slough (i/iiri ), etc., tUou. Allowable rhymes, go, no, blow, sow, etc. OW, sounded OWE. Blow, 'stow, crow, bow, flow, glow, grow, know, low, mow, row, show, sow, strow, stow, slow, snow, throw, trow, below, bestow, fore- know, outgrow, overgrow, overflow, overthrow, reflow, foreshow, etc. Perfect rhymes, go, 110, toe, foe, owe, wo, oh, so, lo, though, hoe, ho, ago, forego, undergo, dough, roe, sloe, and the verb to sew (with the needle). Allowable rhymes, uow, cow, vow, do, etc. See the last article. OWL, set OLE. Cowl, growl, owl, fowl, howl, prowl, etc. Perfect rhymes^ ecowl, foul, etc. Allowable rhymes, bowl, soul, hoal, goal, etc., dull, gull, etc OWN, eeONE. Brown, town, clown, crown, down, drown, frown, grown, adown, renown, embrown, etc. Perfect rhyme, noun. Allowable rhymm, tone, boue, moan, own, and the j)articiples, thrown, shown, blown, etc. OWSE, see OUSE. Blouse. Perfect rhymes, brouse, trouse, rouse, spouse, carouse, souse, espouse, the verbs to house, mouse, etc. , and the plurals of mm n . dm/ third persons, present tense, of verbs in ow, as brows, allo'ws, etc. Allowable rhymes hose, those, to dose, etc. OX. Ox, box, fox, equinox, orthodox, heterodox, etc. Perfect rhyms.i, f/i> /ih/rals of nou^s and third persons present of verbs l/iocjc, as locks, stocks, etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals ofnounn, and third persons IH-I si nt of verbs in oke, oak, and uck, a* strokes, oaks, cloaks, sucks, etc. OY. Boy, buoy, coy, employ, cloy, joy, toy, alloy, annoy, convoy, decoy, destroy, enjoy, employ. OZE, fee OSE. UB. Cub, club, dub, drub, grub, rub, snub, shrub, tub. Allowable rhymes, cube, tube, etc., cob, rob, etc. UBE. Cube, tube. Allowable rhymes, club, cub, etc. UCE. Truce, sluice, spruce, deuce, conduce, deduce, induce, introduce, pro- duce, seduce, traduce, juice, reduce, etc., rlnjin: IH rf-!h/ noit/is use, abuse, profuse, abstruse, disuse, excuse, misuse, obtuse, recluse. UCH, fff UTCH. UCK. Buck, luck, pluck, suck, struck, tuck, truck, duck. Allowable rhyniis, puke, duke, etc., look, took, etc. 2T8 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. UCT. Conduct, deduct, instruct, obstruct, aqueduct. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in uck, as ducked, s'ucked, etc. Al- lowable rhymes, the preterite and participles of verbs in uke and ook, as puked, hooked, etc. TJD. Bud, scud, stud, mud, cud, rhyme perfectly ivith blood and flood. Allowable rhymes, good, hood, etc., rood, food, etc., beatitude, latitude. UDE. Eude, crude, prude, allude, conclude, delude, elude, exclude, exude, include, intrude, obtrude, seclude, altitude, fortitude, gratitude, inter- lude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, multitude, solicitude, solitude, vicissitude, aptitude, habitude, ingratitude, inaptitude, lassitude, plenitude, promptitude, servitude, similitude, etc. Perfect rhymes, leud, feud, etc., and the preterits and participles of verbs in ew, as stewed, viewed, etc. Allowable rhymes, bud, cud, etc., good, hood, blood, flood, etc. UDGE. Judge, drudge, grudge, trudge, adjudge, prejudge. UE, xfe EW. UFP. Buff, cuff, bluff, huff, gruff, luff, puff, snuff, stuff, ruff, rebuff, courter- buff, etc. Perfect rhymes, rough, tough, enough, slough (cast skin), chough, etc. Allowable rhymes, loaf, oaf, etc. UFT. Tuft. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in uff, as cuffed, stuffed, etc. UG. Lug, bug, dug, drug, hug, rug, slug, snug, mug, shrug, pug. .Allow- able rhymes, vogue, rogue, etc. UICE, see USE. TJISE, see ISE and USE. UIE, see IE. UKE. Duke, puke, rebuke, etc. Nearly perfect rhymes, cook, lookj book, etc. Allowable rhymes, duck, buck, etc. UL and ULL. Cull, dull, gull, hull, lull, mull, null, trull, skull, annul, disannul. Allowable rhymes, fool, tool, etc., wool, bull, pull, full, bountiful, fanciful, sorrowful, dutiful, merciful, wonderful, worshipful, and every word ending in ful, having the accent on the antepenultimate syllable. ULE. Mule, pule, yule, rule, overrule, ridicule, misrule. Allow able rhymes, cull, dull, wool, full, bountiful, etc. See the last article. ULGE. Bulge, indulge, divulge, etc. ULK. Bulk, hulk, ekulk. ULSE. Pulse, repulse, impulse, expulse, convulse. ULT. Result, adult, exult, consult, indult, occult, insult, difficult. Allow- able rhymes, colt, bolt, etc. UM. Crum, drum, gram, gum, hum, mum, scum, plum, stum, sum, swum, thrum. Perfect rhymes, thumb, dumb, succumb, come, become, over- come, burthensome, cumbersome, frolicsome, humorsome, quarrel- some, troublesome, martyrdom, Christendom. Allowable rhymes, fume, plume, rheum, and room, doom, tomb, hecatomb. UME. Fume, plume, assume, consume, perfume, resume, presume, deplume. UMP. Bump, pump, jump, lump, plump, trump, stump, rump, thump. UN. Dun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, shun, tun, stun, spun, begun. Perfect rhymes, son, won, ton, done, one, none, undone. Allowable rhymes, on, gone, etc., tune, prune, etc. See ON. UNCE. Dunce, once, etc. Alloivable rhyme, sconce. UNCH. Bunch, punch, hunch, lunch, munch. UNO. Fund, refund. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in uu, as shunned, etc. UNE. June, rune, untune, jejune, prune, importune, etc. Nearly perfect rhymes, moon, soon, etc. Allowable rhymes, bun, dun, etc. ** ^ UNG. Clung, dung, flung, hung, rung, strung, sung, sprung, slung, stung, swung, unsung. Perfect rhymes, young, tongue, among. Allowable rhymes, song, long, etc. UNGE. Plunge, spunge, expunge, etc. UNK. Drunk, "sunk, shrunk, stunk, spunk, punk, trunk, slunk. Perfect rhyme, monk. UNT. Brunt, blunt, hunt, runt, grunt. Perfect rhyme, wont (to be accus- tomed). UP. Cup, sup, up. Allowable rhyme*, cope, scope, and dupe, group, etc. UPT. Abrupt, corrupt, interrupt. Perfect rhymes, the participles of verbs in up, us supp6d, etc. , UE. Blur, cur, bur, fur, slur, spur, concur, demur, incur. Perfect rhymes, sir, stir. Nearly perfect rhymes, fir, etc. Allowable rhymes, pore, oar. UEB. Curb, disturb. Nearly perfect rhymes, verb, herb, etc. Allowable rhyme, orb. URCH. Church, lurch, birch. Nearly perfect rhymes, -perch, search. Allow- able rhyme, porch. UED. Curd, absurd. Perfect rhymes, bird, word, and the preterits and par- ticiples of verbs in ur, as spurred. Allowable rhymes, board, ford, cord, lord, etc., and the preterits and participles of verbs in ore, oar, and or, as gored, oared, abhorred, etc., also the preterits and participles of verbs in, ure, as cured, immured, etc. See ORD. URE. Cure, pure, dure, lure, sure, adjure, allure, assure, demure, conjure, endure, manure, enure, insure, immature, immure, mature, obscure, procure, secure, adjure, calenture, coverture, epicure, investiture, for- feiture, furniture, minature, overture, portraiture, primogeniture, tem- perature. Allowable rhymes, poor, moor, power, sour, etc., cur, bur, URF. Turf, scurf, etc. URGE. Purge, urge, surge, scourge. Perfect rhymes, verge, diverge, etc. Allowable rhymes, gorge, George, etc., forge, etc. URK. Lurk, Turk. Perfect rhyme, work. Nearly perfect rhymes, irk, jerk, perk. URL, see IRL. Churl, curl, furl, hurl, purl, uncurl, \mfurl. Nearly perfect rhymes, girl, twirl, etc., pearl, etc. URN. Burn, churn, spurn, turn, urn, return, overturn. Perfect rhymes, so- journ, adjourn, rejourn. URSE. Nurse,curse, purse, accurse, disburse, imburse, reimburse. Perfect rhyme, worse. A llowable rhymes, coarse, corse, force, verse, disperse, horse, etc. URST. Burst, curst, accurst, etc. Perfect rhymes, thirst, worst, first. URT. Blurt, hurt, spurt. Perfect, rhymes, dirt, shirt, flirt, squirt, etc. Al- lowable rhymes, port, court, short, snort, etc. US, Us, thus, buss, truss, discuss, incubus, overplus, amorous, boisterous clamorous, credulous, dangerous, degenerous, generous, emulous fabulous, frivolous, hazardous, idolatrous, infamous, miraculous, mis chievous, mountainous, mutinous, necessitous, numerous, ominous perilous, poisonous, populous, prosperous, ridiculous, riotous, ruinous scandalous, scrupulous, sedulous, traitorous, treacherous, tyrannous venomous, vigorous, villainous, adventurous, adulterous,"ambiguous blasphemous, dolorous, fortuitous, sonorous, gluttonous, gratuitous incredulous, lecherous, libidinous, magnanimous, obstreperous, odo- riferous, ponderous, ravenous, rigorous, slanderous, solicitous, timor- ous, valorous, unanimous, calamitous. Allowable rhymes, the nouns use, abuse, diffuse, excuse, the verb to loose,' and the nouns, goose, deuce, juice, truce, etc., close, dose, house, mouse, etc. USE, with the s pure. The nouns use, disuse, abuse, deuce, truce. Perfect rhymes, the verb to loose, the nouns, goose, noose, moose. Allowable rhymes, us, thus, buss, etc. USE, sounded UZE. Muse, the verbs to use, abuse, amuse, diffuse, excuse, infuse, misuse, peruse, refuse, suffuse, transfuse, accuse. Perfect rhymes, bruise, and the plural of nouns and third persons singular of verbs in ew, and ue, as dews, imbues, etc. Allowable rhymes, buzz, does, etc. USH. Blush, brush, crush, gush, flush, rush, hush. Allowable rhymes, bush, push. USK. Busk, tusk, dusk, husk, musk. UST. Bust, crust, dust, just, must, lust, nist, thrust, trust, adjust, adust, disgust, distrust, intrust, mistrust, robust, unjust. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in uss, as trussed, discussed, etc. UT. But, butt, cut, hut, gut, glut, jut. nut, shut, strut, englnt, rut, scut, slut, smut, abut. Perfect rhyme, soot. Allowable rhymes, boot, etc., dispute, etc., boat, etc. UTCH. Hutch, crutch, Dutch. Perfect rhymes, much, such, touch, etc. UTE. Brute, lute, flute, mute, acute, compn 3, confute dispute, dilute, de- pute, impute, minute, pollute, refute, repute, salute, absolute, attribute, constitute, destitute, dissolute, execute, institute, irresolute, persecute, prosecute, prostitute, resolute, substitute. Perfect rhymes, fruit, re- cruit, etc. Allowable rhymes, boot, etc., boat, etc., note, etc., hut, etc. UX. Flux, reflux, etc. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons of verbs in uck, as ducks, trucks, etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons of verbs in ook, uke, oak, etc., as cooks, pukes, oaks, etc. Y, see IE. GEMS OF POETRY. 279 Many of the following Poems belong in the Galaxy of those Poetic Gems that Mankind will not allow to die. ETERNAL JUSTICE. BY CHARLES MACKAY. HE man is thought a knave or fool, Or bigot plotting crime, Who, for the advancement of his race, Is wiser than his time. For him the hemlock shall distill, For him the axe be bared ; ! For him the gibbet shall be built ; For him the stake prepared : * Him shall the scorn and wrath of men Pursue with deadly aim ; And malice, envy, spite, and lies, Shall desecrate his name. . But truth shall conquer at the last, For round and round we run, And ever the right comes uppermost And ever is justice done. Pace through thy cell, old Socrates, Cheerily to and fro ; Trust to the impulse of thy soul And let the poison flow. They may shatter to earth the lamp of clay, That holds a light divine, But they cannot quench the fire of thought By any such deadly wine ; They cannot blot thy spoken words From the memory of man, By all the poison ever was brewed Since time its course began. To-day abhorred, to-morrow adored, So round and round we run, And ever the truth comes uppermost, And ever is justice done. Plod in thy grave, gray Anchorite : Be wiser than thy peers ; Augment the range of human power, And trust to coming years. They may call thee wizard, and monk accursed, And load thee with dispraise ; Thou wert born five hundred years too soon For the comfort of thy days. But not too soon for human kind : Time hath reward in store ; And the demons of our sires become The saints that we adore. The blind can see, the slave is lord ; So round and round we run And ever the wrong is proved to be wrong, And ever is justice done. Keep, Galileo, to thy thought, And nerve thy soul to bear ; They may gloat over the senseless words they wring From the pangs of thy despair : They may veil their eyes, but they cannot hide, 1 he sun's meridian glow ; The heel of a ptiest may tread thee down, And a tyrant work thee woe ; But never a truth has been destroyed : They may curse it and call it a crime ; Pervert and betray, or slander and slay Its teachers for a time. But the sunshine aye shall light the sky, As round and round we run ; And the truth shall ever come uppermost, And justice shall be done. And live there now such men as these With thoughts like the great of old? Many have died in their misery, And left their thought untold. 280 SELECTIONS FKOM THE POETS. And many live, and are ranked as mad, And placed in the cold world's ban, For sending their bright far-seeing souls Three centuries in the van ; They toil in penury and grief, Unknown, if not maligned ; Forlorn, forlorn, bearing the scorn Of the meanest of mankind ; But yet the world goes round and round And the genial seasons run, And ever the truth comes uppermost, And ever is justice done. HEREAFTER.* LAND beyond the setting sun ! O realm more fair than poet's dream ! How clear thy silvery streamlets run, How bright thy golden glories gleam ! Earth holds no counterpart of thine ; The dark-browed Orient, jewel-crowned, Pales, as she bows before thy shrine, Shrouded in mystery so profound. The dazzling North, the stately West, Whose rivers flow from mount to sea ; The South, flower-wreathed in languid rest, What are they all compared with thee? All lands, all realms beneath yon dome, Where God's own hand hath hung the stars, To thee with humblest homage come, O world beyond the crystal bars ! Thou blest hereafter! Mortal tongue Hath striven in vain thy speech to learn, And fancy wanders, lost among The flowery paths for which we yearn. But well we know, that fair and bright Far beyond human ken or dream, Too glorious for our feeble sight, Thy skies of cloudless azure beam. We know thy happy valleys lie In green repose, supremely blest ; We know against thy sapphire sky Thy mountain peaks sublimely rest. And sometimes even now we catch Faint gleamings from the far-off shore, And still with eager eyes we watch For one sweet sign or token more. For oh, the deeply loved are there ! The brave, the fair, the good, the wise, Who pined for thy serener air, Nor shunned thy solemn mysteries. ^Published originally In There are the hopes that, one by one, Died even as we gave them birth ; The dreams that passed ere well begun, Too dear, too beautiful for earth. The aspirations, strong of wing, Aiming at heights we could not reach ; The songs we tried in vain to sing ; Thoughts too vast for human speech ; Thou hast them all, Hereafter ! Thou Shalt keep them safely till that hour When, with God's seal on heart and brow, We claim them in immortal power ! THE PLANTING OF THE APPLE TREE. BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. *OME, let us plant the apple-tree ! Cleave the tough greensward with the spade ; Wide let its hollow bed be made ; There, gently lay the roots, and there Sift the dark mold with kindly care, And press it o'er- them tenderly, As round the sleeping infant's feet, We softly fold the cradle sheet ; So plant we the apple-tree. What plant we in this apple-tree ? Buds, which the breath of summer days Shall lengthen into leafy sprays ; Boughs, where the thrush, with crimson breast, Shall haunt, and sing, and hide her nest ; We plant, upon the sunny lea, A shadow for the noontide hour, A shelter from the summer shower, When we plant the apple-tree. What plant we in this apple-tree ? Sweets for a hundred flowery springs, To load the May-wind's restless wings, When, from the orchard-row, he pours Its fragrance through our open doors ; A world of blossoms for the bee, Flowers for the sick girl's silent room, For the glad infant sprigs of bloom, We plant with the apple-tree. What plant we in this apple-tree ? Fruits that shall swell in sunny June, And redden in the August noon, And drop, as gentle airs come by, That fan the blue September sky ; While children, wild with noisy glee, Shall scent their fragrance as they pass, And search for them the tufted grass At the foot of the apple-tree. Harper's Magazine. SELECTIONS F11OM THE POETS. 