UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES A LIST BRITISH BIRDS COMPILED BY A COMMITTEE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. ' MEDIO TUTISSIMUS IBIS. SECOND AND REVISED EDITION. PUBLISHED BY THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION AND SOLD Br WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. 1915. JiLKRK f* FI.AMMAM. PRIKTKD BYT TAYLOR AXD FRANCIS, RED LION COUKT, FLKET STREET. G-l CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION Page vii LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS : Genera. Page Corvus .................. 1 Pica ............... . . . 4 Garrulus .............. 5 Nucifraga .............. 6 Pyrrhocorax ............ 7 Sturnus ................ 8 Pastor .................. 9 Oriolus ................ 10 Chloris ................ 11 Coccothraustes .......... 11 Carduelis .............. 12 Spinus .................. 13 Serinus ................ 14 Passer .................. 15 Montifringilla ............ 16 Fringilla ................ 16 Acanthis ..... ............ 18 Pyrrhula ................ 22 Carpodacus ............ 23 Pinicola ................ 24 Loxia .................. 24 Emberiza .............. 26 Calcarius .............. 3;} Plectrophenax .......... 34 Alauda ................ 35 Lullula ................ 36 Galerida ................ 37 Calandrella .............. 38 Melanocorypka .......... 38 Otocorys 39 Motacilla 40 Antb.ua 45 Certhia 50 Tichodroma 51 Sitta 51 llegulus 52 Panurus 64 Parus 54 ^Egithalus 59 Lanius 61 Ampelia 64 Sylvia 65 Melizophilus 70 Agrobates 70 Locustella , 71 Cettia 74 Acrocephalus 74 Lusciniola 78 Hypolaia 78 Phylloscopus 79 Turdus 85 Monticola 91 Phoenicurua 92 Erithacus 93 Luscinia 95 Cyanosylvia 96 Saxicola 97 (Enanthe 99 Accentor 104 18IJMJ7 CONTENTS. Page 10-5 Anser Page 15(5 T 107 Chen 160 - 108 Branta 161 SC C 'V ' 111 Cvjrnus 164 11J Tadorna 166 . 113 Anas 167 Dryobates 113 . ... 115 Querquedula Mareca 169 171 . . IKi Spatula 173 117 Dafila ' 173 Clamator 118 Netta 174 119 Nvroca 175 I'^O Glaucion .. 178 Ch&etuva .. 121 Ilistrionicus 180 122 Clano-ula 181 124 Ileniconetta .... . . . 182 1 9 5 Souiateria 182 16 184 1 9 7 187 . . 127 Lophodytes . .. 188 1^9 Mero'ellus 189 Strix . . 130 Phceuicopterus 190 Nyctea . 131 Ardea . . ... 191 132 Eretta 192 Nyctala . . 133 Ardeola . .. 193 Otus 134 Ixobrychus 195 Bubo 134 Nycticorax . 196 Carine . . 135 JSotaurus 196 Gvps 136 198 Neophron 136 Platalea 199 Circus . . . 137 Pleo-adis 00 Buteo 139 Grus . . 201 Aquila 141 Otis . '>02 Haliaetus 142 Clilanivdotis '>04 Astur 143 206 Aceipiter 144 Cursorius 20(5 Milvus 145 207 Pernis .... 146 909 llierofalco ... . 147 Scolopax 211 i'alco 149 >\-> Pandion 153 213 Phalacrocorax . . 154 Limicola '14 Sula . 155 Terelda . .. 21.-, CONTENTS. Page Tringa 216 Tryngites 223 Calidris 224 Machetes 225 Ereunetes 226 Bartramia 226 Totanus 227 Macrorhamphus 234 Liinosa 235 Xumenius 237 Himantopus 240 Recurvirostra 240 Charadrius 241 Squatarola 243 ^Egialitis 244 Eudromias 247 Ckettusia 248 Vanellus 249 Hsematopus 250 Arenaria 250 Larus 251 llhodostethia 260 Xema 261 Pagophila 262 Ilissa 262 Sterna 263 Ilydrochelidon 269 Catharacta 272 Stercorarius 272 Alca .. 275 Page Uria 277 Alle 279 Fratercula 280 Thalassidroma 281 Oceanodroma 282 Oceanites 283 Pelagodroma 284 Puffinus 285 Daption 289 Fulmarus 289 CEstrelata 290 Bulweria 292 Diomedea 293 Colymbus 294 Podiceps 296 Rallus 300 Porzana 301 Crex 304 Gallinula 305 Fulica 306 Columba 307 Streptopelia 309 Syrrhaples 310 Pkasianus 311 Caccabis 312 Pevdix 313 Coturnix 314 Tetrao 315 Lyrurus 316 Lagopus 317 APPENDICES : I. List of species which have been recorded as having been found in the British Islands, but the occurrence of which the Committee do not regard as entirely satisfactory 320 II. List of " nomina conservanda " or names which in the opinion of the Committee should be retained, to- gether with the corresponding names under the Kules of Nomenclature as drawn up by the Inter- national Congress of Zoology at their successive meetings .. 355 vi CONTENTS. Page III. Giving the reasons for the change of old names or for the non-adoption of changes which have been ad- vocated by recent authors, together with the method of fixation of the types of the various genera used in the List 356 INDEX .. 403 INTRODUCTION, THE first edition of the B. 0. U. List was published in 1883. The Editorial Committee consisted of Messrs. H. E. Dresser, F. DuCane Godman, 0. Salvin, P. L. Sclater, H. Seebohm, and H. T. Wharton, while Messrs. H. Saunders and R. B. Sharpe were afterwards added. At the General Meeting of the Union held on May 10, 1911, the following resolutions, proposed by the Committee of the Union, were approved : (1) That the Committee consider it desirable that a new edition of the Union's ' List of British Birds ' be prepared, and that a small special Committee be appointed with a view to considering the same. (2) That the following Members of the B. 0. U. be requested to act on the Committee : The President, the Editors of ' The Ibis/ and the Secretary ; Messrs. W. R.Ogilvie-Grant, H. E. Dresser, W. Eagle Clarke, and Dr. N. F. Ticehurst. To these were subsequently added the names of Col. R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay, who succeeded Mr. Godman as President in May 1912, Mr. W. L. Sclater, who became Editor of 'The Ibis' in January 1912 in place of Dr. P. L. Sclater and Mr. A. H. Evans, and Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, who succeeded Mr. J. L. Bonhote as Secretary in May 1912. Vlll INTRODUCTION. At the first Meeting of the Committee, held on November 8, 11)11, the following resolutions were passed : (1) That the arrangement of the first ' List of British Birds' be accepted as the basis of the second edition, subject to such alterations as may be considered necessary. (2) That the tenth edition of Linnaeus' ' Systema Naturae * be taken as the basis of priority except (i.) when it entails the transference of well-known names, either generic or specific, from one species to another, such as Turdus musicus to the Redwing, Chelidon to the Swallow ; (ii.) when it entails the alteration of a name that has been in common use for many years, the changing of which would lead to confusion, such as Ruticilla oclirurus gibraltariensis for R. titys. (3) That in cases where a specific name has been subse- quently made into a generic name, such specific name must not be replaced, but must still stand : e. g. Perdix perdix for Perdix cinerea. (4) That under the binomial headings of the species be added in trinomials the names of the races recognised by the Committee as occurring in the British Islands. (5) That the Secretary should keep a list of "nomina conservanda/' and that this list be printed separately at the end of the general List. Many meetings of the Committee have been held, at which the old list was carefully revised and brought up to date, while a certain number of doubtful questions, such as the etymology and distribution, have been decided by correspondence, as it has been found very difficult to secure full meetings of the Committee. The work of preparing the various portions of the List has been undertaken by INTRODUCTION. ix different members of the Committee, but tlie whole has been revised by the entire body, who consider themselves jointly responsible, although many disputed points have been decided by the votes of the majority. CLASSIFICATION. After some consideration it was decided by the Committee to adopt the classification used by Dr. Sharpe in his 'Hand- list of Birds,' but the sequence of the Families and Orders has been reversed, so that those forms which are generally considered the most highly organized and specialized come first. NOMENCLATURE. It has been the object of the Committee to use the oldest name for each genus and species, commencing from 1758, the date of the 10th edition of Linnaeus' ' Systema Naturae/ Until a few years ago it was the practice of British zoologists to date the commencement of binomial nomen- clature from 1766, when Linnaeus published his 12th, last, and most complete edition. The use of the 10th has un- fortunately necessitated the changing of many old and familiar names. The first aim of our system of nomenclature should un- doubtedly be uniformity and fixity, and most zoologists are now agreed that this can only be attained by keeping to the strict law of priority. Much as the Committee regret having to make these changes, they feel that when the names here adopted have established themselves, as they hope will soon be the case, a great step forward towards international uni- formity will have been obtained, as both American and German zoologists have now universally adopted the 10th edition of Linnaeus. X INTRODUCTION. At the same time in a few cases where confusion may arise the Committee have adhered to the better known name, though it may not be the oldest. In these cases the name is marked with J^.C., i. e. "nomen conservandum," and a list of these will be found in Appendix II., together with the " priority " name under the rules of nomenclature. GENERIC NAMES. Generic names can have no fixity unless the type species of the genus has been determined, so that if a genus has been subsequently split up, the old generic name must contain the type species. Modern authors now almost invariably designate the type species when describing a new genus, but the older authors in the early part of the last century seldom did so. It is therefore necessary to fix a type for these older genera. George Robert Gray, of the British Museum, was the first zoologist to recognise the great importance of the fixation of the types of genera, and in 1841 he published a list of all the genera of birds known to him with the type as deter- mined by him. His work in this respect has been generally accepted by later authors. The methods by which the type of a genus may be fixed are as follows : (1) By monotypy. (2) By tautonymy. (3) By original designation. (4) By subsequent designation. (5) By (in the case of Linnaeus' genera) Linnean tautonymy. INTRODUCTION. XI 1. When the author of a new generic name only mentions one species as being included in the genus, that species is obviously the type by monotypy. 2. When an author uses for a new generic name the specific name of one of the species included in the original genus, that species is obviously the t} r pe. For instance, the type of the genus Regulus Cuvier is obviously Motacilla regulus of Linnaeus. 3. Where an author distinctly designates as the type one of several species included by him in a newly con- stituted genus no confusion can possibly arise. 4. When this has not been done and the type of a genus cannot be determined by monolypy or tautonymy, the first author who designates the type of the genus must be followed. In nearly all cases this was done by George Robert Gray, whose work has already been referred to. Some writers have suggested making the first species mentioned the type of these genera, but it has been found that this rule if carried out would involve a large number of alterations in our present generic names and would lead to great confusion. The same difficulty is found with the method of " elimination." In this case where a genus contains a number of species, as each reviser successively removes some of these to other or new genera a point is reached when only one species is left. This, then, constitutes the type. It can be easily imagined that such a method is full of pitfalls and uncertainties, and it has now been completely abandoned. 5. In the case of Linnsean genera it is often possible by an examination of the quotations given by Linnseus, and also by referring to his original authorities, to find out which species was the original possessor of Xll INTRODUCTION*. the generic name. For instance, the genus A mpelis of Linnseus contains a number. of species now referred to quite different genera, but if the quotations given under each are examined it will be found that Ampelis f/arrulns of Linnaeus is the Ampelis of the older authors, and should therefore be fixed as the type of Linnaeus' genus. This method of the determination of Linnaean types was first suggested by Prof. Newton many years ago * . In the present List a type is assigned to each genus, and in Appendix III. (p. 35G) the method by which the type has been determined is given. Where there has been any other usage or difference of opinion, the Committee's reasons for the course adopted are given. In a few cases where the spelling of the author of a generic or specific name is obviously incorrect, either through a misprint or by error, the more correct form has been adopted. Instances of this are Otocorys for Otocoris, for ^Egitlialos, Haliaetus for Haliceetus. SPECIFIC NAMES. Except in cases already noted, which are marked Ji. C. in the List, the oldest certain names in the judgment of the Committee have been assigned to each species. For much help in deciding which are the oldest names and other help in nomenclatural questions the Committee wish to thank Mr. T. Iredale. Trinomials have been used for subspecific forms when these occur within our limits, but in the cases where only the typical form of the species is found in the British Islands, or even when it, together with a distinct subspecific form * ' Ibis,' 1876, p. 94. INTRODUCTION. . Xlli occurs, only a binomial name has been given, and the practice now common of repeating the specific name has been avoided. Thus in writing o the typical race of the Song-Thrush the binomial Turdus musicus and not the cumbrous Turdus mn$icns musicus is used, and it must be clearly understood that, unless otherwise stated, Turdus musicus refers only to the continental race of the Song-Thrush, and does not include all the subspecific forms of the Song-Thrush as a whole. In all cases where changes have been made in the specific names used in the previous edition of the List, and also in some cases where changes proposed by other writers have not commended themselves to the Committee, an explanation of the reasons for such a policy is given in Appendix III. REFERENCES. No attempt at synonymy has been made, but the earliest references to specific and generic names have all been very carefully checked. The other references given are to the 1st edition of the List, to the 2nd edition of Howard Saunders' well-known ' Manual of British Birds/ and to the * Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum/ In cases where additions have been made to the British List since 1899, when Saunders' ' Manual * was published, a reference to the first definite British record is given. DERIVATION OF NAMES. The notes on the etymology of the generic and specific names given in the old edition of the List were compiled by Mr. H. T. "Wharton. In the new edition these have been repeated and in some cases shortened. For this and for the notes on additional names Mr. A. H. Evans is mainly responsible. Xiv INTRODUCTION. DISTRIBUTION. The status and distribution o each species is given in two paragraphs, the first dealing with the British, the second with the exotic range. For the British distribution of the Passeres Mr. Eagle Clarke is responsible, while the exotic distribution has been drawn up by Miss E. V. Baxter and Miss L. S. Rintoul. To these two ladies the Committee wish to tender their best thanks for the time and trouble they have taken over the matter. The distribution, both British and exotic, of the non-Passerine birds has been undertaken by Mr. Ogilvie- Grant. DOUBTFUL BRITISH SPECIES. Species, the occurrence of which in the British Islands, is, in the opinion of the Committee, not positively authenticated have been relegated to Appendix I. SUMMARY OF BRITISH BIRDS ACCORDING TO THEIR STATUS. The British Birds recognised in the present edition of the List number 475 in all. Of these 188 are regular breeding-birds and 286 are non-breeding, and one is extinct. The List may be further subdivided into the following categories, though it must always be borne in mind that such classifications as these are necessarily not stringent, and there are always some species which do not fit exactly into any of the groups : 1. RESIDENTS. All birds generally found in the British Islands throughout the year are included in this category, though many of these are partially migratory, INTRODUCTION. and their numbers are increased in winter by fresh arrivals from the north, while many of the breeding- birds move south in winter. These number 141, viz. : Cori-us corax. Corvus coi'one. Corvus comix. Corvus monedula. Corvus fruyileyus. Pica pica. Garrulus g. rufitergnm. Guri'iilua ff. hibernicus. Pyrrhvcorax pyrrhocorax. Sturnus vulgar is. Chloris chlori*. Coccothraustes coccothruustes. Cnrduelis c. britannica. Spinus spinus. Passer domesticus. Passer montanus. Frinyilla ccelebs. Acanthis cannabina. Acanthis I. cabaret. Acanthis flavirostris. Pyrrhula p. pileata. Loxia curvirostra. Loxia c. scotica. Emberiza calandra. Emberiza citrinella. Emberiza c-irlus. Emberiza schoeniclus. Plectrophenax nicalis. Alauda arvensis. Lnllula arborea. Motacilla luyubris, Motacilla boarula. Anthus prateneis. Anthus petrosus. Certhiaf. britannica. Sitta cctsia. Reyulus regnlits. Panwus biarmicus. Par us m. neiotoni. Partis a. britannicus. Parus a. hibernicus. Panes p. dresferi. Parus b. kleinschmidti. Parus c. obscurus. Pants c. scoticus. JEgithalus c. rostus. Melizophilus tt. dartfordiensis. Turdus viscivorus. Turdus m. clarkii. Turdus in. hebridensis. Turdus merula. Erithacus r. melophilus. Saxicola rubicola. Accentor modularis. Cinclus c. britannicus. Cinclus c. hibernicus. Troglodytes troylodytes. Troglodytes t. hirtensis. Troglodytes t. zetlandicua. Dryobates m. anylicus. Dryobates minor. Picus viridis. Alcedo ispida. Flam meajlu m me a. Asio utus. Asia accifiitrinus Strix aluco. Carine noctua *. Circus ceruginoiits. Circus cyaneus. Buteo buteo. Aquila chnjsaetus. Haliaefus albicilla. Accipiter nisus. M ileus m ileus. Falco pereyrinus. Falco cesalon. Falco tinnunculus. * Introduced. XVI INTRODUCTION. Pandion haliaetus. P/ialacrocora.v carbo. Phalacrocorax yracidus. Sula bassf.na. Anser anser. Ct/f/nus olor. Tadorna tadorna. Anas bosc'/icts. Anas strepera. Querquedula crecca. Mareca penelopc. Spatula cli/peata. Dafila acuta. Nyroca ferina. Nyroca fnligula. Somateria mollissima. CEdemia niyra. Mergus merganser. Mergus serrator. Ardea cinerea. Scolopax rusticoht. Oallinago gallinago. Tringa alpina. Toianus totantts. Totanus nebulitrius. Numenius arquata, Charadrius apricarius. JEgialitis hiaticula. Vancllus vanellus. Htcmatopus ostralegus. Larus canus. Larus argentatus. * Introduced. Larus marinm. Larus f. affinis. Lurits riditnmdus. Rissa tridactyla. Catharacta skua. Stercorarius pa-> asiticus. Alca tor da. Uria troille. Uria grylle. Fratercula arctica. Thalassidroma pelagica. Oceanodroma leucorrhoa. Piffinus puffinus. Fulmarus glaciitlis. Cofymbux arcticus. Cohjmbits stellatus. Podiceps cristatus. Podicep.t Jlu via tilts. Hallus aquations. Gallimda chloropus. Fulica air a. Columba cenas. Columba palumbus. Columba linia. Phas'.anus colchicus *. Cnccabis rufa *. Perdix perdix. Tetrao urogallus f. Lyrurus t. britannicus. La n. Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Lusciniola schivarzi. Hypolais polyylotta. Phylloscoptts borealis. Phylloscopus viridanus. PhyUos&^is proreffitltt j. Phylloscopus fuscatus. Turdus fuscatus. Turdus atriyularis. Turdus t. alpestris. Jlonttcola saxatilis. Luscinia luscinia. Cyanosylvia s. c'yaneculu. Saxicola indica. (Enanthe isabellina. (Enanthe stapazina. (Enanthe s. amphilenca. (Enanthe occidentalis. (Enanthe deserti. (Enanthe d. albifrons. (Enanthe leucomela. (Enanthe leucura. Cinclus cinclus. Muscicapa latirostris. Formerly bred. INTRODUCTION. Muscicapa collaris. Hirundo rufnla. Clamator ylandarius. Coccyzus americanus. Coccyzus erythrophthalm >. Coccothraustes coccothraustes. HAWFINCH. Loxia COCCOthraustes Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 171 : South Europe. Coccothraustes vulgaris Pallas ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 50 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 171. Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Linn.) ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 3G. 12 FKINGILLID,E. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, locally dis- tributed in England, Wales, and the south of Scotland from Dumfriesshire and Berwickshire northwards to Fife. As a Straggler it has occurred as far north as the Shetlands, and it is a rare visitor to Ireland. General Distribution. The Hawfinch breeds throughout Europe, ranging to southern Scandinavia and St. Petersburg, and becoming more uncommon as it advances northwards. It also inhabits Asia Minor, northern Persia, and apparently extends as far east as west Siberia, but the exact boundary of its range and that of C. c. japonicus in eastern Asia has not yet been ascertained, and the two may intergrade. Allied forms have been described from Sardinia, north-west Africa, north-western Punjab, Afghanistan, and Turkestan. Genus CARDUELIS Brisson, Orn. iii. 1760, p. 53. Type : C. carduelis (Linn.). Carduelis = a thistle bird, in Pliny, H. N. x. 42 ; from cardtnis = a thistle. Carduells Carduelis. CONTINENTAL GOLDFINCH. Fringilla carduelis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 180 : Sweden. Carduelis carduelis (Linn.) ; Sha-rpe, Cat. Birch _B. M. xii. 1888, p. 185 (part.). Distribution in the British Islands. The Goldfinches which occur on migration on the east coast of England and those which have been rarely recorded from the northern and western Islands of Scotland probably belong to this, the typical race. There are examples of what appear to be the Continental race, taken in the Orkneys and in Somersetshire, in the British Museum. General Distribution. The typical form of the Goldfinch breeds throughout the greater part of Europe from Scandi- navia and Russia to the Mediterranean. Closely allied races inhabit Spain, north Africa, some of the Atlantic and Mediterranean Islands, and western Asia ; also the Bermudas, where it was originally introduced. CARDUELIS. SPINUS. 13 Carduelis carduelis britannica. BRITISH GOLDFINCH. Acanthis carduelis britannicus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun, i. 1903, p. 68 : Rottingdean, Sussex. Carduelis elegans Stephens; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 47 (part.) ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 173 (part.). Carduelis carduelis (Linn.) ; Sliarpe, Gat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 185 (part.). Distribution. Resident, more or less locally distributed in England and Wales, Ireland, and the lowlands of Scot- land ; uncommon in the southern Highlands, rare or absent elsewhere. Genus SPINUS Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. 1816, p. 232. Type : S. spinus (Linn.). Spinus = (TTT/vos, a small bird commonly eaten at Athens ; the name comes from its shrill piping cry (TTTI'^W = I chirp shrilly). Spinus spinus. SISKIN. Fringilla spinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 181 : Sweden. Chrysomitris spinus (Linn.} B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 48; Sliarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 212. Carduelis spinus Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 175. