A GUIDE TO THE ORCHARD AND KITCHEN GARDEN. LONDOK : Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, New- Street- Square. A GUIDE TO THE ORCHARD AND KITCHEN GARDEN; OB, AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST VALUABLE FRUIT AND VEGETABLES CULTIVATED IN GREAT BRITAIN: KALENDARS OF THE WORK REQUIRED IN THE ORCHARD AND KITCHEN GARDEN DURING EVERY MONTH IN THE YEAR. BY GEORGE LINDLEY, C.M. H.S. EDITED BY JOHN LINDLEY, F.R.S. &c. &c. ASSISTANT SECRETARY OP THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OP LONDON. LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1831. PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. THE Author of the following work has been occupied, at intervals, during nearly forty years, in preparing for the press materials for a complete account of the fruit trees and vegetables cultivated in the gardens of Great Britain. The result of these enquiries is now pre- sented to the reader, in a form which, it is thought, is so condensed as to comprehend the greatest quantity of information in the smallest compass, and which at the same time is sufficiently diffuse to render it pos- sible for the reader to acquire as much knowledge as is either important or indispensable in regard to any particular variety. Those points which are so pecu- liarly interesting to all Gardeners, such as the kind of stock upon which a given variety will succeed better than upon another, the comparative value of each kind of fruit, the aspects that it requires, the different names under which it is known in England or else- where, the books in which a faithful figure may be found, the purposes for which it is best adapted, the seasons when it is in the greatest perfection, and topics of a similar kind, have been in all cases treated with especial care. This there are few men more compe- tent to do well than Mr. Lindley, whose long practical experience, and ample opportunities of investigating such subjects personally during a series of many years, have been such as have rarely fallen to the lot of any one. A 3 6G7795 VI PREFACE. The forcing department has been considered foreign to the purpose of this work, and Is therefore entirely omitted. In recommending particular modes of cul- tivation, it has been wished to present the reader with one or two methods of operation, that experience has shown to be simple and effectual, rather than to intro- duce a great number of different plans, among which the unskilful reader can never know which to select in preference, and where the chances are, perhaps, in favour of his making choice of that which is least adapted to practice. While thus much may be said of the Author and his work, it is at the same time necessary to explain why no mention is made of some sorts which are common in particular districts. In such cases it is to be understood, that the variety omitted is considered either so like some kind already described as to be undeserving of particular notice, or so little valuable as to be unworthy of cultivation. In all other respects the work speaks for itself. Under that impression, the Editor would only add, that nothing in the following pages is to be ascribed to him- self, except the introductory matter, and such typo- graphical errors as may have remained uncorrected during the progress of the work through the press. i London, July 1. 1831. INTRODUCTION. IN all books upon Gardening a great variety of modes of operating are comprehended, each of which has, it may be supposed, its own peculiar merit under particular circumstances. In several the very same mode is re- peatedly recommended, with slight variations of phrase- ology, in speaking of many different subjects ; and it has at last become a common complaint, among those who seek for information from books upon horticultural subjects, that they can find plenty of rules of action, but very few reasons. No greater boon could be bestowed upon the garden- ing world than to reduce all horticultural operations to their first principles, and to lay bare the naked causes why in one case one mode of procedure is advisable, and another in another. But there are few persons who are competent to undertake this task ; it requires a com- bination of great physiological knowledge, with a per- fect acquaintance with the common manipulation of the gardener's art, and much experience in all the little accidents which are scarcely appreciable by the most observing cultivator, with which the mere man of science can necessarily have no acquaintance, but upon which the success of a gardener's operations often mainly depends; which are to the cultivator signs as certain of the issue of his experiments, as to the mariner are the almost invisible changes in the appearance of the heavens by which the weather is prognosticated. Deeply impressed with a persuasion of the justice of A 4 Vlll INTRODUCTION. the foregoing observations, and sincerely regretting that there should be no present expectation of such a task being undertaken by any one fully competent to it, the Editor of this work ventures to throw himself upon the indulgence of the public in attempting, not to carry into effect such a plan himself, but to sketch out, in regard to the Fruit Garden, what he thinks the method should be upon which a more competent person would do well to proceed. All our fruits, without exception, have been so much ameliorated by one circumstance or another, that they no longer bear any resemblance in respect of quality to their original. Who, for instance, would recognise the wild parent of the Coe's or Green Gage Plum in the savage Sloe, or that of the Ribston and Golden Pippin Apples in the worthless acid Crab ? Or what re- semblance can now be traced between the delicious Beurre Pears, whose flesh is so succulent, rich, and melt- ing, and that hard, stony, astringent fruit, which even birds and animals refuse to eat? Yet these are undoubted cases of improvement resulting from time and skill patiently and constantly in action. The constant drop- ping of water will not more surely wear away the hardest stone, than will the reason of man in time compel all nature to become subservient to his wants or wishes. But it would be of little service to mankind that the quality of any fruit should be improved, unless we found some efficient and certain mode of multiplying the individuals when obtained. Hence there are two great considerations to which it is, above all things, ne- cessary that the attention of the cultivator should be directed, viz. AMELIORATION and PROPAGATION. Amelioration consists either in acquiring new and improved varieties of fruit, or in increasing their good qualities when acquired. It will be as well to consider these two subjects separately. INTRODUCTION. JX By what means the first tendency to change their nature was given to domesticated plants, we are entirely ignorant. It is probable that it was originally due to accident, and also that it was still mere chance which continued to operate down to very modern times. Philosophers are unacquainted with the reason why there should be any tendency to variation from the characters first stamped on any species by Nature ; but all know that this tendency does exist, and in a most re- markable degree in many species. There is in all beings a disposition to deviate from their original nature when cultivated, or even in a wild state ; but this disposition is so strong in some as to render them particularly well adapted to become subject to domestication : for instance, the dog, the pigeon, and the barn-yard fowl, are cases in which this tendency is most strongly marked in animals ; and domesticated fruits are a parallel case in the vegetable world. Without, then, vainly endeavouring to discover the first cause of this disposition to form varieties, let us take it as a naked fact that the disposition exists. Cul- tivators increase this disposition chiefly in two ways ; either by constantly selecting the finest existing varieties for seed, or by intermixing the pollen and stigma of two varieties for the purpose of procuring something of an intermediate nature. The ancients were unacquainted with either of these practices, and consequently their gardens contained few things which would now be deemed worthy of cultivation. The power of obtaining cross-bred varieties at pleasure has only existed since the discovery of sexes in plants ; but as it exerts a most extensive influence over alterations in the vegetable king- dom, it may be considered the most important control- ling power that we possess. In sowing seeds for the purpose of procuring improved varieties, care should be had, not only that the seeds be X INTRODUCTION. taken from the finest existing kinds ; but also that the most handsome, the largest and the most perfectly ripened specimens should be those that supply the seed. A seedling plant will always partake more or less of the character of its parent, the qualities of which are con- centrated in the embryo when it has arrived at full maturity. How this concentration takes place, we are as ignorant as why certain constitutional peculiarities are in men transferred from father to son, and from gene- ration to generation ; but we know that it does take place. Now if the general qualities of a given variety are concentrated in the embryo under any circumstances, it is reasonable to suppose that they will be most espe- cially concentrated in a seed taken from that part of a tree in which, its peculiar good qualities reside in the highest degree. For instance, in the fruit of an apple growing upon a north wall there is a smaller formation of sugar than in the same variety growing on a south wall -, and it can be easily understood that the seed of that fruit which is itself least capable of forming saccharine secretions, will acquire from its parent a less power of the same nature than if it had been formed within a fruit in which the saccharine principle was abundant. It should therefore be always an object with a gardener, in selecting a variety to become the parent of a new sort, to stimulate that variety by every means in his power to produce the largest and the most fully ripened fruit that it is capable of bearing. The importance of doing this is well known in regard to Melons and Cucumbers, and also in preserving fugitive varieties of flowers ; but it is not generally practised in raising fruit trees. The power of procuring intermediate varieties by the intermixture of the pollen and stigma of two different parents is, however, that which most deserves consider- ation. We all know that hybrid plants are constantly INTRODUCTION. \i produced in every garden, and that improvements of the most remarkable kind are yearly occurring in conse- quence. Experiments are, however, it may be supposed, sometimes made without the operator being exactly aware either of the precise nature of the action to which he is trusting for success, or of the limits within which his experiments should be confined. Cross fertilisation is effected, as every one knows, by the action of the pollen of one plant upon the stigma of another. The nature of this action is highly curious. Pollen consists of extremely minute hollow balls or bodies ; their cavity is filled with fluid, in which swim particles of a figure varying from spherical to oblong, and having an apparently spontaneous motion. The stigma is composed of very lax tissue, the intercellular passages of which have a greater diameter than the moving particles of the pollen. When a grain of pollen comes in contact with the stigma, it bursts and discharges its contents among the lax tissue upon which it has fallen. The moving par- ticles descend through the tissue of the style, until one, or sometimes more, of them finds its way, by routes specially destined by nature for this service, into a little opening in the integuments of the ovulum or young seed. Once deposited there, the particle swells, increases gradually in size, separates into radicle and cotyledons, and finally becomes the embryo, that part which is to give birth, when the seed is sown, to a new in- dividual. Such being the mode in which the pollen influences the stigma and subsequently the seed, a practical conse- quence of great importance necessarily follows, viz. that in all cases of cross fertilisation the new variety will take chiefly after its polliniferous or male parent ; and that at the same time it will acquire some of the constitu- Xll INTRODUCTION. tional peculiarities of its mother.* Thus, the male pa- rent of the Downton Strawberry was the Old Black, the female a kind of Scarlet ; in Coe's Golden Drop Plum, the father was the Yellow Magnum Bonum, the mother the Green Gage ; and in the Elton Cherry the White Heart was the male parent, and the Graffion the female. The limits within which experiments of this kind must be confined are, however, narrow. It seems that cross fertilisation will not take place at all, or very rarely, between different species, unless these species are nearly related to each other; and that the offspring of the two distinct species is itself sterile, or if it possesses the power of multiplying itself by seed, its progeny returns back to the state of one or other of its parents. Hence it seldom or never has happened that domesticated fruits have had such an origin. We have no varieties raised between the Apple and the Pear, or the Quince and the latter, or the Plum and Cherry, or the Gooseberry and the Currant. On the other hand, new varieties obtained by the intermixture of two pre-existing va- rieties are not less prolific, but, on the contrary, often more so than either of their parents ; witness the numerous sorts of Flemish Pears which have been raised by cross fertilisation from bad bearers, within the last twenty years, and which are the most prolific fruit trees with which gardeners are acquainted ; witness also Mr. Knight's Cherries, raised between the May Duke and the Graffion, and the Coe's Plum already mentioned. It is, therefore, to the intermixture of the most valuable existing varieties of fruit that gardeners should trust for the amelioration of their stock. By this oper- ation the pears that are in eating in the spring have been * In early crosses between distinct species this Is particularly manifest ; but in those of varieties long domesticated it is less apparent, the distinctions between the parents themselves being less fixed, and less clearly marked. INTRODUCTION. xiii rendered as delicious and as fertile as those of the autumn ; and there is no apparent reason why those very early, but worthless sorts, such as the Muscat Robert, which usher in the season of Pears, should not be brought to a similar state of perfection. There is no kind of fruit, however delicious, that may not be deteriorated, or however worthless, that may not be ameliorated, by particular modes of management ; so that after a given variety shall have been created, its merits may still be either elicited or destroyed by the cultivator. In this place those practices only need be considered that tend to improvement. Some fruits of excellent quality are bad bearers : this defect is remedied by a variety of different methods, such as, 1. By ringing the bark ; 2. By bending branches downwards ; 3. By training ; and, 4. By the use of different kinds of stocks. All these practices are intended to produce exactly the same effect by dif- ferent ways. Physiologists know that whatever tends to cause a rapid diffusion of the sap and secretions of any plant, causes also the formation of leaf buds instead of flower buds ; and that whatever, on the contrary, tends to cause an accumulation of sap and secretions, has the effect of producing flower buds in abundance. This cir- cumstance, which at first sight seems to be difficult to account for physiologically, is no doubt to be explained by the difference between leaf buds and flower buds themselves. In a leaf bud, all the appendages or leaves are in a high state of development, and the central part or axis, around which they are arranged, has a tendency to extend itself in the form of a branch as soon as the necessary stimulus has been communi- cated to the system by the light and warmth of spring. In a flower bud, the appendages or leaves are in that imperfectly formed, contracted state, which we name calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistilla ; and the central part XIV INTRODUCTION. around which they are arranged has itself no tendency to elongate under the influence of the usual stimulants. Hence, a flower bud, or flower, is nothing but a con- tracted branch ; as is proved by the occasional elong- ation of the axis in flowers that expand during un- usually hot damp weather late in the spring, becoming branches, bearing sepals and petals instead of leaves. It is, therefore, easily to be understood why, so long as all the motions in the fluids and secretions of a tree go on rapidly, with vigour, and without interruption, only rudiments of branches (or leaf buds) should be formed ; and why, on the other hand, when the former become languid, and the parts are formed slowly, bodies of a contracted nature, with no disposition to extension, (or flower buds,) should appear. It will be found that the success of the practices above enumerated, to which the gardener has recourse in order to increase the fertility of his fruit trees, is to be explained by what has just been said. In ringing fruit trees, a cylinder of bark is cut from the branch, by which means the return of the elaborated juices from the leaves down the bark is cut off, and all that would have been expended below the annular incision is confined to the branch above it. This produces an accumulation of proper juice ; and flower buds, or fertility, are the result. But there is a defect in this practice, to which want of success in many cases is no doubt to be attributed. Although the returning fluid is found to accumulate above the annular incision, yet the ascend- ing sap flows along the alburnum into the buds with nearly as much rapidity as ever, so that the accumula- tion is but imperfectly produced. On this account the second practice, of bending branches downwards, is found to be attended with more certain consequences. The effect of turning the branches of a tree from their natural position to a pendulous or a horizontal one is, to im- INTRODUCTION. XV pede both the ascent and the descent of the fluids in a gradual but certain manner. The tissue of which branches are composed is certainly permeable to fluids in every direction ; and there can be no doubt that the vital action of the vessels of a plant is performed both in the natural and in an inverted position. So long as that erect direction of the branches which is natural to them is exactly maintained, the flow of their fluids, being subject to no interruptions, will take place in the freest possible manner ; but the moment this natural direction is deviated from, the vessels become more or less compressed, their action is impeded, and finally, if the inversion is perfect, it becomes so slow that an accumulation of the proper juices necessarily takes place through every part of the system. One of the objects of training is to produce the same effect. Branches are bent more or less from their naturally erect position ; their motion, in consequence of the action of winds upon them, which is known to facilitate the movement of the fluids, is totally de- stroyed ; and hence arises the accumulation of proper juice which is necessary to their fertility. Nor is the influence of the stock of an essentially different nature. In proportion as the scion and the stock approach each other closely in constitution, the less effect is produced by the latter ; and, on the contrary, in proportion to the constitutional difference between the stock and the scion, is the effect of the former important. Thus, when Pears are grafted or budded on the wild species, Apples upon Crabs, Plums upon Plums, and Peaches upon Peaches or Almonds, the scion is, in regard to fertility, exactly in the same state as if it had not been grafted at all. While, on the other hand, a great increase of fertility is the result of grafting Pears upon Quinces, Peaches upon Plums, Apples upon Whitethorn, and the like. In these latter cases, the food absorbed from the earth XVI INTRODUCTION. by the root of the stock is communicated slowly and unwillingly to the scion ; under no circumstances is the communication between the one and the other as free and perfect as if their natures had been more nearly the same ; the sap is impeded in its ascent, and the proper juices are impeded in their descent, whence arises that accumulation of secretion which is sure to be attended by increased fertility. No other influence than this can be exercised by the scion upon the stock. Those who fancy that the contrary takes place ; that the Quince, for instance, communicates some portion of its austerity to the Pear, can scarcely have considered the question physiologically, or they would have seen that the whole of the food communicated from the alburnum of the Quince to that of the Pear is in nearly the same state as when it entered the roots of the for- mer. Whatever elaboration it undergoes must neces- sarily take place in the foliage of the Pear ; where, far from the influence of the Quince, secretions natural to the variety go on with no more interruption than if the Quince formed no part of the system of the indi- vidual. If we consider upon what principle the flavour of particular fruits may be improved, we shall find that it is entirely due to the increased action of the vital func- tions of leaves. When the sap is first communicated by the stem to the leaves, it has experienced but few chemical changes since it first entered the roots. Such changes as it has undergone have been due rather to the solution of some of the pre-existing peculiar secre- tions of the individual by the sap in its way upwards through the alburnum, than to any other cause. As soon, however, as it enters the leaves, it becomes al- tered in a variety of ways, by the combined action of air, and light, and evaporation ; for which purposes the leaf is admirably adapted by its anatomical structure. INTRODUCTION. XV11 Thus altered in the leaves, it ceases to be what we call sap, but becomes the proper juice ; or, in other words, acquires the peculiar character of the final secretions of the individual from which it is formed. Discharged by the leaves into the bark, it is thence conveyed by myriads of channels of cellular substance throughout the whole system. From these secretions, of whatever nature they may be, the fruit has the power of attract- ing such portions as are necessary for its maturation. Hence it follows, that the more we can increase the pe- culiar secretions of a plant, the higher will become the quality of its fruit ; and that, on the other hand, the less the plant is in condition to form those secretions, the less will be the quality of the fruit. It is for the purpose of producing the former effect that pruning and training trees are more especially destined. In pruning, we remove all those superfluous branches which" overshadowed the remainder, and we endeavour to expose every part to the freest action of light and air. In training, the same thing takes place, but is increased ; there is not a branch that is not fully ex- posed to the most direct rays of light, and to the freest circulation of air, and even to the unimpeded action of the sun in aspects exposed to the south, east, or west. This action is obviously most powerful on the south, and hence the higher quality of fruits matured upon that exposure than on any other ; while, on the other hand, fruits raised upon a northern aspect are well known to be less highly flavoured than those from even an open standard. For a similar reason, forced fruits, which are obtained at a period when there is little light, cannot be compared with those which are matured in the full blaze of a summer sun ; and hence melons grown in frames covered with mats, and carefully ex- cluded from the influence of that solar light which is indispensable to them, have, whatever may be their ex- XV111 INTRODUCTION. ternal beauty, none of that luscious flavour which the melon, when well cultivated, possesses in so eminent a degree. The next subject of consideration is the mode of multiplying improved varieties of fruit, so as to con- tinue in the progeny exactly the same qualities as ex- isted in the parent. Unless we have the power of doing this readily, the advantages of procuring improved races would be very much circumscribed ; and the art of horticulture, in this respect, would be one of the greatest uncertainty. The usual mode of increasing plants, that mode which has been more especially pro- vided by nature, is by seeds ; but, while seeds increase the species without error, the peculiarities of varieties can rarely be perpetuated in the same manner. In order to secure the multiplication of a variety, with all its qualities unaltered, it is necessary that portions should be detached from the original individual, and converted into new individuals, each to undergo a similar dismem- berment, with similar consequences. It happens that while in animals this is impracticable, except in the case of polypes, the system of life in a plant is, of all others, the best adapted to such a purpose. We are accus- tomed to consider individual plants of exactly the same nature as individual animals : this is, however, a vulgar error, which is dissipated by the slightest enquiry into the nature of a plant. A plant is really an ani- mated body, composed of infinite multitudes of systems of life ; all, indeed, united in a whole, but each having an independent existence. When, therefore, any num- ber of these systems of life is removed, those which re- main, as well as those which are separated, will, under fitting circumstances, continue to perform their natural functions as well as if no union between them had ever existed. These systems of life are buds, each having a power of emitting descending fibres in the form of roots, INTRODUCTION. and also of ascending in the form of stem. The first of these buds is the embryo ; the others are subsequently formed on the stem emitted by the embryo. As these secondary buds develope, their descending roots com- bine and form the wood, their ascending stems give rise again to new buds. These buds are all exactly like each other : they have the same constitution, the same organic structure, and the individuals they are capable of producing are, consequently, all identically the same ; allowance, of course, being made for such accidental injuries or alterations as they may sustain during their subsequent growth. It is upon the existence of such a remarkable physiological peculiarity in plants, that pro- pagation entirely depends ; an evident proof of which may be seen in this circumstance. Take a cutting of a vine consisting only of the space which lies between two buds, or an internodium, as botanists would call such a piece, and no art will succeed in ever making it become a new plant, no matter how considerable the size of the internodium may be.* But, on the other hand, take the bud of a vine without any portion of the stem adhering to it, and it will throw out stem and root, and become a new plant immediately. If we examine the various modes employed in horticulture for propagating plants, we shall find that, however different they may be in ap- pearance, they all consist in the application of these principles under various forms. It will be most con- venient to consider these methods separately. Propagation is effected by the arts of Increasing by Eyes, Striking from Cuttings, Laying, Budding, and Grafting. Increasing by Eyes is the simplest of all these methods : it consists in nothing but extracting a single * This is, of course, said without reference to the power which some plants possess of developing latent buds, a subject which is foreign to the present enquiry. a 2 XX INTRODUCTION. system of life, or a bud, from a given plant, placing it in due heat and moisture, , and surrounding it with fitting food, and thus causing it to grow as a solitary indivi- dual, instead of as one of the community to which it originally belonged. Striking from Cuttings is a slight modification of the last method. Instead of taking a single bud, a stem containing two, three, or more buds, is placed in circumstances fitted for the maintenance of its life. In this case, the chances of success are increased by the additional number of buds which are the subject of experiment. That bud which is the nearest the bottom of the cutting emits its roots at once into the earth, and so establishes a communication between the general system of the cutting and the medium from which its food is to be derived. The other buds, by pushing their stems upwards into light, attract the nutriment absorbed by the roots, and so stimulate the latter to increased action. Ultimately, the roots of all the buds descend between the bark and the wood until they reach the earth, into which they finally pass, like those of the first bud. There is another circumstance which renders the operation of striking plants from cuttings less precarious than from eyes. In both cases, the buds have, at the outset, to feed upon matter in their vicinity, until they shall have formed roots which are capable of absorbing food from the earth ; but in eyes, the nutritive matter can exist only in such portions of t}ie stem as may have been cut away with themselves ; while, on the other hand, in cuttings, the stem itself forms an important reservoir of nutriment. This is a consider- ation, the practical importance of which will be obvious to every cultivator. As it is from the buds alone of cuttings that roots proceed, it follows, that in cases of difficulty, when plants strike unwillingly, any thing which may facilitate the immediate introduction of roots INTRODUCTION. XXi into the soil will be advantageous. It is for this reason that a good operator always takes care, that the lower end of his cutting is pared down as close to the base of a bud as may be practicable without actually destroying any part of the bud itself; by this means the first emitted roots, instead of having to find their way down- wards between the bark and wood, strike at once into the earth, and become a natural channel by which nu- triment is conveyed into the general system of the cutting. Laying is nothing but striking from cuttings that are still allowed to maintain their connection with the mother plant by means of a portion at least of their stem. Where roots are emitted with great readiness, simply bending a branch into the soil, leaving its point above ground, is sufficient to ensure the success of the operation ; but in cases of difficulty other expe- dients are resorted to, all which will still be found to have reference to the emission of roots by buds. One common practice is, to head down the branch that is laid into the earth ; this is to call into action the buds below the incision, by stopping the general axis of deve- lopment. Another method is to tongue the layer, that is, to split the stem just up to the origin of a bud ; a practice that has the effect of enabling the roots to be emitted into the soil through the wound more readily than if they had to pierce through the bark ; the resist- ance offered to their passage through the bark is in many cases so great as to compel them to continue to make wood rather than to appear in the form that is necessary for the success of the cultivator. Budding and Grafting are operations that equally depend for their success upon the property that buds possess of shooting roots downwards and stems upwards ; but in these practices the roots strike between the bark and wood of the stock, instead of into the earth, and form a 3 XX11 INTRODUCTION. new layers of wood instead of subterranean fibres. The success of such practices, however, depends upon other causes than those which influence the growth of cuttings. It is necessary that an adhesion should take place between the scion and the stock, so that when the descending fibres of the buds shall have fixed themselves upon the wood of the stock, they may not be liable to sub- sequent separation. No one can have studied the economy of the vegetable kingdom without having remarked that there is a strong tendency to cohesion in bodies or parts that are placed in contact with each other. Two stems are tied together for some purpose : when the ligature is removed, they are found to have grown into one : two Cucumbers accidentally placed side by side, or two Apples growing in contact with each other, form double Cucumbers or double Apples ; and most of the normal modifications of the leaves, floral envelopes, or fertilis- ing organs, are due to various degrees of cohesion in contiguous parts. This cohesion will be always found to take place in the cellular tissue only, and never in the vascular tissue. In the stems of all such trees as are grafted by orchardists, the cellular tissue is found alive only in the medullary rays and the liber ; it is therefore essential, in the first place, that those parts, both in the stock and the scion, should be placed in contact. In regard to the medullary rays, these are so numerous and so closely placed that it is scarcely possible that a portion of one stem should be applied to another without the medullary rays of both touching each other at many points. No care, therefore, is required to ensure this, which may be safely left to chance. But in regard to the liber, as this is confined to a narrow strip in both stock and scion, great care must be taken that they are both placed as exactly in contact with each other as possible, so that the line of separation of the wood and bark should, in both stock and scion, be accurately INTRODUCTION. XX111 adjusted. The success of grafting depends very much upon attention to this. But there are other reasons why this accuracy in adjusting the line between the bark and wood of the stock and scion is so important. It is at that part that the roots of the latter pass down- wards over the former ; and it is also there that the substance called cambium, which serves as food for the young descending fibres, is secreted. It is obvious, that the more accurate the adjustment of the line separat- ing the wood from the bark, the more ready will be the transmission of young fibres from the one to the other ; and that the less the accuracy that may be observed in this respect, the greater the difficulty of such transmis- sion will be. Provided the stock and scion be of exactly the same size, the adjustment can scarcely fail to be accurate in the most unskilful hands ; it is in the more common case of the scion being much smaller than the stock, that this is to be most particularly attended to. Budding differs from grafting in this, that a portion of a stem is not made to strike root on another stem, but that, on the contrary, a bud deprived of all trace of the woody part of a stem is introduced beneath the bark of the stock, and there induced to strike root. In this operation no care is requisite in securing the exact con- tact of similar parts, and a free channel for the trans- mission of the roots of the bud between the bark and wood of the stock ; for, from the very nature of the operation of budding, this must of necessity be ensured. The bark of the bud readily coheres with the wood of the stock, and secures the bud itself against all accident or injury. But if precautions of the same nature as in grafting are not requisite in budding, others are of no less moment. It is indispensable that the bud which is employed should be fully formed, or what gardeners call ripe ; if it is imperfectly formed, or unripe, it may not be capable of that subsequent elongation upwards and a 4 XXIV INTRODUCTION. downwards upon which the whole success of the prac- tice depends. Secondly, great care should be taken, in raising the bark of the stock for the insertion of the bud, that the cambium be not disturbed or injured. The cambium is a secretion between the wood and bark, not only destined to support the descending fibres of the buds, but also to generate the new cellular sub- stance within which the descending fibres are finally found imbedded. If, in the preparation of the bark for receiving the bud, this cambium be injured or disturbed, it becomes much less capable of effecting the cohesion that is necessary, than if uninjured. In budding, there- fore, the bark should be carefully lifted up, and not forced from the wood with a bone or metal blade, as is usually the case ; for although it is no doubt true, that an opera- tion clumsily performed will often succeed, yet it should be remembered, that if skilfully managed it would be attended with much more perfect success; and that a habit of constantly operating with delicacy will enable a gardener to succeed with certainty in cases in which a bungling practitioner would be sure to fail. Little do those who crush with rude hands the tender limbs of plants, reflect how delicate is that organisation upon which the life of their victim is dependent. Transplanting is, perhaps, that operation in which the greatest difficulty is generally found to exist, and in which the causes of success or failure are often the least understood. Volumes have been written upon the sub- ject, and the whole range of vegetable physiology has been called in aid of the explanation of the theory ; yet I am much mistaken if it cannot be proved to depend exclusively upon the two following circum- stances : 1. The preservation of the spongioles of the roots ; and, 2. The prevention of excessive evapora- tion. It is well known that plants feed upon fluid contained INTRODUCTION. XXV in the soil, and that their roots are the mouths through which the food is conveyed into their body. But the absorption of fluid does not take place either by all the surface of their roots, nor even of their fibres, but only by the extremities of the latter, consisting of bundles of vessels surrounded by cellular tissue in a very lax spongy state, whence those extremities are called spon- gioles. That it is only through the spongioles that absorption to any amount takes place, is easily shown by growing a plant in water and alternately preventing the action of the spongioles, when languor and a cessa- tion of vital action comes on, and preventing the action of the general surface of the roots, leaving the spongioles at liberty, when the vital energies are immediately renewed. These spongioles are exceedingly delicate in their organisation, and a very slight degree of violence destroys them. It is scarcely possible to remove the soil from the roots without injuring them in some degree and if transplantation is effected violently or carelessly, they are in a great measure destroyed. In proportion to the size or age of a tree, is the difficulty of preserving them increased ; and hence at the same time the difficulty of transplantation is augmented. If, by any method, the spongioles could be preserved unharmed, there would be no reason whatever why the largest forest tree should not be removed as easily as the young plants in a nur- sery ; but their preservation in such cases is impossible, and therefore the transplantation of trees of great mag- nitude cannot be effected. It is because of the security of the spongioles from injury when the earth is undis- turbed, that plants reared in pots are transplanted with so much more success than if taken immediately from the soil. Hence, also, when earth is frozen into a huge ball around the root of a plant, transplantation is effected with the same kind of certainty. The practice of cutting the roots of large trees the year previous to removing XXVI INTRODUCTION. them is attended with success for a similar reason. Wherever the roots are cut through, the new fibres which are emitted, provided a plant is in health, in short tufts, and each terminated by a spongiole, are much more easily taken out of the ground without injury than if they were longer and more scattered among the soil. When destroyed, the spongioles are often speedily re- placed, particularly in orchard trees, provided a slight degree of growth continues to be maintained. This is one of the reasons why trees removed in October succeed better than if transplanted at any other time. The growth of a tree at that season is not quite over ; and the first impulse of nature, when the tree finds itself in a new situation, is to create new mouths by which to feed when the season for growing again returns. Evaporation takes place in plants to an inconceivable degree in certain circumstances. It is known by the experiments of Dr. Hales, that a sunflower plant will lose as much as lib. 14 oz. by perspiration in twelve hours ; and that in general, " in equal surfaces and equal times, a man would perspire sV, the plant T we. Every Man his own Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie. 8vo. 1822. Mayers Pom. Franc. Pomona Franconica, Description des Arbres Fruitiers au Jardin de Wurtzbourg. Par le Sieur Jean Mayer. 3 vols. 4-to. 1776 1801. Miller. The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Folio. 1768. Nicol. The Gardener's Kalendar ; or a Monthly Directory of Operations in every Branch of Horticulture. By Walter Nicol. 4th Edition. 8vo. 1822. Nois. Manuel. Manuel Complet du Jardinier. Par M. Noisette. Parkinson. Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson. Folio. 1629. Poit. et Turp. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel. Nouvelfe Edition, par Poiteau et Turpin. Folio. Paris, 1808, &c. Pom. Heref. Pomona Herefordiensis. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. 4to. 1811. Pomona Italians Pomona Italiana, ossia trattato degli Alberi Fruttiferi, di Georgio Gallesio. Folio. Pisa, 1817. Still in publication. Pom. Mag. The Pomological Magazine. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 18271830. Ray. Historia Plantarum, a Joh. Ray, M.D. 3 vols. folio. BOOKS QUOTED. XXXi London. 1st, 1686; 2d, 1688; 3d, or Supplementing, 1704. ~Rea. Flora, or a Complete Florilege. By John Rea. Folio. 1702. Sickler Teutsch. Der Teutsche Obstgartner. Von J. B. Sickler. 22 vols. 8vo. 1 794 1 804. Speedily s Pine. .A Treatise on the Culture of the Pine Apple. By Wm. Speechly. 8vo. 1796. Speechly s Vine. A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine. By Wm. Speechly. 4to. 1790. Srvitzer. The Practical Fruit-Gardener. By Stephen Switzer. 8vo. 1724. Taschenb. Taschenbuch des Verstandigen Gartners. Aus dem Franzosischer iibersetzt. Von J. F. Lippold. Nebst be- deutenden Zusatzen und Verbesserungen. Von Gebriider Baumann. 8vo. 1824. {Catalogue Descriptif Abrg4 ; contenant une Partie des Arbres Fruitiers qui, depuis 1798 jusqu'en 1823, ont forme' la Collection de J. B. Van Mons. A GUIDE TO THE FRUIT AND KITCHEN GARDEN. CHAP. I. V. ' ALMONDS. THIS description of fruit being little known in Great Britain, the following list of the principal varieties cul- tivated in France is taken from the Transactions of the Horticultural Society. 1. AMANDE COMMUNE. The nuts of the com- mon almond are about one inch and a quarter long, with a hard smooth shell, containing a kernel of little value in comparison with some others. It is the most common in France, and the young plants from it are used for stocks to bud peaches upon. 2. AMANDE DOUCE A COQUE DURE. The nuts of these are large, fully one inch and a half long, smooth, and of a dull colour : the shell is thick and hard, the kernel small, and not high flavoured. This is an improved variety of the former, and differs from it only in having larger fruit. It is a pre- ferable sort for stocks, and used by the more careful of their gardeners. B 3. AMANDE DOUCE A COQUE TENDRE. Much resembles the last in appearance and colour, but it has a tender shell ; one side is usually straight, and the other rounded. This sort is budded upon the others, and is grown in gardens to produce the young almonds, which in France are eaten fresh in July, the kernel being sweet and well flavoured. 4. AMANDE DES DAMES This is eaten dry, and cultivated as an article of commerce, in the southern parts of France. The nut exceeds an inch in length, is of an oval shape, and thicker in proportion than the others ; the shell being light-coloured, porous, and tender ; the kernel plump, rich, and sweet. 5. AMANDE SULTANA. This resembles the amande des dames, but is smaller. 6. AMANDE PISTACHE. Is similar to the last, but still smaller. The two last varieties are peculiar to the south of France, and are not in general cultivation. 7. AMANDE PRINCESSE. This approaches to the amande des dames in its qualities and size, but has a much thinner shell, which is rough externally, appearing as if the outer part were removed. 8. AMANDE AMERE. Of this, which is the bitter almond, there are several varieties, differing in the size of their nuts, which are dark coloured, with hard shells, and bitter kernels. Propagation and Cultivation. All the varieties of the almond in this country may be propagated by budding them upon the muscle stock, in the same manner as directed for peaches and nec- tarines. APPLES. Being natives of Barbary, their cultivation in this country, for the purpose of obtaining fruit, cannot be expected to be successful, unless the trees are trained against an east or south-east wall, and subjected to the same management as the peach. This may be done by those who have extent of wall to spare, and as an object of curiosity. Almonds obtained in this way may be preserved in dry sand for use ; but they must be thoroughly dried on shelves, or boards, in an airy place, before they are put up, otherwise they will get mouldy. Those, however, who require almonds for the dessert, will find it far more to their advantage to purchase the imported fruit. CHAP. II. APPLES. SECT. I. Summer. Hound, or nearly so. 1. BOROVITSKY. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 94. ; Pom. Mag. t. 10. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, and rather angular. Eye seated in a rather large cavity, and surrounded by a few small plaits. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a deep and rather wide cavity. Skin pale green on the shaded side, sometimes broken by a silvery appearance of the epidermis ; on the sunny side, striped with crimson red on a ground of paler red ; rather trans- parent. Flesh white, firm, juicy, with a sweet, brisk, sub-acid, very pleasant flavour. An early dessert fruit, ripe the middle of August. This beautiful apple was sent from the Taurida Gardens, .APPLES. near St. Petersburg!!, to the Horticultural Society of London, in 1824. 2. EARLY JULIEN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 216. Fruit middle-sized, of an irregular globular form, with several ribs or angles on the sides, which become quite prominent round the eye. Skin of a pale yellow, with- out any mixture of colour. Flesh approaching to yel- low, firm and crisp, with a pleasant brisk juice, having much the highest flavour of any of the very early apples. A Scotch dessert apple, ripe the beginning and mid- dle of August. 3. IRISH PEACH APPLE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 740. Pom. Mag. 1. 100. Early Crofton. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 321. and 453. Fruit middle-sized, depressed, globular, obtusely angular. Eye nearly closed by the segments of the calyx. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin marked with brownish red, intermixed with some streaks of deeper red ; the shaded side yellowish green, sprinkled with small brown dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, and very highly flavoured. A dessert apple, ripe in August. 4. JUNEATING. Ray (1688), No. 1. Langley Pom. t. 74. f. 2. Fruit small, round, somewhat flattened at both ends, about one inch and three quarters in diameter, and one inch and a half deep. Eye small, with a closed calyx in a depressed wrinkled basin. Stalk slender, three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Skin pale yellow, with a slight pale tinge of red on the sunny side. Flesh crisp, but soon becomes mealy. Juice a little sugary, with a slight perfume. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. 5. MARGARET. Miller, No. 2. APPLES. 5 Magdalene. Ray (1688), No. 2. Fruit below the middle size, two inches and a quar- ter in diameter, and two inches deep, slightly angular on its sides. Eye small, with a closed calyx, placed in a narrow basin, surrounded by several unequal plaits. Stalk short, slender, in a funnel-shaped cavity, even with the base. Skin pale yellow, with numerous small pearl-coloured imbedded specks, and slightly tinged with orange on the sunny side. Flesh white, very crisp and tender. Juice plentiful, saccharine, and highly perfumed. A dessert apple, of first-rate excellence, from the middle of August to the end. This is the true Margaret apple of MILLER, and has been in our gardens since the time of RAY, in 1688 ; but it is not the Margaret of Forsyth, and of many col- lections of the present day (See No. 13). The tree is readily known from every other variety of apple, by its upright growth, by its short erect branches, and by the excessive pubescence of its leaves. 6. OSLIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 5. ; Pom. Mag. t. 5. Oslin Pippin. Nicol Ed. 4. p. 164. Oslin, or Arbroath Pippin. Forsyth. Ed. J. p. 119. Orgeline, or Orjeline. Ib. Ed. 5. p. 119. Fruit roundish, depressed, without angles. Eye rather prominent, with a few moderately sized plaits. Stalk short, thick, not deeply inserted. Skin very thick and tough, pale bright lemon colour when fully ripe, intermixed with a little bright green, and sprinkled with numerous spots of the same. Flesh inclining to yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, very rich, and highly flavoured. Ripe about the middle of August, and very excellent. This is supposed to have been raised at Arbroath, in Forfarshire ; although there is a tradition of its having been brought from France by the monks of the abbey B 3 APPLES. of Arbroath ; but it is not to be found at the present time among the continental writers. 7. RED ASTRACAN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 522. Pom. Mag. t. 123. Fruit rather above the middle size, roundish, slightly angular. Eye in a tolerably deep basin, surrounded by a few knobby protuberances. Stalk short, deeply in- serted. Skin greenish yellow in the shade, deep crimson on the exposed side, and over great part of the surface spotted with russet, with a little coarse russet surround- ing the stalk. The greatest part of the red colour is covered with a delicate white bloom like that of a plum, which gives it somewhat the appearance of a peach. Flesh white, crisp. Juice abundant, with a rich sac- charine acid, but soon becomes mealy. Ripe about the middle of August. This very beautiful apple was imported from Sweden, and first fruited by William Atkinson, Esq. of Grove End, Paddington, in 1816. Fruit of it was exhibited at the Horticultural Society, in 1820. 8. RED QUARENDEN. Hooker Pom. Lond. t. 13. Devonshire Quarenden. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 822. Pom. Mag. t. 94. Sack apple, Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1012. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit below the middle size, oblate, or round, and depressed, the outline tolerably regular. Eye slightly or not at all depressed, entirely closed by the long segments of the calyx, and surrounded by little knotty protuberances. Stalk thick, rather short, deeply inserted. Skin of an uniform deep rich crimson, with a great many green dots intermixed ; greenish on the shaded side. Flesh greenish white; when newly gathered, crisp, very juicy, mixed with a most agreeable acid. Ripe in August, and will keep till the end of Sep- tember. This is said to be a Devonshire apple, although APPLES. 7 I find no such name as Quarenden in the county. It is common in Somersetshire and Gloucestershire, where it is very much and very justly esteemed. 9. SPRING GROVE CODLIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 197. 1. 11. Fruit of the usual codlin shape, about three inches in diameter at the base, and two inches and three quar- ters deep, slightly angular on its sides, and tapering to a narrow crown. Eye closed by broad, short segments of the calyx, slightly sunk in a narrow, oblique, plaited hollow. Stalk rather short, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, tinged with orange on the sunny side. Flesh greenish yellow, tender. Juice saccharine, with a mixture of acid, and a very slight per- fume. It is ready for tarts in July, and will keep till October or November. The Spring Grove Codlin was first brought into notice by Sir Joseph Banks, in a communication to the Horticultural Society of London, read April 3. 1810. 10. SUMMER GOLDEN PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 393. Pom. Mag. t. 50. Fruit small, roundish-oblong, flattened at both ends, Eye in a wide, shallow, even hollow. Stalk short, in- serted in a middle-sized cavity. Skin very smooth and shining ; on the side next the sun bright yellow, tinged a little with orange, which gradually fades away on the shaded side into a pale lemon colour, and marked throughout with pale scattered dots. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, sweet and agreeable, without perfume. Ripe the end of August, and will keep ten days or a fortnight. A very beautiful and excellent little dessert apple. 11. WHITE ASTRACAN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 23. Pom. Mag. t. 96. Glace de Zelande. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 366., and of foreign gardens, according to the Pom. Mag. B 4 8 APPLES. Transparent de Moscovie. Ib. according to the Pom. Mag. and the Hort. Cat. Pyrus Astracanica, De Cand. Prod. Vol. ii. p. 635. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, angular on the sides, and ribbed at the apex. Eye depressed in a small hol- low. Stalk thick, and very short. Skin smooth, with a few faint streaks of red on the sunny side, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh snow-white, often trans- parent in part, tender, juicy, crisp, very pleasant and delicate. Ripe in August, and will keep good for only a few days. It is a hardy tree, and a very good bearer. It has been introduced from Russia, where it is said to grow wild about Astracan, and was first brought into notice by William Atkinson, Esq. of Grove End, Paddington. SECT. II. Summer. Conical or oblong. 12. DOCTOR HELSHAM'S PIPPIN. G. Lind. Cat. 1815. Fruit middle-sized, more long than broad, eight or nine inches in circumference, a little angular on the sides. Eye small, in a rather wide and oblique basin. Stalk half an inch long, deeply inserted. Skin yel- lowish green, with several reddish spots ; on the sunny side of a fine clear red. Flesh white. Juice sweet, with a slight aromatic flavour. Ripe in August and beginning of September. The branches of this tree droop in the manner of a Jargonelle Pear. It is an abundant bearer, and deserves cultivation. The original tree, which is a large one, was raised by the late Dr. Helsham, and is now growing in the garden of Mr. Etheredge, of Stoke Ferry, in Norfolk. 13. EARLY RED MARGARET. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 588. Pom. Mag. t. 46. APPLES. 9 Margaret Apple. Langley. Pom.Lond. t. 74. f. 1. Red Juneating. 1 According to Hort. Soc. Cat. Early Striped ditto. J No. 588. Early Red Juneating. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 504. Eve Apple. Of the Irish Gardens, according to the Hort. Soc. Cat. Margaretha Apfel. 1 Of the Germans, according R other Jacob's Apfel. J to the Pom. Mag. Fruit below the middle size, roundish oblong, rather angular, tapering a little to the crown. Eye contracted, plaited. Stalk short, thick. Skin greenish yellow, richly and closely streaked with deep red. Flesh white, juicy, breaking, sub-acid, very rich and agreeable, with- out any perfume or spicy flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. A very good early apple, but soon grows mealy. 14. RED CALVILLE. Calville d'Ete. Duhamel 1. 1. 1. Calville Rouge d'Ete. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 131. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat cordate or conical, hav- ing alternately large and small angles terminating in the crown, which is narrow and pointed : about one inch and three quarters in diameter, and two inches deep. Eye narrow, prominent, surrounded by large plaits. Stalk half an inch, rather stout, inserted in a regular and rather deep cavity. Skin pale red, but of a deep colour, and shaded with deeper streaks on the sunny side. Flesh white, slightly tinged with red next the core. Juice not plentiful, but pretty well flavoured. Ripe in August and September. The French gardeners pretend to distinguish all their Calvilles, when cut transversely, by a regular five-angled cavity at the core. 15. REVELSTONE PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 522. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat angular on the sides, 10 APPLES. the angular protuberances uniting round the eye in large knobs. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a very regu- lar cavity. Skin greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled with yellow russetty spots, and nearly covered with a bright red. Flesh yellow, firm. Juice not plentiful, but sweet, and of a very good flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September, and will not keep long. This is one of the sorts usually planted against walls in the Carse of Gowrie. In this country it does well as an open standard, and is an abundant bearer. Its fruit was exhibited at the Horticultural Society, Lon- don, in 1820. 16. SUGAR-LOAF PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1078. Pom. Mag: t. 3. Dolgoi Squoznoi. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. &54., ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Fruit ovate or oblong, generally tapering to the eye, which is much hollowed, with a few slight plaits. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a deep, regular cavity. Skin a very clear light yellow, with a few greenish dots ; yellow on the sunny side, and becoming nearly white when fully ripe. Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a most agreeable, lively, sweetish sub-acid flavour. An excellent summer apple, ripe the beginning of August, but if kept above a week or ten days it becomes soft and mealy. This appears to be of Russian origin, having been^ sent from the Taurida Gardens, at St. Petersburgh, to the Horticultural Society, London, under the name of Dolgoi Squoznoi, two Russian words signifying dolgoiy long, and squoz?ioi, transparent. SECT. III. Autumnal. Round, or nearly so. 17* BERE COURT PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 400. APPLES. 11 Fruit about the middle size, resembling a large and well formed Nonesuch, but rather less flattened. Stalk slender and deeply inserted. Skin pale yellow, beauti- fully variegated with broken stripes of red. Flesh crisp, very juicy, with a high flavoured acidity. It does not keep late, but is a most valuable apple for the kitchen while it lasts. Raised by the Rev. Dr. Symonds Breedon, in his garden at Bere Court, near Pangbourne, in Berkshire, and exhibited at the Horticultural Society, London, October 15. 1822. 18. CALVILLE ROUGE DE MICOUD. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 242. Fruit of the first crop, depressed, spherical, nearly three inches in diameter, and about two inches deep ; three, or more frequently four slight ridges divide it lengthways, and give it a somewhat square outline. Stalk moderately thick, rather long, placed in a funnel- shaped cavity. Eye placed in the bottom of a hollow, scooped out like a funnel, and larger than that in which the stalk is placed, the divisions of the calyx remaining in part when the fruit is ripe. Skin of a very deep, dull red on the side next the sun, but less intense on the shaded side, where it is streaked by a few lines, and spots of a pale red. It is tough, adhering firmly to the flesh, of an austere taste. Flesh yellowish white, fine, breaking with a crystalline appearance, juicy. Juice sweetish acid, and agreeably perfumed. Its maturity commences about the middle of July, and continues, with little interruption, till November. The fruit of April-flowering ripen mostly in August, and are usually eaten during harvest. Those of the second flowering succeed the first, and may be brought to table till the end of October ; they are quite as good as the first, but are not bigger than a hen's egg. The fruit of the latter flowerings are not bigger than a Pomme APPLES. d'Api; nevertheless, when they are stopped in their growth by the frost, they may be placed in the fruit- room, where they ripen very well, and keep till Novem- ber. This is eaten raw ; but if roasted it acquires a delicate and sweet flavour, and it is also very agreeable when stewed. Mons. Andre Thouin, from whom the above is taken, has given an interesting account of this singular apple. The original tree, which bears three thousand apples an- nually, is growing on the farm of the Baroness de Micoud, which lies near La Charite sur Loire, in the department of the Nievre. The first flowering takes place in April, the second in June ; the tree then ceases for a time to produce flowers. The third and suc- ceeding flowerings take place in August, September, October, and November, when they are stopped by the severity of the frost. It is necessary to remark, that the last flowerings are much less abundant than the two first, and the fruit which they produce is small, and im- perfectly ripened. The blossoms are produced in corymbs of twelve or fifteen flowers in the first season of blos- soming, but only from five to nine in the succeeding seasons. The colour of the corolla is white, tinged with rose-coloured stains, especially on the edge of the petals. Mons. Thouin very justly remarks, " that the dense, dark green, shining foliage during three fourths of the year, enamelled with numerous bunches of delicate rose- coloured blossoms, and scattered over with fruit of diversity of colour, render it a most interesting object of cultivation, especially as an ornament to our lawns and shrubberies, producing an effect not less novel than agreeable." 19. CHRISTIE'S PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 155. Fruit middle-sized, shaped like a flattish Nonesuch, about two inches deep, and two inches aud a half in diameter, quite round, without angles. Eye small, APPLES. IS closed by a short calyx, moderately sunk, in a very even circular basin, perfectly free from plaits. Stalk short, slender, rather deeply sunk, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, becoming bright yel- low when highly ripened, marbled and streaked with red on the sunny side, like the Nonesuch. Flesh pale yellowish white, tender. Juice rather thin, smart, slightly saccharine, and of a very pleasant flavour. A culinary apple in October and November. This apple has very much the appearance of a small Nonesuch, from which it has probably originated. Its branches are spurred in the same manner, and it bears equally as well and as soon. A great many trees of it have lately been planted by the kitchen gardeners in the neighbourhood of London. 20. COBHAM APPLE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 166. Fruit above the middle size, about two inches and three quarters deep, and three inches and a quarter in diameter ; somewhat irregularly round, with a few ob- tuse angles reaching to the crown, which is rather narrow and depressed. Eye small, closed by the segments of the calyx. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin dull yellowish green, dashed on the sunny side with faint red, intermixed with light russet. Flesh crisp, pale yellow. Juice saccharine and aromatic. A dessert apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. Cul- tivated in Kent under this name. I received specimens of this apple from Mr. Kirke of Brompton in 1819- 21. COLE APPLE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 190. Pom. Mag. 1. 104. Scarlet Perfume. Of some collections. Fruit above the middle size, about three inches and a quarter in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep, angular in a slight degree, with a wide eye, mostly closed by the segments of the calyx. Skin deeply stained, and streaked with crimson, slightly russetted, 14- APPLES. with a small portion of it showing through. Stalk woolly, sometimes inserted beneath a deep lip protrud- ing into the cavity of the base. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet mixed with acid, little perfumed, very rich and agreeable. A very excellent autumn dessert apple, in perfection about the end of August, and will keep sound till Christmas. It is a healthy, hardy variety, but better adapted for dwarfs than for standards. 22. EMPEROR ALEXANDER. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 407. t. 28. Alexander. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 6. Aporta. According to the Hort. Cat. Fruit very large, somewhat cordate, tapering from the base, which is broad, to the crown, where it is small and narrow. Eye large, and deeply seated in a per- fectly [smooth round basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, not protruded beyond the base. Skin greenish yellow, slightly streaked with red, but on the sunny side beautifully marbled, and streaked with bright red and orange. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, and very tender. Juice sugary, and of a rich aromatic flavour. An autumnal dessert apple from October till nearly Christmas. An excellent and valuable fruit. Some fruit of this apple were imported from Riga by the late Mr. Lee, in January, 1817, ne of which mea- sured five inches and a half in diameter, four inches deep, sixteen inches in circumference, and weighed nineteen ounces. From this fruit the drawing above referred to in the Hort. Trans, was taken. 23. FLOWER OF KENT. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 338. Fruit rather large, somewhat flat, irregularly ribbed on its sides. Eye small and contracted, surrounded by prominent angles extending from the ribs. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, lengthened beyond the base. Skin dull yellow or olive on the shaded side j of a muddy APPLES. 15 brown, tinged with bright red streaks, when exposed to the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, with a pretty good juice. A good culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. Specimens of this apple were sent me from Mr. Kirke of Brompton. 24. FRANKLIN'S GOLDEN PIPPIN. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 383. Pom. Mag. 1. 137- Sudlow's Fall Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 217- according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle sized, oval, rather broadest at the base. Eye slightly sunk in an even hollow, surrounded by very minute plaits, generally closed by the segments of the calyx. Stalk short, slender, in a deep cavity. Skin bright deep yellow, somewhat scabrous, with a tinge of green, sprinkled with numerous grey and dark-coloured specks or spots. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, tender. Juice rich, of a poignant aromatic flavour. A most excellent autumnal dessert apple, from Michaelmas to Christmas. This appears to be of American origin, and was im- ported by Mr. Sudlow from the United States, as appears from the statement in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society above alluded to in 1819. Its introduction, however, was previously to this, and can- not have been later than 1805 or 1806. 25. FRANK RAMBOUR. Switzer. Rambour Franc. Duh. Vol. i. 28. t. 10. Rambour Gros. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 844. Fruit large, of a flattish and somewhat irregular figure, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye rather large, with a long connivent calyx, deeply sunk in an irregu- larly angled basin. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin pale yellow, with a few stains of red on the sunny side, and a little russetty in the cavity round the stalk. Flesh rather soft, with a slightly acid juice. A good culinary apple in October and November. 16 APPLES. 26. GOLDEN PIPPIN. Ray (1688), No. 9- Pom. Here/, t. 2. Pepin d'Or. Knoop. Pom. 54. t. 9. Fruit small, perfectly round in its outline, without any angles on its sides, generally from an inch and a half to two inches, both in its depth and diameter. In young and vigorous trees its size will be more, and of a greater length ; but on old trees, which are in health, the size will be less, and shorter than its width. Eye small, in an even shallow basin. Stalk one inch long, slender. Skin bright yellow, or gold colour, interspersed with several grey russetty specks on the sunny side, and full of mi- nute, pearl-coloured, imbedded specks. Flesh pale bright gold colour, crisp. Juice rich, saccharine, of the most delicious flavour of any apple we possess, if in high perfection. The Golden Pippin, one of the most celebrated and esteemed apples of this or perhaps any other country, has been considered by some of our modern writers on pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of inferior quality in comparison to that of former times, and its existence near its termination. I cannot for a moment agree with such an opinion, because we have facts annually before our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion. Any person visiting Covent Garden or the Borough markets during the fruit season, and indeed any other large market in the southern or mid- land counties of England, will find specimens of fruit as perfect and as fine as any which have been either figured or described by any writer whatever, either in this or any other country. In favourable situations, in many parts of the country, instead of the trees being in a state of rapid decay, they may be found of unusually large size, perfectly healthy, and their crops abundant ; the fruit perfect in form, beautiful in colour, and excel- lent in quality. I may refer to a tree at this time APPLES. 17 growing in a garden belonging to Michael Bland, Esq., in the city of Norwich, as one example out of the many which might be produced, in corroboration of what I have stated. If the Golden Pippin be planted upon a good soil on a dry bottom, and in a warm or sheltered situation, well exposed to the sun, where its blossoms are secured from cold blasts in the spring, and where it can ripen its wood perfectly, it will be found hardy, without exhibiting those alarming signs of decay which have been held out as a presage of its speedy death. Ripe in October, and will keep two months, or till past Christmas. 27. HAWTHORNDEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 440. Pom. Mag. t. 34. White Hawthornden. NicoPs Fr. Gard. p. 56. According to the Pom. Mag. Fruit above the middle size, rather irregularly formed, generally about three inches in diameter in one direc- tion, and three inches and a quarter in another. When this irregularity happens, for it is not always the case, it arises from a broad protuberant rib, which extends from the base to the crown. This has occasioned the Hawthornden to be represented in the figure quoted above as having a cleft on its side ; but neither this nor yet any other apple has one naturally. Sutures, or channels in fruit, are no where to be found, except in those which are termed drupaceous, or stone fruit. Its depth is from two inches and a quarter to two inches and a half. Eye rather small, with a converging calyx, rather deep, and surrounded by a few obtuse plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin very smooth, white, of a very pale greenish yellow, sometimes a / little tinged with a blush on the sunny side towards the base. Flesh white. Juice plentiful, and well flavoured. 18 APPLES. An excellent culinary fruit from Michaelmas to Christmas. This is a very valuable apple, and a most excellent bearer. The extreme buds are mostly blossom buds, which occasion the branches to become pendulous when the fruit is fully grown. It is said to have origin- ated at Hawthornden, near Edinburgh, where Drum- mond the poet was born. 28. HOARY MORNING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 455. Pom. Mag. t. 53. Dainty apple. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 234., according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather large, round, depressed, angular, with a very small close-plaited eye. Stalk generally rather short, in a wide cavity. Skin covered with a fine bloom, with broad, broken, irregular stripes of red next the sun, and paler and more distant marking of the same kind in the shade. Flesh firm, yellowish white, occasionally tinged with ink next the skin, with a rich and brisk flavour. A culinary apple from Michaelmas till Christmas. A very handsome and useful kind, supposed to have had its origin in Somersetshire, from whence specimens were first communicated to the Horticultural Society by Charles Worthington, Esq. several years ago. 29. HUGHES'S GOLDEN PIPPIN. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 26. Pom. Mag. t. 132. Hughes's New Golden Pippin. Forsytli, p. 108. Fruit below the middle size, round, slightly flattened at the eye and stalk. Eye large, open, sometimes almost level with the top, but generally in a shallow depression, surrounded by a few plaits. Stalk short, thick, inserted in a very slight cavity, or frequently not at all sunk, but forming a knob projecting on the base of the fruit. Skin "yellow, thickly set with green spots and small russetty specks, and tinged with green around the stalk. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, with a rich, agreeable, sharp flavour. APPLES. 19 A very neat and most excellent dessert apple, from October till January. 30. KERRY PIPPIN. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 20. Kerry Pippin. Pom. Mag. t. 107. Hart. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 454. Fruit middle sized, oval, flattened at the eye, round which are small regular plaits. Stalk short, sometimes thickened and fleshy, inserted in a contracted cavity, with a projection of the fruit on one side ; one or more sharp ridges or lines are almost always distinguishable from the eye to the stalk. Skin pale straw colour, mixed with a deeper yellow, streaked and marbled with red, highly polished. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sugary, and high flavoured. An excellent dessert apple from September till No- vember. This has been long known in the county of Kerry, in Ireland, where it is esteemed one of their best dessert apples. Mr. Robertson, of Kilkenny, describes the tree as broom-headed : the young shoots erect, of a greenish brown, full of spurs, downy at the extremities. In this country it does not appear to be a very plentiful bearer ; but it is very deserving of cul- tivation, and succeeds best grafted on. the JDoucin stock, and trained in the garden as an espalier. 31. KIRKE'S GOLDEN PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 386. Fruit small, formed with the most perfect regularity of outline, a little more long than broad. Crown quite flat. Eye large, in proportion to the size of the fruit, but very shallow, surrounded by a fine thin russet. Skin pale green on the shaded side ; on that exposed to the sun, of a very pure, clear yellow, free from specks. Flesh pale greenish yellow, firm, crisp. Juice abundant, saccharine, and highly flavoured. A dessert apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. This is a very beautiful little fruit, raised a few years c 2 20 APPLES. ago from a seed of the old Golden Pippin by Mr. Kirke, in his nursery at Old Brompton, near London, and is highly deserving of cultivation. Like all other Golden Pippins, it is too tender for an orchard tree in cold situations. It succeeds best when grafted upon the Doucin stock and planted in the garden. 32. NONESUCH. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 677, Nonsuch. Forsyth Ed. 3. 121. Langton Nonesuch. Hanbury. Fruit middle sized, of a very regular round figure, and free from angles on its sides, about two inches and a half in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye small, with a short, closed calyx, in a very regular, rather shallow, saucer-shaped basin, without plaits. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity, seldom projecting beyond the base. Skin pale yellow, spotted and marbled with orange, with numerous broken stripes and patches of brick-red on the sunny side. Flesh white, soft, and tender. Juice plentiful, a little sac- charine, and slightly perfumed. A handsome dessert apple from 'Michaelmas till nearly Christmas. RAY has a Nonsuch Apple, in 1668; but, as he has placed it among his winter or keeping apples, it is not certain whether that is the same as this. 33. OAKE'S APPLE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 698. Fruit middle-sized, round, a little irregular in its outline, having two or three obtuse ribs swelling and lengthening one of its sides more than the other, abou three inches in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye small, nearly closed by the short segments of the calyx, rather deeply sunk in an irregular, uneven bason. Stalk very short, thick, wholly inserted within the base in a narrow cavity. Skin thick, pale green, with several imbedded white dots, and slightly marked with many short, broken streaks of pale brown, with russetty specks on the sunny side, particularly in the APPLES. 21 crown and round the eye. Flesh rather soft, greenish white, with a slightly saccharine juice, but not much flavour. A culinary apple in November and December, de- scribed from a fruit grown in the Horticultural garden at Chiswick in 1830. 34. PADLEY'S PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 69. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 720. Pom. Mag. 1. 151. Fruit rather small, and somewhat flat, one inch and a half deep, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, with a very small closed calyx, placed in a shallow and rather angular basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, very slender, one half projecting beyond the base of the fruit. Skin pale, dull yellow, very much covered with a rough grey russet, and a little tinged with orange on the sunny side. Flesh greenish yellowish, crisp. Juice sac- charine, with a very pleasant, aromatic flavour. A very neat and excellent dessert apple in November and De- cember. Raised about twenty years ago by the late Mr. William Padley, gardener to His Majesty, at Hampton Court, and first propagated by Mr, Ronalds of Brentford. 35. PHILADELPHIA PIPPIN. G. Lind. Cat. 1815. Ditchingham Pippin. ib. Fruit rather above the middle size, round, but some- what flat at the crown. Eye small. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a rather deeply hollowed base. Skin yellowish grey, with a faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh white. Juice brisk and well flavoured. A culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. An American apple, brought into this country about seventy years ago. Four of these trees are now growing in the gardens of J. J. Bedingfeld, Esq. at Ditchingham Hall, in Norfolk. They grow to a large size, are very hardy, and great bearers. The fruit are, for the most part, produced singly on the branches : they are, in c 3 22 APPLES. consequence, always more perfectly formed than those growing in clusters. 36. POMME DE NEIGE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 626. Fameuse. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 44. Fruit middle-sized, round, not much unlike the shape of a Nonesuch ; about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, nearly closed, in a shallow depression, surrounded by a few wrinkled plaits. Stalk half an inch long, very slender, sunk in a funnel-shaped cavity, and protruding but little beyond the base. Skin pale green, tinged with pale red, and marked with short streaks of a darker colour ; on the sunny side, of a still deeper red. Flesh very tender, snow-white, juice sugary, with a slight musky perfume. A dessert apple in October and November. This beautiful and singular apple, we are told by Mr. For- syth, was introduced from Canada by Mr. Barclay of Brompton. It is said to derive its name from a village where it is cultivated. 37. POTTER'S LARGE APPLE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 805. Fruit one of the largest size, generally eleven or twelve inches in circumference, irregularly formed, with large obtuse angles on the sides. Eye wide, deep, sur- rounded with large plaits, the alternate ones being much the most prominent. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity. Skin pale green, thinly sprinkled with grey specks, and tinged with faint red near the base on the sunny side. Flesh white. Juice not plentiful, sub- acid. A culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas ; raised it is said by a Mr. Potter of Chelsea. A trans- verse section of it, when cut open, exhibits a large, five- angled cavity. APPLES. 23 38. RED INGESTRIE. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 227. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 481. Pom. Mag. 1. 17. Fruit roundish, oblong, about the size of a large Golden Pippin, with a small calyx, and hollow open eye, wholly destitute of angles. Stalk short, slender. Skin bright yellow, deeply tinged with red on the sunny side, with many indistinct white spots. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, and rich, nearly as highly flavoured as that of the Golden Pippin. An excellent and beautiful dessert apple, ripening the end of October, but not in perfection after having been gathered a few weeks. This and the yellow Ingestrie sprang from two seeds taken from the same cell of an Orange Pippin, which had been impregnated with the pollen of the Old Golden Pippin. They were raised by T. A. Knight, Esq. about 1800, and planted at Wonnsley Grange, in Here- fordshire. Their name is derived from the seat of the Earl Talbot, in Staffordshire. They were first noticed in the Hort. Trans, in March, 1811. 39- SCARLET CROFTON. Hort. Trans. Vol.iii. p. 453. Fruit middle-sized, flattish, about two inches and a half in diameter, and two deep, somewhat angular on the sides. Eye wide, but shallow. Stalk short, sometimes bent. Skin yellowish russet, of a bright red intermixed with russet on the sunny side. Flesh firm, crisp, never becoming mealy. Juice plentiful, of a rich saccharine flavour. An Irish dessert apple, ripen- ing in October, and continuing till Christmas. 40. STRIPED HOLLAND PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1075. Fruit pretty large, of a very regular figure, nearly as broad as it is wide, with five obscure angles, extending from the sides into the crown. Eye small. Stalk short in a shallow base. Skin yellow, with numerous green specks imbedded, tinged with orange, and streaked c 4 2 APPLES. with bright crimson on the sunny side. Flesh white. Juice not plentiful, subacid. A culinary fruit from October to December. This, like many other Dutch apples, has a thick skin. Its chief merits are on the outside. 41. SUMMER BROADEN, of the Norwich Gardens. Summer Colman. G.Lind.Planofan Orchard, 1796. Fruit above the middle size, about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep, slightly angular on the sides. Eye small, with a closed calyx, in a rather narrow basin, surrounded by some angular plaits. Stalk short, slender, deeply in- serted, not protruding beyond the base. Skin dull yellowish green, tinged on the sunny side with pale dull brown. Flesh greenish white, not crisp. Juice subacid, with a pretty good flavour. A culinary apple in October and November. This is an useful Norfolk apple, and known in the markets by the above name. The trees are rather small growers, but great bearers. 42. WALTHAM ABBEY SEEDLING. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 269, Fruit resembling a Golden Pippin, but much larger, nearly globular, some tapering a little towards the crown. Eye large and open, seated in an even shallow basin. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin pale yellow, be- coming deeper as the fruit ripens, sometimes with a tinge of dull scarlet next the sun ; the whole surface is speckled with minute greenish spots, and a patch of coarse russet always surrounds the stalk. Flesh yel- lowish, soft, juicy, and very sweet ; it melts perfectly in baking, taking a clear pale amber colour, and retaining a high flavour. A dessert and culinary apple from October till January. Raised from a seed of the Golden Noble, by Mr. John Barnard of Waltham Abbey, in Essex, APPLES. &5 about 1810. It began bearing in 1819, and its fruit was exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1821.- 43. WORMSLEY PIPPIN/ Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1183. Pom. Mag. t. 80. Knight's Codlin, of some collections, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle-sized, globular, slightly angular. Eye deeply sunk, surrounded by small plaits. Stalk about an inch long, deeply inserted. Skin pale green on the shaded side, brown next the sun. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, with a lively sugared juice. Ripens the beginning of September, and remains in perfection till the end of October. This is an excellent autumnal fruit, bearing well, and having a firm high- flavoured flesh, resembling in quality that of the New- town Pippin. It derives its name from Wormsley Grange, a country seat where Mr. Knight formerly resided. The first account of it is to be found in the Horticultural Transactions, communicated by Mr. Knight, in March, 1811. 44. WYKEN PIPPIN. Loud. Gard. Mag. Fruit rather below the middle size, round, somewhat flattened both at the base and the crown, about two inches deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye rather small, open, naked, with but little of the remaining calyx, placed in a shallow, regularly formed basin. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin yel- lowish green, interspersed with several small grey specks, and a little tinged with pale dull brown on the sunny side. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp. Juice su- gary, with a little musky perfume. A very neat dessert apple from October to December. The original tree, a very old one, or the trunk of it, with a strong sucker from its root, was growing in May, 1827, at its native place, Wyken, two miles from Coventry. The seed, it is said, was planted by a Lord Craven, who brought it 26 APPLES. from a fruit he had eaten on his travels from France to Holland. All the cottagers round Wyken have from two to twelve trees each of this apple in their gardens, and it is a great favourite throughout the whole county of Warwick. 45. YELLOW INGESTRIE. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p.227. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 482. Fruit small, shaped much like the Old Golden Pip- pin. Eye very small, flat. Stalk half an inch, rather deeply inserted, just protruding beyond the base. Skin bright gold, with a few pearly specks imbedded. Flesh yellowish white, very tender and delicate. Juice plenti- ful, rich, and highly flavoured. A beautiful little dessert apple in October and November. Raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle. See RED INGESTRIE, No. 38. SECT, IV. Autumnal. Conical, or oblong. 46. ALFRISTON. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 7- Fruit large, oblong, broad towards the base, and nar- rowed to the crown, broadly and irregularly ribbed on its sides, one of the angles generally being considerably more swelled than the rest ; about three inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Eye open, rather deeply sunk, in an uneven hollow surrounded by uneven plaits. Stalk short, deeply inserted in an irregularly deep cavity. Skin pale green, becoming yellow, tinged with orange where exposed to the sun, slightly marked with thin russet. Flesh yellowish white, very crisp and tender. Juice plentiful, saccharine, combined with a smart brisk acid. A very fine and excellent culinary apple in October and till Christmas. Described from a very fine specimen grown in the Horticultural Society's Garden, at Chiswick, in 1830. This has sometimes been called the Newtown Pippin, but from which it differs very materially. APPLES. 27 47. BEAUTY OF KENT. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 48. Beauty of Kent. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 4. Fruit pretty large, three inches and a quarter deep, and three inches and a half in diameter, somewhat irregu- larly formed, with slightly prominent unequal angles, terminating in the crown, which is rather contracted. Eye small, closed by a short calyx, a little depressed, in a narrow angular basin. Stalk short, slender, rather deeply inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity. Skin a very clear yellowish green, mottled with dull red ; but on the sunny side of a bright red, mottled and streaked with yellow r , intermixed with russet round the base. Flesh firm, yellowish white, crisp, and tender. Juice abun- dant, and pleasantly acid. An autumnal dessert apple, from Michaelmas to Christmas. This is a very handsome apple ; and, although not distinguished by any peculiar richness of flavour, it cer- tainly must be reckoned a very excellent fruit. 48. CRAY PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 401. Fruit rather below the middle size, conical, rather angular. Eye small and close, in an even and well formed hollow. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin a delicate straw colour, with a very slight blush of red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, crisp. Juice not abun- dant, but sweet and highly flavoured. A very excellent dessert apple, in perfection in Octo- ber and November. Raised by Richard Waring, Esq. in his garden at Saint Mary's Cray, Kent, and exhibited at the Horticultural Society, October 15. 1822. 49. Do WELL'S PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol.v. p. 268. Fruit, in size and form, somewhat resembling the Rib- ston Pippin ; but more pointed at the crown, and the eye sunk in a more confined and a deeper cavity. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin green, nearly covered with a clear thin russet, slightly tinged with brownish 28 APPLES. red on the sunny side. Flesh rather finer than that of the Ribston Pippin, but in colour and flavour closely resembling it. An excellent dessert apple from October to Christ- mas. Raised from a seed of the Ribston Pippin, in the garden of Stephen Dowell, Esq. at Braygrove, in Berk- shire, and exhibited at the Horticultural Society, Oc- tober 15. 1821. 50. DOWNTON PIPPIN. Pom. Hereford, t. 9. Pom. Mag. t. 113. Elton Pippin. Of Forsyth, p. 135., according to the Pom. Mag. Elton Golden Pippin, -\ of different Collections* Knight's Pippin, L according to the Pom. Knight's Golden Pippin, J Mag. Fruit rather larger than a Golden Pippin, cylin- drical, flat at the ends. Eye large, open, level with the top. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin nearly smooth, yellow, sprinkled with numerous indistinct specks. Flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich, sub- acid juice. Ripe in October and November, and will keep till Christmas. Raised by Mr. Knight from the seed of the Orange Pippin, and the pollen of the Golden Pippin. The Downton Pippin is a most abundant bearer, extremely well adapted for the market, and an excellent apple for cider. 51. DUKE OF BEAUFORT'S PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat: No. 284. Fruit pretty large, of an angular shape, having five very prominent ribs, with small intermediate ones ex- tending from the base to the crown. Eye very deeply sunk. Stalk but little protruded beyond the base, which is as deep as the eye. Skin dark green, with numerous small dark specks intermixed ; on the sunny APPLES. 29 side softly streaked with a clear pale red, which extends only between the two widest ribs. Flesh pale greenish white, crisp, and tender. Juice abundant, subacid, but pleasant. A very good culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. 52. DUTCH CODLIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 175. French Codlin. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 50. Glory of the West. Of some Nurseries. Fruit very large, of an oblong figure, with five ribs extending from the base to the crown ; the three upper ones being the broadest, and the two lower ones the shortest and most acute, in the manner of the Catshead. Eye small and deep. Stalk short and thick. Skin yellow, but, when fully ripe, of an orange colour on the sunny side. Flesh white, rather dry. Juice a little sugary, or subacid. A culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. This apple is known in Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, and some other western counties, by the name of Glory of the West. The tree is not a large grower, although the wood is remarkably strong. 53. ENGLISH CODLIN. Langley. Pom. Lond. t. 74. f. 3. Codling. Ray (1688), No. 19. The English Codlin is too well known in every part of England to require any description of it here. It is noticed only with the view of directing the attention of the orchardist to it as an old and valuable apple. The customary method, for at least one hundred and fifty years, has been to raise the trees from suckers, and truncheons, as they are called ; and in every old garden where they are found they are diminutive, ill-formed, unproductive, and full of disease, incrusted, as it were, root and branch with the greatest of all pests, the aphis 30 APPLES. lanigera, in consequence of which its fruit exhibits scarcely any thing of its original character. Healthy, robust, and substantial trees are only to be obtained by grafting on stocks of the real sour Hedge- Crab ; they then grow freely, erect, and form very hand- some heads, yielding fruit as superior to those of our old orchards, as the old, and at'present deteriorated, Codlin is to the Crab itself. 54. GREY LEADINGTON. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 545. Fruit very large, oblong, broader at the base than at the crown, with five obtuse angles, extending the length of the fruit, in the manner of the French Codlin. Eye pretty large, an inch deep. Stalk half an inch long, strong, not projecting beyond the base. Skin yellow, with a deep blush or pale red on the sunny side. Flesh tender. Juice sugary, with a little acid and a slight perfume. An excellent culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. This is very different from either the Catshead or the French Codlin : the branches are long and strong, and it makes a large wide-spreading tree. 55. JUBILEE PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 400. Fruit above the middle size, two inches and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter, rather conical, with irregular ribs extending from the base to the crown, where it is narrow, and unequally angular. Eye small, with a short connivent calyx, deeply sunk in a narrow compressed hollow. Stalk short, in an uneven funnel*- shaped cavity, not protruding beyond the base. Skin very pale straw or cream colour, almost transparent, sprinkled with several small grey, and, on the sunny side, brownish specks. Flesh white, crisp, with a wide open core. Juice plentiful, sugary, and of a high musky flavour. A dessert and culinary fruit from Michaelmas to Christmas. Raised by Michael Bland, Esq., in his APPLES. 31 garden at Norwich. The seed was sown on the day of the jubilee, 1809; produced fruit in 1818; and first exhibited at the Horticultural Society, October 1 .1822. The tree is now (1830) in a very healthy and flourish- ing state. 56. KESWICK CODLIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 180. Fruit pretty large, somewhat irregularly formed, hav- ing a few obtuse ribs extending from the base to the crown, which is obliquely pentangular. Eye rather large and deep. Stalk short, deeply inserted, not pro- truding beyond the level of the base. Skin pale yellow, a little tinged with blush on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow. Juice plentiful, subacid. A culinary apple from September to November. This very valuable apple is said to have originated in the neighbourhood of Keswick, in Cumberland. Its young fruit may be gathered for tarts in the month of June, when scarcely any other young apple is fit for use. When the young trees are vigorous, the last year's branches are loaded with fruit, while the spurs on the older ones are crowded to excess. This and the Haw- thornden might, with great propriety, be recommended for the poor cottager's garden ; and whoever, as a land- lord, plants them for such a purpose, may be truly deemed the cottager's friend. 57. KING OF THE PIPPINS. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 519- Pom. Mag. t.117. Hampshire Yellow. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 431., ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Fruit above the middle size, inclining to oblong, broadest next the base ; the outline tolerably free from angles, about tw r o inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye large, deep, in an even, very little plaited, hollow. Stalk an inch long, slender, about half inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity. Skin smooth, pale orange yellow, generally tinged with red 3% APPLES. next the sun, and faintly streaked with the same colour. Flesh yellowish white, firm, breaking, very sweet, juicy, and highly flavoured. A very beautiful dessert fruit in November and De- cember. This very excellent apple was brought into notice by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton. It is hardy, and a very plentiful bearer. 58. LONGVILLE'S KERNEL. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 567, Pom. Mag. t. 63. Sam's Crab. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1021., according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle-sized, oval, approaching to conical, rather angular. Eye rather small, with a short erect calyx, somewhat deeply sunk, and surrounded by a few even plaits. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin green- ish yellow, streaked and spotted with bright red. Flesh firm, yellow. Juice perfumed, rich, sweet, pleasantly subacid. A dessert apple from the middle of August to the middle of September. It is said that this apple has originated in Hereford- shire, where it is at present but little known : it is very handsome, and of considerable merit. 59. MANKS CODLIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 183. Irish Pitcher. Ibid. Frith Pitcher. Of some collections. Fruit middle-sized, a little more long than broad, without angles, but at the crown higher on one side than on the other. Eye shallow, surrounded by a few plaits. Stalk rather fleshy. Skin a clear, pale, waxen yellow; on the sunny side, shaded with deep orange, sprinkled with numerous dark specks. Flesh yellowish white, very firm. Juice brisk, subacid, with a slight aromatic flavour. An excellent culinary apple from September to November. 60. NELSON'S CODLIN. Nursery Catalogues. - Fruit about the size of the English Codlin, three APPLES. 33 inches in diameter, and two inches and three quarters deep, broad at the base, slightly angular on the sides, and tapering to the crown which is narrow. Eye very small, with a slender closed calyx, inserted in a narrow, plaited basin. Stalk short, slender, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale lemon colour on the shaded side, with a few green specks imbedded beneath the surface ; on the sunny side, of a bright gold colour. Flesh yellowish white, very tender. Juice a little sac- charine, with a slight acid and a little perfume. A culinary apple in October and November. 61. RYMER APPLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 329. Fruit pretty large,, of an irregular figure, with very broad ribs slightly formed at the base, but very promi- nent at the crown, about two and a half or three inches deep, and three and a quarter or three inches and a half in diameter. Eye open, seated rather deeply in an oblique, uneven, obtusely angled basin. Stalk half an inch long, in a somewhat shallow cavity, not protrud- ing beyond the base. Skin pale yellow, nearly covered with a thin deep salmon colour, and tinged with dull scarlet on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, tender. Juice subacid, with a brisk flavour, which becomes very rich when baked. A culinary apple in November and December. This apple was raised by a gentleman of the name of Rymer, at Thirsk, in Yorkshire. 62. SCARLET PEARMAIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 767. Pom. Mag. t. 62. BelPs Scarlet. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 767. Fruit middle-sized, conical, of the true Pearmain form. Eye middle-sized, deeply sunk, surrounded by small plaits, and crowned by the green persistent calyx. Stalk about an inch long, slender, deeply inserted. Skin a rich glowing crimson on the sunny side ; deep red, D 34 APPLES. with a little yellow intermixed, upon the other. Flesh whitish, crisp. Juice rich, sugary, and pleasant. A very handsome dessert apple from September till December. 63. SOPS OF WINE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1164. Sops in Wine. Ray. (1688). No. 21. Rode Wyn Appel. Knoop. Pom. p. 45 t. 8. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat globular, but narrow at the crown, with a few slight angles on its sides. Eye small, closed by the calyx, and but little depressed. Stalk an inch long, slender. Shin pale yellow, marked and streaked with scarlet, deep red, and blood colour ; on the sunny side, especially near the crown, it is wholly deep red. flesh soft, white, tinctured more or less with pale red to the core. Cells large, open, five- angled. Juice sweet, but not rich. A culinary apple in October and November. 64. SUMMER PEARMAIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 771. Pom. Mag. t. 116. Summer Pearmain. Miller Ed. 8. No. 3. Parmain d'E'te. Knoop, p. 17. t. 2. Royal Pearmain. Mawe, u4bercrombie, Forsytli, and of the London Nurserymen. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, tapering gradually from the base to the crown. Eye small, with a slender and nearly closed calyx, in a broad shallow depression, some- times almost level, very slightly plaited. Stalk short, obliquely inserted, somewhat like a lemon, into a fleshy continuation of the fruit. Skin bright gold colouV, sprinkled all over with numerous minute brown specks ; on the sunny side marbled and streaked with bright orange and scarlet. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, firm. Juice not plentiful, but rich, and of a high aromatic flavour. A most excellent and beautiful dessert apple from October till Christmas. In some seasons, however, it is APPLES. 35 in perfection in September. The branches of this tree are slender, and produce numerous fruit spurs, which render it particularly well adapted for espalier training ; for which purpose it should be grafted on the Doucin stock. 65. TRANSPARENT CODLIN. G. Lind. Cat. 1815. Fruit about the same size as the English codlin, but wider at the base, which is generally about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and narrower at the crown, where it is drawn almost to a blunt point ; its depth is about two inches and a quarter. Eye small, with a short closed calyx, sunk rather deep in an angular, oblique basin. Stalk short and slender, deeply sunk in a wide and deep cavity. Skin smooth, bright lemon, tinged with deep salmon or pale crimson on the sunny side. Flesh very tender ; in some seasons semi- transparent. Juice sugary and well flavoured. A cu- linary fruit from the end of September till November. This very handsome and useful apple was brought into notice about twenty-five years ago by the late Timothy Tompson, Esq. of Norwich. It makes a very handsome spreading tree, and is a most excellent bearer. 66. WILLIAMS'S PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol.i. p. 69. Fruit below the middle size, of a somewhat conical figure, from two to two inches and a half deep, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye hollow, with a leafy persistent calyx. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin pale yellow, a little mottled with pale red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, soft, with a very good and pleasant flavoured juice. Excellent to eat ripe from the tree, baking and roasting well till Christmas. SECT. V. Winter. Round, or nearly so. 67. BEACHAMWELL SEEDLING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 42. Pom. Mag. t. 82. Motteux's Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 42, D 2 36 APPLES. Fruit rather below the middle size, the shape of a small Golden Reinette. Eye small, open, slightly sunk. Stalk half an inch long, moderately thick. Skin pale yellow, slightly tinged with red on the sunny side, and sprinkled with irregular brown spots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, and pleasant. An excellent dessert apple from Novem- ber till April. Raised some years ago by John Motteux, Esq. of Beachamwell, in Norfolk, where the original tree now stands ; it is a hardy sort and a very good bearer. 68. BELLEDGE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 65. Fruit rather below the middle size, round, free from angles, and a little narrowed towards the crown. About two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye rather small, nearly closed by short, acute segments of the calyx, in a round rather well shaped basin, surrounded by very slight obtuse plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, sunk level with the base in a funnel-shaped cavity. Skin pale grass-green, slightly tinged with pale brown where exposed to the sun, the whole interspersed with numerous imbedded grey dots. Flesh tender, crisp, greenish white. Juice plentiful, sugary, with a slight pleasant acid, and a slight aromatic flavour. A neat dessert and culinary apple, from October till Christmas. Described from a fruit grown in the Horticultural Society's Garden, at Chiswick, in 1830. 69. BELLE GUIDELINE. G. Lind. Plan of an Or- chard, 1796. Belle Grisdeline. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 5. Fruit middle sized, of a very regular, and perfectly round figure. Eye sunk in a somewhat deep regularly formed basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin yellow, marbled and shaded on the sunny side with a lively red, intermixed with a thin grey russet. Flesh white, firm, and crisp. Juice brisk and well flavoured. APPLES. 37 A beautiful dessert apple, from November till March. This makes a very handsome middle sized tree, and is a most abundant bearer. It originated in a small gar- den near Surry-street Gates, Norwich, about sixty years ago ; and was first propagated by myself in 1793, when I gave it the above name. The original tree, owing to improper treatment, died about seven years afterwards. 69. * BELVOIR PIPPIN. Hart. Soc. Garden. Fruit small, about the size, and very much the figure, of the Old Golden Pippin : about one inch and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, closed ; the long and almost linear segments of the calyx, in a very shallow depression, surrounded by about fifteen very narrow plaits, three to each segment. Stalk three quar- ters of an inch long, slender, slightly sunk in an open, shallow, funnel-shaped cavity. Skin pale yellow ; on the sunny side spotted and tinged with brownish crim- son, and having a portion of thin russet round the stalk. Flesh pale yellow, firm, crisp, very tender and delicate. Juice saccharine, mixed with a slight brisk acid, rich, and very highly flavoured. A dessert apple, in perfection in November and De- cember. This beautiful and very excellent little apple was sent me October 12, 1830, by John Motteux, Esq. of Beach- amwell, in Norfolk. It appears to have originated from the Old Golden Pippin, in the garden of Sir John Thoroton, and to have improved even upon that favour- ite variety. It ought to be grafted upon the Doucin stock, and trained in the garden either as an open dwarf, or as an espalier. ' No. 69. is inserted twice in consequence of the Belvoir Pippin having been sent me after the numerical arrangement had been completed. D 3 38 APPLES. 70. BIGGS'S NONESUCH. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 70. Fruit middle sized, in shape and general appear- ance somewhat like the Nonesuch, but broader at the base ; moderately depressed about the foot-stalk, and very hollow at the crown, where the segments of the calyx remain long, and rolled back. Stalk one quarter of an inch within the base. Skin gold colour, on the side next the sun dashed with long, broad, scarlet gtripes. Flesh soft, pale yellow. Juice very good, and excellent to eat as soon as gathered off the tree. A culinary apple also, from October to December. 71. BIRMINGHAM PIPPIN. Nursery Catalogues. Brummage Pippin, 1 ** > f\T QfllYVtff /\rV/VQ0t"}0V f* TV t VT biJliltj J.\ U/I oo/ too. (jrrummage Pippin, J J Fruit small, about six inches in circumference, nearly globular, a little flattened at the crown, and having somewhat the appearance of a Golden Pippin. Eye small. Stalk very short, inserted in a very shallow cavity. Skin pale green when fresh gathered, becom- ing pale yellow, spotted and marbled with a thin russet. Flesh very hard and firm, pale green. Juice sub-acid, of a pleasant flavour. A very neat dessert apple, from December to June. This apple is supposed to be of Warwickshire origin, and is to be found in different parts of England under various names. It makes but a small tree. The branches are short and very stout, and its fruit is of a greater specific variety than any other apple with which I am acquainted. 72. BLENHEIM PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 81. Pom. Mag. t. 28. Blenheim Orange. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 81. Woodstock Pippin. Ib. Fruit large, of a roundish figure, rather broadest at the base, two and a half to three inches deep, and three to four inches across the widest part. Eye very hollow APPLES. 39 and open, but slightly angular. Skin yellowish, stained on the sunny side with dull red, intermixed with streaks of deeper colour. Flesh yellow, breaking, sweet, juicy, extremely pleasant, and high flavoured. A dessert apple from November till March. This is one of the largest of our table apples. It was raised in a garden belonging to a baker at Old Woodstock, near Oxford, a short distance from Blenheim. 73. BORSDORFF. Knoop. Pom. p. 56. 1. 10. Borsdorffer. Ib. Reinette batarde. Ib. Postophe d'Hiver. Bon. Jard. 1827. P- 323. Postdoff. Ib. Bursdoff, or Queen's Apple. Forsytli, Ed. 3. No. 15. Fruit below the middle size, of a roundish figure, rather narrower at the crown than the base. Eye small, a little sunk. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin pale yellow, marked with various ramifications of a grey rus- setted network, interspersed with a few dark-coloured specks ; when fully exposed to the sun it is of a beau- tiful brilliant red, extending nearly round its base. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp. Juice sugary, with a singularly musky perfume. A dessert apple from November till February. This is a German apple of very excellent quality. The fruit from which this account was written, was brought from Leipsic in January, 1798. , It was a great favo- rite with Queen Charlotte, who had it imported for her annually, and appears to have been introduced into this country soon after her arrival in 1761. 74. BRICKLEY SEEDLING. Pom. Mag. t. 124. Fruit about the size of the Scarlet Nonpareil ; round- ish, becoming a little narrower towards the crown. Eye small, open, placed in an evenly-formed, not very deep depression. Stalk short, inserted in a rather large, even cavity. Skin red next the sun, and a deep yellow D 4 40 APPLES. on the shaded size, towards which the red breaks off in slight streaks. Flesh firm, yellowish, sugary, rich and of excellent quality. A very handsome dessert apple from December till May. The tree is very hardy, and a profuse bearer, either as a standard or dwarf, highly deserving of cul- tivation. 75. BRINGEWOOD PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. 107. Fruit small sized, somewhat globular, about six inches and a half in circumference, every way, with a narrow flat crown. Eye very small and open, divested of its calyx. Stalk half an inch long, somewhat protruded beyond the base. Skin bright gold-colour, full of pearly specks ; on the sunny side a few russetty stripes and specks near the edge. Flesh very firm, crisp, somewhat dry. Juice saccharine, of a highly perfumed, aromatic flavour. A very neat and most excellent dessert apple from October till March. Raised by Mr. Knight, of Down- ton Castle, from a seed of the Golden Harvey which had been impregnated by the pollen of the Old Golden Pippin. 76. CANADIAN REINETTE. Pom. Mag. t. 77- Reinette de Canada. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 868. Bon.Jard. 1827. P- 325. Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre. Duliam. No. 1. t. 12. f. 5. Reinette de Canada blanche. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 868. Reinette Grosse de Canada. Ib. Reinette de Canada a Cotes. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 869". Reinette de Caen. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 867, ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Portugal apple. Ib. No. 803. Janurea. Ib. No. 489. Mela Janurea, of the Ionian Islands. Fruit large, broad and flat ; about three inches and a half in diameter, and three inches deep. Eye rather APPLES. 41 open, with a short calyx, in a tolerable cavity surrounded with prominent ribs, which pass halfway down the sides to the base. Stalk short, in a wide spreading cavity. >'/r//i rich, greenish yellow, tinged slightly with brown on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, with a high, brisk, sub-acid flavour. An excellent des- sert fruit in December, and keeps well till March. Mr. Hooker observes, in the Horticultural Transac- tions, Vol. ii. p. 299. that the Canadian Reinette is fre- quently sold in the shops in London for the Newtown Pippin. It varies very much in figure, in conse- quence of which several varieties have been formed out of one. The fruit from late blossoms, is much less an- gular than those from early ones, in which the ribs are very distinctly marked ; hence the Reinette de Canada a Cotes. 77- CAROLINE APPLE. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 66. Fruit above the middle size, globular. Eye small, in a rather confined hollow, round which are prominent plaits. Stalk very short, surrounded by a little russet. Skin fine rich yellow, broadly streaked with red. Flesh firm, with a brisk juice and high flavour. A most excellent culinary apple from November till February. Its name originated from Caroline, the lady of the late Lord Suffield, of Blickling and Gunton Hall, in Norfolk. 77-* CONTIN REINETTE. Hort. TVa/w.Vol. vii. p. 339. This is a small handsome fruit, of a deep dull yel- low, richly painted with red on the exposed side, and a little marked with russet about the stalk. The flesh is firm, rather yellow, not particularly juicy, yet highly flavoured, with a little agreeable acid. In season, in Ross-shire, from the end of November till the end of January. Raised by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, in his garden at Coul, near Dingwall, an 42 APPLES. account of which is given by him, along with the Ki- nellan Apple and Tarvey Codlin, in a paper, dated March 12. 1827- 78. CORNISH AROMATIC. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 74. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 203. Pom. Mag. t. 58. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat angular towards the eye, which is sunken and small, with a very short calyx. Stalk short, in a deep contracted cavity. Skin on the shaded side, covered with a soft brownish russet, sprinkled with pale brown dots on the sunny side, of a rich, deep bright red, slightly intermixed with russet, and sprinkled with a few lemon-coloured dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, with an exceedingly rich, high, aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till February. This most excellent variety appears to have been first brought into notice by Sir Christopher Hawkins, in the communication to the Horticultural Society cited above, who says it has been known in Cornwall for years. It is highly deserving of cultivation, and cannot be too generally known. 79. COURT OF WICK PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 219- Pom. Mag. t. 32. Court de Wick. Hooker. Pom. Lond. t. 32. Fry's Pippin, Golden Drop, Knight wick Pippin, Phillips's Reinette, Of various Nurseries, ^ according to the Pom. Mag. Wood's Huntingdon, Wood's Transparent Pippin, - Fruit below the middle size, about twice as large as a Golden Pippin, ovate, flat at either end, with no traces of angles or plaits at the eye. Eye large, open, with a reflexed calyx, in a shallow depression. Stalk short, slender. Skin greenish yellow in the shade, bright orange, with small russetty brown spots where exposed, sometimes slightly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh APPLES. 43 pale yellow, mixed with green, when first gathered ; be- coming deep yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, and highly flavoured when fully ripe. A dessert apple from October till April. This most excellent and beautiful little apple origi- ginated from a seed of the Golden Pippin at Court de Wick, as it was fornlerly written, in Somersetshire. Throughout this, and indeed throughout almost all the western counties, it is held in the highest estimation as a table fruit. The trees grow to a good size, are very hardy, standing in some places the most severe blasts from the Welsh mountains, and there bearing in the greatest abundance, becoming the most perfectly ripened of their orchard fruits. It cannot have too extensive a cultivation. 80. COURTPENDU. Pom. Mag. t. 66. Capendu. Duham. Vol. i. p. 315. 1. 13. Courtpendu. Noisette Manuel, p. 548. Courtpendu Plat. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 211. Garnon's Apple. Nursery Catalogues. Fruit middle sized, round, depressed, without any trace of angles. Eye large, open, in a wide shallow basin. Stalk short, very deeply inserted, rarely pro- jecting beyond the base of the fruit. Skin deep red next the sun, greenish yellow on the shaded side. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich, lively, agreeable flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. This is one of the handsomest and best of our table apples. It is of French origin, but how long it has been in this country is uncertain. There are a few trees of it growing at Garnons, the seat of Sir J. G. Cotterell, Bart., near Hereford, which were planted ten or fifteen years ago ; they are very hardy, handsome, and upright in their growth, and very excellent bearers. Its fruit possesses so many good qualities, that it ought to be introduced into every good collection in England. 44 APPLES. 81. DUMELOW'S SEEDLING. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 529. Dumelow's Crab. Ib. Wellington Apple. Ib. Fruit above the middle size, round, flattened at both ends. Eye large and open, rather deeply sunk. Stalk very short. Skin clear yellow, with a blush of light red where exposed to the sun ; the whole surface sprinkled with small brown spots. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a brisk acid juice. An excellent culinary apple from November to April. Raised some years ago by a Mr.Dumelow, a nursery- man near Derby. It is well known in the counties of Derby, Lancaster, and Nottingham, by the name of Dumelow's Crab. Its fruit was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society, in 1820. 82. DUTCH MIGNONNE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 70. Pom. Mag. t. 84. Christ's Golden Reinette. Taschenb. p. 405. Reinette Doree. Mayer. Pom. Franc, t. xxx. Pomme de Laak. Stoffels, and Thouin, according to the Pom. Mag. Paternoster Apple. Audibert. -Fruit above the middle size*, very regularly formed, rather narrower at the crown than at the base. Eye generally close, deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long, slender, deeply inserted. Skin dull yellow, sprinkled with nu- merous, small, russetty, green, and white spots ; on the sunny side of a rich, deep, dull red, streaked and mot- tled. Flesh very firm, crisp. Juice plentiful, with a delicious aromatic, sub-acid flavour. A dessert apple from November till May or June. * I have now by me, October 1830, a fruit of this apple, grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, which measures three inches and a quarter deep, and four inches in diameter. APPLES. 45 This very valuable apple was brought from Holland into the neighbourhood of Norwich by the late Thomas Harvey, Esq., and planted in his garden at Catton about fifty years ago, where two or three of the trees are now growing, and in the possession of Thomas Cobbold, Esq. They are very hardy, and bear abun- dant crops. The Copmanthorpe Crab, mentioned in the Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 315, has been said to be the same as this. A closer examination of the two may possibly set this opinion aside ; as it appears improbable that an apple raised within a few miles of York, should have been so extensively, so well, and so long known on the con- tinent. 83. EASTER PIPPIN. G. Lind. Cat. 1815. French Crab. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 49. Hort. Soc. Cat. 348. Claremont Pippin, Ironstone Pippin, ^ of some Gardens. Young's Long Keeping, Fruit middle-sized, somewhat globular, about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in diameter, perfectly free from angles on its sides. Eye small, almost closed, flat, surrounded by a few very small, angular, crumpled plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted, not protruding beyond the base. Skin rather thick, deep clear green, with numerous white dots interspersed ; on the sunny side, shaded with a pale livid brown ; but the whole becomes yellow with keeping. Flesh very hard, pale green, or yellowish white. Juice not plentiful, sub-acid, with a slight aro- matic flavour. An excellent culinary apple, from No- vember till the November following. This appears to have been an imported variety ; it has been known in this country at least forty years, and is sold in many nurseries by the name of French Crab. }; b 46 APPLES. What this appellation has to do with it, or why it was given, I am at a loss to imagine ; since it has no more the appearance of a crab, in any one respect, than any other apple in our collections. Such a misnomer ought to be abolished as most absurd. The name of Easter Pippin was suggested to me more than twenty years ago by the late Dr. Rigby of Norwich, whose high pro- fessional acquirements and classical taste, ranked him among the first men of his time. It is a most valuable fruit, of great specific gravity, a most hardy tree, an abundant bearer, and keeps longer than any other apple I have ever met with. I had some perfectly sound, and very firm fruit of it, in March 1822, which were grown in 1820 : the colour then was that of a pale orange. 84. EMBROIDERED PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. (7a. No.302. Fenouillet Jaime. Duhamel, No. 12. Drap d'Or. Duhamel, No. 12. Knoop. Pom. p. 59- 1. 10. Pomme de Caractere. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat globular, about two inches and a half deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter ; a little broader at the base than the crown ; and regularly formed without angles. Eye small, a little depressed. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin greenish white when first gathered, turning to a bright yellow, strongly marked with a sort of broken ramified net-work of deep grey russet, hence the last synonyme from Knoop. Flesh white, somewhat tough, and, with keeping, elastic. Juice not plentiful, but saccharine, and of an excellent and singularly perfumed flavour. A dessert apple from December to April. This is a very excellent apple, of foreign origin, very hardy, and an abundant bearer ; it requires to be well ripened upon the tree, otherwise it is apt to be clung, tough, and leathery. AtPLES. 47 85. EYER'S GREENING. G. LindL Plan of an Or- chard, 1796. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat round flattish figure. Eye large and hollow. Skin pale green, tinged with brown on the sunny side, and thinly spotted with grey russetty specks. Flesh pale green, firm, with a sweetish sub-acid juice. A dessert and culinary apple from No- vember till March. 86. FAIL-ME-NEVER. Nursery Catalogues. Never-fail. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 629. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat flat, with five prominent narrow ribs surrounding the crown. Eye small, with the segments of the calyx closed, seated in a shallow, deeply plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, not protruding beyond the base. Skin red, shaded with a deeper colour, and full of small russetty specks. Flesh white. Juice sugary and of a pretty good flavour. A culinary apple from November till March. This is said to be a Scottish apple. It is a small growing tree, very hardy, and an abundant bearer. 87- FEARN'S PIPPIN. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 43. Pom. Mag. t. 67. Fruit middle-sized, round, and flattened. Eye large, shallow, with scarcely any appearance of plaiting. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin deep red on the exposed side, with numerous whitish dots ; on the shaded side greenish yellow, partially tinged with brownish red. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, rich and pleasant. A dessert apple from November till March. This very handsome and excellent apple has been known in the London nurseries but a few years. It makes a handsome tree, is very hardy, and an abundant bearer. It highly deserves an extended cultivation. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 67. and Vol. ii. p. 103. 88. FENOUILLET ROUGE. Duhamel, No. 11. t. 6. Bardin. Ib. 48 APPLES. Courtpendu de la Quintinye. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, of a regular round, flattish figure, about two inches deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye shallow. Stalk very short, scarcely a quarter of an inch long, and sunk in a small cavity. Skin somewhat grey, deeply coloured with red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, with a rich, highly-flavoured, sugary juice. A very handsome dessert apple from December to January. 89. FULWOOD. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 351. Fruit large, of an uneven figure, with broad irregular ribs on its sides, three inches and a half in diameter, and two inches and a half deep. Eye rather large, closed, not deep, surrounded by four or five broad obtuse plaits. Stalk short, slender, deeply inserted in a narrow, un- even cavity. Skin grass-green, freckled with red specks ; on the sunny side stained with deep salmon-colour, and dashed with broken stripes of dull, dark, muddy red. Flesh pale green, or greenish white, very firm and crisp. Juice plentiful, slightly saccharine, with a very brisk acid, and slight pleasant perfume. A culinary apple, from November till March or April. This very much resembles the Striped Beaufin in shape and colour, but is materially different. It is not quite so large, a little more flat, has a closed eye, a much firmer flesh, a more abundant juice, and a much higher flavour. It is supposed to have originated v at Fulwood, near Sheffield ; or Fulwood, near Preston, in Lancashire. 90. GOGAR PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 370. Fruit rather small, round, and somewhat flat, about two inches and a quarter broad, and one inch and three quarters deep. Eye small, with a short closed calyx, placed in a round shallow basin. Stalk APPLES. 49 short, slender, inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity, not protruding beyond the base. Skin rather thick and tough, of a pale green, changing to a bright yellow ; on the sunny side of a beautiful bright and lively red. Flesh yellowish white, pretty firm. Juice sub-acid, combined with a little sugar, but without any particular perfume. A culinary apple, from November till May. A very handsome Scotch apple, from Gogar, near Edinburgh. Specimens of this were given me by Mrs. Mackie, from her nursery, near Norwich. 