Obiter dicta of 
 
 Bacon" and "Shakespeare, 
 
 MIND. 
 
 MANNERS. 
 
 MORALS 
 
 By MRS. HENRY POTT 
 

 
OBITER DICTA 
 
 OF 
 
 BACON AND SHAKESPEARE 
 
 ox 
 
 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
23 
 
 A. C OXL 
 
 OBITER DICTA 
 
 BACON AND SHAKESPEARE 
 
 ON 
 
 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 BY 
 
 MRS. HENRY POTT, 
 
 Author of " Promus," etc. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 ROBERT BANKS & SON, RACQUET COURT, 
 FLEET STREET, E.G. 
 
 1900. 
 
" Men's labour should be turned to the 
 investigation and observation of the analogies 
 of things as well in wholes as in parts. For 
 these it is that detect unity // . . and lay a 
 foundation for the sciences./ 
 
 Novum Organum, Bk. II., xxvii. 
 
738 
 
 O Pi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE following passages from Bacon and Shakespeare 
 have been brought together with three objects, distinct, 
 but harmonious. 
 
 First, there being no concordance or harmony to the 
 authentic works of Bacon, we desire, by degrees, to supply 
 that deficiency by means of handbooks so cheap as to 
 be within the reach of all students, and so arranged and 
 subdivided that any particular subject treated of by Bacon 
 may be studied independently of the rest. "We would 
 continue these booklets in an unremitting stream, until 
 the much-needed, complete harmony between the works 
 of the philosopher and of the poet be put into the hands 
 of every reader in a simple and portable form. 
 
 Secondly, we desire to help the advancement of learn- 
 ing by sparing the pens and the valuable time of many 
 who now have to grope and hunt for things long ago 
 noted and written down. Bacon cautions men against 
 wasting time in Actum Agere, doing again the deed 
 done ; but from want of co-operation amongst workers, 
 his wise advice is daily neglected, and the same par- 
 ticulars painfully sought for by those whose minds are 
 fully capable of proceeding from " particulars to 
 generalities," and of doing work needed, and of permanent 
 value. 
 
 Lastly, these passages are collated in the hope that 
 they may aid in ending the apparently rotating and 
 
4. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 endless band of Bacon-Shakespeare controversy. For, 
 although a few detached instances of similarity or coin- 
 cidence may be held of no value as evidence, yet an 
 almost innumerable multitude of small instances, accumu- 
 lative evidence, although of the most minute particles, 
 does in the end amount to proof. Proof from internal 
 evidence can rarely be obtained by other means than by 
 the heaping up of small pieces of evidence. These 
 presently suggest an idea or theory ; further additions 
 convert the theory into a doctrine supported by a strong 
 probability ; the probability grows into certainty, and 
 the mind becomes assured that such repeated similarities, 
 such varied points of contact, such startling coincidences 
 of thought and expression, cannot possibly be due to 
 chance, or indeed to anything less than to identity of 
 authorship. Was it ever known in the history of the 
 world that any two men conceived the same " original " 
 ideas, thought the same things on the same subjects (old 
 or new), and expressed their opinions, tastes, and anti- 
 pathies, their theories, doctrines, and experience in similar 
 language ? 
 
 And here a few words should be said upon a point 
 which seems to be persistently ignored uarnely, the 
 exceedingly low-level of knowledge in the time of Bacon. 
 It has been the fashion of writers and teachers to lead 
 their readers and pupils to regard the Elizabethan era 
 as a period of advanced learning, and of brilliant illumi- 
 nation. Good and who made it so? Francis Bacon 
 speaks of it as an age of ignorance, all the worse because 
 it thought itself wise. The fabric of learning, if it 
 were to be made useful to man, and truly " advanced/' 
 must, he said, be completely razed to the foundations, and 
 
INTRODUCTION'. O 
 
 rebuilt. That was what lie himself proposed to attempt. 
 How much did he accomplish ? That is the question. la 
 his youth there were no dictionaries or books of 
 reference " collections," he calls them. There were 
 no elementary books of instruction in geography, 
 history, arithmetic, grammar. Who wrote the first 
 books of this kind ? 
 
 Bacon sums up the deficiencies which he found in know- 
 ledge ; they were at least sixty, including vocabulary, 
 or the actual words in which thoughts and knowledge 
 were to be expressed. As to poetry, the drama, the 
 arts in general, they are hardly to our purpose here, but 
 Bacon's opinion wa> that they were utterly defunct, the 
 Muses barren, and all knowledge hidden under the dust 
 of ages, or in the hands of a limited circle of pedants and 
 schoolmen who studied words rather than matter, and 
 whose knowledge had to be drawn from the fountains of 
 antiquity, u deep pits," whence nothing could be drawn 
 up excepting by such as had at their command the dead 
 languages in which all learning was then shrouded. 
 
 It will be a part of our future duty to show Francis 
 Bacon, as a young man, busy in rendering into his mother 
 tongue, and giving to his countrymen the wisdom of the 
 ancients which was to form the solid foundation for his 
 new Solomon's house. For the present, it is more to our 
 purpose to say that one " deficient," which he noted with 
 a view to supplying it, was the study of man, his nature, 
 character, and faculties. This study, whose importance 
 he ranks very high, is perceptibly illustrated in nearly 
 every portion of his writings, and the doctrines which are 
 there laid down are enforced in nearly every particular 
 by the actions, speeches, and reflections or lucubrations 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of the characters who figure in the Shakespeare Plays. 
 Those who have in these later days had the privilege of 
 seeing Hamlet, Julius Ctesar, Macbeth, and many minor 
 pieces put on the stage, may be truly said to have seen 
 Francis Bacon's thoughts and feelings made incarnate. 
 
 From the following pages it must be seen that the 
 opinions expressed in the books of philosophy and 
 science coincidg with, even if they are not absolutely 
 reflected by, passages in the Plays. Such opinions are 
 never incompatible with each other. They are never in 
 opposition, unless (often in the same work) antithetical 
 opinions or sentiments be expressed. Sometimes a 
 quotation, even from the Bible itself, may be thus turned 
 or "made contrary," and put into the mouth of a wicked 
 or wrong-thinking person. This tendency to consider 
 both sides of every question is equally common to both 
 groups of works. 
 
 Presented side by side, the extracts are seen to be 
 views of the same subject, taken like the two pictures 
 in a stereoscopic slide from slightly different points of 
 view, or, as it vrere, seen separately by the two eyes of 
 the same spectator. We perceive that, in many cases, 
 not only the opinions or sentiments are similar, but that 
 even the turns of speech, the words, metaphors, &c., 
 by which these opinions are expressed are singularly 
 alike in the prose and in the poetry. The examples here 
 given may not form one tithe of those collected, but it is 
 hoped, if these booklets find favour with the public, so to 
 continue and to add to their scope, as, in the end, to 
 furnish a perfect dictionary of Baconian ethics. 
 
 It is no easy matter to illustrate briefly, and at the 
 same time adequately, the ingrained similarities of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 thought and feeling betrayed by a collation of the 
 " two authors." But it is probably not overstating the 
 case to say, that there is no opinion or " aphorism " in 
 " Shakespeare'^ but finds a parallel in Bacon, and it ( 
 would not be difficult to fill a large volume with such 
 collations. 
 
 Will anyone say that these coincidences in thought 
 prove nothing ? that any two men might think the same 
 on points of morals or manners, however widely apart 
 their points of view might be set by education and 
 circumstances ? Will it be maintained that natural 
 quickness of observation suffices as " a key to unlock the 
 minds of others/' and that, to a genius like Shakespeare, 
 perception of character was doubtless intuitive ? 
 
 Such arguments begin by begging the whole question 
 as to the authorship. Baconians do not believe in 
 William Shaksper as " a genius/' and they know that, 
 both in the scientific works, and in the Plays, our author 
 is far from admitting that a knowledge of character is 
 easy or intuitive. On the contrary, the following extracts 
 show, that to obtain a true knowledge of character, 
 either in ourselves or in others, is a thing by no means 
 easy or intuitive, but " as full of study as a wise man's 
 art." Moreover, Bacon, when recommending this as a 
 proper study for mankind, specifies that it is a new and 
 unwonted study. 
 
 When Dr. Johnson penned his eulogy of the accurate 
 delineations of Human Nature in " Shakespeare" he was 
 judging the poet by the internal evidence afforded by his 
 works, and it can be no presumption in humbler readers 
 to follow his example in this respect. But since many 
 of the younger generation are unaware of Dr. Johnson's 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 reflections, it may be well to abridge a long dissertation 
 which occurs in his Introduction to the Plays. 
 
 " The power of Nature is only the power of using to 
 any certain purpose the materials which diligence pro- 
 cures, or opportunity supplies. . . . Mature gives no 
 man knowledge. Shakespeare, hotuever favoured by 
 Xature, could impart what he had learned. . . . 
 There is a vigilance 'of observation and accuracy of 
 distinction which books and precepts cannot confer ; 
 from this almost all original and native excellence 
 proceeds. Shakespeare must have looked on mankind 
 with perspicacity in the highest degree, curious and 
 attentive. . . . With so many difficulties to en- 
 counter, he has been able to obtain an exact knowledge 
 of many modes of life and many casts of native dis- 
 positions to vary them with great multiplicity, to 
 mark them with nice distinctions, and to show them in 
 full view by proper combinations. He had none to 
 imitate, but has himself been imitated by succeeding 
 writers, and it may be doubted whether, from all his 
 successors, more maxims of theoretical knowledge or 
 more rules of practical prudence can be collected than he 
 alone has given to his country. . . . Shakespeare, 
 whether Life or Nature be his subject, shows plainly 
 that he had seen with his own eyes ; he gives the image 
 which he receives, not weakened or distorted by the 
 intervention of any other mind, The ignorant feel his 
 representations to be just, the learned see they are 
 correct." 
 
 This passage, if applied to Bacon, is absolutely true 
 and satisfactory. Applied to the player, William 
 Shaksper, it is not only unsatisfactory, but in several 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 particulars untrue. It is unsatisfactory because it is not 
 harmonious or consistent, for in one place it is frankly 
 stated that " Nature gives no man knowledge." Whereas, 
 further on, we are given to understand that Shakespeare's 
 own powers of observation were sufficient to furnish him 
 with " an exact knowledge " of character in the person- 
 ages whom he portrays. 
 
 Further, the passage, if applied to the man Shaksper^ 
 is untrue. He is assumed to have inaugurated the study 
 of Nature and Human Xature, "having none to imitate;" 
 whereas, we know that the study was new with Bacon, 
 who mentions it as a deficiency in learning, and who 
 gives directions as to the way in which the study should 
 be conducted, and the particulars to be observer 1 . 
 Vainly have critics and commentators endeavoured to 
 marry the life of Shaksper to his supposed works, by 
 suggesting that he may have been a school-teacher, must 
 have picked up his law at ordinaries or as a lawyer's 
 clerk, and that his knowledge of courtly life and manners 
 were probably learned by peeping from behind the scenes 
 into the throng of royal or noble personages who formed 
 his audience. 
 
 Is it in ways such as these that any man ever attained, 
 or could attain, to the highest or most profound know- 
 ledge in every known branch of learning or science to 
 the law of an Attorney-General or a Chancellor, or to a 
 perfect mastery of the manners, discourse, and cere- 
 monials on State occasions, in privy councils, meetings of 
 kings and ambassadors, consultations of bishops and 
 clergy, or of death-bed scenes of kings and nobles, 
 royal betrothals, and such like ? Such notions are too 
 puerile and absurd to be for an instant entertained by 
 
10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 any thoughtful mind. They would surely never have 
 arisen, or been tolerated by sane persons, were it not for 
 the singular fact, that such is the fascination exercised 
 by the name " Shakespeare," that even now. when truth 
 has come to light, there are still many people who would 
 prefer to cast reason to the dogs, to smother up truth, 
 and to defy common-sense and experience, rather than 
 believe that William Shaksper was, as Shakspeareans 
 have proved, a graceless fellow, and that the name 
 Shakespeare was adopted under stress of necessity, and 
 as a safe nom-de-plume, by the great poet-philosopher 
 Francis Bacon. 
 
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 ADVERSITY. 
 
 " It was a high speech of Seneca, that the good things 
 which belong to Prosperity are to be wished, but the 
 good things which belong to Adversity are to be studied." 
 Ess. of Adversity. 
 
 " Happy is your Grace, 
 
 That can translate the stubbornness of fortune 
 Into so quiet and so sweet a style." 
 
 As You Like It ii. 1. 
 
 1. Lord : " A poor sequestered stag 
 
 That from the hunter's aim had taken a hurt, 
 Did come to languish, . . . and thus the hairy fool, 
 Much marked of the melancholy Jaques, 
 Stood on the extremest verge of the swift brook, 
 Augmenting it with tears." 
 
 Duke : " But what said Jaques ? 
 
 Did he not moralise this spectacle? " 
 
 1. Lord : " ! yes, into a thousand smiles . . ." 
 Duke : '" And did you leave him in this contemplation ? " 
 1. Lord : " We did, my lord, weeping, and commenting 
 Upon the sobbing deer." 
 
 (See the whole passage with Jaques' studies of 
 human nature in the experience of the deer. As You 
 Like It ii. 1, 2568]. 
 
12 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. Adversity. 
 
 ADVERSITY Men's Almost Miraculous Endurance. 
 
 " Certainly, if miracles be the command over nature, 
 they appear most in adversity/' Ess. of Adversity. 
 
 "And him, wondrous lilm ! 
 miracle of men ! him did you leave . . . 
 To look upon this hideous God of War 
 In disadvantage," &c. 2 lien. IV. ii. 3. 
 
 " Nothing almost sees miracles, but misery." 
 
 Lear ii. 2. 
 
 ADVERSITY PROSPERITY. (See Evil Good.) * 
 
 " Prosperity is the blessing of 'the Old Testament, 
 adversity is the blessing of the New, which carrieth the 
 greater benediction, and the clearer revelation of God's 
 favour. . . . Prosperity is not without many fears 
 and distastes, and adversity is not without comforts and 
 hopes." Ess. of Adversity. 
 
 " Let me embrace thee, sour adversity, 
 For wise men say it is the wisest course." 
 
 3 Hen. TV. ii. 1. 
 " There is some good in things evil ; 
 Would men observingly distil it out." 
 
 Hen. V. iv. 1. 
 
 " Adversity ! sweet milk, philosophy." 
 
 Horn. Jul. iii. 3. 
 " Sweet are the uses of adversity, 
 Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, 
 Wears yet a precious jewel in its head." 
 
 As You Like It iii. ]. 
 
 (Comp.: "There is a stone . . . which, worn, is thought 
 to be good for them that bleed at the nose, . . . quaere 
 if the stone taken out of the toad's head be not of the like 
 virtue." Nat. Hist. Cent. x. 967.) 
 
 * Advice See Counsel. AnxietySee Care. 
 
Adversity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 13 
 
 " Virtue is like precious odours, most fragrant when 
 they are incensed or crushed ; for prosperity doth best 
 discover vice ; but adversity doth best discover virtue." 
 Ess. of Adversity. 
 
 Comp. : " Though the camomile, the more it is trodden on the 
 faster it grows, yet youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it 
 wears." 1 Hen. IV. ii. 4. 
 
 "A wretched soul bruised in adversity" Com. Err. ii. 1. 
 
 Blanche: "The Lady Constance speaks not from her faith, 
 rom her need" 
 
 Const. : " ! if thou grant my need, 
 
 Which only lives by the death of faith, 
 That need must needs infer this principle 
 That faith should live again by death of need : 
 ! then, tread down my need, and faith mounts up ; 
 Keep my need up, and faith is trodden down." 
 
 John iii. 1. 
 
 The following are examples of the many ways in which 
 Bacon, by antithesis, combines jest arid satire as to 
 produce a sense of the comic whilst uttering a truth : 
 
 " Welcome the cup of sour prosperity ! Affliction may one day 
 smile asrain, and, till then, sit thee down, sorrow !" Love's Labour's 
 Lost i. 2. 
 
 Alcib. : " I have heard in some sort of thy miseries." 
 Tim. : " Thou saw'st them when I had prosperity." 
 Alcib.: " I see them now ; then was a blessed time." 
 
 Tim. : " As thine is now, held with a brace of harlots," &c. 
 
 Tim. Ath. iv. 3. 
 
 " I am thinking what I shall say ... It must be a personating 
 of himself : a satire against the softness of prosperity, with a discovery 
 of the infinite flatteries that follow youth and opulency." Tim. 
 Ath. v. 1. 
 
14 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Affectation. 
 
 AFFECTATION. 
 
 "If behaviour and outward carriage be intended 
 (attended to) too much, first, it may pass into affectation,* 
 and then (what more unseemly than to be always playing 
 a part?) to act a man's life. But, although it proceed not 
 to that extreme, yet it consumeth time, and employ eth the 
 mind too much. . . . Certainly the intending of the 
 discretion of behaviour is a great thief of meditation?' - 
 Advt. of Learning ii. 
 
 " Monsieur Malvolio ... is constantly but a time-pleaser ; an 
 affectioned ass that cons state with book, and utters it by great 
 swarths : the best persuaded of himself : so crammed, as he thinks, 
 with excellencies, that it is his ground of faith," &c. Twelfth 
 Night ii. 3. 
 
 "Malvolio . . . has been practising behaviour to his own shadow 
 this half-hour. Observe him . . . for, I know this letter will make 
 a contemplative idiot of him. . . . Here's an overweening rogue ! 
 Contemplation makes a rare turkey-cock of him," &c. 
 
 (See Twelfth Sight ii. 5, which turns entirely upon 
 Malvolio's practising his behaviour and affected manners 
 to the amusement of Maria and her friends). 
 
 AGE IN JUDGMENT. (See "Youth and Age.") 
 
 " All is not in years to me ; somewhat is in houres 
 well spent." Promus 152. 
 
 " My last years, for so I account them, reckoning by 
 health, and not by age." To Sir R. Cecil. 
 
 " A man that is young in years may be old in hours, if 
 he have lost no time ; but that happeneth rarely. . . . 
 Natures that have much heat are not ripe for action till 
 
 * So in edition, 1622 ; the earlier edition has the old form 
 affection for affectation. 
 
Age. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 15 
 
 they have passed the meridian of their years, . . . for 
 the experience of age, in all things that fall within the 
 compass of it, directeth them." Ess. of Youth and Age. 
 
 " Yet hath Sir Proteus, for that's his name, 
 Made use and fair advantage of his days ; 
 His years but young, but his experience old, 
 His head unmellowed, but his judgment ripe." 
 
 Tw) Gent. Ver. ii. 4. 
 " Had you been as wise as old, 
 Young in years, in judgment old, 
 Your answer had not been inscrolled." 
 
 Mer. 1>. ii. 7. 
 
 " I 'am only old in judgment and understanding'' 1 2 Hen. IV. i. 2. 
 "An aged interpreter, though young in days.'' Tim. Ath. v. 2. 
 "Thou should'st not have been old till thou had'st been wise." 
 
 Lear i. 5. 
 
 AGE Deforms and Wears Both Mind and Body. 
 
 " Old age, if it could be seen, deforms the mind more 
 than the body/' De Aug. vi. ; Antitheta iii. 3). 
 
 " In youth the body is erect; in old age, bent into a cur ce." 
 " Old age has an ill-natured envy." Hist, of Life and 
 Death. 
 
 " Sycorax, who with age and envy was grown into a hoop." 
 
 Temp. i. 2. 
 " As with age his body uglier grows, 
 
 So his mind canker*" Temp. iv. 1. 
 
 " Goodman Verges, sir, speaks a little off the matter : an old man, 
 sir, and his wits are not so blunt as, God help, I would desire they 
 were ; but, in faith, honest as the skin between his brows. . . . 
 A good old man, sir, he will be talking. . . . When the age is in 
 the wit is out." Much Ado iii. 1. 
 
 " He lasted long, 
 
 And on us both did haggish age steal on, 
 And wore us out of act." All's Well i. 2. 
 
10 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Age. 
 
 AGE Gracious. 
 
 " In old men the loves are changed into the graces" 
 l)e Aug. vi. ; Antitheta iii. 
 
 "A father, and a gracious aged man." Lear iv. 2. 
 
 AGE Invention Dulled In. 
 
 " Old men, . -. . though less ready in invention, are 
 more powerful in judgment than the young. In old age 
 the senses are dull and impaired/' Hist, of Life and 
 Death. 
 
 " The sense is but a dull thing in comparison of 
 perception/' Nat. Hist. Cent. ix. (Pref.) 
 
 " Time hath not yet so dried this blood of mine, 
 Xor age so eat up my invention, 
 But they shall find . 
 Both strength of limb, and policy of mind." 
 
 Much Ado \v. 2. 
 
 " You cannot call it love, for at your age 
 The heyday in the blood is tame ; it's humble, 
 And waits upon the judgment : and what judgment 
 Would step from this to this ? Sense, sure you have, 
 Else could you not have motion : But sure that sense 
 Is apoplexed," &c.Ham. iii. 4. 
 
 AZge : *' Not know my voice ! 0, Time's extremity ! 
 
 Hast thou {Time) so crack'd and splitted IHIJ poor tongue 
 
 In seven short years, that here my only son 
 
 Knows not my feeble key ? . . . 
 
 Yet hath my night of life some memory, 
 
 My ivasting lamps some fading glimmer left, 
 
 My dull deaf ears a little used to hear . . ." 
 
 Duke : " I see thy age and dangers make thee dote." 
 
 Com. Err. v. 1. 
 
 "The satirical slave says here, that old men have grey beards ; 
 that their faces are wrinkled ; their eyes purging thick amber and 
 plum-tree gum ; that they have a plentiful lack of wit, together 
 
Amazons. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 17 
 
 with most weak hams ; all which, sir, though I most powerfully 
 and potently believe, yet I hold it not honesty to have it thus set 
 down," &c. Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 " This policy and reverence of age makes the world bitter to the 
 best of our times ; keeps our fortunes from us, till our oldness cannot 
 relish of them. / begin to find an idle and fond bondage in the 
 oppression of aged tyranny, who sways, not as it hath power, but as 
 it is suffered." Lear i. 2. 
 
 AMAZONS an Unnatural Government. 
 
 " Let me put a feigned case ... of a land of 
 Amazons, where the whole government, public and 
 and private, yea, the militia itself, was in the hands of 
 women. I demand, Is not such a preposterous govern- 
 ment (against the first order of nature, for women to rule 
 over men) in itself void, and to be suppressed ? " &c. 
 Of an Holy War. 
 
 " She- wolf of France, worse than wolves of France ; . . . 
 How ill-beseeming is it in thy sex, 
 To triumph like an Amazonian trull, 
 Upon their woes whom fortune captivates ! " &c. 
 
 See 3 Hen. VI. i. 4, 1. 110140. York contrasts the 
 government, which made Queen Margaret's ancestors 
 seem "divine," with her own, which made her "abomin- 
 able/' arid " opposite to every good/' In the same play, 
 iv. 1, Margaret is again said " to play the Amazon/' 
 
 " The gallant monarch is in arms to souse annoyance ; 
 And you degenerate, you ingrate revolts, 
 . . . blush for sharne, 
 For your own ladies, and pale-visag'd maids, 
 Like Amazons, come tripping after drums, 
 Their thimbles into armed gauntlets change, 
 Their neelds to lances, and their gentle hearts 
 To fierce and bloody inclination." King John v. 2. 
 
 C 
 
18 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. AmbitlOH. 
 
 AMBITION Checked Becomes Dangerous. 
 
 "Ambition is like a choler, which, if it be stopped and 
 cannot have its way, becometh a dust, and thereby 
 malign and dangerous. So ambitious men, if they be 
 checked in their desires, become secretly discontent, and 
 look upon men and matters with an evil eye." Ess. of 
 Ambition. 
 
 "Ah, gracious lord, these days are dangerous ; 
 Virtue is choked with foul ambition . . . 
 And dogged York that reaches at the moon, 
 Whose over-weening arm I have pluck'd back, 
 By false accuse doth level at my life." 
 
 ^ Hen. VI. iii. 1. 
 
 Compare with this passage the following entries in the 
 Promus : 
 
 629. " To cast beyond the moon" (quoted in Ess. of 
 Ceremonies, and alluded to Tit. And. iv. 3, and, 
 conversely, Hen. VIII. iii. 2). 
 
 1115. " The arms of kings are long" (alluded to 
 Rich. II. iv. 1 ; 2 Hen. VI. i. 2, 712, iv. 7. " Great 
 men have reaching hands ; " and of Anthony, u His reared 
 arm crested the world" Ant. Cl. v. 2). 
 
 AMBITION Mounts, Flies, &c. (See Humility,) 
 
 " Men suddenly flying at the greatest things of all, 
 skip over the middle." Advt. of Learning. 
 
 " Vaulting ambition which overleaps itself, 
 And falls on t'other side." Macb. i. 7. 
 
 " Let us look all around us, and observe where things 
 stoop, and where they mount, and not misemploy our 
 strength tvhere the way is impassable." Advt. of 
 Learning. 
 
Ambition. :MAXXERS, IMIXD, MORALS. 19 
 
 " The eagle-winged pride 
 Of sky-aspiring and ambitious thoughts, 
 With rival-hating envy, set you on." Rich. II. i. 3. 
 
 "One step have I advanc'd thee ; if thou dost 
 As this instructs thee, thou shalt make thy way 
 To noble fortunes." Lear v. 3. 
 
 AMBITION Useful in Pulling Down. 
 
 '* There is use also of ambition in pulling down the 
 greatness of any subject that overtops" Ess. of 
 Ambition. 
 
 " Periander . . . went into his garden and topped all 
 the highest flowers, signifying that (to preserve tyranny) 
 the cutting off and keeping low of the nobility and 
 grandees . . . (was needful)/' Adct. of Learning ii., 
 and De Aug. vi. 1 . 
 
 K. Hen. : " My lords, at once : the care you have of us, 
 To mow down thorns that will annoy our foot, 
 Is worthy praise." 
 
 <). Mar. : ". . . Take heed, my lord ; the welfare of us all 
 Hangs on the cutting short that fraudful man." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. Hi., and lines 3035. 
 
 " He in fury shall 
 Cut off the proud'st conspirator that lives." 
 
 Tit. And. iv. 4. 
 
 " Go thou, and like an executioner, 
 Cut o/i\\Q heads of too fast-growing sprays, 
 That look too lofty in our commonwealth." 
 
 Rich. II. iii. 4. 
 
 " Foemen mowed down in tops of all their pride." 
 
 3 Hen. VI. v. 7. 
 
20 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger. 
 
 ANGER Appeased by Apology and Gentleness ; but Increased 
 by Excuses, Stubbornness, or Evasion. 
 
 "If the anger of a prince, or superior, be kindled 
 against you, and it be now your turn to speak, Solomon 
 directs (1) that an answer be made ; (2) that it be soft. 
 The first rule contains three precepts, viz. : 1. To 
 guard against a melancholy and stubborn silence, for this 
 either turns the fault wholly upon you, or impeaches your 
 superior. 2. To beware of delaying the thing, and 
 requiring a longer day for your defence. 3. To make a 
 real answer, not a mere confession or bare submission, 
 but a mixture of apology and excuse . . . the answer 
 should be mild and soft, not stiff and irritating." Advt. 
 of Learning (Aphorism 1). 
 
 (1) "Why, how now, dame ! whence grows this insolence? . . . 
 Why dost thou wrong her that did ne'er wrong thee ? 
 
 When did she cross thee with a bitter word ? 
 
 Her silence flouts me, and I'll be revenged." 
 
 Tarn. Sit. ii. 1. 
 
 " I cannot tell if to depart in silence, 
 Or bitterly to speak in your reproof, 
 Best befitteth," &c. 
 
 See Rich. III. iii. 7, 140-150. 
 
 " Come, lead me, officers, to the block of shame ; 
 Wrong hath but wrong, and blame the due of blame." 
 
 Rich. III. v.l. 
 
 " I am sorry that such sorrow I procure, 
 And so deep sticks it in my penitent heart, 
 That I crave death more willingly than mere}' 
 'Tis my deserving, and I do entreat it." M. M. v 1. 
 
 " Far more is to be said, and to be done, 
 Than out of anger can be uttered." 
 
 1 Hen.lV.iA. 
 
 "Teach us, sweet lady, for our rude transgression, 
 Some fair excuse." 
 
Anger. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 21 
 
 " The fairest is confession.'' Love's Labour's Lost v. 2. 
 
 " Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift ; 
 Riddling confession makes but riddling shrift." 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii. 2. 
 
 " Oftentimes, excusing of a fault 
 Doth make the fault worse by the excuse," &c. 
 
 John iv. 2. 
 
 " So, please your majesty, I would I could 
 Quit all offences with as clear excuse 
 As well as I am doubtless I can purge 
 Myself of many I am charged withal : 
 Yet such extenuation let me beg, 
 As, in reproof of many tales devised, 
 Which oft the ear of greatness needs must hear, 
 By smiling pick-thanks and base newsmongers, 
 I may, for some things true, wherein my youth 
 Hath faulty wander'd, and irregular, 
 Find pardon, on my true submission." 
 
 -1 Hen. IV. Hi. 2. 
 
 See also how Volumnia tries to persuade her son to 
 appease the anger of the people by answering them 
 "mildly" and how ill things turn out from his not 
 following her advice, and that of the Patricians the 
 very echo of that given in the "Advancement" by Francis 
 Bacon. 
 
 Cor. : u Why do you wish me milder? . . ." 
 
 Com.: "Arm yourself to answer mildly ; for they are prepared 
 With accusations, as I hear, more strong 
 Than are upon you yet." 
 
 Cor. : " The word is, mildly . . . 
 
 Let them accuse me by invention, I 
 
 Will answer in mine honour." 
 Men. : " Ay, but mildly." 
 
 Cor. : " Well mildly, le it then; mildly:' Cor. iii. 2. 
 
 Contrast the speech and conduct of Cardinal Wolsey, 
 
22 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger. 
 
 when taxed by the nobles, and the " stubborn answer" 
 for which they threaten \\im.-Hen. VIII. iii. 2, 228 
 349. 
 
 ANGER A Kind of Baseness or Weakness. 
 
 " Anger is a kind of baseness, as it appears well in the 
 weakness of those subjects in whom it reigns : children, 
 women, sick folks.'' Ess. of Anger. 
 
 " Fie, fie, how wayward is this foolish love, 
 That like a testy babe will scratch the nurse ! " 
 
 (Two Gent. Ver.i. 2 ; 
 and see Rom. Jul. i. 3, 3032.) 
 
 " Women and fools, break off your conference." 
 
 (John iii. 1. See the whole of this Squabbling Scene). 
 
 " Their counsel turns to passion, which before 
 Would give preceptial medicine to rage/' 
 
 M.Ado.v. 1. 
 
 " The unruly waywardness that infirm and choleric years bring 
 with them." See Lear i. 1, 291302. 
 
 " The blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most 
 preposterous conclusions ; but we have reason to cool our raging 
 motions." Oth. i. 3. 
 
 ANGER Breaks Off Business. 
 
 " To contain anger from mischief, though it may take 
 hold of a man, there be two things whereof yon must 
 have especial caution. The one of extreme bitterness of 
 words, especially if they be aculeate and proper ; . . . 
 the other, that yon do not peremptorily break off in any 
 business in a fit of anger." Mor. Ess. Ivii. 
 
 Glos. : " My lord of Winchester, I know your mind, 
 'Tis not my speeches that you do mislike, 
 But 'tis my presence that doth trouble you. 
 Rancour will out. Proud prelate, in thy face 
 
Anger. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 23 
 
 I see thy fury : if I longer stay, 
 
 We shall begin our ancient bickerings.' 1 [Exit.~\ 
 
 2 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 
 ANGER Makes the Eyes Red. 
 
 " It hath been observed that in anger the eyes wax 
 red ; and in blushing, not the eyes, but the ears, and the 
 parts behind them." Xat. Hist. ix. 872. 
 
 " 1 met Lord Bigot and Lord Salisbury, 
 With eyes as red as new enkindled fire.'' 
 
 A'. John iv. 2. 
 
 " Henry Bolingbroke and he 
 
 Being mounted, and both roused in their seats, . . . 
 Their eyes of fire sparkling through sights of steel." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 1. 
 
 u Beaufort's red sparkling eyes blab his heart's malice." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iii. 1. 
 " Edward and Richard . . . 
 With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath, 
 And bloody steel grasped in their ireful hands, 
 Are at our backs." 3 Hen. VI. ii. v. 
 u My red-look'd anger." Wint. Tale ii. 2. 
 ' His eye red, as 'twould burn Rome." Cor. v. 1. 
 
 ANGER An Edge Set Upon It by Irritating Speeches. 
 
 " Contempt is that which setteth an edge upon anger 
 as much, or more, than the hurt itself; and, therefore, 
 when men are ingenious in picking out circumstances of 
 contempt, they do kindle their anger much." Ess. of 
 
 Anger. 
 
 See Hamlet iii. 2, where Hamlet's ironical speeches 
 and contempt are intended to rouse the feelings and 
 anger of the King and Queen, and note the comment of 
 Ophelia, and Hamlet's reply : 
 
24 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger. 
 
 Oph. : " You are keen, my lord ; you are keen." 
 Ham. : " It would cost you a groaning to take off my edge." 
 
 Again in Macbeth, where Malcolm desires to set an 
 edge upon the anger of Macduff, through his intense 
 grief, we observe that the bitterness or sharpness of 
 words is to perform a part in the increasing of wrath and 
 wish for revenge. 
 
 Mai. : " Be this the whetstone of your sword : let grief convert to 
 Anger ; blunt not the heart, enrage it" 
 
 Macd. : " ! I could play the woman with mine eyes, 
 
 And braggart with my tongue . . . Front to front 
 Within my sword's length set him : If he 'scape, 
 Heaven forgive him too ! " 
 
 Mai. : " This tune goes manly." 
 
 The verse from Eccl. xii. 11 (noted Promus 237, Q.V.) 
 probably suggested the thought of the pricking, goading, 
 and wounding of well-applied words ; the same line of 
 thought is antithetically treated in an adage from 
 Erasmus, 790, also in early Promus entry in Latin. 
 
 "To kill with a leaden sword." (Of a tame argument.} 
 " Your wit is as blunt as the fencers' foils which hit and hurt not." 
 M. Ado v. 2. 
 
 "Base slave, thy words are blunt, and so art thou." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iv. 1. 
 
 Compare also : 
 
 " You leer upon me, do you ? There's an eye 
 Wounds like a leaden sword." 
 
 Love's Labour's Lost v. 2. 
 
 And with the object of inciting Hamlet not to anger to 
 disclosure of his own mind, the King urges Rosencrantz 
 and Guildenstern in these words : 
 
 " Good gentlemen, give him a farther edge, 
 And drive him on to these delights." Ham. iii. 1. 
 
Anger. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 25 
 
 ANGER (Rash) Too Late Repented. 
 
 " To attemper and calm anger . . . there is no other 
 way but to meditate and ruminate well upon the effects 
 of anger, how it troubles man's life : and the best time 
 to do this is to look back upon anger when the fit is 
 thoroughly over. Seneca says well, ' that anger is like a 
 ruin, which breaks itself upon that it falls/ " Ess. of 
 Anger. 
 
 " Love that comes too late, 
 Like a remorseful pardon slowly carried, 
 To the great sender turns a sour offence, 
 Crying, That's good that\ gone : Our rash faults 
 Make trivial price of serious things we have, 
 Not knowing them until we know their grave. 
 Oft our displeasures, to ourselves unjust, 
 Destroy our friends, and after, weep their dust : 
 Our own love waking cries to see what's done, 
 While shameful hate sleeps out the afternoon." 
 
 AlV s Well v. 3. 
 
 ANGER Should Not Act Anything Irrevocable. 
 
 "In a fit of anger . . . do not act anything that is 
 irrevocable." Ess. of Anger. 
 
 Henry the Sixth, in spite of the entreaties of the 
 Queen, banishes Suffolk : 
 
 " Thou wilt but add increase unto my wrath. 
 Had I but said, I would have kept my word, 
 But when I awear, it is irrevocable" 
 
 In the sequel Suffolk is murdered, Henry's friends fall 
 off, and Queen Margaret exclaims, when even the King's 
 person is in danger from the rebellion of Jack Cade : 
 
 "Ah ! were the Duke of Suffolk now alive, 
 These Kentish rebels would be soon appeased." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iii. 2, and iv. 4. 
 
26 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger. 
 
 But the angry act was irrevocable, and so was the 
 result. 
 
 ANGER with Dignity. 
 
 " That I may neither seem arrogant nor obnoxious ; 
 that is, neither forget my own nor other's liberty. Men 
 must beware that they carry their anger rather in scorn 
 than with fear ; that they may be seen to be rather aboi'e 
 the anger than below it." Ess. of Anger. 
 
 " Do wrong to none : be able for thine enemy 
 Rather in power than use." All's Well i. 1. 
 
 " So, like a courtier, contempt nor bitterness 
 Were in his pride, or sharpness ; if they were, 
 His equal had awak'd them." AlTs Well i. 2. 
 
 ANGER Checked by Physical Effort. 
 
 " A man may think if he will that a man in auger is 
 as wise as he that hath said over the twenty-four letters." 
 Ess. of Anger. 
 
 U I hope this passionate humour of mine will change : it v;ax /ro/it 
 to hold me but while one counts twenty" Rich. III. i. 4. 
 
 u Now, my lords, my choler being over-blown, 
 With walking twice about the quadrangle, 
 I come to talk of commonwealth affairs." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. i. 3. 
 
 " Sheathe thy impatience, throw cold water on thy choler. Go 
 about the fields with me through Frogmore." Mer. Wir. ii. 3. 
 
 ANGER Privileged. 
 
 " To seek to extinguish anger utterly is but a bravery 
 of the Stoics. We have better oracles. ' Be angry, and 
 
Antiquity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 27 
 
 sin not: let not the sun go down upon your anger.' "* 
 Ess. of Anger. 
 
 Corn. : " Peace, sirrah ! 
 
 You beastly knave, know you no reverence ? " 
 Kent. : " Yes, sir, but anger has a privilege" Lear ii. 3. 
 
 " I speak not as a dotard or a fool, 
 As under privilege of age." J/. Ado v. 1. 
 
 " Did be not straight, 
 
 In pious rage, the two delinquents tear ? . . . 
 Was that not noUy done ? Ay, and wisely too" &c. 
 
 ANTIQUITY Too Much Importance Attached to. 
 
 " (One disease of learning) is the extreme affecting of two 
 extremities ; the one Antiquity, the other Novelty. . . . 
 Surely the advice of the prophet is the true direction in 
 this matter, * Stand ye in the old ways, and see which is 
 the good way, and walk therein.' Antiquity deserveth 
 that reverence, that men should make a stand thereupon, 
 and discover what is the best way ; but when the dis- 
 covery is well taken, then to make progression." Advt. 
 of Learning i. 
 
 " Here's Nestor ; 
 
 Instructed by the antiquary times, 
 He must, he is, he cannot but be wise." 
 
 Tr. Or. ii. 3. 
 
 " To sing a song that old was sung, 
 From ashes ancient Gower is come . . . 
 Et bonum quo antiquius, eo melius. 
 If you, born in these latter times, 
 When wit's more ripe accept my rhymes." &c. 
 
 Per. i., Gower. 
 
 * Bacon stops short in this quotation from Ephes. iv. 26. St. Paul 
 continues : " Neither give place to the devil." This portion of the 
 text is alluded to in Oth. ii. 3 : "It hath pleased the Devil 
 Drunkenness to give place to the Devil Wrath." 
 
28 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Antiquity. 
 
 " This act is as an ancient tale new-told . . . 
 In this the antique, and well -noted face 
 Of plain old form is much disfigured." John iv. 2. 
 
 " The rabble call him lord ; 
 And [as the world were now but to begirt] 
 Antiquity forgot, custom not known, . . . 
 They cry . . . ' Laertes shall be king." 
 
 Ham. iv. 5. 
 
 In this extract the words between brackets connect 
 the ideas of " Antiquity " being in fact the present times 
 [see the following section], and of the former, or ancient 
 times, " deserving reverence." See further of Novelty. 
 
 ANTIQUITY The True. 
 
 " To speak the truth, Antiquity, as we call it, is the 
 young state of the world ; for those times are ancient 
 when the world is ancient, and not those we vulgarly 
 account ancient by computing backwards ; so that the 
 present time is the real Antiquity." Advt. of Learning i. 
 
 " The present age is the true Antiquity. . . . The 
 world in which the ancients lived, though in respect of 
 us it was the elder, in respect of the world it was the 
 younger/' Not. Org. Ixxxiv. 
 
 " How green you are, and fresh, in this old world.'" 
 
 John iii. 4. 
 u A great while ago the world began." 
 
 Twelfth Xight v. 1 (Song). 
 
 u The poor world is almost six thousand years old.'''' 
 
 As You Like It iv. 1. 
 
 " How goes the world ? It wears, sir, as it grows." 
 
 Tim. Ath. i. 1. 
 
 " Under an old oak, whose bows were mossed with age, 
 And high top bald with dry antiquity." 
 
 As You Like It iv. 3. 
 
Aft. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 21) 
 
 " So that eternal love, in love's fresh case, 
 Weighs not the dust and injury of age ; 
 Nor gives to necessary wrinkles place, 
 But makes antiquity for aye his page." Sonnet cviii. 
 
 The lines seem to sum up all Bacon's views about 
 Antiquity. Too much importance should not be attached 
 to the opinions and learning of the so-called Antiquity, 
 when the young world was comparatively in its childhood, 
 and to be treated as a page, respectfully waiting upon the 
 present aged world, which is the true Antiquity. 
 
 ART and Nature. 
 
 " I am the rather induced to set down the history of 
 Arts as a species of Natural History, because it is the 
 fashion to talk as if Art were something different from 
 Nature, so that things artificial should be separated from 
 things natural as differing wholly in kind." Intellectual 
 Globe. 
 
 Sir To. : %i He plays o' the viol de gamboys, and speaks three or 
 four languages word for word. . . . and hath all 
 the good gifts of Nature." 
 
 Mar.: He hath, indeed almost natural ; for besides that he's a 
 fool, he's a great quarreller . . ." 
 
 Sir And. : k> . . . I would I had followed the Arts ! " 
 Sir To. : ' Then had'st thou an excellent head of hair ! " 
 
 Sir And. : u Why, would that have mended my hair ? " 
 Sir To. : - Past question ; for thou see'st it will not curl ly 
 nature" Twelfth Sight i. 3. 
 
 " There is an Art, which . . . shares with great creating Nature. 
 . . . The Art itself is Nature" &c. Winters Tale iv. 3. 
 
 This subject belongs properly to Science, in which 
 section it will be included and developed. 
 
30 MANNERS, MIKD, MORALS. Authority. 
 
 ART, and Things Artificial, are Devoid of Motion. 
 
 Men ought, on the contrary, to have a settled con- 
 viction, that things artificial differ from things natural, 
 not in form or essence, but in the efficient ; that man has 
 no power over Nature, except that of motion, the power of 
 putting natural bodies together, or separating them the 
 rest is done by Nature working within. 
 
 " We came to see the statue of our Queen. . . . Her dead 
 likeness excels whatever yet the hand of man hath done. . . . 
 Prepare to see the life as lively mocked as ever still sleep mocked 
 death. . . . Chide me, dear stone, that I may say indeed thou 
 art Hermione, . . . but yet Hermione nothing so aged as this seems. 
 So much the more our carver's excellence. . . . Masterly done : 
 the very life seems warm upon her lip. The fixture of her eye has 
 motion in it, as v;e are mocked by Art. Til make the statue more 
 indeed, descend" &c. Winter's Tale v. 3. 
 
 ATHEISTS Hypocrites. 
 
 "The contemplative Atheist is rare, . . . yet they 
 seem to be more than they are, for all that impugn a 
 received religion or superstition are, by the adverse part, 
 branded with the name of Atheist ; but the great 
 Atheists indeed are hypocrites, which are ever handling 
 holy things, but without feeling ; as they needs must be 
 cauterized in the end." Ess. of Atheism. 
 
 AUTHORITY from Art or Books. 
 
 " For authority it is of two kinds : belief in an art and 
 belief in a man. For things of belief in au art, a man 
 may exercise them by himself; but for belief in a man, 
 it must be by another. Therefore, if a man believe in 
 astrology, and find a figure prosperous ; or believe in 
 natural magic, and that a ring with such a stone, or sach 
 a piece of living creature, carried, will do good, it may 
 
Authority. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 31 
 
 help liis imagination. But all authority must be turned 
 either upon an art or upon a man ; and where authority 
 is from one man to another, there the second must be 
 ignorant, . . . and such are witches and superstitious 
 persons, whose beliefs, tied to their teachers, are in no 
 whit controlled either by reason or experience . . . (as) 
 boys and young people, whose spirits easiliest take 
 belief and imagination," &c. Nat. Hist. 947. 
 
 See of the apparitions conjured up in Macbeth's 
 imagination, excited by the influence and authority of 
 the witches. Observe that they do nothing to Macbeth^ 
 they merely heighten his imagination upon Baconian 
 principles. Lady Macbeth seems fully to grasp the 
 subject, and uses Bacon's expression in explaining the 
 cause of her husband's hallucinations, fit only for old 
 women's tales, " authorised " by tradition. 
 
 " proper stuff ! 
 
 This is the very painting of your fear : 
 This is the air- drawn dagger which, you said, 
 Led you to Duncan. ! these flaws and starts 
 (Impostors to true fear) would well become 
 A woman's story, at a winter x fire, 
 Authorised by her grandam" Much. iii. 4. 
 
 AUTHORITY of Books, or of the Learned, Not to be the 
 Sole Guide. 
 
 " It is accounted an error to commit a natural body to 
 empiric physicians, ... it is a like error to rely upon 
 advocates and lawyers, which are only men of practice. 
 . . . So it cannot be but matter of doubtful conse- 
 quence, if states be managed by empiric statesmen, not 
 well mingled with men grounded in learning. But . . . 
 the first distemper of learning (is) when men study 
 
32 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. BashflllnCSS. 
 
 words and not matter. . . . The second which 
 followeth is, in nature, worse than the first, . . .for 
 vain matter is worse than vain words. The third vice, 
 or disease, of learning, . . . brancheth into two sorts : 
 . . . imposture and credulity. . . . This facility of 
 credit, or admitting things weakly authorised or 
 warranted, we see in ecclesiastical history, which hath 
 too easily received and registered reports and narrations 
 (of miraculous events) which, after a period of time, grew 
 to be esteemed as old wives' fables. . . . And as for 
 the overmuch credit that hath been given unto authors 
 in sciences, in making them dictators, that their words 
 should stand, and not counsels to give advice, the damage 
 is infinite that sciences have received thereby," &c. 
 Adrt. of Learning i. 
 
 " Small have continual plodders ever won, 
 Save base authority from other's books," &c. 
 
 (tSee Love's Labour s Lost i. 1, 55 95 ; 
 and Comp. with Adct. of Learning 1). 
 
 Arm. : ' . . . What great men have been in love ? " 
 Moth. : " Hercules, master." 
 
 Arm.: "Most sweet Hercules! More authority, dear boy, name 
 more.' 1 Loves Labour s Lost, i. 2. 
 
 " We may not be so credulous of cure 
 When our most learned doctors leave us, and 
 The congregated college have concluded 
 That labouring Art can never ransom Nature 
 From her unaidable estate : I say, we must not 
 So stain our judgment, or corrupt our hope, 
 To prostitute our past cure malady 
 To empirics, or to esteem 
 A senseless help, when help past sense we deem." 
 
 See AW s Well ii. 1, 104^160. 
 
 " They say miracles are past : and we have our philosophical 
 
Bashfulness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 33 
 
 persons, to make modern and familiar things supernatural and 
 
 causeless. . . . Why, 'tis the rarest argument of wonder that 
 
 hath shot out in our latter times. . . . To be relinquished of the 
 
 artists . . . both of Galen and Paracelsus. Of all the learned and 
 
 authentic fellows, that gave him out incurable. . . . Well, . . . 
 
 there's no fettering of authority." All's Well ii. 3, 1 14 and 236. 
 
 " Conceit, more rich in matter than in words, 
 
 Brags of his substance, not of ornament." 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii. 6. 
 
 See where Polonius asks Hamlet what he reads in his 
 book : he answers " Words, words, words." When 
 further Polonius inquires, u What is the matter " that he 
 reads Hamlet, replies : " Slanders/' 
 
 On the other hand, in the wandering words of poor 
 Ophelia, her brother perceives a meaning " Nothing less 
 than matter." 
 
 Again, Troilus, reading a letter from his faithless 
 Cressida, tears it up in digust, exclaiming : 
 
 " Words, words, mere words ; no matter from the heart ; 
 The effect doth operate another way." Tr. Cr. v. 3. 
 " When priests are more in v'ords than matter, 
 When brewers mar their malt with water. . . . 
 Then shall the realm of Albion 
 Come to great confusion." Lear iii. 2. 
 
 BASHFULNESS a Hindrance. 
 
 "Bashfulness is a great hindrance to a man, both of 
 uttering his conceit, and understanding what is pro- 
 pounded to him ; wherefore it is good to press himself 
 forwards with discretion, both in speech, and company of 
 a better sort." Short Notes for Civil Conversation. 
 
 "There, an't please you, a foolish mild man : an honest man, look 
 you, and soon dashed." Love's Labour's Lost v. 2. 
 
 " Come, you virtuous ass, you bashful fool, must you be blushing ? 
 
 D 
 
34 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Beauty. 
 
 Wherefore blush you now ? What a maidenly man-at-arms are 
 you become ! " 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2. 
 
 "The bloody Parliament shall this be called, 
 Unless Plantagenet, Duke of York, be King ; 
 And bashful Henry depos'd, whose cowardice 
 Hath made us by-words to our enemies." 
 
 3 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 
 BEAUTY with Grace. 
 
 " In beauty, that of favour is more than that of colour, 
 and that of decent and gracious motion, more than that 
 of favour." Ess. of Beauty. 
 
 " The heaven such grace did lend her, 
 That she might admired be." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song). 
 
 " Your wondrous rare description, noble earl, 
 Of beauteous Margaret, hath astonished me : 
 Her virtues graced with eternal gifts" &c. 
 
 1 Hen. VI. v. 5. 
 
 BEAUTY in Expression or Favour. 
 
 "That is the best part of beauty, which a picture 
 cannot express; no, nor the first sight of the life." 
 Ess. of Beauty. 
 
 " Run, run, Orlando : carve on every tree 
 The fair, the chaste, the unexpressive she." 
 
 As You Like It iii. 1. 
 
 " Is she kind as she is fair ? 
 For beauty lives with kindness ; 
 Love doth to her eyes repair 
 To help him of his blindness, 
 And, being helped, inhabits there." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song). 
 
Beauty. .MANXERS, MIXD, MORALS. 35 
 
 BEAUTY with Goodness. 
 
 " Virtue is best in a body that is comely, though not 
 of delicate features ; and that hath rather dignity of 
 presence than beauty of aspect." Ess. of Beauty. 
 
 " The hand that hath made you fair hath made you good, the 
 goodness that is cheap in beauty makes beauty brief in goodness ; 
 but grace being the soul of your complexion, shall keep the body of 
 it ever fair." Measure for Measure iii. 1. 
 
 " As fair as good a kind of hand-to-hand comparison." 
 
 Cyml). i. 5, 72. 
 
 Audrey : ki Would you have me honest ? " 
 
 Touch : " No, truly, unless thou wert hard-favoured ; for honesty 
 coupled to beauty is to have honey a sauce to sugar." 
 
 As You Like It iii. 5. 
 " Your choice is not so rich in worth as beauty." 
 
 Winters Tale v. 1. 
 
 (See Rick. III. iv. 4, 204209 ; As You Like It, 
 iii. 5, 3743 ; Tarn. Sh. ii. 1, 190194). 
 
 BEAUTY and Fortune. (See Virtue.) 
 
 " Virtue is like a rich stone plainly set. . . . 
 Neither is it almost seen that very beautiful persons are 
 othemvise of great virtue; as if Mature were rather busy 
 not to err than in labour to produce excellency." Ess. 
 of Beauty. 
 
 " It cannot be denied but outward accidents conduce 
 much to fortune, favour, opportunity/' &c. Ess. of 
 Fortune. 
 
 Ros. : " . . . Fortune's favours are mightily misplaced : and 
 
 the bountiful blind woman doth most mistake in her 
 
 gifts to women." 
 CeL : " 'Tis true : for those she makes fair she scarce makes honest ; 
 
 and those that she makes honest she makes very ill- 
 
 favouredly." 
 
36 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Beauty. 
 
 Ros. : " Nay, now tJiou goest from Fortunes office to Nature's. 
 Fortune reigns in gifts of the world, not in the lineaments 
 of Nature ." Loves Labour's Lost ii. 1, and iv. 1. 
 
 k ' I see what them wert, if Fortune thy foe were not, Nature thy 
 friend." Mer. Wiv. iii. 3. 
 
 BEAUTY of Mind and Body, Grace and Health. 
 
 " The greatest ornament is the inward beauty of the 
 mind. . . . The gifts or excellencies of the mind are 
 the same as those of the body : beauty, health, strength. 
 Beauty of the mind is showed in graceful and acceptable 
 forms, and sweetness of behaviour.''' Advice to Rutland. 
 
 " Is she kind as she is fair? For leant}/ lives with kindness" 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song). 
 
 " Thy life is dear ; for all that life can rate 
 Worth name of life, in thee hath estimate : 
 Youth, beauty, wisdom, courage, all 
 That happiness and prime can happy call." 
 
 AW s Well ii. 1. 
 
 " Why, have you any discretion ? Have you any eyes ? Is not 
 birth, beauty, good shape, discourse, manhood, learning, gentleness, 
 virtue, youth, liberality, the spice and salt that season a man ? "- 
 Tr. Ores. i. 2. 
 
 " Such as she is in beauty, virtue, birth 
 Is the young Dauphin, every way complete," &c. 
 
 John ii. 2. 
 
 " If the Dauphin . . . can in this book of beauty read I love. 
 . . . (I'll) make her rich 
 In titles, honours and promotions, 
 As she is in beauty, education, blood." John ii. 2. 
 " You that have so fair parts of woman on you, 
 Hath, too, a woman's heart, which ever yet 
 Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty, 
 Which to say sooth are blessings . . . gifts." 
 
 Hen. VIII. ii. 3. 
 
Behaviour. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 37 
 
 BEHAVIOUR Like a Garment. 
 
 " Behaviour is like a garment ; and it is easy to make 
 a comely garment for a body that is itself well-pro- 
 portioned ; whereas a deformed body can never be helped 
 by tailors art, but the counterfeit will appear'' Advice 
 to Rutland. 
 
 " Behaviour seemeth to me as a garment of the mind, 
 and to have the conditions of a garment. For it ought 
 to be made in fashion; it ought not to be too curious; it 
 ought to be shaped so as to set forth any good making 
 of the mind, and hide any deformity; and, above all, it 
 ought not to be too straight or restrained for exercise and 
 motion."' De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " Pray you, sir, who is his tailor ? ... 0, I know him well ; 
 there can be no kernel in this light nut ; the soul of this man is in 
 his clothes." All's Well ii. 5. 
 
 " Here the clothes and not the manners make the man." Comp. 
 Lear i. 2, 5361 ; Cynib. ii. 3, 135, &c., iv. 2, 8083. 
 
 " So when this loose behaviour I throw off. 
 And pay the debt I never promised, 
 By how much better than my word I am." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 1. 
 (Comp. 2 Hen. IV. v. 2, 44, 45.) 
 " He's as disproportioned in his manners 
 
 As in his shape" Temp. v. 1. 
 " Hence, heap of wrath, foul, indigested lump ; 
 As crooked in thy manners, as thy shape ! " 
 
 2 Hen. VI. v. 2. 
 "Apparel vice like virtue's harbinger." 
 
 Com. Err. iii. 2. 
 
 " Poor I am, stale, a garment out of fashion ; 
 I must be ripped to pieces. With me 
 All good seeming . . . shall be thought 
 Put on for villainy, not born where't grows, 
 But worn, a bait for ladies." Cymb. iii. 4. 
 
38 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Blame. 
 
 " Men's behaviour should be like their apparel, not too 
 strict or point-device, but free for exercise or motion. "- 
 Ess. of Ceremonies. 
 
 " Armado is a most illustrious wight, 
 
 A man of fire new words, fashion's own knight . . ." 
 u His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed 
 . . . his gait majestical, and Ins general behaviour vain, ridiculous, 
 and thrasonical. He is too picked, too affected, too odd, as it were, 
 too peregrinate. ... I abhor such insociable and point-device 
 companions." Lore's Labour's Lost i. 1, and v. ]. 
 
 Marie : " Malvolio's coming down this walk : he has been yonder 
 in the sun, practising behaviour to his own shadow. Observe him 
 for the love of mockery . . ." 
 
 Mai. : " . . . I will wash off gross acquaintance. / will be 
 point-device, the very man I ... I will be strange, stout, in 
 yellow stockings, and cross-gartered," &c. Twelfth Night ii. 5. 
 
 "New honours come upon him, 
 
 Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould, 
 But with the aid of use." Macb. i. 3. 
 " Well, may you see things well done there ! Adieu ! 
 Lest cur old robes sit easier than our new." 
 
 Macb. ii. 4. 
 
 " The antique and well-noted face 
 Of plain old form is much disfigured 
 For putting on so new a fashioned robe." 
 
 John iv. 2. 
 
 BLAME. 
 
 "Epictetus used to say (1), That one of the vulgar, in 
 any ill that happens to him, blames others ; (2) a novice 
 in philosophy blames himself ; (3) and a philosopher 
 blames neither the one nor the other." Apophthegms, 
 250, 233. 
 
 1. Charles: 
 
 " Is this thy cunning, thou deceitful dame ? 
 Did'st thou at first, to flatter us withal, 
 
Blame. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 39 
 
 Make us partakers of a little gain, 
 That now our loss might be ten times as much ? 
 Pacelle : " Wherefore is Charles impatient with his friend ? 
 At all times will you have my power alike ? 
 Sleeping or waking, shall I still prevail, 
 Or will you Name, and lay the fault on me? 
 Improvident soldiers ! Had your watch been good 
 This sadden mischief never could have fallen," &c. 
 
 1 Hen. VI. ii. 2. 
 
 See of "the abject people," "the rabble," "the 
 envious people," rejoicing in the penance of the 
 " punished duchess " of York (2 Hen. VL ii. 4). Of how 
 " the tag-rag people did clap and hiss Ctesar. according as 
 he pleased and displeased them " (Jul. Cces. i. 2). How, 
 when Ca3sar is murdered, the multitude, or throng of 
 citizens, agree that Caesar was to blame, and applauded 
 Brutus ; but when Anthony, feigning to blame, praises 
 Czesar, and " ruffles up their spirits " in his favour, the 
 multitude again turn, and vow vengeance on the 
 conspirators and murderers (Jul Cces. iii. 2 and 3). So, 
 too, of Coriolanus : " The fusty plebeians hate his 
 honours, but say, against their hearts, We thank the gods 
 our Rome hath such a soldier/' With the acclamations 
 and clamours of the host Caius Marcius Coriolanus 
 "wears the war's garland" (Cor. i. 9 and 10). He is 
 then " blamed for being proud" and those who "are 
 ambitious for poor knaves' caps and legs . . . the 
 herdsmen of the beastly plebeians " try to use this 
 blame as an engine to ruin Coriolanus (ii. 1). In the 
 end they succeed, Coriolanus ensuring his own fall by 
 the utter disregard or contempt for the " many-headed 
 multitude " (ii. 3), " the tongues of the common mouth," 
 whose praise or blame he alike despises. 
 
 2. " I am myself indifferent honest ; but yet I could accuse me of 
 
40 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Blame. 
 
 such things, that it were better my mother had not borne me. I am 
 very proud, revengeful, ambitious : with more offences at my beck 
 than I have thoughts to put them in, imagination to give them 
 shape, or time to act them in. What should such fellows as I do 
 crawling between heaven and earth ; we are arrant knaves all." 
 flam. iii. 1. 
 
 See forward Malcolm's more detailed description of the 
 vices which he conceives to be in himself (Macb. iv. 3, 
 45 100). Troilus also describes his truth as a vice in 
 him (Tr. Cr. iv. 4). The speakers, it will be observed, 
 are all young. 
 
 3. With regard to the opinions of philosophers, it 
 will be found that they all, in some wav or another, 
 connect the ideas of errors or faults in mankind with 
 Nature, or influences to which man's nature is sub- 
 servient. 
 
 " powerful love ! that, in some respects, makes a beast a man ; 
 in some other, a man a beast. ... A fault done first in the form 
 of a beast : Jove, a beastly fault ! and then another fault in the 
 semblance of a fowl : think on't, Jove; a foul fault," &c. Mcr. 
 Wives v. 5, 1 10. 
 
 " So oft it chances in particular men, 
 That for some vicious mole of nature in them, 
 As in their birth (wherein they are not guilty, 
 Since Nature cannot choose his origin} , 
 . . . that these men, 
 Carrying the stamp of one defect, 
 Being Nature's livery or fortune's star . . . 
 Take corruption from that particular fault." 
 
 Lear : "Now all the plagues that in the pendulous air 
 
 Hang fated o'er men s faults light on thy daughters. . . . 
 Nothing could have subdued Nature to such lowness but 
 his unkind daughters. . . . Judicious punishment ! 
 'Twas this flesh begot those pelican daughters. 17 
 
 Lear iii. 4. 
 
Boldness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 41 
 
 BLAMING Oneself Over-much. 
 
 " I love a confessing modesty, I hate an accusing one." 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Aatitheta). 
 
 To this, James Spedding appends this foot-note : 
 " Amo confitentem verecundium, accusautun odi. I do 
 not understand this sentence. J. S." The following 
 passage seems to illustrate this kind of overstrained and 
 nngenuine self-accusation : 
 
 Mai. : " It is myself I mean ; in whom I know 
 All the particulars of vice so grafted, 
 That when they shall be opened, black Macbeth 
 Will seem as pure as snow ; and the poor state 
 Esteem him as a lamb, by being compared 
 With my confineless harms ... I grant him bloody, 
 Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful, 
 Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin 
 That has a name ; but there's no bottom, none, 
 In my voluptuousness," &c. 
 See Mad. iv. 3, 45-131, and Ham.m. 1, quoted Ante. 
 
 BOLDNESS a Better Quality in a Follower than a Leader. 
 
 " Boldness is the pioneer of folly, . = . confidence is 
 the mistress of fools, and the sport of wise men." De 
 Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Boldness is ever blind ; for it seeth not dangers and 
 inconveniences : therefore it is ill in counsel, good in 
 execution ; so that the right use of bold persons is, that 
 they never command in chief, but be seconds under the 
 directions of others ; for in counsel it is good to see 
 dangers, and in execution not to see them except they be 
 very great/' Ess. of Boldness. 
 
 (See of the counsel held by the Archbishop of York, 
 and other lords opposed to the king, as to their dangers 
 in execution of their plans. 2 Hen. IV. i. 3, 1 20). 
 
42 MANNERS, MIND, MOKALS. Boldness. 
 
 L. Bard. : " My judgment is, we should not step too far, . . . 
 For in a theme so bloody-fac'd as this, 
 Conjecture, expectation, and surmise 
 Of aids uncertain, should not be admitted." 
 Arch. : 'Tis very true, Lord Bardolph ; for, indeed, 
 
 It was young Hotspur's case at Shrewsbury." 
 L. Bard. : " It was, ray lord ; who lin'd himself with hope, 
 Eating the air on promise * of supply, . . . 
 And so, with great imagination, 
 Proper to madmen, led his power* to death, 
 And winking ) leapt into destruction'' 
 
 2 Hen. IV. i. 3. 
 
 " You take a precipice for no leap of danger, 
 And woo your own destruction." 2 Hen. VIII. v. 1. 
 