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, nesting locally or occasionally in the north of England and in Wales, regularly in the south-west of Scotland, the eastern Highlands, and Ireland ; exceptionally elsewhere. A common Winter Visitor, and occurring annually as a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. General Distribution. Breeds locally up to the limit of conifer-growth in northern and central Europe, ranging to northern Italy, the Balkans and Caucasus, and throughout Siberia to northern China and Japan. Winters plentifully in southern Europe and occasionally in northern Africa. 14 FHINGILLIDjE. Spinus citrinella. CITBIL FINCH. Fringllla Citrinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed.i. 1766, p. 320 : S. Europe. Chrysomitris citrinella (Linn.} ; S. 0. IT. List, Isted. 1883, p. 47 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds S. M. xii. 1888, p. 230. Citrinella diminutive of citrinus, for which see Serinus. Distribution in the British Islands. A Eare Visitor. Occurred in Norfolk, Jan. 1904. General Distribution. The typical form of this species breeds in the mountains of central and southern Europe, descending from the highest altitudes when driven down by severe weather or want of food. Tt is represented in Corsica, Sardinia, and perhaps parts of Italy by S. c. corsicanus. Genus SERINUS Kocli, Syst. baier. Zool. 1816, p. 228. Type : S. serinus (Linn.). Serinus, latinized from the French Serin, which is corrupted from citrinws = citron-coloured. Serinus serinus. SERIN. Fringilla Serinus Linnaeus, Syst, Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 320 : South Europe. Serinus hortulanus Kocli ; B. O. TT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 49 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 177. Serinus serinus (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 308. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. Has occurred in Devonshire, Somersetshire, Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, near London, in Norfolk, Oxfordshire, York- shire, and Midlothian. In Ireland it has twice occurred in co. Dublin. General Distribution. Breeds throughout southern Europe and is extending its range northwards, being now found over almost the whole of Germany. Occurs in Holland and Denmark, and has strayed to Heligoland. Kesident in Asia Minor, Palestine, and north-west Africa. In winter the numbers in the Mediterranean countries are greatly increased by immigrants from the northern parts of its range. PASSER. 15 Genus PASSER Brisson, Orn. iii. 1760, p. 71. Type : P. domestic-its (Linn.). Passcr=a, Sparrow in classical Latin. Passer domesticus. HOUSE-SPARROW. Fringilla domestica Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 183 : Sweden. Passer domesticus (Linn.} B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 51 ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 307 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 179. Domesticus=of. the house. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident and almost universally distributed where there are habitations, but absent from some remote parts of the Highlands of Scotland and from certain of the Outer Hebrides, including St. Kilda. General Distribution. The House- Sparrow breeds through- out Europe, with the exception of Italy, and in Siberia as far east as Irkutsk and Dauria. It has been introduced into Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, and is represented by allied forms or hybrids in Italy, north Africa, and parts of Asia. Passer montanus. TREE-SPARROW. Fringilla montana Linncens, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 183 : N. Italy. Passer montanus (Linn.') B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 51 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 301 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 181. Montanus belonging 1 to the mountains. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident : widely but locally distributed in Great Britain, including the northern and western Islands of Scotland. Very local in Ireland. A Winter Visitor from northern and central Europe, arriving in autumn and leaving in spring. 16 General Distribution. The typical form of this species inhabits Europe with the exception of the extreme north, Portugal, and the Mediterranean Islands. It is found also in Siberia, China and Japan, but is of doubtful occurrence or very rare in northern Africa. It is replaced in western and southern Asia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Formosa by allied forms. Genus MONTIFRINGILLA Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1277. Type : M. nivalis (Linn.). Montifringilla from moiis = mountain, and fringilla = a finch. Montifringilla nivalis. SNOW-FINCH. Fringilla nivalis Linnaws, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 321 : America, errore. Montifringilla nivalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 259 ; Nicoll, Bull. B. O. C. xv. 1905, p. 58. Nivalis = of the snow. Distribution in the British Islands. Rare Visitor. Has been recorded in Sussex, February 1905, and Kent, December 1906. General Distribution. The Snow-Finch breeds high up in the Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, Alps, and Apennines, in Montenegro and Greece. Allied forms replace it in the Caucasus and some of the mountain systems of central Asia. It comes to the lower regions when driven down by stress of weather. Genus FRINGILLA Linnceus, Syst, Nat, 1758, p. 179. Type : F. coelebs Linn. Fringilla, some small bird, in classical Latin. Fringilla coelebs. CHAFFINCH. Fringilla coelebs Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 179 : Sweden. Fringilla coelebs ?'. ; B. O. U. List, Isted. 1883, p. 52 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 171; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 183. FRINGILLA. 17 Coelebs= unmarried, single ; because Linnaeus noticed that female Chaffinches emigrate southwards from Sweden in autumn, leaving the adult males " celibate " till spring. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, abundant and general, except in the Shetlands and Outer Hebrides, where it occurs on its migrations. Also a Winter Visitor from the Continent, and a Bird of Passage to and from its more northern and southern seasonal homes. General Distribution. The typical form breeds in Europe generally, from the Mediterranean almost up to the North Cape ; also in western Asia, in Persia, Turkestan and Siberia as far east as Omsk. Many individuals leave the more northern portion of their range in winter, at which season they are found as far south as north Africa. It is represented by allied forms in north-west Africa, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Azores, and birds from Corsica have been distinguished. Fringilla montifringilla. BRAMBLING. Fring-illa montifringilla Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 179 : Sweden. Fringilla montifringilla Linn. ; _B. 0. IT. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 52 ; Sharpe, Oat. Birds S. M. xii. 1888, p. 178; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 185. Montifringilla = mountain-finch ; from mons a,nd fringilla. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, widely distributed, but somewhat irregular in its visits to tho south and west of England and the western Islands of Scotland. A Bird of Passage from and to its northern summer haunts and its southern winter quarters beyond our shores. General Distribution. Breeds in the pine and birch forests of the north of the Old World from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In winter it is found all over Europe and occasion- ally in north Africa, also in Turkestan, north-west India, China, and Japan. 18 FRINGILLHXffl. Genus ACANTHIS BorJchausen, Deutsche Fauna, i. 1797, p. 248. Type : A. linaria (Linn.). Acanthis, the thorn-bird, so called by Aristotle, H. A. xix. 17, 2 ; a bird feeding on thistles, aKavOai. Acanthis cannabina. LINNET. Fringilla cannabina Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 182 : Sweden. Linota cannabina (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 53 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 187. Acanthis cannabina Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 240. Cannabina, from Kavvaf$tvos=of hemp, Kavvaftis. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, abundant, and widely distributed, but local or rare in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Many of our native birds leave in autumn and return in spring, and hence are Summer Visitors. General Distribution. The typical Linnet is resident over most o Europe, with the exception of the extreme north. In the northern portions of its range it is a migrant, while it is found occasionally in winter in Egypt and as far south as Abyssinia. Allied forms have been described from southern Europe, north-western Africa, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and from the Caucasus and Asia Minor eastward to Kashmir. Acanthis linaria, MEALY REDPOLL. Fringilla linaria Limueus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 182: Sweden. Linota linaria (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 53 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 189. Acanthis linaria Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 245. Lmfiria = belonging to flax, linum. ACANTHIS. 19 Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, occurring in some years abundantly, in others sparingly. It is less regular in its appearance in the south of England and in Ireland. General Distribution. The Mealy Redpoll breeds in the far north of both hemispheres, in Europe as far south as the Baltic coast of East Prussia. It occurs on migration or as a winter visitor in most parts of Europe, in Central Asia, and the United States. Acanthis linaria rostrata. GREENLAND REDPOLL. rostratus Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. for 1861, 1862, p. 378 : Greenland. Acanthis rostrata (Coues) SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii, 1888, p. 251. Linota rostrata Sounders. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 190. Rostrata = beaked. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, gener- ally in autumn. Has been obtained in the Shetlands, Orkneys, and the Outer and Inner Hebrides, also in Rathlin, Achill, and Tearaght Islands, off the north and west coasts of Ireland. General Distribution. The Greenland Redpoll breeds in southern Greenland, and is found in winter in Canada and parts of the eastern half of the United States. Acanthis linaria holboelli. HOLBOLL'S REDPOLL. Linaria holboellii C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 280 : Germany. Acanthis holboelli (Brekm) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 250. Linota holboelli Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 189. Holboelli, in honour of the Danish ornithologist, Holboll (1795-1856). C2 20 FRINGILL1D.E. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred near Edinburgh prior to 1825 ; in Buckingham- shire, Dec. 1895 ; co. Mayo, 1901 ; Fair Isle, Shetlands ; the Isle of May, Fife, and the Lothians, Oct. 1910; Cambridge- shire, Dec. 1910. General Distribution. Breeds in the extreme northern regions of the Old and New Worlds, as a rule farther north than A. linaria from which, however, it is doubtfully separable. In winter it occurs in central Europe as far south as Austria-Hungary, in parts of central Asia and Japan, and has been found in parts of north-eastern North America. Acanthis linaria cabaret. LESSER REDPOLL. Fring-illa cabaret P. L. S. Mailer, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776, p. 165 : Europe. Linota rufescens (Vieillot) ; B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 54; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 191. Acanthis rufescens Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 252. Cabaret, the French name of a bird of the Finch tribe, mentioned by Montbeillard, in the 18th Century. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, nesting locally in most counties of England, but rarer in the south and seldom met with in the extreme south-west ; local in Wales ; common in most parts of Scotland, except the north- west, but has nested in the Outer and Inner Hebrides and in the Orkneys. In Ireland it is generally distributed. General Distribution. Breeds in the Alps, and probably in the Carpathians and Balkans. It is found in winter in many of the surrounding countries. Acanthis hornemanni. HORNEMANN'S REDPOLL. Linota hornemanni Holbdll, Naturh. Tidssk. iv. 1843, p. 398 : Greenland. Linota hornemanni Holboll B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 54 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 189. Acanthis hornemanni STiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 256. 21 Hornemanni, in honour of the Danish naturalist, Jens Wilken Hornemann (1770-1841). Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred in Durham, April 1855; Yorkshire, Oct. 3883 and 1893 ; and in the Shetlands (including Fair Isle), Sept. and Oct. 1905. General Distribution. Resident in Greenland. Has occurred in Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz-Josef Land, and once in France. A regular winter visitor to parts of North America. Acanthis hornemanni exilipes. HOARY REDPOLL. exilipes Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. for 1861, 1862, p. 385 : Fort Simpson, Mackenzie. Acanthis exilipes (Coues); Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 255 ; Clarke, Ann. Scottish N. R. 1911, p. 53. Exilipes = slender-footed, from exiUs = thw, and pes= foot. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred in Yorkshire in the winters of 1893 and 1898, and at Fair Isle, Shetlands, in the autumn of 1910. General Distribution. Circumpolar, breeding in the ex- treme north of Europe, Asia, and America. In winter occasionally as far south as East Prussia and the northern United States. Acanthis flavirostris. TWITE. Fringilla flavirostris Linnams, Syst, Nat. 1758, p. 182 Sweden. Linota flavirostris (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 54 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 193. Acanthis flavirostris Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 236. Flavirostris yellow-billed, homflavus and rostrum. 22 Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, nesting locally on the moorlands of Devonshire, the central and northern counties of England, and in Ireland. Commoner in Scotland, where it abounds in the northern and western islands. More widely distributed after the breeding season and in winter. Also a Winter Visitor from northern Europe, and probably a Bird of Passage. General Distribution. The Twite breeds in western Norway on the coasts and islands up to about 70 N. latitude, also in Lapland and northern Finland. It is found in winter in Europe generally, but is rare in the south. From the Caucasus and Asia Minor through Tibet to Man- churia and in Kashmir allied forms have been recognised. Genus PYRRHULA Brisso, Orn. iii. 1760, p. 308. Type: P. pyrrhula (Linn.). Pyrrhula, latinized form of irvppov\fn, a red-coloured bird mentioned by Aristotle. Pyrrhula pyrrhula. NORTHERN BULLFINCH. Loxia pyrrhula Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 171 : Sweden. Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linn.} ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 446. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor, arriving in autumn. Has occurred in Haddingtonshire in 1884 and 1910 ; Norfolk, 1893 ; Yorkshire, 1894 and 1910 ; Orkneys, Oct. 1912 ; Berwick, Fife, and Isle of May, 1910 ; and in the Shetlands, 1902, 1905, 1906, and 1913. General Distribution. The Northern Bullfinch breeds in Scandinavia and northern Europe from north-east Germany and perhaps Hungary to west Siberia. It occurs in winter in western and southern Europe. Allied forms have been described from western and central Europe, the Azores, the Caucasus, and temperate Asia. PYRRHULA. CARrODACUS. ,23 Pyrrhula pyrrhula pileata. BRITISH BULLFINCH. Pyrrhula pileata MacGillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, i. 1837, p. 407 : Great Britain. Pyrrhula europsea Tieillot; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 56 (part.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 447 (part.) ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 195 (part.). Pileata = capped. Distribution. Resident, generally distributed in England, Wales, and Ireland, but local in Scotland. This subspecies is not known to occur outside the British Islands. Genus CARPODACUS Katip, Naturl. Syst. 1829, p. 161. Type : C. erytlirinus (Pali.). Carpodacus fruit-biting, from icnrpTros and COKI-M. Carpodacus erythrinus. SCARLET GROSBEAK. Loxia erythrina Pallas, N. Comm. Ac. Sci. Imp. Petrop. xiv. pt. 1, 1770, p. 587 : Samara, Russia. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 55 ; Skarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 391. Pyrrhula erythrina Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 197. Erythrinus = fpvGp'ivos,wa,a a kind of red mullet mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. iv. 11, 8 ; it is here used as an adjective from epv9pos=red. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred in Sussex, Sept. 1869 ; Middlesex, Oct. 1870 ; Radnorshire, 1875 ; Norfolk, Sept. 1892 ; Fair Isle, Shetlands, autumns of 1906, 1908, 1912, and 1913 ; Isle of May, Fife, autumns of 1907, 1908, 1909, 19 10, and 1913 ; St. Kilda,Sept. 19 JO ; Oxfordshire, Jan. 1912; East Ross-shire, Sept. 1912 ; Orkneys, Aug. and Sept. 1913 ; Northumberland, Aug. 1913. General Distribution. The Scarlet Grosbeak breeds from East Prussia and the mountains of Hungary through Russia and Siberia to the Lena, and has occurred as a straggler in 24 almost every country in Europe. It winters in India, China, and Burma. An allied form has been described from Kam- chatka, and another from the mountains of central Asia, the Himalaya, and the Caucasus. Genus PINICOLA rieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1807, p. iv, pi. 1. fig. 13. Type : P. enucleator (Linn.). Pinicola, from pinua=& pine-tree and colere=to inhabit. Pinicola enucleator. PINE-GROSBEAK. Loxia enucleator Linnams, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 171 : Sweden. Pinicola enucleator (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 56 ; Skarpe, Cat. Birds B. IT. xii. 1888, p. 459. Pyrrhula enucleator (Linn.) ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 199. Enucleator, from e~nucleo=I take out the kernel, nucleus. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. There are numerous records datin'g back for many years, most of which are doubtful. It is known to have occurred in Radnor- shire, Nottinghamshire, Sussex, and Kent in recent years. General Distribution. The typical Pine-Grosbeak nests in the coniferous and sometimes in the birch woods of northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and Siberia. In winter it is found farther to the south, occurring pretty regularly in north-east Germany, and occasionally as far south as Italy. Closely allied forms have been recognised in eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and North America. Genus LOXIA Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 171. Type : L. curcirostra Linn. Loxia from Xo4'os = crosswise, a mediaeval name. LOXtA. 25 Loxia curvirostra. CROSSBILL*. Loxia curvirostra Linnams, Syst. Nat, 1758, p. 171: Sweden. Loxia curvirostra Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 57 (part.) ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. H. xii. 1888, p. 435 (part.) ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 201 (part.). Curvirostra = witl\ a curved beak, from curvus and rostrum. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor from the Continent; irregular in its appearance and varying in numbers, being occasionally remarkable J'or its abundance, as in 1909, when it appeared as early as mid-June. Some years, especially those following great invasions, a number remain to breed in Great Britain. In Ireland it is a resident and has greatly increased as a breeding species of recent years. General Distribution. The typical form of the Crossbill breeds throughout the greater part of Europe and northern Asia. In autumn and winter it moves sporadically in large numbers, spreading to the west and south. In Spain, north-west Africa, the Balearic Isles, and Cyprus, more or less closely allied forms occur ; as also in central Asia, the Himalaya, Japan, the Philippines, and North America. Loxia curvirostra scotica. SCOTTISH CROSSBILL. Loxia curvirostra scotica Hartert, V6g. pal. Faun. i. 1904, p. 120 : Ross-shire, Scotland. Scotica Scottish. Distribution. Resident. Nests in the pine-woods of the Scottish Highlands. In winter it sometimes wanders from its northern native haunts and appears in the Lowlands, even in the most southern counties of Scotland. Loxia pityopsittacus is not regarded ae distinct, see Appendix. 26 FRINGILLIDjE. Loxia leUCOptera. (Extra-limital.) Loxia leucoptera bifasciata. TWO- BARRED CROSSBILL. Crucirostra bifasciata C. L. Brehm, Ornis, iii. 1827, p. 85 : Thuringia. Loxia bifasciata (SreJun) ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 58 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 442 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 203. Bifasciata with two bands, from bis and/oscia. Distribution in the British Islands. A somewhat Eare Visitor. Has occurred on numerous occasions in Great Britain, including the Outer Hebrides and Shetlands, and in three instances in Ireland. General Distribution. The Two-barred Crossbill breeds in the forests of northern Russia and throughout Siberia. It spreads southwards irregularly and has been found in almost every part of Europe. The form which occurs throughout Siberia has been separated as L. I. elegans, but seems to be only doubtfully distinct. Genus EMBEBJZA Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 176. Type : E. citrinella Linn. Emberiza, latinized from the Old German Embritz, cf. Modern German Ammer and our Yellow Hammer. Emberiza calandra. CORN-BUNTING. Emberiza calandra Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 176 : Sweden. Emberiza iniliaria Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 59 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 207. Miliaria miliaria Sharpe, Gat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 552. Calandra = icaXavSpa, a kind of lark in Oppian Ix. iii. 15. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, common, and widely distributed, being most abundant in the vicinity of the coast. Some of our native birds emigrate in autumn and return in spring, and hence are Summer Visitors. EMBERIZA. 27 General Distribution. The Corn-Bunting breeds from southern Sweden, throughout Europe, to Africa north of the Sahara, Egypt, Turkestan, Persia, Palestine, and Asia Minor. A migrant in the northern part of its range, occurring in winter in Nubia, Arabia, and the Persian Gulf. The birds from west Siberia, Corsica, and the Canary Islands have been considered distinct. Emberiza citrinella. YELLO\V HAMMER. Emberiza citrinella Linwrn$, Syst. Nut. 1758, p. 177 : Sweden. Emberiza citrinella Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 60; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 515; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 209. Citrinella, diminutive of citrinus, for which see Serinus, p. 14. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident. Common in the British Isles, including the Orkneys. Local in the Outer Hebrides. Also a. Winter Visitor from northern Europe, and observed on its autumn and spring passages in the Shetland Islands. General Distribution. The Yellow Hammer breeds from about 70 N. latitude in Norway and northern Russia, east to the Yenesei, and through Europe as far south as northern Spain arid northern Italy. A migrant in the extreme northern portion of its range, it appears occasionally in winter in southern Spain and southern Italy and even northern Africa. The forms found in Corsica, eastern Europe, south-west Asia, and Siberia have been recognised as distinct. Emberiza leucocephala. PINE-BUNTING. Emberiza leucocephalos S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. xv. 1771, p. 480, pi. 23. fig. 3 : Astrakhan. Emberiza, leucocephala Gmelin ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 549 ; Clarke, Scottish Nat. 1912, p. 8. Leucocephala ~ white-headed, from XOVKOS and Kf.}. 28 Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. A male was taken at Fair Isle, Shetlands, Oct. 1911. General Distribution. The Pine-Bunting breeds in Siberia from the Urals to the mouth of the Amur. In winter it moves southwards and westwards and is found in China, Mongolia, Turkestan, and occasionally in central and southern Europe as far as southern France and Heligoland. Emberiza cirlus. GIRL BUNTING. Emberiza Cirlus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 311 : S. Europe. Emberiza cirlus Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. GO; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 525; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 211. Cirlus, like the German Zirl-ammer, is from the Italian zirlare=to chirp, to cry zi, zi (us, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 182 : Sweden. Emberiza schoeniclus Linn. ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 62 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 480; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 221. Scheva%, an impostor. Plectrophenax nivalis. SNOW-BUNTING. Emberiza nivalis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 17.58, p. 176 : Lapland. Plectrophanes nivalis (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 63. Plectrophenax nivalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 572 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 225. Nivali8=.of the snow, from nix, gen. nivis=snow. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident : its nesting- haunts are confined to high elevations in the Highlands of Scotland ; it has also bred in the Shetland Islands. Great PLECTROPHENAX. ALAUDA. 35 numbers arrive in autumn from the arctic regions as Winter Visitors and usually frequent the vicinity of the coast and the hill-country. It is also a Bird of Passage en route to and from its high northern summer haunts and its \\interretreatssouth of our shores. General Distribution. The Snow-Bunting breeds in the arctic and sub-arctic regions of the Old and New Worlds. It wanders in winter as far south as the Mediterranean and occasionally to the Canary Islands, Azores, and nortl ern Africa ; also in Asia to Japan and north China, and in America over the greater part of the United States, and even, it is said, to the Andes of South America. Family ALAUDID^E. Genus ALAUDA Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 1G5. Type : A. arvensis Linn. Alauda = the Sky-Lark, in Pliny N. H. xi. 44 ; said to be a Celtic word, meaning " great songstress " from al = high or great, and and = a song. Cf. French alouette, Breton al' choueder. Alauda arvensis. SKY-LARK. Alauda arvensis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 165 : Sweden. Alauda arvensis Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 71 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xiii. 1890, p. 567; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 249. Arvensis = of a field. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident and widely distributed in England, Scotland and Ireland, where many individuals are only Summer Visitors, especially in the northern and more elevated districts. A Winter Visitor and Bird of Passage from northern and central Europe. General Distribution. -The typical race of the Sky-Lark breeds in Europe with the exception of southern Italy? south-eastern Europe, and the islands of the Mediterranean, D2 36 ALAUDID.E. where it is replaced by a slightly different race. It is migratory in the northern part of its range, wintering in southern Europe and northern Africa. It is represented by other subspecies in parts of northern and central Asia and north-west Africa. Alauda arvensis cinerascens. EASTERN SKY-LARK. Alauda cinerascens Ehmcke, Journ. filr Ornith. 1904, p. 313 : Barnaul, W. Siberia. Alauda arvensis cinerea EhmcJce ; Clarice, Ann. Scottish N. H. 1906 : p. 139. Cinerascens = becoming grey. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred at the Flannan Islands, Outer Hebrides, Feb. 1906 ; Head of Kinsale, co. Cork, Oct. 1910, and Tuskar Rock, co. Wexford, Ireland. General Distribution. The Eastern Sky-Lark breeds in western Siberia, Turkestan, and parts of Persia. It is plentiful in winter on the north side of the Caucasus and also occurs in Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt during that season. Genus LULLULA Kaup, Naturl. Syst. 1829, p. 92. Type: L. arborea (Linn.). Lulhda, a name given from the note " Lu-lu." Lullula arborea. WOOD-LARK. Alauda arborea Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 166 : Sweden. Alauda arborea Linn. B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 71 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 251. Lullula arborea (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xiii. 1890, p. 636. Arborea = frequenting trees. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident. Locally LtTLLULA. GALERIDA. 37 distributed in England, being chiefly found in the southern and south-eastern counties, becoming scarce in the midland and northern counties to Cumberland and Yorkshire ; local in Wales. In Scotland it has occurred, as an Autumn or Winter Visitor, on Fair Isle, Shetlands, Pentland Skerries, Orkneys, and at the Isle of May, Fife. In Ireland it is much rarer than formerly, but bred in co. Wicklow in 1894. General Distribution. The Wood-Lark breeds through- out Europe from central Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Urals. It is migratory in the northern parts of its range and more plentiful in the south during winter. Birds from north-west Africa, Corsica and Sardinia, have been separated as local forms. Genus GALERIDA Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 321. Type : G. cristata (Linn.). Galerida, more probably Galeritawith a helmet, galea. Galerida cristata. CRESTED LARK. Alauda cristata Linncem, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 166 : Austria. Alauda cristata Linn. ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 71 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 253. Galerita cristata (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xiii. 1890, p. 626. Cristata = furnished with a crest. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred on several occasions, chiefly on the south coast of England, and once, it is said, in Ireland. General Distribution. The Crested Lark is subject to great variation, and is found in many forms throughout the greater part of Europe, Africa to the tropics and Asia. If these are admitted the typical form is confined to Europe, from southern Sweden to the Pyrenees, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and south Russia. 181967 38 ALA.t T DlD.ffi. Genus CALANDRELLA Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, p. 39. Type : C. bracJn/dacti/la (Leisler). Calandrella, diminutive of Ka\av$pa, a kind of lark in Oppian. Calaudrella brachydactyla. SHORT-TOED LARK. Alauda brachydactila Leisler, Ann. Wett. Ges. f. d. ges. Nat. iii. 1812, p. 357 : Montpellier, France. Calanclrella brachydactyla (Leisl.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 72 ; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. M. xiii. 1890, p. 580. Alauda brachydactyla Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 255. Brachydactyla short-toed, from fipaxvs an( ^ oaKTvXos. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has bepn observed on about twelve occasions in England, three times on Fair Isle, Shetland*, once in the Orkneys, once in the Outer Hebrides, and once in Ireland ; chiefly in the autumn, but three times in spring. General Distribution. The Short-toed Lark breeds in southern Europe from the south of France to south Russia, in northern Africa from Morocco to Egypt, and in Asia Minor, Palestine, Persia, ;md Baluchistan. It is migratory in the northern portion of its range, and is found in winter in the Sahara, Sudan, and India. Occasional in Heligoland, in northern France, Switzerland, and Germany. Allied forms have been described from other parts of Asia. Genus MELANOCORYPHA Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322. Type : AI. yeltoniensis (Forst.). Melanocorypha, from ^tos, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, translated Florus by Gaza. In mythology, Anthus, Ihe son of Antinous and Hippodamia, was torn to pieces by his father's horses, and was metamorphosed into a bird, which imitated the neighing, but always fled from the sight of, a horse. Anthus trivialis, TREE-PIPIT. Alauda trivialis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 166 : Sweden. Anthus trivialis (Linn.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 33; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 543 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 131. Tm'zJis=common, from ft>mm = a place where three roads meet. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor to Great Britain : widely distributed and occurring regularly as far north as Sutherland, but as yet only recorded from Ireland at the Tuskar Bock, co. Wexford, and the Rockabill Light, co. Dublin. It is common as a Bird of Passage en route between its northern European summer haunts and its southern winter retreats. General Distribution. The Tree-Pipit breeds throughout northern and central Europe from Tromso to the Pyrenees, the mountains of Italy, south-east Europe, western Siberia, and central Asia. It winters in the Mediterranean basin, in tropical and even southern Africa, and occasionally in north- west India. Throughout east Siberia to Kamchatka, the Kuriles, Japan, eastern Mongolia, the mountains of western China, and the Himalaya it is replaced by A. t. maculatus, which winters in southern Asia. Anthus pratensis. MEADOW-PIPIT. Alauda pratensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1 758, p. 166 : Sweden. Anthus pratensis (Linn.} B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 32 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 580; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 133. Pratensis = found in meadows. 46 MOTACILLID^E. Distribution in tlie British Islands. Eesident. Generally distributed, especially in the nesting-season ; many leave our islands in the autumn and return in spring and are Summer Visitors. It is also a common Winter Visitor and Bird of Passage to our islands from the Continent and Iceland. General Distribution. The Meadow-Pipit breeds in Europe from the North Cape to the Pyrenees, Italy and the Carpathians ; also in western Siberia and north Turkestan. It is a partial resident in Italy and Palestine and occasionally in more northern countries ; it winters in southern Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor, and Egypt. Anthus cerviims. RED-THROATED PIPIT. Motacilla cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. 1827, p. oil : Kolyma river, Siberia. Anthus cervinus (Pallas) ; . O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 32 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 585; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 135. Cervlnus=o( a deer, and so tawny- throated. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred in Unst and Fair Isle, Shetlands, in 1854 and 1908; Sussex in Nov. 1895 and 1901, and May 1913 ; Kent, April 1909 ; co. Mayo, May 1895 ; St. Kilda, Sept. 1910 and Oct. 19.11 ; and the Orkneys, Oct. 1913. General Distribution. The Red-throated Pipit breeds from Scandinavia to Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands, from the northern limit of forest growth to the Arctic Ocean, and winters in north Africa, especially in Egypt, extending to Uganda ; also in south Arabia, India, and the Malay Archipelago. It occurs irregularly in western Europe. Anthus campestris. TAWNY PIPIT. Alauda campestris Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758. p. 166 : Sweden. Anthus campestris (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 33 ; ANTHUS. 47 SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 509; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 137. Campestrisoi the plain. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has frequently been observed in Sussex and is believed to have nested in the county. Rarer elsewhere, but has been recorded from the Scilly Islands, Sept. 1868 ; .Yorkshire, Nov. 1869 ; Hampshire, 1879 ; Suffolk, Sept. 1890 ; Norfolk, Oct. 1897 and Sept. 1910 ; Cornwall, Sept. 1899. General Distribution. The Tawny Pipit breeds in Europe from central Sweden to the Mediterranean ; also in north- western Africa, in south-western Asia as far east as the Tian-Shan, in Persin, and Afghanistan. It winters in tropical Africa and north-west India. Anthus richardi. RICHAKD'S PIPIT. Anthus richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 1818, p. 491 : France. Anthus richardi Vieill. ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 34 ; SJtarpe, Cat. Birds . M. x. 1885, p. 564 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 139. Richardi, in honour of M. Kichard, of Luneville, who sent the first specimens to Vieillot from Lorraine, in 1815. Distribution in tJie British Islands. A Rare Visitor, of not infrequent occurrence, especially on the south and south- east coasts of England in the autumn. In Scotland several examples have been obtained at Fair Isle, Shetlands, in autumn, and single birds are recorded from Perthshire, Kirkcudbright, and Midlothian. There are two known instances of its visits to co. Dublin, Ireland. General Distribution. Richard's Pipit breeds in northern and central Asia and winters in eastern India, southern China, and the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. It frequently moves westwards and has occurred in almost every country in Europe ; also in Persia, Asia Minor, and northern Africa. It is represented in Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalaya by -1. r. striolatus, which also winters in India. 48 MOTACILLID.E. Anthus spinoletta. WATER-PIPIT. Alauda spinoletta Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 166 : Italy. Anthus spipoletta (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 34 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 592 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 141. Spinoletta, from the common Italian name for any Pipit. Cf. Ital. pispigliare = to whisper. From the root of pipio, pipilo = I chirp, Fr. piper, Dutch pieper, our pipe, peep, pipit. Linnaeus's spinoletta is probably a misprint ; cf. Newton's edition of Yarrell's British Birds, i. p. 581. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred frequently in Sussex ; co. Dublin, June 1861 ; Isle of Wight, Sept. 1865 ; Lincolnshire, April 1895 ; Carnarvon, April and Dec. 1897, Feb. 1898 ; Scilly Islands, May 1903 ; Oxford, March 1903 ; Devonshire, Aug. 1904 ; Norfolk, Jan. 1905; Kent, Jan. 1905. General Distribution. The Water-Pipit breeds in the mountains of central and southern Europe eastwards to Asia Minor. A partial migrant, it is plentiful in winter in southern Europe, and is found on the coast of north-west Africa ; also in the Netherlands, the plains of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Anthus spinoletta rubescens. AMERICAN WATER-PIPIT. Alauda rubescens Tunstall, On. Britannica, 1771, p. 2 : Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Anthus ludovicianus (Gmel.) B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 34. Anthus pennsylvannicus (Lath.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 596 ; Clarke, Ann. Scottish N. H. 1911, p. 52. Rubescens = growing red. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. St. Kilda, Sept. 1910. Other records are doubtful. General Distribution. The American Water-Pipit breeds in north-eastern Siberia, the Aleutians, Arctic North America, ANTHUS. 49 and the west coast of Greenland, south to northern Quebec and Newfoundland, and in the high mountains south to Cali- fornia and central Mexico. It winters from the southern United States to Guatemala. It has strayed to Heligoland. Anthus petrosus. EOCK-PIPIT. Alauda petrosa Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, iv. 1798, p. 41 : S. Wales. Anthus obscurus (Latham) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 35 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 599 (part.) ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 143 (part.). Petrosus=of a rock, from the Greek irerpa. Distribution in the British Islands, Resident and confined as a nesting-species to the rocky portions of our sea-board. Generally distributed on our coasts in winter. Some migrate southwards beyond our area in autumn and return in spring, and hence are Summer Visitors. General Distribution. Our Rock-Pipit breeds in the Channel Islands, on the coasts of north France, and according to Collett on the Norwegian coasts. In winter it is found as far south as the coasts of Spain. Anthus petrosus littoralis. SCANDINAVIAN ROCK-PIPIT. Anthus littoralis C. L. Brelvm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 331 : Danish Islands. Anthus obscurus (Latham) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 599 (part.). Anthus rupestris Nilss. ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 143. Littoralis = of the shore. Distribution in the British Islands. Probably a much overlooked Bird of Passage and Winter Visitor. It has occurred in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, Northumber- land, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Kent, Sussex, Cornwall, Scilly Islands, and on the Welsh coast. E 50 General Distribution. The Scandinavian Rock - Pipit breeds on the Baltic coasts of Scandinavia, the Danish Islands, and, it is said, on the White Sea. In winter it is met with on the coasts of Germany, Holland, Belgium, northern France, and Heligoland. Family CERTHIID^E. Genus CERTHIA Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 118. Type : C. familiaris Linn. Certhia, the late Latin form of KepQios, a bird known to Aristotle. Certhia familiaris. NORTHERN TREE-CREEPER. Certhia familiaris Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 118 : Sweden. Certhia familiaris Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 323 (part.) ; Clarke, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist. 1907, p. 72. Familiaris familiar, from familia = the household. Distribution in the. British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has twice occurred at Fair Isle, Shetlands, Dec. 190G and April 1913. General Distribution. The Northern Tree-Creeper inhabits Scandinavia and northern Russia to east Germany, Poland, the Carpathians, and north Caucasus, also Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk. It is confined to the regions of forest-growth. It is represented by other races in other parts of Europe, in Asia, and in North America. Certhia familiaris britannica. BRITISH TREE-CREEPER. Certhia brittanica Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 1882, p. 113 : England. Certhia familiaris (Linn.} ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 323 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 45 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 117. Brittanica, properly britannica = British. TICHODROMA. SITTA. 51 Distribution. Resident and generally distributed over the wooded districts of the mainland of Great Britain and Ireland, but not yet known from continental Europe. Genus TICHODROMA llliger, Prod. Syst. 1811, p. 210. Type: T, muraria (Linn.). Tichodroma = that runs along walls ; from relics and Spa[ie1v. Tichodroma muraria. WALL-CREEPER. Certhia muraria Linncms, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 184 : S. Europe. Tichodroma muraria {Linn.} Gadow, Gat. Birds Brit. Mus. viii. 1883, p. 331 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 46 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 119. Muraria frequenting walls. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor from the Continent. Has occurred in Norfolk, Oct. 1792, in Lancashire, May 1872, and in Sussex, 1886, Dec. 1905, and Nov. 1912. General Distribution. The Wall-Creeper breeds in the mountains of central and southern Europe, and extends eastwards to Turkestan, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalaya. It is found occasionally in other parts of Europe, such as Germany, Brittany, and Normandy. Family SITTID^B. Genus SITTA Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 115. Type : S. europcea Linn. Sitta = aiTTT], a bird well known to the Greeks. Perhaps akin to ^j'rraros = a parrot, an Indian word, of which a softer form OITTUKIJ, occurs or possibly from ffi(D = I hiss or whistle. E2 52 REGULID2E. Sitta CSBSia. NUTHATCH. Sitta CSBSia Wolf, Taschenb. Deutsch. Vog. i. 1810, p. 128 : Germany. Sitta csesia Wolf; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 347 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 28; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 113. Cassia = bluish-grey. distribution in the British Islands. Resident and common in south and central England and in Wales ; becoming scarce in the north and extreme west, and not breeding regularly north of Yorkshire in the east and Cheshire in the west. Its visits to Scotland have been few and chiefly to the south-east. In Ireland it is unknown ; a bird recorded from co. Dublin in March 1911, had no doubt escaped. General Distribution. The Nuthatch breeds throughout central and southern Europe, from the Baltic to the Pyrenees, Sicily, and Greece. It has been recorded from Spain and north-west Africa. It is represented in south-western Asia by nearly related forms, while a distinct species (S. europa'a) occurs in Scandinavia, Russia and northern Asia, and another (S. wliitelieadi) in Corsica. Family REGULID^E. Genus REGTTLUS Cuvier, Lee. d'Anat. Comp. i. 1800, tab. 2. Type: R. regulus (Linn.). Regulus, diminutive of rex = a king. Used of the Wren, Carmen, de Philomel. 13 (about A.D. 500). Regulus regulus. GOLDCREST. Motacilla regulus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 188 : Sweden. Eegulus cristatus Koch; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. Jf. viii. 1883, p. 80; B. 0. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 14; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 57. Cristatus = furnished with a crest. REGULTJS. 