91. GOLDEN HARVEY. Pom. Heref. t. 22. Pom. Mag. t. 39. Brandy Apple. Forsyth, Ed. 7. p. 95. Fruit small, quite round, generally about five inches in circumference, and free from angles or irregularities of surface. Eye small, open ; the segments of the calyx narrow, very short and diverging, placed in a flat, very shallow, slightly-crumpled basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, not protruding beyond the base. Skin dull russet, with a bright yellow ground, often breaking through the russet in patches, and marbled on the sunny side with a lively shaded red. Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, very rich, juicy, spicy, and high flavoured. A most excellent and beautiful dessert apple, ripening in December, and keeping till May or June. The tree is not a large grower, but very hardy ; a great and constant bearer, and no garden, capable of con- taining ten trees, ought to be without one of it. 92. GOLDEN NOBLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 524. Fruit of a pretty large size, round, becoming a little pointed towards the crown. Eye small, not deeply sunk, surrounded by several small plaits. Stalk quite short, and thickened like that of the Kerry Pippin. Skin perfectly smooth, of a clear bright yellow, without any blush of red ; but having a few small reddish spots, 50 APPLES. and generally two or three small patches of russet, Flesh yellow, tender, with a pleasant sub-acid juice. A culinary apple from November till March. It bakes of a fine, clear amber colour, perfectly melt- ing, with a rich acidity. An old tree of it is growing in the neighbourhood of Downham Market, in Norfolk, from which specimens of the fruit were exhibited at the Horticultural Society, in 1820. 93. GOLDEN REINETTE. Pom. Mag. i. 69. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 26. Atirore, Yellow German Reinette, English Pippin, of some foreign col- lections, according to the Pom. Mag. Wyker Pippin, Fruit below the middle size, roundish, depressed, Eye large, open, seated in a broad shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, moderately thick. Skin usually smooth* with a few minute russetty spots ; in the shade greenish yellow, changing to a golden yellow, with a dull red eheek slightly streaked with brighter red. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich sugary juice. A beautiful and most excellent dessert apple, from October to February. This has been many years in our gardens. It is bet- ter known and more common in the London markets than in any other part of England. It is highly de- serving of cultivation. 94. GREEN NEWTOWN PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cqt- No. 636. Fruit middle-sized, about two inches or two and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half or twa and three quarters in diameter, tapering a little from the base to the crown, where it is terminated by five obtuse but prominent angles. Eye small, closed by the segments of the calyx, moderately sunk in a narrow plaited basin. Stalk one inch long, slender, inserted in a APPLES. 51 narrow deep cavity. Skin thick, dark green quite round the fruit, mottled with pale green at the base, where it has a dull dark olive colour surrounding the stalk. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, with a brisk acid, and a slight aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from December till May or June. Lately sent to this country by David Hosack, M. D. of New York. 95. HOLLAND PIPPIN. Miller, No. 8. Fruit above the middle size, of a somewhat square figure, being nearly as broad at the crown as the base, and a little angular on its sides, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, sunk in a narrow regularly plaited basin. Stalk short, rather deeply sunk in a wide funnel-shaped cavity. Skin greenish yellow, interspersed with a few green dots, and tinged with pale dingy brown on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, pretty firm, tender. Juice sub-acid, mixed with a good deal of sugar, and a slight perfume. A culinary apple from November till January. 96. KIRKE'S LORD NELSON. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 570. Fruit above the middle size, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter, of a very regular shape, and nearly free from angles, not much unlike the Emperor Alexander Apple, particularly at the crown, where it is narrowed. Eye open, with a short recurved calyx, in a moderately deep basin, surrounded by a few puckered plaits. Stalk short, slender. Skin clear, pale yellow, deeply tinged with red towards the base ; on the sunny side of a vivid red, streaked with a deeper colour, with a few small dark spots near the eye. Flesh yellowish white, firm. Juice plentiful, of a pleasant aromatic flavour. A beautiful dessert and culinary apple from November to January. 52 APPLES. This had its name given to it by Mr. Kirke, who re- ceived it from abroad some years ago, without any name being attached to it. 97 LONDON PIPPIN. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 67. Five-crowned Pippin. Forsyih y Ed. 3. No. 99. Fruit middle-sized, about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep, having five regularly formed, equidistant ribs, slightly marked at tire base, progressively increasing to the crown, where they are acute and prominent. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, somewhat shallow. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin clear, pale yellowish green, becoming pale lemon, of a dull red where exposed to the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, of a yel- lowish white. Juice plentiful, sub-acid, of a good flavour. A culinary sort from October till January. This is a real Norfolk apple ; the most common and best known of any in the Norwich market. The tree is a small grower, and an excellent bearer. 98. LUCOMBE'S SEEDLING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 575- Pom. Mag. t. 109. Fruit pretty large, roundish, slightly angular, con- tracted at the eye, which is small, and surrounded with small plaits. Stalk short, thick, in a moderately deep cavity. Skin pale, greenish yellow, spotted with innu- merable black and green specks ; on the sunny side very distinctly dashed w r ith a vivid carmine over a ground spotted with the same colour, only more faint. Flem whitish, firm, juicy, and agreeable, but not high flavoured. A very handsome culinary fruit from October till February or March. Raised by Mr. Lucombe, of Exeter, to whom we are indebted also for the well known Lucombe's Oak. 99. MALCARLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 259- t.7. Charles Apple. Ib. APPLES. 63 Mela Carla. Pomona Italiana, Vol. i. p. 1. t. 1. Fruit nearly round, inclining to ovate, with a very regular outline, about the size of a Golden Reinette. Eye small, destitute of angles, and rather deeply sunk, with a closed calyx. Stalk an inch long, slender, inserted in a small deep cavity. Skin of a delicate waxen texture, without spots, except a very faint mottling of green appearing through the skin near the eye ; pale clear yellow on the shaded side, and brilliant crimson next the sun, the two colours scarcely melting into each other, but separating rather abruptly. Flesh white, tender, very delicate, sweet, with a delicate perfume, like that of roses, which is sensibly perceived before the fruit is cut open. Ripe in September, and will keep till the spring. This description is taken from fruit sent from Turin to the Horticultural Society, and exhibited the 18th of December, 1827. The Malcarle is a native of the territory of Finale, in Liguria. It is an important article of trade in the whole Genoese territory, and of exportation to Nice, Marseilles, Barcelona, and Cadiz. The climate of the Italian territory is so entirely different from that of England, that we cannot expect the delicate, Malcarle should succeed here, unless trained against a south or south-east wall, and in a warm and kind soil. Its great beauty in the dessert renders it an interesting object of cultivation. 100. MARGIL. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 33. Hort. Soc. Cat. 589. Pom. Mag. t. 36. Fruit small, ovate, about two inches or two and a half deep, and one inch and a half or two inches in diameter. Eye small, angular, as are also the sides. Stalk short. Skin light bright orange, streaked and mottled with rich red and brown, occasionally a little russetty. Flesh yellow, firm, breaking. Juice sweet, with a high aro- matic flavour. E 3 54) APPLES. A dessert fruit from November till March. This very excellent apple has been many years known all over England, and has no doubt originated here, as it has not been recognised in any foreign publication. It is a hardy tree, and a very excellent bearer. 101. MINCHALL CRAB. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 114. Minshull Crab. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 609. Fruit above the middle size, round, somewhat flat- tened, with a few obtuse angles on its sides, about two and a half inches deep, and three or three and a half inches in diameter. Eye rather large, open, with a very short calyx, placed in a flat shallow basin, sur- rounded by a few rather slight obtuse plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity, one half of which protrudes beyond the base. Flesh almost white, firm. Juice smart, sub-acid. A culinary apple from November till March. This apple derives its name from a village in Cheshire, where it is a great favourite. It is common in all the principal markets of that and the adjoining counties, and is particularly abundant in that of Manchester. 102. MINIER'S DUMPLING. Hort. ZVa/wr. Vol. i. p. 70. Fruit large, from three to three inches and a half in diameter, but not so deep ; contracted at the crown, depressed, and swelled into a few imperfect angles on its sides. Stalk an inch long, rather thick. Skin deep green, striped with a still deeper on the shaded side, and of a dark red next the sun. Flesh firm. Juice plentiful, sub-acid, with a very pleasant flavour. A very good culinary apple from November till May. 103. NEWTOWN PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 635. American Newtown Pippin. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, rather flat, and somewhat irre- gular in its outline, having broad, obtuse, unequal ribs, which increase from the base, becoming more prominent at the crown ; about two inches and a quarter deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye open, with a very short APPLES. 55 slender calyx, which leaves the eye nearly naked, deeply sunk in a somewhat oblique cavity. Stalk half an inch long, slender, wholly sunk within the base, in a wide, fun- nel-shaped cavity. Skin of a dull green, changing to an olive yellow, becoming more yellow as it acquires matu- rity, having a thin russet covering the greatest part of the base. Flesh pale yellow, or yellowish white, firm. Juice saccharine, and possessing an exceedingly rich and highly aromatic flavour. In eating from December till April. The specimen from which this description is written was grown in the Horticultural Society's garden, at Chiswick, in 1830, and may be relied upon as the true Newtown Pippin, although several other apples are sold under this name ; the Canadian Reinette particularly. 104. NEWTOWN SPITZEMBERG. Pom. Mag. t. 144. Newtown Spitzemberg. Coze's View, p. 126., ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Matchless, Hort. Soc. Cat. 597j according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle sized, depressed, globular, not angular, bearing much resemblance in shape to a Nonesuch, about two inches and a quarter deep, and three inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye open, in a moderate- sized basin, very little plaited. Stalk short, rather thick, inserted in a tolerably deep cavity. Skin pale yellow, with a tinge of green where shaded, and of a reddish colour streaked with darker next the sun. Towards the crown, in particular, the skin is set with whitish spots. Flesh firm, yellowish, rich, and very good. A dessert kind from November till the end of January. This very beautiful apple is of American origin, and has been sold by Mr. Cobbett under the name of the Matchless Apple. It is well deserving of cultivation. 105. NORFOLK BEAUFIX. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 45. Norfolk Beefin. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 124. E 4 56 APPLES. Fruit pretty large, of a somewhat irregular flattish figure, and having a few broad obtuse angles extending from the base to the crown, generally about three inches in diameter, and two inches and a half or two inches and three quarters deep. Eye large, deep, surrounded by irregular plaits. Stalk half an inch long, fleshy, deeply inserted. Skin deep green, with livid red, nearly round the fruit, but deepest on the sunny side. Flesh very firm. Juice not plentiful, sub-acid. A culinary apple from November till May or June. The Beaufin, undoubtedly a Norfolk apple, is a fruit of great merit. Independently of its general use in the kitchen, it furnishes a luxury at the table as a sweetmeat throughout the winter. Many thousands of these apples are dried by the bakers in Norwich, annually, and sent in boxes as presents to all parts of the kingdom, where they are universally admired. The trees, being some- what tender, require to be planted on a good soil and in a warm situation, otherwise they are apt to canker and become short lived. 106. REINETTE FRANCHE. Duhamel, No. 22. Reinette Tranche. Knoop. Pom. p. 53. t. 9- Fruit pretty large, of a flattish figure, about three inches and a quarter in diameter at its base, and two inches and a half deep. Eye small, rather deep, sur- rounded by some broad plaits, the termination of rather obscure ribs, from the sides of the fruit. Stalk thick, short, deeply inserted. Skin smooth, pale yellow when ripe, marked with numerous russetty specks and patches, which ramify thinly over a good part of the surface. Flesh yellowish white, firm. Juice saccharine and highly flavoured. A dessert apple from November to February. lOy. ROBINSON'S PIPPIN. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 176. Hooker. Pom. Lond. t. 42. Fruit about the size of a Golden Pippin, oval, flat- ATPLES. 57 tened at both extremities. Eye well formed, open, sunk in a broad but very shallow hollow. Stalk short, slender. Skin green, approaching to brownish yellow where fully exposed, with a large portion of russet brown, particularly round the eye. Flesh greenish, breaking, tender. Juice plentiful, partaking of the flavour of both a Golden Pippin and Nonpareil. The fruit is generally produced in clusters at the ends of the branches, often eight or ten together. A very neat and excellent dessert apple from Decem- ber till May. This has long been cultivated in His Majesty's gardens at Kew, under its present name. 108. STRIPED BEAUFIN. G. Lind. Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Fruit large, of an uneven outline, with broad ir- regular ribs on its sides, about three inches and three quarters in diameter, and three inches deep. Eye large, open, in a deep and wide irregular obtuse-angled basin. Stalk half an inch long, deeply inserted in a wide uneven cavity. Skin green, tinged with dull sal- mon colour, mottled, and covered with broken stripes and dashes of dull red all round the fruit. Flesh firm, pale greenish white. Juice quick, slightly sub-acid. A culinary fruit from October till May. I found a large tree of this sort in 1794, growing in the garden of the late William Crowe, Esq., at Lakenham, near Nor- wich, a fruit of which I gathered, measuring twelve inches and a half in circumference, and weighing twelve ounces and a half avoirdupoise. It is a very excellent apple, and, being very hardy, deserves culti- vation. 109. WINTER BROADIXC. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 66. Broad-end. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 108. Fruit middle-sized, globular, flattened at both ends. 58 APPLES. Eye placed in a small narrow basin. Stalk very short, deeply inserted. Skin pale green, with a tinge of faint brownish red on the sunny side. Flesh white, mixed with green. Juice sub-acid, but pleasant. A good culinary apple from Michaelmas till Christmas. A Norfolk apple, well known in the Norwich market. 110. WINTER COLMAN. O.Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 66. Norfolk Coleman. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 683. Norfolk Storing. Forty th, Ed. 3. No. 126. Fruit rather large, of a round and rather flattish figure, nearly as broad at the crown as the base ; gene- rally about three inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a half deep. Eye open, rather nar- row, not deep, surrounded by several pretty regular plaits. Stalk short, thick, inserted quite within the base. Skin bright deep red next the sun, pale yellow freckled with red on the shaded side. Flesh firm, crisp, with a smart sub-acid juice. A culinary apple from November till March. The Colman is a Norfolk apple of a very excellent quality for kitchen use. The wood is very strong, and the trees grow to a large size, are very hardy, and good bearers. 111. WINTER MAJETIN. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol.iv. p. 68. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1170. Fruit somewhat resembling the London Pippin in form, having prominent ribs round the crown, but it is a little more oval. Eye small, closed, rather deeply sunk in a narrow basin, surrounded by five deep and prominent plaits or knobby angles. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, one half of which is within a wide funnel-shaped cavity. Skin dull green, with a tinge of brownish red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, and resembles that of the Easter Pippin in texture and flavour. APPLES. 59 A culinary apple from November till March. This is another Norfolk apple, well known in the Norwich market. It is one of the most hardy sorts in the county, and a never-failing bearer. The aphis lamgera, a white meally insect, so de- structive to most of our old orchard trees, appears to be set at defiance by the Majetin. An old tree now growing in a garden belonging to Mr William Young- man, of Norwich, which had been grafted about three feet high in the stem, has been for many years attacked by this insect below the grafted part, but never above it, the limbs and branches being to this day perfectly free, although all the other trees in the same garden have been infested more or less with it. Mr, Knight's Sibe- rian Bitter-sweet Apple appears to possess the same property of resisting the attacks of these formidable and widely increasing depredators. 112. WINTER QUEENING. G.Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 70. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 833. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat globular, equally broad each way, obscurely five-angled on its sides. Eye large, placed in a shallow basin. Stalk very short, not deeply inserted. Skin pale green, or greenish yellow ; but w r here exposed to the sun, of a deep red, mixed with russet, and striped towards the base. Flesh white, with a mixture of green, firm. Juice sub-acid, with a slight aromatic flavour. A culinary apple from November till March. The Queening is an old apple, known to Ray in 1668. It forms a large handsome tree, is very hardy, and a great bearer. 113. WINTER W T HITE CALVILLE. Calville Blanche d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 3. t. 2. Jard. Fruit, t. 49- Bonnet Carre. Ib. Fruit large, of a flattish figure, with broad, uneven 60 APPLES. ribs on its sides, about three inches and a half in dia- meter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye small, in a wide, deep, obtuse-angled basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, deeply inserted. Skin smooth, yellowish green ; when fully ripe, it is of a bright yellow, and tinged with a lively red on the sunny side. Flesh white and tender, with a very pleasant juice. A culinary apple from December till March. '114. YORKSHIRE GREENING. Forsyth,E'd.3. No.197. Hort. Soc. Cat. 1191. Fruit pretty large, of a flattish figure, two inches and a half deep, and three inches a half in diameter, having a few slight undefined ribs on its sides. Eye flat, closed by the calyx, seated in a very shallow, unequally plaited bason. Stalk short, thick, woolly, inserted in a wide, flat, uneven cavity. Skin dull, dark green, slightly tinged with muddy, pale brown, interspersed with broken stripes and dashes of dull red quite round the upper part of the fruit, and partly covered with a meally white all over the base. Flesh greenish white, firm. Juice plentiful, smart acid, without perfume. A most excellent culinary apple from November till April. SECT. VI. Winter. Conical or Oblong. 115. ADAMS'S PEARMAIN. Pom. Mag. t. 133. Norfolk Pippin, of Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 685., ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Fruit above the middle size, very handsome, Pear- main shaped, somewhat conical, not angular, about two inches and three quarters deep, two inches and a half diameter at the base, and one inch and a quarter at the crown. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, placed in a very narrow, regular, slightly plaited basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, one half pro- APPLES. 61 jecting beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, covered with a thin grey russet ; on the sunny side of a deeper yellow, tinged with salmon colour, having a few thin, slightly striped patches of a deeper colour, sprinkled with whitish spots near the base. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, rich, with a very high aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till February. This is a very handsome and most excellent apple, and highly deserving of cultivation. It is well adapted for grafting on the Doucin stock, and for training in the garden as an espalier. 116. ^SOPUS SPITZEMBERG. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 401. Fruit large, oblong. Stalk of moderate length, placed in a deep cavity, and projecting a little beyond the base. Skin smooth, of a lively brilliant red, ap- proaching to scarlet, with numerous small yellow spots. Flesh yellow, very rich, juicy, and brisk. Ripe about Christmas. A most excellent apple of American origin ; it is said to be of ^Esopus, in Ulster county. It is plenti- fully cultivated at Livingston's manor, in Columbia county, in the state of New York. It is too tender to succeed in this country, without the assistance of a south or an east wall. Some very fine fruit from a south wall at Sacomb Park, in Hertfordshire, were exhibited at the Horticultural Society of London, October 15.1821. 117. BALTIMORE. Hort. Trans. V. iii. p. 120. t. 4. Fruit very large, in form something like the Alex- ander, but more flat. Eye large, open, and deep, surrounded by a few obtuse plaits. Skin pale lemon colour, covered with a very thin grey russet, especially near the eye, and tinged with a pale salmon-coloured blush on the sunny side. Flesh very good, and close at the core. 62 APPLES. Raised in the garden of Mr. Smith, near the city of Baltimore, in America, and brought into Liverpool by Captain George Hobson, of the Belvidere, of Baltimore, in 1817* One of its fruit fourteen inches and three quarters in circumference, and four inches in height, weighed one pound seven ounces and a half avoirdupoise. 118. BARCELONA PEARMAIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 747. Pom. Mag. t. 85. Glace Rouge. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 365. Kleiner Casseler Reinette. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 913., according to the Pom. Mag. Speckled Golden Reinette. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 933., according to the Pom. Mag. Reinette Rouge, ~\ Reinette Rousse, I of various collections. Reinette des Carmes, J Fruit middle-sized, oval, not angular, rather long, with a small shallow eye, the divisions of the calyx acute, erect. Stalk short, usually a little thickened on one side. Skin uneven, with numerous irregular russet spots ; on the sunny side of a deep warm red, on the other a brownish yellow. Flesh firm, inclining to yellowish, with a rich aromatic but slight agreeable acid. A dessert apple from November till February. This apple is of foreign origin, but has been for several years known in this country. It is a very good bearer, and deserves to be more extensively cultivated. 119. BAXTER'S PEARMAIN. G. Lind. in Hor{. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 67. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 748. Fruit pretty large, of a longish figure, nearly as broad at the crown as the base, having a few obtuse slight angles, extending the length of the fruit. Eye small, a little hollowed. Stalk half an inch long, rather stout. Skin a light green, a little coloured with faint red on the sunny side. Flesh firm. Juice saccharine, and well flavoured. APPLES. 63 A culinary apple from November till March. This is a real Norfolk apple, in general cultivation throughout the county. It makes a large tree, is hardy, and a very good bearer. 120. BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 51. Cambridge Pippin. Ib. Fruit very large, three inches and a half deep, and three inches and a quarter in diameter, irregularly rib- bed, with very broad obtuse angles on the sides, generally two or three of these are longer than others, which give the crown an oblique inclination. Eye not large, but open, rather deeply placed in a somewhat narrow basin. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin pale greenish yel- low on the shaded side, sprinkled with a few green specks ; on the sunny side slightly tinged with pale orange, and sprinkled thinly with dull red specks. Flesh yellowish white, tender, mellow. Juice sub-acid and slightly saccharine. Core generally large and hol- low. A culinary apple from November to January. 121. BELLE BONNE. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 68. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 52. Holland, of some collections. Fruit middle sized, about ten inches in circumference, somewhat conical ; broad at the base, full in the middle, and narrow at the crown. Eye small, flat, closed by the segments of the calyx. Stalk half an inch long, slender, in some obliquely inserted under an elongated lip. Skin thick, pale, greenish yellow, brightened on the sunny side by a few reddish streaks, which become rus- setty at the base, and surround the stalk. Flesh firm, juicy, and well flavoured. A valuable dessert and culinary apple from October till January. The only old tree I have ever seen of this sort is now growing in a garden occupied by Mrs. Sanctuary, at 64 APPLES. Catton, near Norwich, and was planted about fifty years ago. Ray, in 1668, has a summer and a winter Belle and Bonne ; but their identity cannot now be ascer- tained. 122. BEN WELL'S PEARMAIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 749. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat oblong, and narrowed at the crown. Eye small, surrounded by a few some- what obscure plaits. Stalk half an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Skin muddy green, with numerous brownish red dashes on the sunny side. Flesh crisp, yellowish white. Juice sub-acid, with a very pleasant aromatic flavour. An excellent dessert apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. The above name was given to this apple by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton, who received it a few years ago from Mr. Benwell, of Henley-upon-Thames, in Oxfordshire. 123. BOSSOM APPLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 528. Fruit obtusely pyramidal. Eye placed in a shallow hollow, surrounded by several rather indistinct plaits. Stalk an inch long, deeply inserted. Skin pale greenish yellow, very much russetted ; and, in some specimens, with a bright red on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh dull white, inclining to yellow, fine in texture, crisp, with a sugared juice ; it bakes of a fine colour, and melts perfectly. A large handsome culinary apple from November till March. Specimens of this, from the Earl of Egremont's, at Petworth, were exhibited at the Horticultural Society, in 1820. 124. BREEDON PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 268. t. 10. f. 1. Fruit flatly conical, with an inclination to square, especially near the eye ; two inches and three quarters in the widest, and two inches and a quarter in its APPLES. 65 narrowest diameter, a good deal flattened and irregular at the crown. Eye seated in a broad and shallow basin, surrounded by plaits and wrinkles variously formed ; at the base it is also flat, and broader than the crown. Stalk long, inserted in a regular and well hollowed cavity. Skin of a pale, rather dull yellow, tinged with reddish orange on the sunny side. flesh yellowish, firm, very sweet, with a rich vinous acid, a little spicy, and having a flavour something resembling a pine. A dessert apple from November till after Christmas. Raised by the Rev. Dr. Symonds Breedon, at Bere Court, in Berkshire. 125. CATSHEAD. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 147. Cat's Head. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 21. Costard. Pay, 1688. Coustard, of the Norman Gardens. Fruit large, long, nearly as broad at the crown as the base, having usually three obtuse angles on the upper, and two more acute, which are also shorter, on the under side. Eye large, open, and hollow. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin very smooth, pale green, scarcely coloured on the sunny side. Flesh tender. Juice plentiful, sub-acid. A culinary apple from October till January. 126. CHESTER PEARMAIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 751. Fruit rather small, more long than broad, and tapering from the base to the crown. Eye very small, slightly depressed. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender. Skin pale yellow, with a little faint red on the sunny side. Flesh crisp, with a sugary perfumed juice. A dessert apple from October to February. 127. CLAYGATE PEARMAIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 402. Fruit a large and handsome Pearmain* Skin dull yellow, nearly covered with broad stripes of deep red. Flesh yellow, rather dry, like all apples of this class, but sweet and very rich. 66 APPLES. A dessert apple from November till February. The Claygate Pearmain may be considered as a valu- able addition to our stock of table apples. It originated in a hedge-row in the hamlet of Claygate, near Thames Ditton ; and its fruit was first exhibited at the Horticul- tural Society, by John Braddick, Esq., December 17> 1821. 128. COCKLE PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 169. Pom. Mag. t. 136. Nutmeg Cockle Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 169. Nutmeg Pippin, of various Collections, according to the Pom. Mag. White Cockle. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, tapering a little from the base to the crown, very slightly angular on the sides, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye narrow, with a closed slender calyx, rather shallow, surrounded by narrow plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, one half of which is sunk in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity. Skin pale green, be- coming bright yellow, with a few grey specks, and partly covered, especially near the base, with a pretty thick light brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, and tender. Juice saccharine, mixed with acid, and a slight pleasant perfume. A dessert apple, and also excellent for culinary pur- poses from November till May. 129. COLONEL HARBORD'S PIPPIN. G. Lindl.^n Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 65. Fruit rather large, inclining to a conical shape, about eleven inches in circumference each way, angular on the sides. Eye large, in a rather shallow basin, surrounded by bold plaits or wrinkles. Stalk half an inch long. Skin pale yellowish green, partially russetted on one side. Flesh white mixed with green, soft, very juicy, with a pleasant brisk ^stringency. APPLES. 67 A very excellent culinary apple from November till March. This is a Norfolk apple, which originated on the estate of the late Colonel Harbord, the second Lord Suffield, of Blickling and Gunton Hall, in this county. 130. CORNISH GILLIFLOWER. Pom. Mag. t. 140. Julyflower. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 74. Cornish Julyflower. Ib. Vol. iii. p. 323, according to the Pom. Mag. Calville d'Angleterre. Baumann Cat. Fruit moderately large, of an oval form and angular, about three inches and a quarter in diameter, and the same in depth. Eye closed by the segments of the calyx, and sunk among knobby protuberances rising from the terminations of the angles on the sides. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, not deeply inserted. Skin dull green on the shaded side, but where fully exposed to the sun intermixed with brownish red, slightly sprinkled with russet, and sometimes richer streaks of red. Flesh yellowish, firm, and very rich ; when cut, it gives out a pleasant perfume, resembling the Clove Gilliflower, whence its name. A dessert apple, ripening in November, and will keep till April. This very valuable apple was first noticed in the Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 74- in a letter from Sir Chris- topher Hawkins, in 1813. It was discovered in a cot- tage garden near Truro, about ten or fifteen years before that date, and was considered by the Society of so much importance that the silver medal was awarded to Sir Christopher for his exertions in bringing it into notice. It is considered as but an indifferent bearer ; but this defect may be remedied by grafting it upon the Doucin stock, and planting it in the garden, and training it either as an open dwarf or as an espalier. 130.* COUL BLUSH. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 340. F 2 68 APPLE S. The fruit has the angular figure of the Calvilles. The skin has a clear waxy yellow, with a dull red cheek, which is varied by numerous bright crimson dots and streaks. The stalk is slender and smooth. The fash is rather yellow, crisp, and juicy, with a very pleasant brisk taste. In season in December and till the middle of Ja- nuary. This very beautiful apple was raised by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, in his garden at Coul, near Ding- wall ; an account of which is given by him, along with the Kinellan ^4pple, the Tarvey Codlin, and the Con- tin Reinette, in a paper dated March 12, 18^7- 131. DARLING PIPPIN. G. LindL Plan of an Or- chard, 1796. < Fruit middle-sized, somewhat conical, a little flat- tened both at the crown and the base. Eye small, slightly depressed, and surrounded by a few unequal, knobby plaits. Stalk half an inch long, in some an inch, slender. Skin bright lemon-colour, sprinkled with nu- merous small pearl-coloured specks, quite within the surface. Flesh pale yellow, crisp. Juice plentiful, saccharine, of a very agreeable flavour. A very handsome dessert apple from November till Christmas. - " 132. FARLEIGH PIPPIN. Nursery Catalogues. Farley Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 319. Fruit middle-sized, rather long, with five angles ^x- tending from the base to the crown, where they are very prominent. Eye deeply sunk. Skin green on the shaded side, but of a brownish red where fully exposed to the sun, and marked with a deeper colour. Flesh green, firm. Juice plentiful, saccharine, and of an excellent flavour. A dessert apple from November to February. A very excellent apple, sent me by Mr. Kirke, who had it from Farleigh in Kent. APPLES. 69 133. FORMAN'S CREW. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. Pom. Mag. t. 89- Fruit like a large Golden Pippin, but russetty, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, a little open, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin nearly covered with a yellowish russet brown. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich, very high-flavoured, and excellent. A dessert apple from November till May. This handsome and very valuable apple was raised by Thomas Seton Fonnan, Esq., at Pennydarron Place, near Merthyr Tidvil, in Glamorganshire. It is one of the best table apples we have, combining the excel- lence of the old Golden Pippin and Nonpareil. It bears abundantly,. as an open standard^ and> when grafted upon the Doucin stock, it is invaluable as an espalier. 134. FOULDON PEARMAIN. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 69- Horrex's Pearmain. Ibid. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong shape, somewhat. resembling the old Green Pearmain, about eight inches the long, and seven inches and three quarters the short circumference. Eye narrow, flat. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender. Ski7i pale yellow, when matured, with a little blush on the sunny side, especially towards the base, in consequence of the fruit being mostly pendent. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp. Juice. plentiful, brisk, and of a very high flavour. A most excellent dessert apple from November till March. The original tree of this apple is now growing in the garden of Mrs. Horrex, of Foul den in Norfolk. 13,5. GANGES. Nursery Catalogue. Fruit pretty large, of an oblong, irregular figure. Eye hollow. Stalk half an inch long, deeply inserted, quite within the base. Skin green, with a few specks of darker F 3 70 APPLES. green interspersed, and dashed with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellowish green. Juice sub-acid, of good flavour. A good culinary apple from October till January. 136. GOLDEN LUSTRE. G. LindL Plan of an Or- chard, 1796. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat conical figure, acutely and prominently angular towards the crown, near which it has generally an indented circle, as if caused by a ligature having been tied round the fruit ; it is about two inches and a quarter deep, and the same in diameter. Eye rather small, closed by the long segments of the calyx, not deeply sunk, and sur- rounded by sharp prominent plaits, the intermediate ones being small, and having a blistered appearance. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Skin bright yellow or gold colour on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun bright red, breaking out into small patches and stripes. Flesh pale yellow, firm. Juice not plentiful, sub-acid, combined with a little sugar, but without any particular perfume. A good culinary apple from November till May. 137. GOLDEN PEARMAIN. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 58. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 755. Ruckman's Pearmain. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 755. Fruit below the middle size, rather conical, a little angular on its sides. Eye small, with short obtuse seg- ments of the calyx, placed in a narrow and rather shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, pressed close to the base on one side of its cavity, by a large pointed pro- tuberance of the fruit pressing upon it from the opposite side. This is not the case in all the fruit of this sort, but it is so in three out of four throughout the whole crop, and is one of its most distinguishing characters. Skin bright yellow, marbled nearly all over with faint red and orange, highly coloured on the sunny side, and APPLES. 71 streaked with broken dashes of deeper red. Juice not plentiful, but saccharine, of a slight aromatic flavour. A good and handsome dessert apple from October till Christmas. 138. GRAVENSTEIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 216 and 523. t.21. Pom. Mag. i.^. Fruit large, about three inches and a half in diameter, broadest at the base, generally flattened, sometimes rather oblong, with angles which terminate in the crown. Eye rather wide, sunk in a deep hollow, surrounded by se- veral projecting folds or knobs. Stalk very short, deeply inserted. Skin smooth, of a clear yellowish green or straw colour, streaked and mottled with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, with a high-flavoured vinous juice. A dessert apple, ripening in the autumn, but will keep till April, and may be reckoned a rival to our Ribston Pippin. It is supposed to have originated at Gravenstein, in Holstein, nearly a century ago, and is esteemed the best apple in Germany and the Low Countries. The fruit was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1819. 139. HANWELL SOURING. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 219. Fruit middle-sized, conical, very angular on the sides. Eye deeply sunk in a contracted basin. Stalk short, very deeply inserted in a wide, even cavity. Skin green, with a blush of red where exposed, profusely spotted with minute brown spots, and a little russetted round the stalk. Flesh white, very crisp, with a rich acid juice. This apple is scarcely in perfection till April or May, and then possesses more acid than any other which keeps to so late a period. It is supposed to have originated at Hanwell, near Banbury, in Oxfordshire. Fruit of it were exhibited at the Horticultural Society in May, 1 820. F 4 72 APPLES. 140. HARVEY APPLE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 67. Doctor Harvey's Apple. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 251. Fruit rather large, oval, generally about nine inches and a half or ten inches in circumference, narrow at the crown, slightly angular on the sides. Eye small, scarcely sunk, surrounded by several small knobby plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a wide, uneven cavity. Skin greenish yellow, full of green and pearly specks, with various russetty, broken ramifications near the crown. Flesh whitish, firm. Juice quick, sub-acid, with a little musky perfume. A valuable culinary fruit from October to January. This is a real Norfolk apple, and but little known out of the county. It appears to have been known in the time of Ray, in 1688, who says it took its name from " the famous Dr. Gabriel Harvey ." When baked in an oven which is not too hot, these apples are most excellent ; they become sugary, and will keep a week or ten days, furnishing for the dessert a highly-flavoured sweetmeat. It makes a large hand- some tree, is very hardy, and a great bearer. 141. HOLLOW-CROWNED PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 459. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong figure, fully as broad at the crown as at the base, slightly angular on its sides. Eye wide, and deeply sunk. Stalk short, thick, and crooked. Skin pale green, becoming yellow with a faint blush on the side next the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sub- acid, with a slight portion of sugar. A culinary apple from October to January. A hardy bearer, peculiar to Norfolk, and common in the Nor- wich market. 142. HUBBARD'S PEARMAIN. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 68. Pom. Mag. t. 27. APPLES. 73 Golden Vining, of Devonshire. According to the Pom. Mag. Ib. Fruit small, ovate, about two inches deep, and the same in diameter, free from angles. Eye small, close, with a very short calyx, slightly depressed. Stalk short. Skin pale russet, or cinnamon colour, with a little green or red breaking through it here and there; in some specimens, particularly in warm seasons, of an uniform, clear, yellowish green, without russet, mottled and tinged with orange or pale red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, firm, rather dry. Juice sweet, rich, of a most highly perfumed aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from October till March or April. This is a real Norfolk apple, well known in the Norwich market ; and although it may be found elsewhere, its great excellence may have caused its removal hence. It may have acquired the name of Golden Vining in Devonshire, with as much facility as the Court of Wick, that of Wood's Transparent Pippin at Huntingdon. The merits of Hubbard's Pearmain as a table apple are unrivalled, and its superior, from the commencement of its season to the end, does not, I am of opinion, exist in this country. It is a small-growing tree, very hardy, and an abundant bearer, both in the orchard and in the garden as an espalier. 143. KENTISH PIPPIN. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 11. Fruit above the middle size, of an oblong figure, slightly angular on its sides, tapering a little from the base to the crown, which is rather narrow. Eye small, with a closed calyx, a little sunk, and surrounded by several obtuse plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale yellow, with a few scattered greenish specks ; on the sunny side pale dull brown. Flesh yellowish white. Juice sweetish, or sub-acid, with a smart pungent flavour. An excellent culinary apple from October tilljanuary. 74 APPLES. This is an old favourite kitchen apple, mentioned by Ray in 1688, and described shortly by Miller ; but it is not the Kentish Pippin of Mr. Forsyth. It makes strong shoots, attains a large size, with an open spreading head, is a very hardy orchard tree, and an excellent bearer. 144. KINELLAN APPLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 338. The skin is a clear pale green, very little dotted, but strongly coloured with yellowish bright red on the exposed side. The eye is rather angular ; the stalk downy ; the flesh white, firm, rather juicy, and pleasant. A pleasant table apple, in season in Ross-shire from the beginning of December till January, and will keep till March. This is an offspring between the Nonpareil and Manx Codlin, obtained by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, Bart., of Coul,near Dingwall, in Ross-shire; it produced its first fruit in 1825. In size the apple resembles the Manx Codlin, and in appearance and other qualities the Nonpareil. 144*. LAMB ABBEY PEARMAIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 269. t. 10. f. 2. Fruit middle-sized, oval, somewhat pyramidal, rather flattened at both ends, about three inches deep, and two inches three quarters in diameter. Eye small, sunk in a deep and broad hollow, surrounded by regular but slight plaits, which do not extend to the body of tfte fruit. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin yellowish green on the shaded side and next the eye ; the sunny side being covered with a handsome red, having many black dots, in the manner of an ordinary Golden Rei- nette. Flesh yellowish next the skin, green next the core, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a peculiar rich sweet- ness, and a light aromatic flavour. An excellent dessert fruit from December till March. APPLES. 75 This very valuable apple was raised, in 1803, from a kernel of the Newtown Pippin, by Mrs.Malcolm, the lady of NeiFMalcolm, Esq., of Lamb Abbey, in Kent. At six years old it produced three apples, at nine years seven dozen, and from that time it has regularly produced good crops. 145. LEMON PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 550. Pom. Mag. t. 37. Lemon Pippin. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 102. 1 Fruit middle-sized, oval, very regularly formed, without angles, about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and three inches deep. Eye small, open, with a very short slender calyx, slightly depressed. Stalk short, fleshy, curved inwards, and forming a con- tinuance of the fruit, in the manner of a lemon ; hence its name. Skin pale yellowish green, becoming yellow when ripe, with neither red nor russet. Flesh firm, breaking. Juice not abundant, nor high flavoured, but very pleasant. A dessert fruit from October till March. A very hardy orchard apple ; the tree grows erect, very regularly formed, and handsome, and is a most excellent bearer. 146. NEW ROCK PIPPIN. Hort.Trans. Vol. v.p.269. Fruit of the Nonpareil kind, but less regular in shape, and the eye sunk a little deeper. Stalk short. Skin of a dull green on the shaded side ; on the part exposed to the sun it becomes brown, with a slight tinge of red, and the whole surface sprinkled with russet. Flesh yellow, firm, not very juicy, but rich and sweet, with a fine anise perfume. A dessert apple from November till April. Raised by Mr. Pleasance, of Barnwell, near Cam- bridge. It keeps late in the spring, and is then hardly surpassed by any of the old varieties. Exhibited at the Horticultural Society, November 20, 1821. 76 APPLES. 147. NEW YORK PIPPIN. G. Lindl Plan of an Orchard, 1796. New York Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 642. Fruit rather large, of an oblong figure, somewhat pyramidal, rather irregular in its outline, and slightly pentangular on its sides, three of which are generally much shorter than the other, forming a kind of lip at the crown ; from two inches and a half to three inches deep, and the same in diameter at the base. Eye closed, rather deeply sunk in a very uneven irregular basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted in a wide uneven cavity. Skin dull greenish yellow, with a few green specks, intermixed with a little skin, grey russet, and tinged with brown on the sunny side. Flesh firm, crisp, tender. Juice plentiful, saccharine, with a slight aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till April. An American variety of excellence. The tree grows large, and bears well. It sometimes happens with this as it does with Hubbard's Pearmain, that smooth fruit grow upon one branch and russetty ones upon another ; and in cold seasons the fruit are for the most part rus- setty. It was named the New York Pippin by Mr. Mackie, and first propagated in his Nursery at Norwich about forty years ago. Its name first appeared in 1796 in my Plan of an Orchard, and was afterwards copied, with- out acknowledgment, with almost all the rest, togethefr with their synonyms and characters, into Mr. Forsyth's Treatise on Fruit Trees. I have, for this reason, in the present instance and in some others, quoted my own pub- lication as a matter of priority, and given the authority, where I have been able to find any, for all other fruits introduced into this work. If I have omitted any, I have very humbly to crave the author's indulgence. APPLES. 77 148. NORFOLK PARADISE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 684. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 1 25. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, irregularly formed. Eye very large, deeply sunk, in an uneven, oblique hollow. Stalk rather short, not deeply inserted. Skin greenish yellow ; on the sunny side of a brownish red, streaked with a darker colour. Flesh white, very firm. Juice abundant, and of a very excellent flavour. A dessert apple from October till March. Its name seems to indicate a Norfolk origin ; but I never could find it in any part of the county. 149. NORTHERN GREENING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 693. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 127. Fruit above the middle size, of an oblong figure, scarcely angular on its sides, about three inches deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, seated in a somewhat narrow, shallow, irregularly plaited basin. Stalk short and thick, inserted without any cavity, but connected by a projecting lip on one side, similar to that of the Lemon Pippin. Skin pale dull green, sprinkled with specks of darker green imbedded in the skin ; on the sunny side it is tinged with pale brown, interspersed with slight streaks of a darker colour. Flesh greenish, white, firm. Juice sub-acid, without any apparent saccharine pro- perty. A very excellent culinary apple from November till April. 150. ORD'S APPLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 285. t.19- Simpson's Pippin. Ib. Simpson's Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1043. Fruit middle-sized, of on oblong ovate shape, with the base and crown depressed, from two inches and a half to three inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter at the base. Eye small, with a short con- 78 APPLES. nivent calyx, in a very shallow basin, surrounded by some irregular plaits, the natural number of which is five. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin thick, always green while on the tree, tinged with copper- coloured red, with several darker spots on the sunny side. Flesh firm. Juice rich and perfumed. A dessert apple from December till March. Raised some years ago by Mrs. Anne Simpson, sister- in-law of John Ord, Esq., from the seed of an apple grown in his garden at Purser's Cross, near Fulham, the produce of a tree he had raised from a Newtown Pippin, which he had imported from America about the year 1777. 151. ORTLEY APPLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 4 15. Fruit very much resembling the yellow Newtown Pippin, but a little more oval. Eye large and well formed, not deeply sunk, and surrounded by many small folds or plaits. Stalk slender, inserted in a deep, and even-formed cavity. Skin bright clear yellow where shaded, and of a bright scarlet, sprinkled with a few russetty spots, on the sunny side. Flesh inclining to yellow, crisp, and breaking. Juice plentiful, with the same fine flavour which distinguishes the Newtown Pippin. A dessert apple from November till April. This most excellent variety is a native of New Jersey, in North America. Specimens of it were sent from thence to the Horticultural Society, and exhibited at the meetings of the 1st and 15th of March, 1825. 152. OXNEAD PEARMAIN. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. Ib. Fruit small, conically tapering from the base to the crown. Eye very small, surrounded by three or four somewhat obscure plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, very slender. Skin entirely grass-green, always APPLES. 79 covered with a thin russet ; sometimes when highly ripened it is tinged with a very pale brown on the sunny side. Flesh very firm, crisp, of a pale green colour. Juice not plentiful, but it is very rich and highly flavoured. A very neat dessert apple from November till April. This excellent little sort is supposed to have origi- nated at Oxnead, near Norwich, the seat of the Earl of Yarmouth. It has been known for many years in Norfolk, no doubt prior to the extinction of that peerage in 1733, and I have never seen it out of the county. The tree is a very small grower; its branches are small and wiry, and of a grass-green colour : it is very hardy, and an excellent bearer. 153. PETIT JEAN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 525. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 781. Fruit small, oval, slightly flattened at both ends. Eye very small, placed in a confined basin. Stalk very short, deeply inserted. Skin, where shaded, of a pale yellow, but the whole nearly covered with brilliant red, which, in less exposed parts, is broken into stripes, through which the ground colour is seen. Flesh very white, extremely tender, with an agreeable juice. A dessert apple from November till April. This is a very handsome little apple, native of Jer- sey, which keeps well to the end of the season, and is extensively cultivated in that island. Specimens of the fruit were sent to the Horticultural Society in 1820. 154. PINNER SEEDLING. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 530. Carrel's Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 791. Fruit middle sized, slightly angular on the sides. Eye close, very little depressed. Stalk short, in a con- fined but deep cavity. Skin bright yellow, nearly 80 APPLES. covered with clear yellow russet. Flesh inclining to yellow, crisp, and tender. Juice brisk and saccharine. An excellent dessert apple from November till the end of May. Raised by James Carrel, Nurseryman, at Pinner, Middlesex, in 1810. It produced its first fruit in 1818, and was first exhibited at the Horticultural So- ciety in 1820. 155. RIBSTON PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 946. Pom. Mag. t. 141. Formosa Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii, p. 322. Traver's Apple. Ib. Vol. iii. p. 324., according to the Pom. Mag. Glory of York. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 946. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat irregularly formed, with a few broad, obtuse, indistinct angles on its sides, and generally more broad than long ; about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, placed in an irregularly angular basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather narrow, funnel-shaped cavity, seldom protruding beyond the base. Skin pale yellow, russetty in the crown and round the stalk, and mottled thinly with dull red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, with a pun- gent, rich, and delicious aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from October till April, but it is generally in its greatest perfection when it has t>een gathered a month or six weeks. The Rijbston Pippin may be truly said to be one of the best, and certainly is one of the most popular des- sert apples of the present day, as well known as the Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil ; and a greater num- ber of trees of it are sold by nurserymen throughout England, than of both those sorts put together. It was raised, according to traditionary accounts, from some APPLES. 81 pips which were brought from Rouen, about the year 1688, and sown in the garden at Ribston Hall, near Knaresborough, in the county of York. A tree from these was planted out in the park, which grew to a very large size, and formed the subject of the present article. I visited it in 17&9, an d found it in a. very healthy state : it was, however, in a violent gale, in 1810, thrown down ; and, five years afterwards, still continued to bear fruit, although lying on the ground. It has been doubted by some, whether the tree at Ribston Hall was an original from the seed. The fact of its not being a grafted tree, has been satisfactorily ascertained by Sir Henry Goodricke, the present pro- prietor, by causing suckers from its root to be planted out, which have set the matter at rest, that it was not a grafted tree. One of these suckers has produced fruit in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. 156. ROYAL PEARMAIN. Reds Flora, 1665. No. 16. Herefordshire Pearmain. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 757. Parmain Royal. Knoop. Pom. p. 71 t. 12. Parmain Royal de longue duree. Ib. p. 131. Parmain double. Ib. Engelsche Konings of King's Pepping. Ib. Fruit above the middle size, oblong, and somewhat conical, about two inches and a half deep, and two inches' and three quarters in diameter, slightly angular on its sides. Eye rather small, open, with a reflexed calyx, seated in a narrow, shallow, russetty basin, scarcely marked by plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply in- serted, protruding just beyond the base. Skin dull, pale yellowish green, interspersed with grey russetty specks, especially on the sunny side, where it is tinged with a soft brown, and marked with a few narrow broken stripes. Flesh pale greenish yellow, tender, crisp. 82 APPLES. Juice saccharine, and of a very pleasant aromatic richness. A dessert apple from November till February or March. This very excellent apple is of many years' standing in this country, although far from being common in the nurseries, another apple having unjustly usurped its name. 157. ROYAL REINETTE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 529. Fruit rather small, a little more conical than the Golden Reinette. Eye large and open, in an even and small basin. Stalk very short, with the flesh growing pretty closely round it. Skin delicate yellow, sprinkled with a few dark spots ; on the sunny side stained and striped with delicate but brilliant red, and covered with numerous grey spots ; the whole surface highly polished and shining. Flesh pale yellow. Juice of excellent flavour. A dessert apple from November till April and May. This very beautiful apple is cultivated in the western parts of Sussex ; fruit from the Earl of Egremont's, at Petworth, was exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820. 158. STONE PIPPIN. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 69. White Stone Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1071. White Pippin, of Norfolk. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong figure, tapering to the crown, where it is narrow, somewhat angular on its sides. Eye small, hollow, surrounded by slight obtuse, bold plaits. Stalk slender, not protruded beyond the base. Skin very smooth, pale green, becoming yellow when kept a few weeks. Flesh very firm and dense. Juice not plentiful, sharp, slightly acid, becoming sweet when mature, with a little perfume. APPLES. 83 A dessert and culinary apple from November till July or August.. This is, a valuable Norfolk apple, known in the Nor- wich market by the name of White Pippin. The fruit, when peeled, sliced, and boiled in sugar, becomes trans- parent, affording for many months a most delicious sweetmeat for tarts. The tree grows to a large size, is very hardy, and in all seasons an abundant bearer. It is highly deserving of an extended cultivation. 158*. TARVEY CODLIN. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 338. The skin is a dull olive green, with an imperfect mixture of yellow ; on the exposed side it is yellowish red, much spotted with broken rows of large blood-red dots. The flesh is white and juicy, with the taste of an English Codlin. A very good apple, in its season, in Ross-shire, in November and December. This was raised from a seed of the Manx Codlin, by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, in his garden at Coul, near Dingwall, an account of which is given by him, in a paper in the Horticultural Transactions, dated March 12, 1827- 159. WHITE SPANISH REINETTE. Pom. Mag. 1. 110. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. -Mayer's Pomona. According to the Pom. Mag. D'Espagne, 1 De Ratteau, f of foreign Gardens. Concombre Ancien, J Fall Pippin, "| of the English and Ame- Cobbett's Fall Pippin, \ ricans, according to the Large Fall Pippin, J Pom. Mag. Fruit very large, roundish oblong, about three inches and three quarters deep, and three inches and a half in diameter, irregular in its outline, with broad irregular G 2 84 APPLES. ribs on its sides, which terminate in an uneven crown, where it is nearly as broad as at the base. Eye large, open, very deeply placed in a broad-angled, oblique, irre- gular basin. Stalk half an inch long, not deeply inserted, in a rather small evenly-formed cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, tinged with orange where exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, and tender, with a rich sugary juice. A dessert apple, and for culinary purposes also, from November till February or March. This extremely valuable apple is at present but little known in England, although, from specimens exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1829, by John Darby, Esq., it appears that very ancient trees of it exist in Sussex. In America it is called Fall Pippin, under which name it has been for some time sold by Mr. Cobbett. 160. WHITMORE'S PIPPIN. Hort. Soc. Cat No. 1158. Fruit middle-sized, of a very regular, somewhat co- nical figure, with eight or ten obtuse angles on the sides, which terminate more distinctly in the crown, where it is almost drawn to a point. Eye very narrow, flat. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, deeply in- serted, and not protruded beyond the base. Skin a clear yellowish green, sprinkled with numerous small dark green specks ; on the sunny side tinged with faint red. Flesh whitish green, breaking. Juice brisk, with a slight aromatic flavour. ^ A winter dessert and culinary apple from November till January or February. 161. WINTER PEARMAIN. Ray, 1688. Old Pearmain. Pom. Hereford, t. 29. Parmain d'Hiver. Knoop. Pom. p. 64. 1. 11. Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre. Ib. p. 131. Fruit middle-sized, regularly shaped, tapering a little from the base to the crown, which is a little narrowed. APPLES. 85 Eye small, and closed by the short segments of the calyx. Stalk short, slender, protruding a little beyond the base. Skin a grass green, with a little colour of a livid red on the sunny side, interspersed with a few dark specks, particularly on the produce of old trees, espe- cially those which are encumbered with a profusion of wood. Flesh pale green, firm, crisp. Juice not plen- tiful, but saccharine, and of a slight aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. 162. WINTER RED CALVILLE* Nursery Cata- logues. Calville Rouge. DuhameL 4. t. 3. Calville .Rouge d'Hiver. Bon Jard. 1827, P- 323. Hort. Soc. Cat. 132. Fruit large, of an oblong figure, broader at the base than at the crown, about three inches in diameter, and three inches and a half deep. Eye large, rather deeply sunk. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Skin pale red on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun, of a much deeper colour. Flesh tender, with an agreeable juice. A culinary apple from November till February. SECT. VII. Russets and Nonpareils. 163. ACKLAM'S RUSSET. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 1. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 977* Fruit below the middle size, perfectly round in its outline, and rather flat ; about two inches and a quarter in diameter, and two inches deep. Eye small, with a converging calyx, sunk in a very regular, circular, open basin, free from plaits. Stalk half an inch long, even with the base. Skin pale yellowish green, covered with a very thin, smooth, grey russet, in which are interspersed numerous yellowish grey specks. Flesh greenish white, G 3 86 APPLES. very firm, and crisp. Juice sugary, and of a high poignant flavour. A very neat dessert apple from November till Fe- bruary. This is a Yorkshire apple of great merit ; the trees are but small growers, but they are very hardy, and great bearers. 164<. AROMATIC RUSSET. Nursery Catalogues. But not of Hort. Soc. Cat. 1061. Fruit middle-sized, a little conical, but flattened at both the base and the crown. Eye small, a little de- pressed. Stalk very short, deeply inserted. Skin green, covered with a thin grey russet, and a little tinged with dull red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, but tender. Juice saccharine and per- fumed. A dessert apple from November till February. The wood of this tree is straight, rather slender; and when the young branches are vigorous, they are furnished with spurs, somewhat in the manner of the Nonesuch. It is a very hardy sort, and an excellent bearer. 165. ASHMEAD'S KERNEL. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 20. Dr. Ashmead's Kernel, of the Gloucester shire Gardens. Fruit rather small, not much unlike the old Nonpareil, except in being a little longer, and having a few obtuse angles running from the base to the crown, which is somewhat narrow. Eye small, a little depressed. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, and inserted half its length in a conical cavity. Skin of a pale brown- ish grey russet upon a green ground, and of a brownish orange colour on the sunny side. Flesh firm and crisp. Juice plentiful, of an excellent and rich aromatic flavour. A very neat dessert apple from November till May. The habit and general appearance of the tree is very much like that of a Nonpareil, and there can be no doubt of its having originated from a seed of that fruit. It is APPLES. 87 a Gloucestershire apple, and was raised by a Dr. Ash- mead, of Ashmeads, in that county. It is a very valu- able and hardy variety, highly deserving of cultivation. 166. BOWYER'S RUSSET. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 979. Pom. Mag. t. 121. Fruit below the middle size, broadest at the base ; the outline tolerably round, about two inches and a quarter in diameter, and one inch and three quarters deep. Eye close, in a small depression, surrounded by obscure wrinkled plaits. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a middle-sized evenly-formed cavity. Skin covered all over with a fine golden russet. Flesh greenish white, with a tinge of yellow, and having a sharp, rich, aromatic^z//c0. A very handsome and valuable dessert apple in the month of September, and will keep a few weeks after this time. Cuttings of it were sent to the Horticultural Society in 1824, by Mr. Boult, of Hawthorn Hill, Maidenhead. It is perfectly hardy, bearing abundantly upon standards 1 67. BRADDICK'S NONPAREIL. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 268. 1. 10. f. 3. Fruit of a flattened globular figure, three inches in its widest, and two inches and a half in its shortest diameter, not much lessened near the eye, and nearly flat at the stalk. Eye rather small, inserted in a some- what deep and nearly rounded basin, almost without plait or wrinkle. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin smooth, greenish near the stalk, becoming tinged with yellowish brown, and a considerable portion of brownish red on the sunny side, and generally a patch of fine russet round the eye. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Flesh yellowish, sweeter and more melting than the old Nonpareil, with a richly sugared and slightly aromatic juice. A dessert apple from October till Christmas. This very valuable apple was raised by John Braddick, Esq., in his garden at Thames Ditton, in Surrey. 88 APPLES. 168. EARLY NONPAREIL. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Summer Nonpareil, 1 Gardeners ^ Names in Norfo i k , otagg s JSIonpareil, J Hicks's Fancy. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 450. Fruit middle-sized, a little more long than broad, and somewhat narrowed at the crown. Eye small, in a very shallow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender. Skin yellowish, covered with a very thin rus- set, interspersed with a few grey specks. Flesh yellow- ish white, very crisp, and tender. Juice plentiful, of a rich and highly aromatic flavour. A dessert apple in October and November. This very excellent apple was raised from a seed of the old Nonpareil, by a nurseryman of the name of Stagg, at Caister, near Great Yarmouth, in Norfolk, about fifty years ago. The tree has much the appear- ance of the Nonpareil, except its wood being shorter, and of a more upright growth. Its last name originated somewhat whimsically, in a nursery near town, in con- sequence of a gentleman of the name of Hicks having selected this, from a large collection of which he had tasted, in preference to any other. It is a hardy bearer, and highly deserving of cultivation. 169. FENOUILLET GRIS. Duhamel, 10. t. 5. Anis. Ib. Caraway Russet. Hort Soc. Cat. No. 982. Spice Apple. ^ ^ Brown Apple of Burnt Island. I Id. No. 1061. Rook's-nest Apple. J Fruit rather small, roundish ovate, of a very regular outline, without any angles on its sides, about two inches and a quarter in diameter at its base, and two inches deep. Eye small, with narrow diverging segments, deep- ly sunk in a narrow, funnel-shaped basin. Stalk short, deeply sunk in a funnel-shaped cavity, quite within the APPLES. 89 base. Skin yellowish grey, covered with a thin russet, and very slightly tinged with brown on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, with a saccharine and highly flavoured aromatic juice. A dessert apple from November till February. This is a very neat French apple, and has been some years in the London nurseries, where it is often sold under the name of Aromatic Russet. The tree is a rather small grower, with slender, smooth, wiry branches, which seldom produce any spurs upon those of the pre- sent year : it is hardy, and a good bearer. 170. GOLDEN RUSSET. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 5J. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 983. Fruit below the middle size, pretty regular in its outline, without angles, generally about two inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye rather small, close, moderately depressed, surrounded by irre- gular plaits, part of which are more prominent than the rest. Stalk very short, deeply inserted in an uneven narrow cavity, not protruding so far as the base. Skin thick, of a pale copper-coloured yellowish russet, very thick and rough on the shaded side, with a few patches, occasionally, of bright red on the sunny side, and verru- cose at the base. Flesh pale yellow, very firm and crisp. Juice not plentiful, but saccharine, of an aromatic and slightly musky flavour. A dessert apple from December till April. The Golden Russet has been known in our gardens ever since the time of Ray, who makes it synonymous with the Aromatic Russet. The trees are very hardy, bearing well in bleak situations ; they grow to a good size, and are rather remarkable, in having a profusion of slender pendulous branches. 171. HORSHAM RUSSET. G.LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol.iv. p. 69. Fruit about the size of a Nonpareil, but not so 90 APPLES. regular in its outline, generally about two inches and a quarter in diameter, and two inches deep. Eye small, closed, in a small depression without angles. Stalk short, rather thick, rather deeply inserted in a wide uneven cavity. Skin pale green, covered with a thin, yellowish grey russet round its upper part, with a pale salmon-coloured tinge on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp. Juice plentiful, of a high aromatic Nonpareil flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. Raised from the seed of a Nonpareil about thirty years ago, by Mrs. Goose, of H or sham Saint Faith's, near Norwich. It is a very hardy tree, and a good bearer. 172. HUNT'S DUKE OF GLOUCESTER. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 525. Hunt's Nonpareil. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 659. Fruit middle-sized, resembling a Nonpareil in form, but is a little more oval. Skin a clear green on the shaded side, but little of that colour is visible, nearly the whole being covered with thin russet, becoming coarser and thicker round the eye ; on the sunny side it is tinged with a reddish brown. Flesh white, mixed with green, like the old Nonpareil, crisp, juicy, and high flavoured. A dessert apple from November till March or April. Raised by Dr. Fry, of Gloucester, from a seed of the Nonpareil, and was first exhibited at the Horticul- tural Society in 1820. 173. KNOBBY RUSSET. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 219. Fruit middle-sized, of an oval form. Eye consider- ably depressed. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin yellow, with a mixture of green, but nearly covered with russetty warts. Flesh yellowish, crisp, not juicy, but sweet and high flavoured. APPLES. 91 A dessert apple from November till May. Fruit from Midhurst, in Sussex, gathered from the tree in January, 1820, was exhibited at the Horticul- tural Society in March and May following. It is a valuable fruit, and extremely hardy. 174. MARTIN NONPAREIL. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 456. Pom. Mag. t. 79. Fruit larger than that of the old Nonpareil, and more irregular in figure ; it is generally roundish, some- times approaching a conical form. Eye rather wide, surrounded by broad angular plaits. Stalk short, thick, not deeply inserted. Skin lemon colour, sprinkled and shaded with yellowish brown russet. Flesh yellow, firm. Juice saccharine and rich. A dessert apple from December till May. This very valuable apple was raised by the Rev. George Williams, of Martin Hussingtree, near Wor- cester. It had been received by him from a nursery, as a crab-stock, about the year 1795. It is a great bearer as a standard tree, and highly valuable to those who cultivate fruit for the market, as it is in perfection at a period of the year when good apples fetch a high price. 175. OLD NONPAREIL. Langley, Pom. t. 79- f. 4. Pom. Mag. t. 86. Non-Pareille. Duhamel, 35. 1. 12. f. 2. Nom-Pareil. Knoop. Pom. t. 9- Reinette Nompareille. Ib. p. 51. Grime Reinette, of the Germans, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit approaching to middle-sized, flat, broadest at the base. Eye very small, prominent, or very slightly depressed. Stalk an inch long, slender, three quarters of which protrudes beyond the base. Skin 9 when fully ripened, greenish yellow, slightly coated with light russet ; occasionally, where fully exposed to the sun, of a reddish brown. Flesh very firm, crisp. Juice not APPLES. plentiful, but of a most singularly rich, poignant, aro- matic flavour. One of our most admired dessert apples, in its greatest perfection from Christmas to Lady-day. Switzer, in 17^4, says, " The Nonpareil is no stranger in England, though it might have had its origin in France ; yet there are trees of it about the Ashtons, in Oxfordshire, of about one hundred years ojd, which (as they have it by tradition) were first brought out of France, and planted by a Jesuit, in Queen Mary's or Queen Elizabeth's time." From which it appears that it must have been in our gardens above two centuries. The trees are regularly good bearers ; and when grafted upon the Doucin stock, upon a good soil, and under judicious management, their fruit has been as perfect as the best of our newest productions. 176. OLD ROYAL RUSSET, of the old Gardens. Fruit above the middle size, rather irregular in its outline, about three inches in diameter, and two inches and a half deep. Eye small, with a closed calyx, deeply sunk in a narrow, oblique, irregular basin, surrounded by blunt plaits. Skin a rough grey russet, upon a green ground, with dull brown breaking through on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, very firm. Juice not plentiful, very sharp sub- acid, with a slight astrin- gency before fully matured. A culinary apple from November till April. Late in the season, when it begins to shrivel, it ejats pretty well ; but before that time it is too harsh to bring to table. The trees grow to the largest size, are very hardy, and in all seasons great bearers. The Leathercoat Russet of some country orchards is very different from this, very inferior, and making a very ugly tree, mostly full of disease, and not worth cultivating. 177. PATCH'S RUSSET. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 993. APPLES. 93 Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, slightly angular on its sides, about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half or two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a long, slender, connivent calyx, placed in a narrow, somewhat irregularly formed basin. Stalk an inch long, very slender, inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity, one half protruding beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, covered with a thin grey russet. Flesh pale yellowish white, crisp. Juice brisk acid, with a rich aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. 178. PENNINGTON'S SEEDLING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 778. Fruit above the middle size, round, slightly angular on the sides, and somewhat flattened, broadest at the base, and narrowed at the crown ; about three inches in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye closed with long slender segments of the calyx, in a rather shallow irregularly formed hollow. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, strong, inserted in a wide uneven cavity, protruding beyond the base. Skin green when first gathered, with numerous small russetty specks on the shaded side ; where exposed to the sun, covered pretty thickly with a scabrous warty russet, and tinged a little with pale brown. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, saccharine mixed with a brisk acid, and of an agreeable aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. This is a new variety, and appears to be a very valu- able apple, the description of which was taken from a fruit grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick in 1830. 179. PILE'S RUSSET. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 17- Fruit above the middle size, irregularly formed, with broad ribs extending from the base to the crown, where it is rather narrow, two inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye 94 APPLES. closed, with a somewhat long leafy calyx, seated in a narrow, oblique, angular basin. Stalk short, deeply in- serted in a wide uneven cavity, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale green, covered with a good deal of russet, and tinged with muddy orange or dull brown on the sunny side. Flesh very firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, with a sub-acid briskness and aromatic flavour. A dessert as well as culinary apple from November till March or April, Towards the spring, when the fruit begins to shrivel, the Pile's Russet is an excellent table fruit. 180. PINE- APPLE RUSSET. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard, 1796, Hardingham's Russet, of the Norwich Gardens. Fruit above the middle size, roundish ovate, with broad obtuse angles on its sides, 8 about two inches and three quarters in diameter^ and two inches and a half deep. Eye small, with a very short connivent calyx, placed in a shallow depression, surrounded by ten rather unequal plaits. Stalk an inch long, inserted in an uneven cavity, one half of which protrudes beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, almost covered with white specks on one part, and a thick scabrous yellowish russet on the other, which extends round the stalk. Flesh very pale yellow, crisp, very short and tender. Juice more abundant than in any apple I have ever met with, as it generally runs very copiously as soon as cut open, $ac- charine, with that just proportion of acid which charac- terises our most valuable fruits, and of a spicy aromatic flavour, with a high perfume. A dessert apple from the end of September to the middle of October. This most valuable apple has taken its name from its abundance of juice, which somewhat resembles that of a Pine-apple. ^ The oldest tree remembered in Norwich was growing a century ago in a garden belonging to APPLES. 95 Mr. Hardingham, who died but a few years ago. The garden now belongs to Mr. William Youngman. It is undoubtedly one of the best apples of its season, and is highly deserving of cultivation. 181. PITM ASTON NONPAREIL. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 267. 1. 10. f. 4. Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil. Id. Saint John's Nonpareil. Hort. Soc. Cat. 669. Fruit middle-sized, flatly compressed, rather nar- rowest at the crown, near three inches in its widest, and two inches and a half in its shortest diameter. Eye rather open, in a broad shallow basin, surrounded by slight irregular plaits. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin of a dull green, nearly covered with russet, a little mixed with yellow, and faint red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish, rather more inclined to yellow than that of the Nonpareil. Juice rich, with a high aromatic flavour, and the peculiar perfume of the Nonpareil. A dessert apple of great merit in November and De- cember. Raised by John Williams, Esq. in his garden at Pitmaston, Saint John's, near Worcester. 182. POWELL'S RUSSET. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 994. Fruit rather small, about two inches in diameter, and an inch and three quarters deep, somewhat flat at both ends, and quite free from angles on its sides. Eye small, open, slightly sunk in a shallow narrow bason. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a very regular round cavity, twice as deep as the crown. Skin pale yellowish green, partially covered with a thin pale russet, but wholly covered round the crown, and shaded with brown on the sunny side. Flesh firm, of a clear pale yellow. Juice plentiful, saccharine, and approach- ing in flavour to a well-ripened Nonpareil. A very neat dessert apple from November till January. This a good deal resembles the Acklam's Russet, except in the crown, which is narrower, and the depres- 96 APPLES. sion not quite so deep. It is a very neat and excellent little apple, and may be justly reckoned one of our best Russets. 183. REINETTE DE HONGRIE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 908. Fruit middle-sized, round, and somewhat flat, without any angles on its sides, two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather small, with a connivent calyx, seated in a deep basin, surrounded by a few slight plaits. Stalk short, deeply inserted in a knobby cavity. Skin a completely thick, rough, grey russet, with a little faint orange on the sunny side, the whole covered with numerous warty specks, more or less prominent. Flesh greenish white, intermixed with green, firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, of a rich aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till April. 184. Ross NONPAREIL. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 454. Pom. Mag. t. 90. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, not at all angular, about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter, but having one of its sides a little longer than the other. Eye small, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk an inch long, deeply inserted, protruding beyond the base. Skin russetty, and stained with red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, greenish white, sweet and rich, with an agreeable perfumed fennel flavour. A dessert fruit from November till April. ^ This is of Irish origin, and is one of the few fennel- flavoured apples which are cultivated among us. It is a great bearer, and healthy on all soils, and deserves an extended cultivation. 185. ROYAL RUSSET. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 15. Pom. Mag. t. 125. Passe- Pomme de Canada, 1 of the French, accord- Reinette de Canada grise, J ing to the Pom. Mag. APPLES. 97 Fruit large, broad at the base, enlarged in the middle, and narrowed at the crown, about three inches and three quarters in diameter, and nearly three inches deep, its form being rather flat than oblong. Eye rather small, with a long, closed calyx, placed in a narrow, and rather deep, unequally plaited basin. Stalk very short, deeply inserted in a widely formed hollow. Skin dull yel- lowish green, nearly covered with a somewhat thick grey russet, tinged with a little orange-brown on the sunny side. Flesh firm, greenish white, with a tinge of yellow. Juice saccharine, with a good deal of acid, and a slight aromatic flavour. A culinary apple from November till May. This is the Royal Russet of the London markets ; but several other Russets go by this name in different parts of England. What is understood in many parts of the country as the Royal Russet, is described under the name of Old Royal Russet, which may serve to distinguish it from the present one. 186. SAM YOUNG. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 324. and 454. Pom. Mag. t. 130. Irish Russet. Hort. Soc. Cat. 985, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit of a smallish size, somewhat globular, flattened, about one inch and three quarters deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye remarkably wide and open, in a broad depression. Stalk short. Skin bright yellow, with minute brown spots, and a considerable quantity of russet, especially round the stalk; in some specimens red on the sunny side, usually cracking. Flesh inclining to yellow, mixed with green ; tender, and melting. Juice plentiful, sweet, with a delicious flavour, scarcely inferior to that of the Golden Pippin. An Irish dessert apple, of high reputation, ripe in November, and will keep good for two months. The merits of this very valuable apple were made H 98 APPLES. known in 1818 by Mr. Robertson, of Kilkenny. It is certainly one of the best of our modern apples, and cannot have too general a cultivation. 187. SCARLET NONPAREIL. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 670. Pom. Mag. t. 87. Fruit middle-sized, larger than the old Nonpareil, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter, roundish, without any angles on its sides. Eye shallow, placed in a regularly-formed depression, surrounded with very small plaits. Stalk variable in length, sometimes nearly an inch long, sometimes a thick fleshy knob. Skin deep red next the sun, sprinkled with pale brown dots ; the shaded part yellowish green, passing off into streaks towards the junction of the two colours. Flesh firm, yellowish white, juicy, rich, and very excellent. A dessert apple from November till March. The Scarlet Nonpareil was raised in a garden belong- ing to a public house at Esher, in Surrey, about 1773, from a seed of the old Nonpareil. Mrs. Grimwood pur- chased the original stock, from which some plants were obtained by Mr. Kirke, whose annual exhibitions in his garden of large quantities of its beautiful fruit have caused its cultivation now to be extended to almost every part of England, where it cannot fail of being uni- versally admired. It is a very hardy sort, and a great and constant bearer. The Schafer apple of the Ger- mans, quoted in the Hort. Soc. Cat. as a synonym^to this, is found to be a distinct variety. 188. SIELY'S MIGNONNE. G. Lind. Cat. 1805. Pride of the Ditches. Local, in Norwich. Fruit rather small, about one inch and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. It is not quite cir- cular, in consequence of one of its sides being occa- sionally a little flattened, but is without any angles. Eye small, with a closed calyx, placed somewhat deeply APPLES. 99 in a rather irregularly formed narrow basin, surrounded by a few small plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, about one half within the base, in a narrow cavity, and occasionally pressed towards one side, by a protuberance on the opposite one. Skin, when clear, of a bright yellow, but mostly covered with a grey netted russet, rendering the skin scabrous. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and tender. Juice saccharine, highly aro- matic, and of a most excellent flavour. A dessert apple from November till February. This neat and very valuable little apple was intro- duced into notice about thirty years ago by the late Mr. Andrew Siely, of Norwich, who had it growing in his garden on the Castle Ditches, and being a favourite with him, he always called it the Pride of the Ditches. The tree is a weak grower, and somewhat tender. It is, therefore, advisable to graft it upon the Doucin stock, and train it either as a dwarf, or as an espalier in the garden. . Its name of Siely's Mignonne was first published in my Nursery Catalogue of 1805. 189. SWEENEY NONPAREIL. Hart. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 526. Fruit somewhat of the form of the old Nonpareil, but more irregular in its outline, and larger, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye small, perfectly closed by the short segments of the calyx, seated in a narrow and shallow depression, sur- rounded by a few wrinkled plaits. Stalk an inch long, slender, inserted in a wide but shallow cavity ; and, like the old Nonpareil, it protrudes considerably beyond the base. Skin green, with white spots, which become oval round the stalk, and patches of russet all over it, having sometimes the brilliant colour of a fine Nonpareil. Flesh firm and crisp, with abundance of juice, in which a powerful acid is combined with much sugar. H 2 100 APPLES. A dessert apple from the middle of November till March. This very fine apple was raised by J. N. Parker, Esq. in 1807, a t Sweeney, in Shropshire. The tree is an abundant bearer, and the fruit sometimes grows to a large size ; the largest it ever produced was in 1818, measuring eleven inches and a quarter in circumference, and weighing nine ounces and a quarter. Twenty of its fruit, exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820, weighed seven pounds thirteen ounces avoirdupoise. 190. SYKEHOUSE RUSSET. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 40. Pom. Mag. t.Sl. Prager, of some Dutch Collections, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit flat, middle-sized, of a roundish figure, and much flattened at both extremities, nearly three inches in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye open, deeply sunk in an open even basin. Stalk vari- able in length, and not deeply inserted. Skin greenish yellow, more or less covered with a thin grey russet, which in some seasons almost entirely disappears ; on the sunny side, of a deep rich brown, interspersed with small russetty patches. Flesh greenish white, approach- ing to yellow when fully matured, firm, juicy, with a fine subacid flavour. A dessert apple from December till March. This most excellent apple derives its name from the village of Sykehouse, in Yorkshire. Its young wood \s somewhat long-jointed, very straight and erect, and grows to a greater length in one season than any other apple I have ever propagated. It is a hardy tree, and a good bearer, but best grafted on the Doucin stock, and trained in the garden as an espalier. 191. WHEELER'S RUSSET. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 16. Fruit middle-sized, irregularly shaped and somewhat flat, from two inches and a half to two inches and three APPLES. quarters in diameter, and two to two inches and a quarter deep. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, placed in a rather shallow, uneven, broad-plaited basin. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity, seldom protruding beyond the base. Skin pale yellowish grey russet quite round the fruit, and on the sunny side of a lively brown, sprinkled with russetty specks. Flesh firm, greenish white. Juice not plentiful, but of a brisk, saccharine, aromatic flavour, charged with acid. A dessert and culinary apple from November till May. This is a very excellent winter apple ; and when highly ripened and beginning to shrivel, is one of the best rus- sets of its season. The tree is very hardy, grows hand- somely, and is an excellent bearer. 192. WHITE RUSSET. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 454. Fruit rather large, angular on its sides, about three inches in diameter, and two inches and three quarters deep. Eye wrinkled. Stalk short. Skin yellowish russetty green, intermixed with white, and having a little light red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, and highly flavoured when in perfection, but apt to grow mealy when too ripe. An Irish dessert apple, and in use there in Novem- ber and December. SECT. VIII. Cider Apples* 193. BENNET APPLE. Pom. Heref. t. 21. Fruit somewhat long, irregularly shaped, broad at its base, and narrowing to the crown ; but sometimes broader in the middle than at either of its extremities. A few obtuse angles terminate at the eye, which is small, with very short segments of the nearly closed H 3 APPLES. calyx. Stalk half an inch long, very slender. Skin, on the shady side, a dull, dingy-coloured, russetty grey, shaded on the sunny side with numerous streaks and patches of orange colour and muddy red. Specific gravity of its Juice 1073. This apple has been chiefly cultivated in the deep and strong soils of the south-west part of Herefordshire. It affords excellent cider, when mixed with other varieties. Many of the trees are of great bulk, which prove it to have been known in the seventeenth century. Its name has, no doubt, been derived from the person who first raised it from seed. 194. BEST BACHE. Pom. Heref. t. 16. Bache's Kernel. Jb. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong shape, with two or three obtuse angles, terminating at the crown. Eye small ; segments of the calyx short and flat. Stalk short, very stiff, so that the fruit is always in the direction of the bud from which it sprang. Skin yellow, shaded and streaked with light and deeper red, with now and then a few black specks : these, however, are more to be attributed to a crowded state of old trees, than a natural appearance of healthy fruit from young trees in a state of vigour, and in a kind season. This observation may be understood to hold good in every description of our orchard fruit. Specific gravity of its Juice 1073. The origin of its name cannot be ascertained ; but ks it has sometimes been called Bache's Kernel, it probably has originated from the name of the person who first raised it from seed. It is principally cultivated in the south-east part of Herefordshire. 195. COCCAGEE. Hort. Soc.Cat. 167, Cockagee. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 22. Fruit middle-sized, conical, two inches and a half deep, and two inches and thre'e quarters in diameter, a APPLES. 103 little angular on its sides, which terminate irregularly in the crown. Eye small, with a closed calyx, rather deeply sunk in an uneven, irregularly plaited basin. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity, not protruded beyond the base. Skin smooth* pale lemon colour quite round the fruit, with a few greenish specks interspersed. Flesh rather soft, yellowish white. Juice sharp acid, with an unpleasant astringency. This apple produces the well known, and by some highly esteemed, Coccagee Cider. Mr. Forsyth de- scribes it as of a red colour next the sun ; but those which were given me by Mr. Kirke were perfectly free from red in every part. I had no means of ascertaining the specific gravity of its juice* 196. COWARNE RED. Pom. Heref t. 28. Fruit of a pretty good size, a little more long than broad, but narrow at the crown, in which appear a few obtuse and undefined plaits. Eye small, with very short converging segments of the calyx. Stalk hardly half an inch long, very stiff and straight. Skin, a small part of it pale gold on the shady side and round the base, but of a bright red over a great part, and where fully exposed to the sun of an intense deep purplish crim- son : there are numerous short streaks which mark the shady side of the fruit. Specific gravity of its Juice 1069- The trees of this sort grow to a large size, and are great bearers. Its name arises from the parish of Cow*, arne, near Bromyard, in Herefordshire, where it was first raised something more than a century ago. This name does not occur in the old catalogues. DOWNTON PIPPIN. See No. 50. This apple sprang like the Grange Apple, and in the same year, from a seed of the Orange Pippin, and the pollen of the Golden Pippin. The original tree, with that of the Grange Apple, is growing at Wormsley H 4 104 APPLES. Grange, in Herefordshire. The young trees very soon come into bearing, and the fruit is excellent. Specific gravity of its Juice 1080. 197. FOREST STYRE. Pom. Heref. t.1%. Red Styre. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, globular, not much unlike the Orange Pippin, except its being deeper, and sunk at the eye, which is nearly closed by the short, blunt seg- ments of the calyx. The crown is regularly marked quite into the eye by ten regularly marked obtuse plaits. Stalk short, causing the fruit to sit pretty close to the branches. Skin soft yellow, shaded and marbled with deepish orange. Specific gravity of its Juice 1076 to 1081. The Styre, or Stire, is a native of Gloucestershire, and is planted principally in the light soils, in the neigh- bourhood of the Forest of Dean, where it affords a stronger cider than the deeper soils of Herefordshire. Styre cider may be found in the neighbourhood of Chep- stow of thirty and forty years old. In Phillips's Poem on Cider he calls this the Stirom, a name which is now become obsolete. 198. FOXLEY APPLE. Pom. Heref. t. 14. Fruit very small, growing in clusters of two or three together, somewhat globular, but a little narrowed at the crown. Eye not sunk, the segments of the calyx strong, narrow, and diverging. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin bright gold, very full of minute dots; and shaded with slight dashes and streaks of deep orange. Specific gravity of its Juice 1080. Raised by Mr* Knight, at Wormsley Grange, from a seed of the Siberian Crab, which had been fertilised by the pollen of the Golden Pippin. Mr* Knight is in- duced to believe that no situation can be found in which our native Crab will grow and produce fruit, where the Foxley Apple will not afford a fine cider. It derives APPLES. 105 its name, Foxley, from the seat of the late Uvedale Price, Esq., in whose garden, on a grafted tree, it acquired ma- turity. It obtained the premium of the Herefordshire Agricultural Society in 1808. 199- Fox- WHELP. Pom. Heref. t. 3. Fruit irregular, somewhat oval-shaped, with two or three prominent angles which terminate in the eye : crown rather narrow and pointed, and the base uneven. Skin yellow and red mixed, with a good deal of deeper red streaked all over the fruit. Specific gravity of the Juice 1076 to 1080. The expressed juice of this is extremely rich and sac- charine, and enters, in a greater or less proportion, into the composition of many of the finest ciders now made in Herefordshire, to which it communicates both strength and flavour. It has been known ever since the time of Ray, in 1688; and Mr. Knight believes it to be a native of Herefordshire. 200. FRIAR APPLE. Pom. Heref. t. 30. Fruit of a good size, somewhat conical, being broad at its base, and tapering to the crown, which is very narrow and pointed. Eye sunk, and surrounded by four or five obtuse, but prominent plaits. Stalk short and stiff, notwithstanding which the fruit are generally pendent. Skin dull grass green on the shaded side ; but where exposed to the sun, of a very dark, muddy, livid red. Specific gravity of its Juice 1073. This apple is cultivated principally in the north-west parts of Herefordshire. The trees are generally vigorous and productive, and in kind seasons its cider is veiy good. It is difficult to say from what its name has ori- ginated, as nothing more can be traced of its history. 201. GARTER APPLE. Pom. Heref. t. 26. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, tapering from the base to its crown, perfectly round in its circumference, and free 106 APPLES. from angles. Eye a little sunk, and closed by the short segments of the calyx. Stalk short. Skin pale yellow on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun of a bright lively red, shaded with darker streaks and patches quite into the crown. Specific gravity of its Juice 1066. The Garter Apple has been much cultivated during the decay of the older and more valuable varieties ; and in mixing with those, though it contains but a small portion of saccharine matter, it contributes to afford excellent cider. The origin of its name is quite un- certain. GOLDEN HARVEY. See No. 91. The cider produced from the Golden Harvey, or Brandy Apple, is of very great strength, with little richness ; it has thence been called the Brandy Apple : in a very warm situation and season, it, however, sometimes affords a most exceedingly rich cider. Specific gravity of its Juice 1085. There are different varieties of the apple cultivated in Herefordshire under the name of Harvey : the Golden Harvey derives its name from the bright yellow colour of its pulp. GOLDEN PIPPIN. See No. 26. The Golden Pippin, although one of our very finest dessert apples, is likewise one which has ever been the most esteemed for its cider. Specific gravity of its Juice 1078. 202. GRANGE APPLE. Pom. Heref. t. 7< Fruit of small size, globular, round at the crown. Eye very little sunk, the segments of the calyx strong, acute, reflexed. Stalk short and thick. Skin yellowish green, a little russetted near the base with a darker greyish green, and more inclined to yellow on the sunny side. Specific gravity of its Juice 1079. APPLES. 107 Raised at Wormsley Grange by Mr. Knight, from a seed of the Orange Pippin, which had been fertilised by the pollen of the Golden Pippin, in 1791. It is a very excellent cider fruit, and obtained the premium given by the Agricultural Society of Herefordshire, in 1802, for the best cider apple recently raised from seed. 203. HAGLOE CRAB. Pom. Heref. t. 5. Fruit small, ill-shaped, something between an apple and a crab, more long than broad, wide at the base, and narrower at the crown, which is a little sunk, and the eye flat. Skin pale yellow, a little marbled in different directions with a russetty grey, and having a few red specks or streaks on the sunny side. Eye flat, with a spreading calyx. Stalk short. Specific gravity of its Juice 1081. The Hagloe Crab, when planted on a dry soil, with a calcareous bottom, in a warm situation and season, produces a most excellent cider, both of strength and body. Mr. Marshall states it to have been raised by Mr. Bellamy, of Hagloe, in the parish of Awre, in Gloucestershire, towards the end of the seventeenth century ; but Mr. Knight thinks it existed long pre- vious to that time, as long ago the original tree could not be found at Hagloe. 204. LOAN PEARMAIN. Pom. Heref. t. 6. Fruit rather small, somewhat globular ; the crown is rather narrow ; the Eye> and the segments of the calyx flat. Skin pale yellow, marbled all over with orange- coloured specks and streaks. Stalk about half an inch long, fleshy next the fruit. Specific gravity of its Juice 1072. As a cider apple, the Loan Pearmain possesses much merit, and contains a considerable proportion of saccha- rine matter, combined with a good deal of astringency. The tree is a weak grower, and is frequently encum- bered with a multiplicity of slender shoots. It does not 108 APPLES. appear to have been known in the seventeenth century, nor can its origin now be satisfactorily ascertained. This pretty little fruit is not the Loan's Pearmain of the nurseries about London. 205. OLD QUINING. Pom. Heref. t. 19- Fruit oblong, having obtuse but prominent angles, extending from the base to the crown, where they cor- respond to the number of the divisions of the calyx. Eye small, with erect segments, Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin dull, dingy yellow, very much shaded with red, and of a very high dark colour on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the Juice 1073. Hay, who wrote in the sixteenth century, mentions the Queening Apple, and it has also been called Queen- ing by other writers ; but there seems to be no authority for this orthography. It appears more probably to have originated from Coin (often called Quoin), from its angular sides. The fruit is very good for table when first gathered from the tree. As a cider apple it was formerly held in esteem ; but more modern kinds seem, at the present day, to have usurped its place. 206. ORANGE PIPPIN. Pom. Heref. t. 8. Marygold. Hort. Soc. Cat. 593. Isle of Wight Orange. Ib. 484. Isle of Wight Pippin. Ibid. Fruit middle-sized, globular. Eye but little sunk, with broad, acute segments of the calyx. Stalk vefy short. Skin a yellowish golden grey, with a russetty epidermis, highly coloured with orange and red on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the Juice 1074. This very beautiful apple is cultivated in Hereford- shire, both as a dessert and cider apple. Its yellow pulp communicates a fine golden tinge to the juice APPLES. 109 of other varieties, and it is of itself an excellent cider fruit. Its name has originated, no doubt, from the appear- ance of its fruit when highly ripened, resembling that of a crop of very ripe Seville Oranges. There are trees now to be found 100 years old ; but where it originated cannot be ascertained. It has been supposed by some that the Orange Pippin was brought from Normandy to the Isle of Wight, and that the first of the kind was planted in the garden of Wraxhall Cottage, near the under cliff, where it was growing in 18 17. 207. PAWSAN. Pom. Here/, t. 15. fruit above the middle size, pretty round, without angles ; but sometimes it is rather oval. Crown but little hollow. Eye small, with short reflexed segments of the calyx. Skin dull muddy olive-green, a good deal reticulated with a fine network. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, causing the fruit to be pen- dent. Specific gravity of the Juice 1076. Many trees of the Pawsan are found in the south- east or Ryeland district of Herefordshire, which have apparently stood more than a century. Its pulp is ex- ceedingly rich and yellow, and in some seasons it affords cider of the very finest quality. Its name cannot be traced to any probable source. 208. RED MUST. Pom. Heref. t. 4. Fruit nearly, if not quite, the largest cider apple cul- tivated in Herefordshire. It is rather broad and flattish, a little irregular at its base, which is hollow. Stalk slender. Crown sunk. Eye deep, with a stout erect calyx. Skin greenish yellow on the shaded side, with a deep rosy colour where exposed to the sun, and shaded with a darker red. Specific gravity of the Juice 1064. 110 APPLES. Ray has both a Red and a White Must apple among his cider fruit. The Red Must has been more exten- sively cultivated in Herefordshire than it is at present. Its cider has always been held in estimation ; and although frequently thin of itself, when its fruit have been pressed with others, the cider has been much superior to that which could have been obtained from those sorts if pressed alone. It appears to be a native of Herefordshire, the deep soils of which produce trees of considerable magnitude. 209. REDSTREAK. Pom. Heref. t. 1. Fruit nearly globular, but narrowed at the crown. Eye small, with a converging calyx. Stalk slender. Skin yellowish gold colour, but of a vermillion red where exposed to the sun, with deeper streaks, which are more or less marked all around the fruit. Specific gravity of the Juice 1079. Mr. Knight, the author of the very interesting Pomona Heref or densis, is of opinion that the Red- streak was the first fine cider apple that was cultivated in Herefordshire, or probably in England ; arid thinks it may be doubted, whether excellent cider was ever made in any country previous to the existence of this apple. It is unquestionably a native of Herefordshire, and is supposed to have been raised from seed by Lord Scuda- more in the beginning of the seventeenth century. When it began to be first cultivated, it was called Scudamortfs Crab, and he certainly first pointed out its excellence to the Herefordshire planters. Lord Scudamore was ambassador to the court of France in the time of King Charles the First. 10. SIBERIAN BITTER-SWEET. Hort.Trans.Vol.vi. p. 547- Fruit rather more than twice the size of the Siberian Crab, and not unlike it in shape, but with more colour APPLES. Ill on its sunny side. Mr. Knight, who raised it from a seed of the Siberian Crab, which had been fertilised by the pollen of the Golden Harvey, says it is wholly worthless, except for the press ; for this purpose it is highly valuable, when crushed with the more austere sorts, as it contains a larger portion of saccharine matter than any other apple known. I have tasted it at Mr. Knight's, and could compare it to nothing so much as to a sweet apple sliced and dipped in moist sugar. It obtained the premium awarded by the Agricultural So- ciety of Herefordshire in 1826, for the best new variety of cider apple. The tree is a most abundant bearer, and possesses the valuable property of resisting the attacks of the white mealy insect, in the same manner as the Winter Majitin of Norfolk. The Siberian Bitter- Sweet appears to have produced its first fruit in 1818, as Mr. Knight says in a letter to me (September, 1830), "The original tree has borne thirteen successive crops, in defiance of several very severe and destructive frosts ; and all heavy ones : the quality of the fruit consequently is apt to suffer greatly, and this takes off much from its value, as over- loaded trees never afford rich fruit, or fine cider." 211. SIBERIAN HARVEY. Pom. Heref. t. 23. Fruit small, and nearly globular. Eye small, with short connivent segments of the calyx. Stalk short. Skin of a bright gold colour, tinged with faint and deeper red on the sunny side. The fruit grows a good deal in clusters on slender wing branches. Specific gravity of the Juice 1091. This was raised by Mr. Knight from a seed of the Siberian Crab, which had been fertilised by the pollen of the Golden Harvey. It produced blossoms first in 1807, and that year obtained the premium of the Agri- cultural Society of Herefordshire. Its juice is intensely sweet. The fruit becomes ripe the middle of October, 112 APPLES. but will remain on the tree long after it is ripe, and after its leaves are fallen. 21 2. STEAD'S KERNEL. Pom. fferef. t. 25. Fruit a little turbinate, or top- shaped, something resembling a quince. Eye small, flat, with a short truncate, or covered calyx. Stalk short. Skin yellow, a little reticulated with a slight greyish russet, and a few small specks intermixed. Specific gravity of the Juice 1 074. As a cider apple, this appears to possess great merit, combining a slight degree of astringency with much sweetness. It ripens in October, and is also a good culinary apple during its season. It was raised from seed by the late Daniel Stead, at Brierly, near Leominster, in Herefordshire. WINTER PEARMAIN, see No. 161. Ray, 1688. Parmain d'Hiver. Knoof. Pom. p. 64. t. 11. Old Pearmain. Pom. fferef. t. 29. Fruit middle-sized, regular in shape, and about one- fourth part more long than broad. Crown a little nar- rowed. Eye small, and closed by the shut segments of the calyx. Stalk short. Skin grass green, with a little colour of a livid red on the sunny side, interspersed with a few dark specks. Specific gravity of the Juice 1079. This was extensively cultivated in the seventeenth century, and is called by Evelyn and Worlidge the Winter Pearmain. Knoop also calls it Pepin Parmatn d'Angleterre, from which it would appear, that on the Continent it was considered of English origin. It is a very good apple, and in a fine season is equally calculated for the press or the dessert. 213. WOODCOCK APPLE. Pom. fferef. 1. 10. Fruit middle-sized, of an oval shape, tapering a little to the crown, which is narrow. Eye flat, with broad segments of the calyx. Stalk three quarters of an inch APPLES. 113 long, thick, and fleshy, and curved inwards towards the fruit. Skin yellow, nearly covered with a soft red, and much deeper colour on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the Juice 1073. The Woodcock apple has been frequently mentioned by writers of the seventeenth century, as a cider apple of great excellence ; but its cultivation seems on the decline. Its name is generally supposed to have been derived from an imaginary resemblance of the form of the fruit and fruit-stalk, in some instances, to the head and beak of a woodcock, 214. YELLOW ELLIOT. Pom. Heref. t. YJ. Fruit of a good size, rather more flat than long, having a few obtuse angles terminating in the crown. Eye small, with short diverging segments of the calyx. Stalk short. Skin pale yellow, slightly shaded with orange on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the juice 1076. The Yellow Elliot was well known by planters of the seventeenth century. The cider in a new state is harsh and astringent ; but it grows soft and mellows with age. It is supposed to have derived its name from the person who raised it from seed, as we find it mentioned by Phillips in his poem on cider. A Selection of Apples for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. SUMMER APPLES. Early Red Margaret - 13 Spring Grove Codlin Margaret - 5 Summer Golden Pippin AUTUMNAL APPLES. Early Nonpareil - -168 King of the Pippins Franklin's Golden Pippin - 24 Old Golden Pippin Hughes's Golden Pippin - 29 Padley's Pippin Keswick Codlin . 56 Pine Apple Russet I - 9 - 10 - 24 - 26 - 34 - 180 APPLES. Acklam's Russet Ashmead's Kernel Barcelona Pearmain Canadian Reinette Cornish Aromatic Court of Wick Dutch Mignonne Fearn's Pippin Golden Harvey WINTER APPLES. - 163 Hanwell Souring - - 139 - 165 Hubbard's Pearmain - - 142 - 118 Margil - - 100 - 76 Martin Nonpareil - - 174? - 78 Norfolk Beaufin . - - 105 - 79 Northern Greening - - 149 - 82 Old Nonpareil - 175 - 87 Ribston Pippin 155 - 91 Royal Pearmain - - 156 Northern Counties of England, and Southern of Scotland. SUMMER APPLES, Early Red Margaret Margaret 13 Oslin j> 5 Red Quarendon AUTUMNAL APPLES. Early Nonpareil - - 168 English Codlin - 53 Franklin's Golden Pippin 24 Hughes's Golden Pippin 29 Keswick Codlin - - 56 King of the Pippins - 24 Old Golden Pippin - - 26 Padley's Pippin ; ^ - 34 Pine Apple Russet - 180 Wormsley Pippin - - 43 Acklam's Russet Adams's Pearmain Blenheim Pippin Canadian Reinette Cornish Aromatic - Dutch Mignonne Margil Martin Nonpareil WINTER APPLES. - 163 Minchal Crab .V; ...,,, - 101 -115 New York Pippin - -147 - 72 Norfolk Colman - -110 ''^' 76 Northern Greening - - 149 - 78 Old Nonpareil - 175 - 82 Ribston Pippin - - 1^5 - 100 Royal Pearmain - - 156 - 174 Scarlet Nonpareil - - 187 Early Julien Early Red Margaret Hawthornden Highlands of Scotland. SUMMER APPLES. 2 Oslin - 13 Rivelstone Pippin - 27 Summer Pearmain - 6 - 15 - 64 APPLES. 115 WINTER APPLES. Blenheim Pippin - - 72 Northern Greening - 149 Canadian Reinette - - 76 Old Nonpareil - 175 Contin Reinette - 77* Piles Russet - 179 Coul Blush 130* Ribston Pippin - 155 Fulwood - 89 Royal Russet - 185 Golden Reinette ;W ' 93 Scarlet Nonpareil - - 187 Kinellan Apple 144* Sweeny Nonpareil ff .--; - 189 Lemon Pippin - - 145 Tarvey Codlin - - 158* Margil . - 100 Yorkshire Greening - - 114 In the Highlands of Scotland winter apples can hardly be expected to arrive at perfection, unless when planted against walls. The variety of apples cultivated in this country is by far too numerous to attempt any thing like a complete description : even to enumerate them would be a most difficult task, owing to the great uncertainty of their names among nurserymen, gardeners, and orchardists, and the multiplicity of names under which they are known in different parts of the kingdom. In apples, a greater confusion exists in this respect than in any other description of fruit. This arises not so much from the great number of varieties which are grown, as from the number of growers, some of whom seek to profit by their crops alone, regarding but little their nomenclature. Nurserymen, who are more anxious to grow a large stock for sale than to be careful as to its character, are led into error by taking it for granted that the name of a fruit they propagate is its correct name, and no other : hence arises the frequency of so many of our fruits being sold under wrong names. Gardeners, who purchase trees, become deceived by this procedure, and do not discover the error, unless they have been imposed upon by the substitution of something worthless, wholly and obviously at variance with the character of the fruit that was sold them. This is a serious evil, 116 APPLES. to say nothing of the disappointment to the purchaser ; for, unless the mistake be detected at first, the longer the tree grows before it is discovered, the more time will have been lost in its cultivation ; and, be it remem- bered, this time is irrecoverable. The foregoing descriptions of many of our most po- pular apples, it is presumed, will be found sufficiently clear, to enable the pomologist to detect these egre- gious and every-day blunders, and to ascertain whether he cultivates those fruits that have been sold him, or whether he has had others substituted for them. Propagation. There are only two kinds of stocks on which it is desirable to propagate the apple in this country: the Wild Crab, from which our verjuice is obtained, and the Doucin stock. The first is that for our most vigor- ous and hardy sorts for orchard planting ; the second for our more tender and delicate dessert apples, for dwarf trees, and espaliers for the garden. This last is most generally, in our nurseries, called the Paradise stock, although widely different from the Pomme Pa- radis of the French, a sort not worth growing in this country. In the cider counties, the crab is generally trained up standard high, and when grown sufficiently large for the purpose, it is grafted the height at which it is in* tended the head of the tree should be formed : this is generally from seven to eight feet from the ground. In the nurseries, all the apples intended for standards are grafted about nine inches high only, allowing them to grow up standard high, and forming the head upon the second year's shoot ; but, instead of grafting them, a much better method is to bud them, as they make much better trees in the same length of time. APPLES. 117 This latter practice is recommended for standards only, as I have always found grafted plants of apples, and also those of pears, plums, and cherries, far superior for dwarfs to those which have been raised from buds. Pruning and Training. With regard to pruning, training, and general ma- nagement of fruit trees of every description, I wish it to be fully understood, that they cannot be removed from the nursery too soon after the wood has become ripe, and the leaves fallen off; for between this time and the winter many of them will make fresh roots, and be prepared to push forth their young shoots with much more vigour in the spring, than those whose transplanting has been deferred till a late period of the season. It should, therefore, be constantly borne in mind, that where the greatest success is desired in forming new plantations of trees, whether in the orchard or the garden, such necessary precautions should not be lost sight of in order to secure it. The first step to be taken, in order to the accomplish- ment of this object, is an early and effectual preparation of the soil ; and the next, an early transplanting of the trees ; the rest will depend upon their subsequent management. On this latter subject I shall give a few short, and, I hope, intelligible directions, under the dif- ferent heads as they occur, in addition to what has been said when treating of their propagation. Open Standards* Such trees as are intended for open standards should be young, clean, and healthy 5 their stems should be i 3 118 APPLES. straight, and their heads should consist of not less than three nor more than four branches, equal in strength, and regularly placed : these will be sufficient to form the principal limbs, for the support of the largest heads that can be required. The trees should be staked as soon as planted, in order to keep them upright, and to secure them against violent winds. They should not be headed down the first year, nor will they require to be headed down after- wards, in such trees whose growth is upright ; but such as are of a pendent growth should remain till they are well established in the ground ; and may then be headed down, leaving the branches nine or twelve inches long, when the young shoots will assume a more upright di- rection. At the end of the year these should be thinned out, selecting those which are the best placed and most regular in their growth for forming the future head. After this, nothing more will be necessary than to look them over from time to time, cutting out carefully any superabundant branches which may appear, particularly those which have a tendency to injure the proper figure of the head, or are likely to become stronger than the rest : these latter, if suffered to remain, will injure any description of tree, whether it be a standard, an espalier, or whether it be trained against a wall. Open Dwarfs. v Open dwarfs are such as are generally planted on the borders, or in the quarters of the garden, and consist of such as are intended to furnish fruit for the dessert only : those for the kitchen more properly belong to the orchard department. Besides, open dwarfs should con- sist of those kinds whose wood is short^ slender, and easily kept within a moderate compass j this latter object APPLES. 119 is accomplished more effectually by grafting them upon the Doucin stock ; the crab being destined to the sup- port of orchard standards, or dwarfs for large gardens, where the trees can be allowed plenty of room. And here it may be observed, that dwarfs on crab- stocks are much more adapted for large and ponderous fruit than standards, as they not only produce larger fruit, but are less likely to be blown down by high winds. Trees for this purpose should have their branches of an equal strength : those which have been grafted one year, or what are termed by nurserymen maiden plants, are the best ; they should not be cut down when planted, but should stand a year, and then be headed down to the length of four or six inches, according to their strength; these will produce three or four shoots from each cut- down branch, which will be sufficient to form a head. At the end of the second year, two or three of the best placed of these from each branch should be selected, and shortened back to nine, twelve, or fifteen inches each, according to their strength, taking care to keep the head perfectly balanced (if the expression may be allowed), so that one side shall not be higher nor more numerous in its branches than the other, and all must be kept as near as may be at an equal distance from each other. If this regularity in forming the head be attended to and effected at first, there will be no difficulty in keeping it so after* wards, by observing either to prune to that bud imme- diately on the inside next to the centre of the tree, or that immediately on the outside. By this means, view- ing it from the centre, the branches will be produced in a perpendicular line from the eye ; whereas, if pruned to a bud on the right or left side of the branch, the young shoot will be produced in the same direction : so that if the branches formed round a circle be not thus pruned to the eyes on the right successively, or the left successively, a very material difference will be found, 1 4- 120 APPLES. and the regularity of the tree will be destroyed, in one single year's pruning ; which may be readily illustrated thus : Fix four branches, either in a direct line, or to a circular hoop, at the distance of eight inches from each other : let the first branch on the left be called a, the second b, the third c, the fourth d ; head down a to the left hand bud ; b to the right ; c to the left ; and d to the right. When these have grown a year, those between b and c will be only six inches apart, while those between a and b and between c and d will be ten inches : thus the distances now are not as eight to to eight, but as six to ten ; which would require two years' pruning in a contrary direction to restore the head to its former regularity : and it must not be forgotten that this system of pruning will hold good in every other case. What has just been said, has reference only to the leading shoots, which are always produced from the ter- minal buds when pruned, and which alone form the figure and beauty of the tree. The intermediate space must of course be provided for at the same time, having a regard to the number of branches thus employed, that they do not crowd each other. On the contrary, they must be kept thin, and perfectly open, so as to ad- mit plenty of sun and air, without which the fruit produced will be small and good for but little : the middle of the tree, indeed, must be kept quite open from the first to the last, taking care that all the surrounding branches lead outwards, and preserving a regular dis- tance from each other. In pruning the supernumerary shoots, they should be cut down to within an inch of the bottom, which will generally cause the surrounding eyes to form natural blossom spurs ; but where the tree is in a vigorous state of growth, branches will probably be produced instead APPLES. 