The Preparation 'of JVlanuscripts for the Printer Containing Directions to Authors as to the Manner of Preparing Copy and Correcting Proofs, with Suggestions on the Submitting of Manuscripts for Publication By FRANK H. VIZETELLY, Lnrr.D., LL.D. Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary Member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce FIFTH REVISED EDITION FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY NP , LONDON; '-i COPYRIGHT, 1905, 1911, and 1912, BY FUNK & WAGNAI^S COMPANY {Printed in the United States of A merica} First Edition published October, 1905 Fifth Edition published January, 1913 /f/3 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In the printing of books the most costly item the item that eats up the profits is that charged to authors' corrections ; these corrections are due mainly to ill-prepared manuscripts. The purpose of this book is to point out the manner in which manuscripts should be prepared so as to reduce to a minimum the cost of authors' corrections. It contains, in addition, information bearing directly on the technicalities of typography, and various rules of orthography and punctuation, as well as other aids to the making of books, which it is hoped will prove of value to authors and printers. One section is devoted especially to suggestions on the submitting of manuscripts for publication and explains the processes through which manu- scripts are put. Effort has been made to treat the various sections briefly, so that the informa- tion given may be more readily available. With the permission of the Funk & Wagnalls Company, frequent use of the "Standard Die- 285725 iv Preface tionary of the English Language" has been made in preparing the following pages. Thanks are due to Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Company for permission to quote from "A Publisher's Confession." F. H. V. NEW YORK, September, 1905. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION The first edition of this little book was received so favorably by a discriminating Public that the Publishers felt encouraged to issue a second edi- tion. This, being quickly exhausted, was fol- lowed by a third and a fourth until this, the fifth edition, revised, somewhat enlarged, and brought up to date by the addition of data concerning the copyright laws recently adopted by the United States and Great Britain, is presented, with the hope that it may find the same favor as its pred- ecessors. F. H. V. XEW YORK, December, 1912. CONTENTS PREFACE iii I The Preparation of Manuscripts .... ^ I II Orthography n III Homonyms 22 IV Rules for the Simplification of Spelling . . 25 V Capitalization 34 VI Punctuation . 37 -VII Explanatory Notes and Examples of Punc- tuation 43 VIII Indexing . . 54 IX Proof-reading . . 59 X Sizes of Types, with Notes on their Uses . 66 XI How to Compute the Space that a Manu- script Will Occupy 70 XII Names and Sizes of Paper for Writing and Printing 72 XIII On Making Up a Book 75 XIV Illustrations 77 XV On Submitting Manuscripts for Publication 85 XVI How to Secure a Copyright 103 XVII Glossary of Technical Terfns in Printing . 112 INDEX 141 THE PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS IN preparing a manuscript for the printer, care should be taken (i) to use paper of uniform size; (2) to number each sheet consecutively in the top right=hand corner; (3) to allow a margin on the left =h and side of the paper used, the width of which must depend upon the size of the paper itself; (4) to write with black ink or to manutype with a black record ribbon, as colored inks are less legible and are harmful to the sight ; (5) to follow a standard guide in all matters of orthog- raphy. All writing should be plainly legible, and be only on one side of the paper; slovenly or ill= written manuscript is more costly to set in type, as operators and compositors take more time to decipher illegible writing and to play it on the typesetting=machine or to set it up by hand. Nothing should be left to conjecture. If the original manuscript is heavily interlined it should be rewritten, and care taken to write the interlin- eations in their proper places in the body of the text ; then the two should be carefully compared. i 2 ; The Preparation of Manuscripts This will not only save time in composition and proofreading, but will also reduce the ex- pense of authors' corrections in proof. Every sentence should be punctuated correctly, so as to guard against ambiguity. . Long sen- tences should be avoided ; brevity insures lucid- ity. Be comprehensive, yet concise. The author of a manuscript may save consider- able expense if, besides giving attention to the subject=matter and the literary style, he edit his own copy. This last consists of preparing the manuscript practically for the printer. Editing includes (i) the securing of a uniform typo- graphical style throughout any production ; (2) the indicating of paragraphs where they should occur; (3) the adopting of a system of punctua- tion, that the reader may correctly interpret the meaning; (4) the systematic application of rules governing capitalization and spelling ; (5) the inserting of chapter=headings; (6) the supplying of headlines or box=heads, and many other de- tails, such as the preparation of a preface, a table of contents, and an index. This labor, often un- dertaken by publishers at the request of authors, is costly, but the expense may be avoided by authors who edit their own manuscripts after having completed the creative work. Most writ- ers who read over their manuscripts a few days The Preparation of Manuscripts 3 after having written them will notice how readily they can lighten the text by substituting simple words for others of a ponderous character. No ambiguous statement should be retained. All verbosity ought to be eliminated. No manuscript should be corrected as if it were a proof. All alterations required should be plainly marked in the body of the subject=matter not in the margin, as is done on a proof. Whenever an abbreviation or an abbreviated word is to be printed in full, a circle should be drawn around it with a pen and ink. HOW TO SECURE THE BEST RESULTS FROM THE PRINTER By following seriatim the suggestions made below, the author will secure the* best results from the printer. 1. Indicate paragraphs clearly. If attention has not been paid to paragraphing while the subject=matter was in preparation, the paragraph may be indicated by marking on the manuscript the symbol *[[ wherever a paragraph is required. 2. Underline all titles as, of chapters, sec- tions, etc. clearly ; also all passages which re- quire emphasis. Note that a single line drawn under a word denotes that it is to be set in italic type ; that two lines denote the word is 4 The Preparation of Manuscripts to be set in SMALL CAPITALS ; that three lines denote it should be set in FULL CAPITALS ; that four lines denote it should be set in ITALIC CAPITALS ; that a single wave=line denotes it should be set in lower=case (there are several varieties of this); and that a double wave=underline denotes it should be set in BOLD=FACED CAPITALS. 3. Indicate side=heads which are to aline with the rest of the type=matter with an underline as, for italics, small capitals, bold=face, etc. EXAMPLE OF A SIDE=HEAD Principal Kinds of Inscriptions. The great bulk of Greek and Latin Jewish inscriptions are on tombstones; texts not of this character are quite the exception. If a side=note is required it should be marked on the manuscript on the side where it is to be set. This may be done by writing the words of the side=note in a box; so: or in a .HSSiiS? three .quarter and Fall box; so : Tl The Preparation of Manuscripts 5 OF A SIDK=NOTK The Aryan Medes, who had attained to or- ganized power east and northeast of Nineveh, repeatedly invaded Assyria proper, and in 607 succeeded in destroying the city. The other fortresses doubtless had been oc- Decline cupied some time previously. and Fall The capital was very strongly fortified. Its most vulnerable point was the River Khausar, which ran through the city, and which, while serving for defense, might be turned also to its destruction. 4. Write all new matter to be added, if more than one line in extent, on a separate sheet, and indicate clearly the place for its insertion. If one line or less, write addition between the lines, using a caret ( A ) to show where it should be inserted. If one page or more, the folio number should be followed by an alphabetical sign, as 23a, 23b, 23C, to indicate that matter added is to follow regular page 23. 5. When illustrations are to be inserted in the text, a complete list of same should accompany it. The author should indicate on the margin of his manuscript the specific illustration to be in- serted at a given point. This may be done by numbering the illustrations in the order in which they are to be used, and by marking correspond- ing numbers on the margin of the text itself. 6 The Preparation of Manuscripts 6. Great care should be taken to spell all proper names or technical terms correctly and uniformly, and to use capital letters only where necessary. 