281 And when, above this apple-tree, The winter stars are quivering bright, And winds go howling through the night, Girls, whose eyes o'erflow with mirth, Shall peel its fruit by cottage hearth, And guests in prouder homes shall see, Heaped with the orange and the grape, As fair as they in tint and shape, The fruit of the apple-tree. The fruitage of this apple-tree Winds, and our flag of stripe and star, Shall bear to coasts that lie afar, Where men shall wonder at the view, And ask in what fair groves they grew ; And they who roam beyond the sea Shall think of childhood's careless day, And long hours passed in summer play, In the shade of the apple-tree. Each year shall give the apple-tree A broader flush 01' roseate bloom, And loosen, when the frost-clouds lower, The crisp brown leaves in thicker shower ; The years shall come and pass, but we Shall hear no longer, where we lie, The summer's song, the autumn's sigh, In the boughs of the apple-tree. And time shall waste this apple-tree. Oh, when its aged branches throw Thin shadows on the sward below, Shall fraud and force and iron will Oppress the weak and helpless still ? What shall the tasks of mercy be, Amid the toils, the strifes, the tears Of those who live when length of years Is wasting this apple-tree? Who planted this old apple-tree? " The children of that distant day Thus to some aged man shall say ' And, gazing on its mossy stem, The grey-haired man shall answer them : " A poet of the land was he, Born in the rude, but good old times ; 'Tis said he made some quaint old rhymes, On planting the apple-tree." CLEON AND I. BY CHARLES MACKAY. j LEON hath a million acres, Ne'er a one have I ; Cleon dwelleth in a palace, In a cottage, I ; Cleon hath a dozen fortunes, Not a penny, I ; Yet the poorer of the twain is Cleon, and not I. Cleon, true, possesseth acres, But the landscape, I ; Half the charms to me it yieldeth, Money cannot buy. Cleon harbors sloth and dullness, Freshening vigor, I ; He in velvet, I in fustian, Richer man am I. Cleon is a slave to grandeur, Free as thought am I ; Cleon fees a score of doctors, Need of none have I ; Wealth-surrounded, care-environed, Cleon fears to die ; Death may come, he '11 find me ready, Happier man am I. Cleon sees no charm in Nature 1 , In a daisy, I ; Cleon hears no anthems ringing In the sea and sky ; Nature sings to me forever, Earnest listener, I ; State for state, with all attendants, Who would change? Not I. HANNAH JANE. * BY PETROLEUM V. NASBY. HE is n't half so handsome as when, twenty years agone, At her old home in Piketon, Parson Avery made us one ; /, The great house crowded full of guests of every degree f The girls all envying Hannah Jane, the boys all envy- ing me. Her fingers then were taper, and her skin as white as milk. Her brown hair what a mess it was ! and soft and fine as silk; No wind-moved willow by a brook had ever such a grace, The form of Aphrodite, with a pure Madonna face. She had but meagre schooling : her little notes, to me, Were full of crooked pot-hooks, and the worst orthography ; Her " dear " she spelled with double e, and " kiss " with but one s ; But when one 's crazed with passion, what's a letter more or less? She blundered in her writing, and she blundered when she spoke, And every rule of syntax, that old Murray made, she broke ; But she was beautiful and fresh, and I well, I was young ; Her form and face o'erbalanced all the blunders of her tongue. ^Published originally In Harper's Magazine 282 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. I was but little better. True, I 'd longer been at school ; My tongue and pen were run, perhaps, a little more by rule ; But that was all. The neighbors round, who both of us well knew, Said which I believed she was the better of the two. All's changed: the light of seventeen 's no longer in her eyes ; Her wavy hair is gone that loss the coiffeur's art sup- plies ; Her form is thin and angular ; she slightly forward bends ; Her fingers, once so shapely, now are stumpy at the ends. She knows but very little, and in little are we one ; The beauty rare, that more than hid that great defect, is gone. My parvenu relations now deride my homely wife, And pity me that I am tied, to such a clod.'for life. I know there is a difference : at reception and Iev6e, The brightest, wittiest, and most famed of women smile on me ; And everywhere I hold my place among the greatest men ; And sometimes sigh, with Whittier's judge, " Alas ! it might have been." When they all crowd around me, stately dames and bril- liant belles, And yield to me the homage that all great success com- pels, Discussing art and state-craft, and literature as well, From Homer down to Thackeray, and Swedenborg on 41 Hell," I can 't forget that from these streams my wife has never quaffed, Has never with Ophelia wept, nor with Jack Falstaff laughed ; Of authors, actors, artists why, she hardly knows the names ; She slept while I was speaking on the Alabama claims. I can't forget just at this point another form ap- pears The wife I wedded as she was before my prosperous years ; I travel o'er the dreary road we traveled side by side, And wonder what my share would be, if Justice should divide. She had four hundred dollars left her from the old estate ; On that we married, and, thus poorly armored, faced our fate. I wrestled with my books ; her task was harder far than mine ' Twas how to make two hundred dollars do the work of At last I was admitted ; then I had my legal lore, An office with a stove and desk, of books perhaps a score ; She had her beauty and her youth, and some housew:7ely skill, And love for me and faith in me, and back of that a will. I had no friends behind me no influence to aid ; I worked and fought for every little inch of ground I made. And how she fought beside me ! never woman lived on less : In two long years she never spent a single cent for dress. Ah ! how she cried for joy when my first legal fight was won, When our eclipse passed partly by, and we stood in the sun ! The fee was fifty dollars 't was the work of half a year First captive, lean and scraggy, ^of my legal bow and spear. I well remember, when my coat (the only one I had) Was seedy grown and threadbare, and, in fact, most "shocking bad," The tailor's stern remark when I a modest order made : " Cash is the basis, sir, on which we tailors do our trade." Her winter cloak was in his shop by noon that very day ; She wrought on hickory shirts at night that tailor's skill to pay ; I got a coat, and wore it ; but alas poor Hannah Jane Ne'er went to church or lecture till warm weather came again. Our second season she refused a cloak of any sort, That I might have a decent suit in which t' appear in court ; She made her last year's bonnet do, that I might have a hat : Talk of the old-time, flame-enveloped martyrs after that ! No negro ever worked so hard : a servant's pay to save, She made herself most willingly a household drudge and slave. What wonder that she never read a magazine or book, Combining as she did in one, nurse, house-maid, seam- stress, cook ! What wonder that the beauty fled that I once so adored ! Her beautiful complexion my fierce kitchen fire devoured ; Her plump, soft, rounded arm was once too fair to be concealed ; Hard work for me that softness into sinewy strength con- gealed. I was her altar, and her love the sacrificial flame : Ah ! with what pure devotion she to that altar came, And, tearful, flung thereon alas ! I did not know it then All that she was, and more than that, all that she might have been ! SELECTIONS FKOM THE POETS. 283 At last I won success. Ah ! then our lives were wider parted : I was far up the rising road ; she, poor girl ! where we started. I had tried my speed and mettle, and gained strength in every race ; I was far up the heights of life she drudging at the base. She made me take each fall the stump ; she said 't was my career ; The wild applause of list'ning crowds was music to my ear. What stimulus had she to cheer her dreary solitude? For me she lived on gladly, in unnatural widowhood. She could n't read my speech, but when the papers all agreed 'T was the best one of the session, those comments she could read ; And with a gush of pride thereat, which I had never felt, She sent them to me in a note, with half the words mis- spelt. I to the Legislature went, and said that she should go To see the world with me, and, what the world was doing, know. With tearful smile she answered, " No! four dollars is the pay ; The Bates House rates for board for one is just that sum per day." At twenty-eight the State-house ; on the bench at thirty- three ; At forty every gate in life was opened wide to me. I nursed my powers, and grew, and made my point in life ; but she Bearing such pack-horse weary loads, what could a wo- man be ? What could she be? Oh, shame ! I blush to think what she has been The most unselfish of all wives to the selfishest of men. Yes, plain and homely now she is ; she 's ignorant, 't is true ; For me she rubbed herself quite out I represent the two. Well, I suppose that I might do as other men have done First break her heart with cold neglect, then shove her out alone. The world would say 't was well, and more, would give great praise to me, For having borne with "such a wife " so uncomplain- ingly. And shall I ? No ! The contract 'twixt Hannah, God, and me, Was not for one or twenty years, but for eternity. No matter what the world may think ; I know, down in my heart, That, if either, I 'm delinquent ; she has bravely done her part. There 's another world beyond this ; and, on the final day, Will intellect and learning 'gainst such devotion weigh? When the great one, made of us two, is torn apart again, I '11 kick the beam, for God is just, and He knows Han- nah Jane. THE MOTHERLESS TURKEYS. BY MARIAN DOUGLAS. j HE white turkey was dead! The white turkey was dead ! How the news through the barn-yard went flying ! Of a mother bereft, four small turkeys were left, And their case for assistance was crying. E T en the peacock respectfully folded his tail, As a suitable symbol of sorrow, And his plainer wife said, " now the old bird is dead, Who will tend her poor chicks on the morrow ? And when evening around them comes dreary and chill, Who above them will watchfully hover?" ' Two each night I will tuck 'neath my wings," said the Duck, " Though I 've eight of my own I must cover ! " ' I have so much to do ! For the bugs and the worms, In the garden, 't is tiresome pickin' ; I 've nothing to spare for my own I must care." Said then the Hen with one chicken. How I wish," said the Goose, " I could be o( some use. For my heart is with love over-brimming ; The next morning that's fine, they shall go with my nine Little yellow-backed goslings, out swimming ! " 1 1 will do what I can," the old Dorking put in, " And for help they may call upon me too, Though I 've ten of my own that are only half grown, And a great deal of trouble to see to ; But these poor little things, they are all head and wings, And their bones through their feathers are stickin' ! " Very hard it may be, but, Oh, do n't come to me ! " Said the Hen with one chicken. ; Half my care I suppose, there is nobody knows, I 'm the most overburdened of mothers ! They must learn, little elves ! how to scratch for them- selves, And not seek to depend upon others." She went by with a cluck, and the Goose to the Duck Exclaimed with surprise, " Well, I never !" Said the Duck, " I declare, those who have the least care, You will find are complaining forever ! And when all things appear to look threatening and drear, And when troubles your pathway are thick in, For some aid in your woe, O, beware how you go To a Hen with one chicken." 284 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. BETSEY AND I ARE OUT.* BY WILL M. CARLETON. RAW up the papers, lawyer, and make 'em good and stout ; For things at home are cross-ways, and Betsey and I are out. We who have worked together so long as man and wife, Must pull in single harness the rest of our nat'ral life. " What is the matter ? " say you. I vow ! it 's hard to tell : Most of the years behind us we 've passed by very well ; I have no other woman she has no other man, Only we 've lived together as long as we ever can. So I 've talked with Betsey, and Betsey has talked with me ; And we 've agreed together that we can 't never agree ; Not that we 've catched each other in any terrible crime ; We've been a gatherin' this for years, a little at a time. There was a stock of temper we both had for a start ; Although we ne'er suspected 'twould take us two apart ; I had my various failings, bred in the flesh and bone, And Betsey, like all good women, had a temper of her own. The first thing I remember whereon we disagreed, Was somethin' concerning heaven a difference in our creed. We arg'ed the thing at breakfast we arg'ed the thing at tea And the more we arg'ed the question, the more we did n't agree. And the next that I remember was when we lost a cow ; She kicked the bucket, certain the question was only How? I held my own opinion, and Betsey another had ; And when we were done a talkin", we both of us was mad. And the next that I remember, it started in a joke ; But full for a week it lasted, and neither of us spoke. And the next was when I scolded because she broke a bowl ; And she said I was mean and stingy, and had n't any soul. And so that bowl kept pouring dissensions in our cup ; And so that blamed cow-critter was always a comin' up ; And so that heaven we arg'ed no nearer to us got ; But it give us a taste of somethin' a thousand times as hot. And so the thing kept workin', and all the self-same way ; Always somethin' to arg'e, and somethin' sharp to say. And down on us come the neighbors, a couple dozen strong, And lent their kindest sarvice for to help the thing along. And there has been days together and many a weary week We was both of us cross and spunky, and both too proud to speak, And I have been thinkin' and thinkin' the whole of the winter and fall, If I can 't live kind with a woman, why, then I wo n't at all. * From " Farm Ballads,' 1 by Will M. Carleton; published by Harper & Brothers. And so I have talked with Betsey, and Betsey has talked with me, And we 've agreed together that we can 't never agree ; And what is hers shall be hers, and what is mine shall be mine ; And T. '11 put it in the agreement, and take it to her to sign. Write on the paper, lawyer the very first paragraph Of all the farm and live stock, that she shall have her half ; For she has helped to earn it, through many a dreary day, And it's nothing more than justice that Betsey has her pay. Give her the house and homestead ; a man can thrive and roam, But women are skeery critters, unless they have a home. And I have always determined, and never failed to say, That Betsey never should want a home, if I was taken away. There 's a little hard money that 's dravvin' tol'rable pay ; A couple of hundred dollars laid by for a rainy day Safe in the hands of good men, and easy to get at ; Put in another clause, there, and give her half of that. Yes, I see you smile, sir, at my givin' her so much ; Yes, divorce is cheap, sir, but I take no stock in such. True and fair I married her, when she was blithe and young ; And Betsey was al'ays good to me, except with her tongue. Once, when I was young as you, and not so smart, perhaps, For me she mittened a lawyer, and several other chaps ; And all of 'em was flustered and fairly taken down, And I for a time was counted the luckiest man in town. Once when I had a fever I won't forget it soon I was hot as a basted turkey and crazy as a loon Never an hour went by when she was out of sight ; She nursed me true and tender, and stuck to me day and night. And if ever a house was tidy, and ever a kitchen clean, Her house and kitchen was as tidy as any I ever seen ; And I do n't complain of Betsey or any of her acts, Exceptin' when we've quarrelled and told each other facts. So draw up the paper, lawyer ; and I '11 go home to-night, And read the agreement to her and see if it 's all right. And then in the mornin' I '11 sell to a tradin' man I k now And kiss the child that was left to us, and out in the world I '11 And one thing put in the paper, that first to me did n't occur That when I 'm dead at last she shall bring me back to her ; And lay me under the maples I planted years ago, When she and I was happy, before we quarrelled so. And when she dies, I wish that she would be laid by me ; And lyin' together in silence, perhaps we will agree ; And if ever we meet in heaven, I would n't think it queer If we loved each other the better because we quarrelled here. SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. 