121 of spurs : if so, they must all be cut out close, except one, which must be shortened as before. In all the winter prunings, care must be taken to keep the spurs short and close, none of which should at any time exceed three inches ; cutting out clean all the blank spurs, which have produced fruit the previous summer, to the next perfect bud below. Should canker be perceived in any of the branches, or older limbs, if of a formidable nature, they should, at this pruning, be cut out to the sound wood, where, in general, nature will have provided some young shoots of more than usual strength, for the purpose of remedy- ing the defect. When canker arises from some acci- dental cause, such as wounds, by early attention it may be overcome ; but when it arises from a constitutional disease, amputation is the only remedy for the affected part. Should it break out on an extended scale, an efficacious remedy will be sought in vain the shortest, and the least expensive, will be to root up the tree. These appear to me to be all the instructions necessary to be observed in the management of open dwarfs : they are, at least, such as I have myself pursued for many years ; and I have found ample compensation, not only in abundant crops, but in fine and perfect specimens of fruit. Espaliers. Espalier trees are of old standing in this coun- try, and are admirably adapted for small gardens, where every yard of room is of consequence ; and in large gardens they are equally valuable with the open dwarf. There are two ways of forming espaliers : the most common is that of training the two sides in the manner of horizontal wings : this method always leaves the centre open, from the curvature of the inner branches, APPLES. which gives the tree an awkward and vacant appearance. The other method is to train a perpendicular shoot from the centre, and furnish the sides with branches at right angles from the main stem : this last appears to me the most simple, and the best ; because it leaves no blank in the tree, and is the most easy to be accomplished. In proceeding to form a tree of this description, select a plant of one year old from the graft, with three even shoots if possible : when planted, place five short stakes in the line the espalier is intended to be trained, one in the centre, and two on each side, at a foot distance from each other ; training the centre shoot perpendicularly to the centre stake, and the two side shoots horizontally to the four others : these must be kept at their full length till the plant has been esta- blished a year. If then it appears to be in a state of vigour, cut back the three branches ; the two side ones to six inches, and the centre one to nine or ten. When the young shoots are produced from these, train the extreme or strongest one from each of the side branches horizontally. The centre shoot will have produced three shoots at least ; the uppermost of which must be continued perpendicularly, and the two next beneath trained horizontally, one on each side. This will then form the espalier. This process must be continued from year to year till the tree has arrived at its intended height, which is generally about five feet. If the centre shoot produces three others annual!^ when cut down to nine inches, it will require seven years to complete the seven series of horizontal branches: but sometimes it happens that the centre shoot possesses sufficient vigour to produce two series, or five branches, by shortening it to eighteen inches instead of nine ; if so, this advantage may be seized. Should the tree, after having been planted a year, not possess sufficient vigour to throw * out three shoots APPLES. 123 From the centre branch, all the three branches must be cut back to two or three eyes, and a single shoot trained from each : the year following proceed as directed at first : this will cause a delay in forming the tree. After this, the horizontal shoots must be trained at length, shortening the supernumerary ones so as to form natural spurs, as directed for the open dwarfs : the spurs, also, must be treated in the same manner. In training the espalier, it will of course have been found necessary, after the second year, to increase the number, as well as the size, of the stakes : they should be clean and straight, regularly placed, and supplied to the extent required by the tree. If the large-fruited kitchen apples, upon crab- stocks, are intended to be grown as espaliers, the branches should be trained at twelve inches distance from each other, instead of nine. INDEX TO APPLES. Acklam's Russet .-, - 1G3 Belle Bonne -121 Adams's Pearmain *., - 115 Belledge - - 68 ^Esopus Spitzemberg - - 116 Belle Gricleline - 69 Alexander .- 22 Belle Grisdeline - 69 Alfriston - - 46 Bell's Scarlet - - 62 American Neivtotvn Pippin 103 Belvoir Pippin - 69* Anis - 169 Bennett Apple - 193 Aporta -. * 22 Ben well's Pearmain - - 122 Arbroath Pippin - - 6 Bere Court Pippin - 17 Aromatic Russet - - 164- Best Bache - 194? Asbmead's Kernel - 165 Biggs's Nonesuch -~ . 70 Aurore - - 93 Birmingham Pippin - 71 Baches Kernel - 194? Blenheim Orange * - 72 Baltimore - 117 Blenheim Pippin - - 72 Barcelona Pearmain - 118 Bonnet Carre - - 113 Bardin 88 Borovitsky * 1 Baxter's Pearmain - - 119 Borsdorff - 73 Beachamwell Seedling - 67 Borsdorjfer - 73 Beauty of Kent - 47 Bossom - 123 Bedfordshire Foundling - 120 Bowyer's Russet - - 166 APPLES, Braddick's Nonpareil - 167 Brandy Apple - - 91 Breedon Pippin - - 124 Brickley Seedling - 74 Bringewood Seedling - 75 Broad-end - - 109 Brown. Apple of Burnt Island 1 69 B rummage Pippin - - 71 Bursdoff - 73 Calmlle Blanche d'Hiver - 113 Calmlle d'Angleterre - 130 Calmlle d'Ete - 14 Calmlle Rouge - - 162 Calmlle Rouge d'Ete - 14 Calmlle Rouge d'Hiver - 162 Calville Rouge de Micoud 18 Cambridge Pippin - - 120 Canadian Reinette - 76 Capendu - 80 Caraway Russet - - 169 Carrel's Seedling - - 154 Caroline Apple - - 77 Catshead - 125 Cat's- Head - 125 Charles Apple - 99 Chester Pearmain - 126 Christ's Golden Reinette - 82 Christie's Pippin - - 19 Claremont Pippin * - 83 Claygate Pearmain - 127 Cobbett's Fall Pippin - 159 Cobham Apple - - 20 Coccagee - - 195 Cockagee - - 195 Cockle Pippin - 128 Codling - - - 53 Cole Apple - 21 Col. Harbord's Pippin - 129 Concombre ancien - - 159 Contin Reinette - - 77* Cornish Aromatic - - 78 Cornish Gilliflower - - 130 Cornish July Flower - 130 Costard - - 125 Coul Blush -v^ - 130* Court de Wick "'- .' - 79 Court of Wick Pippin - 79 Courtpendu - - 80 Courtpendu de la Quintinye 88 Courtpendu plat - - 80 Coustard - - 125 Cowarne Red - - 196 Cray Pippin - 48 Dainty - - 28 Darling Pippin *>i - 131 D'Espagne - 159 DeRatteau - - 159 Devonshire Quarendon - 8 Ditchingham Pippin - 35 Dr. Ashmead's Kernel - 165 Dr. Harvey's Apple - 140 Dr. Helsham's Pippin - 12 Dolgoi Squosnoi - - 16 Dowell's Pippin - - 49 Downton Pippin - - 50 Drap d'Or - - 84 Duke of Beaufort's Pippin 51 Dumelow's Crab - - 81 Dumelow's Seedling - 81 Dutch Codlin - - 52 Dutch Mignonne - 82 Earl of Yarmouth's Pear- main - 152 Early Crofton - .- $ Early Julian - * 9 Early Nonpareil - - 168 Early Red Juneating - 13 Early Red Margaret - is Early Striped Juneating - 13 Easter Pippin - - 83 Elton Golden Pippin - 50 Elton Pippin - 50 Embroidered Pippin - 84 Emperor Alexander - 22 Engelsche Konings of Kings-Pepping - - 156 English Codlin - 53 English Pippin - - 93 APPLES. 125 Eve Apple Eyer's Greening - Fail-me-never Fall Pippin Fall Pippin, Cobbett's Fall Pippin, Sudlow's Fameuse Farleigh Pippin Farley Pippin Fearn's Pippin Fenouillet Gris Fenouillet Jaune - Fenouillet Rouge Five-crowned Pippin Flower of Kent - Forest Styre Forman's Crew Formosa Pippin Foul don Pearmain - Foxley Apple Fox Whelp Franklin's Golden Pippin Frank Rambour French Codlin French Crab Frith Pitcher Friar - - Fry's Pippin Fulwood Ganges Garnon's Apple Garter -* ' ' Glace de Zelande *- Glace Rouge Glory of the West - Glory of York - Gogar Pippin Golden Drop Golden Harvey - Golden Lustre Golden Noble Golden Pearmain Golden Pippin Golden Reinette - 13 Golden Russet - 170 - 85 Golden Vining - 142 - 86 Grange Apple - - 202 - 159 Gravenstein - 138 - 159 Grey Leadington rl^.-;:- 54? - 24? Green Newtown Pippin - 94* - 36 Gricne Reinette - 175 -132 Grummage Pippin - - 71 - 1 32 Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre 76 - 87 Hagloe Crab - 203 -169 Hampshire Yellow - - 57 - 84 Hanwell Souring - - 139 - 88 Hardingham's Russet - 180 - 97 Harvey Apple - 14-0 - 23 Hawthornden - 27 -197 Herefordshire Pearmain - 156 - 133 Hicks s Fancy - 168 -155 Hoary Morning - 28 - 134 Holland Pippin - - 95 -198 Hollow-crowned Pippin - 141 - 199 Horrex's Pearmain - 134 - 24 Horsham Russet - - 171 - 25 Hubbard's Pearmain - 142 - 52 Hughes's Golden Pippin - 29 - 83 Hughes's New Golden Pippin 29 - 59 Hunt's Duke of Gloucester 172 -200 Hunt's Nonpareil - -172 - 79 Irish Peach Apple - 3 - 89 Irish Pitcher : v. -- '' . 59 -135 Irish Russet - 186 - 80 Iron-stone Pippin - - 83 - 201 Isle of Wight Orange - 206 - 1 1 Isle of Wight Pippin - 206 -118 Janurea - - 76 - 52 Jubilee Pippin V - 55 -155 July Flower - - 130 - 90 Juneating * - 4 - 79 Kentish Pippin - - 143 - 91 Kerry Pippin - 30 - 136 Keswick Codlin - 56 - 92 Kinellan Apple -144* - 137 King of the Pippins - 57 - 26 Kirke's Golden Pippin - 31 - 93 Kirke's Lord Nelson - 96 126 APPLES, Kleiner Casseler Reinette - 118 Knights Codlin - - 43 Knight's Golden Pippin - 50 Knight's Pippin - - 50 Knightivick Pippin - - 79 Knobby Russet - - 173 Lamb Abbey Pearmain - 144? Langton Nonesuch - 32 Large Fall Pippin - - 159 Lemon Pippin - - 145 Loan Pearmain - 204 London Pippin - 97 Longville's Kernel - 58 Lucombe's Seedling - 98 Magdalene - 5 Malcarle ,v* v 99 Mank's Codlin - - 59 Margaret - - 13 Margaret - 5 Margaretha Apfel - - 1 3 Margil - - 100 Martin Nonpareil - 174 Marygold - 206 Matchless ~ .; - 104 Mela Carla , <-'*. ~ 99 Mela Janurea , ^s - 76 Mincer's Dumpling - 102 Minchall Crab '<(-.,, - 101 Minshul Crab ^ - 101 Motteuxs Seedling - 67 Nelson's Codling -,, - 60 Never : fail - - 86 New Rock Pippin - 146 Newtown Pippin - v - 103 Newtown Spitzemberg - 104 New York Pippin - 147 Nom-pareil - - 175 Nonesuch - 32 Nonsuch -] - 32 Nonpare.il - - 175 Non-pareille - - 175 Norfolk Beaufin - - 105 Norfolk Beefin - - 105 Norfolk Colman - -110 Norfolk Paradise - 148 Norfolk Pippin r ;*vi - 115 Norfolk Storing ,. -110 Northern Greening - 149 Nutmeg Cockle Pippin - 128 Nutmeg Pippin \ ..*". . - 128 Oake's Apple - - 33 Old Nonpareil - - 175 Old Pearmain - 161 Old Quining 205 Old Royal Russet - 176 Orange Pippin ,\> % - 206 Ord's Apple .,K j. - 150 Orgeline - -., -- 6 Orjeline - >* ? -\ $ Ortley Apple * - 151 Oslin Apple - 6 Oslin Pippin ,#?ftr<' '^ Oxnead Pearmain - 152 Padley's Pippin - - 34 Parmain d'Ete* - 64 Parmain d'Hiver - 161 Parmain Double "- - 156 Parmain Royal ,... - 156 Parmain Royal de long duree , - 156 Passe Pomme de Canada - 185 Patch's Russet <* v - 177 Paternoster Appel 82 Pawsan - 207 Pennington's Seedling - 178 Pepin d'Or - - 26 Pepin Parmain d' Angle- terre - W>1 Petit Jean - - 153 Philadelphia Pippin - 35 Phillip's Reinette - 79 Pile's Russet - 179 Pine Apple Russet - 180 Pinner Seedling - - 154 Pitmaston Nonpareil - 181 Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil 181 Pomme de Caractere - 84 Pomme de Laak - 82 APPLES. 127 Pomme de Neige - 36 Portugal Apple - - 76 Postdoff - 73 Postophe cfHiver - 73 Potter's Large - - 37 Powell's Russet - 182 Prager - 190 Prideof the Ditches - 188 Pyrus Asiracanica - 11 Queens Apple - -73 Rambour Franc - -25 Rambour Gros .~ - 25 Red Astracan - - 7 Red Cajville - 14 Red Ingestrie - 38 Red Ingestrie Pippin - 38 RedJuneating - 13 Red Must - - 208 Red Quarenden - 8 Redstreak - - 209 Red Styre - - 197 Reinette Batarde - - 73 Reinette Blanche d'Espagne 159 Reinette de Caen - 76 Reinette de Canada - 76 Reinette de Canada a Cotes 76 Reinette de Canada Blanche 76 Reinette de Canada Grise - 185 Reinette des Cannes - 118 Reinette d'Hongrie - 183 Reinette Dor^e - - 82 Reinette Tranche - 106 Reinette Grosse de Canada 76 Reinette Nompareille - 175 Reinette Rouge - 118 Reinette Rousse - 118 Revelstone Pippin - 15 Ribston Pippin '-'}*'** - 155 Robinson Pippin - 107 Rode Wyn Appel - 63 Holland Apple - 121 Rook's Nest - 169 Ross Nonpareil - - 184? Rother Jacobs Apfel - 13 Royal Pearraain - 156 Royal Pearmain - 64 Royal Reinette - 157 Royal Russet - 185 Ruckmans Pearmain - 137 Rymer - 9 - 61 Sack Apple -r "8 St. Johns Nonpareil - 181 Sam Young - 186 Sams Crab - - 58 Scarlet Crofton - 39 Scarlet Nonpareil - 187 Scarlet Pearmain - 62 Scarlet Perfume - 21 Siberian Bittersweet - 210 Siberian Harvey - 211 Siely's Mignonne - 188 Simpson's Pippin - 150 Simpson's Seedling - 150 Sops in Wine - - 63 Sops of Wine - 63 Speckled Golden Reinette - 118 Spice Apple - 169 Spring Grove Codlin - 9 Staggs Nonpareil - 168 Stead's Kernel - 212 Stone Pippin - - 158 Striped Beaufin - 108 Striped Holland Pippin - 40 Sudlow's Tall Pippin - 24 Sugarloaf Pippin - - 16 Summer Broaden - 41 Summer Colman - 41 Summer Golden Pippin - 10 Summer Nonpareil - 168 Summer Pearmain - 64 Sweeney Nonpareil - 189 Sykehouse Russet - 190 Tarvey Codlin . * _,/ 158* Transparent Codlin - 65 Transparent de Moscovie - 11 Travels Apple . 155 Waltham Abbey Seedling 42 Wellington _''! -3 - 81 128 APRICOTS. Wheeler's Russet - 191 White Astracan - - 11 White Cockle - 128 White Hawthornden - 27 White Pippin - 158 White Russet - - 192 White Spanish Reinette - 159 White Stone Pippin - 158 Whitmore's Pippin - 160 William's Pippin - - 66 Winter Broaden - 109 Winter Colman - 110 Winter Majetin - - 111 Winter Pearmain - 161 Winter Queening - 112 Winter Red Calville - 162 Winter White Calville - 113 Woodcock - - 213 Wood's Huntingdon - 79 Wood's Transparent Pippin 79 Woodstock Pippin - - 72 Wormsley Pippin - 43 Wyken Pippin - -44 Wyher Pippin - - 93 Yellow Elliot - 214 Yellow German Reinette - 93 Yellow Ingestrie - - 45 Yorkshire Greening - 114 Young's Long Keeping - - 83 CHAP. III. APRICOTS. 1. BLOTCHED-LEAVED ROMAN. Blotched-leaved Turkey. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 27. Variegated Turkey. Ib. Abricot Macule, of the French. The Blotched-leaved Roman Apricot differs in no respect from the Roman Apricot, No. 11., except iij its blotched leaves ; more than one half of the plants budded annually in the nurseries becoming plain the first year of their growth from the bud. When the leaves retain their blotched character, the wood which produces them is always, more or less, striped and mottled with yellow, green, and brown. DUHAMEL, Vol. i. p. 145., particularly mentions this variety of Abricot commun, indicating clearly that APRICOTS. 129 those who have Considered it as a Turkey Apricot have been decidedly wrong. 2. BREDA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 2. Pom. Mag. t. 146. Abricot de Hollande, 1 Duhamel, Vol. i. p. 138. t.4. or Amande Aveline. J according to the Pom. Mag. Royal Persian. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 23. Fruit rather small, its general form roundish, but often approaching to be somewhat four-sided. The Suture is moderately deep, with a depression at its termination on the summit. The Skin, where exposed to the sun, is of a deep brownish orange. Flesh deep orange, parting freely from the stone, juicy, rich, and high flavoured. Stone rather small, roundish, com- pressed, but not so much as in some others. Kernel sweet, like a hazel-nut : hence the synonym of Amande Aveline, in France. Ripens from the beginning to the middle of August on walls, and its perfection is considerably prolonged on standards. There is very little doubt that this is the true Breda Apricot, as has been satisfactorily ascertained in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, and explained in the Pomological Magazine ; but it is not the one men- tioned by Miller. The Breda, Turkey, and Orange are the only varieties cultivated in our gardens, which have sweet kernels. There is a very fine open standard of this Apricot in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, which last year (1830) produced a fine crop of most excellent fruit. 3. BRUSSELS. Miller, No. 7- Fruit of a middling size, of a somewhat oval figure, and a good deal compressed on its sides. Suture deep at the base, shallow at the apex. Skin pale yellow, full of white specks; on the sunny side red, marked with dark-brown specks and spots. Flesh yellow, firm, of a K 130 APRICOTS. high brisk flavour, readily separating from the stone. Kernel bitter, very different to that of the Breda, which is sweet. Ripe the middle and end of August. In a sheltered situation, exposed to the south, the Brussels Apricot bears and ripens well upon an open standard. In this case, the fruit is not so large, but of a very deep colour, a little russetty where exposed to the sun, and of a very high flavour. Thirty years ago there were four of these trees growing in a gentleman's garden at Colchester, the largest of which in some seasons pro- duced two hundred dozen of fine fruit. There are also at this time three or four very large trees growing as open standards in the Duke of Devon- shire's gardens at Chiswick, which produce abundance of very fine fruit annually. 4. HEMSKIRKE. Pom. Mag. t. 11. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, slightly compressed, very like a small Moorpark, from which it is only distinguished externally by its size. Flesh very bright, deep, clear orange, more tender and juicy than the Moorpark, with a particularly rich delicate flavour, resembling that of an excellent Green Gage Plum. Stone much smaller than that of the Moorpark, without a pervious passage. Kernel nearly sweet. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. We are indebted to the late Mr. Lee for the intro- duction of this Apricot : it is a most excellent early fruit, and highly deserving of attention. It bears freely on an east wall, where it ripens tho- roughly by the end of July, acquiring a high luscious flavour, superior even to that of the Moorpark. 5. LARGE EARLY APRICOT. Pom. Mag. t. 14-2. Abricot Gros Precoce, 1 of the French, according to Abricot de St. Jean, J the Pom. Mag. Abricot de St. Jean rouge, in Languedoc. Ib. APRICOTS. 131 Abricot gros d' Alexandria, in Provence. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, about two inches and a quarter long and two inches in diameter, somewhat oblong, compressed, projecting considerably on the side of the suture, which is deep, and terminates in a projecting point situated towards the back, beyond the axis of the fruit ; back nearly straight. Skin downy, of a fine bright orange, and next the sun with spots of deeper red, pale orange on the other side. Flesh parting from the stone, orange-coloured, juicy, rich. Stone brown, much flattened, oval, sharp in the front, perforated along the back from the base to the apex. Kernel bitter. Ripe ten days or a fortnight earlier than the Roman. In France it ripens on Midsummer-day, whence its name of A. de St. Jean. 6. MOORPARK. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 9. Anson's, l Temple's, I of different Collections. Dunmore's Breda, J Fruit large, of a roundish figure, about seven inches and a half in circumference each way, deeply hollowed at the base, and compressed on its sides, one of which is swelled considerably more than the other at the suture, which gives it an oblique appearance. Skin pale yellow on the shaded side, but of a deep orange colour, shaded and marbled with brownish red on the side next the sun, and full of dark specks. Flesh very firm, bright orange, separating clean from the stone. Juice plentiful and excellent. Stone rather rugged, with a pervious pas- sage, containing a bitter kernel. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The Moorpark Apricot, now so universally known throughout England, is said to have been brought into this country by Sir William Temple, and planted in his garden at Moorpark : if so, it must have been an inha- K 2 132 APRICOTS. bitant here for more than 130 years, as Sir William died in 1700, at the age of 72. An old workman is now (1830) employed in the gardens at Moorpark, who re- members quite well what had always been considered as the original tree, and he points out the place where it stood ; but this tree has been dead some years, and its place is now occupied by an Orange Apricot, which ap- pears to have been planted ten or twelve years ago. Mr. Hooker, in his Pomona Londinensis, says it was introduced by Lord Anson, and cultivated in his garden at Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire : the former account, however, would appear to be most correct ; as the fruit in question is known in almost every county in England by the name of Moorpark, whilst the name of Anson's ap- pears to be prevalent in the county of Norfolk principally. The pervious passage in its stone has not been noticed by any of our writers till lately, nor is it readily disco- vered ; its aperture is in a small groove on the thin side near its base, a pin inserted into which and pushed for- ward will open its further orifice, and thus effect its passage through the stone. 7. ORANGE. Miller, No. 2. Early Orange. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 14. Royal George. Ib. 21. Royal Orange. Ib. 15. . Fruit larger than the Masculine, about five inches in circumference each way, and of a roundish figure. Su- ture with a considerable swelling on one of its sides, and having a deep hollow base. Skin pale orange, on the side next the wall, and when fully ripe, of a deep orange tinged with red, and spotted with dark purple next the sun. Flesh deep orange, succulent, and well flavoured. Stone small, orbicular, thick in the middle, and nearly smooth, not separating clean from the flesh. Kernel sweet, like that of the Breda and Turkey. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. APRICOTS. 133 8. PEACH APRICOT. Forsyth. Ed. 3. No. 9. Abricot Peche. Pom. Franc, t. ?. f. 10. Abricot Peche. Duhamel. Vol. i. p. 145. Abricot de Nancy. Ib. No. 10. t. 6. Imperial Anson's. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 5. Fruit very large, frequently from eight to nine inches in circumference, deeply hollowed at its base, and com- pressed on its sides. Suture well defined, with a thick- ening on one of its sides. Skin pale yellow in the shade ; but of a deep orange, shaded, and mottled with dark brown, on the sunny side. Flesh firm, deep orange, and full of a very high-flavoured juice. Stone with a pervious passage, and a bitter kernel. Ripe, end of August and beginning of September. The Peach Apricot is supposed by some to be the same as the Moorpark ; and, indeed, it has all its lead- ing characters ; but an extensive cultivation of it for more than twenty years has convinced me to the con- trary. Its wood is similar, but more gross, less firm, and the tree more tender. Mr. Forsyth says it was introduced from Paris, by his Grace the Duke of North- umberland, in 1767* It is the largest and the best of all the apricots. A tree of this sort was planted in the gardens at Holkham forty years ago, where I have seen fruit of an extraordinary size under the management of Mr. Sandys, who has frequently had them of six ounces and a half in weight, and in any season three of them would weigh a pound avoirdupois. 9. PURPLE. Pom. Franc. 1 . p. 36. t. 5. f. 8. Alexandrian Apricot. Ib. Abricot Angoumois. Duhamel, No. 4. t. 3. Abricot Violet, of the Luxembourg Cat. Black Apricot. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 10. Fruit nearly spherical, about five inches in circum- ference^. Suture deep, extending from the base to its K 3 134> APRICOTS. apex. Skin covered with a very fine velvety down, of a pale red on the shaded side, of a deep red or purple on the side next the sun. Flesh pale red, except near the stone, where it is of a deep orange colour, from which it separates. Juice subacid, with a somewhat astringent, but pleasant flavour. Kernel sweet. Ripe the middle and end of August. This singular little Apricot is highly esteemed in France, from whence it was introduced by Sir Joseph Banks, and bore fruit for the first time in this country, in his garden at Spring Grove, in 1799. At a short distance it has more the appearance of an Orleans Plum than an Apricot. 10. RED MASCULINE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 9. Masculine. Langley, p. 88. t. 15. fig. 1. Miller ', No. 1. Abricot Precoce. Duhamel, No. 1. t. 1. Abricot Hatif Musque. Ib. Fruit small, of a roundish figure, about four inches and a half in circumference each way. Suture rather rather deep, and considerably swelled on one of its sides. Skin pale orange next the wall ; when fully exposed, of a red colour next the sun, marked with dark red or purplish spots. Flesh pale or orange, full of a sweet musky juice. Stone obtuse, thick, smooth, and separates clean from the flesh. Kernel bitter. Ripe the middle and end of July. The Masculine Apricot ripened at Twickenham in 1727, on a south wall, May 21st Langley. This is the earliest Apricot cultivated in England. The tree is tender, and requires to be planted on a south, or south-east aspect, in a warm and sheltered si- tuation, without which the crops are seldom abundant. 11. ROMAN. Langley, Pom. p. 89. t. 15. f. 9* Pom. Mag. 1. 13. Abricot Commun, Duhamel, 1. p. 135. t. 2. APRICOTS. 135 Fruit middle-sized, in form slightly compressed, in- clining to oval. Skin dull straw colour, with a little dotting of orange or red on the sunny side, but in such small quantity, that the skin has always a pallid appear- ance. Suture shallow. Flesh dull pale straw colour, soft, dry, rather meally, with a little sweetness and acidity. Stone flat, oblong, rather obtuse at each end, with a very even surface, separating from the flesh. Kernel very bitter. Ripe the middle of August. The Roman Apricot is the most common in our gar- dens ; its principal recommendations are its hardiness and plentiful bearing. It is best before fully ripe. 12. ROYAL. Pom. Mag. t. 2. Abricot Royale. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 288. Fruit next in size to the Moorpark, rather oval, slightly compressed. Skin dull yellow, slightly coloured with red on a small space. Suture shallow. Flesh pale orange, very firm, sweet, juicy, and high-flavoured, with a slight degree of acidity. Stone large, oval, not ad- hering to the flesh, blunt at each end, with scarcely any passage in the edge. Kernel slightly bitter ; much less so than in the Moorpark. Ripe the beginning of August, a week or ten days before the Moorpark. Raised a few years ago in the royal garden of the Luxembourg, and first noticed in the Bon Jardinier of 1826, where it is considered as a better fruit than that of the Moorpark. 13. TURKEY. Miller, No. 5. Pom. Mag. t.%5. Large Turkey. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 26. Fruit about the middle size, in form nearly spherical, not compressed like the Moorpark. Skin very hand- some deep yellow, with a number of rich, brownish, orange- red spots and blotches next the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, with a little acid, very rich and ex- it 4 136 APRICOTS. cellent. Stone separating freely, in figure like that of the Moorpark, but without the pervious passage. Kernel quite sweet, like that of an almond. Ripe about the middle or latter end of August. The Turkey and Roman Apricots are continually confounded with each other, and yet their characters are obviously and clearly distinct. The Turkey is spherical, more deeply coloured, with a sweet kernel ; the Roman is somewhat oval, slightly compressed, dull straw-coloured, and has a very bitter kernel, it also ripens a few days sooner. The Abricot de Nancy of Duhamel (fructu maxima compresso, as he defines it) has been quoted in the Pom. Mag. as a synonym of the Turkey ; but the well-known globular, uncompressed character of the latter, leads me to consider it as an accidental mistake. 14. WHITE MASCULINE. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 5. Abricot Bknc. Duhamel, No. 2. Fruit similar to that of the Red Masculine in size and figure. Skin nearly white ; a pale straw colour on the side next the wall, but of a pale yellow, shaded and mottled with a reddish brown, on the side next the sun. Flesh white, very delicate, and adheres slightly to the stone. Juice sweet, with an agreeable peach-like flavour. Kernel bitter. Ripe the end of July. This succeeds the Red Masculine in its time of ripen- ing, and in France it is considered the better fruit of the two ; but like that, it is tender, and requires to be planted against a south, or south-east wall, and to have a warm sheltered situation, to insure productive crops. A Selection of Apricots for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. Breda - - * 2 Hemskirke * **' * 4? Brussels - 3 Large Early - 5 APRICOTS. 137 Moorpark - - 6 Roman - 11 Peach Apricot - 8 Royal - 12 Red Masculine - 10 Turkey - 13 Northern Counties of England, and Southern of Scotland. Brussels - 3 Orange - 7 Hemskirke - 4? Peach Apricot 8 Large Early * 5 Roman - * -11 Moorpark - 6 Royal - 12 Highlands of Scotland. Brussels - 3 Breda * 2 Apricots will not succeed in the Highlands of Scotland, except in the most favourable situations, and when planted against a south wall. Propagation. The Apricot is budded principally upon two sorts of stocks; the Muscle, and the Common Plum. The Breda, Orange, Peach Apricot, Purple, and Royal, are those generally budded upon the Muscle ; and although the Moorpark is for the most part budded upon the Common Plum, on which it takes freely, yet I am persuaded that if it were budded upon the Muscle, the trees would be better, last longer in a state of health and vigour, and produce their fruit superior both in size and quality. The other sorts are of course budded upon the common stock, a sort well known, and propagated by all the stock growers in the county of Surrey. Apricots are, however, by many nurserymen, budded upon the Brussels, and another by the name of the Brompton stock. When standard trees are wanted for a temporary covering for the upper part of high walls, 138 APRICOTS. till intermediate dwarfs are large enough to occupy their place, the practice of budding standard high upon the Brussels stock may be allowed ; but to bud Apricots, or any other fruit, upon the Brompton stock, is a practice which ought to be discontinued, even for a temporary purpose. Where trees of a more permanent character are required, the substitution of such a stock cannot be too strongly condemned. Indeed, I hope the day is not far distant when so worthless a stock will be banished from every nursery in the kingdom. I speak thus forcibly, having been compelled to burn many hundreds of beautiful-looking trees, of Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, of two and three years training, which had become wholly worthless, in consequence of their having been budded upon the Brompton stock. Pruning and Training. In proceeding to the priming and training of Apri- cots, I must refer to what is said in the propagation of Peaches and Nectarines, so far as regards the choice of trees, and their heading down, it being equally appli- cable to the Apricot. If a maiden plant breaks well, it will furnish two or three shoots on each side, which number in all cases must be equal, in order to form a handsome tree : the lowest shoot on each side must be trained horizontally, and the others in an oblique or rising direction. In the following winter, if the branches on each side be two or three, they must be shortened to six inches each : these will furnish three each for the following summer. In May or June, as soon as the shoots are of a sufficient length, those which are the best placed must be trained at five or six inches distance from each other, removing at the same time such others as are not wanted. APRICOTS. 139 In the next winter's pruning these must be shortened according to their strength ; the leading shoot from each branch is usually the strongest: these may be cut back to nine or twelve inches, and the others to six or nine. In the summer, care must be taken to select and train as many of the best-placed young shoots as are wanted to form the figure of the tree, proceeding thus from year to year till it is completely furnished, both in its sides and middle, for there ought not then to be a blank space in any part within its extent. The commencement of summer pruning of Apricots always takes place in May, as soon as the young shoots are two or three inches long : this is generally termed by gardeners the disbudding season ; because the super- fluous shoots are at this time removed, leaving those only which are required to elongate the branches, and to fur- nish fruit for the succeeding season. The disbudding of the young shoots is by many gar- deners performed by pinching them off with the finger and thumb : this may be done tolerably well with care ; but I have seen some, who have been gardeners for years, and who have torn them off, lacerating the bark, and leaving holes in the branches whence they were taken \ the consequence has been a diseased state of the tree, with gum flowing from almost every limb. A man possessing a reflecting mind must ever be incapable of practising such a barbarous method. Instead, there- fore, of disbudding by either of the former methods, I would recommend a small, sharp, thin-bladed knife to be made use of, cutting off the supernumerary shoots, close to the bark of the branch, but not into it, and shortening the smaller ones to half an inch, which will occasion many of them to form natural spurs for blossoms at the base. In the winter pruning of Apricots, every shoot should be shortened according to its strength : no one should 140 APRICOTS* ever exceed eighteen inches, and few will ever require to be less than six : in a general way, from ten to four- teen inches, in full-grown trees, appears to be the most proper length to be allowed* By pruning thus short, and training the branches thin, the trees will be kept in vigour, the fruit will always attain its full size under favourable circumstances, and its quality will be good. The Moorpark Apricot, in some situations, is apt to be affected by canker in different parts of the tree, thereby occasioning a partial loss of its limbs. When this takes place in old trees, it is too late to apply a remedy ; but its occurrence may be prevented by taking up the young tree after it has been trained three or four years, cutting off close those roots which have a perpendicular direc- tion, and spreading out the others horizontally, and re-planting it again ; taking care that the part where it had been budded, be kept six or eight inches above the surface of the ground. If this be carefully performed, without shaking the mould off the roots, the progress of the tree will be but little impeded by the operation. At the end of three years more this should be repeated in the same manner, after which it will rarely happen that any of those local injuries will take place. INDEX TO THE APRICOTS. Abricot Angoumois - 9 Abricot P$cke - - t Abricot Blanc - - 14? Abricot Precoce - - 10 Abricot Commun - 11 Abricot Royal - - 12 Abricot de Hollands 2 Abricot Violet - 9 Abricot de St. Jean - 5 Alexandrian - 9 Abricot de St. Jean Rouge 5 Amande Aveline '*"- - 2 Abricot de Nancy - 8 Ansons - - .- .\,% Abricot Gros d" Alexandrie 5 Black ^ . , ...^ . 9 Abricot Gros Precoce - 5 Blotched-leaved Roman - 1 Abricot HatifMusque - 10 Blotched-leaved Turkey - 1 Abricot Mamie - 1 Breda - - 2 CHERRIES. 14-1 Brussels - 3 Purple - - 9 Dunmores Breda - 6 Red Masculine - 10 Early Orange - 7 Roman - - 11 Hemskirke - 4 Royal - 12 Imperial Ansons - 8 Royal Persian - 2 Large Early Apricot - 5 Temples - 6 Large Turkey - 13 Turkey - - 13 Masculine - 10 Variegated Turkey - 1 Moorpark - '-^6 Violet - 9 Orange - 7 White Masculine - 14? Peach Apricot V - 8 CHAP. TV. CHERRIES. SECT. I. Fruit Hound. 1. AMBREE. Forsyth Ed. 7. p. 79- Cerise Ambree. Duhamel, No. 14. t. 11. Fruit large, round at the head, but flattened next the stalk, which is about two inches long. Skin rather thick, of a fine amber colour, mottled with light red and yellow, and of a bright red where exposed to the sun. Flesh pale yellow, somewhat transparent, with white veins, and slightly tinged with red under the skin next the sun. Juice plentiful, sugary, and when fully ripe very excellent. Stone with a very sharp point. Ripe the end of July, and beginning of August. This is rather too tender for an open standard, unless in a warm sheltered situation ; but does remarkably well when trained against an east wall. 2. ARCHDUKE. Forsyth. Ed. 7- No. 4. Griotte de Portugal. Duhamel, No. 18. t. 13. Portugal Duke. Pom. Franc. 2. p. 40. t. 27. f. 21. CHERRIES. Fruit clustered like the May Duke, and much of the same colour ; but larger, with a shorter stalk, and in- serted in a deeper hollow, ripening at least a fortnight later. The Arch Duke is a much more vigorous grower than the May Duke, with longer diverging branches, and larger leaves. It is equally hardy as an open standard, and may be planted to advantage among Morellos on a north wall. 3. BELLE DE CHOISY. Jard. Fruit. Vol. ii. p. 21. t. 7. Pom. Mag. i. 42. Cerise de la Palembre, 1 of the French Gar dens , ac- Cerise Doucette, J cording to the Pom. Mag. Fruit growing by pairs, middle-sized, roundish, de- pressed at the apex. Stalk, from the forks an inch, neck half an inch long. Skin transparent, red, mottled with amber colour, especially on the shaded side. Flesh amber-coloured, tender, and sweet. Stone middle-sized, round. Ripe in July, rather before the May Duke. This cherry is of French origin, and is said to have been raised at Choisy, near Paris, about the year 1760. The general habit of the tree is that of the the May Duke ; but the branches are rather more spreading than the common one, and the leaves more evenly serrated. It bears well on an open standard, and is very de- serving of cultivation. 4. CARNATION. Langley, 1. 16. f. 3. Fruit large, round, almost the colour of the Kentish, but more marbled with red. Flesh firm, with a very good-flavoured juice. Ripe in August. The branches, as well as the trees, have a good deal of the character of the Kentish ; but they are stronger, the leaves larger, deeply and doubly serrated. The Carnation Cherry, is a shy bearer generally, on an open standard ; but when trained as an espalier, in a CHERRIES. 143 warm garden, where it has plenty of sun, it bears ex- tremely well, and the fruit is much finer. 5. EARLY MAY. Miller, No. 2. Small Early May. Langley, 1. 17- f. 2. Cerisier Noir, a fruit rond precoce. Duh. 1. p. 168. t.3. Fruit small, round, a little flattened at both extre- mities. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slender, deeply inserted. Skin of a pale red colour. Flesh soft, juicy, but not high flavoured. Ripe in June before any of the Dukes. This cherry ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on the 25th of April, O. S., or the 6th of May, N. S., according to Langley. The wood of this sort is very slender and wiry, with small shining leaves. Its only merit is that of ripening before any other. It requires a south or south-east wall, being too tender for an open standard. 6. HOLMAN'S DUKE. Langley, t. 17* f. ! Fruit round, flattened at both ends, of a very deep red; and when highly ripened in the sun, it is almost black. Flesh very melting, juicy, and of a most excel- lent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of August. The Holman's Duke is a very distinct variety of the Duke, and cannot well be confounded with any other. Its shoots are short, erect, straight, short-jointed, and more slender than any of the other varieties ; and when the May Duke is fully ripe, the fruit of this is quite green, and ripening at least a month later in all situations. It is one of our most hardy sorts, and when planted against a north wall is highly valuable ; not only as affording a most certain crop, but as prolonging the season of the Duke to a late period, and as a connecting link between all the rest and the Morello. 144 CHERRIES. 7. JEFFREY'S ROYAL. Q. Lindl Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Royale. Duhamel, 20, t. 15. Cherry Duke. Ib. Fruit round, nearly as large as a May Duke, a little hollowed at the base, in clusters, some of which have four cherries on a common peduncle. Stalk an inch from the fork, and a quarter of an inch above it. Skin of a fine deep red, which becomes almost black when fully ripe. Flesh pale red, firm, succulent. Juice plen- tiful, rich, and high flavoured. Ripe the middle and end of July. This cherry was introduced into notice about fifty years ago by a Mr. Jeffrey, a nurseryman at Brompton Park. The tree is the most compact grower of all the sorts in our collections, its branches seldom shooting more than six or nine inches in a year : the buds are so close together, and the spurs so numerous and crowded, that the fruit forms most dense bunches. It can scarcely be propagated otherwise than by budding. 8. KENTISH. Miller, No. 1. Flemish. Langley, 1. 18. f. 1. . Fruit middle-sized, round, flattened at both ends. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, and sunk in a rather deep hollow. Skin of a dingy red, slightly marbled with dull brown, and having occasionally a few both opaque and transparent spots. Flesh rather firm, but succulent, with a somewhat astringent but sacc^a- rine juice. Ripe about the middle of August. This is one of the most common and most hardy cherries cultivated in this country, the May Duke ex- cepted. It is very probably one of those which were brought from Flanders by Richard Haines, about three hundred years ago. EVELYN says, " It was the plain industry of one Richard Haines, a fruiterer to King CHERRIES. 145 Henry VI II., that the fields and environs of about thirty towns, in Kent only, were planted with fruit trees from Flanders, to the unusual benefit and general im- provement of that county to this day." The trees grow like those of the Morello, with slender branches and shining leaves. The stone is so strongly attached to the stalk, as to be withdrawn by it from the pulp with facility, leaving the fruit apparently whole : a property, I believe, not possessed by any other cherry. In this state it is laid on hair sieves and exposed to the sun, where it dries and becomes a delicious sweetmeat, similar in appearance to that of a large sultana raisin, and will keep thus for twelve months. 9. LATE DUKE. Pom. Mag. t. 45. Cerise Angloise tardive. HorL Soc. Cat . No. 22. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, above the size of a May Duke, bluntly heart-shaped, somewhat compressed, with a shallow de- pression on one side. Skin a rich shining red. Flesh tender, amber-coloured, juicy, and rich, of the same quality as a May Duke, Stone rather large, roundish, ovate, compressed. Ripe on a standard in August. This cherry has a great affinity to the Arch Duke, if not absolutely the same. It appears, however, to be scarce in our gardens, and to be better known among the French than with us, although its name indicates its being of English origin. The branches are of vigorous growth, but more spreading than those of the May Duke, and the leaves are larger. 10. MAY DUKE. Langley, 1. 17. fig. 3. Miller, No. 3. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 28. Fruit roundish, flattened at both ends, of a deep red colour, and growing in clusters : when fully ripe, the flesh is soft, juicy, and tender, with a very pleasant acid, and a rich agreeable flavour. 146 CHERRIES. Ripe the middle of July. This cherry ripened at Twickenham in 17^7* n May 20. O. S., or on May 31, N. S., according to Langley. The common May Duke, as an open standard, is more extensively planted in every county in England than any other cherry, a sufficient indication of its utility and value to the orchardist. Although it has been cultivated a considerable time in this country, I do not find it mentioned previously to Ray, in 1688. 11. MONTMORENCY. Hort* Soc. Cat. No. 148. Montmorency, a gros fruit. Duhamel, 10. t. 8. Gros Gobet. Ib. Gobet a courte queue. Ib. Cerise a courte queue, of the French. Cerise a courte queue de Provence. Ib. Fruit large, round, very much flattened at both the base and the apex, generally growing in pairs. Stalk stout and stiff, an inch long, deeply inserted in a wide cavity. Skin smooth, shining, of a beautiful soft but lively red colour. Flesh firm, yellowish white. Juice plentiful, with a rich and very agreeable slight acid. Ripe the middle and end of July. The Montmorency cherry is but little cultivated at present in this country, although very common through- out Normandy and other parts of France. 12. MORELLO. Langley, 1. 16. f. 2. Milan. Ib. \ Cerise du Nord. Nois. Arb. fruit, p. 19. Fruit large, round, of a dark red colour, turning almost black when fully ripe. Flesh deep red or purple, tender, juicy, and blended with an agreeable acid. Ripe in August and September. This ripened at Twickenham in 1727> on the 21st of June, according to Langley. CHERRIES. The Morello cherry, one of the most useful in our collections, is mentioned by Parkinson in 1629, who says it is so called from its juice being like that of the Morus or Mulberry. In a favourable situation it will ripen its fruit well on a standard, but the crop is pre- carious. On an espalier, where it has plenty of sun, it succeeds perfectly ; and on a north wall it ripens well and bears abundantly ; but in this situation its fruit is too austere to be eaten raw, and consequently it is ge- nerally used for the purpose of preserving in brandy. I would strongly recommend the Morello cherry to be planted against an east, south-east, or south wall, trained thinly, the branches at least six inches apart, not suffering them to be overloaded with fruit ; which should be kept on the trees till it is perfectly ripe, or begin- ning to shrivel. It will then be found most excel- lent in the dessert. This is not the Cerisier trs-fer- tile of Duhamel, nor do I find it in his collection. M. Noisette says he brought it to Paris from Brabant in 1807. 13. WATERLOO. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 302. t.21. Fruit large, somewhat round, hollow at the base, mostly round at the apex, but some are a good deal flat- tened. Stalk long and slender. Skin of a dark lurid appearance ; but when quite ripe it changes to a dusky red, approaching to black. Flesh firm, with a high flavoured juice. It ripens some days later than the Black Eagle, the beginning or middle of August. This originated from a seed of the Bigarreau, impreg- nated with the pollen of a May Duke, and its fruit was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1815, It was named by Mr. Knight, from the circumstance of its first perfecting its fruit after the memorable battle of Waterloo. Mrs. Thomas Pendarves Stack- 148 CHERRIES. house, a daughter of Mr. Knight's, was presented with the Society's silver medal, January 21. 1817, for having raised it. SECT. II, Fruit Heart-shaped. 14. BIGARREAU. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 46. Graffion. Forsyth, Ed. 7. Nos. 18 and 19. Turkey Bigarreau. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 17 Fruit large, of an irregular, obtuse, heart-shaped figure, flattened at its base. Stalk two inches long, inserted in a very shallow cavity. Skin pale yellow, becoming amber-coloured when matured, and of a fine red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, pale yellow, slightly adhering to the stone, which is large and round. Juice sweet and well flavoured. Ripe usually the end of July or beginning of August. Young shoots very strong, with a white epidermis. The Bigarreau, or Graffion, cherry is sold in many nurseries under both appellations, as distinct sorts ; but I could never discover any difference, after cultivating them for years. The Bigarreau cherry is the strongest upright grower in its young shoots of all the cherries now cultivated ; and it has also the largest leaves, ex- cepting the Tobacco-leaved. It is too tender for an open standard, except in a warm sheltered situation. It is best to plant it against an east or south-east wall. 15. BLACK EAGLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 13^. t.9. Fruit large, growing generally by pairs or threes, many of which are flattened both at the apex and the base. Stalk long, slender. Skin deep purple, or nearly black. Flesh tender and bleeding. Juice very rich and high flavoured. Shoots very strong, with large leaves. Ripe the end of July or beginning of August. CHERRIES. 149 Raised by Miss Elizabeth Knight, of Dounton Castle, about the year 1806, from a seed of the Bigarreau, which had been fertilised by the pollen of the May Duke. The spurs of the Black Eagle produce bunches of ten or twelve cherries each. The trees succeed best against an east or south-east wall. The specimen for the plate in the Hort. Trans, was taken from a north-east aspect when the tree was eight years old. 16. BLACK HEART. Miller, No. 8. Guignier a fruit noir. Duhamel, Vol. i. p. 158. t. 1. f. 1. Fruit pretty large, growing, for the most part, singly, heart-shaped, a little flattened at the apex, compressed on one side, with a slight suture. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender. Skin of a dark purple approaching to black when fully ripe. Flesh pale red, rather firm, but mellow, with a rich well flavoured Juice. Ripe the end of July or beginning of August. The young shoots are erect, with a white epidermis. 17- BLACK TARTARIAN. Pom. Mag. t. 44. Black Circassian. Hooker y t. 31. Eraser's Black Tartarian. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 15. Ronalds's large Black Heart. Ib. No. 14. Black Russian, 1 Eraser's Black Heart, \ f s(m f ^dens accordmg Superb Circassian, J tO the Pom ' Ma ^ Fruit large, usually growing singly, heart-shaped, with an uneven surface, and of a shining purplish black colour. Stalk one inch and a half or more, slender. Flesh purplish, juicy and rich. Stone middle-sized, roundish ovate. Ripe end of July to the middle of August. This cherry is generally considered to have been brought into this country from Russia, by the late Mr. John Eraser, in the autumn of 1796. In the Pomona Londinensis, it is stated to have been introduced from L 3 150 CHERRIES. Circassia by Mr. Hugh Ronalds, of Brentford, in 1794. And it is also said to have originated in Spain, whence it was transmitted to the Russian gardens, and through them into England. It is a cherry of great excellence, bearing well on a standard, but doing best on an east or west wall, on which its branches are usually loaded with a profusion of rich and handsome fruit. In the nursery quarters the young shoots are the most erect of this class of cherries, with a white epidermis, short joints, and plump eyes ; readily recognised from every other kind. L8. BLEEDING HEART. Miller, No. 15. Gascoign's Heart. Langley, 1. 17 f- 45. Fruit large, heart-shaped, having the appearance of a small drop or tear at the end. Skin of a dark red co- lour. Flesh firm, mellow. Juice plentiful, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe in August. The young shoots are diverging with a brown epi- dermis. 19. COURONNE, Coroun. Langley, t. 16. f.l. Corone. Forsyth, F,d. 3. 11. Hertfordshire Cherry. Ib. 5. Merisier a gros fruit noir. Duhamel.Vol.i. p. 158. Fruit middle-sized, heart-shaped, generally growing in pairs, sometimes in threes. Stalk two inches long, slender, inserted in a narrow, deep, round cavity. ShiA deep purple, or dingy black. Flesh firm, with a deep purple juice, sweet, and of a pretty good flavour. Ripe end of July and beginning of August. The Couronne Cherry reproduces itself from seed, and the trees attain the largest size. They grow in a wild state, and are also cultivated in several parts of England, particularly in some parts of Hertfordshire ; and at Framingham and Brooke, in Norfolk, whence - CHERRIES. they are sent in large quantities to the neighbouring markets. 20. DOWNTON. Hort.Trans.Vol.v. p. 262. Pom. Mag. 1. 138. Fruit usually growing singly, very blunt, heart-shaped, nearly round, a little flattened on one side, with a very small suture extending from the stalk to the apex. Stalk about two inches long, slender, deeply inserted. Skin pale yellowish, sprinkled with numerous red spots, with larger patches of dull red or morone on the sunny side. Flesh pale amber, transparent, tender, without any stain of red, adhering slightly to the stone. Juice very sweet and high flavoured. Ripe the middle and end of July. Raised by Mr. Knight from a seed either of the Wa- terloo or Elton, but from which is not certain. Its fruit was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society July 16. 1822. It bears well as a standard, and in richness of juice it is equal to any cherry cultivated. 21. ELTON. Hooker, t.y. Pom. Mag. t. 92. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. pp. 157. 301. Fruit usually growing singly, pretty large, heart- shaped, much resembling the Bigarreau, but much earlier. Stalk two inches and a quarter long, slender. Skin pale waxy yellow on the shaded side, mottled and dashed with rich red next the sun. Flesh firm, but less so than the Bigarreau ; very sweet and rich. Ripe the beginning and middle of July, about the time of the May Duke, or soon after. This very excellent cherry was raised by Mr. Knight in 1806 from a seed of the Graffion, which had been fertilised by the pollen of the White Heart. It bears well upon an open standard, but is much finer when grown against a wall, and is highly deserving of cul- tivation. L 4 152 CHERRIES. 22. FLORENCE. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 229. 1. 14, Fruit large, heart-shaped, flat at the base, and obtuse at the apex, compressed on one side, with a shallow suture. Stalk long, slender, seated in a deep, cup- shaped cavity. Skin pale amber, very much marbled with pale red, and of a very bright lively red where ex- posed to the sun. Flesh white, firm, but not hard. Juice plentiful, rich and sweet. Ripe end of July or beginning of August. This very fine cherry was imported from Florence some years ago by the late Mr. Houblon, of Hallingbury Place, in Essex. The original plant is now dead. It succeeds best trained against an east, or south-east wall. 23. HARRISON'S HEART. Forsyth, Ed. 7 No. 9- Fruit large, heart-shaped, of a pale yellowish or am- ber colour, slightly tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh tender, with a rich high-flavoured juice. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. Mr. Forsyth says this Cherry was introduced from the East Indies (?) by Governor Harrison, who went out as Governor of Fort Saint George, in December, 1710, and returned in 1719. It was first cultivated at his seat at Balls, in Herefordshire. Some of the trees which he presented to George I. were in a flourish- ing state, in Kensington Gardens^ in 1800. This, like the Bigarreau, ought to be trained against an east or south-east wall. % 24. KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 211. VoL iv. p. 510. Pom. Mag. 93. Fruit large, blunt, heart-shaped, with an uneven surface like that of the Black Tartarian. Stalk two inches long, deeply inserted in a hollow, cup-shaped cavity, Skin of a dark dull red, when fully ripe almost black. Flesh firm, juicy, very deep purple, rich and high fla- voured. CHERRIES. 153 Ripe a week or ten days earlier than the May Duke. On a south aspect, it will be ripe by the middle of June. This very valuable and early cherry was raised by Mr. Knight, about 1810, from a seed of the Bigarreau, which had been impregnated by the May Duke. It is sufficiently hardy to bear on an open standard ; but it would be more desirable to train it against a south or south-east wall, as its fruit would then be a great acqui- sition to the dessert, along with our early scarlet straw- berries. 25. LUKE WARD. Miller, No. 11. Hitt, p. 299. ; Switzer, 140. Fruit heart-shaped, somewhat rounder, and not quite so large as a Black Heart ; of a dark brown, or nearly black colour, and possessing a most excellent juice. Ripe the beginning of August. This is an old inhabitant of our orchards, although but little known, or cultivated, at present. Parkinson, in 1629, calls it Luke Wards : Raye in 1688, Luke Ward's, and Rea, in 1702, appears to be the first who has given it the name of Lukeward. It is highly spoken of by the old gardeners, and therefore ought to be brought into notice and cultivated. 26. SMALL BLACK. Black Mazzard. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 4. Common Black of Buckinghamshire. Ib. No. 5. Merry Cherry of Cheshire. Ib. No. 2. Small Wild Black. Ib. No. 7. Black Polstead, in some places. Merisier a petit fruit. Duhamel, Vol. i. p. 156. Fruit small, heart-shaped, flattened a little on both sides, and without suture. Stalk one inch and three quarters long, very slender, inserted in a small round cavity ; at its apex it has a small, round, deepish dimple. &mthin,ofajet black colour. Flesh succulent, very deep 154+ CHERRIES. purple. Juice purple, sweet, accompanied with a slight bitter but agreeable taste. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This Cherry grows wild, and is cultivated also, in abundance, in several parts of England, particularly in the Chiltern part of Buckinghamshire ; in Cheshire, and about Polstead in Suffolk, where the fruit is called Merries, from the French Merise. In the season they are to be found in almost every principal market town in England, where they always find a ready sale. It is the principal fruit employed for the making of Cherry brandy, and it is the only sort which ought to be used by nurserymen for their stocks, on which to bud and graft the better kinds. 27* TOBACCO LEAVED. Bigarreautier a feuilles deTabac. Bon. Jard. 1827- p. 296. Cerisier de 4 a la livre. Ib. 1825. p. 239- Four to the pound. Of some Nurseries. Quatre a la livre. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 511. Fruit small, heart shaped, of a pale transparent yellow colour, with a faint stain of red on the exposed side. Flesh of firm consistence, sweet and pleasant, but with- out any particular richness. Stalk long and the stone large, in proportion to the size of the fruit. Ripe in August. The young branches, in the Nursery, are very strong, and crooked ; and the leaves of the very largest size. * How this Cherry should have obtained its name of four to the pound, I am at a loss to conceive : its fruit is not half the size of our Kentish Cherry, and not of one fiftieth part of its value for any purpose what- ever. Nurserymen will do well to get rid of it alto- gether. 28. WHITE HEART. Langley. 1. 18. f.4. Guignier a gros fruit Wane. Duhamel, 1. 1. f.3. CHERRIES. Fruit growing in pairs or threes, middle-sized, heart-shaped, of a dull whitish yellow colour, tinged and mottled with dull muddy red on the side next the sun. Stalk two inches long, very slender, inserted in a hollow round basin. Flesh melting, juicy, of a rich and plea- sant flavour. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. The branches of this sort are slender, diverging, with a reddish-brown epidermis. A Selection of Cherries for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. Arch Duke - 2 Florence - - - 22 Belle de Choisy - 3 Holman's Duke - - 6 Bigarreau - - 14 Kentish - - 8 Black Eagle - 15 Knight's Early Black - 24? Black Tartarian - - 17 May Duke - 10 Dovvnton - 20 Morello - 12 Elton - - -21 Waterloo - . - 13 Northern Counties of England, and Southern of Scotland. Arch Duke - 2 Holman's Duke - - 6 Belle de Choisy 3 Kentish - 8 Black Eagle - 15 Knight's Early Black - 24 Black Tartarian - 17 May Duke - 10 Downton - 20 Morello - - 12 Elton - - 21 Waterloo - - 13 Highlands of Scotland. Black Tartarian - 17 May Duke - 10 Kentish - 8 Waterloo - - 13 Cherries in the Highlands of Scotland must be trained against walls, and have the best aspect. 156 CHERRIES. Propagation* Cherries are propagated by budding and grafting upon the small Black Cherry stock. Those intended for standards are always worked standard high. In the nursery it ought not to be attempted to work dwarfs among standards, except on those stocks which have not grown up sufficiently high for the purpose of standards, as they never make good plants when over- grown by the upper crop. Dwarfs are at all times the best when grown by themselves ; and if good bedded stocks have been quartered out, they will generally be fit to graft when they have been planted a year. As I have observed before, when speaking of apples, budding is not to be recommended for dwarfs, as they never make such good plants as those which have been grafted. In order, therefore, to preserve a uniformity in a quarter of cherries, and to grow them with the least pos- sible waste, it is necessary the stocks should be assorted previously to their being planted out, selecting the hand- somest and best, and as nearly of a size as possible for standards ; the smaller and less handsome ones may follow in the quarter to be employed for dwarfs. By pursuing this method the crop of both standards and dwarfs will be regular, and much better than when the weak plants have to contend with the strong, and the least waste witl in all cases be occasioned. Pruning and Training. Standard cherries for the orchard require the same management, generally, as standard apples, and the same method may be pursued as directed under that head j CHERRIES. but as the former of these are more generally raised from buds than from grafts, they will at first require a dif- ferent treatment, namely, that of heading them down the first year. On this account they ought never to be planted later than the end of October, or the middle of November : this early planting will enable the trees to make fresh roots previously to the spring, when, in April, as soon as the buds begin to break out, they should be headed down to within three or four inches of the place where they had been budded. If the trees be good, there will be a sufficient number of eyes to produce as many shoots as will be required to furnish the head: should more than four be produced, they should be reduced to this number, of such as are the best placed. These must be allowed to extend at length without being shortened, nothing further being required than to cut out superfluous shoots, so as to keep the head uniform and handsome. If the heads of young trees be carefully attended to the first three or four years, they will rarely get into confusion afterwards ; they must, nevertheless, be looked over frequently, as shoots are occasionally produced, through a local injury of the branch, which may require to be removed. Espalier cherries, and those trained against the wall, require precisely the same management, both as to pruning and training. For this purpose, trees which have been grafted are always to be preferred to those which have been raised from buds : they must be cut back at the commencement, as directed for Apricots ; but the branches, except in Morellos, must be trained horizontally instead of obliquely, and always continued at their full length. In Dukes and Hearts the branches should be eight or nine inches apart, beginning at the bottom of the tree, and continuing each additional shoot in a parallel direction, till the number of series the wall will permit be completed. 158 CHERRIES. This mode of training will give a curved direction, more or less, after the first two or three on each side have been formed, to every additional shoot before it gains its horizontal direction ; in consequence of which, lateral shoots must be secured from the last series in their ascent, in order to fill up the middle of the tree. After this there will be nothing further required than to cut off all additional shoots as they are produced, to within half an inch from whence they sprang : the month of May will be soon enough for the first pruning, and July for the second ; after which there will seldom be any more produced in that year. As the trees ac- quire age, the spurs will advance in length ; but these must be kept within due bounds by cutting them out whenever they exceed three or four inches : by this means full sized and perfect specimens of fruit will always be obtained. Morello Cherries require a different mode of treat- ment : they are best trained obliquely, in the fan manner, the same as Apricots : their fruit is produced from the last year's shoots, and upon spurs from the older branches ; but^ the younger those spurs the finer the fruit ; so that all spurs above two years old ought to be removed. The Morello Cherry produces a greater number of shoots than any other variety under similar treatment. This induces many gardeners to crowd their trees with double, and sometimes triple, the number of brandies which they ought to have, to the great injury of the fruit, without adding in the least either to the bulk or weight of the crop. In assigning some limit to this practice, I would recommend, that none of the branches should be trained nearer to each other than three inches, and from that to four and five, continuing the out-leaders at full length, as also those which follow at different distances ; CHERRIES. 1.59 insuring at intervals in every part of the tree a supply of young wood to succeed the extreme leaders. When the trees have attained their full size, these leaders should be cut out annually, in the winter pruning, in order to make room for the next succeeding branches. By this means the tree will always be kept within its proper limits, and possess strength and vigour to sup- port and mature a heavy and abundant crop. Other particulars will be found where the Morello Cherry is described. INDEX TO THE CHERRIES. Ambrce 1 Arch Duke - 2 Belle de Choisy - 3 Bigarreau - -14- Bigarreauafeuilles de Tabac 27 Black Circassian - 17 Black Eagle - - 15 Black Heart - - 16 Black Mazzard - - 26 Black Polstead - - 26 Black Russian - - 17 Black Tartarian - 17 Bleeding Heart - 18 Carnation - - 4- Cerise b courte queue - 11 Cerise a courte queue de Provence - 1 1 Cerise Ambree - 1 Cerise Angloise tardive - 9 Cerise de la Palembre - 3 Cerise Doucette - -3 Cerise du Nord - 12 Cerise de quatre a la livre 27 Cerisier noir a fruit rond prtcoce - 5 Cherry Duke - 7 Common Black of Bucking- hamshire - - 26 Corone - - 19 Coroun - 19 Couronne - - - 19 Downton - - 20 Early May - 5 Elton - - 21 Flemish - - 8 Florence - - 22 Four to the Pound - - 27 Frasers Black Heart - 17 Frasers Black Tartarian - 17 Gascoigns Heart - - 18 Gobet a courte queue - 11 Grqffion - 14 Griotte de Portugal - 2 Gros Gobct - 11 Guignier a fruit noir - 16 Guignier a gros fruit blanc 28 Harrison's Heart - - 23 Hertfordshire - 19 Holman's Duke - 6 Jeffrey's Royal 7 Kentish - 8 Knight's Early Black - 24 Late Duke - 9 Lukeward - - - 25 May Duke - 10 Merisier ft gros fruit noir 1 160 CURRANTS. Merisier a petit fruit - 26 Ttoyale - 7 Merry Cherry of Cheshire 26 Small Black - 26 Milan - - 12 Small Early May .- - 5 Montmorency - - 1 1 Small Wild Black - - 26 Montmorency a gros fruit 11 Superb Circassian - - 17 Morello - 12 Tobacco-leaved - - 27 Portugal Duke - 2 Turkey Bigarreau - - 14? Quatre a la livre - - 27 Waterloo - 13 Ronalds s large Black Heart 17 White Heart - - 28 CHAP. V. CURRANTS. The Currants most deserving of cultivation are the following : 1. BLACK NAPLES. Pom. Mag. t. 43. The superiority of this consists, not only in the larger size of the fruit, but in the clusters being more numerous on the bushes, as well as in each cluster bear- ing a greater number of berries. Cultivated in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. 2. COMMON BLACK. Eng. Bot.t.\2Q\. 3. CHAMPAGNE, with pale red fruit. 4. LARGE RED, or RED DUTCH. .5. WHITE CHRYSTAL, with white fruit and large bunches. 6. WHITE DUTCH, with yellow fruit and footstalks. The nurserymen's catalogues contain other names, some of which are probably a repetition of the same fruit. There are indeed several worthless varieties of the Red Currant to be found in gardens, which ought to be rooted up, and replaced by the larger fruited. Where the currant is cultivated for the purpose of making wine, the White Dutch is to be preferred, as it is by far CURRANTS. 161 the sweetest : and it is also superior in the dessert ; but its bunches are not so large as those of the White Chrystal. When it is grown for the dessert, the size of the bunches should be increased to the utmost extent of which they are capable. This can only be accomplished by management. Where bushes are injudiciously planted, and where they are suffered to become mossy and crowded with branches, the bunches are always small, and the fruit inferior in quality. On the contrary, where bushes are advantageously planted, and have plenty of room ; pruned annually, divesting them of their old spurs, removing the young ones where they are too numerous, and keeping them thin of branches so as to admit plenty of sun and air, the bunches w r ill be larger, and the fruit superior in size and flavour, in proportion to the care and judgment bestowed upon their manage- ment. Propagation. Currants are propagated by cuttings only, where good and handsome bushes are required ; for this purpose, strong vigorous young shoots should be selected, which are straight, and about twelve inches of the lowest part of each made use of. The eyes from six or eight inches of each cutting should be cut out previously to planting, w r hich will prevent suckers from being thrown up from the roots. When they have been two years in the nursery-bed, and have formed heads of four or five shoots, they may be planted where they are intended to remain, taking care to have a stem of eight inches, clear above ground, to each plant. Its cultivation is the same as the Gooseberry, which see. M FIGS. CHAP. VI. FIGS, SECT. I. Fruit blue or black. 1. BLACK GENOA. Miller, No. 2. Fruit long, swelling pretty large at the apex, where it is rather obtuse : the lower part is very slender next the stalk. Skin of a dark purple colour, almost black, covered with a purple bloom. Pulp bright red and highly flavoured. Ripe in August. 2. BLACK ISCHIA. Miller, No. 5. Fruit middle-sized, round, a little flattened at the apex. Skin almost black when ripe. Pulp deep red, and very highly flavoured. Ripe in August. This is a very productive fig ; but the birds are great devourers of it, if the fruit is not protected. 3. BLACK ITALIAN. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 9- Fruit small and round. Pulp very delicious. An abundant bearer in pots. Mr. Forsyth, from whom this is taken, says he has gathered from one plant, in a twenty-four pot, two dozen figs at one ga- thering. 4. LARGE BLUE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 11. Common Blue or Purple. Miller, No. 10. Great Blue. Hanbury. Large Purple. Nurs. Catalogues. Fruit large, oblong. Skin purple, or dark brown, covered with a thick blue bloom. Pulp deep red, of a very good flavour. Ripe in August. This is a very hardy sort, and a most excellent bearer. FIGS. 163 5. SMALL BLUE. Hort. Soc. Cat. 12. Little Blue. Hanbury. Fruit below the middle size, with a short footstalk. blue, thin. Pulp red, of very good flavour. Ripe in August. SECT. II. Fruit red or purple. 6. BOURDEAUX. Duliamel, t. 2. f. 2. Figue-Poire. Ib. Vol. i. p. 213. Violette de Bourdeaux. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 70. Fruit pretty long, of a pyramidal figure, rounded at the apex, and a little pinched in towards the stalk, about three inches long, and two inches in diameter. Skin brownish red, becoming deep violet when fully matured, slightly mottled with a few greenish specks. Pulp deep red or purple, succulent and sweet. This is cultivated throughout France, and produces two crops annually, both of which in a warm season are good, although not possessing veiy high flavour. 7. BROWN TURKEY. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 64. Brown Italian. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 9. Fruit small and round. Pulp very delicious. This and the Black Italian are mentioned by Mr. Forsyth, as being cultivated by him in pots, and each possessing equal merit. 8. BRUNSWICK. Pom. Mag. t. 48. Madonna. Miller, 9. Hanover. Of some Gardens, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit very large, obovate, fleshy, with an oblique apex. Eye rather depressed. Stalk short and thick. Skin pale green on the shaded side, with a tinge of yellow ; next the sun, dull brownish red, sprinkled with small pale brown specks. Flesh pinkish in the interior, M 2 164 FIGS, nearly white next the skin, but chiefly semi-transparent reddish brown, extremely rich, sweet, and high-flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This is one of the most useful of the hardy figs. In a south-eastern corner, trained against a wall, it ripens by the middle of August, in even unfavourable seasons. In an ordinary summer, in the neighbourhood of Lon- don, it begins to mature by the beginning of that month. It is, perhaps, the largest purple fig we have, and the most useful variety that can be selected for a small garden. 9. CHESTNUT. Miller, No. 1. Chestnut-coloured Ischia. /. Brown Ischia. Ib. Fruit of a large size, globular. Eye pretty large, and pinched in at the stalk. Skin of a brown or chest- nut colour. Pulp purple, sweet and high flavoured. Seeds large. This sort often bursts open when it ripens, which is generally in the beginning or middle of August. It will also ripen well frequently on an open standard, when planted on a warm soil ; and if planted against a hot wall two crops may be obtained annually. 10. LONG BROWN NAPLES. Miller, 11. Long Naples. Hanbury. Fruit long, somewhat compressed at the apex. Stalk pretty long. Skin dark brown when fully ripe. Pulp. inclining to red, and well flavoured. Seeds large> Ripe in September. 11. MALTA. Miller, 4. Small Brown, of some Gardens. Fruit small, much compressed at the apex, and very much pinched in towards the stalk. Skin pale brown. Pulp the same colour as the skin, very sweet and well flavoured. Ripe towards the end of August. FIGS. 165 ' " If this sort is permitted to hang upon the tree till the fruit is shrivelled it becomes a fine sweetmeat. 1 C 2. MINION. Hitt, p. 306. Fruit small. Skin brown. Pulp high flavoured. Hitt says the tree is always low, and will bear with- out the assistance of a wall. 13. MURREY. Miller, No. 7. Brown Naples. Ib. Round Naples. Hanbury. Fruit pretty large, of a globular figure. Skin light brown, with some faint marks of dirty white. Pulp nearly of the same colour as the skin, and of a good fla- vour. Seeds large. Ripe the latter end of August. 14. PREGUSSATA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 57. Fruit large, oblate. Stalk short and thick. Skin, where shaded, purplish brown ; where exposed, of a very dark brown, sprinkled with pale spots. Pulp deep red, remarkably sweet and rich. Seeds unusually small. Ripe from August to October. This very beautiful and most excellent fig was sent to this country, a few years ago, by Dr. Skey, from the Ionian Isles. 15. PURPLE GENOA. Hanbury. Fruit large, long. Skin dark purple, when perfectly ripe. Pulp extremely sweet and luscious. 16. SMALL BROWN ISCHIA, Miller, No. 13. Fruit small, of a pyramidal figure, with a very short foot-stalk. Skin light brown. Pulp inclining to purple, of a very high flavour. Ripe late in September. The leaves of this tree are less divided than any of the other sorts. 17. VIOLETTE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 67. Figue Violette. Duhamel, No. 3. t. 2. f. 1. M 3 166 FIGS. Fruit small, shortly turbinate, and flattened at the apex, one inch and three quarters or two inches in diameter, and nearly the same in height. Skin deep violet. Pulp near the skin white ; the interior envelop- ing the seeds deeply tinged with red. The Violet Fig, like the Angelique, is cultivated in the neighbourhood of Paris, and produces two crops an- nually : the autumnal one is the most productive ; and in a warm season the fruit is excellent. SECT. III. Fruit yellow, white, or green. 18. ANGELIQUE. Duhamel, Vol. i. No. %. Coucourelle Blanche. ^ Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1. Melitte. Ib. Fruit rather small, somewhat pyramidal, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diame- ter. Skin yellow, mottled with greenish white specks. Pulp white, having the interior which envelopes the seeds tinged with red. This sort is somewhat like the Marseilles, but longer, and, like that, in the neighbourhood of Paris, produces two crops annually : the first is usually thin, but the second very abundant; and in a fine season the fruit is excellent. 19. GENTILE. Miller, No. 14. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 15. Fruit middle-sized, of a globular figure. Skin yel- low, when fully ripe. Pulp yellow, with large seeds. Its flavour is very good, but it ripens late, and the trees are seldom good bearers, so that it is not much grown in this country. 20. GREEN ISCHIA. Miller, No. 8. Green Ischia. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 9. Fruit oblong, somewhat globular at the apex. Skin FIGS. 167 very thin, green ; but when fully ripe, it is stained through by the pulp to a brownish cast : the inside is purple, and will stain linen or paper. Pulp high fla- voured, especially in warm seasons. Ripe towards the end of August. 21. LARGE WHITE. Hanbury. Fruit large, oblong, with a short foot-stalk. Skin white and thin. Pulp white, but often more or less tinged with purple, sweet and rich. Ripe in August. '22. LARGE WHITE GENOA. Miller, No. 4. For- syth, Ed. 3. No. 4. Fruit large, globular, a little lengthened towards the stalk. Skin thin, of a yellowish colour when fully ripe. Pulp red, of a good flavour. Ripe about the end of August* Mr. Forsyth says this bears two crops annually. 23. MARSEILLES. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 48. White Marseilles. Ib. Pocock. Ib. Figue Blanche. Duhamel, Vol. i. p. 210. t. 1. Fruit small, about two inches in diameter, and nearly the same in height, slightly ribbed, somewhat turbinate, and flattened at the apex. Skin pale green, becoming yellowish white when highly ripened. Flesh white, dry, sweet, and rich. Ripe in August. The Marseilles Fig has been for many years cultivated by Mr. Knight at Downton Castle ; and he informs me that it succeeds well in the highest temperature of a pine stove. 24. NERII. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 55. Fruit rather less than the Marseilles, and more long in shape. Skin pale greenish yellow. Pulp similar in colour to that of a pomegranate. It is much the richest of its species j and there is in its M 4 168 FIGS. juice a slight degree of very delicate acid, which renders it peculiarly agreeable to most palates. The Nerii Fig is also cultivated by Mr. Knight at Downton Castle, who has been so obliging as to furnish me with the above description, dated Sept. 23. 1830. He says, " It offers fruit very abundantly ; but the whole falls off alike in the stove and in the open air ; and it succeeds only in low temperature, under glass. I have obtained it, in high perfection, by bringing the fruit forward, till it was about one third grown, in the stove, and then removing the pots in which the plants grew to a conservatory." 25. SMALL EARLY WHITE. Langley, t. 52. Early White. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 23. Small White. Hanbury. Small White Early. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 3. Fruit somewhat round, a little flattened at the apex, with a very short foot-stalk. Skin thin 5 when fully ripe, of a pale yellowish white colour. Pulp white, sweet, but not high flavoured. Ripe in August. Mr. Forsyth says this sort produces two crops an- nually. It scarcely differs from the Marseilles. 26. SMALL GREEN. Nursery Catalogues. Little Green. Hanbury. Green Red within. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 32, Fruit small. Skin green and thin. Pulp red and excellent. The tree is a low grower, hardy, and a very good bearer. 27. YELLOW ISCHIA. Miller, No. 12. Cyprus. Ib. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 42. Fruit large, of a pyramidal form. Skin yellow when fully ripe. Pulp purple, and well flavoured. The leaves are large, and not much divided. Ripe in September. FIGS. 169 The tree is a very luxuriant grower, but it does not produce much fruit in this country. A Selection of Figs for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. Black Ischia - -3 Pregussata - - 14? Brown Turkey 7 Large White Genoa - 22 Brunswick - 8 Marseilles - 23 Chestnut - 9 Nerii - 24? Malta - 11 Small Early White - 25 In the North of England and in Scotland Figs can- not be usefully cultivated except under glass. It is much to be regretted that our knowledge of figs should be so imperfect, and our means of obtaining any interesting information respecting them so confined. I have searched for authorities and descriptions to enable me to point out those differences which should distinguish one sort from another ; but I have not sue*- ceeded in satisfying myself. I have, indeed, found names in books on gardening, accompanied by what the writers might have considered as descriptions; but several of them have been so defective as to give the reader but little chance of applying them to the fruit they were in- tended to designate. Many sorts therefore still remain imperfectly described here, for want of better ma- terials. Propagation. FIGS are propagated by cuttings, and by layers : the latter method is the best, as plants at the end of a year 170 FIGS. are fit to take up from the stools, and to plant out where they are intended to remain. Cuttings taken from plants where layers cannot be admitted may be planted singly in pots, and placed under a frame, in a gentle heat, in March, and they will make good plants at the end of the year. Pruning and Training. There is no description of fruit tree more easy to manage in its formation than the Fig : it produces shoots in abundance, and they grow readily and luxuri- antly in every direction. This being the case, it is not very material whether the plant be particularly handsome when it is first planted out, provided it be clean, strong, and well rooted. Should there be any suckers rising up from the root, as there generally will be when the plants have been raised from suckers, they must be carefully removed, cutting them clean off at the place where they are pro- duced. If the plant be put out in the autumn, it must be protected by some light dry covering, to prevent its head being injured by frost ; and it must also be well mulched to secure its roots. It is, however, sufficiently early to plant the fig in March ; and the latter end of April it may be trained to the wall, if the head be large enough and sufficiently handsome : if not, it should be headed down within nine inches of the ground, in order to its forming a new head. Should the plant be strong, it will, after this, throw up six or eight shoots : these must be trained obliquely, at regular distances, from one side to the other, and continued till the autumn. Previously to the frost setting in the top must again be protected, and the ground mulched as before, in case of FIGS. 171 a severe winter. In the beginning of April, the cover- ing must be removed, and the branches shortened to a foot, or eighteen inches, according to their strength. During the summer the young shoots must be trained in a horizontal direction at a foot distance from each other. Horizontal training appears the most eligible for the fig, as it checks its luxuriance, and by this means adds materially to the ripening of its wood ; for, unless this be accomplished, it will be in vain to look for fruit. In some parts of England it is difficult to prevent the fig from being injured by the severe frosts in winter ; in many others it is seldom affected ; but in those situa- tions where danger is to be apprehended, the safest way will be to protect the trees, with some sort of loose, soft, dry covering. For this purpose, fern, or dry straw, or the latter mowings of meadow hay should be tucked in among the branches, and the whole covered over with a single or double mat. This covering must be continued till the beginning of April, selecting a fine day for its removal. The trees should now be pruned and nailed to the wall : such of the branches as may have had their ends killed must be pruned back to the next sound bud : the others must be continued at length, at a distance of twelve or fifteen inches from each other, as from the upper ends of the last year's shoots the young figs are produced : if these are shortened back, the crop will be destroyed. In the summer pruning, nothing more is necessary than to cut out all such vigorous growing shoots as are not wanted, particularly those which rise immediately at or near the root : those which are retained should be such only from which there is a prospect of getting fruit the following season. A supply of these should be kept up, in every part of the tree, by which means a crop of fruit will be obtained from the top to the bottom* FIGS. Occasionally some of the larger branches will have to be removed, in order to make room for the younger ones, else the supply of young wood will be cut off. These must be cut out in the April pruning, selecting those which appear to be worn out, and the least con- nected with fruit-bearing branches. Some of the stronger branches will occasionally pro- duce short side shoots ; when this happens they must be be preserved till the following summer : those which show fruit must be drawn near the wall, the others should be cut out. When the young figs have attained the size of a nutmeg, the end of that shoot should be pinched off, which will assist in swelling the fruit : when the fruit is gathered these shoots may be removed. Figs, as open standards, so seldom succeed in this country, that their cultivation in this manner can hardly be recommended ; nevertheless, there are some situa- tions where they succeed, and in favourable seasons pro- duce good crops of fruit. Where such situations do offer, and it is intended to make the experiment, those sorts only should be selected which are known to be the most hardy, and the most productive* The Chestnut, Black Genoa, Large Blue, Murrey, and the small Early White, appear to be the best adapted. These standards should not exceed six or seven feet in height, and their heads should be kept thin and open to admit sun and air for the purpose of thoroughly ripening the young wood. In these trees, all luxuriant shoots must be removed ; should they however become too luxuriant, the ground should be opened round the roots, and the largest of them shortened : this will give a natural and effectual check to such exuberance, and a supply of short-jointed, moderate-sized shoots obtained. From such as these there will be some probability of a crop of fruit ; and on FIGS. 173 this account it becomes necessary so to manage the trees that the knife may not be required, except for the pur- pose of cutting out and thinning the heads. INDEX TO THE FIGS. Angelique Black Genoa Black Ischia Black Italian Bourdeaux JBroivn Ischia Broivn Italian Brown Naples Brown Turkey Brunswick Chestnut Chestnut-coloured Ischia Common Blue Coucourelle Blanche Cyprus Early White Figue Blanche Figue Poire Figue Violette - Gentile - Great Blue Green Ischia Green y red "within Hanover Large Blue Large Purple Large White Large White Genoa 18 Little Blue - 5 1 Little Green - 26 2 Long Brown Naples - 10 3 Long Naples - 10 6 Madonna - 8 9 Malta - 11 7 Marseilles - 23 13 Melitte - 18 7 Minion - 12 8 Murrey - 13 9 Nerii - 24- 9 Pocock - 23 4. Pregussata - 14- 18 Purple - 4 27 Purple Genoa - 15 25 Round Naples - 13 23 Small Blue - 5 6 Small Brotvn - 11 17 Small Brown Ischia - 16 19 Small Early White - 25 4 Small Green - 26 20 Small White - 25 26 Small White Early - 25 8 Violette - 17 4< Violette de Bourdeaux - 6 4. White Marseilles - 23 21 Yellow Ischia - 27 22 CHAP. VII. GOOSEBERRIES. THE gentlemen of Lancashire have given premiums for several years, for raising curious new sorts, remark- 174 GOOSEBERRIES. able for size and flavour, and the following is a list of two hundred of the principal, which have been exhi- bited for this purpose, in the years 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, and 1829. The first column of figures, in each year, shows the number of prizes which each sort has won, at the differ- ent exhibitions throughout England ; the second column, the heaviest berry of the aggregate meetings, in penny- weights and grains, troy- weight. An asterisk * denotes the berry to be new, and to have been brought out in that year which stands at the head of the column under which it appears. REDS. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1. Bang-up, Tyrer's 10 21 19 8 13 12 2J16 15 5 19 2 i 14 15 2. Boggart, Houghton's 24 20 5 28 16 3 23 20 2 36 17 10 15 16 15 3. British Crown, Boardman's 89 22 18 19 6 36 19 6 21 18 10 12 17 21 4. Briton, Haslam's - * 21 12 2 16 21 6 16 11 5. Chance, Bell's 24 23 22 . 6. Companion, Hopley's 4 24 19 7. Crown Bob, Melling's 189 22 4 46 18 3 4 20 23 65 21 12 20 17 3 8. Dreadnought, Reeve's 13 17 1 17 16 2 16 13 9. Drum Major, Colclough's 1 17 6 1 19 16 10. Duke of Leeds 1 18 7 2 10 9 1 12 23 11. Duke of Richmond 13 17 1 19 1 2. Earl Grosvenor 1 18 11 1 17 3 1 14 23 13. Elisha, Lovart's 3 19 20 1 17 17 14 22 3 4 19 23 1 16 18 14. Emperour, Rival's 16 19 2 13 19 17 2 16 20 6 16 10 4 18 29 15. Fancy, Bell's 1 12 5 8 19 14 6 19 7 20 19 16. Farmer's Glory, Barry's 2 16 12 1 16 16 1 13 15 17. Footman 1 14 6 2 11 3 18. Forward Red 19 9 1 16 1 19 10 2 16 4 19. Fox Hunter 11 18 14 4 13 22 17 21 21 2 19 23 11 20 5 20. Freeholder, Beardsley's - 19 7 1 16 15 2 15 23 6 17 16 21. George IV., Colclough's # 20 18 1 14 3 22. Glorious, Bell's - 2 17 7 3 12 16 2 17 7 23. Governour, Bratherton's 4 21 4 1 12 13 2 19 10 12 20 11 3 16 12 24. Highwayman 1 16 2 16 10 1 17 3 2 18 5 25. Hit or Miss, Taylor's - 4 14 18 g 18 15 2 12 14 26. Huntsman, Bratherton's 126 23 15 106 24 6 141 27 4 98 24 118 21 20 27. Jolly Butcher, Cope's 1 19 8 4 18 4 28. Jubilee, Moore's 24 20 4 15 15 5 11 20 6 H 20 16 6 16 10 29. Lancashire Lad, Harts- ~\ horn's - J 49 20 1 76 17 2 34 20 6 97 20 11 59 18 1 30. Longwaist, Wildon's * 19 10 16 20 g 16 31. Lord of the Manor 4 19 7 4 20 21 7 26 2 4 18 18 21 18 11 32. Lottery, Whittaker's . - * 18 20 4 19 '2 11 19 1 33. Magistrate 3 18 19 2 13 18 1 17 12 5 15 17 3 14 9 34. Magnum Bonum 4 17 .5 4 13 8 35. Melbourn Hero s 20 1 13 11 2 17 7 3 17 23 7 18 12 36. Miner, Greenhalgh's 5 19 11 8 16 2 6 19 8 4 14 22 37. Moorcock 5 19 18 1 11 4 4 19 1 4 16 22 38. Never Miss 3 18 22 5 12 23 5 19 9 1 14 39. Over-all, Bratherton's 46 20 20 13 14 49 20 15 24 20 6 50 17 19 GOOSEBERRIES. 175 REDS continued. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 4O. Pastime, Bratherton's * 17 21 6 '51 21 < >17 12 17 17 6 16 8 41. Patriot ^ 19 14 218 21 18 42. Plough Boy ! 20 8 1 13 16 1 15 1 8 16 11 43. Prince Regent, Boardman' lit 22 16 8C H7 4 9t 23 2 7 22 3 65 19 13 44. Printer 17 18 12 27 14 10 t '18 19 4 1 2 14 13 45. Richmond Hill, Ward's 2 19 21 11 15 3 2 120 5 1 19 2 4 15 6 46. Rifleman, Leigh's S 11 10 ] 14 11 18 19 47. Ringleader ( 18 15 1? 14 9 1 18 14 17 6 1 14 48. Roaring Lion, Farmer's 337 31 16 20S 22 23 387 27 7 34< 29 J453 25 49. Robin Hood, Bell's 50. Rough Robin, Speechley' 51. RoyalGeorge, Bratherton' 52. Shakspeare * S * 7 23 22 20 8 24 20 22 12 s 17 17 17 S 2 Z 21 16 8 21 15 18 23 19 34 17 6 22 7 19 20 8 2 6 2G 16 8 17 9 17 G 19 IS 53. Sir John Cotgrave, Bra- ~\ 12922 20 70 20 9 15:3 24 19 122 25 2 121 21 16 therton's - - J |j 54. Smolensko, Graves's 78 22 7 29 15 7 47 22 6 36 21 20 38 18 6 55. Sportsman, Chadwick's . 28 20 9 34 18 23 1920 8 30 20 2 12 17 9 56. Squire Hamond 13 12 I 16 12 723 15 21 23 20 32 18 19 57. Statesman, Billington's * 22 21 1025 21 5 22 23 18 21 3 58. Superiour, Cranshawe's 10 21 13 J 15 12 420 2 16 IS 6 17 12 59. Tiger 320 20 ] 13 8 2 17 10 ] 17 17 1 14 13 60. Top Sawyer, Capper's 3522 12 49 18 20 7424 6 79 22 171 92 21 6 61. Triumphant, Denny's 2 18 4 5 12 15 j 18 6 ] 16 10 2 15 18 62. Trumpeter, Entwisle's * 20 8 ] 14 22 5 18 6 63. Whipper-in, Bratherton's 4 20 21 < 18 11 ] 13 17 64. Yaxley Hero, Speechley's 26 21 19 5 16 14 < 18 10 65. Yorkshire Lad 3 17 21 I 13 20 5 17 5 < 18 1 7 18 16 66. Young Sampson 5 18 20 14 21 ~~ ~~ ~ YELLOWS. - 67. Bonny Roger 1 18 4 11 14 5 c 17 18 14 17 5 < 20 10 68. Bottom Sawyer, Capper's 5 16 12 8 12 23 f 19 2 17 19 __ 69. Britannia 16 19 13 19 18 22 10 15 13 70. Bunker's Hill, Capper's 31 21 13 44 17 5 92 22 16 76 20 2 134 17 20 71. Chain, Forbes's 24 17 20 20 14 5 10 17 3 11 14 18 8 16 14 72. Cheshire Cheese, Hopley's 1015 14 g 13 f 17 2 3 5 22 1 13 9 73. Conquering Hero 35 20 9 43 18 5 23 18 9 29 6 17 17 17 6 74. Cottage Girl, Heaps's 66 20 11 47 19 3 87 23 9 72 9 14 61 17 21 75. Delight, Needham's 81 24 4 18 17 1 40 21 3 19 9 20 17 19 9 76. Duckwing 15 18 20 34 15 3 40 24 51 9 20 78 19 7 77. Fleece c 18 12 ^ 14 1-1 1 15 a 4 6 78. Gipsey Girl, Manning's 14 15 1 11 14 1 1C 4 1 14 2 79. Globe, Hopley's 33 24 28 16 14 22 4 57 21 93 20 80. Gold Wedge 2 17 2 c 14 14 2 14 14 81. Gunner, Hardcastle's 17 22 18 95 23 4 151 27 1 192 24 5 181 20 19 82. Hawk 2 17 17 8 12 15 2 lo 7 21 8 83. Invincible, Haywood's 24 20 1 8 18 7 7 14 10 12 8 17 6 16 14 84. Leader, Piggott's * 17 / 17 5 15 9 6 67 22 17 85. Lord Combermere ] 16 13 10 3 11 ^ 17 2 5 86. Lord Suffield 1 16 4 2 11 2 18 0; j 7 10 87. Medal 3 15 22 1 22 23 1 5 12 _ 88. Miss Meagor 1 16 12 1 13 1 2 9 89. Nelson's Waves, Andrews's 78 20 19 88 7 3 73 18 21 72 2 8 47 17 2 90. Old Gold, Astley's 4 19 12 1 1 1 4 13 ] 5 18 1 13 14 91. Queen, Kay's 76 2O 23 49 3 19 17 8 14 14 7 18 7 15 11 92. Radical, Smith's 23 21 20 17 7 8 8 9 4 1 5 11 5 18 15 93. Ranger 1 15 21 1 1 13 1 3 1, 4 3 176 GOOSEBERRIES, YELLOWS continued. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829- 94. Regulator, Prophet's 33 20 18 15 16 19,20 27 18 1 9 16 14 95. Reveller C 17 20 11 12 21 18 6 f 16 5 96. Rockwood, Prophet's 191 22 115 17 15 168,23 4 147 21 3 156 19 8 97. Rule-all I 15 15 1 12 6 2 14 12 98. Scorpion 4 17 1 1 10 19 2 15 8 2 14 1 99. Shuttle, Dudson's * 18 6 8 16 6 100. Smuggler, Beardsvvell's 9 16 7 7 13 17 13 18 23 c 16 14 r 16 8 101. Sovereign, Bratherton's 47 20 21 42 16 13 127 22 23 112 22 17 90 19 20 102. Swing-em, Blakeley's 15 18 20 9 14 12 19 17 2 14 20 4 15 19 103. Teazer, Prophet's * 18 6 21 8 6 16 20 33 19 20 104. Tim Bobbin, Clegg's 7 16 18 Cj 10 5 15 19 1 13 9 105. Trafalgar, Hallow's 14 17 9 8 14 12 6 16 10 8 18 23 2 15 17 106. Ville de Paris, Gradwell's 7 17 7 g 13 3 2 17 c 15 12 1 12 17 107. Viper, Gordon's 183 21 7 105 17 15 99 24 17 57 18 5 30 16 8 108. Willow, Bratherton's * 21 12 1 15 2 18 22 2 16 1 c 16 5 GREENS. 109. Aaron, Lovart's * 19 20 1 14 16 6 17 6 12 17 6 16 17 7 110. Anchor, Betts's 2 16 17 1 13 20 c 14 22 3 18 1 111. Angler, Collier's 51 20 15 146 17 1 168 20 8 185 20 1 180 17 12 112. Bang-down, Billington's p 21 10 ] 15 10 19 16 11 113. Bang-Europe, Leicester's # 18 15 1 15 16 13 18 12 63 16 9 114. Bellingham 3 15 17 1 17 2 115. Capt. Greenall 4 16 12 2 12 6 1 13 12 116. Chisel, Blakeley's 15 11 o 11 3 1 13 LI 7. Conquering Hero 25 17 3 20 13 21 8 21 7 15 18 4 15 1 118. Derby Ram 1 15 4 3 15 9 1 13 23 1 13 1 119. Dragon 8 17 2 4 12 14 < 17 20 1 15 8 12 5 1 20. Elijah, Lovart's 61 19 9 71 17 9 105 20 10 74 18 2) 28 17 3 121. Fanner, Chapman's 4 12 13 2 14 21 a 15 2 C 15 20 6 14 20 122. Favourite, Bates's 21 21 6 60 17 14 86 19 21 132 18 20 103 16 20 123. Forester, Sharp's 11 9 1 14 8 1 13 5 124. Gleaner, Billington's * 20 3 1 17 23 10 17 3 125. Glory of Ratcliffe, Allan's ^j 17 12 2 10 12 __ 126. Green Rover 5 15 4 9 14 8 9 17 3 2 15 19 1 27. Greenwood, Berry's 170 20 22 68 18 S 95 17 18 120 17 4 84 15 21 128. Heart of Oak, Massey's ^ 16 2 2 14 1 Q 15 7 2 13 1 129. Independent, Biggs's 58 20 16 47 17 4 91 18 18 85 16 4 36 14 22 1 30. Joke 13 19 12 16 15 16 24 18 18 19 18 .5 37 15 12 131. Jolly Tar, Edwards's - 22 15 20 16 14 8 10 19 17 9 15 18 4 13 132. Laurel, Parkinson's 61 16 12 39 17 4 18 17 18 18 16 13 10 14 4 133. Lively Green, Boardman's 38 17 10 38 13 11 31 19 4 19 15 22 16 14 2 134. Lord Byron g 16 4 12 17 17 5 7 17 6 9 %J 8 135. Lord Crewe, Clutton's *5 18 1 4 12 14 38 18 4 33 23 63 16 5 136. Lord Nelson 5 17 13 1 15 10 137. Merryman, Neets's 5 15 16 3 10 20 3 15 3 2 14 12 138. Mountain, Sandiford's 51 18 10 46 18 2-2 40 19 5 42 16 19 22 6 1 139. Moses, Lovart's * 19 16 1 13 12 8 15 4 5 16 11 7 15 8 14O. Navarino, Ward's * 14 15 14 6 141. No Bribery, Taylor's - 31 18 21 19 15 35 19 9 17 17 24 17 6 .42. Ocean, Wainman's 201 20 45 18 2 177 20 8 147 18 8 31 17 15 143. Pevver Picker, Bell's - 20 19 5 31 16 6 27 19 7 50 19 10 9 13 20 144. Profit, Prophet's 12 18 6 5 16 1 12 16 14 4 16 6 4 15 6 145. Providence, Hassall's 18 2 16 12 4 20 7 11 18 4 ;46. Rover, Manning's 15 14 2 15 19 2 15 4 147. Southwell Hero 8 16 15 2 12 21 2 14 2 16 2 __, 148. Speedwell, Taylor's * 17 3 13 23 3 16 6 2 14 12 GOOSEBERRIES. 177 GREENS continued. 1825. 1826' 1827. 1828. 1829- 149. Tantararara, Thompson's 1 15 3 24 20 10 15O. Trump 1 11 5 1 17 1 c 17 15 23 18 13 151. Troubler, Moore's 96 20 42 21 70 21 13 64 17 12 96 17 13 152. Willow, Johnson's 5 19 3 2 9 8 11 16 2 17 19 20 5 15 153. Wistaston Hero, Bra-"V therton's - J 20 17 23 9 14 21 8 17 6 17 2 8 15 4 WHITES. 154. Ambush 4 16 12 7 12 3 JC 18 1 7 15 3 3 14 23 155. Bonny Lass, Capper's 111 20 4 78 18 9 67 19 12 95 21 10 82 16 5 156. Cheshire Lass, Saunders's 29 15 16 13 16 14 18 14 20 2 15 6 157. Counsellor Brougham 6 17 10 1 11 3 6 16 22 2 15 2 13 14 158. Dusty Miller, Stringer's 5 14 9 2 14 4 3 15 1 11 21 159. Elizabeth, Eggleston's * 18 5 2 14 10 1 12 12 1 15 5 160. Empress 5 17 8 4 12 14 7 17 11 3 15 16 3 14 23 161. England's Glory, Hassall's * 16 2 1 15 12 7 16 13 162. First Rate, Parkinson's 48 18 9 29 17 8 33 19 12 30 17 12 50 21 163. Governess, Bratherton's 23 21 16 17 17 11 42 20 4 47 24 77 19 20 164. Great Britain 2 14 9 _ " 1 12 12 _ 165. Huntingdon Lass 1 19 17 1 13 6 1 12 1 66. Julia, Johnson's 16 23 - 1 15 11 2 11 14 167. lady Delamore, Wyld's 62 19 23 78 18 4 93 21 23 123 22 6 130 18 8 168. Lady Li 1 ford 10 19 10 14 8 4 18 22 5 15 18 1 13 16 169. Lady of the Manor 26 19 23 20 1 55 22 6 33 20 9 65 17 19 170. Lancashire Lass, Wood's 14 1 15 6 1 1 1 2 13 22 171. Lily of the Valley, Taylor's * 18 13 3 16 6 13 17 15 172. Lioness 2 15 21 7 16 11 9 19 1 17 18 17 17 17 3 173. Lord Valentia - 4 19 9 __ 2 16 16 2 18 3 4 18 5 174. Lovely Lass 4 18 8 1 12 4 2 15 23 1 75. Maid of the Mill, Stringer's 314 1 . 1 11 7 1 16 3 1 17 2 1 14 12 1 76. Marchioness of Downshire 1020 3 4 14 3 2 14 3 2 14 9 177. Merry Lass 4 15 16 1 9 1 12 18 1 11 1 1 10 1 178. Nailor, Blomily's 127 21 10 80 17 2 100 19 11 75 18 12 59 17 3 179. Nonpareil 1 22 7 17 18 6 60 18 11 180. Ostrich, Billington's * 22 11 22 21 20 21 11 181. Platina, Lovart's * 19 20 3 16 12 17 18 11 14 15 13 182. Princess Royal 6 20 1 11 18 10 18 22 1 14 6 8 13 9 183. Queen Anne, Simpson's 111 19 6 46 17 5 79 19 20 6 18 20 IS 16 6 184. Queen Caroline 65 18 7 44 18 7 68 19 10 76 18 1 66 16 15 185. Queen Charlotte, Peers'* 2 14 11 2 12 15 2 14 19 1 11 8 186. Queen Mary, Morris's 7 20 20 7 14 10 3 14 4 2 15 11 1 13 15 187. Reformer 12 16 6 13 18 14 17 14 7 16 3 4 14 16 188. Sheba Queen, Crompton's 20 18 1 12 18 3 15 10 1 15 18 189. Smiling Beauty, Beau-~l mont's J 34 17 22 17 S 25 16 17 32 18 6 16 14 17 19O. Smiling Girl 1 16 21 1 12 5 1 16 7 2 15 15 3 14 1 1 91. Thrasher, Yates's 145 19 18 113 18 12 73 18 11 46 20 12 37 16 16 192. Toper, Leigh's 52 17 11 26 17 16 16 17 12 14 15 16 9 15 10 193. Waiting Maid 12 7 1 11 6 1 14 22 1 13 14 1 94. Wanton 4 13 3 16 19 1 14 10 6 14 22 195. Wellington's Glory 1 96. White Eagle 156 48 21 6 23 20 85 102 21 3 19 18 118 179 23 14 24 18 102 236 20 4 23 12 71 240 16 8 20 197. White Lion, Chelworth's 39 18 7 40 16 4 52 19 6 62 18 22 40 17 2 198. White Rock, Brundrit's 11 16 21 3 13 20 1 14 14 199. Whitesmith, Woodward's 27 16 7 17 14 10 6 15 14 6 14 21 j 11 4 200. Wistaston Lass, Brather- \ ton's J 11 19 23 1 10 6 11 17 6 178 GOOSEBERRIES. Additional Gooseberries cultivated in this Country. An asterisk * denotes the new ones, with the years in which they were first brought out and exhibited at the above meetings for prizes. A dagger f denotes those which were exhibited also, of more or less merit. REDS. 201. Abraham Newland, Jackson's. 202. Achilles, Gerrard's. 203. Ackerley's Seedling. 204. Admiral, Mather's. 205. * Admiral, Glazebrooke's, 1827. 206. Admiral Keppel, Jared's. 207. * Albion, Bootes's, 1828. 208. Alexander, Mather's. 209. Alexander the Great. 210. * Alfred, Stringer's, 1825. 211. Aston's Red. 212. Atlas, Brundrit's. 213. Attractor, Hippard's. 214. Bank of England, Walker's. 215. Beaufremont. 216. Beauty, Haffald's. 217. Beggar Lad. 218. f Bellerophon, Colclough's. 219. f Belper Hero. 220. Billy Dear, Shaw's. 221. Black Bull. 222. Black Damson. 223. Black Dragon. 224. Black Eagle. 225. Black King. 226. Black Lady, Mather's. 227. Black Prince, Shipley's. 228. Black Prince, Stapleton's. 229. Black Prince, Thorpe's. 230. Black Ram. 231. Black Virgin. 232. Black Walnut. 233. * Bloodhound, 1825. 234. Bright Venus, Cheetharn's. 235. British Prince, Boardman's. 236. Bullock's Heart, Pendleton's. 237. *Bury Muff, Haslam's, 1827. 238. * Busy-body, Hulme's, 1826. 239. Calderbank's Red. 240. Carpenter. 241. Champagne. 242. t Champion of Liberty. 243. Charles Fox, Monk's. 244. Cheshire Sheriff, Adams's. 245. Cheshire Stag, Shelmardine's. 246. f Coachman. 247. Cockspur. 248. Colonel Tarlton, Knight's. 249. Conqueror, Andrew's. 250. Conqueror, Fisher's. 251. Conqueror, Gregory's. 252. Conqueror, Worthington's. 253. Cornwallis, Worthington's. 254. *Cottage Hero, Whitmore's, 1 827. 255. Crimson Walnut. 256. * Crown Prince, Cartwright's, 1825. 257. Defiance, Cooke's. 258. Double-bearing, Ackerley's. 259. Dudley and Ward. 260. Duke of York, Alcock's. 261. f Duke of York, Read's. 262. Duke William, Livesey's. 263. Duke William, Savage's. 264. Dumpling, Halmon's. 265. Earl of Derby, Stanley's. 266. Early Red. 267. * Eclipse, Johnson's, 1828. 268. f Economist, Wood's. 26'J. Emperour, Broad's. 270. Emperour, Gorton's. 271. Emperour, Wood's. 272. Emperour of Morocco. 273. Favourite, Rawlinson's. 274. f Forester. 275. Free-bearer, Rider's. 276. f Freemason's Glory. 277. f Friend Ned. 278. f Galloper, Banks's. 279. * Gamester, Johnson's, 1827. 280. Globe, Ashton's. 281. Glory of Eccles, Worthington's. 282. Glory of England, Diens's. 283. Glory of Scarsdale, Waller's. 284. Governour Penn, Rider's 285. f Grand Turk. 286. Great Britain, Gregory's. 287. Great Captain, Hope's. Great Chance, Hell's, same as No. 48. 288. * Guido, Bothwell's, 1829. 289. * Hairy Bush, Banks's, 1827. 290. f Hatherton Red. 291. Heart of Oak. 292. Hector. 293. Hercules, Mason's. 294. Hero, Jackson's. 295. Hero, Worthington's. 296. f Hero of Hull. 297. High Sheriff, Grundy's. 298. f Hobby Horse. 299. * Hopeful, Telford's, 1825. 300. * Industry, Saxton's, 1827. 301. Ironmonger.- 302. Johnny Lad. 303. Jolly Painter, Eckersley's. GOOSEBERRIES. 179 304. Jolly rod Nose, Read's. 305. t Jolly Shaver. 306. Jolly Smoker. 307. * Jupiter, BuersilPs, 1829. 308. Keen's Seedling. 309- * Keeper, Cooke's, 1828. 310. King, Alcock's. 311. King, Hogbean's. 312. King, Odger's. 313. King, Rawson's. 314. King Sheriff. 315. Lancashire Farmer. 316. -f* Lancashire Hero. 317. Late Damson. 318. Layforth's Seedling. 319. Little Jdhn. 320. * Little John, Bell's, 1825. 321. Lord Delamere, Sanders's,1825. 322. Lord Hood, Fairlow's. 323. Lord Lascelles, Hainsworth's, 1826. 324. f Lord Milton. 325. Lord Moira. 326. f Lord Wellington. 327. Malkin Wood. 328. Marquis of Stafford, Knight's. 329. Master Tup, Thorpe's. 330. Matchless, Pendleton's. 331. f Mayor of Over. 332. f Mexbro Hero. 333. Mogul, Pendleton's. 334. Mogul, Singleton's. 335. Mongrel. 336. Morello. 337. Moss Wither. 338. Mount Etna, Newton's. 339. f Mulaneer. 340. Murray. 341. Nero. 342. * New Church, Lovart's, 1828. 343. f Nonsuch. 344. Old England, Rider's. 345. Old Rough Red. 346. t Ombersley Hero. 347. Oronoko, Stanley's. 348. Ostrich's Egg. 349. f Patriarch. 350. Peerless, Chapman's. 351. Perfection, Gregory's. 352. Pineapple. 353. Porcupine, Hall's. 354. Princess Royal, Wellington's. 355. *Pryse Pryse, Biles's, 1827. 356. Raspberry. 357. Red, Raymond's. 358. Red, Stukeley's. 359. f Red Lead. 360. Red Lion, Lee's. 361. Red Lion, Ratcliffe's. 362. Red Mogul. 363. f Red Ocean. 364. Red Orleans. 365. Red Rose, Shelmardine's. 366. Red Top, Bradshaw's. 367. Red Walnut, Wild's. 868. Red Wolf. 369. Regulator, Holt's. 370. Rodney, Ackersley's. 371. Royal, Fox's. 372. Royal Anne, Yates's. 373. f Royal Forester, Hainsworth's. 374. Royal Oak, Boardman's. 375. Saint John, Tillotson's. 376. Sampson, Kenyon's. 377. *Sandback, Hagues's, 1829. 378. Scarlet, Stock's, 1828. 379. Scarlet Seedling, Jackson's. 380. f Shaver. 381. Sir Francis Burdett, Mellor's. 382. f Sir Robert Wilson. 383. f Sir Watkin, Leicester's. 384. Slim, Jackson's. 385 f Smuggler. 386. f Squire Whittingham, Cooke's. 387. t Staffordshire Lad. 388. Supreme, Gregory's. 389. Surprise, Cheadle's. 390. Swing-em, Blakeley's. 391. * Tarragon, Bell's, 1825. 392. Tillotson's Seedling. 393. Tom of Lincoln. 394. * Top Marker, Sexton's, 1828. 395. Tup, Siddal's. 896. Twarnblow's Seedling. 397. Twig-em, Johnson's. 398. Victory, Lomax's. 399. Volunteer, Taylor's. 400. Wareham Russet. 401. Warrington Red. 402. Warwickshire Conqueror. 403. f Warwickshire Lad, Brookes's. 404. Watkin, Monk's. 405. f Welshman. 406. f Whittlesey Hero. 407. Wonderful, Saunders's. 408. Woodbery. 409. f Woodman. 410. Worthington's Seedling. 411. f Yankey. 412. f Young Wonderful, Saunders's. YELLOWS. 413. Adern's Seedling. 414. Amber. 415. Amber, Hunt's Early- 416. Banger. 417. Beauty of Eccles. 418. Bellemont. 419. *Belt, Read's, 1826. 420. Brandy Yellow, Cheetham's. 421. Bright Venus, Taylor's. 422. Canary, Caton's. N 180 GOOSEBERRIES* 423. * Chairman, Houghton's, 1826. 424. f Colonel Holden. 425. f Companion. 426. Conqueror. 427. * Crafty, Taylor's, 1828. 428. f Credus, Robinson's. 429. Creeping Circus, Davenport's. 430. * Crispiana, Bootes's, 1827. 431. Defender, Davenport's. 432. t Delight, Lamb's. 433. t Delight, Wadham's. 434. -f Diamond. 435. Diogenes, Coe's. 436. f Don Cossack. 437. Drop of Gold, Maddox's, 438. Eclipse, Blakeley's. 439. f Fine Robin. 440. * Gardener's Glory, Parkinson's, 1828. 441. Gibraltar. 442. Golden Ball, Stanley's. 443. Golden Champion. 444. f Golden Chili. 445. Golden Conqueror, Mason's. 446. Golden Dolphin, Stanley's. 447. Golden Drop, Jackson's. 448. Golden Drop, Reynolds's. 449. Golden Eagle, Nixon's. 450. Golden Gourd, Hill's. 451. Golden Griffin, Stanley's. 452. Golden Linnet. 453. Golden Lion, Cheadle's. 454. Golden Orange, Jackson's. 455. * Golden Pheasant, Talbot's, 1829. 456. Golden Prince. 457. Golden Sceptre, Wellington's. 458. Golden Tag. 459. Golden Yellow, Dixon's. 460. Gold-finder, Parkinson's. 461. Goliath, Rider's. 462. f He- Goat, Parry's. 463. Hero, Kilton's. 464. Highlander, Horsfield's. 465. * Hon. G. Lamb, Kemsley's, 1829. 466. Hornet, Williamson's. 467. f Husbandman. 468. Independent, Stanley's. 469. f John Bull. 470. Jolly Gipsey, Mason's. Jolly Gunner, same as No. 81. 471. t Jolly Potter. 472. Kilton, Hamlet's. Kilton Hero, same as No. 472. 473. Lemon, Rider's. 474. *Linton Beauty, Lee's r 1827. 475. f Lord Rancliffe. 476. Molon, Stanley's. 477. Molon, Wrigley's. 478. * Moonshine, Davies's, 1829. 479. Nonsuch, Pindleton's. 480. f Polander. 481. f Preacher, Penman's. 482. Primrose, Unsworth's. 483. * Prince of Orange, Bell's, 1825V 484. Prince of Orange, Leigh's. 485. f Pearse, Barnfort's. 486. f Ranting Widow. 487. f Rattle Snake. 488. * Rector, Worthington's, 1829. 489. * Ringwood, Ball's, 1825. 490. Robin Hood. 491. f Rough Robin. Royal Gunner, same as No. 142- 492. Royal Sovereign. 493. Rumbullion. 494. Saffron. 495. Sceptre, Withingtem's.- 496. f Shepherd. 497. f Sidesman, Read's. 498. f Sir Charles Wolseley. 499. Sir Sidney, Brundrit's. 500. Sparkler, Smith's. 501. * Superintendent, Billington's, 1828. 502. * Tenor Bell, Buhner's, 1829. 503. * Terror, Johnson's, 1829. 504. * Tiger, Smith's, 1828. 505. f Triumphant. 506. * Twister, Williamson's, 1828, 507. * Two to One, Whittaker's, 1828, 508. f Venerable. 509. Washington, Coe's. 510. Waterloo, Sydney's. 511. f Yellow Eagle, Ward's. 512. * Yellow Lion, 1825. 513. Yellow Top, Bradshaw's. 514. 515. 516. 517. 518. 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534. 535. 536. 537. GREENS. * Ajax, Tanner's, 1826. f Audley Lass. Blakeley Lion, Yearsley's. * Bold, Fenton's, 1828. Bullock Smithey, Fidler's- Cassar, Harrison's. Caesar, Helton's. f Cheshire Hero. -f" Crispin. f Deceivers, Green. f* Diamond. f Doctor Syntax, Hooton's. f Duke of Ashton. Duke of Bedford, Yates's. * Earl of Chester, 1825. Early Green Hairy. * Emerald, Leigh's, 1827. * Enoch, Johnson's, 1827. f* Evergreen, Perring's. t Fairplay, Hall's. * Faithful, Baker's, 1828. Favourite, Harrison's. Favourite, Wrigley's. * Free Cost, Sexton's, 1827, GOOSBERRIES. 181 538. Gage, Nield's. 539. * Game Bag, Grundy's, 1827. 540. General Carlton. 541. Goliath Champion, Costerden's. 542. Goose, Fox's. 543. Green, Belraont's. 544. f Green Bag. 545. Green Balsam. 546. Green Chancellor. 547. f Green Dragon. 548. Green Fig. 549. Green Gage, Horsfield's. 550. Green Gage, Pitmaston. 551. Green Gage, Sharret's. Green Gascoigne, same as No. 529. 552. Green Griffin. 553. f Green Hero, Chadwick's. 554. Green John, Jackson's. 555. Green Joseph, Monk's. 556. Green Lizard, Jackson's. 557. * Green Mantle, Hogier's, 1829. 558. Green Margil, Stanley's. 559. t Green Monkey, Banks's. 560. * Green Nettle, Fisher's, 1828. 561. Green Oak, Boardman's. Green Ocean, Ingham's, same as No. 142. 562. * Green Prince, Summer's, 1829. 563. Green Prolific. 564. f Green Rose. 565. t Grundy's Glory. 566. Hercules. 567. * Invincible, Bratherton's, 1829. 568. Jay's Wing. 569. f Jolly Crispin, Proudman's. 570. t Langley Green. 571. * Little-thought -of, Moon's. 572. Livingsham, Blakeley's. 573. Lord Hood. 574. f Mask, Smith's. 575. -f- Mugman, Read's. 576. Myrtle, Nixon's. 577. t Nonsuch. 578. Old BalL 579. * Oswestry Hero, Morgan's, 1828. 580. Patrick, Worthington's. 581. * Peacock, Lavart's, 1827. 582. f Pretor, Hulme's. 583. Prize, Gregory's. 584. Rainbow, Taylor's. 585. Reine Claude, Stanley's. 586. f Reuben. 587. * Rough and Ready, Parkinson's, 1828. 588. f Rough Robin. 589. Royal George, Rollison's. 590. Saint David, Sproson's. 591. * Sampson, Crompton's, 1827. 592. Satisfaction, Read's. 593. "f Self-conceit, Haughton's. 594. f Shannon, Hopley's. 595. f Stranger. 596. Stump, Robinson's. 597. * Surprise, Walton's, 1 828. 598. Syringa, Stanley's. 599. t Tasso. 600. f Tickler. 601. Tickle Toby, Bruudart's. 602. f Top Sawyer, Rigby's. 603. Trial. 604. Triumph, Rider's. 605. f Trueman. 606. Vanguard, Worthington's. 607. Victory, Lee's. 608. f Warshill Hero. 609. f Waterloo. 610. * Yorkshire Bite, Copley's, 1825. 611. 612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 618. 619. 620. 621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 6?2. 633. 634. 635. 6S6. 637. 638. 6S9. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. WHITES. * Advance, Moore's, 1827. Apollo, Gibson's. Bear, Moore's. Beauty, Holt's. Beauty of England, f Bonny Landlady, t Bright Venus. * Butcher's Fancy, Piggott's, 1828. Calderbank's White, f Chadwick. Champion, Mills's. Cheshire White Walnut, f Cock Robin. * Competition, Pugh's, 1827. Competitor, Pugh's, 1828, f Country Farmer. f Crab. Crawford's Seedling. Crick Cliff, Spencer's. f- Cutler's Glory. f Devil. * Diana, Bratherton's, 1825. Drop, Smith's. t Duke William, f Duster. * Elephant, Blomiley's, 1828 f Fair Lady. f Faithful: Fiddler, Lee's. t Fleur-de-lis, Copley's f Fowler, Grundy's. f Fuddler,- Leigh's. f Gabbler, Banks's. f Harford Cottage. Hart, Nixon's. f Heart of Oak. Highland King, Gregory's. Highland Queen, Boardman's. Highland White, Chapman's. f* Honesty. Imperial, White's. f Incomparable, JN 3 182 GOOSEBERRIES. 653. Jolly Carter, Cooke's. 654. Jolly Crofter, Bradshaw's. 655. Jolly Cutler, Cooke's. 656. Lady, Davenport's. 657. *Lady Hoghton, Fish's, 1829. 658. f Lady Manvers. 659. Lily, Bedford's. 660. f Madame Riego. 661. * Mary Anne, Eggleston's, 1825. 662. f Mermaid. 663. Milkmaid. 664. Miss Bold. 665. * Miss Tollett, Williams's, 1825. 666. * Monton Lass, Piggott's, 1827. 667. f Moorpont. 668. Mount Pleasant, Gregory's. 669. f Mount Pleasant, Whitehead's. 670. f Mountain of Snow. 671. Mrs. Denman, Page's, 1825. 672. f Mrs. Lamb. 673. f Noble Landlady. 674. f Northern Hero. 675. Olive, White's. 676. Pigeon's Egg. 677. f Pillar of Beauty. 678. f Pilot. 679. f Prime Minister, Whittaker's. 680. f Rattler, Hulme's. 681. f Redress. 682. f Republican. 688. f Ringlet, Hague's. 684. Ringley Ranter. 685. f Rockgetter, Andrews's. 686. Rose, Nield's. 687. Rose, Withington's. 688. f Sampson. 689. f Selfishness, Read's. 690. Silver-heels, Button's. 691. f Snowball, Adams's. 692. Snowdrop, Wood's. 693. f Sounton Lass. 694. Squire Houghton's Barendoe. 695. Sugar Loaf. 696. Swan's Egg. 697. f Taffy, Parry's. 698. -f Turpin, Houghton's. 699. * Union, Wild's, 1828. 700. f Venture. 701. Victory, Green's. 702. * Village Maid, Bratherton's, 1825. 703. f Vittoria. 704. f Waterloo. 705. f White Bear, Moore's. 706. White Bel mount. 707. White Crystal. 708. White Hall, Atkinson's. 709. White Heart, Nixon's. 710. f White Lily, Worthington's. 711. White Lion, Harrison's. 712. White Lion, Kenyon's. 713. White Mogul, Mather's. 714. White Muslin, Holding's. 715. White Noble, Kenyon's. 716. White Orleans. 717. White Bengal. 718. * White Veal, Beckwith's, 1828. 719. White Walnut. 720. White's Imperial. 721. f Wilton Lass. 722. * Woodstock Superb, Biles's, 1825. A SELECTION OF GOOSEBERRIES FOR A SMALL GARDEN. Reds. 1. CAPPER'S TOP SAWYER. No. 60. in the list. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, very large, oblong, pale red, hairy near the base ; verj excellent. 2. CHAMPAGNE. No. 241. Branches erect. Fruit late, middle-sized, somewhat oblong, dark red, hairy ; most excellent. 3. FARMER'S ROARING LION. No. 48. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, very large, oblong, dull red, smooth : the largest of all the gooseberries. GOOSEBERRIES. 1&3 4. KNIGHT'S MARQUIS OF STAFFORD. No. 328. Branches somewhat erect. Fruit late, large, round- ish-oblong, bright red, hairy: excellent. 5. MELLING'S CROWN BOB. No. 7. Branches drooping. Fruit rather late, large, oblong, bright red, hairy : very goofl. 6. OLD ROUGH RED. No. 345. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit small, round, dark red, very hairy : most excellent for preserving as gooseberry jam, and the best for bottling when green. Yellows. 7. DIXON'S GOLDEN YELLOW. No. 459- Branches drooping. Fruit early, pretty large, roundish-oblong, greenish yellow, smooth. 8. GORDON'S VIPER. No. 107. Branches drooping. Fruit early, large, somewhat turbinate, greenish yellow, smooth. 9. HAMLET'S KILTON. No. 472. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit early, large, roundish-oblong, bright greenish yellow, slightly hairy. 10. HARDCASTLE'S GUNNER. No. 81. Branches somewhat erect. Fruit rather late, large, obovate, with large veins, hairy or bristly. 11. HILL'S GOLDEN GOURD. No. 450. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit very early, large, oblong, greenish yellow, slightly hairy : very excellent. 12. PROPHET'S ROCKWOOD. No. 96. Branches erect. Fruit very early, large, roundish- oblong, dark yellow, slightly hairy. N 4 184 GOOSEBERRIES. Greens. 13. EARLY GREEN HAIRY. No. 529. Pom. Mag. t. 22. Branches erect. Fruit early, small, round, deep green, hairy : early and excellent. 14. EDWARDS'S JOLLY TAR. No. 131. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit early, of a middling size, large, roundish-oblong, with yellowish veins, smooth. 15. MASSEY'S HEART OF OAK. No. 128. Branches drooping. Fruit rather early, large, ob- long, with pale yellow veins, smooth : excellent. 16. NIXON'S GREEN MYRTLE. No. 576. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, large, oblong, tapering to the base, pale green, smooth. 17. PARKINSON'S LAUREL. No. 132. Branches erect. Fruit rather late, large, roundish- oblong, pale green, very downy. 18. WAINWRIGHT'S OCEAN. No. 142. Branches drooping. Fruit pretty early, large, ob- long or ovate, smooth : the largest of this colour, Whites. 19. CLEWORTH'S WHITE LION. No. 197. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, roundish- oblong, slightly hairy, sometimes nearly smooth. 20. CROMPTON'S SHEBA QUEEN. No. 188. Pom. Mag. 1. 12. Branches somewhat erect. Fruit early, pretty large, roundish-oblong, downy : excellent. 21. MOORE'S WHITE BEAR. No. 705. GOOSEBERRIES. 185 Branches somewhat erect. Fruit early, large, roundish-oblong, hairy, or somewhat bristly. 22. SAUNDERS'S CHESHIRE LASS. No. 156. Branches erect. Fruit very early, large, oblong, downy : excellent for tarts early in the spring, when few are ready for that purpose. 23. WELLINGTON'S GLORY. No. 195. Branches erect. Fruit pretty early, large, somewhat ovate, very downy : excellent. 24. WOODWARD'S WHITESMITH. No. 199. Branches erect. Fruit pretty early, large, roundish- oblong, or somewhat ovate ; when highly ripened and exposed to the sun the skin becomes brownish, very downy : very excellent, and more in esteem than any other gooseberry of this colour. This list, by far the most ample of any that has yet appeared, will enable the grower to form a just estimate of the comparative merit of the principal part of those gooseberries which have been exhibited for prizes from 1825 to 1829 inclusive ; a period, probably, when horti- culture has been as extensively encouraged, and flourished as much, as at anytime of equal extent within our memory. The first part will enable those who are desirous of ex- hibiting the largest specimens in the dessert to choose the heaviest kinds of the different colours, let his selec- tion be large or small ; and, together, it will afford the nurseryman the means of correcting his collection, if it should happen to be wrong, and thus accomplish a two- fold purpose, which will fully compensate for the space it takes up in the present work. Propagation. Gooseberries are propagated by cuttings, in the same manner as Currants ; but where strong cuttings cannot 186 GOOSEBERRIES. be obtained, shorter ones of six inches in length will be sufficient, planting them so that the two upper eyes only are above the surface of the bed : these will generally produce two shoots each, the strongest of which, at the end of the year, may be selected to form the stem of the plant, and shortened to the desired height. If one or two small cuttings only can be obtained from a plant for propagation, short lengths of three inches each, includ- ing the extremity, may be planted with success, under a hand-glass, leaving only one eye above the surface ; or, which is better, level with the surface : the month of October is the best time for this purpose. In order to have fine, well-flavoured fruit, the bushes, as directed for Currants, must be planted in a good soil and a favourable situation, kept in a state of vigour, and thin of wood by annual prunings, so as to admit plenty of sun, and a free circulation of air. The largest berries are grown on vigorous young bushes, which have not more than five or six branches, and allowing only two or three berries to grow on each, or indeed only one berry on each : the latter are inva- riably those which have carried off the best prize. In dry hot weather, the plants must be supplied with water, and the fruit shaded from the sun for a few hours in the middle of the day. Cultivation of Gooseberries and Currants. ^ Gooseberries and Currants, when planted in the open quarters of a garden, require similar treatment j there- fore such directions as are given for one may be strictly applied to the other, with but a very trifling deviation, which will be explained towards the sequel of this article. Confining myself for the present to the Gooseberry, 1 must observe with regard to its early management, GOOSEBERRIES. 187 the reader will find some account of it under the head of Propagation. In the quarters where the young bushes have esta- blished themselves, and made some vigorous shoots, the best placed of those should be selected to form the head : four shoots will be sufficient to begin with ; these should be pruned back to six or nine inches, according to their strength and line of direction, from each of which three or four may be expected for another year. When these are pruned at the end of the second year, two of the best placed shoots from each must be selected, and pruned back to six or nine inches as before, cutting the others out close to the mother branch, thereby preventing the production of an unnecessary and useless number of shoots. In the third winter, according to this method, each young bush will have eight shoots when pruned, which will be sufficient to form the principal limbs of the full grown head. In the fourth winter's pruning, the strongest and best placed shoot only should be retained from each branch, and that one pointing the most directly outwards, short- ening it to six or nine inches as before, and cutting off close all the rest : this will give much more room to the branches, and produce a more open and handsome head, than if two shoots had been retained to each branch as before. In the fifth pruning, should the head require a greater supply of branches, two shoots may be left, in the same manner as in the second and third year ; and this prac- tice may be continued, leaving either one or two shoots to each branch, as occasion may require, so long as the bush stands. It must, however, be observed, that the older the bushes are, the smaller will be their leading shoots : these, of course, must be shortened in proportion accord- 188 GOOSEBERRIES. ingly ; so that a bush of fifteen or twenty years' standing will rarely require its extreme shoot to be left more than six inches in length. It is also necessary to bear in mind that the large Lancashire Gooseberries, and which are chiefly pendent growers, require to have much more space between their branches than the Champagne, and other upright growers : the former, therefore, ought not to have them much less than a foot apart, nor the latter nearer than nine inches, when the winter pruning is finished. In the annual prunings, there will always be a number of shoots, and some, perhaps, of the most vigorous, pro- duced from various parts of the head, particularly from the upper side of the diverging limbs : these must be cut off quite close and smooth, so as to remove entirely their bottom eyes, to prevent a succession of still stronger shoots, which would otherwise be produced ; thus keep- ing the heads open, and consisting of fruit-bearing branches only. When the spurs of gooseberries have borne fruit for two or three years, and become numerous, they should be thinned out, leaving the young ones only : by this means the fruit will have more room to swell, and its flavour consequently improved. CURRANTS, as was observed at the commencement of this article, when planted as open bushes, require a management but little differing from that of the goose- berry : this consists, chiefly, in leaving their shoots atia greater length in the annual prunings. In the dessert, the largest bunches have always the best appearance, and it rarely happens that they are not the best. To obtain these, the bushes must be kept very thin of wood, clearing away all young shoots from the mid- dle, as they are produced, and thinning out the spurs, leaving those only which are young, and at a few inches' distance from each other. The large white crystal GOOSEBERRIES. 189 Currant, thus managed, will sometimes produce bunches containing from twenty-five to thirty berries each. Currants trained against walls are of the most easy management : when planted to fill up intermediate spaces between young trees, till the latter have made a more advanced progress, they should be trained per- pendicularly, preparing as many shoots at the beginning as may be required for the space to be occupied. These should be allowed a space of six inches between one shoot and another, training each at full length, till they have reached the top of the wall ; shortening such others as may be produced to half an inch, which will form fruit spurs round the base of each. When a plant has been completed in this way, it may be kept in full bearing for several years, from its spurs alone, the best of which, it must be remembered, furnish the finest fruit. Where a large space of wall is allotted for Currants, I should recommend this mode of training in preference to any other ; planting them at three, or not more than four feet apart. The plants can always be replenished with young wood when it is wanted, by cutting down within a few inches of the ground every alternate limb ; and when these have again reached the top of the wall, or before, if necessary, the others may be cut down in like manner : thus keeping up a succession of good, healthy, fruit-bearing branches for years, and preserving an uniformity of appearance, without at any time exhi- biting a blank space on any part of the wall. 190 GRAPES. CHAP. VIII. GRAPES. SECT. I. Black or blue fruited. 1. ALICANT, Miller, No. 31. Black Portugal. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 120. Black Spanish. Speedily, No. 26. Gros noir d'Espagne. Bradley, No. 37- Teinturier. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 4. Bunches very long without shoulders. Berries of a moderate size, somewhat oval. Skin thick, of a black colour. Flesh soft, juicy, of an agreeable flavour. Seeds uncommonly large. Requires a vinery. The leaves in the autumn are beautifully variegated with red, green, and yellow. 2. BLACK CORINTH. Langley, p. 114. t.4<6. fig. 1. Miller, No. 3. Black Ascalon. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 49. Currant. Miller, No. 3. Raisin de Corinth. Bradley, No. 18. Zante, or Zante Currant. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 49. Bunches short and rather small. Berries small, roundish, about the size of a pea, with a few much larger ones intermixed, generally without stones, and much clustered on the bunches. Skin thin, of a deep black colour. Juice sugary, but without perfume. The fruit of this is brought to the extent of 6000 tons annually from the Ionian Islands, and sold in the shops under the name of Currants. The Prince Cornato sent twenty plants of this grape from Zante, in 1817> to Sir Herbert Taylor, for the CRAPES. 191 Queen ; it had, however, been cultivated by Langley above a century ago. Requires a vinery or stove. This grape ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7* on a south-east wall, August 24. O. S., or September 4. N. S. 3. BLACK DAMASCUS. Speech!^/, No. 2. Work sop Manor Grape, of some gardens. Bunches middle sized. Berries large, globular. Skin thin, of a fine black colour. Flesh delicate. Juice rich, and of an exquisite flavour. The bunches gene- rally consist of berries of different sizes ; the small ber- ries being without stones, and the large ones with only one. As the berries do not set closely on the bunches, if the small ones are properly thinned out the large ones will acquire additional size and flavour, and will thus be the finest and best black grape that can be brought to table. The blossoms of this should be fertilised with those of some hardy kind, which has always the effect of im- proving the branches. Imported from Damascus by Edward, ninth duke of Norfolk, and cultivated at Wei- beck, many years prior to his decease in 1777* Requires a hothouse, or pine stove. 4. BLACK FRONTIGNAN. * Black Frontignac. Miller, No. 13. Blue Frontignac. Speechly, No. 14. Violet Frontignac. Ib. Muscat noir. Duhamely No. 9- Bunches small and short. Berries small, round, * It derives its name from Frontignan, a town of France, in the department of the Herault, celebrated for its excellent Muscadine wine, generally called Frontignac. It is situated on the lake Meguleone, four leagues S.S.W of Montpellier. John Rea in 1702 mentions the Muscat of Frontignan. 192 GRAPES. and grow close upon the bunches. Skin black, when fully exposed, and covered with a blue or violet bloom. Flesh tender ; the juice of a rich vinous musky fla- vour. It ripens well generally, in a warm season, on a south wall, upon a dry bottom, and under good management ; but it is much better to plant it in the vinery. This is the true Black Frontignan grape, and has been known to every practical gardener in England since the time of Miller. It was introduced into this country by Sir William Temple, before 1654. 5. BLACK GRAPE FROM TRIPOLI. Speedily, No. 3. Bunches middle sized, and well shouldered, with long slender foot-stalks. Berries large, globular, very equal in size, slightly compressed : some are without stones, and others have two or three in each ; but they are very small in comparison with those of any other kind. Skin thin, of a deep purple colour, apparently black, covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh delicate and tender, with a very rich, highly-flavoured juice. Requires a hot house or pine stove. This is a very excellent grape, and has a good deal the appearance of the Black Damascus ; but its bunches are always composed of equal sized berries : they are not so deep coloured, and it ripens nearly a month sooner in the same temperature. The leaves of both are very beautifully variegated in the autumn. 