7. If a work consists of several parts, a con- tents of the whole, showing the arrangement re- quired, should accompany the manuscript. 8. Indicate foot=notes by number in the body of the text, and mark the foot=note itself with a number corresponding to that in the text. All foot=notes should be written in ink of a different color from that of the text. They may be writ- ten at the bottom of a page of manuscript, or preferably, on a separate slip which can be pasted where required. 9. The elimination of matter not required is best indicated by drawing through it a horizon- tal line. If, however, more than a w r ord or two, or a line, are to be struck out, a stroke of the pen drawn obliquely across the rejected matter will suffice. If an entire page, or more than a page, is to be omitted, the folios of the page or pages omitted should be written after the folio of the page that precedes the matter to be omitted. For example, if an author wishes to omit four pages of matter following page 25 of his manu- script (and desires to avoid renumbering his entire manuscript), he should remove them, and on The Preparation of Manuscripts 7 page 25 write the folios 25-29, which serve to indicate that page 25 stands for its own number and for the numbers of the missing pages 26, 27, 28, and 29. 10. Matter that should be set in type smaller than the text is indicated on a manuscript by drawing a single line down its left side; for ex- ample: PUT forth thy hand, in God's name; know that "impossible," where Truth and Mercy, and the everlasting Voices of Nature order, has no place in the brave man's dictionary. That when all men have said "impossible," and tumbled noisily elsewhither, and thou alone art left, then first thy time and pos- sibility have come. It is for thee now; do thou that, and ask no man's counsel but thy own only, and God's. Brother, thou hast possibility in thee for much; the possibility of writing on the eternal skies the record of a heroic life, CARLYLE. Matter to be set in still smaller type is indi- cated by drawing two lines down its left side; for example: THE man who is worthy of being a leader of men will never complain of the stupidity of his helpers, of the ingratitude of mankind, or of the inappreciation of the public. These things are all a part of the great game of life; and to meet them and not go down before them in discouragement and defeat, is the final proof of power. ELBERT HUBBARD (Technical World). s The Preparation of Manuscripts ii. Authors who treat with printers direct will find it necessary to keep a record of the folios of manuscript delivered and returned, with the dates of each transaction. Publishers always under- take this work, which is usually done by a mem- ber of the clerical staff. The duties involved may be briefly summarized as follows : 1 i ) Forwarding the manuscript to the printer with such instructions as may be needed con- cerning number of proofs required, or any other necessary directions, and taking note of the date of despatch. (2) Receiving from the printer as much of the manuscript as has been set, together with galley = proofs for correction. When a batch of copy is returned, the numbers of the folios are to be checked and entered on the record, together with the numbers of all galleys that accompany it. Every galley=proof of printed matter bears a number written or set at the top. (3) In forwarding galley ^proofs to the author, the manuscript corresponding to the matter in type should also be despatched to him, and should be returned by him with the corrected proof. A record of folios and dates of forwarding and re- turning should be carefully kept. (4) Once received, the author's proofs are usually transmitted to the printer, who, unless The Preparation of Manuscripts 9 the corrections are exceptionally numerous, proceeds to make up the printed matter into page form. This labor done, the printer sends out to the publisher proofs in page form; these are accompanied by the corrected galley =proofs, so that they may be forwarded to the author, to enable him to verify whether or not the correc- tions he desires have been made. (5) After having revised the printed matter sent him, the author returns same to the pub- lisher, whose clerk transmits it in turn to the printer for casting. Once corrected, the printer sends the type=pages to his foundry, with instruc- tions to make electrotype plates of them, so as to release the type for further use. This being done, the plates are ready for printing. By some of the more modern methods of com- position, as by typesetting=machine, this process of electrotyping is done as the work proceeds. These methods have certain disadvantages, such as when the corrections are heavy in number ; this often necessitates the cancelling of matter set and the resetting of entire paragraphs. (6) Corrections may be made in the electro- type plate if absolutely necessary; but these should generally be avoided, as they are injurious to the plate itself, weakening it, and, in cases where large editions are printed, often causing the 10 The Preparation of Manuscripts plate to break, thereby necessitating the resetting of the entire page. Therefore, all corrections in plate should be avoided. Every author should bear in mind that the printer pays for the correcting of all errors made by his men, but that for all changes marked on a proof which are deviations from the original manuscript the author must pay at a fixed rate per hour. The time taken to make what may seem a trivial correction is often much longer than the author may expect, through its causing the overrunning of type, the remaking=up of a page, or other additional work. (See also PROOF* READING. ) II ORTHOGRAPHY orthography of our language," says Goold Brown, 1 "is attended with much uncer- tainty and perplexity; many words are variously spelled by the best scholars, and many others are not usually written according to the analogy of similar words." The international copyright law has worked a curious change in the orthog- raphy of some American books. Until lately American publishers used the shorter and simpler form of such words as " armor," "honor," "labor," omitting the " u," common to English spelling; in words like "civilize," "utilize," etc., the American form " ize " displaced the British "ise." Now, however, some American publishers have gone back to the old=fashioned forms so tenaciously cherished by the British. The reason for this is found in the fact that American books have invaded England. No longer can American publishers be twitted with Sydney Smith's caustic query: " In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American 1 The Institutes of English Grammar, p. 32. 11 12 The Preparation of Manuscripts book? " The Briton no longer objects to read- ing it in fact, he looks for it ; but prefers the orthography so dear to his conservative heart. The result is that some publishers have deemed it necessary, in order to sell American books in England, to spell in the British way. On ac- count of this the author, before he commences to write, should determine for himself the authority on spelling he intends to follow. Sometimes, however, the matter is left to the discretion of the publisher. In recent years great strides have been made, especially in the United States, toward simplify- ing the spelling of words. Dr. I. K. Funk, in his magnum opus, the ''Standard Dictionary," states that ' ' in its effort to help in simplifying the spelling of words this dictionary is conserva- tive, and yet aggressively positive along the lines of reform agreed upon almost unanimously by the leading philologists." So here is a work with the preponderance of scholarship in its favor that may be followed as a reliable guide in all matters of disputed spelling. As has already been said, the modern tendency is toward the simplifying of orthography. To this end, the National Educational Association has recently adopted simplified forms for spelling certain words, but it has not yet followed the The Preparation of Manuscripts is lead of progressive lexicographers who favor the dropping of all silent letters as redundant. The simpler forms of only twelve words have been adopted by the National Educational Association. These forms are : altho pedagog thoro catalog program thorofare decalog prolog thru demagog tho thruout This advocacy is slowly bearing fruit, and will no doubt ultimately lead to reducing the language to a phonetic basis, which will materially assist students of orthography, and save both time and money. The trend toward simplified spelling is notice- able in many American publications. Some pub- lishers adopt special forms of words for their composing=rooms. This tendency has already spread to periodicals even of an educational char- acter, and throughout the United States educators have manifested a keen interest in the subject, many advocating the adoption of simplified spell- ings in such words as offer least resistance, and in others whose forms in poetry have been sim- plified to meet the exigencies of rime. There are few printing=offices or publishing= houses that do not establish a set of rules gov- erning typography and orthography for the 14 The Preparation of Manuscripts guidance of their compositors. The most com- prehensive of these is, perhaps, that adopted by the Funk & Wagnalls Company, which is repro- duced below. TO EDITORS, TYPEWRITERS, COMPOSITORS, AND PROOFREADERS Please take notice that hereafter the following rules and spellings are to be used in all the pub- lications of the Funk & Wagnalls Company: 1 . The dieresis is to be omitted in all English words as, 2 oology, cooperation, etc. In Anglo= German words that is, German words not thor- oughly naturalized in English speech and writing the umlaut is to be retained. 