 BOLDNESS Breaks Promises. 
 
 " Boldness . . . hath done wonders in popular states ; 
 but with Senates and Princes less: and ever, more upon 
 the first entrance of persons into action than soon after, 
 for boldness is an ill keeper of promise" Ess. of 
 Boldness. 
 
 Blunt : " I come with gracious offers from the King . . ." 
 Hotspur : " The king is kind ; and well we know the king 
 Knows at what time to promise, when to pay. 
 My father, and my uncle, and myself 
 Did give him that same royalty he wears; 
 And when he was not six-and- twenty strong, 
 Sick in the world's regard, wretched, and low 
 A poor, unminded outlaw sneaking home 
 My father gave him welcome to the shore; 
 And when he heard him swear and vow to God, 
 He came but to be Duke of Lancaster . . . 
 My father, in kind heart and pity mov'd, 
 Swore him assistance, and performed it too. 
 Now, when the lords and barons of the realm 
 Perceived Northumberland did lean to him, 
 
 * Compare "Boldness is an ill keeper of promises." Ess. of Boldness. 
 
Boldness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 4& 
 
 The more and less came in with cap and knee . . . 
 
 . . . Proffered him their oaths : . . followed him, 
 
 Even at his heels in golden multitudes. 
 
 He presently, as greatness knows itself, 
 
 Steps me a little higher than his vow 
 
 Made to my father when his blood was poor," &c. 
 
 See 1 Hen. IV. iv. 3, 30114. 
 
 BOLDNESS, or Rash Fearlessness, Senseless. 
 
 " Boldness is dulness of the sense joined with malice of 
 the will"De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 Duke : " How seems he touched ? " 
 
 Prov. : " A man that apprehends death no more dreadfully, but 
 as a drunken sleeper: careless, reckless, and fearless of what's past, 
 present, and to come ; insensible of mortality, and desperately 
 mortal," &c. J7. M. iv. 2. 
 
 2 Murderer : " I am one, my liege, 
 
 Whom the vile blows and buffets of the world 
 Have so incens'd that / am reckless what I do 
 To spite the v:orld" 
 L Murderer : " And I another, 
 
 So weary with disasters, tugg'd with fortune, 
 That I would set my life on any chance 
 To mend it, or be rid on't." Mad. iii. 1. 
 
 BOLDNESS, Reckless, is Ignorance. 
 
 " Wonderful like (to the case of folly) is the case of 
 boldness in civil business. What first ? Boldness. 
 What second and third ? Boldness. And yet boldness 
 is a child of ignorance and baseness, far superior to other 
 parts (or qualities). Bat nevertheless it doth fascinate, 
 and bind hand and foot those that are shallow in judg- 
 ment or weak in courage (which are the greatest part) ; 
 yea, and prevaileth with wise men at weak times." 
 Ess. of Boldness. 
 
44 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Calumny. 
 
 " The Greeks are strong, and skilful to their strength, 
 Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant . . . 
 But I am . . . tamer than sheep, fonder than ignorance . . . 
 Skilless as unpractised infancy." Tr. Cr. ii. 3. 
 
 " I would rather be a tick in a sheep, than such a piece of valiant 
 ignorance." Tr. Cr. in. 3. 
 
 " gull ! dolt ! 
 
 .Is ignorant as dirt! Thou hast done a deed ! 
 I care not for thy sword." Oth. v. 2. 
 
 " Ely with Richmond troubles me more near 
 Than Buckingham, and his rash-levied strength. 
 . . . this arm of mine (shall soon chastise) 
 The petty rebel, dull-brained Buckingham." 
 
 Rich. III. iv. 4. 
 
 " All the unsettled humours of the land, 
 Rash, inconsiderate, fiery voluntaries 
 With ladies' faces, and fierce dragons' spleens, 
 . . . make hazard of new fortunes here. 
 In brief, a braver choice of dauntless spirits . . . 
 Did never ... do offence and scathe in Christendom." 
 
 John ii. 1. 
 
 CALUMNY. (See Slander.) 
 
 " There is nothing so good that it may not be perverted 
 by reporting it ill." Promus, 1072 (Latin). 
 
 " Fashion-mongering boys that deprave and slander." 
 
 J/. Ado v. 1. 
 
 " Calumny the whitest virtue strikes." J/. J/. ii. 4. 
 " Virtue itself scapes not calumnious strokes." Ham. i. 3. 
 
 " Be thou chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape 
 calumny." Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 " slanderous world," &c. See Tarn. Kh. ii. 1. 
 " She is slandered, she is undone. . . . Done to death by 
 slanderous tongues," &c. M. Ado iv. 1; rep. v. 1.; v. 3, Scroll. 
 
Cat. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 45 
 
 CANNIBALS of Hearts. 
 
 " The parable of Pythagoras is dark but true, " Cor 
 ne edito "eat not the heart. Certainly, if a man would 
 give it a hard phrase, those 'that want friends to open 
 themselves unto are cannibals of their own hearts." 
 Ess. of Friendship. 
 
 ' He that is proud eats up himself . . . whatever praises itself,, 
 (but in the deed) devours the deed in itself." Jr. Cr. ii. 3. 
 
 " Pride hath no other glass 
 To show itself but pride; for supple knees 
 Feed arrogance, and are the proud man's fees . . . 
 How one man eats into another's pride, 
 While pride is feasting in his wantonness ! "' 
 
 Tr. Or. iii. 3. 
 
 " These lords ... do so much admire, 
 That they devour their reason ." Temp. v. 1. 
 
 CARE Anxiety Caused by Affection. 
 
 " Care, one of the natural and true-bred children of 
 unfeigned affection." Letter to Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 ' A care-crazed mother of many children." Rich. III. iii. 7. 
 " I express to you a mother s care" AWs Well i. 3. 
 " Go, Salisbury, and tell them all from me 
 I thank them for their tender, loving care." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iii. 2, and II. 1, 67, 68. 
 
 CAT Who Dared Not. 
 
 " The cat would eat fish, but she will not wet her foot T 
 Promus, 639. 
 
 " WouhTst thou have that 
 Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life. 
 And live like a coward in thine own esteem, 
 Letting, / dare not wait upon / would t 
 Like the poor cat /' the adage." Macb. i. 7. 
 
46 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ceremony. 
 
 " Here's a purr of Fortune, sir, or Fortune's cat . . . that has fallen 
 into the unclean fish-pond of her displeasure." All's Well v. 2. 
 
 CAUSES Effects and Defects. 
 
 "Ignorance of the cause frustrates the effect . . . 
 even the effects discovered are due to cause . . . the 
 sole cause and root of every defect is this. ... As 
 .the present sciences are useless for the discovery of 
 effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the 
 sciences." Nov. Org. i. 3. 
 
 " Now remains 
 
 That we find out the cause of this effect, 
 Or, rather say, the cause of this defect, 
 For this effect defective comes by cause, 
 Thus it remains, and the remainder thus 
 Perpend." Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 CEREMONY. 
 
 " Not to use ceremonies at all, is to teach others not 
 to use them again, and so diminisheth respect to himself, 
 especially if they be not to be omitted to strangers and 
 formal natures. But the dwelling upon them, and 
 exalting them above the moon, is not only tedious, but 
 doth diminish the faith and credit of him that speaks/' 
 Ess. of Ceremonies and Respect. 
 
 " Use a more spacious ceremony to the noble lords ; you have 
 restrained yourselves within the lists of too cold an adieu. Be more 
 expressive to them ; for they wear themselves in the cap of the time, 
 there, do muster true gait, eat, speak, and move under the influence 
 of the most received star ; and though the devil lead the measure, 
 such are to be followed. After them, and take a more dilated fare- 
 well." All f s Well, ii. 1. 
 
 u Ceremony that to great ones 'longs." J/. J/. ii. 2. 
 
 " Ceremonies and green rushes are for strangers." - 
 Promus 118. 
 
Ceremony. XAXXEBS, MIND, MORALS. 47 
 
 Where's the cook ? Is supper ready, the house trimmed, rushes 
 strewed, cobwebs swept, the serving-men in their new fustian, their 
 white stockings, and every officer his wedding garment on ? Be 
 the Jacks fair within, the Jills fair without, the carpets laid, and 
 everything in order ? All ready ? " Tarn. Sh. iv. 1. 
 
 "Suppose . . . the grass whereon thou tread'st, the presence 
 strewed:' Rich. II. \. 3. 
 
 " Gentlemen, you are welcome to Elsinore. Your hands. Come 
 then; the appurtenance of welcome ix fashion and ceremony. Let me 
 comply with you in this garb." Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 CEREMONY Amongst Equals. 
 
 "Amongst a man's peers, a man shall be sure of 
 familiarity ; and, therefore, it is good to keep a little 
 state. Amongst a man's inferiors, one shall be sure of 
 reverence ; and, therefore, it is good a little to be familiar. 
 He that is too much in anything, so that he giveth another 
 occasion of satiety, maketh himself cheap." Ess. of 
 Ceremony. 
 
 " Had I so lavish of my presence been, 
 So stale and cheap to vulgar company, 
 Opinion, that did help me to the crown 
 Had still kept loyal in possession, 
 And left me in reputeless banishment, 
 A fellow of no mark or likelihood. 
 But, being seldom seen, I could not stir 
 But, like a comet, I was wondered at. ... 
 Thus did I keep my person fresh and new ; 
 My presence, like a robe pontifical, 
 Seldom, but' sumptuous, showed like a feast, 
 And won by rareness such solemnity. 
 The skipping king, he ambled up and down 
 With shallow jesters, and rash bavin wits, 
 Soon kindled, and soon burned ; carded his state, 
 Mingled his Majesty with capering fools ; 
 Had his great name profaned with their scorns, 
 And gave his countenance against; his name 
 
48 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ceremony. 
 
 To laugh at gibing boys, and stand the push 
 
 Of every beardless vain comparative : 
 
 Grew a companion to the common streets ; 
 
 Enfeoffed himself to popularity ; 
 
 That, being daily swallowed by men's eyes 
 
 They surfeited with honey, and began 
 
 To loathe the taste of sweetness, whereof a little 
 
 More than a little is by much too much. 
 
 So when he had occasion to be seen, 
 
 He was but as the cucoo is in June, 
 
 Heard, not regarded," &c. 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2. 
 
 CEREMONY Not to be Desired. (See of Place.) 
 
 "The dwelling upon ceremonies, and exalting them 
 above the moon, is not only tedious, but dotli diminish the 
 faith and credit of him that speaks. . . . It is a loss 
 in business to be too full of respects, or two curious in 
 observing times and opportunities/' Ess. of Ceremony. 
 
 " Men in great place have no freedom, neither in their 
 persons, nor in their actions, nor in their times. . . . 
 Retire men cannot when they would. . . . Certainly 
 great persons had need to borrow other men's opinions to 
 think themselves happy ; for if they judge by their own 
 feeling they cannot find it." Ess. of Great Place. 
 
 " And what have kings that privates have not too, 
 Save ceremony, save general ceremony ? 
 And what art thou, idol ceremony ? 
 What Idnd of God art thou ? . . . 
 What is thy soul of adoration? 
 Art thou ought else but Place, Degree, and Form ? 
 . . . be sick, great greatness ! 
 And bid thy ceremony give the cure," &c. 
 
 Hen. V.iv. 1. 
 
 " When love begins to sicken and decay, 
 It uses an enforced ceremony." 1 Jul. Cccs. iv. 2. 
 
Character. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 41) 
 
 CHARACTER Judgment of. 
 
 " Canning in the humours of persons, but not in the 
 condition of actions." Promus 104. 
 
 " It is one thing to understand persons, and another 
 to understand matters ; for many are perfect in men's 
 humours that are not greatly capable of the real part of 
 business," &c. Ess. of Cunning. 
 
 "The first article of this knowledge (of the mind) is 
 concerned with the different characters of natures and 
 dispositions, . . . which are profound and radical. I 
 cannot but wonder that this part of knowledge should, 
 for the most part, be omitted. . . . This argument 
 touching the different characters of dispositions, is one 
 of those subjects in which the common discourse of men 
 ... is wiser than books." De Aug. vii. 3. 
 
 " I know them all, though they suppose me mad, 
 And will o'er-reach them in their own devices." 
 
 Tit. And. v. 2. 
 
 " He is a great observer, and he looks 
 Quite through the heart of men." Jid. Cces. i. 2. 
 
 (See of Polonius' instructions to Reynalds concerning 
 the inquiries to be made as to Hamlet's habits and 
 character. It was to be done, as Bacon elsewhere 
 recommends, by self-examination and study.} 
 
 " Observe his inclination in yourself." See Ham. ii. 1. 
 " Noted for a merry man." Tarn. Sh. iii. 2. 
 ' . . . I did infer your lineaments, 
 Being the right idea of your nature, 
 Both in your form and nobleness of mind . . . 
 Your bounty, virtue, fair humility. 
 Indeed, left nothing for your purpose 
 Untouch'd, or slightly handled in discourse." 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 3. 
 E 
 
50 3IANXERS, MIND, MORALS. Character. 
 
 " All his faults observed, 
 Set in a note-book, learned and conned by rote." 
 
 Jul. Cccs. iv. 3. 
 
 " This fellow's wise enough to play the fool, 
 And to do that well, craves a kind of wit. 
 He must observe their mood on whom he jests, 
 The quality of persons, and the time . . . 
 
 . This is a practice 
 As full of labour as a wise man's art." 
 
 Twelfth NicjJit Hi. 1. 
 
 See the pert page, Moth's, observations upon the 
 manners and characteristics of a love-lorn swain (Love's 
 Labour's Lost iii. 1, 10 30). Cleopatra of Antony's 
 well-divided disposition (Ant. Cl. i. 5, 5161). Of the 
 King of France concerning Bertram's father (All's Well, 
 i. 2, 1948). Griffith and Queen Katharine (Hen. VIII. 
 iv. 2, 30 70). Brutns and Ctesar of Cassias (Jul. Cess. 
 i. 2, 181207;, &c., &c. 
 
 CHARACTER Judged by the Countenance. 
 
 'Knowledge of men may be derived, and obtained 
 ... by their countenance. . . . With regard to the 
 countenance, be not influenced by the old adage : Trust 
 not to a man's face ; for though this may not be wrongly 
 said of the general outward carriage of the face and 
 action, yet there are some more subtle motions and 
 labours of the eyes, mouth, countenance, and gestures by 
 which (as Cicero elegantly expresses it) the mind is 
 unlocked, and opened." De Aug. viii. 2. 
 
 "There's no art 
 
 To find the mind's construction in the face : 
 He was a gentleman on whom I built 
 An absolute trust." Macb. i. 4. 
 
 " Methinks I see it in thy face, 
 What thou should'st be . . 
 
Character. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 51 
 
 The setting of thine eye and cheek, proclaim 
 A matter from thee." Temp. ii. 1. 
 
 Hastings : 
 
 " His grace looks cheerfully and smooth this morning : 
 There's some conceit or other likes him well . . . 
 I think there never was a man in Christendom 
 Can lesser hide his love or hate than he ; 
 For by his face, straight shall you know his heart. 
 Stanley : 
 
 " What of his heart perceive you in his face 
 
 By any likelihood he showed to-day ? 
 Hastings : 
 
 " Marry, that with no man here he is offended : 
 For were he, he had shown it in his looks." 
 
 Rich. III. Hi. 4. 
 
 The sequel shows that Lord Hastings was not a good 
 judge of countenance, and that he trusted too much to a 
 man's face. 
 
 u I beseech you, sir, look in this gentleman's face . . . look upon 
 his honour ; 'tis for a good purpose. Doth your honour mark his 
 face ? . . . I beseech you mark it well. . . . Doth your 
 honour see any harm in his face ? . . . his face is the worst thing 
 about him," &c. M. J/. ii. 1. 
 
 Lear: " How now, daughter? What makes that frontlet on? 
 
 Methinks you are too much of late i' the frown. 
 Fool: "... Thou had'st no need the care of her frowning. 
 . . . I will hold my tongue : so your face bids me, 
 though you say nothing." Lear i. 4. 
 " Your face, my thane is as a book, where men 
 May read strange matters. To beguile the time, 
 Look like the time ; bear welcome in your eye, 
 Your hand your tongue : look like the innocent flower, 
 But be the serpent under it. ... Only look up clear ; 
 To alter favour ever is to fear." Macl>. i. 7 ; 
 
 (and see 1 Hen. VI. i, 2, 48, 62, 117 ; iii. 1, 123125). 
 " Gentle, my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks; 
 Be bright and jovial among your guests to-night . . . 
 
52 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Charity. 
 
 We . . . make our faces vizards to our hearts, 
 Disguising what they are." Macb. iii. 2. 
 
 CHARITY. (See Goodness, Kindness, Mercy, &c.) 
 
 " Charity is excellently called ' the bond of perfection/ 
 because it comprehends and fastens all virtues together."' 
 Advt. of Learning VII. ii. 
 
 " Bound by my charity, and my blessed order, 
 
 I come to visit the afflicted spirits 
 
 Here in the prison . . . make me know 
 
 The nature of their crimes, that I may minister 
 
 To them accordingly. 
 
 I would do more than that, if more were needful." 
 
 M. M. ii. 3. 
 " How much, methinks, I could despise this man, 
 
 But that I am bound in charity against it." 
 
 Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 
 
 CHARITY No Excess In. 
 
 "In charity there is no excess, neithe^r can angel or 
 man come in danger by it." Ess. of Goodness. 
 
 " By aspiring to a similitude of God in goodness and, 
 love, neither angel nor man ever transgressed, or shall 
 transgress; for unto that imitation we are called, 'Love 
 your enemies, bless them which hate you, and pray for 
 them that despitefully use you and persecute you/' &c. 
 Advt. of Learning vii. 2 and 3. (See Mercy.) 
 
 " Charity itself fulfils the law ; 
 And who can sever love from charity ? " 
 
 Loves Labour's Lost iv. 3. 
 Glo. : " Lady, thou know'st no rules of charity 
 
 Which renders good for bad, blessings for curses." 
 
 Anne : " Villain, thou know'st no law of God nor man ; 
 
 No beast so fierce but knows some touch of pity." 
 
 Rich. III. i. 2. 
 
Compliment. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 53 
 
 " We have done deeds of charity, 
 Made peace of enmity, fair love of hate, 
 Between these swelling, wrong-incensed peers. 
 A blessed labour ! (To reconcile a friendly peace) 
 Tis death to me to be at enmity." 
 
 Rich. III. ii. 1, and 2, 101108. 
 " We are born to do benefits." Tim. Ath.\. 2. 
 
 COMPASSION, or Sympathy. 
 
 " If a man be compassionate towards the afflictions of 
 others, it shows that his heart is like the noble tree that is 
 wounded itself when it gives the balm/' Essay of 
 Goodness. 
 
 u One whose subdued eyes, 
 Albeit unused to the melting mood, 
 Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees 
 Their medicinable gum" Oth. v. 2. 
 
 " No mind that's honest 
 
 But in it shares some woe ; though the main part 
 Pertains to you alone.'* Macb. iv. 3. 
 " The direful spectacle of the wreck which touched 
 The very virtue of compassion in thee." Temp. i. 1. 
 
 COMPLIMENT. 
 
 " Where reputation (or honour) is not, it must be 
 supplied by puntos and compliments.'" Advt. of 
 Learning ii. 
 
 " Manhood is melted into courtesies, valour into compliment, and 
 men are only turned into tongue." J/. A do iv. 2. 
 
 "0! he IB the courageous captain of compliments . . . the immortal 
 passado ! t\\e punto reverse !" &c. See Rim. Jul. ii. 4 ; and Ant. Cl. 
 iv. 4, 3034. 
 
 (See the converse when a base-born man rises to 
 
 * The myrrh trees. 
 
54 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Constancy. 
 
 honour and then discards compliments towards those who 
 have been his superiors.) 
 
 " A foot of honour better than I was . . . 
 ' Good den, Sir Richard ' ' God-a-mercy, fellow ; " 
 And, if his name be George, I'll call him Peter, 
 For new-made honour doth forget men's names : 
 'Tis too respective, and too sociable 
 For your conversion." King John i. 1. 
 
 CONQUERORS of Self. 
 
 " He conquers twice, who upon victory commands 
 himself." 
 
 " Brave conquerors ! for so you are 
 'llmi /rar against your own affection^, 
 And the huge army of the world's desires." 
 
 Love's Labour's Lost i. 1. 
 
 " Wert thou the unicorn, pride and wrath would confound thee, 
 and malce thine own self the conquest of thy fary. n Tim. Ath. iv. 3. 
 
 " Thy later vows against thy first 
 Is in thyself rebellion to thyself ; 
 And better conquest never canst thou make 
 Than arm thy constant and thy nobler parts 
 Against these giddy, loose suggestions." 
 
 Tohn iii. 1. 
 
 CONSTANCY. (See Inconstancy.) 
 
 " Constancy, to remain in the same state." Promus 
 402. 
 
 " Kind is my love to-day, to-morrow kind, 
 Still constant in a wondrous excellence ; 
 Therefore my verse, to constancy inclined. 
 One thing expressing leaves out difference." 
 
 Sonnet cv. 
 
 " good old man ! now well in thee appears 
 The constant service of the antique world." 
 
 As You Like It ii. 3. 
 
Constancy. MANNERS, XIXD, MORALS. 55 
 
 Jul.:' 
 
 " . . . It is the lesser blot, modesty finds, 
 Women to change their shapes, than men their minds." 
 
 Proteus : 
 
 " Than men their minds ! 'tis true, Heaven, were man 
 But constant, he were perfect ; that one error 
 Fills him with faults : makes him run thro' all th' sins : 
 Inconstancy falls off, ere it begins. 
 What is in Sylvia's face, but I may spy 
 More fresh in Julia's, with a constant eye." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. v. 4. 
 
 " While thou livest, dear Kate, take a fellow of plain and uncoined 
 constancy, for he perforce must do thee right." Hen. V. v. 2. 
 
 " It is virtuous to be constant in any undertaking." 
 
 M. M. iii. 2. 
 
 CONSTANCY, For. 
 
 "Constancy is the foundation on which virtues rest." 
 " Wretched is the man ivho knows not what himself may 
 
 become. Even vices derive a grace from constancy/ 5 
 
 De Aug. VI. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Our works . . . are indeed nought else 
 But the protractive trials of great Jove, 
 To find persistive constancy in men. 
 The fineness of which metal is not found 
 In fortune's love," &c. See Tr. Or. i. 3. 
 
 Lady Jfacb. : 
 
 " My hands are of your colour ; but I shame 
 To wear a heart so white. . . . Your constancy 
 Hath left you unattended." 
 
 Macb. : " To know my deed, 'twere best not know myself." 
 
 Mucb. ii. 1. 
 
 " Be you constant in the accusation, and my cunning shall not 
 shame me." J/. Ado ii. 2. 
 
56 MANNERS, 3IIND, 3IORALS. Constancy. 
 
 CONSTANCY, Against. 
 
 *' It is fit that constancy should bear adversity well, 
 for it commonly brings it on." 
 
 " Constancy is like a surly porter ; it drives much 
 useful intelligence from the door." De Aug. VI. 3 
 (Antitheta). 
 
 (See how " constancy," or fixed purpose, brings on the 
 tragical events in Julius Ccesai\ It is to constaucy that 
 Brutus commends his fellow-conspirators. Portia brings 
 forward in proof of her fortitude or constancy, in per- 
 forming, as well as in keeping a secret, her constancy. 
 Caesar glories in his own constancy, which, indeed, proves 
 in the end the cause of his destruction.) 
 
 " Let our looks put on our purposes, 
 But bear it as our Roman actors do, 
 With untired spirits, and formal constancy . . ." 
 " I have made strong proof of my constancy, 
 Giving myself a voluntary wound, here, in my thigh," &c. 
 
 Jul. Cws. ii. 2. 
 
 " constancy, be strong upon my side ! 
 Set up a huge mountain 'tween my heart and tongue ! 
 I have a man's mind, but a woman's might." 
 
 Jul. Cccs. ii. 4. 
 
 " I could well be mov'd, if I were you : 
 If I could pray to move, prayers would move rne : 
 But I am constant as the northern star, 
 Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality 
 There is no fellow in the firmament . . . 
 ... I was constant Cimber should be banished, 
 And constant do remain to keep him so." 
 
 Jul. C(KS. iii. 1. 
 " A sly and constant knave, 
 Xot to be shak'd ; the agent for his master, 
 And the remembrancer of her, to hold 
 The hand-fast to her lord." Cymb. i. 6. 
 
Contempt. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 57 
 
 " All who resist 
 
 Are mock'd for valiant ignorance, 
 And parish constant fools." Cor. iv. (3. 
 
 CONTEMPT. 
 
 " Contempt is that which putteth an edge upon anger. 
 . . . Men must beware that they carry their anger 
 with scorn rather than fear, so that they may seem to be 
 rather above the injury than below it." Ess. of Anger. 
 
 " So, like a courtier, contempt nor bitterness 
 Were in his pride, or sharpness ; if they were, 
 His equal had awaked them." AlVs Well i. 2. 
 
 (See Anger Discourse.) 
 " Wrong not that wrong with a more contempt." 
 
 Com. Err. ii. 2. 
 
 " Revenge the jeering and disdain'd contempt of this proud king." 
 
 -1 Hen. IF. i. 3. 
 
 " Create her child of spleen, that it may live 
 And be a thwart, disnatured torment to her ! . . . 
 Turn all her mother's pains and benefits 
 To laughter and contempt, that she may feel 
 How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is]' &c. 
 
 Lear i. 4. 
 
 *' He mock'd us when he begged our voices . . . 
 He flouted us down right. 
 
 No ; 'tis his kind of speech : he did not mock us ... 
 He used us scornfully . . . 
 
 Did you not perceive he did solicit you in free contempt ? . . . 
 Almost all repent in their election. Let them go on ... 
 If, as his nature is, he fall in rage with their refusal, both 
 
 observe and answer the advantage of his anger. To the 
 
 capitol. Come, we'll be there before the stream of people; 
 
 and this shall seem, as partly 'tis, their own, which we have 
 
 goaded onward." Cor. ii. 3. 
 
 (See also Cor. iii. 4, how Coriolanus, by his contemptuous 
 speeches, continues to set an edge upon the people's 
 
58 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Contraries. 
 
 anger. The tragedy seems throughout to be a commentary 
 on Bacon's text.) 
 
 CONTRARIES. 
 
 "There are armies of contraries in the world, as of Dense 
 and Rare, Hot and Cold, Light and Darkness, Animate 
 and Inanimate, and many others, which oppose, deprive, 
 and destroy one another in turn. To suppose that these 
 all emanate from one source . . . seems but a confused 
 speculation," &c. De Principiis Works v. 475. 
 
 " Passions ever turn to their contraries ; and, there- 
 fore, the most furious men after their first blaze is spent, 
 be commonly the most fearful." Advice to Rutland. 
 
 " I' the commonwealth I would by contraries execute all things." 
 
 Temp. ii. 1, 147164. 
 " Is it good to sooth him in these contraries ? " 
 
 Com. Err. iv. 4, 71). 
 " He will be here, and yet he is not here ; 
 How can these contrarieties agree ? " 
 
 1 Hen. VI. ii. 3. 
 " No contraries hold more antipathy 
 Than I, and such a knave." Lear ii. 2. 
 " Piety and fear, 
 
 Religion to the gods, peace, justice, truth, . . . 
 Instruction, manners, mysteries, and trades, 
 Degrees, observances, customs, and laws, 
 Decline to your confounding contraries, 
 And yet confusion live! " &c. 
 
 See Tim. Ath.iv.l, 140. 
 " Hot ice, and wondrous warm snow ; 
 How shall we find the concord of this discord ? '' 
 
 J/. N. D. v. 1. 
 
 " All things that we ordained festival, 
 Turn from their office to black funeral . . . 
 And all thinys tarn them to the contrary." 
 
 See Rom. Jul. iv. 5, 8290. 
 
Counsellors. :*AXNERS, MIXD, MORALS. 59 1 
 
 COUNSELS Effeminate Dangerous to Princes. 
 
 " Princes (should beware) lest thinking too meanly of 
 their power, they submit to timorous and effeminate 
 counsels." The Military Statesman. 
 
 " Xone do you like, but an effeminate prince, 
 Whom, like a school-boy, you may over-awe." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 
 COUNSELLORS. The Dead Are the Best. 
 
 " The dead are the best counsellors." Promus (Latin) 
 364, and quoted in the Ess. of Counsel. 
 
 "Two may keep council when the third's away." [Kills the nurse.] 
 
 Tit. And. iv. 2. 
 
 " Is your man secret ? Did you ne'er hear say 
 Two may keep counsel, putting one away." 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii. 4. 
 Hamlet (pointing to the dead Ijody of Polonitts) : 
 
 " Indeed this counsellor 
 
 Is now most still, most silent, and most grave, 
 Who was in life a foolish, prating knave.'' 
 
 Ham. iii. 4. 
 
 COUNSELLORS, Violent. 
 
 " The only violent counsellors are anger and fear!' 
 De Aug. vi. (Autitheta 44). 
 
 " . . . When his headstrong hath no curb, 
 
 When rage and hot blood are his counsellors . . . 
 
 with what wings will his affections fly," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4. 
 " The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear, 
 
 Shall never sag with doubt, nor shake with fear. 
 
 The devil damn thee black, thou cream-fac'd loon ! 
 
 Where gott'st thou that goose look ? . . . 
 
 Go prick thy face, and over-red thy fear, 
 
 Thou lily-liver' d boy ! Those linen cheeks of thine 
 
 Are counsellors to fear?" 1 Jfacb. v. 2. 
 
00 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Credulity. 
 
 CREDULITY Deceptive. (See Rumour) 
 
 " A credulous man is a deceiver ; as we see it in fame 
 and rumours, that lie that will believe rumours will as 
 easily augment rumours which Tacitus wisely notes in 
 these words: ' They invent, and at the same time believe 
 their inventions.' Such affinity there is between a 
 propensity to deceive, and a facility to deceive, and a 
 facility to believe/' Advt. of Learning i. 1. 
 
 " If he be credulous, and trust my tale, 
 I'll make him glad to seem Vincentio," &c. 
 
 Tarn. SJt. iv. 2. 
 " From rumour's tongues 
 They bring smooth-comforts false, worse than true wrongs." 
 
 '2 I fen. IV. (Induction). 
 
 u Thus may poor fools 
 
 Believe false teachers: though those that are betrayed 
 Do feel the treason sharply, yet the traitor 
 Stands in worse case of woe." Cymb. iii. 4. 
 
 (See how the aphorism that the credulous man is a 
 deceiver is illustrated in the character of Leontes 
 (Winter's Tab, i. 2, ii. 2, &c.). His jealousy is so 
 credulous that he deceives himself throughout, inventing 
 and believing his own inventions. He even defies the 
 opinion of the Sacred Oracle, considering it fit only for 
 minds weaker than his own.) 
 
 " Though I am satisfied, and need no more 
 Than that I know, yet shall the oracle 
 Give rest to the minds of others; .mch as he 
 Whose ignorant credulity will not come up 
 To the truth." Winters Tale ii. 2. 
 
 (Othello, similarly credulous, deceives himself with 
 regard to Desdemona, and upon his facility to believe the 
 lies invented by lago, the whole tragedy turns.) 
 
Custom. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 61 
 
 CUSTOM. 
 
 "Many examples may be put of the force of custom 
 upon mind and body" Ess. of Custom. 
 
 " Custom makes the thing natural, as it were, to the 
 user. ... If custom be strong to confirm any one 
 virtue more than another, it is the virtue of fortitude. 
 Advice to Rutland. 
 
 " How use doth breed a habit in a man ! " &c. 
 
 See Two Gent. Ver. v. 4. 
 " Now, my co-mates and brothers in exile, 
 Hath not old custom made this life more sweet 
 Than that of painted pomp ? Are not these woods 
 More free from peril than the envious Court ? 
 Here feel we but the penalty of Adam, 
 The seasons' difference," &c. 
 
 As You Like It ii. 1. 
 
 " In manners and behaviour your Lordship must not 
 be caught with novelty . . . nor infected with custom 
 which makes us keep our own ill-graces and participate 
 of those we see every day." Advice to Rutland. 
 
 " 0, Kate ! nice customs curtsey to great kings. Dear Kate, you 
 and I cannot be confined within the weak list of a country's fashion. 
 We are the makers of manners, Kate," &c. Hen. V. v. 2. 
 Cham. : " Is't possible, the spells of France should juggle 
 
 Men into such strange mysteries ? " 
 Sands. : " New customs, 
 
 Though they be never so ridiculous, 
 
 Nay, let them be unmanly, yet are followed." 
 Cham. : "As far as I see, all the good our English 
 
 Have got by the late voyage is but merely 
 
 A fit or two of the face . . . their very noses . . .. 
 
 keep stale." 
 tiands. : " They have all new legs, and lame ones: one would take it > 
 
 That never saw 'em pace before, the spavin 
 
 And springhalt reign'd among them . . . 
 
2 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Custom. 
 
 Their clothes are after such a pagan cut, too . . . 
 
 . . . . The new proclamation ... is for 
 
 The reformation of our travell'd gallants 
 
 That fill the court with quarrels, talk, and tailors. 
 
 .... They must either leave those remnants 
 
 Of fool and feather that they got in France, 
 
 . . . tennis and tall stockings 
 
 Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel 
 
 Or pack to their old playfellows . . . and be laughed 
 
 at," &c.Hen. VIII. i. 4. 
 
 " It is certain that either wise bearing or ignorant carriage is cauylif 
 -as men take diseases, one of another: therefore, let men take heed of 
 their company." 2 Hen. IV. v. 2. (Comp. Custom a Magistrate.} 
 
 " There is no trusting to the force of nature, nor to the 
 bravery of words except it be corroborate by custom." 
 Ess. of Custom. 
 
 Ham. : '' Hath this fellow no feeling of his business, that he 
 
 sings at grave-making ? " 
 
 Hor. : " Custom hath made it in him a property of easiness." 
 Ham.: u Tis e'en so; the hand of little employment hath the 
 
 daintier sense." Ham. v. 1. 
 " Nature her custom holds, let shame say what it will." 
 
 Ham. v. 7. 
 
 "Julio Romano, who had he himself eternity, and could put 
 breath into his work, would beguile Nature of her custom." 
 Winters Tale v. 2. 
 
 CUSTOM A Magistrate Tyrant Can Change Nature- 
 Makes All Easy. 
 
 " Since custom is the principal magistrate of a man's 
 life, let men by all means endeavour to obtain good 
 customs. " Ess. of Custom. 
 
 " Custom against Nature is a kind of tyranny, and is 
 soon and upon slight occasion overthrown." De Aug. 
 vi. 3 (Antitheta 10). 
 
Death. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 63 
 
 " The tyrant custom, most grave senators, 
 Hath made the flinty and hard couch of war 
 My thrice-driven bed of down: I do agnise 
 A natural and prompt alacrity 
 I find in hardness." Oth. i. 3. 
 
 " Let me wing your heart . . . 
 If damned custom hath not brazed it so, 
 That it is proof and bulwark .against sense . . . 
 That monster, custom, Avho all sense doth eat 
 Of habit's devil, is angel yet in this, 
 That to the use of actions fair and good 
 He likewise gives a frock and livery, 
 That aptly is put on. Refrain to-night, 
 And that will give a kind of easiness 
 To the next abstinence: the next more easy: 
 For use can almost change the stamp of Nature 
 And master the devil, or throw him out 
 With wondrous potency." Ham. iii. 4. 
 
 " Thou, Nature, art my goddess; to thy law 
 My services are bound. Wherefore should I 
 Stand in the plague of custom and permit 
 The curiosity of nations to deprive me ? " Lear i. 2. 
 
 DEATH. Apprehension, or Fear, is Its Chief Pain or 
 Bitterness. 
 
 " I know many wise men fear to die ; for the change is 
 bitter, and flesh would refuse to prove it : besides, the 
 expectation bring eth terror, and that exceeds the evil. 
 But I do not believe that any man fears to be dead, but 
 only the stroke of death" Post. Ess. of Death. 
 
 " The miserable change, now at my end, 
 Lament nor sorrow at ... my spirit is going ; 
 I can no more." Ant. Ci. iv. 13. 
 
 " Dar'st thou die ? 
 
 The sense of death is most in apprehension, 
 And the poor beetle that we tread upon 
 
64 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death. 
 
 In corporal sufferance feels a pang as great 
 As when a giant dies." J/. J/. iii. 1. 
 " Come Utter conduct, come unsavoury guide," &c. 
 
 Rom. JaL v. 3 (of Death). 
 " His punishment was Utter death." 
 
 Rich. III. ii. 1, and iv. 4, 7. 
 " To be, or not to be, that is the question . . . 
 . . . To die, to sleep, 
 No more ; and, by a sleep, to say we end 
 The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks 
 That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation 
 Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep ; 
 Perchance to dream ; ay, there's the rub ; 
 For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, 
 When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 
 Must give us pause ; . . . 
 And thus the native hue of resolution 
 Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought" &c. 
 
 Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 " The stroke of death is as a lover's pinch, 
 Which hurts and is desired." Ant. Cl. v. 2. 
 
 DEATH Birth. (See Stage Theatre.) 
 
 " It is as natural to die as to be born ; and to a little 
 infant, perhaps the one is as painful as the other." Ess. 
 of Death. 
 
 " I think Nature would do me wrong, if I should be so 
 long in dying as I was in being born/' Posthumous 
 Ess. of Death. 
 
 Lear : " Thou must be patient : we came crying hither ; 
 Thou know'st, the first time that we smell the air 
 We bawl, and cry. I will preach to thee : mark me." 
 
 Glos. : " Alack, alack the day ! 
 
 Lear : " When we are born, we cry that we are come 
 To this great stage of fools." Lear v. 6. 
 " Well, we were born to die ! . . . 
 
Death. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 65 
 
 Afore me ! it is so very late, that we 
 May call it early, by and bye." 
 
 Rom. JuL iii. 4 (See Late, Early). 
 
 DEATH Daily in Life. 
 
 " So much of our life as we have discovered is already 
 dead; and all those hours which we share, even from 
 (birth to death) are part of our dying days, whereof this 
 is one, and those that succeed are of the like nature, for 
 we die daily, and I am older since I affirmed it." 
 Posthumous Ess, of Death. 
 
 " The queen that bore thee 
 Of tener on her knees than on her feet, 
 Died every day she lived. . . . 
 
 . . Good men's lives 
 Expire before the flowers in their caps. 
 Dying or ere they sicken." Mad. iv. 3. 
 
 " To sue to live I find I seek to die, 
 
 And seeking death find life : let it come on." 
 
 M. M. iii. 1. 
 
 DEATH Extinguishes Envy. 
 
 "Death hath this also, that it openeth the gate to 
 good fame, and extinguisheth envy: 'When dead, the 
 same person shall be beloved/ " Ess. of Death. 
 
 " Extinctus Amabitur idem." Promus 60. 
 
 " That which we have ive prize not to the ivorth 
 While we enjoy it ; but being lost and lacked, 
 Why then we rack the value." M. Ado iv. 1. 
 
 " She whom all men praised, and whom myself, 
 Since I have lost, have lov'd, was in mine eye 
 The dust that did offend it." All's Well v. 3. 
 
 2. Mess. : 
 
 " Fulvia. thy wife, is dead . . ." 
 
66 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death. 
 
 Ant. : 
 
 "... There's a great spirit gone. Thus did I desire it . 
 What our contempts do often hurl from us 
 We wish it ours again. . . . She's good, being gone." 
 
 Ant. CL i. 2. 
 " The ebbed man, ne'er loved till ne'er worth love, 
 
 Comes dear by being lack'd." Ant. CL i. 4. 
 
 "Our course will seem too bloody. . . . Like wrath in death, 
 and envy afterwards" Jul. Cces. ii. 1. 
 
 " No black envy shall make my grave." 
 
 See Hen. VIII. ii. 1, 8086. 
 " Duncan is in his grave ; 
 After life's fitful fever he sleeps well : 
 Treason hath done his work ; nor steel, nor poison, 
 ^falice domestic, foreign levy nothing 
 Can touch him farther." Macb. iii. 2. 
 
 (See also Winter s Tale v. i. and v. 3, of Leontes' 
 regrets for the wife of whose death he believes himself to 
 be the cause.) 
 
 DEATH Feared as Children Fear Darkness, &c. 
 
 " Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark, 
 and as that natural fear in children is increased with 
 tales, so is the other." Ess. of ])eath. 
 
 " The sleeping and the dead 
 Are but as pictures ; 'tis the eye of childhood 
 That fears a painted devil." Macb. ii. 2. 
 
 " Be alive again, 
 
 If trembling I inhabit thee, protest me 
 The baby of a girl. Hence, horrible shadow." 
 
 Macl). iii. 4. 
 
 (Of the apparition of a dead man.} 
 " The horrible conceit of death and night, 
 Together with the terror of the place, 
 . . . Where, as they say, 
 At some hours in the night spirits resort, . . . 
 
Death. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 07 
 
 And shrieks like mandrakes torn out of the earth, 
 That living mortals hearing them run mad : 
 0, if I wake ! shall I not be distraught, 
 Environed with all these hideous fears" &c. 
 
 Rom. Jul. iv. 3. 
 
 (See of the horrors of death caused by tales and imagination.) 
 Claud. : u Death is a fearful thing." 
 Isa. : " And shamed life, a fearful." 
 Claud. : *' Ay, but to die, and go we know not where . . . 
 . . . the delighted spirit 
 To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside 
 In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice ; 
 To be imprisoned in the viewless winds, 
 And blown with restless violence roundabout 
 The pendant world . . . 'tis too horrible, . . . 
 The weariest and most loathed worldly life 
 ... is a paradise 
 To what we fear in death" J/. J7. iii. 1. 
 
 (Note again how " tales " work.) 
 
 DEATH not to be Feared, but to be Prepared for. 
 
 " I have often thought upon death, and I find it the 
 least of evils," Post. Ess. of Death. 
 
 Hots. : " Doomsday is near ; die all, die merrily." 
 Doug. : kk Talk not of dying ; Lam out of fear 
 
 Of death or dying," &c. 1 Hen. IV. iv. 1. 
 
 " Therefore should every soldier in the wars do, as every sick man 
 in his bed, wash every mote out of his conscience ; and dying so, 
 death is to him advantage. . . . Every man that dies ill, the ill 
 is upon his own head." Hen. V. iv. 1. 
 
 "Ah, what a sign it is of evil life, where death's approach is seen 
 so terrible ! ... So bad a death argues a monstrous life." 
 2 Hen. VI. iii. 3. 
 
 '' I defy all counsel, all redress 
 But that which ends all counsel, true redress, 
 Death death ! amiable, lovely death ! . . . 
 Misery's love, come to me ! " John iii. 4. 
 
08 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death. 
 
 " I will be 
 
 A bridegroom in my death, and run into 't 
 As to a lover's bed." Ant. 67. iv. 12. 
 
 " A man that apprehends death no more dreadfully, but as of a 
 drunken sleep : careless, reckless, and fearless of what's past, 
 present, or to come insensible of mortality, and desperately mortal." 
 M. M. iv. 2. 
 
 " Sirrah, thou art said to have a stubborn soul, 
 Than apprehends no further than this world." 
 
 J/. M. v. 1. 
 
 " Tis a vile thing to die, my gracious lord, 
 When men are unprepared, and look not for 't." 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 4. 
 
 DEATH Once. 
 
 " Men have their time, and die many times in desire 
 of some things which they take principally to heart." 
 Ess. of Friendship. 
 
 l( If wishes might find place, I would die together, and 
 not my mind often and my body once. I consent with 
 Cfesar that the suddenest passage is the easiest."- 
 Post. Ess. of Death. 
 
 " I care not: a man can die but once." 2 Hen. IV. iii. 2. 
 " Shame, and eternal shame, nothing but shame ! 
 Let us die instant ! Once more back again . . . 
 Let life be short, else shame will be too long." 
 
 Hen. V. iv. 5. 
 
 " I, to do you rest, a thousand deaths would die . . ." 
 
 Twelfth Xight v. 1. 
 
 " It dies, as if it had a thousand lives." I H(n. VI. v. 4. 
 " Cowards die many times before their deaths ; 
 The valiant never taste of death but once. Jul. Ccesar ii. 2. 
 
 " our lives' sweetness ! 
 That we the pain of death would hourly die, 
 Rather than die at once." Lear v. 3. 
 
 II - <u 
 
Death. .MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 69 
 
 ' What's yet in this 
 
 That bears the name of life ? Yet in this life 
 Lie hid more thousand deaths, yet death we fear 
 That makes these odds all even." J/. J/. iii. 1. 
 
 DEATH A Painless. 
 
 *' The death that is most without pain hath been noted 
 to be upon the taking of the potion of Hemlock ... the 
 poison of the asp that Cleopatra used hath some affinity 
 with it," &c.Nat. Hist. 643. 
 
 " Hast thou the pretty worm of Nilus there, 
 That kills and pains not ? " &c. Ant. Cl. v. 2. 
 
 (Note of the poisonous Hemlock that it is one of the 
 ingredients in the hell-broth of the witches. It is 
 " digged in the dark " in order to increase its potency, 
 and is thrown into the cauldron (it is the only herb] 
 together with 
 
 " Fillet of a fenny snake . . . 
 Adder's fork and blind-worms' sting." J/acZ>. iv. 1. 
 
 DEATH is a Release from Fetters of Mind or Body. 
 
 " Why should a man be in love with his fetters, though 
 of gold ? Art thou drowned iu security ? Then, I say, 
 thou art perfectly dead." 
 
 'There is a devilish mercy in the judge, 
 If you'll implore it, that \\i\\free your life 
 And. fetter you till death.".!/. J/. iii. 1. 
 Post. : " My conscience, thou art fettered 
 
 More than my shanks and wrists : you good gods, give me 
 The penitent instrument to pick that bolt ; 
 Then, free for ever ! . . ." 
 
 Gaoler : " . . . 0, the charity of a penny cord ! it sums up 
 thousands in a trice. You have no truer debitor and creditor but it: 
 of what's past, and is to come, the discharge ..." 
 
70 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death. 
 
 Mess. : " Knock off his manacles ; bring your prisoner to the 
 king." 
 
 Post. : " Thou bringst good news. I am called to be made free." 
 
 Gaoler : " I'll be hanged then ! " 
 
 Post. : " Thou shalt then be freer than a gaoler no bolts for the 
 dead." Cyrnl. v. 5. 
 
 Cleopatra (meditating self-destruction) : 
 
 " My desolation does begin to make 
 A better life. . . . It is great 
 To do that thing that ends all other deeds, 
 Which shackles accidents <ni<l holts up change." 
 
 Ant. Cl. v. 1. 
 
 DEATH Seizes Men by the Heels. 
 
 " This ruler of monuments leads men, for the most 
 part, out of this world with their heels forward, in token 
 that he is contrary to life, which, being obtained, sends 
 men headlong into this tvretched theatre, where being 
 arrived their first language is that of mourning." Post. 
 Ess. of Death (see Ante-Birth). 
 
 " So wish I, I might thrust thy soul to hell, 
 Ilence will I drag thee headlong by the heels 
 Unto a dunghill which shall be thy grave." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iv. 10. 
 
 " I'll pull her out of Acheron by the heels." 
 
 Tit. And. iv.'3. 
 
 "Now might I do it, pat, when he is praying; 
 Arid how I'll do it: and so he goes to heaven ! 
 And so am I revenged . . . 
 To take him in the purging of his soul 
 When he is fit and season'd for his passage ? 
 No ... when he's about some act 
 That hath no relish of salvation in it; 
 Then trip him that his heels may Icicle at heaven, 
 And that his soul may be as damned and black 
 As hell whereto it goes." Ham. iii. 3. 
 
> S" 
 
 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 71 
 
 ^ H- '/' 
 
 p\ 
 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 J Terrors Increased by Preparations for Burial. 
 
 agg 
 
 of the philosophers . . . increase the fear of 
 <DM offering to cure it. ... They must needs 
 
 lat it is a terrible enemy against whom there is 
 >f preparing." Remains, p. 7. 
 
 . slainly the stoics bestowed too much cost upon 
 death, and by their great preparations made it more 
 fearful. And by Seneca it was well said : ' The array of 
 the deathbed has more terrors than death itself.' Groans, 
 and convulsions, and a discoloured face, and friends 
 weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like, show 
 death terrible.'" 1 Ess. of Death. 
 
 " We mourn in black, 1 ' &c. 1 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 
 [Draw near.~\ 
 
 " To shed obsequious tears upon this trunk . . . 
 These sorrowful drops upon a blood-stained face, 
 The last true duties of thy noble son; . . . 
 As for that heinous tiger, Tamora, 
 Xo funeral rits, nor man in mournful weeds, 
 No mournful bell shall ring her burial." 
 
 Tit. And. v. 3. 
 
 " 'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, 
 Nor customary suits of solemn black, 
 Nor windy inspiration of forced breath, 
 No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, 
 Nor the dejected 'haviour of the visage, 
 Together with all forms, modes, shows of grief, 
 That can denote me truly . . . 
 These (are) the trappings and the suits of woe. 
 'Tis sweet and commendable ... to give these mourning 
 
 duties . . . 
 For some term to do obsequious sorrow" &c. 
 
 Ham. i. 2. 
 
72 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Deformity. 
 
 DEFORMITY of Body and Mind. 
 
 "Deformed persons are generally even with Nature; 
 for as Nature hath done ill by them, so do they by 
 Nature, being for the most part (as the Scripture saith) 
 void of natural affection, and so they have their revenge 
 of Nature." Ess. of Deformity. 
 
 " Deformed persons and eunuchs, old men and 
 bastards, are envious; for he that cannot possibly mend 
 his own case, will do what he can to impair another's : 
 except these defects light upon a very brave and 
 heroical nature, which thinketh to make his natural 
 wants part of his honour; in that it should be said, 
 ' That a eunuch, or a lame man, did such great matters/ 
 affecting the nature of a miracle, as it was in Narses the 
 eunuch, and Agesilaus and Tamerlane, that were lame 
 men." Ess. of Entj. 
 
 " But I, that am not shaped for sportive tricks, 
 Nor made to court an amorous looking-glass ; 
 I, that am rudely stamp'd, and want love's majesty 
 To strut before a wanton ambling nymph ; 
 I, that am curtail'd of this fair proportion, 
 Cheated of feature by dissembling nature, 
 Deform'd, unfinish'd, sent before my time 
 Into this breathing world, scarce half made up, 
 And that so lamely and unfashionable 
 That dogs bark at me as I halt by them; 
 Why, I, in this weak piping time of peace, 
 Have no delight to pass away the time, 
 Unless to spy my shadow in the sun 
 And descant on mine own deformity; 
 And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover, 
 To entertain these fair well-spoken days, 
 I am determined to prove a villain 
 And hate the idle pleasures of these days. 
 Plots have I laid, inductions dangerous, 
 
Deformity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 73 
 
 By drunken prophecies, libels and dreams, 
 
 To set my brother Clarence and the king 
 
 In deadly hate the one against the other: 
 
 And if King Edward be as true and just 
 
 As I am subtle, false, and treacherous, 
 
 This day should Clarence closely be mew'd up." 
 
 Rick. III. i. I. 
 
 DEFORMITY Freed from Scorn. 
 
 "Jf deformed persons ... be of spirit (they will) 
 seek to free themselves from scorn, which must be either 
 by virtue or malice. Whosoever hath anything fixed in 
 his person that doth induce contempt, hath also a 
 perpetual spur in himself to rescue and deliver himself 
 from scorn. Therefore, all deformed persons be extreme 
 bold." Ess. of Deformity. 
 
 " So do I wish the crown, being so far off; 
 And so I chide the means that keeps me from it; 
 And so I say, Til cut the causes off. . . . 
 (Love) did corrupt frail nature with some bribe, 
 To shrink mine arm up like a wither'd shrub; 
 Where sits deformity to mock my body; 
 To shape my legs of an unequal size; 
 To disproportion me in every part, 
 Like to a chaos, or an unlick'd bear-whelp 
 That carries no impression like the dam. . . . 
 Then, since this earth affords no joy to me, 
 But to command, to check, to o'erbear such 
 As are of better person than myself, 
 I'll make my heaven to dream upon the crown, 
 And, whiles I live, to account this world but hell, 
 Until my mis-shaped trunk that bears this head 
 Be round impaled with a glorious crown. 
 And yet I know not how to get the crown, 
 For many lives stand between me and home; 
 And I, like one lost in a thorny wood, 
 Torment myself to catch the English crown: 
 
74 MAXXERS, MIXD, MORALS. Deformity. 
 
 And from that torment I will free myself, 
 Or how my way out with a bloody axe. . . . 
 I'll drown more sailors than the mermaid shall ; 
 I'll slay more gazers than the basilisk; 
 I'll play the orator as well as Nestor, 
 Deceive more slily than Ulysses could, 
 And, like a Sinon, take another Troy. 
 I can add colours to the chameleon, 
 Change shapes with Proteus for advantages, 
 And set the murd'rous Michiavel to school. 
 Can I do this, and cannot get a crown ? 
 Tut, were it farther off, I'll pluck it down." \_Exit.~\ 
 See Hen. VI. iii. 2, 14011)5. 
 
 DEFORMITY of Mind Caused by Deformity of Body. 
 
 " It is good to consider of deformity, not as a sign, 
 which is more deceivable, but as a cause, which seldom 
 faileth of the effect." Ess. of Deformity. 
 
 " Sycorax, who, with age and envy, was grown into a hoop." 
 
 Temp. i. 2. 
 
 " A devil, a born devil, on whose nature 
 Nurture can never stick; . . . 
 And as with age his body uglier grows, 
 So his mind cankers." Temp. iv. 1. 
 
 " Dark-working sorcerers that change the mind, 
 Soul-killing witches that deform the body." 
 
 Com. Err. i. 2; Two Gent. Ver. ii. 1, 62. 
 
 Bora. : " Seest thou not what a deformed thief that fashion," &c. 
 
 [rep.-] 
 
 Watch. : " I know that deformed ... a' goes up and down like a 
 gentleman." 31. Ado iii. 3. 
 
 " See thyself, devil ! 
 Proper deformity seems not in the fiend 
 So horrid as in a woman; . . . 
 Thou chang'd and self-cover'd thing, for shame, 
 Bemonster not thy feature," &c. Lear iv. 2. 
 
Despair. MANNERS, MIXD, MORALS. 75 
 
 DELAY in Giving Access. 
 
 " The vices of authority are four : Delays, Corruption, 
 &c. For delays, give easy access ; keep times appointed; 
 go through with that which is in hand, and interlace not 
 business but of necessity." Ess. of Delays. 
 
 " (We) have the summary of all our griefs, 
 When time shall serve, to shew in articles, 
 "Which, long ere this, we offered to the king, 
 And might by no suit gain our audience. 
 When we were wronged, and would unfold our griefs, 
 We are denied access unto his person, 
 Even by those men that have done us most wrong." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 1. 
 
 " I have not stopp'd mine ears to their demands, 
 Xor posted off their suits with slow delays." 
 
 3 Hen. VI. iv. 8. 
 
 (See Despatch.) 
 
 DESPAIR and Discontent. 
 
 " Here must I distinguish between discontentment and 
 despair : for it is sufficient to weaken the discontented, 
 but there is no way but to kill the desperate; which 
 . . . were as hard and difficult as impious and ungodly. 
 And, therefore, though they may be discontented, I 
 would not have them desperate: for among many 
 desperate men, it is like someone will bring forth a 
 desperate attempt." Letters of Achice to the Queen. 
 
 " Rash-embraced despair." Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 
 
 " Teach thou this sorrow how to make me die ; 
 And let belief and life encounter so 
 As doth the fury of two desperate men, 
 Which in the very meeting fall and die." 
 
 John iii. 1. 
 
70 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Despatch. 
 
 DESPATCH. 
 
 u On the other side, despatch is a rich thing ; for time 
 is the measure of business, as money is of wares; and 
 business is bought at a dear hand where there is no 
 despatch." Ess. of Despatch. 
 
 " Full of wise care is this your counsel, madam 
 
 Take all the sv;ift advantage of the hours . . . 
 Be not ta 'en tardy by unwise delay" &c. 
 
 Rich. III. iv. 2. 
 
 " Defer no time ; delays have dangerous ends. 
 Enter, and cry, 'The Dauphin ! ' presently." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. iii. 2. 
 
 " In delay there is no plenty "Twelfth Night ii. 3 (Song). 
 
 " Our hands are full of business, let's away ; 
 
 A duantage feeds him fat, while men deJa//." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2. 
 
 DESPATCH. (See Haste.) 
 
 "Affected despatch is one of the most dangerous 
 things to business that can be: it is like that which the 
 physicians call predigestion, or hasty digestion, which is 
 sure to fill the body full of crudities, and secret seeds of 
 diseases: therefore, measure not despatch by the times of 
 sitting, but by the advance of business." Ess. of 
 Despatch. 
 
 "Come, let us sup betimes, that afterwards 
 We may digest our complots in some form." 
 
 Rich. 7/7. iii. 2. 
 
 " Deliver Helen, and all damage else 
 
 As . . . loss of time . . . and what else dear that is consumed 
 In hot digestion of this cormorant war, 
 Shall be struck off." Troll. Cress, ii. 2. 
 
 Ber.: " I have despatched sixteen businesses, a month's length 
 apiece, by an abstract of success. I have conge-ed with the Duke, 
 done my adieu with his nearest, buried a wife, mourned for her, 
 
Despatch. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 77 
 
 writ to my lady mother I am returning, entertained my convoy ; 
 and between these main parcels of despatch effected many nicer 
 needs : the last was the greatest, but that I have not ended yet." 
 
 2 Lord : " If the business be of any difficulty, and this morning 
 your departure hence, it requires haste of your lordship." 
 
 Ber. : " I mean, the business is not ended, as fearing to hear of it 
 hereafter." A IV s Well iv. 3. 
 
 DESPATCH Requires Brevity. 
 
 " Long and curious speeches are as fit for dispatch as 
 a robe or mantle with a long train is for a race." Ess. 
 of Despatch. 
 
 " Come, I have learn'd that fearful commenting 
 Is leaden servitor to dull delay ; 
 Delay leads impotent and snail-pac'd beggary. 
 Then fiery expedition be my wing ; 
 . . . My counsel is my shield. 
 We must be brief when traitors brave the field." 
 
 Rich. III. iv. 3. 
 
 ' // / talk to him, with his innocent prate 
 He will awake my mercy, which lies dead : 
 Therefore, I will be sudden and despatch." 
 
 John iv. 1. 
 
 kt Follow me with speed ; I'll to the King. 
 A thousand businesses are brief in hand." 
 
 John iv. 3, and 6, 17, 18. 
 
 DESPATCH Order Assists. 
 
 " Above all things, order and distribution and singling 
 out of parts is the life of despatch; so as the distribution 
 be not too subtle/' Ess. of Despatch. 
 
 Xnr. : " All was royal : 
 
 To the disposing of it nought rebelled ; 
 Order gave each thing view, the office did 
 Distinctly his full function ." 
 
78 -MANNERS, 3iiND, MORALS. Disappointment. 
 
 Buck. : " Who did guide, 
 
 I mean who set the body and the limbs 
 Of this great sport together . . . Who, my lord ? 
 Xor. : " All this was ordered by the good discretion 
 Of the right reverend Cardinal of York." 
 
 Hen. VIII. i. 1. 
 
 DETRACTION, or Slander. 
 
 " Detractor portat Diabolum in lingua (The slanderer 
 carries the devil in his tongue).'" Promus 164. 
 
 "That which is uttered in the name of praise (or 
 adulation) is good. That which is said as detraction is 
 bad." From the Latin Promus, 1248. 
 
 "As slanderous as Satan." Her. Wives v. 5. 
 " Devil Envy say Amen." Tr. Cr. ii. 3. 
 " That monster envy, oft the wreck of earned praise." 
 
 Per. iv. 3. 
 
 " She's dead, slandered to death by villains, 
 That dare as well answer a man, indeed, 
 As I dare take a serpent by the tongue." 
 
 J/. Ado v. 1. 
 " Tis slander, 
 
 Whose edge is sharper than the sword, whose tongue 
 Outvencms all the worms of Xile, whose breast . . . 
 Doth belie all corners of the world . . . the secrets of the grave 
 This venomous slander enters." 
 
 Cymb. iii. 4, and see Cymb. i. 7, 142 148. 
 
 " Will not honour live with the living ? No. Why ? Detraction 
 will not suffer it." 1 Hen. IV. v. 2 ; AW* Well i. 1,40 ; Cymb. i. 1 ; 
 Temp. ii. 2, 9095. 
 
 DISAPPOINTMENT. 
 
 " (I am), as I told you, like a child following a bird ; 
 which, when he is nearest flieth away, and lighteth a 
 little before, and then the child after it again, and so in 
 infinitum I am weary of it." Letter to Greville. 
 
Discourse. MAXNERS, MIND, MORALS. 79 
 
 " They follow him . . . with no less confidence 
 Than boys pursuing summer butterfles.'' Cor. iv. 7. 
 
 u What potions have I drank of Siren tears 
 Distilled from limbecks foul as hell between, 
 Applying fears to hopes, and hopes to fears, 
 Still losing ivhen I thought myself to win ? " 
 
 Sonnet cxix. 
 
 DISCONTENT in the State. It's Causes. 
 
 " For roughness, it is a needless cause of discontent. 
 Severity breedeth fear, but roughness hate." Ess. of 
 Delays. 
 
 "The causes and motive of sedition are . . . taxes, 
 alteration of laws, general oppression, &c." Ess. of 
 Sedition. 
 
 ' My pity hath been balm to heal their wounds. 
 My mildness hath allayed their swelling griefs, 
 My mercy dried their water-flowing tears : 
 I have not been desirous of their wealth. 
 Nor much oppress'd them with great subsidies, 
 Nor forward of revenge though they much erred." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iii. 4, 8. 
 
 DISCOURSE Affected. 
 
 " Conversation as it ought not to be over-affected, 
 much less should it be slighted. ... On the other 
 side, a devotion to urbanity and external elegance 
 terminates in an awkward and disagreeable affectation." 
 T)e Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " Taffeta phrases, silken terms precise, 
 Three-piled hyperboles, spruce affectation 
 Figures pedantical : these summer flies 
 Have blown me full of maggot ostentation." 
 
 Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 
 " Antic, lisping, affecting fantasticoes." 
 
 Rom. Jid. ii. 4. 
 
80 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. DisCOUfSe, 
 
 " Witty without affection (affectation)'' 1 
 
 Love's Labour's Lost v. 1. 
 
 DISCOURSE, or with "Circumstance," and Tedious Blunt. 
 
 " To use too many circumstances ere one come to the 
 matter is wearisome, to use none at all is blunt." Ess. 
 of Discourse. 
 
 " So, by your circumstance, you call me a fool. 
 So, by your circumstance, I fear you'll prove." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. i. 1. 
 
 " You know me well, and herein spend but time 
 To wind about my love with circumstances," &c. 
 
 Her. Ven. i. 1. 
 
 u The interruption of their churlish drums 
 Cuts off more circumstance." John ii. 1. 
 