6. BLACK HAMBURGH. Speedily, No. 18. Warner's Black Hamburgh, of some gardens* Potier bleu. Knoop. Fruct. p. 145. Bunches tolerably large, with two short compact shoulders, nearly as broad across as the bunch is deep. Berries pretty large, of an oval figure, but when grown to an extraordinary size, they are much enlarged at the head. Skin rather thick, of a deep purple colour, GRAPKS. nearly black, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh tender. Juice sugary, and well-flavoured. Requires a vinery. This very valuable grape was brought into England by Mr. Warner, who had his garden at Rotherhithe in 17^4. Hence it is sometimes called the TVarner Grape. It is a great bearer, and its bunches, although not large, are always perfect, and regularly formed. In the autumn the leaves are mottled with green and yellow. 7. BLACK LISBON. Speedily^ No. 46. Bunches large and well shouldered. Berries large, globular. Skin thin, of a black colour. Juice plen- tiful, of a pretty good flavour. Requires a vinery or hothouse. Mr. Speechly is the only authority we have for this grape ; he says the bunches are shouldered not unlike the Black Hamburgh, that it is a pretty good fruit, and (1790) but little known in this country. It has been said by some to be the same as the Black Spanish, or Alicant. Its regularly shouldered bunches, and its globular berries with thin skins, determine it at once to be a wholly different sort. 8. BLACK LOMBARDY. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 82. West's St. Peter's. Ib. West's Black St. Peter's, of some Collections. Bunches long, with large shoulders. Berries large, round, and of an even size. Skin thin, of a very black colour when fully ripe. Juice plentiful, of a very high flavour. Seeds very small. Wood short-jointed. Eyes prominent. Leaves rather small, smooth, shining un- derneath, and deeply serrated; they turn to a purple colour as the fruit becomes ripe. Requires a hothouse. Mr. Oldacre has given a very good account of this grape, which he thinks is but little known. He always o 194 GRAPES. begins to force it in the middle of April ; it becomes ripe in November ; and lie sometimes keeps it on his vines till the end of March. Oard. Mag. Vol. i. p. 36. 9. BLACK MORILLON. Miller, No. 6. Auvergne. Martyn's Miller, No. 7- Auverna. Miller, No. 6. Pineau. Ib. Le Bourguignon. Bradley, No. 24. Small Black Cluster. Speedily, No. 34. True Burgundy. Martyn's Miller, No. 7- Bundles small, but rather larger than those of the Miller's Burgundy. Berries middle-sized, somewhat oval. Skin of a very black colour. Juice very sweet. It is hardy, and ripens well on a south wall. This is the true Burgundy Grape, and is readily dis- tinguished from the other, in not having its downy ap- pearance ; it has also larger berries, and they are not so closely set upon the bunches. It might be successfully cultivated in this country for wine. In Burgundy it is highly esteemed for this purpose. 10. BLACK MUSCADEL. Speedily, No. 8. Mogul, of some Collections. The Bunches of this grape con tain Berries of different shapes and sizes ; generally they are large and oval ; but some of them are very large and long, somewhat com- pressed, and flat at the ends. Skin thin, of a black colour, with delicate juicy Flesh. The leaves change in autumn to a bright scarlet. Requires a hothouse. 11. BLACK MUSCADINE. Langley, t. 36. Black Chasselas. Miller, No. 8. Chasselas Noir. Ib. Bunches about the same size as those of the White Muscadine. Berries globular. Skin of a black colour, GRAPES. 195 covered with a bluish bloom. Juice rich, if well ripened, and of a very good flavour. Requires a vinery. 12. BLACK PRINCE. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 45. Bunches rather long, and generally unshouldered ; they are, however, occasionally well shouldered. Berries oval, and, when well thinned out, of a very good size. Skin dark blackish purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh white, abounding with sweet well fla- voured Juice. In pulling the berry from the stalk, a long receptacle is left, which is red, and covered with the white flesh. Seeds large, generally four, and some- times five, in each berry. Leaves rather fleshy, broad in proportion to their length, with long footstalks, tinged with red : the principal lobes not deeply divided, broadly serrated, becoming variegated in the autumn with pale red and dark purple. The Black Prince is of easy culture, requiring only the protection of the greenhouse or common vinery; and in favourable seasons it will, on a warm dry soil, ripen its fruit on a south wall. Mr. Hooker's drawing was made from a bunch pro- duced at Highgate in 1813. 13. BLACK RAISIN. Speedily, No. 39. Raisin Grape. Miller, No. 18. Bunches large and long ; the largest have good-sized shoulders. Berries large and oval. Skin thick, of a black colour. Flesh hard and firm. Juice very high flavoured. Wood long-jointed. Buds somewhat pointed. Leaves large, very much serrated, with long red footstalks. It is a tall grape, and requires a hothouse. Mr. Oldacre, who has given a very good account of it in theGard.Mag., says, if the bunches are cut in October with long footstalks to them, and hung in the kitchen so as not to touch each other, they will be so ripened by the warmth of the room by Christmas as to eat ex- tremely well. 196 GRAPES. 14. BLACK SWEET WATER. Speechly, No. 17. Bunches small, close, and short. Berries small-, round. Skin thin, of a black colour. Juice very sweet, with but little perfume. This ripens on a common wall, and is but seldom introduced under glass. 15. CLARET GRAPE. Speedily, No. 31. Blood Grape. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 43. Bunches small. Berries very closely set, small, black, of a somewhat oval figure. The Juice is of a blood red colour, and of a harsh taste, unless the berries are highly matured. The leaves change to a russet red early in the summer, and die of a deep blood colour in the autumn. It ripens pretty well on a south wall. The branches of this, like those of the White Sweet- water, are very short-jointed. It is very tender when in blossom: on that account the bunches are seldom perfectly formed, and always contain numerous small- sized berries among the larger ones. 16. EARLY BLACK JULY. Langley, t. 47. f- 3> Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 17. Madeleine. Ib. Madeleine noire. Ib. Maurillon hatif. Ib. Morillon hatif. Duhamel, No. 1. Raisin precoce. Ib. Raisin de la Madeline. Ib. \ Bunches small. Berries small, round, of a black colour, and generally thin upon the bunches. Juice sweet, with but little perfume. It ripens early on a south wall ; but being tender when in blossom, it seldom produces a fair crop. 17. ESPERIONE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 93. t. 2. Hardy Blue Windsor. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 57. Turner's Black. Ib. Bunches handsomely shouldered, and differing little GRAPES. in size from the Black Hamburgh. Berries varying much in form; being sometimes round, frequently flat- rotund, and indented on the head with the remains of the style. A groove or channel is often observed on one side, or both, decreasing from the head downwards. Skin of a deep purple colour, inclining to black, covered with a thick blue bloom. The Flesh adheres to the skin, and though neither high flavoured nor melting, is pleasant. The leaves are variously cut, and die upon the tree of an orange hue. The Esperione Vine is prolific to an extraordinary degree, very hardy, and of most luxuriant growth, per- fecting its fruit equally well and early with the Sweet- water and Muscadine, and in unfavourable seasons has a decided advantage over these and any other hardy grape in our possession. It was purchased of Mr. Williams, of Turnham Green, in 1804, and planted by Mr. I. T. Aiton, in the royal gardens at Windsor. 18. FRANKENTHAL. HorL Soc. Cat. No. 60. Frankendale. Ib. Frankenthal. Knoop. Fruct. p. 138. Bunches tolerably large, with small handsome shoul- ders, a little resembling the Black Hamburgh. Berries somewhat oval, but flattened at the head, where it is much broader than at the stalk ; and when fully ripe, they are indented on the sides as if by pressure between the finger and thumb. Skin deep purple, approaching to black, covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh tender. Juice sweet and rich, and of excellent flavour. It ripens well in the vineryj but' is much higher fla- voured when grown in the hothouse, where it forces well, and will bear a high degree of heat. 19. LARGE BLACK CLUSTER. Speechly, No. 35. The Berries of this- are larger and more oval than those of either the old Black Cluster or the Burgundy : they are black, and not so delicate, ttieJw'ce being of a o 3 198 GRAPES. harsh, rough taste : the leaves are of a beautiful bright scarlet in the autumn, before they fall off. Mr. Speechly says he had this sort sent him from Lisbon, and was assured of its being the grape from which port wine is made. It does not appear, from his account of it, that it deserves to be cultivated in this country except as a wine grape. 20. MALVOISIE. Speechly, No. 21. Blue Tokay. Ib. La Malvoise. Bradley, No. 41. Malmsey Grape. Ib. Bunches about the size of those of the Black Cluster. Berries small, of a somewhat oval figure. Skin brown, covered with a blue bloom ; it is thin, and the Flesh delicate. Juice rich and vinous. Requires a vinery. Bradley says it bears well, and though the berry is small, it is extremely rich and high-flavoured ; that it ripens early, and is so full of juice that he esteems it the most melting of all grapes. 21. SAINT PETER'S. Langley, p. 115. Speechly > No. 43. Black Grape from Palestine. Ib. No. 44. Saint Peter's Black. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 128. Bunches pretty large and long, very generally with- out shoulders. Berries pretty large, almost globular. Skin thin, of a black colour. Flesh delicate, with a very excellent and well-flavoured Juice. \ The berries, when subjected to a high temperature, are very apt to crack, on which account it is not advis- able to plant it in the forcing-house ; but for the vinery it is a most excellent grape. 22. THE MILLER'S BURGUNDY. Pom. Mag. t. 56. Miller's Burgundy. Speechly, No. 23. Miller Grape. Miller, No. 5. Le Meunier. Chaptal, Tr. surlej^igne^ol. i. p. 169. GRAPES. ' 199 Morillon Jaconne. Bradley, No. 2. according to the Pom. Mag. Bunches short and thick. Berries small, roundish, black, even-sized, and grow very close on the bunches. Skin not thick, with a fine blue bloom. Flesh tender, and filled with clear, very sweet, and high-flavoured Juice. The Seeds are two, and small. The leaves distinguish this from almost every other sort ; they are covered on both sides, especially in the spring, with a cottony wool, or hoary down, which in their young state is almost white ; hence the name of the Miller 9 s Grape. It ripens perfectly on a south wall. The figure in the Pom. Mag., above quoted, is a very excellent representation. The drawing was made from a bunch produced in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, the plant of which had been obtained from the remains of an ancient vine- yard at Tortworth in Gloucestershire, fifteen miles from Bristol, and was undoubtedly one of the sorts cultivated formerly in that ancient place. SECT II. Red or Purple Fruited. 23. CAMBRIDGE BOTANIC GARDEN GRAPE. Pom. Mag. t. 21. Bunches from nine to ten inches long, sometimes with a rather narrow shoulder. Berries closely set, very even-sized, of a rather oval figure, deep purple, inclining to brown. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, high-flavoured, and very pleasant. Seeds two or three in each berry. The leaves become of a bright crimson colour late in the autumn. It ripens very well on a south wall, upon a dry bottom ; but it deserves to be planted in the vinery, where the o 4 200 GRAPES. bunches would be larger, and the berries of a higher flavour. This grape, although standing in a public establish- ment like that of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, does not appear to have attracted any particular notice until a few years ago. It is planted against a south wall, in a department of the garden allotted principally to compost soils and empty pots ; a place wholly unfre- quented by visiters. I saw it for the first time in the beginning of July, 1815, and my attention was directed to it in conse- quence of the forward state of its berries, which were then as large as a full-sized marrow pea. In the Sep- tember following I received a bunch of it from Mr. Biggs, the curator, which corresponded fully with the one figured in the Pom. Mag. I believe it to be wholly distinct from any other grape in our gardens. How it came into the garden there I could obtain no information. 24. DAMSON GRAPE. Speedily r , No. 41. Black Damson, of some Collections. Damask Grape. Miller, No. 14. Hunches large, with short stiff shoulders. Berries very large, oval, with short stiff footstalks, of a beautiful purple colour, and grow very loose on the bunches. The Juice, when fully ripened, has a sort of Damson or Medlar-like flavour, which to some palates may be agree- able. The wood is very strong, and the leaves thick and succulent, more so than almost any other sort. ^ It ripens late, and requires a hothouse. 25. GREY AUVERNAT. Miller, No. 33. Berries middle-sized, somewhat oval, and placed thinner on the bunches than those of the Black Au- vernat'; they are of a pale muddy colour, inclining to brown, and contain a sweet Juice. It ripens on the common wall, and is well adapted to the purpose of making wine. GRAPES. 201 26. GRIZZLY FRONTIGNAN. Grizzly Frontignac. Speedily, No. 12. Grizzly Frontinac. Langley, p. 115. Muscat Gris. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 63. Bunches middle-sized, with small narrow shoulders. Berries round, larger than those of the White Fronti- gnan, and growing closer upon the bunches : they are of a pale brown colour, intermixed with red and yellow. The Juice is very rich, and possesses a high musky flavour. Requires a hothouse. It was introduced by Sir William Temple previously to 1654. 26.* LANGFORD'S INCOMPARABLE. Bunches rather large, about seven inches deep, with well-formed shoulders of about the same extent. Berries of unequal sizes : the largest are oval, six eighths of an inch long, and five eighths of an inch in diameter, but rather the widest at the apex : the smaller ones are less oval, and the smallest ones nearly globular ; these contain one small seed, and the larger ones two large seeds, each. Skin brown, but of a deep purple when fully ripe, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, and full of Juice, which, if well ripened, is saccharine, but without any peculiar musky flavour, somewhat resembling that of the Black Cluster. The berries set remarkably thick upon the bunches, which, if not thinned out, are apt to spoil each other. The original plant of this fine grape is now growing against the house of Mr. William Langford, at Wilton, near Salisbury, where it appears to have been planted some years. He says he has gathered two hundredweight and a quarter of grapes from it at one time ; and some * No. 26. is inserted twice, in consequence of Langford's In- comparable having been sent me after the numerical arrangement had been completed. 202 GRAPES. of the bunches, which he has sent to Mr. Beckford, have been pronounced superior, as an out- door grape, to any he has tasted out of Italy. A basket, containing a few bunches, was sent by Mr. Langford to Mrs. Mackie, of Norwich, on the 8th of November, 1830, from which this description is taken, and from whom plants may be obtained. This grape was observed a few years ago by a friend of mine, in passing through Wilton, in conse- quence of the crop, which was abundant, being at thai time nearly ripe, although other out-door grapes had not begun to change their colour. 27- LE CCEUR. Speechly, No. 6. Morocco. Ib. Bunches short, with small stiff shoulders. Berries somewhat heart-shaped, of a tawny grizzly colour: they are very unequal in size, some being exceedingly large ; these never contain more than one stone in each, and the lesser ones have none : their stalks are short, and singularly large. Juice rich and musky. This is a late grape, and requires a hothouse. The small berries are generally ripe and decayed before the large ones are matured, which often renders the bunches unsightly. Mr. Speechly says it is a much esteemed grape, and very scarce. I do not find it mentioned by any other author. 28. LOMBARDY. Speedily, No. 23. Flame-coloured Tokay. Ib. Rhenish Grape. Ib. \ Red Rhenish, of some Collections. Bunches very large, frequently weighing six or seven pounds ; they generally terminate abruptly, but they are always handsomely formed, with proportionate shoulders. Berries large, of a somewhat oval figure. Skin of a pale fed or flame colour. Flesh firm, with a pretty well flavoured Juice. Requires a hothouse. GRAPES. 29. POONAH. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 5 16. Bunches large and well shouldered, tapering gra- dually to a point. Berries slightly oval, dark red when fully exposed to the sun, but pale when shaded, fleshy, with seldom more than two seeds in each : sweet, but not very juicy. This is a late sort, and requires as high a temperature to ripen it as the Muscat of Alexandria : it will then keep a long time. It makes vigorous wood, and is a free bearer. Introduced by Sir Joseph Banks, in 1817, from Bombay. It is cultivated successfully at Poonah, and the ripe fruit regularly sent thence to Bombay and its dependencies. 30. PURPLE FRONTIGNAN. Purple Frontignac. Speedily, No. 13. Black Constantia. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 45. Purple Constantia. Ib. No. 47. Bunches very long. Berries of a middling size, round, of a black or deep purple colour. Juice very rich, and of a very high flavour/ Requires a hothouse, or a warm vinery. This was received by Mr. Speechly from the Cape of Good Hope, under the name of Black Constantia : he says it is one of our very best grapes. 31. RAISIN DES CARMES. Forsyth, Ed. 7. p. 27. Raisin de Cuba. Hooker, Pom. Lond. 1. 10. Bunches long, loose. Berries very large, of an irre- gular oval figure, with a few small berries intermixed. Skin rather thick, of a dusky reddish' purple colour, and covered with a fine bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, and very rich, combined with a little acid. Seeds large, seldom more than one in each berry. Requires a hothouse or vinery. 32. RED CHASSELAS. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 7. Red Muscadine. Miller, No. 9. Chasselas Rouge. Duhamel, No. 3. GRAPES. The Berries of this are something larger than those of the Black Muscadine, and grow much thinner upon the bunches : they are of a dark red colour when highly ripened. Juice sweet, and of a very good flavour. Requires a vinery. 33. RED FRONTIGNAN. Red Frontignac. Speedily r , No. 15. Muscat Rouge. Duliamel, No. 7 t. 4. Bunches larger than those of the Black Frontignan, and without shoulders. Berries larger also, perfectly round, and of a dark red colour. Flesh delicate and tender. Juice plentiful, of a most rich, musky, vinous flavour. It requires a hothouse, and is one of our very best grapes. 34. RED GRAPE FROM SYRACUSE. Speedily r , No. 5. The Berries of this are very large, of a red colour, and of an oval shape, somewhat irregularly formed. They hang rather loosely upon the Bunches, which are pretty large. The Skin is thick, and the Flesh hard. It requires a hothouse. Mr. Speechly says it is a noble grape, and but little known in this country. It makes strong wood, and is a most excellent bearer. 35. RED HAMBURGH. Speechly, No. 19- Warner's Red Hamburgh. Ib. Brown Hamburgh. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 75. Gibraltar. Ib. No. 67. i The Berries of this are of a dark red or purple colour, with a thin Skin, and a juicy delicate Flesh. The size and figure of both the bunch and the berry are very much like the Black Hamburgh, except the latter being less oval, and growing more loosely on the bunches. When the berries of the Red Hamburgh are imper- fectly ripened, they are of a pale brown colour, which occasions it to be called the Brown Hamburgh ; but if GRAPES. Q5 perfectly matured, it is by many considered to be the richest and best flavoured of the two. The leaves of this in the autumn become mottled with green, purple, and yellow : those of the Black Ham- burgh are mottled with green and yellow only : they were both brought into this country by Mr. Warner, of Rotherhithe. The oldest vine of this kind known in England is that at Valentine's House, near Ilford, in Essex. Mr. Gilpin, in his Forest Scenery, Vol. i. p. 153., says it was planted a cutting in 1758, and is the parent of the well known Hamburgh vine now growing at Hamp- ton Court. 86. RED MUSCADEL. Speedily, No. 9. Tine Berries of this are large, oval, and of a beautiful red colour, having the rudiments of tjie style adhering to their ends; the Skin is thick and the Flesh hard, something like the Raisin Grape. The Bunches fre- quently arrive at the weight of six or seven pounds, and are most elegantly formed of berries of an equal size. The leaves change in autumn to a beautiful red and green colour. It is one of our latest grapes, and requires a hothouse. 37. RED MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. .M7/er,No.28. Red Frontignac of Jerusalem. Ib. Red Jerusalem Muscat. Ib. Muscat d'Alexandrie Rouge. Knoop. Fruct. p. 146. Bunches pretty large, and shouldered. Berries rather large, of an oval shape. Skin thick, of a red colour. Flesh very firm, with a saccharine, high-flavoured, musky Juice. It requires a hothouse. Bradley says it requires a good deal of sun to bring it to perfection, but it is then one of our best grapes. It is more esteemed about Paris than the White Muscat. W^hen against good walls, it. ripens very well, without any artificial heat. 206 GRAPES. 38. SAINT AUGUSTIN GRAPE. G. Lind. Cat. 1815. Bunches pretty large, with moderately sized shoulders. Berries of an unequal size and form : the large ones are oval, obtuse at the head, and contain three or four seeds each ; the middle-sized are round, and contain one or two seeds ; the small ones are round also, .and are with- out seeds. Skin rather thick, deep red or purple, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh firm, with a sweet and rather musky Juice. It requires a vinery, or perhaps a stove. In the autumn of 1794, I observed a vine growing against the south side of a house, in the parish of Saint Augustin, near the gates, in Norwich. A few of the bunches were then pretty ripe, and some of the largest berries measured three inches and three quarters in cir- cumference. This tree, which is the original one in this country, was imported from Spain about fifty years ago, by a Mr. Lindoe, a manufacturer, of that city, and planted against the house of Benjamin Cogman, which is now (1830) inhabited by his son, and where the tree is still growing. I have not yet seen this fine grape under glass ; but I expect ere long to give some account of its merits, when grown under a higher temperature. 39. VARIEGATED CHASSELAS. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 259. 1. 16. Bunches rather long, without shoulders. Berries rather small, of a round figure, hanging loose upon the bunches. Skin very thin, of a bluish violet, wher shaded ; but where exposed, of a deep purple. Flesh tender, with a very saccharine Juice, and of a pretty good flavour. It has ripened at Downton Castle, where it was raised, and an account of it sent to the Horticultural Society, Feb. 4. 1812. It sprang from a seed of the White Chasselas, impregnated with the pollen of the Aleppo : the leaves are variegated in the autumn with red, GRAPES. 207 green, and yellow ; and they have long, red, flattish petioles. It requires a vinery. In warm seasons it would ripen on a south wall, upon a dry bottom. 40. WORTLEY HALL GRAPE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 516. Bunches in general appearance like those of the Black Hamburgh. They are well shouldered and tapering, and the berries regularly distributed. Berries large, rather oval than round, somewhat broadest at the head, with an irregular surface. Skin very glossy, dark pur- ple. Flesh thick, but juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; with a very slight Muscat flavour. Seeds large, but rarely more than one in each berry. It requires a hothouse. This grape sprang up from seed, in the stove at Wortley Hall, in Yorkshire, and first bore fruit in 1819, when it was exhibited at the Horticultural Society : the bunch weighed two pounds. SECT. III. White or Yellow Fruited. 41. ALEXANDRIAN CIOTAT. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 3. 1. 1. Bunches large and long, with narrow shoulders. Berries oval, a little broader at the head than next the stalk, and they sit rather thin upon the bunches. Skin pale yellow on the shaded part ; but where exposed to the sun, of an amber colour, and covered with numerous brown russetty dots. Flesh firm, like the Muscat of Alexandria, but not with its perfume : the Juice is, how- ever, good ; and it is a great bearer. It requires a vinery. GRAPES. Raised some years ago by John Williams, Esq. in his garden at Pitmaston, near Worcester. 42. BOURDELAS. Duhamel, No. 13. Bourdelais. Ib. Burdelais. Miller, No. 10. Bunches very large, weighing sometimes five or six pounds. Berries large, of an oval figure, growing very close upon the bunch, and containing generally four seeds. Skin nearly white, approaching to yellow as the berries become ripe. The Flesh is hard and the Juice, unless well ripened, too austere to be palatable. It would require a hothouse to bring this to perfection; but its merits are not sufficient to deserve its being cul- tivated in this country. The French have two other kinds of Bourdelas ; one with red fruit, and the other black. In untoward sea- sons, they press them for verjuice. 43. CIOTAT. Speechly, No. 45. Parsley-leaved. Ib. Ciotat. Duhamel, No. 5. t. 2. Raisin d'Autriche. Ib. Parsley-leaved Muscadine. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 39- Bunches nearly the size of the White Muscadine. Berries round, white, of a middling size, with a thin Skin, and a delicate juicy Mesh, which is very sweet, but not 'highly flavoured. The leaves are finely divided, wholly different from any other. sort. It will ripen pretty well on a south wall, in a wjirm. season ; but the bunches are larger, and the berries much better flavoured, in the vinery. Miller says it was originally brought from Canada, where it grows wild in the woods. This is probably a mistake, which may have arisen from Cornutus having inserted it in his work* It was cultivated here by John Tradescant, jun., in 1656. Gil APES. 20.9 44. CORNICHON. Speedily, No. 50. Cornichon Blanc. Duhamel, 12. t. 6. Bunches rather small, and very loosely formed. Berries an inch and a half long, their breadth not half an inch. They taper from the stalk, are enlarged singularly in the middle, and end in an obtuse point ; their shape may be compared to the small end of a fish's bladder : they are white, with a thick skin, and a firm sweet flesh. It requires a hothouse. It has nothing to recommend it but its long keeping. The French have also a Blue or Violet Cornichon, but it has not yet been introduced into this country. 45. GENUINE TOKAY. Speedily^ No. 22. White Morillon. Ib. No. 36. Bunches of a moderate size, rather larger than those of the Blue Tokay. Berries white, of an oval figure, and grow rather close upon the bunches. Skin thin. Flesh very delicate. Juice rich and abundant. The leaves are covered on their under side with a fine soft down, having the appearance of satin. It will ripen pretty well in some seasons against a warm south wall ; but it ought to be planted in the vinery. Mr. Speechly says it was sent from Hungary, some years ago, to his grace the Duke of Portland. It is highly probable that this furnishes the delicious and incomparable Tokay wine. 46. GREEK GRAPE. Speechly r , No. 47. Green Chee. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 71. Bunches of a moderate size, and handsome. Berries middle-sized, of a somewhat oval figure, and grow pretty close upon the bunches. Skin of a bluish white colour. Flesh delicate, with a rich and well-flavoured juice. The leaves grow on short footstalks, and very much resemble those of the White Sweetwater. It requires a hot-house or a vinery. p 210 GRAPES. Mr. Speechly says this is a justly esteemed fruit. It is grown in the counties of Durham and Northumber- land under the name of Green Ghee. 47. MALMSEY MUSCADINE. Speedily, No. 30. Malvoisee Musquee. Bradley, No. 15. This somewhat resembles the White Muscadine, but the bunches and berries are rather smaller, and the juice of a higher flavour, being remarkably sweet. It requires a vinery. Bradley says it is one of the richest musked grapes, comes from Montserrat, and grows also plentifully about Turin. 48. PITMASTON WHITE CLUSTER. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 249. t. 8. Bunches larger than those of the Black Cluster, compact, and shouldered. Berries round, a little flat- tened at the head. Skin, when perfectly ripe, of an amber colour, bronzed with russet on the side next the sun. Flesh tender, with an agreeable juice. It ripens, on a south wall, earlier than the Sweetwater. It was raised about twenty years ago by John Wil- liams, Esq., of Pitmaston, near Worcester, from a seed of the small Black Cluster. 49. ROYAL MUSCADINE. Miller, No. 4. Speechly, No. 29. D'Arboyce. Ib. White Muscadine. Parkinson, No. 3. Bunches large, with middling-sized shoulders. Ber- ries of a moderate size, round, white, when ripe turning to an amber colour, having a thin skin, a soft flesh, and a rich vinous juice. It requires a vinery, or a stove. This is readily distinguished from the White Musca- dine of Miller and Speechly, by the wood and foliage growing remarkably gross and strong. That it is the White Muscadine of Parkinson there can be but little doubt, as he describes it as growing to a much larger GRAPES. 21 1 size than the other was ever known to attain : he says some of the bunches have weighed six pounds, and some of the berries half an ounce. It would be very desirable to come to some clear un- derstanding in regard to the application of the names Royal Muscadine and White Muscadine. These names have been used by Miller and Speechly, and, having been applied by them alike, I am reluctant to discon- tinue either the one or the other, feeling satisfied that the substitution of others for those already established under such authority would increase, rather than dimi- nish, the already too much confused nomenclature of our fruits. Under this impression I have continued the name of Royal Muscadine here, and shall notice its mis- application when speaking of the White Muscadine. 50. SYRIAN. Speedily, No. 32. The Bunches of this grape are very regularly formed, with shoulders nearly as broad as the bunch is long : they are also larger than those of any other sort at pre- sent known. Berries large, of an oval figure. Skin white. Flesh firm and hard, and, if well ripened, of a pretty good flavour. The wood is very strong, and the leaves large. It is an excellent bearer, and the bunches when ripe may be left many weeks longer than almost any other sort. It requires a hot-house to ripen it well. A. bunch of this sort was grown to a most enormous size in 1781, at Welbeck, by Mr. Speechly. It mea- sured nineteen inches and a half across the shoulders, its length was twenty-one inches and three quarters, its circumference four feet and a half, and it weighed nine- teen pounds and a half. The Syrian Grape is supposed to be the sort mentioned in Numbers, xiii. 23. 51. VERDELHO. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 106. t. 8. Bunches loose, rather small, inclined to shoulder. Berries oval, small, having numerous very small ones, without seeds, interspersed ; of a greenish yellow, but p 2. GRAPES. of a slight amber-coloured russet when fully exposed to the sun. Skin thin, almost transparent. Juice rather acid in ripening, but when fully matured of a rich sac- charine flavour. It requires a vinery. This is the principal grape employed in Madeira for the making of Madeira wine. It is pronounced Ver- dellio by the natives. Introduced into this country by John Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston. The Verclelho Grape may be grown to great advantage in pots in the greenhouse : the plants might be brought in early in the spring. The leafless stems of the vines, when first introduced, and indeed till the middle of May, would not injure the greenhouse plants ; and the fruit would become perfectly ripe long before the middle of Octo- ber, the Verdelho being rather an early grape. 52. WHITE AUVERNAT. Miller, No. 32. Bunches small, rather larger than those of the Mil- ler's Burgundy. Berries small, somewhat oval, grow- ing close upon the bunches, and when ripe of a muddy white colour. Juice pretty good. It will ripen against a south wall : but it is much bet- ter adapted to the purpose of making wine than for the dessert ; for the former it is excellent. 53. WHITE CORINTH. Speedily, No. 48. Corinth Blanc. Duhamel, 14. t. 7. Bunches small. Berries small, round, white, with a very thin skin ; when perfectly ripe they are tiwis- parent, so that the seeds, although small, may be seen through them, It requires a vinery. 54. WHITE FRONTIGNANV White Frontignac. Speedily, No. It. Muscat Blanc. Duhamel, 6. t. 3. Bunches rather long, without shoulders. Berries middle-sized, rather closelv set, of a muddy white, or GRAPES. 213 greenish yellow, and covered with a thin, white, pow- dery bloom. Flesh delicate. Juice sugary, very rich, with a highly musky flavour. Against a south wall, upon a dry soil, and in warm seasons, this grape ripens well in many parts of Eng- land ; but it highly merits either a vinery or a hot- house. 55. WHITE HAMBURGH. Speedily, No. 20. White Raisin. Langley, p. 116. t. 43 and 44. Raisin Muscat. Miller, No. 34. White Lisbon. Hort. Sac. Cat. No. 78. White Portugal. Ib. Bunches large, loosely formed. Berries large, of an oval figure. Skin thick, of a greenish white colour. Flesh hard. Juice sweet, slightly mixed with acid. It requires a hothouse. This grape, although not abounding much in flavour, keeps a long time after it is ripe ; and, on that account, it is by many much admired. Large quantities, to the value of 10,000/., are annually brought into this country from Portugal, in the winter season, and sold in the shops by the name of Portugal grapes. 56. WHITE KISHMISH. Hort. Tram. Vol. iv. p. 212. t. 4. Bunches little more than five inches long, well shouldered, and tapering evenly to the point. Berries little larger than those of white currants, and of the same form, of a greenish tint, deepening to pale yellow, and becoming ultimately of an amber hue. They are not very sweet, but juicy, of a pleasant refreshing fla- vour, and wholly free from seeds. Leaves rather thick, roundish, and not deeply cut. This grape is said to be a native of the island of Kishm, or Kishmish, in the Persian Gulf, and was brought from St. Petersburgh by Mr. Oldacre, in 1812, It requires a vinery or a stove, p 3 GRAPES. 57. WHITE MELIE. Miller, No. 29. Melier Blanc. Knoop, Fruct. p. 136. Berries middle-sized, somewhat of an oval figure, and grow pretty close upon the bunches ; they are of a greenish white, and covered with a thin white bloom. Juice very sweet. It will ripen on a warm south wall, and is very good for the purpose of making wine. 58. WHITE MUSCADINE. Langley, p. 114. t. 35. Kitt 9 p. 307. Miller, No. 10. Speedily, No. 27. Common Muscadine. Pom. Mag, t.18. Royal Muscadine. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 97 ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Early White Grape, from Teneriffe. Speedily, No. 42. Bundles middle-sized, loose, with a broad shoulder, occasionally acquiring considerable size ; but more fre- quently, against a wall, of about six inches deep, and four inches and a half or five inches across the shoulder. Berries quite round, middle-sized, clear watery green, when very ripe becoming a dull yellowish brown on the most exposed places. Flesh firm, watery, and sweet ; when well ripened acquiring a rich saccharine quality, but at no time high flavoured. The leaves are middle- sized, roundish, with an open base, slightly and regularly lobed, quite smooth on each side, pale green, becoming yellow late in the autumn. This ripens upon a south wall generally from* the middle to the end of September ; and the bunches will hang upon the vines, if the season be favourable, till the beginning of November. The White Muscadine Grape of Langley, Hill, Mil- ler, and Speechly, has always been considered to be the one described as above. It is the most common and the best known of any white grape in our gardens, in consequence of its hardiness and productiveness, and GRAPES. 215 the certainty with which it ripens against our common walls. According to Langley, the White Muscadine ripened at Twickenham, in 17#7> on a south-east wall, Aug. 16, O. S., or Aug. 27, N. S. Under this mode of culture it has a pretty general and uniform appearance ; but when grown in the vinery, or under a higher temperature, it assumes a different character. Vigorous wood, with the free use of the scissars in thinning out the bunches, will give them, as well as the berries, an increased size, and, when highly ripened, a fine amber colour : in addition to this, like the Black Prince, the largest bunches become more shouldered, and in proportion shorter. In this state it is supposed by many to be a distinct grape, and called the Royal Muscadine. The application of this name to a fruit with which it cannot, with any propriety, be associated, can have but this effect, that of perpetuating an absurdity instead of removing it. A further continuance of a practice like this, it is conceived, cannot be sanctioned by any one who takes any pride in his profession, or who is desirous to promote its further improvement. 59. WHITE MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. Speedily, No. l" Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 100. Frontihiac of Alexandria. Miller, No. 27, Jerusalem Muscat. Ib. Muscat d'Alexandrie. Duhamel, 10. t, 5. Passe-longue Musque. Ib. Passe-Musque, 1 Malaga, } HorL Soc ' CaL No " 10a Bunches large, and well shouldered. Berries large, oval, and when well ripened of a fine pale amber colour, and where exposed to the sun tinged with a deep amber russet : the large ones are generally without stones. Skin rather thick, and the flesh firm and hard. Juice p 4 216 GRAPES. not plentiful, but of a sweet, highly musky, and most delicious flavour. This may be justly considered as one of the very best grapes ever introduced into this country. It requires a higher degree of temperature to ripen than many others, and generally succeeds best in the pine stove. It may, nevertheless, be ripened very well in a lower temper- ature ; but then it is necessary it should be forced early in the spring. The Tottenham Park Muscat, which was said to be the produce of a seed of the Muscat of Alexandria, sown in 1819, turns out to be nothing more than this. It has been proved to be so over and over again, by the best practical gardeners, who have grown them both. The size of its berries has been urged as constituting its dif- ference ; but berries of the Old Muscat have been grown, near London, which measured four inches in circumfer- ence the long way, and three inches and a half the short one, when the largest produced by Mr. Burn, of the Tottenham Park Muscat, which were compared with them, did not equal that size. I have several times seen the original tree at Totten- ham Park, where it has a small house to itself, which, under Mr. Burn's excellent management, certainly pro- duces fruit of the very highest character ; and I have always observed that there were other bunches, besides the first, which would form two other crops, and ripen in succession. The Old Muscat, however, will do tbe same, when subjected to similar treatment. 60. WHITE MUSCAT FROM LUNEL. Speedily, 49. Berries large, oval, and when perfectly ripe of a fine amber colour, sometimes clouded with russet, especially on the side next the sun ; they form pretty large bunches. The skin is thin, and the flesh delicate, replete with a vinous juice. It requires a hothouse or a vinery. GRAPES. Mr. Speechly says it is a plentiful bearer, and may be justly esteemed a valuable sort. 61. WHITE SWEET WATER. Langley, p. 113. t. 50. Speechly, No. 16. Parel Druyf, of the Dutch Gardens. Berries large, round, of a white colour, and when highly ripened, especially when exposed to the sun, they are shaded with a light russet. They grow close on the bunches, which are of a middle size. Juice very sac- charine and luscious. Wood short-jointed. On a south wall, it ripens well in dry warm seasons ; but if the weather prove unfavourable when the vine is in blossom, the bunches become imperfectly formed, and contain numerous very small berries. The White Sweetwater ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south wall, Aug. 10. O.S., or Aug. 21.N.S. (Langky.) The Dutch gardeners call it Parel Druyf, and force it in large quantities for market. There are several names of White Sweetwater to be found in different nurserymen's catalogues, but most of them have arisen from the whim or caprice of their cul- tivators. SECT. IV. Striped- Fruited. 62. ALEPPO. Speedily, No. 4. Raisin Suisse. Miller, No. 26. Switzerland Grape. Ib. Berries middle-sized, of a roundish figure. Skin thin, of various colours: some are black, some white; but mostly they are striped with black and white in distinct lines : occasionally, one bunch will be black, one white, and another half black and half white. Flesh juicy, and of an exquisite flavour. The leaves in the autumn are 18 GRAPES. curiously striped with red, green, and yellow, somewhat similar to the Aleppo Cos Lettuce. A plentiful bearer, requiring a vinery or a hot-house. A Selection of Grapes for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. FOR THE OPEN WALL* Esperione Langford's Incomparable - 26 Black Hamburgh Black Frontignan Black Prince Frankenthal Poonali Black Damascus Black Lombardy Black Raisin Grizzly Frontignan en 23 - 17 Miller's Burgundy White Muscadine 22 58 i -26* White Sweetwater 61 FOR A VINERY. - 6 Raisin des Carmes 31 - 4 - 12 Red Hamburgh Saint Peter's 35 21 - 18 - 29 White Frontignan White Sweetwater 54 61 FOR THE STOVE. - 3 Muscat of Alexandria 59 - 8 Red Muscat of Alexandria 37 - 13 - 26 Royal Muscadine White Frontignan 49 54 Northern Counties of England, and Southern of Scotland. Black Hamburgh Black Frontignan Black Prince Frankenthal FOR A VINERY. - 6 Red Hamburgh - - 35 - 4 White Frontignan - - 54 - 12 White Muscadine - - 58 - 18 White Sweetwater - - 61 FOR THE STOVE. Black Lombardy Black Raisin Muscat of Alexandria - 8 Red Muscat of Alexandria 37 - 13 Royal Muscadine - 49 - 59 White Frontignan - - 54 GRAPES. 219 North of Scotland. FOR A VINERY/ Black Hamburgh - 6 Raisin des Cannes - - 31 Black Frontignan - 4- Red Hamburgh - - 35 Black Prince - 12 Verdelho - 51 Frankenthal - 18 White Muscadine - - 58 Poonah - 9 White Sweetwater - - 61 FOR THE STOVE. Black Damascus - - 3 Purple Frontignan - 30 Black Lombardy - - 8 Royal Muscadine - 49 Muscat of Alexandria - 59 White Frontignan - 54? Propagation. Vines are propagated by laying them down in pots ; by cuttings ; and by buds, or single eyes. The first method is the most expeditious, and the one most ge- nerally adopted in the nurseries : and where the shoots can be planted out against a south wall, in order to the better ripening of the wood, especially of those sorts which are tender, it is preferable to the others because it furnishes fine strong plants at the end of the first year. There are several ways of laying down the vine : the one I have practised, and which has always produced as good plants as I could desire, is to commence the operation as soon as the leaves have fallen off the vines. For the strong growing sorts, pots of Cast sixteen may be used ; and for the weaker growers those of twenty-four. Hav- ing prepared some good mould, cover the hole at the bottom with a large piece of potsherd, and fill it three parts full : sink it about two inches below the surface of the soil, at two or three feet distance from the stole, GRAPES. according to the strength and length of the layer. Pre- viously to its being laid down, take the shoot firmly in one or both hands, near the bottom ; and give it a twist, half or three-quarters round, till you find it give way by splitting longitudinally along the pith. This will not pass further upwards than the lower hand, and it is not intended it should extend more than a foot or eighteen inches from the stole ; the purpose of which is, to cause the layer to bend nearly flat at the neck next the plant, and to check the too great influx of sap from the stole to the layer when it begins to grow. The shoot must now be bent carefully, and placed in the pot, so that two or three joints remain within it, keeping the top as nearly perpendicular as you can ; cover it up with the prepared mould, and press it firmly, to keep the layer from springing out of the pot. It must now be short- ened, leaving two eyes only above the surface, and covered up with the mould round the stole to the depth of the two inches mentioned before : in like manner proceed till all the layers are put down. In the spring, when they have grown nine or twelve Inches, they should be staked, tying the two shoots of each layer to the stake, cutting off all the other shoots which are produced upon the bender between the stole and the pot. When the shoots have attained the height of two or three feet, the uppermost shoot must be cut off, leaving the lower one only, training it up from time to time till it reaches the top of the stake, which ne$d not be more than six feet at the most, when it must be stopped : all the tendrils, as they are produced, should be cut off close ; and when lateral shoots are produced, they must be shortened, leaving only one eye to each. When the main shoot has been shortened some time, it will cause two or three of the uppermost eyes to push out into shoots : these must be shortened to two eyes each, which, from the vigour of the plant, will, probably, GU.U'KS. ^i push these lateral eyes into shoots like the former ; but this will be the means of preserving all the lower eyes, which would otherwise have been converted into branches. When the plants have nearly finished their summer's growth, the middle or towards the end of September, all the laterals which had before been shortened only, should be cut off close to the stem, which will not only give strength to the buds, but admit the sun so as to ripen the wood the more perfectly. When the growth is complete, those eyes which had been converted into branches at the extremity, being useless, may now be dispensed with, and the stem may be headed down to the first sound bud, and the plant will be complete. In raising vines from cuttings, those which are fur- nished with two eyes each will be sufficiently long for the purpose ; the lower part should be transversely cut close to the bud. They should be planted singly in small pots, filled with good mould, leaving the upper eye rather below the surface than above it. The pots should be placed either in the stove or in a hotbed, early in February, allowing the plants room as they advance in height, and shifting them into larger- sized pots when they have filled the first with roots. As the spring ad- vances they may be removed into the stove, and from thence to the greenhouse, keeping them neatly tied up to stakes, and allowing them plenty of air to prevent their being drawn up weak. Vines raised from single eyes require the same management as those from cut- tings, beginning only with a smaller-sized pot, and re- moving them into others as they acquire strength and require room. Those raised from cuttings, as well as these, should be kept under glass throughout the sum- mer. A judicious application of liquid manure, during the summer months, would considerably promote the growth of both. 222 GRAPES. Pruning and Training. Several methods have been recommended by authors for the pruning and management of vines, each of which is supposed to possess some particular merit ; and as the ultimate object, in all cases, must be supposed to be that of a large crop of good fruit, it is material to consider how and by what means this is to be obtained, and also what description of crop when it is obtained, whether that of a large number of bunches, or a number of large bunches, the weight of the whole being the same. I have myself ever been an advocate for large fruit, or the largest size to which any particular fruit usually attains, being fully satisfied that the value of fruit is more to be estimated by its individual bulk or weight, than by the number of its individuals composing that weight. I may illustrate this by taking, for example, any variety of either grape or other fruit ; but, as we are now considering the former, let the Muscat of Alex- andria, Black Hamburgh, or indeed any other sort, be selected, and compare fifty single berries of the largest size, with an hundred others of the same aggregate weight, equally in a state of maturity : the preponderance in the scale of merit will be given, I apprehend, by all com- petent judges, to the fifty instead of the hundred. If, then, we are to consider the maximum of merit to con- sist in the obtaining of superior fruit, this accomplished the gardener will have no difficulty in possessing him- self of those of a lower grade in the scale, as that will be regulated by his own application of the means within his reach. The attainment, then, of fine grapes can only be ac- complished by having the vine in a vigorous and flourish- ing state. In the hothouse or in the vinery, as soon as the vines are planted out, one good shoot must be GRAPES. obtained from each rafter, or other place intended for its support ; and at the end of the year, or as soon as the leaves are fallen off, it should be cut down to the bottom of the rafter. In the spring the two upper- most shoots must be trained at length, cutting off any other which may be produced from the lower eyes. When they have grown to the top of the rafter they must be stopped : this will occasion two or three of the upper eyes to push out into lateral shoots, which must be treated in the same manner as directed under the head Propagation, after the description of the different sorts of GRAPES, in that part which relates to the strong shoots of young plants from layers in pots ; and the small laterals from beside the main buds, from their first ap- pearance, must be treated in a similar manner. When these two shoots have cast their leaves in the autumn, one of them should be cut down to two eyes, leaving the other shoot to ten, twelve, or fifteen, accord- ing to its strength. This, according to Mr. Speechly's method, is the commencement of an alternate system of fruiting one shoot this year, to be cut down for the purpose of fur- nishing a supply for the next. If the number of eyes left upon the long shoot be not too great, they will all push and show fruit, one or- two branches from each eye ; which, for the first crop, had bet- ter perhaps be reduced to one, and this at the time after the berries are set, as it will then be seen which is likely to form the best bunch, leaving that, and cutting the other away, stopping the shoot at the same time two joints above the fruit. The uppermost eye will push again, which must be treated as described before, for laterals. When the berries are as large as small peas, they must be thinned out by the scissors : this operation must be repeated as they advance in size, taking care to cut out the interior ones, and leaving the outermost. GRAPES. This practice will, in all cases, give the greatest dimen- sions of which the bunch is capable. When the bunch is a shouldered one, the shoulders should be expanded and supported by strings, and when finally thinned out, the berries should be kept at such a distance as not only not to touch each other, but to have some considerable space between them. By this means the berries will not only acquire the greatest possible size, but the highest degree of both colour and flavour : besides this, any bunch of grapes, deprived of one third of its original number of berries, by judicious and timely thinning, will weigh fully as much when matured, if not much more, than it would have done had it been left in a state of nature, to say nothing of its vastly superior quality ; the interior and exterior berries possessing an equal de- gree of both colour and flavour. The fellow shoot, which had been cut down to two eyes, will have sent forth two shoots, Vhich must be treated in the same manner as directed for the first two in the preceding summer. In the autumn pruning, when the leaves are fallen, the shoot which produced the fruit must be cut out, leaving the two young shoots only, which are to be treated precisely as those had been before, except leaving the long shoot with a few more eyes, in consequence of the increased strength of the plant ; and allowing, per- haps, two bunches to remain from each eye, instead of reducing them to one. This mode of pruning and training is applicable prin- cipally to those houses where the rafters only are to be occupied by the vine, as over the pine-pit, or where other crops are cultivated in the body of the house ; but when it is intended to occupy the whole roof, this system may still be adopted, by extending the vine on each side of the rafter, till it meets that from the adjoining one ; or, the vine may be divided at the bottom of the rafter, on GRAPES. its first training, and formed with two principals on each side, making four principals to each vine. If, however, the vines should consist of the larger-fruited class, such as Muscat of Alexandria, Black Hamburgh, or Syrian, &c., one principal on the rafter and one on each side will be much better than more. It may likewise be necessary to extend this system still further, where the house is large, and has a great length of rafter, which may be done by forming a second series one half the way up the rafter : by this means a cop will be obtained under the upper as well as the lower part of the roof. There are some who adopt a spur system in the ma- nagement of their vines, and who obtain very good grapes ; but in this case a provision must be made for a supply of bearing wood, when the limbs producing these spurs are exhausted, and require to be renewed. Vines against the open wall. In the management of Vines against the common wall, where it is intended to be wholly occupied for grapes, I should recommend a somewhat similar method of pruning and training to be adopted as that under glass ; with this difference, that instead of cutting down alternately for two shoots, one only will be required. The vines should be planted at six feet apart, and supposing the young plant to have one good and vigour- ous shoot, it must be cut down to three or four eyes. As soon as the young shoots are long enough to nail to the wall, two of the best must be selected, and trained horizontally within nine inches of the ground : when each shoot has extended two feet and a half from the stem, it must be trained in a perpendicular direction for two or three feet according to its strength, when it must Q 226 GRAPES. be stopped, and such lateral shoots as may be produced after that time, must be treated as directed before. In the autumn when the leaves are fallen, each shoot should be pinned back to the horizontal line where it had turned upwards, thus leaving a foot between the extremities of each vine. As soon as the young shoots are long enough, three must be selected from each shoot at a foot distance from each other : one at the extremity, another a foot from that, and a third within six inches of the stem where it had been first headed down ; these must be trained per- pendicularly, and if each plant has furnished its six shoots, they will be a foot from each other the whole length of the wall. When they have attained a height of four feet they must be stopped, and not suffered to extend further that season. This mode of arrangement is by far the most perfect of any that I have seen, and when the vines have ex- tended some way up the wall, they will make a very neat and uniform appearance, nor will they be less so at any future period. If the vines should be weak when first planted out, it will be better to cut them down to two eyes, and select the best shoot from each, which should be trained perpendicularly the first year : during this time the plants will have got firm hold of the soil, and may be proceeded with as directed before. In the next autumn pruning, every alternate shoot must be cut down to two eyes, and the others left two or three feet, according to their strength, for fruit. Should these produce more than half a clozen bunches each, it would be better to reduce them to this number, as eighteen bunches will be as many as any one of the plants, at this age, ought to be allowed to bear. The intermediate shoots which had been cut down to two eyes, will produce two shoots, the best of which only GRAPES. 227 must remain, and be trained upright for fruit the follow- ing year, when it may be left five or six feet, and those which produced fruit cut down to two eyes the same as be- fore ; thus having, every alternate year, wood and fruit from the same part of the horizontal limb. Should the wall be too high to be reached by a single series in this manner, a second one must be arranged for the purpose. I need not add, that the thinning of the bunches of grapes with the scissors will be very essential to their perfection, both in size and flavour, especially of the larger sorts ; as, in a fine season, they then nearly equal those grown under glass. I have been entirely indebted to the late Mr. Speechly for this method of managing the vine, which I believe was never practised previously by any other person in this country. I have adopted it for several years, and I confess I prefer it to that of any other. In Speechly's Treatise on the Vine, p. 106, there is a very neat plate, representing the plant in six successive stages of its growth, each pruned at the end of the season. I visited Mr. Speechly at Welbeck some years before his death, and had an ample opportunity of witnessing the excellence of his management, both in his vines and pines, and I cannot close this article without bearing testimony to one of the most eminent men of his time in this department of horticulture. I^NDEX OF THE GRAPES. Aleppo - 62 Black Chasselas - - 9 Alexandrian Ciotat - 41 Black Constantia - - 30 Alicant . 1 Black Corinth - 2 Auvergne . 9 Black Damascus - 3 Auverna - 9 Black Damson - 24 Black Ascalon - - 2 Black Frontignac - 4? Q 2 GRAPESV Black Frontignan - -4 Black Grape from Palestine 21 Black Grape from Tripoli - 5 Black Hamburgh - - 6 Black Lisbon - 7 Black Lombardy - 8 Black Morillon - - 9 Black Muscadel - 10 Black Muscadine -11 Blade Portugal - - 1 Black Prince - 12 Black Raisin - 13 Black Spanish - - 1 Black Sweetwater - 14 Blue Frontignac - -4 Blue Tokay - 20 Blood - - 15 Bordelais - 42 Bourdelas - - 42 Brown Hamburgh - -35 Burdelais - 42 Burgundy - 9 Cambridge Botanic Garden 23 Chasselas noir - - 1 1 Chasselas rouge - - 32 Ciotat - 43 Cioutat - 43 Claret - 15 Common Muscadine - 58 Corinth blanc - - 53 C&rinth noir - 2 Cornichon - 44 Cornichon blanc - - 44 Currant - - 2 Damask - - - 24 Damson - 24 D'Arboyce - - 49 Early Black July - 16 Early White Grape from Teneriffe - - - 58 Esperione - 17 Flame- coloured Tokay - 28 Frankendale - - 18 Frankenthal - - 18 Frontignac of Alexandria - 5& Genuine Tokay - 45 Gibraltar - - 35 Greek - - 46 Grey Auvernat - 25 Green Chee - 46- Grizzly Frontignac - 26 Grizzly Frontignan - 26 Gros noir d'Espagne - 1 Hardy Blue Windsor - 17 Jerusalem Muscat - 59 La Malvoisie - - 2O Langford's Incomparable *26 Large Black Cluster - 19 Le Bourgignon - - 9 Le Cceur - 27 Le Mesnier - - 22 Lombardy - - 28 Madeleine - - - 16 Madeleine noire - - 16 Malaga- - 59 Malmsey Grape - 20 Malmsey Muscadine - 47 Malvoise - - - 20 Malvoisie Musquee - 47 Maurillon hatif - 16 Melier blanc - - 57 Miller- 's Burgundy - 22' Miller Grape - 22 Mogul Grape - - 10 Morillon hatif - 16 Moritton Taconne - 22 Morocco - - 27 Muscat blanc - - 54 Muscat d'Alexandrie \ 59 Muscat d'Alex. blanc - 59 Muscat d'Alex. rouge - 37 Muscat gris - 26 Muscat noir - 4 Muscat rouge '} *?;;i - 33 Muscat of Alexandria - 59 Parel druyf - - 61 Parsley-leaved - - 43 Parsley-leaved Muscadine - 43 GRAPES. 229 Passe-longue JMusque - 59 Pineau - - -9 Pitmaston White Cluster - 48 Poonah - 29 Potter bleu 6 Purple Constant ia - 30 Purple Frontignac - 30 Purple Frontignan - 30 Raisin d' Autriche - 43 Raisin de Cuba - 31 Raisin des Carmes - 31 Raisin de Corinth - .-2 Raisin de la Madeleine - 16 Raisin Grape - - 13 Raisin Muscat - -55 Raisin precoce - - 16 Raisin Suisse - - 62 Red Chasselas - 32 Red Frontignac - - 33 Red Frontignan - - 33 Red Frontignac of Alexan- dria - 37 Red Grape from Syracuse - 34 Red Hamburgh - - 35 Red Jerusalem Muscat - 37 Red Muscadine - - 32 Red Muscadel - - 36 Red Muscat of Alexandria - 37 Red Rhenish - - 28 Rhenish Grape 28 Royal Muscadine - - 49 Royal Muscadine - - 58 Saint Augustine - - 38 Saint Peter's - 21 Saint Peter s, Black - 21 Small Slack Cluster - 9 Switzerland Grape - - 62 Syrian - - 50 Teinturier - - 1 The Miller's Burgundy - 22 Tottenham Park Muscat - 59 True Burgundy - - 9 Turner's Black - 17 Variegated Chasselas - 39 Verdelho - 51 Violet Frontignac - 4 Warners Black Hamburgh - 6 Warner s Red Hamburgh - 35 West's Black St. Peters - 8 West's St. Peters - - 8 White Auvernat - - 52 White Corinth - 53 White Frontignac - - 54 White Frontignan - - 54 White Hamburgh - 55 White Kishmish - - 56 White Lisbon - 55 White Melie - 57 White Morillon - - 45 White Muscadine - 58 White Muscadine - 49 White Muscat of Alexan- dria - - 59 White Muscat of Lunel - 60 White Portugal - - 55 White Raisin - - 55 White Sweetwater - - 61 Worksop Manor Grape - 3 Wortley Hall Grape - 62 Zante - - - 2 Zante Currant - - 2 Q 3 MEDLARS, CHAP. IX. MEDLARS. THERE are only two sorts of Medlars cultivated in England, the Dutch and the Nottingham; both of which are two well known to require any description. The Dutch Medlar is by far the largest, and on that account may make the best appearance in the dessert ^ but the Nottingham is much superior in quality, and where one tree only is required it ought to be this. Propagation. Medlars are propagated by grafting or budding, generally upon the Whitethorn stock ; but as this is of a much slower growth than the Medlar, it seldom produces good trees. The Common Pear stock is by far the best for this purpose, and if trained up standard high, and either grafted or budded at that height, the trees will be much finer and better than by any other method. Pruning and Management. Standard Medlars require the same management in forming their heads as Standard Plums : their shoots are not so numerous, but they frequently take a direc- tion which would distort the head if suffered to remain, which renders* it necessary they should be frequently looked over for the purpose of correcting and giving them a properly regulated head. The Medlar, as well as the Quince, may very safely be planted out in the orchard, without any fear of their MELONS. 231 degenerating the fruit of either the Apple or the Pear. The idea that has been entertained by some that this would be the case is perfectly absurd, as there can be no deterioration or degeneracy of the existing fruit, through the impregnation of these or other inferior species. The effect produced through impregnation must appear in the rising generation, not in the present one: we might as well expect a degeneracy in animal species by a cross impregnation with each other, as that the Apples and Pears now growing in our orchards should have degene- rated, simply because Medlars and Quinces had been planted in the same orchards. Yet I find a caution given to gardeners to " plant Medlars and Quinces at a proper distance from Apples and Pears;" both by Mr. FORSYTH, and by JOHN ABERCROMBIE, sixty years a practical gardener. CHAP. X. MELONS. THE Melon appears -to have been brought into England as early as the year 1570; but whether we possess, at the present time, the sort then introduced, would pro- bably be very difficult to determine. As an annual plant it is the only one known in our gardens, whose fruit, in its natural state, possesses suf- ficient merit to recommend it to a place in the dessert : for this purpose, however, it stands so high in general estimation for the richness of its flavour, independent of its magnificent appearance, that no dessert can be con- sidered as complete without it, so long as it continues in season. Q 4 232 MELONS. The following are the principal varieties which appear to be deserving of cultivation : these I shall divide under four different heads, according to the colour of their flesh, the thickness of their rind, and time of ripening. FIRST DIVISION. SUMMER MELONS. 1. With Red Flesh and thick Rind. 1. BLACK ROCK. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 20. Fruit very large, oblate, from eight to ten inches in diameter, and from seven to eight inches deep. Skin of a very deep green, with broad black blotches, but turning yellowish when ripe, and covered with large knobs or carbuncles. Flesh thick, of a deep orange colour, very firm, and if cut before it be too ripe it possesses a very excellent flavour: weight from eight to fourteen pounds. 2. DUTCH ROCK. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 21. Fruit oblate, eight inches wide, and six inches deep. Skin bright yellow, full of carbuncles and knobs, which are mottled with dark green. Flesh bright orange, an inch and a half thick, fine, melting, sweet, and high flavoured : weight from five to eight pounds. 3. EARLY CANTALOUP. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 3. Fruit small, ribbed, nearly round. Skin whitish green, blotched with darker green. Flesh deep orange, juicy, of pretty good flavour : weight from two to foih- pounds. 4. EARLY POLIGNAC. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 19. Fruit middle-sized, spherical, five or six inches in diameter. Skin pale yellow, slightly warted. Flesh one inch and a half thick, of a yellowish salmon colour, sweet, and well flavoured. 5. HARDY RIDGE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 12. MELONS. 233 Fruit rather small, round, depressed, strongly ribbed, irregularly warted all over its surface. Skin dull yel- low, mottled with dull green. Flesh an inch thick, bright orange-red, sweet, and well flavoured. 6. MELON DES CARMES. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 37- Fruit oblong, tapering to each end, eight inches in diameter in the middle, and twelve inches long. Skin bright orange, mottled with dark green. Flesh pale salmon colour, two inches thick, tender, not juicy, but sweet and good flavoured. 7. MONTAGU CANTALOUP. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 4. Hart. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 320. Fruit sometimes round, sometimes oval, about five inches in diameter. Skin greenish white, netted. Flesh one inch and a half thick, red, but not high coloured, soft, juicy, sweet, and delicate. 8. NETTED CANTALOUP. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 5. White Seeded Cantaloup. Ib. Fruit rather small, round. Skin pale green, very closely reticulated. Flesh dark reddish orange, with a rich sugary juice. 9. NETTED Sue CAD A. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 30. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ribbed. Skin dull pale green, very closely covered with reticulations. Flesh deep orange colour, firm, and high flavoured. 10. ORANGE CANTALOUP. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 6. Fruit below the middle size, round. Skin pale yellow, becoming deeper coloured when ripe, and a little netted on its surface. Flesh deep orange- red, juicy, sugary, and extremely high flavoured. 11. ROMANA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 26. Fruit middle-sized, oval, slightly ribbed. Skin pale yellow, reticulated on its surface. Flesh deep yellow, firm, and well flavoured. 12. SCARLET ROCK. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 24. Fruit oblate, deeply ribbed, about five inches deep, 34t MELONS. and seven inches in diameter. Skin pale green, mottled with dark green. Flesh of a reddish salmon colour, tender, juicy, sweet, and high flavoured. 13. SILVER ROCK. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 25. Fruit middle-sized, oblate, about five inches each way. Skin greenish yellow, with a few small warts, and orange-coloured blotches. Flesh pale salmon colour, sweet, and well flavoured. 14. SMOOTH SCARLET-FLESHED. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 29. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 320. Fruit nearly round, occasionally inclining to oval, about five inches in diameter. Skin greenish yellow, spitted with small green spots, and more or less netted on its surface. Flesh bright scarlet, firm, and high flavoured. 2. With Green Flesh and moderately thick Rind. 15. GREEN-FLESHED. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 9. Fruit roundish, flattened at both ends, five inches long, and four inches in diameter. Skin smooth, of a pale silvery green, slightly netted. Flesh green, ex- ceedingly sweet, and high flavoured : weight from two to three pounds ; a very excellent melon. 16. ITALIAN GREEN-FLESHED. Hort. Trans. Vol.iv. p. 319. Fruit small, round, or somewhat oval, about foul- inches and a half in diameter. Skin pale greenish white. v Flesh dark green, but pale towards the inside next the seeds, about an inch thick, soft, juicy, very sweet, and high flavoured : weight from two to three pounds. MELONS. 235 3. With Green or White Fleshy and thin Rind. 17. DAREE MELON. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 557. Fruit oval or ovate, about nine inches long, and six inches in diameter. Skin closely mottled with dark sea-green'upon a pale ground, rather widely netted, but is subject to become smooth. Flesh white, thick, crisp, and melting ; when fully ripened very sweet, but rather insipid if imperfectly matured: it is always, however, cool and pleasant. This is a good deal like the next sort ; but the rind, when netted, exhibits coarse reticulations. The princi- pal differences are in the stalk, which is two inches and a half long, and in the flesh which is white, not green. It is a finer fruit, but less highly flavoured. 18. GEREE MELON. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 556. Ostrich Egg. Jb. 557. A handsome green fruit. In shape it is oval or ovate, eight inches long, and four inches and a half in diame- ter. The skin is closely mottled with dark sea-green, upon a pale ground, and is either netted or not ; in the former case, the meshes are very close, by which charac- ter it may be readily known from the Daree. When well ripened, various numerous longitudinal fissures appear upon the rind, which has sometimes from nine to eleven short dark-green streaks, radiating from the apex. Stalk very short. Flesh one. inch and a half or two inches thick, bright green, melting, very sweet, and highly flavoured. The Geree melon is a good bearer, but tender. 19. GREEN HOOSAINEE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 560. Fruit handsome egg-shaped, five inches long, and four inches in diameter. Skin, when unripe, of a very deep green, but when matured, of a fine, even, light 236 MELONS. green, with a regularly netted surface, which, on the exposed side, becomes rather yellow. Flesh pale green- ish white, tender and delicate, full of an highly-perfumed, pleasant, sweet juice. The rind is very thin ; the seeds unusually large. This is a variety of much excellence ; it is a great bearer, and hardier than any of the Persian melons except the Large Germek. 20. LARGE GERMEK. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 558. A very handsome ribbed fruit, generally weighing five or six pounds, shaped like a depressed sphere, usually six inches deep, and from seven to nine inches in diame- ter. At the apex is situated a corona, or circular scar, varying from an inch to two inches in diameter. Skin sea-green, closely netted. Flesh one inch and three- quarters or two inches thick, clear green, becoming paler towards the inside, firm, juicy, very rich, and high fla- voured. This is an excellent variety, ripening early, and speed- ily arriving at a bearing state. It is very prolific, and produces larger fruit than any of the Persian melons, and generally produces a second crop spontaneously. 21. MELON OF KEISING. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 555. A beautiful egg-shaped fruit, eight inches long, five inches wide in the middle, and six inches wide at the base. Skin of a pale lemon colour, minutely speckled with paler dots, regularly netted all over, with a few cracks lengthwise. Flesh from one inch and a half to two inches and a quarter thick, nearly white, flowing copiously with a cool juice, extremely delicate, sweet, and high flavoured, similar in texture to a well-ripened Beurre pear. It resembles the next sort, but differs in being closely netted all over, instead of being smooth. MELONS. 237 22. SWEET MELON OF ISPAHAN. Hort. Trans.VoL iii. p. 116. Fruit ovate, from eight to twelve inches long. Skin nearly quite smooth, of a deep sulphur colour. Flesh white, extending about half way to its centre, crisp, sugary, and very rich : weight five to six pounds. SECOND DIVISION. WINTER MELONS. 23. DAMPSHA MELON. Hort. Trans.Vol. iv. p. 21 1 . Zamsky. Ib. First fruit in the season nearly cylindrical, bluntly rounded at both ends. The skin varies from pale yel- lowish green to intense dark olive, and the whole fruit is prominently netted. Flesh bright and deep green near the skin, pale towards the centre, quite melting, and of excellent flavour. The later fruit becomes more pointed at the ends, and lose much of their reticulation on the surface, the dark green of the skin becoming darker. 24. GREEN VALENCIA. Hort. Trans.Vol. iii. p. 116. t. 3. Winter Melon. Ib. fruit oval, with pointed extremities, very slightly ribbed. Skin dark green dotted with very light green, sometimes a little netted. Flesh white, becoming pale straw colour as it ripens, firm, saccharine, and juicy, and although not rich is pleasant. The last two sorts possess the valuable property of keeping till the winter months, if hung up by the stalk, or in nets in a dry room. The cultivation of melons in this country within the last fifty years has been so general, and their manage- ment so well understood, that it would appear unneces- sary to treat particularly, and in detail, of what may be 238 MELONS. looked upon as an almost every day practice, not only in the gardens of the opulent but in those of their more humble neighbours. The main requisites for melon growing are plenty of dung, proper soil, and good frames or pits. The hot- beds for melons require to be much more substantial than those for cucumbers, because they are a much longer time in coming to maturity. Early cucumbers are cut by many gardeners in six or seven weeks after the time of sowing the seeds ; but melons require twelve or four- teen weeks for the early sorts, and much longer for the large-sized ones. Small melons, which are those always forced for early crops, do not require to have the bed more than four feet deep, when settled ready to receive the plants : for the large sorts, the bed ought to be five feet at the least, and in both cases the bed should be from two to three feet both longer and wider than the frame. The mould for hills, on which the young plants are to be turned out, should be a light rich loam ; but when the plants are earthed up, the soil should be a good strong loam from an old pasture, having the flag taken along with it, adding a sixth part of rotten dung, and turning it over three or four times before it is used. In preparing the bed, care must be taken that the dung has been well fermented by turning it over two or three times, and when used, if a quantity of oak or ches- nut leaves be added and well mixed with it, the heat will not be so great at first, and it will continue much longer. In making up the bed, the ends and sides should always be made the most compact and firm, by beating them down with the fork, and occasionally treading them so wide as to extend six inches within the frame ; by this means the middle of the bed will settle the most, MELONS. 239 and prevent the mould from cracking after the bed has been earthed up. In growing the large sized melons, it is necessary to have large frames where there are no pits, and to cover the beds fifteen or eighteen inches thick with the mould; it should be laid on when dry, the large lumps just bro- ken, but by no means made fine, and when finally earthed up it should be made quite firm by gently treading it down. In this state it will generally be found to retain moisture enough to ripen its fruit, without having occa- sion to water the bed : when this is the case, fruit are produced of the highest flavour it is possible they should attain ; but when Cantaloup and other red-fleshed me- lons are grown through the mere agency of heat and excessive moisture, their flavour is ever flat and insipid, in proportion to the quantity of water thus employed. The melons of Persia, which compose the third and fourth of the foregoing divisions, differ remarkably from the varieties commonly cultivated in Europe. They are altogether destitute of the thick hard rind which charac- terises the latter, and which renders the one half of every fruit useless ; on the contrary, they are protected by a skin so thin and delicate, that they are subject to injury from causes which would produce no perceptible effect upon the melons of Europe. Their flesh is extremely tender, rich, and sweet, and flows copiously with a cool juice which renders them still more grateful. To these important qualities they in many cases add the merit of bearing abundant crops of fruit, the appearance of which is always extremely beautiful. But, on the other hand, their cultivation is attended with peculiar difficulties. They are found to require a very high temperature, a dry atmosphere, and an ex- tremely humid soil, while they are at the same time im- patient of an undue supply of moisture, which causes 240 MULBERRIES. spotting and sudden decay long before the fruit is ma- tured. It is not, therefore, easy to maintain that necessary balance of heat and moisture which in Persia arises out of the very nature of the climate and mode of cultivation* In that country, we are told, that the melon is grown in open fields, intersected in every direction by small streams, between which lie elevated beds richly manured with pigeons' dung. Upon these beds the melons are planted. The Persian gardener has, therefore, to guard against nothing but a scarcity of water, the rest is pro- vided by his own favourable climate. With us the atmosphere, the ventilation, the water, and the heat, are all artificial agents, operating in opposition to each other. The most successful method of cultivation which has yet been practised, seems to be to supply the plants abundantly with water at the roots, but to give them as little as possible over head ; to combine copious ventila- tion and high temperature by means of frequently renew- ing the linings with hot dung, and to elevate each fruit a few inches above the soil, by means of a slate laid upon two bricks placed side by side. CHAP. XL MULBERRIES. THE only Mulberries cultivated in England are the black and the white fruited : the black for its fruit, the white for the feeding of silkworms. Black Mulberries are propagated by laying down the young branches in the autumn, or early in the spring. At the end of the MULBERRIES. year, the layers may be removed from the stools and planted out in rows, three feet apart, and a foot from plant to plant in the rows : those intended for training against walls may be planted out at once for the pur- pose, and the richer the soil is in which they are planted the more rapid will be the progress of the trees. Pruning and Training. Mulberries are principally planted as standards in orchards, and upon grass plots in the pleasure garden. In the selection of a tree for this purpose make choice of one that is straight in the stem, and free from blemishes, with a head of three or four well placed re- gular shoots ; should there be more they must be cut out. When the tree has been planted a year, and got firm hold of the soil, these shoots should be cut down to three or four inches, from each of which two or three clean, straight shoots will probably be produced. In August, four of the strongest and best placed should be selected, and the rest cut out, thus giving the remaining ones a better chance of extending their length, and of ripening their extremities ; besides, with a little addi- tional trouble, if the shoots should not be so well placed as could be wished, their direction can be altered at pleasure, by tying them to small sticks fixed in the head for that purpose. In the following spring, if the four should be of an equal length, they must not be short- ened ; but if one or two be much longer than the other, they must be reduced to the same length, and allowed to grow for another year, when the head should be thinned out, leaving as many of the best placed shoots as will form the head. This being completed, nothing fur- ther will be required than to examine the head from R MULBERRIES. year to year, giving advantage to the leading shoots, cutting out close all redundant ones, and those likely to injure one another. As this sort of fruit is always the largest and best flavoured, where the trees are kept thin of wood, their neglect will consequently diminish its value, without enlarging its quantity. In training of Mulberries against the wall, the me- thod recommended for espalier apples appears to me the most simple, the most easy, and the best. Having ob- tained three good shoots from the plant intended to be trained, the two side ones must be nailed horizontally at their full length, and the centre one trained perpendi- cularly, shortening it to nine or ten inches. When the young shoots are produced from this, the uppermost one must be continued upwards, and the two next below ho- rizontally as before ; continuing thus, from year to year, till the tree is completely formed to the top of the wall. If the tree be planted against a brick wall, every third horizontal joint will be a very proper distance for the branches to be trained. In July the tree must be gone over with the knife, cutting all the fore-right shoots to half an inch, and nailing at length the horizontal shoots, observing to keep the two sides of the tree equal. This may be easily ef- fected, for if one branch should take the lead more con- siderably than the others, its leader may be shortened in the spring, and a new leader given to it in July. In the winter prunings it will be necessary to use the knife freely, in order to keep down the strong spurs which are annually enlarging and lengthening them- selves ; for without a determination of reducing them, they would, in a few years, extend a foot from the wall, rendering the trees unsightly and unprofitable ; but by thinning them out, and cutting them back from time to time, they may readily be kept within due bounds, and in a state of fruitfulness. PEACHES. 243 Mulberries trained against the wall should have a south, south-east, or east aspect; but it is useless to attempt to train them unless there is a great extent of wall, and where they can be continued at their full length : an attempt to confine them within narrow frniflpsc unlace. PEACHES. An Asterisk (*) denotes those which Nurserymen term French Peaches, and which require to be budded upon the Pear Plum Stock. SECT. I. Melting, pale fruited. 1. ALMOND PEACH. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 1. t. 1. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers large, pale rose colour. Fruit below the middle size, about seven inches in circumference, globular, with a slight suture extending from the base to the apex, which is R 2 MULBERRIES. year to year, giving advantage to the leading shoots, cutting out close all redundant ones, and those likely to injure one another. As this sort of fruit is always the largest and best flavoured, where the trees are kept thin of wood, their neglect will consequently diminish its value, without enlarging its To face Page 243. By an accidental oversight, the asterisks denoting the sorts called French Peaches have been omitted to be inserted m their proper places. The sorts to which they should have beer > pre fixed are Peaches 10. 11. 20. 22. 23. 25. 26. 27. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. ; and Nectarine 1. tu nun an men, and nailing at length the horizontal shoots, observing to keep the two sides of the tree equal. This may be easily ef- fected, for if one branch should take the lead more con- siderably than the others, its leader may be shortened in the spring, and a new leader given to it in July. In the winter prunings it will be necessary to use the knife freely, in order to keep down the strong spurs which are annually enlarging and lengthening them- selves ; for without a determination of reducing them, they would, in a few years, extend a foot from the wall, rendering the trees unsightly and unprofitable ; but by thinning them out, and cutting them back from time to time, they may readily be kept within due bounds, and in a state offruitfulness. PEACHES. 243 Mulberries trained against the wall should have a south, south-east, or east aspect; but it is useless to attempt to train them unless there is a great extent of \\all, and where they can be continued at their full length : an attempt to confine them within narrow bounds being fruitless, unless the most preposterous way imaginable be resorted to, of training the tree in twenty or thirty different directions. A tree of this description may be tolerated for the amusement of the experimentalist ; but its exhibition cannot appear otherwise than ridiculous to the man of taste and judgment. The two finest trained mulberry trees I have ever seen are now growing at Holkham, the seat of T. W. Coke, Esq. ; one of these extends more than thirty yards, the other twenty-eight. CHAP. XII. PEACHES. An Asterisk (*) denotes those which Nurserymen term French Peaches, and which require to be budded upon the Pear Plum Stock. SECT. I. Melting, pale fruited. 1. ALMOND PEACH. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 1. t. 1. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers large, pale rose colour. Fruit below the middle size, about seven inches in circumference, globular, with a slight suture extending from the base to the apex, which is R 2 244 PEACHES. flat and somewhat depressed. Skin covered with a thickish down, of a delicate yellow, tinged with pale red on the sunny side, and beautifully marbled with a deeper colour. Flesh pale citron, but of a bright red next the stone, from which it separates ; it is perfectly melting, and very juicy. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This beautiful little peach was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., of Downton Castle, from a seed of the Sweet Al- mond, the blossom of which had been impregnated by the blossom of a peach. It was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in September, 1817. 2.* BELLE CHEVREUSE. Duhamel, No. IS. Gr. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 549- Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers mid- dle sized. Fruit middle sized, more long than round, rather narrowed at the apex. Skin greenish white next the wall, but of a beautiful flesh colour, marbled and streaked with a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh white and melting, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, sugary, and richly flavoured. Stone oblong, almost smooth. Ripe the beginning of September. 3. BELLE DE VITRY. Duhamel, No. 34. t. 25. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Admirable Tardive. Ib. Bellis. Miller, No. 22. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. Op. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers small, dull red. Fruit middle sized, a little more broad than long, with a somewhat deep and broad suture, which extends to the apex, which leaves one of its sides pro- minent, and the other flat, terminated by a depressed and somewhat flat nipple. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall, but tinged with red on the sunny side, and marbled with a dull and deeper colour. Flesh PEACHES. 245 rather firm, greenish yellow, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and of a very good flavour. Ripe the end of September, but it ought to hang some days upon the tree before it is gathered, in order to have it in perfection. The flesh of this is more firm than that of many of the melting peaches, which has occasioned some, like Mr. Forsyth, to consider it as a Pavie ; but in deter- mining this, there can be no difficulty, as all melting peaches adhere more or less to the stone, but can be readily detached with the finger and thumb: in the Pavie this operation is impracticable. 4.* BOURDINE. Duhamel, 16. t. 12. Bourdin. Ib. Narbonne. Ib. Bourdine. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 545. Bon. Jard. 1827. Jard. Fruit, t. 20. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, blush, edged with carmine. Fruit pretty large, and nearly round, divided by a wide and somewhat deep suture, the flesh swelling unequally on its sides, but a little flattened on the back. Stalk inserted in a deep and wide cavity. Skin greenish white next the wall, but on the sunny side it is of a lively red, marbled, and shaded with a deeper colour. Flesh white, melting, but very red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary, and highly flavoured. Stone small, and nearly round. Ripe the middle of September. It is said this peach derived its name from one JBour- nux, and the Royale, will not be denied; but that they are identically the same is what I cannot ad- mit. Duhamel, who has always been regarded as of the R 3 246 PEACHES. highest authority in what regards the fruits of his own country, would have discovered this, had it been the case, long before he published his book. In addition to this, where is the Nurseryman, I would ask, who has ever successfully budded the Bourdine upon the Muscle stock ? In order that I may not, in this instance, add to the confusion which at present exists in the names of modern cultivators, I shall follow the example of Duhamel, and our own countryman Miller, in con- sidering the Sourdine, the Teton de Venus, and the Royals, as three distinct varieties. 5.* DOUBLE MONTAGNE. Niton's Epitome. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Sion. Forsyth, Ed. 7. p. 52. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers large* Fruit middle sized, of a roundish figure, a little nar- rowed and flatted at the apex. Skin greenish white on the shaded side ; but of a blush or soft red, and marbled with a deeper colour on the side next the sun. Flesh very delicate, melting, and white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and highly fla- voured. Stone ovate, mucronate, and rugged. Ripe the middle and latter end of August. This is a beautiful and excellent peach, and must not be confounded with the Noblesse ; it ripens a week or ten days sooner, and cannot be propagated upon the Muscle. 6. EARLY ANNE. O. LindL in Hort. Trans. VoLv. p. 539. Anne. Langley Pom. t. 22. f. 2. Forsyth, Ed. 3- No. 5. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers large, very pale, nearly white. Fruit below the middle size, globular. Skin white, with scarcely any colouring on the side next the sun. Flesh soft, melting, and white PEACHES. 247 to the stone, from which it separates. Juice a little musky, but saccharine, and well flavoured. Ripe the middle of August. This peach ripened at Twickenham in 17^7> on an east wall, July 10. O. S. or July 21. N. S. Langley. It is said to have derived its name from the cele- brated Anne Dunch, of Pudsey, in Berkshire. It is sold in some nurseries under the name of Wlwte 7. EARLY DOWNTON. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 217- Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit rather small, narrowed at the apex, which is generally terminated by a small acute nipple ; very hollow at the base. Skin pale yellowish white, sprinkled with red dots ; but of a bright red on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, with a good flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This beautiful little peach was raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle, who sent an account of it, with two others, to the Horticultural Society, Aug. 21. 1815. 8. FLAT PEACH OF CHINA. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 512. t. 19. O. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 549. Java Peach. Ib. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. The Fruit of this most singular peach is flatted, and completely concave at both the apex and the stalk. It is about two inches and a half in diameter, and scarcely three quarters of an inch thick, through the eye to the stalk, which thickness consists only of the stone and skin. The crown of the fruit looks like a broad and rather hollow eye, of an irregular five-angled shape, sur- rounded by the appearance of the remains of the seg- ments of a calyx : the whole surface of this eye is roughly marked with small irregular warted lines, like R 4 PEACHES. the crown of a Medlar. The colour of the Skin is pale yellow, mottled or speckled with red on the part exposed to the sun. Flesh pale yellow, having a beautiful radi- ated circle of red surrounding the stone, and extending far into the fruit. The consistence and flavour of the flesh is that of a good melting peach, being sweet and juicy, with a little noyeau flavour. It first ripened its fruit in this country at Thames Ditton, and was sent to the Horticultural Society by John Braddick, Esq., in 1819. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 512. 9. FORD'S SEEDLING. O. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, of a beautiful pale rose colour. Fruit middle sized, a little narrowed at the apex, and having a slight suture. Skin yellowish green, marbled with bright red on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish green, quite to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, of a rich poignant flavour. Ripe the middle of September. 10. MALTA. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Pom. Mag. 1. 15. Peche Malte. Duhamel, No. 15. Peche de Malte. Lelieur. Malte de Norman die. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 91- Belle de Paris. Bon. Jard. 1827. P- ^76. Italian Peach. Miller, No. 12. According to ^he Pom. Mag. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale. Fruit middle sized, generally depressed at the apex, with a broad shallow suture on one side, and slight traces of one on the other. Skin, on the shaded side, pale dull greenish yellow ; next the sun, broadly marked with broken blotches of dull purplish red. Flesh greenish yellow, with a slight stain of purple next the PEACHES. 24-9 stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, very rich, with an extremely agreeable vinous flavour. Stone middle sized, oval, pointed, rather rugged. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. A very excellent and hardy peach, said to ripen its fruit well on an open standard in Normandy. It bears carriage remarkably well, and will keep longer when gathered than any other peach, except the clingstones. 11. NEW NOBLESSE. Nursery Catalogues. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat oval, with an obscure suture, quite even at the apex, but ter- minating with a small acute nipple. Skin pale greenish yellow on the shaded side ; but next the sun of a pale red, and marbled with different shades of deeper colour. Flesh greenish yellow quite to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and of a most exquisite flavour. Ripe the beginning of September. This Peach has been sold for some time by Mr. Ronalds of Brentford, who says it was raised by a friend of his from seed ; but when and where I have not been informed. 12. NOBLESSE. Langley, p. 101. t* 28. fig. 3. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Pom. Mag. t. 95. and of all English Writers beginning with Switzer, in 1724. Mellish's Favourite. Of the Nurseries. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit large, for the most part round- ish oblong, a little narrowed at the apex, and terminated by an acute nipple. Skin slightly downy, pale yellow- ish green next the wall ; but of a marbled dull red, marked with broken streaks and blotches of a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, pale yellow- ish white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice 250 PEACHES. plentiful, rich, and highly flavoured. Stone large, obovate, pointed. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The Noblesse Peach ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on a south wall, July 20th, O. S., or Aug. 31st, N. S. Langley. This is one of our very best hardy peaches, and per- haps one of the most common ; but it is often confounded with another, well known, the Vanguard, which is somewhat similar in appearance and in its general cha- racters. It is, however, distinguished by its fruit being, for the most part, oblong, narrowed, and plump at the apex, with a pointed nipple : in the Vanguard the fruit is equally large, or even more so, always globular, rather than oblong, and its crown or apex flat and often de- pressed. Nurserymen need not to be at any loss to distinguish the two sorts when maiden plants in the nursery ; the lateral shoots of the Noblesse being nearly as long as the main leader ; those of the Vanguard being less numerous, and exceeded considerably by the main shoot ; besides, the plants of the Vanguard are of a taller growth than those of the Noblesse. Indeed, so obvious and invariable have I found these characters, that should the two kinds become inadvertently inter- mixed in the nursery rows, the most inexperienced foreman would be enabled to separate them, without any fear of mistake. In the Hort. Trans, above quoted, I stated tli|t Mellish's Favourite and the Noblesse were the same. I have this year again been favoured by Mrs. Gurdon, of Letton, with specimens of both, and I find them iden- tically one and the same. 13. OLD ROYAL CHARLOTTE. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 540. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular, PEACHES. 251 but a little narrowed at the apex, where it is generally terminated by a small nipple. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall ; but tinged with blush, and marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh soft, melting, and white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary and vinous. Stone obtuse, a little rugged. Ripe the middle and end of August. This is undoubtedly the first Royal Charlotte ever known in our gardens. It was first sold by Robert Lowe, a nurseryman at Hampton Wick, about the year 1760. It has much the appearance of a Noblesse, but is smaller, and on the same aspect ripens ten days or a fortnight before it. The specimen from which this description was written, was from a tree growing at Heydon Hall, in Norfolk, in 1792. It had been pur- chased from Mr. Lowe, and planted there in 1766. 14. RED NUTMEG. Miller, No. 2. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 547. Nutmeg. Parkinson, No. 21. Brown Nutmeg. Of some Collections. Avant Peche rouge. Duhamel, No. 2. t. 3. Leaves small, crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit small, but larger than those of the White Nutmeg, of a somewhat globular figure, having a well marked suture extending from the base to the apex, terminated by a small, round, obtuse nipple. Skin pale yellow next the wall ; but of a bright scarlet or vermillion, and slightly marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sweet and a little musky. Ripe the end of July. This is the earliest hardy Peach cultivated in this country, and is very good when just ripe, but in a short time it becomes doughy. 252 PEACHES. 15. SULHAMSTEAD. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 513. Leaves deeply serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, somewhat globular, depressed at the apex, slightly cleft, with a corresponding depression on the opposite side. Skin covered with a fine short down, of a clear pale yellow next the wall ; but of a pale red, and marbled with a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, pale yellow quite to the stone, from which it separates. Juice abundant, sweet, with a rich vinous flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This fine Peach, somewhat resembling, externally, a Newington, was raised in the garden of Mrs. Thoytes, of Sulhamstead House, near Reading, in Berkshire, and was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1819- 16. VANGUARD. G. LindL Plan of an Orchard, 1796. ib. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 540. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, nearly globular, and quite flat or depressed at the apex. Skin yellowish white next the wall, but marbled and streaked with a few dashes of much deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, and white to the stone, .from which it separates. Juice rich and sugary. Stone somewhat ovate, rugged, and sharp pointed. Ripe the beginning of September. It would be difficult, perhaps, to ascertain with whom the Vanguard Peach originated, or when it began to be first cultivated. I found it in Mr. Mackie's Nursery, at Norwich in 1789, and I inserted it in a list of Peaches, in my Plan of an Orchard, published in 1796, whence it found its way into Mr. Forsyth's Treatise on Fruit Trees, in 1802 ; but neither in that work, nor yet in any other, has any description of it, I believe, been hitherto published. Mr. Hooker, in his Pomona Londinensis, has given a tolerably good figure of it, under the name of Noblesse, which he had intended to PEACHES. 253 represent, but from which it widely differs, as has been noticed under that head. 17. WHITE MAGDALEN. Miller, No. 5. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 540. Madeleine Blanche. Duhamel 8. t. 6. Montagne Blanche. Knoop. Fruct. p. 79- Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit below the middle size, some- what globular, rather more broad than long, having a deeply marked suture, which extends from the base to the apex, where it is terminated by a small, slightly sunk nipple, and having a rather wide cavity at the base. Skin yellowish white next the wall, but on the sunny side tinged with red, and marbled with a deeper red colour. Flesh melting, of a yellowish white, with a slight tinge of red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, but not of any high flavour. Stone small, obtuse, a little rugged. Ripe about the middle of August. Miller observes, that the pith of the young branches of this Peach is black : this can be only accidental, as happens also with others. 18. WHITE NUTMEG. Miller, No. 1. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 540. Avant Peche blanche. Duhamel, No. 1. t. 1. Leaves small, doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, very pale blush. Fruit very small, the least of all the varieties, a little more long than broad, having a very conspicuous deeply marked suture, extending to the apex, on one side of which it oblongates into a very small acute nipple. Skin white, but when fully ex- posed it has a very pale blush tinge. Flesh white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice very sweet, of a musky and very agreeable flavour. Stone small, oval, mucurate, very slightly rugged. Ripe the middle of July. This very delicate Peach has not been successfully 254 PEACHES. cultivated in this country. I have never met with it in any part of England. SECT. II. Melting red or purple fruited. 19. ACTON SCOT. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 140. t. 10. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 55%. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit rather small, or below the middle size, somewhat narrowed at the apex, where it is usually very much depressed. Suture shallow, on one side of which it is fuller than on the other. Skin rather woolly, pale yellow, of a bright red on the sunny side, and marbled with a deeper colour. Flesh melting, yellowish- white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary, with a slight bitter, but flavour pretty good. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This was raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle ; the offspring of the Noblesse, impregnated with the Red Nutmeg, and was exhibited for the first time at the Horticultural Society in 1814. 20. BELLEGARDE. DuhameL 28. t. 20. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 545. Pom. Mag. t. 26. SyGalande. 1 ^ordingtothe Pom. Mag. of the Violette Hative. J **** Nursenes. Noire de Montreuil, of the French Nurseries. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers smaHl, bright reddish pink. Fruit pretty large, globular, of a very regular figure, with a shallow suture, and a slightly hollowed apex, with a little projecting point in its centre. Skin, on the exposed side, rich deep red, with dark purple or violet streaks ; on the shaded side, pale green faintly tinged with yellow. Flesh pale yellow, slightly rayed with red at the stone, very melting, juicy, and PEACHES. 255 rich, and from which it separates. Stone rather large, slightly pointed. 21. BARRIXGTOX. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 543. Pom. Mag. t. 147. Buckingham Mignonne, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather large and handsome, roundish, somewhat elongated, and rather pointed at the summit. Suture moderately deep along one side. Skin pale yellowish green next the wall, deep red next the sun, marbled with a darker colour. Flesh yellowish white, slightly rayed with crimson tints next the stone, from which it parts freely ; melting, juicy, and very rich. Stone middle sized, ovate, with a lengthened sharp point, very rugged, and of a dark brown colour. Ripe the middle and latter end of September. This very handsome and valuable Peach was raised above twenty years ago by a Mr. Barrington, of Bur- wood, in Surrey. I purchased it some years ago from the late Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith, under the name of Buckingham Mignonne. 22. CHANCELLOR. Miller, No. 14. Pom. Mag. t. 61. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 550. Chancelliere. Duhamel, Vol. ii. p. 24. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, reddish. Fruit large, oval, with a very distinct suture, having a rather small cavity at the base. Skin not very downy, dark crimson next the sun, pale yellow next the wall, finely mottled towards the union of the two colours. Flesh pale yellow, but of a very deep red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, and of a vinous flavour. Stone oblong, tapering to the base, and pointed at the summit. Ripe the middle of September. This is not the Veritable Chancelliere of Duhamel, which has large flowers, and must be considered as the true Chancellor ; but appears to be mentioned by him 256 PEACHES. at the conclusion of his description of that fruit. The Chancellor Peach is said to have been raised from a seed of the Chevreux, in the garden of M. de Seguier, Chancellor of France. 23. DOUBLE S WALSH. 6r. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 550. Swalze or Swolze. Langley, p. 105. t. 32. fig. 1. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, dark red. Fruit middle sized, somewhat ovate, and mostly terminated by a small nipple. Suture deep, on one side of which it is considerably more swelled than on the other. Skin pale yellow next the wall, but of a bright and deep red on the sunny side. Flesh soft, melting and white, but pale red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and well flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Peach ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on a west wall, August 1st, O. S., or August 12th, N. S. Langley. Langley says, the Double Swalsh Peach was brought into England by Lord Peterborough before 17^9. 24. EARLY ADMIRABLE. Langley, p. 103. t. 30. fig. 2. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 545. Admirable. Duhamel, 29. t. 21. Miller, No. 19- Belle de Vitry. Bon. Jard. 1827. P- 277- Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers middle- sized, pale red. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat globular. Skin yellowish white next the wall, but of a beautiful red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, vinous, and well flavoured. Ripe the middle of September. The Early Admirable Peach ripened _at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south-east wall, August 3d, O. S., or August 14th, N. S. Langley. This Peach, although by no means an early one, has PEACHES. 257 been called the Early Admirable in the time of Miller, a name which cannot now be abandoned, because we have another peach called the Late Admirable. M. NOISETTE, in the Bon. Jard., makes his Belle de Vitry a synonym of it ; but in this he is not sanctioned by Duhamel, who has always been considered as of un- questionable authority. 25. EARLY VINEYARD. Alton's Epitome. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 543. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit middle sized, somewhat globular, and a little depressed at the apex, swelled a little more on one side of the suture than on the other, and very hollow at the base. Skin yellowish white next the wall, and sprinkled with red dots ; but of a dull red, and marked with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh yel- lowish white, except at the stone, where it is tinged with red, and from which it separates. Juice sugary, very rich, and high flavoured. Ripe the end of August or the beginning of Sep- tember. The name of this peach originated with the late Mr. Lee of Hammersmith, whose nursery, at the early part of its establishment by his father, was called the Vine- yard. It has somewhat the appearance of the Grosse Mignonne, but it is not so large nor of so dark a colour, and Mr. Lee assured me it always ripened on his wall a week or ten days earlier: had the two peaches been alike, it could not have escaped the notice of that very distinguished cultivator. For this reason, and from my own observation, I have determined not to abandon the name to a mere synonym. On the other hand, I am quite satisfied that plants may be purchased from nur- series, under this name, that may prove to be the Grosse Mignonne. 258 PEACHES. 26. GEORGE THE FOURTH. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 413. Pom. Mag. t. 105. Leaves large, acutely crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, dull red. Fruit middle-sized, globular, deeply lobed at the summit, with a deep cavity for the footstalks, projecting more on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin moderately downy, of a uni- form dark red next the sun, and of a fine pale yellow on the shaded part, mottled with bright red at the junction of the two colours. Flesh pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, from which it parts freely* Stone very small, bluntly oval, not particularly rugged. Flavour good when upon an open wall, excellent when forced. It is said in the Pom. Mag. to be between a Clingstone and a Melter. Ripe about the middle of September. An American variety of considerable importance, not so much for its good quality as a hardy kind, as for being a forcing peach of great merit. Mr. Michael Floy, of New York, in his letter of November 5. 1823, says, " This is one of the finest peaches I have seen, and the richest I have tasted : it originated in the garden of Mr. Gill, in Broad Street, in this city. This is the second year of its fruiting. The original tree is remarkable thrifty and bore a very full crop this season." 27. GROSSE MIGNONNE. Duhamel, 14. t. 10. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 543. ^ Mignonne. Ib. Veloutee de Merlet. Ib. Grim wood's Royal George. Hooker's Pom. Lond. 41 . Grimwood's New Royal George, "i French Mignonne, K*t En Z lish Large French Mignonne, J Nursmes ' Vineuse. Lelieur. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, PEACHES. 59 deep rose. Fruit large, depressed, hollowed at the summit, with a moderately deep suture, and swelled considerably on one of its sides, and a wide cavity at the base ; the side marked by the suture is shorter than the opposite one. Skin rather thinly clad with down, of a rich, very deep red, next the sun, thickly mottled on a yellowish ground next the wall. Flesh pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, from which it freely sepa- rates ; melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavour. Stone small for the size of the fruit, ovate, very rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. The synonyms above quoted may be safely relied upon as belonging to the Grosse M ignonne of Miller, Duhamel, and Noisette. The figure in Duhamel is a perfect re- presentation of the fruit. The name of Grimwood's Royal George was given by MR. GRIMWOOD, to plants which he propagated from the Grosse M ignonne, in the early part of the reign of George the 'Third ; by which he derived a profit beyond what he would have done had he sold them under what he knew to be their proper name. See Hookers Pomona, t. 41. It is said the name of Mignonne originated with one of the kings of France, on account of its excellence. 38. HEMSKIRKE. Hori. Soc. Cat. No. 69. Hemskirk. Langley*s Pom. t. 31. f. 4. G. Lindl. m Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, fine pale rose. Fruit below the middle size, more broad than long, but somewhat narrowed at the apex. Skin greenish yellow, with numerous red dots, and pearl-coloured specks interspersed ; but next the sun of a bright red, and marbled with a deeper colour. Flesh melting, of a greenish yellow quite to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, sugary and vinous. Stone small, almost round, and nearly smooth. s 2 260 PEACHES. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. A very beautiful early fruit, from the Royal Gardens at Kensington some years ago. 29. LATE ADMIRABLE. Langley, p. 106. t. 32. f. 5. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. VoL v. p. 545. Royale. Duhamel, 33. t. 24. Jard. Fruit, t. 23. Bon. Jard. 1827. P- 278. Royal. Pom. Mag. t. 73. Miller. 7. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, pale red. Fruit large, 10 or 11 inches in circum- ference, of a roundish figure, rather inclining to oval. Suture deep, having the flesh swelled boldly and equally on both sides, with a slight depression on the summit, where there is usually a small, pointed nipple. Skin pale green or yellowish next the wall ; but of a pale red, marbled and streaked with darker shades on the sunny side, cavity of the base rather small, flesh delicate, melting, of a greenish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and, in a warm season, highly flavoured. Ripe the end of September. The Late Admirable Peach ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on a south wall, August, 24. O.S. ; or September 4. N. S. Langley. This is a most excellent and extremely hardy peach, well deserving of cultivation. It ought invariably to be planted against either a south or south-east wall, as on colder aspects there is little chance of growing it hj perfection. M. BUTRET, a French writer, it seems, has been alluded to, as authority for considering this peach, the Bourdine, and Teton de Venus, as absolutely one and the same fruit, declaring the pretended differences between them are only " un charlatanisme des pepi- nieristes." If by this he means to allude to his own countrymen, I have nothing further to say, than that PEACHES. an illiberal idea does not usually arise in a liberal mind. I must leave it to M. NOISETTE, who is now living, to defend himself in the publication of the Son Jardinier and Jardinier Fruitier, in which he has to the present day kept them distinct. DUHAMEL I need not, on this point mention again. To writers of our own country, I would suggest the propriety of their trying to propa- gate any two or three sorts of peaches, which they may consider alike, upon the Muscle stock, and ascertain the result, before they declare them to be absolutely one and the same fruit, 30. LOCKYER'S MIGNONNE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. 5. p. 542. Lockyer's Peach. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 40. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots ; but of a dull red, and marbled with a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh greenish yellow, slightly coloured with red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and good in flavour. Ripe the middle of September. 31. LORD FAUCONBERG'S MIGNONNE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Lord Falconbridge's. Hanbury. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat ovate, being broader at the base than at the apex. Suture rather deep. Skin pale yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots ; but of a dull red, marked with several broad spots or patches of a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and rich. Stone rather flat. Ripe the middle of September. This very fine and handsome Peach has been many s 3 262 PEACHES. years in England, as appears by Hanbury, whose last edition was published in 1769. It was cultivated by Messrs. Perfect, of Pontefract, fifty years ago, and at that time was plentiful in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but does not appear to have found its way into the London nurseries. There are several Peaches of this class called Migrionnes, which approach very nearly each other, and may be considered as the same ; but this I consider to be distinct, as I have never observed those broad and well marked dark patches which so strongly characterise this, upon any of the other varieties. 32. MADELEINE DE COURSON. Lelivur, Pom. Fran. p. 292. Pom. Mag. t. 30. O. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Madeleine Rouge. Duhamel, 1 0. t. 7 Madeleine de Courson. Ib. Rouge Paysanne. Of the French. Red Magdalen. Miller, 9- Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit below the middle size, globular, flattened, deeply cleft on one side. Skin pale yellowish white next the wall ; but of beautiful red on the sunny side. Flesh quite white, with a little red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and vinous. Stone blunt, rather large in proportion to the size of the fruit. Ripe the end of August or beginning of September. This is a very excellent Peach, and ought to b& found in every good collection of fruit. It is the true Red Magdalen of Miller, and, as such, should never have given way to the one now cultivated under that name ; but, like the Elruge and Red Roman Nectarine of that author, the ignorance of some, and the indolence of others, have allowed far inferior fruits to usurp their names. 33. MILLET'S MIGNONNE. Hanbury. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. PEACHES. 263 > Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat globular figure, but rather more broad than long. Skin greenish white next the wall ; but of a deep red or purple colour on the sunny side. Flesh very melting, greenish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and well flavoured. Stone small, oblong, rugged. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. In a cold wet season, this tree is frequently attacked, more or less, with mildew ; it ought, therefore, to be planted on a dry soil, and in a warm sheltered situation. It is said to have been raised by a Mr. Millet, a market gardener at Brentford, above sixty years ago. 34. MONTAUBON. Langley,t.28.f.4. Hitt.p.319. Switzer, p. 88. Miller, No. 11. G. Lindl in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale. Fruit middle-sized, with a small suture extending from the base to the apex. Skin greenish yellow next the wall ; but of a deep red on the sunny side. Flesh melting, and white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and excellent. Ripe the middle and end of August. The Montaubon Peach ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south wall, July 30th, O. S., or August 10th, N. S. 35. NEIL'S EARLY PURPLE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. NeaPs Early Purple. Hooker. Pom. Lond. t. 23. Early Purple. Miller, No. 6* Johnson's Early Purple, - Johnson's Purple Avant, Purple Avant, Padley's Early Purple, Veritable Pourpree Hative. Duhamd, 12* t. 8. * of Nursery Catalogues. PEACHES. Peche du Vin. Of the French Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale lively rose. Fruit middle-sized, rather more broad than long, somewhat depressed at the apex, having a well marked suture, and a rather deep cavity at the base. Skin pale yellow or straw colour next the wall, with a mixture of scarlet dots ; but of a rather dull red, and marbled with a deep purple, on the sunny side. Flesh melting, yellowish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, of an excel- lent flavour. Stone rugged, oval, sharp-pointed. Ripe the middle and end of August, ten or fourteen days before the Noblesse. This little Peach has long been known in France, but not in this country. It appears to have been introduced, a few years ago, by Mr. Neil, who sold two of the plants to Mr. Padley for five guineas ; hence it has obtained Mr. Padley 's name, as well as that of Mr. Neil. It is much grown, as M. Noisette has informed me, by the gardeners of Montreuil, and known to them as the Peche du Vin. 36. NEW BELLEGARDE. Nursery Catalogues. New Galande, 1 Brentford Mignonne, J Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, bright crimson. Fruit above the middle size, a little more long than broad, with a narrowed apex, and a very shallow suture. Skin pale yellow next the wall : but of a deep red, marbled and shaded with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, and melting, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and very highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. This very handsome and excellent Peach has been sold by Mr. Ronalds of Brentford, under the name of Brentford Mignonne, who informs me it was raised by PEACHES. 265 a friend of his from seed. Its characters being those of the Bellegarde, that name has been assigned it in pre- ference to that of a Mignonne. 37. NEW ROYAL CHARLOTTE. Royal Charlotte. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Queen Charlotte. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 38. Kew Early Purple. Alton's Epitome. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers middle-sized, dark red. Fruit rather above the middle size, somewhat narrow at the apex, and more swelled on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin pale greenish white on the shaded side ; but of a full deep red, and marbled with still deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, but pale red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and extremely well flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. I have named this the New Royal Charlotte, to distinguish it from No. 14. 38. NIVETTE. Duhamel, SJ. t. 28. Nivette Veloutee. Ib. Nivette. Miller, No. 26. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 546. Veloutee Tardive. Bon. Jard. 1827. P- 278. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, pale red. Fruit pretty large, somewhat ovate, with a shallow suture, and a rather depressed apex. Skin greenish yellow next the wall ; but when exposed to the sun, of a lively red, shaded and marbled with a few dashes of a deeper colour. Flesh when fully ripe, of a pale yellow, but very red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of September. 39. PETITE MIGNONNE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 550. 266 PEACHES. Double de Troyes. Duhamel, 3. t. 4. Peche de Troyes. Ib. Petite Mignonne. Ib. Early Mignonne. Miller, 3. Small Mignonne. Ib. Mignonette. Ib. Leaves crenate with reniform glands. Flowers small. fruit below the middle size, somewhat globular, but compressed near the stalk, which is inserted in a small deep cavity. Suture rather deep, extending from the base to the apex, which is terminated by a flattish obtuse nipple. Skin yellowish white next the wall, but of a fine red on the sunny side. Flesh white, with a rosy colour next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and richly flavoured. Stone small, oblong, and thick. Ripe the end of August. 40. POURPREE HATIVE. Duhamel, 15. t. 11. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 547- Vineux. Ib. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large, bright rose. Fruit below the middle size, globular, depressed at the apex, having a deep suture extending from the base and across the summit. Skin pale yellow- ish white next the wall, but of a deep mottled red or purple on the sunny side. Flesh melting, pale yellow- ish white, but very red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, of a rich vinous flavour> Stone middle-sized, rugged, broadly-ovate, blunt at the summit, not pointed. Ripe the end of August or beginning of September. 41. PRESIDENT. Pom. Mag. t. 54. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, deep red. Fruit large, roundish, approaching to oval, with a shallow suture. Skin very downy, dull red next the sun, pale yellowish green in the shade. Flesh PEACHES. 267 whitish ; but deeply rayed with red next the stone, from which it separates very freely. Juice plentiful, rich, and high-flavoured. Stone oval, pointed, and very rugged. Ripe the end of September. This is an American Peach of great merit, lately introduced into this country. As it ripens late, it requires to be planted against a south wall, and care must be taken that it is perfectly ripe before being gathered. 42. PURPLE ALBERGE. Langley, p. 104. t. 30. fig. 5. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 546. Miller, No. 18. Red Alberge. Ib. Alberge Jaune. Duhainel, 5. t. 5 Peche Jaune. Ib. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, bright pale crimson. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular, having a pretty deep suture extending from the base to the apex. Stalk inserted in a rather deep cavity. Skin yellow next the wall ; but on the sunny side of a deep red or purple colour, which extends nearly round the fruit. Flesh deep yellow, but of a soft red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. The Purple Alberge ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7, on an east wall, August 3. O. S., or August 14. N. S. A very neat and hardy little peach, well deserving of cultivation. It has for several years ripened perfectly well upon an open standard in the front of Mr. Kirke's house, in his nursery at Brompton. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 513. MILLER has made his Purple or Red Alberge a synonym of the Rossanna, which, however, does not belong to the same DIVISION ; the great similarity be* 268 PEACHES. tween the two fruits has led many gardeners to confound them. The advantage of a sinoptical arrangement of these fruits, in which the glands are made a foundation of the DIVISIONS, is clearly manifest ; for, without con- sulting the simple character, the difference between the Alberge and the Rossanna would, even now, have been left in a state of uncertainty. 43. RAMBOUILLET. Langley, t. 33. f. 3. Miller, No. SI. Rambullion. Ib. Leaves crenate. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, rather more long than broad, and divided by a deep suture. Skin pale yellow next the wall, but of a fine red colour on the sunny side. Flesh bright yellow, but deep red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, of a vinous flavour. Ripe the middle of September. This peach appears not to be known by any of our modern cultivators ; yet, should it fall in their way, the above description, although defective, will enable them to distinguish it from any other sort. 44. RED MAGDALEN. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Alton's Epitome. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small, dark dull red. Fruit middle-sized, rather more broad than long. Suture deep, extending nearly half an inch beyond the centre of the apex ; swelled much more on one side of it than on the other, and having wide cavity at the base. Skin pale yellowish white next the wall, but of a very deep red, interspersed with a few ash-coloured and dark specks on the sunny side. Flesh melting and white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and of a very good flavour. Stone oblong and thick. Ripe the beginning of September. PEACHES. 269 This is a good peach, but apt to be mildewed when planted upon a cold soil. I have not quoted any synonyms under this head ; for, although it may have been sold under different names by different nurserymen, it does not follow that these names should be considered as synonymous. 45. ROSSANNA. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 551. Miller, No. 18. Rossanne. Duhamel, No. 6. Alberge Jaune. Bon. Jard. 1827- p. 277- Peche Jaune. Ib. St. Laurent Jaune. Ib. Petite Roussanne. Ib. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale dull red. Fruit middle-sized, something larger than the Purple Alberge, and generally a little more flattened ; but it has a similar suture, extending to the apex, where is implanted a small sharp pointed nipple. Skin yellow next the wall, but on the sunny side of a deep red or purple colour, which extends nearly round the fruit. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and of a good flavour. Ripe about the middle of September. The glands on the leaves form an unerring character, and, indeed, the only one by which this peach and the Purple Alberge can be distinguished. Had DUHAMEL been aware of the importance of this character, his Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, as far as regards Peaches and Nectarines, would have been invaluable, and the dis- crepancies between him and modern authors avoided. In the Bon Jardinier, the Roussanne and Alberge Jaune are made the same ; but that they are distinct the glands are evidence ; and that the Purple Alberge, and the Rossanna, described by me, are those intended by 270 PEACHES. DUHAMEL, is clear, not only from his description of both, but by his Ordre de Maturite. 46. ROYAL GEORGE. Miller, Ed. 2. No. 14. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Pom. Mag. t. 119. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit above the middle size, nearly globular. Suture deep, especially at the apex, where it ex- tends almost two thirds across. Skin of a yellowish white next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots ; but of a deep red, and slightly marbled with a deeper colour on the side next the sun. Flesh melting, yel- lowish white, but very red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and high-flavoured. Stone ovate, slightly furrowed. Ripe about the middle of September. There is very little doubt but that this is the Royal George of both H ITT and MILLER, although evidently not the Royal George of SWITZER, and may therefore be considered as the original Royal George. It is a most excellent peach, and a very beautiful figure of it is given in the Pomological Magazine. There are, it is true, several peaches sold in the nurseries under this name ; but this is the sort most generally allowed the right one. 47. ROYAL GEORGE MIGNONNE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small, dark dull red. Fruit middle-sized, a little ovate, mostly narrowed at the apex, and terminated by a small nipple. Skin pale yellowish white, sprinkled with nu- merous red dots next the wall ; but of a very bright red, and marbled with a deeper colour, on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, but of a pale red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary and rich. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. PEACHES. 271 This very handsome Peach has been sold by Mr. Ronalds, of Brentford, who informs me it was raised from seed by a friend of his, but when and where he did not mention. 48. ROYAL KENSINGTON. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 7. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat flattened at the apex, and swelled a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots, but of a fine dark red, and marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh pale greenish yellow, with a few red streaks near the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, and of a very highly vinous flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The name of this very beautiful and excellent Peach originated with Mr. Forsyth. He says it was sent from France to her Majesty Queen Charlotte, about the year 1783, and planted in the Royal Gardens at Kensington, where he found it in 1784, and mentioned in the cata- logue of the gardens as a new Peach from France. This tree was planted next to what was then called Grim- wood's Royal George, with which its characters, as respects its flowers and leaves > corresponded. It bears a strong resemblance to this (the Grosse Mignonne\ but it appears to me to be a smaller fruit, and certainly in its propagation I have found it the most hardy of the two. 49. SMOOTH-LEAVED ROYAL GEORGE. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. Forsyth. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, fine deep rose. Fruit* above the middle size, nearly globular, but a little depressed at the apex, and the su- ture almost obscure. Skin yellowish white next the wall, sprinkled with numerous minute red dots, but of a beautiful red or carmine colour on the sunny side. PEACHES. Flesh melting, yellowish white, except near the stone, where it is deeply stained with red, which at the apex reaches nearly through to the skin. Juice plentiful, sugary, and of a high vinous flavour. Stone small, deeply rugged. Ripe about the middle of September. This is not only one of the handsomest, but one of the best peaches in our collections, not excepting the Bellegarde, and cannot be too extensively known. The name appears to have originated with the late Mr. Lee of Hammer- smith. 50. SPRING GROVE. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 214. Pom. Mag. t.97- Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit middle-sized, globular, broadest at the base, with a very shallow suture. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, but of a bright crimson on the sunny side. Flesh greenish yellow to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and high- flavoured. Stone rather large, obovate, pointed. Ripe about the end of August. This peach was raised by Mr. Knight of Downton Castle, from a stone of Neil's Early Purple, and the pollen of the Red Nutmeg. It differs from its female parent in being a much rounder fruit. 51. SUPERB ROYAL. Forsyth, Ed. 3. 87. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. Royal Sovereign. Nurs. Catalogues. i Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, deep rose. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat globular, but a little narrowed at the apex, and a little more full on one side of the suture, than on the other. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots, but of a rather dull red, and marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, pale greenish yellow, but tinged with red next the stone, PEACHES. 273 from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and high-flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. It is probable this peach may be sold under other names in the nurseries. Two trees were planted against a south \vall in Mr. Lee's private garden at Hammer- smith, under the above name, which proved to be one and the same fruit. 52. TETON DE VENUS. Hitt, p. 323. Miller, 24. Duhamel, p. 32. t. 23. Bon Jard. 1827. P- 278. Jard. Fruitier, t. 22. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 546. Leaves deeply crenate, with globose glands, and some- what puckered on each side of the midrib. Flowers small, pale rose, edged with carmine. Fruit large, a little more long than broad, divided by a wide and deep suture, extending from the base to the apex, where it is terminated by a broad, prominent, obtuse nipple, and having a wide cavity at the base. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall ; but of a lively red, and marbled with a deeper colour, on the sunny side. Flesh melting, greenish yellow, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe the end of September. I have examined the leaves of many trees of this kind in the nurseries in the Duke of Devonshire's gar- den, and also in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick; and I have uniformly found them to be more deeply and more acutely crenate than those on any other glandular-leaved variety. SECT. III. Pavies, or Clingstones. 53. BRADDICK'S AMERICAN. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 553. Braddick's North American. Ib. American Clingstone. Nurs. Catalogues. T 274 PEACHES. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, pale blush. Fruit middle sized, somewhat narrower at the apex than at the base, with a considerable fulness on one side of the suture, which is rather deeply marked. Skin pale yellow, tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, quite to the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice plentiful, pretty good. Ripe the middle of September. This is not Braddick's American Peach of the Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 205. 1. 13., which appears to be a melting peach. Some description ought to have ac- companied that plate. 54. CATHARINE. Langley,Pom.t.33.f.6. G.LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 549. Pom. Mag. t. 9. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands, narrower than in many others, and puckered on each side of the mid- rib. Flowers small, reddish. Fruit above the middle size, rather more long than broad, generally more swelled on one side of the suture than on the other, and terminated by a small nipple, very uneven at the base. Skin pale yellowish green on the side next the wall, and thickly sprinkled with red dots ; but on the sunny side it is of a beautiful red, marked and streaked with a darker colour. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice plentiful, and, if thoroughly ripened, in a fine warm season it is richly flavoured. Stone middle-sized, roundish oval, very slightly pointed. ^ Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. The Catherine Peach ripened at Twickenham, in 1727> on a south wall, September 15th, O. S., or Sep- tember 26th, N. S. Langley. This tree should always be planted against a south wall, in order to give it every advantage in ripening ; and, to be eaten in perfection, it should have been gathered a few days. There is no doubt as to this being PEACHES. 275; an English peach ; but it appears from an old catalogue of the Chartreux Garden, that it was long since sent to France under the name of La Belle Catherine, although no trace of it is to be found in the great French works on Pomology. 55. INCOMPARABLE. Alton's Epitome. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 549. Pavie Admirable. Ib. 553. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale. Fruit large, of a roundish. figure, swelling a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin pale yellow next the wall; but of a pale red, shaded with light scarlet or deep crimson, on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, but red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice sugary, and well flavoured. Stone roundish, and almost smooth. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. The Pavie Admirable is now, for the first time, made a synonyme of the Incomparable, the latter having been established in Mr. Aiton's Epitome. The name of Pavie Admirable is no where to be found, I believe, previously to its insertion in my Plan of an Orchard, published in 1796, whence it was copied into Mr. For- syth's book, in 1802. 56. MONSTROUS PAVIE OF POMPONNE. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 546. Monstrous Pavy of Pomponne. Miller, No. 29. Pavie Rouge de Pomponne. Duhamel, p. 35. t. 26. Pavie de Pomponne. Lelieur. Pavie Cornu, ~\ Pavie Rouge, I Duhamel, Vol. ii. p. 37. Pavie Monstrueux, J Gros Melecoton, 1 Gros Persique Rouge, \BonJard. 1827. p. 279. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large, and crumpled at their margins. Fruit very large, some- BEACHES. times measuring fourteen inches in circumference, some-> what oval, with a well defined suture extending from the base to the apex, which narrowed, and terminates with an obtuse nipple. Skin yellowish white next the wall; but on the exposed side of a deep intense red, a lighter part of which reaches nearly round the fruit. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Stone small in proportion to the size of the fruit. Ripe in a warm and dry season the middle or towards the end of October, when the flavour is pretty good ; but in cold seasons it will not ripen abroad in this country. DUHAMEL says, they have in France " a Red Pavie, but which differs so little from the preceding one, that it can scarcely be considered as a variety ; nevertheless it ripens earlier, and is not so large. It is flattened at the apex, where the extremity of the suture forms a hollow, no nipple being perceptible. It is very round at the stalk, which is placed in an oval hollow, not very wide, but very deep/* The colour appears to be similar to the other, and probably no real difference exists when both are budded upon the same sort of stock, and grown upon the same wall. This, in all cases, is the only cer- tain test, and on which reliance can be safely placed. 57. OLD NEWINGTON. Langley, Pom. t. 31. f. 1. Miller, No. 20. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 538. 4 Newington, Parkinson, No. 8. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit large, somewhat globular. Skin pale yellowish white on the side next the wall, but of a beautiful red marbled with dashes and streaks of a deeper colour where fully exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to> PEACHES. #77' which it firmly adheres. Juice rich, and of a high vinous flavour. Ripe the middle of September. 58. PA VIE MADELEINE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 538. Duhamel, No. 9- Pavie Blanc. Ib. Persique a Gros Fruit Blanc. Bon Jard. 1822. Melecoton. Ib. Merlicoton. Ib. Myrecoton. Ib. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit middle sized, somewhat broadly globular. Suture rather deep at the base, but shallow at the apex, where is sometimes implanted a small acute nipple. Skin pale yellowish white next the wall ; but of a beautiful red, marbled and streaked with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh firm, pale yellowish white to the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice sugary, and well flavoured. Stone middle sized, shortly ovate, thick, not deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning of September. This has been considered by some to be the same as Smith's Newington ; but it appears to me to be a dif- ferent fruit, being always more broad than long, while the other is always more long than broad, and has also more colour at the stone. 59. PORTUGAL. Hitt, p. 322. Miller, No. 23. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 553. Leaves crenate. Flowers small. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat globular. Skin pale yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots ; but of a deep red or purple colour on the sunny side. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but of a faint red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice rich and vinous. Stone small, deeply furrowed. Ripe the middle or towards the end of September. T 3 278 PEACHES. 60. SMITH'S NEWINGTON. Langley, p. 101. t. 28. fig.l. G.Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol.5, p. 538. Miller, No. 10. Early Newington. Ib. Smith's Early Newington. Hitt, p. 320. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit middle sized, rather oval, a little narrowed at the apex, and more swelled on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin pale yel- low or straw colour next the wall ; but of a lively red, marked with light and dark purple dashes on the sunny side. Flesh firm, pale yellow, but of a light red next the stone, to which it closely adheres. [Juice excellent. Ripe the beginning of September. This peach ripened at Twickenham in 1727 on a south-east wall, July 25th, O. S., or Aug. 5th, N. S. Langley. A Selection of Peaches for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. Harrington - - 21 Neil's Early Purple - 35 Bellegarde . - -20 New Noblesse - 11 Bourdine - 4 New Royal Charlotte - 37 Catharine - -54 Noblesse - 12 Chancellor - - 22 Royal Kensington - 47 Early Anne - 6 Royal George - * 46 Ford's Seedling * 9 Smith's Newington - 60 Grosse Mignonne - 27 Smooth-leaved Royal Late Admirable - - 29 George - 49 Madeleine de Courson - 32 Vanguard < 1 Malta - - 10 Northern Counties of England and Southern of Scotland. Barrington - - 21 Ford's Seedling "> .^v - 9 Bellegarde - - 20 Grosse Mignonne - 27 Bourdine - * - 4 Late Admirable .: f ? ; - 29 Catharine - 54 Malta - - 10 Chancellor - 22 Neil's Early Purple - 35 Early Vineyard - - 25 New Bellegarde - - 36 PEACHES. 279 New Noblesse New Royal Charlotte Noblesse Purple Alberge Harrington Bellegarde Bourdine Chancellor Early Vineyard Malta - 11 Royal Kensington - 47 - 37 Royal George - 46 - 12 Smith's Newington - 60 - 42 Vanguard - - 16 Highlands of Scotland. - 21 Neil's Early Purple - 35 - 20 New Bellegarde - 36 , sv 4 New Royal Charlotte - 37 - 22 Noblesse - 12 - 25 Purple Alberge - - 42 - 10 Vanguard - - 16 In the Highlands of Scotland the south and south- east aspects alone can be appropriated to Peaches with any chance of success. Propagation, Pruning, and Training, will be found at the end of NECTARINES. INDEX TO THE PEACHES. Acton Scot Admirable ' ; '^ Admirable Tardive - '**' Alberge Jaune. BON JARD. Alberge Jaune. DUHAMEL Almond Peach - < American Clingstone Anne Avant P&he Blanche Avant P&he Rouge Barrington *T Belle Chevreux - Bellegarde Belle de Paris -?v Belle de Vitry. DUHAMEL Belle de Vitry. BON JARD. Bella Bourdin Bourdine Braddick's American 19 Bradd. North American - 53 24 Brentford Mignonne - 36 3 Brovon Nutmeg ''' ' - - 14 45 Buckingham Mignonne - 21 42 Catherine - - 54 1 Chancelliere - 22 53 Chancellor - - 22 6 Double de Troyes - 39 18 Double Montagne 5 14 Double Swalsh - 23 21 Early Admirable - - 24 2 Early Anne - - 6 20 Early Downton - 7 10 Early Galande - - 20 3 Early Mignonne - - 39 24 Early Newingtoji - - 60 3 Early Purple - 35 4 Early Vineyard - 25 4 Flat Peach of China - 8 53 Ford's Seedling * - 9 T 4 280 PEACHES. French Mignonne - Galande - George the Fourth Grimwood's Royal George Grimiu. New Royal George Gros Melecoton Grosse Mignonne Gros Persique Rouge Hemskirke Hemskirk Incomparable Italian - -^ - Java Peach Johnson s Early Purple Johnsons Purple Avant Kew Early Purple - Large French Mignonne - Late Admirable Lockyer's Mignonne Lockyer's Peach Lord Fauconberg's Mig- nonne Lord Falconbridge's Mig- nonne - Madeleine Blanche Madeleine de Courson Madeleine Rouge - Malta Malte de Normandie Melecoton MellisJis Favourite Merlicoton Mignonne. - Mignonette Millet's Mignonne Montagne Blanche - Montaubon Monstrous Pavie of Pom- ponne Monstrous Pavy of Pom- ponne - - Myrecoton - Narbonne Neat's Early Purple 27 Neil's Early Purple - - 35 20 New Bellegarde - 36 26 New Noblesse - - 11 27 New Galande - - 36 27 New Royal Charlotte - 37 56 Netvington - - 57 27 Nivette - - 38 56 Nivette veloutee - - 38 28 Noblesse - 12 28 Noire de Montr euil - 20 55 Nutmeg - - 14 10 Old Newington - 57 8 Old Royal Charlotte - 13 35 Padleys Early Purple - 35 35 Pavie Admirable - - 55 37 Pavie Blanc - - 58 27 Pavie Carnu -,;-,. ; - 56 29 Pavie Madeleine - - 58 30 Pavie Monstrueux - - 56 30 Pavie Rouge - - 56 Pavie Rouge de Pomponne 56 31 P&he de Malte - - 10 P&he de Troyes - - 39 31 P&he du Vin - 35 17 P&he Jaune. BON JARD. 45 33 P&he Jaune. DUHAMEL - 42 33 Pfrhe Malte - 10 10 Persique a Gros Fruit Blanc 56 10 Petite Mignonne - - 39 58 Petite Roussanne - - 45 12 Portugal - - 59 58 Pourpree Hative - - 40 27 President - - 41 39 Purple Alberge - - 42 33 Purple Avant * - 3$ 17 Queen Charlotte - - 37 34 Rambouillet - 43 Red Alberge * - 42 56 Red Magdalen r < .*; ; - 44 Red Magdalen - - 32 56 Red Nutmeg - - 14 58 Rouge Paysanne - - 32 4 Rossanna - - 45 35 Rossanne - - - 45 NECTARINES. 281 Royal - - -29 Royale - - 29 Royal Charlotte - -37 Royal George - 4-6 Royal George Mignonne 47 Royal Kensington - 48 Royal Sovereign - - - 51 Rumbullion - - 43 Saint Laurent Jaune - 45 Sion - f 5 Small Mignonne - - 39 Smith's Early Newington - 60 Smith's Newington - 60 Smooth-leaved Royal George - - 49 Spring Grove - - 50 Sulhampstead - - 15 Superb Royal - 51 Swalze . - 23 Skuolze - * - 23 Teton de Ve"nus s * >% - 52 Vanguard - - 16 Veloutee de Merlet - 27 Veloutee Tardive - - 38 Veritable Pourpree Hative 35 Vineuse. DUHAMEL - 40 Vineuse. LELIEUR - - 27 Violet Hotive - 20 White Magdalen - 17 White Nutmeg - * 18 CHAP. XIII. NECTARINES. SECT. I. Melting, pale fruited. 1. FAIRCHILD'S. O. LindL in Hort. Trans. VoL v, p. 548. Hitt. Ed. 3. p. 314. Fairchild's Early. Miller, No. 1. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit the smallest of all the nectarines, being only about four inches and a half in circumference, nearly globular, a little flattened at its apex. Skin bright yellow next the wall, shaded with deep scarlet on the sunny side. Flesh melting, bright yellow to the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, with a little perfume* Stone obtuse, nearly smooth. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This beautiful little Nectarine was raised by Thomas Fairchild, a gardener at Hoxton near London. He published his City Gardener in 17^2, and assisted in 282 NECTARINES. the writing of the first edition of Miller's Dictionary, 8vo. in 1724. It requires to be budded upon the pear plum. 2. HUNT'S LARGE TAWNY. Nursery Catalogue. Leaves double serrated, without glands. Flowers large, deep rose colour. Fruit rather small, but larger than the last, about five and a half or six inches in cir- cumference, somewhat ovate, a little compressed on one side of the suture, and fuller on the other, with a pro- minent apex. Skin pale orange, shaded with deep red on the sunny side, and interspersed with numerous russetty specks. Flesh deep orange, melting, of an excellent flavour, and separates from the stone. Ripe the middle and end of August. This very excellent Nectarine originated from the preceding variety about the year 1824, not through the seminal process ; but, as it appears, ^y a spontaneous effort in nature to enlarge the parts of fructification. In the spring of 1826 I observed a few of the maiden plants in the nursery with much larger blossoms than those on the other plants, but promiscuously inter- mixed among them : which at first led me to suppose that some other sort had been introduced 'through the carelessness of the budders in the previous budding sea- son ; but upon a close examination, I found there was not in the whole collection of Peaches and Nectarines then in flower, one kind whose blossoms corresponded with these. I marked the plants, and in the autumn had two or three potted of each sort. In 1828 I placed them under glass, and forced them ; their blossoms still maintained their enlarged character, and were succeeded by fruit which differed in no other respect from the original sort than that of being larger, yet ripening about the same time. A fully expanded blossom of the small Tawny Nec- tarine is about seven-eighths of an inch in diameter NECTARINES. 283 from the extremity of one petal to that of the opposite one. In this it^ is an inch and a quarter, and the petals are imbricated at the base. There appears to me a great singularity in this acci- dental change of character, and to some it may appear incredible ; but I state it as a fact that has happened under my own inspection, being perfectly satisfied that it had never been observed previously by any other person. There are other instances upon record where a fruit has spontaneously changed its character ; but none so decidedly as this, which has enlarged its blossoms, as well as its fruit. Mr. Knight states, in the 2d Vol. of the Hort. Trans, p. 160., that he has a tree of the White Magnum Bonum plum forty years old, which last year produced on one of its branches red fruit, per- fectly like the Red Magnum Bonum ; but this change was not pennanent. He had also a May Duke Cherry, which some years ago, on one of its branches, had con- stantly oblong fruit, ripened later, and were of greater weight than those on the other part of the tree. These, with many other instances of spontaneous production, which might be enumerated, lead me to conclude that we may possibly have other varieties, both of plants and fruits, which have not originated from the seed. 3. HUNT'S SMALL TAWNY. Nursery Catalogue. Hunt's Early Tawny. G. Lindl. in Hori. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small, deep rose colour. Fruit rather Jarger than that of the Fairchild's, about five inches in circumference, somewhat ovate, a little compressed on one side of the suture, and a little fuller on the other, with a prominent apex. Skin pale orange on the shaded side ; but when exposed to the sun, shaded with deep red, intermixed with numerous russetty specks. Flesh deep orange. 284 NECTARINES. melting, juicy, extremely well flavoured, and separates" from the stone* Ripe the middle and end of August. 4. NEATE'S WHITE. New White. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 548. White, or Flanders. Hooker, Pom. Lond. p. 30. Emmerton's New White. Nursery Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, very pale yellowish green, becoming almost white in the shade, and slightly tinged with red next the sun* Flesh tender and juicy, with a fine vinous flavour, and separates from the stone, which is rather small. Ripe the end of August to the middle of September. This has been supposed by some writers to be the same as the Old White Nectarine, cultivated about London, and sold in the nurseries forty years ago. Those, however, who have made it their business to propagate both, know, to their cost, that this is not the case. The Old White could never be made to take upon the Muscle stock : on the contrary, the present variety requires no other, nor have we, in all our col- lections, either Peach or Nectarine that succeeds better upon it. From the best information I have been able to obtain, it Was raised by the Rev. Mr. Neate, a magistrate at Whetstone, near London, from a seed of the Old White. i It was given to Mr. Emmerton, a nurseryman at Barnet, who first sold it about thirty years ago. I have not quoted the figure in the Pom. Mag. t. 40., in conse- quence of an accidental error in the description, stating the flesh to adhere to the stone. I have been induced to give the name of Neate's White to this Nectarine, to perpetuate the name of that gentleman with whom it originated. NECTARINES. 285 5. OLD WHITE. O. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 548. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate. Skin pale yellow- ish white, sprinkled with small pearl-coloured specks. Flesh melting, and separates from the stone. Juice sugary and highly flavoured. Ripe the end of August to the middle of September. It is to be feared that this very excellent Nectarine, is nearly lost from our gardens. I saw it growing at Kew in 1797, when it was in a flourishing state. I have found considerable difficulty in propagating it : those who succeeded the best with it, adopted the practice of budding it upon some hardy Peach. When the Minion stock was introduced, it grew readily upon it ; but the trees thus raised were found to be of but short duration. There appears to be considerable difficulty in ascertain- ing the time when this Nectarine was brought into this country, or from whence it came. Mr. Kirke informs me that his father was the first who had plants of it for sale ; having been presented with cuttings by Sir Abra- ham Pytches, who imported it from Asia about fifty years ago. This, however, could not have been the first White Nectarine known in England, since Parkinson enumerates a White Nectarine, No. 6., in 1629. Whe- ther it was the same sort as this cannot now be ascer- tained. 6. PETERBOROUGH. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 552. Miller, No. 10. Late Green. Ib. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, very dark crimson. Fruit below the middle size, somewhat globular. Skin pale green next the wall, tinged with muddy red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white to the stone, from which it separates. Ripe the beginning of October. 286 NECTARINES. In a dry warm season this is a good little fruit. It should be planted on a south or south-east wall to ripen it perfectly. SECT. II. Melting Red-fruited. 7. AROMATIC. G> Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 551.. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat globular. Skin pale straw colour in the shade, but of a deep red or blackish brown on the side next the sun. Flesh pale straw colour, but red at the stdne, from which it sepa- rates. Juice of a rich vinous flavour. Ripe the end of August or beginning of September. 8. BRINION. Switzer, p. 94. Marbled. Ib. Brinion red at stone, j N Catalogues. Violet red at stone, J Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit the largest of the melting sorts, fre- quently measuring eight inches and a quarter in circum- ference, a little more long than broad, with now and then a small nipple at the apex. Skin very pale yellow next the wall ; but of a deep red on the sunny side, very much marbled with a deeper colour, occasionally mixed with a little pale thin russet. Flesh melting, greenish yellow, but very red at the stone, from which it sepa- rates. Juice excellent. Ripe the end of August and beginning of Septem- ber. The name of Brinion has been continued to this Nectarine, from the time of Switzer, in 1724. It is not a corruption from the word Brugnon, a name by which the French designate their Pavie Nec- tarines ; but from Brin, a brindled or marbled colour. NECTARINES, 287 It is the largest and best of our melting Nectarines, and ought to be in every good collection of fruit. 9. CLAREMONT. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 551. Leaves crenate, with renifonn glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, slightly ovate. Skin pale green next the wall, but of a deep muddy red next the sun, intermixed with a little dark brown russet : as it ripens the skin shrivels like that of the Newington. Flesh pale greenish white to the stone, where it is slightly tinged with red, and from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and excellently well flavoured. Stone rather large, oblong, thick, deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine was raised at Esher, in Surrey, about the year 1750, by John Greening, gardener to the Duke of Newcastle, who then lived at Claremont. In 1759 it produced its first fruit, against a south wall, in the Great Tool-house quarter at Hampton Court. The above description was taken from fruit produced upon a tree at Heydon Hall, in Norfolk, thirty years ago, which had been purchased of Robert Lowe, a nurseryman at Hampton Wick, in 1766, who had propagated his stock from the tree in the royal gardens, where he had been foreman for several years. It is frequently sold in the nurseries under the name of Elruge. 10. COMMON ELRUGE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 551. Pom. Mag. t. 49- Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale dull red. Fruit middle-sized, inclining to oval ; channel shallow at the base, gradually deeper towards the apex. Skin deep violet or blood colour, when exposed, with minute brownish specks ; paler in the shade. Flesh whitish, melting, very juicy, rich, and high-flavoured ; a little stained with red next the 288 NECTARINES. stone, from which it parts freely. Stone middle-sized, oval, slightly pointed, pale, in which it differs from the Violet Hative, the stone of which is deep red. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. It is difficult to explain why the name of Elruge should have been given to this nectarine. The true Elruge has been so well described by Miller, that it appears marvellous the misapplication of its name should not have been discovered many years ago ; and, what is still more surprising, the original fruit is, perhaps, no where now to be found. It will be described under the name of Miller's Elruge. 11. Due DU TELLIER'S. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 551. Du Tellier's. Alton's Epitome. Due de Tello, 1 , r ~ , 7 -pv .jj \ Nurserymen s Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, bright pale crimson. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat oblong, compressed near the suture, and having a few obscure angles near the base, and a little narrowed at the apex. Skin pale green next the wall, marbled with deep red or purple next the> sun, on a somewhat tawny ground. Flesh greenish white, melt- ing, of a faint red next the stone, from which it sepa- rates. Juice sweet and very well flavoured. Stone obtuse, thick. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This requires to be budded upon the Pear Plum. 12. MILLER'S ELRUGE. G. Lindl. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 541. Elruge. Langley, p. 102. t. 29. f. 3. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 2. Elrouge. Switzer, p. 92. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, rather more long than NECTARINES. 289 broad. Skin greenish yellow on the shaded side ; but when exposed to the sun, of a dark red or purple colour. Flesh greenish yellow, melting and juicy, of a very excellent flavour, and separates from the stone. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This nectarine ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on a south wall, July 30. O.S., or August 10. N.S. Langley. The Elruge nectarine, like the red Roman, has been widely mistaken by gardeners, although, till the intro- duction of Hunt's small Tawny, there was not any nectarine in this country, if elsewhere, which could be arranged in the same class, division, subdivision, and section, with the Elruge of Miller. When the classifi- cation of peaches and nectarines was published in the Hort. Trans, in 1824, I expressed my doubts of the sort being then in existence : this impression is not removed ; for notwithstanding the circulation of that paper by the Society throughout every part of Great Britain, it has not to this day been received into the Chiswick Garden. If any spirited nurseryman would offer a hundred guineas for its recovery, he would amply repay himself by its sale. Elruge, or Elrouge, is a sort of lame anagram of Gurle or Gourle, the name of a nurseryman at Hoddes- don, in Hertfordshire, in the reign of Charles the Second, who is said to have raised this nectarine. IS. MURRY. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 552. Miller, No. 7. Murrey. Ray, J. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, rather more long than broad, nar- row at the apex, with a little more fulness on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin dark red or purple, pale green next the wall. Flesh pale greenish white, melting, and separates from the stone. Juice u 290 NECTARINES- sweet, and well flavoured. Stone oblong, obtuse, and almost smooth. Ripe the middle and end of August. 14. ORD'S NECTARINE. G. Lindl.in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 554. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, dark brown. Fruit somewhat below the middle size, rather ovate, and swelled a little more on one side of the suture than the other. Skin greenish yellow, on the side next the wall, but of a deep purple where exposed to the sun. Flesh melting, greenish yellow, with a little red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, of a very excellent flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. 15, PITMASTON ORANGE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 232. t. 6. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, of a beautiful bright rose colour. Fruit of a good size, wide at the base, almost heart-shaped, the summit being elongated, and terminating in an acute nipple. Skin smooth, of a dark brownish red on the side exposed to the sun, and of a rich yellow on the other side : at the junction of the columns, the red is blended with the yellow, in streaks and dots, and on the darkest part are a few streaks of an almost black purple hue. Flesh melting, deep yellow or orange colour, with a narrow radiated circle of bright crimson round the stone, fpm which it separates. Juice plentiful, high flavoured, and saccharine. Stone rather small, narrow, sharp pointed and rugged. Ripe the middle of August to the beginning of September. This very valuable nectarine was raised by John Williams, Esq. of Pitmaston, near Worcester, from a seed of the common Elruge, which ripened in 1815. NECTARINES. It is, at present, the only nectarine in the fourth section of the second class, in the synoptical arrangement, which see, at the end of this article. 16. SCARLET. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. VoL 5. p. 552. Miller, No. 4. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, generally terminating in a small acute nipple. Skin bright deep scarlet, tinged with violet on the sunny side : pale green next the wall. Flesh greenish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary and well flavoured. Stone oval, acute pointed, almost smooth. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 17. TEMPLE. Langley, Pom. t. 30. f. 1. Temple's. Miller, No. 9- Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale. Fruit below the middle size, somewhat ovate, with a slight suture. Skin greenish yellow on the shaded side, but of a carnation red next the sun. Flesh pale yellow to the stone, from which it separates. Juice very well flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This nectarine ripened at Twickenham in 17^7r on a west wall, September 4. O.S., or September 15. N. S. Langley. 18. VERMASH. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 29- O. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 548. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers, large, deep rose colour. Fruit small, roundish, tapering a little towards the apex. Skin very smooth, of an intense red colour on the side next the sun ; greenish on the other side. Flesh white, with a radiated circle of very fine red next the stone, from which it separates, of high flavour, melting, juicy, and sweet, relieved by an agreeable acid. Stone small. u 2 292 NECTARINES, Ripe the middle and end of August. There is no doubt that this is the real Vermash Nec- tarine, which is very well figured by Mr. HOOKER in his Pomona Londinensis. The tree, from which the drawing published in that work was taken, was at Hampton Court, where I examined it in 1823. Mr. Padley, his Majesty's gardener at that time, informed me he had purchased it from Mr. Grimwood, of Chelsea, about 1783. Mr. Hooker's statement, that it was brought from France, appears to want confirmation, as the French books contain no account of a melting Nectarine of this description, with large flowers. The tree is tender, and requires to be planted against a south wall. 19. VIOLET HATIVE. G. LindL in Hort. Trans* Vol. v. p. 552. Petite Violette Hative. Duhamel, 22. 1. 16. f. 2. Violet. Pom. Mag. t. 68. Lord Selsey's Elruge. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 523. Large Scarlet. Of some Collections, according to the Pom. Mag. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, bright red. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat broader at the base than at the apex ; cavity of the stalk middle- sized ; the point which marks the base of the style sel- dom projects, but is generally in a shallow cleft, which runs across the apex. /Skin, where exposed, dark purplish red, intermixed or mottled with pale brown dots ; next the wall pale yellowish green. Flesh whitish, a very pale yellowish green, tinged with red next the stone, from which it separates freely ; melting, juicy, and rich. Stone middle-sized, roundish, obovate, its fissures not so deep nor so sharp as those of the Com- mon Elruge ; their ridges flattish, but rough, and of a red colour, by which it may be always distinguished from the fruit just mentioned, the stone of which is pale, with no rays of red passing from it into the flesh. NECTARINES. Ripe from the end of August to the middle of Sep- tember. This is a most excellent Nectarine, and ought to be found in every good collection of fruit. The Triolet Hative, although of French origin, has long been known in this country under the name of Violet simply. As the French find the necessity of this designation, it is adopted here, because there are other Violette Nectarines which require appellations to dis- tinguish them one from another ; besides there appears no good reason for reducing a definitive name in this case, any more than there would be in those of the Avants, the Mignonnes, and the Madeleines among the peaches. All our practical gardeners write for the Violet Hative if they want this fruit. SECT. III. Pavies, or Clingstones. 20. BLACK NEWINGTON. G. Lindl. plan of an Orchard, 1796. Ib. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 541. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, almost globular, rather more broad than long. Skin pale green on the shaded side, but of a dark muddy red, or nearly black, where exposed to the sun. Flesh very firm, pale green, but deep red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice sugary, vinous, and perfumed. Stone large, rugged, almost round. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. The Newington Nectarine, as well as all others be- longing to this section, is in its highest perfection when the skin begins to shrivel. 21. BRUGNON VIOLET MUSQUE. Duhamel, 26. 1. 18. Brugnon Musque. Lelieur. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, generally termi- nated by an acute nipple. Skin very smooth, of a pale u 3 294 NECTARINES. and almost transparent amber colour on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun, of a bright deep scarlet. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice sugary, vinous, and well flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine is quoted by Mr. Aiton, in his Epi- tome, as a synonyme of the Red Roman ; had both sorts come under his own observation, he would, however, have been satisfied of their wide difference. The Red Roman is nearly twice the size of this, very different in both shape and colour, and of superior merit. The Brugnon Violet Musque appears not to have been known to Miller ; and the Red Roman was not known to the French, at least it is not to be found in any of their books. 22. EARLY NEWINGTON. Alton's Epitome. Early Black Newington. Nurs. Catalogues. Lucombe's Black. Forsyth. Lucombe's Seedling. Nurs. Catalogues. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit somewhat below the middle size, inclining to ovate, a little compressed on one side of the suture ; fuller on the other, narrowed at the apex, and termi- nating with an acute nipple. Skin pale green on the shaded side, but of a bright red next the sun, marbled and mottled with a much deeper colour, and curved with a thin violet bloom. Flesh greenish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice sugary and well flavoured. Ripe the end of August and beginning of Sep- tember. Several varieties of the Newington Nectarine, within the last forty years, have been raised from seed in this country, and have had different names assigned them, NECTARINES. 295 which has caused no small difficulty in the arrangement of their synonymes. The Early Newington and Early Black Newington have been ascertained, in Kensington Gardens, -to be the same ; and Lucombe's Black and Lucombe's Seed- ling want characters to distinguish them from the Early Newington. 23. GOLDEN. Langley* t. 29. f. 5. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol.v. p. 551.. Miller, No. 8. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, narrowed at the apex, and terminated by an acute nipple. Skin bright yellow next the wall, but on the sunny side of a bright scarlet, shaded with a few streaks of a darker colour. Flesh yellow, firm, but red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice not abundant, but of pretty good flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on a west wall, August 20. O.S*, or August 31. N. S* Langley. 24. ITALIAN.' Langley, t. 29. f. 4. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 554. Brugnon, or Italian. Miller, No. 5. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers --small. Fruit large, somewhat globular. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, dark red next the sun, and marbled with a darker colour, interspersed with a little thin grey russet. Flesh firm, of a pale yellowish colpur, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice abundant, rich, and excellent. Ripe the middle and end of August. 25. RED ROMAN. Forsyth. Roman. Langley, p. 102. t. 29. f. 2. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 548. Roman Red. Miller, No. 6. u 4 296 NECTARINES. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit of the largest size, frequently measuring eight inches and a quarter in circumference, somewhat globu- lar, and a little flattened at its apex. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, but where exposed to the sun of a deep muddy red or purple colour, somewhat scabrous, with brown russetty specks. Flesh firm, greenish yellow, but very red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice plentiful, sugary, of a very high and vinous flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7, on a south wall, July 30. O. S., or August 10. N. S. Langley. The Red Roman Nectarine has been cultivated in our gardens about two centuries, as appears by Parkin- son's List in 1629, and is one of the largest and best in our present collections. How it should have been mis- taken by practical men I am at a loss to conceive, as a melting fruit has been for years soJd in many of our nurseries under this name, although all writers have described it as a Pavie, or Clingstone. At present it is very difficult to be met with ; but steps have been taken to render it again plentiful, by furnishing cuttings from a tree I raised thirty years ago, to Mrs. Mackie of Norwich, of whom it may now be had with a degree of certainty. 26. SAINT OMER'S. G. LindL in HorL Tran$. Vol.v. p. 541. Saint Omer's. Uanbury, No. ID. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, and gene- rally terminated by an acute nipple. Skin bright red next the sun, and of a pale amber yellow on the shaded jside. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but very red at the NECTARINES. 297 stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice rich and highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. This Nectarine appears to have been known in this country above sixty years, but by whom introduced is not certain. It was cultivated by the late John and Grosvenor Perfect, at Pontefract, fifty years ago. A tree of it was growing in the garden of W. S. Stanhope, Esq., at Cannon Hall, near Barnsley, in 1788, which had been furnished from the above gentlemen's nursery, and from fruit produced in that year the above descrip- tion was written. I have never met with it since, but no doubt it is in many gentlemen's collections in the county of York. 27. SCARLET NEWINGTON. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 541. Newington. Langley, p. 102. 1. 19. f. 1. Miller, 3. Hill, p. 313. Switeer, p. 95. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit rather above the middle size, of a roundish figure. Skin pale amber next the wall, but of a bright red on the sunny side, and marbled with a deeper colour, occasionally intermixed with a little thin russet. Flesh firm, pale yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice sweet, brisk, and of a most delicious vinous flavour. Stone small, not deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This ripened at Twickenham in 17^7, on a south wall, July 10. O. S., or July 21. N. S. The Scarlet Newington Nectarine is undoubtedly the Xewington of Miller, Hill, and Switzer ; but so many others, of a similar character, have sprung since their time, that it becomes necessary some appellation should be prefixed to them, in order that we may know of which sort we are speaking. 298 . NECTARINES, This, the Tawny Newington, and the Red Roman, are the very highest flavoured nectarines in our collec- tions, especially if the fruit is suffered to remain upon the tree till it becomes shrivelled. 28. TAWNY NEWINGTON. Tawny. G. LindL Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit pretty large, somewhat ovate. Skin yellowish or tawny-coloured, a little mottled or marbled with dull red or orange on the sunny side. Flesh firm, very pale yellow, or yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice plentiful, sugary, and of the most delicious flavour. Stone broad, thick, not deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. The wood of this and of the Scarlet Newington is longer jointed, longer in its growth, and more flexuose than the other Newingtons ; in the quarters of the nursery the maiden plants grow in a diverging direc- tion, the others are shorter jointed, and their growth erect. A Selection of Nectarines for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. Brinion - 8 Pitmaston Orange . 15 Elruge - 10 Red Roman - 25 Fairchild's - 1 Scarlet Newington - 27 Hunt's Small Tawny - 3 Tawny Newington - 28 Neate's White - 4 Violet Hative - 19 Northern Counties of England, and Southern of Scotland* Brinion - 8 Pitmaston Orange - 15 Elruge - 10 Red Roman 25 Hunt's Small Tawny - 3 Scarlet Newington - 27 Neate's White 4 Violet Hative - 19 Highlands of Scotland. Brinion - 8 Pitmaston Orange - 15 Elruge - 10 Red Roman - - 25 Hunt's Small Tawny - 3 Scarlet Newington - - 27 Neate's White - - 4 Violet Hative - - 19 NECTARINES. 299 In the Highlands of Scotland the south and south- cast aspects alone can be appropriated to Nectarines with any chance of success. Propagation of Peaches and Nectarines. Peaches and Nectarines are propagated by budding them upon the Muscle and the Pear-plum stock ; the latter being made use of for those kinds which are among nurserymen termed French Peaches, and which, generally speaking, are by far the best in our collections. Those budded upon the Pear-plum have likewise an advantage over many of the others which are budded upon the Muscle, in being much less affected by mildew, particularly those kinds which have glandular leaves. The Brompton Stock has also been introduced, and many thousands of peaches and nectarines have been budded upon it, to the serious injury of every one who has purchased them. What has been said upon this subject, when treating of apricots, will, I trust, be suf- ficient to warn all persons from purchasing trees, what- ever their appearance may be, unless they have been propagated upon either the Muscle or the Pear-plum. These are the stocks on which we can place a firm reliance for the production of sound trees : the other ought to be banished from every nursery in the king- dom. In budding peaches and nectarines for dwarfs, good clean stocks should be chosen, and if Muscles, they should be worked the first summer after they have been quartered out : as the maiden plants thus raised seldom exceed two inches in circumference, and if not so much the plants will be the better. The Pear-plum need not be budded till the second summer after quartering, as it seldom acquires a suffi- cient thickness the first year. 300 NECTARINES. When standards are wanted, the best way is to select the strongest stocks, planting them on good and well- prepared ground by themselves, and when they have stood two years, cutting them down in the month of Febru- ary close to the ground. As they grow up in the spring, the young shoot should be singled off to one, leaving the best, and shortening the lateral shoots in the summer, to about six inches as they are produced. If the plants grow well, and are properly attended to, they will the first year attain a height of at least six feet : they may the next summer be budded standard high, and the stems will be clean, straight, and handsome. In planting out trees for training, young plants, or those called maiden plants, should be made choice of for the purpose, being far preferable to those which have been headed down, and stood two years in the quarters of the nursery : observing in all cases, without exception, that the bud should stand outwards, and the wounded part where the stock has been headed down, inwards, or next the wall. By this means the wound will readily and effectually heal over, while if otherwise exposed to the sun, it would crack and injure the stock, thus ren- dering the tree frequently unsound. When the plants are headed down, care must be taken also that the cut is made at the back, leaving the wound facing the wall, and in all subsequent prunings the wounds should be concealed in the same manner. Where the branches are horizontal, or where they are trained in a diagonal direction, the cuts may be either at the back, or underneath, facing the ground, so that they be not visible to a person standing in front of the tree. When this method of pruning is pursued without deviation, and the trees properly trained, the wounds will not only be excluded froin the action of the sun's rays, but the trees will have a neat and workman- appearance. NECTARINES. 3Q1 Pruning and Training of Peaches and Nectarines. When the young plant of either Peach or Nectarine is removed from the nursery to the place of its destin- ation, it must be headed down at the proper time, in the manner directed under the head of Propagation, and its treatment in all respects must be like that of the Apricot, both in its pruning and training, till the head is completely furnished. One principal object in the management of the Peach, must be to keep up a constant succession of young wood in every part of the tree, for unless this be accomplished the crop of fruit must be partial and defective. To effect this, the annual shortening of the young wood is perfectly calculated ; but the manner in which this ought to be performed has by no means been fixed upon one certain principle : the various methods laid down and insisted upon by writers being greatly at variance with each other, they leave the inexperienced gardener in a dilemma as to which course he should pursue. Some of these are so barbarous and absurd, that it has always appeared to me an act of folly in any one making the attempt to copy them. A few of these have been exhibited in the Horticul- tural Garden at Chiswick, in contrast to some very excellent specimens in that department. This, on a small scale, has no doubt been of advantage ; because the authors of those fantastical trees have been pointed out at the time of their exhibition, which has in some cases, no doubt, served as a stumbling-block for others to avoid, whilst the trees under a judicious mode of ma- nagement have held out examples worthy of imitation. As I have observed before, the principal object to be kept in view is a constant succession of young wood throughout every part of the tree : this is to be effected 302 NECTARINES. by pruning alone, and a judicious distribution of its young wood. Commencing with the winter pruning, the first rule to be laid down as a basis for all the rest, is to shorten every shoot in proportion to its strength, and to prune to where the wood is firm and well ripened : this will cause all the pithy and unripened wood to be removed, thence causing a supply of that which is better ripened for the ensuing year. But in order to give every facility to the ripening of this wood, it must be trained thin, not in profusion according to the general custom, but such shoots only as may be required for the following year. Trees which have arrived at a bearing state should have their strongest bearing shoots shortened to twelve or fourteen inches, those next in strength to eight or ten, and the weaker ones to four or six inches, pruning each to what is termed a treble eye, or that where there is a blossom bud on each side of wood bud : where branches are not in a bearing state, these treble eyes will not be found ; they must therefore be pruned'to a wood bud alone, which is always known by its sharp point. When the tree has been pruned once in this manner, the shoots must be trained neatly, nearly parallel to each other, so that a line continued in that direction would lead itself clearly out to the extremity of the tree. In May, the season for disbudding the tree, all fore- right shoots, as well as those from the back, must^be carefully removed with a sharp small bladed knife, taking care to cut close to the branch, but not into the bark : a few, however, of these foreright shoots had better be cut within a quarter of an inch only, which will leave two or three leaves to each, to shade the young fruit, and such slight wounds in the branch as have been occasioned by cutting the shoots off close. As soon as the young shoots have grown long enough, NECTARINES. 303 the leading one from each branch should be nailed neatly to the wall, selecting one or two of the side shoots produced lower down the branch, and training them parallel also. This applies to those of the stronger branches, at and near the extremity of the tree. Those in the middle and near the bottom, will allow of but one shoot probably in addition to the leaders ; this will depend upon the space left in the winter pruning ; if sufficient, it is always better to have a young shoot on each side as well as the leader, than to have only one, for it is by this arrangement that a succession of young wood can be kept up throughout every part of the tree. Should young shoots, indicating extraordinary vigour, any where make their appearance, they should imme- diately be cut out, unless where a vacant part of the wall can be filled up, because an excess of vigour in one part of the tree cannot be supported without de- triment to the other. Peach trees, when in a state of health and vigour, generally throw out laterals from their stronger shoots ; when this is the case, they should not be cut off close, but shortened to the last eye nearest the branch ; and if there is room, one or two of those first produced may be nailed to the wall ; or the middle shoot may be cut out, leaving the two lowest laterals, and allowing them to take its place ; thus fre- quently obtaining two fruit-bearing branches, when the former one would in all probability have been wholly unproductive of fruit the following year. In the training of Peaches and Nectarines, I wish it to be particularly understood, that I am a decided enemy to that negligent custom of leaving more shoots in the summer than is well known can be wanted for another year, and the still more slovenly custom of " running them in," as it is called, by small pieces of .stick extending across the branches, " to prevent their 304 NECTARINES. being broken by the wind ; that is, let the middle of the branch run in be on the outside of the shoot you wish to preserve, and the ends tucked under the two adjoining branches. After the fall of the leaf it will be necessary to take out these loose branches, which will give the shoots more liberty, and admit the sun and air to ripen the wood before the spring pruning" FORSYTH, Ed. 3. p. 49. Yet this practice, it appears, has been pursued in His Majesty's Gardens at Kensington, and is set forth in Mr. Forsyth's Book, I imagine, as a model of excel- lence. There can, indeed, be little doubt of the excellence of such a system, since it possesses the peculiar advan- tage over all other systems, of causing the wood to ripen during the depth of winter, by the admission of sun and air. Now, with all due respect for this authority, I would suggest, in contra-distinction to such a practice, that from the first time of nailing in the summer, the shoots should not be suffered to grow more than six inches before they are nailed again, and thus followed up so long as they continue to extend themselves. In this way, I apprehend, the shoots will be as secure from a violent gale of wind, as those under the tuck system ; and that they will be fuil as likely to ripen during the summer and autumn, whilst we have sun, as in the depth of winter when we have none. ^ In having given such directions for the pruning and training of Peaches and Nectarines as I have myself been taught and practised, and satisfied myself with, it remains only for me to recommend that the trees should not be overloaded with fruit, but that the crop be regulated by a judicious mode of thinning. In the thinning of Peaches and Nectarines, and in- deed any other drupaceous fruit, it is necessary to pro- NECTARINES. 305 ceed with caution, as they are apt to fall off after having attained a considerable size. In order, therefore, to se- cure a crop, it will be the best way to thin them at three separate times ; the first, as soon as the fruit is of the size of a hazel-nut ; the second, when of the size of a small walnut ; and the third time, as soon as the stone has become hardened : after this it rarely happens that either Peach or Nectarine falls off before it is matured. In order to render this account of Peaches and Nec- tarines as complete as possible, I shall in the next chapter give an extract from a paper on their Classifi- cation, which I drew up, and presented to the Horti- cultural Society of London, in 1824, and which is printed in the fifth volume of their Transactions, cor- recting two or three errors which had crept in, and adding such other varieties of fruit as have since that time come under my own personal observation. INDEX TO THE NECTARINES. Aromatic - 7 Flanders White - 4 Black Nevvington - 20 Golden - - 23 Brinion - 8 Hunt's Early Tawny - 3 Brinion, red at stone - 8 Hunt's Large Tawny - 2 Brugnon - 24 Hunt's Small Tawny - 3 Brugnon Musque - 21 Italian - 24 Brugnon Violet Musqu - 21 Large Scarlet 19 Claremont - 9 Late. Green - 6 Common Elruge - 10 Lord Selseys Elruge - 19 Due du Tellier's - - 1 1 Lucombes Black - - 22 Due du Tello - - 1 1 Lucombes Seedling - 22 Du Telliers - 11 Marbled - 8 Dutilly -11 Miller's Elruge - - 12 Early Black Newington - 22 Murry - - - 13 Elrouge - 12 Murrey - - 13 Elruge - - 12 Neiuington - - 27 Early Newington - - 22 Neate's White - 4 Emmertons New White - 4 New White - 4 Fairchild's - 1 Old White - 5 FairchMs Early - 1 Ord's - - 14 306 NECTARINES. Peterborough . 6 Tawny Newington - 28 Petite Violette Hdtive , - 19 Temple - - 17 Pitmaston Orange - 15 Temples - - 17 Red Roman 25 Vermash - 18 Roman - 25 Violet - - 19 Roman Red - - 25 Violet Hative - 19 Saint Omer's - 26 Violet, red at stone p .~..8 Scarlet - 16 White . 4 Scarlet Newington - 27 CHAP. XIV. A CLASSIFICATION OF PEACHES AND NECTARINES. THE confusion of the sorts of Peaches and Nectarines, the misapplication of their names, and the perplexity thus occasioned both to the nurseryman and the gar- dener, are sufficient inducements to attempt such an arrangement as may remove these inconveniences. I am aware that this has been already done to a certain extent ; but the characters employed for the purpose have, I conceive, been insufficient, as will appear on a comparison of the different arrangements now to be examined. In doing this there is no great difficulty, since the authors to be considered are but few. MILLER* and DuHAMELt are the first who have given us any thing like systematic descriptions, and they have gone no further than to distinguish, generally, sawed from crenate or smooth leaves, large from small flowers, and to separate the Peaches with downy skins from the Nectarines with smooth skins, and those whose flesh adheres to the stone from those whose flesh sepa- rates from the stone. Had there been no augmentation * Gardener's Dictionary, 8th edit. art. Persica. \ Trait^ des Arbres Fruitiers, par Duhamel, vol.ii. p. 1, &c. NECTARINES. 307 of the number of varieties of these fruits since the time when these authors wrote, their distinctions would pro- bahly have been sufficient ; but the great influx of new kinds demands a more systematic and extensive division. Mr. ROBERTSON* has gone much further into this subject than either MILLER or DUHAMEL, and has favoured us with the first synoptical distribution of Peaches and Nectarines which I have met with. It is simple and perfectly clear, as far as it goes ; but it is defective in general application : for if he had attempted by it to make an arrangement of all the different sorts, he would have found the eight subdivisions of his table insufficient. Mr. ROBERTSON'S two classes, founded on the leaves, are correct only so far as regards the first, or those sorts whose leaves are without glands. The second, comprehending the glandular-leaved kinds, require to be extended to a third ; for it includes plants with two distinct natural characters dependent on the glands. His divisions into those with large and those with small sized flowers are also objectionable, since our collections furnish several varieties of Peaches and Nectarines which possess a middle character. The designating the large blossoms as light-coloured, and the small ones as deep-coloured, cannot be admitted as proper distinctions ; several of the small flowers being quite as pale as the large ones. The character of Mr. ROBERTSON'S subdivisions, founded on the adhesion of the flesh to, or the parting from, the stone, are perfectly natural. The Editor of the Bon Jardinier, and the Count LELIEUR in his Pomone Frangaise, have given a classi- fication on a much more comprehensive scale, intro- ducing a third division of flowers ; and they take notice also, for the first time, I believe, of two different cha- * See Horticultural Transactions, vol. iii. p. 380. x 2 308 NECTARINES. racters in the glands of the leaves. Their method of ar- rangement, however, appears objectionable in forming their classes from the fruit instead of the leaves, because an attempt at a thorough classification on this principle must be ineffectual till the fruit has arrived at maturity. In forming a synoptical Table for practical purposes, we should follow nature herself as nearly as possible ; we ought not to make an arrangement that is not pro- gressive, or to which we cannot apply ourselves as the parts successively come into existence. The fruit not being the first produced, we ought not to begin with it, in preference to the leaves. Having stated thus much, I must render a just tribute of acknowledgment to the writers last mentioned, for having brought into notice the divisions of the glandular leaves, which are highly important, and some marks of distinction between varieties which might be otherwise considered alike. The anxiety which prevails to cultivate the Peach in its full extent, the disappointment which cultivators daily experience in finding one sort of fruit imposed upon them for another, to say nothing of the error of continuing to propagate a fruit by a name wholly at variance with acknowledged authority, have induced me to attempt such an arrangement of Peaches and Nec- tarines as will, to a certain extent, give a facility of discrimination in distinguishing one sort from another. For this purpose, I have formed a synopsis on ^o extended a scale as to admit not only all those which are at present well known, but such also as are likely to become known, or to be introduced hereafter. To accomplish this, I create three classes, each of which has three divisions ; these are each separated into two subdivisions, and every subdivision into two sections ; making in the whole thirty-six sections. Part only of these sections are applicable to those varieties we - NECTARINES. 309 are now acquainted with ; the others will remain to be filled up as new kinds arise, there being at present no plants with such characters. The practice which has lately prevailed, and which I hope will be continued, of obtaining new varieties by cross impregnation ; the glandless with the glandular, the large-flowered with the small-flowered, Peaches with Nectarines, and the Pavies with the Melting kinds, is the method by which the completion of the arrange- ment, as well as the extension of good sorts, is the most likely to be accomplished ; but in pursuing this method, it should not be forgotten that the most excellent of each kind are those only which ought to be employed. The fruits which I have now arranged under the different sections are those, both French and English, which have been described by different authors ; some others are added, which are well known in England, but which have not been noticed in any work of cele- brity. In the following Tables, the classes are founded on the leaves, and the divisions on the flowers. CLASS I. Contains those whose leaves are deeply and doubly serrated, having no glands. CLASS 2. Those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate, having globose glands. CLASS 3. Those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate, having reniform glands. An accurate observer will distinguish other characters in the glands ; they are either sessile or pedicellate ; but x 3 310 NECTARINES. these distinctions are too minute for application on the present occasion. The form of the glands, as well as their position, is perfectly distinct ; they are fully developed in the month of May, and they continue to the last permanent in their character, and are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more, on the footstalks, and one, two, or more on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also on the footstalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it it were, the upper and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken from a branch of a vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen, that glands are not discernible on some of the leaves, especially on those produced from weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be sought for which do produce them. With regard to the flowers, on which the divisions are founded, all authors previous to DUHAMEL have described large and small flowers only. Both in the Bon Jardinier and in the Pomone Frangaise, " fleurs moyennes," or middle flowers, are mentioned ; the notice of them, however, originated with DUHAMEL, who, in the descriptions of several of his Peaches, speaks in a manner which indicates even four sizes, viz. fleurs grandes *, fleurs assez grandes t, fleurs petitesi, fleu^s tres petites ; and on examining the trees thus described, the differences are evident. In noticing these, however, it is not intended to convey an idea that a fourth division is necessary ; on the contrary, it would perplex rather than elucidate. In fact, it requires some practice * Madeleine Blanche. f Avant Peche Blanche. Bourdine. Bellegarde. NECTARINES. 311 to distinguish the middle from the small-sized flowers ; the former are larger in all their parts, but in other respects there is no difference between them ; and in maintaining the division, I have conformed more to the authority of Lelieur than to my own opinion. We now come to the fruit, with regard to which na- ture has furnished two distinct characters in the external appearance, as well as two in the internal structure. The first of these depends on the downiness or smoothness of the skin ; the former being true Peaches, the latter our Nectarines, known in France only as JPeches lisses, or smooth-skinned Peaches. Each of these are divisible, from their internal structure, into the Pavies or Cling- stones, and the Melting kinds ; the former having firm flesh adhering so closely to the stone as to be perfectly inseparable from it ; the latter having soft dissolving flesh separating readily from the stone, and leaving a few detached pieces of the flesh only behind. As the mature fruit in vegetable economy appears to be the last stage of nature in her progress towards reproduction, I have adopted it as the most natural on which to found my subdivisions and sections. Accordingly, the classes of Peaches and Nectarines may, by the examination of the leaves, be ascertained in the first year the plant has been raised ; the divisions, from the flowers, in the spring following ; and the sub- dirisions and sections, founding the former on the character of the skins, the latter on the qualities of the flesh, in the succeeding summer or autumn ; and whether the number to be submitted to examination be great or small, the arrangement may be effected with equal facility and precision. x 4 312. NECTARINES. A SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF PEACHES AND NECTARINES. 'Section 1. f Subdivision 1. ^ Pavies. Peaches. Section 2. Division 1. Melters. Large flowers. 'Section 1. Subdivision 2. Pavies. Nectarines. Section 2. ^- Melters. 'Section 1. CLASS 1. Leaves deeply and doubly ser- rated, having no glands. Division 2. Middle flowers. " Subdivision 1. ^ Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. 'Section 1. Pavies. & Melters. 'Section 1. Subdivision 1. ^ Pavies. Peaches. Section 2. Division 3. Melters. Small flowers. 'Section 1. Subdivision 2. Pavies. Nectarines. Section 2. * *- _ Melters. 'Section I. Subdivision 1. Pavies. Peaches. Section 2. Division 1. Melters. Large flowers. 'Section 1. Subdivision 2. Pavies. Nectarines. Section 2. ^ Melters. 'Section 1. CLASS 2. Leaves crenated or serrulated, < with globose glands. Division 2. Middle flowers. Subdivision 1. Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. * 'Section 1. Pavies. Section 2. , w Melters. 'Section 1. Subdivision 1. Pavies. Peaches. Section 2. Division 3. Melters. Small flowers : 'Section 1. Subdivision 2. Pavies. Nectarines. Section 2. p Melters. NECTARINES. 313 ^ 'Section 1. Subdivision 1. Pavies. Peaches. Section 2. Division 1. Melters. Large flowers. 'Section 1. Subdivision 2. Pavies. Nectarines. Section 2. Melters. 'Section 1. . CLASS 3. Leaves crenated or serrulated, < with reniform glands. Division 2. Middle flowers. * Subdivision 1. Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Pavies. ( Melters. Section 1. Pavies. Section 2. ^- .Melters. 'Section 1. Subdivision 1. Pavies. Peaches. Section 2. Division 3. Melters. Small flowers. ''Section 1. Subdivision 2. Pavies. Nectarines. Serf/on 2. * Melters. The names given to some of the English Peaches and Nectarines are so directly at variance with the classifica- tion of DUHAMEL*, which, as far as it goes, is unobjec- tionable, that I cannot avoid observing on them, lest it should be supposed that I acquiesce in so incorrect a nomenclature. The classes of DUHAMEL are four. The first are called Peches, being those with downy skins, the flesh separating from the stone. The second are called Pavies, being those with downy skins, the flesh adhering to the stone. The third are called Peches violettes, being those with smooth skins, the flesh separating from the stone. The fourth are called BrugnonSy being those with smooth skins, the flesh adhering to the stone. The two last classes include those fruits which we call Nectarines. The names, therefore, which the English gardeners have applied, * Traittf des Arbres Fruitiers, par Duhamel. vol. ii. p. 4-. 3l4f NECTARINES. such as Violet Hative* to a Peach, and Brugnon to a Melting Nectarine, are absolutely improper. In the following list the synonymes, whether French or English, are placed in italics below the name which I consider the proper one to be adopted for the variety. Where the French name belongs to the same kind as an English name, the former is placed as a synonym of the latter. Some previous explanation and observations are neces- sary on the authorities from whence the names which I have adopted are derived. For the English fruits I have taken the enumeration of MILLER, in the eighth edition of his Gardener's Dictionary, as the basis of my Catalogue, and have in- troduced all his kinds, which could be reduced to my arrangement, quoting them as his. In the Epitome of the Hortus Kewensis, and in the Pomona Londin- ensis of Mr. HOOKER, some kinds are found which appear not to have been known to MILLER ; these also are enumerated on their respective authorities. The new varieties mentioned or described in the Transac- tions of the Horticultural Society have been quoted from that publication. For the French varieties, the authority of DUHAMEL, in his Traite ' des Arbres Fruitiers, is so paramount, that his kinds have been adopted on his authority. The list has been otherwise completed from the Pomone Franqaise of the Count LELIEUR, the Jar din Fruitier of M. NOISETTE, arid the Bon Jardinier for 1829, and also some of the earlier editions. I have likewise inserted such varieties from the seventh edition of Forsyth's Treatise on Fruit Trees, as had been ascertained previously to that publication ; * Miller, in his Dictionary, has fallen into an error in describ- ing his Lisle Peach ; he says the French call it La Petite Violette Hdtive, which cannot be correct. NECTARINES. 315 and others from Hanbury, Langley, Parkinson, Ray, and Switzer, to indicate their existence at the time those authors published their works ; from the Porno- logical Magazine, which are new ; and some from Nurserymens* Catalogues, which are either not to be found in books, or whose names are synonyms of others. All the sorts which are inserted in the following arranged list, are so placed either on my own personal knowledge, or on such evidence as may be confidently relied on. To the whole I have appended an alpha- betical list of all the names, whether of Peaches or Nectarines, which are herein noticed. A LIST OF PEACHES AND NECTARINES, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE PLAN ABOVE PROPOSED. CLASS I. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 1. Serrated glandless leaves. Large flowers. PEACHES* PAVIES. 1. Almond Peach. Hort. Trans. 2. Old Newington. Miller. Newington. Parkinson. 3. Pavie Madeleine. Duhamel. Pavie Blanc. Ib. Pavie Magdeleine. Bon Jard. Perseque d gros fruit blanc, i Melecoton, M 7. h Bon Jard. Merhcoton, Myrecoton, 4. Smith's Newington. Miller. Smith's Early Newington. Hitt* Early Newington. Miller. 316 NECTARINES. CLASS I. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION. 1. SECTION 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Large flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 5. Cambray. Forsyth. 6k Cardinal. Lelieur. La Cardinale. Duhamel. Cardinale de Furstemberg. Bon Jard. 7. D' Ispahan. Lelieur. Pecker de Perse. French Catalogues. 8. Double Montagne. Forsyth. Montague. Alton's Epitome. Sion. Forsyth. 9. Early Anne. Nursery Catalogues. ^4nne. Langley. 10. Ford's Seedling. Forsyth. 11. Hemskirke. Nursery Catalogues. Hemskirk. Langley. 12. Madeleine de Courson. Duhamel. Madeleine Rouge. Ib. Rouge Paysanne. Bon Jard. Red Magdalen. Miller. 13. Malta. Miller. Italian. Ib. Peche de Malte. Duhamel. Lelieur. Belle de Paris. Bon Jard. Malte de Normandie. Ib. 14. Montaubon. Miller. 15. New Noblesse. Nursery Catalogues. 16. Noblesse. Aiton's Epitome. Noblest. Miller. Mellish's Favourite. Nursery Catalogues. 17. Old Royal Charlotte. Ib. 18. Pecher Noir. Duhamel. Pecker Noir d 9 Orleans. Ib. Dwarf Orleans. Forsyth. NECTARINES. 317 19. Sanguinole. Duhamel. Betterave. Ib. Druselle. Ib. Bloody. Miller. 20. Sawed-leaved. Nursery Catalogues. 21. Scarlet Admirable. Ib. Dragon. Forsyth. 22. Sulhampstead. Hort. Trans. 23. Vanguard. Forsyth. 24-. White Magdalen. Miller. Madeleine Blanche. Duhamel. Montague Blanche. Bon. Jard. 25. White Nutmeg. Miller. Avant Peche Blanche. Duhamel. Avant Blanche. Nursery Catalogues. CLASS I. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 1. Serrated glandless leaves. Large flowers. NECTARINES. PAVIES. 26. Black Newington. Forsyth. 27. Early Newington. Aiton's Epitome. Early Black Newington. Nursery Catalogues. Lucombe's Black. Forsyth. Lucombe's Seedling. Nursery Catalogues. 28. Late Newington. Aiton's Epitome. 29- Princess Royal. Forsyth. 30. Rogers's Seedling. Forsyth. 31. St. Omer's. Hanbury. 32. Scarlet Newington. Nursery Catalogues. Newington. Miller. 33. Tawny Newington. Nursery Catalogues. Tawny. Ib. CLASS I. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Large flowers. NECTARINES. MELTERS. 34. Hunt's Large Tawny. Nursery Catalogues. 318 NECTARINES. CLASS I. DIVISION 2. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Middle flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 35. New Royal Charlotte. Nursery Catalogues. Queen Charlotte. Forsyth. Kew Early Purple. Alton's Epitome. 36. Magdeleine a moyennes fleurs. Lelieur. CLASS I. DIVISION 3. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Small flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 37. Bear's Early. Alton's Epitome. 38. Belle de Vitry. Duhamel. Admirable Tardive. Ib. Belle's. Miller. Late Admirable. Forsyth. 39. Lockyer's Mignonne. Nursery Catalogues. Lockyeifs Peach, Forsyth. 40. Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne. Nursery Cat. Lord Falconbridge's Mignonne. Hanbury. 41. Madeleine Tardive. Duhamel. 42. Millet's Mignonne. Forsyth. 43. Red Magdalen. Aiton's Epitome. Magdalen. Hort. Trans. 44. Royal George. Aiton's Epitome. 45. Royal George Mignonne. Nursery Catalogues. CLASS I. DIVISION 3. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 2. * Serrated glandless leaves. Small flowers. NECTARINES. MELTERS. 46. Hunt's Small Tawny. Nursery Catalogues. Hunfs Early Tawny. Ib. 47. Miller's Elruge. Nursery Catalogues. Elruge. Miller. Elrouge. Switzer. NECTARINES. 319 CLASS II. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. Large flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 48. Acton Scot. Hort. Trans. 49- Barrington. Nursery Catalogues. 50. Belle Bausse. Bon Jard. Belle Bauce. Lelieur. 51. Belle Beaut e. Bon Jard. 52. * Buckingham Mignonne. Forsyth. 53. Early Downton. Hort. Trans. 54. Early Vineyard. Alton's Epitome. 55. Grosse Mignonne. Duhamel. Mignonne. Ib. French Mignon. Miller. French Mignonne. Aiton's Epitome. Large Mignon. Miller. Large French Mignonne. Forsyth. Veloutte. Duhamel. Veloutee de Merlet. Ib. Vineuse. Lelieur. Grimwood's Royal George. Hooker. Grimwood's New Royal George. Forsyth. 56. Marlborough. Nursery Catalogues. 57. Mignonne Frisee. Bon Jard. Grosse Mignonne^ Frisee. Lelieur. 58. Mignonne Hative. Ib. 59. Neil's Early Purple. Hooker. NeaPs Early Purple. Forsyth. Johnson's Early Purple. Nursery Catalogues. Johnson's Purple Avant. Ib. Padley's Early Purple. Ib. Purple Avant. Ib. Early Purple. Miller. True Early Purple. Forsyth. Veritable Pourpree Hative. Duhamel. Peche du Vin. French -Catalogues. * This proves to be the Harrington Peach, No. 49. 320 NECTARINES. 60. Old Royal George. Switzer. 61. Royal Kensington. Forsyth. 62. Smooth-leaved Royal George. Ib. 63. Spring Grove. Hort. Trans. 64. Superb Royal. Forsyth. Royal Sovereign. Nursery Catalogues. 65. Vineuse de Fromentin. Bon Jard. CLASS II. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. Large flowers. NECTARINES. MELTERS. 66. Pitmaston Orange. Hort. Trans. CLASS II. DIVISION 2. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. Middle flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 67. Avant Peche Jaune. Lelieur. 68. Early Admirable. Miller. Admirable. Duhamel. Miller. Belle de T^itry. Bon Jard. CLASS II. DIVISION 2. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 1. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. Small flowers. PEACHES. PAVIES. 69. Braddick's American. Forsyth. Braddick's North American. Nursery Cat^ American Clingstone. Ib. CLASS II. DIVISION 3. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. Small flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 70. Bellegarde. Miller. Duhamel. Galande. Duhamel. Hooker. Gallande. Miller. NECTARINES. 321 Early Galande. Nursery Catalogues. Violet Hdtive. Ib. Noire de Montreuil. French Catalogues, 71. Bourdine. Miller. Duhamel. Bourdin. Duhamel. Boudin. Forsyth. Boudine. Bon Jard. 1822. Nar bonne. Duhamel. 72. George the Fourth. Hort. Trans. Pom. Mag. 73. Late Admirable. Langley. Royal. Miller. Pom. Mag. Royale. Duhamel. 74. New Bellegarde. Nursery Catalogues. New Galande. Ib. Brentford Mignonne. Ib. 75. Nivette. Miller. Duhamel. Nivette Veloutee. Duhamel. Veloutee Tardive. Bon Jard. 76. Pecher a feuilles de Saule. Bon Jard. 77- President. Pom. Mag. 78. Purple Alberge. Miller. Red Alberge. Ib. Alberge Jaune. Duhamel. Peche Jaune. Ib. 79- Teton de Venus. Miller. Duhamel. 80. Yellow Chevreux. Nursery Catalogues. CLASS III. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 1. Crenate leaves, with reniform glands. Large flowers. PEACHES. PAVIES. 81. Monstrous Pavie of Pomponne. Nursery Cat. Monstrous Pavy of Pomponne. Miller. Gros Melecoton. Bon Jard. Gros Perseque Rouge. Ib. Pavie de Pomponne. Lelieur. NECTARINES. Pavie Camu. Duhamel. Pavie Monstrueux. Ib. Pavie Rouge. Ib. Pavie Rouge de Pomponne. Ib. CLASS III. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Crenate leaves, with reniform glands. Larger/lowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 82. Abricotee. Duhamel. Admirable Jaune. Ib. Grosse Jaune. Bon Jard. Grosse Peche Jaune Tardive. Duhamel. Orange. Forsyth. Peche d'Abricot. Duhamel. Peche de Burai. Bon Jard. Pdche d 9 Orange. Ib. Sandalie Hermaphrodite. Ib. Yellow Admirable. Miller. 83. Double-blossomed. Forsyth. Pecker dfleurs doubles. Lelieur. Pecher dfleurs semidoubles. Duhamel. TJie double flower. Miller. 84. Flat Peach of China. Hort. Trans. Java Peach. Ib. 85. Pourpree Hative. Duhamel. Vineuse. Ib. 86. Red Nutmeg. Miller. Brown Nutmeg. Forsyth. Avant Rouge. Nursery Catalogues. Avant Peche Rouge. Duhamel. Avant Peche de Troyes. Ib. CLASS III. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 1. Crenated leaves with reniform glands. Large flowers. NECTARINES. PAVIES. 7- Brugnon Violet Musque. Duhamel. NECTARINES. 323 Bntgnon. Duhamel. Brugnon Musque. Lelieur. 88. Red Roman. Forsyth. Roman. Alton's Epitome. Roman Red. Miller. Brugnon Musque. Alton's Epitome. CLASS III. DIVISION 1. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves with reniform glands. Large flowers. NECTARINES. MELTERS. 89 Desprez. Jardin Fruitier. Despres. Bon Jard. Deprez. Lelieur. 90. Fairchild's. Aiton's Epitome. Fair child 9 s Early. Miller. 91. Jaune Lisse. Duhamel. Lisse Jaune. Ib. Roussanne. Bon Jard. 92. Neate's White. Emmerton's New White. Nursery Catalogues. New White. Forsyth. Wliite. Hooker. Flanders. Ib. 93. Old White. Nursery Catalogues. 94. Prince's Golde'n. Ib. 95. Vermash. Hooker. True J^ermash. Forsyth. CLASS III. DIVISION 2. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves with reniform glands. Middle flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 96. Belle Chevreux. Duhamel. Miller. 97 Chancelliere. Duhamel. f^er liable Chancelliere d grandes fleurs. Ib. 324 NECTARINES. 98. Chevreux Hative. Duhamel. Early Chevreuse. Forsyth. CLASS III. DIVISION 3. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 1. Crenated leaves with reniform glands. Small flowers. PEACHES. PAVIES. 99. Catharine. Miller. 100. Incomparable. Aiton's Epitome. Pavie Admirable. Forsyth. 101. Pavie Alberge. Duhamel. Pavie Jaune. Bon Jard. Persais d'Angoumois. Duhamel. Persdque Jaune. Bon Jard. Melecoton Jaune. Ib. 1822. Grand Myrecoton Jaune. Ib 102. Pavie Jaune. Duhamel. 103. Pavie Tardif. Bon Jard. 104. Persique. Duhamel. Miller. Persdque. Bon Jard. Persdque Allonge. Ib. Gros Persdque. Ib. CLASS III. DIVISION 3. SUBDIVISION 1. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves with reniform glands. Small flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 105. Chancellor. Miller. \ Chancellidre, variety. Duhamel, p. 24., in text. 106. Double Swalsh. Nursery Catalogues. Double Swalch. Forsyth. Swalch or Dutch. Miller. Swalze jor Swolze. Forsyth. 107. Late Chevreux. Forsyth. Chevreux Tardive. Duhamel. Pourpree. Ib. - NECTARINES. 325 108. Late Purple. Forsyth. Pourpree Tardive. Duhamel. 109. Petite Mignonne. Ib. Double de Troyes. Ib. Pfolie de Troyes. Ib. Early Mignonne. Miller. Small Mignonne. Ib. 110. Rosanna. Miller. Rosanne. Duhamel. Petite Rossanne. Bon Jard. Alberge Jaune. Ib. Peche Jaune. Ib. St. Laurent Jaune. Ib. 111. Steward's Late Galande. Forsyth. Yellow Mignonne, Hort. Trans. CLASS III. DIVISION 3. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 1. Crenated leaves with reniform glands. Small flowers. NECTARINES. PAVIES. 113. Golden. Miller. 114. Italian. Miller Brugnon. Ibi 115. Tawny. Forsyth. Late Tawny. Nursery Catalogues. CLASS III. DIVISION 3. SUBDIVISION 2. SECTION 2. Crenated leaves with reniform glands. Small flowers. NECTARINES. MELTERS. 116. Aromatic. Forsyth. 117. Brinion. Switzer. Brinion red at stone. Nursery Catalogues. Marbled. Switzer. Triolet red at stone. Nursery Catalogues. 118. Claremont. Nursery Catalogues. Y 3 326 NECTARINES. 119. Common Elruge. Pom. Mag. Elruge. Alton's Epitome. 120. Due du Tellier's. Nursery Catalogues. Du Telliefs. Alton's Epitome. Due de Tello. Nursery Catalogues. Dutitty. Ib. 121. Early Brinion. Nursery Catalogues. 122. Grosse Violette. Bon Jard. Grosse Violette Hdtive. Duhamel. Violette de Courson. Bon Jard. 123. Late Genoa. Alton's Epitome. Genoa. Nursery Catalogues. 124. Murry. Miller. Murrey. Ray. 125. Newfoundland. Forsyth. 126. Ord's. Nursery Catalogues. 127. Peche Cerise. Duhamel. Cherry. Forsyth. 128. Peterborough. Miller. Late Green. Ib. Vermash. Forsyth. 129. Royal Chair d'Or. Forsyth. 130. Scarlet. Miller. 131. Temple. Langley. Temple's. Miller. 132. Violet Hative. Nursery Catalogues. Violette Hdtive. Bon Jard. Violet. Forsyth. Pom. Mag. Early Violet (of Knight). Hort. Trans. Large Scarlet. Nursery Catalogues. Lord Selsey's Elruge. Hort. Trans. Petite Violette Hdtive. Duhamel. 133. Violette Tardive. Duhamel. Violette Marbree. Ib. Violette Panachee. Ib. 134. Violette tres Tardive. Duhamel. Peche Noix. Ib. NECTARINES. 327 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PEACHES. The figures refer to Abricotee Acton Scot Admirable Admirable Jaune Admirable Tardive Alberge Jaune Albcrge Jaune Almond Peach American Clingstone Anne - - - Avant Blanche Avant Pfrhe Blanche Avant Peche Jaune Avant Pe*che Rouge Avant Peche de Troyes Avant Rouge Barrington Bear's Early Belle Bauce Belle Bausse Belle Beaute Belle Chevreux Belle de Paris Belle de Vitry Belle de Vitry Bellegarde Bettis Betterave Bloody - Boudin - Boudine - Bourdin Bourdine Braddick's American Braddick's North American Brentford Mignonne Brown Nutmeg Buckingham Mignonne Cambray Cardinal Cardinale de Fitstemborg - the enumeration of the preceding list. 82 Catherine - - 99 48 Chancelliere - - 97 68 Chancelliere variety - 105 82 Chancellor - 105 38 Chevreux Hative - - 98 78 Chevreux Tardive - 107 110 D'Ispahan - 7 1 Double-blossomed - 83 69 Double Flower - - 83 9 Double Montagne - 8 25 Double Swatch - 106 25 Double Swalsh - 106 67 Double de Troyes - - 109 86 Dragon - 21 86 Druselle - 19 86 Dwarf Orleans - 18 4-9 Early Admirable - - 68 37 Early Anne - 9 50 Early Chevreux - - 98 50 Early Downton - 53 51 Early Galande - - 70 96 Early Mignon - - 109 13 Early Newington - * - 4 38 Early Purple - - 59 68 Early Vineyard - - 54 70 Flat Peach of China - 84? 38 Ford's Seedling - - 10 19 French Mignon - - 55 19 French Mignonne - 55 71 Galande - - 70 71 Gallande - - 70 71 George the Fourth - 72 71 Grand Myrecoton Jaune 101 69 Grimiuood's Royal George 55 69 Grimwood's New Royal 74 George - - 55 86 Gros Melecoton 81 52 Gros Perseque - 104 5 Gros Perseque Rouge - 81 6 Grosse Jaune - - 82 6 Grosse Mignonne 55 y 4 328 NECTARINES. Grosse Mignonne Frisee - 57 Grosse Peche Jaune Tar dive 82 Hemskirke - 11 Hemskirk - 11 Incomparable - 100 Italian - 1 3 Java - -84 Johnsons Early Purple - 59 Johnsons Purple Avant - 59 Keiu Early Purple - 35 La Cardinale - - 6 Large Mignon - - 55 Large French Mignonne - 55 Late Admirable - 73 Late Admirable - - 38 Late Chevreux - 107 Late Purple - 108 Lockyer's Mignonne - 39 Lockyers Peach - - 39 Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne 40 Lord Falcon bridge's Mi- gnonne - - 40 Madeleine Blanche - 24 Madeleine de Courson - 12 Madeleine Rouge - - 12 Madeleine Tardive - 41 Magdalen - - 43 Magdeleine k Moyennes Fleurs - 36 Malta - 13 Malte de Normandie - 13 Marlborough - 56 'Mtlecoton - 3 Melecoton Jaune - 101 Mellish's Favourite - 16 Merlicoton - - 3 Mignonne - - 55 Mignonne Frisee - - 57 Mignonne Hative - - 58 Millet's Mignonne - 42 Monstrous Pavie of Pom- ponne - - 81 Monstrous PavyofPomponne 81 Montague - - 8 Montagne Blanche - 24 Montaubon - - 14 Myrecoton 3 Narbonne - 71 Neal's Early Purple - 59 Neil's Early Purple - 59 Netvington - 2 New Bellegarde - 74 A^eto Galande - 74 New Noblesse - 15 New Royal Charlotte - 35 Nivette - 75 Nivette Veloutee - - 75 Noblesse - - 16 Noblest - 16 Noire de Montreuil - 70 Old Newington - 2 Old Royal Charlotte - 17 Old Royal George - 60 Orange - 82 Padleys Early Purple - 59 Pavie Admirable - - 100 Pavie Alberge - - 101 Pavie Blanc - - 3 Pavie Carnee - - 81 Pavie de Pomponne - 81 -Pavie Jaune - - 102 Pavie Jaune - - 101 Pavie Madeleine 3 Pavie Magdaleine - 3 Pavie Monstrueux - - 81 Pavie Rouge - 81 Pavie Rouge de Pomponne 8 1 Pavie Tardive - - 10$ P&he d'Abricot - - 82 P Smith's Early Neivington - 4 Smooth-leaved Royal George - - 62 Spring Grove - - 63 Steward's Late Galande 111 Sulhampsted - 22 Superb Royal - - 64 Swalch or Dutch - - 106 Swalze or Swolze - 106 Teton de Venus - - 79 True Early Purple - 59 Vanguard - 23 Veloutee - 55 Veloutee de Merlet - 55 Veloutee Tardive - . - 75 Veritable Chancelliere a Grandes Fleurs - - 97 Veritable Pourpree Hative 59 Vineuse - - 85 Vineuse - - 55 Vineuse de Fromantin - 65 Violet Hative - 70 White Magdalen - - 24 White Nutmeg - 25 bellow Admirable - 82 Yellow Chevreuse - - 80 Yellow Mignonne - 1 12 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE NECTARINES. Aromatic - - 116 Black Newington - 26 Brinion - - - 117 Brinion, red at stone - 117 Brugnon - - - 87 Brugnon - - 114- Brugnon Musque - - 88 Brugnon Musque - - 87 Brugnon Violet Musque - 87 Cherry - 127 Claremont - 118 Common Elruge - - 119 Deprez - - 89 Desprez - 89 330 NECTARINES. Despres - - 89 Due du Tellier's - - 120 Due de Tello - 120 Du Telliers - 120 Dutilly - - 120 Early Black Newington - 27 Early Brinion - 121 Early Newington - 27 Early Violet - 132 Elrouge - - 47 Elruge - - 119 Elruge, Common - -119 Elruge, Miller's - - 47 Emmerton's New White - 92 Fair child's - - 90 Fairchild's Early - - 90 Flanders - 92 Genoa - 123 Golden - 113 Grosse Violette - 122 Grosse Violette Hdtive - 122 Hunt's Early Tawny - 46 Hunt's Large Tawny - 34 Hunt's Small Tawny - 46 Italian - 114 Jaune Lisse - - 91 Large Scarlet - 132 Late Genoa - 123 Late Green . * - 128 Late Newington - - 28 Late Tawny 115 Lisse Jaune - - 91 Lord Selseys Elruge - 132 Lucombe's Black - 27 Lucombe's Seedling - 27 Marbled - 117 Miller's Elruge - 47 Murry - 124 Murrey - 124 Neate's White - - 92 Newfoundland - - 125 Newington *& - - 32 New White - 92 Old White - 93 Ord's ,-, - 126 Peche'.Cerise -' - 127 Peche Noix - 134 Peterborough - - 128 Petite Violette Native - 132 Pitmaston Orange - 66 Prince's Golden - - 94 Princess Royal - - 29 Red Roman - - 88 Rogers's Seedling - 30 Roman - - 88 Roman Red - - 88 Roussanne - - 91 Royal Chair d'Or - 129 Saint Omers - 31 Scarlet - 130 Scarlet Newington - 32 Tawny - 115 Tawny - - 33 Tawny Newington - 33 Temple - - 131 Temples - 131 True Vermash - - 95 Vermash - 128 Vermash - - 95 Violet - 132 Violet Hative - 132 Violet, red at stone - 117 Violette de Courson - 122 Violette Hative - - 1^2 Violette Marbrte - - 133 Violette Panachee -133 Violette Tardive - - 133 Violette tres Tardive - 134 White - - 92 NUTS. 331 CHAP. XV. NUTS. THE principal Nuts cultivated in England for the dessert are the following : 1. BOND NUT. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 6. 2. Cob Nut. Langley, t. 57. fig. 3. 3. Cosford Nut. Pom. Mag. t. 55. 4. Frizzled Filbert. Ib. t. 70. 5. Lambert's Nut. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 18. 6. Pearson's Prolific Nut. Ib. No. 26. 7. Red Filbert. Ib. No. 27- 8. White Filbert. Langley, t. 57. fig. 1. According to Langley, the White Filbert ripened in 1727, July 15., and the Common Hazel and Cob Nut, July 20. These, as well as all the other dates, men- tioned by Langley, are those of the Old Style. The Style. and Calendar having been altered September 2., 1752, will remove those two dates of the Nuts to the 26th and 31st of July. Propagation. NUTS never ought to be propagated by sowing the seeds of any of the sorts enumerated in the above list ; but by layers, at any time during the winter or early part of the spring, before the plants begin to open their buds. If the laying of them down has been properly performed* the layers will be well rooted by the end of the year, when they should be taken up, and planted out in the nursery rows three feet apart, and a foot from each other in the rows. Previously to their being planted, they should be pruned, leaving only one, and that the best shoot, shortening it to a foot or eighteen inches, ac- 332 NUTS. cording to its strength. As the plants grow up, they should be trained with single stems of eighteen inches or two feet high, which will allow room to clear away any suckers the plants may afterwards produce. When the plants are finally planted out where they are intended to remain, care must be taken, by annual pruning, to form their heads handsomely ; keeping them thin and open ; cutting away all irregular, superfluous, vigorous shoots ; and removing any suckers which may spring up, observing, at the same time, not to injure the roots. Pruning and Training. As soon, as the plant is established, some pains should be taken to form its head, which may be done in a similar manner to that recommended for Gooseberries and Currants. If it is intended to keep the plant under a regular system of pruning, it must be kept low, so that its upper part may be reached by standing on the ground, both for the purpose of pruning and of gathering the fruit. The head must be kept thin, shortening the leading shoots to nine or twelve inches, and cutting out such other strong ones that would otherwise encumber the head. Besides these, there will be also produced from the two and three years' branches, annually, short twigs of six or nine inches in length, which generally bear a great many mits the following year ; these should be thinned out, but not shortened, leaving them in tolerable quantity wherever they are produced, cutting them clean out the following winter, and leaving others in the same manner as those had been left the previous season. In the county of Kent, Nuts are better managed than in any other part of England, and their produce is not PEARS. 333 only greater, but of a superior quality. The bushes are pruned much in the manner I have described ; and I have observed that they seldom exceed six feet, and a great many are not more than five ; their branches are wide apart, and the middle of the bushes extremely open. There are some, probably, who may object to the trouble, or who may find it inconvenient to prune their Nut trees in the regular way : should this be the case, something still may be done to prevent their running into a wild state. They may be looked over, for the first two or three years, till their heads have been formed with some degree of regularity, and they may then be suffered to grow at length ; but, even then, it can take up but little time, and, consequently, cause but little expense, in having them looked over once a year, during the winter, to clear away the suckers from the roots, and to thin out the heads where the branches are crowding or galling each other ; remembering that, where the heads are crowded with wood, the crop is always defec- tive, except near the extremities ; and where they are kept thin, it is abundant. CHAP. XVI. PEARS. As many of the French and Flemish Pears succeed well when grafted upon the quince stock, all such as have been ascertained to possess this property will be noticed at the end of the descriptions. SECT. I. Summer. Round-fruited. 1. AMBROSIA. Switzer, p. 113. Early Beurre. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 13. 334 PEARS. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish and somewhat flattened figure. Eye rather sunk. Stalk an inch long, slender, and a little bent. Skin smooth, greenish yellow, and full of small grey specks. Flesh tender, with a rich, sugary, and perfumed juice. Ripe the middle of September. This Pear was brought from France soon after the Restoration, and planted in the Royal Gardens in St. James's Park. It is a very good pear, but will not keep long. 2. BERGAMOTTE ROUGE. Duhamel, No. 46. 1. 19. f. 6. Fruit below the middle size, shortly turbinate, about two inches deep, and two and a quarter inches in dia- meter. Eye rather flat. Stalk half an inch long, thick, and inserted in a small cavity. Skin pale yellow, but of a red colour on the sunny side. Flesh soft, melting, and full of a sugary and highly-flavoured juice. Ripe the middle of September. This succeeds on both the quince and the pear stock. 3. EARLY BERGAMOT. Pom. Mag. 1. 101. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, flattened, depressed at the eye, towards which it is slightly angular, about two and a half inches long, and two and three-quarters inches in diameter. Stalk one and a quarter inch long, moderately thick, inserted in a shallow cavity. Skin green, with a tinge of yellow when ripe, with a few faint streaks of brownish red on the sunny side. Flesji yellowish white, very juicy, a little crisp and gritty, but very rich and sugary. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This Pear was sent into this country by the late M. Thouin, to the Horticultural Society, in 1820, where its present name has originated. It is a most excellent variety of its season, bears abundantly as an open standard, and deserves cultivation. PEARS. 335 4. EARLY ROUSSELET. Nursery Catalogues. Rousselet Hatif. Duhamel, No. 33. Perdreau. Ib. Poire de Chypre. Ib. Fruit rather small, of a somewhat turbinate figure, about two inches long, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, and sunk in a shallow basin. Stalk one inch long. Skin smooth, yellow, of a lively red with several grey specks interspersed on the sunny side. Flesh tender, with an agreeable sugary perfumed Juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This succeeds on the quince as well as the pear stock. 5. FOND ANTE DE BREST. Duhamel, No. 43. 1. 17. Inconnu Cheneau. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, slightly turbinate, but tapering both to the stalk and the crowm, about two and a half inches long, and two and a quarter inches in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, seated on the nar- rowed apex, without any basin. Stalk one and a half inch long, slender, a little bent, inserted without any cavity. Skin thin, smooth, and shining, of a bright green, with a few grey specks, marbled with pale brown, and shaded with red on the sunny side. Flesh white, firm, and crisp, but not melting, except when past its best, although it has obtained a name to this effect. Juice sweet, with an agreeable flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This never succeeds well on the quince. 6. GREEN CHISEL. Langley, t. 62. f. 2. Green Chisel. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 3. Fruit small, nearly globular, about one inch and a quarter across each way. Eye large in proportion to the size of the fruit, prominently placed, with an open crumpled calyx. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, straight, inserted without any cavity. Skin quite green all round j but sometimes, when fully exposed, it has a 336 PEARS. faint brownish tinge on the sunny side. Flesh gritty. Juice a little sugary, with a slight perfume. Ripe the beginning to the middle of August. This little Pear is common throughout England. It does not appear to have been noticed among the French writers, and is probably of English origin. It is readily known by its growing in clusters, and by the branches being short, and growing erect. It is a small growing tree, and bears abundantly. 7. MUSK DRONE. Miller, No. 15. Bourdon Musque. Duhamel, No. 27- Fruit rather small, of a roundish figure, a little flattened at the crown, somewhat like an orange, about one inch and a half each way. Eye rather large, placed in a wide hollow basin. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, straight, slender. Skin yellow. Flesh white, melting, with a rich juice. 8. MUSK ROBINE. Miller, No. 14. Muscat Robert. Duhamel, No. 3. t. 2. Poire a la Reine. Ib. Poire d'Ambre. Ib. Pucelle de Saintonge. Knoop. Pom. p. 137. La Princesse. Ib. Queen's Pear. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 14. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, but rounded at the stalk, about two inches deep, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, with a flat spreading calyx. Stalk an inch long, bent, inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish green, with a few grey specks interspersed. Flesh tender, between melting and breaking, with a rich musky juice. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. This grows strong on the pear, middling on the quince. PEARS. 337 9. ORANGE MUSQUEE. Miller, No. 9. Duhamel, No. 25. t. 10. Fruit middle sized, round, shaped somewhat like an orange, about two inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye very small, flat on the sum- mit. Stalk an inch long, obliquely inserted. Skin deeply reticulated like the orange, of a green colour, changing to yellow as it becomes ripe, and marbled with bright red on the sunny side. Flesh rich, with an agreeable musky juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds on both the quince and pear stock. 10. ROBIXE. Duhamel, No. 56. t. 27. Royale d'E'te. Ib. Fruit rather small, roundish turbinate, in the man- ner of the Musk Robine, about one inch and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, with a closed calyx, placed in a somewhat shallow plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, thick, inserted with- out any cavity. Skin pale greenish yellow, marbled with a deeper green, becoming yellow as it ripens. Flesh white, half breaking, with a saccharine musky juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This may be grafted on both the pear stock and quince ; on the latter it grows stronger, and bears more abundantly. 11. SALVIATI. Miller, No. 25. Duhamel, No. 21. t. 9. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular, about two inches in diameter. Eye small, open, in a regular round shallow basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, inserted in a rather narrow shallow cavity. Skin of a yellow wax-like colour, marbled with red on the sunny side. Flesh tender, containing a rich sugary juice. z 338 PEARS. Ripe the end of August and beginning of Sep- tember. This does not succeed well on the Quince stock. 12. SUMMER ARCHDUKE. Miller, No. 19. Brown Admiral. Ib. Great Onion. Ib. Archiduc d'E'te. Duliamel, No. 19. t. 8. Amire roux. Ib. Ognonet. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish turbinate figure, about two inches deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, open, with a very short calyx. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin smooth, yellow on the shaded side, but of a brownish red when fully exposed to the sun. Flesh melting, with an agreeable well flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This does not succeed well on the Quince stock. 13. SUMMER BERGAMOT. Miller,No.3l. Hamden's Bergamot. Ib. Bergamotte d'E'te. Duhamel, No. 45. Milan de la Beuvriere. Ib. Milan blanc. Jard. Fruit, t. 30. Fruit below the middle size, round, and flattened at both the extremities, about two inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, with an obtuse closed calyx, placed in a very shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, thick, inserted in a smfll round cavity. Skin greenish yellow, with a good deal of pale brown russet, and specks on the sunny side. Flesh melting, with a sugary high-flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. 14. SUMMER ROSE. Pom. Mag. t. PEARS. 339 Thorny Rose, Miller, No. 21. Epine Rose, Duhamel, No. 57. according to the Poire de Rose, Ib Pom. Mag. Rosenbirne, Kraft, Pom. Aust. Vol. i. p. 38. t. 84. Fruit below the middle size, round, depressed, about two inches deep, arid two inches and a quarter in diame- ter. Eye open, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk an inch long, slender, inserted in a small roundish cavity. Skin inclining to yellow, speckled with russet ; but of a bright rich red, intermingled with brown spots on the sunny side. Flesh white, juicy, rich, and sugary. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. The figure of the Summer Rose is that of an Apple rather than that of a Pear ; and M. Noisette remarks, that it is so in a greater degree than any Pear he knows. It is a most excellent and beautiful variety, and bears well on an open standard. SECT. II. Summer. Conical-fruited. 15. AUGUST MUSCAT. Miller, No. 20. Aurate. DuJiamel, No. 5. t. 2. Muscat d'Aout. Ib. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, compressed between the middle and the stalk. Eye small, open, a little depressed in a flattish crown. Stalk an inch long, straight, inserted in a somewhat oblique small cavity. Skin yellow, with a light red on the sunny side. Flesh breaking, sugary, and perfumed. Ripe the middle of August. This grows strong on the Pear ; middling on the Quince. 16. CASSOLETTE. Miller, No. 17. 1. 18. Friolet. Ib. Lechefrion. Ib. 340 PEARS. Muscat verd. Miller, No. 17- Duhamel, No. 44. 1. 18. Poire de Sillerie. Knoop. Pom. p. 135. Verdasse. Ib. Fruit small, of a roundish turbinate figure, two inches and a half long, and one inch and three-quarters in dia- meter. Eye open in a slightly plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, thick, inserted in a hollow cavity. Skin yellowish green, and marked with red on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and tender, with a sugary, perfumed, musky juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds equally well on both the Pear and the Quince. 17. CUISSE MADAME. Duhamel, No. 11. t. 5. Fruit middle-sized, of a longish pyramidal turbinate figure, widest at the crown, and compressed between the middle and the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, opens with a rounded calyx, seated in a slight depression, nearly flat. Stalk one inch and a half long, straight, somewhat obliquely inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth and shining all round, of a yellowish green colour on the shaded side, but of a reddish brown when exposed to the sun. Flesh half buttery, with abundance of sugary, perfumed, slightly musky juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This grows strong on the Pear, but ill on the QuinceA The wood of the Cuisse Madame is long, straight, rather slender, and of a reddish or brownish red colour, totally different from that of the Windsor Pear, and dif- fering also from that of our Jargonelle. 18. EPINE D'E'TE. Duhamel, No. 62. t. 30. Fondante Musquee. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal figure, somewhat like a small Jargonelle, about two inches and three quarters long, and one inch and three quarters in dia- PEARS. 34)1 meter. Eye small with a short calyx, placed in a very shallow, plaited basin. Stalk an inch, strong, inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth, thin, of a greenish yellow, with but little more colour when exposed to the sun. Flesh melting, with a rich musky juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. This is a very good Pear, and, it is said, had its name given it by Louis XIV. 19. GREAT BLANQUETTE. Miller, No. 10. Grosse Blanquette. Duhamel, No. 13. Roi Louis. Bon Jard. 1827. P- 305, Fruit below the middle size, of a roundish turbinate figure, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather large and open. Stalk an inch long, stout. Skin smooth, yellow, and tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh melting and full of a rich sugary juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. 20. JARGONELLE. Langley, t. 61. fig. 3. ; and of most English writers, but not of Miller. Pom. Mag. t. 108. Epargne. Duhamel, No* 17- t. 7* Beau Present. Ib. Saint Sampson. Ib. Grosse Cuisse Madame. Jard. Fruit, t. 27. Saint Lambert, "1 ,. , 7 ^ , ~ , , ^ . , , of the French Gardens, Poire des Tables des f ^ ,. . ., ^ ,, according to the Pom. Mas:. Princes, J Fruit large, oblong, somewhat pyramidal, from three inches and a half to four inches long, and from two inches and a half to three inches in diameter. Eye open, with long segments of the calyx. Stalk two inches long, somewhat obliquely inserted. Skin greenish i a PEAES. yellow on the shaded side, with a tinge of brownish red when exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish white, very juicy and melting, with a peculiarly rich agreeable flavour ; round the core it is gritty, and more so, if grafted upon the Quince. Ripe the middle and end of August. The Jargonelle ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7, on the 10th of July, O. S., or July 21st, N. S. Langley. A month sooner than at the present day. This is much better grafted upon the Pear than the Quince. It is, like all other summer Pears if left upon the tree till fully ripe, of short duration in a sound state, not keeping above a few days ; but if gathered while the fruit is firm, and kept in a cool room, it may be continued in eating for several days longer. It is readily distinguished from all other Pears of its season, by the large size of its fruit, by its long dangling branches, and by its very thickly pubescent leaves, par- ticularly in the early part of the summer. The Jargonelle was certainly brought from France, of which there is abundant evidence. The Jargonelle of the French is, however, not ours, but an inferior kind, green on one side, and red on the other. They call ours the Grosse Cuisse Madame, distinguishing it from the common Cuisse Madame. How this became pos- sessed of so singular an appellation it is difficult to say. MAYER tells a long story of its origin, which is not much to the purpose ; and MANGER relates an anecdote about* Prince Eugene and one of his officers, who did not know that Dameschenkel was a Pear worth looking at. In Scotland the Jargonelle is cultivated on walls as far north as Pears will grow. 21. LAMMAS. Hort. Soc.Cat. No. 373. Fruit rather small, of a pyramidal shape. Stalk half an inch long, straight. Skin pale yellow, tinged and slightly streaked with red on the sunny side. Flesh melting. Juice plentiful, of a very good flavour. PEARS. 343 Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This is a very excellent Pear for the market gardener* as it is not only a very good bearer, but the first strong Pear that comes to market, and the tree is hardy, and an erect handsome grower. It is in great plenty in the Limn and Wisbeach markets. 22. LITTLE MUSCAT. Miller, No. 5, Petit Muscat. Duhamel, No. 1. t. 1. Sept-en-gueule. Ib. Fruit very small, somewhat turbinate, little more than an inch long, and scarcely an inch in diameter. Eye small, with a reflexed calyx prominently placed on the summit. Stalk half an inch long, straight, inserted without any cavity. Skin yellow, coloured with dull red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, with a sugary musky perfume. Ripe the middle and end of July ; the first Pear which ripens. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 23. LONDON SUGAR. Nursery Catalogues. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, and rather narrowed at the crown, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, rather prominently placed, and sur- rounded by irregular, puckered, apparently blistered plaits. Stalk an inch long, slender, inserted in a small oblique cavity. Skin pale green, approaching to pale lemon colour when fully ripe, with a slight brownish tinge when fully exposed to the sun. Flesh tender and melting. Juice saccharine, of a rich musky flavour. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. The branches of this tree are long, slender, and for the most part drooping, in the manner of the Jargonelle. It is an excellent early fruit, and a hardy bearer, and may be found in great plenty, in the Norwich markets, under this name. It is very much like the Madeleine, z 4 344 PEARS. figured in the Pomological Magazine ; but its branches are pendulous, in the Madeleine they are ascending. 24. LONG STALKED BLANQUET. Pom. Mag. t. 41. Blanquet a longue queue. Duhamel, No. 15. t. 6. f. B. Fruit small, growing in clusters, inversely egg-shaped, about two inches long, and one inch and a half in diame- ter. Eye crumpled, prominently seated on the summit. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, inserted without cavity. Skin deep clear green. Flesh tender, crisp, juicy, sweet, and excellent. Ripe near the end of July. This grows strong on the Pear, middling on the Quince. A good early Pear, and a great bearer ; very sweet, crisp, and juicy, and not rotting so soon as most of the Pears of the same season. 25. MADELEINE. Pom. Mag. t. 51. Magdalene. Jard. Fruit. Vol. iii. t. 26. Citron des Cannes. Of the French, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, with a thick- ening on one side of the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and one quarter in diameter. Eye slightly hollowed. Stalk an inch long, slender, rather obliquely inserted. Skin yellowish green, with a little light bloom upon it, and a slight tinge of red when fully exposed to the sun. Flesh white, melting, buttery, sweet, and high flavoured. Ripe the latter part of July. This is said to have received its name from its ripening about the time of the Fete de Sainte Magdalene (22d July). I have not quoted the figure of the Madeline, or Citron des Cannes, of Duhamel, because it does not appear to be what the French now consider the Madeleine. 26. MANSUETTE. Duhamel, No. 92. t. 58. f. 1. Solitaire. Jb. PEARS. 345 Mansuette Solitaire. Jard. fruit, t. 43. Fruit pretty large, of a somewhat turbinate figure, compressed below the middle, and a little incurved to- wards the stalk ; about three inches and three quarters long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather small, with an erect calyx, placed in a deep, plaited, angular basin. Stalk an inch long, bent, very obliquely inserted in an irregular cavity. Skin green, spotted with brown ; but as it ripens it becomes yellow and tinged with red. Flesh white, half melting, and full of a well flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is better grafted on the Quince than on the Pear. 27. MUSK SUMMER BONCHRETIEN. Nursery Cat. Bonchretien d'E'te Musquee. Duhamel^Q.^l. t.48. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat pyramidal, compressed between the middle and the stalk, about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye rather large and open, with a crisp calyx, placed in a wide, irregular, angular basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, enlarged next the branch, and somewhat ob- liquely inserted with but little cavity. Skin greenish yellow, with a little grey russet ; but on the sunny side of a brownish red, full of rough russetty specks. Flesh white and crisp, with an abundant, sugary, high-flavoured musky juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This does not succeed at all upon the Quince. It is sold by many nurserymen for the Summer Bon- chretien, a different Pear. The wood and manner of growth of the Musk- Bonchretien is a good deal like the Jargonelle ; but the leaves of this are smooth at all times, in the Jargonelle they are covered with a thick pubescent down, especially in the spring and early part of the summer months. 28. ORANGE TULIPEE. Duhamel, No. 79. t.41. 346 PEARS. Poire aux Mouches. Duhamel, No. 79. t. 41. Fruit pretty large, of an oval, turbinate figure, about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a recurved calyx, seated in a pretty deep, plaited basin. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow angular cavity. Skin green on the shaded side, but of a brown- ish red, with grey specks, where exposed to the sun. Flesh melting, with an agreeable juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This succeeds equally on both the Pear and the Quince. 29. PRINCE'S PEAR. Miller, No. 29- Chair a Dame. Duhamel, No. 41. 1. 16. Cher Adame. Ib. Poire de Prince. Ib. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat round, but turbinate, and bent at the neck, about two inches and a quarter long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, open, wjth an acute calyx, in a shallow slightly angular basin. Stalk half an inch long, strong, very obliquely inserted. Skin greyish russet, turning yellow with grey specks as it becomes ripe, and of a marbled red on the sunny side. Flesh rather crisp, with an abundant sweet highly-flavoured juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 30. RED MUSCADEL. Miller, No. 4. Bellissime d'E'te. Duhamel, No. 80. t. 42. % Supreme. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, turbinate, about three inches long, and two inches and a half broad. Eye rather deeply sunk in an obtuse-angled basin. Stalk an inch long, rather slender, and somewhat obliquely inserted. Skin pale yellow, slightly covered with thin russet, on the sunny side of an orange or bright red. Flesh tender. Juice plentiful and saccharine* PEARS. 347 Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The Red Muscadel generally produces a second crop of fruit, which ripens about the middle or end of Sep- tember, but they are not so good as the former. It is a handsome upright growing tree, and a very excellent bearer. 31. Roi D'E'TE. Duhamel, No. 34. 1. 12. Gros Rousselet. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter broad. Eye small, open, placed on a nearly flat crown. Stalk one inch and three quarters long, slender, but considerably thickened next the fruit, where it is in- serted in a small regular cavity. Skin rough, of a pale green, but on the sunny side of a dull red, covered all over with numerous grey russetty specks. Flesh half buttery, and melting, with a very agreeable sugary sub- acid juice. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 32. ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS. Duhamel, No. 32. 1. 11. Petit Rousselet. Jard. Fruit, t. 31. Fruit small, of a pyramidal figure, about the size and shape of the Rousselet d'Hiver, but more tapering to the stalk ; two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, open, placed on a flat, somewhat depressed apex. Stalk an inch long, thick, inserted without any cavity. Skin greenish grey, becoming yellow as it ripens, with numerous dark russetty specks, and some dark colouring on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh half buttery, and melting, with a very high flavoured musky juice. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This succeeds very well on both the Pear and the Quince. 348 PEARS.. 33. SABINE D'E'TE. Hort. Trans. Vol. 4, p. <2T]5. Fruit of a pyramidal form, broadest at the crown, and tapering to a round blunt point at the stalk. Eye small, not deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Skin perfectly smooth and even, of a yellow colour on the shaded side, and of a fine scarlet, minutely dotted when exposed to the sun. Flesh white, or nearly so, melting, juicy, and highly perfumed. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. Raised, in 1819, by M. Stoffels of Mechlin, and named by him after Mr. Sabine, at that time Secretary to the Horticultural Society of London. 34. SEIGNEUR D'E'TE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 276. Fruit above the middle size, of a blunt oval figure. Skin of a fine orange, with bright scarlet on the sunny side, sprinkled with small brown spots, and partially marked with larger ones of the same colour. Flesh melting, with an extremely small cone, and a rich high flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This very beautiful Pear has been known in Flanders many years, fruit of which were sent to this country by M. Stoffels of Mechlin, and exhibited at the Horticul- tural Society, in 1819^ 35. SKINLESS PEAR. Miller, No. 13. Poire sans Peau. Duhamel, No. 35. t. 13. Fleur de Guignes. Ib. Fruit below the middle size, of a somewhat pyramidal figure, about two inches and a half long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, nearly closed, slightly depressed. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, rather crooked, inserted in a small cavity. Skin extremely thin, smooth, pale green, with a few grey specks ; on the sunny side yellow, marbled with light red. Flesh melting, with a most excellent sweet and perfumed juice. PEARS. 349 Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This grows strong on the Pear, but middling on the Quince. 36. SUMMER BONCHRETIEN. Miller, No. 24. Pom. Mag. 1. 14. Bonchretien d'E'te. Duhamel, 90. t. 47. f. 4. Gracioli. Ib. according to the Pom. Mag. Die Sommer Christbirne. Pom. Aust. Vol. i. p. 38. Fruit large, irregularly pyramidal, about four inches long, and three inches in diameter, exceedingly knobby and irregular in its outline, particularly about the eye. Eye small, prominent, in a narrow, shallow, obtuse- angled basin. Stalk two inches and a half long, irre- gular and crooked, very obliquely inserted, in a knobby, irregular cavity. Skin, when fully ripe, of a pale lemon colour, very slightly tinged with red on the sunny side, and covered all over with small green dots. Flesh yel- lowish, breaking, firm, juicy, very sweet and excellent. Cone very small, placed near the eye. Ripe the middle of September. This will take on both Pear and Quince, but should never be grafted on the latter stock. A very excellent old Pear, mentioned by Parkinson, and by many modern Pomologists in France, Italy, Holland, and Germany, under various other names, not necessary to quote here as synonymes. It succeeds best in this country on an east or west wall, being rather too tender for an open standard. 37. SUMMER FRANCREAL. Pom. Mag. t. 106. Francreal d'E'te. Diels, Pom. ^ Vol. iii. p. according to the Pom. Mag. Fondante, Knoop Pom. 93. t. 3. France Canneel, Ib. Gros Micet d'E'te. Of some French Gardens, Fruit rather large, turbinate, thickest about two-thirds 350 PEARS. from the stalk, diminishing a little to the eye, about three inches and a quarter long, and three inches in diameter. Eye connivent, moderately depressed. Stalk short and thick. Skin green, nearly smooth, becoming pale yel- lowish-green, after the fruit has been gathered some time, and is fit for table. Flesh white, firm, juicy, becoming buttery and melting, rich and excellent. Ripe the middle of September. A very hardy tree, and a great bearer as an open standard. 38. WILLIAMS'S BONCHRETIEN. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 250. 1. 16. Fruit pretty large, of an irregular, pyramidal, and somewhat truncated form, from three to four inches long, and from two to three inches in diameter. Eye seated on the summit, and never in a hollow or cavity, as in other varieties called Bonchretien. Stalk an inch long, very gross and fleshy. Skin pale green, mottled all over with a mixture of darker green and russet brown, becoming yellowish and tinged with red on the sunny side when fully ripe. Flesh whitish, very tender and delicate, abounding with a sweet and agreeably per- fumed juice. Ripe the end of August to the middle of September. This Pear appears to have sprung up from seed in the garden of Mr. Wheeler, a schoolmaster at Alder- maston, in Berkshire, previously to 1770, as it was then a very young plant. An account of it was published by the Horticultural Society, as above, in 1816, at which time the garden in which the tree grew was in the pos- session of Wm. Congreve, Esq. 39. WINDSOR. Of all English Gardens. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, obovate, not either pyra- midal or turbinate, being widest above its middle, taper- ing to the crown, and suddenly contracted towards the stalk, where it is slender ; about three inches and a half PEARS. 