285 HOW BETSEY AND I MADE UP.* BY WILL M. CARLETON. I IVE us your hand, Mr. Lawyer : how do you do to-day ? You drew up that paper I s'pose you want your pay. Do n't cut down your figures ; make it an X or a V ; For that 'ere wiitten agreement was just themakin' of me. Coin' home that evenin' I tell you I was blue, Thinkin' of all my troubles, and what I v/as goin' to do ; And if my hosses had n't been the steadiest team alive. They 'd 've tipped me over, certain, for I could n't see where to drive. 9 No for I was laborin' under a heavy load ; No for I was travelin' an entirely different road ; For I was a-tracin' over the path of our lives ag'in, And seein* where we missed the way, and where we might have been. And many a corner we 'd turned that just to a quarrel led, When I ought to 've held my temper, and driven straight ahead ; And the more I thought it over the more these memories came, And the more I struck the opinion that I was the most to blame. And things I had long forgotten kept risin' in my mind, Of little matters betwixt us, where Betsey was good and kind ; And these things flashed all through me, as you know things sometimes will When a feller 's alone i-a the darkness, and everything is still. " But," says I, " we 're too far along to take another track, And when I put my hand to the plow I do not oft turn back ; And tain 't an uncommon thing now for couples to smash in two ; " And so I set my teeth together, and vowed I 'd see it through. When I come in sight o' the house 't was some 'at in the night, And just as I turned a hill-top I see the kitchen light ; Which often a han 'some pictur' to a hungry person makes, But it do n't interest a feller much that 's goin' to pull up stakes. And when I went in the house, the table was set for me As good a supper 's I ever saw, or ever want to see ; And I crammed the agreement down my pocket as well as I could, And fell to eatin' my victuals, which somehow did n't taste good. And Betsey, she pretended to look about the house, But she watched my side coat-pocket like a cat would watch a mouse ; *From " Farm Ballads," by Will M. Carleton ; published by Harper & Brothers. And then she went to foolin' a little with a cup, And intently readin' a newspaper, a-holdin' it wrong side up. And when I'd done my supper, I drawed the agreement out, And give it to her without a word, for she knowed what 't was about ; And then I hummed a little tune, but now and then a note Was bu'sted by some animal that hopped up in my throat. Then Betsey, she got her specs from off the mantel-shelf, And read the article over quite softly to herself; Read it by little and little, for her eyes is gettin' old, And lawyers' writin' ain 't no print, especially when it 's cold. And after she'd read a little, she gave my arm a touch, And kindly said she was afraid I was 'lowin' her too much ; But when she was through she went for me, her face a-streamin' with tears, And kissed me for the first time in over twenty years ! I don't know what you'll think, Sir I didn't come to in- quire But I picked up that agreement and stuffed it in the fire ; And I told her we 'd bury the hatchet alongside of the cow ; And we struck an agreement never to have another row. And I told her in the future I would n't speak cross or rash If half the crockery in the house was broken all to smash ; And she said, in regards to heaven, we'd try to learn its worth By startin* a branch establishment and runnin' it here on earth. And so we sat a-talkin' three-quarters of the night, And opened our hearts to each other until they both grew light ; And the days when I was winnin' her away from so many men Was nothin' to that evenin' I courte ' her over again. Next mornin' an ancient virgin took pains to call on us, Her lamp all trimmed and a-burnin' to kindle another fuss ; But when she went to pryin' and openin' of old sores, My Betsey rose politely, and showed her out-of-doors. Since then I do n't deny but there 's been a word or two ; But we 've got our eyes wide open, and know just what to do ; When one speaks cross the other just meets it with a laugh, And the first one 's ready to give up considerable more than half. Maybe you '11 think me soft, Sir, a-talkin' in this style. But somehow it does me lots of good to tell it once in a while ; And I do it for a compliment 't is so that you can see That that there written agreement of yours was just the makin' of me. So make out your bill, Mr. Lawyer: don't stop short of an X ; Make it more if you want to, for I have got the checks. I 'm richer than a National Bank, with all its treasures told, For I 've got a wife at home now that 's worth her weight in gold. 286 SELECTIONS FEOM THE POETS. WEIGHING THE BABY. BY ETHEL LYNN. > OW many pounds does the baby weigh, Baby, who came but a month ago ; How many pounds from the crowning curl To the rosy point of the restless toe ? Grandfather ties the handkerchief's knot, Tenderly guides the swinging weight, And carefully over his glasses peers To read the record, " Only eight ! " Softly the echo goes around, The father laughs at the tiny girl ; The fair young mother sings the words, While grandmother smooths the golden curl. And stooping above the precious thing, Nestles a kiss within a prayer ; Murmuring softly, " Little one, Grandfather did not weigh you fair." Nobody weighed the baby's smile, Or the love that came with the helpless one ; Nobody weighed the threads of care From which a woman's life is spun. No index tells the mighty worth Of a little baby's quiet breath! A soft, unceasing metronome, Patient and faithful unto death. Nobody weighed the baby's soul, For here, on earth, no weights there be That could avail. God only knows Its value in eternity. Only eight pounds to hold a soul That seeks no angel's silver wing, But shrines it in this human guise Within so fair and small a thing. Oh, mother, laugh your merry note, Be gay and glad, but do n't forget From baby's eyes looks out a soul That claims a home in Eden yet. From the New York Ledger. THE OLD OAKEN BUCKET. BY SAMUEL WOODWORTH. ||j j[OW dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood, When fond recollection presents them to view ' The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wild-wood, And every loved spot which my infancy knew ; 'The wide-spreading pond, and the mill which stood by it, The bridge, and the rock where the cataract fell ; ' The cot of my father, the dairy-house nigh it, And e'en the rude bucket which hung in the well. The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket which hung in the well. That moss-covered vessel I hail as a treasure For often at noon, when returned from the field, I found it the source of an exquisite pleasure, The purest and sweetest that nature can yield. How ardent I seized it, with hands that were glowing ! And quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell ; Then soon, with the emblem of truth overflowing, And dripping with coolness, it rose from the well ; The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well. How sweet from the green mossy brim to receive it, As, poised on the curb, it inclined to my lips ! Not a full blushing goblet could tempt me to leave it, Though filled with the nectar that Jupiter sips. And now, far removed from the loved situation, The tear of regret will intrusively swell, As fancy reverts to my father's plantation, And sighs for the bucket which hangs in the well ; The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket which hangs in the well. ON THE OTHER SIDE. 'E go our ways in life too much alone ; We hold ourselves too far from all our kind ; Too often we are dead to sigh and moan ; Too often to the weak and helpless blind ; f oo often, where distress and want abide, We turn and pass upon the other side. The other side is trodden smooth ; and worn By footsteps passing idly all the day. Where lie the bruised ones that faint and mourn, Is seldom more than an untrodden way ; Our selfish hearts are for our feet the guide They lead us by upon the other side. It should be ours the oil and wine to pour Into the bleeding wounds of stricken ones ; To take the smitten, and the sick and sore, And bear them where a stream of blessing runs : Instead, we look about the way is wide, And so we pass upon the other side. Oh, friends and brothers, gliding down the years, Humanity is calling each and all In tender accents, born of grief and tears ! I pray you, listen to the thrilling call ; You cannot, in your cold and selfish pride, Pass guiltlessly by on the other side. SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. 287 MAUD MULLER. * BY JOHN G. WHITTIER. AUD Muller, on a summer's day, Raked the meadow sweet with hay. ^ fc5Beneath her torn hat glowed the wealth ** Of simple beauty and rustic health. Singing, she wrought, and her merry glee The mock-bird echoed from his tree. But, when she glanced to the far-off town, White from its hill-slope looking down, The sweet song died, and a vague unrest And a nameless longing filled her breast A wish, that she hardly dared to own, For something better than she had known. The Judge rode slowly down the lane, Smoothing his horse's chestnut mane. He drew his bridle in the shade Of the apple-trees to greet the maid, And ask a draught from the spring that flowed Through the meadow across the road. She stooped where the cool spring bubbled up, And filled for him her small tin cup. % And blushed as she gave it, looking down On her feet so bare, and her tattered gown. Thanks !" said the Judge, " a sweeter draught From a fairer hand was never quaffed." He spoke of the grass and flowers and trees, Of the singing birds and the humming bees ; Then talked of the haying, and wondered whether The cloud in the west would bring foul weather. And Maud forgot her brier-torn gown, And her graceful ankles bare and brown, And listened, while a pleased surprise Looked from her long-lashed hazel eyes. At last, like one who for delay Seeks a vain excuse, he rode away. Maud Muller looked and sighed : " Ah me ! That I the Judge's bride might be ! " He would dress me up in silks so fine, And praise and toast me at his wine. " My father would wear a broadcloth coat ; My brother should sail a painted boat. " I 'd dress my mother so grand and gay ; And the baby should have a new toy each day. " And I' d feed the hungry and clothe the poor, And all should bless me who left our door." The Judge looked back as he climbed the hill, And saw Maud Muller standing still : " A form more fair, a face more sweet, Ne'er hath it been my lot to meet. " And her modest answer and graceful air Show her wise and good as she is fair. " Would she were mine, and I to-day, Like her, a harvester of hay. " No doubtful balance of rights and wrongs, Nor weary lawyers with endless tongues, " But low of cattle, and song of birds, And health, and quiet, and loving words." But he thought of his sister, proud and cold, And his mother, vain of her rank and gold. So, closing his heart, the Judge rode on, And Maud was left in the field alone. But the lawyers smiled that afternoon, When he hummed in court an old love-tune. And the young girl mused beside the well. Till the rain on the unraked clover fell. He wedded a wife of richest dower, Who lived for fashion, as he for power. Yet oft, in his marble hearth's white glow, He watched a picture come and go ; And sweet Maud Muller's hazel eyes Looked out in their innocent surprise. Oft, when the wine in his glass was red, He longed for the wayside well instead, And closed his eyes on his garnished rooms, To dream of meadows and clover-blooms ; And the proud man sighed with a secret pain, " Ah, that I were free again ! " Free as when I rode that day Where the barefoot maiden raked the hay." She wedded a man unlearned and poor, And many children played round her door. But care and sorrow, and child-birth pain Left their traces on heart and brain. And oft, when the summer sun shone hot On the new-mown hay in the meadow lot, And she heard the little spring brook fall Over the roadside, through the wall, *From " Poems by Whitticr ;" published by Jas. K. Osgood & Co., Boston, Mass.