2. The diphthong is to be omitted in all recog- nized English words as, egis, fetus, instead of tzgis, foetus. SPELLINGS adz coquet, v. eon Haiti altho courtesy epaulet hectogram Antichrist cyclopedia epigram Hongkong archeology Czar esthetic Kaffraria ax debonair facet kilogram ay demagog fetish Kongo beldam develop Fiji ^ Korea bequeath diagram gelatin Kurdistan Bering Sea dialog good^by mold by and by domicil gram monogram catalog driest gray mustache Chile duet guarantee, v. myth chlorid envelop, v. guaranty, n. nowadays The Preparation of Manuscripts 15 omelet Punjab sheath parquet quartet skepticisr pasha quintet smooth phenix Rumelia stedfast program Savior stockinet prophecy, n. < secrecy Sudan prophesy, v. sextet synagog synonym technic tho Tibet unchristian whisky wreath Of the various classes of words whose spelling is unsettled, that are affected by the movement for simplified spelling, with which an author should familiarize himself, several are given be- low, characterized as American and English. American English American English abridgment abridgement bakshish baksheesh accessory accessary banderole bannerol accouter accoutre banian banyan accouterment accoutrement bastile bastille acknowledg- acknowledge- behavior behaviour ment ment belabor belabour adz adze beveled bevelled altho although beveling bevelling aluminum aluminium bichlorid bichloride amphitheater amphitheatre bicolored bicoloured analyze analyse bombazine bombasine anemia ansemia Brahman Brahmin anemic anaemic braize braise anesthetic anaesthetic brocatel brocatelle anesthetize anaesthetize brusk brusque arbor arbour ardor ardour cadaster cadastre armor armour caffein caffeine armory armoury caliber calibre asafetida asafcetida calif caliph ascendency ascendancy califate caliphate atropin atropine cancelation cancellation ax axe canceler canceller ay (forever) aye candor candour 16 The Preparation of Manuscripts American English American English capercailzie capercailye dickey dicky cartouch cartouche dieresis diaeresis caviler caviller dingey dinghy celiac cceliac discolor discolour center centre disenamor disenamour centigram centigramme disenroll disenrol centiped centipede disfavor disfavour cesura caesura disheveled dishevelled channeled channelled dishonor dishonour chartographer cartographer disluster dislustre chetah cheetah dolor dolour chlorid chloride Doricize doricize chlorin chlorine Dorize dorize chlorophyl chlorophyll dragonade dragonnade clamor clamour dueling duelling clearstory clerestory duelist duellist color colour dulness dullness coraled coralled corbeled corbelled edile jedile corbeling corbelling eery eerie corypheus coryphaeus emboweled embowelled councilor councillor empale impale counselor counsellor employee employe courtezan courtesan emu emeu cozy cosy enameled enamelled crenelate crenellate enameler enameller crozier crosier enameling enamelling cyclopedia cyclopaedia enamor enamour encenia encaenia debris debris endeavor endeavour decolor decolour enroll enrol decolorize decolourize eon aeon dedal daedal eonic aeonic dedalian daedalian defense defence frankal- frankal- demeanor demeanour moigne moign dentin dentine fulness fullness despatch dispatch dialing dialling gage gauge diarrhea diarrhoea gager gauger diarrhetic diarrhcetic gazel gazelle The Preparation of Manuscripts 17 American English American English ghat ghaut kidnaped kidnapped gild guild kidnaper kidnapper glave glaive kidnaping kidnapping glycerin glycerine kilogram kilogramme gram gramme kumiss koumiss Grecize Graecize groveled grovelled labeling labelling groveler groveller labor labour groveling grovelling labored laboured laborer labourer halleluiah hallelujah laborsome laboursome harbor harbour lacrimal lachrymal harken hearken lacrimose lachrymose hemal haemal lanthanum lanthanium hematin haematin laureled laurelled hematite haematite leucorrhea leucorrhcea hemoglobin haemoglobin leveled levelled hemoptysis haemoptysis leveler leveller hemorrhage haemorrhage leveling levelling hemorrhoids haemorrhoids libeled libelled hoarhound horehound libeler libeller homeopathic homoeopathic libeling libelling homeopathist homceopathist libelous libellous homeopathy homoeopathy licorice liquorice honor honour liter litre hospitaler hospitaller lodestone loadstone hoveling hovelling luster lustre humor humour hyperemia hyperaemia maneuver manoeuvre maneuverer manoeuvrer impanel empanel marvelous marvellous impaneled empanelled meager meagre impaneling empanelling medalist medallist imperiled imperilled medieval mediaeval incase encase medievalize mediaevalize metaled metalled jeweled jewelled metaling metalling jeweler jeweller metalize metallize jeweling jewelling meter metre jewelry jewellery miter mitre judgment judgement mobilize mobilise is The Preparation of Manuscripts American English American English modeled modelled paynim painim modeler modeller pedler pedlar modeling modelling penciled pencilled mold mould percarbu- percarbu- molt moult reted retted mustache moustache perdue perdu mythopeic mythopceic perineum perinseum peroxid peroxide neighbor nephelite nilgau niter neighbour nephelin nylghau nitre petrolin phagedaena Phenician phenix petroline phagedena Phoenician phoenix nitery nitry phosphur- phosphur- nitroglycerin nozle nitroglycerine nozzle eted piccadilly etted piccadil piccaninny pickaninny , . , i pickax pickaxe ODl ocher f\A r\t- o Dean ochre pilau Pleiades pillau Pleiads odor offense omber orang-utan odour offence ombre orang-outang plow poleax polverine pommeled plough poleaxe polverin pommelled orcin Orientalize orthopedic ouzel orci ne orientalize orthopaedic ousel porcelanite postiler praam porcellanite postiller pram oxid oxide precipe praecipe preeminence pre-eminence preemption pre-emption pachak putchock preengage pre-engage paleography palaeography preestablish pre-establish paleontology palaeontology preexist pre-exist pandour pandoor pretense pretence paneled panelled pretor praetor paneling panelling program programme paraleipsis paralepsis pronuncia- pronuncia- paralyze paralyse mento miento parceled parcelled propretor propraetor parceling parcelling prothalamion prothalamium parlor parlour protoxid protoxide partizan partisan Puritanize puritanize The Preparation of Manuscripts 19 American English American English pyroxylin pyroxyline saltpeter saltpetre samson Samson's* quadrumane quadruman post quarreled quarrelled sandaled sandalled quarreling quarrelling Sanhedrin sanhedrim quarterfoil quatrefoil saponin saponine quipu quipo sarlak sarlac sarsenet sarcenet ragule raguly savior saviour raja rajah savor savour rancor rancour scepter sceptre raveled ravelled sceptered sceptred raya rayah scurril scurrile reconnoiter reconnoitre seleniureted seleniuretted reecho re-echo sentineled sentinelled reelect re-elect sepulcher sepulchre reenforce reinforce sesquioxid sesquioxide reestablish re-establish sesquisulfid sesquisul- referable referrible phide regime regime Shakespear- Shakesper- regrator regrater ian ian remold remould shastra shaster reremouse rere^mouse sheldapple sheldafle reveled revelled shellac shell=lac reynard renard sherif shereef rigor rigour shinny shinty rime rhyme shoveled shovelled rivaled rivalled shoveler shoveller rivaling rivalling shriveled shrivelled riveled rivelled signaled sigiialled rondo rondeau signaling signalling roweled rowelled silicious siliceous roweling rowelling sillibub sillabub ruble rouble simitar scimitar rumor rumour sirup syrup skeptic sceptic saber sabre Slavonian Slavonic sabered sabred smolder smoulder salable saleable sniveler sniveller salmon=peal salmon=peel sobole soboles saltier saltire somber sombre 20 The Preparation of Manuscripts American English American English sombering sombring terreplein terre=plein sorbin sorbine tessellate tesselate souslik suslik theater theatre spahi spahee Thomism Thomaism spanceled spancelled tiffing tiffin specter spectre tigerish tigrish spicknel spignel timbal tymbal splendor splendour timbreled timbrelled spulye spuilzie tinseled tinselled spurry spurrey tinseling tinselling squinny squiny titbit tidbit stadholder stadtholder tom=tom tam=tam staniel stannel toweling towelling stenciler stenciller trammeled trammelled stoop stoup tranquilize tranquillize stoor stour