351 long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, prominently placed on the summit. Stalk an inch long, slender, convexly in- serted without any cavity. Skin yellowish green, full of small green specks, becoming yellow when fully ripe, and tinged with orange on the sunny side. Flesh white, soft, with a little grit at the core, and a sugary astrin- gent juice. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. I have not quoted any synonymes of this Pear from foreign authors, not being able to satisfy myself of their identity with it: DUHAMEL'S figure of Cuisse Madame is pyramidally turbinate, evidently a different fruit. The wood of the Windsor Pear is very stout, never producing laterals, perfectly erect, so much so as to be readily distinguished in the nursery from every other sort. The tree is by no means a hardy one, being very liable to canker, especially when planted either on gravelly or cold wet soils. 40. YAT. 1 Y t r Of the Dutch Gardens. Fruit rather small, turbinate, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter, generally a little flattened on the opposite sides. Eye small, opens with a very short calyx, seated in a rather shallow uneven basin. Stalk an inch long, rather slender, ob- liquely inserted, without any cavity. Skin of a very thick russetty brown, thickly covered with round grey specks, and generally a little coloured when exposed to the sun. Flesh breaking and tender, with a very sugary, rich, and highly perfumed juice. Ripe the middle and end of September. The trees of this very valuable variety grow large, and the branches are drooping like those of the Jargo- nelle, but much more slender and numerous. A very hardy bearer, brought from Holland by the late Thomas 35% PEARS. Harvey, Esq., and planted in his garden at Catton, near Norwich, about sixty years ago, along with some plants of the Dutch Mignonne Apple, both sorts of which are now growing. SECT. III. Autumnal. Round-fruited. 41. ASTON TOWN. Hooker, Pom. Lond. 1. 18. Aston Town. Pom. Mag. t. 139. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish turbinate figure, somewhat like a narrow-crowned Crasanne, but more tapered next the stalk, about two inches and a half deep, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, shallow. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, protruding in a direct line from the base, and inserted with but little cavity. Skin pale greenish white, rugose, covered with numerous grey russetty specks, like the Crasanne. Flesh tender, buttery, and full of a most excellent saccharine perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning and to the end of October. Branches long and rather slender, flagelliform, with a manner of growing peculiar to this tree, that is, a tendency to twist round in growing upwards ; so that at a distance, when planted as a standard, it may be dis- tinguished from every other sort. This most excellent Pear is at present but little known in many parts of England. It is, however, well known, and extensively cultivated in the north-west counties of Lancaster, Chester, and Hereford. In the latter county, particularly at Shobden Court, and at Garnstone, it is grown in abundance, both on walls, espaliers, and on open standards, where it furnishes con- stant crops of most perfect fruit, fully equal in goodness to those of the Crasanne, which it somewhat resembles. It was raised many years ago at Aston, in Cheshire. 42. AUTUMN BERGAMOT. Miller, No. 32. Pom. Mag. 1. 120. PEARS. 353 f Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 52. Ib. Common Bergamot, I NQ ^ according to the York Bergamot, [ pom ^ Fruit small, approaching the middle size, depressed, globular, about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, open, in a regular-formed shallow depression. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a rather wide funnel-shaped cavity. Skin rather rough, yellowish green ; but of a dull brown on the sunny side, and full of grey scabrous specks. Flesh whitish, melt- ing, a little gritty next the core, with a sugary and richly perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and good till the end. This succeeds well on both the Pear and the Quince. I have not quoted Duhamel, as he has given two figures of his Bergamotte d* Automne, neither of which appears to correspond with our Autumn Bergamot. It is one of the best Pears of the season, and it is also one of the most ancient, supposed to have been in this country ever since the time of Julius Caesar. 43. BELLE ET BONNE. Pom. Mag. 1. 118. Belle et Bonne. Baumann's Catalogue. Schone und Gute. Taschenbuch y p. 431. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, globular, depressed, about three inches deep, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye large, open, with short crumpled segments of the calyx, in a shallow and rather uneven depression. Stalk one inch and a half long, curved, slightly inserted in a nar- row cavity. Skin pale yellow, mixed with green, a little russetty on the sunny side, and slightly tinged with a few faint streaks of pale brown. Flesh white, a little gritty, but soft and mellow, with a saccharine, rich, and perfumed juice. Ripe the end of September, and is good for two or three weeks. A A 354> PEARS. It succeeds well on both the Pear and the Quince. This very valuable variety was introduced by the Horticultural Society in 1826, to whom it was sent by Messrs. Baumann, of Bollwiller. It has been cultivated here under the erroneous names of Charles d'Autriche and Belle de Bruxelles, both of which are different fruits from this. 44. BERGAMOTTE CADETTE. Duhamel, No. 54. t. 44. f. 2. Poire de Cadette. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, or sub-turbinate, about two inches and three quarters deepy and the same in diameter. Eye small, almost closed, very little sunk in a somewhat flatted apex. Stalk an inch long, thick, in- serted in a rather shallow angular cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish, and shaded with red on the sunny side. Flesh and Juice excellent, little inferior to any of the other Bergamots. Ripe the beginning and middle of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 45. BEZY D'HERI. Duhamel, No. 23. Besideri. Miller, No. 45. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat roundish ovate figure, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye open, flat. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slender, curved. Skin smooth, pale green, inclining to yellow, slightly tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh rather dry, and but indifferent for eating, but it bakes well. In use October and November. This Pear takes its name from Heri, a forest in Bretagne, between Rennes and Nantes, where it was found in a wild state. 46. BEZY DE LA MOTTE. Duhamel, 82. t. 44. f. 5. Pom. Mag. 1. 143. Hort. Trans. Vol. 5. p. 132. t. 2. f. 2. HorL Soc. Cat. No. 36. PEARS. 355 Bein Armudi, 1 Of some Collections, ac- Beurre blanc de Jersey, J cording to the Pom. Mag, Fruit pretty large, of a roundish turbinate figure, about three inches deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, open, sunk in a round shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, bent, strong, and inserted in a small but widish cavity. Skin yellowish green, covered with grey russetty specks, becoming yellow when fully ripe. Flesh white and melting, with a rich, sugary, high-flavoured juice. Ilipe the beginning and middle of October, and will keep till the end of November. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. It bears very well on a standard, but better as an espalier. The fruit is generally larger than the specimen figured in the Horticultural Transactions. It is a most excel- lent Pear, and well deserves cultivation. 47. CHARLES D'AUTRICHE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 120. Ib. Vol. iv. p. 521. Fruit large, very handsome, about three inches and a half long, and three inches broad, in colour something like a white Beurre, but in shape more convex and irre- gular. Eye in a confined hollow, not deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long. Skin greenish yellow, profusely sprinkled with brown specks, and partially russetted. Flesh white, melting, very juicy, with a rich high flavour, but with little perfume. Ripe the beginning to the end of November. A very fine and beautiful fruit, raised by Dr. Van Mons, and sent to the Horticultural Society, where it was exhibited in November 1816. 48. CRASANNE. Langley, t. 6,5. f. 5. Miller, No. 46. Duhamel, No. 49. t. 22. Beurre Plat. Knoop. Pom. p. 154. Fruit above the middle size, of a roundish turbinate figure, about two inches and a half deep, and a little A A 2 356 PEARS. more in diameter. Eye small, and placed in a deep narrow basin, something like the eye of an apple. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, crooked, slender, and in- serted in an open shallow cavity. Skin greenish yellow, thinly covered with a reticulated grey russet. Flesh ex-" tremely tender, buttery, and full of a rich saccharine juice. Ripe the beginning of November, and will keep till Christmas. The Crasanne ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> n September 20. O. S., or October 1. N. S. Langley. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince; but it is much better grafted upon the Pear stock. - M. de la Quintinie says, the Crasanne takes its name from ecrase (flattened or crushed), its form generally giving to the fruit the appearance of having been pressed down. It is a most excellent bearer upon an east or south-east wall, and one of the very best Pears of its season. Its time of keeping in perfection may be considerably lengthened, by gathering the crop at three different times ; the first, a fortnight or more before it is ripe ; the second, a week or ten days afterwards ; and the third, when fully ripe : this last gathering will be the first to be brought to table, the middle gathering the next, and the first will be the last in succession. By this mode of proceeding, this, as well as all the Autumnal Pears, may be kept several w r eeks longer ki perfection, especially after hot summers, than by the usual method of waiting till the crop is ripe, and then gathering the whole at once. 49- DOUBLE D'AUTOMNE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 227. Fruit middle-sized, in the form of a Bergamot, hand- somely round, without angles, and tapering towards the stalk. Eye small, open, with very slwrt segments of the calyx, sunk in a handsome, round, shallow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small PEARS. 357 oblique, slightly-lipped cavity. Skin an entire cinna- mon russet," through which a little green appears, the whole covered with numerous light grey specks. Flesh white, breaking, a little gritty, but mellow. Juice sac- charine, very excellent, with a little perfume. Ripe the end of October, and good all November. A very handsome new Pear, and very excellent when in perfection. 50. ECHASSERY. Miller, No. 55. Duhamel, No. 66. t.32. Bezy de Chassery. Ib. Bezy de Landey. Knoop. Pom. p. 134. Poire d'CEuf. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish, turbinate figure, something like a Citron, or the Ambrette, but smaller next the stalk, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, with an open flat calyx, placed in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, straight, a little knobby, in- serted in an irregularly formed cavity. Skin smooth, green, with a few grey specks, becoming yellow as it ripens. Flesh melting and buttery, with a rich, sugary, perfumed juice. Ripe in November, and will generally keep good till Christmas. This' succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 51. ELTOX. Hort. Tram. Vol. ii. p. 1. 1. 1. Fruit middle-sized, of an oval figure, a little broader towards the crown. Eye very small, nearly free from the segments of the calyx, and very slightly imbedded. Sf'tlk rather stout, straight, and deeply inserted. Skin of a greenish russetty grey, with numerous specks of a darker russet, and tinged with orange on the sunny side, which is generally towards the stalk, as the fruit is mostly pendent from the extremities of the branches. Flesh crisp when in perfection, and of an excellent A A 3 358 PEARS. flavour ; but will be mealy if kept too long upon the tree. Ripe the middle of September, and by gathering at different times, may be kept five weeks. Its season generally terminates with the commencement of the Autumn Bergamot. In 1812, the original tree, about 170 years of age, was standing in an orchard in the parish of Elton, in Here- fordshire, from whence it received its name from Mr. Knight, who thinks it may remain in health three cen- turies, as it is now in a very vigorous state of growth. It is much better as an open standard than if cultivated against a wall. 52. GANSEL'S BERGAMOT. Hooker, Pom.Lond. IJ. Pom. Mag. t. 35. Brocas Bergamot. Of some English Nurseries. Ives's Bergamot. Of the Norwich Gardens. Bonne Rouge. Of the French Gardens. Fruit ovate, very much flattened at the crown, of a very regular figure, quite destitute of angles, about three inches deep, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a very short calyx. Stalk short and fleshy, thickening on the back of its bent part. Skin dull brown, like that of the Brown Beurre, a little marked with dashes of a deeper colour. Flesh white, melting, very sweet, rich, and high flavoured. Ripe the middle of November, and will keep good a month. This most excellent Pear is a native of our own country, as appears by a letter from David Jebb, Esq., of Worcester, to John Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston, in 1818, in which he says, " the Gansel's Bergamot was obtained from a seed of the Autumn Bergamot, by his uncle, Lieutenant- General Gansel, at his seat at Donne* land Hill, near Colchester, about half a century ago, namely, in 1768." The Bonne Rouge of the French is PEARS. 359 evidently the same sort, and the name must have been given to it after its having been received from this coun- try. How it came to be named Brocas Bergamot does not appear ; the fruit bearing this name on the Con- tinent is the Easter Bergamot. It is much too tender to bear as an open standard in any part of England ; nor does it succeed as an espalier : it requires an east or a south-east wall, where it ripens perfectly. 53. GREEN SYLVANGE. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 430. Sylvange Vert. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 585. Bergamotte Sylvange. Jard. Fruit, t. 33. Fruit middle sized, in shape somewhat like a Berga^ motte. It is swoln in the middle, and irregular in its outline, usually flattened towards the head ; rounded towards the stalk, or terminated by a very blunt point. Eye small, and lies in a slightly depressed hollow, the edge of which is studded with small knobs. Stalk short, slender, obliquely inserted under a slight lip. Skin rough, of a bright green on the shaded side ; but where exposed to the sun of a deeper green, sprinkled with grey spots, and marked with almost black blotches. Flesh green near the skin, white in the centre, fine, soft, and melting, with a saccharine juice, of a peculiarly agreeable flavour. Ripe in October, and will keep two months. This succeeds best on the Pear, not on the Quince. There are three sorts of Pears called Sylvanges ; the yellow, the long, and the green, which derive their name from a hamlet, situated about two miles west of the road leading from Metz to Thionville ; of these the green is the most esteemed. All the Sylvanges are rather tender where they are natives ; they will, of course, require a wall in this country, and a favourable aspect. 54. GREY DOYENNE. Pom. Mag. t. 74. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 230. Duhamel, 84. t.4rj. Jard^ Fruit. Vol. iii. p. 114. t. 41. A A 4 360 PEARS. Red Doyenne, Doyenne Gris, Doyenne Roux, of some Collections, accord- ing to the Pom. Mag. Doyenne d'Automne, . Fruit not quite so large as that of the White Doy- enne, and more turbinate, about two inches and three quarters, or three inches long, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye very small, mostly closed, and placed in a shallow impression. Stalk half an inch long, stout, rather deeply inserted in a narrow short-lipped cavity. Skin covered with a bright cinnamon russet ; occasion- ally, in high ripened specimens, red next the sun. Flesh yellowish white, rich, melting, and sugary, of excellent flavour. Ripe the end of October, and will keep a few weeks. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. A very handsome and hardy fruit, highly deserving of cultivation. 55. JALOUSIE. Duhamel, No. 86. t. 47. f. 3. Fruit pretty large, of a roundish turbinate figure, pinched in a little towards the stalk, about three inches long, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, rather deeply sunk, in a wide well formed hollow. Stalk an inch long, curved, and inserted in a small round cavity. Skin of a thin russetty or chestnut colour on the shaded side ; but of a dull red where exposed to the sun. Flesh soft and buttery, with a saccharine juice, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe the end of October and beginning of November. This languishes and perishes in a few years on the Quince. 56. LANSAC. Miller, No. 47- Duhamel, No* 109. t.57- D.auphine. Ib. Satin. Ib. Fruit below the middle size, nearly globular, about PEARS. 361 two inches deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, with a recurved calyx, placed on the convex part of the apex. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, straight, with a strong curb or embossment next its insertion in the fruit. Skin smooth, of a yellowish green colour. Flesh yellowish, melting, with a sugary, slightly per- fumed juice. Ripe in November, and will keep till Christmas. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 57. MOOR-FOWL EGG. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 416. Fruit rather small, of a globular-ovate figure, abruptly tapering from the middle, both to the crown and the stalk, about two inches and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, open, with a short, slen- der, strigose calyx, placed in a rather narrow and shallow basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slightly inserted by the side of a small elongated lip. Skin pale yellow, mixed with green, and tinged on the sunny side with a lively orange-brown, interspersed with numerous minute russetty spots* Flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, but tender and mellow. Juice sugary, with a slight perfume. Ripe the end of September, and will keep two or three weeks. This is a Scotch variety, and partakes something of the Swan's Egg. It is a desirable and hardy fruit. 58. PRINCESS OF ORANGE. Pom. Mag. t. 71- Princesse d'Orange. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 277 Fruit roundish, turbinate, about the size of a White Beurre, two inches and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Skin a bright reddish-orange russet. Flesh yellowish white, sugary, and rich ; it is in some seasons perfectly melting, but occasionally is a little gritty. It is in perfection in October. 362 PEAES. . This succeeds equally well upon the Pear and the Quince. The Princess of Orange is a very handsome and de- sirable autumn Pear. It was raised in 1802 by the Comte de Coloma, as we learn from the Hort. Trans. 69. Swiss BERGAMOT. Miller, No. 33. Bergamotte Suisse. Duhamel, 4/7. t. 20. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat turbinate, and pinched in towards the stalk ; about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, in a shallow depressed basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, a little warted, inserted in a small oblique cavity. Skin green, striped with red, turning yellow as it ripens. Flesh melting, and full of juice, but not so high flavoured as in other Bergamots. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. 60. VARIEGATED CRASANNE. Crasanne Panachee. Duhamel, No. 50. t. 23. Fruit scarcely differing from the Crasanne described before, of which it is a variety. The branches are not so strong, and the leaves have a very lively appearance, the entire margin of each being of a pale yellow when they first expand, and become white when fully grown. It makes a very handsome appearance in the shrub- bery among other ornamental trees ; but its fruit can only be obtained by planting it against a warm wall. SECT. IV. Autumnal Conical-fruited. 61. AH, MON DIEU. Duhamel, No. 38. Po^e d'Amour. } f the French Gardem * Fruit rather small, of an oblong turbinate figure, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in PEARS. 363 diameter. Eye small, rather prominent, surrounded by a few slight plaits. Stalk an inch long, rather stout, curved, with a small embossment at its insertion. Skin yellow on the shaded side, but of a beautiful red, with numerous darker dots, where exposed to the sun. Flesh white, tender, and full of a very rich perfumed juice. It ripens upon the tree the end of September, and will not keep above two or three weeks. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 62. A LEX ANDRE DE RUSSIE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 5. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat obliquely pyra- midal, with a very uneven knobby surface, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, with short narrow segments of the calyx, placed in a shallow, narrow, plaited hollow. Stalk half an inch long, thick, almost horizontally in* serted under an elongated knobby lip. Skin greenish yellow, but almost wholly covered with a cinnamon- grey russet. Flesh almost white, gritty, but tender and mellow. Juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the beginning and middle of October, but will not keep more than two or three weeks. This is a very fine Bonchretien-shaped variety, which has been lately raised in Flanders, and sent to the Hor- ticultural Society, in whose garden it, in 1830, produced some uncommonly fine fruit upon an open standard, from which this description is taken. 63. AUTUMN COLMAR. Hort. Gard. Coll. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, in shape that of a Colmar, but irregular in its outline, about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a short converging calyx, slightly sunk in an uneven depression. Stalk an inch long, straight, inserted in a small uneven cavity. Skin pale yellow, sprinkled with russetty specks, which become broader on the sunny 364 PEARS. side, and spread into a thin russet. Flesh rather gritty but mellow, with a sugary and slightly perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning of October, but will not keep more than two or three weeks in perfection. This is another of the new Flemish Pears, grown in the Horticultural Society's Garden at Chiswick, and bears extremely well upon an open standard. 64. BELLE LUCRATIVE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 41. Fondante d'Automne. Ib. No. 269- , Fruit middle-sized, round in its outline, tapering to the stalk, and a little uneven in its surface, about three inches deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, with a very short calyx, in a shallow rather oblique impression. Stalk an inch long, strong, curved, inserted in a very narrow, oblique, shallow cavity. Skin pale yellow, mixed with green, slightly russetted. Flesh a little gritty, but very soft, mellow, and tender. Juice abundant, sugary, with a slight musky perfume* Ripe the beginning and middle of October, but will not keep above two or three weeks. Another of the new Flemish Pears, grown in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, on an open standard. It is good and handsome. 6,5. BELLISSIME D'AUTOMNE. .Duhamel, No. 12. 1. 19. f. 1. Vermilion. Ib. Petit Certeau. Jard. Fruit, t. 27. Fruit middle-sized, of a long pyramidal shape, some- what like the Jargonelle, about three inches long, and two inches in diameter. Eye pretty deep. Stalk an inch long, thickened next the fruit, and obliquely in- serted. Skin smooth, yellow on the shaded side ; but of a bright red, and full of grew specks, where fully ex- posed to the sun. Flesh white, crisp ; on some soils it is half buttery. Juice sweet, and highly flavoured. PEARS. 365 Ripe the middle and end of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 66. BEURRE KNOX. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 104. Fruit above the middle size, oblong, in form some- what like the Brown Beurre, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in dia- meter. Eye small, open, in a very narrow shallow depression. Stalk an inch long, crooked, diagonally inserted under a short, knobby, elongated lip. Skin pale green, with a little thin brownish-grey russet on the sunny side. Flesh a little gritty, but mellow. Juice saccharine, but without any peculiar flavour. Ripe the middle and end of October, and will keep a few weeks in perfection. Another of th'e newly raised Flemish Pears, grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 67. BEZY DE MOXTIGXY. Duhamel, No. 83. t. 44, f. 6. Trouve de Montigny. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 122. Fruit middle-sized, pyramidal, somewhat like the Bezy de la Motte in figure, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter, compressed towards the stalk. Eye small, with a re- flexed calyx, in a round shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, stout, inserted in a small oblique-lipped cavity. Skin very smooth, green, turning yellow as it becomes matured. Flesh white, a little gritty, but melting, with a sugary somewhat musky juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of Oc- tober. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 68. BEZY VAET. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 407. Fruit somewhat of the shape of a Swan's Egg, but larger. Eye a little sunk. Stalk an inch long. Skin dull green, covered with russetty spots. Flesh yellowish, 366 PEARS. perfectly melting, remarkably sweet, and very agreeably perfumed. Ripe in November, and will keep a month or more. Raised by M. Parmentier, at Enghien, and exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820. 69. BISHOP'S THUMB. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 126. Fruit long, rather slender, slightly tapering from the crown to the stalk, having an irregular and slightly knobby outline, in the manner of the Calebasse, about three inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, open, with slender segments of the calyx, slightly sunk in an uneven hollow. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, recurved, and obliquely inserted in a two-lipped cavity. Skin dark green, almost wholly covered with an iron-coloured russet, on the sunny side of a dark rufous brown, thickly sprinkled with grey russetty dots. Flesh greenish yellow, melt- ing, with an abundance of rich, saccharine, high- flavoured juice. Ripe the middle to the end of October. A very excellent Pear, although its figure is far from being handsome. Decidedly distinct from Calebasse. 70. BONCHRETIEN FoNDANTE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 138. Fruit above the middle size, oblong, with a pretty regular outline, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a closed calyx, slightly sunk in a narrow and pretty regular hollow. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather stout, curved, and slightly inserted in a narrow round cavity. Skin pale green, a good part of which is covered with a deep cinnamon russet, thickly sprinkled with light-coloured russetty specks. Flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, but rich and buttery, and full of a highly sacharine rich-flavoured juice. Ripe the end of October, and will keep good a month. PEARS. 367 This most excellent Pear is also a newly raised Flemish variety, grown in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, on an open standard. 71. BROWN BEURRE. Miller, No. 34. Pom. Mag. t. 114. Beurre. OfDuhamel, 75. t. 38. Beurre Gris. Knoop. Pom. p. 135, Beurre Rouge. Ib. Beurre Dore. Ib. Beurre d'Anjou. Ib. Beurre d'Or. Ib. Beurre d' Ambleuse. Ib. Beurre d'Amboise. Ib. Poire d'Amboise. Ib. Isambert. Ib. Red Beurre, "],**.& / * r < * i Golden Beurre, I / En ^ Catalogue, accord- Beurre du Roi, J m ^ to the Pom ' Ma Z' Fruit large, of an oblong figure, about four inches long, and three inches in diameter, tapering to the stalk. Eye small, with a converging calyx, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather stout, and thickening obliquely into the fruit* Skin greenish yellow, appearing through a covering of thin russet, coloured more or less with brown or red on the sunny side. Flesh white, with some greenish veins through it, melting, buttery, juicy, rich and excellent. Ripe in October, and will keep good only a few weeks. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. This highly esteemed and well known Pear has had many different names assigned to it, as will be seen by the synonyms above quoted, and it has probably many more. Those which relate to colour, such as Grey, Golden, and Red, have originated from trees on dif- ferent stocks, on different soils, and in different situ- 368 PEARS. ations, of climate and of aspect, which, the practical gardener is well aware, contribute materially, not only to the colour of the Pear, but of the Apple and the Peach. Other names, and of these not a few, arise from the locality of places where the fruit happens to be cultivated. The Beurre Pear in France, as well as in this country, is esteemed as the best of its season. It is, however, a very tender tree, and more frequently cankered than any other Pear cultivated in English gardens ; on this account alone it is absolutely necessary to plant it against a wall, upon a sound dry soil, and against a south or south-east aspect. Without attend- ing to these particulars in the Brown Beurre Pear, all attempts to obtain fine and perfect specimens of fruit will be attended with disappointment. 72. CALEB ASSE. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 164. Calebasse Musquee. Knoop. Pom. p. 94. t. 3. Fruit long, very irregular in figure, broadly angular, and knobby, about four inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter, compressed below the middle, and bent. Eye open, with a very short acute calyx. Stalk one inch and a half long, bent, obliquely inserted under one or two knobby lips. Skin greyish yellow, tinged with a deeper yellow on the sunny side, and partially covered with a thin orange-grey russet. Flesh break- ing a little gritty, with a very saccharine and plentiful juice. Ripe the end of September, and will keep two fcr three weeks. 73. CAPIAUMONT. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 406. Capiaumont. Pom. Mag. t. 59. Beurre de Capiaumont. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 91. Fruit middle-sized, turbinate, regularly tapering to the stalk, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye not at all sunk, but level with the extremity. Stalk scarcely half an inch PEARS. 369 long, inserted without any cavity. Skin a fine clear cinnamon, fading into yellow in the shade, and acquir- ing a rich bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, melting, buttery, very rich, and highly flavoured. Ripe the middle of October, and will keep for two or three weeks. This succeeds equally well upon the Pear and the Quince. It is one of the best of those varieties raised in Flanders during the period when so large an accession was made to the cultivated fruits of that country. It is recorded to have owed its origin to a M. Capiaumont, of Mons. The first specimens which were seen in this country came to the Horticultural Society in 1820, from M. Parmentier, of Enghien. It bears well as a standard, but is best cultivated as an open dwarf, grafted upon a Quince stock. 74. CHAT-BRULE. Duhamel, No. 116. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, placed in a shallow plaited hollow. Stalk an inch long, obliquely inserted. Skin smooth, shining, of a pale yellow, but of a dark brown on the sunny side. Flesh melting, but not very juicy, and if kept too long is apt to grow meally. 75. DARIMONT. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 215. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, in some specimens slightly pyramidal, tapering a little towards the stalk, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, open, the segments of the calyx generally falling off before the fruit is fully grown, placed in a very narrow shallow depression, and sur- rounded by a few slightly radiated plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small uneven cavity, sometimes obliquely inserted under a small elongated lip. Skin a complete yellowish grey russet, B B 370 PEARS. sprinkled with numerous scabrous specks. Flesh white, gritty, but melting, with a saccharine, slightly musky, and somewhat astringent juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of Oc- tober. This is another of the new Flemish Pears, grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 76. DELICES D'ARDENPONT. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 217. Fruit above the middle size, oblong pyramidal, en- larged beyond the middle, and compressed towards the stalk, with an uneven and somewhat knobby surface, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a short con- verging calyx, in a narrow shallow depression, sur- rounded by a few slight obtusely knobby plaits. Stalk an inch long, rather thick, curved, inserted in a rather oblique narrow cavity. Skin pale yellow, full of small grey russetty dots, and partially covered with a thin cinnamon-coloured russet. Flesh yellowish white, rather gritty, but very mellow when matured, and full of a sugary, slightly astringent, pleasant, somewhat musky, perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of October. This is another of those very fine Pears lately intro- duced from Flanders, and grown in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. It was raised by the late Counsellor Hardenpont, of Mons, by whom a number of other good Flemish Pears were obtained from seed some years ago. 77. DILLEN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 119. Gros Dillen. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 223. Fruit ovate, irregularly turbinate, about three inches and a half long, and nearly three inches in diameter, flat. Stalk short and thick. Skin yellowish green, PEARS. 371 slightly speckled with brown. Flesh white, with a slight musky flavour, and very little core. Ripe early in October, and will keep a few weeks. A fine buttery Pear of the first order, and very hand- some. It was received by the Horticultural Society from Dr. Van Mons, of Brussels, in 1817- 78. DOYENNE PANACHE. Hart. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 177- Fruit in form the same as the Grey Doyenne, but tapers a little more towards the stalk. Skin a bright clear yellow, faintly striped with green and red, and sprinkled all over with small russetty brown dots. Flesh white, melting, sweet, and very agreeable ; but it is not so high-flavoured as the Grey Doyenne. In eating from October till Christmas. 79. DOYENNE SANTELETE. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 241. Fruit above the middle size, pyramidally oblong, not much unlike a Chaumantelle in shape, but narrow at the crown, and more compressed towards the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, with a very shut strigose calyx, slightly sunk in a narrow obtusely angular hollow. Stalk an inch long or more, curved, very slightly inserted, sometimes a little obliquely, in a nar- row base. Skin pale green, thinly covered with de- tached specks of grey russet, which are more numerous round the stalk. Flesh white, a little gritty, but tender. Juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep till the end. This is a very fine handsome Pear from Flanders, grown in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 80. DUCHESS OF ANGOULEME. Pom. Mag. t. 76. Duchesse d'Angouleme. Hart. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 176. t. 3. Bon Jard. 1829, p. 328. B B 2 372 PEARS. Fruit large, roundish-oblong, tapering towards the stalk, with an extremely uneven knobby surface, usually measuring about three inches and a half each way, or four inches deep, and three inches and a half in diameter, but sometimes much larger. Eye deeply sunk in an irregular hollow. Stalk an inch long, stout, deeply inserted in an irregular cavity. Skin dull yellow, copiously and irregularly spotted with broad russet patches. Flesh rich, melting, very juicy, and high- flavoured, with a most agreeable perfume. Ripe in October and November. This succeeds extremely well on the Quince, as well as the Pear. The Duchess of Angouleme, the very finest of the late autumn Pears, is said to have been found wild in a hedge of the Forest of Armaille, near Angers. It arrives at a weight unusual in Pears that are fit for the dessert. Jersey specimens have been seen, which mea- sured four inches and three quarters long, and four inches and a half in diameter, weighing twenty-two ounces. The trees bear very early and certainly, especially if grafted upon the Quince stock, for which the sort is particularly well adapted. It is said to have derived its name from having been found in July, 1815, when the reigning family in France returned, for the second time, to the head of the government. 81. ENGLISH BEURRE, of some Collections. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. SO?. Beurre d'Angleterre. Duhamel, No. 76. t. 39. Fruit middle-sized, of an oval pyramidal figure, very regularly formed at the crown, and tapering to the stalk; about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, with a short con- nivent calyx, very little depressed. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slender, inserted without any cavity. PEARS. 373 Skin smooth, of a greenish grey, a little tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh white, very buttery, and replete with a sugary and very agreeable juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. This succeeds only on the Pear, not on the Quince. It is clearly distinct from the Brown Beurre, as it does not succeed when grafted upon the Quince ; the other succeeds well on both. 82. FLEMISH BEAUTY. Pom. Mag. t. 128. Bouche Nouvelle. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 451. Brilliant. Ib. 157. Fondante de Bois. Ib. 270. Imperatrice de la France. Ib. 338. La Belle de Flandres. Ib. 40. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather large, oblong, a little uneven in its out- line, and somewhat elongated on the side opposite to the branch on which it grows ; about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, with a short calyx, prominently placed on a flat crown, or in a very slight depression. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a narrow oblique cavity. Skin pale yellow, the greater part of which is covered with a thin cinnamon russet, having a faint streak or two of pale brown appearing through on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, but becoming tender and mellow, and full of a rich, saccharine, slightly musky juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep a month or longer. A very fine Flemish variety, grown in the Horticul- tural Garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. It ought to be gathered before it is fully ripe, otherwise it loses much of its goodness. 83. FRANCHIPANNE. Duhamel, No. 85. t. 47. f. 2. Frangipane. " Jard. Fruit, t. 41. B B 3 374 PEARS. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, compressed between the middle and the stalk ; about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye rather large, seated in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk an inch long, strong, bent, and obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Skin smooth, of a clear yellow or citron colour, but of a bright red on the sunny side. Flesh melting, with a sugary perfumed juice. Ripe the end of October and beginning of November. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 84. GENDESEIM. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 287. Fruit middle-sized, pyramidal, a little uneven in its outline, about three inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, rather open, in a narrow, shallow depression. Stalk an inch long, crooked, diagonally inserted, under a large, curved, elongated lip. Skin yellowish green, full of grey specks, and slightly covered with thin patches of grey russet. Flesh a little gritty, but mellow, and full of a saccharine, rich, and slightly musky juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of Oc- tober. This is another of the new Flemish Pears, which is grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 85. GREEN SUGAR. Miller, No. 42. Sucre-vert. Duhamel, No. 68. t. 34. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat oblong, but very regu- larly formed, a little in the manner of a Bergamotte, but narrower towards the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, with a diverging calyx, in a very slight, narrow depression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, strong, slightly inserted in a small uneven cavity. Skin smooth, very green, which continues till it is ripe. Flesh PEARS. 375 a little gritty, but very buttery. Juice abundant, highly sugary, and of a very agreeable musky flavour. Ripe the middle and end of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. *85. HACON'S INCOMPARABLE. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat turbinate, and a little irregular in its outline, occasioned by one or two slightly protuberant angles near its crown ; about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye small, open ; segments of the calyx short and narrow, slightly sunk in a rather wide uneven depression. Stalk an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a somewhat lipped and rather deep cavity. Skin rugose, pale yellow, or yel- lowish white, a good deal mixed with green, and partially covered with a greyish orange russet, particularly round the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, slightly gritty, but very buttery and melting. Juice abundant, very sac- charine, extremely rich, and possessing a high, musky, and perfumed flavour. In perfection in November and December. This very valuable and excellent Pear was raised by Mr. James Gent Hacon, of Downham Market, in Nor- folk, from a seed of what is called in that neighbour- hood Rayner's Norfolk Seedling. The tree is an open standard, about sixteen years old, and sixteen feet high, with pendulous branches, which reach nearly to the ground. It bears most abundantly, and may be justly considered one of the best Pears ever raised in this country. It was exhibited at the meeting of the Horti- cultural Society in Norwich on the lyth November, 1830, when it obtained the silver medal as a prize. 86. HAZEL PEAR. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 310. Fruit rather small, oval, somewhat turbinate, about * No. 85. is inserted twice, in consequence of Hacon's Incom- parable having been sent roe after the numerical arrangement had been completed. B B 4 376 PEARS. two inches long, and one inch and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a very short acute calyx, placed in a rather shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, obliquely in- serted. Skin yellowish, very- much freckled. Flesh nearly white, with a very pleasant and agreeable juice. Ripe the end of October, and will keep a few weeks only. It is uncertain where this Pear originated. It is now extensively cultivated by the Scotch nurserymen ; and for its early bearing, and abundant produce, it is by them highly esteemed. 87 HENRY THE FOURTH. Henri Quatre. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 324. Fruit below the middle size, pyramidal, and somewhat oblique at the crown, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter broad. Eye small, open, with a short slender calyx, slightly sunk in a narrow, shallow, oblique depression. Stalk an inch long, crooked, curved, obliquely inserted under a small elongated lip. Skin pale yellow, mixed with green ; on the sunny side of an orange-brown, and full of small, grey, russetty specks, which are the more numerous as they approach the crown. Flesh pale yellow, a little gritty, but very ten- der and melting. Juice abundant, highly saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the end of September, and will keep a few weeks only. This is a very excellent dessert Pear, and is grown ii^ the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick upon an open standard. 88. INCOMMUNICABLE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 340. L* Incommunicable. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. App. ii. p. 6. Fruit above the middle size, pyramidal, and com- pressed towards the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, closed by a very short slender calyx, and placed in a very - PEARS. 377 slight narrow depression. Stalk half an inch long, stout, bent, diagonally inserted beneath a small elongated lip. >'//// pale grass-green, thickly sprinkled with small grey russetty specks. Flesh yellowish white, tinged near the cone with a light shade of orange colour, a little gritty, but melting. Juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the middle to the end of October. It is difficult to conceive the origin of this singular name. It has been attached to one of those newly raised Flemish varieties which bear so well and so regularly in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick upon an open standard. 89. KEISER. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 360. Fruit middle-sized, turbinate, gradually tapering from the middle to the stalk, about three inches deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with very short erect segments of the calyx, placed in a very nar- row depression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, thick, and woody. Skin pale green, becoming yellowish green, thickly sprinkled with small grey russetty specks, and russetty round the stalk. Flesh greenish white, a little gritty, but melting. Juice saccharine, without any peculiar flavour. Ripe the middle of October, and will keep some weeks. This is also another of those hardy Pears which bear so plentifully upon an open standard, in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. 90. LOUIS-BONNE. Miller, No. 53. Duhqmel, No. 97- t. 53. Fruit pretty large, somewhat pyramidal, much in the manner of the Saint Germain, but more rounded at the crown, and not so slender towards the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, very little sunk. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, straight, rather obliquely in- serted, with a curb or embossment next the fruit. Skin 378 PEARS. very smooth, of a pale green, becoming a little yellow as it approaches maturity. Flesh extremely tender, and full of an excellent, saccharine, well-flavoured juice. Ripe in November, and will keep till Christmas. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 91. MARIE LOUISE. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 519- t. 20. Pom. Mag. 1. 122. Fruit long ovate, something like a Saint Germain, but more angular in its outline, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye open, placed in an oblique, somewhat knobby hol- low. Stalk one inch and a half long, obliquely inserted in a small uneven cavity. Skin greenish, but when fully matured of a rich yellow, clouded with light brown russet on the sunny side. Flesh inclining to yellow, perfectly melting, with abundance of saccharine, highly vinous juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of October. This most excellent Pear, in favourable seasons, at- tains a much larger size, being sometimes five inches long and three inches broad. It was raised by the Abbe Duquesne, and sent by Dr. Van Mons, of Brussels, to the Horticultural Society in 1816. It bears well as a standard. 92. MARQUISE. Duhamel, No. 93. t. 49. Marchioness. Miller, No. 43. Fruit pretty large, somewhat oval, swelled very much towards the crown, and suddenly narrowed towards the stalk ; about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, placed in a moderately deep narrow basin. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, stout, bent, obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Skin pale green, shaded with darker, with numerous grey dots, but which becomes yellow as it approaches maturity, with a slight blush on the sunny side. Flesh white, breaking, replete with juice of an agreeable musky flavour. PEARS. 379 Ripe the end of October, and will keep two or three weeks. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 93. MESSIRE JEAN. Miller, No. 37. Messire Jean. Duhamel, 55. t. 26. Messire Jean dore. Ib. Chaulis. Jard. Fruit, t. 34. Fruit middle-sized, flatly turbinate, but somewhat narrowed at each extremity, about two inches and a half deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, open, with an erect calyx, placed in a shal- low plaited basin. Stalk an inch long, benj, inserted in a somewhat funnel-shaped cavity. Skin rather rough, yellow, covered almost wholly with a fine, thin, brown russet. Flesh white, crisp, breaking, and full of a rich saccharine juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep a month. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The Messire Jean is a very excellent autumn Pear, and deserves to be generally cultivated. There have been other names given to it, such as Gfrey, Yellow, and Wliite; they are all the same sort, and these colours arise, as was said of the Brown Beurre, from the dif- ferent soils, situations, and stocks on which they are grafted, and also from the different ages of the trees themselves. 94. NAPOLEON. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 104. and Vol. iv. p. 215. Pom. Mag. t. 75. Medaille. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 401. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, the form of a Colmar, angular about the eye, a good deal contracted in the middle, about three inches and three quarters long, and three inches in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, a little depressed. Stalk half an inch long, thick, straight ; in some specimens diagonally inserted under a large, elong- 380 PEARS." ated, curved lip. Skin smooth, bright green, in which state it remains for some time after the fruit is gathered; it finally changes to a pale green, when the flesh becomes very melting, with a most unusual abundance of rich agreeable juice. Ripe the middle of November, and remains in per- fection several days. This succeeds equally well upon the Pear and the Quince. The Napoleon Pear is an excellent variety, raised by Dr. Van Mons, at Louvain, and thence sent to this country in 1816. It is a profuse bearer upon an east or west wall ; it also succeeds as an open dwarf grafted upon the Quince, and as a common standard. 95. NEW BRIDGE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 430. Fruit below the middle size, of a turbinate figure, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a short slender calyx. Crown flat, not depressed. Stalk an inch long, a little obliquely inserted. Skin dull grey, covered with thin grey russet, and of a light, lively, shining brown on the sunny side. Flesh melting, a little gritty, with a sugary juice, but without any peculiar flavour. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October, and will not keep longer than a few weeks. This is another of the new hardy Pears which are produced upon open standards in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. 96. POIRE DE LOUVAINE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 381. Fruit middle-sized, pyramidal, uneven on its surface, three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, closed with small short segments of the calyx, sunk in a narrow hollow. Stalk half an inch long, curved, obliquely inserted. Skin dull green, mixed with yellow, full of russetty spots, and a little russetted PEARS. 381 round the eye. Flesh very tender, slightly gritty, and full of a rich, very saccharine, musky juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and fine till the end. This is a very excellent Pear, and one of those culti- vated in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick as an open standard. It highly deserves cultivation. 97. POIRE FIGUE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 266. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong figure, irregularly formed by the outward side being considerably more elongated than the inner one next the tree, giving it a curved direction, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, with very short segments of the calyx. Stalk an inch long, curved, diagonally inserted under a broad, elong- ated lip. Skin dull green, almost wholly covered with a thin grey russet, with scarcely any additional colouring where exposed to the sun. Flesh a little gritty, but mellow, with abundance of rich, saccharine, and slightly musky juice. Ripe the end of October, and will keep good a month. This is not the Poire de Figue of KNOOP. It is one of those hardy varieties bearing as an open standard in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick ; and, although not handsome, is a very excellent Pear. 98. POIRE NEILL. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 431. Fruit large, pyramidally turbinate, generally a little flattened on its opposite sides, and tapering to the stalk. In some specimens the outer side is considerably more elongated than the inner one next the branch on which it grows, nearly four inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye open, rather deeply sunk in an irregular hollow. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, obliquely inserted in a narrow uneven cavity. Skin pale yellow, intermixed with green, a good deal mottled and marked with thin grey russet. Flesh white, a little 382 PEARS. gritty, but very soft and mellow, abounding with a saccharine and slightly musky juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and good to the end. This very fine and handsome Pear is one of those lately introduced from Flanders into the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, where it is grown as an open standard. 99. RICHE DEPOUILLE. Hort. Trans. Vol.v. p. 409. Riche d'Apoie. Ib. Fruit somewhat resembling the Saint Germain in shape and size, and tapering considerably towards the stalk. Eye prominent. Stalk one inch and a half long, rather thick. Skin of a clear citron yellow, with a slight tinge of bright red on the sunny side, a little mottled with russet, and rough like the skin of an orange. Flesh white, melting, not perfumed, but sweet and very pleasant. Ripe in the autumn and winter months. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. Raised some years ago on the Continent, and was brought into this country under the name of Riche d'Apoie. 100. ROUSSELINE. Miller, No. 40. Duhamel, No. 37. t. 15. Muscat a longue queue de la fin d'Automne. Ib. Fruit small, of a somewhat oblong figure, swelled out in the middle, tapering to the crown, and compressed towards the stalk, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and a half in diameter. Eye very small, with a converging calyx, placed in a rather hollow-, plaited basin. Stalk one inch and three quarters long, slender, inserted in a small cavity. Skin smooth, of a greenish yellow on the shaded side, but where fully exposed to the sun, of a lively deep red, sprinkled with numerous grey specks. Flesh very tender and delicate, with a sweet and agreeably perfumed juice. PEARS. 383 Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep a month. This succeeds on the Pear, but not at all on the Quince. 101. SECKLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 256. t. 9- Pom. Mag. t. 72. New York Red Cheek. Hort. Soc. Cat. 432. Sycle, 1 of some Collections, accord- Red-cheeked Seckle, J ing to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather small, somewhat turbinate, a little com- pressed towards the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, open, with a very short calyx, prominently placed on the convex apex. Stalk half an inch long, obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Skin dull brown, or brownish green, with a very bright red cheek. Flesh tender, juicy, melting, peculiarly rich and high-flavoured, with a powerful but most agreeable aroma, totally dif- ferent from that usually perceived in perfumed Pears. Ripe the middle and end of October. This beautiful and excellent little Pear ranks among the richest of the American varieties. An account of it was transmitted by Dr. Hosack, of New York, to the Horticultural Society in 181 9> extracted from COXE'S work on American Fruit Trees, p. 189. It bears its fruit in clusters at the ends of the branches, is very hardy as an open standard, ripening its fruit with certainty; but they do not keep in perfection more than a few days. 102. SWAN'S EGG. Langley, t. 64. f. 4. Of all English Gardens. Fruit small, of an oval, turbinate figure, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a very short calyx, prominently placed on the apex, surrounded by a few wrinkled plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, somewhat ob- liquely inserted, with but little cavity. Skin greenish yellow, covered on the sunny side with dull brown, inter- 384 PEARS. mixed with small russetty specks. Flesh soft and melt- ing, with a very rich musky saccharine juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October, and will keep only a few weeks in perfection. The Swan's Egg Pear is known to every gardener and dealer in fruit in every county in England ; its great certainty in bearing, and the excellence of its fruit, render it an universal favourite. The tree is readily distinguished in the orchard from almost every sort, by its upright and spire-like growth. 103. URBANISTE. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 411. Fruit pyramidally ovate, very even in form, but com- pressed towards the stalk ; about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye a little sunk in a very narrow crown. Stalk an inch long, obliquely inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Skin pale green, inclining to yellow, profusely sprinkled with greenish specks, with small patches of grey russet dispersed over its whole surface, but more particularly round the eye and the stalk. Flesh white towards the outside, but deepens to a reddish yellow next the core, which is large, and possesses a small quantity of grit ; it is, nevertheless, quite melting, juicy, and very sweet, with a little perfume. Ripe the end of September and beginning of Oc- tober. Raised by the Count de Coloma, of Malines ; and specimens of the fruit were exhibited at the Horticu^l- tural Society from that gentleman in 1823. 104. VERTE LONGUE. Miller, No. 36. Duhamel, No. ?3. Mouille-bouche. Ib. Muscat-fleure. Bon Jard. 1827. p. 311. Fruit pretty large, of a long pyramidal figure, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with an open calyx, pro- PEARS. 385 minently seated on the convex summit. Stalk an inch long, straight, inserted without any cavity. Skin green, which continues till its maturity. Flesh white, melting, and very full of a saccharine, well-flavoured juice. Ripe the middle of October, and will keep a few weeks only. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but it is best on the Pear on dry, hot soils. 105. VERTE LONGUE PANACHEE. Duhamel, 74. t. 37. Verte longue Suisse. Ib. Culotte de Suisse. Jard. Fruit, t. 38. This in no way differs from the preceding one, except in being rather less, and in its striped fruit, which is beau- tifully coloured with green, yellow, and red. It ripens also at the same time, and succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but, like the former, it is best on the Pear for dry soils. 106. VIGNE. Miller, No. 39. Duhamel, No. 110. t. 58. f. 2. Demoiselle. Ib. Fruit small, of a turbinate figure, about one inch and three quarters long, and one inch and a half in diameter. Eye large and open. Stalk two inches long, slender, inserted in a small cavity. Skin rough, of a dull red colour, quite round, and full of grey specks. Flesh melting, and full of a pretty good juice. Ripe the middle and end of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 107. WHITE DOYENNE. Pom. Mag. t. 60. Doyenne Blanc. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 233. Doyenne. Duhamel, 81. t. 43. Beurre Blanc. Ib. Bonne-ante. Ib. Saint Michel. Ib. c c 386 PEARS. Carlisle. Citron de Septembre. Kaiserbirne. Poire a courte queue. Poire de Limon. Poire de Neige. Of various Collections, ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Poire de Seigneur. Poire Monsieur. Valencia. White Beurre. Fruit pretty large, roundish oblong, narrowest at the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye very small, with small, acute, closed segments of the calyx, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather thick, inserted in a small cavity ; in some specimens it is diagonally inserted under a small elong- ated lip. Skin pale citron yellow, speckled throughout, more or less, with cinnamon russet, and tinged with orange brown on the sunny side. Flesh white, juicy, very buttery, and delicious. Ripe the end of September, and good for three or four weeks. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. An old and excellent Pear, bearing well in this country upon an open standard. It is one of the best to graft upon the Quince, and to cultivate en quenouille. It is best known in our gardens, and to English nursery- men, by the name of White Beurre. SECT. V. Winter Hound-fruited. 108. AMBRETTE. Miller, No. 57. Duhamel, No. 65. t. 31. Ambre Gris, Knoop. Pom. p. 134. Ambrette Grise. Ib. Ambrette d'Hiver. Ib. PEARS. 38? Belle Gabrielle. Ib. Troinpe Valet. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish figure, but rather larger at the crown than at the stalk ; about two inches and a half or two inches and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, with an open, re- flexed, flat calyx, placed in a very shallow impression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, stout, inserted in a very small cavity. Skin of a russet colour. Flesh melting, with a sugary musky juice. In eating from November till January. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but it is more productive upon the latter stock. 109. BERGAMOTTE DE SOULERS. Duhamel 9 No.5l f t.44. f.l. Bonne de Soulers. Ib. Fruit rather large, of a roundish turbinate figure ; about two inches and three quarters long, and the same in diameter, broadest in the middle, and narrowed to each extremity. Eye small, within a shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, strong, curved, and inserted in an oblique cavity. Skin smooth, of a greenish white, full of green specks, but of a brownish red on the sunny side. Flesh buttery and melting, with a sweet agree- able juice. In eating in January and through March. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 110. EASTER BERGAMOT. Miller, No. 69. Bergamotte Bugi. Ib. Bergamotte de Paques. Duhamel, 52. t. 24. Bergamotte d'Hiver. Ib. La Grilliere. Knoop. Pom. p. 134. Paddington. Tarling. Terling. Winter Bergamot. . Of some Nurseries. c c 388 PEARS. Fruit pretty large, of a roundish turbinate figure ; three inches or more deep, and the same in diameter, but broadest at the crown. Eye small, closed, and sunk in a shallow basin. Stalk short, thick, inserted a little obliquely in a small shallow cavity. Skin green, quite round, and covered with numerous grey specks ; but when matured it turns of a yellowish grey. Flesh white, half buttery, with a sugary, well-flavoured juice. In eating from January till April or May. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The Easter Bergamot has been a long time in this country, having been planted at Hampton Court in the time of Queen Elizabeth. It requires a south or south- east wall, and a dry bottom ; on colder aspects it never ripens perfectly. The Brocas Bergamot of M. Par- mentier's list, in Hort. Trans, vol. v, is undoubtedly this Pear. 111. FRANCREAL. Miller, No. 68. Franc-real. Duhamel, No. 60. Fin or d'Hiver. Ib. Fruit pretty large, of a somewhat globular figure, a little compressed at both extremities ; about three inches and a half long, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, placed in a shallow narrow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin yellow, very much mottled with a pale russetty brown, particularly on the sunny side. Flesh rather dry, and apt to be gritty. Juice rather insipid, but is excellent when stewed. In use from January till March. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 112. GERMAN MUSCAT. Miller, No. 70. Muscat d' Allemagne. Duhamel, No. 7#. t. 36, Fruit pretty large, broadly turbinate, and somewhat compressed towards the stalk, about three inches deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, seated in a small shallow basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, PEARS, 389 inserted in a very small cavity. Skin covered with russet quite round, and coloured with brown on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, buttery, and melting. Juice sugary, musky, and perfumed. In eating from March till May. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 113. GILOGIL. Pom. Mag. t. 65. Gile-6-gile. Noisette Manuel Complet. p. 531. Gros Gobet. 1 Of some French Gardens, according Dagobert. J to the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, somewhat obovate, flattened at the top, and tapering but little to the stalk, about three inches and a quarter deep, and three inches and a half in dia- meter. Eye large, and deeply sunk in a plaited radiated hollow. Stalk an inch long, rather deeply inserted in an uneven and mostly two-lipped cavity. * Skin a deep close russet, rather deeply tinged with a brownish red on the sunny side. Flesh white, juicy, breaking, a little gritty, sweet, and pleasant. In use from December till March or April. A valuable winter Pear, although not of first-rate ex- cellence. It is very handsome, and an excellent bearer. It will succeed as an open standard in a sheltered warm situation. Fine specimens are thus produced in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick ; but it is better, per- haps, to grow it against an east or south-east wall. 114. HOLLAND BERGAMOT. Miller, No. 71- Bergamotte d'Hollande. Duhamel, No. 53. t. 25. Bergamotte d'Ale^on. Ib. Amoselle. Ib. Lord Cheney's. Of some Gardens. Fruit large, of a regular roundish figure, but some- what broadest at the crown, about three inches deep, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, divested of its calyx, sunk pretty deep in a depressed and wide basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, crooked, inserted c c 3 390 PEARS. in a slightly angular, but not deep cavity. Skin in thd autumn green, marbled all over, more or less, with a thin brown russet; but as it acquires maturity, the skin becomes yellow, and the russetty colouring of a more lively character. Flesh half buttery, with a plentiful and highly flavoured juice. In eating from March till May or June. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This very valuable Pear, if ever in the possession of Lord Cheney, must have been in this country previously to 1595. It originated at Alen9on in France, and is highly deserving of cultivation. Its late period of ripening requires it should be planted against a south or south-east wall, in order to have it in the greatest perfection. 1 15. POIRE DU JARDIN. Duhamel, 28. t. 19. f. 3. Fruit pretty large, round, and flattened somewhat like a Bergamot, about two inches and three quarters deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, placed in a very shallow depression. Stalk three quar- ters of an inch long, stout, inserted in a small cavity. Skin yellow on the shaded side, but of a soft red where exposed to the sun, and marked with a few yellow specks. Flesh half buttery, with an excellent saccharine juice. In eating in December and January. 116. WINTER ORANGE. Hort. Trans. Vol.v. p. 139- t. 2. f. 3. Orange d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 29. 1. 19. f. 4. Fruit middle-sized, globular, a little flattened at the crown, about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, placed in a very shallow, perfectly round basin. Stalk an inch long, thickj and inserted in a small oblique cavity. Skin smooth, rich, yellow, covered with numerous brown PEARS. 391 specks. Flesh white, crisp, witli a sugary, highly flavoured, musky juice. In eating in February, and will keep till April. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. SECT. VI Pointer Conical-fruited. 117- ANGELIQUE DE BORDEAUX. Z>uhamel,No.88. t.47. f.5. Poire Angelique. Miller, No. 77- Saint Martial. Ib. Saint Marcel. Bon Jard. 1827, p. 311. Gros Franc-real. Ib. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, somewhat like a Bon-chretien, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, placed in a narrow and rather deep hollow. Stalk one inch and a half long, strong, crooked, inserted in an oblique but not deep cavity. Skin smooth and yellowish, but on the sunny side it is of a faint purple colour. Flesh tender and buttery, with a sugary juice. In eating from February till ApriL It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince, but not so well on the latter stock. This Pear was introduced into this country about the year 1700, and first planted by the Duke of Montague at Ditton ; it requires to be grown against a south or south-east wall. 118. ANGELIQUE DE ROME. Duhamel, No. 108. Jard. Fruit, t. 42. Fruit middle-sized, a little more long than broad, being about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye very small, placed in a narrow shallow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a very small cavity. Skin rough, pale yellow c c 4 392 PEARS. or citron colour, and tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish, tender, and melting. Juice sugary, with a rich poignant flavour. In eating in December, and till February or March. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This is a very excellent Pear on a good soil and favourable situation. It is, of course, inferior when it has not these advantages. 119. BEURRE D'AREMBERG. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 178. t. 4. f. 1. Pom. Mag. t. 83. Beurre d'Arembert. Bon Jard. 1827, P- 308. Due d'Aremberg. ~\ -r, . A i Of some French Catalogues, Poire d'Aremberg. \ J & r^ i T* -L o according to the Pom. Mag. Colmar Deschamps ? J Fruit pretty large, turbinate, on an average about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quar- ters wide at the broadest part, where it is obtusely angular, and a little contracted towards the setting on of the stalk. Eye small. Stalk an inch long, strong, straight, inserted in an oblique, angular cavity ; in some specimens it is diagonally inserted under a broad, elon- gated lip. Skin delicate pale green, very slightly dotted with russet, which becomes a deeper yellow when ripe. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, perfectly melting, without any grittiness, and of a very extraordinary rich, sweet, high flavoured quality. In eating from October till February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This most excellent Pear is supposed to have been raised by M. Deschamps, and was first sent to the Hor- ticultural Society by M. Parmentier of Enghien, along with the Glout Morceau, in November, 1820. It is usually cultivated as a dwarf, being grafted upon the Quince stock, and trained against an east or west wall j but it succeeds perfectly well as an open standard. BEURRE DIEL. Pom. Mag. t.19. and Ib. t.131. PEARS. 393 Diel's Butterbirne. DieVs Versuch, fyc. Vol. xix. p. 70. Dorothee Royale. Van Mons, Cat. p. 5. Beurre de Gelle. | Ofvarious Colledi according S 6 " 1 " 6 , ^ to *e Pom. Mag. Poire de Melon. J Fruit large, about the size and figure of the sum- mer Bon-chretien, without the protuberances of that variety : it is much swollen a little above the middle, going off to the eye either abruptly or gradually, and tapering straight to the stalk, without any contraction of figure ; when fully grown, it is four inches and a half long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye close, in a deep hollow, surrounded by knobs, ribs, or broad protuberances. Stalk one inch and a half long, strong, bent, woody, inserted in a deep, irregularly and obtusely angled cavity. Skin bright green when first gathered, changing in a short time to a bright orange, with a little trace of russet. Flesh clear white, a little gritty towards the core, but otherwise perfectly tender and melting, juicy, with a delicious, rich, aromatic, sac- charine flavour. In eating from November till January. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The above description is taken from a very fine fruit produced against a wall> and figured in the 5th No. of the Pom. Mag. No. 19- As, however, it varies con- siderably from this, when grown upon an open standard, another figure of it has been published in the same work, No. 131., which exhibits it in its more general character, and fully corresponds with the description I had written of the Dorothee Royale, in December, 1829, from a fruit grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick ; viz. Fruit pretty large, oblong, somewhat narrowed to- wards the stalk, and a little angular on the sides, in the 394. PEARS. manner of a Chaumontelle ; about three inches and a half long, and three inches in diameter. Eye narrow, open, with a coriaceous calyx, placed in a shallow uneven basin. Stalk an inch long, stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Skin dull lemon colour, covered with numerous grey specks, and marbled with various ramifications of grey russet. Flesh yellowish white, melting, very buttery. Juice plentiful, very saccharine, and of a very high flavour. This noble Pear was raised by Dr. Van Mons at Louvaine, and by him named in honour of Dr. Augustus Frederick Adrian Diel, one of the most distinguished of the German pomologists. Its great merit, independ- ent of its excellence, is its fertility, both when trained against a wall and as a standard. In the former case it succeeds perfectly on an eastern aspect ; in the latter, its fruit retains ' its good qualities in as high a degree as when grown upon a wall. 121. BEURRE RANGE. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 130. t. 2. f. 4. Pom. Mag. t. 88. Beurre Ranee. Van Mons, Arb. Fruit, p. 373. according to the Pom. Mag. Beurre Epine. 1 Hardenpont de Prmtemps. j f some Cottectems. Fruit about the same size as that of the Saint Ger- main, and not much unlike it in shape; oblong, and tapering to the stalk ; about three inches and a half long, and three inches in diameter. Eye small, open* with a very short calyx, scarcely or but very slightly sunk. Stalk one inch and a half long, rather slender, inserted without any cavity ; in some specimens it is diagonally inserted under a broad elongated lip. Skin dark green at all times, even when most ripe, sprinkled with many russetty specks. Flesh greenish white, melt- ing, rather gritty at the core, but of a delicious rich flavour* The fruit generally shrivels in ripening. PEARS. 395 In eating from December till March or April. This very excellent Pear was raised by the late Coun- sellor Hardenpont, at Mons, and fruit of it was sent, by M. Parmentier of Enghien, to the Horticultural So- ciety, in November, 1820. 122. BEZY DE CAISSOY. Duhamel, No. 59. t. 29. Bezy de Quessoy. Ib. Rousette d'Anjou. Ib. Petite Beurre d'Hiver. Ib. Wilding of Caissoy. Miller, No. 63. Terreneuvaise. Of Jersey. Nutmeg Pear. Of the London Markets. Fruit small, of an oblong figure, a little enlarged at the crown ; about one inch and a half long, and the same in diameter. Eye very small, with a short flat calyx, placed in a very small, shallow, circular basin. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Skin green, turning yellow as it becomes ripe ; marked and spotted with red on the sunny side, flesh buttery, with a very rich juice. In eating from November till March. This succeeds on the Pear, but not on the Quince. The Bezy de Caissoy was discovered in the Forest of Caissoy, in Bretagne, where it is called Roussette d*An- jou. It is a most productive bearer in an open standard, and well deserving of cultivation. 123. CHAUMONTEL. Miller, No. 78. Bezy de Chaumontelle. Duhamel, No. 78. t. 40. Beurre d'Hiver. Ib. Fruit large, of an oblong, and somewhat irregular figure, having some slightly obtuse angles, which, more or less, extend from the stalk to the crown ; generally about three inches and a half long, and three inches broad. Eye small, deeply sunk in a very angular basin. Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep angular cavity. Skin a little scabrous, yellowish green on the shaded 396 PEARS. side, but of a brown or purplish colour when fully ex- posed to the sun and highly ripened. Flesh melting, and full of a sugary and highly perfumed juice. In eating from November till January or February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This -very valuable Pear was found wild at Chaumon- tel, a lordship in the department of the Oise ; and Du- ll AMEL, in 1765, says the original tree was then alive and in health. It is a very hardy tree, and bears well in this country as an open standard, and particularly so on an espalier, where, if well managed, the fruit grows large, and in fine seasons ripens extremely well. Not- withstanding this, it ought to be planted on a south or south-east wall, in case of cold and unfavourable seasons. The French say it succeeds best when grafted on the Quince, and planted on rich light soil. The Jersey gardeners grow the Chaumontelle to a much larger size than what is described above, and fruit from thence I have seen exhibited at the Horticultural Society far exceeding belief. Specimens like these are not to be expected from gardeners in this country ; but they may do a great deal towards accomplishing this object, by planting their trees on a good soil and upon a favour- able aspect ; keeping them in a high state of health ; training their branches ten or twelve inches apart ; se- lecting and allowing only strong young spurs to remain ; and thinning out the fruit, so that they shall not b<* nearer e,ach other than the branches are apart. We have a sufficient proof of what may be effected by judicious management, in the exhibitions of gooseberries at the shows in Lancashire and Cheshire. John Bra- therton produced a specimen of his Roaring Lion at Nantwich, in 1825, which weighed thirty-one penny- weights sixteen grains; an ample confirmation of what may be done by skill and perseverance. PEARS. 397 124. COLMAR. Miller, No. 54. Duhamel,' No. 94. t.50. Poire Manne. 7&. Bergamotte Tardive. Knoop. Pom. p. 134. Incomparable. Ib. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate^ figure ; about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter, Eye large, and deeply hollowed. Stalk an inch long, rather thick, bent, in- serted in a tolerably deep. oblique cavity. Skin smooth, green, with a few yellowish grey specks ; as it becomes mature, it turns more yellow, and has sometimes a little colour on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, very tender, and full of a saccharine, rich, highly-flavoured juice. In eating from November till January. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 125. D'AucH. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 68. Poire d'Auch. Of some Collections. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, greatly resembling the Colmar in almost every respect, except in being a little more full next the stalk, and in being, perhaps, a fortnight later in arriving at maturity ; its flesh is, moreover, never yellow, and it has the ad- vantage of a higher flavour. A similarity of appearance has led some to suppose they were both the same. Experience, however, does not warrant this supposition ; for, in every situation where it has been tried, it has proved far more produc- tive, and also a much hardier tree. It was introduced into this country before 1817 by the late Duke of Northumberland. 126. EASTER BEURRE. Pom.Mag.t.^S. Bergamotte de la Pentecote. Nois. Manuel, Vol. ii. p. 537. Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles. Taschenluch, p. 420. 398 PEARS. Dayenne d'Hiver. Of some Collections, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, roundish oblong, broadest towards the eye, nearly four inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye small with a connivent calyx, sunk in a moderately deep depression. Stalk short, thick, sunk in a deep obtuse-angled cavity. Skin green, thickly mottled with small russetty dots ; when ripe becoming yellowish, and coloured with brown, somewhat streaky, on the sunny side. Flesh whitish, inclining to yellow, perfectly buttery and melting, and extremely high- flavoured. In eating from November till May. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince, Of all the very late keeping Pears this is decidedly the best. It has been recently introduced into this country from the Continent, but its origin there is not known. It is a most profuse bearer, grafted upon the Quince, and requires a south or south-east wall. This must not be confounded with the Easter Berga- mot, a good but inferior variety ; from which it is dis- tinguishable, not only by its fruit, but also by its wood, which is reddish brown, not green, as that of the former sort. The Easter Beurre bears well as an open standard in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. The specimens produced there in 1830, were very beautiful; three inches and a quarter long, and three inches in diameter^ 127- FLEMISH BON-CHRETIEN. Bon-chretien Nouvelle Espece. Hort. Gard. Coll. Fruit large, oblong, turbinate, tapering towards the stalk, where it is slightly compressed ; about four inches and a half long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye open, with a very short calyx, sunk in a rather shallow, round, even, depression. Stalk one inch and a half long, embossed next the fruit, a little curved, PEARS. 399 and obliquely inserted under an elongated single or double lip ; in some specimens which are more conical, the stalk is direct and straight, and not obliquely in- serted. Skin green, becoming yellow, thickly sprinkled with grey russetty specks, and which form a mottled russet on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, a little gritty, but becoming mellow when matured. Juice saccharine, with a slight musky per- fume. In eating from the beginning of November till the middle or end of January. It succeeds very well upon the Quince stock. This very fine Pear has been lately raised in Flanders, and sent to the Horticultural Society of London, in whose garden at Chiswick it (in 1830) produced some uncommonly fine fruit upon an open standard, from which this description was taken. , 128. FORELLE. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 408. t. 17. Pom. Mag. t. 112. Forellen-birne. Diel, PomoL Vol. v. p. 51. Poire Truite. Of the French, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather below the middle size, not very constant in form, but generally obovate, and more or less elong- ated; about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye rather shallow. Stalk half an inch long or more, slender, straight, inserted in a rather shallow but oblique cavity. Skin, when fresh gathered, green on one side, and red on the other, changing to a deep rich sanguine, speckled with greyish, ocellate, broad spots next the sun, and a clear lemon on the other side. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, with a rich, aromatic, sub- acid, vinous flavour. In eating from November till January. It never shrivels, but remains quite melting to the last. 400 PEARS. This is a very beautiful Pear, and bears well as a standard. It is called the Forelle, Truite, or Trout Pear, from a fancied resemblance between the spots and colour of its skin and those of the fish so called. Dr. Diel supposes it originated in Northern Saxony. It was brought to this country a few years ago, and fruited by Mr. Knight of Downton Castle, who sent it for exhibition to the Horticultural Society about 1823. 129. GLOUT MORCEAU. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 291. Gloux Morceaux.* Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 179. t.4. Fruit very like the Beurre d'Aremberg, but larger, more oval, not so turbinate in its shape, about four inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, -deeply sunk, in an uneven oblique hollow. Stalk an inch long, rather deeply inserted in an oblique cavity. Skin pale dull olive green, a little inclining to yellow, and covered with numerous grey russetty specks, with russetty blotches round the stalk. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, but a little gritty at the core. Ripe in November, and will keep till February or March. This very beautiful and very fine variety was sent to the Horticultural Society by M. Parmentier of Enghien, along with the Beurre d'Aremberg, in November, 1820. It requires an east or south-east wall to grow it in perfection; but very fine specimens were (in 1830) grown upon open standards in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, three inches and a half long, and three inches in diameter. 130. GRUMKOWER. Grumkower Winterbirne. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 316. Fruit middle-sized, in shape somewhat like a Bon- * M. Dumortier Rutteau of Tournay, in a letter recently re- ceived from him, asserts that the proper orthography of this name is Glout Morceau. PEARS. 401 Chretien, having a few obtuse angles or ribs extending from the middle of the fruit to the crown, and narrowed towards the stalk ; usually about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye narrow. Stalk half an inch long, inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth, pale green, sprinkled with a few grey specks. Flesh melting. Juice plentiful, saccharine, with a good deal of musky flavour. Ripe in November, and will keep till Christmas. 131. LENT SAINT GERMAIN. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 514. Easter Saint Germain. Of some Gardens. Fruit pretty large, of an oblong figure, broadest in the middle, and tapering to each extremity. Eye small and prominently seated. Stalk an inch long, slender, obliquely inserted under an elongated lip. Skin pale green, full of small white specks. Flesh firm and break- ing, with a veiy good flavoured juice. In eating in March and April. This, although not a high-flavoured Pear, deserves cultivation, as it comes into eating when most Winter Pears are gone. 132. MARTIN SEC. Miller, No. 48. Duhamel, No. 36. t. 14. Ronville. /6. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal figure, somewhat turbinate, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, open, seated in a somewhat deep obtuse-angled basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, inserted in a small angular cavity. Skin of a deep russet colour on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun, of a lively red, covered with numer- ous grey specks. Flesh crisp. Juice sugary, with an agreeable perfume. In eating from November till January. 402 PEARS. It succeeds on the Pear, and equally well on the Quince. This is the Martin Sec of Champagne. In Burgundy they have a Martin Sec, which is a different fruit. 133. MARTIN SIRE. Miller, No. 64. Duhamel, No. 30. 1. 19. f.5. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal figure, somewhat like that of a Jargonelle, a little more swelled on one side than the opposite one ; about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, prominent. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, bent, inserted in an oblique cavity. Skin green, very smooth, changing to yellow as it becomes ripe, with a lively red on the sunny side. Flesh crisp, sometimes a little gritty near the core. Juice plentiful, sugary, and highly perfumed. In eating from December till February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 134. MERVEILLE D'HIVER. Duhamel, No. 67. t. 33. Petit Oin. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat turbinate, tapering regularly to the stalk ; about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye large, and deeply hollowed. Stalk half an inch long, inserted a little obliquely in a small irregular cavity. Skin green, occasionally a little warted, and becoming yellow when fully ripe. Flesh very fine and melting. Juice sugary, and of a high musky flavour. In eating in November and December. This succeeds on the Pear, but not well on the Quince. It is one of our best Pears, and deserves cultivation. 135. NAPLES. Duhamel, 107. t. 56. Poire de Naples. Jard. Fruit, t. 36. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish turbinate figure, PEARS, 403 compressed between the middle and the stalk ; about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, with a converging calyx, seated in a rather deep basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, bent, and inserted in a small oblique cavity. Skin green, becoming yellow as it approaches maturity, with a pale brown on the sunny side. Flesh melting and buttery, with a saccharine and agreeable juice. In eating from January till nearly April. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. Miller says this Pear is called in England the Easter Saint Germain, but in this he cannot be right, as Du- hamel's figure and description is wholly at variance with that variety. 136. OAK-LEAVED IMPERIAL. Imperiale a feuilles de Chene. Duhamel, No. 98. t.54. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, turbinate, in the manner of a small Bonchretien ; about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, with an acute spreading calyx, placed in a shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, straight, in- serted with but little cavity. Skin smooth, green, ap- proaching to yellow, as it becomes matured. Flesh half buttery, with a sugary well-flavoured juice. In eating from January till May. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This tree is at once distinguished by its singular leaves, which are sinuated like those of the Oak. The fruit, although not so good as many others, has con- siderable merit at this late season, of the year. 137. PASSE-COLMAR. Pom. Mag. t. 64. Hort. Tram. Vol. v. p. 410. Passe-Colmar Gris, dit Precel. Ib. Passe-Colmar Epineux. Van Mons, Arb. Fruit. p. 373. D D 2 404" PEARS, Fondante de Panisel. Van Mons, Arb. Fruit, p. 373. Poire Precel. Ib. p. 874. Colmar E'pineux. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 452. Beurre-Colmar Gris, dit Precel. Ib. No. 454. Chapman's. Ib. No. 177. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle-sized, obconical, flattened at the crown, about three inches and a half long, and three inches in diameter. Eye open, slightly sunk. Stalk one inch and a half long, strong, inserted in an oblique obtusely- angled cavity. Skin green, when ripe becoming yellowish, and sprinkled with russet, and if well exposed having a considerable tinge of red ; the surface is some- what uneven, with some slight longitudinal furrows running from the stalk end. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, very rich, and most excellent. In perfection in December and January. A most abundant bearer, either as a standard or upon a wall. I have seen a full crop of inferior fruit even upon a north wall ; but to grow it in perfection it should have an east or south-east wall. It was raised in Flanders by Counsellor Hardenpont, to whom, in conjunction with Dr. Van Mons, and some others of his countrymen, we are indebted for several very excellent varieties of the Pear. 138. PASTORALE. Miller, No. ^5. Duhamel, No. 100. t. 55. Musette d'Automne. Ib. t Petit Rateau. Jard. Fruit, t. 40. Fruit large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, a little compressed near the stalk, about four inches long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, prominently seated. Stalk an inch long, straight, stout, with a curb or embossment at its insertion in the fruit. Skin somewhat rough, of a yellowish grey colour, speckled with red on the sunny PEARS. 405 side. Flesh tender and buttery, with an excellent saccharine and musky juice. In eating from November till February or March. This succeeds better on the Pear than on the Quince. It is said to have been raised by the Capuchins of Louvain. 139. POIRE DU VITRIER. Duhamel, No. 24. t. 44. f. 4. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, somewhat of the shape of a Chaumontel, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter, swelling a little in the middle, and a little narrowed at each extremity. Eye large, open, seated in an irregularly-formed depres- sion. Stalk an inch long, inserted rather deeply in an irregularly-angled cavity. Skin smooth, green on the shaded side, but deeply tinged with red on the side next the sun, and covered with numerous grey specks. Flesh white, with a very agreeable juice. In eating in November and December. This succeeds well on both the Pear and the Quince. 140. ROYALE D'HIVER. Duhamel, No. 71. t. 35. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, decreasing a little irregularly from the crown to the stalk, about three 'inches long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, in a deeply depressed basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, bent, and inserted in a small, oblique, irregular cavity. Skin smooth, yellow, but of a fine red on the sunny side, marbled with numerous brown specks and dots. Flesh yellowish, half buttery, melting, and containing a rich, saccharine, well-flavoured juice. In eating in December, January, and February. This succeeds well on the Pear, not on the Quince. 141. SAINT AUGUSTIN. Miller, No. 60. Duhamel, No. 99. i. 58. f. 3. Fruit below the middle size, of a long pyramidal D D 3 406 PEARS. shape, oval at its apex, and compressed on one side near the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, with a recurved calyx, prominently placed. Stalk an inch long, strong, bent, a little everted, and obliquely inserted without any cavity. Skin of a fine citron colour, spotted with red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, and full of a saccharine, musky juice. In eating in December, January, and February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 142. SAINT GERMAIN. Langley, t.66. fig. 2. Miller , No. 59. Duhamel, No. 96. t. 52. Inconnu de la Faire. Ib. Fruit large, of a pyramidal figure, tapering from the crown to the stalk, about three inches and three quarters long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, in a shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, curved, inserted very obliquely in the fruit without any cavity. Skin yellowish green, when fully matured with a few brownish specks on the sunny side. Flesh white, melting, and full of a very rich, saccharine, high-flavoured juice. Ripe in November, and will keep good till Christmas. This Pear ripened at Twickenham, in 1727> on a south wall, Oct. 10. O. S., or Oct. 21. N. S. Langley. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This most excellent Pear, known to almost every gardener in England, was discovered on the banks of the river Faire, in the parish of Saint Germain, in the ci-devant province of the Isle of France* It requires a good soil, and a south or south-east wall. If planted in a cold soil it is apt to be ill-shaped and gritty. 143. SAINT-PERE. Duhamel, No. 117. Saint-Pair. Ib. Poire de Saint-Pere. Bon Jard. 1827. P- 315. PEARS. 407 Fruit below the middle size, of a turbinate figure, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, sunk in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Skin rough, yellow. Flesh white, tender, full of an astringent juice, which renders it too austere to be eaten raw by some palates, but is excellent when stewed. In use from February till May. 144. SPANISH BONCHRETIEN. Miller, No. 61. Bonchretien d'Espagne. Duhamel, No. 89. t. 46. Fruit large, somewhat angularly pyramidal, about four inches long, and three inches in diameter. Eye small, with a short erect calyx, deeply sunk. Stalk one inch and a half long, inserted in an oblique, obtuse- angled cavity. Skin pale yellowish green, tinged on the sunny side with streaks of dull red, thickly covered with brown specks. Flesh white, breaking. Juice not plentiful, subacid, with a pleasant astringency. In eating in November and December. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 145. TILLINGTON. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 521. Fruit of the shape and size of the Grey Doyenne, but more perfectly rounded at the crown, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Stalk short, fleshy at its insertion. Skin dull green on the shaded side, but of a dull brick- dust red where exposed to the sun, the whole a good deal russetted. Flesh white, nearly buttery, with a little grit at the core, particularly rich and sweet, though not very juicy. Ripe the middle of November, and will keep a con- siderable time without spoiling. This hardy Pear, for orchard purposes, was raised from the seed of an autumn Bergamot, the blossom of which had been impregnated with the Jargonelle, in the D D 4f 408 PEARS. village of Tillington, near Hereford. Its fruit was sent to the Horticultural Society by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle, in the autumn of 1820, the first year of the tree producing fruit. 146. VIRGOULEUSE. Langley, t. 67. fig. 2. Du- hamel, No. 95. t. 51. Miller 9 No. 56. Bujaleuf. Ib. Chambrette. Ib* Poire-glace. Jard. Fruit, t. 32, Fruit pretty large, of a very regular obovate, pyra- midal figure, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, rather deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a rather small oblique cavity. Skin very smooth, grass-green, turning to a pale yellow or citron colour as it ripens, sprinkled with numerous red dots, and occasionally a little tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh melting, buttery, and full of an excellent, rich, and highly flavoured juice. Ripe in November, and will keep two months. The Virgouleuse Pear ripened at Twickenham, in 1727? on a south wall, September 20. O. S., or October 1. N. S. Langley. It will succeed on both the Pear and the Quince. This is a most excellent Pear, requiring a good soil, and an east or south-east wall. It takes its name from Virgoule, a village of that name in the neighbourhood of St. Leonard, in Limousin^ where it was raised, and sent to Paris, by the Marquis of Chambrette. 147. WINTER BONCHRETIEN. Langley, t. 68. fig. 3. Miller, No. 73. Bonchretien d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 87- t. 45. Poire d'Angoisse. Jard. Fruit, t. 42. Fruit very large, of an irregular, pyramidal figure ; it is very broad at the upper end, and compressed below PEARS. 409 the middle towards the stalk, where it is still broad, and somewhat obliquely truncate ; a good-sized fruit is about four inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye of a middling size, with a long calyx, placed in a wide and deep hollow. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, a little bent, and obliquely inserted in a somewhat deep obtuse-angled cavity. Skin yellowish when fully matured, with a brown tinge on the sunny side. Flesh very tender, and breaking. Juice plentiful, very rich, saccharine, and highly perfumed. In eating in January and February. This Pear ripened at Twickenham in 17^7, on a west wall, October 10. O. S., or October 21. N. S. Langley. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This is undoubtedly one of the very best winter Pears, and is held, both in France and in this country, in the highest estimation. It requires to be planted in a good soil, and against a south or south-east wall, in order to have it perfectly ripened. 148. WINTER NELIS. Pom. Mag. t. 126* Nelis d'Hiver. Of many Flemish and English Gardens. Bonne de Malines. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 353. La Bonne Malinoise. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 408. t. 17., according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat oval, broadest in the middle, narrowed towards the crown, and a little more so towards the stalk, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, slightly sunk in a rather narrow basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, inserted in a narrow and rather deep cavity. Skin dull greyish green, full of grey dots, covered partly, especially on the sunny side, with a brownish-grey russet. Fle*h yellowish white, melting, buttery. Juice plentiful, sugary, rich, high flavoured, with a musky perfume. 410 PEARS. In perfection in December and January. This most excellent and valuable Pear was raised by M. Nelis, of Mechlin, in honour of whom it has been named ; but before its present title was settled, it had acquired, in a few gardens, the name of Bonne de Ma- lines, which it is but justice to put aside in favour of that here adopted. It bears well as a standard in the Horticultural Gar- den at Chiswick, where the present description was taken in December, 1829 ; but it succeeds better on an east wall, where the fruit grows also larger. 149. WINTER ROUSSELET. Miller, No. 63. Rousselet d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 31. 1. 19. f. 2. Fruit small, of a pyramidal figure, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, open, prominently seated on a well-rounded summit. Stalk half an inch long, thick, bent, obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Skin green, becoming yellow as- it ripens, with a little colouring of red on the sunny side. Flesh buttery and melting. Juice plentiful, and well flavoured. Ripe in January, and will keep till March. It succeeds equally well on the Pear and on the Quince. 150. WINTER THORN. Miller, No. 58. E'pine d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 64. t. 44. f. 3. Fruit pretty large, rather long and turbinate, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter ki diameter. Eye small, placed in a round shallow de- pression. Stalk an inch long or more, stout, curved, and inserted somewhat obliquely without any cavity. Skin smooth, pale green, becoming yellow as it ripens. Flesh melting and buttery, with a plentiful saccharine juice. Ripe in November, and will keep till January. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but, PEARS. 411 like other Pears, if it is intended to be planted upon a dry soil, the Pear stock is by far the best* SECT. VII. Baking and Stewing Pears. 151. BELLISSIME D'HIVER. Duhamel, No. 103. Teton de Venus. Bon Jard. 1827. P- 306. Fruit very large, more so than the Catillac, and of a similar turbinate figure, generally about four inches long, and a little more in diameter. Eye large, rather deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a some- what angular cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish brown, with grey specks, but of a fine red on the sunny side. Flesh tender, and free from the gritty nature of most baking Pears, for which purpose this is , - 103 Uvedale's Saint Germain - 156 Valencia - 107 Variegated Crasanne - 60 Verdasse - - 16 Vermillion - - 65 Verte Longue - 104 Verte Longue Panache'e - 105 Verte longue Suisse - - 105 Vigne - - 106 Virgouleuse - - 146 White Beurrc - 107 White Doyenn6 - 107 Wilding of Caissoy - 122 Williams's Bonchr4tien - 38 Windsor - - 39 Winter Bergamot - - 110 Winter Bonchr^tien - 147 Winter Nelis - 148 Winter Orange - - 116 Winter Rousselet - - 149 Winter Thorn - 150 Yat - 40 York Bergamot - - 42 Yut - - 40 CHAP. XVII. PINE APPLES. 1. ANSON'S. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 2. Anson's Queen. Ib. Leaves resembling those of the Brown Sugar-loaf, but of a lighter brown, with fine spines. Fruit almost like the Queen, but the pips are flat, fourteen or fifteen deep. Flesh pale yellow, of pretty good flavour. PINE APPLES. 431 Weight from four to five pounds. 2. ANTIGUA QUEEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 60. Leaves light brown, mottled, and very mealy ; spines coarse. Fruit oval, pips large, prominent. Flesh deep yellow, rich, and highly flavoured. Weight from four to five pounds. 3. BLACK ANTIGUA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 3. Brown Antigua. Ib. No. 4. Leaves long, narrow, dark green, shaded with purple, mealy ; spines coarse. Fruit large, somewhat oval ; pips large, prominent. Flesh pale yellow, high-flavoured. Weight from four to six pounds. 4. BLACK JAMAICA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 42. Jamaica. Ib. Leaves long, narrow, dark green, mottled, and tinged with brownish purple. Fruit large, pyramidal, of a brownish yellow when ripe ; pips prominent. Flesh deep yellow, very highly flavoured. Weight from three to four pounds. 5. BLOOD RED. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 13. Blood. Ib. Claret. Ib. Leaves large, broad, dark coloured ; spines large, wide. Fruit oval, flattened at the top ; pips red, rather flat. Flesh pale yellow. Weight from four to five pounds. Although the flesh is pale, the pips contain juice as red as blood. 6. BROWN SUGAR-LOAF. Speedily. Leaves broad, dark green, tinged with brown, mealy ; spines regular. Fruit oval, dull reddish orange ; pips large. Flesh deep yellow, high flavoured. Weight from three to five pounds. 7. BROWN-LEAVED SUGAR-LOAF. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 81. . Striped Brown Sugar-loaf. Ib. 432 PINE APPLES. Leaves short, dark green, tinged with brown. Fruit rather long, deep yellow ; pips large. Flesh rich, yellow, high-flavoured. Weight from three to four pounds. 8. ENVILLE. Hart. Soc. Cat. No. 30. Cockscomb. Ib. Old Enville. Ib. Leaves large, broad, very mealy. Fruit pyramidal or longish oval, deep orange ; pips large, rather flat, pale yellow, well flavoured. Weight from five to six pounds. 9. GLOBE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 33. English Globe. Ib. Leaves narrow, erect, mealy. Fruit roundish or ob- long, dull yellow ; pips prominent. Flesh yellow, well flavoured. Weight from three to four pounds. 10. GREEN ANTIGUA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 6. Smooth Green Havannah. Of some Collections. Leaves broad, short ; spines a few only, and those towards the tips. Fruit roundish oval ; pips rather flat. Flesh deep yellow, pretty good. Weight from four to five pounds. 11. GREEN PROVIDENCE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 56. New Green Olive. Ib. No. 50. Leaves large, broad, light green, longer than those of the Old Queen. Fruit pyramidal, or longish oval, of a yellowish olive colour ; pips prominent. Flesh pfcle yellow, very good. Weight from two to three pounds. 12. GREEN QUEEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 63. Smooth-leaved Queen. Of some Collections. Leaves strong, broad, dark green, mealy ; spines few, placed at distant intervals. Fruit cylindrically oval ; pips prominent. Flesh yellow, very good. Weight from three to four pounds. PINE APPLES. 4-33 13. HAVANNAH. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 3?. Brown Havannah. Ib. Smooth-leaved Antigua. Of some Collections. Leaves narrow, light green, mottled with brown ; spines none, except a few small ones near the tips. Fruit large, cylindrically oval, deep orange ; pips large, flat. Flesh pale lemon colour, pretty good. Weight from four to five pounds. 14. HUSSAR. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 40. Leaves long, narrow, pale green ; spines rather coarse. Fruit tun-shaped ; pips large. Flesh bright yellow, pretty good. Weight from three to four pounds. 15. KING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 46. Common King. Ib. Grass-green King. Ib. Old King. Ib. Leaves long, erect, pale green ; spines none. Fruit ovate, or somewhat cylindrical, bright orange. Flesh rich, yellow, saccharine mixed with acid. Weight from three to four pounds. 16. LEMON QUEEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 64. Barbadoes Queen. Ib. Lemon-coloured Barbadoes Queen. Ib. Leaves broad, very mealy ; spines fine, and on - some of the leaves incurved. Fruit large, oval, of a pale lemon colour ; pips rather prominent. Flesh pale yellow, well flavoured. Weight from four to five pounds. 17. MONTSERRAT. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 48. Copper. Ib. Leaves longish, somewhat keel-shaped, dark glossy green, tinged with brown ; spines few. Fruit oval, copper-coloured ; pips flat. Flesh pale yellow, of a pretty good flavour. Weight from three to four pounds. I' F 434 PINE APPLES. 18. NEW BLACK JAMAICA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 43. Leaves long, thin, light green, mottled with deeper green. Fruit pyramidal, dark brown. Flesh pale yellow, rich, and very highly flavoured. Weight from four to five pounds. 19- NEW DEMERARA. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 27. Leaves rather long, dark green, mealy ; spines fine. Fruit round, reddish orange ; pips large. Flesh pale yellow, well flavoured. Weight from three to four pounds. 20. NEW ENVILLE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 31. Leaves large, mealy ; spines strong. Fruit pyra- midal or long oval, pale yellow ; pips large, prominent. Flesh pale yellow, well flavoured. Weight from five to six pounds. 21. NEW MEALY-LEAVED SUGAR-LOAF. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 85. Leaves long, broad, mottled with brown, mealy. Fruit pyramidal, long, pale yellow ; pips small, flat. Flesh pale yellow, sweet. Weight from four to five pounds. 22. OTAHEITE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 52. Pom. Mag. t. 29. Anson. Ib. Ib. Leaves unusually erect, narrow, regularly and rather strongly serrated. Fruit roundish, tun-shaped, deep olive green, becoming deep orange yellow ; pips flat, unusually large. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, and high flavoured. Weight from four to six pounds. 23. QUEEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 59. Common Queen. Ib. Narrow-leaved Queen. Ib. Old Queen. Ib. Leaves short, broad, and mealy ; spines strong. Fruit cylindrically oval, deep yellow ; pips prominent. Flesh bright yellow, juicy, and sweet, with a very pleasant acid. PINE APPLES. 435 Weight from three to four pounds. 2K HIPLEY. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 70. Pom. Mag. 1. 134. Montserrat of some. According to the Pom. Mag. Heaton House Montserrat. Ib. Indian Black Pine. Ib. Old Ripley. Ib. Leaves broad, rather long, slightly recurved, tinged with reddish brown, mealy on both sides ; spines middle- sized, irregular. Fruit roundish ovate, pale copper colour when perfectly ripe ; pips middle-sized, angular, rather pointed. Flesh pale yellow, very sweet, rich, and high flavoured. Crown about the middle size, deeply stained with dark red. 25. RIPLEY QUEEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 67. Leaves short, broad, mealy. Fruit long, nearly cylindrical, deep yellow ; pips prominent, from twelve to fourteen deep. Flesh pale yellow, saccharine, mixed with a pleasant acid. Weight from three to four pounds. 26. RUSSIAN COCKSCOMB. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 23. Leaves strong, short, tinged with brown, mealy ; spines coarse. Fruit roundish oval, pale orange when ripe ; pips flat. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, and well flavoured. Weight from four to five pounds. 27. RUSSIAN GLOBE. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 265. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 35. Leaves short, broad, dark brown ; spines coarse. Fruit large, oval, dark orange ; pips large, flat. Flesh rich yellow, rich, and high flavoured. Weight from four to five pounds. A very excellent Pine. 28. SAINT VINCENT'S. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 75. Green Olive. Ib. Green St. Vincent's. Ib. F F 2 436 PINE APPLES. Leaves something longer than those of the Queen, broad, light green, rather mealy. Fruit longish oval, dull yellow when ripe ; pips flat. Flesh pale yellow, rich, and high flavoured. Weight from three to four pounds. 29- SILVER-STRIPED QUEEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 66. Gold-striped Queen. Of some Collections. Leaves broad, short, with cream-coloured stripes, tinged with red. Fruit oval ; pips full and prominent. Flesh yellow, pretty good. Weight from two to three pounds. SO. SMOOTH-LEAVED SUGAR-LOAF. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 87. Leaves upright, narrow, smooth, striped with dull purple. Fruit cylindrical ; pips small, prominent. Flesh yellow, soft, of but indifferent flavour. Weight from two to three pounds. 31. STRIPED-LEAVED SUGAR-LOAF. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 88. Purple-striped Queen. Ib. Leaves large, broad, pale green, with brown or cho- colate-coloured stripes. Fruit rather long, bright yellow; pips prominent. Flesh rich yellow, juicy, and sweet. Weight from three to four pounds. 32. STRIPED QUEEN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 68. Striped-leaved Olive. Ib. No. 51. Leaves broad, short, erect, striped with greenish yellow, and tinged with red ; spines few. Fruit oval ; pips prominent. Flesh bright yellow, pretty well flavoured. Weight from two to three pounds. 33. STRIPED SURINAM. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 92. Striped Silver and Pink Surinam. Ib. Ribbon-grass. Ib. 69- PINE APPLES. 437 Leaves beautifully striped with broad and narrow, silver, cream, and pink coloured stripes. The plant is difficult to bring into a fruiting state, requiring from ten to twenty years, or probably more ; even without fruit, this Pine deserves to be cultivated on account of its great beauty. Striped-leaved varieties of Pine are materially affected by cultivation ; those which are grown in a close pit, heated w r ith dung, never being so rich in their colours as if grown in an airy stove, where the pit is heated with bark. 34. SURINAM. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 91. Leaves long, narrow, mealy ; spines coarse. Fruit oval, deep orange when ripe ; pips prominent, flesh pale yellow, of a pretty good flavour. Weight from three to four pounds. 35. WAVED-LEAVED. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 94. Pom. Mag. 1. 1. Leaves large, flaccid, spreading, wavy, stained with dull purple. Fruit oblong, or tun-shaped, dull yellow ; pips projecting, pointed, flesh yellow, transparent, very delicate, juicy, extremely pleasant. Weight from two to three pounds. 36. WELBECK SEEDLING. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 95. Cockscomb. Ib. Crown. Ib. Leaves long, narrow, sharp-pointed, of a light green ; spines wide and coarse. Fruit cylindrical, or oval, pale yellow when ripe ; pips large, flat. Flesh pale yellow, of a pretty good flavour. Weight from three to four pounds. 37- WHITE PROVIDENCE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 57- Mealy-leaved Providence. Ib. New Providence. Ib. Providence. Speechly. Leaves very large, long, and broad, having a purplish F F 3 438 PINE APPLES. tinge, mealy ; spines small and close. Fruit pyramidal, or longish oval, the largest of the whole tribe of Pines ; pips very large, flat.* Flesh very pale, sweet, and full of juice. Weight generally from six to eight pounds ; but it frequently, under good management, will attain the weight of from twelve to fourteen pounds. A Selection of Pine Apples for a small Garden. Black Antigua - 3 Queen - 23 Black Jamaica - 4 Ripley * - 24- Enville &$ 8 Russian Globe - 27 New Black Jamaica - 18 White Providence - 37 Propagation and Cultivation. It is known to every Pine-grower, that this species of fruit is increased by suckers, and by its crown. In its cultivation it is managed in various ways by different gardeners, and with different degrees of suc- cess. One of the best methods, without entering into any lengthened detail of operations, seems to be that which has been recommended by Mr. Sweet, which is, to pot the young plants in a mixture of one third loam and two thirds of half-decayed leaves, in which they root very freely ; they may then be plunged in frames, or a stove, but not in too much bottom heat, as that will injure their roots, as is often done by those who ex- pect to force them on by bottom heat, but who by tnat means kill their plants, or injure them so much that they never perfectly recover. They do not consider that giving plants a strong bottom heat is working against nature; for in their native climate it is the sun that * It must be observed, that when speaking of the pips of Pines being prominent or flat, it is to be understood that they are so at the time when the fruit is fully ripe. FINE APPLES. 439 warms the ground in which they grow, and this heat should not be exceeded here. Pines thrive much the best by keeping the house very warm and moist, and by giving air early in the morning, and shutting it up early in the afternoon. As soon as shut up, give a gentle sprinkling of water all over the plants with an engine, which causes a fine steam to rise, and the leaves never burn, but the plants grow with increased vigour. When they are larger and require larger pots, add more loam to the soil in which they are potted, and keep the pots well drained with small potsherds in the bottom. In shifting them into larger pots, care must be taken not to injure their roots. When they are put into the fruiting house, first turn the tan-bed all over to the bottom, adding a suf- ficient quantity of fresh tan, so as to give a strong heat ; then set the plants upon the tan, but do not plunge them till the heat begins to decline. Where plenty of leaves can be had, they need not be plunged at all ; but, as soon as the heat declines, fill up between the pots with them. Oak or chesnut leaves are the best ; these cause the heat to rise as strongly as is required ; when the heat again declines, add another quantity of leaves, and so on till the plants are half buried, and water them fre- quently, but little at a time, and they will root in the leaves, and swell off their fruit to a great size ; the suckers root also into the leaves, and grow to large plants before they are taken off, so that these plants produce their fruit when potted off, much earlier than by any other means. When the plants are wanted to show fruit, they should be checked by keeping them dry for a considerable time ; then by watering them, and giving them a little fresh heat, they fruit immediately. The pine-house should be kept up as near as possible to seventy degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer in winter ; in summer it may F F 4- 440 PINE APPLES. be shut up at an hundred degrees or more. This heat may be said to apply to a collection of Pines when grown together in one house ; but when there is a sufficiency of room, it will be more advisable to grow the Queen Pines by themselves, and those called Black Pines in another department, as these latter require a heat of at least twenty degrees more to grow them well than what ought to be allowed to the Queens. The White Providence Pine being a much larger grower than any other, it would be desirable to grow it in a third house, or in a large pit constructed for the purpose. This does not require a greater degree of heat than any of the Black Pines ; but its leaves being so much longer and larger than any other, prevents its being arranged in the pit, so as to allow the others an equal advantage. INDEX TO THE PINE APPLES. Ansbn's - 1 Globe - - 9 Ansons - 22 Gold-striped Queen - 29 Ansons Queen - 1 Grass-green King - - 15 Antigua Queen - 2 Green Antigua - - 10 Barbadoes Queen - - 16 Green Olive - 28 Black Antigua - -3 Green Providence - 11 Black Jamaica - 4 Green Queen - 12 Blood - 5 Green St. Vincent's - 28 Blood Red - 5 Havannah - 13 Brown Antigua - 3 Heaton House Montserrat 24? Brown Havannah - 13 Hussar - 14 Brown Sugar-loaf 6 Indian Black Pine - g4 Brown-leaved Sugar-loaf 7 Jamaica - 4 Claret - - 5 King - 15 Cockscomb - 8 Lemon-coloured Barbadoes Cockscomb - . - 36 Queen - 16 Common King - 15 Lemon Queen - - 16 Common Queen - - 23 Montserrat - - 17 Copper - - 17 Montserrat - 24 Crown - 36 Mealy-leaned Providence - 37 English Globe * 9 Narrow-leaved Queen - 23 Enville - 8 New Black Jamaica - 18 s PLUMS. 441 New Demerara - - 19 New Enville - 20 New Green Olive - - 11 New Mealy-leaved Sugar- loaf - - 21 New Providence - -37 Old Enville - 8 Old King * -" - 15 Old Queen *'-V - 23 Old Ripley ' * { * - 24 Otaheite - 22 Providence - 37 Purple-striped Queen - 31 Queen - 23 Ribbon-grass - 33 Ripley - - 24 Ripley Queen - 25 Russian Cockscomb - 26 Russian Globe - - 27 Saint Vincent's - 28 Silver-striped Queen - 29 Smooth-leaved Antigua - 13 Smooth Green Havannah - 10 Smooth leaved Queen - 12 Smooth -leaved Sugar-loaf 30 Striped Brown Sugar-loaf 7 Striped-leaf Olive - - 32 Striped-leaved Sugar-loaf 31 Striped Queen - 32 Striped Silver and Pink Surinam - - 33 Surinam - - 34 Waved-leaved - 35 Welbeck Seedling - 36 White Providence - - 37 CHAP. XVIII. PLUMS. SECT. I. Black or Blue-fruited, 1. BLUE GAGE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 22. Azure Hative. Poit. et Turp. t. 78. Branches long, slender, and downy. Fruit small, quite round, about three inches and a half in circumfer- ence. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin dark blue, covered with a pale blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, and separates from the stone. Juice smart, with but little richness of flavour. Ripe the beginning of August. 2. BLUE PERDRIGON. Langley, p. 92. Miller, No. 7. Perdigon. Parkinson, No. 19- Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, oval, a little 442 PLUMS. narrowed towards the stalk, which is short. Skin deep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice excellent. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. Ripened at Twickenham in 1727, on a west wall, July 20. O. S., or July 31. N. S. Langley. This Plum has been a long time in our gardens. HAKLUYT, in 1582, says, " Of late time the Plum called the Perdigevena, was procured out of Italy, with two kinds more, by the Lord Cromwell, after his travell." 3. GREAT DAMASK VIOLET OF TOURS. Miller, No. 4. Gros Damas de Tours. Duhamel, No. 4. Branches long, downy. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat oval figure, about one inch and a quarter long, and something less in diameter. Skin dark blue, covered with a violet bloom. Flesh yellow, and loosely adheres to the stone. Juice sugary and pleasant. Ripe the beginning of August. 4. GROSSE NOIRE HATIVE. Duhamel, No. 3. Noire de Montreuil. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat oblong figure, about one inch and a half long, and one inch and a quarter in diameter. Skin of a violet colour, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh firm, yellowish when fully ripe, and separates from the stone, leaving a few de- tached pieces of the pulp behind. Juice sugary an^ brisk-flavoured. Ripe the beginning of August. 5. KIRKE'S PLUM. Pom. Mag. t. 111. Branches smooth. Fruit rather large, roundish oval, rather broadest at the base, about one inch and three quarters deep, and two inches in diameter; suture slightly depressed. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, very little sunk at its point of insertion ; apex not PLUMS. 443 depressed. Skin dark purple, covered with a copious azure bloom, through which appear a few golden specks : this bloom is extremely remarkable, and does not readily rub off. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy, rich, and separates from the stone, which is middle-sized, irregu- larly and broadly oval, flattened, with a groove or chan- nel along one face. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is a very handsome variety, and a most excellent bearer, both as a standard and upon a west wall, ripen- ing something later than the Orleans. It was brought into notice a few years ago by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton, and is believed to be of foreign origin. 6. MOROCCO. Pom. Mag. 1. 103. Early Black Damask. Langley, Pom. t. 20. f. 3. Black Damask. Of various Collections, accord- Black Damascus. Black Morocco. ^ ! T. ing to the Pom. Mas:. Early Damask. Early Morocco. Branches downy. Leaves with globose glands. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, its suture moderately depressed along one side ; the apex a little flattened ; about one inch and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Stalk thick, scarcely half an inch long. Skin deep blackish purple, covered with a light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich, and high flavoured. Stone middle-sized, oval, compressed. Ripe the beginning of August. Ripened at Twickenham in 1727> on an east wall, July 14. O. S., or July 25. N. S. Langley. It is very hardy, and bears well as a standard, ripen- ing three weeks or a month before the Orleans. 7. PRECOCE DE TOURS. Duhamel, No. 2. Hooker, Pom. L/ond. t. 34. 444 PLUMS. Early Tours. Hitt. p. 348. Branches downy. Fruit below the middle size, oval, about one inch and a quarter deep, and an inch in diameter. Stalk half an inch long. Skin deep purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh brownish yellow, with a few red streaks near the stone, from which it separates. Juice sweet, with an agreeable flavour. Ripe on a south wall the end of July. 8. PRUNE DAMSON. Nursery Catalogues. Branches downy. Fruit of the smallest size among Plums, oval, two inches and three quarters longitudinal circumference. Stalk half an inch long. Skin dark blue, covered with a thick pale blue bloom. Flesh green, adhering to the stone. Juice smart, but not rich. Ripe in the middle of September. There are several sorts of Damson with black fruit cultivated in England ; such as the Common Black, with smooth spiny branches ; Royal Damson, similar to the Prune Damson, but said to be larger ; and the Shropshire Damson, with smooth branches, but not spiny. These are much alike in figure, but they differ a little in size, and possess different degrees of merit. This latter quality, however, depends upon the manner in which the tree has been propagated ; the soil and situ- ation in which it grows ; and the health and vigour of the tree itself. Damsons raised from suckers, and planted in hedge-rows, or grown among nut-bushes, or crowded among and under other trees, can never be ex- pected to produce such fine, thick-fleshed, high-flavoured fruit, as those which are grown upon sound healthy standards, in proper situations, unincumbered with coarse strong-growing trees. 9. VIOLETTE HATIVE. Nursery Catalogues. Violet. Langley, p. 92. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 262. Early Violet. Ib., No. 263. PLUMS. 445 Branches numerous, slender, downy. Fruit small, oval, rather pointed at the apex, and compressed towards the stalk; about one inch and three eighths long, and an inch in diameter. Suture shallow, in some extend- ing from the stalk to the apex. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Skin purple, when fully ripe of a deep blue or violet colour, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh green, and adheres to the stone. Juice sugary, with an agreeable acid. Ripe the beginning of August. Ripened at Twickenham in 1729, on a west wall, July 15. O. S., or July 26. N. S. Langley. An old Plum, cultivated by John Tradescant before 1629. It is a most excellent bearer, and ought to be planted in the garden of every poor cottager throughout the kingdom. It might then not unaptly be called the Cottager's Plum. SECT. II. Green-fruited. 10. GREEN GAGE. Langley, p. 94. t. 24. fig. 4. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 38. Dauphine. Duhamel, 25. t. 11. Grosse Reine Claude. Ib. Abricot Vert. Ib. Verte Bonne. Ib. Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, round, hav- ing a narrow suture extending from the stalk to the apex. Stalk half an inch long, a little bent, and in- serted in a small funnel-shaped cavity. Skin yellowish green, but when fully exposed to the sun of a purplish colour, marbled with russetty muddy red. Flesh yellowish green, very melting, and separates partly from the stone, leaving part of the pulp behind. Juice abundant, saccharine, of the richest and most exquisite flavour. 