 " What means this peroration with such circumstance ? " 
 2 Hen. VI. i. 1 (and see Ham. i. 5, 126128 ; Oth. i. 1, 1114.) 
 " As in a theatre, the eyes of men, 
 After a well-graced actor leaves the stage, 
 Are idly bent on him that enters next, 
 Thinking his prattle to be tedious, 
 Even so," &c. 
 
 Rich. ii. v. 1, and Rom. Jul v. 3, 230. 
 " If you require a little space for prayer, 
 I grant it. Pray, but be not tedious, 
 For the gods are quick of ear." 
 
 Per. iv. 1, and v. 1, 28. 
 
 See the conversation of Polonius who, although he 
 consents that " brevity is the soul of wit, and tediousness 
 the limbs of outward flourishes," still continues to prose 
 on in spite of the Queen's remonstrances. See also 
 Hamlet's comment on the same " These tedious old 
 fools " (Ham. ii. 2, 85220). 
 
 Pet. : " And you, good sir ! Pray,' have you not a daughter, 
 Called Katherina, fair and virtuous ? " 
 
Discourse. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 81 
 
 Bap. : " I have a daughter, sir, called Katheriria." 
 Gre. : " You are too blunt. Go to it orderly" Tarn. Sh. ii. 1. 
 " First let my words stab him as he hath me. 
 Base slave, thy irordx are blunt, and so art thou." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iv. 1. 
 
 " I can mar a curious tale in telling it, 
 And deliver a plain message bluntly" Lear i. 4. 
 
 (And see of Casca Jul. Cces. i. 2, 290302). 
 
 DISCOURSE Questioning. 
 
 " He that questioneth much shall learn much and 
 content much . . . but let his questions not be trouble- 
 some, for that is fit for a poser." Ess. of Discourse. 
 
 " With many holy day and lady terms 
 He questioned me ... he made me mad 
 To see him shine so brisk and smell so sweet, 
 And talk so like a waiting woman," &c. 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 3. 
 
 (See 1 Hen. IV. ii. 3, 8588, 1024, and ib. of 
 FalstafF of "a question not to be asked," or "to be 
 asked : " the whole scene is one of questioning, beginning 
 with the questioning of Francis). 
 
 " Inquire me first what Danskers are in Paris ? 
 And how ? and who ? what means ? and where they keep ? 
 What company ? at what expense ? And finding, 
 By this encompassment and drift of question, 
 That they do know my son, come you more nearer 
 Than your particular demands will touch it." Ham. ii. 1. 
 
 u Let rne question more in particular," &c. Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 DISCOURSE of Reason. 
 
 " God hath done great things . . . past discourse of 
 reason!'' Squire's Conspiracy (rep.). 
 
 " True fortitude must grow out of discourse of reason." 
 Letter to Rutland and Advt. I. of Luther. 
 
 G 
 
82 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. DiSCOUFSC. 
 
 " God ! a beast that wants discourse of reason 
 Would have mourned longer." Ham. i. 2. 
 
 " Should not our father 
 
 Bear the great sway of his affairs with reasons, 
 Because your speech hath none that tell him so ? 
 . . . . Is your blood 
 So madly hot, that no discourse of reason . . . 
 Can qualify the same ? "TV. Cr. ii. 2. 
 
 DISCOURSING Wits Affected. 
 
 "There remain certain discoursing wits . . . which 
 4 affect ' (to think belief a bondage)." Ess. of Truth. 
 
 " I never heard such a drawling, affecting rogue." 
 
 Her. Wio. ii. 1. 
 
 " Of government the properties to unfold, 
 Would seem in me to affect speech and discourse."" 
 
 M. J/. i. 1. 
 
 " Such antic, lisping, affecting, fantasticoes, these new tuners of 
 accents," &c. Rom. Jul. ii. 4. 
 
 DISCOURSE Salt, Bitter. 
 
 *' Men ought to find the difference between saltness 
 and bitterness. Certainly, he that hath a satirical vein, 
 as he maketh others afraid of his wit, so he had need to 
 be afraid of other s memory." Ess. of Discourse. 
 
 "" It much repairs me 
 
 To talk of your good father. In his youth 
 He had the wit, which I can well observe 
 To-day in our young lords; but they may jest 
 Till their own scorn return to them unnoted, 
 Ere they can hide their levity in honour . . . 
 
 Contempt nor bitterness were in his pride, or sharpness." 
 
 All's Well i. 2. 
 
 " Though we are justices, and doctors, and churchmen, Master 
 Page, we have some salt of our youth in us." 3er. Wiv. ii. 3. 
 
 " Do you know what a man is ? Is not . . . discourse, . . . 
 
Dissimulation. AIAXXERS, :MIXD, MORALS. 83 
 
 learning, gentleness, . . . and so forth, the spice and salt that season 
 a man ? " Tr. Cr. i. 2. 
 
 Who doth not remember how (Elizabeth) did revenge 
 the rigour and rudeness of her jailor by a word that was 
 not bitter, but salt ? 
 
 In praise of the Queen, Bacon repeatedly makes the 
 same contrast between bitterness and wit or irony* 
 
 " Bitter, searching termsr" Tit. And. ii. 3 ; 2 Hen. VI. iii. 2. 
 
 " Bitter taunts; bitter words." 3 Hen. VI. iii. 6 ; Tain. Sh. ii. 1, 
 iii. 2 ; Rich. II. ii. 1. 
 
 " Bitter scoff . .- . bitter names . . . bitter words." Rich. III. 
 i. 3, iv. 4 ; 2 Hen. IV. ii. 4, &c. 
 
 DISSIMULATION, a Faint Kind of Wisdom. 
 
 "Dissimulation is but a faint kind of policy or wisdom ; 
 for it? asketh a strong wit, and a strong heart to know 
 when to tell truth, and to do it. Therefore, it is the 
 weaker sort of politics that are the great dissemblers." 
 Ess. of Simulation, &c. 
 
 " Policy and stratagem must do 
 That you affect : and so must you solve 
 That what you cannot, as you would achieve 
 You must, perforce, accomplish as you may." 
 
 Tit. And. ii. 1. 
 
 " He nor sees nor hears us what we say. 
 0, would he did ! and so perhaps lie doth : 
 'Tits but his policy to counterfeit" 
 
 3 Hen. VI. ii. 6. 
 
 Glo. : " But 'twas thy beauty that provoked me ... 
 But 'twas thy heavenly face that set me on. 
 
 [Anne lets fall the sword."] 
 Take up the sword again, or take up me." 
 Anne: "Arise, dissembler ... I would I knew thy heart." 
 Glo. : " 'Tis figured in my tongue.'' 
 
84 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Dissimulation. 
 
 Anne : " I fear me both are false.'' 
 Glo. : " Then never man was true." 
 
 Was ever woman in this humour woo'd V 
 Was ever woman in this humour won ? . . . 
 And I no friends to back my cause withal 
 But the plain devil, and dissembling looks" &c. 
 
 See Rich. III. i. 3 ; ii. 2, 132. 
 
 " Dissembling courtesy ! How fine this tyrant 
 Can tickle where she wounds ! " Cyml. i. 2. 
 
 (See how Falstaff, when attacked by Douglas, " falls 
 down as if he were dead, his weak courage and 
 " policy " making him truly u a great dissembler") 
 
 "'Sblood! it was time to counterfeit. . . . Counterfeit? I 
 lie. I am no counterfeit; for he is but the counterfeit of a man, 
 who hath not the life of a man; but to counterfeit dying when a man 
 thereby liveth is to be no counterfeit, but the true and perfect image 
 of life indeed," &c. See 1 Hen. IV. v. 4. 
 
 DISSIMULATION of Knowledge in Order to Arrive at Truth. 
 
 " If you dissemble, sometimes your knowledge of that 
 you are thought to know, you shall be thought, another 
 time, to know that you know not." Of Discourse. 
 
 " Your bait of falsehood takes this carp of truth 
 And thus do we with windlasses and with essays of bias, 
 By indirections find directions out." Ham. ii. 1. 
 " The better act of purposes mistook, 
 Is to mistake again; though indirect, 
 Yet indirection thereby grows direct, 
 And falsehood, falsehood cures." Jo/^ T iii. 4. 
 
 DISSIMULATION of Necessity Follows on Secrecy. 
 
 " Dissimulation followeth many times upon secrecy by 
 a necessity; so that he that will be secret, must be a 
 dissembler in some degree. ... No man can be 
 
Bashfulness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 85 
 
 secret except he give himself a little scope of dissimula- 
 tion, which is, as it were, but the skirts or train of 
 secrecy." Ess. of Dissimulation. 
 
 (This doctrine is repeatedly illustrated in the plays. 
 See of the dissimulation of Proteus in the Two Gent. Ver., 
 especially iii. 1, iv. 2. Of Romeo and Juliet, their secrecy 
 and her dissimulation (Rom. Jul. ii. Ji), and of the Nurse 
 (Bom. Jill. ii. 4, 51, and of the Friar, their confederate 
 (Rom. Jul. ii. 6; iii. 3). " Good Romeo, hide thyself" 
 of Juliet and her mother and father (Rom. Jul. iii. 5). 
 The Nurse and Count Paris, Ib. , &c., until the last scene, 
 wherein the Friar describes the whole plot, and the 
 " means devised " for carrying it out. The dissimulations 
 of Jessica, Nerissa, and the much-admired Portia, play a 
 conspicuous play in the Merchant of Venice. So of 
 Celia and Rosalind in As You Like It; of the Duke in 
 Measure for Measure ; of Polixenes and his son, Florisel, 
 and of Perdita and Paulina in the Winter's Tale, &c. 
 Such dissimulation is almost always " by a necessity," 
 and usually illustrated in women's character.) 
 
 DISSIMULATION, a Vice. 
 
 " The third degree, which is simulation and false pro- 
 fession, is more culpable, and less politic, except it be in 
 great and rare matters. A general custom of simulation 
 is a vice, rising either of a natural falseness or of a mind 
 that hath some main faults, which, because a man must 
 disguise, it maketh him practise simulation in other 
 things, lest his hand should be out of ure." Ess. of 
 Dissimulation. 
 
 " Rivers and Hastings take each other's hand; 
 Dissemble not your hatred, swear your love; . . . 
 
86 3IANXERS, MIKD, MORALS. Dissimulation. 
 
 Take heed you dally not before your king, 
 Lest he that is the supreme King of kings 
 Confound your hidden falsehood, and award 
 Either of you to be the other's end. . . . 
 What you do, do it unfeignedly." Mich. III. ii. i. 
 " Hollow hearts I fear ye ... woe upon you. 
 And all nuch false professors." Hen. VIII. iii. 1. 
 
 DISSIMULATION, in Order to Thwart Others. 
 
 " If a man would cross a business that he doubts some 
 other would handsomely and effectually move, let him 
 pretend to wish it well, and move it himself, in such a 
 way as may foil it." Ess. of- Dissimulation. 
 
 Prince Hal : '' I know you all, and will awhile uphold 
 The unyoked humour of your idleness. 
 
 So, when this loose behaviour I throw off. 
 By so much shall I falsify men's hopes. 
 
 I'll so offend to make offence a skill; 
 Redeeming time when men least think I will.' 1 
 
 See 1 Hen. IV. i. 2, 219-241. 
 
 See also the whole course of lake's dissimulation in 
 order to carry out his own ends (0th. ii. 1; iii. 3, &c.). 
 
 DISSIMULATION for Discovery of Truth. 
 
 " The advantages of simulation and dissimulation. 
 . . . The third is to discover the mind of another and 
 turn this freedom of speech to freedom of thought; and 
 therefore it is a gocd shrewd proverb of the Spaniard, 
 * To tell a lie and find a truth.' " *-^-Of Simulation and 
 Dissimulation, 
 
 * Note that this proverb is twice entered in the Promits (Nos. 267 
 and 610). It appears in the early and in the late Plays. 
 
Dissimulation. BANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 87 
 
 " The better act of purposes mistook 
 Is to mistake again; though indirect, 
 Yet indirection thereby grows direct, 
 And falsehood, falsehood cures." John iii. 1. 
 " To find out right with wrong, it may not be." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 3. 
 " I think 't no sin 
 To cozen him that would unjustly win." 
 
 All'* Well iv. 2. 
 " So disguise shall by the disguised 
 
 Pay with falsehood false exacting." J/. M. iii. 2. 
 ' Whilst others fish for craft with great opinion, 
 I, with great truth, catch mere simplicity." Tr. Cr. iv. 4. 
 
 "See you now 
 
 Your bait of falsehood takes a carp of truth, 
 And thus do we of falsehood and of reach, 
 With windlasses and with essays of bias, 
 With indirections find directions out." Ham. ii. 1. 
 
 " 'tis most sweet 
 
 When in one line two crafts directly meet." Ham. iii. 4. 
 " There's warrant in that theft 
 Which steals itself when there's no mercy left." 
 
 Macb. ii. 3. 
 
 " It is a falsehood that she is in, 
 Which is with falsehood to be combated." 
 
 Two Noble Kinsmen iv. 3. 
 
 DISSIMULATION in Face. 
 
 u There be three degrees of this hiding and veiling of 
 a man's self; . . . simulation in the affirmative is when 
 a man industriously and expressly feigns and pretends to 
 be that he is not." Ess. of Dissimulation. 
 
 " It is a point of cunning to wait upon him with whom 
 you speak with your eye. . . . You may lay a bait 
 for a question hy showing another visage and countenance 
 than you are wont/' Ess. oj Cunning. 
 
88 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Dissimulation. 
 
 Lady Macb. : " Come on, my gentle lord, 
 
 Sleek o'er your rugged looks; be bright and jovial 
 'Mong your guests to-night." 
 Macb. : " So shall I, love : 
 
 And so I pray be you; let your remembrance 
 Apply to Banquo; present him eminence 
 Both with eye and tongue: unsafe the while 
 That we must lave our honours in the flatt'ring 
 
 streams, 
 
 And make our faces vizards to our hearts, 
 Disguising what they are." Macb. iii. 2. 
 " Taking no notice that she is so nigh, 
 For all askance he holds her in his eye." 
 
 Yen. Adonis. 
 " Some that smile have in their hearts 
 
 Millions of mischiefs." Jul. CCKS. iv. 1. 
 " (I am) vanquished by the fair grace and speech, 
 Of the poor suppliant; . . . here business looks in her 
 With an importing visage" All's Well v. 1. 
 " Why, I can smile, and murder whiles I smile, 
 And cry content to that which grieves my heart, 
 And wet my cheeks with artificial tears, 
 And frame my face to all occasions." 3 Hen. VI. iii. 2. , 
 
 DISSIMULATION a Consequence of Secrecy. 
 
 " Dissimulation followeth many times upon secrecy by 
 a necessity; so that he that will be secret must be a dis- 
 sembler in some degree ; for men are too cunning to 
 suffer a man to keep an indifferent carriage between both, 
 and to be secret without swaying the balance on either 
 side. They will so beset a man with questions, and draw 
 him on, and pick it out of him, that, without an absurd 
 silence, he must show an inclination one way; or, if he 
 do not, they will gather as much from his silence as by 
 his speech." Ess. of Dissimulation. 
 
 See how excellently these observations are illustrated 
 
Distinction. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 89 
 
 in the instructions given by Polonius to Reynaldo as 
 " the encompassment and drift of question " by means of 
 which information is to be gained about the private 
 affairs of Laertes (Ham. ii. I). Again, in the King's 
 somewhat similar instructions to Rosencrantz and 
 Guildenstern, that by their companies they shall "draw 
 on" Hamlet to pleasures, and so "gather and glean" 
 from him the secret of his strange behaviour (Ham. ii. 2). 
 Hamlet, however, is as well versed as they in the arts of 
 secrecy and dissimulation. When Polonius attempts, by 
 questioning, to discover the method of his madness, 
 Hamlet classes him with " those tedious fools" such as 
 in the Essay are described as u talkers and futile persons, 
 vain and credulous withal," " the blab or babbler " to 
 whom " the secret man " will assuredly not open 
 himself. 
 
 See also Ham. iii. 1, 114; iii. 2, 298385. Note 
 that Hamlet, when " beset " by Rosencrantz to give him 
 " a wholesome answer/' appealing to his former love for 
 him, Hamlet replies, swearing "by these pickers and 
 stealers." He knows well that his friends are sent to 
 "pick" and " gather " hints of his secrets: " Why do 
 you go about to recover the wind of me, as if you would 
 drive me into a toil ? " 
 
 DISTINCTION and Difference. 
 
 " He who makes not distinction in small things, makes 
 error in great things." Promus 186. 
 
 " Strange is it that 
 
 Our bloods of colour, weight, and heat, poured all together 
 Would quite confound distinction, yet stand off 
 In differences so mighty." All's Well ii. 3. 
 
90 MANNERS, MIXD, MORALS. Divinity. 
 
 " Barbarism . . . 
 
 Should a like language use to all degrees, 
 And mannerly distinguishment leave out 
 Betwixt prince and beggar." 
 
 Winters Tale ii. 1. 
 
 " Hath Nature given them eyes . . . which can distinguish 'twixt 
 The fiery orbs above and the twinned stones 
 Upon the numbered beach, and can we not 
 Partition make with spectacles so precious 
 'Twixt foul and fair ? " &c.Cymb. i. 7, 3144. 
 u This fierce distinction hath in it circumstantial branches which 
 distinction should be rich in." Cymb. v. 5 (see Macb. iii. 1, 91 
 100 ; Lear iii. 6, 6170 ; Cor. iii. 1, 322). 
 
 DIVINITY Shapes our Lives The Hand of God. 
 
 " Divinity says : 4 Seek ye the kingdom of heaven, and 
 all these things shall be added unto you,' for although 
 this foundation laid by human hands is sometimes placed 
 upon the sand . . . yet the same foundation is ever by 
 the divine hand fixed upon a rock." Advt. viii. 2. 
 
 "' There's a divinity that shapes our end*, 
 
 Rough-hew them how we will." Ham. v. 2. 
 Pros. : " a cherubim thou wast 
 
 That did preserve me. Thou didst smile, 
 Infused with a fortitude from Heaven . . ." 
 Mira. : " How came we ashore ? " 
 
 Pros. : " By Providence divine." Temp. i. 2. 
 
 " Why, this is ... a showing of a heavenly effect in an earthly 
 actor . . . the very hand of Heaven, in a most weak and debile 
 minister." See All's Well, ii. 3, 141. 
 
 " This was a venture, sir, that Jacob serv'd for ; 
 A thing not in his power to bring to pass, 
 But swayed, and fashioned by the hand of Heaven." 
 
 Mer. Yen. i. 3. 
 " Shows us the hand of God, 
 Which hath dismissed us from our stewardship ; 
 
Division. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 91 
 
 For well we know, no hand of blood and bone, 
 Can gripe the sacred handle of our sceptre," &c. 
 
 Rich. II. iii. 2, 78-90. 
 
 Glo. : " I hope they will not come upon us, now." 
 K. lien. : " We are in God's hands, brother, not in theirs." 
 
 Hen. V. iii. 6. 
 " The quality and hair of our attempt brooks no division." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. iv. 1. 
 
 " The tongues of mocking wenches are as keen 
 As is the razor's edge invisible, 
 Catting a smaller hair than may be seen ; 
 Above the sense of sense, so sensible 
 Seemeth their conference." 
 
 Love's Labours Lost v. 2. 
 
 (Jomp. " Cumini Sector (a hair - splitter . Lit. a 
 cumini splitter i.e., a skinflint, or niggard)." Promus 
 891, Q.V. 
 
 u The school-men . . . are Cymini Sectores." Ess. 
 of Study ; Advt. of Learning i., &c. 
 
 DIVISION of Labour Control, &c. 
 
 u Order and distribution, and singling out of parts, is 
 the life of dispatch ; so as the distribution be not too subtle : 
 for he that doth not divide will never enter well into 
 business; and he that divideth too much will never come 
 out of it clearly/' Ess. of Dispatch. 
 
 " Come, here's the map. Shall we divide our right 
 According to our three-fold order ta'en . . . 
 I'll cavil to the ninth part of a hair." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. iii. 1. 
 
 " Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts ; 
 Into a thousand parts divide one man, 
 And make imaginary puissance." 
 
 Hen. V. i. \Chorus.'} 
 " Therefore did heaven divide 
 The state of man in divers functions, 
 
92 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Duty. 
 
 Setting endeavour in continual motion : 
 To which is fixed, as an aim or butt, 
 Obedience : For so work the honey bees ; 
 Creatures, that by a rule in Nature, teach 
 The act of order," &c.Hen. V. i. 2. 
 
 DOUBTS Certainties. 
 
 "That use of wit and knowledge is to be allowed, 
 which laboureth to make doubtful things certain, and 
 not those which labour to make certain things doubtful." 
 Advt. of Learning ii. ; Sped. iii. 364. 
 
 " My power, alas ! I doubt, 
 
 Our doubts are traitors, 
 
 And make us lose the good we oft might win, 
 By fearing to attempt." J/. J/. i. 5. 
 
 " Let your reason serve 
 
 To make the truth appear, where it seems hid, 
 And hide the false seems true." .17. ^F. v. 1. 
 
 DUTY. 
 
 "The good of communion, which respects and beholds 
 society, we may term Duty, because the term duty is 
 proper to a mind well framed and disposed towards 
 others, as the term of Virtue is applied to a mind well 
 formed and composed in itself." De Aug. vii. 2. 
 
 " My duty will I boast of, nothing else ; 
 And duty 'never yet did want his meed." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4. 
 
 " When I call to mind your gracious favours 
 Done to me, undeserving as I am, 
 My duty pricks me on to utter that 
 Which else no worldly good should draw from me ... 
 . . . She is peevish, sullen, forward, 
 Proud, disobedient, stubborn, lacking duty ; 
 Neither regarding that she is my child, 
 Nor fearing me as if I were her father . . . 
 
Education. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 93 
 
 . . . I thought the remnant of mine age 
 Should have been cherished by her child-like duty." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2. 
 " Never anything can come amiss, 
 When simpleness and duty tender it ... 
 And what poor duty cannot do, 
 Noble respect takes it in might, not merit." 
 
 M. N. D. v. 1. 
 " Let your highness 
 
 Command upon me, to the which my duties 
 Are indissoluably knit." J fad. iii. 1. 
 
 (There are in " Shakespeare " upwards of 150 passages 
 on the duties of subordinates to their superiors, and on 
 the virtue of a dutiful disposition). 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 " Custom is most perfect when it is begun in young 
 years : this we call education, which is, in fact, but an 
 early custom. So we see in languages the tongue is 
 more pliant to all expressions and sounds, the joints are 
 more supple to all parts of activity and motions in youth, 
 than afterwards; for it is true that late learners cannot 
 so well take the ply, except it be in some minds that 
 have not suffered themselves to fix, but have kept 
 themselves open, and prepared to receive continual 
 amendment; which is exceeding rare." Ess. of Custom 
 find Education. 
 
 " My brother Jaques he keeps at school, and report speaks 
 goldenly of his profit : for my part, he keeps me rustically at home, 
 or to speak more proper!}*, stays me here at home unkempt ; for call 
 you that keeping for a gentleman that differs not from the stalling 
 of an ox ? . . . As much as in him lies, he mines my gentility 
 with my education." As You Like It i. 1. 
 
 Laf. : " Was this gentlewoman the daughter of Gerard de 
 Narbonne." 
 
1)4 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. End. 
 
 Count. : " His sole child, my lord : and bequeathed to my over- 
 looking. I have those hopes of her good that her education 
 promises. . . . She derives her honesty, and achieves her good- 
 ness." AW a Well i. 1. 
 
 See of Proteus (Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4, 0070). Of the 
 Kings of Sicily and Bohemia, "trained together from 
 their childhood (Winter's Tale i. 1). Of Paris " Nobly 
 trained, stuffed with honourable parts" (Rom. Jul. iii. 5_). 
 Of Lepidus who, later in life, has to be "taught and 
 trained and bid go forth," just as a horse is managed 
 (Jul. Gees. iv. 1). Northumberland condemned to 
 banishment, in Rich. II. i. 3, is an example of a 
 neglected education, and of the difficulty in latter life of 
 a man learning a new language." 
 
 Nor. : " A heavy sentence, my most gracious Lord . . . 
 The language I have learned these forty years, 
 My native English, now I must forego ; 
 And now my tongue's use is to me no more 
 Than an unstringed viol, or a harp, &c. 
 Within my mouth you have engaoled my tongue, 
 Double portcullised with my teeth and lips ; 
 And dull, unfeeling, barren ignorance 
 Is made my gaoler to attend on me. 
 I am too old to fawn upon a nurse, 
 Top far in years to be a pupil now ; 
 What is thy sentence, then, but speechless death? " &c. 
 
 Rich. II. i. 3. 
 
 END Consider The. 
 
 " Of two means, that is the better which is nearer the 
 encL"Promus, 1266 (Latin). 
 
 "That is the question, 
 
 Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer . . . 
 Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, 
 And by opposing end them? " Ham. iii. 2. 
 

 End. MANNERS, MIND, 3IORALS. 95 
 
 " Come, we've no friend but resolution and the briefest end." 
 Ant. CL iv. 13. 
 
 " It is great 
 
 To do that thing that ends all other deeds, 
 Which shackles accidents and bolts up chance.'' 
 
 Ant. Cl. v. 2. 
 " I do fear thy nature : 
 It is too full o' the milk o' human kindness 
 To catch the nearest way" Macb. i. 5. 
 
 END. (See Beginning.) 
 
 "I address one general admonition to all; that they 
 consider what are the true ends of knowledge." Gt. 
 Installation Pref. 
 
 " fit is unwise) to begin a work without foresight 
 what would be the end/' Proceedings ii. 185. 
 
 " Leaving it to God to make a good ending of a hard 
 beginning." To the Queen, Jul. 20, 1594. 
 
 " What is the end of study '? Let me know. 
 Why, that to know which else we should not know," &c. 
 
 Love's Labours Lost i. 1. 
 
 " The latter end of his commonwealth forgets the beginning." 
 Temp. ii. 1. 
 
 u Most poor matters point to most rich ends." Temp. iii. 1. 
 " You have said, sir. Aye, and done, too. . . . You always 
 end ere you begin." Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4. 
 
 " I will tell you the beginning ; and . . . you may see the end, 
 for the best is yet to do." As You Like It i. 2. 
 
 " Well, Heaven has an end in all." Hen. VIII. ii. 1. 
 " There is a divinity that shapes our ends." Ham. v. 2. 
 " Where I did begin, there shall I end." Jul. Cces. v. 3. 
 
 " It was my negligence, not weighing well the end," &c. 
 
 See Winters Tale i. 2. 
 
9(> MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 " that a man might know 
 The end of this day's business ere it come ! 
 But it sufficeth that the day will end, 
 And then the end is known." Jul. Cccs. v. 1. 
 
 The END Rules the Event, &c. 
 
 " The end rules the method." (See Bacon's instructions 
 for gathering together a store of small particulars and 
 axioms). Parasceve II. 
 
 " Thou thinks me as far in the devil's book, as thou and Falstaff, 
 for obduracy, and persistency : let the end try the man." 2 lien. IV . 
 ii. 2. 
 
 "Time revives us : 
 
 All's well that cnih well, and still the fine's the crown, 
 Whate'er the course, the end is the renown." 
 
 AW* Well, iv. 4. 
 '" Most poor matters point to most rich ends." 
 
 Temp. iii. 1. 
 
 tk Find some occasion to anger Cassio; . . . tainting his discipline, 
 or what other course you please. ... So shall you have a 
 shorter journey to your desires." Oth. ii. 3. 
 
 ENDURANCE. (See Suffering-Well.) 
 ENJOYMENT. (See Happiness Mirth.) 
 
 ENVY the Attribute of the Devil. 
 
 "Envy is the vilest affection, and the most depraved; 
 for which cause it is the proper attribute of the devil, 
 who is called 'The envious man, that soweth tares 
 amongst the wheat by night;' as it always cometh to 
 pass that envy worketh subtilely, and in the dark, and to 
 the prejudice of good things, such as is the wheat/ 3 
 Ess. of Ency. 
 
 "That same knave hath the finest mad devil of jealousy in him." 
 Mer. Wives v. 1. See Tr. Cr. v. 1, 2731. Patrodus. 
 (To be continued.) 
 
Envy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 97 
 
 ENVY in Equals. 
 
 " Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards 
 new men when they rise; for the distance is altered; ana 
 it is like a deceit of the eye, that when others come on, 
 they think themselves go back." Ess. of Envy (and see ot 
 " Deformed Persons "). 
 
 (See Jul. Cces. i. 2, ii. 1, &c., where it is made plain 
 that envy at the relative changes of position between 
 Cresar and his former friends, Brntus and Cassins, was 
 the true cause of their enmity. The illusion to the 
 " deceit of the eye " is not omitted in this description), 
 
 " The eye see* not itself 
 Bat ly reflection. . . . 
 
 Set honour in one eye and death in the other, 
 And I will look on both indifferently. . . . 
 I was born as free as Caesar, so were you ; 
 
 . This man 
 
 Is now become a god .- and Cassius is 
 A wretched creature, and must bend his body 
 If Ctesar carelessly do not on him," &c. 
 
 Jul. Cces. i. 2. 
 
 ENVY Preys Upon Mind and Body. 
 
 " Envy is the worst passion, and preys upon the spirits 
 which again prey upon the body." Hist, of Life and 
 Death. 
 
 ' Would curses kill, as doth the mandrake's groan, 
 I would invent ... as many signs of deadly hate 
 As lean-facd envy in her loathsome cave," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iii. 2. 
 (Comp. " Pale Envy" Tit. And. ii. 1, 4.) 
 
 " Men that make 
 
 Envy and crooked malice nourishment 
 Bite the best." Hen. VIII. v. 2. 
 
 PART IV. H 
 
98 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Envy. 
 
 ENVY Public. 
 
 " Public envy is an ostracism that eclipseth men when 
 they grow too great, and therefore it is a bridle to great 
 ones to keep them in bounds." Ess. of Envy. 
 
 Wol. : " Who can be angry now ? What envy reach you ? . . . 
 
 Cam. : " Believe me, there's an ill opinion spread even of yourself 
 . . . they will not stick to say you envied him, and 
 fearing he would rise, . . . kept him a foreign man 
 still." Of the exile and death of Dr. Pace, Hen. VIII. 
 ii. 2. 
 
 " My lords, I care not ... if my actions 
 Were tried by every tongue, every eye saw them, 
 Envy and base opinion set against them . . . 
 Ye tell me what you wish for both, my ruin." 
 
 Hen. VIII. iii. 1, 30-36, 98. 
 
 " I have touch'd the highest point of all my greatness ; 
 And from that full meridian of my glory 
 I haste now to my setting : I shall fall 
 Like a bright exhalation in the evening, 
 And no man see me more . . . 
 . . . Now I feel 
 
 Of what coarse metal ye are moulded, Envy. 
 How eagerly ye follow my disgraces . . . 
 Ye appear in everything may bring my ruin." 
 
 Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 
 
 " All the conspirators save (Brutus) did that they did in envy of 
 Great Caesar." Jul. Cces. v. 5. 
 
 (Note that the fall of public men is in every case 
 attributed in the Plays to Envy, their "wreck," "rock," 
 or " ruin " the poison which envenomed them, the 
 t% sharp edge" or "point" which cut off, or destroyed 
 them). 
 
Equality. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 99 
 
 ENVY. What Qualities Excite Envy. 
 
 " They that desire to excel in too many matters, out of 
 levity and vain-glory, are ever envious ... it being 
 impossible but many, in some one of these things, should 
 surpass them; . . . Adrian, the Emperor, mortally 
 envied poets and painters, and artificers in works 
 wherein he had a vein to excel." Ess. of Envy. 
 
 (See how Armado is baffled by Moth's power of 
 repartee and of using long words. Armado desires to 
 excel in everything to excel Cupid in love, Sampson in 
 strength with the rapier, and a French courtier in 
 courtesy). 
 
 Arm. : ". . . Thou art quick in answers. Thou heatest my 
 Uood. . . . I love not to be crossed. ... I would take 
 desire prisoner and ransom him to any French courtier for a new- 
 devised courtesy. ... I should out-swear Cupid. ... 
 well-knit Sampson ! strong-jointed Sampson ! I do excel thee in my 
 rapier as much as thou did'st me in carrying gates." Loves Labours 
 Lost i. 2. 
 
 EQUALITY in Men. 
 
 " By the law of Nature, all men in the world are 
 naturalised one towards another; they were all made of 
 one lump of earth, of one breath of God, they all had the 
 same common parents." Case of Post nati. 
 
 " Strange it is that our bloods 
 Of colour, weight, and heat, pour'd all together, 
 Would confound distinction, yet stand off 
 In differences so mighty." A Ws Well ii. 3. 
 
 EQUALITY in Measure. 
 
 " What tell you me of equal measure, when to the 
 wise man all things are equal ? " 
 
100 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Evil. 
 
 " The very mercy of the law cries out 
 Most audible, even from his proper tongue, 
 ' An Angelo for Claudio, death for death ! ' 
 Haste still pays haste, and leisure answers leisure, 
 Like doth quit like, and measure still for measure." 
 
 M. V. v. 1. 
 
 EVIL a Foil to Good. 
 
 " We see in needle-works and embroideries, it is more 
 pleasing to have a lively work upon a sad and solemn 
 ground, than to have a dark and melancholy work on a 
 lightsome ground: judge, therefore, of the pleasure of the 
 heart by the pleasure of the eye." Ess. of Adversity. 
 
 " Like bright metal on a sullen ground, 
 My reformation glittering o'er my fault, 
 Shall show more goodly, and attract more eyes 
 Than that n-Jnt-h Inith no foil to set it off" 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 2. 
 
 EVIL in Contact with Good. 
 
 " Evil approacheth to good sometimes for concealment, 
 sometimes for protection, and good to evil for conversion 
 and reformation. So hypocrisy draweth near to religion 
 for covert, and, hiding itself, vice lurks in the neighbour- 
 hood of virtue." Colours of Good and Evil vii. 
 
 Cant. : 
 
 " Never came reformation in a flood, 
 
 . . . and scouring faults, as in this King . . . 
 
 It is a wonder how his Grace should glean such (learning) 
 
 Since his addiction was to courses vain : 
 
 His companies unlettered, rude, and shallow ; 
 
 His hours filled up with riots, banquets, sports, . . .' 
 Ely: 
 
 " The strawberry grows underneath the nettle, 
 
 And wholesome berries thrive and ripen lest 
 
 Neighboured by fruit of baser quality ; 
 
Example. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 101 
 
 And so the prince obscured his contemplation 
 Under the veil of wildness : which no doubt 
 Grew, like the summer grass, fastest by night, 
 Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty." Hen. V.'\. 1. 
 
 " So may the outward shows be least themselves 
 The world is still deceived with ornament. 
 In law, what plea so tainted or corrupt 
 But, jbeing seasoned with a gracious voice 
 Obscures the show of evil ? In religion, 
 What damned error, but some sober brow 
 Will bless it, and approve it with a text, 
 Hiding the grossness with fair ornament ? 
 There is no vice so simple, but assumes 
 Some mark of virtue on his outward parts," &c. 
 
 Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 
 
 EXAMPLE for Imitation. 
 
 " In the discharge of thy place (or office) set before 
 thee the best examples, for imitation is a globe of pre- 
 cepts; and after a time set before thee thine own example ; 
 and examine thyself strictly whether thou didst best at 
 first. Neglect not also the examples of those that have 
 carried themselves ill ... to direct thyself what to 
 avoid." Ess. of Great Place. 
 
 " Be stirring as the time ; be fire with fire ; 
 Threaten the threatener, and outface the brow 
 Of bragging honour ; so shall inferior eyes. 
 That borrow their behaviours from the great, 
 Grow great by your example, and put on 
 The dauntless spirit of resolution." 
 
 King John v. i. 
 
 " Things done well 
 
 And with a care, exempt themselves from fear ; 
 Things done without example, in their issue 
 Are to be feared. Have you a precedent f 
 Had our General 
 Been what he knew himself, it had gone well. 
 
102 MANNEKS, MIND, MORALS. ExCCSS. 
 
 he has given example for our flight 
 Most grossly, by his own." Ant. CL iii. 8. 
 " Some turned coward but by example." 
 
 Cyml. v. iii. 
 
 " Give me to know 
 
 How this foul rout began, who set it on ? . . . 
 . . . Cassio, I love thee, 
 But never more be officer of mine . . . 
 I'll make thee an example." Oth. ii. 3. 
 " The wars must make examples out of their best." 
 
 Oth. iii. 3. 
 
 " Of this commission ? I believe not any." 
 
 Hen. VIII. i. 2. 
 
 " No doubt he's noble. ... In him 
 Sparing would show a worse sin than ill-doctrine : 
 Men of his way should be most liberal, 
 They are set here for examples." Hen. VIII. i. 3. 
 
 " Tell me how he died, 
 If well, he stepped before me, happily, 
 For my example . . . 
 Of his own body he was ill, and gave 
 The clergy ill example." Hen. VIII. iv. 2. 
 
 " I cannot speak him home : he stopp'd the fliers, 
 And by his rare example made the coward 
 Turn terror into sport." Cor. ii. 2. 
 
 EXCESS. (See Extremes.) 
 
 " Too much, too little is an evil." Promus 1279a 
 (Latin). 
 
 " Too much of one thing is good for nothing." 
 Promus 487. 
 
 " So good that he is good for nothing." Promus 1147 
 (Italian). 
 
 " They are as sick that surfeit with too much, as they that starve 
 with nothing" Mer. Ven. i. 2. 
 
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 103 
 
 " love ! be moderate ; allay thy ecstacy ; 
 In measure rain thy joy ; scant this excess, 
 I feel too much thy blessing : make it less, 
 For fear I surfeit ! " Mer. Yen. iii. 2. 
 
 4< Whence comes this restraint ? 
 From too much liberty, my Lucio, liberty : 
 As surfeit is the father of much fast, 
 So every scope of the immoderate use, 
 Turns to restraint,'' &c. M. M. i. 3. 
 
 " More than a little is by much too much." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2. 
 
 " Can we desire too much of a good thing ? " &c. 
 
 As You Like It iv. 1. 
 
 " Romeo shall thank thee, daughter, for us both 
 As much to him else in his thanks too much." 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii. 6. 
 
 " God hath lent us but this only child ; 
 And now I see this one is one too much." 
 
 Rom. Jul. iii. 5. 
 
 " The favours which, all too much, I have bestowed upon thee . . . 
 I have fed upon this woe already ; and now excess of it will 
 make me surfeit." Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2. 
 
 " The blood of youth burns not with such excess 
 As gravity's revolt to wantonness." 
 
 L. L. L. v. 2, 73. 
 
 " I neither lend nor borrow, by giving nor by taking of excess." 
 
 Mer. Yen. i. 3. 
 
 " To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish 
 Is wasteful and ridiculous excess." 
 
 See John iv. 2, 916. 
 
 " If music is the soul of love, play on ; 
 Give me excess of it, that surfeiting 
 The appetite may sicken, and so die." 
 
 Twelfth Night i. 1. 
 
 " It was excess of wine that set him on." 
 
 Hen. V. ii. 2, 42. 
 
104 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. 
 
 " Moderate lamentation is the right of the dead ; excessive grief, 
 
 the enemy of the living. 
 
 If the living be enemy to the grief, the excess makes it soon 
 mortal." A Ws Well i. 1. 
 
 "He ... cannot refrain from the excess of laughter." 
 
 Oth. iv. 1 ; 
 
 (and see Rom. JuL ii. 6, 915, 33 ; Lear iv. 1, 70 ; Tim. Ath. v. 5, 
 28, 29.) 
 
 (En the Preface of the "Great Instauration" [Spedding, 
 Works TV., pp. 20, 21] Bacon gives an admonition to all 
 those who read his book. It is, that they study the true 
 ends of knowledge and do not go into extremes of zeal 
 for learning at all costs, striving to be wise above 
 measure, but that they should cultivate truth in charity, 
 as well as for the benefit and use of life. From over 
 desire, or "lust of power, the angels fell; from lust of 
 knowledge, man fell; but of charity there can be no 
 excess, neither did angel or man come in danger by it." 
 This aversion from " Excess " is perceptible throughout 
 Bacon's writings, and it is at the bottom of much that he 
 says about " Contraries " and "Extremes." ^.v.). 
 
 EXPENSE. 
 
 " Riches are for spending, and spending for honour 
 and good actions ; therefore extraordinary expense must 
 be limited by the worth of the occasion, for ordinary 
 undoing may be as well for a man's country as for tlu> 
 kingdom of heaven ; but ordinary expense ought to be 
 limited by a man's estate, and governed with such 
 regard as it be within his compass." Ess. of Expense. 
 
 " What piles of wealth hath he accumulated 
 To his own portion ! And what expense by the hour 
 Seems to flow from him ! How i' the name of thrift 
 
Extremes. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 105 
 
 Does he rake this together ? . . . 
 
 The several parcels of his plate, his treasure, 
 
 Rich stuffs, and ornaments of household, which 
 
 I find at such proud rate, that it outspeaks 
 
 Possession of a subject. ... I am afraid 
 
 His thinkings are not worth his serious considering." 
 
 Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 
 " Come, shall we in 
 
 And taste Lord Timon's bounty ? He outgoes 
 The very heart of kindness. 
 He pours it out: Plutus, the god of gold, 
 Is but his steward; no meed, but he repays 
 Seven-fold above itself: no gift to him, 
 But breeds the giver a return exceeding 
 All use of quittance. The noblest mind he carries, 
 That ever governed man. Long may he live in fortunes." 
 
 Tim. Ath. i. 1. 
 
 "No care, no stop ! so senseless of expense 
 That he will neither know how to maintain it, 
 Xor cease his flow of riot : takes no account 
 How things go from him, nor resumes no care 
 Of what is to continue.'' Tim. Ath. ii. 2. 
 
 (Note that in all cases in the Plays where extravagant 
 expenditure, or the amassing of wealth, is alluded to, the 
 " worthiness of the occasion" is allowed as an excuse, 
 while unworthy objects of lavish expense, or use of 
 money for merely selfish purposes, is always con- 
 demned.) 
 
 EXTREMES. (See The Mean.) 
 
 "That thing of which the contrary is bad, is good; 
 that of which the contrary is good, is bad. This does not 
 hold of those things whose excellence or force consists in 
 degree and measure (e.g., the contrary of rashness is 
 cowardice a bad thing; yet cowardice is not good)." 
 Promus 1441, 1442. 
 
106 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Extremes. 
 
 " For nought so vile that on earth doth live, 
 But to the earth some special good doth give; 
 Nor aught so good but strain'd from that fair use, 
 Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse: 
 Virtue itself turns vice by being misapplied, 
 And vice sometimes by action dignified." 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii. 3. 
 
 "Always resolute in most extremes." 1 Hen. VI. iii. 4. 
 
 " Those that are in extremity of either (laughing or melancholy) 
 are abominable fellows." As You Like It iv. 1. 
 
 " For women's fear and love hold quantity 
 In neither aught, or in extremity." 
 
 Ham. iii. 2. 
 
 " The wisest beholder, that knew no more than seeing could not 
 say if the importance were joy or sorrow ; but in the extremity of 
 the one it must needs be." Winter's Tale v. 2. 
 
 " To chide at your extremes it not becomes me, 
 pardon that I name them." 
 
 Winters Taleiv. 3. 
 
 " 'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief 
 Burst smilingly." Lear v. 3. 
 
 " There is no middle way between these extremes." 
 
 Ant. Cl. iii. 4; and Tim. Ath, iv. 3, 300-345. 
 
 EXTREMES, or Extremities try a Man's Nature. 
 
 " The ill that a man brings on himself by his own 
 fault is greater; that which is brought on him from 
 without is less. The reason is because the sting and 
 remorse of the mind accusing itself, doubletk all adver- 
 sity : contrariwise, the considering and recording in- 
 wardly that a man is clear and free from fault and just 
 imputation doth attemper outward calamities. . . . 
 So the poets in tragedies do make the most passionate 
 lamentations, and those that forerun final despair, to be 
 accusing, questioning, and torturing of a man's self, . . .. 
 
Fame. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 107 
 
 and consequently the extremities of worthy persons have 
 been annihilated in the consideration of their own good 
 deservings. . . . But where the evil is derived from a 
 man's own fault, there all strikes deadly inwards, and 
 suifocateth." Colours of Good and Evil viii. 
 
 " Where is your ancient courage ? You were used to say 
 Extremity is the trier of the spirits, 
 That common chances common men could bear," &c. 
 
 Cor. iv. 1. 
 
 Bru. : " Cassius ! I am sick of many griefs." 
 Cass. : " Of your philosophy you make no use 
 If you give way to accidental evils." 
 Bru.: " No man bears sorrow better: Portia is dead." 
 
 Jul. Gees. iv. 3. 
 
 " Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive 
 Against thy mother aught: leave her to Heaven, 
 And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge, 
 To prick and sting her." Ham. i. 5. 
 
 (See of remorse, Rich. III. i. 4, 100130, and 
 Rich. III. ill. 7, 210. Also of the mind tortured by self- 
 accusation, Rich. III. v. 3, 180205; Ham. iii. 3, 36 
 72; Cymb. v. 5, 140150, &c., and Cymb. v. 5, 210 
 228; Winter's Tale v. 1, 119.) 
 
 FAME (Good) A Dead Man's Only Possession. (See 
 Reputation.) 
 
 " In that style or form of words which is well appro- 
 priated to the dead ('of happy memory,' ' of pious 
 memory '), we seem to acknowledge that which Cicero 
 says (having borrowed it from Demosthenes), that ' good 
 fame is the only possession a dead man has.' I cannot 
 but note that, in our times, it lies in most part waste and 
 neglected." De Aug. ii. 7. 
 
108 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Fame. 
 
 " Your grandfather of famous memory . . . and your great-uncle 
 Edward, the Black Prince of Wales, fought a most brave battle 
 here." Hen. V. iv. 7. 
 
 " "Pis Joan, not we, by whom the day is won . . . 
 (All) in procession sing her endless praise, 
 A statelier Pyramis to her I'll raise 
 Than Rhodope's or Memphis' ever was: 
 In memory of her, when she is dead," &c. 
 
 1 Hen. VI. i. 6. 
 
 " That ever-living man of memory, Henry the Fifth ! . . . 
 His fame lives in the world, his shame in you." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. iv. 4. 
 
 '* peers of England ! shameful is this league, 
 Fatal this marriage, cancelling your fame, 
 Blotting your name from books of memory 
 Razing the characters of your renown." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 " He lives in fame, that dies in virtue's cause." 
 
 Tit. And. i. 2 (rep.). 
 
 " I say, without characters, fame lives long. 
 That Julius Caesar was a famous man . . . 
 Death makes no conquest of this conqueror, 
 For now he lives in fame, though not in life." 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 1. 
 
 " Fame in time to come, canonise us." Tr. Cr. ii. 2. 
 " Death in guerdon of her wrongs 
 Gives her fame which never dies. 
 So the life which lived with shame, 
 Lives in death with glorious fame." 
 
 M. Ado v. 3. 
 
 " This lord of weak remembrance, this, 
 Who shall be of as little memory when 
 He's earthed . . . professes to persuade." 
 
 Temp. ii. 1. 
 
 FAME Would Rise from the Ground to the Clouds. 
 
 " Fame goeth upon the ground, yet hideth her head in 
 the clouds." Ess. of Fame. 
 
Fame. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 109 
 
 " That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds 
 Which too untimely here did scorn the earth." 
 
 Rom. Jul. iii. 1. 
 
 " My lord, 'tis but a base, ignoble mind 
 That mounts no higher than a bird could soar " 
 " I thought as much: he'd be above the clouds." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. ii. 1. 
 
 FAME and Fortune, Muffled or Blind. 
 
 " Fame muffles her head." Interpretation of Nature, 
 
 " Fortune is painted blind, with a muffler before her eyes." 
 
 Hen. V. iii. 6. 
 
 " I pray you, lead me to the caskets, 
 To try my fortune . . . 
 If Hercules and Lichas play at dice, 
 Which is the better man, the greater throw 
 May turn by fortune from the weaker hand : . . . 
 And so may I, Mind fortune leading me, 
 Miss that which one unworthier may attain." 
 
 Mer. Ver. ii. 1 . 
 
 Cel. : " Let us sit and mock the good housewife, Fortune, from 
 her wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be bestowed equally." 
 
 Ros. : " I would we could do so: for . . . the bountiful blind 
 woman doth most misplace her gifts to women," &c. As You Like 
 It i. 2. 
 
 FAME, or Rumour. 
 
 " The poets make Fame a monster. They describe her 
 in part finely and elegantly, and in part gravely and 
 sententiously; they say, Look how many feathers she 
 hath; so many eyes she hath underneath; so many 
 tongues ; so many voices ; she pricks up so many ears"--- 
 Ess. of Fame. 
 
 [Enter Rumour, painted full of tongues. ,] 
 Rumour: " Open your ears for which of you will stop 
 
 The vent of hearing, when loud Rumour speaks ? 
 
110 MANNEKS, MIND, MORALS. Fame. 
 
 I from the Orient to the drooping West 
 Making the wind my post-horse, still unfold 
 The acts begun upon this ball of earth.* 
 Upon my tongues continual slanders ride, 
 Stuffing the ears of men with false reports. 
 
 " . . . . Rumour is a pipe 
 Blown by surmises, jealousies, conjectures, 
 And of so easy and so plain a stop 
 That the blunt monster with uncounted head 
 The still discordant wavering multitude 
 Can play upon it. But what need I thus 
 My well-known body to anatomise 
 Among my household. 2 Hen. IV. (Induction). 
 
 " We will speak now in a sad and serious manner: 
 there is not in all the politics a place less handled f and 
 more worthy to be handled than this of Fame. We will 
 therefore speak of these points: What are false fames ? 
 and what are true fames ? and how they may be best 
 discerned; how fames may be sown and raised; how 
 they may be spread and multiplied; and how they may 
 be checked and laid dead, and other things concerning 
 the nature of Fame.'* 
 
 " The Emperor's Court is like the House of Fame, 
 The palace, full of tongues of eyes, of ears." 
 
 Tit. And. ii. 1. 
 
 "Kings have to deal with their neighbours, their 
 wives, their children, their prelates or clergy, their 
 nobles, their gentlemen, their merchants, their commons 
 and their men of war; and from all these arise dangers, 
 if care and circumspection be .not used/' Ess. of 
 Empire. 
 
 * Compare: " Fame goeth upon the ground" (Ess. of Fame). 
 t This observation effectually disposes (in this case at least) of the common- 
 place remark that "of course everyone knew of such things as these." 
 
Figures. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ill 
 
 FAMILIARITY Good only in Moderation. (See Ceremony.) 
 
 " It is good a little to be familiar. But he that is too 
 much in anything, so that he giveth another occasion of 
 satiety, maketh himself cheap." Ess. of Ceremonies. 
 
 " Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar." 
 
 Ham. i. 3. 
 
 " Be not too familiar with Poins, for he misuses thy favours so 
 much, that he swears thou art to marry his sister Nell. . . . 
 Thine as thou usest him, Jack Falstaff with my familiars, John with 
 my brothers." 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2. 
 
 FIGURES in All Things. 
 
 "In the first ages . . . all things abounded with 
 J'ables, parables, similes, comparisons, and allusions." 
 Wisdom of the Ancients (Pref.). 
 
 " For there's figures in all things" 
 
 Hen. V. iv. 7. 
 
 " I speak but in the figures and comparisons." 
 
 Hen. V. iv. 7. 
 :< I never may believe 
 These antique fables, nor these fairy toys. 
 Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, 
 Such shaping fantasies, ' ? &c. J/. N. D. v. 1. 
 
 Dull : " What was a month old at Cain's birth which is not five 
 
 weeks old as yet ? . . ." 
 Hoi. : " The moon was a month old when Adam was no more: 
 
 And wrought not to five weeks when he came to five- 
 score. 
 
 The allusion holds in the exchange." 
 
 Dull: "'Tis true, indeed: the collusion holds in the exchange." 
 Hoi. : " God comfort thy capacity ! I say, the allusion holds in 
 
 the exchange." 
 Dull : " And I say, the pollusion holds in the exchange." 
 
 L. L. L. iv. 2. 
 
112 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Flattery. 
 
 (It is evident from the confusion made by Dull over 
 the word "allusion" that this word was new and 
 unfamiliar, for Dull is not stupid. It is he who asks 
 the riddle, and he presently makes a pun at the expense 
 of the " book-man : " 
 
 " If a talent be a claw, look how he claws him with a talent." 
 
 The word " parable " is only once used in the Shake- 
 speare Plays. It is in Two Gent. Ver. ii. 5, the scene 
 wherein there is an allusion to the story of a malefactor, 
 who, being brought before Sir Nicholas Bacon, desired 
 mercy on the plea that his name being Hog, he must be 
 of near kindred to Bacon. "Ay," replied the Judge, 
 " but Hog is not Bacon until it be well hanged " (see 
 ii. 5, 1. 2, 3). In this short scene the words Will Shake, 
 spear (lance or staff) are also found in combination with 
 a xecret, and the one and only mention of a parable: 
 " Thou shalt never ^et such a secret from me but by a 
 parable'' Cryptographers have little doubt that this 
 scene affords a practical illustration of the use of parable 
 and allusion in the conveyance of secret and traditional 
 information.) 
 
 FLATTERY. 
 
 44 Some praises proceed merely of flattery; and if he 
 be an ordinary flatterer, he will certainly have common 
 attributes, which may serve every man. If he be a 
 cunning flatterer, he will follow the arch-flatterer, which 
 is a man's self, and wherein a man thinketh best of him- 
 self, therein the flatterer will uphold him most. But if 
 he be an impudent flatterer, look wherein a man is con- 
 scious to himself that he is most defective, and is most 
 out of countenance in himself, that will the flatterer 
 
Flattery. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 113 
 
 entitle him to, perforce disregarding his own conscience." 
 Ess. of Praise. 
 
 " There is flattery in friendship." Hen. V. iii. 7. 
 " 'Tis holy sport to be a little vain 
 When the sweet breath of flattery conquers strife." 
 
 Com. Err. iii. 1. 
 
 " flattering glass ! like to my followers in prosperity 
 Thou dost beguile me" Rich. II. iv. 1. 
 
 "It was young Hotspur's case at Shrewsbury, 
 . . . Who lined himself with hope, 
 Eating the air on promise of supply, 
 Flattering himself \vit\i project of a power 
 Much smaller than the smallest of his thoughts." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. 1, 3. 
 
 " Give me thy knife ; I will insult on him ; 
 Flattering myself aa if it were the Moor." 
 
 Tit. And. iii. 2. 
 
 " A thousand flatterers sit within thy crown, 
 Whose compass is no bigger than thy head." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 1. 
 
 " No thought is contented. . . . Thoughts tending to content 
 flatter themselves." Rich. II. v. 5. 
 
 " I dare not swear that thou lovest me ; yet my blood begins to 
 flatter me that thou dost." Hen. V. 5, 2. 
 
 " Alack, / love myself. Wherefore ? for any good 
 That I myself have done unto myself ? . . . 
 I am a villain. Yet I lie ; I am not. 
 Fool, of thyself speak well : fool, do not flatter. 
 My conscience hath a thousand several tongues," &c. 
 
 See Rich. III. v. 3, 180202. 
 " Lay not that flattering unction to your soul, 
 That not your trespass, but my madness speaks." 
 
 Ham. iii. 4. 
 
 " I am bid forth to supper. . . . Wherefore shall I go ? 
 I am not bid for love ; they flatter me : 
 But yet I'll go in hate, and feed upon 
 The prodigal Christian." Mer. Ven. ii. 5. 
 
 I 
 
114 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Fool- 
 
 FOOL, More, than Wise in Man. 
 
 " There is in human nature generally more of the fool 
 than cf the wise ; and, therefore, those faculties by which 
 the foolish part of men's minds is taken are most 
 potent/' Ess. of Boldness. 
 
 Mar. : " . . . That may you be bold to say in your foolery." 
 
 do. : " God give them wisdom that have it : and those that are 
 fools, let them use their talents. . . . Wit, an 't be thy will, 
 put me into good fooling ! Those wits that think they have thee, 
 do very oft prove fools ; and I, that am sure 1 lack thee, may pass 
 for a wise man : for what says Quinapalus ? Better a witty fool 
 than a foolish wit." Twelfth Night i. 5. 
 
 Clo. : "Foolery, sir, does walk about the orb, like the sun, it 
 shines everywhere. I should be sorry, sir, but the fool should be as 
 oft with your master, as with my mistress. I think I saw your 
 wisdom there." 
 
 Vio.: "This fellow's wise enough to play the fool, 
 And to do that well craves a kind of wit. 
 
 . . . This is a practice 
 As full of labour as a wise man's art ; 
 For folly that he wisely shows is fit, 
 But wise men folly-fallen, taint their wit." 
 
 Twelfth Night iii. 1. 
 
 " ' Vent my folly ! ' he has heard that word of some great man, 
 and now applies it to a fool," &c. Twelfth Night iv. 1. 
 
 " These wise men that give fools money." 
 
 Twelfth Night iv. 1. 
 
 Mai. : " I am as much in my wits, fool, as thou art." 
 Clo.: "But as well? Then you are mad indeed, if you be no 
 better in your wits than a fool." Twelfth Night iv. 2. 
 
 " Lord ! what fools these mortals be." 
 
 M. N. D. iii. 2 (Puck). 
 
 " One of the philosophers was asked, What a wise 
 man differed from a fool? He answered: Send them 
 
FOOI. 3IAXNERS, MIND, MORALS. 115 
 
 both naked to those that know them not, and you shall 
 perceive." Apophthegms 255, 189. 
 
 FOOL, Wise. 
 
 " Cato Major would say, that wise men learn more by 
 fools, than fools by wise men." Apophthegms 167, 226. 
 
 " J do much wonder, that one man, seeing how much another man 
 is a fool when he dedicates his behaviours to love, will, after he has 
 laughed at such shallow follies in others, become the argument of 
 his own scorn by falling in love. . . . He shall never make me 
 such a fool! " 31. Ado ii. '6. 
 
 " I have deceived your very eyes. What your learned wisdoms 
 could not discover, these shallow fools have brought to light."- 
 H. Ado v. i. 
 
 " Nature . . . perceiving our natural wits too dull to reason, hath 
 sent this natural for our whetstone : for always, the dulness of the 
 fool is the ivhetstone of the wits." As You Like It i. 1. (See further 
 of Touchstone and also of Jacques, As You Like It vi. 7, 1060). 
 
 Fool : "Dost thou know the difference, my boy, between a 
 sweet fool and a bitter one ? " 
 
 Lear: "No, lad, teach me." 
 
 Fool : " That lord, that counsell'd thee 
 
 To give away thy land ; 
 Come, place him here by me, 
 
 Do thou for him stand : 
 The sweet and bitter fool 
 
 Will presently appear, 
 The one in motley here, 
 
 The other found out there." 
 
 Lear : " Dost thou call me fool, boy ? " 
 
 Fool : " All thy other titles thou hast given away, that thou wast 
 born with." 
 
 Kent : " This is not altogether fool, my lord," &c. 
 
 See Lear i. v. 96203. 
 
116 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Friend. 
 
 FREEDOM of Thought. 
 
 " Thought is free."Promus 653. 
 
 " Certainly there be that delight in giddiness, and 
 count it a bondage to fix a belief ; affecting free-will in 
 thinking as well as in acting." Ess. of Truth. 
 
 " Thought is free" Twelfth Night i. 3, 69 ; 
 
 and Temp. iii. 2 (Song). 
 
 " Then, York, unloose thy long imprisoned thoughts, 
 And let thy tongue be equal with thy heart." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. v. 1. 
 
 " Thoughts are no subjects. Intents but merely thoughts." 
 
 M. J/.v. 1. 
 
 " 'Tis well for thee . . . thy freer thoughts may not fly forth of 
 Egypt." Ant. Cl. i. 5. 
 
 " Make not your thoughts your prisons." 
 
 Ant. Cl. v. 2. 
 
 " Thought is bounty's foe ; 
 Being free itself, it thinks all others so." 
 
 Tim. Ath. ii. 2. 
 
 " Our thoughts are ours, our ends none of our own." Ham. iii. 2. 
 
 (See II. ii. 2, 239-255). 
 
 " I am not bound in that all slaves are free to utter my thoughts." 
 Oth. iii. 2 ; and Rich. II. iv. 1,2-4. 
 
 FRIEND, Another Self. 
 
 " It was a sparing speech of the ancients to say, that 
 'a friend is another himself;' for that a friend is far 
 more than himself." Ess. of Friendship. 
 
 " Renowned Titus more than half my soul."" 
 
 Tit. And. i. 2 
 
 " I have made her half myself '." M. Ado ii. 3. 
 1 Lord: " Might we but have that happiness my lord, that you 
 
Friend. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 117 
 
 would once use our hearts, whereby we might express some part of 
 our zeals, we should think ourselves for ever perfect.' ' 
 
 Tim. : " ! no doubt my good friends, but the gods themselves 
 have provided that I shall have much help from you : how had you 
 been my friends else? Why have you that charitable title from 
 thousands, did you not chiefly belong to my heart ? / have told 
 more of you to myself than you can in modesty speak in your own 
 behalf; and thus far I confirm you. you gods ! think I, what 
 need we have any friends if we should ne'er have need of them ? 
 They were the most needless creatures living should we ne'er have 
 use for them ; and would most resemble sweet instruments hung up 
 in cases, that keep their sounds to themselves. Why, I have often 
 wished myself poorer that I might come nearer to you. We are born 
 to do benefits ; and what better or properer can we call our own, 
 than the riches of our friends ? 0, what a precious comfort 'tis, to 
 have so many, like brothers, commanding one another's fortunes ! " 
 Tim. Ath.\. 2. 
 
 " How comes it then thou art estranged from thyself? 
 Thyself I call it, being strange to me. 
 That undividable, incorporate, 
 Am better than thy dear self's better part. 
 Ah, do not tear thyself away from me." 
 
 Com. Err. ii. 2. 
 
 " I charge you . . . 
 
 By all your vows of love, and that great vow, 
 Which did incorporate and make us one, 
 That you unfold to me, your self, your half" &c. 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 1. 
 
 u Good, my lord, what is your cause of distemper ? You do freely 
 bar the door of your own liberty, if you deny your griefs to your 
 friend." Ham. iii. 2. 
 
 " Good Proteus, go with me to my chamber, 
 In these affairs to aid me with thy counsel." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4. 
 
 "Counsel, Lucetta; gentle girl, assist me; 
 And e'en in kind love I do conjure thee, 
 Who are the table wherein all my thoughts 
 
118 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Friend. 
 
 Are visibly charactered and engraved, 
 
 To lesson me, and tell me some good mean," &c. 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. ii. 7. 
 
 " Thou disease of a friend, and not himself'' 1 
 
 Tim. Ath.u.l. 
 
 And compare Sonnets : 
 
 ' Make thyself another self, for love of me.'- 
 
 Sonnet x. 
 
 " that you were yourself ! But, love, you are 
 
 Xo longer yours," &c. Sonnet xiii. 
 " And therefore, love, be of thyself so wary 
 
 As I, not for myself, but for thee will." 
 
 Sonnet xxii. 
 
 " But here's the joy my friend and I are one." 
 
 Sonnet xlii. 
 
 " Self, so self-loving were iniquity, 
 'Tis thee (myself) that for myself I praise." 
 
 Sonnet Ixii. 
 
 " As easy might I from myself depart, 
 As from my soul which in thy breast doth lie." 
 