transship tranship strokle strocal traveled travelled strychnin strychnia traveler traveller styracin styracine traveling travelling subbass sub=base tribunicial tribunician succor succour tricolor tricolour sufi sofi tridactyl tridactyle sulfid sulphide trioxid trioxide sulfureted sulphuretted trompe tromp surquedry surquedrie troweled trowelled sweetbrier sweet-brier tumor tumour swingletree swing=tree tunneled tunnelled syneresis synseresis tunneling tunnelling tuyere tuyere tachylyte tachylite tweeze tweese talukdar talookdar twibil twibill tasseled tasselled Tatar Tartar udaler udaller taurocol taurocoll unappareled unapparelled teazel, v. teasel unbiased unbiassed teazel, n. teasel unburden unburthen teazeled teaseled unharbor unharbour tegmen tegument unmold unmould tellureted telluretted unraveler unraveller tellurian tellurion uremia uraemia tercel tiercel utas utis The Preparation of Manuscripts 21 American English American English valor valour werwolf werewolf vapor victualer vigor vise vapour victualler vigour vice whimsy wivern woful woolen whimsey wyvern woeful woollen visualize vizor voltzite voweled visualise visor voltzine vowelled worshiped worshiper Wyclifite worshipped worshipper Wickliffite wadi Wahabi wady Wahabee xanthophyl xyloidin xanthophyll xyloidine wainscoting weeviled wainscotting weevilled zaffer zaffre welsher welcher zinkiferous zinciferous Ill HOMONYfiS A HOMONYM is a word that agrees with another in sound, but differs from it in spelling and meaning. When dictating, care should be taken to distinguish the word required, so as to save correction in manuscript or typewritten matter. Of this class of words the following are typical examples: ail, ale brake, break corse, coarse, air, ere, heir bread, bred course aisle, isle all, awl breach, breech coarser, courser brows, browze cold, coaled altar, alter ante, anti arc, ark calendar, calender coin, coign call, caul compliment, com- canon, cannon plement ascent, assent bail, bale baize, bays (pl.) beys (pi.) ball, bawl canvas, canvass core, corps cask, casque coward, cowered cede, seed crews, cruise, cruse ceiling, sealing cue, queue cellar, seller currants, currents bait, bate cent, scent, sent dear, deer beach, beech cere, seer, sere deviser, divisor beau, bow cereal, serial dew, due beer, bier bight, bite blew, blue boarder, border cession, session die, dye chagrin, shagreen doe, dough choir, quire draft, draught choose, chews dust, dost boll, bowl bough, bow boy, buoy borough, burrow chord, cord dying, dyeing cite, sight, site eaves, eves clause, claws ewes, yews climb, clime fain, feign 22 The Preparation of Manuscripts 23 faint, feint mane, main profit, prophet fair, fare mantel, mantle quartz, quarts feat, feet marshal, martial quire, choir find, fined maze, maize rain, reign, rein flea, flee mead, meed rap, wrap flew, flue mean, mien raise, rays, raze fore, four meat, meet, mete read, reed foul, fowl metal, mettle retch, wretch freeze, frieze mews, muse right, rite, write furs, furze might, mite rime, rhyme gait, gate miner, minor ring, wring gilt, guilt moan, mown road, rode, rowed grate, great moat, mote roe, row grater, greater mode, mowed sail, sale grocer, grosser muscle, mussel scene, seen hail, hale mustard, mustered sea, see hair, hare nay, neigh seam, seem hall, haul nave, knave shear, sheer hart, heart new, knew size, sighs heal, heel night, knight sleight, slight hear, here nun, none sold, soled hide, hied oar, ore so, sew, sow higher, hire ode, owed soar, sore 1 hoard, horde one, won some, sum holed, hold our, hour son, sun indite, indict pail, pale stake, steak jam, jamb pall, pawl stair, stare key, quay pain, pane stationary, sta- knight, night pair, pare, pear tionery knot, not pause, pawse steal, steel know, no peace, piece storey, story lane, lain peal, peel straight, strait lead, led peer, pier sweet, suite leak, leek plaid, played sword, soared lessen, lesson plain, plane tacks, tax lie, lye plait, plate tail, tale limb, limn plum, plumb tare, tear load, lowed pole, poll team, teem loan, lone pore, pour throe, throw lynx, links pray, prey throne, thrown maid, made principal, prin- tide, tied male, mail ciple tier, tear 24 The Preparation of Manuscripts time, thyme to, too, two toe, tow told, tolled ton, tun travel, travail treatise, treaties vain, vane, vein vale, veil wade, weighed wait, weight waist, waste wave, waive way, weigh wear, ware week, weak ween, wean wether, weather wood, would yoke, yolk you, ewe, yew IV RULES FOR THE SIMPLIFICATION OF SPELLING THE following rules are recommended by the American Philological Association, the Spelling Reform Association, and the Philological Society of England, and are included here to serve as guides to authors and others in sympathy with the efforts being made to secure a logical and simpler form of orthography. All words affected by these rules are to be found in the vocabulary of the ' ' Standard Dictionary ' ' ; in recording the new phonetic forms the editor has not introduced any theories of his own. Rule i (1) Change final " ed " to " t " when so pro- nounced, as in abashed (abasht), wished (wisht), etc., and, if a double consonant precedes, drop one of the consonants, as in chipped (chipt), dressed (drest), hopped (hopt), etc. (2) Retain final " ed " when the " e" affects a preceding sound. 25 26 The Preparation of Manuscripts (a) When the preceding vowel sound is long and expressed by a single letter, as the following: baked, not bakt, as bakt gaped, not gapt would be pronounced backed chafed, not chaft caked, not cakt coped, not copt craped, not crapt moped, not mopt draped, not drapt roped, not ropt N.B. The " e " does not affect the preceding vowel sound when expressed by two or more letters, as in booked (bookt), bleached (bleacht), crouched (croucht). (b) When a preceding " c " has the sound of "s," as in chanced (not chanct), forced (not forct), faced (not fact), etc. Rule 2 1 i ) Drop " ue ' * at the end of words when the preceding vowel is short or a diphthong, as in dialogs, catalogue, etc. Thus, spell dialog, cata- log, demagog, epilog, synagog, etc. (2) Retain "ue" when the preceding single vowel is long, as in prorogue, vogue, disembogue, pirogue, plague, vague, fatigue. Rule 3 (1) Drop final "e" from words ending in "ite" when the "i" is short, as hypocrit, op- posit, preterit, requisit, etc. (2) Retain final " e " when the " i " is long, as infinite, polite, unite, etc. The Preparation of Manuscripts 27 Rule 4 Drop final ' ' te ' ' in words like cigarette, co- quette, quartette, etc. Thus, spell coquet, epaulet, quartet, and all words of the same class which are Anglicized. Rule 5 (1) Drop final "me" in words like pro- gram me, and spell program. (2) Retain final " me " in written medical pre- scriptions, where the form gram might be mis- taken for grain, and cause serious error. Rule 6 (1) Drop final "e" from words ending in " ile " when the " i " is short, as infragil(t, due- til^, etc. (2) Retain final "e" when the "i" is long, as in gentile, exile, etc. Rule 7 (1) Drop final "e" from words ending in ' ' ine ' ' when the " i " is short, as in disciplines., doctrin ( e , feminin (e , etc . (2) Retain final " e " when the " i " is long, as in sunshine, asinine, machine, etc. 28 The Preparation of Manuscripts Rule 8 1 i ) Drop final ' ' e ' ' from words ending in ' ' ise " when the t : i ' ' is short, as in anis(Q y prac- /w(e, premises, treatis(e y etc. (2) Retain final "e" when the "i" is long, as in wise, etc. Rule 9 Drop " a ' ' from ' ' ea " having the short sound of " e' J as infeather> leather, etc. Rule 10 (1) Drop final "e" from words ending in ' ' ve ' ' when the preceding vowel has its common short sound, as in repulsiv(t, talkativ(e, etc., or is expressed by two letters, as in griev(e, groov(e, carv(e, " r " counting with the vowels. (2) Retain final "e" when the preceding vowel is single and long, as in Jive, drive, etc. Rule ii Change the diagraph ' ' ph " to ' ' f " wherever it has the sound of "f," as in diphtheria (dif- theria), phantom (fantom), telegraph (telegraf), photograph (fotograf), physic (fysic), naphtha (naftha), etc. The Preparation of Manuscripts 29 CHEMICAL TERMS The need of a reform in the spelling of chem- ical terms, which was generally admitted by the Section on Chemistry of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, led to the adop- tion by that body of certain rules affecting several classes of terms. These rules are as follows: In terms ending in "-ide" drop the final ' ' e " ; write ' ' chlorid, " not ' ' chloride ' ' ; ' ' oxid, ' ' not ' ' oxide ' ' ; ' ' sulfid, ' ' not ' ' sulphide. ' ' In terms ending in "-ine," drop the final ' ' e ' ' ; write ' ( bromin, ' ' not ' ' bromine " ; ( ' chlor- in, J> not ""chlorine" ; "quinin, M not "quinine." EXCEPTION: The termination "-ine" is re- tained only in the case of unsaturated hydrocar- bons, according to Hoffman's grouping. Thus, write "butine," not " butin " ; "hexine," not "hexin," etc. In harmony with the action of the Association for the Advancement of Science, the " Standard