53 Distribution in tJie British Isles. Resident. Generally distributed over the mainland of Great Britain and Ireland. Many of our native birds leave in the autumn and return in spring and are Summer Visitors. A common Winter Visitor from northern Europe. A Bird of Passage in spring and autumn occurring from the Shetlands southwards, especially on the eastern seaboard, when?i route between its continental summer haunts and its winter quarters. General Distribution. The Goldcrest breeds throughout Europe, with the exception of Spain and Portugal, as far east as the Caucasus and Asia Minor. It occurs in winter in Spain and Portugal, and perhaps Algeria, whence it has been recorded by the older writers. It is represented by allied forms in the Azores, Canary Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and various parts of Asia. Regulus ignicapillus. FIRE-CREST. Sylvia ignicapilla Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. i. 1820, p. 231 : France. Regulus ignicapillus (Temm.)- Gadow, Cat. Birds . M. viii. 1883, p. 83 ; . O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 15 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 59. Ignicapillus, from ignis = fire, and capillus = hair. Distribution in the British Islands. Winter Visitor. Some- what rare and most frequently observed in the south-eastern and southern maritime counties of England. It is uncommon elsewhere, but has occurred as far north as Northumberland. It is unknown in Scotland and Ireland. General Distribution. The Fire-crest breeds in central and southern Europe, extending as far north as the North sea and the Baltic, and southwards to Asia Minor and north- west Africa. Migratory in the northern part of its range, but resident in the south. Represented in Madeira by R. i. madeirensis. 54 PANURID.E. PARID.E. Family PANURID.E. Genus PANURUS Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. 1816, p. 201. Type : P. biarmicus (Linn.). Panurus = all tail, from TIUS and ovpa. Panurus biarmicus. BEARDED TITMOUSE. Parus biarmiCUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 190 : Hoi stein. Panurus biarmicus (Linn.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883. p. 77 ; B. O. If. 1st ed. 1883, p. 24 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 99. Biarmicus = of Perm, in eastern Russia. Probably confounded by Linnaeus with Albin's " Beardmanica " and the modern Dutch name " Baardmannetje " = bearded mannikin. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident and very local, being now chiefly confined to the Broads district o East Anglia, though also found in Devonshire. Outside these areas it is an uncommon wanderer. Formerly it enjoyed a much wider range and was a native of Cambridgeshire, Huntingdon, Lincolnshire, Essex, Kent, and Sussex. It has. recently been introduced at Hornsea Mere, east Yorkshire. General Distribution. The Bearded Tit breeds in Holland, southern France, eastern Spain, Italy, and Greece. In Hungary, Roumania and southern Russia, and from Asia Minor through central Asia to Manchuria a distinct race, P, b. russicus, Las been recognised. Family PARID^E. Genus PARTIS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 189. Type : P. major Linn. Parus = a Titmouse, in Carmen, de Philomel. 9 (about A.D. 500). Of uncertain etymology. PARUS. 55 Parus major. CONTINENTAL GREAT TITMOUSE. Parus major Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 189 : Sweden. Parus major Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. J viii. 1883, p. 19 (part.) ; G. B. Ticehurst, British Birds, iv. 1911, p. 247. Major = greater. Distribution in the British Islands. A Visitor from the Continent and irregular in occurrence and numbers. It has occurred in Fair Isle, Shetlands, the Isle of May, Fife, the east and south-east coasts of England, and in the Scilly Islands. - General Distribution. The Continental Great Tit breeds in Europe and western Siberia, from the Arctic Circle in Norway to the Mediterranean and east to the Altai Mountains. It is represented by allied forms in Greece, some of the Mediterranean Islands, north-west Africa, and many parts of Asia. Parus major newtoni. BRITISH GREAT TITMOUSE. Parus major newtoni Prazdk, On. Jahrb. v. 1894, p. 239 : England. Parus major Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 19 (part.) ; B. 0. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 26 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 103. Newtoni, in honour of Professor Alfred Newton of Cambridge (1829-1907). Distribution. Resident and common in England, Wales, and Ireland ; and in Scotland except the Highlands, where it becomes gradually scarcer towards the north. It is not known to occur outside the British Isles. Parus ater. CONTINENTAL COAL-TITMOUSE. Parus ater Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 190 : Sweden. Parus ater Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 40 ; 56 B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 26 ; Saunters, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 105. Ater = black. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Ex- amples of the continental race have twice occurred in Moray- shire, Scotland, and on the east coast of England, namely, in Norfolk in Jan. and in the spring o 1866 ; also in Kent, Oct. 1913. General Distribution. The typical race of the Coal-Tit breeds in Europe south of about 65 N. latitude and throughout northern Asia to Kamchatka. Other races inhabit Sardinia, probably Spain and Portugal, north-west Africa, Cyprus, Crimea, the Caucasus, and parts of Asia. Parus ater britannicus. BEITISH COAL- TITMOUSE. Parus britannicus Sharpe $ Dresser, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) viii. 1871, p. 437 : England. Parus britannicus Sharpe Dresser ; Gadoio, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 41 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 26 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 105. Britannicus = British. Distribution. Resident and widely distributed, but absent from the Outer Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands, and other treeless areas. It occurs in the north-east of Ireland but is not known to breed there, and is not known outside the limits of the British Islands. Parus ater hibernicus. IRISH COAL-TITMOUSE. Parus hibernious Ogilvie- Grant, Bull. B. 0. C. xxvii. 1910, p. 37 : Ireland. Hibernicus = Irish. Distribution. Resident and peculiar to Ireland, where it is widely distributed. PARUS. 57 Parus palllStris. (Extra-limital.) Parus palustris dresseri. BEITISH MARSH- TlTMOUSE. Parus palustris dresseri Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1886, p. 200 : Great Britain. Parus palustris Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 49 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, Isted. 1883, p. 27 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 107. Dresseri, named after the English ornithologist, Henry Eeles Dresser. Distribution. Resident in England, where it is widely, but in some counties locally, distributed. Not known in Scotland, but is said to have been formerly a native of Ireland. It has recently been introduced into Tipperary. It is not known on the Continent of Europe. Parus borealis. NORTHERN WILLOW-TITMOUSE. Parus borealis Selys-Longchamps, Bull. Ac. Bruxelles, x. 2. 1843, p. 28 : Iceland errore, probably from Norway. Parus borealis Selys-LoiigcJt. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 51 ; O.. Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. 1908, p. 34. Borealis = northern. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. One was obtained in Gloucestershire in March 1907, and others perhaps seen in Hertfordshire in Jan. 1908. General Distribution. The Northern Willow-Tit breeds in Scandinavia, northern and north-western Russia, the Russian Baltic Provinces, and East Prussia. It is a wanderer in winter and has been found in Poland and central Russia. Parus borealis kleinschmidti. BRITISH WlLLOW-TlTMOUSE. Parus montanus kleinschmidti Hellmayr, Orn. Jahrb. xi. 1900, p. 212 : Finchley, England. Kleinschmidti, named after Otto Kleinschmidt, a German ornithologist. 58 PARID2E. Distribution. Resident and confined to the mainland of Great Britain, where it is widely but locally distributed as far north as the Moray Firth. Parus caeruleus. CONTINENTAL BLUE TITMOUSE. Parus ceeruleus Lmnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 190 : Sweden. Parus czeruleus Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 12 (part.) ; Bonhote, Bull. B. O. C. xxvii. 1911, p. 101. Cseruleus = blue. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has once been observed in the British Islands, namely in Peeble- shire, Sept. 1895. General Distribution. The typical form of the Blue Tit breeds throughout continental Europe, south of about 64 N. latitude in Sweden and 60 N. in Russia, with the exception of Spain, some of the Mediterranean Islands, and apparently eastern Russia, where it is replaced by allied forms, as is also the case in the Canary Islands, north-west Africa, and Persia. Parus caeruleus obscurus. BRITISH BLUE TITMOUSE. Parus ceeruleus obscurus Prazdk, Orn. Jahrb. v. 1894, p. 246 : England. Parus cseruleus Linn. ; Gadoio, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 12 (part.); B. 0. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 27; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 109. Obscurus = dusky. Distribution. Resident, common and generally distributed, but local in the wilder districts of Scotland. It is unknown in the Outer Hebrides and Shetland Islands, and does not occur outside the British Islands. PARUS. ,GrTHALUS. 59 Parus cristatus. NORTHERN CEESTED TITMOUSE. Parus cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 189 : Sweden. Parus cristatus Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 27 (part.). Parus cristatus cristatus Witlierby, British Birds, v. 1911, p. 109. Cristatus = furnished with a crest. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. The only known occurrence is from Whitby, Yorkshire, March 1872, but other English records of Crested Tits probably relate to this form. General Distribution. The Northern Crested Titmouse breeds in Scandinavia, northern Russia, Poland, and eastern Germany. It is represented in western Germany and western Europe by P. c. mitmtus, while a doubtfully distinct form inhabits Spain and Portugal. Parus cristatus scoticus. SCOTTISH CRESTED TITMOUSE. Lophophanes cristatus scotica Pra2a&, Journ.f. Ornith. 1897, p. 347 : Scotland. Parus cristatus Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 27 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, Isted. 1883, p. 28 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 111. Scoticus = Scottish. Distribution. Confined to Scotland. Resident and common in the pine forests and birch woods of the Spey Valley of east Inverness-shire and Morayshire. Genus MrlTHALUS Hermann, Observ. Zool. 1804, p. 214. Type : ^E. caudatus (Linn.). JEgithalos, more correctly JEgithalus some small bird, m'y'0aXAos in Aris- totle, if. A. ix. 15. 2, Aristophanes, 887. 60 PARID.E. ^Igithalus caudatUS. WHITE-HEADED LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. Parus caudatUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 190 : Sweden. Acredula caudata (Linn.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 59 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 25 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 101. Caudatus = with a conspicuous tail. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred in Northumberland, Nov. 1852 ; in Kent, prior to 1889 ; and Essex, March 1912. The four birds recorded from Unst, the most northerly of the Shetland Islands, in April 1860, were probably of this race. General Distribution. The northern race of the Long- tailed Tit breeds in northern and eastern Europe, Siberia, and northern Japan. It occurs occasionally in winter in central and western Europe, as far as Belgium and France. Other forms inhabit the rest of Europe and parts of Asia. yCgithalus caudatus roseus. BRITISH LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. Mecistura rosea Blyth, White's Nat. Hist. Selborne, 1836, p. Ill, note : England. Acredula rosea (Blytli) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 61 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 25 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 101. Roseus = rosy. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident and widely distributed in woodland districts, but rare or unknown in the less wooded portions of the Scottish Highlands. General Distribution. The British race of the Long-tailed Tit probably breeds in western central Europe and occurs in winter in southern France and the Pyrenees to northern Italy. LANIUS. 61 Family LANIID^E. Genus LANIUS Linnteus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 93. Type : L. excubitor Linn. Lanius = a butcher ; a name first applied by Gesner, in reference to the bird's habits. Lanius excubitor. GREAT GREY SHRIKE. Lanius excubitor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 94: Sweden. Lanius excubitor Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 237 ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 37 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 147. Excubitor = a watchman ; from excubare = to keep watch. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor and Bird of Passage of annual occurrence in small numbers, least frequent in the western counties and Ireland. General Distribution. The Great Grey Shrike breeds in Europe from northern Russia and Scandinavia to the Pyrenees, Alps, and Hungary, also in western Siberia to the River Obi ; it is migratory in the northern portions of its range, and is found farther to the south in Europe in winter, but it does not appear to cross the Mediterranean. Allied forms inhabit southern Europe, the Canary Islands, north Africa, most of Asia with the exception of the south-east, and North America. Most of the forms seem to be, at any rate, partially migratory, and are found in winter outside of their breeding range. Lanius meridionalis. SOUTHERN GREAT GREY SHRIKE. Lanius meridionalis Temminck, Man. d'Orn. i. 1820, p. 143 : Provence, France. Lanius meridionalis Temm. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 246 ; Nichols, British Birds, v. 1911, p. 75. Meridionalis= southern. 62 Distribution in the British Islands. A Eare Visitor from southern Europe ; has occurred in Sussex in Jan. 1911. General Distribution. The Southern Great Grey Shrike breeds in Spain, Portugal, and southern France ; it occurs occasionally in Italy, and has been obtained in Heligoland and Corfu. Lanius minor. LESSER GREY SHRIKE. Lanius minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 308 : Italy. Lanius minor Gmel. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 235; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 38 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 149. Minor = leaser. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor in spring and autumn. Has occurred in the Scilly Islands, Devonshire, Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Norfolk, Bedford- shire, Yorkshire, and Fair Isle, Shetlands. General Distribution. This species breeds in southern and central Europe, with the exception of Spain, as far north as Livonia : east through central and southern Russia to west Siberia, up to 57 N. latitude ; also in Asia Minor, Persia, and Turkestan to the Altai Mountains. It occurs occasionally on migration in western Europe and winters in tropical and south Africa. Lanius collurio. RED-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius COlluriO Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 94 : Sweden. Lanius collurio Linn. ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 286 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 38 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 151. Collurio, thus latinized by Gaza (1476) from Aristotle's eoXXwp.W, H. A. ix. 23, where some read KopiAAiW, which might mean " hooded," from Kopus = a helmet, and become (coAXi^nwj/ by metathesis. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor to England and Wales but does not nest regularly in the northern LANIUS. 63 counties of England. Also a Bird of Passage chiefly ob- served on the east coast of Great Britain and on the Orkney and Shetland Islands. Three examples have been recorded from Ireland in autumn. General Distribution, The typical form of the Red-backed Shrike breeds throughout Europe from 64 N. latitude, south to the Cantabrian Mts., Pyrenees, Italy and Greece, and in Asia Minor and north Syria. It winters in Arabia, tropical and southern Africa. It is said to be replaced by allied races in Corsica and Sardinia. Lanius senator. WOODCHAT. Lanius senator Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 94: "India/' errore, Rhineland (Hartert). Lanius auriculatus P. L. S. j&Iuller ; Gadoiv, Cat. Birds B. ]\. viii. 1883, p. 283. Lanius pomeranus Sparrm. ; B. 0. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 38 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 153. Senator = a senator, doubtless from the arbitrary look of the bird. Distribution in the British Islands. Rare Visitor. Has occurred in most of the English counties, especially those in the south-east, but only three times in Scotland (Isle of May, Fair Isle, Shetlands, and Orkneys) and once in Ireland (Blackwater Light-vessel). General Distribution. The Woodchat breeds in southern and central Europe as far north as Belgium, Holland, and northern Germany, and eastwards to southern Russia, the Caucasus, and Asia Minor, and in north-west Africa. It winters in Senegambia and Nigeria. Lanius senator badius. COKSICAN WOODCHAT. Lanius badius Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 100 : Gold Coast. Lanius senator badius Hartlaub ; C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B. O. O. xxv. 1910, p. 76. Badius= chestnut or brown, 64 AMPELID^E. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. One record. Kent, June 1909. General Distribution. This Woodchat breeds in Corsica and Sardinia. Occurs on passage in Tunisia, and winters in west Africa from the Gold Coast to Nigeria. Lanius nubicus. MASKED SHRIKE. LanillS nubiCUS Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, 1823, p. 47 : Nubia. Lanius nubicus (LicJit.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 282 ; Nicoll, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. 1905, p. 22. Nubicus of Nubia. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Oc- curred in Kent in July 1905. General Distribution. This Shrike breeds in south-western Persia, Asia Minor, Cyprus, and Syria. It winters in north- east Africa and southern Arabia. Family Genus AMPELIS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p 297. Type : A. garrulus Linn. Ampelis = ajurreXi's, the bird which frequents the vine, a/*7re\os (Aristo- phanes, Aves, 304). Ampelis garrulus. WAXWING. Lanius garrulus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 95 : Sweden. Ampelis garrulus (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 39 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 212; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 155. Garrulus, applied by Linnaeus to the Waxwing because of its fancied likeness to a Jay = Garrulus. Distribution in the British Islands. An Irregular Winter Visitor, in some years occurring in considerable numbers ; AMPELIS. SYLVIA. 65 most frequently observed in the eastern counties, more rarely in those of the west and in Ireland. General Distribution. The Waxwing breeds in the extreme north of the Palsearctic and Nearctic regions south to about 65 N. latitude in Europe and 68 N. in America. It moves southwards in winter, regularly to East Prussia and occasion- ally to Italy, in America to northern California and sometimes Arizona. In eastern Siberia an allied species, A. japonicus, is found, which winters in north China and Japan. Family SYLVIID^. Genns SYLVIA Scopoli, Ann. j. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 154. Type : S. curruca (Linn.). Sylvia = the woodland bird, from sylva = a wood. Sylvia communis. WHITETHKOAT. Sylvia communis Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 287 : England. Sylvia cinerea Bechst. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 8 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 11 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 41. Cvmmwnis = common. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, com- mon, and generally distributed in England, Wales, Ireland, and the lowlands of Scotland. Local or rare in the High- lands and western Islands of Scotland ; absent from the extreme north and the Orkney and Shetland Islands. A Bird of Passage to and from its continental summer quarters and its African winter retreats, occurring from the Shetlands southwards. General Distribution. The Whitethroat breeds throughout Europe from 65 N. latitude in Scandinavia ; also in northern Algeria and northern Tunisia. It winters in Africa south to Damaraland, and in the Canary Islands. In the Caucasus, Syria, Persia, and western Siberia the race S. c. icterops has been recognised, ranging to south Arabia and western India in winter. 66 SYLVIIDJ5. Sylvia CUrruca. LESSER WHITETHROAT. Motacilla CUrruca Lmnatm, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 184 : Sweden. Sylvia curruca (Linn.) ; SeeboJim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 16 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 12 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 43. Curruca, a late Latin word, perhaps from currere = to rim. An English writer, Eliot, identified the name with the Hedge- Sparrow ; hence Leach's name for that bird, Curruca eliotse. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor. Common in England except in the extreme north and south- west, where it is local and rare. In Wales it is confined to the eastern border counties, and in Scotland is known to have nested in a few instances only. A Bird of Passage from the Shetlands southwards when en route to and from its summer haunts in northern Europe and its winter retreats in Africa. There are four records of its occurrence in Ireland at Tearaght I. and Innistrahull I. in October, and at Rockabill Light, co. Dublin, in May and July. General Distribution. The typical form of this species breeds throughout Europe, from 65 N. latitude in Scandi- navia and northern Russia to the Mediterranean, but has not been recorded as nesting in Spain ; it also apparently occurs in the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and Persia. It winters chiefly in north-east Africa. Allied forms are found in parts of north and central Asia. Sylvia simplex. GARDEN-WARBLER. Sylvia Simplex Latham, Gen. Synop. Supp. i. 1787, p. 287 : England. Sylvia hortensis Beclist.; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B.M. v. 1881, p. 10 ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 13 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 49. Simplex = plain. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor. Widely distributed but scarce or local in the west, including SYLVIA. C7 Ireland ; it does not nest in the northern Highlands of Scot- land. A Bird of Passage to and from its northern European summer quarters and its African winter retreats, when it occurs in spring and autumn from the Shetlands south- wards, and has been observed as far west as St. Kilda. General Distribution. The Garden- Warbler breeds through- out Europe, with the exception of the extreme north, south to Spain and Epirus, in north-west Africa, western Siberia, Persia, and Transcaspia. It winters in tropical and southern Africa. Sylvia atricapilla. BLACKCAP. Motacilla atricapilla Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 187: Sweden. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.} ; Seebohm, Gat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 23 ; B. 0. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 12 ; Saunders, Manual 2nd eel. 1899, p. 47. Atricapilla, from dter = black, and cupillus = hair. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor. Widely distributed in Grreat Britain as far north as the Highlands of Scotland, where it becomes scarce and does not extend to the more northern districts. It is local in Ireland. A Bird of Passage, occurring from the Shetlands southwards, but chiefly on the east coast, on its spring and autumn journeys to and from its northern European summer home and its winter retreats in south Europe and tropical Africa. Occasionally it spends the winter in our islands. General Distribution. The Blackcap breeds in every country in Europe, its northern limit being 66 N. latitude in Scandinavia ; also in north-west Africa, Madeira, the Canary Islands, the Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and in western Siberia near Omsk. The majority pass the winter in Africa, but some individuals remain in southern Europe. Birds from Madeira and the Canary Islands have been separated as a distinct race. F2 68 SYLVIID^E. Sylvia melanocephala. SARDINIAN WAEBLER. Motacilla melanocephala Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 970 : Sardinia. Sylvia melanocephala ( GmeL^) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 29 ; Satmders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 46 ; C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1907, p. 105. Melanocephala^^ black-headed, from /zeXas and Ke^nX//. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has been recorded from Sussex, June 1907, and doubtfully from Devonshire, April 1890. General Distribution. The Sardinian Warbler is a partial resident in the countries and islands of the Mediterranean, Madeira, and the eastern Canary Islands. Some pass the winter in the Sahara, Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine. In the western Canary Islands it is represented by S. m. leucocfastra, and in Palestine and Syria by S. m. momus, which winters in Arabia and Nubia. Sylvia orphea. ORPHEAN WARBLER. Sylvia Orphea Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 1815, p. 107 : Metz. ji. C. Sylvia orphea Temm. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 14 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 12 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 45. Orphea with a voice like Orpheus, the famous mythic singer of Thrace. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred in Yorkshire, July 1848 ; Middlesex, June 1866 ; and Sussex, Oct. 1903 and Sept. 1905. General Distribution. The Orphean Warbler breeds in south-west Europe north to Luxemburg and Metz, and in north-west Africa. Its winter quarters are not actually known but are probably in Africa. In south-east Europe and western central Asia S. o. crassirostris has been recognised, which winters in north-east Africa, Arabia, and India. SYLVIA. 69 Sylvia nisoria. BARRED WARBLER. Motacilla nisoria Bechstein, Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. 1795, p. 580 : Germany. Sylvia nisoria (Bechst.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 6 ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 13 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 51. Nisoria = hawk-like, from nisus = a Sparrow-Hawk, on account of the barred lower plumage. Distribution in the British Islands. Until recently re- garded as a Bare Visitor, but during the last few years it has appeared regularly as an Autumn Migrant in small numbers, chiefly on the east coast and at the Orkney and Shetland Islands. It has occurred in the Hebrides, including St. Kilda, and twice in Ireland. Two examples have been recorded in spring from Kent, April 1907. General Distribution. The Barred Warbler breeds in Europe, from southern Sweden, Russia, Denmark, eastern Germany, and northern Italy to Bulgaria, and the southern Urals. It winters in north-east Africa. From west Siberia and Turkestan an allied race, S. n. merzbacheri, has been described. Sylvia subalpina. SUBALPINE WARBLER. Sylvia subalpina Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. i. 1820, p. 214 : Turin, Italy. Sylvia subalpina Temm. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 27 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 53. Subalpina = subalpine. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred at St. Kilda, June 1904 ; and at Fair Isle, Shetlands, June 1908. General Distribution. The Subalpine Warbler breeds in south-west Europe as far north as Savoy and east to Italy, Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia. Its winter quarters are at present uncertain. Two closely allied races have been 70 SYLVIID/E. described, S. s. inornata in north-west Africa, and S. s. albi- striata in south-east Europe and Asia Minor, these forms wintering in the oases of the Sahara. Genus MELIZOPHILUS Forster, Synop. Cat, Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 14. Type : M. dartfordiensis (Lath.). MellzophHits = song-loving ; /i<-X/w = I warble, and 0t\t'(u = I love. MelizOphilllS undatllS. (Extra-limital.) Melizophilus undatus dartfordiensis. DARTFORD WARBLER. Sylvia dartfordiensis Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 287: Dartford', England. Sylvia provincialis (Gmel.) ; SeeloJtm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 31. Melizophilus undatus (Soddaerf) ; B. 0. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 14. Sylvia undata Sounders. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 55. Dartfordiensi8=of Dartford in Kent, whence the bird was first recorded. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident. Very local, nests in Cornwall, Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Sussex, Surrey, Berkshire, Shropshire, Essex, and Suffolk. A rare wanderer to other English counties. Occurred at the Tuskar Rock, co. Wexford, Ireland, in Oct. 1912. General Distribution. The British race of the Dartford Warbler is said to be resident in the Channel Islands and north-west France. It is represented by the typical form in south-west Europe, and another race has been described from Corsica and north-west Africa. Genus AGROBATES Sicainson, Nat. Hist. & Class. Birds, ii. 1836, p. 241. Type : A. galactodes (Temm.). Agrobates = one that goes over ( i. e. lives in) the fields or country ; from ay pot a field, and ftaivoi = I go. AGROBATES. LOCUSTELLA. 71 Agrobates galactodes. RUFOUS WARBLER. Sylvia g-alactodes Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. i. 1820, p. 182 : S. Spain. Sylvia galactodes Temm. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds S. M. v. 1881, p. 34. Aedon galactodes (Temm.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 18 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 73. Galactddfs = yaXoicrtio^s, contracted for yXocro-Fi5/js = milk-like, from yaXo gen. yaXatcrof, milk and el^os = form. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred in Sussex, Sept. 1854 and 1913 ; in Devonshire, Sept. 1859 and Oct. 1876 ; and in co. Cork, Sept. 1876. General Distribution. The Rufous Warbler breeds in southern Spain and Portugal, northern Africa and Palestine. It has been observed in Italy and appears to winter in the oases of the Sahara. Agrobates galactodes familiaris. GREY-BACKED WARBLER. Sylvia familiaris Menetries, Cat. Rais. Cauc. 1832, p. 32 ; South Caucasus. Sylvia familiaris Menetr. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 36 ; Nichols, British BirJs, i. 1908, p. 257. Familiaris = familiar. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Has occurred twice in England : Kent, 15th July, 1907 ; and Sussex, 13th May, 1910. General Distribution. This Warbler breeds in the plains o the Balkan Peninsula from Dalmatia to Greece, the Ionian Islands, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, and Turkestan. It winters in north-west India, southern Arabia, and east Africa. Birds from south-eastern Europe and Syria have been distinguished as A. v\\oi> = & leaf, and = I look at. 80 SYLVIID.E. Phylloscopus trochilus. WILLOW- WAEBLER. Motacilla trochilus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 188 : England. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.) ; Seebohm, Gat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 56 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 16 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, .p. 69. Tr8chilus = Tpoxi\os, a small bird, said by Herodotus (2. 68) to pick leeches, fiSeXbai, out of the crocodile's throat. Connected with Tpex< = ~i run. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, very generally distributed and common. More or less local or rare in the western and northern Islands of Scotland, but has nested in the Shetlands. A Bird of Passage, common in spring and autumn, from the Shetlands southwards, when en route to and from its continental summer haunts, and its African winter retreats. Individuals occasionally spend the winter in the south of England and in Ireland. General Distribution. The Willow- Warbler breeds from Lapland and northern Russia, throughout Europe, with the exception of the Balkan Peninsula and north-eastern Russia. It winters in Africa to Cape Colony, and in small numbers in southern Europe. Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni. NORTHERN WILLOW- WARBLER. Phyllopneuste eversmanni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. i. 1850, p. 289 : Kazan and Orenburg, Russia. Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni (Bonap.) ; C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B. O. O. xxiii. 1908, p. 20. Eversmanni, named in honour of the naturalist and traveller, Edward Friedrich Eversmann (1794-1860), who was born in Germany and subsequently entered the Russian service. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage, observed chiefly on the south and east coasts of Britain and at the Shetlands, in spring and autumn, when journeying to and from its summer haunts in north-east Europe. PHYLLOSCOPUS. 81 General Distribution. This form of the Willow- Warbler is said to breed in north-eastern Russia and Siberia. It passes through Roumania on migration and apparently winters in Africa ; it has been obtained from Bering sea. Phylloscopus borealis. ARCTIC WILLOW- WARBLER. Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, p. 313 : Sea of Okhotsk. Phylloscopus borealis (Bias.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 40 ; Clarke, Ann. Scottish N. H. 1909, p. 1. Borealis, of the north wind, i. e. northern. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred at Sule Skerry, Orkneys, Sept. 1902 ; and at Fair Isle, Shetlands, Sept. 1908 and 1913. General Distribution. The Arctic Willow- Warbler breeds in the north of the Old World, from northern Norway to eastern Siberia. It winters in southern Asia, wandering as far south as the Sunda Islands and Moluccas. It has occurred on Heligoland. Phylloscopus sibilatrix. WOOD-WARBLER. Motacilla Sibilatrix Bechstein, Naturforsch. xxvii. 1793, p. 47 : Germany. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 54 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 17 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 71. StWWtna!=that trills or whistles. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor. Widely but locally distributed over the mainland of Great Britain, as far north as Sutherland. Very local in Ireland, but has nested in Galway and Queen's County, and probably in Wicklow. Has occurred in spring and autumn at Fair Isle, Shetlands, either as a straggler or on passage. General Distribution. The Wood- Warbler breeds from south Sweden and Archangel to France, the Alps, and 82 Austria-Hungary. It winters in Africa as far south as the Congo and Abyssinia, and in southern Arabia. A slightly different form, P. s. erlangeri, has been recognised in southern Europe and probably in north-west Africa. Phylloscopus COllybita. CHIFFCHAFF. Sylvia collybita Vieillot, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. 1817, p. 235 : France. Phylloscopus rufus (Bechst.) ; Seelohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 60; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 16; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 67. Collybita is probably an error for collybistes = jcoAXw/3t<7r//s = a money changer, for in Normandy Vieillot found that the bird was called " Compteur d'argent " Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, more or less locally but widely distributed in England, Ireland, and southern Scotland. North of the Forth to the Shetlands it is chiefly known on migration, and has but seldom been recorded on the western side north of Argyll. It occa- sionally winters in the south of England and in Ireland. General Distribution. The Chiffchaff breeds in central, western, and southern Europe as far north as France and western Germany. It winters in southern Europe and northern Africa, occasionally remaining in France and south- west Germany. Phylloscopus collybita abietinus. . SCANDINAVIAN CHIFFCHABT. Sylvia abietina Nilsson, Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1819, p, 115 : Sweden. Phylloscopus collybita abietinus (Nilss.) ; Bonhote, Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. 1908, p. 21. Abietinus =of a fir tree, abies. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage to and from northern Europe, and of regular occurrence in spring and autumn at Fair Isle, Shetlands, and doubtless PHYLLOSCOPUS. 83 elsewhere. It has been recorded from the Isle of Wight in spring, and at St. Kilda and the Isle of May, Fife, in autumn. General Distribution. The Scandinavian Chiffchaff breeds in northern and eastern Europe, including Scandinavia. It occurs on passage in western Europe and winters apparently in Asia Minor, Palestine, and north-eastern and eastern Africa, but its distribution has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Phylloscopus tristis. SIBEEIAN CHIFFCHAFF. Phylloscopus tristis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. 1843, p. 966 : near Calcutta. Phylloscopus tristis Blyth ; Seelohm, Cat, Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 63 ; Clarke, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist. 1907, p. 15. Tristis = sad. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Autumn Visitor to Fair Isle and Mainland, Shetlands, and has also occurred at Sule Skerry, Orkneys, and at the Isle of May, Fife. It has wintered in the Orkneys and Shetlands, and has appeared at Fair Isle in May 1909. General Distribution. The Siberian Chiffchaff breeds from the extreme east of Europe, from the Petchora and Urals to Lake Baikal and in the higher mountains of Kashmir. It migrates through Turkestan and winters in India. It has occurred on Heligoland. Phylloscopus viridanus. GKEENISH WAEBLER. Phylloscopus viridanus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. 1843, p. 967 : Calcutta. Phylloscopus viridanus Blyth ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 65. Viridanus = greenish. - , Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred once in Lincolnshire, Sept. 1896. o2 84 SYLVIIDyE. General Distribution. The Greenish Warbler breeds from the Russian Baltic Provinces (and possibly East Prussia) throughout central Russia to western Siberia and south to Kashmir. It winters in India from the Himalaya to Ceylon. It has occurred three times on Heligoland. Phylloscopus superciliosus. YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER. Motacilla SUperciliOSa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt, 2, 1789, p. 975 : Russia. Fhylloscopus superciliosus (Gmel.) ; SeeboJim, Cat. Birds B.M. v. 1881, p. 68 ; . O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 15 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 61. Superciliosus=vdth a conspicuous eyebrow, supercilium. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage occurring annually in autumn in small numbers at the northern Isles, and probably regularly on the east coast of Britain. A Bare Visitor elsewhere, and known to have visited Ireland once only. It has twice been recorded in spring from Kent and from Dumfriesshire in April. General Distribution. The Yellow-browed Warbler breeds in Siberia. On migration it visits Mongolia and China, and frequently occurs in Europe, as far west as Heligoland, Holland, and Italy. It winters in India, Assam, Burma, and southern China. Allied forms have been recognised in some of the mountain ranges of central Asia. Phylloscopus proregulus. PALLAS' WARBLER. Motacilla proregulus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. 1827, p. 499 : Transbaikalia. Phylloscopus proregulus (Pallas) ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 63. Proregulus = petty monarch. Distribution in the British Islands.- A Rare Visitor. It has occurred at Cley on the Norfolk coast, in Oct. 1896. PHYLLOSCOPUS. TURDUS. 85 General Distribution. Pallas' Warbler breeds in eastern Siberia from the Lena to the Stanovoi Mountains. On migration it has been recorded at Orenburg, in Mongolia, and north-west China. It winters in southern China. It has occurred on Heligoland. A second race, P. p. newtoni, has been recognised in the Himalaya. Phylloscopus fuscatus. DUSKY WARBLER. Phillopneuste fuscata Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. 1842, p. 113 : near Calcutta. Lusciniola fuscata (Blyth) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 127. Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth) ; Clarice, Scottish Nat. 1913, p. 271. Fuscatus = dusky. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred on Auskerry, Orkneys, Oct. 1913. General Distribution. The Dusky Warbler breeds in eastern Siberia from the Yenesei to the Sea of Okhotsk, and passing through Mongolia, China, and Japan, winters in Formosa, and from south China to central India. Family TURDID^E. Genus TURDUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 168. Type : T. visdvorus. Turdus = a Thrush, in classical Latin. Of uncertain derivation. Turdus visdvorus. MISSEL-THRUSH. Turdus Viscivorus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p, 168 : Europe. Turdus viscivorus Linn. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 194; B. O. V. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 1; Sounder*, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 1. Viscivorus, from inscum^mistletoe, and vorare=to devour a translation of Aristotle's name for the bird igo/36pos. TURDID^E. Distribution in tlie British Islands. Eesident. Widely distributed and common ; in the bill-country it nests in wooded glens. Rarer and local in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and absent from the Shetland Islands. It appeared in Ireland a little over a century ago. Numbers leave in the autumn for more southern winter haunts and return in the spring, and are Summer Visitors. Many arrive from the Continent in autumn as Winter Visitors ; and others traverse our shores en route for southern Europe, and repass in spring, as Birds of Passage, and are then often observed in the Shetlands. General Distribution. The Missel -Thrush breeds in northern and central Europe, in the mountains of southern Europe, and in western Siberia. It is a partial migrant, wintering in the Mediterranean countries. Severalbther races have been recognised T. v. deiclderi in north-west Africa, T. v. reiseri in Corsica, and T. v. bonapartii in central Asia. Turdus musicus. CONTINENTAL SONG-THRUSH. Turdus musiCUS [non Linn. 1758] Linnoeus. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 292. Ji. C. Turdus musicus Linn. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 191 (part.). Turdus m. inusicus C. B. TiceJiurst, British Birds, iv. 1911, p. 245. Muslcus = musical, tuneful ; from Miisa, Movcra, the goddess of music, poetry, etc. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor from northern and western central Europe. Also a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn, when proceeding to and from its continental summer haunts and its winter quarters south of our shores. General Distribution. The Continental Song-Thrush breeds in Europe generally, with the exception of southern Spain and southern Italy and Greece ; also in Siberia as far east as Lake Baikal. It winters in southern Europe, Madeira, the Canary Islands, northern Africa, and Persia. TUIIDUS. 87 Turdus musicus clarkii. BRITISH SONG-THRUSH. Turdus philomelos clarkei ffartert, Bull. B. 0. C. xxiii. 1909, p. 54 : Tring, England. Turdus musicus Linn. ; SeeboJim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 191 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 1 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 3. Clarkei, should be clarkii, called after the British ornithologist Wm. Eagle Clarke. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident. Generally distributed, but rare in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. Numbers leave in the autumn, especially those inhabiting the northern districts and higher ground, and winter on the Continent, returning in spring, and hence are Summer Visitors, General Distribution. According to Baron Snouckaert van Schauburg, the British Song-Thrush breeds in Holland. Birds of this race have been obtained in winter in France and Portugal. Turdus musicus hebridensis. HEBRIDEAN SONG-THRUSH. Turdus musicus hebridensis Clarke, Scottish Nat. 1913, p. 53 : Barra, Hebrides. Hebridensis = of the Hebrides. Distribution. Resident and confined to the Outer Hebrides, where it takes the place of the mainland form and breeds. Turdus iliacus. KEDWING. Turdus iliacus [non Linn. 1758] Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 292. . C. Turdus iliacus Linn. ; SeeloTim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 189 ; B. 0. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 2 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 5. Iliacus . Aristotle, Hist . An. ix. 20, mentions IXids or iXXas as a small bird of the Thrush kind, which Gaza, in his Latin translation (Venice, 1476) calls iliacus. There is no adjective in classical Latin from \lia- flanks. 88 TURDID.E. Distribution in the British Islands. A common Winter Visitor; also a Bird of Passage to and from its boreal summer home and its more southern winter quarters. General Distribution. The Redwing breeds in the north of the Palaearctic region, including Iceland and the Faeroes, ranging as far south as East Prussia, and eastwards to the Lena in Siberia. It winters in southern Europe, Madeira, the Canary Islands, north-west Africa, Persia, and north-west India. It has occurred in Spitsbergen and Greenland. Turdus pilaris. FIELDFARE. Turdus pilaris Linncens, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 168 : Sweden. Turdus pilaris Linn. ; SeeboJim, Cat. Birth B. M. \. 