 Sonnet cix. 
 
 " Incapable of more, replete with you, 
 My most true mind thus maketh mine untrue." 
 
 Sonnet cxiii. 
 
 " Me from myself thy cruel eye hath taken, 
 And my next self thou harder hast engrossed," &c. 
 
 Sonnet cxxxiii. 
 
 " A man hath a body, and that body is confined to a 
 place; but where friendship is, all offices of life are, as 
 it were, granted to him and his deputy, for he can exer- 
 cise them by his friend." Ess. of Friendship. 
 
 " Friends should associate friends in grief." 
 
 Tit. And. v. 3. 
 
 " Rosalind lacks then the love 
 Which teacheth thee that thou and I are one . . . 
 
Friendship. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 119 
 
 Do not seels to take your charge upon you, 
 To bear your griefs yourself, leaving me out." 
 
 As You Like It i. 3. 
 
 " If she be a traitor, 
 Why so am I; we have slept together, 
 Rose at an instant, learned, played, eat together, 
 And wheresoe'er we went, like Juno'ri swans, 
 Still we went coupled and inseparable." 
 
 As You Like It i. 3. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP Clears and Unburdens the Mind. 
 
 " Friendship . . . maketh daylight in the understand- 
 ing out of darkness, and confusion of thoughts. . . . 
 "Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, 
 his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in 
 the communicating and discoursing with another; he 
 tosseth his thoughts more easily; he marshalleth them 
 more orderly ; he seeth how they look when they are turned 
 into words', finally, he waxeth wiser than himself; and 
 that more by an hour's discourse than by a day's medita- 
 tion." Ess. of -Friendship. 
 
 " For speculation turns not to itself 
 Till it hath travelled, and is married there, 
 Where it can see itself. . . . 
 ... No man is the lord of anything 
 Till he communicate his parts to others, 
 Nor doth he of himself know them for aught, 
 Till he behold them formed in the applause 
 Where they are extended" 
 
 See Tr. Or. iii. 3, 95123. 
 Norfolk : " Not a man in England 
 
 Can advise me like you: be to yourself 
 As you would to your friend . . . Be advised" &c. 
 
 Buck.: "Sir, 
 
 I am thankful to you, and I'll go along 
 By your prescription." Hen. VIII. i. 1. 
 
120 3IAFNERS, 3iiND, MORALS. Friendship. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP Continues a Man's Work. 
 
 " Men have their time, and die many times in desire of 
 some things which they principally take to heart, the 
 bestowing of a child, the finishing of a work, or the like. 
 If a man have a true friend, he may rest almost secure 
 that the care of those things will continue after him; so 
 that a man has, as it were, two lives to his desires." 
 Ess, of Friendship. 
 
 " I have done my work ill, friends : make an end 
 Of what I have begun. . . . Time is at his period. . . . 
 Let him that loves me strike me dead," &c. 
 
 Ant. Cl. iv. 12; and see iv. 13 (Cleopatra's 
 resolve to carry out Antony's wishes). 
 
 Ham. : " Horatio, I am dead ; 
 
 Thou liv'st: report me and my cause aright 
 
 1o the unsatisfied . . . 
 
 good Horatio, what a wounded name, 
 
 Things standing thus unknown, shall live behind me ! 
 
 If thou did'st ever hold me in thy heart, 
 
 Absent thee from felicity awhile, 
 
 And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain 
 
 To tell my story . , ." 
 
 Hor. : " . . . All this can I 
 Truly deliver." 
 
 For. : " Let us haste to hear it, 
 
 And call the noblest to the audience." 
 
 Hor.: "... I shall have also cause to speak, 
 
 And from his mouth ichose voice will draw on more." 
 
 Ham. v. 5. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, Human and Divine. 
 
 " It had been hard, for him that spake it, to have put 
 more truth and untruth together in a few words than in 
 that speech, " Whosoever delighteth in solitude, is either 
 a wild beast or a god" for it is most true that a natural 
 
Friendship. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 121 
 
 and secret hatred and aversion to society in any man 
 hath somewhat of the savage beast; but it is most untrue 
 that it should have any character at all of the divine 
 nature," &c. (see Solitude). Ess of Friendship* 
 
 " As for that heinous tiger Tamora . . . 
 Her life was beast-like and devoid of pity," &c. 
 
 Tit. And. v. 3. 
 
 Alcib. : " What art thou there ? Speak ! " 
 
 Tim. : " A beast, as thou art. The canker gnaw thy heart 
 For showing me again the eyes of man." 
 
 Alcib.: "What is thy name? Is man so hateful to thee 
 That thyself art a man ? " 
 
 Tim. : " I am Misanthropes, and hate mankind; 
 For thy part, I do wish thou wert a dog, 
 That I might Jove thee something." 
 
 Tim. Ath. iv. 2 (see Misanthrope). 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, Incapable of. 
 
 "Whoever in the frame of his nature is unfit for 
 friendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not from 
 humanity/' Ess. of Friendship. 
 
 Tim. : " Good morrow to thee, gentle Apemantus ! " 
 Apem. : " Till I be gentle stay thou for thy good morrow : 
 
 When thou art Timon's dog, and these knaves 
 
 honest . . . 
 Paint.: " You are a dog. ... So, so ; there ! 
 
 Aches contract and starve your subtle joints ! 
 
 That there should be small love 'mongst these sweet 
 
 knaves, 
 
 And all this courtesy ! The strain of man's bred out 
 Into baboon and monkey ! . . . " 
 
 2 Lord: "Away, unpeaceable dog ! or I'll spurn thee hence." 
 Apem. : " I will fly like a dog, the heels of the ass." 
 1 Lord: " He's opposite to humanity" Tim. Ath. i. 1. 
 
122 MANSERS, MIND, MORALS. Friendship. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP Knit, Grappled, Tried, or Approved. 
 
 "The apprehension of this threatened judgment of 
 God . . . knitteth every man's heart to his true and 
 approved friend, which is the cause why now I write to 
 you." Letter to Mr. Michael Hicks. 
 
 " My heart unto yours is knit." M. N. D. ii. 3. 
 " The friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, 
 Grapple them to thy heart with hooks of steel." 
 
 Ham. i. 3. 
 
 " What do you mean, my lord ? 
 Not to knit myself to an approved wanton ? " 
 
 M.Adoiv. 1. 
 
 " I swear to thee ... by that which knitted souls and prospers 
 loves." M. N. D.'i.l. 
 
 "The amity that wisdom knits not, 
 Folly \vill easily untie." Tr. Cr. ii. 3. 
 
 " To hold you in perpetual amity, 
 To make you brothers, and to knit your hearts," &c. 
 
 Ant. Cl. ii. 2. 
 "This knot of amity."! Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP'S Praise, and Support. 
 
 " How many things are there which a man cannot, 
 with any face or comeliness, say or do himself ? A man 
 scarce allege his own merits with modesty, much less 
 extol them. A man cannot sometimes brook to supplicate 
 or beg, and a number of the like : but all these things 
 are graceful in a friend's mouth which are blushing in a 
 man's own." Ess. of Friendship. 
 
 "How if it be false, sir? 
 If it le ne'er so false, a tme gentleman 
 May swear it in behalf of his friend" &c. 
 
 Winter's Tale, v. 3, uttered by the Clown. 
 
Goodness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 (Compare Prince Henry's falsehood in protecting Falstaff. 
 1 Hen. IV. ii. 4, 510-533). 
 
 Pardon me, Cams Cassius, 
 " The enemies of Csesar shall say this, 
 Then, in a friend it is cold modesty" 
 
 JuL Cces. iii. 1. 
 
 "Spake you of Cfesar ? How ! the non-pareil ! 
 Antony ! thou Arabian bird ! . . . 
 Indeed he plied them both with excellent praises, 
 But he loves Caesar best : yet he loves Antony." 
 
 Ant. Cl. iii. 2. 
 
 " Albeit I neither lend nor borrow, 
 By taking, nor by giving of excess, 
 Yet to supply the ripe wants of my friend, 
 I'll break a custom." Mer. Ven. i. 3. 
 
 GIVING Requires Discrimination and Tact. 
 
 " Giving is a matter requiring cleverness, skill, or 
 discrimination, res est ingeniosa dare." Promus 373 
 (Latin) ; Ovid. Am. i. 8, 62. 
 
 " Never anything can come amiss 
 When simpleness and duty tender it." 
 
 M. N. D. v. L 
 " Rich gifts wax poor, when givers grow unkind." 
 
 Ham. iii. 1. 
 " Her pretty action did outsell her gift." 
 
 Cymb. ii. 4. 
 
 " I have brought him a present. 
 . . . Give him a present ! Give him a halter." 
 
 Mer. Ven. ii. 3 ; 
 
 (and see Two Gent. Ver. iv. 4, 175180 ; AlV* Well, ii. 1, 4 ; 
 Tarn. Sh. ii. 175 and 99102.) 
 
 GOD'S Goodness to All. 
 
 " The example of God teacheth the lesson truly : ' He 
 sendeth His rain, and maketh His sun to shine upon the 
 just and the unjust." Ess. of Goodness. 
 
124 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. God's Men. 
 
 " I was about to speak and tell him plainly, 
 The self-same sun that shines upon his Court 
 Hides not his visage from our cottage, but 
 Looks on all alike." Winters Tale iv. 1. 
 
 " The quality of mercy is not strained, 
 It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven 
 Upon the place beneath." Mer. Ven. iv. 1. 
 
 (Compare this with Bacon's beautiful paraphrase, or 
 " translation " of Psalm civ., from which it appears that 
 the word, for the sake of the metre, printed in the Play 
 " strained/' should be read as " 'strained " for restrained). 
 
 " Lord, Thy providence sufficeth all ; 
 Thy goodness, not restrained, but general 
 Over Thy creatures : the whole world doth flow 
 With Thy great largeness poured out here below . . . 
 
 The glorious Majesty of God above 
 
 Shall ever reign in mercy and in love," &c. 
 
 Translation of Certain Psalms. 
 
 GOD'S Men. 
 
 " Man is a god to man." Nov. Org. i. 129. 
 
 " It is not ill said of Plato that he is a god to men, who 
 knows well how to define and divide." Nov. Org.ii. 26. 
 
 "It is owing to justice that man is a god to man, and 
 not a wolf." De Aug. VI. hi. (Antitheta). 
 
 " All kings though they be gods on earth, are gods 
 of earth ; frail as other men." Of King's Messages, 
 1610; and see Ess. of a King. 
 
 " Kings are stiled gods upon earth, not absolute, but 
 Dixi duestis." To Buckingham, 1616. 
 
 " A god on earth thou art." Rich. II. ii. 3. 
 
God's Secrets. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 125 
 
 " This man is now become a god. . . . 'Tis true this god did 
 shake." Jul. Cces. i. 1. 
 
 " He is a god and knows what is most right." 
 
 Ant. Cl.ill 11. 
 " We scarce are men, and you are gods." 
 
 Cymb. v. 2. 
 "Things are earth's God's." Per. i. 1. 
 
 " Immortality attends (virtue and skill) 
 Making a man a god." Per. iii. 2. 
 
 " What a piece of work is man ! how noble in reason ! how 
 infinite in faculty ! ... in action, how like an angel ! in appre- 
 hension, how like a god ! " Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 GOD'S Secrets. 
 
 " Secrett de dieux. Secrets de dienx." Promus 1512. 
 
 " The glory of God is to conceal a thing, and the glory 
 of a man is to find out a thing." Promus 234. 
 Quoted in Advt. L. ii. 1, and Nov. Aug. i. 1. 
 
 " the depth of the wisdom and knowledge of God 1 
 How incomprehensible are his judgments, and His 
 ways past finding out ! . . . the inditer of the Holy 
 Scriptures did know four things which no man attains to 
 know; which are the Mysteries of the Kingdom of 
 Glory ; the Perfection of the Laws of Nature ; the 
 Secrets of the Hearts of Men ; and the future successes 
 of all ages. . . . From the beginning are known 
 unto the Lord, the works of the Lord." See Advt. L. iu 
 Sped. iii. 485. 
 
 " In Nature's infinite Book of Secresy, a little I have read." 
 
 Ant. Cl. i. 2. 
 
 " God's secret judgment." 2 Hen. VI. iii. 2. 
 " The secrets of the grave." 
 
 Cymb. ii. 2. 
 
126 MANNERS, .MIND, MORALS. God's Work. 
 
 " What is the end of study, let me know ? 
 Why, that to know which else we should not know 
 Things hid and barr'd you mean, from common sense ? 
 Ay, that is study's God-lilee recompense.'' 
 
 L. L. L. i. 1. 
 
 "I'll find out where Truth is hid, though it were hid indeed within 
 the centre." Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 GOD'S Work in His Creatures. (See Nature.) 
 
 " Woorke as God woorkes." Promus 534, i.e., work 
 quietly, persistently, wisely, as in the works of Nature. 
 
 " There is no enmity between God and His works. . . 
 Faith containeth the doctrine of the nature of God, and 
 of the attributes of God, and of the works of God. . . . 
 The works of God, summary, are two that of the 
 Creation and that of the Redemption . . . the work of 
 the Creation (refers), in the mass of the matter, to the 
 Father." Advt. L. ii.; see u Spedding Works iii. 486-7), 
 
 " The sun works by gentle action through long spaces 
 of time, whereas the works of fire, urged on by the 
 impatience of man, are made to finish their work in 
 shorter periods," &c, 
 
 (See Novum Org* ii. 35, where Bacon seems to be 
 pointing a moral as to the folly of impatience, but 
 examples drawn from the working of natural forces: 
 "the works of the sun/' "the heat of fire," the hatching 
 of eggs, the motion and rest of natural bodies, and the 
 rotation of the heavenly bodies.) 
 
 " This our life, exempt from public haunt, 
 Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, 
 Sermons in stones, and good in everything." 
 
 As You Like It ii. 1. 
 
 " Frank nature, rather curious than in haste, 
 Hath well composed thee." All's Well i. 2. 
 
Goodness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 127 
 
 " Heaven shall work in me for thine avail . . . 
 . . . I'll stay at home 
 Ami pray God's blessing into thine attempt." 
 
 All's- Well i. 3. 
 
 " This goodly frame, the earth . . . this most excellent canopy, 
 the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firmament, this majestical 
 roof, fretted with golden fire. . . . What a piece of work is man ! " 
 &c. Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 " Chilon would say that gold is tried with the touch- 
 stone, and men with gold." Apophthegms. 
 
 " The fifth (knight has for his device) a hand environed with 
 
 clouds, 
 
 Holding out gold that's with the touchstone tried ; 
 . The motto thus, Sic spectanda fides" Pericles ii. 2. 
 
 " Ah ! Buckingham, now do I play the touch, 
 To try if thou be current gold indeed" 
 
 Rich. III. iv. 2. 
 
 " thou touch of hearts ! " Tim. Ath. iv. 3, 389. 
 
 (Timon here inverts the figure, making gold itself the 
 touchstone which tries men's hearts.) 
 
 GOODNESS, and Goodness of Nature. (See Malignity.) 
 
 " I take goodness in this sense the affecting the weal 
 of men, which is what the Grecians call " philanthropic^" 
 and the word "humanity" (as it is used) is a little 
 too light to express it." Ess. of Goodness. 
 
 " My vows and prayers yet are the king's. . . . May he 
 
 live . . . 
 
 Ever beloved, and loving may his rule be. 
 And when old time shall lead him to his end, 
 Goodness and he fill up one monument." 
 
 Hen. VIII. ii. 1. 
 
128 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. 
 
 " Sir, I praise the Lord for you, and so may my parishioners; for 
 their sons are well tutored by you, and their daughters profit very 
 greatly under you: you are a good member of the Commonwealth." 
 L. L. L. iv. 2. 
 
 " There is so great a fever on goodness that . . . there is scarce 
 truth enough to make societies secure, but security enough to make 
 fellowships accursed," &c. See of the Duke iu Measure for Measure 
 (iii. 2). 
 
 " That I should murder her ... I, her . . . 
 If it be so to do good service. . . . How look I, 
 That I should seern to lack humanity 
 So much as this act comes to ? " 
 
 Cymb. iii. 2. (See Humanity.) 
 
 " We have made inquiry of you; and we hear 
 Such goodness of your justice, that our soul 
 Cannot but yield you forth the public thanks," &c. 
 
 M. M. v. 1. 
 
 (Here the supposed goodness in Lord Angelo is 
 fictitious, yet it is goodness believed to involve justice 
 and the public weal.) 
 
 GOODNESS-Charity, Mercy. (Q.V.) 
 
 " Goodness ... of all virtues and dignities of the 
 niind is the greatest, being the character of the Deity ; 
 and without it, man is a busy, mischievous, wretched 
 thing, no better than a kind of vermin. Goodness answers 
 to the theological virtue of charity, and admits no excess 
 but error, . . . neither can angel or man come in danger 
 by it," Ess. of Goodness, 
 
 11 Lord, Thy providence sufficeth all ; 
 Thy goodness, not restrained, but general 
 Over Thy creatures: the whole earth doth flow 
 With Thy great largeness pour'd forth here below.' 1 ' 1 
 
 Translation of Psalm civ. 
 
Goodness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 121) 
 
 " The quality of mercy is not 'strained, 
 It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven 
 Upon the place beneath . . . 
 It is an attribute of God Himself, 
 And earthly power doth then show likest Gods 
 When mercy seasons justice." Mer. Ven. iv. 4. 
 
 " I pray you, think you question with the Jew . . . 
 You may as well use question with the wolf. 
 
 Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew, 
 
 Thou rnak'st thy knife keen. . . . Can no prayers pierce 
 
 thee? . . . 
 
 be thou damned, inexorable dog, 
 And for thy life let justice be accused. 
 . . . . Thy currish spirit 
 Govern'd a wolf . . . for thy desires 
 Are wolfish, bloody, starved, and ravenous." Ib. 
 
 (In Tit. Andronicus, Marcus compares Aaron the 
 " execrable wretch " and merciless murderer to a black 
 ill-favoured buzzing fly* Merciless and heartless persons 
 are elsewhere compared to adders, serpents, snakes, rats, 
 wasps, and other " vermin." These will be included in 
 the Handbooks of Natural History.) 
 
 GOODNESS as well as Evil inherent in Man. 
 
 " The inclination to goodness is imprinted deeply in 
 the nature of man; insomuch that if it issue not towards 
 men, it will take unto other living creatures ; as is seen 
 in the Turks, a cruel people, who nevertheless are kind 
 to beasts, and give alms to dogs and birds ; insomuch as 
 Busbechius reporteth, a Christian boy was like to have 
 .been stoned, for gagging in waggishness, a long-billed 
 bird." Ess. of Goodness. 
 
 K 
 
130 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. GoodneS S 
 
 "I will not do 't, 
 
 Lest I surcease to honour mine own truth, 
 And by my tody's action teach my mind 
 Inherent baseness." Cor. iii. 2. (This is the only use of 
 the word inherent in Shakesjieare.) 
 
 " Youth, thou bearest thy father's face . . . 
 Thy father's moral parts may'st thou inherit too ! " 
 
 All's Well i. 2. 
 
 GOODNESS a Habit. 
 
 Count : " Virtues in her are better for their simpleness; she derives 
 her honesty, and achieves her goodness. . . . 
 
 Be thou blest, Bertram ! and succeed thy father 
 In manners as in shape ! thy blood, and virtue 
 Contend for empire in thee; and thy goodness 
 Shares with thy birthright "All's Well i. 1. 
 
 " Treason is not inherited, 
 
 Or, if we did derive it from our friends, what's that to me ? " 
 
 As You Like It i. 3. 
 
 " I was born to speak all mirth." 
 
 3f. Ado ii. 1. 
 
 " I was not born a yielder." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. v. 3. 
 
 " We are born to do benefits." 
 
 Tim. Ath. i. 2 
 
 " All good seeming . . . not born where 't grows 
 But worn a bait for ladies." 
 
 Cy)itb. iii. 4. 
 
 41 How hard it is to hide the sparks of nature ! 
 These boys know little they are sons to the king . . . 
 They think they're mine: and though train'd up thus meanly 
 I' the care wherein they bow, their thoughts do hit. 
 The roofs of palaces," &c. See Cymb. iii. 3, 27 44, 7998. 
 
 " A devil, a born devil, on whose nature 
 Nurture can never stick; on whom my pains 
 Humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost." 
 
 Temp. iv. 1. 
 
Grace. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 131 
 
 GRACE in Actions and Motion. 
 
 " In beauty, that of favour is more than that of colour; 
 and that of decent and gracious motion more than that of 
 favour. . . . If it be true that the principal part of 
 beauty is in decent motion, certainly it is no marvel 
 though persons in years seem many times more amiable; 
 Pulchrorum autumnus pulcher, for no youth can be 
 comely but by pardon (or by making allowance^), and 
 considering the youth as to make up the comeliness."- 
 Ess. of Beauty. 
 
 " In old men the Loves are turned into the Graces." 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Go you to Bartholomew, my page; see him dressed in all suits 
 like a lady . . . tell him from me. as he will win my love, Tie bear 
 himself with honourable action, such as Tie hath observed in noble 
 ladies. ... I know the boy will well usurp the grace, voice, 
 gait, and action of a gentlewoman." Tarn. Sh. (Induct, i.). 
 
 " She stripped (the jewel) from her arm, 
 I see her yet; . . . 
 Her pretty action did outsell her gift, 
 And yet enrich'd it too." 
 
 Cymb. ii. 4. 
 
 " Look with what courteous action 
 It waves you to a more removed ground." 
 
 Ham. i. 4. 
 
 " With ridiculous and awkward action, 
 Which slanderer he imitation calls, 
 He pageants us." 
 
 Tr. Cr. i. 3; and see L.L.L. v. 2, 300310. 
 " Bear your body more seeming, Andrey." 
 
 As You Like It v. 4. 
 
 GRACE in Speech. 
 
 " To reduce wild people to civility . . . and obedience 
 makes weakness turn to Christianity and conditions to 
 
132 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. Grace. 
 
 graces, and so hath a fineness in turning utility upon 
 point of honour." Of Service in Ireland. 
 
 " He that hath so singular a gift in lying of the 
 present time, and times past, had nevertheless an extra- 
 ordinary grace in telling truth of the time to .come." 
 Observations on a Libel. 
 
 "She having the truth of honour in her, hath made him the 
 gracious denial which he is most glad to receive." M. J/. iii. 1. 
 " Those gracious words revive my drooping thoughts, 
 And give my tongue-tied sorrows leave to speak." 
 
 3 Hen. VI. iii. 3. 
 
 " I did take my leave of him, but had 
 Most pretty things to say: ere I could tell him 
 How I would think of him ... or ere I could 
 Give him that parting kiss which I had set 
 Betwixt two charming words." Cymb. i. 4. 
 
 " His honour, 
 
 Clock to itself, knew the true minute, when 
 Exception bid him speak, and at this time 
 His tongue obeyed his hand ... his plausive words 
 He scattered not in ears, but grafted them 
 To grow there, and to bear." All's Well i. 3. 
 
 Sttf. : " Farewell, sweet madam ! But hark you, Margaret: 
 No princely commendations to my king ? " 
 
 Mar. : " Such commendations as become a maid, 
 A virgin, and his servant, say to him." 
 
 Suf. : " Words sweetly placed, and modestly directed." 
 
 -1 Hen. VI. v. 3. 
 
 (See the gracious words of Percy to Bolingbroke 
 (Rich. II. ii. 3, 4050), of Warwick (3 Hen. VI. iii. 3, 
 199), of the effects of Isabella's graceful and modest 
 appeal to Angelo (M. M. ii. 2). 
 
Greatness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 138 
 
 GRAVITY a Pretext for Dullness. 
 
 " When we find any defect in ourselves, we endeavour 
 to borrow the figure and pretext of the neighbouring 
 virtue for a shelter ; thus, the pretext of dulness is 
 gravity" De Aug. viii. 2. 
 
 " There are a sort of men whose visages 
 Do cream and mantle, like a standing pond. 
 And do a wilful stillness entertain, 
 With purpose to be dress'd in an opinion 
 Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit . . . 
 . . . I do know of these 
 That therefore only are reputed wise 
 For saying nothing* &c. Mer. Ven. i. 1. 
 
 GREATNESS Its Servitude. (See Ceremony.) 
 
 " Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of 
 the Sovereign or State, servants of fame, and servants of 
 business; so as they have no freedom, neither in their 
 persons, nor in their actions, nor in their times." 
 Ess. of Great Place. 
 
 Bates : " We know enough if we know we are the king's subjects: 
 if his cause be wrong, our obedience to the king wipes the crime of 
 it out of us." 
 
 Will. : " But if the cause be not good, the king himself hath a 
 heavy reckoning to make; ... if these (soldiers) do not die well 
 it will be a black matter for the king that led them to it. . . ." 
 
 K. Hen. : " . . . So if a servant, under his master's com- 
 mand, transporting a sum of money, be assailed by robbers, and die 
 in many irreconciled iniquities, you may call the business of the 
 master the author of the servant's damnation, but this is not so,"&c. 
 
 Will. : " 'Tis certain . . . the king is not to answer for it . . ." 
 
 K. Hen. : " Upon the king ! Let our lives, our souls, our debts, 
 our careful wives, our children, lay on the king ! We must bear all. 
 hard condition, twin-born with greatness, subject to the breath of 
 
134 MANNEKS, MIND, MORALS. Greatness. 
 
 every fool. . . . What infinite heart's ease must kings neglect, 
 that private men enjoy ! And what have kings that privates have 
 not, too ? be sick, great greatness . . . not all these (cere- 
 monies) laid in bed majestical can sleep so soundly as the wretched 
 slave . . . the slave a member of the country's peace enjoys it; 
 but . . . little wots what watch the king keeps to maintain the 
 peace," &c. See Hen. V. iv. 1, 122283. 
 
 GREATNESS Its Dangers and Discomforts. 
 
 "Retire men cannot when they would, neither will 
 they when it were reason ; but are impatient of private- 
 ness, even in age and sickness, which require the 
 shadow." Ess. of Great Place. 
 
 Cft. : " What mean you, Caesar, think you to walk forth ? 
 
 You shall not stir out of your house to-day." 
 O*. : " Csesar shall forth .... 
 
 Caesar shall go forth, for these predictions 
 Are to the world in general as to Czesar." 
 CaL : " When beggars die there are no comets seen: 
 
 The heavens themselves do blaze forth the death of 
 
 princes . . ." 
 
 Ores. : " The gods do this in shame of cowardice; 
 Ceesar would be a beast without a heart 
 If he should stay at home to-day for fear. 
 No, Cassar shall not; danger knows too well 
 That Ca?sar is more dangerous than he," &c. 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 2. 
 
 Messenger : " These letters come from your father." 
 
 Hotspur : " Letters from him I Why comes he not himself ? " 
 Messenger : " He cannot come, my lord; he's grievous sick .. . ." 
 Hotspur: "Zounds! how has he leisure to be sick 
 
 In such ajustling time ? Who leads his power ? 
 Under whose government come they along ? . . ." 
 Worcester : "I would the state of time had first been whole 
 Ere he by sickness had been visited . . . 
 Your father's sickness is a maim to us . . ." 
 
Haste. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 135 
 
 Douglas: " A comfort of retirement lives in this (hope)." 
 
 See 1 Hen. IV. iv. 1. 
 
 P. Hen. : " I beseech your majesty, make up, 
 
 Lest your retirement amaze your friends" 
 
 See 1 Hen. IV. v. 4. 
 
 " What infinite heart's ease must kings neglect that private men 
 enjoy!" &c.Hen. V. iv. 1. And see 2 Hen. IV. iii. 1, 431, 
 104108. 
 
 GREATNESS, or High Place, is Dangerous. 
 
 " The rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men 
 come to greater pains . . . the standing is slippery, 
 and the regress is either a downfall or at least an eclipse/' 
 Ess. of Great Place. 
 
 " The rising to honours is laborious, the standing 
 slippery, the descent headlong." De Aug. vi. 3 (Anti- 
 theta, 7). 
 
 " The art o' the Court, 
 
 As hard to leave as keep : whose top to climb 
 Is certain falling, or, so slippery, that 
 The fear's as bad as falling." 
 
 Cymb. iii. 3; and comp. 2 Hen. VI. ii. 1, 5 15. 
 
 " Northumberland, thou ladder, wherewithal 
 The mounting Bolingbroke ascends my throne . . . 
 Wilt pluck him headlong from the usurped throne." 
 
 See the whole passage Rich. II. v. 1, 55 68, and 
 b. i. 1, 205216, and Hen. VIII. 110115. 
 
 HASTE Speed. (See Despatch.) 
 
 " I knew a wise man that had it for a bye-word, when 
 he saw men hasten to a conclusion, ' Stay a little, that 
 we make an end the sooner.' " Ess. of Despatch. 
 
 " His tongue all-impatient to speak and r.ot to see 
 Did stumble with haste in his eyesight to be." 
 
 L. L. L. ii. 1. 
 
130 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Health. 
 
 Rom. : " let us hence; I stand on sudden haste." 
 Fri. : " Wisely and slot':: they stumble that run fast" 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii 3. 
 
 " Therefore love moderately: long love doth so; 
 Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow." 
 
 Rout. Jul. ii. 0. 
 
 HEALTH of Mind as well as Body. (See Mind Diseased.) 
 
 "(It was) an abuse of philosophy which grew general 
 in the time of Epictetus, in converting it to an occupation 
 or profession . . . introducing such an health of mind as 
 was that health of body of which Aristotle speaks of 
 Herodicns, who did nothing all his life long but intend 
 his health: whereas if men refer themselves to duties of 
 society, as that body is best which is ablest to endure all 
 alterations and extremities, so li/tewise that health of mind 
 is most proper which can go through the greatest tempta- 
 tions and perturbations." Advt. L. ii. 1. 
 
 " (We) wear our health but sickly in his life 
 That, in his death, were perfect." 
 
 Macb. iii. 1. 
 
 P. Hen. : " My heart bleeds inwardly that my father is so 
 
 sick. . . ." 
 
 Poins. : " And how dost . . . your master ? " 
 Bard. : " In bodily health, sir." 
 
 Poins. : " Marry, the immortal part needs a physician, but that 
 
 moves not him; though that be sick, it dies not." 
 
 P. Hen. : " I do allow this wen to be as familiar with me as my 
 
 dog." 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2. 
 
 Lew. : " There's nothing in this world can make me joy . . . 
 And bitter shame hath spoilt the sweet world's taste, 
 That it yields nought but shame and bitterness." 
 Pand. : " Before the curing of a strong disease, 
 
 Even in the instant of repair and health, 
 
Health. MANXERS, MIND, MORALS. 137 
 
 The fit is strongest: evils that take leave 
 On their departure most of all show evil." 
 
 John iii. 4. 
 
 " Thy death-bed is no lesser than thy land, 
 Wherein thou ly'st, in reputation sick: 
 And thou, too-careless patient as thou art, 
 Committ'st thy 'nointed body to the cure 
 Of those piiysicians that first wounded thee." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 1. 
 
 " Can'st thou not minister a mind diseased ? " &c. 
 
 Macb. v. H. 
 
 Cam. : " Prosperity's the very bond of love 
 
 Whose fresh complexion and whose heart together 
 Affliction alters." 
 Per. : " One of these is true : 
 
 I think affliction may subdue the cheek. 
 But not take in the mind." 
 
 Winter's Tale iv. 3. 
 
 " Men's natures wrangle with inferior things, 
 Though great ones are their object. 'Tis even so; 
 For let our finger ache, and it indues 
 Our other healthful members even to that sense 
 Of pain." Oth. iii. 4. 
 
 (Compare with this the Promus Note 496: " When the 
 liead akes, all the body is the woorse.") 
 
 " The labour we delight in physics pain." 
 
 Mad. ii. 3. 
 
 " Thou hast made . . . wit with musing weak, 
 Heart sick with thought." 
 
 Two. Gent. Ver. i. 1. 
 
 King : " And wherefore should these good news make me 
 sick? . . . 
 
 And now my sight fails, and my mind is giddy. 
 
 me ! come near me, I am much ill . . ." 
 Clar. : " The incessant care and labour of his mind 
 
 Hath wrought the mure which should confine it in, 
 
138 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Heart. 
 
 So thin that life looks through, and will break out . . . 
 
 His eye is hollow, and he changes much . . ." 
 P. Hen. : " Heard he the good news yet ? " 
 P. Hum. : " He altered much upon the hearing it." 
 P. Hen. : " If he be sick with joy, he will recover without physic . . . 
 
 polished perturbation I golden care ! 
 
 That keep'st the ports of slumber open wide 
 
 To many a watchful night ! . . . Majesty ! " &c. 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4. 
 
 (The effect of the working of the mind upon the 
 general health of the body will be illustrated at some 
 length in a future part on Bacon's Doctrine of the Union 
 of Mind and Body. Also see forward (Medicine to the) 
 " Mind.") 
 
 HEART of a Man a Continent. (See Microcosm World.) 
 
 " The heart of man is a continent of that concave and 
 capacity, wherein the contents of the world (that is, all 
 forms of creatures, and whatsoever is not God) may be 
 placed and received." Filum Labyrintki* 
 
 " An absolute gentleman, full of most excellent differences . . . 
 you shall see in him the continent of what part a gentleman would 
 see." Ham. v. 2. 
 
 Ros. : " Shall I teach you to know ? " 
 Boyet : " Aye, my continent of beauty" 
 
 L. L. L. iv. 2. 
 
 Bass.: " Here is the continent and summary of my fortune . . ."" 
 For. ".... Though for myself alone 
 
 I would not (wish myself better); yet for you 
 
 I would be trebled twenty times myself, 
 
 A thousand times more fair, ten thousand times more 
 
 rich ; 
 
 That, only to stand high in your account, 
 I might in virtues, beauties, livings, friends, 
 
Heroes. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 Exceed account; but the full sum of me 
 Is sum of nothing." Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 
 
 HEARTS or Spirits of Men Differ as do Metals. (See Soul.) 
 
 " I do not like the confused and promiscuous manner 
 in which philosophers have handled the functions of the 
 soul; as if the human soul differed from the spirit of 
 brutes, in degree only, rather than in kind, as the sun 
 differs from the stars, or gold from metals." De Aug. 
 iv. 3. 
 
 " Gallants, boys, lads, hearts of gold." 
 
 I Hen. IV. ii. 4. 
 
 "The king's . . . a heart of gold." 
 
 Hen. V. iv. 1. 
 
 " A golden mind stoops not to shows of dross." 
 
 Mer. Ven. ii. 7. 
 
 (See throughout this scene and ii. 9, iii. 2, how the 
 metals gold, silver, and lead are introduced to show 
 the different dispositions of Portia's suitors. For com- 
 parison between the spirit of man and that of the brutes, 
 see "Beast-Man;" but this subject will be treated at 
 length in the section on Natural History, where it will 
 be seen that Bacon studies the lower creatures chiefly 
 with a view to their affinities with man.) 
 
 HEROES are Born in Happy Times. 
 
 " Great-hearted heroes, born in happier years. 1 ' 
 Promus, 649; from ^En. vi. 649. 
 
 Gassius : " This is my birthday, as this very day was Cassiu& 
 born." Jul. Cas. v. 1. 
 
 Cleopatra : " It is my birthday; 
 
 I had thought to have held it poor: but since my lord 
 Is Antony again, I will be Cleopatra." 
 
 Ant. CL iii. 11. 
 
140 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. HerOCS' SOHS. 
 
 K. Hen. : " Is the queen delivered ? 
 
 Say, ay, and of a boy." 
 Old L, : " Ay, ay, my liege, 
 
 And of a lovely boy: the God of heaven 
 But now and ever bless her ! 'tis a girl, 
 Promises boys hereafter ..." 
 Cran. : " This royal infant . . . now promises 
 
 Upon this land a thousand thousand blessings. 
 Which time shall bring to ripeness. She shall be ... 
 A pattern to all princes living with her . . . 
 
 . Never before 
 This happy child did I get anything," &c. 
 
 See lien. VIII. v. 1, 163169; v. 4, 1 G8. 
 
 HEROES' Sons are Banes. 
 
 " Heroes' sons are banes or plagues, being- usually 
 degenerate." Promus, 518. Latin from Erasmus' 
 Adagia, 204. 
 
 " King Harry ... is bred of that bloody strain, 
 That haunted us in our familiar paths : 
 Witness our two much memorable shame, 
 When Cressy battle fatally was struck, 
 And all our princes captiv'd by the hand 
 Of that black name, Edward, Black Prince of Wales : 
 Whiles that his mountain sire on mountain standing 
 Saw his heroical seed, and smiled to see him 
 Mangle the work of nature," &c. Hen. V. ii. 4. 
 
 (This is the converse to the text; the closer application 
 is to be seen in the behaviour of Prince Hal before his 
 father's wise admonitions, and his own good sense in 
 accepting them, had made him also a worthy and heroic- 
 king. See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 5480). 
 
 " See, sons, what things you are ! 
 How quickly nature falls into revolt," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 195-210, 223268. 
 
Honour. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 141 
 
 HONOUR and Reputation. 
 
 " The winning of honour is but the revealing of a 
 man's virtue and worth without disadvantage ; for some 
 in their actions do woo and affect honour and reputation, 
 which sort of men are commonly much talked oj\ and 
 little admired; and some contrariwise darken their virtue 
 in the show of it, so as they be undervalued in opinion. "" 
 Ess. of Honour. 
 
 " Farewell, young lords, . . . see that you come 
 Not to woo honour, but to wed it : When 
 The bravest questant shrinks, find what you seek, 
 That fame may cry you loud." All's Well ii. 1. 
 
 " Had I so lavish of my presence been, 
 So common hackneyed in the eyes of men, 
 So stale and cheap to vulgar company, 
 Opinion-that did help me to the crown 
 Had still kept loyal to possession," &c. 
 
 See 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2, 2991. 
 Cces. : " A man, who is the abstract of all faults 
 
 That all men follow." 
 Lep. : " 1 must not think there are 
 
 Evils enow to darken all his goodness," &c. 
 
 See Ant. Cl, i. 5, 133. 
 
 HONOUR The Highest Degrees of 
 
 " The true marshalling of the degrees of sovereign 
 honour are these : (1) Founders of States, or perpetual 
 Rulers *. . . (2) Legislators, or Law-givers, which 
 govern by their ordinances after they are gone. . . . 
 
 c Here Bacon gives as examples Romulus and Cjesar, names 
 which we find occultly applied to himself. There seems in this 
 Essay to be a hint of the Secret Society which he founded, and 
 whose borders and provinces were to be enlarged, on his own 
 principles or method, after his death. 
 
142 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. HoDOUF. 
 
 (3) Liberators, or Saviours, such as compound the 
 miseries of civil wars, or deliver their countries from 
 servitude of strangers or tyrants. ... (4) Propo- 
 gators, such as in honourable war enlarge their territories. 
 . . . Lastly (5) Fathers of the country, which reign 
 justly, and make the times good wherein they live."- 
 Ess. of Honour. 
 
 " King did I call thee ? No, thou art not king ; 
 Not fit to govern, and rule multitudes. . . . 
 That head of thine doth not become a crown ; 
 Thy hand is made to grasp a palmer's staff, 
 And not to grace an awful princely sceptre. . . . 
 Here is a hand to hold a sceptre up, 
 And with the same to act controlling laws. 
 Give place : by Heaven thou shalt rule no more 
 O'er him whom Heaven created for thy ruler." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. v. 1. 
 Cces. : 
 
 ". . . These couchings, and these lowly courtesies . . . 
 Might turn pre-ordinance and first decree 
 Into the law of children," &c. Jul. Cces. iii. 1. 
 
 [Ceesar is murdered. The Senators and people retire in confusion.] 
 
 Cinna : " Liberty ! Freedom ! Tyranny is dead ! 
 
 Run hence, proclaim and cry it about the streets . . . 
 Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement ! " 
 
 Brutus: "Hear me for my cause, . . . believe me for my 
 honour, and have respect to mine honour," &c. 
 
 All: " Live, Brutus ! live! live! . . . Let him be Csesar," &c. 
 
 Jul. Cces. iii. 2. 
 
 Grif.: " This Cardinal, 
 
 Though from a humble stock, undoubtedly 
 
 Was fashioned to much honour from his cradle. 
 
 . . . . In bestowing, madam, 
 
 He was most princely. Ever witness for him 
 
 Those twins of learning that he raised in you, 
 
flOpe, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 143 
 
 Ipswich and Oxford ! one of which fell with him . . . 
 
 The other, though unfinished, yet so famous, 
 
 So excellent in art, and still so rising, 
 
 That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue . . . 
 
 And to add greater honours to his age 
 
 Than man could give him, he died fearing God." 
 
 Hen. VIII. iv. 2. 
 
 HONOURS are truly Given, not by Man, but by God. 
 
 " Honours are the suffrages not of tyrants . . . but of 
 divine providence."- De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 Henry the Seventh . . . restor'd me to mine honours, now his son, 
 Henry the Eighth, life, honour, name, and all 
 That made me happy, at one stroke has taken . . . 
 Heaven has an end in all." Hen. VIII. ii. 1. 
 Nor. : " This is the Cardinal's doing, the King-Cardinal, 
 That blind priest, the eldest son of fortune, 
 Turns what he list. The king will know him some day." 
 Suf. : " Pray God he do. . . . Heaven will one day open 
 The king's eyes, that have long slept upon 
 This bold bad man." 
 Nor. : " And free us from his slavery. 
 
 We had need pray, and heartily, for our deliverance," &c. 
 
 Hen. VIII. ii. 2. 
 
 HOPE Our Happiness Rests in 
 
 " As Aristotle says, 4 That young men may be happy, 
 but only by hope,' so we, instructed by the Christian 
 faith, must . . . content ourselves with that felicity 
 which rests in hope/' De Aug. vii. 1. 
 
 '' Their travel is sweeten'd with the hope to have 
 The present benefit which I possess ; 
 And hope to joy, is little less in joy than hope enjoyed." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 3. 
 
144 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Hope. 
 
 "But shall I live in hope ? 
 All men, I hope, live so." 
 
 Rich. HI. i. 2. 
 
 " I shall do well ; 
 
 The people love me, and the sea is mine ; 
 My powers are crescent, and my auguring hope, 
 Says it will come to the full." Ant. CL ii. 1. 
 
 " But, by your leave, it never yet did hurt 
 To lay down likelihoods and forms of hope," &c. 
 
 See 2 Hen. IV. i. 3. 
 
 " God shall be my hope, 
 My stay and guide, and lantern to my feet." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. ii. 2. 
 
 " God, our hope, will succour us." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iv. 4. 
 
 " The miserable have no other medicine 
 But only hope." M. M. iii. 1. 
 
 HOPE, like Sleepy Drinks, which bring Dreams. 
 
 " The effect of hope on the mind of man is very like 
 the working of some soporific drugs, which not only 
 induce sleep, but fill it with joyous and pleasing dreams." 
 
 " Was the hope drunk 
 
 Wherein you dressed yourself ? hath it slept since, 
 And wakes it now, to look so green and pale 
 At what it did so freely ? "Macb. i. 7. 
 
 fj.Knth.: ". . . They ^ro/m'sed me eternal happiness t . . 
 (ir>f. : " I am most joyful, madam, such good dreams 
 Possess your fancy." Hen. VIII. iv. 2. 
 
 " momentary grace of mortal men ! 
 Which we more hunt for than the grace of God, 
 Who builds his hope in air of your good looks 
 Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast, 
 Ready with every nod to tumble down." 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 4. 
 
Humanity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 145 
 
 " Why then I do but dream on sovereignty, 
 Like one that stands upon a promontory, 
 And spies a far-off shore where he would tread, 
 Wishing his foot were equal with his eye . . . 
 So I do wish the crown. 
 Flattering me with impossibilities. 
 
 3 Hen. VI. iii. 3. 
 
 Mai. : " 'Tis but fortune ; all is fortune. . . . What should I 
 think on't. . . . M, 0, A, I, doth sway my life . . ." 
 
 Fab. : " What a dish of poison has she dressed him ! . . ." 
 
 Mai. : " . . . I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade 
 me, for every reason excites to this . . ." 
 
 *SYr To. : "' Why thou hast put him in such a dream, that when the 
 image of it leaves him, he must run mad." 
 
 Mar. : " Xay, but say true ; does it work upon him ? " 
 Sir To. : u Like aqua-rite* with a midwife." 
 
 Twelfth Night ii. 5. 
 
 HUMANITY Excellencies, or Tops of 
 
 " (The excellencies of man) seem to me to deserve a 
 place amongst the desiderata. Pindar, in praising Hiero, 
 says . . . that he culled the tops of all virtues; and 1 
 think it would contribute much to magnanimity and the 
 honour of humanity if a collection were made of ... 
 the tops or summits of human nature, especially from true 
 history, showing what is the ultimate and highest point 
 which nature has of itself attained, in the several gifts of 
 body and mind." T)Q Aug. iv. 1. 
 
 " How would you be 
 
 If He,, which is the top of judgment, should 
 But judge you as you are ? " M. J/. ii. 2. 
 
 " You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my 
 
 compass, 
 
 . . . They fool me to the top of my bent ! " Ham. iii. 2. 
 
 L 
 
146 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Humanity. 
 
 " 'Twere a concealment 
 
 Worse than theft, no less than a traducement 
 To hide your doings : and to silence that 
 Which, to the spire and top of praises vouched, 
 Would seem but modest." Cor. i. 9. 
 
 " Admired Miranda ! 
 Indeed the top of admiration : worth 
 What's dearest to the world. . . . You, you ! 
 So perfect and so peerless are created 
 Of every creature's best." Temp. iii. 1. 
 
 (Compare Macb. iv. 1, 89 ; 2 Hen. VI. i. 2, 4349 : 
 Ant. Cl. v. i. 43). 
 
 HUMANITY Miseries of 
 
 "For the Miseries of Humanity the lamentation of 
 them has been copiously set forth by many . . . it is an 
 argument at once sweet and wholesome." De Aug. iv. 1 . 
 
 " Alas, poor York ! but that I hate thee deadly 
 / would lament thy miserable state" 
 
 3 Hen. VI. i. 4. 
 
 Duke S. : " What said Jacques ? 
 
 Did he not moralise this spectacle ? 
 1 Lord : " yes, into a thousand similes. 
 
 First, for his weeping into the needless stream. 
 
 ' Poor deer,' quoth he, ' thou mak'st a testament 
 
 As worldlings do, giving thy sum of more 
 
 To that which hath too much.' Then, being there 
 alone, 
 
 Left and abandoned of his velvet friends ; 
 
 ' 'Tis right,' quoth he ; ' thus misery doth part 
 
 The flux of company,' " &c. 
 
 " See As You Like It ii. 1, 160. 
 
 Serv. : " I pray, sir, can you read ? " 
 
 Rom. : "Ay, mine own fortune in my misery." 
 
 Serv. : " Perhaps you have learned it without book." 
 
 Rom. Jul. i. 2. 
 
Humanity. MANNERS, MIXD, MORALS. Ii7 
 
 " the fierce wretchedness that glory brings us ! ... 
 Since riches point to misery and contempt . . . 
 Rich only to be wretched, thy great fortunes 
 Are made thy chief afflictions." Tim. Ath. iv. 1. 
 
 Apem. : " Willing misery 
 
 Outlives uncertain pomp, is crown'd before ; 
 
 The one is rilling still, never complete ; 
 
 The other, at high wish : best state contentless, 
 
 Hath a distracted and most wretched being 
 
 Worse than the worst, content. 
 
 Thou should'st desire to die, being miserable/' 
 
 Tim. : " Not by his breath there is more miserable," &c. II. 
 
 "The middle of humanity thou never knewest. . . . When 
 thou wast in thy guilt and thy perfume they mocked thee ... in 
 thy rags . . . thou art despised." Tim. Ath. iv. 3. 
 
 HUMANITY Philosophy of 
 
 " The doctrine concerning the Philosophy of Humanity 
 consists of knowledges which respect the body, and ot 
 knowledges which respect the mind!' Adct. Learning 
 iv. 1. 
 
 Cor. : " How like you this shepherd's life, Master Touchstone ? 
 
 Touch. : " Truly, shepherd, in respect of itself, it is a good life, but 
 in respect that it is a shepherd's life, it is naught. In respzct that it 
 is solitary, I like it very well, but in respect that it is private, it is a 
 very vile life (&c.). Hast any philosophy ui thee, shepherd ? " 
 
 Cor. : " No more, but that I know, the more one sickens, the worse 
 at ease he is ; and that he that wants money, means, and content, is 
 without three good friends ; that the property of rain is to wet, and 
 fire to burn ; that good pasture makes fat sheep, and that a great 
 cause of the night is lack of the sun ; that he that hath learned no 
 wit by Nature nor Art may complain of good breeding, or comes of 
 a very dull kindred." 
 
 Touch. : " Such a one is a natural philosopher.' 1 '' 
 
 As You Like It iii. 1. 
 
148 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. HumOUf. 
 
 HUMOUR, or Moisture. 
 
 " The idols imposed upon the understanding by words 
 are of two kinds. They are either the names of things 
 which have no existence, ... or which are created by 
 vicious and unskilful abstractions, intricate and deeply- 
 rooted. Take some word for instance, as moist, and let 
 us examine how far the different significations of this 
 word are consistent. It will be found that the word 
 moist is nothing but a confused sign of different actions, 
 admitted of no settled uniformity. For it means that 
 which easily diffuses itself over another body ; that 
 which is indeterminable, and cannot be brought to a 
 consistency ; that which yields easily in every direction ; 
 that which is easily divided and dispersed ; that which 
 is easily collected and united ; that which easily flows, 
 and is put in motion ; that which easily adheres to, and 
 wets another body ; that which is easily reduced to a 
 liquid state, though previously solid. When, therefore, 
 you come to predicate or impose this name, in one sense 
 flame is moist ; in another, air is not moist ; in another, 
 fine powder is moist : in another, glass is moist ; so that 
 it is quite clear that this notion is hastily abstracted from 
 water only, and common ordinary liquors, without any 
 due signification of it/' Nov. Org. (Aphorism), Ix. 
 
 (In Nare's " Glossary " Jonson's comments on the 
 word humour are quoted, and shown to be originally 
 deduced from- the sense of moisture. The use, or rather 
 the abuse, of this word in the time of Shakespeare aad 
 Jonson was excessive. What are properly called the 
 habtis or manners in real and fictitious characters, being 
 then denominated the humours.) 
 
 Xym. : " And this is true : I like not the humour of lying : He 
 
Humour. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 149 
 
 hath wronged me in some humours. I should have borne the 
 humoured letter to her, but I have a sword. . . . Adieu. I 
 love not the humour of bread and cheese ; and there's the humour 
 of it. Adieu." 
 
 Page : " The humour of it, quoth 'a ! Here's a fellow frights 
 humour out of his wits." Mer. Wives ii. 1, and II. i. 1. 
 
 "The unsettled humours of the land." 
 
 K. John ii. 1 (of discontented men). 
 
 " The inundation of distempered humour 
 Rests by you only to be qualified." 
 
 Hen. V. i. (Here " humour " is 
 an inundation of water). 
 
 " . . . Through all thy veins shall run 
 A cold and drowsy humour." 
 
 Rom. Jul. iv. 2. (Here " humour" is 
 
 used for liquid moisture). 
 " I know you all, and will awhile uphold 
 The unyok'd humour of your idleness. 
 Yet herein will I imitate the sun, 
 Who doth permit the base contagious clouds 
 To smother up his beauty from the world." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 2. (Here " humour" is vapour). 
 
 " Is it physical 
 
 To walk unbraced, and suck up the humours 
 Of the dank mornings. . . . 
 To dark the vile contagion of the night." 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 1. (Here they are infectious 
 
 or pestilent humours). 
 " I am in a holiday humour." As You Like It, iv. 1. 
 
 (Here "humour"' is disposition). 
 " Is he not jealous ? 
 
 Who ? he ? I think the sun, where he was born, 
 Drew all such humours from him." 
 
 (Here we see that the double-meaning of moisture, 
 and of disposition, is expressed. Elsewhere Bacon makes 
 the word "Humour" to stand for Fancy, Fashion, 
 Inclination, Taste, Temper, Compare "Moist.") 
 
150 XAXXERS, MIXD, MORALS. Hypocrites. 
 
 HYPOCRITES in the Church. 
 
 " Hypocrites and Impostors, in the Church and towards 
 the people, set themselves on fire, and are carried as it 
 were, out of themselves, and becoming as men inspired 
 with holy furies, they set Heaven and Earth together. 
 Bat if a man should look into their times of solitude, 
 and separate meditations, and conversations with God, 
 he would find them not only cold, and without life, but 
 full of malice and leaven ; sober towards God ; beside 
 themselves to the people." Sacred Meditations. 
 
 (See the struggle between the Cardinal Bishop of 
 Winchester and Humphrey, Duke of Gloster, the Pro- 
 tector ; these two representing Church and State, or 
 "Heaven and Earth set together/') 
 
 Glo. : " Peel'd priest, dost thou command me to be shut out ? 
 
 Win. : ' I do; thou most usurping proditor, 
 
 And not protector of the king and realm. 
 
 Glo. : " Stand back, thou manifest conspirator, . . . 
 
 I'll canvass thee in thy broad cardinal's hat . . . 
 Thy scarlet robes as a child's bearing cloth 
 I'll use, to carry thee out of this place . . ." 
 
 Win. : u Gloster, thou'll answer this before the Pope." 
 
 Glo. : " Winchester goose ! I cry a rope ! a rope ! . . . 
 Thee I'll beat hence, thou wolf in sheep's array. 
 Out ! tawny coats ! Out, scarlet hypocrite" &c. 
 
 1 Hen. VI. i. 3. 
 
 " The devil can cite Scripture for his purposes ; 
 An evil soul, producing holy witness, 
 Is like a villain with a smiling cheek, 
 A goodly apple rotten at the heart ; 
 Oh what a goodly outside falsehood hath ! " 
 
 Her. Yen. i. 3. 
 
Hypocrites. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 151 
 
 HYPOCRITES in External Devotion. 
 
 "The ostentation of hypocrites is ever confined to the 
 first table of the Law, which prescribes our duty to God, 
 . . . because works of this class have a greater pomp of 
 sanctity, and because they interfere less with their 
 desires. The way to convict a hypocrite, therefore, is to 
 send him from the works of sacrifice to the works of 
 Mercy." Sacred Meditations. 
 
 Buck.: " Ah, ha ! my lord, this Prince is not an Edward, 
 
 He is not lolling on a lewd day-bed, 
 
 But on his knees at meditation ; 
 
 Not dallying with a brace of courtesans, 
 
 But meditating with two deep divines ; 
 
 Not sleeping to engross his idle body, 
 
 But praying to enrich his watchful soul . . . 
 
 When holy and devout religious men 
 
 Are at their beads, 'tis much to draw them thence ; 
 
 So sweet is zealous contemplation." 
 
 May. : " See where his grace stands 'tween two clergymen ! " 
 Bud:. : " Two props of virtue for a Christian prince, 
 
 To stay him from the fall of vanity 
 
 And see a book of prayer in his hand, 
 
 True ornament to know a holy man. ' 
 
 Rid). III. iii. 7, 58245. 
 
 (Compare with this ostentation of piety, and the 
 "pomp of sanctity" as regards the first Table of the 
 Law, with Bichard's cruelty immediately afterwards, 
 and his mother's description of his character from boy- 
 hood upwards, Rich. III. iv. 4, 160 196, showing his 
 neglect of the Second Table, ""Works of Mercy," and 
 duty to his neighbour.) 
 
 HYPOCRITES Lose the Sense of Feeling. 
 
 " The great atheists are indeed hypocrites, which are 
 ever handling holy things, but without feeling ; so as 
 
152 
 
 MANNERS, MIND, 3IORALS. 
 
 Hypocrites. 
 
 they must needs be cauterized in the end/' Ess. of 
 Atheism. 
 
 (See the different degrees of callousness or feeling 
 "cauterized" in the speech and behaviour of the two 
 murderers of the Duke of Clarence. Both of them, it 
 must be observed, have some knowledge of holy things, 
 and a fear of judgment to come; but the 1st murderer 
 is utterly " without feeling ; " the 2nd murderer repent** 
 and rejects the fee. There is hope for him.) 
 
 2 Murd. " What, shall we stab him as he sleeps ?" 
 
 1 Murd. " Xo, he'll say 'twas done cowardly when he wakes." 
 
 2 Murd. " Why, he'll never wake till the great judgment day." 
 
 1 M^urd. " Why, then he'll say we stabbed him sleeping." 
 
 2 Murd. " The urging of that word, judgment, hath bred a kind 
 
 of remorse in me." 
 
 1 Murd. " What, art thou afraid ? " 
 
 2 Murd. " Not to kill him, having a warrant ; . . . but to be 
 
 damned for killing him, from which no warrant 
 can defend me. . . . Some certain dregs of 
 conscience are within me." 
 
 1 Murd. : " Remember our reward, when the deed's done." 
 
 2 Murd. : " Zounds ! he dies : I had forgot the reward." 
 
 1 Murd. : " Where's thy conscience now ? . . . [He murders 
 
 Clarence], How now! What mean'st thou that 
 thou helpest me not ? " 
 
 2 Murd.: " Take thou the fee. . . . For I repent me that the 
 
 Duke is slain." 
 
 1 Murd. : " So do not I. Go, coward as thou art." 
 
 Rich. III. i. 4. 
 
 Duke : " Hath he borne himself patiently in prison ? How seems 
 he touched ? " 
 
 Prov, : " A man that apprehends death no more carefully but as a 
 drunken sleep ; careless, reckless, and fearless of what is past, 
 present, or to come : insensible of mortality and desperately mortal." 
 See M. M. iv. 2 and 3 1. 4068. 
 
Hypocrite. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 153 
 
 (Note the curse of Timon, when, apostrophising the 
 Sun, emblem of God, he exclaims : 
 
 " Thou Sun that comfort'st burn ! [To the Senators.'] Speak, 
 
 and be hanged : 
 
 For every true word, a blister ; and each false 
 Be as a cauterising to the root o' the tongue, 
 Consuming it with speaking." Tim. Ath. v. 2.) 
 
 HYPOCRITES Neglect their Duty to Man. 
 
 "There are some of a deeper and more inflated 
 Hypocrisy who, deceiving themselves, and fancying 
 themselves worthy of a closer conversation with God, 
 neglect the duties of charity towards their neighbour as 
 inferior matters. By which error the life monastic, was 
 not indeed originated (for the beginning was good) but 
 carried to excess." Sacred Meditations. 
 
 Duck. : " king ! believe not this hard-hearted man : 
 Love, loving not itself, none other can . . . 
 Pleads he in earnest ? Look upon his face ; 
 His eyes do drop no tears, his prayers are in jest. 
 His words come his mouth, ours from our breast : 
 He prays but faintly, and would be denied ; 
 We pray with heart and soul, and all beside . . . 
 His prayers are full of false hypocrisy, 
 Ours of true zeal, and deep integrity," &c. 
 
 See Rich. II. v. 3, 88110. 
 
 HYPOCRITE. Seeming a SaintBeing a Sinner Devil. 
 
 " Grant though a Sinner that a Saint I seem." 
 Promus 452 (Latin from Hor. 1 ; Ep. xvi. 61). 
 
 " Apparel vice, like virtue's harbinger, 
 Bear a fair presence though your heart be tainted, 
 Teach sin the carriage of an holy saint." 
 
 Com. Err. iii. 2. 
 
154 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. 
 
 " And thus I clothe my naked villainy, . . . 
 And seem a saint when most I play the devil." 
 
 Rich. III. i. 3. 
 
 "Ah ! that deceit should steal such gentle shape ! 
 And, with a virtuous visor hide deep vice ! 
 
 Rich. III. ii. 2. 
 
 " So smooth he daub'd his vice with show of virtue, 
 That his apparent, open guilt omitted . . . 
 He lived from all attainder of suspect." 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 5. 
 
 Isab. : " This outward-sainted deputy 
 
 Whose settled visage and deliberate word 
 Xips youth i' the head, ... is yet a devil ; 
 His filth within him cast, he would appear 
 A pond as deep as hell." 
 Claud. : " The princely Angelo ? 
 
 Isab. : " 'tis the cunning livery of hell, 
 
 The damned'st body to invest and cover 
 In princely guards." J/. .)/. iii. 1. 
 
 " Villain, villain ! smiling damned villain . . . 
 One may smile, and smile, and be a villain." 
 
 Hcun. i. 5. 
 
 " 'Tis too much proved, that with devotion's visage 
 And pious action, we sugar o'er 
 The devil himself." Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 (See Lucrece 1. 85 ; Macb. i. 7, 81, 82 ; iv. 3, 2123 ; 
 Oth. ii. 3, 348. See also "Impostors.") 
 
 IGNORANCE Makes Men Mutinous, Rebellious. 
 
 "For the allegation that learning would undermine 
 the reverence due to laics and government, it is a mere 
 calumny, without shadow of truth. . . . Learning 
 makes the mind pliable to government, whereas ignor- 
 ance renders it churlish and mutinous, and it is always 
 found that the most barbarous, rude, and ignorant times 
 
Ignorance. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 155 
 
 have been most tumultuous, changeable, and seditious." 
 Advt. L.LI. 
 
 " You beastly knave, have you no reverence ? . That such 
 
 a slave as this should wear a sword ! who wears no honesty. Such 
 smiling rogues as these . . . bring oil to fire . . . renege, affirm, with 
 every gale and vary of their masters, knowing nought, like dogs, but 
 following." Lear ii. 2. 
 
 Suffolk : " Great men oft die by vile Bezonians, 
 A Roman sworder, and banditto slave. 
 Murdered sweet Tully: Brutus' bastard hand 
 Stabb'd Julius Caesar; savage islanders, 
 Pompey the Great, and Suffolk dies by pirates." 
 
 -2 Hen. VLiv.l. 
 
 Stafford : " Will you credit this base drudge's words, 
 
 That speaks, he knows not what ? " 
 All : "All marry will we; therefore get ye gone . . . 
 
 He can speak French, and therefore he is a traitor." 
 Staf. : " gross and miserable ignorance ! " 
 
 (2 Hen. VI. iv. 2; see Hen. VI. iv. 7, 
 
 1110, and Cor. v. 2, 3150. 
 
 See the earlier scene (ii. 3, 103118, 250 262, where 
 the citizens having elected Coriolanus, at the suggestion 
 or mere guidance of the Tribunes, revoke their own 
 decision. See also Jul. Cces. iii. 2, where the wavering 
 multitude equally " renege and affirm " according to the 
 humour of him who addresses them. 
 
 (Compare also Bacon's many similitudes of Light and 
 Sight to Knowledge, and of Blindness and Darkness to 
 Ignorance.) 
 
 IGNORANCE Tricks to Make It Seem Judgment. 
 
 " Certainly there are, in point of wisdom and suffi- 
 ciency that do nothing, or little very solemnly: magno 
 conatu nugas. It is a ridiculous thing, and fit for a 
 
156 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imitation. 
 
 satire to persons of judgment, to see what shifts these 
 formalists have, and what prospectives (or magnifying 
 glasses) to make superficies to seem body that hath 
 depth and bnlk." Ess. of Seeming Wise. 
 
 i ' There is no decaying Marchant, or inward beggar, 
 hath so many tricks to uphold the credit of their wealth, 
 as these emptie persons have to maintaine the credit of 
 their sufficiency." lb., Early Edition. 
 