Dictionary ' ' substitutes ' ' f " f or l ' ph " in * ' sul- fur" and all its derivatives, and it follows the spellings of the Association in its vocabulary. GEOGRAPHIC NAMES The United States government has appointed a permanent Board on Geographic Names, whose duty is to determine all unsettled questions con- cerning such names that arise in the Departments, so The Preparation of Manuscripts and in the Government Printing Office. The decisions of this Board are to be accepted as standard authority by these Departments. A complete list of these spellings can be obtained at small cost by applying to the Public Printer, Washington, D. C. The plan followed by the Board in disposing of any question brought before it is to refer it to its Executive Committee. This committee is charged with the thorough investigation of the question, is expected to consult the authorities with regard to it, and to make use of such assist- ance as it may find available elsewhere. Officers of the various Departments of the United States government are under instruction to afford this Board such assistance as may be proper to carry on its work. A resume of such investigations as are made, together with a recommendation based on the results, is submitted to the Board at a regular meeting, and after discussion a decision is reached by vote. While some persons, chartographers especially, have taken exception to the decision of this Board as regards certain names, no other list can be recommended as a reliable substitute. i . The principles applied by the Board to geo- graphic names in the United States may be sum- marized as follows: The Preparation of Manuscripts 31 ( i ) That spelling and pronunciation which is sanctioned by local usage should in general be adopted. (2) Where names have been changed or cor- rupted, and such changes or corruptions have become established by local usage, it is not in general advisable to attempt to restore the orig- inal form. (3) In cases where what was evidently origi- nally the same word appears with various spell- ings sanctioned by local usage, when applied to different features, these various spellings should be regarded as in effect different names, and, as a rule, it is inadvisable to attempt to produce uni- formity. lause 3, reproduced here, is taken verbatim from the Second Report of the U. S. Board on Geogra- phic Names, p. 22.] (4) Where a choice is offered between two or more names for the same place or locality, all sanctioned by local usage, that which is most appropriate and euphonious should be adopted. (5) The possessive form should be avoided whenever it can be done without destroying the euphony of the name or changing its descriptive application. (6) In names ending in " burgh " the final 1 ' h ' ' should be dropped. 32 The Preparation of Manuscripts (7) Names ending in "borough" should be abbreviated to "boro." (8) The word " center," as a part of a name, should be spelled as above, and not " centre." (9) The use of hyphens in connecting parts of names should be discontinued. (10) The letters " C. H." (Court House) ap- pended to the names of county seats should be omitted. ( 1 1 ) In the case of names consisting of more than one word it is desirable to combine them into one word. (12) It is desirable to avoid the use of dia- critic characters. (13) It is desirable to avoid the use of the words ' ' city ' ' and ' ' town ' ' as parts of names. 2. The principles applied to the geographic names of foreign countries are : (1) Geographic names in countries that use Roman characters should be rendered in the form adopted by the country having jurisdiction, ex- cept where there are English equivalents already fixed by usage. In cases where the English equivalent is so different from the local form that the identity of the latter with the former might not be recognized, the English form should be adopted, but both forms may be given. (2) The spelling of geographic names that The Preparation of Manuscripts 33 require transliteration into Roman characters should represent the principal sounds of the word as pronounced in the native tongue. The spellings of the Loard have been adopted by the editor of the " Standard Dictionary." V CAPITALIZATION No AUTHOR can afford to neglect this feature in his work. For this reason the following sugges- tions are offered for his guidance. To indicate capital letters in a manuscript, draw three parallel lines beneath them. (For exam- ple, see section on PROOF-RKADING, page 59. ) The vSystematic application of the following rules will assure correct capitalization: 1. Capitalize the initial letter (i) of the first word of every complete sentence ; (2) of the first word of every distinct clause separately para- graphed or numbered; (3) of every proper name; (4) of every word derived from a proper name; (5) of the first word and of the chief other words in the titles of books, pictures, plays, or publications ; (6) of the first word and other chief words in subtitles or subdivisions of books written in two or more parts. 2. Capitalize all the names of the Deity e.g., the Almighty, Creator, Father, God,Jahveh, Jeho- vah, Savior. 34 The Preparation of Manuscripts 35 God is capitalized only when the word refers to the Deity ; in its other senses it takes a small initial letter. Heaven takes a capital initial when it denotes the Supreme Being and a small letter when used in any of its many other meanings. This may have been due to the influence of the Authorized Version of the Bible on printing. Therein the translators commonly used small letters. In Genesis 1:2, the word is written " heaven," but in the same chapter (verse 8) we find " And God called the firmament Heaven" the capital let- ter was used here to designate the sky and all the depth of space beyond the surface of the earth as distinguished from the abode of man. 3. Write the personal pronoun in the first per- son singular a capital as, ' ( Vengeance is mine, saith the Lord ; / will repay. ' ' 4. Capitalize the initial letter of words of special importance or others specifically applied, as the family names or type genuses of animal or of plant life. 5. Write the initial letter of the first word of every line of verse a capital e.g. : "My love to those that I love; My love to those that love me. My love to those that love those that I love, And to those that love those that love me." 36 The Preparation of Manuscripts 6. Capitalize the initial letter of the first word of a complete example or direct quotation e.g.: "Honesty is the best policy." 7. Capitalize the initial letters of the days of the week and month, festivals, holy days, and days of historic significance. 8. Capitalize prefixes, as D', Da, De, Di, Van, Von, when not preceded by a given name. If a given name precedes the surname, the first letter of the prefix should be a small one. However, this rule is not always strictly adhered to. 9. Capitalize the initial letter of names of polit- ical or special significance as, the Middle Ages, the Elizabethan Period, the Great Reformation, Democrat, Republican, Conservative, liberal, Nationalist, Church, State, etc. 10. Capitalize the initial letter of all titles of dignity as, President, Chief Justice, Bishop, Senator, etc., when these precede the surnames of dignitaries. 11. Capitalize the initial letters of all geo- graphic names as, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, North River, Rocky Mountains. NOTE: The seasons of the year and the words earth, sun, and moon, being regarded as common nouns, are not written with initial capital letters. The names of planets and stars should be written with capital initial letters, as they stand for per- sonifications of certain mythical deities. VI PUNCTUATION THK use of the punctuation=marks or points for the purpose of clearly showing the sense or relation of words is comparatively recent. In ancient writings words were run together succes- sively without break or pause=mark. Not until Aldus Manutius, who flourished in the fifteenth century, and evolved the main features of our system and used them in his books, was atten- tion given to a subject of first importance so far as writing and printing are concerned. Few, indeed, are the persons who to-day would endorse the view on the subject of punctuation entertained by Blair and expressed by him in his " Rhetoric" (p. 121) : " It is in vain to propose by arbitrary punctuation to amend the defects of a sentence, to correct its ambiguity, or to prevent its confusion. ' ' The absurdity of this contention may be aptly illustrated by the following riddle from Halliwell's " Nursery Rhymes" : " Every lady in this land Has twenty nails upon each hand Five and twenty on hands and feet All this is true without deceit." 