446 PLUMS. Ripe on the open standard the middle of August. Ripened at Twickenham in 17^7> n an east wall, July 30. O. S., or August 10. N. S. This is, without exception, the best Plum in England ; and when grown upon a healthy standard, and fully ex- posed to the sun, although not so large, is much richer than when produced against a wall. It is also a hardy and most excellent bearer. A plant of this sort was sent from France by the Earl of Stair to the second Duke of Rutland, by the name of Green Spanish. The name of Green Gage is said to have originated from the following accident : The Gage family, in the last century, procured from the Monks of the Chartreuse at Paris, a collection of fruit trees. When they arrived in England, the ticket of the Reine Claude had been rubbed off in the passage. The gardener being from this circumstance ignorant of the name, called it, when it bore fruit, Green Gage. Vide Hort. Trans. Vol. i. Appendix, p. 8. by the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. 11. LITTLE QUEEN CLAUDE. Miller, No. 16. Petite Reine Claude. Duhamel, No, 26. Branches slender, downy. Fruit small, of a roundish figure, having a small suture, and being a little more swelled on one side than on the other, about one inch and a quarter deep, and a little more in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a small hollow. Skin yellowish green, covered with a thick blooiH. Flesh pale yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice rich and well flavoured. Stone oval, with an obtuse point. Ripe the end of August. 12. LUCOMBE'S NONESUCH. Pom. Mag. t. 99. Branches smooth. Fruit extremely like a Green Gage in colour, but more streaked with yellow, covered with a fine glaucous bloom 5 generally compressed in the direction of its suture, which is the reverse of the usual - PLUMS. 447 mode of compression in stone fruit ; about one inch and three quarters deep, and rather more than two inches in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, straight, inserted in a rather wide hollow. Flesh firm, of the colour and consistence of a Green Gage, and adheres to the stone. Juice plentiful, of a flavour better than an Orleans, but inferior to that of a Green Gage. Stone ovate, not very uneven. Ripe about the end of August. A valuable variety, lately raised from seed by Messrs. Lucombe, Prince, and Co. of Exeter. It bears well as a standard, is remarkably handsome, as it were variegated with dull yellow and orange, and larger than the usual size of the Green Gage. SECT. III. Red or Purple-fruited. 13. CHERRY. Miller, No. 27. Virginian Cherry. Ib. Mirabolan. Duhamel, 46. t. 20. f. 15. Prunus Cerasifera. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 285. Branches slender, wiry, smooth. Fruit small, heart- shaped, somewhat like the Bigarreau Cherry, except having a small slender prickle at its summit ; about one inch and three quarters deep, and a little more in dia- meter. Suture obliterated. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, very slender, inserted in a very small round cavity. Skin pale red, sprinkled with a few small grey specks, rather thick, very acid. Flesh yellow, soft, very juicy, sweet, mixed with a little acid, and slightly adheres to the stone. Ripe the middle of August. This is planted chiefly in shrubberies and in the pleasure ground, for its early flowering. The fruit, however, is very handsome in the dessert, and also makes very excellent tarts. 448 PLUMS. 14. CHESTON. Miller, No. 12. Matchless. Langley, Pom. t. 23. f. 2. Branches downy. Fruit small, a little more long than broad, somewhat oval, pointed. Stalk half an inch long. Skin deep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh deep yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice sweet, brisk, and agreeable. Ripe the middle of August. It ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a west wall, July 15. O. S., or July 26. N. S. Langley. In 1811 this ripened on my south wall, July 31., but in the following year it did not ripen till August 31. 15. DIAPER. Miller, No. 15. Red Diaper. Ib. Diapree Rouge. Duhamel, No. 37. t. 20. f. 12. Roche-Corbon. Ib. Branches smooth. Fruit above the middle size, oval, about one inch and a half long, and an inch in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Skin pale red, mottled with amber j but when exposed to the sun it is marbled with a deeper red, full of russetty specks, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, and separates from the stone. Juice plentiful, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of September, and will hang some time upon the tree, like the Imperatrice. 16. EARLY ORLEANS. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 181. Hampton Court. Nursery Catalogues. \ Branches downy, somewhat red at the extremities. Fruit about the size of the common Orleans, somewhat globular ; in some specimens a little elongated, having a shallow suture extending from the base to the apex. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin deep red, or purple, marbled with darker and lighter shades, sprinkled with pale dots, and covered with a pale blue PLUMS. 449 bloom. Flesh yellowish green, and separates clean from the stone. Ripe the middle of August. 17. EARLY RED PRIMORDIAN. Parkinson, No. 2. Red Primordian. Ib. Branches slender, downy. Fruit small, in form somewhat like the Jaune Hative, oval, compressed next the stalk. Stalk half an inch long, oval. Skin deep red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh yellow, rather dry, and adheres to the stone. Juice sweet, with a slight bitter, but very pleasant. Ripe the end of July, after the Jaune Hative. 18. FOTHERINGHAM. Miller, No. 6. Langley, Pom. t. 20. f.6. Sheen. Ib. Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat oblong, compressed next the stalk, and swelled a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Stalk an inch long. Skin bright red on the shaded side, covered with small specks, but of a deep red or purple where exposed to the sun, and covered with a violet bloom. Flesh pale greenish yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice saccharine, with a little but agreeable tartness. Ripe the middle of August. It ripened at Twickenham, in 17^9, on a south-east wall, July 14. O. S., or July 25. N. S. Langley. This very useful and hardy Plum has been in England many years, having been cultivated by Sir Wm. Temple, at his seat at Sheen, near Richmond, in Surrey, before 1700, whence it was called the Sheen Plum. 19. GERMAN PRUNE. Nursery Catalogues. Quetsche. Knoop. Fruit, p. 61. t. 3. Quetzen. Ib. Branches smooth. Fruit below the middle size, of an oval figure, compressed next the stalk, which is half G G 450 PLUMS. an inch long, slender. Skin deep red, becoming purple. Flesh yellow, and closely adheres to the stone. Juice sweet, with a slight acid, somewhat astringent. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. The fruit of the Quetsche Plum is grown for the purpose of drying, and sold in the shops in this country under the name of Prunes. It is cultivated and well known throughout all Germany, Thuringia, Saxony, Silesia, Moravia, Bohemia, and Hungary. 20. GOLIATH. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 39. Saint Cloud. Nursery Catalogues. Branches resembling those of the Orleans, downy. Fruit pretty large, a little more long than broad, oblique at both extremities, and swelled more on one side of the suture than on the other. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin pale red on the shaded side, but of a deep red or violet colour where exposed to the sun, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellow, and slightly adhering to the stone. Juice similar to that of the Orleans. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is a very fine handsome Plum, a very great bearer, and deserving of cultivation. 21. IMPERATRICE. Langley, p. 95. t. 25. f. 3. Miller, No. 25. Pom. Mag. t. 33. Imperatrice Violette. Duhamel, 39. t. 18. Branches long, smooth. Fruit oblong, blunt at each end, but tapering rather more to the base than to the apex. Stalk nearly an inch long. Skin rich deep purple, covered with a thick bloom, which is more copious than on any plum in Covent Garden market. Flesh firm, yellowish green, rather dry, but exceedingly sweet and rich, and adheres to the stone. Ripe in October, and will keep, if well managed, till the middle of December. PLUMS. 451 It ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on a south-east wall, Sept. 10. O. S., or Sept. 21. N. S. Langley. It requires to be planted against an east or south-east wall, where it bears abundantly ; but it does not ripen perfectly if grown on a more unfavourable aspect. 22. IMPERIAL DIADEM. Hort. Trans. Vol.iv. p. 208. Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, oval, a little compressed near the stalk, and swelling more on one side of the suture, which is deep, than on the other, about one inch and a half long, and the same in diameter. Skin light red, with a few purplish specks, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, and separates from the stone. Juice plentiful, sugary, and when per- fectly ripe highly perfumed. Ripe the beginning of September. This very handsome Plum was raised from seed, in the neighbourhood of Ducken field, near Manchester, a few years previous to 1819. 23. ITALIAN DAMASK. Damas d' Italic. Duhamel, No. 12. t. 4. Fruit middle-sized, nearly round, about one inch and a half in diameter, a little flattened at the base, and having a well marked suture extending from the stalk to the apex. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a small round cavity. Skin of a violet colour, be- coming brown when fully ripe. Flesh yellowish green, firm, and separates clean from the stone. Juice very sweet and high flavoured. Stone oval, rather thick. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 24. LA DELICIEUSE. Nurs. Catalogues. Branches long and smooth. Fruit oval, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Suture rather broad, shallow, swelled a little more on one side than on the other. Stalk an inch long, slender, slightly inserted. Skin pale yellow on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun of a deep purple, and full G G 2 452 PLUMS. of brown specks. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice peculiarly rich and abundant. Ripe in October, about the same time with the Im- peratrice. This very fine Plum was brought to this country from New Jersey, about ten years ago, and first sold by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton, by advertisement, at a guinea per plant, in the autumn of 1825. 25. LA ROYALE. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 47. Royale. Duhamel, No. 24. 1. 10. Hitt, p, 349. Branches downy, almost white. Fruit middle-sized, round, not deeply cleft, rather narrowed towards the stalk, about one inch and a half in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small round cavity. Skin bright purplish red, full of brown specks, and covered thickly with a pale blue bloom. Flesh firm, dull yellow or amber colour, quite melting, and separates from the stone. Juice plentiful, saccharine, and very highly flavoured. Stone roundish-ovate, pointed at both ends. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September, succeeding the Green Gage. This is too tender to succeed in this country as an open standard : it requires an east or south-east wall. 26. MIMMS. Pom. Mag. t. 6. Mimms Plum. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 208. Branches smooth. Leaves with two small glands at the base of each. Fruit oblong, with an oblique apek, and broad shallow suture, of the largest size among Plums, about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, pubescent. Skin of a light clear purple colour, upon a greenish ground, marked with brownish specks, and covered copiously with bloom, which is easily rubbed off. Flesh pale, dull greenish yellow, tender, juicy, and very agreeably flavoured, like an Orleans in perfection, PLUMS. 453 and separating from the stone, which is very nigged, with a thin irregular edge. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is said to have been raised many years ago, from a stone of the Blue Pudrigon, in the garden of Henry Browne, Esq., at North Mimms, in Hertfordshire, and was exhited at the Horticultural Society in 1819- It is a distinct Plum from the Imperial Diadem. 27. MONSIEUR. Duhamel, No. 15. t. 7 Jctrd. Fruit, t. 57. Branches downy, somewhat like those of the Orleans. Fruit middle-sized, about one inch and a half in diame- ter, of a flattish globular figure, having a slight suture extending the length of the fruit. Stalk scarcely half an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Skin bluish purple. Flesh yellow, very melting when fully matured, and separates from the stone. Juice good, but not very highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. 28. MONSIEUR HATIF. Duhamel, No. 16. t. 20. f. 1. Monsieur Hatif. Jard. Fruit, t. 56. Branches downy, somewhat like the Orleans. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular, about one inch and a half in diameter, having a well marked suture extending from the base to the apex, where it is a little flattened. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow and somewhat deep cavity. Skin deep purple, or violet colour, when fully exposed to the sun, and covered with a thick bloom ; it is bitter, but readily peels off. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, and separates from the stone. Juice plentiful and excellent. Stone small, oblong, with an obtuse point, not very rugose. Ripe the beginning of August. This is somewhat like the last sort, but of a deeper colour, and ripens a fortnight earlier. G G 3 454 PLUMS. 28.* NECTARINE PLUM. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 114. Syn. Pom. Mag. t. 148. Caledonian. Of some Collections. Howell's Large. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 128. Prune Peche. Ib., No. 119. Syn., according to the Pom. Mag. Branches glabrous, brownish violet when exposed to the sun. Fruit very large, like a Nectarine in shape and size. Stalk smooth, about half an inch long, and of moderate thickness. Skin purple, covered with a fine azure bloom. Flesh dull greenish yellow, some- what adhering to the stone, but less so than in the Go- liath, compared with which it is much finer and richer, being decidedly the best Plum yet known of its size. Stone middle-sized, oval, compressed. Ripe against a wall the end of July or the beginning of August, considerably earlier than the Goliath. This is a very excellent Plum, and a good bearer either on a wall or as a standard. The Nectarine Plum has been satisfactorily ascer- tained, in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, to be wholly distinct from the Goliath, and its synonyms settled in the Pom. Mag. above referred to. 29. ORLEANS. Miller, No. 5. Red Damask. Langley, Pom. t. 20. f. 4. Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, nearly glo- bular, swelling a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin dark red, and when fully ei- posed to the sun, of a purplish colour, covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellow, and separates clean from the stone, like an Apricot. Juice a little sugary, with a portion of astringency. ^ No. 28. is inserted twice in consequence of the Nectarine Plum, having been published in the Pom. Mag. after the nu- merical arrangement had be.en completed. PLUMS. 455 Ripe the middle and end of August. The Orleans is one of our most common Plums, and known in every market throughout England. It is a most hardy tree, a constant bearer, and an extremely useful fruit. It does not appear to have been known to either Parkinson or Ray. 30. PRUNE SUISSE. Duhamel, No. 19. t. 20. f. 7. Prune d'Altesse, Ib. Monsieur Tardif. Bon Jard. 1827. P- 290. Simiana. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 252. Branches smooth. Fruit nearly spherical, about four inches and a half in circumference, rather more protruded in the middle than at either extremity. Stalk an inch long, slender, curved. Skin amber coloured on the shaded side, very full of small red specks, but where fully exposed to the sun it is of a beautiful red* Flesh gold colour, and closely adheres to the stone. Juice somewhat sharp, but when well matured it has an ex- cellent flavour. Ripe the end of September, and will keep for some weeks upon the tree. This requires an east or south-east wall, in order to have it in perfection ; on colder aspects it cannot be ex- pected to be equally good. The same precaution should be observed with regard to the Imperatrice, Saint Catharine, and Coe's Plum ; and indeed with all other late-ripening Plums ; for to suppose they will succeed equally well in less favourable situations, is contrary both to reason and practice. 31. PURPLE GAGE. Pom. Mag. t. 129. Reine Claude Violette. According to the Pom. Mag. Nois. Man. Comp. p. 496. Reine Claude Violette. Bon Jard. 1827. P- 291. Die Violette Konigin Claudie. Sickler y Teutsch. Obst. Gart. Vol. xxi. p. 64. t. 6. Branches smooth, almost like the Green Gage. G G 4 456 PLUMS. Fruit, except in colour, very like the Green Gage, middle-sized, roundish oval, somewhat flattened at the ends. Suture moderately depressed. Stalk about an inch long, rather thick. Skin violet, powdered with a light blue bloom, beneath which it is engrained with pale yellow dots. Flesh greenish amber, rich, sugary, and strikingly high flavoured. Stone oval, inclining to ovate, compressed. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The origin of this variety is unknown ; it must, how- ever, be recent, as it is not mentioned by Duhamel, nor by any of the older French writers, and is even omitted by Noisette in his Javelin Fruitier. It is of very high quality, fully equal to the Green Gage in all respects, and having this superiority, that while the latter is apt to crack in wet summers, and will never keep after having been gathered, this, on the contrary, will endure, if the climate be dry, through August and September, even till October, and is scarcely at all disposed to crack. A good bearer as a standard. It is also well adapted to an east or west wall, where its flavour becomes im- proved. 32. QUEEN MOTHER. Ray, No. 19 Langley, p. 94. t. 24. fig. 3. Hitt, p. 353. Branches smooth. Fruit of a smallish size, nearly globular, about three inches and a half in circumference. Stalk short. Skin dark red next the sun, on the othftr side pale .yellow, full of reddish spots. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice saccharine and rich. Stone very small in proportion to the fruit. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. It ripened at Twickenham in 1727> on a south wall, August 12. O. S., or August 23. N. S. Langley. A very good, neat, little Plum ; it will succeed on either an east or west wall, but not as an open standard. - PLUMS. 457 33. RED MAGNUM BONUM. Miller ', No. 10. Imperiall. Parkinson, No. 9. Imperial. Langley, p. 92. t. 20. fig. 5. Imperiale Violette. Duhamel, No. 32. 1. 15 Branches smooth. Fruit pretty large, oval, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter, swelled much more on one side of the suture than on the other. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slender. Skin pale green on the shaded side, but of a deep red colour, with numerous grey specks, where fully exposed to the sun, and covered with a very thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, and separates from the stone. Juice harsh, subacid. Stone oval, sharp-pointed. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. It ripened at Twickenham in 1727* on a north-west wall, July 15. O. S., or July 26. N. S. Langley. An old Plum of our gardens, cultivated by John Tradescant, previously to 1629. A very hardy bearer as an open standard. 34. RED PERDRIGON. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 10. Perdrigon Rouge. Duhamel, No. 22. t. 20. f. 6* Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish oval figure, about one inch and a quarter long, and nearly the same in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small round hollow. Skin of a fine red inclining to violet, sprinkled with small brownish yellow specks, and covered with a thick bloom. Flesh bright yellow, or greenish yellow, firm, sweet, and juicy, and separates from the stone. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. 35. ROYAL DAUPHIN. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 238. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, about six inches in circumference, some\vhat broader at the apex than at the base. Stalk an inch long, stout. Skin of a pale red on the shaded side, marked with green specks, 4*58 PLUMS. but of a darker red next the sun, mottled with darker and lighter shades, and covered with a violet bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, and separates from the stone, which is large. Juice sweet, mixed with a little sub- acid. Ripe the beginning of September. 36. ROYALE BE TOURS. Duhamel, No. 17. t. 20. f. 8. Fruit above the middle size, of a roundish figure, with a well marked suture extending from the base to the apex, and somewhat more swelled on one of its sides than on the other ; about one inch and a half long, and nearly the same in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, slightly inserted. Skin bright red on the shaded side, but when fully exposed to the sun of a deep violet, sprinkled over with numerous small yellow spots, and covered with a thick bloom. Flesh greenish yellow. Juice plentiful and high flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. 37- VIOLET DAMASK. Nursery Catalogue. Damas Violet. Duhamel, No. 5. t. 2. Branches downy. Fruit small, of an oblong figure, somewhat larger at the apex than at the base, about one inch and a quarter long, and little more than an inch in diameter. Stalk half an inch long. Skin of a purplish violet colour, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh yellow, firm, and separates from the stone, leaving a few slightly attached pieces of the pulp behind. Juice very sweeY, with a smart and pleasant flavour. Ripe the middle and end of August. 38. VIOLET DIAPER. Nursery Catalogue. Diapree Violette. Duhamel, No. 36. 1. 17- Branches downy. Fruit below the middle size, of an oval figure, about one inch and a half long, and one inch and quarter in diameter, having a rather deep suture, on one side of which it is swelled considerably PLUMS. 459 more than on the other. Stalk short, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin thin, of a purplish red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh yellowish, firm, and separ- ates from the stone. Juice saccharine, plentiful, of an agreeable flavour. Stone narrow, with a long sharp point. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This is a fleshy firm Plum, very good in the dessert, and excellent when dried as a Prune. 39- VIOLET PERDRIGON. Miller, No. 8. Perdrigon Violet. Duhamel, No. 21. t. 9- Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, a little more long than broad, and enlarged a little at the apex, about one inch and a half long, and nearly as much in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, curved, slender. Skin of a dull greenish brown, full of small brown specks, and covered with a thick pale bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, pretty firm, and adheres to the stone. Juice sweet, and of a very excellent flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 40. WHEAT PLUM. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 271. Wheaten. Ray, No. 17 Whitton. Hort. Soc. Cat. 271. Nutmeg. Parkinson, No. 18. Branches numerous, slender, smooth. Fruit small, somewhat oblong, about one inch and one eighth long, and an inch in diameter, mostly growing in pairs, a little swelled on one side of the suture more than on the other, which is shallow. Stalk five eighths of an inch long, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Skin pale amber on the shaded side, but of a bright red, marbled with a deeper colour, where exposed to the sun, and covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, and adheres to the stone. Juice sugary, with a little subacid. Ripe the middle of August. 460 PLUMS. This is called Wheat Plum, in consequence of its being ripe about the time of the wheat harvest. 41. WILMOT'S EARLY ORLEANS. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 392. 1. 14. Wilmot's Orleans. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 274. Wilmot's New Early Orleans. Ib. Wilmot's Late Orleans. Ib. According to the Hort. Soc. Cat. Branches downy, like the Common Orleans. Fruit above the middle size, round, rather deeply cleft, more compressed than the Old Orleans, especially at the apex. Stalk short. Skin pale red on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun of a dark purple tint, and covered with a fine thin bloom. Flesh of a rich greenish yellow, inclining to amber when quite ripe, of a pleasant consistence, being much softer and more juicy than the Orleans, and separates clean from the stone. Juice plentiful, sweet, combined with acid, of excellent flavour. Stone round, rather small, in proportion to the size of the fruit. Ripe the beginning of August, as early as the Mo- rocco, or the Precoce de Tours. Raised in 1809 by Mr. John Wilmot, in his garden at Isleworth, near London. 42. WINESOUR. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 32. Rotherham. Of the Old Gardens. Branches slender, downy. Fruit rather larger than a Damson, oblong. Stalk half an inch long. Skfa dark bluish purple, covered with dark purple specks, particularly where exposed to the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, and adheres to the stone, near which there are some red streaks in the flesh. Juice subacid. Stone long, slender, and acute-pointed. Ripe about the middle of September. This Plum is said to have originated in the neigh- bourhood of Rotherham, in Yorkshire, many years ago. PLUMS. 461 The Winesour is the most valuable of all our Plums for preserving, and great quantities of it in this state are sent annually from Wakefield and Leeds to distant parts of England. As a preserve, they will keep one or two years, and are preferable to those imported from abroad. SECT. IV White or Yellow fruited. 43. APRICOT. Switzer, p. 105. Miller, No. 13. Abricotee. Duhamel, No. 28. t. 13. Abricote'e de Tours. Ib. t. 13. Branches covered with a whitish down. Fruit pretty large, of a roundish figure, divided by a deep suture, about one inch and a half deep, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Stalk short, scarcely more than a quarter of an inch long. Skin yellow, tinged with red on the sunny side, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, firm, but melting, and separates clean from the stone. Juice sweet, of a very excellent flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This very fine Plum is considered by Duhamel as nearly equal to the Green Gage : as it is too tender for an open standard, it is better to plant it against an east or south-east wall. 44. BRIGNOLE. Miller, No. 24. Brignole Jaune. Knoop. Fruit, p. 55. Prune de Brignole. Bon Jard. 1827. P 290. Fruit large, oval. Skin pale yellow, mixed- with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, rather dry. Juice saccharine, of excellent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of August. This Plum is so named, from Brignole, a town of France, famous for its Prunes, of which this ranks among its best sorts. 45. COE'S PLUM. Pom. Mag. t. 57. Coe's Golden Drop. Ib. 462 PLUMS. Coe's Imperial. Ib. Bury Seedling. Ib. New Golden Drop. Ib. Fair's Golden Drop. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 103. ac- cording to the Pom. Mag. Branches smooth. Leaves with two globular glands at the base. Fruit oval, of the largest size among Plums, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in diameter, deeply marked by the suture, pitted at the point, abruptly tapering and hollowed out at the base for the reception of the stalk. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender. Skin greenish yellow, with numerous rich spots of bright violet red next the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, adhering firmly to the stone. Juice very sweet and delicious. Stone sharp-pointed. Ripe the end of September, and will hang some time upon the tree after it is matured. This will keep for a considerable length of time, after it is gathered, either by suspending it by the stalk upon a string, withinside a window facing the sun, or by wrapping it in soft paper, and keeping it in a dry room. By this latter method, I have eaten it exceed- ingly good in October, twelve months after it had^been gathered. It was raised by the late Jervaise Coe, a market gar- dener at Bury St. Edmund's, in Suffolk, more than thirty years ago. He informed me it was from the stone of a Green Gage, the blossom of which, he sup- posed, had been fertilised by the White Magnum Bonum, the two trees of which grew nearly in contact with each other in his garden. It requires an east or a west wall ; on the former the fruit attains its greatest perfection. 46. DOWNTON IMPERATRICE. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 383. Branches long, smooth. Fruit shaped almost like the Blue Imperatrice, but larger, and not so much PLUMS. 463 lengthened at the stalk end. Skin dull yellow, very thin. Flesh yellow, soft, juicy, with a high flavoured acidity. Ripe in October, and will keep a month. Raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle, from a seed of the White Magnum Bonum, the blossom of which had been impregnated by the pollen of the Blue Imperatrice. Its fruit was exhibited at the Horticul- tural Society, December 1. 1823, The young wood has much the appearance of the White Magnum Bonum, but grows much stronger, more so indeed than any Plum I have ever seen, fre- quently, on vigorous stocks, shooting from buds eight feet the first year. 47. DRAP D'On. Langley^ p. 94. t.24. f.5. Miller , No. 20. Cloth of Gold. Ib. Mirabelle double. Duhamel, No. 30. Branches smooth, but downy at the ends. Fruit rather small, of a roundish figure, somewhat like the Little Queen Claude, with but very little suture, and a small dimple at each end : about an inch deep, and rather more in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin bright yellow, spotted or marbled with red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, melting, and separates clean from the stone. Juice sugary and ex- cellent. Ripe the middle of August. It ripened at Twickenham in 17^7? n & west wall, July 20th O. S. or July 31st N. S. Langley. 48. EARLY AMBER. Nurs. Catalogues. Fruit small, somewhat oblong, and broadest at the apex. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin pale greenish yellow, with a few small crimson specks on the sunny side, and covered with a thin whitish bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, and adheres to the 464 'PLUMS. stone. Juice sub-acid, but not possessing any peculiar flavour. Ripe the beginning of August. This is a very handsome little fruit ; although inferior to some of the early sorts, it deserves cultivation. 49 JAUNE HATIVE. Duhamel, No. 1. 1. 1. Prune de Catalogne. Ib. Prune de St. Barnabe. Bon Jard. 1897- p. 289. White Primordian. Langley, p. 90. t. 20. fig. 1 . Miller, No. 1. Amber Primordian. Parkinson, No. 1, Catalonian. Of the Old Gardens. Branches slender, downy. Fruit small, oblong, broader at the apex than at the base, having a shallow suture extending the length of the fruit, about one inch and a quarter in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin pale yellow, covered with a very thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, melting, and separates from the stone. Juice sweet. Ripe on a south wall the middle of July. Langley, in his Pomona, says this plum ripened in 1727, at Twickenham in Middlesex, on a south-east wall, June 9. O. S., or June 20. N. S. The Jaune Hative, although not possessing much flavour, deserves to be cultivated against a south wall, being the first plum which ripens. It is an old inhabit- ant of our gardens, having been cultivated by John Tradescant*, who obtained the title of gardener to King Charles the First, and settled at his garden at Lambeth, about the year 1629. 50. MAITRE CLAUDE. Langley, Pom. t. 23. f. 6. Miller, No. 14. Branches slender, downy. Fruit middle-sized, rather more broad than long, a little compressed at its * Rees's Cyclop. PLUMS. apex. Stalk short. Skin yellow, marbled with red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice sugary, and well flavoured. Ripe the middle of August. . This plum ripened at Twickenham, in 1727> on a south-east wall, July 23. O. S., or August 3. N. S. Langley. The Maitre Claude was known both to Switzer and Hitt ; but is not mentioned either in Duhamel's Traite, or in the Bon Jardinier of JVf. Noisette. 51. MIRABELLE. Miller, No. 23. Duhamel,1So.29. 1. 14. White Mirable. Langley, p. 93. t. 23. f. 7. Fruit small, a little more long than broad, about an inch in length. Stalk half an inch long. Skin yellow, becoming of an amber colour as it ripens. Flesh yel- low, and separates from the stone. Juice rich and sugary. Ripe the middle of August. Ripened at Twickenham, 1729, on a standard, July 20. O. S., or July 31. N. S. Langley. 52. SAINT CATHARINE. Langley, p. 94. t. 24. fig. 4. Miller, No. 21. Sainte Catherine. Duhamel, No. 43. t. 19- Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, of an ob- long figure, being broadest at the apex, and tapering to the base, and having a narrow suture about one inch and a half long, and nearly the same in diameter in its widest part. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender. Skin whitish, turning to a pale yellow as it ripens, and tinged with a little russetty red on the sunny side. Flesh pretty firm, yellow, and adheres to the stone. Juice rich, sugary, and high-flavoured. Ripe the middle of September, with the Imperatrice, and, like that, will hang and shrivel upon the tree. H H 466 PLUMS. 53. WASHINGTON. Pom. Mag. t. 16. New Washington. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 270. Franklin. Ib., according to the Pom. Mag. Branches downy. Fruit regularly oval, with a very obscure suture just at the stalk, where it is rather deep, about one inch and three quarters long, and one inch and five eighths in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slightly pubescent. Skin dull yellow, broken a little with green, assuming an orange cast on the sunny side, with a purplish bloom, and more or less mottled with crimson dots. Flesh yellow, firm, very sweet and luscious, separating freely from the stone. Stone oval, acute at each end, wrinkled all over, and nearly even at the edges. Ripe in September. The parent tree of the Washington Plum, it appears, was purchased in the market of New York, towards the end of the last century. It remained barren several years, till during a violent thunder-storm, the whole trunk was struck to the earth and destroyed. The root afterwards threw up a number of vigorous shoots, all of which were allowed to remain, and finally produced fruit. It is therefore to be presumed, that the stock of the barren kind was the parent of this. Trees were sent to Robert Barclay, Esq., of Bury Hill, in 1819 ; and in 1821, several others were presented to the Hor- ticultural Society by Dr. Hosack, of New York. It fruits equally well on an east and west wall ; but om a south it is found to be too hot, the fruit becoming smaller, with many black specks. There is no doubt it will bear abundantly as a standard. 54. WENTWORTH. Miller, No. 26. Langley, Pom. t. 25. f. 4. Dame Aubert. Duhamel, No. 41. t. 20. f. 10. Grosse Luisante. Ib. PLUMS. , 467 Fruit of the largest size, of an oval figure, having a deep suture extending from the base to the apex, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Skin thick and leathery, of a yellow colour, tinged with green on the shaded side, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, rather coarse, and separates from the stone. Juice subacid, somewhat austere. Ripe in September. It ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7 n a south-east wall, Aug. 20. O. S., or Aug. 31. N. S. Langley. This has a good deal the appearance of the White Magnum Bonum, but is not so much pointed, of a deeper colour, and, like that, fit only for preserving ; but for this it is excellent. The Wentworth Plum is said, by Langley, to have been so called from its having been first planted in the gardens of the Right Honourable Thomas Wentworth Earl of Strafford, at Twickenham. MILLER has strangely confounded this with the Monsieur of DUHAMEL, in which he has been followed by MARTYN and FORSYTH ; but no two plums can be more distinct. 55. WHITE BULLACE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 4. Branches slender, twiggy, downy. Fruit small, round, mostly growing by pairs. Skin yellowish white, and when fully ripe, a little mottled with red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, firm, and closely adheres to the stone. Juice acid, but so tempered by sweetness and roughness as not to be unpleasant, espe- cially after it is mellowed by frost. Ripe in October. Large quantities of the White Bullace are brought into the market in Norwich, and elsewhere in the county of Norfolk, where they are highly esteemed H H 2 468 PLUMS. for tarts : they are by some preserved by boiling them in sugar, and in this state they will keep twelve months. 56. WHITE DAMASK. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 71- Petit Damas Blanc. Duhamel, No. 6. t. 3. Fruit small, nearly globular, about an inch in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, very slender. Skin greenish yellow, rather thick, covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, melting, and separates from the stone. Juice sugary, of an agreeable flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. 57. WHITE DAMSON. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 88. White Prune Damson: Nursery Catalogues. Brandies long, smooth. Fruit small, oval, about three inches and a half in its long circumference. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin pale yellow, covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, adhering to the stone. Juice plentiful, a little sugary, mixed with a small portion of acid. Ripe the middle and end of September. .58. WHITE IMPERATRECE. Pom. Mag. t. 38. Imperatrice Blanche. Duhamel, 40. 1. 18. f. 2. Die Weisse Kaiserpflaume. Pom. Aust. %. 33. 1. 181. f. 2., according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle-sized, oval, with an indistinct suture, very blunt at each end ; about one inch and three quarters long, and one inch and a half in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Skin bright yellowish ochre colour, with a slight evanescent bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, and rather more transparent than that of most plums, separating freely from the stone. It ripens on a west wall about the beginning of Sep- tember. It will scarcely succeed as an open standard, except in warm situations. PLUMS. 469 59. WHITE MAGNUM BONUM. Langley, p. 95. t. 25. fig. 6. Miller, No. 11. White Mogul. Ib. White Holland. Ib. Egg Plum. Ib. Imperiale Blanche. Duhamel, No. 35. Branches long, smooth. Fruit of the largest size, oval. Skin yellow, covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, firm, closely adhering to the stone. Juice acid, not fit to be eaten raw, but excellent for sweetmeats. Stone oval, lance-pointed. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. It ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> on a south-east wall, Aug. 20. 60. WHITE PERDRIGON. Langley, p. 92. t. 23. fig. 5. Miller, No. 9- Perdrigon Blanc. Duhamel, No. 30. t. 8. Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat oblong, enlarged towards the apex and tapering a little towards the stalk ; about one inch and a quarter long, and the same in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin pale yellow, full of small white specks, with a few red spots on 'the sunny side, and covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh pale yellow, separating clean from the stone. Juice rich and saccharine. Stone small, lanceolate. Ripe the beginning of September. This, as well as the other Perdrigons, is too tender to bear in this' country as an open standard, or even in espalier ; it should be planted against an east or south-east wall : on these aspects all the September plums ripen better than on any other, and are more certain in their produce. H H 3 470 PLUMS. A Selection of Plums for a small Garden in the Southern and Midland Counties of England. RIPE IN JULY AND AUGUST. Early Amber Green Gage La Royale Morocco - 48 - 10 - 25 - 6 Nectarine Prdcoce de Tours Violette Hative Wilmot's Early Orleans - 28* - 7 - 9 - 41 RIPE IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER. Diaper Imperial Diadem - Kirke's < "^ ; Lucombe's Nonsuch - 15 - 22 1 ^.l::5i' - 12 Prune Damson Purple Gage Washington Wentworth 8 - 31 - 53 - 54 Mimms - 26 White Magnum Bonum - 59 RIPE IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER. Coe's Plum - 45 Prune Suisse - 30 Imperatrice La Delicieuse - 21 - 24 St. Catharine White Bullace - 52 - 55 Northern Counties of England, and Southern of Scotland. RIPE IN JULY AND AUGUST. Early Amber Early Orleans Green Gage Morocco 48 Nectarine - - 28* 16 Precoce de Tours - 7 10 Violette Hative - 9 6 Wilmot's Early Orleans - 41 RIPE IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER. Fotheringham Goliath Imperial Diadem - Kirke's Lucombe's Nonsuch 18 Mimms 20 Prune t)amson 22 Purple Gage 5 Washington 1 1 Wentworth * -'20 - 8 31 - 53 - 54 RIPE IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER* Coe's Plum Imperatrice La Delicieuse - 45 - 21 - 24 Prune Suisse St. Catharine White Bullace - 30 - 52 - 55 PLUMS. 4*71 Highlands of Scotland. RIPE IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER. Early Orleans - 16 Kirke's - 5 Fotheringham - - 18 Morocco - 6 Goliath - 20 Violette Hative - 9 RIPE IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER. Coe's Plum - 45 Orleans - 29 Diaper - 15 Prune Suisse - , - 30 Green Gage - 10 Purple Gage - 31 Imperatrice - - 21 Red Magnum Bonum 33 Lucombe's Nonsuch - 11 Wentworth - - 54? Propagation. Plums are propagated by budding and grafting upon the Brussels and the Common Plum stock. The former is principally employed for such sorts as are intended to be worked standard high ; it is used also for dwarfs. The* Common stock is used likewise for both standards and dwarfs ; but then the former are worked below, the same as for dwarfs, and the strongest of the plants are allowed to run up for standards. The Brussels stock is a very useful one for the nur- seryman, being a vigorous grower ; if it is planted out one year, and then cut down to the ground, it will throw up a straight, smooth, handsome shoot, six feet high the first year, on which Apricots and Plums may be budded standard high the following summer, and they will make handsome plants at the end of another year ; but this excess of vigour in the Brussels stock is not in favour of its durability.. In raising standard Plums, however, I have found it the best \vay to bud them upon the Common stock, nine inches from the ground. If the stocks are strong and in health, and upon a good soil, they will throw up the vigorous growing sorts standard high the first yearj H H 4> 472 PLUMS. those which are of a more moderate growth will attain that height the following year. For dwarfs, as I have observed before, those which are obtained by grafting are to be preferred. The Common stock possesses sufficient vigour, if planted on a good soil, to throw up its shoot standard high the first year after cutting down, and may be budded the second either with Apricots or the weaker growing Plums : these make not only handsome but durable standards. DAMSONS AND BULLACE. The Prune Damsons and White Bullace should be budded upon the Muscle stock, as they succeed much better upon it than upon any other. If budded nine inches from the ground, upon vigorous stocks, they will grow five or six feet high the first year, and make fine standards the year following ; or they may be budded standard high upon stocks which have been cut down for the purpose, the same as directed for standard Peaches and Nectarines. Pruning and Training. Open Standards. Open standards of Plums should be chosen, such as are straight and clean in their stems, with regular heads of four equally strong well-placed shoots. If the trees have been planted in the autumn, they will, by the fol- lowing April, have made fresh roots, and their buds will begin to push ; they must at this time be headed down to three or four inches, after which they will furnish three or four others from each shoot. If, however, at the next winter pruning a sufficient PLUMS. 473 number cannot be selected to form the head, the best must be selected and cut down again as before, which, if the tree be in a state of health, must furnish abundance for the purpose. The best of those being selected, they must be allowed to grow at their full length, without ever shortening them again, unless through some acci- dent there should be a vacancy in the head which re- quires to be filled up. Standards, when thus fully established, require nothing further than to be looked over from time to time, in order to remove any superfluous shoots, or such others as may, by their further growth, be likely to injure others. Espaliers. Espalier Plums are to be formed precisely upon the same principle as espalier Pears, having a central up- right stem with horizontal branches issuing from each side ; these should be trained at nine inches apart, ex- cept in such sorts as are of a very slender wiry growth, in which they may be somewhat nearer. The branches of Plums require to be continued at length, without ever shortening the leading shoot, and their spurs should be managed as directed for Pears, ex- cept in the first pruning in the summer, when the fore- right and side shoots must be shortened to one inch instead of two, as they are not so likely to throw out additional shoots from these artificial spurs in the same season* Some of the strongest, however, of these spurs will be likely to make a second shoot, which must, in the second pruning, be cut off below the eye whence it originated ; never shortening a second shoot like the first, as a repe- tition of this alone causes the spurs, in every description of espalier and wall tree, to be what are termed bush- headed, instead of having any tendency to acquire a PLUMS. more natural character : they are at all times unsightly, and never productive of fruit. Plums against Walls. The wall tree may, in all cases, be considered as an espalier, having the wall for its support, without any reference to its influence in the ripening of its fruit, hence the term espalier is applied by the French, not as by us, but " to a tree fixed against a wall in the form of a fan ; " to this we are indebted, probably, for our method of fan-training, as it is now applied to the Peach, the Nectarine, the Apricot, and the Morello Cherry. Plums, when trained against the wall, require the same management as our English espalier,' the same horizontal method of training being pursued. When Plum trees have been neglected for a length of time, and their spurs become long, naked, and unpro- ductive, the latter may, if the trees are sound, be re- moved by the same method as directed for the Pear; that of heading them down. When the young shoots are long enough to be nailed to the wall, two of the strongest and best placed from each shortened limb must be selected and trained as be- fore, till the next winter pruning, when the best of the two must be selected and continued at its full length, cutting the other away. The spurs must be managed also as directed for th espalier, and in other respects the treatment must be the same. INDEX TO THE PLUMS. Abricotee - - 43 Apricot * . ., ; - 43 Abricotee de Tours - 43 Azure Hative - - 1 Abricot-Vert - 10 Black Damascus 6 Amber Primordian - 49 Black Damask - - 6 PLUMS. 475 Black Morocco - - 6 Blue Gage 1 Blue Perdrigon - 2 Brignole - -44 Brignole Jaune - - 44 Bury Seedling - 45 Caledonian - - 28* Catalonian - - 49 Cherry - 13 Cheston - 1 4 Cloth of Gold - 47 Coe's - 45 Coe's Go/efen Drop - 45 Coe's Imperial - - 45 Damas d' Italic - - 23 Damns Violet - 37 Dame Aubert - * 54 Dauphine - - 10 Diaper - - - 15 Diapree Rouge - 15 Diapree Violette - - 38 J)*> Violette Konigin - 31 Dze Weisse Kaiserpjlaume 58 Downton Imperatrice - 46 Drap d'Or - 47 Early Amber - 48 Early Black Damask - 6 Early Damask - * 6 Early Morocco - 6 Early Orleans - 16 Early Red Primordian - 17 Early Tours - 7 Early Violet - 9 Egg 59 Fairs Golden Drop - 45 Fotheringham - - 18 Franklin - - 53 German Prune - - 19 Goliath - 20 Great Damask Violet - 3 Green Gage - 10 Gros Damas de Tours 3 Grosse Luisante - - 54 Grosse Noire Hative - 4 Grosse Reine Claude - 10 Hampton Court - - 16 Howeirs Large - - 28* Imperatrice - 21 Imperatrice Blanche - 58 Imperatrice Violette - - 21 Imperial - - 33 Imperiall - - 33 Imperiale Blanche - - 59 Imperial Diadem - - 22 Imperiale Violette - 33 Italian Damask - - 23 Jaune Hative - 4-9 Kirke's - 5 La Delicieuse - 24 La Royale - - 25 Little Queen Claude - 1 1 Lucombe's Nonsuch - 12 Maitre Claude -50 Matchless - - 14 Minims - - 26 Mirabelle - - 51 Mirabelle Double - - 47 Mirabolan - -13 Monsieur - - 27 Monsieur Hatif - 28 Monsieur Tardif - * 30 Morocco - 6 Nectarine * * 28* New Golden Drop - 45 New Washington * - 53 Noire de Montreuit - 4 Nutmeg - - - 40 Orleans * 29 Perdrigon - 2 Perdrigon Blanc i - 60 Perdrigon Rouge - - 34 Perdrigon Violet - - 39 Petit Damas Blanc - 56 Petite Reine Claude - 1 1 Precoce de Tours - ' - 7 Prune d"Altesse - - 30 Prune Damson - - 8 Prune de Brignole - 44 QUINCES. Prune de Catalogue Prune de St. Barnabe Prune Peche Prune Suisse Prunus Cerasifera Purple Gage Queen Mother Quetsche Quetzen - Red Damask Red Diaper Ked Magnum Bonum Red Perdrigon Red Primordian Heine Claude Violette Roche- Corbon Rotherham Royale Royal Dauphin Royale de Tours - Saint Catharine Sainte Catherine Saint Cloud Sheen Simiana Verte-bonne Violet 49 Violet Damask - - 37 49 Violet Diaper 38 28* Violette Hative 9 30 Violet Perdrigon - 39 13 Virginian Cherry -* 13 31 Washington * * 53 32 Wentworth 54 19 Wheat 40 19 Wheat en 40 29 White Bullace 55 15 White Damask 56 33 White Damson 57 34 White Holland 59 17 White Imperatrice 58 31 White Imperial 59 51 White Magnum Bonum 59 42 White Mirable 51 25 White Mogul 59 35 White Perdrigon - 60 36 White Primordian 49 52 White Prune Damson 57 52 Whit ton 40 20 Wil mot's Early Orleans - 41 18 Wilmot's Late Orleans 41 30 Wilmofs New Early Orleans 41 10 Wil mot's Orleans 41 9 Winesour 42 CHAP. XIX. QUINCES. MR. MILLER has three varieties of the Quince, the only hardy kinds known in this country, viz. 1. CYDONIA OBLONGA. PEAR-SHAPED QUINCE. Leaves oblong-ovate. Fruit lengthened at the base. 2. CYDONIA MALIFORMIS. APPLE-SHAPED QUINCE. Leaves ovate. Fruit rounder than that of the last. 3. CYDONIA LUSITANICA. PORTUGAL QUINCE. Leaves obovate. Fruit oblong. QUINCES. 477 The last variety is of a fine purple colour when dressed ; is more juicy and less harsh, and much better for marmalade, than either of the others. It is the only sort now cultivated in England for domestic purposes, Propagation. The Quince is propagated by layers at any time during the winter months. When the young shoots are laid down, there should not be more than two eyes left above ground, and when those have grown five or six inches long, one of them should be cut clean off, leaving the other to form the plant, which by the autumn will be three feet high. The layers must be taken off the stools as soon as the leaves are fallen, and planted out in rows at three feet apart from row to row, and ten or twelve inches from plant to plant in the row. At the end of one or two years they will be fit to bud or graft with the different sorts of Pear, for quenouille or for espalier training ; or they may be allowed to grow up and form standards for orchard planting. Those, however, which are intended for budding or grafting, should be shortened to eighteen inches, as soon as quartered out in the rows, which will keep them up- right, firm, and steady; but those intended for stand- ards should be staked and tied up as soon as planted, and at the end of three years they ought to be fit to be planted out where they are intended to remain. Cultivation. The Quince is cultivated in no other way in this country than as an open standard. Its management is the same as that of the Plum. The Quince may very safely be planted out in the orchard, without any fear of its degenerating either the 478 RASPBERRIES. Apple or the Pear, an idea entertained both by Miller and Forsyth; which see, under the head of MEDLAR, CHAP. XX. RASPBERRIES. 1. Antwerp, Double Bearing Yellow. 2. Antwerp, Late Bearing. Knevett's Antwerp. 3. Antwerp, Red. Burley Antwerp. 4. Antwerp, Yellow. White Antwerp. 5. Barnet. Cornwall 's Prolific. Cornwall's Red. Cornwall's Seedling. Large Red. 6. Cane, Brentford. 7. Cane, Red. Smooth Cane. 8. Cane, Rough. 9. Cornish. Large Cornish. 10. Double Bearing. Perpetual Bearing. Red Double Bearing. Siberian. 1 1 . Double Bearing, Williams's. Pitmaston Double Bearing. 12. Lord Exmouth. 13. Oakhill. Jillard's Seedling. 14. Old White. 15 Prolific, Early. 16. Red Malta. 17. Spring Grove. 18. Superb. 19. Taylor's Paragon. Scarlet Paragon. 20. Williams's Preserving. 21. Wilmot's Early Red. 22. Woodward's Red Globe. A Selection of Raspberries for a small Garden. Barnet - 5 Red Antwerp - -3 Cornish - 9 Williams's Preserving - 20 Double-bearing - 10 Yellow Antwerp - -4 There are, no doubt, many other sorts besides the above to be found in different parts of England, and pos- sessing different degrees of merit ; those already enume- rated are, however, amply sufficient for every useful purpose. RASPBERRIES. 479 Cultivation. The propagation of Raspberries is so well known to every gardener to be by suckers, that nothing need be said under this head ; but the raising of a new plant- ation of stools is not by every one accomplished in the shortest space of time, and a collection is scarcely ever arranged so as to give all the sorts of which it may con- sist an equal advantage. In order to this, it is necessary that the respective heights should be known, to which the different varieties attain. This will enable the planter to arrange them to the greatest advantage. This will be by placing the tallest growers at the back, the middle growers next, and the shortest growers in front. By this mode of arrangement, the shorter and middle growers will receive their due proportion of sun, without being interrupted by those which attain the greatest degree of elevation. The necessity of such an arrangement as this must be obvious to those who are aware of the advantage to be derived, in wet and cloudy seasons, in having this delicate and tender fruit fully exposed to the sun, and receiving a free and plentiful admission of air. In making such a plantation as this, it will be advis- able, if possible, to have the rows extend from east to west. These should be four feet at least from each other ; and supposing one row only can be allotted to each sort, and that six rows are to form the extent of the plantation, then the first or north row may be planted with the Cornish, No. 9. ; the second with Woodward's Red Globe, No. 22. ; the third with Red Antwerp, No. 3. ; the fourth with Yellow Antwerp, No. 4. ; the fifth with Cane, No. 6, 7> or 8. ; the sixth with Double Bearing, No. 10. or 11. The stools in the first and second row should be four 480 RASPBERRIES. feet apart ; those in the third and fourth, three feet and a half; and those in fifth and sixth, three feet. In planting, young suckers should be made choice of; and if in plenty, three of these should be allowed to each stool, placing them in a triangle of six inches apart. If fruit are not wanted the first year, the plants will gain considerable strength by being cut down within six inches of the ground as soon as planted, instead of leav- ing them three or four feet high in order to obtain from them a crop of fruit. In selecting the sorts for the above six rows, it is intended only to show their arrangement as far as regards their relative heights, not as a proper proportion of each ; because a single row of yellow-fruited will not, by many, be deemed sufficient for five rows of red. When a larger collection is intended to be planted out, the additional varieties may readily be placed so as to correspond with those which I have selected as a specimen. After the stools are established, and fruit of the largest size acquired, care must be taken to select the strongest canes, and a few of these only from each plant, in proportion to its strength, shortening each to about four-fifths of its original height : these should be supported singly by a small stake to each. For general purposes stakes are unnecessary, as three, four, five, or six canes from the same stool may be tied together on their tip-ends : this may be done so as to give each cane a bow-like direction, which will give much more room for their laterals to grow than if tied up in a more perpendicular manner. As a succession of this very favourite fruit must always be desirable in the dessert, it may be prolonged considerably beyond its usual time by cutting down some of the stools wholly to within a few inches of the STRAWBERRIES. 481 ground, instead of leaving the canes at four fifths of their length. This operation may be practised upon both the Red and the Yellow Antwerp, as well as upon several of the other varieties, from which good crops of fruit may be obtained in August. The double-bearing varieties should have every alter- nate stool cut down annually : these will furnish an abundance of fruit so late as September, and in a fine warm autumn even to a later period. As the finest and best of these fruits are, in all cases, the produce of strong and well-ripened canes, it becomes necessary that the stools should have every advantage afforded them. This may be readily effected by causing all the former year's canes to be cut down to the ground as soon as they have produced their crop, instead of allowing them to stand till the winter or spring : this removes an unnecessary incumbrance, and at a season when sun and air are of infinite importance to the young canes, consequently to the succeeding crop of fruit. CHAR XXL STRAWBERRIES. CLASS I. Alpine and Wood Strawberries. The habits and general character of these are very similar ; the principal difference being in the shape of the fruit, which is usually conical in the former, and more globose in the latter. The Alpines produce fruit in the autumn, which the Wood Strawberries do not. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 149. 1. RED ALPINE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 89. Fraisier des Alpes. Duhamel, No. 7. t. 2. i i 482 STRAWBERRIES. Fruit scarlet, conical ; bearing strong through the summer and autumn. 2. WHITE ALPINE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 90. Fraisier des Alpes a fruit blanc. Of the French. Fruit white, conical ; bearing through the summer and autumn. 3. RED WOOD. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 92. Fraisier Commun. JDuhamel, No. 1. t. 1. Fruit scarlet, round ; bearing in the summer only. 4. WHITE WOOD. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 93. Fraisier Commun a fruit blanc. Of the French. Fruit white, round ; bearing in the summer only. CLASS II. Black Strawberries. This is not a numerous class, the Old Black Straw- berry being the type, and the remainder derived from Its seeds, either impregnated by itself or by others. Their character is to have the leaves rugose, pale green, and small ; the fruit middle-sized, conical, with a neck, very dark-coloured when ripe ; the seeds slightly em- bedded ; the flavour very rich, and highly perfumed. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 148. 5. DOWNTON. Pom. Mag. No. 52. Knight's Seedling. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 185. Knight's Strawberry. Ib. Fruit large, ovate, having a neck ; some of the early berries are cockscomb-shaped, dark purplish scarlet. Grains but little embedded. Flesh scarlet, firm. 6. GIBBS'S SEEDLING BLACK. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 184. Fruit conical, small, hairy, with a neck, dark purplish red. Seeds slightly embedded in the skin. Flesh scarlet, firm, very high-flavoured. 7. OLD BLACK. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 182. Black. Black Pine. Black Beacon. Mulberry. Black Canterbury. Turkey Pine. STRAWBERRIES. 483 Fruit middle-sized, conical, elongated and pointed, with a neck, hairy, very dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firm, with a buttery core, very rich and high-flavoured. 8. PITMASTON BLACK. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 183. Late Pitmaston Black. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, with a neck, slightly hairy, very dark purplish red. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh solid, scarlet, very firm, buttery, and richly flavoured. 9. SWEET CONE. Hort. Trans, vol. vi. p. 186. Pom. Mag. No. 4. Fruit small, cone-shaped, with a neck hairy, bright shining scarlet. Seeds prominent. Flesh firm, of a brighter colour than the skin, hollow, very high-flavoured. Plant tender. CLASS III. Carolina or Pine Strawberries. The general character of this class is to have the leaves almost smooth, dark green, of firm texture, and with obtuse serratures ; the fruit large, varying from nearly white to almost purple ; the seeds prominent, on a smooth surface ; the flavour sweet, and often per- fumed. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 148. 10. BATH SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. 6. p. 200. Bath Strawberry. Milne's Seedling. Devonshire. New Bath Scarlet. Golden Drop. North's Seedling. Liverpool. Fruit roundish or ovate, with a short neck, small for the class, scarlet. Seeds very prominent, of a dark varnished red. Flesh soft, with a large core, pale scarlet, and very coarse, without any particular flavour. 11. BLACK PRINCE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 203. Wilmot's Black Imperial. Ib. Vol. v. p. 398. Fruit middle-sized, depressed, spherical, with a furrow at the apex, hairy, of a very dark violet colour. Seeds slightly embedded. Skin highly polished. Flesh i i 2 484 STRAWBERRIES. solid, firm, of a rich dull scarlet, with a small core. Juice dark, high-flavoured. 12. BLOOD PINE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 61. This is a sub variety of the Old Pine, or Carolina. The scapes are considerably stronger ; and is distin- guishable by its leaves being of a darker colour and thicker texture, with stronger footstalks. 13. BOSTOCK. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 187. Beattie's Seedling. Rostock. Byram. Rostock Pine. Caledonian, Rostock Scarlet. Cone. Rostock Seedling. Montague's Vernon's. New Bath. Wellington. Prolific Bath. Whitley's Pine. Fruit very large, slightly hairy, nearly round, with a small neck ; the largest fruit irregularly swelled towards the base, terminating in an obtuse point, of a dark shining red next the sun, light scarlet on the other side. Seeds prominent, brown on one side of the fruit, yellow on the other. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, coarse, with a small hollow arid core, without any particular flavour. 14. BULLOCK'S BLOOD. Hort. Trans. VoJ.vi. p.199- Fruit large, ovate, of a light shining red. Seeds dark red on the sunny side, yellow on the other, pro- jecting from a polished surface. Flesh pale red, firm, juicy, with but indifferent flavour. i 15. CHINESE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 191. North's large Scarlet. Red Chili. North's Seedling. Fruit apparently compressed, nearly round, middle- sized, of a pale varnished red. Seeds brown and pro- minent. Flesh soft, light pink, with a large core, woolly ; flavour indifferent. 16. DUTCH. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 195. STRAWBERRIES. 485 Fruit large, round, of a bright shining red. Seeds projected from a polished smooth surface. Flesh pale red, woolly, hollow in the centre, with a core ; flavour indifferent. 17. DWARF WHITE CAROLINA. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 206. Fruit large, irregularly ovate, brownish next the sun, white on the other side, hairy. Seeds scarcely embedded, prominent, darker than the fruit. Flesh white, soft, woolly, with a large core ; flavour indif- ferent. 18. ELTON SEEDLING. Pom. Mag. 135. Fruit large, ovate, often compressed, or cockscomb- shaped, of a rich, shining, dark red. Seeds yellow, regularly embedded between ridged intervals. Flesh firm, with a small core, deep red, juicy, and having a sharp rich flavour. 19. GLAZED PINE. Hort. Trans. Vol.vi. p. 198. Knott's Pine. Scarlet Pine Apple. Fruit variable in shape ; the largest frequently appear as if compressed, but they are generally conical, with a neck, large, hairy, of a darkish shining scarlet. Seeds prominent. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a large core ; flavour good, but inferior to that of the Old Pine. 20. KEEN'S IMPERIAL. Hort. Trans. Vol.ii. p. 101. t. 7- Black Imperial. Keen's Black. Black Isleworth. Keen's Black Pine. Imperial. Keen's Large-fruited. Imperial Pine. Large Black. Isleworth Pine. Large Black Imperial. Fruit very large, roundish, somewhat bluntly pointed, of a very deep purplish red. Seeds projecting from the surface, which is shining. Flesh not juicy, but very firm, coarse, hollow in the centre, with a core j the flavour tolerable, not high-flavoured. I I 3 486 STRAWBERRIES. 21. KEEN'S SEEDLING. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 261. t. 12. Pom. Mag. 91. Keen's Black Pine. Keen's New Seedling. Keen's New Pine. Murphy's Child. Fruit very large, round, or ovate, some of the largest assuming a cockscomb shape, of a dark purplish scarlet, slightly hairy. Seeds a little embedded in a polished surface, which has usually a furrow at the apex. Mesh firm, solid, scarlet, without any separable core. Juice high flavoured. 22. MULBERRY. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 203. Cherokee. Mahone. King. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, with a short neck, of a dark purplish red. Seeds embedded slightly in the skin. Flesh soft, coarse, red, with a long core ; the flavour but moderate. 23. OLD PINE, or CAROLINA. Hort. Trans. Vol.vi. p. 195. Old Pine. Pom. Mag. 47. Barham Down. North's Seedling. Black Carolina. Old Carolina. Cockscomb Pine. Old Scarlet Pine. Devonshire Scarlet Pine. Pine. Kew Pine. Regent's Favourite. Large Carolina. Scarlet Pine. "Large Pine. Varnished. Miss Gunning's. Windsor Pine. Fruit large, slightly hairy, with a neck of an uniform bright scarlet, ovate-conical, occasionally compressed, and when luxuriant the early fruits are cockscomb- shaped. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh pale scarlet, rich, and juicy, with a very grateful flavour. 24. ROUND WHITE CAROLINA. Hort. Trans. Vol.vi. p. 205. STRAWBERRIES. 487 Chili. Large White Chili. Large Blush Pine. White Bath. Large Flesh-coloured White Carolina. Chili. White Chili. Large Pale Chili. White Pine. Large White. Fruit large, irregularly ovate, sometimes roundish, having a tendency to form a neck, of a brownish colour towards the sun, the other side white. Seeds deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh soft, white/ woolly, with a large core ; flavour indifferent. 25. SURINAM. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 193. Devonshire Scarlet. Red Pine. Oldaker's New Pine. Red Pine Apple. Red Chili. Sutton's Large. Fruit very large, irregularly ovate or round, without a neck, of a light shining red next the sun, pale on the opposite side. Seeds yellow and prominent. Flesh firm, pale red, with a large core ; flavour indifferent. The fruit is entirely concealed by the leaves. 26. VARIEGATED PINE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi p. 192. A Strawberry having leaves much variegated with white, is often seen in the gardens of the curious. As a fruit it has no merit, the plants being weak and very shy bearers. CLASS IV. Chili Strawberries. The character of this class is to have the leaves very villous, hoary, with small leaflets, of thick texture, with very obtuse serratures ; the fruit very large and pale ; the seeds prominent; the flesh insipid in the type the True Chili. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 148. 27. TRUE CHILI. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 206. Fraisier du Chili. Duhamel, No. 9. t. 3. ' i i 4< 488 STRAWBERRIES. GreenwelPs French. Patagonian. GreenwelPs New Giant. Fruit particularly large, irregularly shaped, but usually ovate or bluntly conical ; when ripe, of an uni- form dull varnished brownish red. Seeds dark brown and projecting. Flesh slightly tinged with red near the outside, the rest whitish, very firm, hollow in the centre, with a small core. The fruit ripens late, and the foliage mostly perishes in the winter ; but the succeeding varieties, which have been bred from it, keep their leaves. 28. WILMOT'S SUPERB. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 208. The first fruits are very large, irregularly rounded, ovate, or flattened, sometimes growing of a cockscomb shape ; the other berries are invariably round ; all are hairy, pale scarlet, appearing as if polished. Seeds pro- jecting, brown. Flesh very firm, pale scarlet next the outside, within whitish, with a small hollow in the centre, and a core ; flavour very good, buttery, and rich, mixed with acid. 29. YELLOW CHILI. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 209- Fruit very large, irregularly ovate, frequently com- pressed, and sometimes cockscombed brown ; on the exposed side, and yellow on the other. Seeds brown, slightly embedded, with flat intervals. Flesh very firm, buttery, yellowish, with a core ; flavour very rich, with some acidity. CLASS V. Green Strawberries. The French cultivate several kinds which appear to be varieties of this Strawberry ; the one at present much known with us is called the Green Pine, which, gene- rally speaking, is kept in gardens more as an object of curiosity than of use, for it rarely produces perfect fruit, though in some particular situations it bears well. STRAWBERRIES. 489 In general character the plants are akin to the Wood Strawberry; its habit is dwarf; the leaves light green, and strongly plaited. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 149. 30. GREEN STRAWBERRY. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 85. Fraisier Vert. Dutiamel, No. 17. t. 9. Caucasian. Green Wood. Green Alpine. Pine Apple. Green Pine. Powdered Pine. Fruit small, globular ; of a whitish green when fully ripe, and tinged with a reddish brown on the sunny side. Flesh firm, of a rich and high musky flavour. This is generally represented as a very bad bearer. It appears to me, that defect arises principally from the multitude of its young runners ; they are extremely slender, short-jointed, covering the ground so com- pletely, that in a few months the mother plants can scarcely be found. To remedy this, the runners should be cut off before they have taken root, keeping the plants free from this incumbrance. By adopting this method, I have little doubt of this sort being rendered productive. CLASS VI. Hautbois Strawberries* The character of this class is to have tall, pale green, rugose leaves, of thin texture ; the scapes tall and strong ; the fruit middle-sized, pale, greenish white, tinged with dull purple ; the seeds slightly embedded ; tKe flavour musky. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 149. 31. BLACK HAUTBOIS. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi* p. 213. New Hautbois. Ib. Fruit conical, more lengthened than in the prolific Hautbois ; of a very dark, dingy purple colour, when ripe. Seeds scarcely embedded ; flavour high, and flesh buttery. This kind is a great bearer, and rather 490 STRAWBERRIES. earlier than the others, occasionally producing a few berries in the autumn. It is a very valuable variety. 32. COMMON HAUTBOIS. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 213. Capron Demelle. Duhamel, No. 14. t. 8. Dioecious Hautbois. Old Hautbois. Musky Hautbois. Original Hautbois. Fruit rather small or middle-sized, spherical, of a pale greenish white, tinged with dull purple, Seeds slightly embedded ; flavour musky. The flowers called the males produce occasionally a small imperfect fruit, with projecting seeds. In the Cultivation of Hautbois Strawberries, it will be recommended that the plants called males should be wholly rooted up as useless. 33. GLOBE HAUTBOIS. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 212. Fruit nearly spherical, small, becoming dark purple when ripe. /Seeds prominent. Flesh greenish, firm, with a separable core ; flavour good, with the aroma peculiar to the class. 34. LARGE FLAT HAUTBOIS. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 215. Bath Hautbois. Salter's Hautbois. Formosa Hautbois. Weymouth Hautbois. Lowder's Hautbois. White Hautbois. Fruit large, roundish, depressed, light red, and pale on the under side. Flesh greenish, without core, juicy, v but though delicate, not so high-flavoured as the other. Seeds embedded in the skin. 35. PROLIFIC OR CONICAL HAUTBOIS. Hort. Trans. Vol.vi. p. 21 3. Double Bearing. Regent's. Dwarf. Sacombe. Hermaphrodite. Sir Joseph Banks's. Hudson's Bay. Spring Grove. STRAWBERRIES. 491 Fruit large, conical, shorter and more obtuse than the Black Hautbois ; the colour is dark, but not so deep as in that. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh solid, greenish, and high-flavoured. A very abundant bearer ; and it usually produces a partial second crop, blossom- ing in August and September, and the fruit ripening in October : the autumnal berries are much larger than the summer ones, and nevertheless high-flavoured. This is by far the best of the Hautbois Strawberries ; the flowers the largest of the class yet known, with numerous stamens. CLASS VII. Scarlet Strawberries. The type of this class is the Fragaria Virginiana of botanists. The character is to have the leaves nearly smooth, dark green, of thin texture, and with sharp- pointed serratures ; their fruit, mostly of small size and bright colour, with the seeds more or less deeply em- bedded, with ridged intervals j the flavour acid, with slight perfume. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 147. 36. AMERICAN SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 160. Black American. Ib. Fruit large, conical, and pointed, with a neck, of a deep rich shining blood red, rough. Seeds numerous, brownish, not deeply embedded, with sharp intervals. Flesh dark scarlet, firm, with a core ; flavour rich and agreeable. 37. AUSTRIAN SCARLET. Cluster Scarlet. Globe Scarlet. Duke of Kent's Scarlet.* Nova Scotia Scarlet. * In the Hort. Trans, this is called the Duke of Kent's Straw- berri/j and the Austrian Scarlet one of its synonyms : this I have not adopted, for this simple reason, it was introduced into this country from Germany in 1798, the Duke of Kent's 492 STRAWBERRIES. Duke of York's Scarlet. Oatlands Scarlet. Early Prolific Scarlet. Prolific Scarlet. Fruit nearly globular, of a moderate or rather small size, of a rich bright scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded, with sharply ridged intervals. Flesh solid, pale scarlet 5 flavour peculiar, sharp, and pleasant. This Strawberry is the earliest of all the sorts, ripen- ing at least a week before the Old Scarlet, and a most abundant bearer. Its runners are produced very early ; they are numerous, small, and of a reddish colour. 38. AUTUMN SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 176. Fruit about the size of the Old Scarlet, ovate, with a neck, of an uniform dark shining red. Seeds yellow, deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh solid, firm, pale scarlet ; the flavour good. 39. BISHOP'S SEEDLING SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 172. Fruit of moderate size, round, with a neck, hairy, light scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh solid, firm, pale scarlet, with a mode- rate flavour. 40. BLACK ROSEBERRY. Pom. Mag. 20. Fruit of good size, bluntly conical, deep purplish red, and shining. Seeds slightly embedded, with flattened intervals* Flesh dark red next the outside, solid, buttery, and juicy, with a very excellent flavour, differing much from other strawberries. 41. CARMINE SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 158. Carmine Roseberry. Ib. from Nova Scotia in 1802. Its priority of introduction, there- fore, from Germany, is thus established; and its name as Austrian Scarlet was published in my Catalogue of 1815, ten years previ- ously to this part of the Horticultural Transactions making its appearance. STRAWBERRIES. 493 Fruit large, bluntly conical, with a neck, of a bril- liant, shining, varnished red. Seeds slightly embedded, with sharp ridged intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, tinted with red, firm, and very high-flavoured. 42. CHARLOTTE. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 155. Princess Charlotte's Strawberry. Ib. Fruit middle-sized, round, hairy, of a dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firm, and high-flavoured. A very moderate bearer, but ripens early. 43. CLUSTERED SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 164. Clustered Wood Pine. Ib. Fruit of a moderate size, obtusely conical, or nearly round, very dark purplish red. Seeds of the same colour as the fruit, unequally embedded between the intervals, which are sometimes flat and at other times bluntly ridged. Flesh scarlet, firm, and well flavoured. 44. COCKSCOMB SCARLET. Hort Trans. Vol. vi. p. 180. Fruit large, compressed, with a furrow along the apex, which appears as a simple indenture when the berry does not put on a cockscomb shape ; the early berries are completely cockscombed, so much so as to enclose the calyx within the fruit by surrounding the end of the peduncle ; colour bright scarlet. Seeds pale, slightly embedded between flat intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, solid, with a large core, well-flavoured, but without acid. 45. GARNSTONE SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 171. Fruit middle-sized, round, hairy, with a short neck, of a rich glossy scarlet. Seeds red, deeply embedded, with round intervals. Flesh scarlet, firm, with a sharp agreeable flavour. 46. GRIMSTONE SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 166. 494 STRAWBERRIES. Fruit middle-sized, conical, with a neck, of a dark scarlet colour. Seeds numerous, variously but deeply embedded, with regular acutely ridged intervals. Flesh solid, pale scarlet, of excellent flavour, and pos- sessing a peculiar sweetness. 4-7. GROVE END SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 159- Pom^ Mag. 7. Atkinson's Scarlet. Ib. Wilmot's Early Scarlet. Fruit of considerable size, depressed, spherical, of an uniform bright vermilion colour. Seeds slightly embedded, between flat intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a core ; flavour agreeable, and slightly acid. This is a very excellent Strawberry, an excellent forcer, and an abundant bearer ; ripening its berries in succession, and early. 48. HUDSON'S BAY SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 168. American Scarlet. Late Scarlet. Hopwood's Scarlet, York River Scarlet. Hudson's Pine. Fruit large, with a neck, irregularly shaped, ap- proaching to ovate, of a rich dark shining red. Seeds unequal in size, deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, hollow, with a core ; of a mode- rate flavour, with much acidity. This should remain ungathered till it assumes a dark colour and is fully ripe ; otherwise the acid which it con-t tains predominates, and injures the flavour of the fruit. 49. KNIGHT'S LARGE SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 178. American Scarlet. Knight's Scarlet. Great American Scarlet. Large Scarlet. Hairy-leaved Scarlet. Fruit above the middle-size, roundish, or slightly conical, of a light vermilion colour. Seeds deeply STRAWBERRIES. 495 embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh nearly white, soft, of a pleasant flavour. 50. LEWISHAM SCARLET. Hort. Tram. Vol. vi. p. 163. Scarlet Cluster. Ib. Fruit small-sized, roundish, with a short neck, of an uniform dark, shining, purplish red, growing in clusters, slightly hairy. Seeds embedded, but not deep, with flat intervals. Flesh scarlet, firm, and solid ; the flavour very moderate. 51. METHVEN SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 172. Methven Castle. Southampton Scarlet. Fruit very large, cordate, compressed, inclining to cockscomb in the earliest fruit, the late ones conical, dark scarlet. Seeds pale yellow, not deeply embedded, regularly and closely set with ridged intervals. Flesh scarlet, very woolly, and tasteless, with a large hollow in the centre. 52. MORRISANIA SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 162. Fruit very small, round, dark red, growing in clus- ters. Seeds not numerous, more deeply embedded, with wide rounded intervals. Flesh whitish, soft, with a detached core ; flavour tolerable. 53. NAIRN'S SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 169. Fruit of moderate size, irregularly ovate, sometimes with a short neck, of a deep rich, shining red. Seeds very deeply embedded, with sharp intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a core : the flavour not rich, though agreeable, with less acid than the Hudson's Bay. It is a good bearer, ripening rather late. 54. NARROW-LEAVED SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 177- Fruit middle-sized, conical, with a neck, hairy, of 496 STRAWBERRIES/ an uniform bright scarlet. Seeds projecting, with flat intervals. Flesh firm, solid, pale scarlet, with a tole- rably rich flavour. 55. OBLONG SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 153. Long Scarlet. Padley's Early Scarlet. Long-fruited Scarlet. Fruit rather large, oblong, with a long neck, which part being without seeds has a peculiar glossy or shining appearance, of a bright light scarlet. Seeds few, deeply embedded, between ridged intervals. Flesh nearly of the same colour as the outside, but a little paler, firm, and well-flavoured. 56. OLD SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 152. Scarlet. Langley, p. 120. t. 55. fig. 1. Ecarlate de Virginie. Duhamel, No. 11. t. 5. Early Scarlet. Scarlet- Original Scarlet. Virginian Scarlet. Fruit middle-sized, globular, of an uniform light scarlet, slightly hairy. Seeds deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, and high- flavoured. A very good bearer, and ripens early. This Strawberry ripened at Twickenham, in 17^7> May 10. O. S., or May 21. N. S. 57. PITMASTON BLACK SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 175. Early Pitmaston Black. Ib. Fruit of a moderate size, oblong, with a neck, of, a dark purplish red, slightly hairy. Seeds of the same colour as the fruit on the exposed side, on the other yellow, not deeply embedded, with rather flat intervals. Flesh tinted with scarlet, having a small core, tender, sweet, mixed with a pleasant acid, and has a little of the raspberry flavour. 58. ROSEBERRY. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 380. t. 27. Vol. vi. p. 156. STRAWBERRIES. 4Q7 Aberdeen. Rose Strawberry. Aberdeen Seedling. Scotch Scarlet. Prolific Pine. Fruit large, conical and pointed, with a very short neck, dark red, hairy ; the early fruits assume a cocks- comb shape where the plants are luxuriant. Seeds yellow, deeply embedded, between ridged intervals. Flesh firm, pale scarlet, with a core j the flavour is not rich, it is however agreeable, and best when fully ripe. It is much admired by many, and even thought by some superior to the Old Scarlet. 59. SCONE SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 170. Fruit of a moderate size, round, without a neck, of a light shining red on the upper side, paler on the other, hairy. Seeds dark brown, deeply embedded, with round intervals. Flesh firm, pale pink; the flavour sharp, with abundance of acid. It is a great bearer, ripening late, and contains more acid than any other known strawberry. 60. SIR JOSEPH BANKS'S SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 161. New Scarlet. Ib. Fruit of moderate size, oblong, with a neck, the apex blunt, of a bright scarlet. Seeds nearly promi- nent, with very flat intervals. Flesh bright scarlet, firm, and high-flavoured. This Strawberry is very closely allied with the Austrian Scarlet, with which it has probably sometimes been confounded, it ripens nearly at the same time, and though not so prolific, yet has a superior flavour. 61. VERNON'S SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 174. White's Scarlet. Ib. . Fruit middle-sized, round, dark red, rather hairy Seeds slightly embedded, with flat intervals. Flesh K K 498 STRAWBERRIES, pale vermilion, white in the centre, solid, and well- flavoured. A good bearer, arid ripens early. 62. WILMOT'S LATE SCARLET. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 115. Wilmot's Late Scarlet. Ib. Vol. vi. p. 181. Large Scarlet. Wilmot's Scarlet. Late Scarlet. Wilmot's New Scarlet. Late Virginian. Wilmot's Seedling. Fruit very large, bluntly conical, irregularly shaped, of a shining light red. Seeds small, deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh white, hollow in the centre ; flavour moderate. It is a good bearer, ripening late enough to succeed the Old Scarlet, and producing its berries in succession, so as to afford a continued supply ; to be tasted in perfection, it should be eaten as soon as gathered. Note. In mentioning the size of fruit, it is to be understood that the comparison is only made between those belonging to each particular class, and not to those of any other. When it is stated that the fruit of the variety under description has a core, the idea intended to be con- veyed is, that the core readily separates, adhering to the calyx when the receptacle is removed. A Selection of Strawberries for a small Garden. Austrian Scarlet - - 37 Old Pine - 23 Black Prince - -11 Old Scarlet - 56 Black Roseberry - - 40 Prolific Hautbois - 35 Downton - 5 Red Alpine Elton Seedling - -18 Roseberry Grove End Seedling - 47 Sweet Cone Keen's Seedling - 21 White Alpine Large Flat Hautbois - 34 Wilmot's Superb - 1 58 9 28 STRAWBERRIES. 499 Cultivation. As early in the summer as the young runners of strawberries have taken root, they should be taken up and planted out in nursery beds, at a distance of five or six inches from each other. These, in the course of the summer and autumn, will make fine, large, well-rooted plants, and many of the kinds will be sufficiently strong to produce fruit the following summer. In preparing the ground for the reception of these plants, it should be trenched two spades deep (twenty inches), with a quantity of half-rotten dung mixed with the first spit. In planting them out, the most econo- mical method perhaps will be, to plant in beds of four rows each, with intervals of two and a half or two feet between the beds, according to the sorts to be planted. The strongest growers, such as Wilmot's Superb, and all the varieties of the third Class, may be fifteen inches from row to row, and fifteen inches between each plant ; the next strongest may have the rows fifteen inches apart, and the plants twelve inches ; the third size, comprising all those of the sixth and seventh Classes, may have the rows twelve inches apart, and the plants twelve inches ; the fourth size, those of Class I. and V., may have the rows twelve inches apart, and the plants nine inches. During the first year, all the runners should be cut off the plants some time before they have taken root, which will give the stool plants full possession of the soil. Such sorts as show fruit should have the ground covered, when coming into blossom, with either short grass or with straw, which will keep the blossoms clean, and the fruit free from soil when ripe ; besides, the surface of the ground will be protected from the scorch- ing rays of the sun, and in case of heavy showers the rain will thus be prevented from running off. As soon K K 2 500 STRAWBERRIES. as the fruit is gathered, however, this covering should be removed, and the ground kept clean by the hoe. In the winter, and not before, as the plants will not have finished their growth, the leaves must be cut off, and the spaces among the plants, as well as the alleys, dug care- fully over, so as not to injure their roots : this will be best done with a three-pronged fork, instead of the spade. The second summer, the plants will bear their best crop and finest fruit ; the beds and outside of the alleys should be covered with mown grass or with straw, as before, three or four inches thick : by this method I have found the fruit not only more abundant, but much finer than by any other. In cultivating the Hautbois Strawberry, plants from bad collections produce a number of what some gar- deners call male or sterile plants ; and many are of opinion, that because they are males, it is necessary they should be preserved in their beds, in order to fertilise the others ; and some have gone so far as to plant them with a rather numerous regularity for this purpose. The consequence has been, that their beds have proved more fertile in leaves than in fruit, and the stock has at length been condemned as bad ; whereas its sterility has proceeded from those favourite males, the stools of which having no crop of fruit to support always pro- duce a superabundance of runners, which being also much stronger than the fertile ones have consequently overrun and overpowered them, and literally annihilated the only ones capable of producing fruit. Having had a parcel of Hautbois plants given to me some years ago, I planted them out, and suspecting there were many sterile plants among them, I did not suffer a runner to remain the first year. The second year, five plants out of six proved to be so, which I im- mediately destroyed ; and as soon as the runners of the fertile ones became rooted, I planted out the bed afresh : STRAWBERRIES. 501 these produced me one of the most fertile crops I ever saw, and the runners from them produced their succes- sive crops the same. I selected a few of the finest of the first berries of those which bore the first year, and sowed the seeds; these produced, as might be expected, both fertile and sterile plants, the latter of which I again destroyed, and saved a few only of those which produced the finest fruit, and of similar size, figure, and quality ; the runners from these I planted out as before, and they produced me a perfect crop of fruit, without a single sterile plant being found among them : thus was my first stock of prolific Hautbois obtained. After stating thus much relative to this class of Strawberries, it can hardly be necessary for me to point out the necessity of closely examining all new-made beds of them, and of entirely extirpating those worse than useless sterile plants. Alpine Strawberries have been recommended by some to be always raised from seed. I have raised many this way, and I have found myself disappointed, in hav- ing a portion of them produce inferior fruit to those from which the seeds were obtained. Thus a mixture of Alpines is the result, which in my opinion is no way desirable, as in all cases a crop of the best fruit can never be equalled by a mixture of the best with inferior varieties. In propagating the Alpine Strawberry by the runners from one single plant, all its offspring must be the same ; it therefore becomes necessary to select the very finest kind for the purpose ; the fruit large, broad at its base, and sharply conical. t If the runners are planted out in August or the beginning of September, the beds will be covered with runners by the spring ; these should not be removed, as directed for the other classes, because the first and K K 3 502 STRAWBERRIES. strongest of them will produce fruit during the autumn, and continue in succession to a late period of the season. But a succession of finer fruit than these is produced by cutting off all the flower stems as soon as they begin to blossom, from their commencement in the spring till the end of June. By this means a most abundant supply of the very finest fruit is produced from the end of July till the frost sets in. In pursuing this latter mode of management, it would be most advisable, perhaps, to plant a small-sized bed for the purpose, allowing the plants a space of six or eight inches from each other, instead of more, which will ensure $ thicker crop ; and in all cases with Alpines, it would be still better to have some of both Red and Willie planted upon a north aspect, and that these plantings should be removed annually. The Wood Strawberry requires the same manage- ment, except in this, that as it does not produce its fruit in the autumn, its flower stems must not be cut down in the spring, in expectation of a succession crop. Forcing of Strawberries. Strawberries are in such general estimation, that a supply of them during the season when they cannot be obtained in the open ground is one of the principal objects of the gardener's attention. The produce of outdoor strawberries is terminated by the frosts in October and November, until the following June : the assistance of the forcing-house is required to furnish the dessert during this interval. The Alpines are the first to be brought into bearing by artificial heat. For this purpose, pots of six inches deep and six inches wide at the top should be made use of, planting four or five young runners in each, in the month of March or April : they must be kept through the summer, plunged in the STRAWBERRIES. 503 earth, in a shady part of the garden : kept clear from weeds, and well supplied with water. In October, before the frosty mornings set in, put them under shelter : they will by this time be in flower ; and in the latter part of November, they may be removed into the forcing-house or pinery, where they will bear fruit through the winter. The next sorts are the Scarlets and Roseberries. The last year's late runners of these are to be potted in May or early in June, using the same sized pots as before, putting four or five plants in each pot : some of these will be showing bloom at this time, which must be picked off, as well as any flowers or runners which may be put forth in the summer. Keep the pots in the shade till the plants are well rooted, watering them frequently; they may then be plunged in the earth, in an open part of the garden, where they may remain till wanted. In January, place them in the forcing-house, on shelves eighteen inches from the glass, or next the front sashes : they should be placed in pans, and watered as often as they become dry, taking care to supply water to the pans only, when the plants are in flower, as watering the leaves and flowers at this time is very injurious to the crop. When the fruit begins to swell, some of the leaves should be pinched off, to give light and air to the fruit, by which means it becomes both larger and better flavoured. To ensure a supply of fruit, it is necessary to have a succession of plants, which must be kept in frames, ready to be removed into the forcing-house when wanted. The Pine Strawberries are those which succeed the Scarlets ; their management is similar, and they are generally brought into the forcing-house in February or March. When the fruit has been gathered off the plants, the pots may be plunged into a shady border : K K 4 504 STRAWBERRIES. when thus managed, they will produce another equally good crop in the forcing-house the following season. Notwithstanding this, it will be desirable to have some of all the sorts intended for forcing potted annually, particularly those of the Roseberry, which, instead of being kept in pots for the second season, would answer a much better purpose, if turned out into a bed of rich soil, as soon as they are removed from the forcing- house, cutting off their leaves at the same time : by this means a very fine second crop of fruit will be produced in August and September, after which the plants may be destroyed, leaving room for a succession the following year. The Roseberry Strawberry is undoubtedly the most valuable variety for forcing the first in the season, as it succeeds with less light than any other sort ; and Keens' Seedling is the most valuable to succeed it. For a small family there can be no two sorts better employed, from the beginning of the year to the end of the forcing season. INDEX TO THE STRAWBERRIES. Aberdeen - - 58 Black Beacon - 7 Aberdeen Seedling - 58 Black Canterbury - 7 American Scarlet - - 36 Black Carolina - -23 American Scarlet - - 48 Black Hautbois - - 31 American Scarlet - 49 Black Imperial - - 20 Atkinsons Scarlet - 47 Black Isleivortk - 2Q Austrian Scarlet - - 37 Black Pine - 7 Autumn Scarlet - 38 Black Prince - - 11 Barham Down - 23 Black Roseberry - - 40 Bath Hautbois - 34 Blood Pine - 12 Bath Scarlet - - 10 Bostock - 13 Bath Strawberry - - 10 Bullock's Blood ~ V - 14, Seattle's Seedling - 13 By ram - - - 13 Bishop's Seedling Scarlet 39 Caledonian - - 13 Black - 7 Caperon Femelle - - 32 Black American - - 36 Carmine Roseberry - 41 STRAWBERRIES, 505 Carmine Scarlet - -41 Carolina - 23 Charlotte - 42 Cherokee - - 22 Chili . 24 Chinese - - 15 Chester Scarlet - - 37 Clustered Scarlet - 43 Clustered Wood Pine ~- 43 Cockscomb Pine - - 23 Cockscomb Scarlet - 44 Common Hautbois - 32 Cone - -13 Conical Hautbois - - 35 Devonshire - - 10 Devonshire Scarlet - 25 Devonshire Scarlet Pine - 23 Dioecious Hautbois - 32 Double-bearing Hautbois 35 Downton . 5 Duke of Kent's Scarlet - 3? Duke of York's Scarlet - 37 Dutch - - - 16 Dwarf Hautbois - - 35 Dwarf White Carolina - 17 Early Pitmaston Black - 57 Early Prolific Scarlet - 37 Early Scarlet - - 56 Ecarlate de Virginie - 56 Elton Seedling - 18 Formosa Hautbois - 34 Fraisier Commun - - 3 Fraisier Com. a fruit blanc 4 Fraisier des Alpes 1 Fraisier des Alpes 3 fruit blanc - 2 Fraisier du Chili - -27 Fraisier de Virginie - 56 Garnstone Seedling - 45 Gibbs's Seedling Black - 6 Glazed Pine - 19 Globe Hautbois - - 33 Globe Scarlet - - 37 Golden Drop - 10 Great American Scarlet - 49 Green - * 30 Green Alpine * 30 Green Pine - 30 Green Wood * - 30 Greenweirs - - 27 GreenweWs French * 27 GreenweWs New Giant - 27 Grimstone Scarlet - -46 Grove End Scarlet - 47 Hairy-leaved Scarlet - 49 Hautbois - - 32 Hautbois or Musky - 32 Hermaphrodite Hautbois - 35 Hopewood Scarlet - 48 Hudson's Bay Hautbois - 35 Hudson's Bay Scarlet - 48 Hudson's Pine - - 48 Imperial - - 20 Imperial Pine - - 20 Isleworth Pine - - 20 Keens Black - - 20 Keens Black Pine - 20 Keens' Imperial - - 20 Keens' Large-fruited - 20 Keens' New Pine - - 21 Keens' New Seedling - 21 Keens' Seedling - - 21 Kew Pine - 23 King . 22 Knight's Large Scarlet - 49 Knight's Scarlet - - 49 Knight's Seedling . 5 Knight's Strawberry - 5 Knott's Pine - - 19 Large Black . 20 Large Black Imperial - 20 Large Blush Pine - - ' 24 Large Carolina - - 23 Large Flesh-coloured Chili 24 Large Flat Hautbois - 34, Large Pale Chili - - 24 Large Pine . 23 Large Scarlet - - 62 506 STRAWBERRIES. Large Scarlet Large Virginian Large White Large White Chili Late Pitmaston Black Late Scarlet Late Virginian Lewisham Scarlet Liverpool Long-fruited Scarlet Long Scarlet Lowder's Hautbois Mahone Methven Castle Methven Scarlet Milne s Seedling - Miss Gunning's Montague' s Morrisania Scarlet Mulberry Mulberry Murphy's Child Musky Hautbois Nairn's Scarlet Narrow-leaved Scarlet New Bath New Bath Scarlet New Hautbois New Scarlet North's Large Scarlet North's Seedling North's Seedling North's Seedling Nova Scotia Scarlet Oatland's Scarlet Oblong Scarlet Oldaker's New Pine Old Black Old Carolina Old Hautbois Old Pine Old Scarlet Old Scarlet Pine Original Hautbois - 49 Original Scarlet - - 56 - 62 Padley's Early Scarlet - 55 - 24 Patagonian - - 27 - 24 Pine - - - 23 8 Pine Apple - - 30 - 62 Pitmaston Black - - 8 - 62 Pitmaston Black Scarlet - 57 - 50 Powdered Pine - 30 - 10 Princess Charlotte's - 42 - 55 Prolific Bath - - 13 - 55 Prolific Hautbois - 35 - 34- Prolific Pine - - 58 - 22 Prolific Scarlet - 37 - 51 Red Alpine - - 1 - 51 Red Chili . - 25 - 10 Red Pine : ^,.\ - 25 - 23 Red Pine- Apple - - 25 - 13 Red Wood - 3 - 52 Regent's Favourite - 23 - 22 Regent's Hautbois - 35 7 Roseberry - - 58 - 21 Rose Strawberry - 58 - 32 Rostock - 13 - 53 Rostock Pine - 13 - 54 Rostock Scarlet - - 13 - 13 Rostock Seedling - - 13 - 10 Round White Carolina - 24 - 31 Sacombe Hautbois - 35 - 60 Salters Hautbois - 34 - 15 Scarlet . - - 56 - 10 Scarlet Cluster - 50 - 15 Scarlet Pine - - 23 - 23 Scarlet Pine-Apple - 19 - 37 Scarlet Virginian - - 56 - 37 Scone Scarlet - 59 - 55 Scotch Scarlet - 58 25 Sir Joseph Banks' s Hautbois 35 7 Sir Joseph Banks's Scarlet 60 - 23 Southampton Scarlet - 51 - 32 Spring Grove Hautbois - 35 - 23 Surinam - - 25 - 56 Suttons Large - - 25 - 56 Sweet Cone - 9 - 32 True Chili - - 27 FORSYTH'S COMPOSITION. 50? Turkey Pine - 7 White Wood - 4 Variegated Pine - - 26 White Scarlet - 61 Varnished - 23 Whitleys Pine - - 13 Vernoris - 1 3 Wilmot's Black Imperial - 11 Vernon's Scarlet - -61 Wilmot's Early Scarlet - 47 Virginian Scarlet - 56 Wilmot's Late Scarlet - 62 Wellington *. 13 Wilmot's JWtu Scarlet - 62 Weymouth Hautbois - 34? Wilmot's Scarlet - - 62 White Alpine ' -' 2 Wilmot's Seedling - - 62 White Bath - 24- Wilmot's Superb - - 28 Carolina - - 24 Windsor Pine - - 23 Chili - 24 Yellow Chili - 29 Hautbois - - 34 Yor& JZt'ver ozrfe* - 48 White Pine - - 24 Mr. Forsyth's Composition. Mr. Forsyth, May 11. 1791, gives the following directions " for making a composition for curing dis- eases, defects, and injuries in all kinds of fruit and forest trees, and the method of preparing the trees and laying on the composition. " Take one bushel of fresh cow-dung, half a bushel of lime rubbish of old buildings (that from the ceil- ings of rooms is preferable), half a bushel of wood-ashes, and a sixteenth part of a bushel of pit or river sand : the three last articles are to be sifted fine before they are mixed ; then work them well together with a spade, and afterwards with a wooden beater, until the stuff is very smooth, like fine plaster used for ceilings of rooms. " The composition being thus made, care must be taken to prepare the tree properly for its application, by cutting away all the dead, decayed, and injured part, till you come at the fresh sound wood, leaving the surface of the wood very smooth, and rounding off the edges of the bark with a draw-knife or other instrument, perfectly smooth, which must be particularly attended to ; then lay on the plaster about an eighth of an inch 508 FORSYTH'S COMPOSITION. thick, all over the part where the wood or bark has been so cut away, finishing off the edges as thin as possible. Then take a Quantity of dry powder of wood-ashes mixed with a sixth part of the same quantity of the ashes of burnt bones ; put it into a tin box with holes in the top, and shake the -powder on the surface of the plaster till the whole is covered with it, letting it remain for half an hour, to absorb the moisture ; then apply more powder, rubbing it on gently with the hand, and repeat- ing the application of the powder till the whole plaster becomes a dry smooth surface. " If any of the composition be left for a future occa- sion, it should be kept in a tub or other vessel, and urine poured on it so as to cover the surface, otherwise the atmosphere will greatly hurt the efficacy of the appli- cation. " When lime rubbish of old buildings cannot be easily got, take pounded chalk or common lime, after having been slaked a month at least. " As the growth of the trees will gradually affect the plaster, by raising up its edges next the bark, care should be taken, when that happens, to rub it over with the finger when occasion may require (which is best done when moistened by rain), that the plaster may be kept whole, to prevent the air and wet penetrating into the wound." Mr. Forsyth says, farther on, " As the best way of using the composition is found by experience to be in a liquid state, it must therefore be reduced to the consistence of a pretty thick paint, by mixing it up with a sufficient quantity of urine and soap-suds, and laid on with a painter's brush. The powder of wood-ashes and burnt bones is to be applied as before directed, patting it down with the hand." Although I do not feel disposed to go the length of admitting of all that has been said of the virtues of this A WASH FOR THE STEMS, ETC. 509 composition, I believe it to be a very excellent one to be applied to trees where their limbs have been ampu- tated, or their bark injured by wounds. I have there- fore inserted its preparation here, verbatim, from Mr. Forsyth's Treatise, and recommend its application in the manner he has directed, particularly in a liquid state. A Wash for the Stems of Fruit Trees. Take a peck of fresh cow-dung, half a peck of quick- lime, half a pound of flour of sulphur, and a quarter of a pound of lamp-black. Mix the whole together with as much urine and soap-suds in a boiling state as will form the ingredients into a thick paint. This composition may be applied to the stems of young standard trees when planted out into the orchard, to prevent their being injured by the depredations of hares and rabbits. A Wash for the Stems and Branches of Fruit Trees. Take half a peck of quick lime, half a pound of flour of sulphur, and a quarter of a pound of lamp-black. Mix the whole together with as much boiling water as will form the ingredients into a thick paint. This composition is recommended to be applied to the stems and limbs of apple trees which are infested with the White Mealy Insect, having previously removed the moss and loose bark by scraping them off with a strong knife, or some other instrument adapted to the purpose. In using the composition, it will be most efficacious if applied in a warm state, or something more than blood heat. On young trees, No. 24. Vinegar will effectually destroy this insect, and I have for many years, in my own nursery, used it for this purpose ; but this would be too expensive to be applied when the trees are large. 510 A KALENDAR OF WORK A KALENDAR OF WORK IN THE FRUIT GARDEN. January. Trench and manure ground for early planting. Prune, nail, and train wall and espalier trees, Goose- berries, Currants, Raspberry, and Nuts. Figs must not be pruned till April. The manner in which the differ- ent operations are to be performed will be found under the different heads of Pruning and Training, which see. Plant out fruit trees, Gooseberries, Currants, Rasp- berries, and Nuts, if not already done. Look over fruit in the fruit room ; keep out frost, and pick out all decayed fruit. Force Strawberries ; the Roseberry is now the best. See Forcing of Strawberries. Should the weather prove mild, those pots of Straw- berries which are in frames for the purpose of furnishing a succession, must have plenty of air during the day'; but the glasses must be shut down in the night, in order to secure them against frost. February. Trench, manure, and prepare ground for planting. Prune and train wall trees and espaliers. Finish pruning also of all orchard and dwarf fruit trees, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, and Nuts. Plant out fruit trees and bushes which have been omitted in the former months. Protect the blossoms of Apricots, particularly those IN THE FRUIT GARDEN. 511 of the Masculine, by fixing up nets at six or nine inches from the wall, either single or double, according to the size of the meshes. Instead of net, fern may be used, by pushing the ends of the fronds, or leaf-stalks, under the branches, allowing the leaves to form a thin covering all over the tree. This covering must be allowed to remain till the fruit has attained the size of a small hazel-nut, when, during a mild showery day, the whole may be removed. Where Apple trees are infested with the White Mealy Insect (aphis lanigera) commonly called the American blight, the limbs and trunk should be completely divested of their loose bark ; and all places where the insects have formed excrescences round the knots, or otherwise secreted themselves, should be pared off smooth with a sharp knife, and the other scraped off clean to the live bark. The Wash for the Stems and Branches of Fruit Trees (p. 509.) must be now ap- plied with a strong painter's brush, till the bark is com- pletely covered with it. As this insect penetrates the ground, fixing itself upon the bottom of the stem and large roots immediately connected with it, the mould must be removed round the bottom of the tree to the principal roots, and the composition applied as far as any trace of it is to be found. It will be necessary also, as far as it is practicable, to apply it to every part of the branches where it has made its appearance. The aphis lanigerabecomes winged in the month of August, and spreads itself from one tree to another ; if, therefore, any of it at that time is found to have escaped the first dressing, the composition should be repeated again as before, taking the early part of the month for this pur- pose. By pursuing this plan, this deadly enemy to our Apple trees may be destroyed, or its depredations so much checked, as to cause but a very trifling injury to A RALENDAR OF WORK the trees. The application of oily or resinous substances to the stems or branches of fruit trees ought to be at all times carefully avoided. Keep up a succession of Roseberry Strawberries in the forcing-house ; and, towards the end of the month, Keens' Seedling will be a proper sort to be made use of for a succession from this time till the end of the forcing season. Look over the fruit room, and pick out all decayed fruit. March. Finish planting of all sorts of fruit trees and bushes, and mulch newly planted trees with rotten or half- rotten dung. Plant out Strawberries, as directed under that head. The pruning of fruit trees must be completed as early in this month as possible, if it has not been done already, except the Fig, which must be deferred till the next month. Grafting of all sorts of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries, must be performed this month. Thin out early Grapes in the stove and forcing-house ; and continue to force Keen's Seedling Strawberries for succession crops to those of the last month. Look over the fruit in the fruit room, picking out all which are unsound ; and should the house be damp, give air in a dry day for a few hours, but shujb up again close towards night. If straw has been used for a covering to the fruit, and has become damp, or contracted any unpleasant smell, it must be removed, and sweet dry straw supplied in its room. April. Prune and train Figs, as directed under that head. In very bleak situations, the blossoms of Pqaches and IN THE FRUIT GARDEN. 513 Nectarines should be protected, in the manner directed for the Apricot in February ; in sheltered situations, where the trees have ripened perfectly their last year's wood, they do not require protection, unless the weather should prove very severe. Should insects appear on the young leaves, let them be dusted over with flour of sulphur; but do not attempt to wash them with the engine till the blossoming season is over and the fruit set. Plant out Strawberries, if the plantations have not been completed previously. If Alpine Strawberries have been raised from seed in the hot-bed, the young plants may be pricked out on a warm border, under hand-glasses, or in pans or boxes under a frame, till they are fit to plant out finally where they are to re- main. Thin out Grapes in the stove or forcing-house, and suspend by strings the shoulders of those bunches which require it. May. Thin out the young fruit of Apricots, leaving double the quantity intended for the crop. Disbud all sorts of fruit trees against walls, except Figs, from fore-right and side shoots which are not re- quired, and, where long enough, train the rest to the wall. Espalier trees must be looked over in the same manner. All curled and blistered leaves of Peaches and Nec- tarines should be picked off and burnt, without suffering them to fall on the ground, and the trees washed over with the engine after the middle of the day, but not so late as to prevent the trees getting dry before sun-set. If the trees are much infested with insects, and mildew L L A KALENDAR OF WORK appear, dust the young shoots and leaves with flour of sulphur. Strawberry beds should now be covered between the plants with short grass or straw, in order to keep the surface moist, and the fruit from being soiled by heavy rains. Thin Grapes in the stove, forcing-house, or vinery. June. The young trees which have been grafted should be looked over from time to time, to see that they are not cut by the mat with which the scion was tied ; should there be any appearance of this, the bandage must be removed, and the plant tied again at the shoulder. These operations will be found in detail under the different heads of fruit, where their propagation is treated of. Look over the different sorts of wall-trees and espa- liers, removing the superfluous shoots, and training the others, as directed under the different heads of Pruning and Training. Thin wall-fruit as directed under their different heads also. Apricots may be thinned for the last time, as most of the sorts will have hardened their stones by this time. Vines must be looked over, their tendrils cut off as they make their appearance, and the lateral shoots shortened to two joints ; which see, under the head of Pruning and Training of VINES. July. In the beginning of this month, thin finally the later- ripening Apricots, and early Peaches and Nectarines, following up with those which ripen in succession. Wall trees and espaliers must be looked over, and IN THE FRUIT GARDEN. 515 divested of their superfluous wood, and the rest trained regularly and neatly at length. Vines must be looked over, their tendrils taken off, the laterals shortened to one joint, if the upper bud has pushed since the last month long enough to require this to be done. The shoots which have produced fruit must be shortened to two joints above the uppermost bunch, keeping those closely trained to the wall. Runners of all the sorts of Strawberries should now be taken off, and the young plants bedded out, in order to have them strong and well-rooted previously to their being finally planted out in the autumn. Should the weather prove dry, they must be well watered till they have taken root. August. At the commencement of this month, such Apple trees as were washed over in the month of February, in order to destroy the white mealy insect, should be carefully examined now; and where the insect again makes its appearance, those parts must be washed over with the composition as before. After this dressing, the trees will, in all probability, continue without experienc- ing any further injury. It will still be necessary to look them over again in February or March, in case they should be assailed again by a flight of these depredators from some neighbouring tree. Continue to keep all sorts of wall trees nailed close to the wall, in order to the better ripening of their wood, and a due admission of light to their fruit. Large and perfectly ripened fruit can never be obtained where the trees are kept in a loose and slovenly state. Thin out Grapes, and such sorts of Pears as are intended to be grown to the very largest size. Keep all the lateral shoots of Vines to one joint ; and L L 2 516 A KALENDAR OF \V0RK where these have grown again, they must be shortened back as before. Runners of all the sorts of Strawberries must now be taken off and bedded out, if this has not been done al- ready ; and where grass or straw has been made use of to cover the old beds and to protect the fruit, these should be removed, and the ground cleaned by the hoe. Cut down all the last year's canes of such Raspberries as have ripened their fruit. This will cause the young canes to grow stronger, ripen better, and be productive of finer and much better fruit than if left, according to the usual custom, till the plants are pruned in the winter or spring. See Cultivation of RASPBERRIES. Budding must be performed this month, beginning with Cherries, Apricots, or Plums, and continuing with Peaches, Nectarines, Pears, and Apples ; but the rota- tion of these must be determined by an examination of the state of the young wood of the sorts to be budded, as it is necessary the young shoots should be sufficiently ripened to ensure success in the operation. September. Continue to nail up all fruit trees close to the wall, in order that the young wood may be properly ripened. Towards the middle of this month, cut off close to the principal shoot "all such lateral side-shoots of the Vine as were before shortened back to one joint, as the principal eyes now will not push out any new shoots: this will give the plants air and light, and materially assist in ripening both their wood and fruit. Protect the Grapes from wasps and the large blue flies, by putting the bunches in thin gauze bags. In some seasons, particularly in hot and dry summers, wasps and flies are so numerous that they attack every description of fruit as it becomes ripe. They may be destroyed very readily by hanging up bottles on differ- IN THE FRUIT GARDEN. 517 ent parts of the wall, half filled with vinegar and water mixed with honey, sugar, or treacle, emptying the bottles from time to time, and returning the liquor into them again. Ants are also great devourers of ripe fruit. When they are numerous, they may be effectually destroyed by one quart of water in which an ounce of pounded arsenic has bee boiled half an hour, and mixed with sugar, so as to form a thin syrup : this must be placed in oyster-shells at the foot of the trees or bottom of the wall, covering them so as to keep off the rain : this will require to be frequently removed, and kept in a liquid state. Net Morello Cherries, to preserve them from birds. October. Apples and Pears will mostly require to be gathered this month for laying up in the fruit room. The valu- able autumnal varieties may be continued in season much longer than their usual time, by gathering one third of the crop a fortnight or three weeks before it be ripe, one third a week or ten days afterwards, and the remaining third when it is ripe : the last gathering in this case will be the first to be brought to table ; the second gathering will be the next ; and the first gather- ing will continue the longest fit for use. After hot dry summers, some of the finer winter Pears will continue longer in succession, by pursuing this method, than if the whole crop were to be left on the tree till ripe. Imperatrice, Saint Catharine, and Coe's Plums, may be gathered and suspended by their stalks on twine, and placed near the glass withinside of a south window for a few weeks, and will continue to improve in flavour. If after this time Coe's Plums are wrapped in thin, soft, white paper, and put in boxes in a dry room, they L L 3 518 A KALENDAR OF WORK may be kept perfectly well for twelve months, when they become an excellent sweatmeat. Trench and prepare borders and quarters ; and trans- plant fruit trees against walls, and standards and dwarfs in orchards ; open quarters and borders in the fruit garden. Plums and Cherries planted out at this time will make fresh roots during the autumn ^nd mild part of the winter, and grow with much more vigour when headed down in the spring, than those planted out a month or more afterwards. It will not, however, be advisable to plant these at this season, after a cold wet summer, unless the leaves will come clean off by drawing the hand upwards from the bottom of the shoot to its extremity. Plant out cuttings of Gooseberries and Currants, as directed under that head. The fruit room at this time will require particular attention as to the distribution of the fruit, as every sort of Apple and Pear should be kept by itself. In order to keep some of the more valuable Apples in a perfect state to a late period of the season, they should hang till they can be readily detached from the tree. They should then be placed in casks or boxes, as they are gathered, beginning with a layer of thoroughly dry pit sand in the bottom, then a layer of Apples, placed close to each other, then another layer of sand, just sufficient to cover the fruit, and no mofle, and so continuing alternately, till the cask or box is full, finishing with a covering of sand. These should be placed in the fruit room ; where they may remain undisturbed till the others of the same kind kept on the shelves are nearly done. This method has been prac- tised many years ago at Holkham, where I have tasted the Golden Harvey Apple and some others, so kept, in as high a state of perfection in the month of May IN THE FRUIT GARDEN. 519 and June as I ever saw the same kinds at any earlier period. I have myself, as well as several of my friends, adopted this method for several years, and found it an excellent one. The windows of the fruit room should be furnished with inside shutters, and kept closed, as it is found fruit keeps longer and better thus than when exposed to the light. Plant out Strawberries where they are finally to re- main. See STRAWBERRIES, Cultivation of. November. Plant out all sorts of fruit trees and bushes in the orchard, against walls, and in the quarters and borders of the garden ; see directions under the separate heads. Prune and train Vines, and all other fruit trees against walls and espaliers, except Figs, which must be left till April. Prune also all standard and dwarf fruit trees and bushes in orchards, and in the quarters and borders of the garden. Where late Grapes are now hanging upon the vines, in an immature state, the bunches may be cut off, with a joint or two of the branch above and below the fruit, and hung up in a dry, warm room, or in a warm, airy kitchen, which is much better, where they may be preserved two months, and will acquire a higher degree of maturity. Fig trees, which are likely to be injured by frost, should now be covered with mats, having pre- viously tucked in a little soft hay among the branches, as directed under the Cultivation ofYics. Newly planted trees should be mulched, to prevent the frost from injuring their roots. Examine the fruit-room ; and should any of the fruit become motddy, it must be wiped off: such of the sorts of Apples as have become very moist should be wiped also, giving the house air and light during the time L L 4 520 A KALENDAR OF WORK, ETC. this operation is going on ; and if some clean dry fern can be had, the fruit should be laid upon it, reserving as much as will cover it over as soon as frost sets in. Fine dry fern is by far the best thing on which to lay Apples, and to cover them also, of any material what- ever, as it is perfectly sweet, and not liable to contract any unpleasant smell, and it keeps sound much longer than straw. December. Continue to prune and train wall trees and espaliers, and to prune all standard and dwarf trees and bushes in the orchard and garden. In looking over the espaliers, where any of the stakes are decayed they must be re- placed with new ones, and the whole put into a thorough state of repair, previously to the commencement of training. Where the trees and bushes have been pruned in the quarters or on the borders, these places should be dug over, leaving the ground rough to be acted upon by the winter frosts ; and where manure was wanted, it ought to have been dug in, which will benefit the trees much more than it would if left till the spring. In the various operations directed to be done in the different months in pruning and training of particular fruits, it will be advisable, in all cases, to turn to those fruits in the body of the work, previously to the com- mencement of those operations. Little has been said in regard to the propagation of the different fruits ; this will be found at length under its proper head* KITCHEN GARDEN. 1. ANGELICA. Angelica ^4rchangelica is a biennial plant, a native of Hungary and Germany, and ranked among medicinal plants. The gardeners near London, who have ditches of water running through their gardens, propagate great quantities of this plant, for which they have a consider- able demand from the confectioners, w T ho make a sweet- meat with the tender stalks, cut in May, and candied with sugar. The seeds should be sown in autumn as soon as they are ripe ; and in the spring, when the plants are six inches high, they should be transplanted upon the sides of ditches and pools, or, for want of these, on cold moist ground, at two or three feet asunder. The second year after sowing, they will shoot up to flower : therefore, if you wish to continue their roots, you should cut down the stems in May, which will occasion their putting out heads from the sides of their roots ; by which means they may be continued for two or three years ; whereas if they had been suffered to seed, their roots would have perished soon afterwards. Angelica may also be cultivated by planting the young plants in shallow trenches, earthing up their stems in the manner of cardoons or celery ; but when these are cut for use, the earth should be levelled down again to the crown of the roots, from whence another crop may be obtained the following year. KITCHEN GARDEN. 2. ARTICHOKES. The flower heads of Artichoke, Cynara Scolymus, in an immature state, contain the part that is used, which is the fleshy receptacle, commonly called the bottom, freed from the bristles and seed down, vulgarly called the choke, and the lower part of the leaves of the calyx. There are two varieties of the Artichoke, viz. : 1. The conical, ovate, or oval French Artichoke : the heads are of a green colour ; the scales pointed, and turning outwards. 2. The globular, or large round-headed Artichoke ; with dusky purplish heads ; the scales turned in at the top. This last, commonly called the Globe Artichoke, is the only sort deserving cultivation in this country. Artichokes are propagated by the off-set suckers, which are produced abundantly from the roots of old plants : these should be planted in rows four feet apart, placing them in clumps of three or four in each, two feet asunder in the rows. Artichokes require a deep soil ; and, before they are planted, the ground should be well manured, and trenched two feet deep : this operation should be performed in April, as soon as the young leaves begin to show themselves above the surface of the ground. After this, the plants will require only to be kept clear from weeds during the summer, and in the autumn to be protected by litter from the stable, to secure them against the frosts in winter. 3. ASPARAGUS. Asparagus qfficinalis is a perfectly hardy plant ; it invariably produces ripe seeds in the autumn, and from these alone it is raised. - ASPARAGUS. 