- 288 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. In the shade of the apple-tree again She saw a rider draw his rein, And, gazing down with timid grace, She felt his pleased eyes read her face. Sometimes her narrow kitchen walls Stretched away into stately halls ; The weary wheel to a spinnet turned, The tallow candle an astral burned ; And for him who sat by the chimney lug, Dozing and grumbling o'er pipe and mug, A manly form at her side she saw, And joy was duty and love was law. Then she took up her burden of life again, Saying only, " It might have been !" Alas for maiden, alas for Judge, For rich repiner and household drudge God pity them both ! and pity us all. Who vainly the dreams of youth recall ; For of all sad words of tongue or pen, The saddest are these : " It might have been !' Ah, well ! for us all some sweet hope lies Deeply buried from human eyes ; And, in the hereafter, angels may Roll the stone from its grave away ! ROCK ME TO SLEEP, MOTHER. BY FLORENCE PERCY. BACKWARD, turn backward> O Time, in your flight, Make me a child again, just for to-night ! Mother, come back from the echoless shore, Take me again to your heart as of yore ; Kiss from my forehead the furrows of care, Smooth the few silver threads out of my hair ; , Over my slumbers your loving watch keep Rock me to sleep, mother rock me to sleep! Backward, flow backward, tide of the years ! I am so weary of toil and of tears Toil without recompense tears all in vain Take them, and give me my childhood again ! I have grown weary of dust and decay Weary of flinging my soul-wealth away ; Weary of sowing for others to reap Rock me to sleep, mother rock me to sleep ! Tired oPthe hollow, the base, the untrue, Mother, O Mother, my heart calls for you! Many a summer the grass has grown green, Blossomed and faded, our faces between ; Yet with strong yearning, and passionate pain, Long I to-night for your presence again. Come frcm the silence so long and so deep Rock me to sleep, mother rock me to sleep ! Over my heart, in the days that are flown, No love like a mother's love ever has shone ' No other worship abides and endures Faithful, unselfish, and patient like yours ; None like a mother can charm away pain From the sick soul and the world-weary brain. Slumber's soft calm o'er my heavy lids creep Rock me to sleep, mother rock me to sleep ! Come, let your brown hair just lighted with gold, Fall on your shoulders again as of old ; Let it drop over my forehead to-night, Shading my faint eyes away from the light; For with its sunny-edged shadows once more Happy will throng the sweet visions of yore Lovingly, softly, its bright billows sweep Rock me to sleep, mother rock me to sleep ! Mother, dear mother, the years have been long, Since I last listened to your lullaby song ; Sing, then, and unto my heart it shall seem, Womanhood's years have been only a dream ; Clasped to your heart in a loving embrace, With your light lashes, just sweeping my face, Never hereafter to wake or to weep Rock me to sleep, mother rock me to sleep ! KATIE LEE AND WILLIE GRAY. WO brown heads with laughing curls, Red lips shutting over pearls, Bare feet white, and wet with dew, Two eyes black, and two eyes blue ; Little girl and boy were they, Katie Lee and Willie Gray. They were standing where a brook, Bending like a shepherd's crook, Flashed its silver, and thick ranks Of green willows fringed its banks ; Half in thought and half in play, Katie Lee and Willie Gray. They had cheeks like cherries red ; He was taller 'most a head ; She, with arms like wreaths of snow, Swung a basket to and fro, As they loitered, half in play, Katie Lee and Willie Gray. " Pretty Katie," Willie said And there came a flash of red Through the brownness of his cheek SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. 289 " Boys are strong and girls are weak, And I '11 carry, so I will, Katie's basket up the hill." Katie answered with a laugh, " You shall only carry half ; " And then, tossing back her curls, " Boys are weak as well as girls." Do you think that Katie guessed Half the wisdom she expressed ? Men are only boys grown tall ; Hearts do n't change much after all ; And when, long years from that day, Katie Lee and Willie Gray Stood again beside the brook, Bending like a shepherd's crook Is it strange that Willie said While again a dash of red Crossed the brownness of his cheek - " I am strong and you are weak : Life is but a slippery steep, Hung with shadows cold and deep. " Will you trust me, Katie dear Walk beside me without fear ? May I carry, if I will, All your burdens up the hill ? " And she answered with a laugh, " No, but you may carry half." Close beside the little brook Bending like a shepherd's crook, Washing with its silver bands Late and early at the sands, Is a cottage, where to-day Katie lives with Willie Gray. In the porch she sits, and lo ! Swings a basket to and fro Vastly different from the one That she swung in years agone ; This is long, and deep, and wide, And has rockers on the side ! NEVER AGAIN. again will the roses blow For us as the roses we used to know Oh ! never again will the wide sky hold Such wealth of glory and sunset gold ; And never again will I whisper, dear, The pleasant fancies you smiled to hear And never again, at the day's decline, Shall I sit with your little hand in mine, And look at the beauty of sunset skies, And the sweeter beauty of your sweet eyes. Never again ! for the dream is done That a word, and a look, and a touch begun. Love, if we always could dream, ah, then ! The words are as sad as " it might have been ! " For us, there is nothing but memory, In the coming days, of -what could not be! Love, you are near me, and yet as far As the round earth is from the furtherest star. Kiss me and smile in my eyes once more, Tho' your lips should quiver, and tears run o'er. Put your hand in mine for one moment, one, And then, good-bye, for the dream is done ! IF I SHOULD DIE TO-NIGHT. I should die to-night, My friends would look upon my quiet face Before they laid it in its resting-place, And deem that death had left it almost fair ; And, laying snow-white flowers against my hair, Would smooth it down with tearful tenderness, And fold my hands with lingering caress ; Poor hands, so empty and so cold to-night ! If I should die to-night, My friends would call to mind, with loving thought, Some kindly deed the icy hand had wrought ; Some gentle word the frozen lips had said ; Errands on which the willing feet had sped ; The memory of my selfishness and pride, My hasty words, would all be put aside, And so I should be loved and mourned to-night. If I should die to-night, Even hearts estranged would turn once more to me, Recalling other days remorsefully. The eyes that chill me with averted glance Would look upon me as of yore, perchance And soften, in the old, familiar way, For who could war with dumb, unconscious 'clay ? So I might rest, forgiven of all, to-night. Oh, friends, I pray to-night, Keep not your kisses for my dead, cold brow. The way is lonely, let me feel them now. Think gently of me ; I am travel worn ; My faltering feet are pierced with many a thorn. Forgive, oh, hearts estranged, forgive, I plead ! When dreamless rest is mine I shall not need The tenderness for which I long to-night. 19 290 SELECTIONS FKOM THE POETS. THE LOST STEAMSHIP. BY FITZ-JAMES O BRIEN. >O, there ! fisherman, hold your hand ! Tell me what is that far away There, where over the Isle of Sand Hangs the mist-cloud sullen and gray ? See ! it rocks with a ghastly life, Raising and rolling through clouds of spray, Right in the midst of the breakers' strife Tell me, what is it, fisherman, pray?" ' That, good sir, was a steamer, stout As ever paddled around Cape Race, And many 's the wild and stormy bout She had with the winds in that self-same place ; But her time had come ; and at ten o'clock, Last night, she struck on that lonesome shore, And her sides were gnawed by the hidden rock, And at dawn this morning she was no more." ' Corre, as you seem to know, good man, The terrible fate of this gallant ship, Tell me all about her that you can, And here 's my flask to moisten your lip. Tell me how many she had on board Wives and husbands, and lovers true How did it fare with her human hoard, Lost she many, or lost she few ? " ' Master, I may not drink of your flask, Already too moist I feel my lip ; But I 'm ready to do what else you ask, And spin you my yarn about the ship : 'T was ten o'clock, as I said, last night, When she struck the breakers and went ashore, And scarce had broken the morning's light, Than she sank in twelve feet of water, or more. ' But long ere this they knew their doom, And the captain called all hands to prayer ; And solemnly over the ocean's boom The orisons rose on the troubled air : And round about the vessel there rose Tall plumes of spray as white as snow, Like angels in their ascension clothes, Waiting for those who prayed below. " So those three hundred people clung, As well as they could, to spar and rope ; With a word of prayer upon every tongue, Nor on any face a glimmer of hope. But there was no blubbering weak and wild Of tearful faces I saw but one, A rough old salt, who cried like a child, And not for himself, but the Captain's son. ' The Captain stood on the quarter-deck, Firm but pale, with trumpet in hand, Sometimes he looked on the breaking wreck, Sometimes he sadly looked on land. And often he smiled to cheer the crew But, Lord ! the smile was terrible grim 'Till over the quarter a huge sea flew, And that was the last they saw of him. ' I saw one young fellow, with his bride, Standing amidship upon the wreck ; His face was white as the boiling tide, And she was clinging about his neck. And I saw them try to say good-bye, But neither could hear the other speak ; So they floated away through the sea to die Shoulder to shoulder, and cheek to cheek. ' And there was a child, but eight at best, Who went his way in a sea we shipped, All the while holding upon his breast A little pet parrot, whose wings were clipped. And as the boy and the bird went by, Swinging away on a tall wave's crest, They were grappled by a man with a drowning cry, And together the three went down to rest. 4 And so the crew went owe by one, Some with gladness, and few with fear ; Cold and hardship such work had done, That few seemed frightened when death was near. Thus every soul on board went down Sailor and passenger, little and great ; The last that sank was a man of my town, A capital swimmer the second mate." ' Now, lonely fisherman, who are you, That say you saw this terrible wreck? How do I know what you say is true, When every mortal was swept from the deck? Where were you in that hour of death ? How do you know what you relate? " His answer came in an underbreath " Master, I was the second mate !" THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS DEATH. nr HERE is no such thing as death In Nature nothing dies ; From each sad remnant of decay Some forms of life arise. The little leaf that falls, All brown and sere to earth, Ere long will mingle with the buds That give the flower its birth. SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. 291 THE VAGABONDS. * BY J. T. TROWBRIDGE. 'E are two travelers, Roger and I. Roger's my dog Come here, you scamp ! Jump for the gentleman, mind your eye ! Over the table, look out for the lamp ! The rogue is growing a little old ; Five years we've tramped through wind and weather, And slept out doors when nights were cold, And ate and drank and starved together We 've learned what comfort is, I tell you ! A bed on the floor, a bit of rosin, A bit of fire to thaw our thumbs (poor feljow ! The paw he holds up there 's been frozen,) Plenty of catgut for my fiddle, (This out-door business is bad for strings,) Then a few nice buckwheats, hot from the griddle, And Roger and I set up for kings ! No, thank ye, sir, I never drink ; Roger and I are exceedingly moral Are n't we, Roger ? See him wink ! Well, something hot, then, we won't quarrel, He's thirsty, too, see him nod his head ! What a pity, sir, that dogs can't talk ! He understands every word that's said, And he knows good milk from water-and-chalk. The truth is, sir, now I reflect, I've been so sadly given to grog, I wonder I 've not lost the respect (Here 's to you, sir ! ) even of my dog ; But he sticks by, through thick and thin ; And this old coat, with its empty pockets And rags that smell of tobacco and gin, He '11 follow while he has eyes in his sockets. There is n't another creature living Would do it, and prove through every disaster, So fond, so faithful, and so forgiving, To such a miserable, thankless master ! No, sir ! see him wag his tail and grin ! By George ! it makes my old eyes water ! That is, there 's something in this gin That chokes a fellow. But no matter ! We '11 have some music, if you 're willing, And Roger (hem ! what a plague a cough is, sir ! ) Shall march a little. Start, you villain ! Stand straight ! 'Bout face ! Salute your officer ! Put up that paw ! Dress ! Take your rifle ! (Some dogs have arms, you see ! ) Now hold your Cap while the gentleman gives a trifle, To aid a poor, old, patriot soldier ! March ! Halt ! Now show how the rebel shakes, When he stands up to hear his sentence. Now tell us how many drams it takes To honor a jolly new acquaintance. Five yelps, that 's five ; he 's mighty knowing ! The night's before us, fill the glasses ! Quick, sir ! I'm ill, my brain is going ! Some brandy, thank you, there, it passes. Why not reform ? That's easily said ; But I 've gone through such wretched treatment, Sometimes forgetting the taste of bread, And scarce remembering what meat meant, That my poor stomach 's past reform ; And there are times when, mad with thinking, I'd sell out heaven for something warm, To prop a horrible inward sinking. Is there a way to forget to think ? At your age, sir, home, fortune, friends, A dear girl's love, but I took to drink ; The same old story ; you know how it ends. If you could have seen these classic features, You need n't laugh, sir ; they were not then Such a burning libel on God's creatures ; I was one of your handsome men : If you had seen HER, so fair and young, Whose head was happy on this breast ! If you could have heard the song I sung When the wine went round, you would n't have guessed That ever I, sir, should be straying, From door to door, with fiddle and dog, Ragged and penniless, and playing To you to-night for a glass of grog ! She 's married since ; a parson's wife : 'T was better for her that we should part, Better the soberest, prosiest life Than a blasted home and a broken heart. Have I seen her? Once : I was weak and spent On a dusty road : a carriage stopped : But little she dreamed as on she went, Who kissed the coin that her fingers dropped ! You 've set me talking, sir, I'm sorry ; It makes me wild to think of the change ! What do you care for a beggar's story ? Is it amusing ? You find it strange ? I had a mother so proud of me ! 'T was well she died before Do you know If the happy spirits in heaven can see The ruin and wretchedness here below ? Another glass, and strong, to deaden This pain ; then Roger and I will start, I wonder, has he such a lumpish, leaden, Aching thing, in place of a heart ? He is sad sometimes, and would weep if he could, No doubt remembering things that were, A virtuous kennel, with plenty of food, And himself a respectable cur. * From " The Vagabonds and Other Poems." by J. T..Trowbridge; published by Jas. R. Osgood & Co., Boston, Mais. 292 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. I'm better now ; that glass was warming. You rascal ! limber your lazy feet ! We must be fiddling and performing For supper and bed, or starve in the street. Not a very gay life to lead, you think? But soon we shall go where lodgings are free, And the sleepers need neither victuals nor drink The sooner the better for Roger and nie ! TWO LITTLE PAIRS. BY MRS. S. T. PERRY. prWO little pairs of boots, to-night, Before the fire are drying ; Two little pairs of tired feet, In a trundle bed, are lying ; The tracks they left upon the floor Make me feel much like sighing. Those little boots with copper toes ! They run the livelong day ; And oftentimes I almost wish They were miles away ; So tired am I to hear so oft Their heavy tramp at play. They walk about the new ploughed ground Where mud in plenty lies ; They roll it up in marbles round, They bake it into pies, And then, at night upon the floor. In every shape it dries i To-day I was disposed to scold, But when I look to-night, At those little boots before the fire. With copper toes so bright, 1 think how sad my heart would be To put them out of sight. For in a trunk up-stairs I Ve laid Two socks of white and blue ; If called to put those boots away, Oh God, what should I do ? I mourn that there are not to-night Three pairs instead of two. I mourn because I thought how nice My neighbor 'cross the way, Could keep her carpets all the year From getting worn or gray ; Yet well I know she 'd smile to own Some little boots to-day. We mothers weary get, and worn, Over our load of care ; But how we speak to these little ones Let each of us beware ; For what would our firesides be to-night, If no little boots were there ? WHICH SHALL IT BE? 