97 38 The Preparation of Manuscripts Punctuation will help to solve this riddle quickly. Insert a semicolon after the word " nails" in the second line, and a comma after the word five in the third line. Thus, the riddle would read : " Every lady in the land Has twenty nails; upon each hand Five, and twenty on hands and feet." Earle says: "The sentence which would be ambiguous without stops is a badly constructed sentence," and the following, cited by Mr. De Vinne, 1 helps to prove it : "The prisoner said the witness was a convicted thief." In this sentence the stigma is placed on the witness, but the fact is that it should have been put on the prisoner ; so : "The prisoner, said the witness, was a convicted thief." Every manuscript should be carefully punc- tuated before it is submitted to a publisher or sent to the printer. By paying particular atten- tion to this, authors will be able not only to in- sure the correct interpretation of their thoughts, 1 The Practise of Typography, p. 260. The Preparation of Manuscripts 39 but also to remove the liability of being misread, and be able to reduce the expense usually in- curred for correction. If an author possesses an accurate knowledge of punctuation, as well as the faculty to apply this knowledge consistently, he can not afford to trust to the printer for the correct punctuation (which often means also the correct interpretation of the meaning) of his manuscript. If he be not qualified to attend to the subject himself, he would better call in expert help or request his publisher to have the work done for him. If, as is claimed by Wendell, ' ' Punctuation is to do for the eye what emphasis does for the ear, ' ' then it is an important appanage of style, and, as such, authors should jealously preserve it. Need- less punctuating is both bad and costly as bad and as costly as omitting punctuation when it is necessary. Yet if punctuation is to do for the eye what emphasis does for the ear, how will it fare in the hands of a writer of spasmodic tem- perament ? Probably as poorly as would empha- sis at the lips of a man who stutters. Two styles of punctuation are in use to-day. One is termed ' ' close, ' ' the other ' ' open. ' ' Close punctuation is formal and constrained, and lacks the natural flow of words which open punctuation produces. Close punctuation is to be found often 40 The Preparation of Manuscripts in English books printed in the eighteenth and early in the nineteenth centuries. The practise of writing sentences of inordinate length made close punctuation necessary to their correct in- terpretation. When the short and direct sen- tence superseded its clumsy predecessor, open punctuation was practised. But there is a class of writers of even short sentences that follows the practise now almost abandoned in England, and preserved only by lawyers and pedants in the United States. On this subject Mr. De Vinne says that ' * a comparison of the punctuation of early and late editions of English classics will show that the tendency of modern editors is to a more sparing use of points. ' ' l Punctuation is of four kinds: 1. Grammatical punctuation, used to indicate a greater or less degree of separation in the relations of the thought, as by division into sen- tences, clauses, and phrases, to aid in the better comprehension of the meaning and grammatical relation of the words. The points used in grammatical punctuation are: the comma (,); the semicolon (;); the colon ( : ) ; the period or full point ( . ) , and the dash ( ) . 2. Rhetorical punctuation is used to mark some peculiarity in expression. 1 The Practise of Typography, p. 292. The Preparation of Manuscripts 41 The points used are: the note of exclamation or ecphoneme (!); the note of interrogation or ero- teme (?); the dash ( ); the quotation-marks or guillemets, used singly or in pairs ( ' * . . . ' ' ; * . . . '), and the parentheses or curves ( ). 3. Etymological punctuation is used to indicate something concerning the formation, use, or omission of words or parts of words. The marks used are: the caret (^); the dieresis (**); the macron or macrotone ("), a mark of quantity used to designate length, as of vowel sound or syllable; the breve or stenotone ("), a mark of quantity used to designate a close vowel sound or a short syllable ; the acute accent ('), used to denote stress in pronunciation; the grave accent ( v ) , used to denote a falling inflection or an open or long vowel; the circumflex (^), used to denote a broad or long sound ; the hyphen (-, =), used to connect syllables of a word when separated, as at the end of a line or to connect the two elements (or more) of a compound word, and the period (.), used to denote an abbrevia- tion. 4. Punctuation for reference is used to refer the reader to some other place in the page or book. The marks used are the asterisk or star (*) ; the dagger or obelisk (f); the double dagger or 42 The Preparation of Manuscripts diesis (J); the section (); the parallel (|j); the paragraph (^[); the index (j); and the aster- ism (>jAfc or *#*). In cases where the references are numerous these marks are sometimes doubled, but in such cases modern usage inclines to the use of superior figures (' 2 ), which are preferable, except in books which treat technical subjects, as in these superior, and sometimes inferior, figures ( s , 4 ) are used for other purposes. Superior let- ters also are occasionally used ( a>b ). Ellipses, as in quotations, are usually designated by three periods or stars (. . .; ***). Brackets ([]) are used when the purpose is to separate sentences that have been interpolated as comments on re- marks in parentheses. VII EXPLANATORY NOTES AND EXAMPLES OF PUNCTUATION I. THE COMMA ( , ) THE comma is used to mark the shortest pause of time. 1 i ) In a simple sentence it may be used or be omitted. EXAMPLES: Know that the slender shrub which is seen to bend, conquers when it yields. Truth is afoot, nothing can impede it. The same principle leads us to neglect a man of merit that induces us to admire a fool. (2) In a compound sentence that is, one in which the direct sequence of thought is inter- rupted by repetition or by the addition, as of verbs, nouns, or other parts of speech the comma is used to separate the simple members. EXAMPLES: Charity, like the sun, brightens every object it shines upon. 43 44 The Preparation of Manuscripts Men of age object too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and seldom drive business home to the full period, but con- tent themselves with a mediocrity of success. (3) It is used in separating several (more than two) words which are connected by conjunctions expressed or implied. EXAMPLES: Man must have some fears, hopes, and cares for the coming morrow. God has given us wit, and flavor, and bright- ness, and laughter, and perfumes, to enliven the days of man's pilgrimage, and to "charm his pained steps over the burning marie." Gordon met death as a brave, valiant, and noble man. (4) It is not used to separate two words that are connected by a conjunction. EXAMPLE: Mirth is short and transient, cheer- fulness fixed and permanent. (5) It may or may not be used to separate a series of words in pairs that are connected by conjunctions. EXAMPLES: This sound brought out from their lurking* places a crew of vagabond boys and vagabond dogs, . . . and boy and dog, and hostler and Boots, all slunk back again to their holes. The Preparation of Manuscripts 45 In schoolroom and college class, in the field and afloat, discipline maintains order. East and West and South and North The Messengers ride fast. (6) It is used to set off nouns and pronouns in the absolute, and words put in apposition. EXAMPLES: The prisoner, his sentence being pronounced, was removed. He who stands before thee is Paul, the Apostle. The transaction closed, we separated. (7) It is used to set off adjectives or participial adjectives and their adjuncts, especially if they affect the significance of a dependent clause. EXAMPLE: Man, living, feeling man, is the easy prey of the powerful present. (8) It is used to introduce a single short quo- tation. If, however, more than one quotation is cited, a colon should be used instead. (9) It is used in the place of a verb omitted or of a word understood. (10) It is used before and after the infinitive mode when the infinitive follows a verb from which it should be set off, or when it is dependent on a thing understood or remote. 46 The Preparation of Manuscripts EXAMPLES: His aim was, to foster the interests of the natives. To continue, I will now show the consequence of my argument. ( 1 1 ) It is used also to set off an adverb or ad- verbial phrases when they cause a break in the construction of a simple sentence. EXAMPLES: This curiosity of theirs, however, was attend- ed with very serious effects. And yet I knew that every wrong, However old, however strong, But waited God's avenging hour. (12) It is used to set off prepositional phrases when they interrupt the sequence of a simple sen- tence, or when they are separated from words on which they are dependent. EXAMPLES: American aristocracy is, to some extent, a matter of wealth. By study, we may add to our store of knowl- edge that acquired by our ancestors. (13) It is used to set off a conjunction when it is divided from the main clause dependent on it or when it introduces an example. EXAMPLE: The collision was inevitable, but, by timely assistance, the crew was saved. The Preparation of Manuscripts 47 (14) It is used occasionally to set off inter- jections. EXAMPLE: Yet then from all my grief, O Lord, Thy mercy set me free. (15) It is used to set off a word which it is desired to emphasize. EXAMPLE: Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty ! 