 " There are a kind of men, whose visages 
 Do cream and mantle like a standing pond, 
 And do a wilful stillness entertain, 
 With purpose to be dressed in an opinion 
 Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit; 
 As who would say, ' I am Sir Oracle, 
 And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark.' 
 ! my Antonio, I do know of these, 
 That therefore only are reputed wise 
 For saying nothing: when, I am very sure, 
 If they could speak, would almost damn those ears, 
 Which, hearing them, would call their brothers fools.'' 
 
 Mer. Yen. i. 1. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 " As for imitation, it is certain that there is in men 
 and other creatures a predisposition to imitate. We see 
 how ready apes and monkeys are to imitate all motions 
 of man: and in the catching of dotrells, we see Jwio the 
 foolish bird play eth the ape in gestures, and no man in 
 effect doth accompany others, but he learneth, ere he is 
 aware, some gesture, or coice, or fashion of the other." - 
 Sat. Hist. 3^7. 
 
 " Report of fashions in proud Italy, 
 Whose manners still our tardy apish nation 
 Limps after in base imitation." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 1. 
 
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 157 
 
 " I cannot . . . duck with French nods and apish courtesy.'' 
 
 Rich. III. i. 3. 
 
 k ' When the blast of war blows in our ears, 
 Then imitate the action of the tiger; 
 Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood; 
 Disguise fair nature with hard-favour' d rage: 
 Then lend the eye a terrible aspect . . . 
 Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostril wide; 
 Hold hard the breath, and bend up every spirit 
 To his full height. . . . 
 Be copy now to men of grosser blood," &c. 
 
 Hen. V. iii. 2; iii. 7, 4043. 
 
 " Imitari is nothing; so doth the hound his master, the ape his 
 keeper, the tired horse his rider." L. L. L. iv. 2. 
 
 u Fools had ne'er less grace in a year 
 For wise men are grown foppish, 
 And know not how their wits to wear 
 Their manners are so apish. 1 ' 
 
 Lear i. 4. 
 
 " With ridiculous and awkward action 
 Which (slanderer) he imitation calls, 
 He pageants us. . . . 
 And in the imitation of these twain 
 . . . Many are grown infect," &c. 
 
 Tr. Cr. i. 3. 
 
 " Thou hast affected the fine strains of honour 
 To imitate the graces of the gods." 
 
 Cor. v. 3; see also 2 Hen. IV. ii. 3, 1932; 
 Twelfth Night iii. 4, 390392. 
 
 IMAGINATION is as an Agent or a Messenger to the 
 Senses. 
 
 "Imagination is an agent or nuncius in both provinces 
 (of Mind or Reason, and of Will or Affection). For 
 Senses sendeth over to Imagination before Reason have 
 judged; and Reason sendeth over to Imagination before 
 
158 MANNERS, MIND, MOKALs. Imagination. 
 
 the decree can be acted. For Imagination ever pre- 
 cedeth Voluntary Motion." Advt. L. ii. 1. 
 
 " Sweet love ! sweet lines ! sweet life ! 
 Here is her hand, the agent of her heart" 
 
 Tiro Gent. Vet: i. 3. 
 " I am settled, and bend up 
 Each corporal agent to this terrible feat." 
 
 Mad), i. 7. 
 
 "The sense of death is most in apprehension." 
 
 M. M. iii. 1. 
 
 " Let rich music's tongue unfold the imagined happiness," &c. 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii. <>. 
 
 " Is this a dagger that I see before me, 
 The handle toward my hand ? Come, let me clutch thee. 
 I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. 
 Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible 
 To feeling as to sight ? or art thou but 
 A dagger of the mind, a false creation, 
 Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain ? 
 I see thee yet in form as palpable 
 As this which now I draw. 
 Thou marshal? st me the way that I was going] 
 And such an instrument I was to use. 
 Mine eyes are made the fools o' the other senses. 
 Or else worth all the rest; I see thee still ! 
 And on thy blade a dudgeon gouts of blood, 
 Which was not so before. There's no such thing. 
 It is the bloody business which informs 
 Thus to my eyes." Much. ii. 1 ; and see Mad. v. 1 in 
 
 the next section. 
 
 IMAGINATION Deludes. 
 
 " Men are to be admonished that they do not too 
 easily give credit to the . . . force of imagination . . . 
 for there is no doubt that imagination and vehement 
 affection work greatly upon the body of the imaginant 
 
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 15 ( J 
 
 . . . men are not to mistake fact and effect.'" Nat. Hist. 
 9013. 
 
 " Such tricks hath strong imagination, 
 That if it would but apprehend some joy, 
 It comprehends some bringer of that joy; 
 Or in the night imagining some fear, 
 How easy is a bush supposed a bear I " 
 
 M. N. D.v.l. 
 
 IMAGINATION Imitates the Senses. (1) Hearing, (2) 
 Sight, (3) Smell, (4) Touch, (5j Taste. 
 
 "Those effects which are wrought by percussion of 
 the sense y and by things in fact, are produced likewise, 
 in some degree, by the imagination," Nat. Hist. 795. 
 
 " Am I a lord ? And have I such a lady . . . 
 I do not sleep ; / see, I hear, I speak ; 
 I smell sweet savours, and I feel soft things 
 Upon my life, / am a lord indezd" 
 
 See of the Tinker in Tarn. Sh. (Induction 2). 
 1. HEARING. 
 Macb. : 
 
 " I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise ? " 
 
 Lady J/. : 
 
 " I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry . . ." 
 
 See Macb. ii. 2; ii. 1, 5663. 
 Macb.: 
 
 " / heard a voice cry, ' Sleep no more ! 
 Macbeth does murder sleep . . .' 
 How is 't with me when every noise appals me ? 
 What hands are there ? Ha ! they pluclt out mine eyes. 
 Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood 
 Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather 
 The multitudinous seas incarnardine, 
 Making the green one red." Ib. ii. 2. 
 
 (See how this same delusion presently preys upon the 
 imagination of Lady Macbeth v. 1.) 
 
160 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imagination. 
 
 Mud. : " What is that noise ? " 
 
 8ey. : " It is the cry of women, my good lord." 
 
 Macb. : " The time has been, my senses would have cool'd 
 To hear a night-shriek; and my fell of hair 
 Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir, 
 As life were in 't." II. v. 5. 
 
 2. SIGHT. 
 
 " Therefore, if a man see another eat sour or acid 
 things which set the teeth on edge, this object tainteth 
 the imagination, so that he that seeth the thing done 
 hath his own teeth set on edge." Nat. Hist. 795. 
 
 " There may be in the cup 
 A spider steep'd, and one may drink, depart, 
 And yet partake no venom, for his knowledge 
 Is not infected : but if one present 
 The abhorred ingredient to his eye, make known 
 How he hath drunk, he cracks his gorge, his sides, 
 With violent hefts/' Winter's Tale ii. 1. 
 
 (This passage may be compared with the Promus Note 
 ( .7n, " That the eye seeth not, the heart rueth not," and 
 with Macb. iii. 2, 45, Oth. iii. 3, 337340, 344 348, and 
 other places to the same effect.) 
 
 The setting on edge of the teeth, by the sight of some- 
 thing sour, seems to be alluded to in the unfavourable 
 description of Marcius : - 
 
 " The tartness of his face sours ripe grapes." 
 
 Cor. v. 4. 
 
 And similarly in the sparring between Petruchio and 
 Kate the shrew : 
 
 Pet. : " Nay, come, Kate, come; you must not look so sour." 
 Kuth. : " It is my fashion when I see a crab (apple)." 
 Pet. : " Why, here's no crab, and therefore look not sour." 
 
 Tarn. Sh. ii. 1. 
 
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 161 
 
 Hotspur declares that the hearing of "mincing 
 poetry " set his teeth on edge (1 Hen. IV. I iii. 1, 
 127133.) 
 
 " J/y strong imagination sees a crown 
 Dropping upon my head." 
 
 Temp. ii. 1. 
 
 " So if a man see another turn swiftly and long, or if 
 he look upon wheels that turn, himself waxeth turn-sick. 
 So if a man be upon an high place without rails or good 
 hold, except he be used to it, he is ready to fall ; for, 
 imagining a fall, it putteth his spirits into the very action 
 of a fall." Nat. Hist. 795. 
 
 " For his dreams, I wonder he's so simple 
 To trust the mockery of unquiet slumbers . . . 
 It is a reeling world indeed, my lord," &c. 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 3. 
 
 " And wherefore should these good news make me sick ? 
 . . . My sight fails, and my mind is giddy. 
 If he be sick with joy, he will recover without physic." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4. 
 " How fearful 
 
 And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low ! . . . 
 . . . I'll look no more, 
 Lest my brain turn, and the deficient light 
 Topple down headlong" &c. 
 
 Lear iv. 6. 
 
 Note (1. 1 80) how Edgar manages to work upon 
 Lear's imagination, making him believe that he has been 
 precipitated down a cliff. 
 
 " As full of peril and adventurous spirit 
 As to o'erwalk a current, roaring loud, 
 On the unsteadfast footing of a spear." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 3. 
 " I am giddy, expectation whirls me round." 
 
 Tr. Cr. iii. 2. 
 M 
 
162 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imagination. 
 
 " There may be in a cup 
 A spider steeped, and one may drink, depart. 
 And yet partake no venom, for his knowledge 
 Is not infected, : but if one present 
 The abhorred ingredient to his eye make known 
 How he hath drunk, he cracks his gorge, his sides, 
 With violent hefts." Winter's Tale ii. 1. 
 
 3. SMELL. 
 
 Pistol, wishing to express his dislike and loathing to 
 the Welsh Fluellen, says that the mere smell of the leek 
 makes him ill (through his imagination). 
 
 " Hence, I am qualmish at the smell of leek." 
 
 Hen. V.i.l. 
 
 Banquo, endorsing Duncan's opinion that the air at 
 Macbeth's castle, " recommends itself unto our gentle 
 senses," adds that 
 
 " The heaven's breath smells wooingly here." 
 
 J/ac&. i. 6. 
 
 He imagines " the temple-haunting martlet," or " wooing 
 his mate to his loved mansionry," 
 
 Angelo threatens Isabel that, should she venture to 
 accuse him to the world, his unsoiled name and position 
 will overweigh her statements, and 
 
 " You will stifle in your own report, and smell of calumny" 
 
 M. M. ii. 4. 
 
 Anthony, when Julius CaBsar is murdered, imagines 
 the havoc which will ensue, and 
 
 " That this foul deed shall smell above the earth 
 With carrion men groaning for burial." 
 
 Jul. Cces. iii. 1. 
 
 Similarly the wicked king, beginning to realise his 
 own villainy and danger, exclaims: 
 
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 163 
 
 ' ! my oft'ence is rank, it smells to Heaven." 
 
 Ham. iii. 3. 
 
 Hainlet, taking the skull of Yorick in his hands, recalls 
 all that he had been in former days: 
 
 " A fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hath borne 
 me on his back a thousand times: and now, how abhorred my imagi- 
 nation is ! my gorge rises at it. . . . Dost thou think Alexander 
 look'd o' this fashion i' the earth ? . . . And smelt so ? pah ! 
 [Puts down the skull.'] . . , Why may not imagination trace 
 the noble dust of Alexander, till he find it stopping a bung-hole ? " 
 Ham. v. 1. 
 
 And see how the diseased imagination of poor Lear 
 makes him think of bad smells which do not exist. 
 
 " Beneath is all the fiends : there's hell, there's darkness, there's 
 the sulphurous pit burning, scalding, stench and consumption : Jie, 
 Jie, fie / pah, pah / Give me an ounce of civet, good apothecary, to 
 sweeten my imagination . . . that hand ! . . . Let me wipe it 
 first, it smells of mortality. 1 '' Lear iv. 6. 
 
 And Lady Macbeth, walking and talking in troubled 
 sleep, again imagining a loathsome smell as typical of 
 her great crime : 
 
 " Here's the smell of the blood still : all the perfumes of Arabia 
 will not sweeten this little hand." Macb. v. 1. 
 
 4. TASTE. 
 
 " ! who can . . . cloy the edge of appetite 
 By bare imagination of a feast ? 
 Or wallow naked in December snow 
 By thinking on fantastic Summer's heat ? " 
 
 Rich. II. i. 3. 
 
 " You are sick of self-love, Malvolio, and taste with a distempered 
 appetite." Twelfth Night i. 5. 
 
 Troilus : " . . . The imaginary relish is so sweet 
 
 That it enchants my sense." Tr. Cr. iii. 2. 
 
164 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imagination. 
 
 5. TOUCH. 
 
 " Meeting two such wealsmen as you are (I cannot call you 
 Lycurguses), if the drink you give me touch my palate adversely, I 
 make a crooked face at it. I can't say your worships have delivered 
 the matter well," &c. Cor. ii. 1. 
 
 " Caesar, thy thoughts touch their effects in this.'' 
 
 Ant. Cl. v. 2. 
 
 " I am senseless of your wrath : a touch more rare 
 Subdues all pangs, all fears." Cyinb. i. 2. 
 
 " Doubting things go ill often hurts more (in imagination) 
 Than to be sure they do"Cymb. i. 7. 
 
 " This tempest will not give me leave to ponder 
 On things would (in imagination) hurt me more." 
 
 Lear Hi. 4, 
 
 (Figures of minds wounded, hurt, struck and variously 
 injured, or soothed through the touch, are so numerous, 
 that it is not worth while inserting more instances in 
 this place. They will recur amongst the Metaphors.) 
 
 IMAGINATION Produces Eloquence, Rhetoric. 
 
 "In all persuasions that are wrought by eloquence, 
 and other impressions of like nature, which do paint and 
 disguise the true appearance of things, the chief recom- 
 mendation unto Reason is from the Imagination" Advt. 
 Learning ii. 
 
 " You would have thought the very windows spake, 
 . . . that all the walls 
 With painted imagery had said at once, 
 Jesu preserve thee ! Welcome, Bolingbroke." 
 
 Rich. II. v. 2. 
 
 " My beauty . . . needs not the painted flourish of your praise. 
 Beauty is bought by judgment of the eye." 
 
 L. L. L. ii. 1. 
 
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 165 
 
 " Minding true things by what their mockeries be." 
 
 Hen. V. iii. 7. 
 
 " "Fie painted rhetoric ! " L. L. L. iv. 3. 
 
 IMAGINATION (in Affection and Envy) Infects. 
 
 " When an envious or amorous aspect doth infect the 
 spirits of another, there is joined both affection and 
 imagination." Nat. Hist. x. 909. 
 
 " Take thou some new infection to thine eye, 
 And the rank poison of the old will die . . . 
 At this same ancient feast of Capulet's 
 Sups the fair Rosaline, whom thou so lov'st . . . 
 Go thither, and with unattainted eye, 
 Compare her face with some that I shall show," &c. 
 
 Rom. Jul. i. 2. 
 
 (See to be " infected with delights." K. John iv. 3.) 
 
 " The will dotes, that is inclinable 
 To what infectiously itself affects 
 Without some image of the affected merit." 
 
 Tr. Cr. ii. 2 ; Temp. iii. 1, 31, 32, &c. 
 
 In the following, Affection, mingled with suspicion 
 and jealousy, infect the brains of Leontes, the ear of 
 Posthumous : 
 
 " Affection ! thy intention stabs the centre ; 
 Thou dost make possible things not so held. 
 Communicat'st with dreams ; how can this be ? 
 
 I find it 
 
 To the infection of my brains, 
 And hardening of my brows." 
 
 Wint. Tale i. 2 ; and M. Ado ii. 3, 109122. 
 
 " master ! What a strange infection 
 Is fallen into thine ear ! What false Italian 
 (As poisonous-tongued as handed) hath prevailed 
 On thy too ready hearing." 
 
 Cymb. iii. 2 ; and see Tr. Cr. 3, 146190. 
 
166 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imitation. 
 
 IMAGINATION Poetry. 
 
 "Poesy is a part of learning in measure of words, for 
 the most part restrained, but in all other points extremely 
 licensed, and doth truly refer to the Imagination, which, 
 not being tied to the laws of matter, may at pleasure join 
 that which Nature hath severed, and sever that which 
 Nature hath joined, and so make unlawful matches and 
 divorces of things. Poets and Painters have always been 
 allowed to take what liberties they would." Advt. 
 Learning ii. 
 
 " The poet' a eye in a fine frenzy rolling 
 Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven ; 
 And as imagination bodies forth 
 The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen 
 Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing 
 A local habitation and a name." J/. N. D v. 1. 
 
 IMITATION. Example. (Q.V.) 
 
 " In the discharge of thy place, set before thee the 
 best examples ; for imitation is a globe of precepts." 
 Ess. of Great Place. 
 
 " Herein will I imitate the sun," &c. 
 
 See 1 Hen. IV. \. 2, 199221. 
 
 " I will imitate the honourable Romans in brevity." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2 (let.). 
 
 " When the blast of -war blows in our ears, 
 Then imitate the action of the tiger ; 
 Stiffen the sinews, summon-up the blood, 
 Disguise fair Nature with hard favoured rage ; 
 Then lend the eye a terrible aspect," &c. 
 
 See Hen. V.'m.l. 
 
 " (Patroclus), with ridiculous and slanderous action. 
 Which, slanderer, he imitation calls, 
 He pageants us. Sometime great Agamemnon." 
 
Imposture.. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 167 
 
 IMPOSTURE in Pedantry. 
 
 " Avoid profane novelties of terms, and oppositions of 
 science falsely so-called. Avoid fond and idle fables. 
 Let no man deceive you with high speech. There are 
 three kinds of speech, and, as it were, styles of 
 imposture : (1) The first kind is of those who, as soon 
 as they get any subject matter, straightway make an 
 art of it, fit it with technical terms, reduce all into 
 distinctions, thence produce positions and assertions, and 
 frame oppositions hy questions and answers. Hence the 
 rubbish and pother of the schoolmen. (2) The second 
 kind is of those who through vanity of wit, imagine and 
 invent all variety of stories for the moulding of men's 
 minds : whence the lives of the Fathers, and innumerable 
 figments of the ancient heretics. (3) The third kind is 
 of those who fill everything with mysteries, and high- 
 sounding phrases, allegories, and allusions. , . . Of 
 these kinds, the first catches and entangles man's sense 
 and understanding, the second allures, the third 
 astonishes : all seduce it." Sacred Meditations. 
 
 Loves Labour s Lost seems to be contrived with a 
 special view to showing-up and ridiculing " the novelties 
 of terms," which Bacon elsewhere condemns as diseases 
 of learning. 
 
 King : " Our Court, you know, is haunted 
 
 With a refined traveller of Spain ; 
 A man in all the world's new fashion planted, 
 
 That hath a mint of phrases in his brain ; 
 One whom the music of his own vain tongue 
 
 Doth ravish like enchanting harmony ; 
 A man of complements, whom right and wrong 
 
 Have choose as umpire of their mutiny . . . 
 Armado is a most illustrious wight, 
 
168 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imposture. 
 
 A man of fire-new words, fashion's own knight." 
 
 L. L. L. i. 1, 160177 ; Costard i. 197210. 
 Armado's Letter i. 216 271 ; iii. 1 ; iv. 1, Letter ; and v. 1, and 
 passim. 
 
 The "high speech," which imposes upon men's 
 credulity by the use of Latin and technical terms, is 
 illustrated in the utterances of Holofernes, Sir Nathaniel, 
 and Dull. The reader should carefully consider L. L. L. 
 iv. 2, v. 1 (the passages are too many and too long for 
 insertion). It will be seen that Holofernes, whilst 
 censuring the discourse of Armado as "too picked, too 
 spruce, too affected, too odd, too peregrinate/' repeats 
 and exaggerates his defects, introducing superfluous 
 words in Latin, French, and Italian, and some of the 
 high-sounding phrases and allusions which are intended 
 to astonish and seduce man's understanding. 
 
 Biron, who seems to confess that his own style is full 
 of the " vanity of wit " which Bacon condemns, declares 
 at last : 
 
 Biron : " ! never will I trust to speeches penn'd, 
 
 Nor to the motion of a school boy's tongue . . . 
 Taffeta phrases, silken words precise, 
 Three-piled hyperboles, spruce affectation, 
 Figures pedantical," &c. 
 
 See L. L. L. v. 2, 400-418. 
 
 In the words, " Bear with me, I am sick" we are 
 again reminded of Bacon's saying that these affectations 
 in speech and writing are diseases of learning. Bacon's 
 injunction to avoid profane novelties of terms seems to 
 be alluded to in Biron's comments upon Longaville, and 
 Dumaine's extravagant praises of their ladies : 
 
 Bir. : " This is the liver vein which makes flesh a deity ; 
 A green goose, a goddess : pure, pure idolatry. 
 
Industry. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 169 
 
 God amend us ! God amend ! We are much out 
 
 of the way." 
 
 Dum. : " most divine Kate ! " 
 Bir. : " most profane coxcomb / " &c. L. L. L. iv. 3. 
 
 INCONSTANCY. (See Constancy). 
 
 " If inconstancy of mind be added to the inconstancy 
 of fortune, in what darkness do we live ? " De Aug. vi. 
 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " A soldier firm and sound of heart . . . 
 By cruel fate, and Fortune's furious wheel (is in danger), 
 She is turning, inconstant, and mutability," &c. 
 
 Hen. V. iii. 6. 
 
 " One foot in sea, and one on shore, 
 To one thing constant never." 
 
 M. Ado ii. 3. 
 
 " It is the lesser blot . . . women to change, than men their 
 
 minds. 
 
 Than men their minds / 'tis true. Heaven ! were man 
 But constant, he were perfect . . . 
 Inconstancy falls off ere it begins." Two Gent. Ver. v. 4. 
 
 INDUSTRY Achieves. 
 
 " The things obtained by your own industry are 
 generally achieved by labour and exertion." De Aug. vi. 
 
 " Experience is by industry achieved, 
 And perfected by the swift course of time." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. i. 3. 
 
 INDUSTRY Fruits Purchased by 
 
 "The purchases of our own industry are commonly 
 joined with labour and strife, which gives an edge and 
 appetite, and makes the fruition of our desire more 
 pleasant. Meat taken in hunting is sweet" Colours of 
 
170 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ingratitude. 
 
 Good and Evil ix. See Advt. Learning ii.; Sped., 
 iii. 435. 
 
 " The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue." 
 
 Oth. ii. 3. 
 
 " Why all delights are vain : but that most vain, 
 Which, with pain purchased, doth inherit pain," &c. 
 
 See L. L. L. i. 1. 
 
 INGRATITUDE. 
 
 "The crime of Ingratitude is not restrained by 
 punishments, but given over to the Furies. 
 
 " The bonds of benefits are stricter than the bonds of 
 duties ; wherefore he that is ungrateful is unjust, and 
 every way bad. 
 
 " This is the condition of humanity : no man is born 
 in so public a fortune but he must obey the private 
 calls both of gratitude and revenge." De Aug. vi. 3 
 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend, 
 More hideous, when thou show'st thee in a child, 
 Than the sea monster. . . Detested kite ! " &c. 
 
 See Lear i.-5, 263293. 
 
 In this passage it will be seen that Lear appeals, not 
 to the Furies, but to Nature, to punish the crime of 
 Ingratitude in his cruel daughter. There seems, how- 
 ever, to be a mental glance at the Furies and their 
 agents in the wish expressed that Goneril may be made 
 to feel " How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is, to have 
 a thankless child ! " The same thought seems to under- 
 lie the superficial meaning of the words in the well- 
 known song in As You Like It. In each verse we find 
 ingratitude compared to the tooth or the sting of a 
 serpent. Note Bacon's familiar word benefit. 
 
Innocence. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 171 
 
 " Blow, blow, thou winter wind, 
 Thou art not so unkind 
 
 As man's ingratitude, 
 'ihy tooth is not so keen, 
 Because thou art not seen, 
 
 Although thy breath be rude . . . 
 Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky, 
 Thou dost not lite so nigh 
 
 As benefits forgot 
 Thou, thou the waters warp, 
 Thy sting is not so sharp 
 
 As friend remembered not." 
 
 As You Like It ii. 7. 
 (Compare Ant. Cl. ii. 6, and Tim. Ath. v. 1 6271.) 
 
 INNOCENCE is Bold and Cheerful. 
 
 "The being conscious that a man is clear, and free 
 from fault, affords great consolation in calamity. . . . 
 The calamities of worthy persons are lightened and 
 tempered by the consciousness of innocence and merit." 
 De Aug. vi. 2 (Sophisms). 
 
 " Innocence parle avecjoie sa defence." Promus 1562. 
 
 " The trust I have is in mine innocence, 
 And therefore am I bold and resolute." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iv. 4. 
 
 " Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful." 
 
 M. M. iii. 1. 
 
 " Innocence shall make false accusation blush." 
 
 Winters Tale iii. 1. 
 
 See Oth. iii. 3, 39 41, and many other places, where 
 guilt is shown by reluctance of the guilty person to 
 speak or to be observed. 
 
172 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. JestS. 
 
 INNOVATION Compared to Birth. 
 
 " As the births of all living creatures at first are ill- 
 shapen, so are all Innovations, which are the births of 
 time." Ess. of Innovation. 
 
 In Love's Labour's Lost, broad hints are given of the 
 New Philosophy, the Revival of Learning, the " New 
 Birth of Time " which it was Bacon's aim to accomplish. 
 The great Innovations on the old systems of instruction 
 are aided, and abetted by the king, and partly in jest 
 derided and discouraged by Biron. It is beyond the 
 scope of this little book to point out the many allusioc s 
 to the point; for the most part, they will be inserted in 
 future parts on Similes and Metaphors. But we see 
 that the Innovations are compared by both the king and 
 Biron to births, or new-born children. 
 
 King : " Biron is like an envious sneaping frost 
 
 That bites the first-born infants of the spring." 
 Biron : " Well, say I am, why should proud summer boast 
 Before the birds have any cause to sing ? 
 Why should I joy in an abortive birth ? " &c. 
 
 L. L. L. i. 1. 
 
 JESTS Commended. 
 
 " A jest is the orator's altar.* He that throws into 
 everything a dash of modest pleasantry keeps his mind 
 the more at liberty." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 35). 
 
 " Let me play the fool: 
 
 With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come . . . 
 Why should a man whose blood is warm within 
 Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster," &c. 
 
 Mer. Ven. i. 1. 
 
 * Compare Twelfth Night v. 1, 110-115 of altars on which speeches were faith- 
 fully offered. 
 
JeStS, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 173 
 
 D. Pedro : " In faith, lady, you have a merry heart." 
 Beat. : " Yea, my lord; I thank it, poor fool, it keeps on the windy 
 side of care . . . pardon me; I was born to speak all mirth, and no 
 matter." 
 
 D. Pedro : " Your silence most offends me, and to be merry best 
 becomes you. ... By my troth, a pleasant spirit lady." 
 M. Ado ii. 1. 
 
 " A merrier man 
 
 Within the limit of becoming mirth, 
 I never spent an hour's talk withal. 
 His eye begets occasion for his wit; 
 For every object that the one doth catch 
 The other turns to a mirth-moving jest. 
 Which his fair tongue conceit's expositor 
 Delivers in such apt and gracious words, 
 That aged ears play truant at his tales 
 And younger hearings are quite ravished, 
 So sweet and voluble is his discourse." 
 
 L. L.L. ii. 1. 
 
 JESTS Considered. 
 
 " Consider jests when the laugh is over." De Aug. vi. 
 (Antitheta, 35). 
 
 " Heaven give you many, many merry days. 
 Good husband, let us every one go home, 
 And laugh this sport o'er by a country fire" &c. 
 
 Her. Wives v. 5. 
 
 lago : " He when he hears of her cannot refrain 
 
 From the excess of laughter . . . 
 
 She gives out that you will marry her: 
 
 Do you intend it ? " 
 
 Cas. : " Ha, ha, ha ! ... I marry her ... ha, ha, ha ! . . ." 
 Oth. : " So, so, so, they laugh that win" Oth. iv. 1. 
 
 "Follow me this jest now till thou hast worn out thy pump; that 
 when the single sole of it is worn, the jest may remain." Rom. Jul. 
 ii. 4, and ii. 2, 1. 
 
 " Laughest thou, wretch ? Thy mirth shall turn to moan." 
 1 Hen. VI. i. 3; see Tit. And. v. 2, 175; Ant. Cl. iii. 11, 178184. 
 
174 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. JeStS. 
 
 JEST in Earnest. 
 
 " What prevents me from speaking truth with a laugh- 
 ing face ? " Promus (Latin, Hor. Sat. i. 24). 
 
 "It is good to mingle jest with earnest." Ess. of 
 Discourse. 
 
 " Humour in conversation preserves freedom. . . . 
 It is highly politic to pass smoothly from jest to earnest 
 and vice versa" Advt. Learning (Anthitheta). 
 
 " A jest is many times the vehicle of a truth which 
 could not otherwise have been brought in." De Aug. vi. 
 
 " 0, it is much that a lie with a slight oath, and a jest with a sad 
 brow, will do with a fellow." 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2, and 1 Hen. IV. i. 2, 
 162 (Poins). 
 
 " His words . . . do no more adhere together than the Hundredth 
 Psalm and the tune of ' Green Sleeves.'" Merry Wives ii. 1. 
 
 " They do but jest, poison in jest." 
 
 Ham. iii. 2. 
 
 "Jesters do often prove prophets." 
 
 Lear v. 3. 
 
 " That high All-seer that I dallied with 
 Hath turn'd my feigned prayer on my head, 
 And given in earnest what 1 asked in jest." 
 
 Rich. III. v. 1. 
 
 Ant. S. : " Yea, dost thou jeer, and flout me in the teeth ? 
 
 Think'st thou I jest ? Take that, and that, and that." 
 
 [Beating him.] 
 
 Dro. S.: " Hold, sir, for God's sake ! Now your jest is earnest." 
 
 Com. Err. ii. 2, 7. 
 
 JESTS are not to be Mere Mockery. 
 
 " Who does not despise these hunters after deformi- 
 ties? . . . It is a dishonest trick to wash away with a 
 
JeStS. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 175 
 
 jest the real importance of things." De Aug. vi. (Anti- 
 theta, 35). 
 
 " What curious eye doth note deformities ? " 
 
 Rom. Jul. i. 4. 
 
 " You must not think to fob off our disgraces with a tale." 
 
 Cor. i. 1. 
 
 " We are descried, . . . Let us confess, and turn it to a jest." 
 
 L. L. L. v. 2; see M. Ado iii. 1, 49- 80. 
 
 And the comment upon Beatrice and her perpetual 
 mocking jests : 
 
 " Sure, sure, such carping is not commendable." 
 
 JESTS in Serious Matters should have no Weight. 
 
 " Where a jest has any weight in serious matters, it is 
 a childish levity" De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 35). 
 
 " It much repairs me 
 
 To talk of your good father. In his youth 
 He had the wit, which I can well observe 
 To-day in our young lords; but they may jest 
 Till their own scorn return to them unnoted, 
 Ere they can hide their levity in honour," &c. 
 
 AWs Well i. 2. 
 
 All solemn things 
 
 Should answer solemn accidents ? The matter ? 
 Triumphs for nothing, and lamenting toys 
 Is jollity for apes, and grief for boys." 
 
 Cymb. iv. 2. 
 
 " How ill white hairs become a fool and a jester / . . . Reply 
 not to me with a fool-born jest." 2 Hen. IV. v. 5; John iv. 3, 51 
 55; and see L. L. L. v. 2, 830861. 
 
 JESTS should be in Moderation, and not on Serious Subjects. 
 
 k 'It is good ... to have a moderation in all our 
 speeches, especially in jesting, of religion, state, great 
 
176 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Joy. 
 
 persons, weighty and important business, poverty, or 
 anything deserving pity." Notes of Civil Conversation. 
 
 " (I) almost broke my heart with extreme laughter, 
 I pryed me through the crevice of a wall, 
 When for his hand he had his two sons' heads, 
 Beheld his tears, and laughed so heartily 
 That both mine eyes were rainy like to his," &c. 
 
 Tit. And. v. 1. 
 
 Biron : "To hear or forbear laughing ? " 
 
 Long: "To hear meekly, sir, and to laugh moderately, or to 
 forbear both. 
 
 Biron: " Well, sir, be it as the style shall give us cause to climb 
 in the merriness." L. L. L. i. 1. 
 
 " His jest shall savour but of shallow wit 
 When thousands weep, more than did laugh at it." 
 
 Hen. V. i. 2. 
 
 " The man doth fear God, howsoever it seems not in him by some 
 large jests he will make." M. Ado ii. 3. 
 
 JESTS on the Surface. 
 
 " These wits hardly penetrate below the surface where 
 jests ever lie." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 35). 
 
 " His jest will savour but of shallow wit, 
 When thousands weep more than did laugh at it." 
 
 Hen. V. i. 2. 
 
 " A gibing spirit 
 
 Whose influence is begot of that loose grace 
 Which shallow, laughing hearers give to fools. 
 A jest's prosperity lies in the ear 
 Of him that hears it, never in the tongue 
 Of him that makes it." i. L. L. v. 2. 
 
 JOY too Great. 
 
 " Great joys attenuate and diffuse the spirits, and 
 shorten life. . . . Joy suppressed and sparingly 
 
Joy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 177 
 
 communicated comforts the spirits more than joy 
 indulged and published." Hist. Life and Death i. 
 8082. 
 
 King : 
 
 " And wherefore should these good news make me sick ? . . . 
 I should rejoice now at this happy news; 
 And now my sight fails, and my brain is giddy, 
 me ! come near me, now I am much ill . . ." 
 P. Humph. : 
 
 li This apoplexy sure will be his end." 
 
 See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 94146. 
 
 JOY Sorrow. 
 
 "Sensual impressions of joys are bad; ruminations of 
 joys in the memory, or apprehensions of them in hope or 
 imagination, are good.'"' Hist. Life and Death i. 81. 
 
 " Hope to joy is little less in joy than hope enjoyed." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 3. 
 
 Queen : " What sport shall we devise ... to drive away the 
 heavy thought of care ? . . ." 
 
 1 Lady : " Madam, well tell tales." 
 
 Queen: u Of sorrow, or of joy ? ... Of neither, girl ; 
 For if of joy, being altogether wanting, 
 It doth remember me the more of sorrow; 
 Or if of grief, being altogether had, 
 It adds more sorrow to my want of joy; 
 For what I want I need not to repeat." 
 
 Rich. II. iii. 4. 
 
 Lv. 1,4050, 86, and Oth. i. o,203 210. 
 Compare these with Promus Note 967, " Make not two 
 sorrows of one " and the following: 
 
 " Do not receive affliction at repetition, I beseech you." 
 
 Winter's Tale iii. 2. 
 
178 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. JllStiCC, 
 
 JUDGMENT Acts in the Same Way as the Senses. 
 
 " In all inductions, whether in good or vicious, the same 
 action of the mind which inventeth, judgeth; all one as in 
 the sense; but . . the invention of means is one thing, 
 and the judgment of the consequence is another: the one 
 exciting only, the other examining/' Advt. L. ii. 1 and 
 De Aug. v. 4. 
 
 " Things base and vile, holding no quantity, 
 Love can transpose to form and dignity, 
 Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, 
 And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. 
 Nor hath Love's mind of and judgment taste, 
 Wings and no eyes, figure unheedy haste." 
 
 M. N. D. i. 1. 
 
 " Beauty is bought by judgment of the eye." 
 
 L.L.L.ii.l. 
 
 11 Had your bodies 
 
 No heart among you ? Or had you tongues 
 To cry out against the rectorship of judgment" 
 
 Cor. ii. 3. 
 
 JUSTICE Makes Man a God, not a Beast of Prey. 
 
 " It is owing to Justice that man is a god to man. and 
 not a wolf." De Aug. vi. 
 
 " Wilt thou draw near the nature of the gods? 
 Draw near them, then, in being merciful." 
 
 Tit. And. i. 2. 
 
 " be thou damn'd, inexorable dog, 
 And for thy life let Justice be accus'd. 
 . . . . Thy currish S2)irit 
 
 Governed a wolf . . . and in thy unhallow'd dam, 
 Infused itself in thee ; for thy desires 
 Are wolfish, bloody, starved, and ravenous" 
 
 Mer. Yen. iv. 1; iii. 3, 420. See 1 Hen. VI. i. 
 3, 55, 56; 3 Hen. VI. v. 4, 76-82. 
 
Justice. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 179 
 
 JUSTICE cannot Extirpate Vice. 
 
 " Justice, though it cannot extirpate vices, yet prevents 
 them from doing hurt."- De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 22). 
 
 Lucio : " Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence; he puts trans- 
 gression to 't . . ." 
 
 Duke : " It is too general a vice, and severity must cure it." 
 Lucio: "Yes, in sooth, the vice is of great kindred; it is well 
 allied; but it is impossible to extirp it quite. M. M. iii. 2. 
 
 "All must be even in our government. 
 You thus employed I will go root away 
 The noisome weeds that without profit suck 
 The soil's fertility from wholesome flowers." 
 
 Rich. II. iii. 3. 
 
 JUSTICE-Mercy. (See Mercy.) 
 
 " If to be just be not to do that to another which you 
 would have another do to you, then is mercy justice/' 
 De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 20). 
 
 " Justice but murders, pardoning those that kill." 
 
 Rom. Jul. iii. 1. 
 Angelo : " Answer to this, 
 
 I, now the voice of the recorded law 
 Pronounce a sentence on your brother's life: 
 Might there not be a charity in sin 
 To save this brother's life ? " 
 
 Isabel : " Please you to do 't, 
 
 I'll lake it as a peril to my soul : 
 It is no sin at all, but charity," &c. 
 
 See M. M. ii. 4, 60110. 
 
 " I must be cruel, only to be kind." 
 
 Ham. iii. 4. 
 
 (See Jul. CCBS. iii. 1, 101105, 165172, and see 
 Brutus's speech, Jul. Cces. ii. 12 41.) 
 
180 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Knowledge. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 " The knowledge of man is as the waters, some 
 descending from above, and some springing from 
 beneath; the one informed by the light of nature, the 
 other inspired by Divine revelation. The light of nature 
 consisteth in the notions of the rnind and the reports of 
 the senses for as for knowledge which man receiveth by 
 teaching, it is cumulative, and not original ; as in a water 
 which, besides his own spring-head, is fed with other 
 springs and streams. So then, according to these two 
 differing illuminations, or originals, knowledge is first of 
 all divided into Divinity and Philosophy." Advancement 
 of Learning ii. 
 
 " Light seeking light, doth light of light beguile, 
 So, ere you find where light in darkness lies, 
 Your light grows dark by losing of your eyes . . . 
 Study is like the heaven's glorious sun, 
 That will not be deep-search'd with saucy looks, 
 Small have continual plodders ever won, 
 Save base authority from others' books, 
 These earthly godfathers of heavenly light, 
 And give a name to every fixed star, 
 Have no more profit of their shining nights 
 Than those that walk, and wot not what they are. 
 Too much to know is to know nought but fame, 
 And every godfather can give a name." 
 
 L. L. L. i. 1. 
 " Nature cannot choose his origin" 
 
 Ham. i. 4. 
 "Enkindle all the sparks of nature." 
 
 Lear iii. 7. 
 
 " In Nature's infinite book of secrecy 
 A little I have read." Ant. Cl. i. 2. 
 
 " Better, surely it is better, that we should know all 
 that we need to /^0z#, and think our knowledge imperfect, 
 
Knowledge. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 181 
 
 than that we should think our knowledge perfect, and 
 yet not knowing everything that we need to know." 
 Nov. Org. i. 126. 
 
 " What is the end of study ? Let me know. 
 Why, that to know which else we should not Jcnoiv. 
 Things hid and barr'd, you mean, from common sense . . . 
 If study's gain be thus, and this be so, 
 Study knows that, which yet it doth not know." 
 
 See L. L. L. i. 1. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE of Causes. (See Causes.) 
 
 " It is a correct position that True Knowledge is 
 Knowledge by Causes." Nov. Org. ii. 2. 
 
 " All Knowledge doth much depend upon the Know- 
 ledge of Causes." Advice to Rutland (Let. and Life 
 Sped. ii. 14). 
 
 Pol. :"...! have found 
 
 The very cause of Hamlet's lunacy . . . 
 I will be brief. Your noble son is mad . . . 
 Mad let us grant him then ; and now remains 
 That wefind out the cause of this effect, 
 Or rather say, the cause of this defect, 
 For this effect defective comes by cause." 
 
 Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 (The latter words are almost repeated in Bohn's trans- 
 lation of the Second Book of the Nov. Org., but in 
 Spedding's Edition of the "Works the conjunction and 
 repetition of the words cause, effect, and defect is 
 avoided, and the resemblance obscured by the use of 
 more high-sounding words efficient, material, discovery, 
 operation, &c.) 
 
 Lear : " First let me talk with this philosopher. 
 What is the cause of thunder ? " 
 
 Lear iii. 4. 
 
182 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Knowledge. 
 
 Oth. : u It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul; 
 
 Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars, 
 It is the cause ! "Oth. v. 2. 
 
 (There are in Shakespeare nearly 350 references to 
 causes, and of the knowledge of causes.) 
 
 " Miracles are ceased, 
 Therefore we must needs admit the means 
 How things are perfected." Hen. F. i. 1. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE, Contemplative, for and against it. 
 
 " How good a thing to have the motion of the mind 
 concentric with the universe ! Contemplation is a 
 specious idleness. What prospect so sweet as to look 
 down upon the errors of other men?" De Aug. vi. 3 
 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Navarre shall be the wonder of the world: 
 Our court shall be a little academe, 
 Still and contemplative in living art." 
 
 -L. L. L. i. 1. 
 
 Jaq. : " It is a melancholy of my own, compounded of many 
 simples, extracted from many objects, and indeed the sundry 
 contemplation of my travels: which by often rumination wraps me 
 in a most humorous sadness." 
 
 Ros. : "A traveller! . . . You have great reason to be sad; I 
 fear you have sold your own lands to see other men's . . ." 
 
 Jaq. : "Yes, I have gained my experience." 
 
 As You Like It iv. 1. 
 
 " So sweet is zealous contemplation.'' 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 7. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE of Man's Nature and Character. 
 
 " Let the first precept, on which the knowledge of 
 others turns, be set down as this: that we ol>tain, as far 
 
Knowledge. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 183 
 
 as we can, that window which Momus required;* who, 
 seeing in the frame of man's heart such angles and 
 recesses, found fault that there was not a window to look 
 into its mysterious and tortuous windings. This window 
 we shall obtain by carefully procuring good information 
 of the particular persons with whom we have to deal." 
 De Aug. viii. 59. 
 
 "I did think thee ... to be a pretty wise fellow; thou didst 
 make tolerable vent of thy travel; it might pass. . . . I have 
 now found thee: when I lose thee again I care not; yet art thou 
 good for nothing but taking up, and that thou'rt scarce worth . . . 
 So, my good window of lattice, fare thee well; thy casement I need 
 not open, for Hook through thee." All's Well ii. 3. 
 
 Compare: 
 
 " Behold the window of my heart ! " 
 
 /,. L. L. v. 2. 
 
 " For a just knowledge of ourselves and others, we 
 should carefully procure . . . good information of all the 
 particular persons with whom we have to deal; their 
 natures, their desires and ends, their customs and 
 fashions, their helps and advantages, with their prin- 
 cipal means of support and influence ; so again their 
 weakness and disadvantages; where they lie most open 
 and obnoxious ; their friends, factions, patrons, and 
 clients; their enemies, enviers, and competitors; their 
 moods and times/' Virq. ^En. iv. 423. 
 
 7 
 
 " His times of access you alone can find, 
 And know the soft approaches to his mind." 
 
 De Aug. viii. 2. 
 
 (Bacon has, in a previous page, declared this study of 
 mankind a new one and unwonted?) 
 
 * Lxician, in Hermotim 20. 
 
184 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Knowledge 
 
 " This fellow's wise enough to play the fool, 
 And to do that well, craves a kind of wit, 
 He must observe their mood on whom he jests, 
 The quality of persons and the times . . . 
 . . . This is a practice 
 As full of labour as a wise man's art." 
 
 Twelfth Night \\\ A. 
 
 "He reads much; 
 
 He is a great observer, and he looks 
 Quite through the deeds of men." 
 
 Jiil. Cats. i. 3. 
 
 " I have observed thee always for a towardly prompt spirit give 
 thee thy due and one that knows well what belongs to reason; and 
 canst use the time well, if the time use thee well: good parts in thee." 
 Tim. Ath. iii. 2. 
 
 " Blunt not his love, 
 
 Nor lose the good advantage of his grace . . . 
 For he is gracious, if he he observed; 
 He hath a tear for pity, and a hand 
 Open as day for melting charity; 
 Yet notwithstanding, being incensed, he's flint, 
 As humorous as winter, and as sudden 
 As flaws congealed in the spring of day. 
 His temper, therefore, must he observed . . . 
 When you perceive his mind inclined to mirth, 
 . . . Give him line and scope.'' 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4; see Ham. ii. 1 
 
 (especially 170). 
 
 KNOWLEDGE Remembrance. 
 
 " Plato had an imagination that all knowledge was but 
 remembrance." Ess. of Vicissitude. 
 
 "A document in madness, thoughts and remembrance fitted." 
 
 Ham. iv. 5. 
 
 Pro. : " Can'st thou remember 
 
 A time before we came unto this cell ? 
 I do not think thou can'st, for then thou wast not 
 Out three years old." 
 
Knowledge. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 185 
 
 Mini. : " Certainly, sir, I can." 
 
 Pro. : " By what f By any other house or person ? 
 Of anything the image tell me, that 
 Hath kept with thy remembrance." 
 
 J//'ra. : " 'Tis far oe, 
 
 And rather like a dream than an assurance 
 That my remembrance warrants. Had I not 
 Four or five women once that tended me ? " 
 
 Temp. i. 2. 
 
 Miranda can remember nothing more, therefore she 
 knows nothing, and her father informs of her past his- 
 tory, "which is from her remembrance." Careful readers 
 will not fail to observe how, in the Plays, positive know- 
 ledge is repeatedly coupled with the thought or remem- 
 brance of some person or circumstance. " Knows he not 
 thy voice ? " " You know his temper." " I know what 
 'tis to love." 
 
 North. : 
 
 " Have you forgot the Duke of Hereford, boy ? " 
 
 Percy: 
 
 " No, my good lord, for that is not forgot 
 Which ne'er I did remember : to my knowledge 
 I never on my life did look on him." 
 North. : 
 
 " Then learn to know him noiv. This is the Duke." 
 
 Rich. II. 3. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE of Self. 
 
 " Next to the knowledge of others comes the know- 
 ledge of self . . . since the oracle, Know thyself, is not 
 only a rule of universal wisdom, but has a special place 
 in politics. . . . Men ought to take an accurate and 
 impartial survey of their own abilities. . . . First, 
 to consider how their natural and moral constitution 
 
186 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Late. 
 
 sorts with the general constitution of the times." 
 De Aug. viii. 
 
 Anosce teipsum Promus Note 1412. 
 
 " Such a want-wit nature makes of me, 
 That I have much ado to know myself" 
 
 Mer. Ven. i. 1. 
 
 " He knows nothing who knows not himself" 
 
 All's Well ii. 4. 
 
 "Mistress, know yourself." As You Like It Hi. 5. 
 " The wise man knows himself to be a fool." 
 
 Air s Well v. 1. 
 
 Lear : " Who is it that can tell me who I am ? " 
 Clown : " Lear's shadow." 
 Lear : " I would learn that." Lear i. 5. 
 
 " Cruel are the times when we are traitors, 
 And do not know ourselves" 
 
 Macl). iv. 2. 
 
 LATE Early. 
 
 " Good day to me, and good morrow to you," Promus 
 1195. 
 
 " Diluculo surgere saluberrimum est. " Promus 
 1198. 
 
 "The night is even now, but that name is lost; it is 
 not now late, but early." Post. Ess. of Death. 
 
 " Supper is done, and we shall come too late, 
 I fear, too early." Rom. Jul. i. 4; iii. 4,34, 35; v.3,208. 
 
 " Good-night, my lord. 
 I think it is good-morrow, is it not ? 
 Indeed, my lord, I think it be two o'clock." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. ii. 4; iii. 1. 
 
 " Good-day, good-day, aye, and good next day too." 
 
 TV. Cr. iii. 3. 
 
Law. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 187 
 
 " One that converses more with the buttock of the night, than 
 with the forehead of the morning." Cor: ii. 1. 
 
 " I am glad I was up so late, for that is the reason I was up so 
 early." Cynib. ii. 3. 
 
 " The night is at odds with morning." 
 
 Macb. iii. 4. 
 
 LAW to Small and Great Unequal. 
 
 " One was wont to say that laws were like cobwebs, 
 where the small flies were caught, and the great break 
 through." Apophthegms, and see the same De Aug. 
 viii. 2. 
 
 " The meaner sort think that laws are but cobwebs." 
 Of a Digest of Laws (see " Laws Snares "). 
 
 I sab. : 
 
 "..'.. I would to Heaven I had your potency, 
 And you were Isabel ! Should it then be thus ? 
 No; I would tell what "'twere to be a judge, 
 And what a prisoner . . . bethink you 
 Who is it that hath died for this offence ? 
 There's many have committed it ... ! it is excellent 
 To have a giant's strength, but it is tyrannous 
 To use it as a giant . . . could great men thunder 
 As Jove himself does, Jove would ne'er be quiet . . . 
 That in the captain's but a choleric ibord, 
 Which in the soldier is fiat blasphemy." 
 
 M. M. ii. 2. 
 
 " How now, Thersites ? What ! lost in the labyrinth of thy 
 fury ? . . . (their} less-than-little wit will not in circumvention 
 deliver a fly from a spider, without drawing the massy irons and 
 cutting the web"Tr. Or. ii. 3. 
 
 " The eagle suffers little birds to sing, 
 And is not careful what is meant thereby, 
 Knowing that ... he can stint their melody." 
 
 Tit And. iv. 4. 
 
 2 Fish. : " . . . Here's a fish hangs in the net, like a poor man's 
 
188 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Life. 
 
 right i' the la\v; 'twill hardly come out." Per. ii. 1 ; compare 
 " Laws Snares," and Hen. V. ii. 2, 4056. 
 
 LETTERS of Recommendation and Intelligence. 
 
 " Let the traveller, upon his removes from one place 
 to another, procure recommendations to some person of 
 quality residing in the place whither he removeth." 
 Ess. of Travel. 
 
 Serr. : " His lordship will, next morning, for France. The 
 Duke hath offered him letters of commendation to the King!' All's 
 Well iv. 3; see Mer. Yen. iii. 2, 225-231, and iv. 1, 143-170. 
 
 " There's no remedy, 'tis the curse of service, 
 Preferment goes by letter and affection, 
 Not by the old gradation, where each second 
 Stood heir unto the first." 
 
 Oth. i. 1; i. 3, 4047. See Lear ii. 4, 2737. 
 
 LIFE Brief and Soon Spent or Extinguished. 
 
 " One God Thou wert, and art, and still shalt be; 
 The line of Time, it doth not measure Thee. 
 Both death and life obey Thy holy lore, 
 
 And visit in their turns as they are sent; 
 A thousand years, with Thee they are no more 
 
 Than yesterday, which, ere it is, is spent:* 
 Or as a watch by night, that course doth keep, 
 And goes, and comes, unawares, to them that sleep." 
 
 Psa. xc. (Translation of Certain Psalms). 
 
 " To-morrow, and 1 3-morrow, and to-morrow. 
 Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, 
 To the last syllable of recorded time; 
 And all our yesterdays have lighted fools 
 The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle ! " 
 
 Macb. v. 5. 
 
 *The -word spent in close contiguity to the figure of a passing -watchman 
 seems to show that the word alludes to a lamp or candle spent. 
 
Life. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 189 
 
 LIFE Desired for Other's Sake. 
 
 " The like (friendship) was between iSeptirnius Severas, 
 and Plautiauus, who did also urite in a letter to the 
 Senate, by these words : i I love the man so well, as I 
 wish he may overlive me.' " Ess. of Friendship. 
 
 Cam.: "It is a gallant child . . . they that went on crutches 
 ere he was born, desire yet their life, to see him a ma/i." 
 
 Arch. : " Would they else be content to die ? " 
 
 Cam. : " Yes, if there were no other excuse why they should 
 desire to live." Winter's Tale i. 1. 
 
 "I think it not meet, Jfark Antony, beloved of Ccesar, 
 Should outlive Ccesar. . . . 
 If he love Ccesar, all that he can do 
 Is to himself, take thought, and die for Caesar" 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 1. 
 
 LIFE A Dream. 
 
 *' All that is past is as a dream ; and he that hopes, 
 or depends upon time coming, dreams waking" Post. 
 Ess. of Death. 
 
 " Hope is but the dream of a waking man." De Aug. 
 viii. 2. 
 
 " Learn, good soul, 
 
 To think our former state a happy dream : 
 From which awaked, the truth of what we are 
 Shows us but this." Rich. II. v. 1. 
 K. Rich. : " But shall we wear these glories for a day ? 
 
 Or shall they last, and we rejoice in them ? " 
 Buck. : " Still live they, and for ever let them last ! " 
 
 King : " Look how thou dream st! ... it stands me much upon 
 To stop all hopes whose growth may damage me." 
 
 Rich. III. iv. 2. 
 
 " I called thee then vain flourish of my fortune ; 
 I called thee then,/>oor shadow, painted queen ; 
 
190 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Life. 
 
 The presentation of but what I was, 
 
 
 
 A dream of what them wast." Ib. 4. 
 
 (Compare : " This unfortunate Prince . . . was at 
 last distressed by them to shadow their rebellion, and to 
 be the titular, and painted head of those arms." Hist, 
 of Hen. VII.) 
 
 " Life's but a walking shadow," &c. Macb. v. 7. 
 
 LIFE A Journey. 
 
 "Though the world be but as a wilderness to a 
 Christian travelling through it to the Promised Land, 
 yet it would be an instance of the divine favour, that our 
 clothing that is, our bodies should be a little worn 
 whilst we sojourn here." Advt. of Learning iv. 2. 
 
 " In that sleep of death what dreams may come 
 When we have shuffled off this mortal coil. 
 
 Death, 
 
 The undiscovered country from whose bourne 
 No traveller returns." Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 " Reason thus with life 
 If I do lose thee. I do lose a thing 
 That none but fools would keep : a breath thou art, 
 Servile to all the skyey influences 
 That dost this habitation where thou keep'st 
 Hourly afflict . . . 
 Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey." 
 
 M. M. iii. 1. 
 
 Bar. : " I will not consent to die this day, that's certain." 
 Duke : " sir, you must, and therefore, I beseech you, 
 Look forward on the journey you must go." 
 
 M. M. iv. 3. 
 
 " Tell them that to ease them of their griefs, 
 Their fears of hostile strokes, their aches, losses, 
 Their pangs of love, with other incident throes 
 
Life. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 191 
 
 That natures fragile vessel doth sustain 
 In life's uncertain voyage, I will some kindness do them." 
 
 Tim. Ath. v. 2. 
 
 ". . . Ihe voyage of their life 
 Is bound in shallows, and in miseries." 
 
 Jid. Cas. iv. 3. 
 
 LIFE, or the World, a Stage, or a Play, Theatre. 
 
 "I hold myself to that which I called the stage or 
 theatre (of justice in the world), whereunto it may fitly 
 be compared : for that things were first contained within 
 the invisible judgments of God, as within a curtain, and 
 after came forth, and were acted most worthily by the 
 King and . . . his Ministers. . . . They were grown 
 to such inwardness as they made a play of all the world 
 besides themselves." Charge against the Countess of 
 Somerset. 
 
 " God hath of late erected, as it were, a stage or 
 theatre, to show and act in it the King's virtue and 
 justice/' Charge against Wentworth. 
 
 " The King is very sorry . . . that this country should 
 be the stage where a base and contemptible counterfeit 
 should play the part of a King of England." Hist, of 
 Hen. VII. 
 
 "Augustus Caesar, when he died, desired his friends to 
 give him a plaudite ; as if he were conscient to himself 
 that he had played his part well upon the stage (of 
 life)." Advt. of Learning. (And the same figure with 
 regard to Machiavelli.) 
 
 "Where a man cannot fitly play his part (in life) he 
 may quit the stage." Ess of Friendship. 
 
 Such figures are frequent with Bacon. 
 
192 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Life. 
 
 " I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano, 
 A stage, where every man must play a part, 
 And mine a sad one." 3.1 er. Ven. i. 2. 
 
 "All the world's a stage, 
 And all the men and women merely players. 
 They have their exits and their entrances ; 
 And one man, in his time, plays many parts," &c. 
 
 As You Like It ii. 7. 
 
 " Life's but a walking shadow ; a poor player, 
 That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, 
 And then is heard no more." Macb. v. 7. 
 
 " When we are born, we cry that we are come 
 To this great stage of fools." Lear iv. 6. 
 
 "I consider . . . that this huge stage presenteth nought but 
 shows." Sonnet 15. 
 
 LIFE A Theatre for God and the Angels. 
 
 " Men must know that in this Theatre of men's life it 
 is reserved only for God and Angels to be lookers on!' 
 Advt. of Learning ii. 1, 
 
 " Merciful Heaven ! . . Man, proud man, 
 Drest in a little brief authority, 
 Most ignorant of what he's most assur'd, 
 . . . Like an angry ape, 
 Plays such fantastic tricks before High Heaven, 
 As make the Angels weep ; who, with our spleens, 
 Would laugh themselves all mortal." 
 
 J/. J/. ii. 2. 
 " you powers 
 That give Heaven countless eyes to view men's acts ! " 
 
 Per. i. 1, 72 ; and see ii. 4, 15. 
 
 See also the suggestion that the gods in Heaven, to 
 whom Lavinia appeals, " delight in tragedies." Tit. 
 And. iv. 1, 39 41, 61, 62. There are also frequent 
 allusions to God seeing, bearing witness, &c. 
 
 (To be continued). 
 
Love. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 193 
 
 LOOKERS-ON See Most, Especially from High Ground. 
 
 " Finding that it is many times seen that a man that 
 standeth off, and somewhat removed from a plot of 
 ground, doth better survey and discover it than those 
 that are upon it, I thought it not impossible that I, as a 
 looker-on, might cast mine eyes upon some things which 
 the actors themselves . . . did not, or would not, see." 
 Of the Pacification of the Church. 
 
 " Sometimes a looker-on may see more than a 
 gamester." Advt. of Learning ii. 1 ; and in Letter to 
 the King, 1617. 
 
 " Betts; lookers-on; judgment/' Promus 1180 (Q.V.); 
 and Ham. v. 2, 159180, 260288. 
 
 " (Queen Hecuba, and Helen go) . . . Up to the Eastern tower, 
 Whose height commands, as subject, all the vale, 
 To see the battle." TV. Or. i. 2. 
 
 " Where yond pine doth stand, 
 I shall discover all : I'll bring thee word 
 Straight, how 'tis like to go." 
 
 Ant. CL iv. 10. 
 
 (See Macb. v. 5, 30-36.) 
 
 " Up to yon hill : 
 
 Your legs are young : I'll tread these flats. Consider, 
 When you above perceive me like a crow, 
 That it is place that lessens and sets off : 
 And you may then revolve what tales I told you 
 Of courts, of princes, of the tricks in war," &c. 
 
 Cyinb. iii. 3. 
 
 " The English . . . in yonder tower . . . overpeer the city, 
 And thence discover how, with most advantage, 
 They may vex us with shot, or with assault." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. i. 6. 
 
 
194 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. LOVC. 
 
 LOVE Aspiring. 
 
 " Lovers are charged to aspire too high. It is as the 
 poor dove, which, when her eyes are sealed, still mounteth 
 up into the air. They are charged with descending too 
 low; it is as the poor mole, which, seeing not the 
 clearness of the air, diveth into the darkness of the 
 earth." Masque 1594. 
 
 " cross ! too high to be enthralled too low ! 
 spite ! too old to be engaged to young ! 
 Hell ! to choose love by another's eyes ! 
 
 The jaws of darkness do devour it up." 
 
 M.N.D. i. 1. 
 
 LOVE and Contempt. 
 
 " Neither doth this weakness (of folly in love) appear 
 to others only, and not to the party loved, but to the 
 loved most of all, except the love be reciprocal, for it is a 
 true rule, that love is ever rewarded, either with the 
 reciprocal, or with an inward and secret contempt ; by 
 how much the more men ought to beware of this passion 
 which loseth not only other things, but itself." Ess. of 
 Love. 
 
 Dem<: " I love thee not, therefore pursue me Dot. . . . 
 Do I entice you ? Do I speak you fair ? 
 Or rather, do I not in plainest truth 
 Tell you I do not, nor I cannot love you ? " 
 
 Hel. : " Even for that do I love you the more. 
 I am your spaniel ; and Demetrius, 
 The more you beat me, I will fawn on you : 
 Use me but as your spaniel, spurn me, strike me, 
 Neglect me, lose me ; only give me leave, 
 Unworthy as I am, to follow you . . ." 
 
Love. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 195 
 
 Dem. : " Tempt not too much the temper of my spirit, 
 For I am sick when I do look at you." 
 
 M. N. D. ii. 2. 
 
 LOVE Creeps in Service, &c. 
 
 " This History being but a leaf or two, I pray your 
 pardon if I send it for your recreation, considering that 
 Love must creep where it cannot go" Letter to the King; 
 also an entry in the Promus. 
 
 " Love will creep in service where it cannot go." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2. 
 " How creeps acquaintance ? " Cymb. i. 5. 
 " Since I am crept in favour with myself, 
 I will maintain it." Rich. III. i. 2. 
 
 LOVE and Folly. 
 
 "... There never was proud man thought so 
 absurdly well of himself as the lover doth of the person 
 loved; and therefore it is well said that it is impossible 
 to love and be wise." Ess. oj Love. 
 
 " I do much wonder, that one man seeing how much another man 
 is a fool when he dedicates his behaviours to love, will, after he has 
 laughed at such shaUow follies in others, become the object of his 
 own scorn by falling in love. . . . She is exceeding wise . . . 
 in everything except in loving Benedict." M. Ado ii. 3. 
 
 " My love to love is love, but to disgrace . . . 
 His love is wise in folly, foolish witty" 
 
 Yen. Adonis, 1. 69 and 1. 138; and see Two Gent. 
 Ver. II. i. 1 88; Tr. Or. iii. 2, 120150; 
 As You Like It ii. 4, 20 39. 
 " You are wise, 
 
 Or else you love not; for to be wise and love 
 Exceeds man's might. Tr. Cr. iii. 2. 
 Sil. : " If thy love were ever like to mine, 
 
 (As sure I think did never man love so), 
 
196 MANNERS, MIND, MOBALS. LOVC. 
 
 HOIK many actions most ridiculous 
 
 Hast them been drawn-to by thy fantasy ? 
 Cor. : " Into a thousand that I have forgotten." 
 Sil. : " 0, thou did'st then ne'er love so heartily 
 
 If thou remember'st not the slightest folly , 
 
 That e'er love did make thee nm into, 
 
 Thou hast not loved. 
 
 Or, if thou hast not sat as I do now, 
 
 Wearying thy hearer with thy mistress" 1 praise, 
 
 Thou hast not loved," &c., &c. 
 
 As You Like It ii. 4. 
 
 LOVE'S Folly, or Madness Illustrated with regard to 
 Helena. 
 
 " As for the other losses (through extreme love), the 
 poet's relation doth well-figure them: * That he that 
 preferred Helena, quitted the gifts of Juno and Pallas ; ' 
 for whosoever esteemeth too much of amorous affection, 
 quitteth both riches and wisdom. . . . Great pros- 
 perity and great adversity kindle love and make it more 
 fervent, and therefore show it to be the child of Folly." 
 Ess. of Love. 
 
 " Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, 
 Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend 
 More than cool reason ever comprehends. 
 The lunatic, the lover, and the poet 
 Are of imagination all compact: 
 One sees more devils than vast hell can hold. 
 That is the madman. The lover, all as frantic , 
 Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt." 
 
 M. N. D. v. 1. 
 
 LOVE and Hyperbole. 
 
 " It is a strange thing to note the excess of this 
 passion, and how it braves the nature of things by this, 
 
Love. BANNERS, MIND, 3IORA.LS. 197 
 
 that the speaking a perpetual hyperbole is comely in 
 nothing but in love." Ess. of Love. 
 
 u Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, 
 Still-waking sleep that is not what it is ! ... 
 Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs, 
 Being purg'd, a fire sparkling in lover's eyes, 
 Being vex'd, a sea nourish'd with lover's tears. 
 What is it else ? A madness most discreet, 
 A choking gall, and a preserving sweet," &c. 
 
 Rom. Jul. i. 2. 
 (See M. N. D. iii. 2, 226228). 
 
 LOVE -Sympathy. 
 
 ' The more close sympathy proceeds from Cupid . . . 
 (affection) depends upon a near approximation of causes, 
 but (Love) upon deeper, more necessitating and uncon- 
 trollable principles, as if they proceeded from the ancient 
 Cupid, on whom all exquisite sympathies depend." Ess. 
 of Cupid. 
 
 K. Ren. : "... Lord that lends me life, 
 
 Lend me a heart replete with thankfulness, 
 For Thou hast given me in this beauteous face 
 A world of earthly blessings to my soul, 
 If sympathy of love unite our thoughts." 
 
 3 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 
 " (In love and marriage) there should be ... sympathy in years, 
 manners, and beauties, all which the Moor is defective in. Now, for 
 want of these required conveniences, her delicate tenderness will 
 find itself abused, begin to heave the gorge, disrelish and abhor the 
 Moor." Oth. ii. 1. 
 
 LOVE a Teacher or Tutor. 
 
 " It was elegantly said by Menander of sensual love, 
 which is a bad imitation of the divine, that it was a, 
 better tutor for human life than a left-handed sophist, 
 intimating that the grace of carriage is better formed by 
 
198 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. LOVC. 
 
 love than by an awkward preceptor, as he cannot, by all 
 his operose rules and precepts, form a man so dexterously 
 and expeditiously, to value himself so justly, and behave 
 so gracefully, as love can do ? " Advt. L. vii. 3. 
 
 " Have at you, then, Affection's men at arms ? . . . 
 . . . Would you, my lord, or you, or you, 
 Have found the ground of study's excellence, 
 Without the beauty of a woman's face ? 
 From women's eyes this doctrine I derive ; 
 They are the ground, the books, the academes 
 From whence doth spring the true Promethean fire * . . . 
 For where is any author in the world 
 Teaches such beauty as a woman's eye ? . . . 
 For when, my liege, would you 
 In leaden contemplation have found out 
 Such fiery numbers, as the prompting eyes 
 Of beauteous tutors have enriched you with ? . . . 
 For Love first learned in a lady's eyes, . . . 
 Courses as swift as thought in every power: 
 And gives to every power a double power 
 Above their function and their offices ." 
 
 See L. L. L. iv. 3. 
 
 (Note in the above the repeated allusions to the Promus 
 Note: "The eye is the gate of affections," &c. ; also the 
 reflections of observations about Prometheus fire in 
 " fiery numbers?' and in the last two lines which may 
 well be compared with these words from the Essay: 
 "Prometheus hastened to the invention of fire which 
 . . . if the soul may be called the form of forms, if the 
 hand may be called the instrument of instruments, fire 
 may as properly be called the assistant of assistants, or 
 the helper of helps; for hence proceed numberless opera- 
 
 * See the Ess. of Prometheus, with explanation of the Promethean fire or 
 torch as symbolic of " contest, emulation, and laudable endeavours" encourage 
 men "to rouse themselves" and to use their abilities and capacities. 
 
Malignity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 199 
 
 tions, hence all the mechanic arts, and hence infinite 
 assistances are afforded" &c.) 
 
 MALIGNITY Inborn. 
 
 " There is in some men, even in nature, a disposition 
 towards goodness; as, on the other side, there is a 
 natural malignity; for there be that in their nature do not 
 affect the good of others." Ess. of Goodness. 
 
 " Not friended to his wish to your high person 
 His wiH is most malignant, and it stretches beyond you 
 To your friends," &c.Hen. VIII. i. 3. 
 
 " A 'malignant and a turbanned Turk." 
 
 Oth. v. 2. 
 
 (Prospero Temp. i. 2, 257 impatiently calls Ariel 
 14 malignant thing; " but the ideal of innate malignancy 
 is to be seen in Caliban. Ib. 322375, Q.V.) 
 
 MALIGNITY (See Misanthrope) Crossness. 
 
 " The lighter sort of malignity turneth but to a cross- 
 ness, or frowardness, or aptness to oppose, or difficile- 
 ness, or the like ; but the deeper sort to envy and mere 
 mischief/' Ess. of Goodness. 
 
 Glendower : "Cousin, of many men 
 
 I would not bear these crossings," &c. 
 
 Hotspur : " I think there is no man speaks better Welsh . . ." 
 Mart. : " Peace, cousin Percy ! you will make him mad ! . . . 
 Fie, cousin Percy ! how you cross my father ! " &c. 
 
 See 1 Hen. IV. iii. 1. 
 
 " She will die rather than she will bate one breath of her accus- 
 tomed crossness. M. Ado ii. 3; see of Beatrice -passion. 
 
 (For the lighter sort of malignity displayed in " an 
 aptness to oppose," see Twelfth Night ii. 5, Letter, and 
 iii. 4; 3 Hen. VL i. 4, 130136; John v 2, 124; Tim. 
 Atk. LI, 260 273, &c.) 
 
200 MANNERS, HIND, MORALS. Man. 
 
 MAN the Centre of the World. 
 
 " Man seems to be the thing in which the whole world 
 centres with respect to final causes; so that if he were 
 away, all other things would stray and fluctuate, without 
 end or intention, or become perfectJy disjointed and out 
 of frame, * for all things are subservient to man, and he 
 receives benefit and use from them all." Ess. of 
 Prometheus. 
 
 " Can I go forward when my heart is here ? 
 Turn bade, dull earth, and find thy centre out."" 
 
 Rom. JuL ii. 1. 
 
 " As true as steel, as plautage to the moon . . . 
 As iron to adamant, as earth to the centre."" 
 
 Tr. Cr. iii. 2. 
 
 " The strong base and building of my love 
 Is as the very centre of the earth, 
 Drawing all things to it." 
 
 Tr. Cr. iv. 2. 
 
 MAN Compounded. 
 
 In the fable of Prometheus it is not without reason 
 added that the mass of matter whereof man was formed 
 should be mixed up with particles taken from different 
 animals, and wrought in with the clay, because it is 
 certain that, of all things in the universe, man is the most 
 compounded and re-compounded body." Ess. of Prome- 
 theus. 
 
 " The brain of this foolish-compounded clay, man," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. IV. i. 2. 
 
 "... She hath all courtly parts more exquisite 
 Than lady, ladies, woman ; from every one 
 The best she hath : and she, of all compounded, 
 Out-sells them all." Cynib. iii. 5. 
 
 * Compare : ''The frame of things disjoint." Macb. iii. 2. 
 
 ' The State disjoint and out of frame "Ham. \. 1. 
 
Man. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 201 
 
 " His life was gentle, and the elements 
 So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up, 
 And say to all the world, This was a man" 
 
 JuL Cces. v. 5. 
 
 MAN the Image of God Defaced. 
 
 " Saith God : ' Let us make man in our own image, 
 and let him have dominion.' . . . Deface the image, 
 and yon divest the right. But what is this image, and 
 how is it defaced ? . ., . Sound interpreters expound 
 this image of God of Natural Reason, which, if it be 
 totally or mostly defaced, the right of government doth 
 cease." Touching an Holy War. 
 
 " Man the image of his Maker." 
 
 Hen. VIII. iii. 2, 442. 
 
 " Their saucy sweetness that do coin Heaven s image 
 In stamps that are forbid." 
 
 M. M. ii. 4. 
 " Your waiting vassals 
 
 Have done a drunken slaughter, and defaced 
 The Image of our dear Redeemer" 
 
 Rich. III. ii. 1. 
 
 MAN a Microcosm An Abstract and Model of the World. 
 
 " The ancients, not improperly, styled man a micro- 
 cosm, or little world within himself ; for although the 
 chemists have absurdly, and too literally perverted the 
 elegance of the term microcosm ... in man, yet it 
 remains firm that the human body is of all substances 
 most mixed and organical; whence it has surprising 
 powers and faculties; * for ... excellence and quantity 
 of energy reside in mixture and composition." Ess. of 
 Prometheus. And see the preceding entry. 
 
 * For the faculties of man, see 
 
202 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Man. 
 
 " The spirit of man whom certain philosophers call the 
 microcosm/ 7 Sylva Sylvanum, or Nat. Hist. 900. 
 
 " The ancient opinion that man was a microcosmus, an 
 abstract or model f of the world hath been fantastically 
 strained by ... the alchemists. But ... of all sab- 
 stances which nature hath produced, man's body is the 
 most extremely compounded." Advt. of L. ii, 
 
 " I can't eay your worships have delivered the matter well, when 
 I find the ass in compound with the major part of your syllables ; 
 though I must be content to bear with those that say you are 
 reverend, grave men, yet they lie deadly that tell you have grave 
 faces. If you see this in the map of my microcosm, follows it that I 
 am known well enough, too ? Cor. ii. 1. 
 
 " (The kingj strives in his little world of man to out-scorn 
 The to and fro conflicting wind and rain." 
 
 Lear iii. 1. 
 
 " If Heaven would make me such another world 
 Of one entire and perfect chrysolite." 
 
 Oth. v. 2. 
 
 " These eyes, these brows were moulded out of his ! 
 This little abstract doth contain that large 
 Which died in Geffrey." -#. John ii. 1. 
 " A man that is the abstract of all faults that all men follow." 
 
 Ant. Cl. i. 4. 
 
 MAN Compared to a Tree. 
 
 " Man, having derived his being from the earth, first 
 lives the life of a tree, drawing his nourishment as a 
 plant, and made ripe for death, he tends downwards and 
 is sowed again in his mother, the earth, where he 
 perisheth not, but expects a quickening." 2nd Ess. of 
 Death. 
 
 t At the end of this section, see a few references to man as an abstract 
 or model. 
 
Memory. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 203 
 
 " Then was I as a tree, 
 
 Whose bows did bend with fruit : but in one night 
 A storm, a robbery, call it what you will, 
 Shook down my mellow hangings, nay, my leaves, 
 And left me bare to weather." 
 
 Cy-nib. iii. 3, v. 4, 140145, v. 5, 263. 
 " We are but shrubs, no cedars we." 
 
 Tit. And. iv. 3. 
 
 " This day I'll wear aloft my burgonet, 
 As on a mountain-top the cedar shows, 
 That keeps his leaves, in spite of any storm." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. v. 2, &c., &c. 
 
 MEMORY of the Just and of the Wicked. 
 
 " 'The memory of the just is blessed, but the name of 
 the wicked shall rot.' . . . When the envy which 
 carped at the reputation of the good in their lifetime is 
 quenched, their name forthwith shoots up and flourishes, 
 and their praises daily increase ; but for the wicked, 
 their reputation soon turns to contempt and their fleeting 
 glory changes into infamy, and, as it were, a foul and 
 noxious odour. De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " you memory of old Sir Rowland," &c. 
 
 See As You Like It ii. 3. 
 " Their memory shall be as a pattern," &c. 
 
 See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4. 
 "That ever-living man of memory," &c. 
 
 See 2 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 " They ripe and ripe, and then they rot and rot," &c. 
 
 See As You Like It ii. 7. 
 
 There are at least fifty illustrations of the text easily 
 to be found in the Plays. One is remarkable for 
 including the poet's own figure of the shooting up and 
 flourishing of a man's good name or remembrnce, as a 
 tree shoots up from its cut-off trunk. Lady Percy 
 
204 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Method. 
 
 describes to Lady Northumberland the death of her 
 noble husband : 
 
 " So came I a widow, 
 
 And never shall have length of life enough 
 To rain upon remembrance with mine eyes. 
 That it may grow and sprout as high as heaven, 
 For recordation to my noble husband.' 1 '' 
 
 2 Hen. IV. ii. 3. 
 
 See again how the poetic figure is derived, as it ever is 
 with our poet from direct study of nature. 
 
 " Stumps of trees lying out of the ground will put 
 forth sprouts for a time." Nat. Hist. Wks. ii. 250. 
 
 With regard to the " foul and noxious odour " of 
 infamy, all readers will remember the exclamation of the 
 King in Hamlet (iii. 4): " ! my offence is rank, it smells 
 to heaven; " and Antony's declaration that 
 
 " This foul deed shall smell above the earth 
 With carrion men groaning for burial." 
 
 Jul. C(BS. iii. 1. 
 
 METHOD is a Part of Judgment or Reasoning. 
 
 " This part of knowledge, of method, seemeth to me 
 so weakly inquired as / shall report it deficient. Method 
 is to be placed in logic as a part of judgment; . . . for 
 judgment precede th delivery, as it followeth invention 
 . . . Knowledge that is delivered as a thread to be 
 spun on ought to be delivered and intimated, if it were 
 possible in the same method in which it was invented," 
 &c. Advt. L. ii. 1; and see vi. 2. 
 
 " Think not ... I am not able 
 Verbatim to rehearse the method of my pen? 
 
 1 Hen. VI. iii. 1. 
 
Mind. MA.NNEKS, MIND, MORALS. 205 
 
 " If you will jest with me, know my aspect, 
 And fashion your demeanour to my looks, 
 Or I will beat this method from your sconce." 
 
 Com. Err. ii. 2. 
 
 " Leave this keen encounter of your wits, 
 And fall into a slower method." 
 
 -Rich. III. i. 2. 
 
 " Where lies your text ? ... In what chapter of your bosom ? 
 To answer l>y the method, in the first of his heart " 
 
 Twelfth Night i. 5. 
 " What sayest thou to this tune, matter and method? " &c. 
 
 M. M. iii. 2. 
 "An honest method as wholesome as sweet." 
 
 Ham. ii. 1. 
 
 METHOD in Madness. 
 
 " Let us suppose that some vast obelisk were ... to 
 be removed from its place, and that men should set to 
 work upon it with their naked hands, would not any 
 sober spectator think them mad ? And if they were to 
 send for more people, thinking that in that way they 
 could manage it, would he not think them madder, &c. 
 . . . If, lastly, they . . . required their men to come 
 with hands, arms, and sinews well anointed . . . would 
 he not cry out that they were only taking pains to show 
 a kind of method and discretion in their madness ? Yet 
 just so it is that men proceed in matters intellectual." 
 Nov. Org. Preface. 
 
 " If this be madness, yet there's method in it." 
 
 Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 MIND of Man Compared to a Glass. 
 
 " The mind of a wise man is compared to water, or 
 a glass which represents the forms and images of things. 
 . . . In a glass he can see his own image, together 
 
206 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Mind. 
 
 with the images of others, which the eye itself, without 
 a glass, cannot do." De Aug. viii. 2. 
 
 " The eye sees not itself 
 But by reflection, by some other things . . . 
 And it is very much lamented, Brutus, 
 That you have no such mirrors as will turn 
 Your hidden worthiness into your eye, 
 That you might see your shadow ; . . . 
 And since you cannot see yourself 
 So well as by reflection, I, your glass, 
 Will modestly discover to yourself 
 That of yourself which you yet know not of." 
 
 Jul. Cces. i. 2. 
 
 " flattering glass, like to my followers." 
 
 Rich. II. iv. 1. 
 
 " Pride is his own glass. 
 
 2V. Cr. ii. 3, and iii. 3. 
 (Very frequent figure)." 
 
 MIND of Man Susceptible of Improvement, Alteration, 
 Change. 
 
 "Of all living and breathing substances, the perfectest 
 man is the most susceptible of help, improvement, 
 impression, and alteration; and not only in his body, but 
 in his mind and spirit. And there again, not only in his 
 appetite and affection, but in his power of wit and reason." 
 Of the Intellectual Powers. 
 
 " He's full of alteration and self -reproving." 
 
 Lear v. 1. 
 
 (See of Aufidius and Coriolanus Cor. iv. 5 " Here's a strange 
 alteration ! ") 
 
 " Is it possible that so short a time can alter the condition of a 
 man" &c.Cor. v. 4, 913. 
 
 "These Moors are changeable in their wills." 
 
 Oth. i. 3. 
 
Mind. . MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 207 
 
 "Mend nature chamje it rather." 
 
 Winter's Tale iv. 3. 
 "The mutable, rank many." 
 
 Cor. iii. 1. 
 
 " . . . Mutability, all faults that may be named are hers. 
 . . . They are not constant, but are changing still one vice but 
 of a minute old for one not half so old as that." Cymb. ii. 5. 
 
 " For boy, hosvever we do praise ourselves, 
 Our fancies are more giddy and unfirm, 
 More longing, wavering, sooner lost and worn 
 Than women's are." Twelfth Night ii. 4. 
 
 MIND of Man Trained as in Horsemanship. 
 
 " Certainly the ablest men were like horses well 
 managed, for they could tell passing well when to stop or 
 turn." Ess. of Simulation; and see of Diogenes, 
 Advt. L. ii. 1. 
 
 "Young men . . . will not acknowledge or retract 
 (errors); like an unready horse, that will neither stop 
 nor turn." Of Youth and Age. 
 
 "Down, down I come; like glistering Phaeton, 
 Wanting the manage of unruly jades." 
 
 Rich. II. iii. 3. 
 
 " The estate is green, and yet ungovern'd 
 Where every horse bears his commanding reign,* 
 And may direct his course as please himself." 
 
 Rich. III. ii. 2. 
 " Those that tame wild horses 
 Pace them not in their hands to make them gentle, 
 But stop their mouths with stubborn bits, and spur them 
 Till they obey the manage." 
 
 Hen. VIII. v. 2. Of " New Opinions, 
 divers and dangerous." 
 
 * Quibble for rein. 
 
208 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Money. 
 
 MISANTHROPE. 
 
 "Snch men in other men's calamities are ... like 
 
 Jiies that are still buzzing upon anything that is raw: 
 
 Misanthropi^ that make it their practice to bring men to 
 
 the bough, and yet never had a tree for the purpose in 
 
 their gardens as Timon /tad. 9 ' Ess. of Goodness. 
 
 " I am Misanthropes, and hate mankind. . . . 
 / have a tree which groivs here in this close 
 That mine own use invites me to cut down, 
 And shortly must I fell it ; tell my friends, 
 Tell Athens in the sequence of degree, 
 From high to low throughout, that whoso please 
 Come hither, ere my tree hath felt the axe, 
 And hang himself." Tim. Ath. v. 2. 
 
 "Plague him with flies: though that his joy be joy, 
 Yet throw some chances of vexation ont" 
 
 See Oth. i 1, 6874. 
 
 MONEY is like Muck, Dirt. 
 
 " Money is like muck* not good except it be spread." 
 Ess. of Seditions. 
 
 " That mass of wealth that was in the owner little 
 better than a stack or heap of muck may be spread over 
 your Majesty's kingdom to useful purposes." Button's 
 Estate, 1611. 
 
 " Our spoils be kicked at, 
 
 And looked upon things precious as they were, 
 The common muck 0' the world." 
 
 Cor. ii. 2. 
 
 " Money, youth ? 
 
 All gold and silver rather turned to dirt! 
 As 'tis no better reckoned, but of those 
 Who worship dirty gods." 
 
 Cyml). iii. 6. 
 
 * Manure, dirt. 
 
Multitude. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 209 
 
 "'Tis a chough, but, as I say, spacious in the possession of.. dirt." 
 Ham. v. 2. (Compare Orlando's first speech of the animals on 
 his brother's dunghills As You Like It i. 1.) 
 
 MULTITUDE Applause of the. (See People.) 
 
 " The saying of Phocion (is true) that if the multitude 
 assent and applaud, men ought immediately to examine 
 themselves as to what blunder or fault they may have 
 committed." Nov. Org. i. 77. 
 
 " I love the people, 
 
 But do not like to stage me to their eyes. 
 Though it do well, I do not relish well 
 Their loud applause, and Aves vehement, 
 Nor do I think the man of safe discretion 
 That does affect it." M. M. i. 1. 
 
 MULTITUDE Many-handed, Many-headed. 
 
 " The poets feign that the rest of the gods would have 
 bound Jupiter: which he hearing of, sent for Briar eus 
 with his hundred hands to come to his aid an emblem, 
 no doubt, to show how safe it is for monarchs to make 
 sure of the goodwill of the common people/' Ess. Sedi^ 
 tion. 
 
 " See what 'monstrous opinions these are, and how these beasts, 
 the beast with seven heads, and the beast with many heads, are at 
 once let in." Charge against Talbot. 
 
 " Ingratitude is monstrous : and for the multitude to be ingrateful, 
 were to make a monster of the multitude^ of which we, being mem- 
 bers, should bring ourselves to be monstrous members. . . . Once 
 we stood up about the corn, he himself stuck not to call us the many- 
 headed multitude" Cor. ii. 3. 
 
 " Come, leave your tears : a brief farewell ! 
 The beast with many heads butts me away." 
 
 Cor. iv. 1. 
 P 
 
210 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Nature* 
 
 NATURE and Art Shape Rude Materials. 
 
 " When a carver makes an image he shapes only that 
 part whereupon he worketh; as, if he be upon the face, 
 that part which shall be the body is but a rude stone 
 still, till such times as he comes to it ; but contrariwise, 
 when Nature makes a flower or a living creature, she 
 formeth rudiments to all the parts at one time. So in ob- 
 taining virtue by habits ... or (by application) to good 
 ends." Advt. L. ii. 1. 
 
 " There is a divinity that shapes our ends, 
 Rough-hew them as we will" 
 
 Ham. v. 2. 
 
 NATURE is a Book of God. 
 
 " For, saith our Saviour, you do err, not knowing the 
 Scriptures nor the power of God, laying before us two 
 books or volumes to study: . . . first the Scriptures 
 revealing the will of God, and then the creatures expres- 
 sing His power." Interpretation of Nature, and rep. 
 Advt. L. i. 
 
 " This primary history is the book of God's works, and 
 a kind of second Scripture." Parasceve ix. 
 
 " He makes the Heaven his book, 
 His wisdom earthly things." 
 
 Verses by Mr. F. Bacon. 
 
 " Thy creatures have been my books, but Thy Scrip- 
 tures much more. I have sought Thee in the courts, 
 fields, and gardens, but I have found Thee in Thy 
 temples ." A Prayer by Lord St. Alban, April, 1621. 
 
 " Are not these woods 
 More free from peril than the envious courts ? . . . 
 
Nature. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 211 
 
 And this our life exempt from public haunt, 
 
 Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, 
 
 Sermons in stones, and Good (or God) in everything.'' 
 
 As You Like Itii. 1. 
 
 " In Nature's infinite Book of secresy 
 A little I have read." 
 
 Ant. Cl. i. 2. 
 
 NATURES Contrary or Opposed Remain Apart. 
 
 " Things of a contrary nature are placed apart, for 
 everything delights . , . to repel that which is dis- 
 agreeable." De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.). 
 
 " No contraries hold more antipathy 
 Than I and such a knave." 
 
 Lear ii. 2. 
 
 Apem. : " I will do nothing at thy bidding. Make thy requests to 
 thy friends . . ." 
 
 1st Lord : " Away, unpeaceable dog ! or I'll spurn thee hence." 
 Apem. : " I'll fly, like a dog, the heels of the ass." 
 1st Lord : " He's opposite to humanity." 
 
 See Tim. Ath. i. 2. 
 
 NATURE Custom. (See Use.) 
 
 " As to the body of man, we find many and strange 
 experiences how nature is overwrought by custom, even in 
 actions that seem of most difficulty, and least possible." 
 Discourse Touching Helps for the Intellectual Powers. 
 
 " I forbid my tears : but yet 
 It is our trick : nature her custom holds, 
 Let shame say what it will." 
 
 Ham. iv. 7. 
 
 "Julio Romano, who had he himself eternity, and could put 
 breath into his work, would beguile nature of her custom." 11 Winter s 
 Tale v. 2. 
 
212 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 NECESSITY Strengthens the Mind. 
 
 " Evils . . . inform or shape the mind or correct 
 passion by the application of necessity, or by causing a 
 man to come to himself." See Promus 1449. 
 
 " Construe the times to your necessity . . . 
 It is the time . . . that doth you injuries." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 1. 
 
 " It seems to me most strange that men should fear, 
 Seeing that death, a necessary end, 
 Will come when it will come." 
 
 JuL Gees. ii. 2. 
 
 NECESSITY Drives. 
 
 " Necessite fait trotter la vielle " (Necessity makes the 
 old woman trot). Promus 1595. 
 
 " It must be as it may : though patience be a tired mare, yet she 
 will plod.' 1 Hen. V. ii. 1. 
 
 " His legs are legs for necessity." 
 
 Tr. Cr. ii. 3. 
 
 " Nature must obey necessity." 
 
 JuL Cces. iv. 3. 
 
 "We are villains by necessity." 
 
 Lear i. 2. 
 
 NECESSITY, when well Done, becomes a Virtue. 
 
 " Necessity, and the casting of the die (by forming a 
 resolution) is a spur to the courage : as one says, l Being 
 a match for them in the rest, your necessity makes you 
 superior.' " De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.). 
 
 " Indeed, because you are a banished man, 
 Therefore above the rest, we parley to you, 
 Are you content to be our general, 
 To make a virtue of necessity ? " 
 
 Two Gent, Ver. iv. 1. 
 
Nobility, BANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 213 
 
 " Are these things then necessities ? 
 Then let us meet them as necessities; 
 And that same word even now cries out on us." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iii. 1. 
 " Teach thy necessity to reason thus: 
 There is no virtue like necessity . . . 
 Woe doth the heavier sit, 
 Where it perceives it is but faintly borne. 
 Go say I sent thee forth to purchase honour, 
 And not the king exil'd thee." 
 
 Rich. II. i. 3; comp. Rich. II. v. 1, 20 34. 
 " The strong necessity of time commands 
 Our services." 
 
 Ant. Cl. i. 3 and 2 Hen. IV. iv. 1, 103106; 
 
 [Cor. iv. 5, 5696, &c. 
 " What need we any spur but our own cause 
 To prick us to redress ? " 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 1. 
 
 NEW Old. (See Antiquity Novelty). 
 
 u Things old to ns were new to men of old." Promts 
 1268. 
 
 " The happy newness that attends old right." 
 
 John v. 4. 
 
 " All with one consent praise new-born gauds, 
 Though they are made and moulded of things past, 
 And gives to dust that is a little gilt 
 More laud than gilt o'er-dusted. 
 The present eye praises the present object." 
 
 Tr. Cr. iii. 2 and comp. Sonnet 108. 
 
 NOBILITY Virtuous, if of Good Stock. 
 
 " They whose virtue is in the stock cannot be bad even 
 if they would." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " If you regard not nobility or birth, where will be the 
 difference between the offspring of men and brutes ? " 
 Jb. 
 
214 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Novelty. 
 
 "Henry doth claim the crown from John of Gaunt, 
 The fourth son ; York claims it from the third. 
 Till Lionel's issue fails, his shall not reign; 
 It fails not yet, but flourishes in thee, 
 And in thy sons, fair slips of such a stock" 
 
 2 Hen. VI. ii. 2 and 1 Hen. VI. ii. 5, 41. 
 
 " Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanour, 
 If ever lady wronged her lord so much, 
 Thy mother took into her blameful bed 
 Some stern, untutored churl; and noble stock 
 Was graft with crab-tree slip, whose fruit tJiou art, 
 And never of the NemTs noble race." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. in. 2; Hen. V. i. 2, 69, 70. 
 
 " It is your fault that you resign . . . 
 Your state of fortune, and your due of birth, 
 To the corruption of a blemished stock . . . 
 This noble isle . . . defaced with infamy, 
 Her royal stock (is) graft with ignoble plants." 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 7; Hen. V. ii. 4, 6163; 
 
 [Hen. V. iii. 5, 59. 
 
 NOVELTY. 
 
 " Things novel are better than things customary/' 
 Promus 1269, Latin, and see of "Custom." 
 
 " There is scarcely any one but takes more delight in 
 what he hopes for than in what he has. Novelty is very 
 pleasing to a man and is easily sought after.''' De Aug. 
 viii. 1. 
 
 Escal. : " What news abroad i' the world ? " 
 Duke : " None but that there is so great a fever on goodness, that 
 the dissolution of it must cure it. Novelty only is in request, and it 
 is as dangerous to be aged in any kind of course, as it is virtuous to 
 be constant in any undertaking." M. M. iii. 2, and see Tr. Or. iv. 
 5, 7590. 
 
 " New customs, 
 
 Though they be never so ridiculous 
 Nay, let them be unmanly, yet are followed." 
 
 Hen. VIII. i. 3. 
 
Obedience. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 215 
 
 OATHS Deceive. 
 
 " Men are deceived with oaths, as boys with dice." 
 Promus 528 (Latin), from Erasmus' Adagia 699. 
 
 " Children are deceived with comfits, men with oaths." 
 - De Augmentis viii. 2. 
 
 " Such an act ... makes marriage vows 
 As false as dicer's oaths; such a deed 
 As from the body of contraction plucks 
 The very soul." Ham. iii. 4; As You Like It Hi. 4, 20 
 [40; All's Well iv. 2, 1340, 6973. 
 " Grant I may never prove so fond 
 To trust a man on his oath or bond." 
 
 Tim. Ath. i. 2 (Grace) . 
 
 OBEDIENCE of the Affections to Duty and Reason. 
 
 " Merit is worthier than fame ; and looking back 
 hither, would remember this text, that obedience is better 
 than sacrifice. 1 ' Advice to Essex. 
 
 " The end of morality is to procure the affections to 
 obey Reason" Advt. L. ii. 1. 
 
 " To speak truth of CsBsar, 
 I have not known when his affections swayed 
 More than his reason." 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 1. 
 
 " If your mind dislike anything, obey it (your mind or reason). 
 
 Ham. v. 2. 
 
 " Those he commands move only in commands, nothing in love." 
 Mad. v. 2. (See Hen. VIII. i. 2; iii. 1, 120; ii. 3; ii. 4, 35, 36, 136 
 139; iii. 1, 6367. Cyml. ii. 3, 113, 114. Lear \. 1, 99101). 
 
 OBEDIENCE, Blind, Desired by Kings. 
 
 " In the kingdom of the assassins now destroyed . . . 
 the custom was that upon the commandment of their 
 king, and a blind obedience to be given thereto, any of 
 
216 MANNERS, 3iiND, MORALS. Observation. 
 
 them was to undertake . . . the murder of any person 
 upon whom the commandment went. This custom, with- 
 out all question, made their whole government void, as an 
 engine built against human Society, worthy by all men to 
 be fired and pulled down." Touching an Holy War. 
 
 See how when King John calls upon Hubert to execute 
 (blindly, without knowing what it was) his command to 
 murder Prince Arthur, Hubert answers : 
 
 " What you bid me undertake, 
 Though that my death were adjunct to my act, 
 By Heaven I would do it." 
 
 Although he quickly repents his rash promise, and is 
 finally dissuaded by Arthur's entreaties, still he goes to 
 the prison with the full intention of obeying the king's 
 orders. When the people rise up in indignation at the 
 supposed foul murder, the king turns round and reproaches 
 his too faithful servant with being, through his too 
 prompt action, the cause of the crime." See John iii. 3? 
 2958, iv. 2, 202248; Hen. VIII. iii. 1, 120, 121, 162, 
 163, &c.; Ant. CL v. 2, 2232; Rich. III. iv. 2, 
 6781). 
 
 OBSERVATION a Means of Knowledge and Experience. 
 
 " Wise men use studies, for they teach not their own 
 use; but that is a wisdom without* them, and above 
 them, won by observation" Ess. of Studies. 
 
 " For knowledge (of men's dispositions) . . . both 
 history, poesy, and daily experience are as goodly fields 
 where these observations grow." Advt. L. ii. 
 
 Arm. : " How hast thou purchased this experience? " 
 * External to them. 
 
Occasion. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 217 
 
 Moth.: "By my penny of observation.' 
 
 L. L. L. iii. 1. 
 
 Jaq. : " The sundry contemplation of my travels, by other rumi- 
 nation, wraps me in a most humorous sadness " 
 
 Ros. : "... I fear you have sold your own lands to see 
 other men's; then to have seen much and to have nothing is to have 
 rich eyes and poor hands." 
 
 Jaq. : " Yes, / have gained my experience" 
 Ros. : " And your experience makes you sad." 
 
 As You Like It iv. 1. 
 
 OCCASION or Opportunity Calls upon Us, and must be 
 Obeyed. 
 
 " Nunc ipsa vocat res (occasion calls out).'' Virg. SEn. 
 ix. 320. Quoted Promus 166. 
 
 " I take it your own business calls on you, 
 And you embrace the good occasion to depart." 
 
 Her. Yen. i. 1 ; Rom. Jul. ii. 4, 
 
 [161, iii. 1,4247. 
 
 " Get on your night-grown, lest occasion call us, 
 And show us watchers." 
 
 Macl). ii. 2. 
 
 "Our time does call upon us" 
 
 Macl). iii. 1, 37 
 
 " My master calls me, I must not say no. 
 The weight of this sad time we must obey. 1 ' 
 
 Lear v. 3. 
 
 " The best persuasions to the contrary 
 Fail not to use, 
 And with what vehemency 
 The occasion shall instruct you." 
 
 Ben. VIII. v. 2. (See Ham. iv. 4, 
 
 [32; Temp. ii. 1, 207.) 
 
218 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. One's Own. 
 
 OCCASION to be Seized. (See Opportunity.) 
 
 " Occasion turneth a bald noddle, after she hath pre- 
 sented her locks in front, and no hold taken." Ess. of 
 Delays ; rep. in Letters to Essex, March, 1599. 
 
 " Opportunity offers the handle of the bottle first, and 
 afterwards the belly." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta 41). 
 
 " He needs no other suitor to his likings 
 To take the scifst occasion by the front." 
 
 Oth. iii. 1 . 
 
 " If you omit the offer of this time I cannot promise, 
 But you shall sustain more new disgraces . . . 
 
 I am joyful 
 
 To meet the least occasion." 
 
 Hen. VIII. iii. 2 and Rich. III. ii. 3, 147. 
 
 OLD Age Unkind, Covetous. (See Age Crooked, &c.) 
 
 " We see that Plautns makes it a wonder to see an old 
 man beneficent: 'His beneficence is that of a young 
 man."' De Aug. vii. 3. 
 
 " Join with the present sickness that I have, 
 And thy unkindness be like crooked age . . . 
 Let them die that age and sullens have." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 1. 
 
 " Thy prime of manhood daring, venturous, 
 Thy age confirmed . . . and bloody . . . kind in hatred." 
 
 Rich. III. iv. 4. 
 
 " Do you set down your name in the scroll of youth that are 
 written down old with all the characters of age ? . . . A man 
 can no more separate age and covetousness than he can part young 
 limbs and lechery." 2 Hen. IV. i. 2. 
 
 ONE'S Own is Beautiful. 
 
 " Suum cuique pulchrum " (one's own is beautiful). 
 Promus 981, from Erasmus 9 Adagia. 
 
Opinions. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 219 
 
 " An ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own!" 1 
 
 As You Like It v. 4. 
 " I'll go along, no such sight to be shown, 
 But to rejoice in splendour of mine own" 
 
 Rom. Jul. i. 2. 
 
 ONE'S Own Right Humanity. 
 
 " If every one has a right to his own, surely humanity 
 has a right to pardon." De Aug. vi. and Promus 71. 
 
 "Nature craves 
 
 All dues be rendered to their owners: Now 
 What nearer debt in all humanity 
 Than wife is to the husband ? " 
 
 Tr. Cr. ii. 3. 
 
 " Suum cuique is our Roman justice; 
 This prince in justice seizeth but his own." 
 
 Tit. And. i. 2. 
 (Comp. Promus 981, quoted ante). 
 
 OPINIONS the Lightest, not the Truest are most Popular. 
 
 " When men enter first into search and inquiry, . . . 
 they light upon different conceits, and so all opinions and 
 doubts are beaten over, and then men reject the worst 
 and hold themselves to the best (some being carried on), 
 the rest extinct. But truth is contrary. . . . Time 
 is like a river that carrieth down things that are light and 
 blown up, and sinketh and drowneth that which is sad 
 and weighty." Interpretation of Nature. 
 
 " Opinion's but a fool, that makes us scan 
 The outward habit by the inward man." 
 
 Per. ii. 2. 
 
 " Thus has he and many more . . . the drossy age dotes on only 
 got the tune of the time, a Jcind of yesty collection, which carries them, 
 through and through the most fond and winnowed opinions, and do but 
 blow them to their trial : the bubbles are out" Ham. v. 2. 
 
220 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Opportunity. 
 
 OPINIONS. 
 
 " To those that seek truth and not magistrality, it 
 cannot but seem a matter of great profit to see before 
 them the several opinions touching the foundations of 
 nature, &c. It is good to see the several glosses and 
 opinions whereof it may be everyone in some one point 
 hath seen clearer than his fellows''' Advt. L. ii. 865. 
 
 "And my most noble friends, I pray you all 
 Speak plainly your opinions of our hopes," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. IV. 1, 3. 
 
 (See how each expresses a different opinion, but each 
 knowing more than his fellows on some one point. The 
 same is in 1 Hen. VI. i. 4, 6369.) 
 
 " Opinion, a sovereign mistress of effects, throws a more safer voice 
 on you. You must therefore be content to slubber the gloss of your 
 new fortunes," &c.0th. i. 3. (See Twelfth Night iv. 3, 5062.) 
 
 " This progress of science is apt to be overwhelmed by 
 the gales of popular opinion." Nov. Org. i. 90 and 
 rep. 91. 
 
 " Such smiling rogues as these 
 Henege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks 
 With every gale and vary of their masters" 
 
 Lear ii. 2. 
 
 " In this, the antique and well-noted face 
 Of plain old form is much disfigured ; 
 And, like a shifted tchid unto a sail, 
 It makes the course of thoughts to fetch about, 
 Startles and frights consideration, 
 Makes sound opinion sick and truth suspected." 
 
 John iv. 2. 
 
 OPPORTUNITY a Thief. (See Occasion.) 
 
 " Opportunity makes a thief" Advice to Essex. 
 
 " Set them down for sluttish spoils of opportunity " 
 
 Tr. Cr. iv. 5. 
 
Ostentation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 221 
 
 " A very little thief. of occasion will rob you of a great deal of 
 patience." Cor. ii. 1. 
 
 OPPORTUNITY, Occasion. 
 
 " It is a loss to business to be too fall of respects, or to 
 be curious in observing times and opportunities. 
 A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds," 
 Ess. Ceremonies. 
 
 " I have . . . followed her with a doting observance, engrossed 
 opportunities to meet her, feed every slight occasion that could but 
 niggardly give me a sight of her," &c.Mer. Wiv. ii. 2 and vii. 1, 
 22, 23. 
 
 " The double-gilt of this opportunity you let time wash off" &c. 
 
 Twelfth Night iii. 2. 
 
 " This happy night the Frenchmen are secure . . . 
 Embrace we then this opportunity as fitting best." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. ii. 1. 
 
 " If once it be neglected, ten to one 
 We shall not find like opportunity." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. v. 4. 
 
 (And see Rom. Jul. iii. 5, 4850; Oth. ii. 1, 235283; Jul. C<es. 
 iv. 3, 212224.) 
 
 OSTENTATION Sometimes Needful. 
 
 " To the well-understanding and discerning of a man's 
 self, there followeth the well-opening and revealing a 
 man's self, wherein we see nothing more usual than for 
 the more able man to make the less show. . . . 
 Ostentation (though it be the first degree of vanity) 
 seemeth to me rather a vice in manners than in policy." 
 See the whole passage: Advt. L. ii. 1; Sped. Wks. iii. 
 462463; and De Aug. viii. 2., Ib. v. 66, 67; and com- 
 pare with the Promus entry 1308, " Quod per ostenta- 
 tionem fertwr bonum." 
 
222 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ostentation, 
 
 " Why have they dared to march . . . 
 (With) ostentation of despised arms ? " &c. 
 
 Rich. IL ii. 3. 
 
 " Let every soldier hew him down a bough, 
 And bear't before him: thereby shall we shadow 
 The numbers of our host, and make discovery 
 Err in report of us." 
 
 Macb. v. 4. 
 
 Cor. : " me alone ! Make you a sword of me ? 
 If these shows be not outward, which of you 
 But is four Voices . . ." 
 Com. : " March on, my fellows : 
 
 Make good this ostentation, and you shall 
 Divide in all with us." 
 
 Cor. i. 6. 
 
 (See how Cleopatra and Antony are " i' the market-place in chairs 
 of gold publicly enthroned , . . in the public eye, i' the common 
 show-place," Cleopatra in the robes of the goddess Isis, and how 
 " the people know it," and receive his accusations against Csesar. 
 Meanwhile, Octavia comes with her train, but quietly. Caasar 
 reproaches her for her want of ostentation on an important 
 occasion.) 
 
 Cces. : " Why have you stolen upon us thus ? You come not 
 Like Cassar's sister: the wife of Antony 
 Should have an army for her usher; . . . but you come 
 A market-maid to Rome, and have prevented 
 The ostentation of our love, which, left unshown, 
 Is often left unloved," &c. 
 
 See Ant. Cl. iii. 6, 120, 4058; 
 
 [also Mer. Yen. ii. 8, 43, 44. 
 " With hostile forces he'll o'erspread the land, 
 And, with the ostent of war, will look so huge 
 Amazement shall drive courage from the State." 
 
 Per. i. 2 and Oth. iii. 3, 348358. 
 
 OSTENTATION Impresses the Ignorant. 
 
 "Tacitus says of Mucianus . . . 'That he had a 
 certain art of setting forth to advantage everything he 
 
Outward. DINNERS, ^IIND, MORALS. 223 
 
 said or did. * It is true that ... it may be said of 
 ostentation (except it be in a ridiculous degree of de- 
 formity), * boldly sound your own praises, and some of 
 them will stick.' It will stick with the more ignorant, 
 and with the populace, though men of wisdom may 
 smile at it," &c. See De Aug. viii. 2, 
 
 "Hoi.: " Most barbarous intimation ! yet a kind of insinuation, 
 as it were, in vice, in way of explication : facere, as it were, replica- 
 tion or rather ostentare, to show, as it were, his inclination," &c. 
 L. L. L. iv. 2. 
 
 " Spruce affectation, 
 Figures pedantical : these summer flies 
 Have blown me full of maggot ostentation : 
 I do foreswear them." 
 
 L. L. L. v. 2. 
 
 (Holofernes is, throughout the Play of Love's Labour's 
 Lost, an illustration of the ostentation of learning " in a 
 ridiculous degree of deformity." Dull is an example of 
 the effect of this show of learning on the ignorant mind 
 of the populace, and Biron, who at first shared this 
 " vice of manners," ends by learning wisdom, and fore- 
 swearing the " old rage " for display of his own wit and 
 cleverness. Many passages on boasting, bragging, 
 vanity, and the like will be found to illustrate Bacon's 
 observations on vain or foolish ostentation.) 
 
 OUTWARD Appearances not Trustworthy, but Useful. 
 
 " He that is only real, had need have exceeding great 
 parts of virtue; as the stone had need to be rich that is 
 set without foil. ... It doth add much to a man's 
 reputation to have good forms." Ess. of Ceremonies and 
 Respects. 
 
 * Tac. Hist. ii. 80. 
 
224 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Painting. 
 
 " So may the outward shows be least themselves. 
 The world is still deceived with ornament. 
 In law, what plea so tainted and corrupt, 
 But, being seasoned by a gracious voice, 
 Obscures the show of evil ? In religion 
 What damned error, but some sober brow 
 Will bless it, and approve it with a text 
 Hiding the grossness with fair ornament. 
 There is no vice so simple, but assumes 
 Some mark of virtue on his outward parts." 
 
 Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 
 
 PAINTING the Face, and the iManners. 
 
 " But false decorations, fucusses, and pigments deserve 
 the imperfections that constantly attend them, being 
 neither exquisite enough to deceive, nor commodious to 
 apply, nor wholesome to use; and it is much that this 
 depraved custom of painting the face should so long 
 escape the penal laws both of Church and (State, which 
 have been severe against luxury in apparel, and effemi- 
 nate trimming of the hair. We read of Jezebel that she 
 painted her face, but not so of Esther and Judith." 
 De Aug. iv. 3, and see Advt. L. ii. I. 
 
 Ham. : " I have heard of your paintings, too, well enough. God 
 
 hath given you one face, and you make yourselves another." 
 
 Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 Vol. : l< Her beauty is exquisite, but her favour is infinite." 
 Speed. : " That's because the one is painted, and the other out of 
 
 all count." 
 
 Vol. : " How painted ? and how out of all count ? " 
 
 Speed. : " Marry, sir, so painted, to make her fair, that no man 
 
 accounts of her beauty" 
 
 Tc:o Gent. Ver. ii. 1. 
 
 " He rubs himself with civet; can you smell him out by that? 
 And when was he known to wash his face ? Yea, or to paint himself, 
 for the which I hear what they say of him." Much Ado iii. 2. 
 
Parents. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 225 
 
 u Better a painted face than a curled and painted 
 behaviour." De Aug. (Antitheta Work iv. 394). 
 
 " The harlot's cheek, beautified with plastering art, 
 Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it 
 Than is my deed to rny most painted word." 
 
 Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 " Fie, painted Rhetoric !" L. L. L. iv. 3. (And see L. L. L. ii. 
 
 i, is, 14.; 
 
 PARABLES, for Secrecy. (See Poetry.) 
 
 "Poesy parabolical . . . tendeth to illustrate that 
 which is taught or delivered, and to retire and obscure it, 
 when the secrets and mysteries of religion, policy, or 
 philosophy, are involved in fables or parables." See 
 Advt. L. ii. 1, and Preface to the Wisdom of the 
 Ancients, where the subject is treated at length. 
 
 " Thou shalt never get such a secret from me but by a parable." 
 Two Gent. Ver. ii. 5. 
 
 " I never could believe these antique fables nor these airy 
 
 toys . . . 
 
 But all their minds transfigur'd so together 
 More witnesseth than fancy's images, 
 And grows to something of great constancy, 
 But, howsoever, strange and admirable." 
 
 M. N. D. v. 1. 
 
 PARENTS Their Authority. 
 
 " Let parents choose betimes the vocations and courses 
 that they mean their children to take, for they are most 
 flexible, and let them not too much apply themselves to 
 the disposition of their children, as thinking they may 
 take best to that which they have most mind to." 
 Mor. Ess. Parents and Children. 
 
 Q 
 
226 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Parents. 
 
 The. : "... Be advised, fair maid; 
 
 To you, your father should be as a god: 
 
 One that composed your beauties; yea, and one 
 
 By him imprinted, and within his power 
 
 To leave the figure, or disfigure it. 
 
 Demetrius is a worthy gentleman." 
 Her. : "So is Lysander." 
 The. : " In himself he is : 
 
 But in this kind, wanting your father's voice, 
 
 The other must be held the worthier." 
 Her. : " I would my father look'd but with mine eyes ! " 
 The. : " Rather your eyes must with his judgment look," &c. 
 
 M. N. D. i. 1. 
 
 Ant. : " Well, niece, I trust you will be ruled by your father." 
 Bea. : " Yes, faith; it is my cousin's duty to courtesy and say, 
 
 Father, as it please you." 
 
 M. Ado ii. 1. 
 
 PARENTS and Children. 
 
 " The difference in affection of parents towards their 
 several children is many times unequal and unworthy. 
 . , . A man should see where there is a house full 
 of children, one or two of the eldest respected, and the 
 youngest made wantons ; * but, in the midst, some that 
 are, as it were, forgotten, who many times prove the 
 best. The illiberality of parents in allowance towards 
 their children is a harmful error, makes them base, 
 acquaints them with shifts, makes them sort with mean 
 company" Ess. of Parents and Children. 
 
 Orlando : " As I remember, Adam, it was upon this manner 
 bequeathed me. By will, but a poor thousand crowns : and as thou 
 say'st, charged my brother on his blessing to breed me well; and 
 there begins my sadness. My brother Jaques he keeps at school, 
 and report speaks golclenly of his profit. For my part, he keeps me 
 rustically at home, or, to speak more properly, stays me here at 
 home, unkept. For, call you that keeping a gentleman of my birth, 
 
 * Spoiled, petted. 
 
Parents. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 227 
 
 that differs not from the stalling of an ox ? His horses are bred 
 better; ... he lets me feed with his hinds, and as much as in him 
 lies : mines my gentility with my education" As You Like It i. 1. 
 
 PARENTS Their Minds Inherited by Works or Children. 
 
 fc< A man may see the noblest works and foundations 
 have proceeded from childless men, which have sought 
 to express the energies of their minds where those of 
 their bodies have failed." Ess. Parents and Children. 
 
 " What, my sweet master ! you memory 
 
 Of old Sir Rowland . . . 
 
 If that you were the good Sir Rowland's son . . . 
 
 And as mine eye his effigies witness, 
 
 Most truly limned, and living in your face," &c. 
 
 As You Like It ii, 3, 7. 
 " Be thou blest, Bertram, and succeed thy father 
 
 In manners as in shape; thy blood and virtue 
 
 Contend for empire in thee, and thy goodness 
 
 Share with thy birthright." 
 
 All's Well i. 1. 
 
 " Youth, thou bear'st thy father's face; 
 . . . Thy father's moral parts 
 May'st thou inherit, too." 
 
 As You Like It i. 2. 
 " ! 'tis a parlous boy ; 
 Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable, 
 He's all the mother's from the top to toe." 
 
 Rich. III. iii. 1. 
 
 (Compare "this first heir of my invention," "children of the 
 brain," " child of fancy," "a young conception in my brain," "the 
 sonne of somewhat " and other such metaphorical expressions in the 
 two groups of works.) 
 
 PARENTS and Children. 
 
 " The joys of parents are secret, and so are their griefs , 
 and fears; they cannot utter the one, nor will they utter 
 the other. 
 
228 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. PaSSiOflS. 
 
 " Children sweeten labours, but they make misfortunes 
 more bitter; they increase the cares of life/' J^ss. of 
 Parents and Children. 
 
 Macd. : " And all my children ? " 
 
 Rosse : " Your castle is surprised : Your wife and babes 
 
 Savagely slaughtered . . . ." 
 Mai. : " Merciful Heaven ! 
 
 What man ! ne'er pull your hat upon your brows; 
 Give sorrow words ! the grief that does not speak 
 Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and lids it break." 
 Macd. : " My children, too ? ... my wife killed, too ? . . ." 
 Mai. : "Be comforted . . ." 
 
 Macd. : " He has no children. All my pretty ones? 
 Did you say all f hell kite ? All ? 
 Where all my pretty chickens and their dam 
 At one fell swoop ? " 
 
 See Mad. iv. 3. See John iii. 4, 17106. 
 
 PASSIONS Dull or Sensitive. 
 
 " I like not these negative virtues, for they show inno- 
 cence, not merit, I like those virtues which induce 
 excellence of action, not dullness of passion. Exquisite 
 and restless senses need narcotics, so do passions. "- 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " We backward pull our own designs when we ourselves are dull" 
 &c. See AlV s Well \. 1, 220230. 
 
 " This noble passion, child of integrity," &c. 
 
 Much. iv. 3. 
 
 lago having goaded Othello into a fury of jealous 
 passion, gloats on the success of his own villany, and 
 professes to wish to apply " narcotics " to the passion 
 with which he says Othello is " eaten up," but he knows 
 that 
 
 " Not poppy, nor mandragora, 
 Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, 
 
Past Things. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 229 
 
 Shall ever medicine him to that sweet sleep 
 That he own'd yesterday" 
 
 See Oth. iii. 320330, 389392, 
 
 [and ii. 3, 199205. 
 
 (Also Hen. V. iii. 2, 2227; 2 Hen. VI. v. 3, 15; Ham. iii. 4; 
 Cor. v. 3, 8185; Lear iv. 2, 1720; Ant. Cl. i. 5, 46; Winters 
 Tale i. 1, 1318; Oymb. v. 5, 79; Temp. iv. 1, 139145.) 
 
 (Such instances are sufficient to show that the Poet 
 prefers the hot-tempered and high-spirited, even the rash, 
 impetuous and violent tempered, to the cold, calculating, 
 and dispassionate, even though these be the wiser and 
 more judicious but negative characters. We have but to 
 compare the pictures given of Romeo, Hotspur, Claudio, 
 Antony (in Julius Ccesar), Othello, Cassio, Coriolanus, 
 even Timon, with Mortimer, Cassius, Brutus, lago, 
 Angelo, to assure ourselves on which side the Poet's 
 sympathies, and our own, are enlisted.) 
 
 PAST Things not to be too much Regretted. 
 
 4 * That which is past is gone, and irrevocable, and wise 
 men have enough to do with things present and to come ; 
 therefore they do but trifle with themselves that labour 
 in past matters." Ess. of Revenge. 
 
 " When remedies are past, the griefs are ended, 
 By seeing the worst which late on hopes depended. 
 To mourn a mischief that is past and gone 
 Is the next way to draw new mischief on ... 
 He robs himself that spends a bootless grief." 
 
 Oth. i. 3. 
 " Things past redress are now with me past care." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 3, 170. 
 " Things that are past are done with me." 
 
 Ant. CL i. 2. 
 
 " What's past help should be past grief." 
 
 Winter's 2 ale iii. 2. 
 
230 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 " Past cure is still past care . . ." 
 
 L. L. L. v. 2. 
 
 PATIENCE Impatience. 
 
 " The Scripture exhorts us to possess our souls in 
 patience. Whoever is out of patience, is out of posses- 
 sion of his own soul." Ess. of Anger. 
 
 " Thy greatest help is quiet, gentle Nell. 
 I pray thee, sort thy heart to patience," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. VI. ii. 4. 
 
 " (You) since his coming have done enough 
 To put him quite beside his patience." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. iii. 1. 
 
 (Note how nearly the Poet says, " To put him quite 
 beside himself" out of possession of his own soul. See 
 Cymb.ii. 4, 148153.) 
 
 " What cannot be preserved when Fortune takes, 
 Patience her injury a mockery makes." 
 
 Oth. i. 3. 
 
 PATIENCE hath Two Parts. 
 
 " Patience hath two parts, hardness against tvants and 
 extremities and endurance of pain or torment." Advt. L, 
 ii. 1. 
 
 " Patience with wilful choler meeting . . . 
 Passion lends them power, Time means . . . 
 Tempering extremities with extremes." 
 
 Rom. Jul. i. 5 and Hen. VIII. 
 
 [ii. 1. 3136. 
 " Hector, whose patience is, as a virtue fixed." 
 
 Tr. Or. i. 2. 
 (And see of Tr. Or. v. 2, 29, 38, 4850, 5564, 80). 
 
 " There is no philosopher could endure the toothache patiently." 
 
 M. Ado v. 1. 
 
Peace, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 231 
 
 " I will be the pattern of all patience." 
 
 See Lear iii. 2 and Tr. Cr. 
 
 [v, 2, 28-65. 
 
 " Why have I the patience to endure all this ? '' 
 
 Tit. And. ii. 3. 
 
 " With meditating that she must die once." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 3, 232242. 
 
 "I have the patience to endure it now." 
 
 Ham. i. 2. 
 
 " Even so great men great losses should endure." 
 
 Jul. Gees. iv. 3. 
 
 " Impatience does become a dog that's mad." 
 
 Ant. Cl. iv. 13, Lear 
 
 [ii. 4, 231, &c. 
 
 There are in Shakespeare upwards of 250 references to 
 the virtue and need for patience, and many to the dis- 
 advantages of impatience. Patience is a virtue of which 
 Francis Bacon must have stood hourly in need of, and 
 he drilled himself to it, as we see by his Promus Notes 
 1247 : " Haste, impatience, inactions, as in ways the 
 nearest the foulest : impatience my stay " (or hindrance) ; 
 yet he even judged himself severely. His patience must 
 have been inexhaustible, though greatly tried. 
 
 PEACE Slothful, Effeminate. (See War.) 
 
 " In a slothful peace both courage will effeminate and 
 manners corrupt."- De Aug. viii. 3. 
 
 " Is all our travail turned to this effect ? . . . 
 Shall we again conclude effeminate peace ? " 
 
 1 Hen. VI. v. 4. 
 
 " Why I, in this weak piping time of peace, 
 Have no delight to pass away the time . . . 
 And hate the idle pleasures of these days." 
 
 Rich. III. i. 1. 
 
232 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. People. 
 
 " Enrich the time to come with smooth- faced peace ." 
 
 Rich. III. v. 4. 
 
 2 Serv. : " This peace is nothing but to rust iron, increase tailors, 
 and breed ballad-makers." 
 
 1 Serv. : " Let me have war, I say; it exceeds peace as far as day 
 does night: it's spritely, waking, audible, and full of vent. Peace 
 is a very apoplexy, lethargy mulled, deaf, sleepy, insensible a 
 getter of more bastard children than war's a destroyer of men," &c. 
 Cor. iv. 5, 219240. 
 
 PEOPLE The Commonalty, Rabble, Courted and Won. 
 
 " To court the people is to be courted by the people. 
 
 " Men that are themselves great, find no single person 
 to respect, but only the people. 
 
 u He that pleases the rabble is apt to raise the rabble. 
 
 " Nothing that is moderate is liked by the common 
 people/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Look to it, lords : let not his smoothing words 
 Bewitch your hearts. Be wise and circumspect. 
 What though the common people favour him, 
 Calling him ' Humphrey, the good Duke of Gloucester,' 
 Clapping their hands and crying out with loud voice, 
 ' Jesu, maintain your royal excellence ! ' 
 With ' God, preserve the good Duke Humphrey.' 
 I fear me, lords, for all this flattering gloss, 
 He will be found a dangerous protector." 
 
 See 2 Hen. VI. i. 1, 155163. 
 
 " I love the people, 
 
 But do not like to stage me to their eyes. 
 Though it do well, I do not relish well 
 Their loud applause, and Aves vehement, 
 Nor do I think the man of safe discretion 
 That does affect it." 
 
 M. M. i. 1. 
 
 " Ourself and Bushy, Bagot here, and Green 
 Observed his courtship to the common people, 
 
People. MANSERS, MIND, MORALS. 233 
 
 How he did seem to dive into their hearts 
 
 With humble and familiar courtesy. 
 
 What reverence he did throw away on slaves, 
 
 Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles," &c. 
 
 See of Hereford, Rich. II. i. 4. 
 
 PEOPLE Their Voice. 
 
 "The voice of the people has something divine; else, 
 how could so many agree in one thing ? " De Aug. vi. 
 
 " People of Home, and noble tribunes here, 
 I ask your voices and your suffrages . . . 
 With voices and applause of every sort . . . 
 (Crown Saturnine) and say, Long live our Emperor Satur- 
 nine." 17*. And. i. 2. 
 
 But in Act v. Saturnine is murdered by the people, and 
 they hail Lucius as Emperor. 
 
 " The common voice do cry, It shall be so : 
 Lucius all hail ! Rome's royal Emperor ! " 
 
 Tit. And. v. 3. 
 
 (See also in Julius Caesar how the rabble first " make 
 holiday to see Ceesar and rejoice in his triumph." Marul- 
 lus taunts them with having done the same for " Great 
 Pompey." 
 
 'And do you now strew flowers in his way, 
 That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood ? " 
 
 Jul. Cces. i. 1. 
 
 Act i. 2 has a graphic picture of the " rabblement," 
 shouting and cheering Cresar, hooting when he pre- 
 tended to refuse the crown, and " clapping their chopped 
 hands." 
 
 " If the rag-tag people did not clap him and kiss him 
 according as he pleased and displeased them, as they use 
 the players on the stage, I am no true man." 
 
234 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Perfection. 
 
 Ca3sar is murdered, and Brutus " appeases the multi- 
 tude beside themselves with fear/' appealing to them to 
 say whether in slaving Cresar he had not acted rightly. 
 All exclaim : 
 
 " Live, Brutus ! live ! live ! Bring him in trumph 
 unto his house. Give him a statue with his ancestors. 
 Let him be Cresar. Cesar's better parts shall be crowned 
 in Brutus," and so forth. 
 
 Then comes the body of Caasar, mourned by Mark 
 Antony, quite quietly and sorrowfully he gives his own 
 view of the subject, with every word stirring the feelings 
 of the wavering multitude. They quickly turn completely 
 round. 
 
 " We'll mutiny: we'll burn the house of Brutus. . . . Come 
 away ! away we'll burn his body in the holy place, and with the 
 brands fire the traitor's houses. . . . Go, fetch fire; pluck down 
 benches; pluck down forms, windows, anything ! " JuL Cces. iii. 3. 
 
 Well may Bacon say that it is safe for monarch to 
 make sure of the goodwill of the common people. (See 
 Multitude.) 
 
 PERFECTION in Particulars and in Generals. 
 
 " That which is better in perfection is better altogether'" 
 &c. De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.). 
 
 " Yourself held precious in the world's esteem, 
 To parley with the sole inheritor 
 Of all imperfections that a man may own . . . 
 Be now as prodigal of all dear grace, 
 As Nature was in making graces dear. 
 When she did starve the general world beside, 
 And prodigally gave them all to you." 
 
 L.L. L.ii. I. 
 " Full many a lady 
 I have eyed with best regard; and many a time 
 
Perfidy, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 The harmony of their tongues hath into bondage 
 Brought my too diligent ear: for seveial virtues 
 Have I lik'd several women: never any 
 With so full a soul, but some defect in her 
 Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owned 
 And put it to the foil: but you, you ! 
 So perfect and so fearless are created 
 Of every creature's best." 
 
 Temp. \\i. 1. 
 (See As You Like It iii. 2, 137152; Com. Err. ii. 2, 121125; 
 
 John ii. 2, 124141; Winter's Tale v. 1, 1316: Ham. iv. 7 T 71 
 
 75, &c. 
 
 PERFIDY. 
 
 " There is no vice that doth so cover a man with shame 
 as to be found false and perfidious." Ess. of Truth. 
 
 " Cosmus, Duke of Florence, had a desperate saying 
 against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those 
 wrongs were unpardonable. ' You shall read/ saith he, 
 * that we are commanded to forgive our friends.' But 
 yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune : 4 Shall we,' 
 saith he, ; take good at God's hands, and not be content 
 to take evil also ? ' And so of friends in proportion ? " 
 Ess. of Revenge. 
 
 (It will be perceived by the following passages that 
 Francis Bacon's spirit was tuned to the perfection of 
 Job's; and indeed it is noted by his biographers, those 
 at least who knew and loved him best, that he wiped his 
 tables clean from remembrance of injuries " for malice 
 he neither bred nor fed.") 
 
 " My brother ... I pray thee, mark me, that a brother should 
 Be so perfidious ! he, whom next thyself 
 Of all the world I lov'd, and to him put 
 The manage of my State. . . . Thy false uncle 
 . . . Now he was the ivy suck'd all my verdure out . . . 
 
236 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Persuasion. 
 
 I thus neglecting worldly ends ... in my false brother, 
 Awaked an evil nature; and my trust 
 Like a good parent, did beget in him 
 A falsehood in its contrary as great 
 As my trust was," &c. 
 