'HIGH shall it be ? which shall it be? " I looked at John John looked at me (Dear patient John, who loves me yet As well as though my locks were jet,) And when I found that I must speak, My voice seemed strangely low and weak. Tell me again what Robert said ; " And then I listening bent my head. This is his letter : " " I will give A house and land while you shall live, If, in return, from out your seven One child to me for aye is given." I looked at John's old garments worn, I thought of all that John had borne Of poverty and work and care, Which I, though willing, could not share ; I thought of seven mouths to feed, Of seven little children's need, And then of this. " Come, John," said I, ' We'll choose among them, as they lie Asleep ; " so walking hand in hand, Dear John and I surveyed our band. First to the cradle lightly stepped Where Lilian the baby slept, Her damp curls lay like gold alight. - A glory 'gainst the pillow white. Softly her father stooped to lay His rough hand down in loving way. When dream or whisper made her stir. And huskily, John said, " Not her not her.' We stooped beside the trundle bed, And one long ray of lamp-light shed Across the boyish faces, three, In sleep so pitiful and fair ; I saw, on Jamie's rough, red cheek, A tear undried. Ere John could speak, ' He's but a baby, too," said I, And kissed him as we hurried by. Pale, patient Robbie's angel face, Still in his sleep, bore suffering's trace. ' No, for a thousand crowns, not him," We whispered, while our eyes were dim. Poor Dick ! bad Dick ! our wayward son, Turbulent, reckless, idle one Could he be spared ? " Nay, He, who gave, Bids us befriend him to his grave ; Only a mother's heart can be Patient enough for such as he ; And so," said John, " I would not dare To send him from her bedside prayer." Then stole we softly up above, And knelt by Mary, child of love. SELECTIONS FKOM THE POETS. Perhaps for her 'twould better be," I said to John. Quite silently He lifted up a curl that lay Across her cheek, in willful way, And shook his head, " Nay, love, not tlice, The while my heart beat audibly. Only one more, our oldest lad, Trusty and thoughtful, good and glad So like his father. " No, John, no I cannot, will not, let him go." And so we wrote, in courteous way, We could not give one child away ; And after that, toil lighter seemed, Thinking of that of which we dreamed, Happy, in truth, that not one face Was missed from its accustomed place ; Thankful to work for all the seven, Trusting the rest to One in Heaven. THE LITTLE BOY THAT DIED. BY JOSHUA D. ROBINSON. AM all alone in my chamber now And the midnight hour is near, And the faggot's crack, and the clock's dull tick, Are all the sounds I hear ; And over my soul in its solitude Sweet feelings of sadness glide ; And my heart and my eyes are full when I think, Of the little boy that died. I went one night to my father's house Went home to the dear ones all, And softly I opened the garden gate, And softly the door of the hall ; My mother came out to meet her son, She kissed me, and then she sighed, And her head fell on my neck, and she wept For the little boy that died. And when I gazed on his innocent face, As still and cold he lay, And thought what a lovely child he had been, And how soon he must decay ; " O Death, thou lovest the beautiful ! " In the woe of my spirit I cried, For sparkled the eyes, and the forehead was fair, Of the little boy that died. Again I will go to my father's house Go home to the dear ones all, And sadly I'll open the garden gate, And sadly the door of the hall ; I shall meet my mother, but, nevermore, With her darling by her side ; And she'll kiss me and sigh, and weep again For the little boy that died. I shall miss him, when the flowers come, In the garden where he played ; I shall miss him more by the fireside, When the flowers have all decayed ; I shall see his toys and his empty chair, And the horse he used to ride ; And they will speak, with silent speech, Of the little boy that died. I shall see his little sister again, With her playmates about the door, And I'll watch the children at their sports, As I never did before ; And if, in the group, I see a child That's dimpled and laughing-eyed, I'll look to see if it may not be The little boy that died. We shall all go home to our Father's house To our Father's house in the skies, Where the hope of our souls shall have no blight, And our love no broken ties ; We shall roam on the banks of the River of Peace, And bathe in its blissful tide ; Ami one of the joys of our Heaven will be The little boy that died. And therefore, when I'm sitting alone, And the midnight hour is near, And the faggot's crack and the clock's dull tick Are the only sounds I hear, O ! sweet o'er my soul in its solitude Are the feelings of sadness that glide, Though my heart and my eyes are full when I think Of the little boy that died. HEAVEN BY LITTLES. fEAVEN is not reached by a single bound ; But we build the ladder, by which we rise From the lowly earth to the vaulted skies, And we mount to its summit round by rovmd. I count these things to be grandly true ! That a noble deed is a step toward God Lifting the soul, from the common sod, To a purer air and a broader view. We rise by the things that are under our feet ; By what we have mastered of greed and gain, By the pride deposed, and the passion slain, And the vanquished ill that we hourly meet. 294 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. THERE'S BUT ONE PAIR OF STOCKINGS TO MEND TO-NIGHT. N old wife sat by her bright fireside, Swaying thoughtfully to and fro, In an ancient chair whose creaky frame Told a tale of long ago ; While down by her side, on the kitchen floor, Stood a basket of worsted balls a score. The good man dozed o'er the latest news. Till the light of his pipe went out, And, unheeded, the kitten, with cunning paws, Rolled and tangled the balls about ; Yet still sat the wife in the ancient chair, Swaying to and fro in the fire-light glare. But anon a misty tear-drop came In her eye of faded blue, Then trickled down in a furrow deep, Like a single drop of dew ; So deep was the channel so silent the stream The good man saw naught but the dimmed eye-beam. Yet he marvelled much that the cheerful light Of her eye had weary grown, And marvelled he more at the tangled balls ; So he said in a gentle tone, " I have shared thy joys since our marriage vow, Conceal not from me thy sorrows now." Then she spoke of the time when the basket there Was filled to the very brim, And how there remained of the goodly pile But a single pair for him. " Then wonder not at the dimmed eye-light, There 's but one pair of stockings to mend to-night. " I cannot but think of the busy feet, Whose wrappings were wont to lie In the basket, awaiting the needle's time, Now wandered so far away ; How the sprightly steps, to a mother dear, Unheeded fell on the careless ear. " For each empty nook in the basket old, By the hearth there 's a vacant seat ; And I miss the shadows from off the wall, And the patter of many feet ; 'T is for this that a tear gathered over my sight At the one pair of stockings to mend to-night. " T was said that far through the forest wild, And over the mountains bold, Was a land whose rivers and dark'ning caves Were gemmed with the rarest gold ; Then my first-born turned from the oaken door, And I knew the shadows were only four. " Another went forth on the foaming waves And diminished the basket's store But his feet grew cold so weary and cold They '11 never be warm any more And this nook, in its emptiness, seemeth to me To give forth no voice but the moan of the sea. " Two others have gone toward the setting sun, And made them a home in its light, And fairy fingers have taken their share To mend by the fireside bright ; Some other baskets their garments fill But mine ! Oh, mine is emptier still. " Another the dearest the fairest the best Was ta'en by the angels away, And clad in a garment that waxeth not old, In a land of continual day. Oh ! wonder no more at the dimmed eye-light, While I mend the one pair of stockings to-night." ABSENCE. BY FRANCES ANNE KEMBLE. 'HAT shall I do with all the days and hours That must be counted, ere I see thy face ? How shall I charm the interval that lowers Between this time and that sweet time of grace ? Shall I in slumber steep each weary sense Weaiy with longing ? Shall I flee away Into past days, and with some fond pretence Cheat myself to forget the present day? Shall love for thee lay on my soul the sin Of casting from me God's great gift of time ? Shall I, these mists of memory locked within, Leave and forget life's purposes sublime ? O, how, or by what means may I contrive To bring the hour that brings thee back, more near ? How may I teach my drooping hope to live Until that blessed time, and thou art here ? I '11 tell thee ; for thy sake, I will lay hold Of all good aims, and consecrate to thee, In worthy deeds, each moment that is told, While thou, beloved one ! art far from me. For thee, I will arouse my thoughts to try All heavenward flights, all high and holy strains ; For thy dear sake, I will walk patiently Through these long hours, nor call their minutes pains. I will this dreary blank of absence make A noble task-time ; and will therein strive To follow excellence, and to o'ertake More good than I have won, since yet I live. So may this doomed time build up in me A thousand graces, which shall thus be thine ; So may my love and longing hallowed be, And thy dear thought, an influence divine. SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD. BY THOMAS GRAY. curfew tolls the knell of parting day ; The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way. And leaves the world to darkness and to me. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, And all the air a solemn stillness holds, Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds ; Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower, The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, Molest her ancient, solitary reign. Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, Each in his narrow cell forever laid, The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. The breezy call of incense -breathing mom, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, Or busy housewife ply her evening care ; No children run to lisp their sire's return, Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share. Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke ; How jocund did they drive their team afield ! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke ! Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and destiny obscure ; Nor Grandeur hear, with a disdainful smile, The short and simple annals of the poor. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Await, alike, the inevitable hour The paths of glory lead but to the grave. Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault, If memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise, Where, through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault, The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. Can storied urn, or animated bust, Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ? Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust, Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death? Perhaps, in this neglected spot, is laid Some heart, once pregnant with celestial fire Hand, that the rod of empire might have swayed. Or wakeo to ecstasy the living lyre : But Knowledge to their eyes her ample page, Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll ; Chill Penury repressed their noble rage, And froze the genial current of the soul. Full many a gem, of purest ray serene, The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear ; Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Some village Hampden, that, with dauntless breast, The little tyrant of his fields withstood Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest, Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. The applause of listening senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, And read their history in a nation's eyes, Their lot forbade ; nor circumscribed alone Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined ; Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne, And shut the gates of mercy on mankind ; The struggling pangs of conscious Truth to hide, To quench the blushes of ingenuous Shame, Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride With incense kindled at the muse's flame. Far from the maddening crowd's ignoble strife, /Their sober wishes never learnt to stray ; Along the cool, sequestered vale of life They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. Yet even these bones from insult to protect, Some frail memorial still erected nigh, With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked, Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. Their names, their years, spelled by th' unlettered Muse The place of fame and elegy supply ; And many a holy text around she strews. That teach the rustic moralist to die. For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey, This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned, Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day, Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind ? On some fond breast the parting soul relies, Some pious drops the closing eye requires ; Even from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, Even in our ashes live their wonted fires. For thee, who, mindful of th' unhonored dead, Dost in these lines their artless tale relate ; If chance, by lonely contemplation led, Some kindred spirit shall enquire thy fate 296 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. Haply, some hoary-headed swain may say, " Oft have we seen him, at the peep of dawn, Brushing, with hasty steps, the dews away, To meet the sun upon the upland lawn. " There, at the foot of yonder nodding beech, That wreathes its old, fantastic roots so high, His listless length at noontide would he stretch, And pore upon the brook that babbles by. " Hard by yon wood, now smiling, as in scorn, Muttering his wayward fancies, he would rove ; Now drooping, woful-wan, like one forlorn, Or crazed with care, or crossed with hopeless love. " One morn I missed him on th' accustomed hill, Along the heath, and near his favorite tree ; Another came, nor yet beside the rill, Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he ; " The next, with dirges due, in sad array, Slow through the church-way path we saw him borne ; Approach and read (for thou canst read ) the lay, Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn." EPITAPH. Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, A youth to fortune and to fame unknown ; Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth, And Melancholy marked him for her own. Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere ; Heaven did a recompense as largely send : He gave to misery all he had, a tear ; He gained from Heaven 'twas all he wished a friend. No farther seek his merits to disclose, Nor draw his frailties from their dread abode, (There they, alike, in trembling hope repose,) The bosom of his Father and his God. YOU AND I. fF we could leave this world behind Its gains and loss, its praise and blame, Nor seeking place, nor fearing shame, Some fair land quite forgotten find, We might be happy, you and I, And let this foolish world go by. No paradise of love and bliss, No dreams of youth in Eden bowers, But some dear home of quiet hours, Where all of life we would not miss, But find some day sweet ere we die, And let this cruel world go by. It will not be we are too weak To snatch from Time and Life one day But, when they both have passed away, O Love ! we will each other seek Where none can part us, none deny This world and all its woes gone by. LITTLE FEET. BY FLORENCE PERCY. srWO little feet so small that both may nestle In one caressing hand Two tender feet upon the untried border Of Life's mysterious land ; Dimpled and soft, and pink as peach-tree blossoms In April's fragrant days How can they walk among the briery tangles Edging the world's rough ways ? These white-rose feet, along the doubtful future, Must bear a woman's load ; Alas ! since woman has the heaviest burden, And walks the hardest road. Love, for a while, will make the path before them All dainty, smooth and fair Will cull away the brambles, letting only The roses blossom there. But when the mother's watchful eyes are shrouded Away from sight of men, And these dear feet are left without her guiding, Who shall direct them then ? How will they be allured, betrayed, deluded, Poor little untaught feet Into what dreary mazes will they wander, What dangers will they meet ? Will they go stumbling blindly in the darkness Of Sorrow's tearful shades? Or find the upland slopes of Peace and Beauty Whose sunlight never fades? Will they go toiling up Ambition's summit, The common world above ? Or in some nameless vale securely sheltered, Walk side by side in Love ? Some feet there be, which walk Life's track un wounded, Which find but pleasant ways ; Some hearts there be, to which this life is only A round of happy days. But they are few. Far more there are who wander Without a hope or friend Who find their journey full of pains and losses, And long to reach the end ! How shall it be with her, the tender stranger, Fair-faced and gentle-eyed, Before whose unstained feet the world's rude highway Stretches so strange and wide ? Ah ! who may read the future ? For our darling We crave all blessings sweet And pray that He, who feeds the crying ravens, ^ Will guide the baby's feet. SELECTIONS FliOM THE POETS. 297 THE WANTS OF MAN. BY JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. N 1841, a Washington correspondent of the Albany Evening Journal, writing of the distinguished indi- viduals then in Washington, says : "John Quincy Adams is one of the intellectual prodigies whose characters distinguish eras of time. An hundred years hence I doubt whether the American annals will show more than two names Benjamin Franklin and George Washington brighter than that of John. Quincy Adams. " Mr. Adams is now seventy-four years old. But years have made no impression upon his intellect. That is stirl fresh and vigorous. He is, as has been so frequently stated, always in his seat ; always watching the course of business, and always ready to shed light upon the question before the House. " The Hon. Mr. Morgan, whose seat is near to that of Mr. Adams, has obtained for me, with permission to publish in the Journal, a copy of the poem which I enclose. It was written in July, 1840, under these circumstances: General Ogle informed Mr. Adams that several young ladies in his district had requested him to obtain Mr. A.'s autograph for them. In accordance- with this request, Mr. Adams wrote the following poem upon ' The Wants of Man' each stanza upon a sheet of note paper. What Ameri- can young lady would not set a precious value upon such an autograph from this illustrious statesman ? " THE WANTS OF MAN. " Man wants hut little here helow, Nor wauls that little long." Goldsmith' ' Hermit. I. f AN wants but little here below, Nor wants that little long." [ 'Tis not, with me exactly so ; But 'tis so in the song. My wants are many, and, if told, Would muster many a score ; And were each wish a mint of gold, I still should long for more. II. What first I want is daily bread, And canvas -backs, and wine ; And all the realms of nature spread Before me, when I dine. Four courses scarcely can provide, My appetite to quell ; With four choice cooks from France, beside, To dress my dinner well. III. What next I want, at princely cost, ^Is elegant attire ; Black sable furs for winter's frost, And silks for summer's fire, And Cashmere shawls, and Brussels lace, My bosom's front to deck, And diamond rings my hands to grace, And rubies for my neck. IV. And then I want a mansion fair, A dwelling-house in style, Four stories high, for wholesome air, A massive marble pile ; With halls for banquets, and for balls, All furnished rich and fine ; With stabled studs in fifty stalls, And cellars for my wine. V. I want a garden, and a park, My dwelling to surround, A thousand acres (bless the mark ! ) With walls encompass'd round, Where flocks may range and herds may low, And kids and lambkins play, And flowers and fruit commingl'd grow All Eden to display. VI. I want, when summer's foliage falls, And autumn strips the trees, A house, within the city's walls, For comfort and for ease But here, as space is somewhat scant, And acres rather rare, My house in town, I only want, To occupy a square. VII. I want a steward, butler, cooks, A coachman, footman, grooms ; I want a library of well-bound books, And picture-garnished rooms, Correggio's Magdalen and Night, The Matron of the Chair ; Guide's fleet coursers in their flight, And Claudes, at least a pair. VIII. Ay ! and, to stamp my form and face Upon the solid rock, I want, their lineaments to trace, Carrara's milk-white block, And let the chisel's art sublime, By Greenough's hand, display, Through all the range of future time, My features to the day. 298 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. IX. I want a cabinet profuse Of medals, coins and gems ; A printing-press, for private use, Of fifty thousand ems ; And plants and minerals and shells, Worms, insects, fishes, birds ; And every beast on earth that dwells In solitude or herds. I want a board of burnish'd plate, Of silver and of gold, Tureens of twenty pounds in weight, With sculpture's richest mold ; Plateaus, with chandeliers and lamps, Plates, dishes, all the same ; And porcelain vases, with the stamps Of Sevres and Angouleme. XL And maples, of fair glossy stain, Must form my chamber doors ; And carpets, of the Wilton grain, Must cover all my floors ; My walls, with tapestry bedeck'd, Must never be outdone ; And damask curtains must protect Their colors from the sun. XII. And mirrors, of the largest pane, From Venice must be brought ; And sandal-wood, and bamboo cane, For chairs and tables bought ; On all the mantel-pieces, clocks Of thrice-gilt bronze must stand And screens of ebony and box Invite the stranger's hand. XIII. I want (who does not want ? ) a wife, Affectionate and fair ; To solace all the woes of life, And all its joys to share. Of temper sweet of yielding will, Of firm, yet placid mind, With all my faults to love me still, With sentiments refin'd. XIV. And, as Time's car incessant runs, And fortune fills my store ; I want of daughters and of sons From eight to half a score. I want (alas ! can mortal dare Such bliss on earth to crave ? ) That all the girls be chaste and fair The boys all wise and brave. XV. And when my bosom's darling sings With melody divine, A pedal harp, of many strings, Must with her voice combine. A piano, exquisitely wrought, Must open stand, apart, That all my daughters may be taught, To win the stranger's heart. XVI. My wife and daughters will desire Refreshment from perfumes, Cosmetics for the skin require, And artificial blooms. The civet fragrance shall dispense, And treasur'd sweets return, Cologne revive the flagging sense, And smoking amber burn. XVII. And when at night my weary head Begins to droop and doze, A southern chamber holds my bed For Nature's soft repose ; With blankets, counterpanes, and sheet, Mattress and bed of down, And comfortables for my feet, And pillows for my crown. XVIII. I want a warm and faithful friend To cheer the adverse hour ; Who ne'er to flatter will descend, Nor bend the knee to power A friend to chide me when I'm wrong, My inmost soul to see ; And that my friendship prove as strong For him, as his for me. XIX. I want a keen, observing eye, An ever-listening ear, The truth through all disguise to spy, And wisdom's voice to hear ; A tongue to speak, at virtue's need. In Heaven's sublimest strain ; And lips, the cause of Man to plead, And never plead in vain. XX. I want uninterrupted health, Throughout my long career ; And streams of never-failing wealth, To scatter far and near The destitute to clothe and feed, Free bounty to bestow, Supply the helpless orphan's need, And soothe the widow's woe. SELECTIONS FROM TELE POETS. 299 XXI. I want the genius to conceive, The talents to unfold, Designs, the vicious to retrieve, The virtuous to uphold. Inventive power, combining skill ; A persevering soul, Of human hearts to mold the will, And reach from pole to pole. XXII. I want the seals of power and place, The ensigns of command ; Charged by the People's unbought grace, To rule my native land Nor crown, nor scepter would I ask, But from my country's will, By day, by night, to ply the task, Her cup of bliss to fill. XXIII. I want the voice of honest praise, To follow me behind ; And to be thought, in future days, The friend of human-kind, That after ages, as they rise, Exulting may proclaim, In choral union, to the skies, Their blessings on my name. XXIV. These are the wants of mortal man, I cannot want them long For life itself is but a span, And earthly bliss a song. My last great want, absorbing all, Is, when beneath the sod, And stimmon'd to my final call, The mercy of my God. THE EVENING BELLS. BY THOMAS MOORE. fHOSE evening bells, those evening bells ! How many a tale their music tells Of youth, and home, and native clime, When I last heard their soothing chime. Those pleasant hours have passed away, And many a heart that then was gay, Within the tomb now darkly dwells, And hears no more those evening bells. And so it will be when I am gone ; That tuneful peal will still ring on, When other bards shall walk these dells And sing your praise, sweet evening bells. WORDS FOR PARTING. BY MARY CLEMMER AMES. WHAT shall I do, my dear. In the coming years, I wonder, When our paths, which lie so sweetly near, Shall lie so far asunder ! O, what shall I do, my dear, Through all the sad to-morrows, When the sunny smile has ceased to cheer, That smiles away all sorrows ! What shall I do, my friend, When you are gone forever ? My heart its eager need will send, Through the years to find you, never. And how will it be with you, In the weary world, I wonder? Will you love me with a love as true, When our paths lie far asunder ? A sweeter, sadder thing, My life for having known you ; Forever, with my sacred kin, My soul's soul, I must own you ; Forever mine, my friend, From June till life's December ; Not mine to have and hold, Mine to pray for, and remember. The way is short, my friend, That reaches out before us ; God's tender heavens above us bend, His love is smiling o'er us. A little while is ours, For sorrow or for laughter ; I '11 lay the hand you love in yours, On the shore of the hereafter. THE SCULPTOR BOY. CHISEL in hand stood a sculptor boy, With his marble block before him : And his face lit up with a smile of joy As an angel dream passed o'er him. He carved that dream on the yielding stone With many a sharp incision ; In Heaven's own light the sculptor shone, He had caught that angel vision. Sculptors of life are -we, as we stand, With our lives uncarved before us ; Waiting the hour when, at God's command, Our life dream passes o'er us. Let us carve it then on the yielding stone, With many a sharp incision : Its heavenly beauty shall be our own Our lives, that angel vision. 300 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. THE CLOSING SCENE. BY THOMAS 15UCHANAN READ. 'ITIIIN the sober realm of leafless trees, The russet year inhaled the dreamy air ; Like some tanned reaper, in his hour of ease, When all the fields are lying brown and bare. The gray barns looking from their hazy hills, O'er the dun waters widening in the vales, Sent down the air a greeting to the mills, On the dull thunder of alternate flails. All sights were mellowed and all sounds subdued, The hills seemed further, and the stream sang low, As in a dream the distant woodman hewed His winter log with many a muffled blow. The embattled forests, erewhile armed with gold, Their banners bright with every martial hue, Now stood like some sad, beaten host of old, Withdrawn afar in Time's remotest blue. On sombre wings the vulture tried his flight ; The dove scarce heard his sighing mate's complaint ; And, like a star slow drowning in the light, The village church vane seemed to pale and faint. The sentinel cock upon the hill-side crew Crew thrice and all was stiller than before ; Silent till some replying warden blew His alien horn, and then was heard no more. Where erst the jay, within the elm's tall crest, Made garrulous trouble round her unfledged young ; And where the oriole hung her swaying nest, By every light wind, like a censer, swung. Where sang the noisy martins of the eves, The busy swallows circling ever near Foreboding, as the rustic mind believes, An early harvest and a plenteous year ; Where every bird, that waked the vernal feast, Shook the sweet slumber from its wings at morn, To warn the reaper of the rosy east ; All now was sunless, empty, and forlorn. Alone, from out the stubble, piped the quail ; And croaked the crow through all the dreary gloom; Alone the pheasant, drumming in the vale, Made echo in the distance to the cottage loom. There was no bud, no bloom upon the bowers ; The spiders wove their thin shrouds night by night, The thistle-down, the only ghost of flowers, Sailed slowly by passed noiseless out of sight. Amid all this in this most dreary air, And where the woodbine shed upon the porch Its crimson leaves, as if the year stood there, Firing the floor with its inverted torch ; Amid all this, the center of the scene, The white-haired matron, with monotonous tread, Plied the swift wheel, and, with her joyless mien, Sate like a fate, and watched the flying thread. She had known sorrow. He had walked with her, Oft supped, and broke with her the ashen crust, And in the dead leaves still, she heard the stir, Of his thick mantle trailing in the dust. While yet her cheek was bright with summer bloom, Her country summoned and she gave her all ; And twice war bowed to her his sable plume Re-gave the sword to rust upon the wall. Re-gave the sword but not the hand that drew, And struck for liberty the dying blow ; Nor him who, to his sire and country true Fell 'mid the ranks of the invading foe. Long, but not loud, the droning wheel went on, Like the low murmur of a hive at noon ; Long, but not loud, the memory of the gone Breathed through her lips a sad and tremulous tune. At last the thread was snapped her head was bowed Life dropped the distaff through her hands serene ; And loving neighbors smoothed her careful shroud, While death and winter closed the autumn scene. LOVE LIGHTENS LABOR. GOOD wife rose from her bed one morn, And thought, with a nervous dread, Of the pile of clothes to be washed, and more Than a dozen mouths to be fed. There 's the meals to get for the men in the field, And the children to fix away To school, and the milk to be skimmed and churned ; And all to be done this day. It had rained in the night, and all the wood Was wet as it could be ; There were puddings and pies to bake, besides A loaf of cake for tea ; And the day was hot, and her aching head, Throbbed wearily as she said : " If maidens but knew what good wives know, They would be in no haste to wed ! " " Jennie, what do you think I told Ben Brown ? " Called the farmer from the well ; And a flush crept up to his bronzed brow, And his eyes half bashfully fell, " It was this," he said and coming near, He kiss'd from her brow the frown ; " 'T was this," he said, " that you were the best, And the dearest wife in town." SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. 