2. THE SEMICOLON ( ; ) The semicolon is used to indicate a separation in the relations of the thought in a compound sentence a degree greater than that expressed by the comma. (1) It is used to separate different statements; that is, the different clauses of a compound sen- tence which are already separated by commas. EXAMPLE: We may live without poetry, music, and art; We may live without conscience, and live without heart; We may live without friends; we may live without books; But civilized man can not live without cooks. (2) It is used to separate two or more simple members of a sentence when these require a pause greater than that which a comma would mark. 48 The Preparation of Manuscripts EXAMPLE: Who lives to nature rarely can be poor; who lives to fancy never -can be rich. (3) It is used before " as " when employed as an introductory to an example. EXAMPLE: That which is not permitted or allowed; as, the illicit sale of intoxicants. 3. THE COLON ( : ) The colon is used as a sign of apposition or equality to connect one clause with another that explains it, as in introducing a list, a quota- tion, an enumeration, or a catalog ; or to join clauses that are grammatically complete yet closely connected in sense; or to mark any dis- continuity in sense or grammatical construction greater than that which is indicated by a semi- colon, but not sufficient to require a period or a dash. (1) It is used to separate one complete clause from another. EXAMPLES: The power to bind and loose to Truth is given: The mouth that speaks it is the mouth of Heaven. Love is the emblem of eternity : it confounds all notions of time: effaces all memory of a be- ginning, all fear of an end. (2) It is used in sentences in which the semi- The Preparation of Manuscripts 49 colon has been introduced when a greater pause is required than can be indicated by a semicolon. EXAMPLE: It surely was not obscurity; it was not weakness: it was a want of that sensitive taste which ought to breathe its delicate sense of fitness into the plainest phraseology. (3) It is used to introduce a formal quotation. EXAMPLE: A writer in the Westminster fieview discourses in this fashion: " Another curious observation upon philosophic activity is that the coordination of all functions which consti- tute the whole intellectual energy of philosophic minds is preserved in its plenitude for only a short period of their whole duration of life." l 4. THE PERIOD (.) 1 i ) The period or full stop is used after every complete declarative statement. EXAMPLE: Consider the end. (2) After title=headings and side=heads. (3) After most abbreviations. EXAMPLES: A. M. for ante meridian ; LL. D. for Doctor of Laws ; e.g. for exempli gratia (for the sake of example). (4) After Roman numerals, except when they are used to number pages. 1 Phelps, English Style in Public Discourse, p. 133. so The Preparation of Manuscripts 5. THE DASH ( ) The dash is used to mark (i) a change of thought or construction, or (2) an emphatic or unexpected pause. EXAMPLES: (1) He may live without books what is knowl- edge but grieving ? He may live without hope what is hope but deceiving? (2) What say ye ? Speak now now or never. 6. THE INTERROGATION-POINT ( ? ) The note of interrogation or eroteme is used at the end of a sentence to designate ( i ) a single question or (2) more, and (3) is sometimes writ- ten in parentheses to express a doubt or challenge the accuracy of a statement. EXAMPLES: (i) Truths would you teach, or save a sinking land? (2) Father of Light ! Great God of Heaven ! Hear'st Thou the accents of despair? Can guilt like man's be e'er forgiven ? Can vice atone for crimes by prayer? (3) Peru. Manco Capac, with his wife, and sister Mama Ocello, arrives from China (?), and claims to have been sent by the Deity to reclaim the tribes from savage life. The Preparation of Manuscripts 51 7. THE EXCLAMATION=MARK (!) The note of exclamation or ecphoneme is used after a word or phrase to express sudden emotion, and is sometimes repeated for emphasis. EXAMPLES: Ah! What were man should Heaven refuse to hear! Never! Never! ! Never ! ! ! 8. QUOTATION=MARKS (". . ."; '. . .') (1) Double quotation-marks or guillemets are used to designate that the matter within them is a direct quotation from another author or is dialogue. (2) Single quotation=marks are used within double quotation=marks to designate that the matter within them is a quotation from another author or speaker cited by the first author whose matter is printed within the double marks. EXAMPLES: "Grant White, referring to Milton, says 4 Milton calls Raphael "the affable archangel," and makes Adam say to him, as he is about departing heavenward: ' Gentle to me and affable hath been Thy condescension, and shall be honored ever With grateful memory.' " (3) Double quotation=marks are sometimes used in citing titles, as of books, but titles are 52 The Preparation of Manuscripts often printed in italic type, and when this is done quotation-marks are not used. 9. PARENTHESES ( ) (1) The parentheses are used to separate an explanatory or qualifying clause, or a sentence inserted in another sentence which is grammat- ically complete without it. EXAMPLES: The wallflower, on each rifted rock, From liberal blossoms shall breathe down (Gold blossoms frecked with iron=brown) Its fragrance. The columbine is a herbaceous plant of the crowfoot family {Ranuncnlace&\ with the leaf- lets shaped like those of the meadow=rue. (2) They are used also in connection with the titles of books (a) to separate the place and date of publication from the text, thus preserving the continuity of same ; (b) to enclose references or figures denoting numerical sections or other divisions ; (c) to enclose notes of interrogation inserted to express doubt of the correctness of the statement made. EXAMPLE: (a) Mrs. Massingbird published " Sickness, Its Trials and Blessings " (London, 1868). The uses referred to under () and (c) above are so frequent as not to require illustration. The Preparation of Manuscripts 53 io. THE APOSTROPHE ( ' ) The apostrophe is used to denote the possess- ive case, which is made in the singular by add- ing s with an apostrophe, as also in the plural of nouns that do not end in s as, man's, men's. The plural possessive, when the plural already ends with an s, is formed by adding an apos- trophe after the word as, horses' teeth; that is, " the teeth of horses." ii. THE CARET (^) The caret is used only in writing, to denote where omitted words or letters are to be inserted. 12. THE DIERESIS ( " ) The dieresis or dialysis consists of two dots placed over a vowel. 1 i ) It is placed above one of two vowels when these follow one another, to show that they do not form a diphthong as, Danae. (2) It is used sometimes (but, in general, modern practise discards it) over the second vowel in words where the vowel is doubled as, zoophyte. The ' ' Standard Dictionary ' ' dis- cards the dieresis altogether. For the explanations of other signs used in etymological punctuation, see page 41. VIII INDEXING AN index, or alphabetical list of matters dis- cussed in a book or set of books, showing where each subject is to be found, is one of the most valuable adjuncts to a book. The best book in the world would lose much of its worth as a practical literary tool if devoid of an index. ' ' The worst book/' says Horace Binney, "if it had but a single good thought in it, might be kept alive by it." So important did that eminent jurist, the late Lord Campbell, consider an index, that he sug- gested that the British copyright law should be amended in such a way as to deprive any author who published a book without an index of the protection afforded him by the Copyright Act. A good index is a pass=key to the contents of a book, a pilot through strange seas of thought, without which few readers, no -matter how ven- turesome, would care to sail. A book without an index is like a ship without a rudder. Pope has declared that he who knows how to make a good index ' ( holds the eel of science by the tail/' and we may add that he who knows 54 The Preparation of Manuscripts 55 how to consult it knows how to dissect the eel. To consultants of works of reference or of treatises expounding the sciences an index is as necessary an implement as is the pen to the scribe or the chisel to the carpenter. ' ' Those authors whose subjects require them to be voluminous would do well," says Henry Rogers, "if they would be remembered as long as possible, not to omit a duty which authors in general, but especially modern authors, are too apt to neglect that of appending to their works a good index." HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX The making of an index is an art in itself, and on the care