1881, p. 205 ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 2 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 7. Plldris, the translation given by Gaza (1476) of rpl\as, a kind of Thrush, in Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 20, as if that name were derived from 9pi^=pilus hair. The classical Latin word pildris= relating to a ball, is quite uncon- nected with it. Distribution in the British Islands. A common Winter Visitor from northern Europe. Also a Bird of Passage to and from its boreal summer home and its more southern winter quarters. General Distribution. The Fieldfare breeds in the northern Palsearctic region as far east as the Lena and as far south as Germany and Austria-Hungary. It winters in central and southern Europe and in small numbers in Madeirn, the Canary Islands, north Africa, and from Asia Minor and Palestine to north-west India, where it is rarely met with. Turdus fuscatus. DUSKY THKUSH. Turdus fuscatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 1827, i. p. 451, pi. xii. : Transbaikalia. Merula fuscata (Pallas') ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B.M. v. 1881, p. 262. Turdus fuscatus Musters, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. ] 906, p. 45. Fuscat us dusky. TURDUS. 89 Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. It has occurred in Nottinghamshire in Oct. 1905. General Distribution. The Dusky Thrush breeds in Siberia and winters in China, wandering to Burma and north-eastern India. It has occurred occasionally in almost every country in Europe. Turdus atrigularis. BLACK-THROATED THRUSH. Turdus atrogularis Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. i. 1820, p. 169 : Austria and Silesia. Merula atrigularis (Temm.} ; Seelohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 267. Turdus atrigularis B. O. II. List, 1st ed. p. 3 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 9. Atrigularis = black-throated, from dter and gula. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. It has been recorded from Sussex, Dec. 1868; Perthshire, Feb. 1879 ; and Kent, Jan. 1909 and March 1911. General Distribution. This Thrush breeds in western Siberia eastwards to the Altai Mountains, and has been recorded as nesting in Turkestan. It winters in Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and north India, and has been obtained in southern Arabia. It occurs occasionally in Europe, more rarely in the western half. Turdus merula. BLACKBIRD. Turdus merula Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 170 : Sweden. Merula merula (Linn.); Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 235. Turdus merula B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 4; Saimders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 13. Merula, the name of a bird in classical Latin, which has been referred to the Blackbird. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, generally dispersed, and abundant. Less common in the Highlands, Hebrides, and northern Islands. Considerable numbers 90 TURPID.E. leave in the autumn to winter in more southern countries and return in spring, and hence are Summer Visitors. It is also a Winter Visitor from northern continental Europe, and a Bird of Passage to and from its northern summer and southern winter haunts beyond our shores. General Distribution. The Blackbird breeds throughout the greater part of Europe. It is a partial migrant, being much more plentiful in winter in the southern parts of its range. Allied forms inhabit Spain, south-east Europe, the Atlantic Isles, north-west Africa, and parts of Asia. Turdus torquatus. RING-OUZEL. Turdus torquatus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 170 : Sweden. Merula torquata (Linn.); Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 246 (part.). Turdus torquatus B. O. TJ. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 5 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 15. Torqudtus=fTom torques, a collar. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor to the hill-country and moorland areas of the British Islands as far north as the Orkneys. Rare in the Outer Hebrides. A Bird of Passage in spring and autumn between its northern summer and its southern winter quarters. Occasionally Wintering. General Distribution. The Ring-Ouzel breeds in Scan- dinavia and winters in southern Europe and northern Africa. Turdus torquatus alpestris. ALPINE RING-OUZEL. Merula alpestris C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 377 : Tyrol. Merula torquata SeeboJim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 246 (part.). TURDUS. MONTICOLA. 91 Turdus torquatus alpestris (BreJim) Cordeaux, Zoologist, 1895, p. 56. Alpestris alpine. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. It has occurred in Sussex in May 1911 and March 1913, and possibly also in Yorkshire and Norfolk. General Distribution. The Alpine Ring-Ouzel breeds in the mountains of central and southern Europe, from the Pyrenees and Alps and the higher mountain ranges of southern Germany east to the Balkans and Carpathians. It also occurs in Asia Minor, and perhaps breeds there. In the Caucasus and north Persia another race, T. t. orientalis, is recognised. Turdus aureus. WHITE'S THRUSH. Turdus aureus Holandre, Faun. dep. Moselle, in Ann. Moselle, 1825, p. 60 : Metz. G-eocichla varia (Pall.) ; Seebohm, Oat. Birds S.M. v. 1881, p. 151. Turdus varius E. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 3; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 11. Aureus = golden. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in late autumn or in winter in Berwickshire, Durham, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Hampshire, Devon- shire, Cornwall, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Shropshire, Warwickshire, co. Cork, co. Longford, and co. Mayo. General Distribution. White's Thrush breeds in eastern Siberia and Japan, and winters in southern China and Formosa. It also occurs in the Philippines, Assam, and Burma, and occasionally in western Siberia and almost every part of Europe. Genus MONTICOLA F. Bole, Isis, 1822, p. 552. Type : M. saxatilis (Linn.). Monticdla = & dweller in the mountains, from mons and culere. 92 TURDIDJE. Monticola sa.xatilis. ROCK-THRUSH. Turdus saxatilis Linrueus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 17GG, p. 294 : Austria. Monticola saxatilis (Linn.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 313; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 5; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 17. SaxdtUis = i}\a,t dwells among rocks. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has been recorded from Hertfordshire, May 1843 ; Yorkshire, June 1852; Pentland Skerries, Orkneys, May 1910; Sussex, Sept. 1911 ; and is said to have been obtained in Kent. General Distribution. The Rock-Thrush breeds in the mountains of central and southern Europe and north-west Africa ; also in the mountains of Asia from the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Syria, and Persia through southern Siberia and Mongolia to northern China. It winters in tropical Africa, northern India, and China, and has occurred in Heligoland. Genus PHOENICURUS Forster, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 10. Type : P. plicenicurus (Linn.). Phoenicurus phoenicurus. EEDSTAKT. Motacilla phoenicurus Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 187: Sweden. Iluticilla phosnicurus (Linn.}; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 336; B. O. If. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 8; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 31. Phcenicuru8 = b QoiviKovpos, the redtail, in Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 49s, 4; from ^o(^i^ = purple-red, and ovpd=ihe tail. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor locally but widely distributed over the mainland of Britain, less frequent in the far north and south-west, and very local in Ireland, but breeds in cos. Wicklow and Tyrone. A Bird of Passage i'rom the Shetlands southwards, mtiinlj on the east coast, in spring and autumn when en route to and from its PHCENICURUS. BRITHACUS. 93 summer quarters in northern Europe and its winter resorts in Africa. General Distribution. The Redstart breeds throughout Europe with the exception of Spain south of the Can- tabrian Mountains and Greece, resorting to the mountains in southern Europe ; also in Siberia as far east as Irkutsk and Lake Baikal. It winters in west and north-east Africa. A still doubtful race, P.p. algeriensis, has been distinguished in north-west Africa, and P. p. mesoleuca occurs in the Crimea and parts of south-western Asia. Phoenicurus titys. BLACK EEDSTART. Sylvia tithys (non Linn. 1758) Bechstein, On. Taschenb. 1802, p. 179. $. C. Euticilla tithjs (Linn.); Seelolim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 339. Ruticilla titys (Scop.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 9 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 33. Titys, so spelt by Gesner; but the best Greek authorities write riri's, a small chirping bird. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor and Bird of Passage to the south and east coasts of England and to the south and south-east coasts of Ireland. Uncommon or irregular elsewhere, including the northern and western Islands of Scotland. General Distribution The Black Redstart breeds in Europe generally, as far north as the Baltic and east to Roumania and Bulgaria. It has occurred in Scandinavia and once in Iceland. It winters chiefly in Africa but also in Europe. Genus ERITHACUS Cuvier, Lee. d'Anat. Comp. i. 1800, tab. 2. Type : E. rubecula (Linn.). Erithacus = epiOaKos, a solitary bird that could be taught to speak (Aris- totle, Hist. An. 49s, 4, etc.; Pliny, Hist. Nat. x. 44). Perhaps akin to epevQta I make red, 94 TUKDID.E. Erithacus rubecula. CONTINENTAL REDBREAST. Motacilla rubecula Linnanu, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 188 : Sweden. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 299 (part.). Rubecula = the little red bird, diminutive ; from some word meaning red. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor from northern Europe, and Bird of Passage en route between its continental summer haunts and winter quarters. Chiefly recorded from the coastal districts and northern Islands. General Distribution. The continental race of the Red- breast breeds in Europe up to 68 N. latitude ; in western Siberia, western Turkestan, Madeira, the Azores, and some of the Canary Islands. It is a migrant in the northern parts of its range, and is found in winter in Persia and the Medi- terranean countries as far south as the oases of the Sahara. In addition to the British Redbreast, other allied forms inhabit the western Canary Islands, north-west Africa, Sardinia and Corsica, the Caucasus, and Persia. Erithacus rubecula melophilus. BRITISH REDBREAST. Erithacus rubecula melophilus Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 317 : British Islands. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 299 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 10 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 37. Melophilus = melodious ; from jieXos, a melody, and 0iXtw, I love. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident and common, becoming scarcer in the far north of the mainland and in the Hebrides and Orkneys. Many individuals leave their native haunts for southern winter quarters beyond our shores in autumn and return in spring, and hence some of our native birds are Summer Visitors. ERITHACtrs. LUSCINIA. 95 General Distribution, Robins, apparently of this sub- species, have been recorded from Italy in autumn and winter, viz., one from Castiglione del Lago, Central Italy, in Jan. 1910, and from Rome in Oct. 1899. Genus LUSCINIA Forster, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 14. Type : L. megarliynclia Brehm. Luscinia = a nightingale, in ckssical Latin. The suggested derivations from lugere or lux are most unsatisfactory. Luscinia megarhyncha. COMMON NIGHTINGALE. Luscinia megarhyncha Brehm, Handb. Naturg. V6g Deutscbl. 1831, p. 356 : Germany. Erithacus luscinia (Linn.) Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 294. Daulias luscinia B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 11 j Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 39. Megarhyncha = with a big beak ; from jueyas and puy^os. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor to southern, midland, and eastern England and to eastern Wales. It nests as far north as Yorkshire, and as far west as Devonshire, Somersetshire, and the border counties of Wales. Elsewhere it is irregular, but has occurred in Northumberland, Lancashire, and once in Scotland (Isle of May, Fife). General Distribution. The Nightingale breeds in Europe from the North sea to the Mediterranean and Black sea ; also in Cyprus, Asia Minor, and north-west Africa. It winters in Africa. An allied form, L. m. golzii, occurs in Persia, Turkestan, and the Kirghiz Steppes. 96 TURD1D.E. Luscinia luscinia, EASTERN NIGHTINGALE or SPROSSER. Motacilla luscinia Linnceug, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 184: Sweden. Erithacus philomela (Bechst.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. 31. v. 1881, p. 295. Luscinia luscinia (Linn.) ; Clarke, Scottish Nat. 1912, p. 9. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred at Fair Isle, Shetlands, May 1911, and in Kent, Oct. 1904, but the latter has not been considered a satisfactory record. General Distribution. The Sprosser breeds in southern and central Sweden and southern Finland, Denmark, in northern Germany along the shores of the Baltic, in north- east Germany, Galicia, Transylvania, Roumania, Russia, and south-western Siberia to the Altai Mountains. It winters in east Africa, and occurs occasionally in western Europe. Genus CYANOSYLVIA C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 920. Type : C. suedca (Linn.). Cyanosylvia is a hybrid word from Kuaros=& dark blue substance, and sylva a wood. Cyanosylvia suecica. RED-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. Motacilla svecica Linnaws, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 187: Sweden. Erithacus cseruleculus (Pallas') Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 308. Cyanecula suecica (Linn.) ; B. O. 77. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 10. Cyanecuk suecia (Linn.) ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 35. Suecica = Swedish. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage on the eastern coast, but in small numbers, and hence often CYANOSYLVIA. SAXICOLA. 97 escapes notice, especially on the mainland ; but of annual occurrence in Shetland in spring and autumn, when en route between its northern European summer haunts and its African winter quarters. It has not been recorded in Ireland and is of rare occurrence on the west coast of Britain. General Distribution The Red-spotted Bluethroat breeds in northern continental Europe and the tundras of Siberia ; also in Asia, from Armenia to Kashmir, the Pamirs and eastern Turkestan. It winters in north-east Africa, India, the Burmese countries, and China. Cyanosylvia suecica cyanecula. WHITE-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. Sylvia cyanecula Wolf, in Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. 1810, p. 240 : Germany. Erithacus cyaneculus (Wolf}; Seelohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 311. Cyanecula wolfi (Brehm) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 9. Cyanecula a diminutive of cyanus=\)\ae. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. It has occurred in Yorkshire, April 1876 ; Kent, Oct. 1902 ; Sussex, Sept, 1905 and 1912 and May 1911 ; Fair Isle, Shetlands, March 1909, May 1910 and 1913. General Distribution. The White-spotted Bluethroat breeds in Europe from the Russian Baltic Provinces and western Russia to France and the Netherlands. It is found on migration in Spain and Italy, and winters chiefly in north-west Africa and in smaller numbers in north-east Africa. Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. 1802, p. 216. Type : S. rubicola (Linn.). Savicola that dwells among rocks ; from eaxum and eolere. 98 TUKDID^!. Saxicola rubicola. STONECHAT. Motacilla rubicola Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 332 : France. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Oat. Birds B. M. iv. 1879, p. 185 ; B. O.U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 8 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 29. Rubicola that inhabits bramble-bushes ; from riibus and colere. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident, widely but locally distributed. Also a Summer Visitor, some of our native birds leaving in autumn and returning in spring. Seldom recorded for the Hebrides and Orkneys, but occurs annually at Fair Isle, Shetlands, in spring. General Distribution. The Stonechat breeds throughout Europe from southern Sweden to the Mediterranean and its islands east to Greece and south Russia and also in north-west Africa. It winters in Egypt, Palestine, and the Sahara. Allied forms inhabit the Caucasus and various parts of Asia and Africa. Saxicola indica. INDIAN STONECHAT. Pratincola indica Blytli, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. 1847, p. 129 : India. Pratincola maura (Pall.) Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv. 1879, p. 188 ; Saunders, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. 1905, p. 10. Indica = Indian. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Norfolk, Sept. 1904, and at the Isle of May, Fife, Oct. 1913. General Distribution. The Indian Stonechat breeds in western Siberia, to the Altai Mountains, Russian Turkestan, the southern Urals, and the Himalaya. It winters in India. SAXICOLA. CENANTHE. 99 Saxicola rubetra. WHINCHAT. Motacilla rubetra Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 186 : Sweden. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv. 1879, p. 179; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 7; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 27. Rubetra= perhaps from rubeta, bramble thickets, or from ruber, ruddy ; but neither derivation is satisfactory. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, locally common and widely dispersed as far north as the Orkneys. In Ireland it nests locally. A Bird of Passage in autumn and spring when en route between its northern continental summer haunts and its winter quarters in north tropical Africa. It has been known to pass the winter occasionally. General Distribution. The Whinchat breeds in Europe from 70 N. latitude in Scandinavia down to the Mediter- ranean, with the exception of Greece and southern Spain. It winters in tropical Africa. In south Dalmatia, the Caucasus, western Siberia, and perhaps north-west Africa, paler races have been recognised. Genus (ENANTHE Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 43. Type : (E. cenanthe (Linn.). (Enanthe = bivavQr), the bird that appears when the vine shoots (Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 49 B, 8) ; from olvq = the vine, and dv6os = a blossom or sprout. (Enanthe cenanthe. WHEATEAR. Motacilla cenanthe Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 186 : Sweden. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.) ; Seelohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 391 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 6 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 19. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor generally distributed over the downs and moorlands of the British Islands, breeding up to 3000 ft. A Bird of Passage in H2 100 TURDID.E. spring and autumn when moving to and from its northern European summer haunts and its southern winter quarters. General Distribution. The Wheatear breeds all over Europe, apparently, with the possible exception of southern Spain ; also in northern and central Asia, and Alaska. The only wintering place known at present is tropical Africa. In the Atlas range of north Africa the allied (E. seebolimi is found. * CEnanthe oenanthe leucorrhoa. GREENLAND WHEATEAK. Motacilla leucorrhoa Gmelin, Syst. Nat, i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 966 : Senegal. Saxicok oenanthe (Linn.} ; SeeloTim, Oat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 391 (part.). Saxicola oenanthe leucorrhoa Gmel. ; V. B. Ticehurst, British Birds, ii. 1909, p. 271. Leucorrhoa = white-marked ; from the Greek words XF.VKOS and poos. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage between its summer haunts and its winter quarters, when it is observed in spring and autumn chiefly on our coasts, and at the northern and western Islands of Scotland. General Distribution. This Wheatear breeds in Greenland, north-east America from Davis Strait to Labrador ; and possibly in Iceland and the Faeroes. It migrates through western Europe to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and north-west Africa to Senegambia ; also in America casually as far south as Louisiana and Colorado. (Enanthe isabellina. ISABELLINE WHEATEAR. CEnanthe isabellina Cretzschmar, Atlas zu RtippeH's Reise, Vogel, 1826, p. 52, pi. 34 b : Nubia. Saxicola isabellina (Cretz.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 399 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 21. Itabellina=-t awn-coloured from the French isabelle. (ENANTHE. 101 Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Cumberland, Nov. 1887 ; Sussex, April 1911, March and May 1912. General Distribution. The Isabelline Wheatear breeds from the steppes of southern Russia and Asia Minor across Asia to eastern Siberia, north-western China, and north-west India. It is resident in Palestine, and extends in winter to Egypt, eastern Africa, southern Arabia, and western India. (Enanthe Stapazina. WESTERN BLACK-EARED WHEATEAR. Motacilla Stapazina Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 331 : Spain. Saxicola aurita Temm. ; Seelohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 394. Saxicola caterings WUtaTcer ; Butterfield, Bull. B. O. C. xii. 1902, p. 78. Stapazina, the Linnean name, latinized from the Bolognese Strapazino, used by Aldrovandus, Willughby, etc., as if connected with It. strapazarre=to insult or work coarsely. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Sussex, May 1902, 1905, arid 1907. General Distribution. The Western Black-eared Wheat- ear breeds in south-west Europe to Italy and Sicily, also in north-west Africa from Morocco to Tunisia. It probably winters in west Africa. CEnanthe Stapazina amphileuca. EASTERN BLACK-EARED WHEATEAR. Saxicola amphileuca -Hemprich $ Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. bb : Syria. Saxicola stapazina Linn.; Nicoll, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. 1905, p. 22. Amphileuca=wit}i white markings, from d/i^i and \evic6s. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Sussex, Sept. 1905. 