301 The farmer went back to the field, and the wife, In a smiling and absent way Sang snatches of tender little songs, . She 'd not sung for many a day. And the pain in her head vas gone, and the clothes Were white as the foam of the sea ; Her bread was light and her butter was sweet, And as golden as it could be. ' Just think," the children all called in a breath, " Tom Wood has run off to sea ! He would n't, I know, if he only had As happy a home as we." The night came down, and the good wife smiled To herself as she softly said : 1 'T is so sweet to labor for those we love, It 's not strange that maids will wed ! " BIRTH-SPOT MEMORIES. BY GEORGE D. fRENTICE. H, how the silent memories of years, Are stirring in my spirit. I have been A lone and joyless wanderer. I have roamed Abroad through other climes, where tropic flowers Were offering up their incense, and the stars Swimming like living creatures ; I have strayed Where the softest skies of Italy were hung, In beautiful transparency, above, And glory floating, like a lovely dream, Over the rich landscape ; yet dear fancy still, 'Mid all the ruder glow of brighter realms, Oft turned to picture the remembered home, That blest its earliest day-dreams. Must I go Forth into the world again ? I've proved its joys, Till joy was turned to bitterness I've felt Its sorrows, till I thought my heart would burst With the fierce rush of tears ! The sorrowing babe Clings to its mother's breast. The bleeding dove Flies to her native vale, and nestles there, To die amid the quiet grove, where first She tried her tender pinion. I could love Thus to repose, amid these peaceful scenes To memory dear. Oh, it were passing sweet, To rest forever on the spot, Where passed my days of innocence to dream Of the pure streams of infant happiness, Sunk in life's burning sands to dwell On visions faded, till my broken heart Should cease to throb to purify my soul With high and holy musings and to lift Its aspirations to the central home Of love, peace, and holiness in Heaven. OH ! WHY SHOULD THE SPJRIT OF MORTAL BE PROUD ? [The following poem was a particular favorite with Mr. Lincoln, and which he was accustomed occasionally to repeat. Mr. F. B. Carpenter, the artist, writes that while engaged in painting his picture at the White House, he was alone o.ie evening with the President in his room, when he eaicl: "There is a poem which has Ixen a great favorite with me for years, which was first shown to me when a young man by a friend, and which I afterwards saw and cut from a news- paper and learned hy heart. I would," he continued, "give a great deal to know who wrote it, but have never been able to am rtain." He then repeated the poem, and on a subsequent occasion Mr. Car- penter wrote it down from Mr. Lincoln's own lips. The poem was published more than thirty years ago, was then stated to be of Jewish origin and composition, and we think was credited to "Songs of Israel."] \H, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? Like a swift-fleeting meteor, a fast-flying cloud, A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, Man passes from life to his rest in the grave. The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, Be scattered around and together be laid ; And the young and the old, and the low and the high, Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie. The infant a mother attended and loved, The mother that infant's affection who proved ; The husband that mother and infant who blessed, Each, all, are away to their dwellings of rest. The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye Shone beauty and pleasure her triumphs are by ; And the memory of those who loved her and praised, Are alike from the minds of the living erased. The hand of the king that the sceptre hath borne ; The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn ; The eye of the sage and the heart of the brave, Are hidden and lost in the depth of the grave. The peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap ; The herdsman, who climbed with his goafs up the steep ; The beggar, who wandered in search of his bread, Have faded away like the grass that we tread. The saint who enjoyed the communion of heaven, The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven, The wise and the foolish, the guilty and just, Have quietly mingled their bones in the dust. So the multitude goes, like the flowers or the weed That withers away to let others succeed ; So the multitude conies, even those we behold, To repeat every tale that has often been told. 302 SELECTIONS FEOM THE POETS. For we are the same our fathers have been ; We see the same sights our fathers have seen, We drink the same stream and view the same sun, And run the same course our fathers have run. The thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think ; From the death we are shrinking our fathers would shrink, To the life we are clinging they also would cling ; But it speeds for us all, like a bird on the wing. They loved, but the story we cannot unfold ; They scorned, but the heart of the haughty is cold ; They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come ; They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb. They died, aye ! they died : and we things that are now, Who walk on the turf that lies over their brow, Who make in their dwelling a transient abode, Meet the things that they met on their pilgrimage road. Yea ! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain. We mingle together in sunshine and rain ; And the smiles and the tears, the song and the dirge, Still follow each other, like surge upon surge. 'T is the wink of an eye, 't is the draught of a breath ; From the blossom of health to the paleness of death, From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud, Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud ? ROLL CALL. CORPORAL Green!" the orderly cried ; " Here ! " was the answer loud and clear, From the lips of a soldier who stood near, And " Here ! " was the word the next replied. ' Cyrus Drew ! " ^hen a silence fell This time no answer followed the call ; Only his rear man had seen him fall, Killed or wounded, he could not tell. There they stood in the failing light, These men of battle, with grave, dark looks, As plain to be read as open books, While slowly gathered the shades of night. The fern on the hill-side was splashed with blood, And down in the corn, where the poppies grew, Were redder stains than the poppies knew ; And crimson-dyed was the river's flood. For the foe had crossed, from the other side, That day in the face of a murderous fire, That swept them down in its terrible ire ; And their life-blood went to color the tide. 1 Herbert Kline !" At the call, there came Two stalwart soldiers into the line, Bearing between them this Herbert Kline, Wounded and bleeding, to answer his name. ' Ezra Kerr ! " and a voice answered, " Here ! " " Hiram Kerr !" but no man replied. They were brothers, these two, the sad winds sighed, And a shudder crept through the cornfield near. ' Ephraim Deane ! " then a soldier spoke : " Deane carried our Regiment's colors," he said ; " Where our Ensign was shot, I left him dead, Just after the enemy wavered and broke." ' Close to the road-side his body lies ; I paused a moment and gave him to drink ; He murmured his mother's name, I think, And Death came with it and closed his eyes." 'T was a victory ; yes, but it cost us dear, For that company's roll, when called at night, Of a hundred men jvho went into the fight, Numbered bat twenty that answered " Here !" OVER THE HILL FROM THE POOR HOUSE.* BY WILL M. CARLETON. WHO was always counted, they say, Rather a bad stick any way, Splintered all over with dodges and tricks, Known as the " worst of the deacon's six; " I, the truant, saucy and bold, The one black sheep in my father's fold, " Once on a time," as the stories say, Went over the hill on a winter's day Over the hill to the poor house. Tom could save what twenty could earn ; But givin' was somethin' he ne'er could learn ; Isaac could half o' the Scriptures speak, Committed a hundred verses a week ; Never forgot, an' never slipped ; But " Honor thy father and mother" he skipped. So over the hill to the poor house. * From "Farm Ballads," by Will M. Carleton; published by Harper D ( IM>. MY DEARSIR: I have examined with interest, and also with surprise, vour "Manual of Social and Business Forms," and find it really an en- cyclopedia of information of all kinds, needed in social or business life, admirably arranged and handsomely Illustrated, forming the most comprehensive and satisfactory work of the kind 1 have ever seen. It ought to be In every library and counting-room, and the longer it is examined and used, the more highly it will be appreciated. Yours truly, SCHCVLER COLFAX. PROF. THOS. E. HILL, Aurora, 111. From Prof. A. Freese, formerly Sup't of Schools, Cleveland, Ohio. "Hill's Manual is no ordinary affair. This you will see after examining it five minutes. For a young man who wants to know bow busi- ness is done, how to put things In good shape, and the right shape, this book is Invaluable. He could afford to pay $50 for it^ In case he could not get it for less. If I could have found such a work in my boyhood, my blunders would have been less, and my greenriens less apparent when I struck out into this sharp and critical world." From W. W. Chandler, General Agent (Star Union Line, Chicago. CHICAGO, ILL. It is indeed a wonderful production, and I am more and more astonished at the great variety and vast amount of practical information it contains. No young man can afford to be with- out a copy, and the information it contains Is equally valuable and ESSENTIAL TO EVERY LADY IN THE LAND. A 71 offer of a hundred dollars for the book, or even five times that sum, would not buy it from me, were it an impossi- bility to procure another copy. HILL'S MANUAL is EMPHATICALLY THE MOST COMPLETE. COMFREHKNSIVE, AND RE- LIABLE WORK OP THE KIND EVER PUBLISHED, BEYOND THE SHADOW OP A DOUBT. WHAT AGENTS SAY. From J. S. Martin, Gold Hill, Nevada. "I have canvassed for Hill's Manual seven days, and taken 127 orders." From J. W. England, Plain City, Utah. "The book takes well, and the more It Is known the better it is liked." From T. F. Graber, Kenosha, Wis. " I never saw a book that I could canvass for with a will, before I saw yours." Wm. H. Shepard, San Francisco, Cal., Writes: "Our canvass in Denver, Colorado bids fair to reach 350 subscribers." This was the second canvass, six mouths after the first. H. B. Mathews, Aurora, 111., Says: "This Is the best book In existence for an agent to sell in hard times, as It enables peo- ple to save money and make money; hence, they cannot afford to be without it. From Mrs. L. Hoag, High Forest, Minn. " We find by reoanvassing after the book has been Introduced, we can double on our sub- scribers, and we Intend going over the ground time and again." From Wm. Rolph, Laporte City, Iowa. " I like the business of canvassing for Hill's Manual first-rate, because it PAYS, and it is such a work as I consider honorable to sell, for it is equal to all the agent can say for it." ' Chas. S. Attix, Cnmp Brown, Wyoming, Inquires concerning the agency of Hill's Manual, soring that many who have seen a copy of the booK In his possession desire it. anil adds: "I have been offered (en dollars for the copy I have, but would not part for It for double thai amount" (OVER.) OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. The newspapers of the country have been of one voice in the praise of HILL'S MANUAL. following testimonials are a few of the hundreds of similar character. The IN NEW ENGLAND. From the Boston Herald. "A very valuable volume is 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.' It is a large quarto, handsomely produced as far as externals are concerned, but not less attractive and desira- ble on account of its contents, for, from its pages the self-instructing student can become familiar with all the forms in general use, and almost everything that a person should know in this practical age." From the Nashua (N. H.) Telegraph. " ' Hill's Manual ' is one of the most beautiful and useful books ever published. It is a book for everybody, man, woman and child. No one can fail to find much in it that is both entertain- ing and instructive, and that can be applied to practical use. It is an eminently useful book for public or private libraries, and a most valuable book for study and reference by every man in every possible business. No book on this con- tinent was ever gotten up with such exquisite taste in its mechanical execution, and certainly none that will be of greater value to the masses of men and women old and young. Whoever purchases the book will have in it alone a valu- able library at very small cost." From the Suffolk Co. (Mass.) Journal. " Of its inestimable value one cannot judge fully without examining the work. Many of the most eminent men in our country have given it their unqualified praise, having bought and used it, and the genera! sentiment among themis, that having once possessed it and become acquainted with its worth, they could hardly be induced to part with it at any price. Among those in this section of country are Gov. Gaston, Gov. Rice, C. G. Atwoodofthe Boston Board of Trade, G. A. Somerby, Esq., and many others. The lead- ing educational men of our country speak of it in the same terms of praise." From the Fall River (Mass.) Border City Herald. " ' HILL'S MANUAL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS.' This is a valuable new work of real excellence, and forms a manual comprehending instructions and examples to guide the scholar, the man of