 Temp. i. 2. 
 
 (See, Further, Prospero's forgiveness " of the rankest 
 fault " of his perfidious brother, and also of his treacher- 
 ous companions and supposed friends, Sebastian and 
 Antonio. Temp. v. 1.) 
 
 PERSUASION Reason. 
 
 " If the affections themselves were brought to order, 
 and pliant and obedient to reason, there would be no 
 great use of persuasions and insinuations, but naked and 
 simple propositions would be enough. But the ajfections 
 do raise such mutinies * and seditions that reason would 
 become captive f ... if eloquence of persuasions did 
 win the imagination from the affections' part." De Aug. 
 vi. 3. 
 
 1 Sen. : 
 
 " Did you by indirect arid forced courses 
 Subdue and poison this young maid's affections, 
 Or came it by request, and such fair question 
 As soul to soul affordeth ? " 
 Oth. : 
 
 " It was my hint to speak . . . this to hear 
 Would Desdemona seriously incline . . . which I observing 
 Took once a pliant hour, and found good means 
 To draw from her a prayer of earnest heart," &c. 
 
 Oth. i. 2. 
 
 (See L. L. L. iv. 3 verses; Com. Err. iii. 2, 115; 1 Hen. VI. iii. 
 3, 1720; Hen. VIII. v. 1, 146153; Cymb. i. 5, 115118.) 
 
 * Compare, " There is enough to stir a mutiny in the mildest thoughts" (Tit. 
 And. iv. 1, 85-88). 
 
 t " Whose words took all ears captive" (Airs Well i. 3, 17 and Rich. III. iv. 1, 
 28, 29.) 
 
Philosophy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 237 
 
 PERSUASION by Colours, or Sophistry. 
 
 " (Persuasions may be) by colours or popular glosses, 
 and circumstances of such force as to sway an ordinary 
 judgment; or even a wise man that does not fully and 
 considerately attend to the subject." Advt. L. vi. 3. 
 
 Sir Nath. : 
 
 "... As a certain father saith." 
 Holof. : 
 
 "... Sir, tell me not of the father; I do fear colour- 
 able colours." L. L. L. iv. 2. 
 " Of no right, nor colour like to right, 
 He doth fill fields with harness in the realm." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2. 
 
 Fed. : " Sir, I'll be as good as my word : this that you heard was 
 but a colour. 
 
 Shal. : " A colour, I fear, that you will die * in Sir John." 
 Fal. : " Fear no colours. Come with me to dinner." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. v. 5. 
 
 " There is a kind of confession in your looks which your modesties 
 have not craft enough to colour" Ham. ii. 2. 
 
 PHILOSOPHY Divine. 
 
 " Divine philosophy is a science . . . derivable from 
 God by the light of Nature and the contemplation of His 
 creatures; so that, with regard to its object, it is truly 
 Divine, but, with regard to its acquirement, natural. 
 . . . God never wrought a miracle to convert an 
 atheist, because the light of Nature is sufficient to demon- 
 strate a Deity. . . . The distemper (of being all 
 philosophy to be derived from the Holy Scriptures) 
 principally reigned in the school of Paracelsus" 
 Advt. L. i. 
 
 La Feu : " They say, miracles are past, and we have our philo- 
 * Note quibble, "a colour that you will due in." 
 
238 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Philosophy. 
 
 sophical persons to make modern and familiar things supernatural 
 and causeless. Hence it is that we make trifles of terrors, esconscing 
 ourselves into seeming knowledge, when we should submit ourselves 
 to an unknown fear." 
 
 Par. : " Why, 'tis the rarest wonder that hath shot out of our 
 later times ... to be relinquished of the artists . . . both of Galen 
 and Paracelsus . . ." 
 
 La Feu : " A showing of a heavenly effect in an earthly 
 actor . . ." 
 
 Par. : " That's it, and he is of a most facinorous spirit that will 
 not acknowledge it to be the very hand of Heaven." 
 
 All's Well ii. 3. 
 " To see how God in all His creatures works." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. ii. 1. 
 
 " By the help of these (with Him above to ratify the work) we 
 may again . . . sleep." Macb. iv. 6. 
 
 " Of your philosophy you make no use 
 If you give way to accidental evils." 
 
 Jul. Cces. iv. 3. 
 
 " Even by the rule of that philosophy 
 By which I did blame Cato for the death 
 Which he did give himself. I know not how, 
 But I do think it cowardly and vile, 
 For fear of what might fall, so to prevent 
 The time of life: arming myself with patience 
 To stay the providence of some high powers 
 That govern us below." 
 
 Jul. Cats, v, 1. 
 
 PHILOSOPHY and the Toothache. 
 
 " It is more than a philosopher can morally digest. 
 . . . I esteem it* like the pulling out of an aching 
 tooth, which, I remember, when I was a child and had 
 little philosophy, I was glad when it was done." To 
 Essex, October, 1595. 
 
 " There never was yet philosopher 
 That could endure the toothache patiently, 
 
Place. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 239 
 
 However they have writ the style of the gods, 
 And made a push at chance and sufferance." 
 
 M. Ado v. 1. 
 
 PLACE Shows the Character of Man. 
 
 " It is most true which was anciently spoken : ' A place 
 showeth the man, and it showeth some to the better and 
 some to the worse.' . . . It is an assured sign of a 
 worthy and generous spirit, whom honour amends, for 
 honour is, or should be, the place of virtue; and virtue 
 ... in authority is settled and calm/' Ess. of Great 
 Place. 
 
 K. Hen. : 
 
 " God pardon thee ! Yet, let me wonder, Harry, 
 At thy affections which do hold wing 
 Quite from the flight of .all thy ancestors. 
 Thy place in council thou hast rudely lost, 
 Which by thy younger brother is supplied," &c. 
 
 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2. 
 
 (See the whole scene and the King's arguments with 
 Prince Harry, who is a good illustration of " a generous 
 spirit whom honour amends/') 
 
 King.: " How might a prince of my great hopes forget 
 So great indignities you laid upon me . . ." 
 Ch. Justice : 
 
 " I then did use the person of your father . . . 
 As you are a king, speak in your state, 
 What I have done that misbecame my place, 
 My person, or my liege's sovereignty," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. IV. v. 2, 42145; and 
 
 [note the same as abovp. 
 
 PLACE Rising to as by Stairs or Ladder. 
 
 "All rising to great place is by a winding stair; and 
 if there be factions, it is good to side a man's self whilst 
 
240 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 he is in the rising, and to balance himself when he is 
 placed." Ess. of Great Place. 
 
 "Northumberland, thou ladder, by the which 
 My cousin Bolingbroke ascends my throne." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. in. 1. 
 
 " Tis a common proof 
 That lowliness is young ambition's ladder 
 Whereto the climber upward turns his face; 
 But when he once attains the upmost round 
 He then upon the ladder turns his back, 
 Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees 
 By which he did ascend." 
 
 JuL Cces. ii. 1. 
 
 " Let me . . . speak a sentence 
 Which as a grise or step may help these lovers 
 Into your favour." 
 
 Oth. i. 3. 
 
 PLACE (Great) The Rising Difficult and Dangerous. 
 
 " The rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men 
 come to greater pains; and it is sometimes base; and by 
 indignities men come to dignities. The standing is 
 slippery, and the regress is either a downfall or at least 
 an eclipse, which is a melancholy thing." Ess. of Great 
 Place. 
 
 " 'Tis certain, greatness once fallen out with fortune, 
 Must fall out with men, too : what the declin'd is 
 He shall as soon read in the eyes of others 
 As feel in his own fall . . . 
 And not a man, for being simply man, 
 Hath any honour : but honour for those honours 
 That are without him, as place, riches, and favour, 
 Prizes of accident as oft as merit : 
 Which, when they fall, as being slippery standers, 
 The love that lean'd on them as slippery, too, 
 
Pleasure. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 241 
 
 Doth one pluck down another, and together 
 Die in the fall." 
 
 Tr. 6V. iii. 3. 
 
 " A sceptre matched with an unruly hand 
 Must be as boisterously maintained as gained; 
 And he that stands upon a slippery place 
 Makes nice of no vile hold to stay him up. 
 
 John iii. 3. 
 " world, thy slippery turns ! . . ." 
 
 Cor. iv. 4. 
 
 " Did you know . . . the art o' the Court 
 As hard to leave as keep, whose top to climb 
 Is certain falling, or so slippery, that 
 The fear's as bad as falling," &c. 
 
 Cymb. iii. 3. 
 
 (Compare with the fall of a Chancellor, Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 330372.) 
 " When Fortune, in her shift and change of mood, 
 Spurns down her late belov'd, all his dependants 
 Which labour'd after him to the mountain's top, 
 Even on their knees and hands, let him slip down, 
 Not one accompanying his declining foot." 
 
 Tim. Ath. i. 1. 
 
 PLEASURE-Fruition. 
 
 " The good of fruition, or, as it is more commonly 
 termed, pleasure, is placed either in the sincerity or in 
 the vigour of it." De Aug. vii. 2. 
 
 " There is a difference between fruition and acquisi- 
 tion" Promus 1,327 (Latin). 
 
 " The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue." 
 
 Oth. ii. 3. 
 " The fruition of her love." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. v. 5. 
 " Majesty and pomp, the which 
 To leave a thousandfold more bitter than 
 'Tis sweet at first to acquire." 
 
 Hen. VIII. ii. 3. 
 
 R 
 
242 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Poetry. 
 
 ** Better to leave undone, than by our deed 
 Acquire too high a fame. . . . The soldier's virtue 
 Rather makes choice of loss than gain which darkens him." 
 
 Ant. Cl. iii. 1. 
 
 POETRY a Shadow, a Dream. 
 
 " Poesy . . . filleth the imagination, and yet it is but 
 with the shadow of a lie? Ess. of Truth. 
 
 "This is the silliest stuff that e'er I heard. 
 The best in this kind are but shadows" 
 
 .. N. D.v.2- and see J/. .V. D. 
 [v. 1, 1227. 
 
 " If we shadows have offended, 
 Think but this, and all is mended. 
 That you have but slumbered here, 
 While these visions did appear" 
 
 .!/. N. D. (Epilogue). 
 
 "Poesy is a dream of learning, a thing sweet and varied, 
 and that would be thought to have in it something 
 divine, a character which dreams also affect." Advt. L. 
 iii. 1. 
 
 " Contemplation is a dream, love is a trance." 
 
 Device of Philantia. 
 
 " God forbid that we should give out a dream of our 
 own imagination .for a pattern of the world." Great 
 Instauration Place) . 
 
 " Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, 
 Such shaping fantasies that apprehend 
 More than cool reason ever comprehends. 
 The lunatic, the lover, and the poet, 
 Are of imagination all compact . . . 
 The poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling 
 Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, 
 And as imagination bodies forth 
 The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen 
 
Poesy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 243 
 
 Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing 
 A local habitation and a name." 
 
 M. N. D. v. 1. 
 
 " We are such stuff as dreams are made of," &c. Temp. iv. 1. 
 (Sec upwards of 105 passages on Dreams and Dreamers.) 
 
 POESY is Feigned History Its Use. 
 
 " In respect of matter . . . poesy is nothing else but 
 feigned history, which may be styled as well in prose as 
 in verse. The use of this feigned history hath been to 
 give some show of satisfaction to the mind of man in 
 those points wherein the nature of things doth deny it ; 
 the world being in proportion inferior to the soul, by 
 reason whereof there is agreeable to the spirit of man a 
 more ample greatness, a more exact goodness, and a more 
 absolute variety than can be found in the nature of things. 
 Therefore, because the acts or events of true history have 
 not that magnitude which satisfieth the mind of man, 
 poesy feigneth acts and events greater, and more 
 heroical" 
 
 Touch. : " Truly I would the gods had made thee poetical." 
 
 And. : " I do not know what poetical is." 
 
 Touch. : " No, truly, for the truest poetry is the most feigning : 
 and lovers are given to poetry, and what they say in poetry may be 
 said (as lovers) they do feign." 
 
 And. : "Do you wish, then, that the gods had made me 
 poetical ? " 
 
 Touch.: "I do truly; f or thou swear'st to me thou art honest : 
 now, if! thou wert a poet, I might have some hope thou didst feign." 
 
 As You Like It iii. 3. 
 
 " Because true history propoundeth the successes and 
 issues of actions not so agreeable to the merits of virtue 
 and vice, therefore poesy feigns them more just in retri- 
 bution, and more according to revealed Providence" 
 Advt. L. ii. 1, 
 
244 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Popularity. 
 
 (See, in illustration, the deaths of nearly all noble 
 persons in the Tragedies.) 
 
 Hamlet : "01 die, Horatio . . . 
 
 But I do prophesy the election lights 
 On Fortinbras : he has my dying voice; 
 So tell him, with the occurrents, more or less 
 Which have solicited the rest is silence." [Dies.'] 
 Hor. : 
 
 " Now cracks a noble heart Good-night, sweet prince : 
 And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest." 
 
 Ham. v. 2. 
 See of the death of Brutus, noble and unselfish Jul. Cces. v. 5 
 
 [6877. 
 Hotspur and P. Henry's words 1 Hen. IV. 
 
 [v. 5, 81-101. 
 
 Henry IV. 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 309-370. 
 Cardinal Wolsey Hen. VIII. iv. 2, 180. 
 
 Queen Katherine, her vision and death 
 
 [Ib. 81173. 
 
 POPULARITY Not for the Wise. 
 
 " Wise men are commonly pleased with the same 
 things ; but to meet the various inclinations of fools is the 
 part of wisdom/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " To court the people is to be courted by the people." 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 The collective manner in which wise men are often 
 spoken of in the Plays seems to reflect the thought in the 
 first of these sentences : 
 
 " Two of them have the very bent of honour, and if their icisdoms 
 have not been misled," &c. M. Ado iv. 1. 
 
 " What your ivisdoms could not discover, these shallow fools have 
 brought to light." M. Ado v. 1. 
 
 " Augment or alter as your wisdoms best shall see advantageable," 
 &c. Hen. V. v. 2. 
 
Poverty. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 245 
 
 " Fair pranks which wise ones do." 
 
 Oth. ii. 1. 
 
 " Wise men are grown foppish." 
 
 Lear i. 4 (Song). 
 
 " I love the people, to stage me to their eyes; 
 Though it do well, I do not relish well 
 Their loud applause, and Aves vehement, 
 Nor do I think the man of safe discretion 
 That does affect it," &c. M. M. i. 1. 
 
 POSSIBILITIES Impossibilities. 
 
 " Great abilities would be more common (but for) 
 men's diffidence in prejudging them as impossibilities; 
 for it holdeth in these things, which the Poet saith, 
 Possunt quid posse videntur, for no man shall know how 
 much may be done: except he believe much may be 
 done." Discourse of the Intellectual Powers and Promus 
 1234, 1235. 
 
 " I will strive with the impossibilities, 
 Yea, and get the better of them." 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 1. 
 " Make not impossible 
 That which seems unlike. Tis not impossible 
 
 M. M. v. 1. 
 
 " Nothing is impossible." Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2. 
 " Dexterity so obeying appetite, 
 That what he will, he does and does so much 
 That proof is called impossibility.*' 
 
 Tr. Cr. v. 5 and Cor. v. 3, 6063. 
 
 POVERTY of Learned Men, and Their Seclusion. 
 
 " The derogations which grow to learning from the 
 fortune or condition of learned men are either in respect 
 of scarcity of means, or in respect of privateriess of life, 
 and meanness of employments. . . . Learned men 
 grow not rich," &c. Advt. LA. 1. 
 
246 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Poverty. 
 
 " I do remember an apothecary . . . 
 In tattered weed, with overwhelming brows 
 Culling of simples; meagre were his looks, 
 Sharp misery had worn him to the bones . . . 
 Come hither, man, I see that thou art poor . . . 
 The world is not thy friend nor the world's law, 
 The world affords no law to make thee rich," &c. 
 
 Rom. Jul. v. 1 . 
 
 " The thrice-three Muses mourning for the death of Learning, late 
 deceased in beggary. That is some satire keen, and critical. "- 
 M.N.D.v. 1. 
 
 " The learned pate ducks to the golden fool." 
 
 Tim. Ath. iv. 3. 
 
 POVERTY Travelling- Want Armed. 
 
 " Poverty comes as one that travelleth, and want as 
 an armed man." . . . For debt and diminution of 
 capital come on at first step by step, like a traveller, 
 . . . but, soon afterwards, want rushes in like an armed 
 man, so strong and powerful as no longer to be resisted; 
 for it was rightly said of the ancients that ' Necessity is 
 of all things the strongest.' " De Aug. viii. 1 (from Prov. 
 vii. 11). 
 
 \_A table set out. Enter Duke, Lords and Jaques. To them rushes 
 in Orlando, with Jiis sword drawn.'] 
 Orl. : " Forbear, and eat no more." 
 Jaq. : " Why, I have eat none yet." 
 Orl. : " Nor shall not till Necessity be served. . . . Forbear, 
 
 I say; 
 
 He dies that touches any of this fruit 
 Till I and my affair are answered. . . . There is a 
 
 poor old man 
 
 Who after me hath many a weary step 
 Limpd in pure love : till he be first suffic'd . . . 
 I will not touch a bit." 
 
 See As You Like It ii. 7, 89133. 
 
Praise. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 247 
 
 PRAISE by Enemies. 
 
 " What is praised, even by enemies, is a great good. 
 This sophism deceives by reason of the cunning ... of 
 enemies. For enemies sometimes bestow praise, not 
 against their will, nor as being compelled thereto by the 
 force of truth, but choosing such points of truth as may 
 breed envy and danger to the subject of it. And hence 
 there was a prevailing superstition among the Greeks 
 that, with a malicious purpose to injure him, a pimple 
 would grow upon his nose." De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.), and 
 see Promus 1329. 
 
 " And what the repining enemy commends, 
 That breath fame blows; that praise, sole pure, transcends." 
 
 Tr. Cr. \. 3. 
 
 (And see Ant. Cl. v. 1, v. 2, 333336; and JuL Gas. iii. 1, 
 212222.) 
 
 " For that I have not wash'd 
 My nose that bled . . . you shout me forth 
 In acclamations hyperbolical ; 
 As if I lov'd my little should be dieted 
 In praises sauced with lies," &c . 
 
 Cor. i. 9. 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 I never lov'd you much : but I have prais'd you 
 When you have well deserv'd ten times as much 
 As I have said you did." 
 
 Ant. Cl. ii. 6. 
 
 PRAISE from the People. 
 
 " If praise be from the common people, it is commonly 
 false, and nought, and rather followeth vain persons than 
 virtuous : for the common people understand not many 
 excellent virtues : the lowest virtues draw praise from 
 them, the middle virtues work in them astonishment and 
 
248 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. Praise. 
 
 admiration; but of the highest virtues they have no sense 
 or perceiving at all, but shows, and species virtutibus 
 similes (appearances like virtues) serve best with them." 
 Ess. of Praise; see also De Aug. vi. 3 (Sophism). 
 
 " You shout me forth 
 In acclamations hyperbolical 
 As if I loved my little should be dieted 
 In praises sauced with lies." 
 
 Cor. i. 9. 
 
 " The commonwealth is sick of their own choice 
 Their over-greedy love hath surfeited. 
 An habitation giddy and unsure 
 Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart" &c. 
 
 See 2 Hen. IV. i. 3, 87108. 
 
 PRAISE is Reflection, as in a Glass. 
 
 * 4 Praise is the reflection of virtue, but it is glass or 
 body which giveth the reflection." Ess, of Praise. 
 
 " flattering glass, like to my followers." 
 
 liich. II. iv. 1. 
 
 " Let Cicero be read in his oration pro Marcello, which 
 is nothing but an excellent table of Cesar's virtue, made 
 to his face. Advt. L. ii. 1. 
 
 "I do protest I never loved myself 
 Till now infixed I beheld myself 
 Drawn in the flattering table of her eye." 
 
 John ii. 2. 
 
 " But more in Troilus thousand-fold I see, 
 Than in the glass of Pandars praise may be." 
 
 Tr. Cr. i. 2. 
 
 PRAISE of Self. 
 
 "' To praise a man's self cannot be decent, except it be 
 in rare cases." Ess. of Praise. 
 
Preparation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 249 
 
 " The worthiness of praise disdains his worth, 
 If that the praised himself bring the praised forth." 
 
 Tr. Cr. i. 3. 
 
 " Whatsoever praises itself but in the deed, devours the deed in 
 the praise." Tr. Or. ii. 3. 
 
 " This comes too near the praising of myself." 
 
 3Ier. Yen. iii. 4. 
 
 " It is most expedient for the wise ... to be the trumpet of his 
 own virtues, as I am to myself. So much for praising myself, who, 
 myself will bear witness, is praiseworthy." J/. Ado v. 2. 
 
 PREPARATION with Care. 
 
 " Diligence and careful preparation remove obstacles 
 against which the foot would otherwise stumble, and 
 smooth the path before it is entered, . . . This may 
 be noted in the management of a family; wherein, if care 
 and forethought be used, everything goes smoothly, with- 
 out noise or discord; but if they be wanting, on any 
 important emergency, everything has to be done at once, 
 the servants are in confusion, and the house is in an 
 uproar." De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 "Things done well, and with a care, exempt themselves from 
 fear," &c.Hen. VIII. i. 2. 
 
 " Readiness is all." Ham. y. 2. 
 
 "We have not made good preparation. 'Tis vile, unless it be 
 quaintly ordered, and better, to my mind, not undertook." Mer. 
 Ven. ii. 2. 
 
 " The care you have of us, 
 
 To mow down thorns that would annoy our foot." 
 Is worthy praise." 
 
 2 Hen. F/.iii. 1. 
 
 " I would remove these tedious stumbling-blocks, 
 And smooth my way," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. VI. i. 2. 
 
250 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Pride. 
 
 " There are in the Plays 150 passages illustrating the 
 necessity for ' careful preparation ' and readiness. Many 
 of these concern preparation for death, contemplated in 
 the second or posthumous Essay of Death, e.g. : 
 
 " I would prepare for the messengers of death, sick- 
 ness, and affliction, and not wait long; . . . there is 
 nothing more awakens our readiness to die than the 
 quieted conscience strengthened with opinion that we 
 shall be well spoken of upon earth by those that are just, 
 and of the family of virtue/' &c. 
 
 " Therefore should every soldier in the wars do as every sick man on 
 his bed, wash every mote out of his conscience: and dying so, death 
 is to him an advantage: or not dying, the time was blessedly lost 
 wherein such preparation was gained: and in him that escapes, it 
 were not a sin to think, that making God so free an offer, He let 
 him outlive that day to see His greatness and to teach others how 
 tlii'ii should prepare" Hen. V. iv. 1. 
 
 " Domestic preparations, exempting from anxiety and fuss are 
 illustrated in 'lam. Sh. iv. 1, 2060, 1 Hen. IV. ii. 1, 130, Her. 
 Yen. ii. 5, Bassanio 163 -167, Twelfth Night iv. 3, 1620. 
 
 PRIDE Compared to Ivy. 
 
 " Pride is the ivy that winds about all virtues and all 
 good things. Other vices do but thwart virtues; only 
 pride infects them.''' 
 
 " Wrong not that wrong with more contempt . . . 
 If ought possess thee from me it is dross, 
 Usurping ivy, brier, or idle moss, 
 Who, all for want of pruning, with intrusion 
 Infect thy sap, and live on thy confusion." 
 
 Com. Err. ii. 2. 
 "My brother . . . (having usurped or encroached upon 
 
 power lent him} was 
 
 The ivy which had hid my princely trunk 
 And suck'd my verdure out." 
 
 Temp. i. 2. 
 
Pride. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 251 
 
 PRIDE Expels Some Vices. 
 
 " Pride is unsociable to vices among other things; and 
 as poison by poison, so not a few vices are expelled by 
 pride." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta). 
 
 K. Hen. : 
 
 "My blood hath been too cold and temperate, 
 Unapt to stir at these indignities ... be sure 
 I will from henceforth rather be myself 
 Mighty, and to be feared, than my condition, 
 Which hath been smooth as oil, soft as young down, 
 And therefore lost that title of respect 
 Which the proud soul neer pays but to the proud" &c. 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 3. 
 
 " With a proud, majestical, high scorn, 
 He answer'd thus 'Young Talbot was not born 
 To be the pillage of a giglot wench.' 
 So rushing in the bowels of the French, 
 He left me proudly, as unworthy fight." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. iv. 7. 
 
 PRIDE Falls. 
 
 " Pride will have a fall." Promus 952. 
 " Icarus, . . . with a juvenile confidence, soared aloft 
 and fell headlong." Ess. of Icarus. 
 
 " Pride will have a fall." 
 
 Rich. II. v. 5. 
 " My pride fell with my fortune." 
 
 As You Like ft i. 2. 
 
 " He falls in height of all his pride." 
 
 Rich. III. v. 2. 
 
 " By that sin fell the angels." 
 
 Hen. VIII. i. 2, iii. 2. 
 
 (And of Icarus' fall see 1 Hen. VI. iv. 6, 5458, iv. 7, 12141 
 3 Hen. VI. v. 6, 2125.) 
 
252 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Pride. 
 
 PRIDE is Ostentatious. 
 
 " Pride lacks the best condition of vice concealment." 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 "His heart . . . proud with his form, in his eye pride expr&ted" 
 L. L. L. ii. 1. 
 
 PRIDE is Selfish Contemptuous till it Despises Itself. 
 
 " The good-natured man is subject to other men's vices 
 as well as his own: the proud man to his own only. 
 
 " The proud man, while he despises others, neglects 
 himself. 
 
 " Let pride go a step higher, and from contempt of 
 others rise to contempt of self, and it becomes philo- 
 sophy." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Fly, pride, says the peacock." 
 
 Com. Err. iv. 3. 
 
 "Proud of employment, willingly I go: 
 All pride is willing pride, and yours is so." 
 
 L. L. L. ii. 1. 
 
 PRIDE Subjects a Man to His Own Vices. 
 
 " The good-natured man is subject to other men's vices 
 as well as his own; the proud man to his own only."- 
 De Aug. v\. 
 
 Ajax. : " Why should a man be proud ? How doth pride grow ? 
 I know not what pride is." 
 
 Again.: " Your mind is the clearer, Ajax, and your virtues the 
 fairer. He that is proud eats up himself : pride is his glass, his own 
 trumpet, his own chronicle; and whatever praises itself but in the 
 deed, devours the deed in the praise." 
 
 Ajax : " I do hate a proud man, as I hate the engendering of 
 toads." 
 
 Nestor [aside] : " Yet he loves himself; is't not strange ?" 
 
 See Tr. Cr. ii. 3, 149221. 
 
Prince. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 253 
 
 PRIDE is Unsociable Antipathetic to Itself. 
 
 " Pride is unsociable to vices, among other things; and 
 as poison by poison, so not a few vices are expelled by 
 pride." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Two curs shall tame each other : pride alone 
 Must tarre the mastiffs on, as 'twere their bone." 
 
 Tr. Cr. i. 3. 
 " Our virtues would be proud if our vices whipped them not." 
 
 All's Welliv.3. 
 " That title of respect 
 Which the proud soul ne'er pays but to the proud." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 3. 
 " Achilles . . . will rely on none, 
 But carries on the stream of his dispose 
 Without observance or respect of any . . . 
 And speaks not to himself but with a pride 
 That quarrels at self-breath," &c. 
 
 See Tr. Cr. ii. 3, 8495 and 140190. 
 
 (Achilles and Ajax faithfully represent the various phases of pride 
 spoken of in these extracts. 
 
 PRINCE (A) Should not be Easy and Credulous. 
 
 " A Prince who readily hearkens to lies has all his 
 servants wicked " (Prov. xxix. 12). When the Prince 
 is one who lends an easy and credulous ear without 
 discernment, to whisperers and informers, there breathes 
 as it were from the King himself a pestilent air, which 
 corrupts and infects all his servants." De Aug. viii. I. 
 
 "He wants not buzzers to infest his ear without pestilent speeches 
 of his father's death." Ham. iv. 5. 
 
 " My mind (mislgave me 
 In seeking tales and informations 
 Against this man whose the devil 
 And his disciples only envy at." 
 
 Hen. VIII. v. 2. 
 
254 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. Providence, 
 
 " Heaven forbid 
 
 That kings should let their ears hear their faults hid ! 
 Fit counsellor and servant for a prince ! " 
 
 See Per. i. 2, 33123, and 2 Hen. IV. 
 [v. 3, 60122. 
 
 PRINCE His Jealousy and Envy Increased by False Tales. 
 
 u Some (bad servants or informers) probe the fears of 
 the Prince, and increase them with false tales; others 
 excite in him passions of envy, especially against the 
 most virtuous objects." I)e Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 This is precisely the case with lago exciting Othello 
 against Desdernona and Cassio (see Oth. i. 3, 390 404, 
 ii. 3, 216244, iii. 3, 91480, c.). 
 
 " master ! what a strange infection 
 Is fallen into thy ear ! What false Italian 
 (As poisonous-tongued as handed) hath prevail'd 
 On thy too ready hearing ? " &c. 
 
 Cynib. iii. 2. 
 (See of lachimo and Cymbeline). 
 
 PROVIDENCE and Care over the World and Country. 
 
 44 Providence takes care of the world; do thou take 
 care of thy country." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow." 
 Ham. v. 2; As You Like It ii. 3, 4345. 
 
 [See Hen. V. ii. 2, 150159. 
 
 " How came we ashore ? By Providence divine." 
 
 Temp. i. 2. 
 
 " The care I had, and have of subjects' good, 
 On thee I lay, whose wisdom's strength can bear it," &c. 
 Per. i. 3 118123 and 2 Hen. IV. 
 
 [iv. 4, 152168. 
 
 " And more than carefully it thus concerns 
 To answer royally in our defences . . . 
 
Quarrels. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 255 
 
 It fits us then to be as provident 
 
 As fear may teach us out of late example." 
 
 Hen. VI. 11. 4. 
 
 " My brother was too careless of his charge, 
 But let us hence my sovereign to provide 
 A salve for any sore that may betide." 
 
 3 Hen. VI. iv. 6. 
 
 QUARRELS. 
 
 ie For quarrels, they are with care and discretion to be 
 avoided; they are commonly for (1) mistresses, (2) 
 healths, (3) place, and (4) words; (5) let a man beware 
 how he keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome 
 persons, for they will engage him in their quarrels." 
 Ess. of Travel 
 
 " Beware 
 
 Of entrance to a quarrel ; but, being in 
 Bear't that the opposer may beware of thee." 
 
 Ham. \. 3. 
 "These quarrels must be quietly debated." 
 
 Tit. And. v. 3. 
 
 " In the managing of quarrels you may say he is wise ; for either 
 Tie avoids them with great discretion, or undertakes them with a 
 most Christian-like fear. ... A man ought to enter into a 
 quarrel with fear and trembling," M. A do ii. 3. 
 
 " In a false quarrel there is no true valour." 
 
 M. Ado v. 1. 
 
 (1) French. : " 'Twas a contention in public. ... It was 
 much like an argument that fell out last night, where each of us fell 
 in praise of our country mistress ; this gentleman at that time 
 vouching (and upon warrant of bloody affirmation) his to be more 
 fair, virtuous, wise, chaste, constant, qualified, and less attemptable 
 than any the rarest of our ladies in France." 
 
 lack. : " That lady is not now living ; or this gentleman's opinion, 
 by this worn out," &c. Cymb. i. 5. 
 
 "You, Mistress, all this coil is long of you." [Hernia to Helena.] 
 
 See M. N. D. iii. 2, 122343. 
 
256 MANNER?, MIND, MORALS. Quarrels. 
 
 (2) " If I can but fasten one cup upon him 
 With that which he hath drunk already 
 He'll be as full of quarrel and offence 
 As my young mistress' dog. Now, my sick fool Roderigo, 
 Whom love has turn'd almost the wrong side out, 
 To Desdemona hath to-night caroused 
 Potations pottle-deep," &c. Oth. ii. 3. 
 
 (See the result, and poor Cassio's lamentation.) 
 
 "I will rather sue to be despised, than to deceive so good a 
 commander with so slight, so drunken, and so indiscreet an officer. 
 Drunk and speak parrot? and squabble f ... I remember . . . 
 a quarrel, but nothing wherefore. ... It hath pleased the devil 
 drunkenness to give way to the devil wrath." Ib. 
 
 See also of quarrelling when drinking. Rom. Jul. iii. 1 40. 
 
 (3) "A dog of that house shall not move me to stand. / will 
 take the wall of any man or maid of Montagues," &c. [The quarrel 
 begins.] Rom. Jul. i. 1, 926. 
 
 York : " Give place : by Heaven thou shalt rule no more," &c. 
 Som. : " monstrous traitor ! [A war of words follows.] 
 
 2 Hen. VI. v. 1. 
 
 (4) " Oh, sir, we quarrel in print. . . . Faith we met, and 
 found the quarrel upon the seventh cause. . . . Upon a lie 
 seven times removed. ... As thus, sir, I did dislike the cut of 
 a certain courtier's beard : he sent me word, if his beard was not cut 
 well, he was in the mind it was," &c. See As You Like It v. 4, 
 38110; Rom. Jul. i. 1 ; iii. 1, 5990; Cor. iii. 1, 74111, and 
 iii. 3, 24-30 ; Jul. Cces. iv. 3, 2857, 107122. 
 
 (5) " To the choleric fisting of every rogue thy ear is liable." 
 
 Pericles v. 6. 
 
 " Besides that he is a fool he is a great quarreller," &c. 
 
 Twelfth Night i. 3. 
 " Greatly to find quarrel in a straw when honour is at stake." 
 
 Ham. iv. 4. 
 
 " Ready in gibes. . . . Quarrelous as the weasel." 
 
 Cymb. iii. 4 ! arid comp. Rom. Jul. iii. 1, 1838, 
 
 [and Hen. VIII. i. 3, 19, 20. 
 
Quiet. 3IAXXEES, MIND, MORALS. 257 
 
 QUESTION. Knowledge Required in Order to Ask a Wise 
 One. 
 
 "As it asks some knowledge to ask a question not 
 impertinent, so it asketh some sense to make a wish not 
 absurd." Inter. Nat. 
 
 "Do you question me as an honest man should do for my simple 
 judgment ?" JIT. Ado i. 1. 
 
 " With many holiday and lady terms he questioned me," &c. See 
 1 Hen. IV. i. 3, 46-66 ; ii. 4 ; Ham. ii. 115, 60 65 ; ii. 2, 192, 
 &c. ; iii. 2, 204, 205, 378, &c. 
 
 QUIET in Conscience and in the Grave. 
 
 " I would (out of a care to do the best business well) 
 ever keep a guard and stand upon keeping faith and a 
 good conscience. . . , There is nothing that more 
 awakens our readiness to die, than the quieted conscience," 
 &c.Post. Ess. of Death (Q.V.). 
 
 " Longa quiescendi tempora fata dabant. Death will 
 give a long time for resting/' Promus 1205. 
 
 " I may now in a manner sing Nunc dimittis. . . . 
 I may not forget also to thank your Majesty for granting 
 ine my Quietus Est." Memorial to the King. 
 
 " King Louis the Tenth, 
 Who was sole heir to the usurper Capet, 
 Could not keep quiet in his conscience." 
 
 Hen. V. i. 2. 
 
 " I know myself now, and I feel within me 
 A peace above all earthly dignities, 
 A still and quiet conscience," &c. 
 
 See Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 
 " He will make his grave a bed . . . 
 Quiet consummation have ; 
 And renowned be thy grave ! " 
 
 See Cymb. iv. 2, 215, and Song Ant.CL 
 
 [iv. 13, 60 78. 
 S 
 
258 MANNERS, MIND, MOBALS. ReaSOD. 
 
 " A man of fourscore-three, 
 That thought to nil his grave in quiet" &c. 
 
 Whiter s Tale iv. 3. See Ham. iii. 1, 60 80, 
 
 [and v. 1,306/307. 
 
 " . . . Peaceful night, 
 The tomb where grief should sleep, can breed me quiet.'' 
 
 Pericles \. 3. 
 
 (Bacon's posthumous Essay of Death may be compared 
 almost line by line, with lines in the Plays. See Ante 
 o 
 
 REASON, and the Affections. 
 
 " The affections themselves ever carry an appetite to 
 apparent good, and have this in common with reason ; 
 but affection beholds principally the present good ; 
 reason looks beyond, and beholds likewise the future and 
 sum of all. . . . After the eloquence and persuasion 
 have made things future and remote appear as present, 
 then upon the revolt of imagination to reason, reason 
 prevails/' De Aug. vi. 3. 
 
 " To speak the truth of Csesar 
 I have not known when his affections swayed 
 More than his reason." Jul Goes. ii. 1. 
 
 " Let your reason with your choler question," &c. 
 
 Hen. VIII. i. 1, 130148. 
 
 " A beast that wants discourse of reason 
 Would have mourned longer/' 
 
 Ham. i. 4 ; Tr. Cr. ii. 2, 3365. 
 
 " If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise 
 another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would 
 conduct us to most preposterous conclusions. But we have reason 
 te cool our raging motions'' &c. Oth. i. 3. See also Two Gent. Ver. 
 i. 2, 1526 ; ii. 4, 201212 ; Twelfth Night iv. 3, 915, &c. 
 
Reformation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 259 
 
 RECREATION. 
 
 " As for games of recreation, I hold them to belong to 
 civil life and recreation." Adxt. L. ii. 1. 
 
 " But is there no quick recreation ? Ay, that there is." 
 
 L. L. L. i. 1. 
 
 "Away! the gentles are at their game, , and we will to our 
 recreation." L. L. L. iv. 3. 
 
 " Sweet recreation barr'd, What doth ensue 
 
 But moody and dull melancholy." Com. Err. v. 1. 
 (See M. N. D.v\. 3243 ; Rich. III. iii. 6367 ; Ant. Cl. i. 1, 
 4546 ; ii. 3, 25-40 ; ii. 5, 118, &c.) 
 
 (Nearly every game, sport, or exercise introduced by 
 the poet has been found noted by the philospher, who 
 usually explains the use of these various forms of 
 " recreation " of mind and body.) 
 
 REFORMATION of the Affections. Faults Sometimes 
 Feigned. 
 
 " The labour (of the will) is to reform the affections, 
 restraining them if they be too violent, and raising them 
 if they be too soft and weak ; or else it is to cover them ; 
 or, if occasion be, to pretend and represent them. . . . 
 Examples are plentiful in the Courts of princes, and in 
 all politic traffic.' 5 Discourse of the Intel. Powers. 
 
 " So when this loose behaviour I throw off . . . 
 My reformation, glittering o'er my fault, 
 Shall show more goodly. . . . 
 
 I'll so offend to make offence a skill." 1 Hen. IV. i. 2. 
 (See 2 Hen. IV.\. 5, 4770 ; Hen. V. i. 1, 2569 ; Hen. VIII. 
 v. 2, 4258.) 
 
260 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Reproof. 
 
 REMEMBRANCE is Applied Knowledge (Q.V.). 
 
 " The invention of speech is ... no other but the 
 knowledge whereof our mind is already possessed, to call 
 before us that which may be pertinent to the purpose 
 which we take into our consideration. So as, to speak 
 truly, it is ... but a remembrance or suggestion with 
 an application. . . . All knowledge is but memory 
 or remembrance." Advt. L, ii. 1. 
 
 Oph.: "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Pray you 
 love, remember. And there's pansies, that's for thoughts." 
 
 Lear : " A document in madness ! Thoughts and remembrance 
 fitted." Ham. iv. 6. See Ham. i. 2, 17. 
 
 " He hath an abstract for the remembrance of such places ; and 
 goes to them by his note." Mer. Wiv. iv. 2. 
 
 " I do not know 
 One of my sex ; no woman's face remember" 
 
 Temp. iii. 2. 
 
 REPROOF, or Dispraise by Friends. 
 
 " What is reproved even by friends, is a great evil. 
 . . . This sophism deceives by the cunning of friends. 
 For they are wont sometimes to acknowledge and 
 proclaim the faults of their friends, not because truth 
 compels them, but choosing such faults as may do them 
 the least injury ; as if in other respects they were 
 excellent men. . . . Friends also use reprehensions, 
 by way of prefaces, whereby they may presently be the 
 more large in commendation." De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.). 
 
 (See Polonius's instructions to Reynaldo) : 
 
 " . . . Put on him 
 
 What forgeries you please ; and marry, none so rank 
 As may dishonour him : take heed of that : 
 But, sir, such wanton, wild, and usual slips 
 As are companions noted, and most known 
 
Reputation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 261 
 
 To youth and liberty. . . . 
 
 You must not put another scandal on him. . . . 
 
 That's not my meaning ; but breathe his faults so quaintly 
 
 That they may seem the taints of liberty, 
 
 The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind," &c. 
 
 See Ham. ii. 1 ; iii. 4, 921, 30, &c. ; 
 
 [Oth. v. 2, 130230. 
 
 " Posthumous . . . not dispraising whom he praised . . . 
 began," &c. See Cymb. v. 5, 171185 : also Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2, 
 30-55 ; L. L. L. iv. 3, 260-263 ; 2 Hen. IV. (P. Hal and Falstaff) 
 ii. 4, 302330 ; Tr. Or. iv. 1, 7578 ; Tim. Ath. i. 1. 167175. 
 
 REPUTATION Despised as Breath, by Scornful Counsellors. 
 
 " As for reputation, with a view to which the councils 
 of princes ought to be specially framed, they (scornful 
 councillors) despise it as a breath of the people, that 
 will quickly be blown away." De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " The rabble . . . clapped their chopped hands and uttered such a 
 deal of stinking breath . . . that it almost choked Caesar." See 
 Jtil. Cces. i. 2. 
 
 " I heard him swear 
 
 Were he to stand for Consul, never would he 
 . , . beg (the people's) stinking breaths," &c. 
 
 Cor. ii. 1, and see iv. 6, 130148. 
 
 REPUTATION of Great Men Causes their Hard Condition. 
 
 " It is a wry hard and unhappy condition of men pre- 
 eminent for virtue, that their errors, be they ever so 
 trifling, are never excused. ... In men of remark- 
 able virtue the slightest faults are seen, talked of, and 
 severely censured, which in ordinary men would be 
 unobserved or readily excused." De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " Upon the king ! let us our lives, our souls, 
 Our debts, our careful wives, 
 Our children and our sins, lay on the king ! 
 
262 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Resolution. 
 
 We must bear all. hard condition, 
 Twin-born with greatness, subject to the breath 
 Of every fool. . . . What infinite heart's-ease 
 Must kings neglect, that private men enjoy ! " &c. 
 
 See Hen. V. iv. 1. 
 
 RESOLUTION. 
 
 " In human actions fortune insists that some resolution 
 
 shall be taken. . . . 'Not to resolve is itself to 
 
 resolve;'' so that many times suspension of resolution 
 
 involves us in more necessities than a resolution would." 
 
 -De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.). 
 
 " My resolution and my hands I'll trust 
 
 . . . Come, we've no friend 
 But resolution and the briefest end." 
 
 Ant. Cl. iv. 13, and v. 2, 234239 ; 
 
 [fymb. iii. 6, 14. 
 
 " Ere a determinate resolution (of the business was arrived at) 
 . . . This respite shook 
 
 The bosom of my conscience, and made to tremble 
 The region of my breast : which forc'd such way 
 That many mazed considerings did throng 
 And press'd in with this caution. Hen. VIII. ii. 4. 
 
 " Thus the native hue of resolution 
 Is sicklied over with the pale cast of thought," &c. 
 
 Ham. iii. 1 ; Mad. v. 3, 50-54. 
 
 " To be once in doubt is once to be resolved." 
 
 Oth. iii. 3, 180, &c. 
 
 (See resolution and irresolution well illustrated and 
 contrasted in the characters of Isabel and her brother 
 Claudio (M. M. i. 1). Upwards of 100 passages could 
 be brought in support of Bacon's observations on these 
 qualities.) 
 
Retreat, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 263 
 
 RESPONSIBILITY of " Great Place" or Dignity. 
 
 " Men in great place are thrice servants. Servants of 
 the Sovereign or State, servants of fame, and servants 
 of business; so as they have no freedom, neither in their 
 actions nor in their times. It is a strange desire to seek 
 power and to lose liberty, or to seek power over others 
 and to lose power over a man's self. The rising unto 
 place is laborious. By pains men come to greater pains, 
 and it is sometimes base, and by indignities men come to 
 dignities." Ess. Great Place. 
 
 " Upon the king I let us our lives, our souls, 
 Oar debts, our careful wives, 
 Our children and our sins lay on the king ! 
 We must bear all. hard condition, 
 Twin-born with greatness," &c." 
 
 See the. whole passage Hen. V. iv. 
 
 [1, 93301. 
 
 RETREAT to be Secured. 
 
 " That which leaves no opening for retreat is bad. For 
 not to be able to retreat is to be. in a way, powerless ; 
 find poiver is a good* 
 
 " The ground of this sophism is, that human actions 
 are so uncertain, and subject to such risks, that that 
 appears the best course which has the most passages out 
 of it. 5 '' De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.), 
 
 "I am in blood 
 
 Stepp'd in so far, that, should I wade no more, 
 Returning were as tedious as go o'er." 
 
 Macb. iii. 4. 
 
 lago : ''Patience, I say ; your mind may perhaps change." 
 Oth. : "Never, lago. Like to the Pontic Sea, 
 
 Whose icy current and compulsive course 
 Ne'er feels returning ebb, but keeps due on 
 To the Propontic and the Helespont 
 
264 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 
 
 E'en so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace, 
 Shall ne'er look back, nor ebb to humble love, 
 Til] that a capable and wild revenge 
 Swallow them up." Oth. iii. 4. 
 
 RICHES, Against. 
 
 " Of great riches you may have either the keeping^ the 
 giving away, or the fame ; but not the use. 
 
 " Do you not see what feigned prices are set upon little 
 stones and such rarities, only that there may be some use 
 of great riches ? " De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Inopem me copia fecit (Plenty made me poor)." 
 PromuSy 354. 
 
 "Ifthou art rich thou art poor, 
 For like an ass whose back with ingots bows, 
 2hou bearst thy heavy riches but a journey, 
 And death unloads thee. . . . When thou art old and rich 
 Thou hast neither heat, affection, limb, nor beauty 
 To make thy riches pleasant." M. M. iii. 1, 2539. 
 
 " Who steals my purse steals trash : 'tis something, nothing 
 'Tis mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands ; 
 But he that filches from me my good name 
 Robs me of that which not enriches him 
 And makes me poor indeed. . . . 
 Poor and content is rich, and rich enough ; 
 But riches, fireless, is as poor as winter. 
 To him that ever fears he shall be poor." 
 
 Oth. iii. 3. 
 
 See Tim. Ath. iv. 1, 2844 ; iv. 2 ; iv. 3. [Enter thieves, tfcc.] 
 Of! the fictitious value of precious stones, see 3 Hen. VI. iii. 1, 61 
 66 ; Com. Err. ii. 1, 109113 ; Rich. III. i. 3, 2633, and 
 Rich III. v. 3, 52, 53 (Comp. Promus 89) ; Oth. v. 2, 146149 and 
 348350 ; Cor. i. 4, 50-55. 
 
 RICHES, Baggage. 
 
 " I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue ; 
 for they are both necessary to virtue, and cumbersome." 
 
Rich. MANNERS, 3IIND, 3IORALS. 265 
 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta) ; Essay of Riches ; and 
 Promus 67. 
 
 " How like you this shepherd's life ? ... As there is no 
 plenty in it, it goes much against my stomach. . . . Come, 
 shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat ; though not with bag 
 and baggage, yet with scrip and scrippage (i.e., if not with riches, 
 yet with bare subsistence).' 11 As You Like ft iii. 2, 12 22 and 
 160163, and see As You Like It iii. 2, 316222. 
 
 " I humbly thank his grace (who has) from these shoulders, 
 These ruined pillars, out of pity, taken 
 A load that would sink a navy, too much honour, 
 'tis a burden, Cromwell, 'tis a burden, 
 Too heavy for a man that hopes for heaven." 
 
 Sen. VIII. iii. 2. 
 
 For the ''contrary" side we have (in allusion to 
 learning as riches) that Time ambles with a priest that 
 lacks Latin, for he lacks the burden of lean and wasteful 
 learning, and Time ambles with a rich man that hath not 
 the gout for he know no burden of heavy and tedious 
 penury. 
 
 A quibbling allusion to Bacon's words may be seen in 
 Petruchios' description of the sort of wife whom he 
 desires Hortensio to find for him : 
 
 " One rich enough to be Petruchio's wife 
 As wealth is burden of my wooing dance." 
 
 Tarn. Sh. i. 2. 
 
 RICH Men Bought and Sold. 
 
 " Many men while they thought to buy everything 
 with their riches, have been first sold themselves." De 
 Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 Flav. : " My lov'd lord, 
 
 Though you hear now (too late !), yet now's a time 
 
266 BANNERS, MIND, 3IOKALS. Ridicule. 
 
 The greatest of your having lacks a half 
 
 To pay your present debts." 
 
 Tim. : " Let all my land be sold." 
 
 Flat: : " 'Tis all engaged, some forfeited and gone," &c. 
 
 See Tim. Ath. ii. 2, 120-110. 
 
 . " So York .must sit, and fret, and bite his tongue, 
 
 While his own lands arc bargained for and sold," &c. 
 
 2 Hen. VIA. 1. 
 
 (See Hen. V. ii. '[Chorus.] 533 ; Mer. Yen. iii. 2, 241301, and 
 iii. 3, &c. ; Rich. III. v. [Scroll.'] ; Tr. Cr. ii. 1, 42-52, &c. 
 
 RICHES Blessings; only Despair Makes Men Despise Them. 
 
 " They despise riches who despair of them. 
 
 " 'White philosophers are disputing whether virtue or 
 pleasure be the proper aim of life, do you provide your- 
 self with the instruments of both. 
 
 " Virtue is turned by riches into a common good. 
 
 " Other goods have but a provincial command ; riches 
 have a general one/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " I am sick of this false world, and will love nought 
 But even the mere necessities upon't . . . 
 . . . There's more gold : cut throats 
 All that you meet are thieves. . . . Steal not less . . . 
 And gold confound you howsoe'er." 
 Flav. : 
 
 " . . . Is yon despis'd and ruinous man, my lord ? 
 What an alteration of honour 
 Has desperate want made." 
 
 See Tim. Ath. iv. 3, 375-465, 526533 ; and 
 
 [Tim. Ath iv. 2, 11 lf>. 
 
 RIDICULE. (See Folly, Jest.) 
 
 ( a It is) the exercise of buffoons, to draw all things, to 
 conceits ridiculous " Discourse of the Intellectual 
 Powers. 
 
Scomers. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 267 
 
 " By virtue, thou enforcest laughter ; thy silly thought, my 
 spleen ; the heaving of my lungs provokes me to ridiculous smiling." 
 L. L. L. \i\. 1 ; and see L. L. L. v. 2, 90118 ; Tr. Cr. I. 3, 146 
 184. 
 
 " Turn all her mother's pains, and benefits, 
 To laughter and contempt." 
 
 Lear i. 4. 
 (See 2 Hen. IV. v. 5, 4855.) 
 
 SCORN. 
 
 " Scornful men bring a city to destruction/' Proc. 
 xxix. 2. 
 
 " iSolomon in his description of men, formed, as it 
 were by nature, for the ruin and destruction of States 
 . . . selected the character of a scorner, . . . for there 
 is hardly a greater danger to Kingdoms and States than 
 that . . . those who sit at the helm should be of a 
 scornful disposition. For such men ever undervalue 
 dangers, and insult those who make a just estimate of 
 them, as cowards. They sneer at seasonable delays and 
 . . . deliberation." De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " The great Achilles ... in his tent 
 Lies mocking our designs. With him Patroclus 
 Breaks scurril jests : 
 
 And with ridiculous and awkward action . . , 
 He pageants us," &c. 
 
 See Tr. Cr. i. 3, 141210, 232. 
 
 And see of the contemptuous or scornful behaviour of Coriolanus 
 (Cor. ii. 2)" Waving his hat in scorn " (Cor. ii. 3, &c.). 
 
 SCORNERS. (See Contempt.) 
 
 " When a man informs a scorner, . . , the scorner 
 himself despises the knowledge he has received." De 
 Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " I do much wonder that one man . . . will, after he hath laughed 
 
268 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Scholars. 
 
 at such shallow follies become the argument of his own scorn." 
 M. Ado ii. 2. (See As You Like It iv. 2, 1318 ; All's Well i. 2, 
 31-34 ; Ham. iii. 2, 2024 ; Rich. III. i. 3, 103110, and iv. 4, 
 82105; Oth. iv. 1, 82, 84, &c.) 
 
 SCORN Shown by Inferiors, 
 
 " Scornful men . . . scorn with gibes and jests, men 
 of real wisdom, and experience, of great minds, and deep 
 judgment. In short, they weaken all the foundations of 
 civil government ; a thing the more to be attended to, 
 because the mischief is wrought, not openly, but by 
 secret engines and intrigues ; and the matter is not yet 
 regarded by men with as much apprehension as it 
 deserves." De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 " For who would bear the whips and scorns of time . . . 
 The insolence of office, and the spurns 
 That patient merit of iK unworthy takes" &c. 
 
 See Ham. iii. 1, 68- 88. 
 "Though thou . . . scorn'st our brains flow . . . yet rich conceit 
 
 Taught thee," &c.Tim. Ath. v. 5. 
 
 (Comp. 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2, 6067 ; Rich. III. i. 3, 103110, 104 
 180 ; Cymb. v. 4, Verses 6368.) 
 
 SCHOLARS rather Support Authority than Establish Truth. 
 
 " When a doubt is once received, men labour rather 
 how to keep it a doubt still, than how to solve it, and 
 they bend their wits accordingly. Of this we see the 
 familiar example in laivyers and scholars, who if they 
 have once admitted a doubt, it goeth ever afterwards 
 authorised for a doubt. But that use of wit and know- 
 ledge is to be allowed, which laboureth to make doubtful 
 things certain, and not those which labour to make 
 certain things doubtful." De Aug. vii. 2. 
 
 Laf. : " Tiiey say miracles are past ; and we have our philosophical 
 
Sea. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 26 D 
 
 persons, to make modern and familiar, things supernatural and 
 causeless. Hence it is that we make trifles of errors, ensconing our- 
 selves into seeming knowledge, when we should submit ourselves to 
 an unknown fear." 
 
 Par. : "Why this is the rarest wonder, that hath shot out in our 
 latter times." 
 
 Ber. : " And so 'tis." 
 
 Laf. : "To be relinquished of Galen and Paracelsus. ... Of 
 all the learned and authentic fellows." All's Well ii. 3. 
 
 SEA, Power by. 
 
 "To be master of the sea, is an abridgment of 
 monarchy. . . He that commands the sea is at 
 great liberty, and may take as much and as little of the 
 war as he will ; whereas those that be strongest by land 
 are many times in great straits. Surely at this day 
 with us of Europe, the advantage of strength at sea 
 (which is one of the principal dowries of this Kingdom 
 of Great Britain) is great ; both because most of the 
 Kingdoms of Europe are not merely inland, but girt 
 with the sea most part of their compass ; and because 
 the wealth and treasures of both Indies seem in great 
 part but an accessory to the command of the sea." De 
 Aug. viii. 3. 
 
 "... that pale, but white-faced shore . . . 
 (Which) coops from other lands her islanders, 
 . . , that England, hedg'd in with the main. 
 And confident from foreign purposes." 
 
 John ii. 1. 
 
 " My sovereign with the loving citizens, 
 Like to his island girt in by the sea" &c. 
 
 3 Hen. VI. iv. 8. 
 
 " Sextus Pompeius 
 
 Hath given the dare to Caesar, and commands 
 The Empire of the sea." Ant. Cl. i. 2. 
 
270 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. Security 
 
 " Pompey is strong at sea." 
 
 Ant. Cl. i. 4. 
 
 " Of us must Pompey frequently be sought . . . 
 . . . by sea 
 He's an absolute master." Ant. CL ii. 2. 
 
 See how Pompey's success is largely attributed to his mastery at 
 sea, and Csesar's failure to his weakness in that respect : 
 
 " Our fortune on the sea is out of breath, 
 And sinks most lamentably." 
 
 Ant. Cl. iii. 8. 
 
 SECURITY Perilous. 
 
 44 My meaning was plain and simple, that his lordship 
 might, through his great fortune, be less apt to cast, and 
 foresee the unfaithfulness of friends, and malignity of 
 enviers and accidents of times. . . . Guicciardini 
 rnaketh the same judgment, not of a particular person 
 but of the wisest State of Europe, the Senate of Venice, 
 when he saith their prosperity had made them secure, 
 and underweighers of perils." To the King, Aug. 31, 
 1617. 
 
 " All know security 
 Is mortal's chiefest enemy." 
 
 Macb. iii. 5. 
 
 "The wound of peace is surety, 
 Surety secure. Tr. Cr. ii. 2. 
 
 You . . . quite forego 
 The way which promises assurance, and 
 Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard, 
 From firm security," &c. See Ant. Cl. iii. 7. 
 
 "Your wisdom is consumed in confidence." 
 
 See Jul. Cas. ii. 2. 
 
 See also of " the confident and over-lusty French " (Hen. V. iv. 
 Chorus), and of the valiant ignorance and boyish confidence of 
 Coriolanus' followers (Cor. iv. 6, 9396, 103107). A quibbling 
 passage on Security is in 2 Hen. IV. i. 2, 3050. 
 
Silence. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 271 
 
 SEEMING Outward Forms and Marks. 
 
 " He that is only real, had need have exceeding great 
 parts of virtue as the stone had need to be rich that is 
 set without foil. , . . It doth add much to a man's 
 reputation to have good forms." Ess. Hi. 
 
 " So may the outward shows be least themselves ; 
 The world is still deceiv'd with ornament : 
 In Law what plea so tainted and corrupt, 
 But, being seasoned by a gracious voice, 
 Obscures the show of evil ? In religion 
 What damned error, but some sober brow 
 Will bless it, and approve it with a text, 
 Hiding the grossness with fair, ornament ? 
 There is no vice so simple, but assumes 
 Some mark of virtue on his outward parts." 
 
 Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 
 
 SILENCE Its Advantages. 
 
 (Comp. Upon question whether a man show speak or 
 forbear speech, Promus 1148). 
 
 " Silence gives to words both grace and authority." 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " My gracious silence, hail ! " Cor. ii. 1. 
 
 (See M. Ado ii. 1, 299 ; Cymb. v. 29.) 
 
 "Your silence, cunning in dumbness from my weakness, draws 
 my very soul of counsel." Tr. Or. iii. 2. 
 
 " Sirence is the sleep which nourishes wisdom. Silence 
 is the style of wisdom. Silence nourishes thought." 
 De Aug. vi. 3. 
 
 " Silence and eternal sleep." 
 
 Tit. And. i. 2. 
 
 " Shape thou thy silence to my wit." 
 
 - Twelfth Night i. 2. 
 (See Ham. v. 1, 293298.) 
 
272 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. SilCDCC. 
 
 " Silence is the best commendation." 
 
 [Praise of the Queen. ~] 
 
 " Silence is only commendable in a neat's tongue," &c. 
 
 Mer. Ven. i. 1. 
 
 SILENCE Its Disadvantages. 
 
 " He that is silent betrays want of confidence either in 
 others or in himself. 
 
 " All kinds of constraint are unhappy : that of silence 
 is the most miserable of all. 
 
 " Silence is the virtue of a fool; and therefore it was 
 well said to a man that would not speak, ' If you are 
 wise, you are a fool ; if you are a fool, you are wise.' " 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Great lords and gentlemen, what means this silence ? 
 Dare no man answer in a case of truth ? " 
 
 See 1 Hen. VI. ii. 4, 15, 25, 26. 
 
 " Her silence flouts me." 
 
 Tarn. Sh. ii. 1. 
 
 " My heart is great; but it must break with silence 
 Ere it be disburdened with a liberal tongue." 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 2, i. 3, 253 257, iv. 2, 
 
 [291-303; Tuo.N. ii. 5 (vers. 110, 111). 
 
 " My thoughts are, like unbridled children grown, 
 Too headstrong for their mother. See, we fools ! 
 Why have I blabbed ? Who will be true to us 
 When we are so unsecret to ourselves ? " 
 
 See Tr. Cr. iii. 2, 120150. 
 
 Dio. : 
 
 " Let your mind be coupled with your words . . ." 
 Cress. : 
 
 " What would you have me do ? " 
 Ther. : 
 ," ."A juggling trick to be secretly open." 
 
 Tr. Cr. v. 2. 
 
Sloth, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 278 
 
 (It is noticeable that most of the personages in the 
 Plays who speak indiscreetly, or "blab," are women. 
 This is in accordance with the entry (fromus 526): 
 " There's no trusting a woman or a tapp" 
 
 SILENCE in Matters of Secrecy. 
 
 " The silent man hears everything, for everything can 
 be safely communicated. The silent man has nothing 
 told him, because he gives nothing in exchange." 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 This to me 
 
 In dreadful secrecy impart they did . . . 
 Let it be tenable in your silence still . . . 
 Give it an understanding, but no tongue." 
 
 Ham. i. 2. 
 
 " Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice; 
 Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment." 
 
 Ham. i. 3. 
 " How his silence drinks up this applause ! " 
 
 Tr. Cr. ii. 3. 
 
 " Be thou his eunuch, and your mute I'll be, 
 When my tongue blabs then let mine eyes not see." 
 
 Tiuelfth Night i. 2. 
 
 tl The business asketh silent secrecy." 
 
 2ffen. VI. i. 2, ii. 2, 68. 
 
 SLOTH As Briers and Thorns. 
 
 " The way of the slothful is as a hedge of thorns" 
 Prov. xv. 19. 
 
 " He who is sluggish, and defers everything to the last 
 moment of execution, must needs walk every step, as it 
 were, midst briers and thorns , which must catch and 
 stop him." De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 T 
 
274 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Speeches. 
 
 " Awake, awake ! English nobility ! 
 Let not sloth dim your honours new-begot," &c. 
 
 1 Hen. VI. i. 1. 
 
 " If aught possess thee from me, it is dross 
 Usurping ivy, brier or idle moss, 
 Who, all for want of pruning, with intrusion 
 Infect thy sap." Com. Err. ii. 2. 
 
 (Compare As You Like ft i. 3, 10 17 and 2 Hen. VI. iii. 1, 30 
 33, 6668.) 
 
 " I abhor 
 This dilatory sloth and tricks of Rome/' 
 
 Hen. VIII. ii. 4. 
 
 SPEECHES are like Darts, Daggers, Goads, Etc. 
 
 " Short speeches which fly abroad (are) like darts shot 
 out of their secret intentions." Ess. of Seditions. 
 
 " Not a simple slander, but a seditious slander, like to 
 that the Poet speaketh of Calamosque armare veneno 
 A venomous dart that hath both iron and poison."- 
 Charge against St. John. 
 
 " Here stand I, lady; dart thy skill at me, 
 Bruise me with scorn, confound me with a flout : 
 Thrust thy sharp wit quite through my ignorance, 
 Cut me in pieces with thy keen conceit." 
 
 L. L. L. v. 2. 
 " I go to meet 
 
 The noble Brutus, thrusting this report 
 Into his ears : I may say thrusting it, 
 For piercing steel and darts envenomed 
 Shall be as welcome to the ears of Brutus." 
 
 Jul. Cces. v. 3. 
 