523 The gardeners pretend to distinguish two sorts ; the Battersea and the Gravesend. There are various methods pursued in forming new plantations of Asparagus : the most common one is to trench the ground from two to three feet deep, mixing with the soil a good quantity of rotten dung. If the soil be good to the depth of three feet, it will not be necessary, under the ordinary culture, to prepare the ground deeper ; but in doing this a large portion of manure is necessary, and it will be requisite that it should be regularly mixed with the soil from the bottom of the trench to the top. If one of the quarters of the garden should be required for Asparagus alone, the whole ought to be trenched and manured as if it were for only one single bed, as the roots spread themselves in all directions, and by penetrating the alleys between the beds the outer rows of heads will always be finer than those in the middle. The ground being prepared, the beds should be set out of the width of five feet, with three feet alleys, fixing a strong stake at the corners of each bed, driven down to the depth of three feet. About the beginning or middle of March proceed thus to plant the beds : strain a line round the four cor- ners of the first bed, cut it down perpendicularly on the ' inside of the line to the depth of three inches, and take out the soil, which must be laid on the alleys on each side, levelling the surface perfectly even ; but take care not to stand upon the bed ; on the contrary, keep the soil as light as possible : mark out four lines, at a foot from each side of the bed, and a foot from each other : measure a foot from the end of the bed, and mark each line at a foot apart, thus forming squares of twelve inches each way. Being now provided with some good one year old plants (not more), open the roots flat, place one plant on each of those places marked on the lines, and fasten it down with a handful of mould to KITCHEN GARDEN. keep it in its place : when this is done, the bed must be filled up level with the spade. This being finished, proceed with the other beds in like manner, till the whole is completed. A bed of twenty yards long, thus planted, will require 236 plants ; and when of three years standing, will furnish heads equal in size to those gene- rally produced in our best gardens. If still larger heads than these should be desired, they may be produced by planting the four rows at fifteen inches between the plants in the row instead of twelve : and if this is done, it will be of greater advantage if the plants are placed in the quincunx manner ; that is, by placing the first row of plants fifteen inches from the end, and fifteen inches apart ; the second row twenty-two inches and a half from the end, and fifteen inches apart ; the third row fifteen inches from the end, and fifteen inches apart ; and the fourth row twenty-two inches and a half from the end, and fifteen inches apart. The plants will thus form rhomboidal squares, instead of rectangular ones ; thereby allowing the roots of one line to extend themselves into the spaces of the adjoining ones. A bed thus planted will require 186 plants. In Cheshire, and some parts of Lancashire, the gardeners pursue a much more expensive method in the preparation of their Asparagus beds than the one which I have described. Their method is this : the beds are staked out five feet wide, leaving three feet alleys between them ; the beds are then thrown out six feet deep, and such soil asi proves of a bad quality is taken away, reserving that only which is good, and supplying the deficiency, if any, with good soil from some other place : six inches thick of half rotten dung is then spread in the bottom of the bed, and twelve inches thick of good mould levelled over it, which is then well forked over, and mixed with a three-pronged fork : after this, is levelled and made even, three other double layers of dung and mould ASPARAGUS. 525 must be supplied and worked over in the same manner, which will complete the bed ; but in the two last layers the dung should be more rotten than that with which the bed was begun. The beds thus prepared should be left two months at least to settle ; but they must not be trodden down, as they are much the best when left to settle of themselves. About the end of March, or the beginning of April, the beds must be raked down, and lines drawn at a foot apart, the length of the beds, and places marked at fifteen inches apart along the lines ; at each of these places three of the largest sized seeds are to be inserted in a triangle, about half an inch apart, and half an inch deep : the bed must now be raked over, and left till the plants are about two inches high : if three plants appear at a place, two of the weakest must be pulled up ; where two appear, one must be removed ; and should there be any defect in any part of the bed, a single plant from those which have been withdrawn will be sufficient to fill up the space, so that the bed will now be completed with a single plant at each place re- spectively. There will be nothing further required during the summer, than to keep the beds perfectly clean from weeds ; and in the winter, to cover them with some half rotten dung, to preserve the crowns of the roots from frost. In the spring following it will be found that the beds have settled, perhaps considerably ; if so, they must be covered over with as much good mould as will make up the deficiency. The third year after plant- ing, the heads will be fit to cut. This appears to be an expensive process ; but it is adopted by many of the market gardeners, and they consider they are amply compensated by the produce for all the expense such a preparation has occasioned them. After the beds have been made a few years, the alleys are next taken out to the depth of the prepared beds, and filled up in the same manner, which completes the whole of the process. 526 KITCHEN GARDEN. It is easy to conceive that ground prepared in this man- ner must be productive of very large crops, and also of very large heads, some of which are said to weigh four ounces each. In cutting the heads of Asparagus, I would recom- mend a knife with a straight narrow blade of six inches long, with a sharp smooth edge, instead of having a blade like a saw : the latter has been recommended in books, and I have seen it used; but the practice is not a good one, and it is better laid aside. The cutting season usually commences towards the latter end of April, and should never be continued beyond Midsummer. 4. BALM. Melissa qfficinalis, or common Balm, is a perennial plant, a native of the south of Europe. The recent plant has the agreeable odour of lemons, which is lost in drying, and an austere, slightly aromatic taste. It is used in cool tankards ; and in the form of tea, as a grateful diluent in fevers. It is propagated by dividing its roots in March or April. 5. BASIL. Ocymum Basilicum and minimum, the sweet or common, and bush Basil, are the only sorts cultivated in our gardens. Basil is a culinary aromatic, much used in French cookery, along with other aromatic herbs, in soups, &c. They are both annuals, natives of the East Indies, and should be sown on a gentle hot- bed in March : when the plants are two or three inches high, they may be transplanted into a warm border of light rich earth, in rows of six or eight inches' distance from each other, watering them occasionally till they have taken root. BEANS. BEETS. 6. BEANS. The Bean is a hardy annual, rising from two to four feet high, having a thick angular stalk, alternate pinnated leaves, and highly fragrant blossoms : the following sorts are those principally cultivated in our gardens : 1. Dwarf Fan. 6. Long-pod. 2. Early Lisbon. 7. Sandwich. 3. Early Mazagan. 8. Toker. 4. Green Genoa. 9. White-blossomed. 5. Green Nonpareil. 10. Windsor. The Early Lisbon and Mazagan are the sorts gene- rally used for early crops : they are sown in October, November, January, and February. The Long-pod is the most abundant bearer, and con- sequently more generally found in the cottager's garden than any other sort. The Sandwich, Toker, and Windsor, are those generally employed for the summer crops. The green varieties are much valued by some, for their fine green colour when served up at table ; but they require to be gathered when very young, or they lose their fine colour, and their skins become thick and tough. The White -blossomed is generally sown in the months of May and June for the later crops ; and if gathered when young, is an excellent well-flavoured sort. I have not enumerated in the list what is to be found in all the seedsmen's lists, the Mumford Bean ; this being only a small-sized Windsor, separated from that sort by the sieve. 7. BEETS. The Beet is a biennial plant, a native of the south of Europe, with large, oblong, succulent leaves. The root 528 KITCHEN GARDEN. is usually from a foot to eighteen inches in length, and from two to fouT inches in diameter. The French consider the Beet under two heads : the first they call BETTERAVE, or Beta vulgaris, consisting of those whose edible parts are the roots. The second they call POIREE, or Beta Cicla, consisting of those whose edible parts are the leaves. CLASS 1. BETTERAVE. 1 . Large-rooted Red Beet. 8. Small Yellow Beet. Betterave Rouge grosse. Betterave Jaune de Castel- 2. Long-rooted Red Beet. naudari. 3. Dwarf Red Beet. 9. Betterave Champetre. 4. Turnip -rooted Red Beet. Racine de Disette. Betterave Rouge ronde pr6- Racine d" Abondance. coce. Betterave sur terre. 5. Petite Betterave Rouge. Hors-de-terre. 6. Betterave Rouge de Castel- Mangold Wurzel. naudari. Mangel Wurzel. 7. Large Yellow Beet. 10. Betterave grosse Blanche Betterave Jaune grossed de Prusse. Betterave Jaune a sucre. La Disette Blanche. CLASS 2. POIRE'ES. 11. Green Beet. 14*. Poiree a carde jaune. 12. White Beet. 15. Poiree a carde rouge. 13. Poiree a carde blanche. 16. Poiree grosse Blanche. The French possess all the above sorts, and cultivate them for one purpose or another ; but in this country Nos. 1. 2. and 4. are those only which are grown for their roots, and 11. 12. and 13. for their leaves. All the varieties may be sown in the month of April ; and as soon as the plants are three or four inches high, they should be thinned out, leaving them a foot apart. * It was from the Betterave jaune grosse, that the French, during the late wars, principally manufactured their sugar. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p 279. BORAGE. BORECOLE. In the autumn, before the frost sets in, the roots should be taken up on a dry day, their tops cut off without injuring the crown, and laid up in sand in a corner of the garden-shed, or other dry building, where they may be preserved from the frost. Such roots as are not wanted for use may be planted out in April for seed ; but, in order to preserve the stock pure, care should be taken to select those roots only which are of the most perfect kind. 8. BORAGE. Borago qfficinalis is an annual plant, a native of England. It was formerly in great repute as a cordial. According to Withering, the young leaves may be used as a salad or a pot-herb ; and the flowers form an ingre- dient in cool tankards. The seeds require to be sown in March, in a light dry spot, and likewise a little in April and May, for a succession. Wherever it ripens and sheds its seeds, it will rise again abundantly : having a tap root, it does not bear transplanting, except with great care, and when the plants are very young. 9. BORECOLE AND SPROUTS. The Borecole contains several sub-varieties. They are, excepting the Neapolitan variety, peculiarly hardy ; they resist frosts, and retain their green appearance throughout the winter : hence their value as winter greens. The following, together with what are termed sprouts, are the principal sorts at present cultivated in this country. 1. *Colebrook Dale Borecole. 4. Neapolitan Borecole. 2. *German Borecole. Cavolo torsolo ricciuto. Curlies, or Curled Kale. Chou de Naples. Scotch Kale. Chou de Naples frist nain. 3. *Green Borecole. 5. *Purple Borecole. M M 530 KITCHEN GARDEN. Broivn Borecole. Kohl Rabi. Brown Kale. Rabi Kale. 6. Variegated Borecole. 12. * Jerusalem Kale. 7. *Brussels Sprouts. Buda Kale. 8. *Chou de Milan. Manchester Kale. 9. Couve Tronchuda. Prussian Kale. 10. Dwarf Couve Tronchuda. Russian Kale. Portugal Kale. 13.*Thousand-headed Cabbage. 11. ^Egyptian Kale. Chou a milles tetes. Those marked by an asterisk (*) will be mentioned again under the head of WINTER GREENS. The Brussels Sprouts produce tall stems three or four feet high, with a head somewhat like a Savoy : from the axils or base of the leaves arise small green heads like little cabbages, about one or two inches in diameter ; these are peculiarly rich and sweet. No. 4. is too tender to bear the winter in this coun- try; but if sown in March, it continues fit for use during the autumn. No. 9. was introduced into England in 1821, and No. 10. in 1822. As both these are too tender to stand the winters here, seeds should be sown in August, and the plants kept in a frame till the spring, and planted out at the same time as Cauliflowers, for an early summer crop ; and the succession must be kept up by spring and summer sowings. The ribs of the outer and large leaves, when divested of their green parts, and well boiled, make a good dish, somewhat resembling Sea Kale. The heart or middle part of the plant is, however, the best for use ; it is peculiarly delicate, tender, and agreeably flavoured, without any of the coarseness which often belongs to the cabbage tribe. The dwarf sort is much the earliest ; and when the lower leaves are taken off for use, it throws out numerous sprouts from the lower part of the stem, which is not the case with the other sort. BROCCOLI. 531 10. BROCCOLI. The few varieties of Broccoli that were known in Miller's time, are supposed to have proceeded from the Cauliflower, which was originally imported from the island of Cyprus, about the middle of the sixteenth century. Miller mentions the white and purple as coming from Italy ; and it is conjectured that from these two sorts all the subsequent kinds have arisen. The follow- ing are those principally cultivated in our gardens at present. 1. Purple Cape. . 9. Cream-coloured. 2. Green Cape. Portsmouth Broccoli. 3. Grange's Early Cauliflower. 10. Sulphur-coloured. 4-. Green's Close-headed Win- 11. Spring White. ter. Cauliflower Broccoli. 5. Early Purple. 12. Late Dwarf Close headed 6. Early White. Purple. 7. Dwarf BrownClose-headed. 13. Latest Green. 8. Tall Large-headed Purple. Danish Broccoli. Siberian Broccoli. Nos. 1. and 2., if sown in May and June, will produce heads in regular succession from August to December; sown in July and August, if the weather is mild, will produce heads in April and May. No. 3. sown at three different times, between the beginning of May to the end of June, will produce heads in succession from Michaelmas to Christmas. No. 4. continues to bear through the winter, if the weather is mild. Sow the end of May, and the pro- duce in November, December, January, and February. No. 5. Sow in April, and the produce will be from November till February. Sow in June, and the pro- duce will be sprouts in March and April. No. 6. To obtain early heads, sow in February or the beginning of March ; and the produce will be from November till Christmas. This sort is frequently cut >i M 2 532 KITCHEN GARDEN. by market gardeners previous to severe frosts, and kept in sheds or cellars for market. No. 7 Sow the middle of April, and the crop will come into use in March and April. No. 8. Sow the end of March, and the crop will come into use in March and April. No. 9. Sow the middle of April, and heads will be produced in February, March, and April : these fre- quently measure two feet in circumference. No. 10. 11, 12. Sow in March and April, and the crop will come into use in April and May. No. 13. is the hardiest of all the Broccolis, as the severest winter will not destroy it. Sow the end of April, and the crop will come into use in May the following year. To secure Broccolis through the winter, it is always best to take up part of all the last nine sorts in the be- ginning of November, disturbing the roots as little as possible, and lay them in slopingly with their heads towards the north, only a few inches above the ground, and about eighteen inches asunder. By this means the crown of the plant lying low, is soon covered and pro- tected by the snow which generally falls previously to long and severe frosts ; the plant is also rendered tougher in fibre, and hardier by the check received in this last removal. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 161. 169. 11. BURNET. Poterium Sanguisorba, or Common Burnet, is a perennial plant a native of England. A drink was made of it formerly, which was reckoned useful in many complaints, and was also an ingredient in cool tankards : the young leaves taste something like cucumbers, -and are occasionally put into salads. Although a perennial, the seeds are generally sown in drills, at two or three different periods between the spring and autumn. CABBAGES. 533 12. CABBAGES. The Cabbage is the most ancient of our esculent vegetables : the tribe includes an extensive assortment of varieties and subvarieties, all probably proceeding from one common origin. The common Cabbage pro- duces firm heads, green, greenish yellow, or red : they are all white within, except the last, which ought to be of bright deep red, very firm and compact. The following are the principal varieties cultivated in our gardens : 1. Early Battersea. 8. Imperial. 2. Early Cornish. 9. Large Penton. Paignton. 10. Large York. Penton. 11. Late Battersea. 3. Early Dutch. 12. Red' Dutch. 4. Early Dwarf. 13. Scotch. 5. Early York. Drumhead. 6. East Ham. 14-. Sugar-loaf. 7. Emperor. 15. Vanack. The Cabbage being a biennial plant, the chief or early summer crop is to be sown in the preceding autumn, from the 12th to the 20th of August ; but the latter summer and autumn crops, to come in from July to the end of the year, will require to be sown in the spring, from the beginning of April till the end of May. The Red Cabbage, if wanted for pickling early in the autumn, should be sown in August ; but for the winter and spring use, those sown in April will resist the frost much better, and be of a better quality than those sown in the autumn. The Vanack Cabbage is scarcely to be found in the seedsmen's lists, but is highly deserving of notice. It has been cultivated in the garden of the Earl of Egre- mont, at. Petworth, so long since as the year 17?6. Seeds of it have been presented to the Horticultural Society of London by Mr. Torbron, gardener to the M M 3 KITCHEN GARDEN. Countess of Bridge water, at Ashridge, in Hertfordshire. It was cultivated some time ago by the gardeners in Sussex and Hampshire. By timely sowings the Va- nack Cabbage is always in season ; it makes excellent spring Coleworts, becomes a white-hearted Cabbage very early, and pushes fine sprouts from the stump after the Cabbages are cut. In quality it is inferior to none of the best Cabbages. 13. CAPSICUM. The Capsicum cultivated in the garden for its fruit, is an annual plant, a native of India. The pods are used in a green state for pickling ; and, ripe, for mixing with other ingredients, as Tomatos, &c. to form sauces. They are also dried and ground, and used like Cayenne pepper. There is a great number of varieties, some of which are yellow, others red, and others black. The colour, direction, and figure of the fruit is also very variable ; the sorts with small oblong erect pods are the hottest, and are commonly called .Chilies. The seed should be sown in March or beginning of April, on a moderate hot-bed. When two inches high, they should be pricked out into small pots of three inches diameter, afterwards to be repotted and placed under a frame, where they may be hardened to the open air by degrees. In June, they should be turned out of the pots into a south border of light rich soil, at twelve or fifteen inches asunder. Should the nights prove cold, they must be sheltered with a mat, otherwise they will require no further trouble ; and their fruit will be fit to gather green in August, and ripe in September. 14. CARAWAY. Carum Carui, or Caraway, is a biennial plant, a native of Britain. It is cultivated both in agriculture CARDOONS. 535 and horticulture for its fruit, which is used to flavour cakes, to form sugar-plums or comfits, to flavour spirits, and to form a carminative distilled water. The seeds should be sown broadcast in March or April ; and when the plants are two or three inches high, they should be thinned out to five or six inches apart. They will require no other care than to keep them clean from weeds, till the fruit is ripe in the following summer. 15. CARDOONS. The Cardoon, Cynara Cardunculus, is greatly admired by many, and ought to have a place in every gentleman's garden. The stalks of the leaves, usually called the ribs, when blanched, are the useful part. They grow very large, three, four, or five feet high ; and in autumn, when full grown and blanched, they are tender and well-flavoured. The following sorts are grown in France, and are also known in this country : 1. Common Cardoon. 3. Cardoon of Tours. Cardon Plein Inerme. Cardon de Tours epineux & Cordon Plein sans epines. c6tes tres pleines. 2. Spanish Cardoon. Cardon Piquant. Cardon d'Espagne. 4. Red Cardoon. Cardon a cdtes rouges. The French gardeners have for some time cultivated two sorts of Cardoon ; Nos. 2. and 3., the latter being by them considered the best, because, they say, its ribs are thicker, more tender, and delicate. With us, how- ever, the Spanish Cardoon appears the best, as we find the ribs are larger and more solid than the others. One sort is quite sufficient for a garden ; that, therefore, which has its ribs perfectly solid, and at the same time large, is to be preferred. M M 4 536 KITCHEN GARDEN. The soil to be chosen for the growth of Cardoons should be deep and light, but not over rich. Sow the seeds about the middle of April, in trenches six inches deep, and twelve inches wide, into which a small quan- tity of rotten dung has been previously dug. The rows to be set four feet distance from each other, and the seed sown in patches, three or four together, at about eighteen inches apart. When the plants have acquired four or five leaves, they should be thinned out to single plants. During summer they must be kept clean from weeds, and, in dry weather, frequently watered, as they require a good deal of moisture. About the end of October, when the plants have attained nearly their full size, a dry day is to be chosen, when the plants are free from damp. The leaves of each plant are carefully and lightly tied together with strong matting, keeping the whole upright, and the ribs of the leaves together. The plant is then bound closely round with twisted hay- bands, about an inch and a half in diameter, beginning at the root, and continuing to about two-thirds of its height, covering the whole so as to prevent the earth, when applied to it, coming in contact with the ribs of the leaves. If the Cardoons are to be used early, and before frost sets in, the plants may remain thus banded without earthing up, and will become sufficiently blanched for use ; but if there is any danger of their being exposed to frost, then it is necessary that they should be earthed up in the same manner as Celery, care being taken that this is done in a dry day, and not to raise the earth higher than the haybands. There have been other methods of blanching recom- mended ; but this has been practised in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, and the plants have been superior, both in colour and the length of the blanched part, to others under different management. - I CARROTS. 537 16. CARROTS. The Carrot, Daucus Carota, is a biennial plant, a native of this country ; and although in its wild state it approaches but little to the appearance of our garden Carrot, yet it is allowed by all writers to be the ori- ginal stock from whence all the cultivated varieties have sprung : the roots of the latter are of a red-yellow or orange colour, yellow, purple, or white* The following are the principal sorts at present culti- vated here, and also in the French and Dutch gardens : 1. Common Early Horn, Carotte Rouge Longue. 2. Early Short Red Horn. 6. Long White Carrot. Carotte Rouge Courte Hative. Carotte Blanche. 3. Long Horn. 7. Long Yellow. Long Red Horn. Carotte Jaune Longue. 4. Long Orange. 8. Purple Carrot. Sandwich Carrot. Carotte Violette. Carotte Rouge Pale de Flan- 9. Yellow Carrot. dres. Carotte Jaune. 5. Long Red. 10. Altringham. Chert sey Carrot. Green-topped Carrot. Studley Carrot. Superb Carrot. Surry Carrot. The Altringham Carrot is an intermediate variety between the Horn Carrot and the Long-rooted. For early crops the two first are the most proper ; they are sown on hot-beds in February, or on a warm south border early in March. The early sowing on the border will require a shelter of haulm, or fern leaves, occasionally, in the event of frost and cutting wind. The Orange and Altringham Carrot are sown from the middle of March to the middle of April, and are the principal sorts for winter use. Succession sowings for drawing as young Carrots may be made in May, June, July, and August. 538 KITCHEN GARDEN. 17. CAULIFLOWERS. The Cauliflower, Choujleur of the French, is esteemed the most delicate of the Cabbage tribe : it is annual, and produces its flower in the autumn, if sown in the spring. We possess two varieties only, viz. : 1. Early Cauliflower. 2. Late Cauliflower. For spring Cauliflowers the seed is usually sown from the 15th to the 20th of September, and the young plants sheltered through the winter, either by planting them under hand-glasses, or in frames, so that they may be covered during cold and frosty weather, and air given them when it is mild. For the autumnal crop, the seed should be sown upon a moderate hot-bed the end of March, or under hand-glasses ; these will come in during August : and for a later crop, the seed should be sown the beginning or middle of May ; this sowing will pro- duce its heads in October and November. If some of the plants of this last sowing be taken up and laid in as directed for Broccoli, they will be more secure, in case of cold wet weather at the end of the season. 18. CELERY. The native wild Celery, Apiwn graveolens, is found in ditches and marshy ground, especially near the sea- coast, in various parts of England. It is biennial, and flowers in August and September. The seeds and wholte plant, in its native ditches, are said by Sir J. E. Smith to be acrid and dangerous, with a strong taste and smell. By culture it becomes the mild and grateful garden Celery. The following are the principal sorts cultivated in our gardens : 1. Italian. 4. Celeriac. 2. Red Solid. Turnip-rooted. 3. White Solid. Celeri rave. CELERY. 539 The leaf-stalks, when blanched, are used raw as a salad ; they are in season from August to March in the following year ; they are also used to flavour soups, and sometimes are boiled as a dinner vegetable. The root only of Celeriac is used. It is excellent in soups, in which, whether white or brown, slices of it are used as ingredients, and readily impart their flavour. With the Germans it is also a common salad, for which the roots are prepared by boiling, until a fork will pass easily through them ; after they are boiled and become cold, they are eaten with oil and vinegar. They are also sometimes served up at table, stewed with rich sauces. In all cases, before they are boiled, the root, and the fibres of the roots, which are very strong, are cut away ; and the edible part' of the root is put in cold water on the fire, not in water previously boiling. For an early crop of Celery, the seed should be sown in a hot-bed the early part of March ; and when the plants are two inches high, they must be pricked out under hand-glasses, where they are to remain till they are six inches high. They should then be planted out in trenches, preserving all their leaves, but pulling off every offset or sucker which appears springing from the upper part of the root. For the succeeding crops, the seed may be sown upon a bed of rich mould in March, and again in April, where the plants may remain till they are large enough to plant into the trenches. In taking up the young plants, they should be raised with the spade, and planted with the roots entire, merely cutting off the extreme fibres, leav- ing the roots at least six inches long. The second and third sorts are the most valuable. The fourth sort should be sown upon a hot-bed, under glass, in February or March ; when the plants are two or three inches high, remove them to another hot-bed, and prick them out two inches apart, under a hand-glass. 540 KITCHEN GARDEN. In June prepare a rich piece of ground, and transplant them upon a flat bed, fifteen inches apart each way : water them frequently and plentifully, and increase the water as they increase in size : they require hoeing only to keep them free from weeds, and the roots will be fit for use in September or October. See an excellent paper on this subject in the Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 419- 19. CHAMOMILE. Chamomile, Antliemis nobilis, is a perennial plant, a native of Britain. The double-flowered variety is that cultivated in the garden. It is in considerable repute both in the popular and scientific Materia Medica. The flowers, which are the parts used, have a strong and fragrant smell, and a bitter aromatic taste ; both are extracted by water and alcohol. Medicinally, the flowers are considered tonic, carminative, and slightly anodyne ; yet when a strong infusion of them is taken in a tepid state, it proves powerfully emetic. The flowers of Chamomile should be pulled from time to time, as they are produced ; for the plants continue to blossom in succession for several months. When gathered, they should be gradually dried, partly in the sun and partly in the shade, by being spread upon a mat or sheet ; removed out of the sun in the heat of the day, and placed in it mornings and evenings. Chamomile is propagated by dividing the roots in March or April, and planting them out in small patches* in an open situation, at six or nine inches apart, accord- ing to the size of the patches divided from the root. In some gardens they are planted as edgings to borders : in either way the plant is of the most easy culture. 20. CHERVIL. Chervil, Chcerophyllum sativum, is an annual plant, a native of England, and is cultivated in gardens CHIVES. CLARY. 541 for the young leaves, which are used as a small salad along with mustard and cress ; and it is used also in soups, to which it imparts a warm and aromatic flavour. There are two sorts cultivated in our gardens : 1. Common, 2. Curled-leaved. Both sorts require to be sown in drills, in the manner of other small salading, every three or four weeks during the summer season. The curled sort, however, had better be sown thinly broad-cast, a"s, when the leaves are fully grown, they make a very handsome garnish for dishes. To keep this sort very true, the most perfectly curled plants should % be taken up carefully, and trans- planted out into a bed to run up for seed. This latter variety is by no means common ; but I have seen it in great plenty in the gardens at Hampton Court, when under the direction of the late Mr. Padley. 21. CHIVES. ^4llium Schcenoprasum, or common Chive, is a native of Britain, found in Oxfordshire, Berwickshire, and Ar- gyleshire : the root is perennial, composed of small slender bulbs, pale, forming dense tufts. The leaves are used early in the spring for salads : they are generally cut off close to the surface, but some- times the whole of the plant is made use of as a substitute for young onions. It is cultivated by dividing the roots, which should be planted out in small patches, six or eight inches apart, in almost any soil or situation, where they rapidly in- crease, and soon make large bunches, which will last for three or four years. 22. CLARY. Salvia Sclarea, or common Clary, is a biennial plant, a native of Italy, and introduced into England in KITCHEN GARDEN. It has a very strong scent, and was formerly used in me- dicine. A wine is made from the herb or flower, boiled with sugar, which has a flavour not unlike Frontignan. The seeds should be sown in the open part of the garden in March or April ; and when the plants are three or four inches high, they should be thinned out, leaving them six or eight inches apart. From this time nothing further will be necessary than to keep the plants clear from weeds till the time of their flowering, in July or August in the following year, when they become fit for use. 23. CORIANDER. Coriandrum sativum, or Coriander^ is an annual plant, a native of England. The leaves are strongly scented ; the fruits, which are slightly aromatic, are used to conceal the taste of senna, and in spices as currie powder ; and they are also covered with sugar as a sweetmeat. The seeds require to be sown in March or April, in an open part of the garden, and will require nothing further to be done than to be kept clean from weeds : the fruits will be ripe in August or September. 24-. CORN SALAD, OR LAMB'S LETTUCE. The common Corn Salad, J^alerianella olitoria, is an annual plant, a native of England. It is used through the winter, and early in spring, partly as a substitute for small lettuces, and partly to increase the variety of small salad herbs. Till lately this species was the only one cultivated in our gardens. We have now, however, another species which has been introduced from France. It is superior to the common sort in the quality of its foliage, which is milder in flavour, and in coming earlier into use. The two sorts may be stated thus : CRESS. 543 1. Common Corn Salad. 2, Italian Corn Salad. Valerianella Olitoria. Valerianella Eriocarpa. Mache of the French. Mache cT Italic. The principal difference in appearance between the Italian and the Common sort is in the colour of the leaves of the former, and the greater length of the footstalks. Besides its use in a crude state in salads, the Italian species, when dressed in early spring as a spinach, is very good, and has been in much request for that purpose. The seeds of both sorts may be sown in August for winter and spring use ; they may either be sown broad- cast, or in narrow shallow drills ; and when the plants are an inch high, they should be thinned out to the distance of three or four inches from each other. 25. CRESS. The sorts of Cress cultivated in England are the fol- lowing : 1. American Cress. 2. Common Cress. Barbarea Prcecox. 3. Curled Cress. Belleisle Cress. 4. Golden Cress. Winter Cress. Cresson Doreofthe French. The American, or Belleisle Cress, is a perennial plant, a native of England, and used in salads during the autumn and winter. It is best sown broad-cast, under the protection of a north wall, in April or May, and when the plants are two or three inches high thinned out to six inches apart : it transplants readily, and therefore some of the young plants may be pricked out three or four inches apart, so as to be covered with a hand-glass in severe frost and snow, which will thus keep it perfectly sweet and tender : it is, nevertheless, a very hardy plant, and will stand through our most severe winters. 544 KITCHEN GARDEN. The Common and Curled Cress, Lepidium sativum, are annual plants, and, like Mustard, used only as small salading : the former is sown in narrow drills during the spring, summer, and autumn, and in pots, or upon the bottom of a drill (not covered) in the back bed of the stove in winter. The Curled Cress should be sown broad-cast, at in- tervals of three or four weeks, during the spring and summer ; the radical leaves are those used, and are frequently employed as a garnish, as well as for salads. The Curled Cress, if neglected in its cultivation, is liable to degenerate to the Common sort ; but if pro- perly treated it is capable of being improved in a very high degree : for this purpose I have for many years supplied one of the first houses in London with a stock which has never been surpassed by that of any other. This is effected by selecting every spring a number of the most perfectly curled plants as soon as they can be discovered, and pricking them out at five or six inches apart from each other, and at a distance from the Com- mon sort : the seed from these plants may be considered as stock seed ; and from the plants of this seed should all the succeeding plants be annually selected, taking care, if possible, to make choice of those only which are more thickly curled than the stock from which they have been obtained. The Golden Cress is rather slenderer in growth than the Common Cress. It is very dwarf, and is conse- quently short when cut as a salad herb for use. It has a mild and delicate flavour, and affords a pleasant addi- tion to our stock of small salads. It should be sown and managed in the same manner as the Curled Cress. 26. CUCUMBERS. The varieties of Cucumber, Cucumis sativa, are numerous : the following are those most generally cultivated : CUCUMBERS. ENDIVES. 545 1. Early Frame. 5. Green Turkey. 2. Early Southgate. 6. White Turkey. 3. Long Prickly. 7. White-spined. 4s Short PricEly. S. Patagonian. The two first sorts are those principally used for early crops in frames, and in the forcing-house; the Green Turkey and Wliite Spined for later crops ; and the Long and Short Prickly for ridges in the open air. For this last purpose, the plants are raised in frames, and when large enough to transplant, two or three plants are put into a pot : they are to be kept in the frame till they are strong enough to turn out under the hand- glasses, in the latter part of April, for the first crop. For the last crop, the seeds are sown under the glasses in May and June. It is a great advantage to the crop in the open air, to cover the ridges with clean straw or pease haulm, when the plants are grown long enough to train upon the ridges : this will serve to keep the sun from parching the ground in hot dry weather, and to prevent the blossoms and young fruit from being covered with soil during heavy rains. The covering of the ridges with straw or haulm has another advantage that of preventing, in a great measure, the fruit from becoming spotted when the autumn is wet and cold : the thickness of this covering should not be less than two inches when pressed close to the ground. The Patagonian Cucumber is grown in the open ground; and whilst young, the fruit is sliced and pickled in the manner of Mango. 27. ENDIVES. Cichorium Endivia, or Garden Endive, is a hardy annual, a native of the East Indies, and, according to the Hortus Kewensis, was cultivated here in 1548. For many years there were only three sorts cultivated in our gardens, namely, the Batavian, and the Green N N 546 KITCHEN GARDEN, -rj" and White Curled. Lately there have been several other varieties introduced by the Horticultural Society of London. The following are the sorts which have been reported in the Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 133. : 1. BATAVIAN ENDIVES (SCAROLES OF THE FRENCH). 1. Broad-leaved Batavian. 4. Large Batavian. Common Yellow ~| of the Scarolede Hoi- "i _ , Double Yellow J Dutch. lande \p * 2. Curled Batavian. Scarole Grande J Curled Yellow "1 of the 5. Lettuce-leaved Batavian. Fine Curled J Dutch. New Batavian. 3. Small Batavian. White Batavian. Scarole Courte ~\ Scarole afeuille scaroie ^oune-\ scaroie ajemue-\ Scarole Petite [ 7 de Laitue I Scarole Ronde J * rench ' Scarole Blonde J of the French. 2. CURLED ENDIVES (CHICOREES OF THE FRENCH). 6. Small Green Curled French. 9. Italian Green Curled. Fine Curled. Indivia Riccia. Chicoree d'E'te. 10. Dutch Green Curled. Chicoree Frisee Fine a" Italic. Large Green Curled, of the 7. Small Green Curled. Dutch. Green Curled. 11. Long Italian Green Curled. Chicoree de Meaux. Indivia Longa. Chicoree Endive. 12. White Curled. Chicoree Frisee. White Endive. 8. Large Green Curled. Chicoree Blanche. Green Curled. Chicoree toujours Blanche. Cut Yellow Winter Endive, of the Germans. * Under the Batavian Endives are included all the varieties with broad leaves, generally rounded at the points, with the margin slightly ragged or torn, not curled. These are called by the French Scaroles. No. 1. is the common Batavian Endive of our gardens. It is one of the hardiest of the broad-leaved sorts ; and as the lower leaves are much longer than the inner ones, it ties up well for blanching. FENNEL. GARLIC. No. 3. is somewhat new, and is the best of this class. Its inner leaves form a heart more readily than the other ; it blanches with little trouble, and is mild and sweet without being bitter. Nos. 7. and 8. are the green curled sorts of our gardens : they are the most hardy of this class, and always require to be tied up to blanch them properly. The sowings of Endive are to be made at three or four different periods. If a very early crop be required, a small quantity of the Green Curled sort should be sown in June ; and for the subsequent crops, the sow- ings of other sorts in addition may be made at intervals of three or four weeks till the middle of August. Endive requires a rich soil, in order to ensure its quick growth ; to be planted thin on the borders, and to be tied up when it has attained its full growth, in order to blanch it fit for use. 28. FENNEL. Aneihwn Fceniculum, or Common Fennel, is a native of England, and a perennial. Finochio is a variety of Fennel, a native of Italy : the latter is the sort usually cultivated in gardens, and is principally used in a boiled state, and served up with fish. Both sorts are perennial, and propagated by sowing their seeds in March or April, and also by slips of the root. 29. GARLIC. Allium sativum, or Garlic, is a hardy perennial, a native of the south of France. The root is a compound bulb, consisting of ten or twelve smaller parts, or bulbs, that are termed cloves. Garlic is propagated by dividing its root into cloves, and planting them in drills in February or March j the N N 2 548 KITCHEN GARDEN. drills twelve or fifteen inches apart, and the cloves at six inches from each other in the drill. As soon as the leaves begin to decay, take up the roots, and after they are dry, hang them up in a dry room for use. 30. GOURDS. The varieties of Gourd are numerous, and they vary considerably in size, shape, and colour : many of these are grown for their beauty and singularity ; but two only appear to be deserving of cultivation with us as an article of food ; these are, J. Cucurbita Melopepo. 2. Cucurbita Ovifera. Large American Gourd. Succade Gourd. PotironJaune, of the French. Vegetable Marroiu. Courge a la Moelle. The first sort is the largest of the Gourd tribe. It is nearly globular, very slightly ribbed, of a pale buff or salmon colour, and thickly reticulated over its whole surface with narrow vermicular processes. It keeps well through most part of the winter, and is very thick in flesh. It is used in France in soups, as well as mashed as a vegetable in the manner of potatoes, It has a pleasant and peculiar flavour, and is an excellent substitute for carrots and turnips. Mr. Call grew one four feet ten inches in circumfer- ence, that weighed I03lbs. Mr. Caswell grew another which weighed 104 Ibs. ; and another from America weighed 140 Ibs. It requires similar treatment with the common Gourd, viz. a rich loam well manured ; and if laid eighteen inches or two feet thick, upon a large body of dung, the size of the fruit will be proportionately increased. The second sort, Vegetable Marrow, is highly deserv- ing of cultivation. HORSE-RADISH. The fruit is of an uniform pale yellow, or light sulphur colour ; .when fully grown, it is about nine inches long, and four inches in diameter, of an elliptic shape, the surface slightly uneven by irregular longitudinal ribs, the terminations of which uniting form a projecting apex at the end of the fruit, which is very unusual with this tribe. It is useful for culinary purposes in every stage of its growth : when very young, it is good if fried with batter ; when large, or about half grown, it is excellent, either plain boiled or stewed with rich sauces : for either of these purposes, it should be cut in thin slices. It requires the same management as hand-glass or summer Cucumbers. Care must be taken that no other sort of Gourd is grown near it ; if there should, no reliance can be placed on the goodness of its seed. 31. HORSE-RADISH. Horse-radish, Cochlearia Armoracia, is a native of Britain, and is commonly found on waste spots about farm-houses, originating, doubtless, in the refuse of the garden. Horse-radish is cultivated in different ways ; but the following method may be recommended as simple and easy : Trench the ground two feet or twenty inches deep, in February or March, having the trenches two feet wide : the first trench must be taken out fifteen inches deep only, and the mould harrowed back to rill up the last trench when the quarter is completed. The bottom of the first trench must now be dug over five inches deep and levelled even ; then place a line lengthwise, at six inches from the side, and plant some crowns of the roots, each cut with an inch or two of its root, at nine inches apart along the line : when this is done, remove the line twelve inches, which will be within six inches N N 3 550 KITCHEN GARDEN. of the side of the trench, the same as the first, and must be planted in the same manner. When this is done, turn over the second trench fifteen inches deep upon the roots so planted, which will level the work : dig up the bottom again as before, and plant the sets in the same manner, and proceed thus till the whole piece is finished. According to this method the rows will be a foot apart, and the sets nine inches distance in the rows. There will be nothing further required from this time than to keep the ground clean, and not to suffer any other crop to be grown upon the ground, as the Horse-radish will soon make its appearance, and occupy all the surface. 32. HYSSOP. Hyssopus officinalis is a neat little evergreen tuft, and most ornamental and fragrant when in flower. It was once in considerable repute as a popular medicine, but is now almost out of use. It is propagated by dividing the plant, and planting out the slips in March or April : they will thrive in almost any soil and situation. 33. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. Helianthus tuberosus, or Jerusalem Artichoke, is a native of Brazil, and appears to have been introduced in 1617. The tubers are in considerable esteem on the Continent as a substitute for potatoes ; and before that vegetable became plentiful, they were a good deal in use in this country. The plant is cultivated in the manner of the Potatoe, by planting the small tubers in February or March, in rows four feet apart, and the sets eighteen inches from each other in the rows. In order to have the roots hand- some, they should be taken up and transplanted into fresh ground every year. KIDNEY-BEANS. 551 34. KIDNEY-BEANS. Phaseolus vulgaris, or Dwarf Kidney Bean, is the Haricot of the French. It is a half-hardy annual, a native of India, and introduced into this country in 1597) or probably earlier. The species termed the Runner, Phaseolus multi- florus> is a tender perennial, a native of South America, introduced in 1633. The following sorts are those principally cultivated in our gardens : 1. Battersea. 9. Large Yellow. 2. Black-Speckled. 10. Liver-coloured. 3. Canterbury. 11. Negro. 4. Chinese. 12. Red-Speckled. 5. Dwarf Scarlet. 13. Small Yellow. 6. Early Dun, or Buff. 14. White Dutch. 7. Early Purple-Speckled. ,15. Scarlet Runner.* 8. Large White. 16. White Dutch Runner. The Early Dun, Early Purple- Speckled, and Negro, are the sorts mostly used for forcing, and for the first crops in the open air ; the other dwarfs are used for succession ones, some gardeners preferring one sort, and some another ; but the Battersea, Canterbury, Black and Red Speckled, are those generally sown for the principal crops. The Scarlet and Wltite Dutch Runners are those * It may be considered as a remarkable fact, that all our garden- ers, who have written books on gardening, have never discovered, that the Scarlet Runner is a perennial plant; and it is also stated to be an annual, by such botanical authors as I have consulted ; but the truth is, that it is a perennial : its roots are tuberous, similar to those of the DAHLIA, and, like that, may be preserved through the winter by the same means ; when if planted out in April, they soon make their appearance above ground, and produce, for the second time, an early and abundant crop. N N 4f 552 KITCHEN GARDEN. which are principally depended upon for the latest crops : these two last -mentioned sorts are most abun- dant bearers ; and if the young beans are gathered as they become fit for table, the plants will be much more productive, and continue in a state of bearing much later in the season, than they will do if any of the pods are allowed to remain for the purpose of ripening their seeds. 35. LAVENDER. Lavandula Spica, our common garden Lavender, is a native of the south of Europe, and highly valued for its fragrant flowers. The use of the distilled water of this plant is well known. Alcohol extracts the virtues of the flowers completely, and elevates in distillation all their odorous parts. The oil, however, on which their virtues depend, is obtained separate, in distillation with water, in the proportion, it is said, of one ounce of oil from sixty ounces of flowers. Lavender flowers should be gathered and gradually dried, partly in the sun, and partly in the shade, by being spread upon a mat or sheet, removed out of the sun in' the heat of the day, and placed in it mornings and evenings. The spikes should be cut when the flowers on the under, or bottom part, begin to drop their corolla. The plant is propagated by dividing it, and planting the slips in March or April. 36. LEEKS. The Leek, Alliwn Porrum, is a biennial : it produces an oblong tunicated root : its leaves are broad and flat, rising and spreading out in opposite directions. It is a native of Switzerland, and was introduced in 1562. The varieties are 1. Common. 2. London, or Flag Leek. LETTUCES. 553 Leeks, like the Onion, require an open situation, and that the ground be good, light, rich, and upon a dry sub-soil. The first sowing may be about the middle of February ; but the main crop ought to be sowed in the middle or end of March. When the plants are three or four inches high, they should be thinned out, leaving them about nine inches apart ; or they may be planted in deep drills, nine inches from plant to plant, and the drills eighteen inches asunder. As the plants grow stronger, the earth may be drawn to them so as at last to fill the drills level, by which means the lower part of the bulbs will become blanched, and much sweeter than when it is more approaching to green. 37. LETTUCES. Lactuca sativa, or Garden Lettuce, is well known as furnishing, among its numerous varieties, the best vegetable of the salad kind grown in the open garden. The cultivated Lettuce will, if sown in the spring, pro- duce ripe seeds in August or September ; and so far it is strictly an annual : but if it be sown in autumn, it will not produce seeds till the succeeding summer. It was introduced or cultivated in 1562, but from what country is unknown. The varieties are numerous ; but they may be arranged in two divisions, viz. the upright, oblong, or Cos Let- tuces ; and the round-headed, spreading, or Cabbage Lettuces. Lettuces possess some medicinal properties; their milky juice is a slight opiate, and occasionally produces drowsiness ; eaten at night, they are, with some persons, favourable to sleep ; but as they also possess laxative qualities, they are apt, if eaten freely for several succes- sive days, to derange the bowels, and to cause consider- able pain and distention. KITCHEN GARDEN. The following are the principal sorts at present culti- vated in this country : CABBAGE LETTUCES. 1. Black-seeded Gotte. 8. Imperial. Laitue Gotte a graine noire. Union. 2. Brown Dutch. 9. Large White. 3. Brown Silesia. 10. Marseilles. 4. Drumhead. 11. Saxony. 5. Frame. 12. Tennis Ball. 6. Grand Admiral. 13. White Silesia. 7. Hammersmith. COS LETTUCES. 14. Brown, or Bath Cos. 18. Green Cos. 15. Dwarf Brown Cos. Cove Cos. 16. Egyptian Cos. 19. Spotted Cos. 17. Florence Cos. 20. White Cos. The Black-seeded Gotte Lettuce is a small spring Cabbage Lettuce. It grows very close to the ground ; its heart is hard and firm ; about four inches in diameter when stripped of its outer leaves. Colour very pale green. This Lettuce conies early into use, is excellent in its flavour, and remains longer than almost any other sort before it runs to seed. It is the smallest of all the kinds of Cabbage Lettuce, except the Tennis Ball, from which it differs in its leaves being more curled, and of a lighter green colour, and not running to seed so soon by three weeks or a month. The Grand Admiral, Imperial, and large PFhifa, are grown as spring Lettuces, and succeed the Black- seeded Gotte. The Hammersmith and Tennis Ball are sown in August to stand the winter, and are the first to be cut in the spring. The Egyptian Cos, Florence Cos, the Green, Spotted,, and White Cos, supply the first salads in the summer ; and the Brown, and Dwarf Brown Cos, are - LOVE-APPLES. 555 those which are sown in autumn, to be planted under hand-glasses or frames, to stand the winter, and to furnish the first Cos Lettuces in the spring : for this purpose these two are decidedly the best. 38. LOVE-APPLES. The Love- Apple, Solarium Lycopersicum, is a tender annual, a native of South America, introduced into this country in 1596. It is cultivated extensively about Naples and Rome, for the use of the berry in sauces, stewing, and soups. It is one of the most common articles used in Italian cookery, and makes an excellent sauce for fish, meat, and general purposes. Its use for sauce in this country is greatly on the increase, and its cultivation extensive. Formerly we had two sorts only in our gardens, the red and the yellow-fruited ; but lately we have had four other varieties introduced from France, which have been fruited in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. The French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, call them Tomates ; the Italians, Pomi d'Amore. The following are those at present cultivated in our gardens : RED-FRUITED. 1. Large Red. 3. Pear-shaped. Tomate Grosse. Tomate en Poire. 2. Small Red. 4s Cherry-shaped. Tomate Petite. Tomate Cerise. YELLOW-FRUITED. 5. Large Yellow. 6. Cherry-shaped. Tomate Grosse Jaune. Tomate Petite Jaune. The first of these sorts is the most valuable ; plants of this properly managed will produce from twenty to forty pounds' weight each; single fruit will measure twelve inches in circumference, and weigh twelve ounces. 556 KITCHEN GARDEN. By training the plants against a bank, Mr. John Wil- mot, of Isleworth, gathered 400 half sieves* of ripe fruit for market from 600 plants. The seeds of the Love- Apple should be sown upon a hot-bed in March ; and as soon as the plants are two inches high, they should be planted in small-sized pots, placing two plants in each pot : they should have plenty of air allowed them, so that they do not draw up weak ; and in April they may be removed to a cool frame, and hardened by degrees till they will bear the open air. In May, or the beginning of June, they may be planted against a south wall, or against a bank, They must be trained close to the wall, or pegged to the bank, as they grow ; and when they have acquired a sufficient length, and shown blossom enough for a crop, they should then be topped, and all useless laterals removed, as well as those leaves which cover the fruit. 39. MARJORAM. There are two species of Marjoram cultivated in our gardens : ' 1. Pot Mai'joram. 2. Sweet Marjoram. Origanum Onites. Origanum Majorana. The first sort is a hardy perennial, a native of Sicily, cultivated in this country in 1759- The second sort is a tender biennial, a native of Portugal, and cultivated in 1573. The latter is principally in use under the name of Knotted Marjoram, from the flowers coming in whorls at the joints. The Pot Marjoram is propagated by dividing its roots in March or April. Sweet Marjoram may be sown upon a hot-bed, and * A half sieve of Tomatoes or Love-Apples is about 20lbs., and three half sieves make a bushel. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 34-2. MARYGOLD. MINT. 557 transplanted into the border in May ; or the seed may be sown under a hand-glass in April, and transplanted out into the border when the plants are two or three inches high. The plant being rather tender, it should be planted upon a south border. 40. MARYGOLD. Calendula qfficinalis, or common Pot Marygold, has been a garden plant time out of mind ; it is a hardy annual, and a native of the south of Europe : its use is in soups and broths, but at the present day it appears to have fallen almost into disuse. The seeds should be sown in March or April, and nothing further will be required than to keep the plants clear from weeds. Where a succession of flowers are required, the sowings should be repeated in May and June. 41. MINT. There are two species of Mint cultivated in our gardens : 1. Spear Mint. 2. Pepper Mint. Mentha viridis. Mentha Piperita. The young tops of the first sort are used in spring salads, and for sauce with lamb, as also to flavour other vegetables. The second sort is used only for distillation. Both are propagated by dividing the roots, and they succeed in almost any soil. There have been formerly one or two other sorts of Mint grown in gardens, particularly in and near Nor- wich, and used in sauce for mackerel ; but they are nauseous, rather than otherwise, and therefore are now rarely to be found in a cultivated state. 558 KITCHEN GARDEN. 4<2. MUSHROOMS. These may be raised in abundance on Melon beds, by spawning them on the sides of the hills, and also on the surface of the beds. This must be done when the bed is earthed up for the last time. The strong loamy soil used for Melons is much more congenial to the Mush- room than the light soil used for Cucumbers ; and if it is made still more firm by treading, it will be of very great advantage. Nothing more is required than to manage the bed and the Melons, as if no spawn had been used. The warmth of the bed will soon cause the spawn to run, and extend itself through to the surface of the ground. In September or October following, when the Melon plant is decaying, the bed must be carefully cleaned, the glasses put on and kept close ; and when the mould becomes dry, it must be frequently watered, but not immediately, as too much wet would destroy the spawn ; advantage should also be taken of every gentle shower for the same purpose. The moisture coming up on the dry earth produces a mo- derate heat, which soon causes the Mushrooms to appear in every part of the bed, in such abundance as even to prevent each other's growth. Two bushels at a time have frequently been gathered from a bed ten feet by six, and have produced individual Mushrooms of nearly two pounds' weight. The mould being kept warm by the glasses, and properly watered, the Mushrooms will continue to spring till the frosts of winter prevent their further growth. After this, the bed, frame, &c. may remain just as they are till the early part of the spring ; and as soon as the frosts are supposed to be over, the bed may be covered with straw, should the frame and glasses be wanted for another purpose, when the warm and enlivening showers of spring cause the Mushrooms to be again produced in every part, till the drought of MUSHROOMS. 659 summer renders it difficult to keep the bed sufficiently moist for their growth. The Rev. William Williamson, of Westbere, near Canterbury, makes use of this method ; and should it be advisable to have Mushrooms during the depth of win- ter, he is of opinion that they might be obtained, at a trifling expense, by lining the bed with hot dung, and using other precautions to keep out the cold air. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 6. Mushroom Spawn. In June or July, to any quantity of fresh horse drop- pings, mixed with short litter, add one third of cow's dung, and a small portion of mould to cement it to- gether ; mash the whole into a thin compost, and spread it on the floor of an open shed, and let it remain till it becomes firm enough to be formed into flat square bricks, which being done, set them on edge, and frequently turn them till half dry : then with a dibble make two or three holes in each brick, and insert in each hole a piece of good old spawn, the size of a common walnut ; the bricks should then remain till they are dry. This being completed, level the surface of a piece of ground, three feet wide, and of length sufficient to receive the bricks, on which lay a bottom of dry horse dung, six inches thick ; then form a pile by placing the bricks in rows one upon another (the spawned side uppermost), till the pile is three feet high : next cover it with a small por- tion of warm horse dung, sufficient in quantity to diffuse a gentle glow through the whole. When the spawn has spread itself through every part of the bricks, the process is ended, and they must be laid up in a dry place for use. Mushroom spawn made according to this process will preserve its vegetative power many years, if well dried 560 KITCHEN GARDEN. before it is laid up ; if moist, it will grow, and soon exhaust itself. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii, p. 345. 43. MUSTARD. The only species of Mustard cultivated in our gar- dens is the Sinapis alba, or TVhite Mustard : it is an annual plant, and cut in its young state, when the seed- leaves are fully expanded, and used with Chervil and Cress, as an ingredient among salads. The ripe seeds were, a few years since, recommended to be taken whole, as a tonic and detergent ; and the public was amused for a time with inflated accounts of the medical virtues of this stimulant for debility of the digestive organs. It requires to be grown in the same manner, and at the same times, as the common garden Cress. 44. NASTURTIUMS, OR INDIAN CRESS. There are two species of Nasturtium cultivated in our gardens : they are both hardy annuals : natives of Peru. 1. Large Nasturtium. 2. Small Nasturtium. TropcBolum Majus. Tropceolum Minus. Introduced in 1686. Cultivated in 1596. In its native country, the Tropaeolum endures several seasons ; but here, being unable to sustain our winter, it is treated as an annual, and requires to be sown every year. The flowers and young leaves are frequently eaten in salads. The flowers are also used to garnish dishes. The pods are gathered green, and pickled, in which state they form an excellent substitute for capers. To those who cultivate Nasturtiums in their gardens, for the sake of their seed-pods to pickle, the second sort is preferable. The common Nasturtium, Tro- ONIONS. 561 pceolum majusy and its dwarf variety are both runners, and require the support of stakes ; without which they will extend widely over the borders. Tropseolum minus is much smaller than the dwarf variety of T. majus, not exceeding ten or twelve inches in height, and it grows to about two feet in length. Both sorts may be sown in March ; the former at the feet of pales, or where the plants may be staked ; the latter on the borders of either the kitchen or flower garden, wHere they will not require any support. 45. ONIONS. The common bulbous Onion, Allium Cepa, is a biennial plant, supposed to be a native of Spain, though neither the native country, nor the date of its introduc- tion into this country, are correctly known. It is dis- tinguished from other alliaceous plants by its large fistular leaves, swelling stalk, coated bulbous root, and large globular head of flowers which expand the second year, in June and July. The following are the sorts cultivated in our gardens : 1. Blood-red. 10. Spanish. Dutch Blood-red. Reading. French Blood-red. White Portugal. Ognon Rougefonce. White Spanish. 2. Deptford. Ognon d"Espagne. 3. Early Silver-skinned. 11. Strasburgh. Ognon blanc hatif. Essex Onion. 4. Globe. Flanders Onion. 5. James's Long-keeping. 12. Tripoli. 6. Lisbon. Ognon pyriforme. White Lisbon. 13. True Portugal. Ognon blanc de Florence. Brown Portugal. 7. Pale red. 14. Two-bladed. Ognon Rouge pale. 15. Welsh. 8. Potatoe Onion. 16. Yellow. Under-ground Onion. Ognon jaune. 9. Silver-skinned. Ognon blanc gros. o o 562 KITCHEN GARDEN. All the varieties of onion, raised from seed, grow freely in any common good garden soil, in an open situation. They are sown from the middle of January to the end of March, for the main summer crops of keeping onions, and in August for smaller crops to stand the winter for green young onions, in the spring. To obtain large Onions, Mr. Knight says, " Sow the seeds thick of the Spanish or Portugal, at the usual time, on poor land, generally under the shade of a fruit-tree ; and in such situations, the bulbs, in the autumn, will seldom exceed the size of a pea. Take them up and keep them till the following spring, and plant them out ; they will arrive at five inches in diameter, and considerably more, and be as sound and good as those imported from Portugal. Plants obtained from seed sown in August, and put out in March, grow also to a very large size, from a pound to twenty-five ounces." Hort. Trans, vol. i. p. 158. In adopting either of these methods, it is necessary the ground should be good, in an open situation, and the bulbs planted at a foot distance from each other, hoeing between them frequently, to stir the surface and destroy the weeds. Should the soil be light, it ought to be made firm before planting. The Potatoe Onion, is so called from its producing its crop generally under the surface, like the Potatoe ; hence it is called the Under-ground Onion, and is never obtained from seed. It cannot be ascertained, perhaps, at this time, when it was introduced into this country, or from whence it came. It appears to have been cultivated in Mr. Driver's nursery, near London, in 1796 ; and it has probably been known in some of our gardens much longer.- There are several ways of cultivating it : the two following have been practised with very good success. The first is to dung and dig the ground well, and ONIONS. 563 form beds four feet wide, in February, on each of which plant three rows, placing the roots ten inches apart, and inserting the bulb about half its depth in drills drawn lengthways on the beds to receive them. As they grow, earth them up like potatoes : small bulbs become large ones, and produce offsets ; the middle-sized and large ones, large clusters. Under this management, sixty roots planted out in February, produced 360 in the July following. The second method is that adopted by John Wedge- wood, Esq. a gentleman possessing very extensive horti- cultural knowledge. He says, " When the Onions have shot out their leaves to their full size, and when they begin to get a little brown at the top, he clears away all the soil from the bulb, down to the ring from whence proceed the fibres of the roots, and thus forms a basin round each bulb, which catches the rain, and serves as a receptacle for the water from the watering-pot. The old bulbs then immediately begin to form new ones ; and if they are kept properly moist and the ground good, the clusters will be very large and numerous ; besides, bulbs grown thus above ground are much sounder than those grown below, and will keep much better quite as well as many others." Hort. Trans. vol. iii. p. 403. It will be right, however, in adopting Mr. Wedge- wood's plan, to make the experiment upon the half of one of the beds planted out according to the first method : it will be the means of clearly ascertaining whether the last method is, or is not, an improve- ment. The Potatoe Onion is a very valuable acquisition to our gardens, and its cultivation cannot be too strongly recommended. It is most hardy, productive, and of mild quality, equally so with the Spanish ; possessing this advantage, that its roots are perfectly ripened and o o 2 564 KITCHEN GARDEN. fit for use, in any season, two months before any other sort. 46. PARSLEY. Apium Petroselinum, or Garden Parsley, is a hardy biennial, a native of Sardinia, and was in cultivation in England so long ago as 1548. It is a well known seasoning herb, and communicates an agreeable flavour to soups and stews. There are three varieties cultivated in our gardens. 1. Common. 3. Hamburgh. 2. Curled-leaved. Large-rooted. Curled Parsley is a very valuable article in the garden, and requires particular attention in order to keep it true : as the very finest variety will soon degenerate and become plain if left to itself. On the contrary, a very fine sort may be considerably improved by management. It should be sown thin in the spring, broadcast ; and when the plants have acquired five or six leaves, those which are the most densely curled should be taken up, their roots shortened to three or four inches long, and planted out upon a bed in the open part of the garden, at eight or nine inches apart from each other, keeping the ground perfectly clean through the summer. By the autumn the plants will have attained their full size, when the very handsomest should again be selected, taken up, and planted out again, in the most open and exposed part of the garden, for seed. By this method of transplanting the plants twice, the stock is improved as far, probably, as art is capable of effecting it. The transplanting of Chervil and Garden Cress, is the only means of improving their curled-leaved varieties. Hamburgh Parsley, which is cultivated for its roots alone, should be sown thin, broadcast, and the plants hoed PARSNIPS. 565 out to the distance of nine or ten inches from each other, the ground having been previously trenched. The whole crop should be taken up in the autumn, when the roots have attained their full size ; a few of the finest may be selected and planted out for seed, and the others laid into the ground again for use. 47. PARSNIPS. The Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, is a biennial plant, a native of England. The Garden Parsnip has large, smooth, pinnated leaves, of a light green colour ; the roots are white or cream colour, mild, sweet, and aromatic. The following sorts have been cultivated in the Hor- ticultural Garden at Chiswick : 1. Common Parsnip. 3. Hollow-crowned Parsnip. Swelling Parnsip. Hollow-headed. Large Swelling Parsnip. Panais Lisbonais, of Guern- 2. Guernsey Parsnip. sey. Panais long, of the French. 4-. Turnip-rooted. Panais coquin, of Guern- Panais rond. sey. The Guernsey Parsnip, No. 2. appears to be an improved variety of the common sort : it sometimes grows in Guernsey to the length of four feet. The third sort also grows to a large size, and appears to be the most deserving of cultivation, being very hardy, tender in its flesh, and of a most excellent flavour. Parsnips cannot be expected to grow large unless the ground is good and properly prepared. For this pur- pose, it should be trenched two spit, or twenty inches deep : in the beginning of March, the seed should be sown thinly in very shallow drills eighteen inches from each other ; and as soon as the plants are two or three inches high, they should be thinned out to twelve inches apart, or fifteen inches if very large roots are o o 3 566 KITCHEN GARDEN. desired. It would, however, be a safer way, at the first thinning, to leave the plants by pairs, or two together, till they are six inches high, when the smallest of the two may be cut up. After this, there will be nothing further required than to keep the crop perfectly clean, by frequent hoeings, during the summer. Under this management, I have grown many tons of No. 3. the principal roots of which have measured eighteen inches long, seventeen inches in circumference at the crown, and weighing from four to five pounds. 48. PEAS. The Garden Pea, Pisum sativum, is a hardy annual, native of the south of Europe, and has long been culti- vated. It was not common, however, in Elizabeth's time, as Fuller informs us that Peas were brought from Holland, and were " fit dainties for ladies, they came so far, and cost so dear." The varieties of Peas are very numerous : the follow- ing are mentioned in the seedsmen's lists : 1. *Bishop's Early Dwarf. 14. *Knight's Dwarf Marrowfat, 2. *Blue Prussian. 15. *Knight's Tall Marrowfat. 3. Charlton. 16. Late Spanish. 4. *Dwarf Green Imperial. 17. Pearl. 5. *Dwarf Marrowfat. . 18. Prolific. 6. Dwarf Sabre. 19. *Royal Dwarf. 7. Dwarf Spanish. 20. ^Spanish Morotto. i 8. Dwarf Sugar. 21. *Tall Green Imperial* 9. *Egg. 22. Tall Marrowfat. 10. *Frame, Double-podded. 23. Tall Sugar. 11. Frame, Single-podded. 24. Wellington. 12. Golden Hotspur. 25. White Prussian. 13. *Green Marrowfat. 26. White Rouncival. Out of the above number, ten or twelve sorts are as many as can be required for the largest garden. There are other names of Peas which might be enumerated, PEAS. 567 but, like some of the above, they are nominal only, having no distinguishable character. Those denoted by an asterisk (*) may be considered as forming an assort- ment of the most approved sorts. Bishop's Early Dwarf is a very excellent variety for an early crop. The Double and Single-podded Frame scarcely differ, ex- cept that the latter has several of its blossoms solitary at the joint, instead of being in pairs ; excess of vigour in the plant, however, will destroy this character. The Charlton Pea is only known by name ; the same may be said of the Golden Hotspur. The Marrowfat Peas, particularly those called Knight's Marrowfats, have distinguishing characters, and they are all excellent ; the latter particularly so for late crops. The Egg Pea, and Spanish Morotto, may be considered as the poor man's pea, being the most hardy and abundant bearers. Some of the other sorts mentioned in the list, no doubt, possess considerable merit ; but, it is apprehended, not sufficient to exclude those I have recommended. For the first crop, the early peas are generally sown upon a south border in November, and again in January or February if the weather be open ; but in hard winters the early sowings are frequently destroyed, notwith- standing the greatest care has been bestowed upon them. A much better way of obtaining an early crop, and at one twentieth part of the trouble, is to sow the peas in January, in shallow pots, and place them under a com- mon frame, where they may be protected from frost. Towards the middle of March, the plants must be turned carefully out of the pots, so as not to injure their roots, and planted out an inch apart in drills, under a south wall, at three feet and a half, or four feet from the foot, drawing a ridge of mould six inches high at the back of the plants, and protecting them by a few closely-placed spruce fir branches on the north side. In this manner, peas may be brought much forwarder than those sown o o 4 568 KITCHEN GARDEN. upon the border, and under the greatest care and atten- tion. This will appear clear by the following experiment : Mr. Knight sowed peas in the open air, and others in pots, on the first day of March. In the last week of the month, those in pots were transplanted into rows in the open ground. On the 29th of April, the transplanted peas were fifteen, and the others four inches high ; and in June the former ripened twelve days before the latter. For the late crops, Knight's Marrowfat sown about Midsummer day, or a sowing made a week before, and another a week after this time, will produce a supply from the middle of September till the end of October, and sometimes much later. From a sowing on Mid- summer day, I have gathered fine peas of Knight's Marrow after snow in November. 49. PENNYROYAL. Mentha Pulegium, or Pennyroyal, is a perennial plant, a native of Britain. It smells like Spearmint, but is less fragrant ; the taste is aromatic and pungent, with a slight flavour of camphor. It was formerly in use as a medicinal plant, but is now seldom used in regular practice. It is propagated by dividing the plant, and planting out the young slips upon a moist bed or border, in March or April. 50. POTATOES. Solanum tuberosum, or Potatoe, is a perennial, sup- posed to be a native of South America. It appears, according to Sir Joseph Banks, that the Potatoe was brought into England, from Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1586. The tubers of the Potatoe, from having no peculiarity of taste, and consisting chiefly of starch, approach nearer to the nature of flour, or farina of grain, than any vegetable root production. With the flour of Potatoes PURSLANE. 569 puddings are made, nearly equal in flavour to those of Millet. With a moderate proportion of Wheat flour, bread of excellent quality may be formed of it, and as equally delicate food as sago or arrow-root. There are many varieties of this root cultivated in different parts of England ; but few appear to be suffi- ciently meritorious to deserve garden culture. The most approved variety is that known by the name of Ash-leaved Kidney. It is one of the best that can be employed for forcing, and likewise for the first crop in the open air. The earliest tubers of the potatoe are always those which are produced from sets which have been cut with a single eye to each. This circumstance should be par- ticularly attended to in the first crop, as I have always found these ten days or a fortnight earlier than those produced from sets which had been cut with two eyes or more. I have tried them several years, planting the single-eyed sets in alternate drills with the others, and the difference has proved uniformly the same. When the sets are cut, in all potatoes whatever, the crown of the tuber, or that part opposite to where it was attached to the runner when growing, should be thrown away. The sets should always be planted so far apart that the plants, when growing, should not press upon each other, but have all their leaves fully exposed to sun and air. For excellent practical observations upon this subject see Mr. Knight's papers in the Hort. Trans, particu- larly that at p. 405. of vol. vii. 51. PURSLANE. Portulaca sativa, and oleracea, are both annual plants, natives of South America and Europe. They were formerly cultivated as pot herbs, salads, for garnishings, 570 KITCHEN GARDEN. and pickling, though now little used for any of these purposes. The sorts cultivated are : 1. Green Purslane. 2. Golden Purslane* It may be sown on a light warm border, broad cast, in April, and repeated in May, June, and July, which will suffice for the summer, after which time it is not used. 52. RADISHES. Raphamts sativus, or Garden Radish, is an annual plant, a native of China, and is mentioned by Gerard in 1584. There are two distinct sorts of the Radish ; the one, spindle or tap-rooted ; the other, roundish and turnip- rooted. The former is termed by the French, Have ; the latter they call Radis. Of these two sorts there are many varieties, of which the following are recorded in the Hort. Trans. LONG SPRING RADISHES. 1. Long white transparent. 3. Salmon Radish. Rave blanche. 4. Scarlet Radish. 2. Purple Radish. Rave Rose. Rave longue rouge. 5. White Russian. ROUND SPRING RADISHES. 6. Crimson Turnip-rooted. 8. Purple Turnip-rooted. Radis rouge, or Rose rond. Radis Violet rond. 7. Early White Turnip-rooted. 9. White Turnip-rooted. Radis m blanc hdtif d'Hol- Radis blanc rond. i lande. 10. Yellow Turnip-rooted. Radis jaune. WINTER RADISHES. 11. Black Spanish. 14. Round brown. Radis gros noir d'Hiver. Radis gris rond. 12. Brown oblong. 15. W'hite Spanish. Radis gris oblong. Radis gros blanc d'Augs- 13. Large Purple Winter. bourg. Radis gros violet d'Hiver. No. 10. comes also into this division. Hort. Trans, vol. iii. p. 4-36.; vol.iv. p. 10. RAMPION. 571 The best for general culture are the common taper- rooted Radishes ; and chiefly, the short-topped varieties of the Salmon and Scarlet for the early and main crops. No. 2. is the sort sold under the name of Salad Radish, the seed leaves being large. Of the Turnip-rooted Radishes, the Early White is a very delicate variety : if sowed in February and March, it comes in for use in April and May ; or sowed in August for autumn use. The Crimson-rooted, No. 6., is a very excellent variety when perfectly true, and may be sown at the time of No. 7 it is nearly as early, and makes a very hand- some variety at table. The last six kinds of Radish will supply the table in succession through the autumn and winter. Those which are intended for winter use should be taken up in dry weather in November, divested of their leaves and fibres, and preserved in sand until they are wanted. 53. RAMPION. The Rampion, Campanula Rapunculus, is a biennial plant, a native of Britain. It also grows wild in France, Germany, Switzerland, and the north of Italy, and it is sometimes found apparently wild in the neighbourhood of Croydon in Surry. It has a long, white, spindle- shaped root ; the leaves grow close to the ground, till the stem shoots up into blossom, in which state its bunches of blue flowers, about two feet high, may fairly be consi- dered ornamental. Eng. Bot. p. 283. The root is the part which is used : it is eaten raw like a Radish, having a very pleasant nutty flavour ; it is also sometimes cut into winter salads, and then the leaves as well as the roots are used. The seed should be sown in the latter end of May, on a shady border of rich earth, not over stiff, the mould being made as fine as possible : it is better not to rake KITCHEN GARDEN. in the seed, as its being so very fine it may by that oper- ation be buried too deep. Moderate waterings must be given through the fine rose of a watering-pot, and it is necessary the bed be kept at all times tolerably moist. When the plants are of a sufficient size, they must be thinned out to the distance of three or four inches apart. In November the plants will be fit for use, and will con- tinue so till April, about which time they will begin to run up into flower, when a few may be left for seed, which is produced in abundance. There is a variety of the Rampion with white flowers. 54% RAPE. Brassica Napus, Wild Navew, or Rape, is a hardy biennial, a native of Britain. It is chiefly used as a small salad, along with Mustard and Cress* It is, how- ever, sometimes found cultivated in the garden for spring greens, the tops being first cut off, as in the case of Broccoli ; and then the young side shoots. Many country people and cottagers take delight in this vegetable ; for it supplies the family with greens, for six weeks or two months in early spring. For this purpose the seeds should be sown in July and August for transplanting late in autumn. 55. RHUBARB. Rhubarb is cultivated for the petioles of the leaves, in a green state, or blanched, to be used in tarts and pies, as a substitute for, or along with Gooseberries, and Apples. The following are the sorts employed for this pur* pose : 1. Buck's Rhubarb. Rheum undulatum* A native of China, introduced in 1734. 2. Common Rhubarb. Rheum rhaponticum. A na- tive of Asia, cultivated in 1573. RHUBARB. 573 3. Elford Rhubarb. Rheum undulatum, var. A variety raised by Mr. Wm. Buck, of Elford. 4. Hybrid Rhubarb. Rheum hybridum. A native of Asia, cultivated in 1778. One of the most valuable varieties of Rhubarb is the Elford, raised some years ago by Mr. Wm. Buck, gar- dener to the Honourable Fulke Greville Howard, at Elford, near Litchfield, Staffordshire. It is a very early sort, and may be forced, either in the forcing-house, mushroom-house, or under garden pots in the open garden, in the manner of Sea Kale. It possesses the peculiar property of retaining its brilliant scarlet colour, although forced in perfect darkness ; a property not possessed, probably, by any other culinary vegetable ; in addition to which, its flavour in a tart is not surpassed by that of any other variety. By potting the plants, and placing them in the forcing- house, or mushroom-house, in November, its leaves will be fit to gather by Christmas, and by bringing in other plants, a succession may be kept up till March. By placing large garden pots over the roots in the garden in February, and covering them over with hot dung, a succession may be kept up from March, till a crop can be gathered in the open air from the same variety, which will be a month before any other sort makes its appearance. R. rhaponticum, and hybridum, are grown only for cutting in the open air, as their colour and flavour are neither of them improved by forcing : the latter, having very long leaves and petioles, is by far the most desirable as an open crop. All the sorts require a good deep soil, trenched two or three feet deep, and the roots planted in rows four feet apart, and the plants three feet from each other. A strong plant of R. hybridum, however, will spread eight feet. 574 KITCHEN GARDEN. 56. ROCAMBOLE. Rocambole, Allium Scorodoprasum, is a hardy bulbous-rooted perennial plant, a native of Denmark. It has bulbs like Garlic, but the cloves are smaller. It is cultivated for the same purpose as that species, and is considered as having a more delicate flavour. Its cultivation is the same as for Garlic. 57. ROSEMARY. Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, is an evergreen shrub, a native of the south of Europe, and was culti- vated here in 1548. It yields, by distillation, a light pale essential oil of great fragrance, which is imparted to rectified spirit. It is said to be the principal ingre- dient in Hungary Water, and is drunk as tea for head- aches, and by nervous persons. It prefers a lean dry soil, or rubbish of old buildings ; and when it has esta- blished itself on a wall, will resist the greatest cold of our winters. It is propagated by cuttings or slips, in April, the same as other frutescent medicinal plants. 58. RUE. Ruta graveolens, or Garden Rue, is a low ever- green shrub, a native of the south of Europe, and cul- tivated here in 1562. The leaves have a powerful unpleasant odour, and a hot, bitter nauseous taste. Medicinally, Rue is stimulant and antispasmodic. In modern practice, it is chiefly used in hysteria and flatulent colic. It is propagated by slips in March or April, and will succeed in almost any soil or situation. 59. SAGE. Salvia officinalis, is a low evergreen shrub, a native of the south of Europe, and cultivated here in 1597 There are several varieties, differing in the size, form, SALSAFY. SAVORY. 575. and colour of the leaves. It was formerly in great repute in medicine as a sudorific, aromatic, astringent, and antiseptic. In cookery, it is used for sauces and stuffings for meats. It is propagated by slips in March or April : the plants succeed in almost any soil and situation. 60. SALSAFY. Tragopogon porrifolius 9 is a hardy biennial, a native of England. It has a long, tapering, fleshy, white root, which is used like Carrots or Parsnips, and cultivated in gardens for that purpose : the flavour of the root is mild and sweetish : dressed like asparagus, there is some resemblance in taste. The seed requires to be sown in April, in an open part of the garden ; and when the plants are three or four inches high, they should be thinned out to eight or nine inches distance from each other. 61. SAVORY. Savory has been cultivated as a culinary aromatic from time immemorial, and much more formerly than now, when almost all European spices are superseded by those of the East Indies : there are two sorts culti- vated in our gardens : 1. Summer Savory. 2. Winter Savory. Satureja hortensis. Satureja montana. The first is an annual plant, a native of Italy, and cultivated in 1652. The second sort is a dwarf evergreen shrub, a native of the south of Europe, and cultivated about the same period. The former is sown annually in April, on a warm border, with other annual potherbs : the latter must be propagated by dividing the plant, in March or April : 576 KITCHEN GARDEN. it is also propagated by sowing the seeds, which are annually imported with those of other aromatic pot-herbs. 62. SAVOYS. The Savoy, Brassica oleracea, var. sabauda, is a Winter Cabbage, the best and staple supply from Novem- ber to March : it is distinguished from all other varieties of firm-headed cabbages, by the roughness of its leaves : there are four varieties, viz. : 1. Dwarf Savoy. 3. Large Green. 2. Globe. 4. Yellow. These will be noticed further, under the head of WINTER GREENS. 63. SCORZONERA. Scorzonera hispanica, or Garden Scorzonera, is a perennial plant, a native of Spain, and was cultivated with us in 1576. The root is carrot-shaped, about the thickness of one's finger, tapering gradually to a fine point. The outer rind is scraped off, and the root, like that of Salsafy, steeped in vinegar, in order to abstract its bitter flavour. It is then boiled or stewed in the manner of Carrots or Parsnips. The roots are fit for use in October, and continue good till the following spring. Its management is the same as that of Salsafy ; for although the plant is a perennial in Spain, its seeds are sown annually, the same as that plant. 64. SCURVY-GRASS. Cochlearia qfficinalis, or common Scurvy-grass, is a hardy annual, a native of Britain. It has powerful medical properties, is antiscorbutic, and stimulating to the digestive organs. SEA KALE. 577 The seeds should be sown upon a cool moist bed or border, in April ; and when the plants appear, they will require no further trouble than to keep them clean from weeds. 65. SEA KALE. Crambe Maritima, or Sea Kale, is a hardy peren- nial, a native of various parts of the shores of Britain. The plant has not long been introduced into public use as a dinner vegetable. Mr. London says, " Jones, of Chelsea, assured the late Mr. Curtis that he saw bundles of it, in a cultivated state, exposed for .sale in Chichester market in 1J53." About the year 1767 it was cultivated by Dr. Lettsom, at Grove Hill, and by him brought into general notice in the neighbourhood of London. Sea Kale is a choice and delicate vegetable, is of the most ready culture, and bears forcing remarkably well. Its seeds should be sown in March or April, thinly, upon a bed in an open part of the garden, keeping the plants clean from weeds through the summer. In the following spring they should be taken up carefully, and, shortening the roots to eight or nine inches, they should be planted out in rows, on good, well-trenched ground, in rows four feet apart, and the plants at eighteen inches* distance from each other, placing the crowns of the roots two inches below the surface. This may be considered as a regular distance for the crop : but a smaller-sized root may be planted between each of the others, as an intermediate plant, which will increase the crop for the first two or three years, without injuring the rest ; afterwards they may be removed, leaving the original number at eighteen inches apart. At the end of the first year after planting out, the heads may be forced, by means of large pots being placed over the crowns, and covered with hot. dung. p P 578 KITCHEN GARDEN. It should be observed, that immediately on cutting the forced heads, they should be brought to a level with the surface of the ground ; or else, in the course of a few years, the roots will form their crowns so high, that it will be necessary to earth them up, to preserve them from the effects of severe frost. Should young plants not be at hand when a new plantation is required to be made, cuttings from the roots of the old plants, of two or three inches in length, will answer the purpose equally as well as plants ; for every inch of root will grow, if planted near the surface ; and the stronger these pieces are, the stronger will be the plants at the end of the year. 66. SHALLOTS. dllium Ascalonicum, or common Shallot, is a hardy perennial plant, a native of Palestine, and more imme- diately of Ascalon and the adjacent parts. It was cul- tivated in this country in 1548. The bulbs are com- pound, like those of Garlic. The Shallot is used to flavour beef-steaks, and is introduced into India pickle as a substitute for Garlic. The method of cultivating the Shallot has generally been by planting the roots in drills, and earthing them up as the plants advanced in height ; but Mr. Knight has suggested a mode of sur- face-planting, by which he has succeeded in growing very fine bulbs. It is thus described : " He places a rich soil beneath the roots, and raises the mould or Garden Skirret, is a perennial plant, a native of China, cultivated here in 1548. Its roots or tubers, when boiled and eaten with butter, are sweet and agreeable. A crop may be raised either from seeds or offsets ; but the latter method is seldom prac- tised. It is usually raised by sowing the seed in March or April, on a bed of rich light earth ; when the plants are two or three inches high, they must be thinned out, in the manner directed for Salsafy and Scorzonera, along with which it is generally cultivated as an esculent root. With the usual summer culture, the roots will have attained their full size in October, when they may be taken up, and laid in sand till they are wanted for use. 68. SORREL. Formerly there was only one species of Sorrel culti- vated in our gardens, Rumex Acetosa, a perennial plant, a native of Britain. In 1596, another species, the French Sorrel, succeeded, and was considered as a valuable addition to our stock. Lately, three other sorts have been obtained from France, and they merit the gardener's attention. These may be arranged as below : 1. Common Sorrel. Rumex Acetosa. 2. Blistered-leaved. j3 bullatus. 3. French Sorrel. scutatus. 4. Mountain Sorrel. montanus. 5. Green Mountain Sorrel. . /3 lucidus. P P 2 580 KITCHEN GARDEN. The first and third sorts are too well known to require further notice. No. 2. is of French origin. It was sent to the Hor- ticultural Society of London, by M. Vilmorin, of Paris, under the name of Oseille a feuilles doquees. Its difference from the Broad-leaved or Common Garden Sorrel, consists in the surface of the leaves being blis- tered. The root leaves are about nine inches long, and four inches broad, ovate, hastate, growing on longish footstalks ; the stem leaves are more blistered than the root leaves. Its principal merit is, that it is slow in running to seed. No. 4. is another useful Sorrel, which has been sent from France, under the name of Oseille merge. It has formerly been considered as a variety ofRumex Acetosa. Its foliage possesses much acidity. The leaves are large, oblong, of thin texture, and a pale green colour ; the root leaves are very numerous, about nine inches long, and four inches wide, being very slightly blistered. It is rather later than the Common Sorrel in coming to flower. No. 5. is an improved variety of the preceding, and preferable to any of the other Sorrels, from the greater size and abundance of its leaves, which possess much acidity. It is also the latest in running into flower. It was sent from France, under the name of Oseille merge verte lisse. The leaves are large, ovate, sagittate, from ten to eleven inches long, and nearly five inches wide} very numerous ; the root leaves are slightly blistered, have long footstalks, and are of a dark shining green colour. All the sorts are best propagated by dividing the roots in March or April, and planting them out thinly on cool moist soil. They all readily produce seeds ; but those sorts which are not established species, if propagated by them, are SPINACH. 581 liable to degenerate to those species from which they originated. 69. SPINACH. Spinacia oleracea, or Garden Spinach, is an annual plant, and appears to have been cultivated with us ever since 1568 ; of its native country nothing certain is known. The varieties at present cultivated are, 1. Prickly-seeded. 3. Flanders Spinach. Bordeaux. Epinard de Flandres % 2. Round-seeded. tres largesfeuilles. The first sort is that which is sown in autumn for winter and spring use, and is often termed Winter Spinach. The second sort is that which is sown in spring and summer, but which will not survive our severe winters. The third sort is a winter Spinach, the seed of which was sent from M. Vilmorin, of Paris, to the Horticul- tural Society of London, and is far superior to the Prickly or Common Winter Spinach, which is in general cultivation during the winter season in our gardens. It is equally hardy, perhaps hardier. The leaves are doubly hastate, and somewhat rugose ; the lower ones measure from twelve to fourteen inches in length, and from six to eight in breadth ; they are not only larger, but thicker, and more succulent than those of the first sort. The whole plant grows more bushy, and produces a greater number of leaves from each root, and it is somewhat later in running to seed. The seeds are like those of the Round or Summer Spinach, but larger : they are destitute of the prickles which distinguish the seeds of the Prickly Spinach. The seeds of this, like those of the first sort, should be sown in August ; and when the plants have acquired p p 3 582 KITCHEN GARDEN. three or four leaves, they should be thinned out to five or six inches apart ; or they may at first be thinned out to three inches, cutting out every alternate plant when the first crop is gathered. 70. TANSY. Tanacetum vulgare, or common Tansy, is a peren- nial plant, a native of Britain. The young leaves are shredded down, or reduced to a pulp, and employed to give colour and flavour to puddings, omelets, and cakes. It is propagated by dividing the roots, and planting them out in any common soil in the open part of the garden. 71. TARRAGON. Artemisia Dracunculus, or Tarragon, is a perennial plant, a native of the south of Europe. The leaves and tops of the young shoots are used as an ingredient in pickles ; and a simple infusion of those in vinegar makes a pleasant fish sauce : it is eaten along with beef-steaks, as horse-radish is with roast beef; and is employed, both in Europe and Persia, to correct the coldness of salad herbs, arid season soups and other compositions. The plant is easily propagated by dividing its roots in March or April, and planting them upon a warm dry soil, covering them not more than two or three inches deep. It may be propagated also very readily by cuttings of the shoots, planted under a hand-glass in the month pf August. A small plantation of Tarragon should be made every spring, as it seldom stands more than two or three years, and the latter part of the time the plants are not pro- ductive. 72. TETRAGONIA. Tetragonia expansa, or New Zealand Spinach, is a tender annual, a native of New Zealand, and was intro- duced into this country in 1772. THYME. 583 This very useful substitute for Spinach, since it was first brought into notice by Mr. Anderson, in a com- munication to the Horticultural Society, VoL iv. p. 488. of its Transactions, has been very generally cultivated in gardens. The great advantage it possesses is that of supplying fresh leaves, fit for use, through the whole summer, even in the driest weather, when the crops of summer Spinach are useless. It has been found to be both hardier and easier to manage in the open border of the garden than was at first supposed ; and it is also sufficiently productive of seeds. It must be raised from seeds in a hot-bed in March, and kept in small pots till the plants can be turned out into the common ground, in the end of May or beginning of June. One of these plants will spread three feet, and if the soil be rich, four feet or more ; so that care must be taken to give it plenty of room. It is best to be turned out upon a somewhat elevated bed or ridge, and to have a southern aspect, in order to secure the ripening of its seeds. . On poor soil it seeds freely ; and plenty may be ob- tained by picking up the capsules from underneath the branches as they drop off in the autumn ; and also by hanging up the branches, as we would those of the Ice plant. 73. THYME. The common Thyme has the aromatic qualities pecu- liar to Lavender, Sage, Rosemary, and other Labiatae. It yields a species of camphor in distillation with water. In Spain they infuse it in the pickle with which they preserve their olives. There are two sorts cultivated in our gardens : * 1. Common Thyme. Thymus Vulgaris. 2. Lemon Thyme. Thymus Citriodorus. PP 4 , KITCHEN GARDEN. The former, a native of the south of Europe; the latter, of what country we are not acquainted. The Common Thyme is propagated by seeds, which should be sown in March or April ; or by dividing the plant, and planting out its slips in beds, or to form edgings in kitchen gardens. Lemon Thyme, the most grateful-scented of its genus, is propagated most readily by its procumbent branches which lie on the ground, and strike root at every joint. It is always the most beautiful in colour, and the most perfect in its scent, when planted on dry, light, sandy soil. 74. TURNIPS. The Turnip, Brassica Rapa, is a hardy biennial plant, a native of Britain. There are several varieties cultivated in the garden, of which the following are the principal : 1. Early Dutch. 4. Long French. 2. Early Dwarf. Teltou Turnip ? Six Weeks. 5. Yellow Dutch. 3. Early Stone. 6. Yellow Maltese. Stubble. 7. Yellow Stone. All the above varieties are well understood by gar- deners, and their management is that of the most easy kind. The Long French, (or Teltow Turnip, as it appear^ to me,) requires a different treatment. It has a small and excellent spindle-shaped root, not exceeding the size of a small long-rooted Radish. It is grown prin- cipally in the neighbourhood of Teltow, in Branden- burgh. The seed is sown there twice a year, the first time in April ; and the crop is fit to gather in June or July. The second sowing is made in August. This second crop is taken up in autumn ; and after the fibres WINTER GREENS. 585 are trimmed off, the roots are preserved in cellars in dry sand, where they keep good till the spring. It is much used in Germany ; it is of great excel- lence, and is dressed in a variety of ways, but generally stewed. It requires to be sown on a poor, dry, sandy soil. A total absence of manure is essential to the perfection of these roots. 75. WINTER GREENS, IN SUCCESSION AS THEY COME TO TABLE. 1. Green Savoy. 9. Thousand-headed Cabbage. 2. Dwarf Savoy. Chou a milles t&es. 3. Yellow Savoy. 10. Chou de Milan. 4. Brussels Sprouts. 11. Egyptian Kale. 5. Green Borecole. Rabi Kale. 6. Colebrooke-Dale Borecole. Kohl Rabi. 7. Purple Borecole. 12. , Ragged Jack. Brown Kale. 13. Jerusalem Kale. 8. German Borecole. Buda Kale. Scotch Kale. Manchester Kale. Curlies 1 of the Scotch Prussian Kale. Curled Kale. S Gardeners. Russian Kale. No. 3., the true sort, is to be found at Kew. No. 6. is a very dwarf sort of Borecole, and the best. No. 8. is a variety of No. 5., but much superior : it is sold frequently hi the shops for Scotch Kale. The Savoys and late Winter Greens may be sown the third week in March, and the strongest plants put out in June, leaving the others for succession crops if de- sired, to be planted in July. The Dwarf Winter Greens, not being required to attain much size before the winter, ought not to be sown till the middle of May, nor be planted out before July ; but it must be remembered, that as the Jerusalem, or Buda Kale, is expected to furnish a supply much longer than most of the others, and until late in the spring, a greater breadth of ground should be allowed for this kind, and that a second plant- 586 KITCHEN GARDEN. ation of it in August will always be necessary for the late gatherings. Coleworts, so much mentioned in the old books on gardening, are nowhere now to be found ; their place is supplied by young Cabbages, chiefly the Imperial, planted out late in autumn from the seed-beds : they are cut, and sent into the London markets. 587 A KALENDAR OF WORK IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN. January. Trench and manure ground for early crops. Pre- pare hot-beds for Asparagus, Cucumbers, Mint, Pota- toes, and Small Salading. Force Elford Rhubarb and Sea Kale in pits, in the Mushroom-house, or under large pots ; also Kidney Beans in the forcing-house, or stove : the best sorts for this purpose are the Negro and Early Purple-speckled. Sow Black-seeded Gotte, Brown Dutch, and Grand Admirable Cabbage Lettuces, as well as those of the Bath and Egyptian Cos. Sow Curled Parsley for transplanting, Frame Peas, Horn Carrots, Mazagan Beans, Onions, if they are intended to be grown to a large size, Radishes, Round Spinach, &c. Plant out Cabbage plants, to succeed the first crop which had been planted out in the autumn. Attend to the Mushroom-house, and see that the bed is well covered with dry straw : it ought to be at least twelve inches thick ; and every precaution must be taken to keep out the frost. February. Trench, manure, and prepare ground for early crops. Prepare hot-beds for Cucumbers and Early Melons. Force Asparagus, Mint, Potatoes, Radishes, and Small Salading, Elford Rhubarb, and Sea Kale under pots, and Kidney Beans in the forcing-house. Sow Celery and Celeriac on a moderate hot-bed. Sow Cabbages, Curled Parsley for transplanting, and Hamburgh 588 A KALENDAR OF WORK Parsley for its roots, Horn Carrots, Lettuces, Leeks, Onions, Parsnips, Peas and Beans, Radishes, Round Spinach, Savoys and other Winter Greens, for the first crop. Plant out Cabbage plants, Chives, Garlic, Rocam- bole, Shallots, and Potatoe or Under-ground Onions. Plant out Horse-radish, in the manner recom- mended under that head. March. Force Cucumbers and Melons in frames, Kidney Beans in the forcing-house or stove, and Elford Rhu* barb and Sea Kale under pots. Sow, on a moderate hot-bed, Celery and Celeriac, Radishes, Small Salading, and Tetragonia Expansa. Sow, in the open borders and quarters, Asparagus, Beet, Cabbages, Carrots, Celery* Couve Tronchuda, Curled and Hamburgh Parsley, Leeks, Lettuces, Neapolitan Kale, Onions, Parsnips, Peas and Beans, Round Spinach, Salsafy, Sea Kale, Scorzonera, Skirrets, &c. Fork over Asparagus beds, and make new ones. Plant out the small Onions which had been sown thick last spring, for the purpose of procuring large bulbs ; also early Potatoes, Jerusalem Artichokes, Chives, Gar- lic, Rocambole, Shallots, Rhubarb, and Sea Kale. April. Make hot-beds for Cucumbers and Melons, and single-pot Tetragonia Expansa, to be turned out next month. Force Kidney Beans, Elford Rhubarb, and Sea Kale. The roots of Scarlet Running Kidney Beans, which have been preserved through the winter, may now be planted out, when they will soon grow afresh, and produce an early and abundant crop. Some of these roots were exhibited at the Horticul- tural meeting in Norwich, May 25, 1831. They were IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN. 589 from seeds sown April, 1830, taken up in November, kept in dry mould in the cellar through the winter, and planted out again the 7th of April. In forty-eight days they had pushed forth vigorous young shoots of from six to nine inches in length, not only from the roots, but from their stems also, which had, in a man- ner, become frutescent. See this plant under the head of Kidney Beans. Plant out Artichokes, Ash-leaved, Kidney, and other early Potatoes, on warm borders, to succeed those grown in frames. In planting out early Potatoes, those sets which are cut with one eye only to each will come in sooner by ten days or a fortnight than those cut with two eyes or more. It will be right to remember this when planting Potatoes in frames. Divide and plant out Balm, Chamomile, Hyssop, Lavender, Marjoram, Mint, Pennyroyal, Rhubarb, Sage, Sea Kale, Sorrel, Tansy, Tarragon, and Thyme. Sow Capsicums and Love- Apples on hot-beds. Sow on warm borders and in the open quarters Asparagus, Beets, Cabbages, Cardoons, Celery, Chervil, Couve Tronchuda, Garden and Kidney Beans, Dutch Tur- nips, Lettuces, Nasturtiums, Peas, Pot-herbs, Radishes, Salsafy, Scorzonera, Skirret, Small Salading, Spinach, and Winter Greens ; which see. Transplant Lettuces and Couve Tronchuda from the frames ; and, towards the end of the month, Cauli- flowers from under frames and hand-glasses. May. Continue hot-beds for Cucumbers and Melons. Sow seeds of Cucumbers under hand-glasses ; and ridge out those which were sown last month, to come in for the first hand-glass crop. Sow Cape Broccoli, Couve Tronchuda, Garden and 590 A KALENDAR OF WORK Kidney Beans, Lettuces, Peas, Rampion, Spinach, and Turnips. Plant out Love- Apples against walls, poles, or banks ; and also Capsicums on a warm south border. Prick out Celery, and thin out Cardoons. Hoe out Carrots, Leeks, Onions, Parsnips, and Turnips. Transplant Cauliflowers from frames and hand- glasses ; and plant out Winter Greens. June. Plant out Cucumbers and Melons in frames ; the latter must still be followed up with new beds. The runners of Cucumbers will now begin to grow too long to be contained under the hand-glasses : the glasses must be raised upon bricks or garden pots, and the runners turned out upon the ridges, placing some short grass, straw, or reed underneath them, stopping the runners at five or six joints from the stem, and fixing each at a regular distance with small hooked pegs. Prepare Mushroom Spawn, in the manner directed under that head. Continue to sow Cape Broccoli, Garden and Kidney Beans, Lettuces, Peas, Radishes, Rampion, Spinach, and Small Salading. Knight's Marrow Peas are the best for sowing this month, and the last sowing should be about the 24th ; these will continue to bear till October or November. Hoe Beets, Carrots, Leeks, Onions, and Parsnips. Prick out in beds, or as edgings, the most curled plants of Curled Parsley, Curled Cress, and Curled Chervil for seed ; also Broccoli and Winter Greens, Celery and Celeriac, and Tetragonia Expansa. Love- Apples must be kept trained close and at length. Asparagus must not be cut after Midsummer ; and if seed is wanted, it should be saved from a few of the earliest and very largest heads. IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN. 591 July. Sow Cape Broccoli, Endive, Kidney Beans, Lettuces, Spinach, and Turnips. Hoe Carrots, Leeks, Onions, Parsnips, and Turnips. Plant out Broccoli, Cauliflowers, Couve Tronchuda, and Winter Greens. Plant out Celery on the flat sur- face of rich ground, and in trenches; taking care to to take up each plant with all its roots, and to divest it of all its side shoots, to its principal leaves, which would otherwise prevent its making a fine clean handsome head. Prepare Mushroom Spawn, if not done last month. Cucumbers will now be in full bearing upon the ridges, and should be kept pegged down, stopping the leading runners, so as to keep the plants close, and the ridges completely filled up. In earthing up the hills of Melons, one or two of the frames or pits may now be spawned for Mushrooms, as directed under that head : these will produce their crop in the autumn. Take up Garlic, Potatoe Onions, Rocambole, and Shallots, when the leaves begin to decay, and lay them on mats in an airy place to dry. August. Sow Cabbages, Cape Broccoli, Couve Tronchuda, Endive, Lettuces, and Flanders Spinach : this last is much superior to the Bourdeaux or Prickly Spinach. If the Flanders Spinach cannot be obtained conveniently, the Prickly must be resorted to. Sow also Strasburgh and Welsh Onions, Turnips, Turnip and Spanish Radishes. Plant out Celery and Winter Greens. Earth up early Celery and Cardoons. Spawn Melon beds and pits, and make Mushroom beds under sheds or in the Mushroom-house. ,592 A KALENDAR OF WORK Continue to stir the surface of the ground among Onions, especially those which are intended to be of the largest size, as this assists materially their growth, and in perfectly ripening their bulbs. September. Sow Cauliflower and early Purple Broccoli for frames, Lettuces, Flanders and Prickly Spinach, short-topped and Turnip Radishes. Plant out Couve Tronchuda in frames, the same as Cauliflowers, to be kept through the winter. Make Mushroom beds in the Mushroom-house, or under sheds, for winter crops. Plant out Broccoli and Winter Greens. Earth up Celery, Cardoons, and tie up Endive to blanch. Prick out Cabbage plants. Hoe out Winter Spinach to three or four inches distance plant from plant. Pull up Onions as soon as their tops are nearly dead, or they will push out fresh roots after rain, which will greatly injure their bulbs, and prevent their keeping in a sound and firm state to their usual period in the following spring. October. Transplant Cauliflowers and early Purple Broccoli under frames and hand-glasses. Plant out Cabbages, Garlic, Rocambole, and Shallots. Tie up Endive, and earth up Cardoons and Celery. Lay up Carrots, Potatoes, and Red Beet for winter use. Make up Mushroom beds which have been omitted the last month. Towards the end of the month, sow Frame Peas and Mazagan Beans upon a warm south border. Lay into the ground Purple and White Broccoli, within a few inches of their lower leaves, and letting their heads face the north. IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN. 593 Transplant Black-seeded Gotte and Bath Cos Lettuces under frames, for coming into use early in the spring. Grand Admiral, Hammersmith, and Tennis- ball Lettuces should be transplanted upon a warm south border, at five or six inches distance from each other : the Black-seeded Gotte Lettuce may also be planted out along with the former three sorts ; and should the winter prove mild, it will come in three weeks sooner than the earliest of these sorts. Clear the beds of aromatic plants from weeds, and let them have the winter's dressing ; particularly beds of Balm, Burnet, Chamomile, Hyssop, Marjoram, Mint, Penny-royal, Sage, Savory, Sorrel, Tansy, Tarragon, and Thyme. Where forced Asparagus is required for use in winter, hot-beds may now begin to be made, for gathering the first crop in November and December. If a constant succession is required all winter and spring, a new hot- bed, planted with fresh plants, must be made every three or four weeks, from the beginning or middle of October to the end of February or March ; which will furnish a supply of Asparagus from November till the arrival of the natural crops in the open ground in April or May. November. Trench and manure ground for planting. Earth up Cardoons and Celery. Take up Parsnips on a dry day, as soon as the leaves are dead, and lay them up for winter use. Sow Frame Peas and Mazagan Beans, on a warm south border. Plant out Lettuces under frames and hand-glasses the beginning of this month, if they have been omitted before. Tie up Endive when the plants are dry ; or the middle of the plants may be covered with slates or tiles. Draw up the mould close to the heads of Sea Kale so Q Q A KALENDAR OF WORK as nearly to cover them. Towards the end of this month, part of them may be forced, by placing large pots over them, and covering them with warm stable dung : the young heads will thus he fit for use by Christmas. Elford Rhubarb may be forced in the same manner, or by planting the roots in large pots, and placing them in the Mushroom-house near the flue. Clear Artichoke plants from their old stalks, and cover up the heads with half-rotten dung, to keep off the frost. Cut down the haulm or stems of Asparagus ; dig the alleys, and cover the beds with mould three or four inches deep. Lay into the ground Purple and White Broccoli, if it has not been already done in the last month. Take up the tuberous roots of the Scarlet Running Kidney Bean, and preserve them in dry sand, in a cellar excluded from the frost ; or they may be preserved by placing them close together on a dry warm border, covering them six inches deep, and placing a hot-bed frame over them, and covering the surface again six inches deep with old tan. In taking up the roots, care must be taken not to injure the stem, but to cut it down to within a foot of the crown of the root : this part must also be carefully covered with old tan, to preserve it from the frost. In April these roots must be planted out again, when they will produce another abundant crop. December. Trench and manure ground for spring crops. Force Asparagus, Elford Rhubarb, and Sea Kale. In the early part of the month lay in Purple and White Broccoli, unless it has been done already. Earth up Peas and Beans, where the tops are advanced from early sowing ; also Cardoons and Celery, for the last time. The finest ridges of Celery should now be covered with litter or soft meadow hay, to keep off IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN. 5Q5 severe frost, or the tops will rot, and this will in time extend down to the root. Cover the Mushroom beds thickly with clean dry straw, and do not let the Mushroom-house descend to a lower temperature than 50 degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. Look over the Cauliflower plants in frames, and pick off all decayed leaves. Every day the weather is mild and dry, let the glasses be taken off, that the plants may have free air ; but let the lights be put on every night. When the weather is very wet, keep the lights over them 5 but at the same time, if mild, let them be raised at the back of the frames, to let in a large portion of air to the plants. In severe frosty weather, keep the plants constantly covered with the glasses, and other covering of mats, straw, fern, and other long litter j and apply long litter also round the outsides of the frames, when the frost is very rigorous. Cauliflower plants under hand-glasses must be treated in the same manner. Lettuces in frames and under hand-glasses require similar treatment. 596 CONTENTS OF KITCHEN GARDEN. American Cress, 25. 1. Angelica. 2. Artichokes. 3. Asparagus. 4. Balm. 5. Basil. 6. Beans. 7. Beets. Eelleisle Cress, 25. 8. Borage. 9. Borecole. 10. Broccoli. Brussels Sprouts, 9. 11. Burnet. 12. Cabbages. 13. Capsicum. 14?. Caraway. - 15. Cardoons. 16. Carrots. 17. Cauliflower. 18. Celery. Celeriac, 18. 19. Chamomile* 20. Chervil. 21. Chives. Chou de Milan, 9. 22. Clary. 23. Coriander. 24-. Corn Salad. Couve Tronchuda, 9. 25. Cress. 26. Cucumbers. Curlies, 75. 27. Endives. 28. Fennel. Finochio, 28. 29. Garlic. 30. Gourds. 31. Horse-radish. 32. Hyssop. Indian Cress, 44. 33. Jerusalem Artichokes. Kale, of sorts 9. 75. 34-. Kidney Beans. Lamb's Lettuce, 24-. 35. Lavender. 36. Leeks. 37. Lettuces. 38. Love- Apples. Mangel Wurzel, 7. 39. Marjoram. 40. Marygold. 41. Mint. 42. Mushrooms. Mushroom Spawn, 42. 43. Mustard. 44. Nasturtiums. New Zealand Spinach, 72. 45. Onions. 46. Parsley. 47. Parsnips. 48. Peas. 49. Pennyroyal. Poire"e a Carde. i 50. Potatoes. Potiron Jaune, 30. 51. Purslane. 52. Radishes. Ragged Jack, 75. 53. Rampion. 54. Rape. 55. Rhubarb. 56. Rocambole. 57. Rosemary. KITCHEN GARDEN. 597 58. Rue. 59. Sage. 60. Salsafy. 61. Savory. 62. Savoys. 63. Scorzonera. 64. Scurvy-grass. 65. Sea Kale. 66. Shallots. 67- Skin-el. 68. Sorrel. 69. Spinach. 70. Tansy. 71. Tarragon. 72. Tetragonia. Thousand-headed Cab- bage, 9. 73. Thyme. 74. Turnips. Vegetable Marrow, 30. Winter Cress. 75. Winter Greens. INDEX. Page Page ALMONDS -' ' 1 Cabbages - '< '- 533 Propagation of - 2 Capsicums 534. Cultivation of - - 2 Caraway 534- American Cress - - 54-3 Cardoons ... 534? Angelica - . - 521 Carrots ... 537 Ants, to destroy - -517 Cauliflower 538 Aphis lanigera 509. 511. 515 Celeriac ... 538 Apples - 3 Celery 538 A selection of, for a small Chamomile - - - 540 garden - 113 Cherries 141 Propagation of * 116 A selection of 155 Pruning and Training of 117 Propagation of 156 Index to sorts - - 123 Pruning and Training of 156 To keep - 518 Index to sorts 159 Apricots - 128 Chervil 540 A selection of - - 136 Chicor^e 546 Propagation of - 137 Chives - - 541 Pruning and Training of 138 Chou de Milan - 530. 585 Index to sorts - -140 Clary 541 Artichokes - 522 Classification of Peaches Asparagus T *'**' -' 522 and Nectarines 306 Coriander 542 Balm - 526 Corn Salad - - - 542 Basil - : 526 Couve Tronchuda 530 Beans ... 527 Cress 543 Beets - 527 Cucumbers 544 Betterave - 528 Curlies 585 Belleisle Cress , 54-3 Currants 160 Borage "- 529 Propagation of 161 Borecole and Sprouts 529. 585 Cultivation of 186 Broccoli '' 531 Brussels Sprouts - 530. 585 Endives 545 Burnet - - ^ V 532 600 INDEX. Page Page Fennel 547 Medlars continued. Figs 162 Absurd idea concern- A selection of 169 ing - - 231 Propagation of . : 169 Melons - - 231 Pruning and Training of 170 Cultivation of - 237 Index to sorts 173 Mint > 557 Finochio - * 54-7 Mulberries - 240 Forsyth's Composition 507 Propagation of - 240 Pruning and Training of 241 Garlic ... 547 Mushrooms - - 558 Gooseberries - 173 Mushroom Spawn * 559 A selection of - 182 Mustard - * 560 Propagation of 185 Cultivation of 186 Nasturtiums - - 560 Gourds - 548 Nectarines - 281 Grapes - - 190 A selection of - 298 A selection of 218 Propagation of - 299 Index to sorts *;T 227 Pruning and Training of 301 To keep 519 Index to sorts - 305 Classification of - 306 Horse Radish .-, * .?; 549 New Zealand Spinach - 582 Hyssop - ,.;;.. ,_;,;,. 550 Nuts L - .- 331 Propagation of -331 Indian Cress ; , : 560 Pruning and Training of 332 Jerusalem Artichokes 550 Onions Kale, of sorts 529, 530. 585 Kidney Beans ?Ai -^ % 551 Roots of Scarlet Runners, to preserve - 589. 594 Kohl Rabi - , " t , 530. 585 Lamb's Lettuce 542 Lavender 7 - - 552 Leeks -^ . 552 Lettuces . 553 Love Apples * - 555 Mangel Wurzel . > 528 Marjoram rj" 556 Marygold -T 557 Medlars > - 230 Propagation of - 231 Management of - 231 ;. 561 .- 564 Parsley ^ ^ j Parsnips &**--.- Peaches ' T 243 A selection of 27g Propagation of - 299 Pruning and Training of 301 Index to sorts - 2?9 Classification of -. 306 Pears - - 333 A selection of v , r - 417 Propagation of - 419 Pruning and Training of 420 Index to sorts - 425 To grow large - 396 To prolong the keep- ing of - 356 Peas - - 566 INDEX. 601 Page Page Pennyroyal 568 Savory - - 575 Pines 430 Savoys - 576. 585 A selection of 438 Scarole - 546 Propagation of 438 Scorzonera - - 576 Cultivation of 438 Scurvy Grass - 576 Index to sorts 440 Sea Kale T ' - 577 Plums . -..- 441 Shallots ..-..' .- 578 A selection of 470 Skirret - 579 Propagation of 471 Sorrel - 579 Pruning and Training of 472 Spinach - 581 Index to sorts 474 Strawberries - 481 To keep 517 A selection of - 498 Poire"e a Cardes 528 Cultivation of - 499 Potatoes 568 Forcing of - 502 Potiron Jaune 548 Index to sorts - 504 Purslane 569 Style and Calendar altered 331 Quinces 476 Tansy - 582 Propagation of 477 Tarragon - 582 Cultivation of 477 Tetragonia expansa - 582 Absurd idea concern- Thousand-headed Cabbage 585 ing 230 Thyme - 583 Tomato - 555 Radishes 570 Tuck system of Training, Ragged Jack 585 to be deprecated - 303 Rampion 571 Turnips - 584 Rape 572 Raspberries -. 478 Vegetable Marrow - 548 A selection of - 478 Vines, Propagation of - 219 Cultivation of 479 Pruning and Training of 222 Rhubarb 572 Rocambole 574 Wash for Fruit Trees - 509 Rosemary 574 Wasps, to destroy - 516 Rue 574 White Mealy Insect 509.511. 515 Sage 574 Winter Cress - 543 Salsafy 575 Winter Greens - - 585 THE END. LONDON : Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoodo, New- Street- Square. ERRATA. Page 5. line 21. for " No. 5." read " 715." 26. line 15. for No. 38." read " 481." 82. line 27. for " No. 1071." read " 1157." 126. line 18. for " 13." read "5." 19. for " 5." read 27 Spackman's Statistical Tables - ib. Cornwall, &c. - - ib. Guide to Geology - - ib. Treatise on Geology - ib. " Introduct. to Mineralogy ib. Poisson's Mechanics - - - ib. Portlock's Report on the Geology of Londonderry - - - - 34 Powell's Natural Philosophy - - ib. Richardson's Geology - - - ib. Roberts's Dictionary of Geology - 25 AVilkinson's Engines of War - - 32 Wood On Railroads - - - ib. TOPOGRAPHY AND GUIDE BOOKS. Milne On the Valuation of Annuities and Assurance on Lives, &c. - 21 Tooke's History of Prices - - 30 Adam's Gem of the Peak - - 3 i Addison's History of the Temple i Morgan On Assurances, Annuities, and Reversions - ib. RELIGIOUS X MORALWORKS. Church - 3 " Guide to ditto - - ib. Peter Plymley's Letters - 27 Seaward's Narrative of Shipwreck - 26 Smith's (Rev. Sydney) Works - 27 Taylor's Statesman - - - 29 Bell's Illustrations of the Liturgy - 4 Bellamy's Bible - - - - 4 Bloomfield's Greek Testament - 5 " College and School do. ib. " Greek & English Lexi- Black's Tourist of England - - 4 Britton's Picture of London - - C Guide to all the Watering Places in Great Britain - 10 NATURAL HISTORY. con to NewTestament ib. Burder's Oriental Customs - - ib. TRANSACTIONS OF C O f* 1 KTT"] C" C Catlow's Popular Conchology - 6 Gray 'sFigures of MolluscousAnimals 10 ' Genera of Birds - - - 9 Kirby and ^pence's Entomology - 15 Lee's Taxidermy - 15 Reeve's Conchologia Systematica - 24 Stephens's British Coleoptera - 28 Swainson On the Study of Natural History - 28 " Animals - - - - ib. Burns's Christian Philosophy - 8 Callcott's Scripture Herbal - - ib. Dibdin's Sunday Library - - 28 Doddridge's Family Expositor - 8 Englishman'sHeb.&Chald. Concord. 8 Ford's New Devout Communicant 9 " Century of Prayers - - ib. Harcourt's Doctrine of the Deluge 11 Kippis's Collection of Hymns, &c. - 14 M .-.Hinge Gift- - - - -19 dUdc. MC.O. Transactions of the Entomological Society - - 30 Zoological Society ib. " Linnean Society - ib. " Institution of Civil Engineers - ib. " Roy^. 1 Institute of British Architects ib. Proceedings of the Zoological Soci^y 24 " Quadrupeds - - - ib. Birds - - - - ib. " Animals in Menageries - 29 " Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles - - - ib. " Insects - - - - ib. " Malacology - - - ib. " Habits and Instincts of Animals - - - ib. Turton's Shells of theBritishlslands 31 Waterton's Essays on Natural Hist. ib. Westwood's Classification of Insects 32 O'Sullivan Of the Apostacy pre- dicted by St. Paul - 22 Parkes's Domestic Duties - - ib. Pearson's Prayers for Families - 23 Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - 25 Robinson's Greek&Er.glishLexicon to the New Testament ib. Sandford's EnglishFemaleWorthies ib. " Female Improvement - 26 " On Woman - - - ib. Tate's History of St. Paul - - 29 Tayler's Dora Melder - 29 TRAVELS. Allan's Mediterranean 3 China, Last Year in, - - 6 De Custine's Russia - 7 Harris's Highlands of ^Ethiopia - 11 Laing's Notes of a Traveller - - 15 Residence in Norway - ib. " Tour in Sweden - - ib. Marrvat's Travels of Mons. Violet - 19 Postans's Observations on Sindh - 24 Strong's Greece as a Kingdom - 28 NOVELS AND WORKS OF " Margaret ; or, the Pearl - 29 Turner's Sacred History- - - 30 Wardlaw's Sermons ... 31 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND AFFAIRS. FICTION. Blessington's (Lady) Meredith - 21 " On Socinian Controversy ib. White On the Gospel - 32 Field's Veterinary Records - - 9 Morton's Veterinary Medicine - 21 Doctor (the) 7 Howitt's (Mary) Neighbours - - 12 Home - - - ib. tl " Prosident'sDaughters 13 RURAL SPORTS. Bainbridge's Fly-fisher's Guide - 3 Elaine's Dictionary of Sports - 4 " " Toxlcological Chart ib. Percivall's Hippopathology - - 23 " Anatomy of the Horse - ib. Spooner On the Foot and Leg of " " Strife and Peace - 13 Hansard's Fishing in Wales - - 11 the Horse - - - 28 Ingemnnn's King Eric and the Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen ib. " On the Influenza of Horses, ib. Outlaws - 13 Marrvat's Masterman Ready- - 19 Rambles of the Emperor Clung Tib. 6 Trollope's (Mrs.) The Laurringtons 30 Martingale's Sporting Scenes - 19 Ronalds's Fly-fisher's Entomology 25 Thacker's Coursser'sRemembrancer 29 " Coursing Rules - - ib. Thomson's Animal Chemistry - 29 Turner On the Foot of the Horse - XI White's Veterinary Art - - - 32 " Cattle Medicine - - ib. CATALOGUE, AIKIN.-THE LIFE OF JOSEPH ADDISON. Illustrated by many of his Letters and Private Papers never before published. By LUCY Ai KIN. 2 vols. post 8vo. with Portrait from Sir Godfrey Kneller's Picture, 18s. cloth. 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' This volume includes the substance of a course of lectures delivered to the students of King's College, in the partments of engineering and architecture, during the present and two preceding years (1840-42). The first pa ' treats of statics, so far as that science applies to the subject; the second of dynamics; the third of the theory machines ; the fourth of the theory of the stability of structures ; the fifth of the strength of materials ; and the sixth and last of ' impact." We have merely noted the divisions of this body of mathematical science for the informa- tion of those to whom the high reputation of Professor Moseley will be a sufficient warranty." SPECTATOR. " This volume includes the substance ot a course ol lectures delivered to the students of King's College, in the departments of engineering and architecture, during the present and two preceding years (1840-42). The first part treats of statics, so far as that science applies to the subject; the second of dynamics; the third of the theory of machines ; the fourth of the theory of the stability of structures ; the fifth of the strength of materials ; and the sixth and last of ' impact." We have merely noted the divisions of this body of mathematical science for the informa- tion of those to whom the high reputation of Professor Moseley will be a sufficient warranty." SPECTATOR. " The work of Mr. Moseley is an elaborate, profound, accurate, and elegant abstract and purely mathematical disquisition on the theoretical principles of mechanics; and will serve to increase the author's nigh reputation as a mathematician." ATHENJEUM. MURRAY. -ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY; Comprising a complete Description of the Earth : exhibiting its Relation to the Heavenly Bodies, its Physical Structure, the Natural History of each Country, and the Industry, Com- merce, Political Institutions, and Civil and Social State of all Nations. By HUGH MURRAY, F.R.S.E. : assisted in Astronomy, &c. by Professor Wallace ; Geology, &c. by Professor Jameson ; Botany, &c. by Sir W. J. Hooker ; Zoology, &c. by W. Swainson, Esq. New Edition, brought down to 1840 : with 82 Maps, drawn by Sidney Hall, and upwards of 1000 other Engravings on Wood, from Drawings by Swainson, T. Landseer, Sowerby, Strutt, &c. repre- senting the most remarkable Objects of Nature and Art in every Region of the Globe. 1 vol. 8vo. containing upwards of 1500 pages, 3, cloth. 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