business, the teacher, and the general public in every branch of enterprise over the wide domain of human effort. The work is of the most varied character, and supplies alike the wants of the old and the demands of the young in every phase of human life. We assure all who pur- chase this work that a more elegant, useful, and comprehensive volume of instructions and ex- amples, suiting all ages and conditions in life in both sexes, has never been laid upon our tables." From the Cambridge (Mass.) Chronicle. '"HILL'S MANUAL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS' is one of the most useful volumes ever placed upon the desk of a business or profes- sional man, or upon the table of a drawing-room. It is a perfect treasure of valuable and practical information on social and business topics, which are of immense importance to every one. The items confined within the limits of the book em- brace instructions and guides for the city officer, student, politician, clergyman, physician, clerk. In fact, every person who is in business or engaged in any calling whatever, will find infor- mation as to the proper manner in which to write any document entering into the various social and business relations of life." IN THE MIDDLE STATES. From the Phrenological (N. Y.) Journal. " This work is exceedingly comprehensive. The author has evidently aimed to cover all the departments of practical life in which the pen is an essential instrumentality, and his endeavor has not failed of eminent success in producing a most useful book. We have been informed that upward of 50,000 copies have been sold in a short time ; and no wonder, as it is such a work as an agent can talk about, if talk be at all necessary besides its examination." From the Akron (Ohio) Beacon. "Let it be placed where young people may have access to it ; and in the hands of every family, where children can, as it were, GROW UP with it, so that its principles may become a kind of second nature to them, and many a stream will be bridged which would otherwise separate them from positions in both social and business life, which by nature they are fitted to fill. The work certainly belongs to the list of articles which should be considered a NECESSITY in every household, and a timely, helping hand to those of mature years." From the Easton (Penn.) Free Press. " ' Hill's Manual ' is a work of which no writ- ten description can give a properly adequate idea. It must be examined, that its merits may be appreciated. The author seems to have studied the wants of almost every person and family, and more perfectly met these wants than it would seem possible to do in volumes; and yet we find it in one compact book, which comes within the reach of all." From the Syracuse (N. Y.) Daily Journal. " It has often been remarked of individuals that 'they have forgotten more in a minute' than others have learned in a lifetime. Whether the remark is to b>; taken sis a compliment to the former or a reflection upon the latter, matters not particularly, since it is a well-known fact, and one most frequently and sincerely regretted by everybody, that thousands of little things that contribute to daily pleasure, convenience or knowledge are absolutely forgotten and beyond recall at the very moment when most they are needed. What heart burning, what vexation of spirit would 1 6e averted, what incalculable ma- terial benefits, even, would often accrue were there at our elbow some monitor, visible or in- visible, embodying in its inexhaustible resources the multum in parvo which forgetful mortals crave. " Such a mentor, nearlv if not altogether in- fallible, has been provided in 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms and Guide to Correct Writing,' a copy of which lies before us, and the examination of which suggests the fitness of the above title. Its external appearance and internal composition fit it, in all respects, to be the guide of young and old, male and female, business man of whatever trade, calling or pro- fession, and man of leisure, dunce and scholar. ' Hill's Manual ' best speaks for itself, for its compactness, brevity and comprehensiveness brings -.vithLn Hs levers thousands upon thou- sands of items of information in daily practical use, the topical enumeration of which, in the general index, occupies seven pages. "The book is a marvel of patience and pains- taking care. It is the work of years, and a tri- umph at last. No more useful book can be found in existence." IN THE WEST AND SOUTH From the Chicago Evening Journal, March 8, 1876. "The people of Aurora, 111., yesterday elected Thomas K. Hill mayor of their city, without opposition. The press and the people unani- mously declared him to be so eminently fitted for the place, by wealth, public spirit and enter- prise, that all classes united in choosing him for me woria, nowever, as trie author ot 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms,' a book which, though a very large volume, has had the remarkable sale of over 50,000 copies in a very brief time." From the Chicago Evening Post. "One of the most useful volumes that was ever laid upon the counting-room desk or the drawing-room table, is ' Hill's Manual of Busi- ness Forms.' It is a perfect treasury of knowl- edge ; a complete encyclopedia of practical in- formation. Scanning- the table of contents, it is puzzling- to conceive how so much can have been crowded into the confines of a single book impossible to believe that the half which is there promised can be fulfilled. But turning- over the pages, one by one, observing the freight they bear, the method of its arrangement, its variety and completeness, incredulity is suc- ceeded by astonishment and admiration. The work is a marvel of ingenuity and industry, a prodigy of patient and skillful labor." The Preston (Minn.) Republican says: "Hill's Manual, as a whole, is the outgrowth of many years of preparation, the object of the author being to give in a concise form, and in one compendium, much that has been heretofore in- accessible, and also much that could be obtained elsewhere only at great cost, thus placing this important information in convenient form for ready reference, within the reach of all. In the varied departments of practical, every-day life, it will be found at once the faithful tutor, the reliable guide, and the safe adviser. " For the business man or mechanic, the pro- fessional man or farmer, for every lady, the stu- dent, the young or old, and pre-eminently for the family, the work has never had its equal, as regards real practical utility. " Meeting an existing want among all classes of people, the sale of the work at the present time, in proportion to the population, has rarely, if ever, oeen equaled by any other work, even in the most prosperous years of the last decade." From the Louisville Commercial. "HILL'S MANUAL. We learn that this useful book is meeting with the favor it so well de- serves. It is a peculiar work, in the respect that no description will give a person a true idea of it, owing to the diversity of subjects treated ; hence, only those who examine the work can really appreciate it. We are all, to some extent, specialists, having given more attention to some one line of business or study, leaving other mat- ters of equal importance but partially covered; and just here this work will be found to meet a want which almost every one has felt. It cer- tainly belongs to the list of articles which should be considered a necessity in every office and li- brary, and is a helping hand to those of mature years." COMMENDATIONS FROM DISTINGUISHED EDUCATORS AND EMINENT MEN. NO work of an educational character, of late years, has met with such universal approval from teachers and learned men as this. While the book is most warmly welcomed by the illiterate, it is equally sought for by the educated. Hundreds of testimonials from distinguished individuals might be given similar to the following: t From Samuel Fellows, ex-State Supt. Pub. Schools, Wisconsin. " I am highly delighted with the plan and execution of Hill's Manual." From Prof. J. G. Cross, Principal of the Northwestern Business College, Naperville, 111. " It is a most valuable book, which ought to be multiplied as many times as there are families in the United States. I have adopted it as a book of daily reference for our business stu- dents." From Theodore B. Boyd, Principal of the Louisville Commercial College. "I have examined 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.' and am surprised at the amount of useful information contained in one volume. Prof. Hill seems to have studied the wants of every one. It is one of the most use- ful books that was ever laid upon the counting-- room desk or the drawing-room table." From D. S. Burns, Supt. Pub. Schools, Harrisburg, Pa. " I know of no work that contains so great a variety of valuable information on social and business topics as ' Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.' I think it a work of special value to those who have not had opportunities of an extended school course, or becoming familiar by contact with the conventionalities of society." From Wm. Cornell, Supt. Pub. Schools in Fall River, Mass. " I most cheerfully recommend "Hill's Man- ual of Social and Business Forms ' as a very full work on the various ' Forms' which every per- son is likely to have occasion to use in his rela- tions with persons in society. A thorough study of the ' book ' by our young men and women would repay them by their acquiring a large fund of very valuable and practical knowledge from its pages. It should meet with a large circulation." From M. M. Ballou, Distinguished Au- thor, formerly Publisher of " Boston Globe," " Ballou's Monthly," etc. "'Hill's Manual' is one of those indispensa- ble books of reference which both business men and families should always have at hand. It is such a natural outgrowth of the spirit of the age to condense and put in available form im- portant information upon every subject, that, while we are much gratified to possess this vol- ume, we are also surprised that such a book has not before been produced. It is exactly what its title indicates, a book of 'Social and Business Forms ' ; but it would require too much space to five even a synopsis of this valuable compen- ium of instruction and important knowledge." From D. P. Lindsley, Author of Linds- ley's System of Tachygraphy, Ando- ver, Mass. " ' Hill's Manual ' is really the most compre- hensive, thorough and elegant volume, treating on ' Social and Business Forms,' that has ever been issued in this country." From Gov. Gaston, of Massachusetts. " ' Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms' contains much valuable and useful in- formation. I think it ivell meets a public want, and can therefore be safely and properly com- mended to public favor." From President McCollister, of Buch- tel College, Akron, Ohio. '"HILL'S MANUAL' is a timely book, meeting a public want which has not been filled before. Every family should own this book. It contains information important and useful to all classes. I feel all who examine it will want it." From Wm. M. Cubery, of Cubery & Co., Publishers of the " Pacific Church- man," San Francisco, Cal. " ' Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms' is not only a luxurv, but a necessity eminently serviceable in the social circle, and indispensable to the man of business who would save time and money. I keep a copy in my counting-room for ready reference." From Stephen Walkley, Treasurer of the Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co., South- iiigton, Conn. " Hill's Manual is remarkable as containing a great variety of forms for numberless little things which all people have to do at sometime in their lives, but which most people do so seldom that thev entirely forget the methods in ordinary use, and do them awkwardly or not at all. I have known even well-educated persons travel one or two miles to have a subscription paper drawn, just for the lack of such a book as this. I am surprised at the great scope of the work, and have yet to discover any social or business form needed by people in the ordinary walks of life which is not there given." From Newton Bateman, ex-State Supt. of Public Schools, Illinois. " KNOX COLLEGE, GALESBURG, ILL. " 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms ' is the best and most complete work of the kind that has yet fallen under my notice. Indeed I do not see how it could well be more comprehensive and exhaustive in respect to the matters of which it treats. It contains, in com- paratively small compass, an immense amount of useful information upon a great variety of praetical matters, general and special, with which every person in every community ought to be acquainted." From Geo. Soule, President of Soule's Commercial and Literary Institute, New Orleans. "I am pleased to say that I regard 'Hill's Manual ' as one of the most valuable works for all classes of society which the nineteenth cen- tury has produced." From Prof. Worthy Putnam, Author of Putnam's Elocution and Oratory, Ber- rien Springs, Mich. " . have bought Hill's Manual I like it I admire it; ana so says my household. It is a little encyclopaedia of use, ornament, and knowl- edge for both men and women. It is a gem of authorship, artistic execution and usefulness." From the venerable Jared P. Kit-Main!. M.D., I I.I). "After a THOROUGH AND CRITICAL EXAMINA- TION of ' Hill's Manual," I have subscribed for three copies: one to accompany Webster's Una- bridged Dictionary on my writing desk for my own use, the others for my two eldest great- grandsons. * * * It should be in the posses- sion of every class of persons, from the young student to the most active business man or woman." JARED P. KIRTLAND. President Grant Subscribes. The agent of Hill's Manual at Long Branch writes : " By ten A. M. I was at the president's cottage, tipped and doffed my hat, announced my business, when the president promptly said he did not want to subscribe. I obtained per- mission to show it to him, and did so very hur- riedly. At the conclusion, he took my specimen copy, paid me the cash, and added his name to my autograph book.'-' From Major Merwin, Editor "American Journal of Education," St. Louis. "After having given ' Hill's Manual ' a very careful and thorough examination, I do not hesi- tate to say that it will be found one of the most iixi'f'n/ ami practical works to put into the schools of the country that has ever been published. IT IS A FIT AND ALMOST INDISPEN'sA HI 1 C < >M TANK )X TO WKHSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY; con- taining in a compact form just those things every person who transacts any business needs to know. There is scarcely a subject which comes within the purview of any individual, either in public or private life, but what is explained in this elegant volume. If it could be consulted in the drawing up of contracts, nearly all the mis- takes which occur might be avoided, and the ill feeling and litigation growing out Of misunder- standings would be a thing of the past. I wish every person in the State could be supplied with a cogy." SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, and not at Bookstores. AGENTS WANTED. Address, for terms, MOSES WARREN & CO., PttMifthent. No. 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL, H57