 " Apophthegms are mucrones verborum : pointed 
 speeches" Apophthegms (Pref. ). 
 
 " madness of discourse ! . . . 
 And yet the spacious breadth of this division 
 
Speech. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 275 
 
 Admits of no orifice for a point ... to enter." 
 
 Tr. Cr. v. 2. 
 
 " Words which are goads, words with an edge or point 
 that cut and penetrate the knots of business." De Aug. 
 ii. 1. 
 
 Compare : 
 
 "Goaded with most sharp occasions." 
 
 All's Well v. 1. 
 " Business which we have goaded forward." 
 
 Cor. ii. 3. 
 " Goads, thorns, nettles, stings of wasps." 
 
 Winter s Tale i. 2. 
 
 (Tliis is in connection with evil reports and with 
 " scandal'' and "the injury of tongues.") 
 
 SPEECH Discretion in. 
 
 "Discretion in speech is more than eloquence; and to 
 speak agreeably to him with whom we have to deal is 
 more than to speak in good words, or in good order.'* 
 Ess. of Discourse. 
 
 "Be not too tame neither, but let your own discretion be your 
 tutor." Ham. iii. 2. 
 
 "Well spoken, with good accent and good discretion.'" Ham. 
 ii. 2. 
 
 " O dear discretion, how his words are suited ! " &c. 
 
 Mer. Ven. iii. 5. 
 
 SPEECH of Touch. 
 
 " Speech of touch towards others should be sparingly 
 used ; for discourse ought to be a field, without coming 
 home to any man." Ess. of Discourse. 
 
 " You touched my vein at first . . . yet am I inland bred 
 And know some nurture." 
 
 As You Like It ii. This is of the vein 
 
 [of feeling, yet words excited it. 
 
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Suffering. 
 
 " Lines, that wound beyond their feeling, to the quick." 
 
 Tit. And. iv. 2. 
 " Titus, I have touched thee to the quick." 
 
 Tit. And. iv. 4. 
 
 King : " Have you heard the argument ? Is there no offence 
 in it?" 
 
 Ham.: "No, no, they do but jest poison is jest. No offence i' 
 the world . . . This Play is ... a knavish piece of work; but 
 what of that ? . . . We that have free souls, it touches us not." 
 Ham. iii. 2. 
 
 SUFFERING Endurable by Comparison. 
 
 " This pain also was pleasant by comparison with the 
 suffering of my neighbours." Promus 454 (in imperfect 
 Latin). 
 
 "For as it savoureth of vanity to match ourselves 
 highly in our own conceit, so, on the other side, it is a 
 good, sound conclusion that if our betters have sustained 
 the like events, we have the less cause to be grieved. In 
 this kind of consolation I have not been wanting to 
 myself." Let. to Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, 1622, 
 and see forward. 
 
 " When we see our betters bearing our woes 
 We scarcely think our miseries our foes," &c. 
 
 See Lear iii. 6, and " Suffering 
 
 [well " forward. 
 
 " My Dionyza, shall we rest us here ? " 
 And by relating tales of others' griefs, 
 See if 't will teach us to forget our own ? " 
 
 Per. i. 4. 
 
 SUFFERING well Brings Ease. (See Patience.) 
 lt Of sufferance cometh ease." Promus 945. 
 
 " Of sufferance cometh ease." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. v. 4. 
 
Suffering, AIA.XXERS, MIND, MORALS. 277 
 
 " Get thee gone, and leave those ivoes alone which I 
 Alone am bound to under-lear . . . 
 I will instruct my sorrows to be proud, 
 For grief is proud, and makes his owner stoop." 
 
 John iii. 1. 
 
 (Connect with the Promus Note 944, " Better to bow 
 than to breake.") 
 
 " Who alone suffers, suffers most i' the. mind, 
 Leaving free things and happy shows behind ; 
 But then the mind much sufferance doth o'erskip, 
 When grief hath mates, and bearing fellowship." 
 
 ^Lear iii. 6. 
 
 Con. : " You shall hear reason." 
 
 John : " And when I have heard it, what blessing brings it ? " 
 Con. : " If not a present remedy, yet a patient sufferance." 
 M. Ado i. 3; and see Tim. Ath. iv. 3, 266269. 
 
 SUFFERING Contemplated. 
 
 To me, virgin, no aspect of suffering arises as new 
 or unexpected. I have anticipated all things, and gone 
 over them in nay mind."- Promus 380 (Latin), from 
 Virg. ^n. vi. 103, &c. 
 
 " Amongst other consolations, it is not the least to 
 represent to a man's self like examples of calamity in 
 others . . . they certify us that which the Scripture 
 also tendereth for satisfaction, that no new thing is 
 happened unto us." Let. to the Bishop of Winchester 
 (Andrewes), 1622. 
 
 " Antiochus, I thank thee who hath taught 
 My frail mortality to know itself, 
 And by those fearful objects to prepare 
 This body, like to them, to what it must." 
 
 Per. i. 1. 
 
 " To be, or not to be, that is the question, 
 Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer 
 
278 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Temperance. 
 
 The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, 
 Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, 
 And by opposing end them," &c. 
 
 Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 TEMPERANCE Abstinence. 
 
 " Temperance is like wholesome cold; it collects and 
 braces the powers of the mind. 
 
 u The power of abstinence is not much other than the 
 power of endurance. 
 
 "To abstain from the use of a thing that yon may 
 not feel the want of it, to shnn the want that you may 
 not fear the want of it, are precautions of pusillanimity 
 and cowardice." De Aug vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " What ! are you chafed ? 
 
 Ask God for temperance : that's the appliance only 
 Which your disease requires ; . . . 
 And let not your reason with your choler question 
 What 'tis you go about. ... Be advised; 
 Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot 
 That it do singe yourself," &c. 
 
 See Hen. VIII. \. 1, 130151. 
 
 "... Urge them, while their souls 
 
 Are capable of this, . . . lest zeal now melted by windy 
 
 breath 
 Cool and congeal again to what it was." 
 
 John ii. 2, 176180. 
 Compare : 
 
 " The cool and temperate vrind of grace." 
 
 Hen. V. iii. 3, 2932. 
 
 " Upon the heat of thy distemper sprinkle cool patience." 
 
 Ham. iii. 4, iii. 8790, 139142. 
 
 " Refrain to-night, and that will lend a kind of easiness to the 
 next abstinence the next more easy." Ham. iii. 4. 
 
 (See of Angelo, "a man of stricture and firm abstinence/' "who 
 doth with holy abstinence that in himself " which he corrects in 
 others. M, M. i. 4, 12, iii. 2, 230274, iv. 2, 81.) 
 
ThOUght. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 279 
 
 THOUGHTS Dreams. 
 
 " Good thoughts are little better than good dreams" 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 Rom. : " Peace, peace ! Mercutio, 
 
 Thou talk'st of nothing." 
 Her. : " True, I talk of dreams 
 
 Which are the children of an idle brain," &c. 
 
 See Rom. Jul. i. 4, 95105, i. 364; 
 
 [John iv. 2, 144153. 
 
 " Thoughts, dreams, and sighs, wishes and tears, poor fancy's 
 followers." if. N. D. i. 1, iv. 1 (Bottom). 
 
 " There's nothing, either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. 
 . . . O God ! I could be bounded in a nut-shell, and count 
 myself a king of infinite space, were it not that I have bad dreams, 
 which dreams indeed are ambition, for the very substance of the 
 ambitions is merely the shadow of a dream. A dream itself is a 
 shadow." Nam. ii. 2, 262. See Ham. i. 2, 21, ii. 2, 9, 10, &c.; 
 Hen. V. iv. 8, 16 ; 2 Hen. VI. iii. 1, 72, 73 ; 3 Hen. VI. iii. 2, 133, 
 134, 167 ; Ant. CL ii. 1, 148-152, iii. 11, 3136, &c. 
 
 THOUGHT Free. 
 
 "Thought is frQQ."Promus 653. 
 
 "Thought is free." Temp. Song iii. 2; Tw. N. i. 3, 69. 
 " Unloose thy long-imprisoned thoughts." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. v. 1. 
 "Thy freer thoughts may not fly forth." 
 
 Ant. CL i. 5. 
 " Make not your thoughts your prisons." 
 
 Ant. CL v. 2. 
 "Thoughts are no subjects." 
 
 M. M. v. 1. 
 " Our thoughts are ours, their ends none of our own." 
 
 See Ham. iii. 2 and ii. 2, 239. 
 "Free and patient thought'" 1 
 
 Lear iv. 6. 
 
280 3IANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Time. 
 
 "I am not bound to that all slaves are free to utter my thoughts." 
 Oth. iii. 2, and see Eich. II. iv. 1, 2 (rep.). 
 
 TIME Advantage to be Taken of the. (See Advantage). 
 
 " If time give . . . the advantage, what needeth pre- 
 cipitation to extreme remedies ? But if time will make 
 the case more desperate, then (one) cannot begin too 
 soon/' To Sir J. Villiers y 1610. 
 
 " Use the advantage of your youth, and be not sullen 
 to your fortunes." Gesta Gray or urn (6th Counsellor). 
 
 " That which I knew then, such as took a little poor 
 advantage of these latter times, I know since/' To Mr. 
 Matthews, 1620. 
 
 " Though myself have been an idle truant, 
 Omitting the sweet benefit of time, . . . 
 Yet hath Sir Proteus, for that's his name, 
 Made use and fair advantage of his days," &c. 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4, iii. 2, 242252, iii. 4. 
 
 " What pricks you on to take advantage of the time ? " 
 
 Rich. II. ii. 3; Tr. Cr. iii. 3, 1- 3. 
 
 " Advantage will deceive the time." 
 
 Rich. III. v. 3, iii. 5, 73; 
 
 [John iv. 2, 5662. 
 
 " Find some occasion to anger Cassio . . . from whatever course 
 you please which the time shall more favourably minister." Oth. 
 ii. 1. 
 
 TIME Its Order to be Observed : Beginnings, Ends. 
 
 " As much depends upon observing the order of things, 
 so likewise in observing the order of time, in disturbing 
 of which men frequently err and hasten to the end when 
 they should have consulted the beginning. Advt. L. i. 
 
 Pandulph : 
 
 " All form is formless, order orderless . ." 
 
Time. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 281 
 
 K. John : 
 
 "France, thou shalt rue this hour within the hour." 
 Bast. : 
 
 " Old Time, the clock-setter, that bald sexton, Time, 
 I* it as he will? Well, then, France shall rue : 
 This day all things began come to ill end" 
 
 John iii. 1. 
 
 " I would make him . . . wait the season, and observe the times" 
 
 L. L. L. v. 2. 
 
 See John iv. 2, 19, 20 ; Twelfth Night, v. 1, 251, 252, 384 ; Tim. 
 Ath. ii. 2, 40 ; Temp. ii. 1 (Song), &c. 
 
 TIME to a Sick or Sorrowful Man like a Clock or Dial. 
 
 " If a man be in sickness or pain, the time will seem 
 longer without an hourglass than with it ; for the mind 
 doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather 
 sum up the moments than divide the day'' Colours of 
 Good and Evil, 5. 
 
 " I wasted time, and now doth time waste me, 
 For now hath time made me his numbering clock. 
 My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar 
 Their watches on unto mine eyes, the outward watch 
 Whereto my finger, likr a dial's point 
 Is pointing still, in cleansing them from tears. 
 Now, sir, the sound that tells what hour it is, 
 Are clamourous groans that strike upon my heart, 
 Which is the bell : so sighs and tears and groans 
 Show minutes, times, and hours : but my time 
 Runs posting on in Bolingbroke's proud joy, 
 While I stand fooling here, his Jack-o'-the-clock." 
 
 Rich. II. v. 5. 
 
 TIME to be taken as it is, and People as they are. 
 
 " II faut prendre le temps come il est, et les gens comme 
 ils sont." Promus 1,481. 
 
 " Know thou this that men are as the Time is." 
 
 Lear v. 3. Comp. Ham. i. 4, 2938. 
 
282 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Time. 
 
 " Thou art the ruin of the noblest man 
 That ever lived in the tide of times." 
 
 Jid. Cces. iii. 1. 
 
 " (In) these most brisk and giddy -paced times . . . 
 (lam) unstaid and skittish in all motions. . . . 
 Our fancies are more giddy and uniform" &c. 
 
 Twelfth Night ii. 4. 
 
 (See of " the scrambling and unquiet times " which encouraged 
 Prince Henry's corresponding "wildness," and with the "blessed 
 change " which came to the times, by his reformation. Hen. V. v. 
 1, 4, 55, 66, and 2050 ; ii. 4, 2429, &c.) 
 
 TIME is the Wisest Judge the Arbitrator. 
 
 " Time is the wisest of all things, and the author and 
 inventor everyday of new cases." Of Praetorian Courts. 
 
 " It is an argument of weight, as being the judgment of 
 Time." Controversies of the Church. 
 
 " The counsels to which Time is not called, Time will 
 not ratify." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Well, Time is the old Justice that examines and tries all such 
 offenders, and let Time try" As You Like It iv. 1. 
 
 " Time, thou must untangle this ! " 
 
 Twelfth Nifjht ii. 2. 
 
 " Time must friend or end." 
 
 Tr. Or. i. 2. 
 " That old arbitrator, Time, will one day end it." 
 
 Ir. Cr. iv. 2. 
 
 " Our virtues lie in the interpretation of the Time." 
 
 Cor. iv. 7, and v. 3, 6870. 
 
 " I entreat your honour to scan this matter no further. Leave it 
 to Time.'' Oth. iii. 3. 
 
 " What you have charged me with, that have I done, 
 And more, much more ; the time will bring it out." 
 
 Lear v. 3. 
 [See Hen. VIII. ii. 1, 93, 94. 
 
Travel. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 28a 
 
 TRANQUILLITY of Mind from Fortitude. 
 
 " Certainly in all delay and expectation to keep the 
 mind tranquil and steadfast, by the good composure of 
 the same, I hold to be the chief firmament of human 
 life ; but such tranquillity as depends upon hope I reject, 
 as light and unsure." Meditations Sacrce. 
 
 " I feel within me 
 A peace above all earthly dignities. 
 . , . I am able now, methinks, 
 Out of a fortitude of soul I feel 
 To endure more miseries, and greater far 
 Than my weak-hearted enemies dare offer. 
 
 Farewell 
 
 The hopes of court. 
 
 My hopes in heaven do dwell. 
 
 Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 
 [See 350390 ; iv. 2, 63, 68, 83 ; 
 
 Temp. i. 2, 152158. 
 
 In contrast, see "Farewell the tranquil mind," &c. Oth. iii. 3, 
 349, &c. ; M. M. iii. 1, 7986. 
 
 " A heart unfortified, or mind impatient." Ham. i. 2, 95 98. 
 
 TRAVEL. 
 
 " Travel, in the younger sort is part of education ; in 
 the elder, a part of experience" Ess. of Travel ; and 
 see Advice to Rutland. 
 
 " Home-keeping youths have ever homely wits. . . . 
 I rather would entreat thy company 
 To see the wonders of the world abroad 
 Than living dully sluggardised at home, 
 Wear out thy youth with shapeless idleness. 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. i. 1. 
 
 Pant. : " He wondered that your lordship 
 
 Would suffer him to spend his youth at home, 
 While other men of slender reputation 
 Put forth their sons to seek preferment out : 
 
284 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Traveller. 
 
 Some to the wars to try their fortune there ; 
 Some to discover islands far away ; 
 Some to the studious Universities. 
 For any, or for all these exercises, 
 He said that Proteus, your son, was meet, 
 And did request me to importune you 
 To let him spend his time no more at home, 
 Which would be great impeachment to his age 
 In having known no travel in his youth. . . , 
 Ant. : " I have considered well his loss of time, 
 And now he cannot be a perfect man, 
 Not being tried and tutored in the world. 
 Experience is by industry achieved. 
 And perfected by the swift course of Time." 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. i. 3. 
 
 TRAVELLER not to Affect Foreign Manners. 
 
 u When a traveller returneth home ... let his travel 
 rather appear in his discourse than in his apparel and 
 gestures ... let it not appear that he doth change his 
 country manners for those of foreign parts," &c. Ess. 
 of Travel. 
 
 " Now your traveller, 
 lie and his toothpick ... I catechise 
 My pick'd man of countries . . . 
 Talking of the Alps and Apennines, 
 The Pyrannean, and the river Po," &c. 
 
 See John i. 1,189213. 
 "I cannot flatter and speak fair . . . 
 Duck with French nods and apish courtesy." 
 
 Rich III. \. 3. 
 
 "Signior Romeo, Bon jour / There's a French salutation to your 
 French slop." Rom. Jul. iv. 4. 
 
 " He bought his doublet in Italy, his round nose in France, his 
 bonnet in Germany, and his behaviour everywhere." Mer. Ven. i. 2. 
 See 64100 ; M. Ado Hi, 2, 3040 ; and of Armada, L. L. L. iv. 
 2, &c. 
 
Truth. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 285 
 
 TRUE to Oneself. 
 
 " Human nature is too weak to be true to the nature of 
 things, let them then at least be true to itself!' De 
 Aug.vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 ". . . To thine own self be true, 
 And it must follow 
 As the night the day, 
 Thou can'st not then be false 
 To any man." Ham. i. 3. 
 
 " Who shall be true to us 
 When we are so unsecret to ourselves ? " 
 
 Tr. Cr. iii. 2. 
 
 TRUTH Naked, and as a Shining Light. 
 
 " This same truth is a naked and open daylight, that 
 cloth not show the masks, and mummeries, and triumphs 
 of the world half so stately and daintily as candle-lights." 
 Ess. of Truth. 
 
 Plan. : 
 
 "The truth appears so naked on my side 
 
 That any purblind eye may find it out." 
 Sorn. : 
 
 " And on my side it so well aparell'd, 
 So clear, so shining, and so evident, 
 That it will glimmer through a blind man's eye." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. ii. 4. 
 
 " We lay ourselves open in the naked truth of our hearts." 
 Concerning Wardship. 
 
 " I have made ... a naked and particular account of the 
 business." To the King, 1614. 
 
 " What reason have you for on't ? The naked truth of it is, I have 
 no shirt." L. L. L. v. 2. 
 
286 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Uniformity. 
 
 THE UNDERSTANDING a Globe. 
 
 "Nothing can be found in the material globe which 
 has not its correspondent in the crystalline globe, the 
 understanding." Advt. L. i. 319. 
 
 Ham.: "... Remember thee ? 
 
 Aye, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat 
 In this distracted globe.'"' Ham. i. 5. 
 
 (Comp. 2 Hen. IV. ii. 4, where Prince Henry's reproach to 
 Falstaff, " Thou globe of sinful continents" although of course in 
 part alluding to his fatness and rotundity of figure, refers more 
 directly to the sinfulness of his mind and evil life.) 
 
 UNIFORMITY or Sameness Not Desirable. 
 
 44 Philosophers have sought in all things to make men's 
 minds too uniform and harmonical, not breaking them to 
 contrary motions and extremes. . . . But men should 
 rather imitate the wisdom of jewellers, who if there be a 
 cloud, or a grain or an ice in a jewel, which may be 
 ground forth without taking too much of the stone, they 
 remove it : otherwise they will not meddle with it/' 
 De Aug. vii. 2. 
 
 " That ever like is not the same, Caesar 
 The heart of Brutus yearns to think upon." 
 
 Jul. Cces. ii. 2. 
 " You may wear your rue with a difference." 
 
 Ham. iv. 5. 
 
 " So oft it chances in particular men 
 That for some vicious mole of nature in them . . . 
 Carrying, I say, the stamp of some defect . . . 
 Their virtues else, be they as pure as grace, 
 As infinite as man may undergo, 
 Shall in the general censure take corruption, 
 Doth all the noble substance off and out 
 From that particular fault : the dram of evil 
 To his own scandal." Ham. i. 4. 
 
Vain Glory. BANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 287 
 
 USE. (See Custom.) 
 
 " Men's deeds are as they have been accustomed . . . 
 in languages the tongue is more pliant . . . the points 
 more supple in youth than afterwards ; . . . late learners 
 cannot so well take the ply except it be in minds that 
 have not suffered themselves to fit," &c. Ess. of 
 Custom. 
 
 " How use doth breed a habit in a man." 
 " The language I have learnt these forty years, 
 My native English, now I must forego : 
 And now my tongue' 's use is to me no more 
 Than an unstring'd viol or a harp. . . . 
 / am too old to fawn upon a nurse, 
 Too far in years to be a pupil now" &c. 
 
 See Rich. II. i. 3, 158172. 
 
 Of the " supple joints " of youth, see Temp. iii. 3, 106 ; Tim. 
 Ath. i. 1, 249. That the analogy between mind and body was here, 
 as everywhere, present with our Poet, may be seen in his allusion to 
 "supple souls" after the morning meal (Coriol. v. 1, 54). 
 
 VAIN Glory, or Boasting. 
 
 " Vain-glorious persons are ever factious, liars, in- 
 constant, extreme. Thraso is Gnaso's prey." De Aug. 
 vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Glorious (or boastful) men are the scorn of wise men, 
 the admiration of fools, the idols of parasites, and the 
 slaves of their own vaunts." Ess. of Vain Glory. 
 
 " His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed, 
 his eye ambitious, his gait majestioal, and his general behaviour vain, 
 ridiculous, and thrasonical." L. L. L. v. 1, and As You Like It v. 
 2,30. 
 
 For excellent examples of vainglorious men according to the 
 philosopher's view, see of Malovlio, " An affectioned ass ; the best 
 persuaded of himself, crammed as he thinks, with excellencies '* 
 (Twelfth Night ii. 3, 5 ; iii. 4, &c.). See also Ajax described by 
 
288 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Virtue. 
 
 Thersites and Agamemnon (Tr. Cr. ii. 3 ; iii. 3), and Pistol and Nym 
 (Hen. V. ii. 1, &c.) 
 
 VANITY. 
 
 " Dispositions that have in them some vanity are 
 readier to undertake the care of the commonwealth." 
 ])e Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Pluck down my officers, break my decrees ; 
 For now a time is come to mock at form. 
 Henry the Fifth is crowned ! Up Vanity ! 
 Down royal State ! All you sage counsellors hence ! " &c. 
 See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 220268, and v. 4, 129140 ; 
 
 [Hen. V. ii. 4, 2040, 130, 131. 
 
 VIRTUE and Vice Consort. 
 
 61 It is not only for consort and similarity of nature 
 that things unite and collect together; but evil also, 
 especially in civil matters, betakes itself to good for 
 concealment and protection, 
 
 * Vice often lurks 'neath virtue's shade* 
 
 So on the other hand good draws near to evil, not for 
 company, but to convert and reform it. And therefore it 
 was objected to our Saviour that He conversed with 
 publicans and sinners/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.). 
 
 " When vice makes mercy, mercy's so extended 
 That for the fault's love is the offender friended." 
 
 M. M. iv. 3. 
 
 " Ah ! that deceit should steal such gentle shape, 
 And with a virtuous vizor hide deep vice ! 
 
 Rich. III. ii. 2, and iii. 1, 814, 82, 83. 
 
 See also Rich. II. v. 3, 6070 ; Com. Err. iii. 2, 814 ; Rom. 
 Jul. ii. 3, 1622 ; Ham. iii. 4, 161171 ; Oth. ii. 3, 195199 ; 
 Per. iv. 4, 95. 
 
 * Ovid de Art. Amand ii. 262. 
 
Virtue. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 289 
 
 VIRTUE-Beauty (Q.V.). 
 
 " Virtue is nothing but inward beauty ; beauty nothing 
 but outward virtue." Zte Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " The hand that hath made you fair hath made you good : the 
 goodness that is cheap in beauty makes beauty brief in goodness ; 
 but grace being the soul of your complexion, shall keep the body of 
 it ever fair." M. M. iii. 1. 
 
 " Is she kind as she is fair ? For beauty lives with kindness." 
 See Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song) ; Per. ii. v. 3136, 66 ; Per. v. 
 i. 6369. 
 
 VIRTUE Happy and Fearless. 
 
 "Virtue bears a great part in felicity . . . and has 
 more use in clearing perturbations than in compassing 
 desires." De Aug. vii. 2 ; and see of Innocence, Promus, 
 1,562. 
 
 " Virtue is bold and goodness never fearful." 
 
 M. M. iii. 1 ; Win. T. iii. 1, 28-32. 
 " The trust I have is in my innocence, 
 And therefore am I bold and resolute." 
 
 2 Hen. VI. iv. 4. 
 " Innocence makes false accusation blush." 
 
 Win. Tale iii. 1, &c. 
 
 For the contrast, see of the " great perturbation " of Lady 
 Macbeth under a sense of her own crime (Macb. v. 1, 10 12), and 
 the contrast between the " comfort " and " sweet sleep," fair 
 dreams, and quiet, untroubled soul of Richmond, with the "coward 
 conscience," " despair," and " sleep filled with perturbations " of the 
 " murderer" of King Richard III. (Rich. III. v. 3). 
 
 VIRTUE Needs Time for Perfection. 
 
 " A long course is better than a short one for every- 
 thing, even for virtue. Without a good space of life a 
 man can neither finish, nor learn, nor repent." De Aug. 
 vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
290 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. War. 
 
 " The prince will, in the perfectness of time, 
 Cast off his followers : and their memory 
 Shall as a pattern or a measure live, 
 By which his grace must mete the lives of others, 
 Turning past evils to advantages." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4. 
 " He cannot be a perfect man, 
 Not being tried and tutored in the world : 
 Experience is by industry achieved, 
 And perfected by the swift course of time. 1 ' 
 
 Two Gent. Ver. i. 3. 
 
 WAR, Fever or Exercise. 
 
 " A civil war indeed is like the heat of a fever, but a 
 foreign war is like the heat of exercise, and serves most 
 of all to keep the body in health." De Aug. viii. 3. 
 
 " Thou mad'st thy enemies shake, as if the world 
 Were feverous ; and did tremble." 
 
 Cor. i. 4, 4861. 
 
 Lart. : " Worthy sir, thou bleed'st 
 
 Thy exercise hath been too violent 
 
 For a second course of fight." 
 Mar. : " Sir, praise me not ; 
 
 My work hath not yet warmed me. Fare you well," &c. 
 
 Cor. i. 5. 
 
 " Let me have war, say I : it exceeds peace as far as day does 
 night : it's spritely, waking, audible, and full of vent," &c. Cor. 
 iv. 5, 226240. 
 
 " In the body of this fleshly land . . . hostility and civil tumult 
 reigns." John iv. 3 ; and see 1 Hen. IV. i. 1, 1 20. 
 
 WAR Lawful, and Fundamental to the State. 
 
 " When the constitution of the State, and the funda- 
 mental customs and laws of the same (if laws they may 
 be called) are against the laws of Nature and Nations, 
 
Will. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 291 
 
 then, I say, a war upon them is lawful." Touching on 
 Holy War. 
 
 " So that from point to point, now you have heard 
 The fundamental reasons of this war . . . 
 The reasons of your State I cannot yield." 
 
 AIV8 Well iii. 1. 
 
 " The big wars that make ambition virtue." 
 
 Oth. iii. 3. 
 
 " We were not all unkind, nor all deserve 
 The common stroke of war. . . 
 
 . Use the wars as thy redress, 
 And not as our confusion," &c. 
 
 See Tim. Ath. v. 5, 1-64. 
 
 WICKED, Rebuke to the. 
 
 " He that rebukes the wicked gets himself a blot." 
 Prov. vi. 11. 
 
 " There is great danger in the reproval of the wicked. 
 For not only will the wicked man lend no ear to advice, 
 but turns again on his reprover, whom being now made 
 odious to him, he either directly assails with abuses, or 
 afterwards traduces to others." De Aug. viii. 1. 
 
 Rich. : " Madam, I have a touch of your condition 
 
 That cannot bear the accent of reproof . . ." 
 Duch. : " No, by the Holy Rood thou know'st it well 
 
 Thou cam'st on earth to make the earth my hell," &c. 
 See the mother's account of her son's wickedness (Rich. III. iv. 
 4, 132 198), and of Pericles' reproof to Antiochus (Per. i. 1), and 
 Helicanus of reproof (Per. i. 2, 3943). 
 
 WILL of Man. 
 
 "Example transformeth the will of man into the 
 similitude of that which is much observant and familiar 
 towards it." Discourse of the Intellectual Powers. 
 
292 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Will. 
 
 " Wishes fall out as they are willed." 
 
 Per. v. 2 (Gower). 
 
 " Though willingly I came to Denmark . . . 
 My thoughts and wishes bend again towards France." 
 
 Ham. i. 2. 
 
 ( u All this) puzzles the will, 
 And makes us rather bear those ills we have, 
 Than fly to others that ive know not of." 
 
 Ham. iii. 1. 
 
 " Thy wish was Father, Harry, to the thought." 
 
 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4. 
 
 " This faculty of the mind of will and election, which 
 inclineth affection and appetite (which are the rudi- 
 ments of will) may be so well governed and managed 
 because it admitteth . . . divers remedies to be applied 
 to it, and to work on it. The effects whereof ... do 
 issue as medicines do, into two kind of cures ; whereof 
 the one is a true cure, and the other is called palliation/' 
 Discourse of the Intellectual Powers. 
 
 " Our bodies are our gardens to the which our wills are gardeners 
 . . . the power and corrigible authority lies in our wills . . . she 
 must find the error of her choice." Oth. i. 3, 320355 ; iii. 3, 229 
 239. 
 
 "Performance is a kind of Will or Testament which argues a 
 great sickness in his judgment that makes it." Tim. Ath. v. 1. 
 
 WILL Wish Opinion. 
 
 " He had rather have his will than his wish."- 
 Promus 113. 
 
 " Next to religion, in its power over the will of man, is 
 opinion and apprehension." Of the Intel. Powers* 
 
 " Whoever has his wish, thou hast thy will," &c. 
 
 See Sonnet cxxxv.; 3 Hen. VI. i. 4, 143-4. 
 
Wit, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 293 
 
 " Wishes fall out as they are willed." 
 
 Per. v. 2 (Gower); Hen. V. v. 333, &c. 
 
 " Her will recoiling to her better judgment . . . may . . . 
 happily repent." Oth. iii. 3. And see Two Gent. Ver. i. 3, 6066 ; 
 Tr. Cr. i. 3, 119124. 
 
 WISE Man and Fool. 
 
 u One of the philosophers was asked, ' What a wise 
 man differed from a fool ? ' He answered, ' Send them 
 both naked to those that know them not, and you shall 
 perceive/ " Apophthegm 5355. 
 
 Touch. : " The more pity that fools may not speak wisely, what 
 wise men do foolishly." 
 
 Gel. : " By my troth thou speak'st true ; for since the little wit 
 that fools have was silenced, the little foolery that wise men have 
 makes a great show." As You Like It i. 2. 
 
 " The wise man's folly is anatomis'd 
 Even by the squandering glances of the fool." 
 
 2b. ii. 7. 
 
 u What is a whoremaster, fool ? A fool in good clothes, some- 
 thing like thee. . . . Thou art not altogether a fool. Nor thou 
 altogether a wise man : as much foolery as I have, so much wit thou 
 lackest." Tim. Ath. ii. 2. 
 
 (See King Lear of Edgar whom he speaks of as a poor, naked or 
 " bare " creature, yet calls a philosopher Lear iii. 4, 80, to end.) 
 
 WIT The Cause of Wit. 
 
 " The honourablest part of talk is to give the occasion." 
 Ess. of Discourse. 
 
 " His eye begets occasion for his wit, 
 For every object that the one doth catch 
 The other turns to a mirth-moving jest." 
 
 L. L. L. ii. 1. 
 
 " I am not only witty in myself, 
 But the cause of wit that is in other men.' 1 
 
 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2. 
 
294 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. Woman. 
 
 WOMAN Bearded. 
 
 " Femme barbue de cinquante ans, pas de salue." 
 Promus 1,496. 
 
 " Ha ! Goneril ! with a white beard ! " 
 
 Lear iv. 6 and see iii. 7, 75. 
 
 " By yea and no, I think the woman is a witch indeed. I like not 
 when a woman has a great beard. I spy a great beard under her 
 muffler." Mer. Wives iv. 2. 
 
 WOMAN Changeable. 
 
 " Woman's a various and changeful thing." Promus 
 1,085 (Latin); Virg.^En.iv. 562, 
 
 " A woman's gentle heart, but not acquainted 
 With shifting change, as is false woman's fashion." 
 
 Sonnet xx. 
 " Constant you are, but yet, a woman." 
 
 1 Hen. IV. ii. 3. 
 " Frailty, thy name is woman ! " 
 
 Ham. i. 2. 
 " Brief ... as woman's love." 
 
 Ham. iii. 2. 
 " Fair is my love, but not so fair as fickle." 
 
 Pass. Pilgrim. 
 
 "It is the woman's part . . . deceiving . . . change of prides, 
 disdain, nice longings, slanders, mutability. Even to vice they are 
 not constant, but are changing still" Cymb. ii. 5. 
 
 " Oh ! that I thought it could be in a woman . . . 
 To keep her constancy in plight and love." 
 
 Tr. Cr. iii. 2, and see further 
 
 [lines 182-194; iv. 2, 101107; v. 2, passim, 
 
 but especially 1. 102110, 125129; v. 3, 
 
 108112. 
 
 See also as instances to show how the Poet adopted 
 the term " thing " to express a contemptible woman the 
 following : 
 
Woman. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 295 
 
 " I will be master of what is mine own. She is my goods, my 
 chattels; she is my house, my household stuff, my field, my barn, 
 my horse, my ox, my ass, my anything." Tarn. Sh. i. 1. 
 
 "An ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own." 
 
 As You Like It v. 4. 
 
 " Thou base and self-discovered thing." 
 
 Lear iv. 2. 
 
 " Thou basest thing . . . disloyal thing. Thou foolish thing." 
 
 Cymb. i. 2 and iv. 2, 206, v. 4, 64. 
 
 WOMAN Furious. 
 
 " Fnrens quid femina." Promus 1,086; Virg. ^En* 
 v. 6. 
 
 " With him along is come the mother-queen 
 An Ate stirring him to blood and strife." 
 
 John ii. 1. 
 
 " Her cousin, an' she were not possessed with a fury, exceeds her." 
 M. Ado i. 1. 
 
 " Tigers, not daughters, what have you performed ? . , . 
 Proper deformity seems not in the fiend 
 So horrid as in a woman." 
 
 Lear iv. 2. 
 
 " This damned witch Sycoras . . . 
 ... In her unmitigable rage " (confined thee, &c.). 
 
 Temp. i. 2. 
 (And see of Katherine in Tarn. Sh. i. 2, 181-209, &c.) 
 
 WOMAN III or Well as She Pleases. 
 
 " Feme se plaint, feme se doubt, feme est malade 
 quaut elle veut, et par Mme. Ste. Marie, quaut elle veut 
 elle se guerie." Promus 1,516. 
 
 " And at his look she falleth flatly down, 
 For looks kill love, and love by looks reviveth," &c. 
 
 See Yen. Adonis 463480, 493504 
 
 " Cut my lace, Charmian, come ; 
 But, let it be : / am quickly ill and ivell. 
 
296 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Woman's Tears. 
 
 So Antony loves." 
 
 Ant. Cl. i. 3, and see i. 2 (quoted ante). 
 
 WOMAN Leads. 
 
 " A woman made a leader." Promus 372 (Latin), 
 from Virg. ^En. i. 364. 
 
 Mess. : " The French have gathered head 
 
 The Dauphin with one Joan la Pucille joined, 
 Is come with a great power to raise the siege." 
 
 [Enter Joan, driving Englishmen before her.'] 
 Talbot: " Where is my strength, my valour, and my force ? 
 Our English troops retire. I cannot stay them. 
 A woman clad in armour chaseth them." 
 
 1 Hen. VI. i. 6. 
 
 WOMAN'S Tears Feigned, Artful. (See, further, " III or 
 Well.") 
 
 " We believed in tears : are these also taught to 
 feign ? 
 
 " These tears also have arts, and will be where they 
 are ordered to be." Promus (Latin), from Ovid ; Her- 
 vides (Ep. i. 51, 52). 
 
 " If thou have not a woman's gift 
 To rain a shower of commanded tears, 
 An onion will do well for such a shift." 
 
 Tarn. Sh. (Ind. i.). 
 
 "A lover that kills himself most gallantly for love. 
 That ivill ask some tears in the due performing of it : 
 If I do it, let the audience look to their eyes." 
 
 M. N. D. i. 2. 
 
 " Cleopatra, catching the least noise of this, dies instantly. I have 
 seen her die twenty times on poorer moment. . . . She is 
 cunning past man's thought. . . . We cannot call her winds and 
 waters sighs and tears. . . . She makes a shower of rain as well 
 as Jove. The tears live in an onion that would water this sorrow." 
 Ant. Cl. i. 2. 
 
Woman's Tongue. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 297 
 
 " Look ! they weep, 
 
 And I, an ass, am onion-eyed : for shame ! 
 Transform us not to women." 
 
 Ant. Cl.iv. 1. " 
 
 " A few drops of women's rheum, which are 
 As cheap as lies. Cor. v. 5. And see Ham. i. 2, 
 
 [147150; ii. 2, 520, &c. 
 
 WOMAN'S Tongue not to be Trusted. 
 
 " There is no trusting a woman or a tapp." Promus 
 526. 
 
 " Constant you are, 
 But yet a woman, and for secrecy 
 No lady closer, for I well believe 
 Thou wilt not utter what thou dost not know." 
 
 1 Hen. JV.ii. 3. 
 
 " I grant I am a woman, but withal, 
 A woman well reputed. . . . 
 Tell me your councils, I'll not disclose them. 
 I have made strong proof of iny constancy, 
 Giving myself a voluntary wound 
 Here in the thigh. Can I bear that with patience 
 And not my husband's secrets ? " 
 
 Jul Cons. ii. 1; Ham. iii. 4, 189200. 
 
 WOMAN'S Tongue is Her Sting. 
 
 " The Amazons sting delicate persons." Promus 
 82la (Latin), from Eras. Adagia 370. 
 
 " She wolf of France, but worse than wolves of France, 
 Whose tongue more poisons than the adder s tooth! 
 How ill- beseeming is it in thy sex 
 To triumph like an Amazonian trull 
 Upon their woes whom fortune captivates." 
 
 3 Hen. VI. i. 4. 
 
 Pet. : " Come, come, you wasp ; i' faith you are too angry." 
 Kath, : " If I be waspish, beware of my sting." 
 
298 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Woman's Tongue. 
 
 Pet. : " Who knows not where a wasp doth wear his sting ? In 
 
 his tail." 
 Kath. : " In his tongue." 
 
 Tarn. Sh. ii. 1. 
 
 (See of Amazons with needles for lances John v. 2, 154158.) 
 
 From the entries in the Promus, which refer to women, 
 we see that Bacon had from early youth formed un- 
 favourable opinions of them, as he saw them, opinions 
 which unhappy passages in his own life doubtless con- 
 firmed. But he also is strengthened in his views by 
 numerous classical and other authorities. The Shake- 
 speare Plays reflect all these unfavourable opinions of 
 womanhood as seen in the 16th century, although Bacon 
 had nevertheless a high idea of what a sweet and good 
 woman could and should be, the very mixed nature of 
 most of his female characters contraries of good and 
 evil, sometimes almost irreconcilable seem rather to 
 prove the rule that women, according to the Poet's expe- 
 rience, were broadly divisible into six classes. 
 
 1. Furies or viragoes, such as Tamora, Queen Mar- 
 garet, Goneril, Regan, and Lady Macbeth in the dark 
 side of her character. 
 
 2. Shrews and sharp-tongued women, as Katherine the 
 Shrew, Constance, and many others, when they are 
 represented as angry or in discussion. 
 
 3. Gossiping and untrustworthy women, as most of 
 the maids, hostesses and waiting women, and as Percy 
 insinuates that his wife may prove. 
 
 4. Artful, fickle, faithless, like the Lady Anne (in 
 Rich. ///.), Jessica, Cressida, and the Queen in Hamlet. 
 Such dispositions seem throughout the Plays to be 
 assumed as the normal conditions of womanhood. 
 
Woman's Tongue. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 299 
 
 5. Thoroughly immoral and wanting in self-respect, as 
 Tamora, Bianca, Phrynia, Timandra, Cleopatra, and the 
 daughter of Antiochus. 
 
 6. Gentle, simple, ignorant, or for the most part 
 colourless, as Hero, Bianca (in Tarn. Sh.\ Awdry, Olivia, 
 Ophelia, Cordelia, Miranda. 
 
 There are noteworthy exceptions to be found amongst 
 the 130 female characters in the Plays. These exhibit 
 more exalted and, we trust, at the present day truer 
 pictures of woman; they are sufficient to show that 
 Francis " Bacon " knew well what a good woman is, and 
 the many incidental sentiments put into the mouths of 
 even indifferent characters are evidence of what he desired 
 that women should be kind, gentle, sweet and pretty, 
 graceful in action, soft in speech, winning in manner, 
 tender mothers, devoted wives. Nevertheless, we cannot 
 close our eyes to the fact that such characters are rare, 
 almost exceptional. We have the noble, pure, and good 
 exhibited in Katherine of Arragon, in Portia (the wife of 
 Brutus), in Volumnia, in Isabella, and Desdemona. Yet 
 even Desdemona deceives her father and elopes with a 
 " Moor," Portia in the Merchant of Venice deceives her 
 husband. " Gentle Jessica " deceives her father, and 
 elopes with a Christian, such as he abhorred, thereby 
 showing her own disregard of the most elementary reli- 
 gious principles. Even " sweet Anne Page " cannot be 
 said to have behaved as most of us would wish our 
 daughters to behave to us. 
 
 " Bacon " has been frequently reproached with the un- 
 favourable views which he held concerning woman-kind. 
 Clearly " Shakespeare " not only entertained the same 
 views, but he echoed and re-echoed them throughout the 
 
300 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Words. 
 
 Plays, where, as a rale, love is treated as a youthful 
 passion, akin to folly, marriage often as a doubtful 
 happiness. The observant and unprejudiced student of 
 Shakespeare cannot fail to perceive that the philosopher 
 and the poet reflect and re-echo each other's opinions, 
 regrets, and wishes. 
 
 WORDS as Goads. 
 
 " The words of the wise are as goads and as nails." 
 Promus quoted inaccurately from memory from the Vul- 
 gate. Eccl. xii. 11, and see Advt. L. i. and the Wisdom 
 of the Ancients xxviii. 
 
 " The sharp, thorny points 
 Of my alleged reasons drive this forward? 
 
 Hen. VIII. ii. 4. 
 
 "Not alone the death of Fulvia with more urgent touches 
 Doth speak to us, but the letters too.' ? 
 
 Ant. Cl. i. 3. 
 
 " In this point charge him home," &c. 
 
 Cor. iii. 3. 
 
 WORDS Their Points and Stings. 
 
 " There are many forms which, though they mean the 
 same, yet affect differently, as the difference is great in 
 the piercing of that which is sharp and that which v&flat) 
 though the strength of the percussion be the same. 
 Certainly there will be no man who will not be more 
 affected by hearing it said, ' Your enemies will be glad of 
 this/ . . . than by hearing it said only, ' This will be 
 evil for you/ Therefore these points and stings of words 
 are by no means to be neglected," De Aug. vi. 3, and 
 see Promus 1,418725. 
 
Youthful. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 301 
 
 " Good words are better than bad strokes: . . . 
 In your bad strokes you give good words . . . 
 The posture of your blows are yet unknown 
 But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees, 
 And leave them honeyless. Not stingless, too . . . 
 You very wisely threat before you sting." 
 
 Jul. CCBS. v. 1. 
 (See AIVs Well iii. 1, 418; Hen. VIII. iii. 255). 
 
 " "IVas you we laughed at. What a blow was there given ! An' 
 it had not fallen flat long." Temp. ii. 1. And see references to 
 Promus 725. 
 
 YOUTH Despises Authority. 
 
 " There is implanted in youth contempt for authority 
 of age; so every man must grow wise at his own cost." 
 De Aug. vi. 3 (Antithetha). 
 
 " Young blood doth not obey an old decree." 
 
 L. L. L. iv. 3. 
 
 " For the box o' the ear that the prince gave you . . . the young 
 lion repents." 2 Hen. IV. i. 2. See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 2, 57, 58; 
 v. 2, 64100. 
 
 " If the young dace be a bait for the old pike, I see no reason in 
 the law of nature, but I may snap at him. Let time shape, and 
 there's an end." 2 Hen. IV. iii. 2. 
 
 YOUTHFUL Counsels. 
 
 " First thoughts and youthful counsels have more of 
 divineness." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta). 
 
 " Love who first did prompt me." 
 
 Rom. Jul. ii. 2. 
 
 " At the first sight they have changed eyes. 
 This is the first (man) that e'er I sighed for." 
 
 Temp. i. 2, 442457. 
 
 " The first suit is hot and hasty . . . and then comes repentance." 
 M. Adoii. 1. 
 
302 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Zeal. 
 
 " Who ever loved that loved not at first sight ? " 
 
 As You Like It iii. 5. 
 
 (See of Bertram v. 3, 4454). 
 
 " Nature will compel her to a second choice." 
 
 Oth ii. 3. 
 (See Shakespeare of Loves arid Marriages). 
 
 ZEAL. 
 
 " They that err from zeal, though we cannot approve 
 them, yet we must love them." De Aug. vi. 3 (Anti- 
 theta). 
 
 " Zeal, affection, alacrity. Im(patience) a zeal and 
 good affection. ' I can do all things through Him that 
 strengthened me.' " Promus 1,242. 
 
 " We swear a voluntary zeal and unurged faith to your proceed- 
 ings.'' John v. 2. 
 
 " Natural rebellion done in the blaze of youth; 
 When oil and fire, too strong for reason's force, 
 O'erbears it, and burns on ... 
 . . . . Our rash faults 
 Make trivial price of things we have." 
 
 AIVs Well v. 1 and 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2, 
 
 [30, &c.; Oth. i. 3, 220 235. 
 
 (Zeal for God Hen. VIII. ii. 2, 2325; iii. 2, 454457. Zeal 
 for counterfeits 2 Hen. IV. iv. 2. 
 
 " Knowledge," WE read, " is as a thread which may be 
 spun upon," and that others may take up the distaff and 
 continue to spin, is the object for which these examples 
 have been collected. They are but threads ravelled from 
 the web and woof of stuff spun and woven in the busy 
 brain of our Poet-Philosopher. By no means must they 
 be taken for the finished fabric, for the gorgeous 
 
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 303 
 
 embroidery of metaphor, simile, and allusion which gives 
 the characteristic charm to these writings is absent. 
 With but few exceptions, it has been studiously omitted, 
 for it would fill a volume of itself, and should the present 
 collection prove useful, we purpose next to illustrate the 
 " Figures in All Things " which it was the delight and 
 the genius of " our Francis " to observe and apply 
 
 The ethical comparisons here presented do not, perhaps, 
 form one-tenth part of those which have been noted; but 
 it is hoped that they may suffice with unprejudiced minds 
 to establish the similarity or identity of opinion and taste 
 exhibited in the two groups of works. Their object will 
 be attained if they enable some who love him more easily 
 to follow the deep thoughts and lofty fancies of the 
 GREAT MASTER. 
 
 THE END, 
 
 London : ROBEBT BANKS & SON, Racquet Court, Fleet Street. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 Abstinence 278 
 
 Ceremony . . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ... 47 
 
 Adversity 11 
 Endurance of 12 
 Prosperity 12 
 Toad's Stone 12 
 Crushed by 13 
 Affectation 14 
 Affections 258,259 
 Age Judgment 258 259 
 
 Lacking 
 Overrated 
 Character Judged 
 ,, by the Face 
 Charity a Bond 
 no Excess in 
 Cheap, A Man Made 
 
 ... 47 
 ... 48 
 ... 49 
 50,87 
 ... 52 
 ... 52 
 ... 47 
 ... 53 
 
 Deforms and Wears 15 
 Gracious 16 
 Invention Lulled in 16 
 Amazons, Government by 17 
 Ambition Checked Dangerous ... 18 
 Mounts, Flies 18 
 Useful in Pulling Down 19 
 Anger Appeased 20 
 by Confession 20, 21 
 by Mildness 20,21 
 Excuse 20, 21 
 Baseness 22 
 
 as a Tree 
 Compliment 
 Conqueror of Self 
 Conscience Quiet 
 Constancy 
 Contempt, Sharp 
 Contraries 
 Counsels, Effeminate 
 Counsellors, Dead 
 Violent 
 Courting the People 
 Credulity 
 
 ... 53 
 ... 53 
 ... 54 
 ... 257 
 54-56 
 ... 57 
 ... 58 
 ... 59 
 ... 59 
 ... 59 
 244, 245 
 ... 60 
 
 Breaks off Business 22 
 Makes Red Eyes 23 
 An Edge Set upon 23 
 Eepented 25 
 Irrevocable 25 
 Dignity *>Q 
 
 Custom, Force of 
 Tyrant 
 Death, Fear of 6 
 Apprehension 
 Birth 
 Dailv . 
 
 61. 287 
 ... 62 
 3, 66, 67 
 ... 63 
 ... 64 
 ... 65 
 
 Checked ''6 
 
 Envy 
 
 65 
 
 Privileged 26 
 Antiquity Affected 9 7 
 
 H Feared by Children 
 
 ,. 66 
 67 
 
 The True 28 
 Art and Nature 29 
 Atheist (see Hypocrite) 237 
 Authority in Learning ... 30 2fl8 
 not the Sole Guide ... 31 
 Bashfulness, Hindrance 33 
 Beauty Grace. . 34 
 
 Painless 
 ,. Prepared for 
 a Release 
 Seizes 
 Obsequies 
 Deformity Body, Mind ... 
 Freed from Scorn 
 
 ... 69 
 ... 67 
 ... 69 
 ... 70 
 ... 71 
 72-74 
 ... 73 
 
 Favour 34 
 Goodness 35 ^89 
 
 Delay 
 
 ... 75 
 75 
 
 v Fortune ... . . . . 35 
 
 Despatch, Rich . ... ... 
 
 ... 76 
 
 of Mind and Body ... 36 
 Behaviour a Garment 37 
 Blame 38 
 Blamingr One's Self 41 
 Boast Thrasonical 287 
 
 Dangerous 
 Brief 
 Order Assists 
 Detraction, Devil of 
 Dignity ... 
 
 ... 76 
 
 ... 77 
 ... 77 
 ... 78 
 263 
 
 Boldness Leads 287 
 Breaks Promises 287 
 Rash 42 
 Ignorant 43 
 Calumnv 44 
 Cannibals 45 
 Care Affection 45 
 Cat, Who Dared noi 45 
 Cause Effect 46 
 
 Disappointment 
 Child, Boy 
 Discontent in the State 
 Discourse Affected 
 ., with Circumstance 
 Tedious 
 Blunt 
 Questioning 
 of Reason 
 
 ... 278 
 78,79 
 ... 79 
 ... 79 
 ... 80 
 ... 80 
 80,81 
 ... 81 
 ... 81 
 
vi 
 
 Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 Discourse Salt, Bitter 82 
 Discoursing Wits 82 
 Dissembling 83, 84 
 Dissimulation Policy 83 
 to Reach Truth, 84-86 
 Secrecy ... 84,85,88 
 Vice 85 
 to Thwart 86 
 in Face 87 
 Distinction Difference 89 
 Divinity Shapes Our Lives 90 
 Division of Labour 91 
 Doubts Certainties 92 
 Dreams - - 979 
 
 PA 
 Grace in Speech 
 Gravity Dulness 
 Greatness Servitude 
 Discomforts of 
 Dangerous 
 Falls Headlong .. 
 Haste Delays 
 Health of Mind-Body 
 Heart A Continent ... 
 Hearts Metals 
 Heroes, Birthdays of 
 Sons. Banes 
 Honour Reputation 
 Degrees of 
 Given by God 
 Hope Happiness 
 Sleepy Drink, Dreams ... 
 Humanity 
 ,, Miseries of 
 Philosophy of 
 Human Nature, Fop of 
 Humour Moisture 
 Hypocrites 
 Ostentation 
 Lose Feeling 
 Undutiful 
 Saint, Sinner 
 Icarus Pride 
 Ignorance, Seditions 
 Pretends 
 Imagination an Agent 
 Deludes 
 Imitates the Senses... 
 Eloquence of 
 Example 
 Infects 
 Poetry 
 Imitation Apes 
 Example 
 ImpaMence 
 
 QE 
 
 131 
 133 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 135 
 135 
 136 
 138 
 139 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 141 
 143 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 145 
 148 
 150 
 151 
 151 
 153 
 153 
 251 
 155 
 155 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 164 
 186 
 165 
 166 
 156 
 166 
 230 
 245 
 167 
 169 
 169 
 169 
 170 
 289 
 172 
 262 
 262 
 173 
 174 
 174 
 175 
 175 
 176 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 17H 
 17'.) 
 179 
 180 
 
 180 
 181 
 
 Duty 
 
 Education 
 
 ... 92 
 93 
 
 Effeminate Peace 
 End Beginning 
 ,. Consider the 
 Rules Event 
 Endurance (see Suffering). 
 Enjoyment (see Happiness). 
 Envy The Devil 
 in Equals 
 ,, Preys 
 
 ... 231 
 
 ... 95 
 ... 94 
 ... 96 
 
 96-98 
 ... 97 
 
 ... 97 
 
 Public 
 
 98 
 
 Excited 
 
 ... 99 
 
 Equality in Men 
 in Measure 
 Evil a Foil 
 Good 
 
 ... 99 
 ... 99 
 ... 100 
 100 
 
 Example 
 
 Excess 
 
 ... 101 
 102 
 
 Expense 
 
 . 104 
 
 Extremes 
 Extremities Try 
 Fame Good 
 
 ... 105 
 ... 106 
 107 
 
 Mounts 
 Blind 
 Rumour 
 has Eyes, Ears 
 Familiarity 
 Figures in All Things 
 Flattery 
 Fool Wise 
 Fortitude from Tranquillity 
 Free Thought . . 
 
 ... 108 
 ... 109 
 .. 109 
 109 110 
 .. Ill 
 .. Ill 
 .. 112 
 114, 115 
 ... 283 
 116 
 
 Impossibilities 
 Imposture Pedantry 
 
 Industry Achieves 
 Fruits of Purchased ... 
 Ingratitude 
 Innocence 171, 
 Innovation Birth 
 Irresolution 
 Jests Commended 
 Considered ... 
 in Earnest 
 not Commendable 
 on Serious Matters 
 in Moderation ... 
 Shallow 
 
 Friend -Another Self 
 Friendship Clears the Mind 
 Continues a 
 Work 
 Human, Divine 
 Incapable of 
 Kind 
 Supports 
 Giving with Discrimination 
 God's Goodness 
 Gods, Men 
 
 116-119 
 ... 119 
 Man's 
 ... 120 
 ... 120 
 ... 121 
 122 
 '.". 122 
 ... 123 
 ... 123 
 ... 124 
 
 
 Sorrow 
 
 God's Screts 
 Work, Creatures 
 Gold Tried Touchstone ... 
 Goodness Humanity 
 Mercy 
 Inherent 
 a Habit 
 Grace in movement 
 
 ... 125 
 ... 12R 
 ... 127 
 127,128 
 ... 128 
 ... 129 
 ... 130 
 ... 131 
 
 Judgment Sense 
 Justice makes Man a God 
 cannot Extirpate Vice ... 
 Mercv 
 Knowledge Light 
 like Streams, not 
 Original 
 We Need to Know. . 
 
Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Knowledge of Causes 181 
 
 Contemplative ... 182 
 Sweet 182 
 of a ftlan A Win- 
 dow 183 
 
 Remembrance, 184, 260 
 
 of Self 185 
 
 Late-Early 186 
 
 Law Unequal 187 
 
 Letters of Recommendation ... 188 
 
 Life Brief 188 
 
 for Sake of Others 189 
 
 a Draw 189 
 
 a Journey 189 
 
 a Stage-Play 191 
 
 Theatre for God and the 
 
 Angels 192 
 
 Lookers-on 193 
 
 from High Ground ... 193 
 
 Love Aspiring 194 
 
 Contempt 194 
 
 Creeps 195 
 
 Folly 
 
 Hyperbole 
 
 Sym 
 
 Malignity Crossness 
 
 Inborn 
 
 Man Centre of the World ... 
 
 ,, Compounded 
 
 Image of God 
 
 Microcosm 
 
 Abstract of the World 
 
 Model 
 
 Compared to a Tree- 
 Memory of Good and Bad ... 
 Method Part of Judgment... 
 
 in Madness 
 
 Mind of Man Glass 
 
 195, 196 
 ... 196 
 ... 197 
 ... 197 
 ... 199 
 ... 199 
 ... 200 
 ... 200 
 ... 201 
 ... 201 
 ... 202 
 ... 202 
 202 
 203 
 204 
 205 
 205 
 
 Susceptible of Alter- 
 
 like 
 
 206 
 
 207 
 237 
 
 ation 
 
 Managed 
 
 Horse 
 
 Miracles Past 
 
 Misanthrope Timon's Tree 
 Fly -buzzing.. 
 
 Money, Muck, Dirt 
 
 Multitude, Applause of the.. 
 Many-headed .. 
 NatureArt, Shape, Rudiments ... 210 
 
 God's Book 210 
 
 Contrary 211 
 
 Custom 211 
 
 Necessity Strengthens the Mind ... 212 
 Make a Virtue of ... 212 
 
 a Spur 212, 213 
 
 New, Old 213 
 
 Nobility of Good Stock ... 213, 214 
 
 Novelty Desired 214 
 
 Oaths Deceive ... 215 
 
 like Dicers 215 
 
 Obedience of Affections to Reason 215 
 
 Blind 215 
 
 Observation Experience 216 
 
 Occasion Calls 217 
 
 Seized ... 218 
 
 Occasion Offers 
 
 Old Age Unkind 
 
 Covetous 
 
 One's Own Beautiful 
 
 Right, Humanity 
 Opinion, Light ... 
 
 PAGE 
 ... 218 
 ... 218 
 .. 218 
 ... 218 
 ... 219 
 219 
 
 Varies 220 
 
 Gales of 220 
 
 Opportunity Thief 220 
 
 Occasion 221 
 
 Ostentation, Politic 221 
 
 Impressive 223 
 
 of Learning 223 
 
 Outward Appearance 223 
 
 Painted Face -Manners 224 
 
 Parables for Secrecy 225 
 
 Paracelsus' School 237 
 
 Parents' Authority 226 
 
 Affection 226 
 
 Minds Inherited 237 
 
 Children 227 
 
 Passions Dull, Violent 228 
 
 Narcotics for 228 
 
 Past Irrevocable 229 
 
 Patience Impatience 23') 
 
 Hardness, Endurance .. 230 
 Peace Slothful, Effeminate .. 231 
 
 People Rabble Courted 232 
 
 Their Voice 233 
 
 Goodwill 234 
 
 Perfection 234 
 
 Perfidy 235 
 
 Persuasions- Affections Pliant ... 236 
 by Colours, Sophistry 237 
 
 Perturbation 289 
 
 Philosophy Divine 289 
 
 and the Toothache ... 238 
 
 Place Shows Character 239 
 
 as Stairs, Ladder 239 
 
 Rising to Slippery 240 
 
 Pleasure, Fruition, Acquisition ... 240 
 
 Poetry Shadow 242 
 
 a Dream 242 
 
 Feigned History 243 
 
 Popularity 244 
 
 Possibilities 245 
 
 Poverty of Learned Men 245 
 
 Travelling 246 
 
 Praise by Enemies 247 
 
 The People's 247 
 
 Reflection as in a Glass ... 248 
 
 of Self 248 
 
 Preparation Smooths the Way ... 249 
 
 for Death 250 
 
 Pride -Ivy 250 
 
 Expels some Vices 251 
 
 Falls Icarus 251 
 
 Ostentatious 252 
 
 Subjects a Man 252 
 
 is Unsociable 253 
 
 Prince not to be Credulous... . 253 
 
 His Informers 254 
 
 Providence 254 
 
 Quarrels to be Avoided 255 
 
 Question A Wise One 257 
 
 Quiet Conscience 257 
 
tfm 
 
 Index. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Quiet in the Grave 
 
 ... 257 
 
 Reason -The Affections 
 
 ... 258 
 
 R6cr6citi.on, 
 
 959 
 
 Reformation of Affections ... 
 
 ... 259 
 
 Remembrance 
 
 ... 260 
 
 Reproof by Friends 
 
 ... 260 
 
 Reputation Breath 
 of Great Men ... 
 
 ... 261 
 ... 261 
 
 Resolution 
 
 ... 262 
 
 Responsibility Dignity 
 
 .. 263 
 
 Retreat Secured 
 
 .. 263 
 
 Riches, Against 
 
 .. 264 
 
 Baggage, Burden ... 
 
 .. 264 
 
 Blessings 
 
 .. 266 
 
 Rich Men Bought, Sold 
 
 .. 2^5 
 
 Ridicule, Folly ; 
 
 .. 26* 
 
 Scorn, Mocking 
 
 .. 267 
 
 from Inferiors 
 
 .. 268 
 
 Scorner 
 
 .. 267 
 
 Scholars Support Authority 
 Sea Power by 
 
 .. 268 
 9g9 
 
 Command of 
 
 269 270 
 
 Security Perilous 
 
 .. 270 
 
 Seeming 
 
 .. 271 
 
 Silence Gracious 
 
 .. 271 
 
 Its Disadvantages ... 
 
 .. 272 
 
 Secrecy 
 
 . 273 
 
 Sloth, as Briars and Thorns- 
 
 .. 273 
 
 Speeches, Daggers, Goads ... 
 ,, Discretion in 
 
 . . 274 
 .. 275 
 
 of Touch 
 
 .. 275 
 
 Suffering, Endurable ... 
 
 .. 276 
 
 Bring Ease 
 
 ... 276 
 
 ., Contemplated 
 
 .. 277 
 
 Temperance Abstinence .. 
 
 .. 278 
 
 Thoughts Dreams ... 
 
 .. 279 
 
 Thought, Free 
 
 .. 279 
 
 Time, Advantage of 
 
 .. 280 
 
 Order of 
 
 280 
 
 Clock, Dial 
 
 ... 281 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Time, as it is 281 
 
 Arbitrator 282 
 
 Tranquillity from Fortitude ... 288 
 
 Travel Education 283 
 
 Traveller not to Affect 281 
 
 True to One's Self 285 
 
 Truth Naked, Light 285 
 
 Understanding a Globe 28(5 
 
 Uniformity 286 
 
 Use 287 
 
 Vainglory Thraso 287 
 
 Vanity 288 
 
 Vice Virtue ... 288 
 
 Virtue - Beauty 289 
 
 Fearless ... 289 
 
 Perfected by Time 2s 
 
 War, a Fever 290 
 
 Lawful 200 
 
 Fundamental 290 
 
 Wicked. Rebuke to the 291 
 
 Will of Man 291 
 
 Wish 2'.'2 
 
 Wise Man Fool 293 
 
 Wit-Cause of Wit 293 
 
 Woman Bearded 294 
 
 Changeable ... 294 
 
 ., a Thing 294,295 
 
 Furious ... . ... 295 
 
 111 or Well 295 
 
 Lead 296 
 
 Woman's Tears 29> 
 
 Tongue 297 
 
 Her Sting ... 297 
 Women, " Shakespearean " 
 
 " Bacon " of 298 
 
 Words as Goads 300 
 
 Their Stings HOO 
 
 Youth Despises Authority 301 
 
 Youthful Counsels 301 
 
 Zeal ... 302 
 

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