given to its compilation depends much of its value as a short cut to the contents of the book indexed. The author who takes pride in his work will endeavor to prepare a comprehen- sive one, and will find that the best method to follow is to compile it from the page proofs of the work as they reach him from the printer. To assure a strict alphabetical arrangement, an index should be compiled on cards or on small sheets of stiff paper, one card or sheet to be devoted to each subject which the author desires shall stand in alphabetical order. On this card or sheet the compiler should write, in addition to the subject, the number of the page of the book on which the subject is treated. This plan should be followed 56 The Preparation of Manuscripts throughout the entire volume ; then the cards or sheets should be collated, alphabetized, and filed for verification. On general principles it is advisable to avoid making cross=references, for these frequently lead to confusion and save little space. If an entry of the nature of a cross=reference to another entry is worth recording it is at least worthy of direct record. Why send a reader from pillar to post to find what he naturally expects to find, and has the right to find, at firsthand. At the same time, steps should be taken to guard against over indexing, a practise as pernicious as that of under indexing, and a good example of which is cited by Walsh in his "Literary Curiosities/' This example is taken from the index to Mivart's "Origin of Human Reason/' and relates to a brief story concerning a cockatoo : Absurd tale about a Cockatoo .... Anecdote, absurd one, about a Cockatoo Bathos and a Cockatoo Cockatoo, absurd tale concerning one Discourse held with a Cockatoo . Incredibly absurd tale of a Cockatoo Invalid Cockatoo, absurd tale about Mr. R and tale about a Cockatoo Preposterous tale about a Cockatoo . Questions answered by a Cockatoo . R. , Mr., and tale about a Cockatoo Rational Cockatoo, as asserted . Tale about a rational Cockatoo, as asserted Very absurd tale about a Cockatoo . Wonderfully foolish tale about a Cockatoo 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 The Preparation of Manuscripts 57 Such over indexing can not be too emphatically condemned; an item of the kind might be dis- missed after a single entry under the word " Cockatoo. " After the last sheet of the book has been exam- ined for indexing, the index should be put through the process of verification. To guard against all possibility of error, this should be done by the aid of the plate proofs, with the folios of which every entry in the index should be verified, as in the course of printing the pagination is sometimes changed through the addition or de- letion of matter. As soon as this work has been completed, the cards or sheets should be pasted on sheets of paper of the same size as the original manuscript, one beneath the other, in strict alpha- betical order. This matter may then be used as copy, and sent to the printer for composition. Some authors, having compiled the copy for their index from pages in course of revision, have been known to leave the matter of verifica- tion until they receive galley =proofs of the index, a course which often leads to a large number of costly corrections. This practise the author who seeks to foster his interests will not follow. In general, works of fiction not based on his- tory need no more than a table of contents, but all other books, especially such as treat of human 58 The Preparation of Manuscripts activities, of the sciences, of history, of biog- raphy, etc., should be freely indexed, for to such works an index is the finger=post that guides the reader through the maze of thought into which the whole fabric is woven; it is more necessary than a contents, and more important than even a preface. Excepting the greater part of fiction, all books that are worth the writing and the printing are entitled to a good index. IX PROOF-READING IN printing, a proof is a printed trial sheet showing the contents or condition of matter in type, or of an electrotype or stereotype plate, en- graved block, or the like, either with or without marked corrections. First, second, third, etc., proofs designate proofs of a work in its progress toward completion. An author } s proof is a clean proof for revision or correction by an author, or a proof returned by him on which he has made his corrections. * ' His manuscripts, as well as his proofs, were commonly so disfigured by corrections as to be read with difficulty even by those familiar with his script," wrote John Bigelow of William Cullen Bryant, and it might be as truly said of thousands of writers who preceded or succeeded him. No department adds so quickly to the cost of producing a book as that of correction, for the work of correcting is time-work, and, therefore, is paid for by the time it takes. Every author should so prepare his copy as to minimize this charge. 69 60 The Preparation of Manuscripts The manner in which correction=marks are made on a proof is of great importance in the saving of time. Time saved is money saved to the author, who may save time by writing his corrections neatly and clearly. Straggling, un- symmetrical characters, disconnected marks placed in the margins above or below the lines to which they relate, irregular lines leading from an incorrect letter or word to a correction, large marks, marks made with a blunt pencil, indis- tinct marks, and the frequent use of an eraser to obliterate marks hastily or incorrectly made, are all faults to be avoided. Corrections so made are not respected by the compositor, and he is fre- quently annoyed and delayed in deciphering what is intended. In reading proof the corrector should take advantage of white space as near as possible to the error and place the correction thereon, thus aiding all who have occasion to handle the proof afterward. TYPOGRAPHICAL MARKS EXEMPLIFIED AND EXPLAINED To indicate alterations to be made in the type, place in the margin of the proof marks corre- sponding to those placed where the corrections are to be made. Make these marks clearly and The Preparation of Manuscripts ei neatly. The marks may be explained briefly as follows : ^j , push down space or quad showing with type. center ) bring the opposite line to the place in- dicated by P. zff^ , insert space where caret ( * ) is made. Ci, take out letters or words canceled. In eliminating matter from proof, be sure to use the printer's mark for deletion. Do not follow the example set by a college professor (and cited itt " A Publisher's Confession ") who cut a para- graph out of a proo&sheet with a pair of scissors, being fully satisfied that by this method the printer would understand that he intended the .excised matter should be deleted. sg) , turn inverted letter underscored. stet, restore word or letter inadvertently can- celed (literally, "let it stand "). , insert apostrophe. Other superior charac- are similarly indicated by being placed in an inverted caret, as^',^^ and for inferior characters the caret is made in its usual position indent line an em. p >, r bring matter to the left. The mark is reversed (~\) when it is desired_to_move, matter toJBbejright 2 The Preparation of Manuscripts Cv/, a correction suggested to the author, to be followed by an interrogation=point. ( !, lower word or letter. To raise a word or letter, the sign P""""""! is used. CD > insert period. The change of a word or of a letter is indicated by a line drawn, through the faulty matter, the word or letter to be substituted being written opposite in the margin. Omitted words or letters are indicated in the same manner, a caret being placed where the in- sertion is to be made. ||, justify the lines that is, space so that the margin will appear even and straight. X , broken letter, A logotype character is indicated by a tie as, Tf- caps, change matter underlined to capitals. tr.^ transpose words or letter underlined. ^ > draw together matter indicated by a similar mark ia type* No % run on matter without break. ^^ , a combination of S( and v ^ x , signifying " Take out canceled character and close up/' /. c. 9 change matter underlined to lower*case. r-mSr , straighten lines. rom. y roman type. If too much matter has been omitted by the The Preparation of Manuscripts 63 compositor to be conveniently written in the mar- gin of the proof, "Out; see copy'' is written, and the place for insertion indicated as shown. Other marks used will prove practically self- explaining by reference to the corrected proof- sheet that follows. To indicate that matter set is required in a bolder face of type than that in which it is printed, underline the matter and write "bold- faced " or " full-faced ' ' in the margin of the proof. 64 The Preparation of Manuscripts y r* THS LOST ART9. A Ladies dnd Gentlemen: 1 am to talk to you tonight aboutj'he Lost Arts^-a lecture^hich has grown under my hand year after year^ after yoat , and which belongs to that first phase of the lyceum system, before it undertook to meddle with polit- ical duties or