102 TURDID^E. General Distribution. The eastern form of the Black-eared Wheatear breeds in the east of southern Europe, from Croatia and Dalmatia through the Balkan Peninsula to southern Russia, Palestine, Asia Minor, and Persia, and perhaps in southern Italy. On migration it occurs in Italy, Egypt, and Nubia, and winters in the Egyptian Sudan and Abyssinia, apparently wandering to Tripoli and Tunisia. Birds from Persia have been recognised as a distinct race. (Enanthe OCCidentalis. WESTERN BLACK-THROATED WHEATEAR. SaxiGOla OCCidentalis Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gren. xxiii. 1886, p. 116 : Italy. Saxicola stapazina (Vieillof) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 387 ; B. O. U. List, Isted. 1883, p. 6; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 23. Occidentalis = western. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Lancashire, May 1875 ; Yorkshire, Sept. 1892 ; Kent, May 1906 and 1912 ; Fair Isle, Shetlands, Sept. 1907 ; St. Kilda, Sept. 1911. General Distribution. The Western Black-throated Wheat- ear breeds in the south-western parts of Europe from Spain to western Italy and Sicily ; also in north-west Africa. It winters in west Africa. (Enanthe deserti. WESTERN DESERT WHEATEAR. Saxicola deserti Temminck, PI. Col. 359, 1825, fig. 2 : Egypt. Saxicola deserti Temm. ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 383 ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 7 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 25. Deserti, gen. of desertum=& desert. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has (BNANTHE. 103 occurred in *Clackmannanshire, Nov. 1880; Yorkshire, Oct. 1885 ; *Forfarshire, Dec. 1887 ; Norfolk, Oct. 1907. General Distribution. The Western Desert Wheatear is a resident in the Sahara, from Cape Blanco to Egypt and north Arabia, and has once been obtained in Italy. GEnanthe deserti albifrons. EASTERN DESERT WHEATEAR. Saxicola albifrons Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. 1844, p. 139 : W. Siberia. Saxicola deserti atrogularis Blyth ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. i. 1910, p. 684. Albifrons, from albus, white, and /rows, a forehead. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred at the Pentland Skerries, Orkneys, June 1906, and in Kent, May 1913. General Distribution. The Eastern Desert Wheatear breeds from south Caucasus throughout the steppes and desert regions of central Asia to Ordos and Koko-Nor. It migrates through south-west Asia to India, southern Arabia, Sokotra, and north-east Africa. (Enanthe leucomela. PIED WHEATEAR. Saxicola leucomela Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. pt. i. 1770, p. 584, pi. xxii. fig. 3 : Samara, Russia. Saxicola morio Hempr. et EJir. ; SeeboJim, Cat. Birds B. J v. 1881, p. 372. Saxicola plesclianka (Lepecli.) ; Baxter fy Bintoul, Ann. Scottish N. H. 1910, p. 2. Leucomela= black and white ; from Xevieos and /ie\as. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred at the Isle of May, Fife, Oct. 1909 the only known visit. General Distribution. This species breeds from the Dobruja and the Caucasus eastwards to south-eastern Siberia * The racial form of the species in the records marked thus ie doubtful 104 ACCENT06ID2&. and northern China ; also in Gilgit and north Kashmir. It winters in north-east Africa, and Arabia, and has occurred in Italy and Heligoland. In Cyprus CE. I. cypriaca has been recognised. (Enanthe leucura. BLACK WHEATEAE. Turdus leucurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 820 : Gibraltar. Saxicola leucura (Ghnel.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 375 ; N. F. Ticehurst, British Birds, iii. 1910, p. 289. Leucura-=. white-tailed, from XSVKOS and ovpa. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Sussex, Aug. and Sept. 1909 ; and at Fair Isle, Shetlands, in Sept. 1912. General Distribution. The Black Wheatear breeds in the Iberian Peninsula, the Riviera, and apparently in Sicily. Two allied forms have been recognised from north- west Africa. Family ACCENTOR! DJ3. Genus ACCENTOR Bechstein, On. Taschenb. i. 1802, p. 191. 0.C. Type : A. collaris (Scop.). Accentor =9*e who sings with another ; from ad and cantor, a singer. Accentor modularis. HEDGE-SPAEROW. Motacilla modularis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 184 : Sweden. Accentor modularis (Linn.} ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii. 1883, p. 649 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 22 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 93. Modularis =that sings sweetly ; from modulus = musical note. Distribution in the British Islands. A common Resident. Scarcer in the north of Scotland, the Outer Hebrides, and Orkney Islands. A number of our native birds are migratory, ACCENTOR. C1NCLUS. 105 leaving our islands in the autumn and "returning in the spring, and hence are Summer Visitors. It occurs as a Bird of Passage and a Winter Visitor from the Continent. General Distribution. The Hedge-Sparrow breeds in Europe generally from about 70 N. latitude southwards, but is apparently only a winter visitor to southern Spain and south-east Europe. It is a partial migrant, and is found in winter in Asia Minor, Syria, and occasionally in north- west Africa. Allied forms have been described from the eastern shores of the Black Sea and Transcaucasia, and from central Persia. Accentor collar is, ALPINE ACCENTOR. Sturnus COllariS Scopoli, Ann. i. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 131 : Carinthia. Accentor collaris (Scopoli) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii. 1883, p. 661; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 23; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 95. Collaris=with a conspicuous neck (collum). Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Fair Isle, Shetlands, Yorkshire, Suffolk, Essex, Surrey, Cambridgeshire, Sussex, Hampshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, and Carnarvon. General Distribution. The Alpine Accentor inhabits the mountain ranges of southern and central Europe. Various allied forms have been distinguished in south-east Europe, and in Asia from Asia Minor to Japan. Family CINCLIM;. Genus UINCLUS Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, 1797, p. 300. Type : C. cinclus Linn. Cicli8 : Sweden. Cinclus cinclus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Gat. Birds B. M. vi. 1881, p. 311. Cinclus melanogaster Brehm B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 24. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has been recorded from the Shetland Islands, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Nottinghamshire, Shropshire. General Distribution. The Black-bellied Dipper breeds in Scandinavia, northern Russia, the Russian Baltic Provinces, and apparently in East Prussia. In winter some wander to north-eastern Germany and eastern Russia. Cinclus cinclus britannicus. BRITISH DIPPER. Cinclus cinclus britannicus Tschusi, Orn. Jahr. xiii. 1902, p. 69 : Great Britain. Cinclus aquaticus BecTist. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. Jlf. vi. 1881, p. 307 (part.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 23 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 97. Britannicus = British. Distribution. Resident in the hill-country of England and Wales from Cornwall northwards ; more generally dis- tributed in Scotland, and occurring in the Outer Hebrides. It is confined, so far as is known, to Great Britain. Cinclus cinclus hibernicus. IRISH DIPPER. Cinclus cinclus hibernicus Hartert, Vb'g. pal. Faun. i. 1910, p. 790 : co. Cork. Distribution. Resident. An endemic Irish subspecies, widely distributed. Hibernicu* = Irish. TROGLODYTES. 10? Family TROGLODYTID^E. Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. ii. 1807, p. 52. Type : T. aedon Vieill. Troglodytes =rpu>y\o?v'Ti)s, one that creeps into holes; first applied to a bird by Aetius about A.D. 550. From rpwy\ij=a hole, and dvot=I go into. Troglodytes troglodytes. WREN. Motacilla troglodytes Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 188 : Sweden. Anorthura troglodytes (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi. 1881, p. 269. Troglodytes parvulus Koch ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 29 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 115. Distribution in the British Islands. Resident and generally distributed, except in the Shetland Islands and St. Kilda, where it is represented by racial forms. A number of visitors from the Continent occur, chiefly on the north and east coasts, as Birds of Passage, and some may winter. General Distribution. The Wren inhabits Europe from northern Scandinavia to the Urals and the shores of the Mediterranean. Allied forms, in addition to those men- tioned below, inhabit Iceland and the Faeroes, some Medi- terranean islands, north-west Africa, and many parts of Asia and North America. Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis. ST. KILDA WEEN. Troglodytes hirtensis Seebohm, Zoologist, 1884, p. 333 : St. Kilda. Troglodytes hirtensis Seebohm ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 115. 108 MUSCICAPID^E. Hirtensis=ot the island of St. Kilda (Lat. Hirta), off the west of Scotland. Distribution. -Resident in. and peculiar to, the St. Kilda group of islands. Troglodytes troglodytes zetlandicus. SHETLAND WREN. Troglodytes troglodytes zetlandicus Hartert, V6g. pal. Fauna, i. 1910, p. 777 : Shetland Islands. Zetlandicus = of the Shetland Islands. Distribution. Resident in, and confined to, the Shetland Islands. Family MUSCIOAPID^. Genus MUSCICAPA Linncvus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 324. Type : M. grisola Linn. Muscicapa, from musca = a fly, and cdpere = to catch. Muscicapa grisola. SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa grisola Linnceus, Syst. Nat. i. 12th ed. 1766, p. 328 : France. Muscicapa grisola Linn. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds JB. M. iv. 1879, p. 151; JB. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 40; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 157. Grisola = a little grey bird, from griseus = grey. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor widely distributed us a nesting-bird, but absent from the northern and outer western Islands of Scotland. As a Bird of Passage it occurs in both spring and autumn, and is then observed at the Orkney and Shetland Islands. General Distribution. The Spotted Flycatcher breeds throughout Europe, from Tromso and Archangel to the Mediterranean, and in the Atlas Mountains, north-west Africa. It winters in central and southern Africa. In western Asia the form M. g. neumanni has been recognised. MUSCICAPA. 109 Muscicapa latirostris. BROWN FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa latirostris Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii. 1821, pt. 2, p. 312 : Sumatra. Alseonax latirostris (JRaJftes) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv. 1879, p. 127 ; Nicoll, Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. 1909, p. 93. Latirostris, from latus= broad, and rostrum=.& beak. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Kent, May 1 909. General Distribution. The Brown Flycatcher breeds in eastern Siberia from Lake Baikal to Korea, northern China, and Japan ; also in the Himalaya west to Chamba and south- wards to southern central India. It is found in winter in India and Ceylon and eastwards to the Greater Sunda Islands and Philippines. Muscicapa atricapilla. PIED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa atricapilla Linnwus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 326 : Sweden. Muscicapa atricapilla Linn. ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv. 1879, p. 157; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 41; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 159. Atricapilla from dter = black, and capillus = hair. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor to Great Britain, nesting chiefly in the western and northern counties of England. In Scotland it breeds locally in small numbers in some southern counties, occasionally as far north as Inverness-shire. As a Bird of Passage it is frequent on the south and east coasts and at the Orkney and Shetland Islands. A Rare Visitor to Ireland. General Distribution. The typical form of this species breeds in Europe from about 69 N. latitude in Scandinavia and 60 N. in northern Russia, east to the Urals, and south to Spain and Italy. It winters in Africa. It is represented by M. a. semitorquata in Greece, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and Persia, and by M. a. speculigera in north-west Africa. 110 MUSCICAPID^E. Muscicapa collaris. WHITE-COLLARED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa COllaris JBechstein, Latham's allg. Uebers. d. Vogel, ii. 1794, p. 317 : Germany. Muscicapa collaris Bechst. ; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. M. iv. 1879, p. 160; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 41; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 160. Collaris = of the neck, from the bird's distinctive white neck. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Sussex in May 1911, and previously it was stated by Gould to have been taken in our Islands. General Distribution. The White-collared Flycatcher breeds in southern and central Europe, extending as far north as the Island of Gothland in the Baltic and as far east as southern Russia, but apparently it does not breed in Greece. On passage it is met with in most parts of Europe, the Mediterranean countries, and Persia. It probably winters in central Africa. Muscicapa parva. RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa parva JBechstein, Latham's allg. Uebers. d. Vogel, ii. 1794, p. 356 : Tharingia. Muscicapa parva Beclist.; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv. 1879, p. 161 ; B. O. U. List, Isted. 1883, p. 42 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 161. Pwrva = small. Distribution in the British Islands. An Irregular Visitor chiefly observed in autumn; but noted once in January and once in June. Has occurred in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, Outer Hebrides, Bell Rock, and Isle of May, Fife, Northumberland, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Cheshire, Cornwall, Scilly Isles, cos. Wexford, Cork, Kerry, and Donegal. General Distribution. The Red- breasted Flycatcher breeds in Europe, from Denmark and St. Petersburg to the Alps ; also in west Siberia. It winters in western India, and MUSCIOAPA. HIRUNDO. Ill has been procured near Cairo. It is represented in eastern Siberia by M. p. albicilla and in the Himalaya by M. p. liyperythra. Family HIRUNDINID^E. Genus HIRUNDO Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 191. Type : H. rustica Linn. Hirundo = a Swallow, in classical Latin ; cognate with the Greek x^^v. Hirundo rustica. SWALLOW. HirundO rustica Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 191: Sweden. Hirundo rustica Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 42; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 128; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 163. Rustica = of the country. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, generally distributed but nesting rarely in the wilder por- tions of the Highlands of Scotland, in the Outer Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands, and in the far west of Ireland. Also a Bird of Passage, being regular and common, but most in evidence on the eastern seaboard, less so in the Orkney and Shetland Islands and on the west coast generally. General Distribution. The Swallow breeds throughout Europe, north-west Africa, and western Asia. It winters throughout tropical and southern Africa, India and its islands. Allied forms have been described from Egypt, many parts of Asia, and North America. Hirundo rufula. RED-BUMPED SWALLOW. HirundO rufula Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. iii. 1835, p. 298 : Egypt. Hirundo rufuk Temm.; B. 0. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 43; Sharpe, Oat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 156 ; Clarke, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist. 1906, p. 205. 112 Rufula = reddish, diminutive of rufus = red, from the characteristic colour of the bird's nape and rump. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor which has twice been observed in our Islands, namely, several examples at Fair Isle, Shetlands, June 1906, and one in Kent, May 1909. General Distribution. The Red-rumped Swallow breeds in western Asia from Asia Minor to Afghanistan ; also in Morocco, Cyprus, and Greece. It has occurred in north-east Africa, Algeria, Tunisia, southern France, and Heligoland. Genus DELICHON Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 104. Type : D. nepalensis Moore. Delichon, a metathesis of Chelidon. Delichon urbica. MARTIN. HirundO urbica Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 192 : Sweden. Chelidon urbica (Linn.); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 44; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 87 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 165. Urbica = found in cities. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, common and widely distributed over the mainland of Great Britain, less so in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland, and rare there as a nesting-species. A Bird of Passage chiefly along our east coasts en route to and from its summer haunts in northern Europe and its African winter quarters. General Distribution. The Martin breeds throughout Europe, as far as 70 N. latitude and east to the Yenesei and Turkestan. It winters in Angola, south-east Africa, and India. Allied forms have been distinguished in north-west Africa, and many parts of Asia, RIPAUIA. DRYOBATES. 113 Genus RIP ARIA Forster, Synop. ("at. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 17. Type : R. riparia (Linn.). Bipdria = that frequents river-banks. Riparia riparia. SAND-MARTIN. Hirundo riparia Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1-758, p. 192 : Sweden. Cotile riparia (Linn.) ; B. 0. V. List, Isted. 1883, p. 44; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 96; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 167. Distribution in tJie British Islands. A Summer Visitor widely distributed over Great Britain and Ireland, but some- what rare in the Outer Hebrides and the Orkneys and Shet- lands. A Bird of Passage along our coasts in spring when en route to its summer home in northern Europe, and in autumn when returning to its African winter haunts. General Distribution. The Sand-Martin breeds through- out Europe, from 70 N. latitude southwards ; also in Algeria and Tunisia to Syria, Palestine, and Siberia, but its limits in Asia are imperfectly known ; also in North America. It winters in eastern and southern Africa, India, and South America. Allied forms have been recognised in Siberia, north-west India, Turkestan, and the Nile valley. Order PICIFORMES. Suborder PICI. Family PICID^E, Genus DRYOBATES Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 977. Type : D. pubescent (Linn.). Dryobates=one that goes on oaks from fyw=an oak, and paivu=I go, I 114 PICID^E. Dryobates major. NORTHERN GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER. PiCUS major Llnnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 114 : Sweden. Dendrocopus major {Linn.} ; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. M. xviii. 1890, p. 211 (part.). jlfdjor=greater. Distribution in the .British Islands. A Winter Visitor, arriving in some numbers, fairly regularly, between Septem- ber and November on the east coast of Great Britain, from the Shetland and Orkney Islands southwards to Norfolk. It also wanders to the west side of Scotland, reaching the Outer Hebrides and Ireland. General Distribution. This Woodpecker inhabits Europe generally from about 70 N. latitude in Scandinavia and 64 in Russia southwards to Spain, Italy, Turkey, and Asia Minor, and eastwards through Turkestan and eastern Siberia. It has been divided into a number of races. In Sardinia, Corsica, the Canary Islands, and northern Persia smaller races are found ; also in Kamchatka, Bering Island, Ussuri-land, and Japan. In Morocco and in Algeria and Tunisia more distinct forms occur. Dryo bates major anglicus. BRITISH GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Dendrocopus major anglicus Ifartert, Nov. Zool. vii. 1900, p. 528 : Sussex, England. Dendrocopus major (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 77 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 275 (part.). Anglicus = English. Distribution. A Resident, generally distributed in Eng- land and Wales, but becoming rare towards the border. In south and central Scotland it ranges as far north as Dunkeld, Perthshire, where it has nested during recent years. In Ireland it is a rare visitor, and possibly all the records, about forty in number, refer to continental migrants. DRYOBATES. PICUS. 115 Dryobates minor. LESSER SPOTTED WOOD- PECKER. PiCTIS minor Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 114 : Sweden. Dendrocopus minor (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 78 ; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. M. xviii. 1890, p. 252 ; Sounders Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 277. Minor = lesser. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, common in the southern and midland counties of England and in the eastern counties of Wales, local and rare in the north of England and in western Wales. In Scotland one example was recorded in Dumfries-shire in 1865 and two from the Solway district, and there are also a few doubtful records. Six or seven specimens are alleged to have occurred in Ireland, but none can be traced. General Distribution. The Lesser Spotted W T ood pecker inhabits Europe generally, ranging from Scandinavia and Russia eastwards across southern Siberia and central Asia to Yezo, Japan, and southwards to north-west Africa, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is said to have been found in the Azores. A number of races have been recognised in various parts of Europe and Asia. Genus PICUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 112. Type : P. viridis (Linn.). Pic its = a Woodpecker in classical Latin. Pious viridis. GREEN WOODPECKER. PiCUS Viridis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 113 : Sweden. Gecinus viridis (Linn.) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 79 ; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. M. xviii. 1890, p. 36; Saunders> Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 273. Viridis = green. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident in England i 2 116 and "Wales, becoming scarcer towards tlie north of England. In Scotland about ten examples have been recorded from as far north as the Orkney Islands. To Ireland it is a very rare visitor, about three specimens having been noted, none of which have been preserved. General distribution. The Green Woodpecker inhabits the greater part of Europe, ranging up to about 63 N. latitude in Norway, and in Ttns-ia from St. Petersburg eastwards to the Urals, Caucasus, A?ia Minor, and north Persia ; southwards it is found in the French Pyrenees, Italy, and the Balkan Peninsula. Several races have been recognised, founded on very slight differences. A paler race occurs in south-west Persia, and in Spain and Portugal tho more distinct form P. v. sharpii is met with. Genus IYNX Linnantg, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 112. Type : /. torquilla Linn. Iynx='ivyK, the Wryneck, in classical Greek, from its cry sounding like the exclamation iv, whence iiw = I shout. lynx torquilla. WRYNECK. Jynx torquilla Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 112 : Sweden. lynx torquilla Linn.; _B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 80; Hargitt, Cat. Birds _B. M. xviii. 1890, p. 560; SaunJers, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 271. TorgmUa=the bird that twists its head round; from torqueo=-I twist. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Summer Visitor from the middle of March or April until the end of September. It is chiefly met with in the south-eastern counties, becoming scarcer in the south-west and rare in Wales, Cheshire, and Yorkshire, while in Lancashire, Cum- berland, and Northumberland it is accidental and no longer breeds in the two first-named counties. In Scotland it is a scarce passage-migrant on the east coast, especially in IYNX. CUCULUS. 117 Caithness and the Orkney Islands, but occurs annually in some numbers on Fair Isle, Shetlands ; it also occasionally wanders to south-west Scotland, where it is reported to have bred, and has occurred six times in Ireland. General Distribution. The Wryneck breeds throughout Europe generally and western Asia, ranging north to about 64 N. latitude in Scandinavia and eastwards to west Siberia, Turkestan, and Baluchistan. It is accidental in the Faeroes. In winter it visits northern and tropical Africa and India. Local races have been recognised in Algeria, Sardinia, ( Corsica, Italy, and Dalmatia, as well as in eastern Siberia, central Asia, north China, and Japan. Order COCCYGES. Suborder CUCULL Family CUCULID^. Genus CUCULUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 110. Type : C. canorus Linn. CculnsA Cuckoo, in classical Latin; the Greek KOKKV$ Probably onomatopoeic. Cuculus canorus. CUCKOO. CUGUluS canorus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 110 : Sweden. Cuculus canorus Linn.; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 83; Shelley, Cat. Birds B. M. xix. 1891, p. 245; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 287. Canorus melodious, from cdno=I sing. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Summer Visitor from the last days of March and April until September or October, individuals being occasionally met with in November. Most adult birds depart in August. It is universally distributed except in the Shetlands, where it is said to be rare, but occurs regularly on passage. 118 CUCULID^E. General Distribution. The Cuckoo breeds in Europe from within the Arctic Circle southwards to the Mediterranean, and eastwards across north and central Asia to Japan and the Himalaya. It winters in equatorial and southern Africa, India, south China, the Malay Archipelago to the Moluccas and New Guinea. It is accidental in the Faeroes and an irregular passage-migrant in Madeira and the Canary Islands. Four races have been recognised : from Corsica ; from Bhutan through Burma to western China, with darker upper parts ; a smaller form from Spain and north-west Africa ; and a fourth ranging from west Siberia to Kamchatka and from central Asia to the Himalaya extending to Sikkim, migrating in winter to India and eastwards, also westwards and not uncommon in southern Europe. Genus CLAWATOR Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, p. 53. Type : C. glandarius Linn. Clamdtor=& shouter, therefore a noisy bird. Clamator glandarius. GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO. Cuculus glandarius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. Ill : Gibraltar. Coccystes glandarius (Linn.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 84 ; Shelley, Cat. Birds B. M. xix. 1891, p. 212; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 289. Glandarius = probably from the bird's crest resembling that of the Jay (Garrulus glandarius), q. v. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor, which has occurred four times : Omey I., Connemara, probably in March 1842 ; Skellig Rock, co. Kerry, April 1897 ; near Bellingham, Northumberland, Aug. 1870 ; on the Denes, near Yarmouth, Norfolk, Oct. 1896. General Distribution. The Great Spotted Cuckoo inhabits the whole of Africa, south Europe, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Syria, and Persia, breeding in Spain and Portugal and in CLAMATOR. COCCYZUS. 119 northern Africa to Egypt, . Nubia, and Somaliland, and probably also southwards to Cape Colony. It winters in tropical and southern Africa. It is accidental in Germany, occasional in south-eastern Europe, more frequent in southern France, and occurs in the Canary Islands on migration. Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 28. Type : C. americanus (Linn.). Coccyzus, said to be a misprint for Coccygus (Boie, Isis, 1826) as if the genitive of KOKKV%, KOKKV^OS. But it is probably a false latinizing of KOKKV&V = crying "Cuckoo." Coccyzus americanus, YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Cuculus amsricanus Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. Ill : Carolina. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.) ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 84 ; Shelley, Cat. Birds B. M. xix. 1891, p. 308; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 290. Americanus = of America. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor : nine specimens have been procured in the south-western counties of England and in Wales ; one in Scotland, Colonsay, Inner Hebrides, Nov. 1904 ; and two in Ireland, Youghal, co. Cork, 1825, and near Bray, co. Dublin, 1832. General Distribution. The Yellow-billed Cuckoo breeds in temperate North America, passing through the West Indies and Central America to its winter quarters in South America. It is accidental in Belgium and Italy. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Cuculus erytliroplitlialmus Wilson, Am. Om. iv. 1811, p. 16, pi. 28 : probably near Philadelphia, U.S.A. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 85 ; Shelley, Cat. Birds B. M. xix. 1891, p. 311 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 290. 120 CYPSELID.E . Erytlirophtlialmus= red-eyed, from epvQpos and o00a\/jos. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor : it lias occurred once at Kilbead, co. Antrim, Ireland, Sept. 1871. General Distribution. The Black-billed Cnckoo breeds in eastern North America, from south-east Alberta, south Manitoba, and south Quebec to Arkansas, North Carolina, and the mountains of Georgia. It winters in South America and is accidental in the Azores and in Italy. Order CORACIIFORMES. Suborder CTPSELI. Family CYPSELID^E. Genus MICROPUS Wolf in Meyer & Wolf, Tasclienb. i. 1810, p. 280. Type : M. apus (Linn.). Micropus = small-footed, from fiiKpos, small, and TTOUS, a foot. Micropus apus. SWIFT. HirundO apus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 192 : Sweden. Cypselus apus (Linn.); . O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 74; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 261. Micropus apus Hartert, Cat. Birds B. M. xvi. 1892, p. 442. Apus = without feet, from a and irovs. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Summer Visitor, usually arriving towards the end of April and departing about the end of August and the beginning of September, though a few remain until October or even later. It is generally distributed, but becomes rare towards the extreme north of Scotland, also in the Outer Hebrides and the Orkneys and Shetlands, where it is not known to breed and is no doubt a bird of passage. General Distribution. The Swift breeds in Europe gener- ally, and from north-west Africa to Abyssinia ; it ranges north to 70 N. latitude in Scandinavia and to Archangel in MICROPUS. CENTURA. 121 north Russia, south in winte^ to south Africa and Mada- gascar. Doubtfully distinct races have been differentiated from south Europe and north Africa. It is replaced in Asia by a paler race, M. a.pskinenrii, which visits India and south Africa in the cold season. Micropus melba. ALPINE SWIFT. Hirundo melba Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 192 : Gibraltar. Cypselus melba (Linn.} B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 74 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 263. Micropus melba Hartert, Cat. Birds B. M- xvi. 1892, p. 438. Melba, of unknown origin. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor chiefly between June and October. About twenty-five examples have occurred in England, mostly in the southern half, though seven have been recorded from Yorkshire and one from Northumberland ; one from Pembrokeshire, Nov. 1908 ; and four from Ireland, one in March. None have been captured in Scotland. General Distribution. The Alpine Swift breeds in the high mountain ranges from the Pyrenees and Alps eastwards to the Himalaya and from north-west Africa to Ceylon. Its winter quarters in Africa are uncertain, but many of the eastern birds spend the cold season in Ceylon. It arrives, on migration, in Tunisia in March and April and departs in autumn. In the north of France, Heligoland, and Germany it is accidental, and is represented in north- east, east, central, and south Africa by allied resident forms. Genus CENTURA Stephens, Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, 1826, p. 76. Type : @. pelagica (Linn.). Chaetura vdih a tail of hairs (spines); from xv night. Nyctea nyctea. SNOWY OWL. StriX nyctea Linnams, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 93 : Sweden. Nyctea scandiaca (Linn.}; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, p. 125; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 87; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 303. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor between September and April to the Shetland and Orkney Islands, and not unusual in the Outer and Inner Hebrides and the mainland of Scotland. It has occurred in England in the eastern and southern counties more than twenty times, while in Ireland more than thirty examples have been recorded, chiefly from the north and north-west. General Distribution. The Snowy Owl inhabits the Arc- tic regions of Europe, Asia, and America, and has nested as far south as Livonia and Orenburg in Russia. In winter it migrates southwards and has occurred in France, Switzer- land, the Balkan Peninsula, Turkestan, north-west India, and Japan. It is a straggler to the Faeroes and Iceland, as well as to other parts of Europe. In America it is found as far south as California, Texas, Louisiana, North Carolina, and the Bermudas. K2 132 STRIGIDJE. Genus SURNIA DumMl, Zool. Anal. 1806, p. 34. Type : S. n. caparoch (Miiller). Swnia. an invented name ; probably without meaning. Surnia ulula. EUROPEAN HAWK-OWL. Strix Tllula Limumis, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 93 : Sweden. Surnia ulula (Linn.) Sharpe, Cat. Birch B. M. ii. 1875, p. 129; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 88. Surnia funerea (Linn.) ; Sannders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 305. Ulula=& Screech Owl, in classical Latin. Akin to Sanskrit ulilka, O. H. G. Via, N. H. G. Eule, our " Owl," cf. 6\o\v^wI cry aloud, v\aw = I howl. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor : it has probably occurred four times : Unst, Shetlands, in the winter of 1860-61 ; near Amesbury, Wiltshire, killed previous to 1876; Aberdeenshire, Nov. 1898 ; Northampton- shire, Oct.. 1903. General Distribution. The European Hawk-Owl inhabits the northern parts of Europe and Asia and h;is occurred in Alaska. It migrates southwards in winter to central Europe and Asia. Birds from the Tian Shan and from Siberia have been recognised as distinct races. It is repre- sented in America by the following subspecies : Surnia ulula caparoch. AMERICAN HAWK-OWL. Strix caparoch P. L. S. Mailer, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776, p. 69 : Hudson Bay. Surnia funerea (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, p. 131; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 88 ; Sounders, Manual, L'ml ed. 1899, p. 305 (part.). Caparoch from its supposed native name, according to Edwards, who first made it known. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, which has occurred four times : off the coast ot Cornwall, March 1830; near Yatton, Somerset, Aug. 1847 ; near Glasgow, Dec. 1863 ; near Greenock, Nov. 1868. SURNIA. NYCTALA. 133 General Distribution. This Owl inhabits the northern parts of North America from north-west Alaska and Hud- son Bay southwards to Montana and Ungava. In winter it migrates rather farther south to Washington, Ohio, Indiana, and Nebraska. Genus NYCTALA C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1271. fl. C. Type : N.funerea (Linn.). Nyctala, from Gk. vi>KraX6s=nocturnal. Nyctala funerea. TEXGMALM'S OWL. Strix funerea Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 93 : Sweden. Nyctala tengmahni (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Gat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, p. 284; B. O. L T . List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 88; Saunters, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 299. Fu-nerea=ot a funeral, fiinus. Hence ill-boding, dismal ; an epithet applied to Bubo by Ovid, Metam. x. 226 & 453. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor which has occurred about twenty times in England, chiefly in the eastern counties from Northumberland to Suffolk, while a few have been recorded from other parts. In Scotland it has been captured twice : on Cramond Island, Firth of Forth, Dec. 1860, and near Peterhead, Feb. 1886. In the Shetland Islands it has been met with twice : in Nov. 1901 and Jan. 1908. General Distribution. Tengmalm's Owl inhabits northern and central Europe up to 68 N. latitude in Scandinavia and north Russia, extending almost to the limits of forest- growth. Southwards it ranges to the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, and Orenburg, and eastwards through western Siberia to the Yenesei. In autumn and winter it is migra- tory. In the Caucasus and in eastern Siberia it is said to be represented by slightly different races, and in Kamchatka by a larger, more distinct form. In North America, N. f. richardsoiti, another closely allied representative, is found. 134 Genus OTUS Pennant, Ind. Zool. 1769, p. 3. Type : 0. bakkamcena Pennant. Otus=& kind of Owl, see p. 129. Otus SCOpS. SCOPS OWL. Strix SCOpS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 92 : Italy. Scops giu (Scop.) ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, p. 47 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 89; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed..l899, p. 307. Scops=irK4/, a kind of Owl in classical Greek; from (TJco7reo> = I look, from its habit of staring. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. About thirty have occurred in various counties in England, one in Pembroke, south Wales, about ten in Scotland, includ- ing the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and nine in Ireland. General Distribution. The Scops Owl inhabits southern Europe, extending its migrations to Holland, Belgium, northern France, Germany, and Switzerland ; it also breeds in the Canary Islands and north-west Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, as well as in Asia Minor, and Palestine. In winter it migrates to Senegambia, Abyssinia, and Uganda. It is represented by allied races in Cyprus, in south-eastern Europe and western Asia, and in Africa. Genus BUBO Dmne.il, Zool. Anal. 1806, p. 34. Type : B. bubo Linn. Bw6o=an ill-boding Horned Owl in classical Latin poets. Cf. /3iws, /3v, the Greek equivalents, /3vw = I hoot, etc. ; from the root of /3o;=a cry. Bubo bubo. EAGLE-OWL. Strix bubo Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 92 : Sweden. Bubo ignavus (Forst.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, p. 14 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 90; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 309. BUBO. - CARIXE. 135 Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. Specimens have beon taken in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, Argyllshire, and in many counties of England. It is possible that some of those recorded may have escaped from captivity. General Distribution. The Eagle-Owl inhabits the moun- tain-forests of Europe, from Scandinavia, Lapland, and north Russia to the Mediterranean. In Spain, south-east Russia, and Asia Minor slightly different races have been recognised ; while eastwards in Asia a number of more or less distinct forms are found. In north Africa B. ascalaphus is the representative species. Genus CARINE Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, p. 29. Type : C. noctua (Scop.). j, a Carian woman, especially one hired to sing Carian dirges or funeral songs, in allusion presumably to the mournful note of this Owl. Carine noctua. LITTLE OWL. Strix noctua Scopoli, Ann. i. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 22 : Carniola. Carine noctua (Scop.) ; Sharjje, Cat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, p. 133. Athene noctua B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 91 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 301. Noctua=of the night. Distribution in the British Islands. Originally, no doubt, a Eare Visitor, but now a Resident. Many have been intro- duced since 1843, when Waterton first turned out five in Yorkshire, and the bird has now spread over the greater part of England. Specimens recorded from north Wales, Scotland, and Ireland may have escaped from captivity. General Distribution. The Little Owl inhabits central Europe, ranging from Denmark, and Courland in Russia, southwards to the Mediterranean. It is accidental in southern Sweden and Heligoland. In Spain, Sardinia, and south-east Europe slightly different races have been dis- tinguished, as well as in north Africa and western Asia. 136 VULTUmD.E. Order ACCIPITRIFORMES. Suborder ACCIPITRES. Family VULTURID.E. Genus GYPS Savigny, Descript. de 1'figypte, i. part i. 1809, pp. 68, 71. Type : G.fuhus (Gmel.). Gyp8=yv\l/, a Vulture in classical Greek: perhaps an Egyptian word. Gyps fulvus. GRIFFON VULTURE. Vultur fulvus Hablizl in Pallas' neue nordische Beytrage, iv. 1783, p. 58 : N. Persia. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 5; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p 91; Sounders, Manual, 2nded. 1899, p. 311. Fulvus =. tawny. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. An immature bird was captured alive near Cork Harbour in 1843. A second example is stated, by Saunders, to have been seen soaring over Southampton Water. General Distribution. The Griffon Vulture breeds in southern Europe in suitable localities from the Spanish Peninsula eastwards to the Caspian and southern Ural Mountains ; also in north Africa from Morocco to Nubia and Abyssinia, as well as in Arabia, Syria, and Asia Minor. It is an occasional straggler to Normandy, Holland, Germany, and Poland. In central Asia and northern India it is repre- sented by allied forms. Genus NEOPHRON Savigny, Descript. de 1'Egypte, i. part i. 1809, pp. 68, 75. Type : A 7 , percnopterus (Linn,) . Nedphron=veopuiv, childish in mind, from veos and Qpriv. But the name is said to be given from the bird's having the "front of the head naked " (Eyton, ' Rarer British Birds,' p. 3). NEOPHRON. CIRCUS. 137 Neophron percnopterus. EGYPTIAN VULTURE. Vultur perenopterus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 87: Egypt. Neophron percnopterus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 17 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 92 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 313. Percnopterus=irepKvoirrepos=mist, WXP<>S sallow, or perhaps from the root ac found in acutus, etc. Aquila clirysaetus. GOLDEN EAGLE. Falco Cliry setos Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 88 : Sweden. Aquila chrysaetus (Xm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds IB. 3f. i. 1874, p. 235; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 96; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 327. Chrysdetu=xpvaaeros, the Golden Eagle, in JElian, N. A. ii. 39 ; from Xpi/TOs and deroi. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident in the High- lands of Scotland and in the Inner and Outer Hebrides, also formerly in Hoy, Orkney Islands. To the south of Scotland and to England it is now a very rare visitor, though it formerly bred in the Cheviots, the south-west of Scotland, the Lake District, Derbyshire, and Wales. In Ireland a few pairs were resident until recently in the north and west, but are now believed to have disappeared. General Distribution. The Golden Eagle breeds in Europe, north Africa, northern and central Asia southwards to the Himalaya ; also in North America southwards to Texas and Carolina. Various races have been recognised. 142 FALCONIDJE. Aquila fasca. SPOTTED EAGLE. Aquila fusca Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Vog. i. 1823, p. 16 : Germany. Aquila maculata ( Gmel.) ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 325. Aquila clanga Pall. Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 240 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 96. Jfoculaia= spotted. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor : eight, or nine examples have been recorded in England, mostly from the southern counties, and two in Ireland from co. Cork in Jan. 1845. General Distribution. The Spotted Eagle breeds from the shores of the Baltic eastwards through Russia, the Caucasus, southern Siberia and central Asia to north China, and south- wards in the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, Palestine, and north India. In winter it leaves its more northern haunts and occurs in Spain, Italy, Algeria, and Tunisia, while numbers ascend the Nile Valley to Abyssinia ; it also winters in the Indian Peninsula and Burma. To western Europe it is a rare visitor. Two forms of Spotted Eagle occur in Europe, but according to Saunders it is the larger chiefly, i not entirely, which has visited the British Islands. Genus HALIAETUS Savigny, Descript. de 1'Egypte, i. pt. i. 1809, pp. 68, 85. Type : H. albicilla Linn. Haliaetu8=a\iaeTos, a Sea-Eagle, in classical Greek poets : from a\s and fiero*. HaliaetllS albicilla. WHITE-TAILED EAGLE. FalCO albicilla Linncens, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 89 : Sweden. Haliaetus albicilla (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 302 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 97 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 329. HALIAETU3. ASTUR. 143 Albicilla, from albicula, diminutive of albus white: probably confused, like M otacilla, with an impossible derivation from a non-existent word, *i\A.os = a taH. Distribution in the British Islands. A Scarce Resident in the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides, but has been exterminated as a breeding-species elsewhere in Grent Britain and recently in Ireland. It is an irregular visitor in autumn and winter to the maritime counties and is occa- sionally met with inland, most of the birds being immature. General Distribution. The White-tailed Eagle breeds in Greenland, Iceland, Novaya Zemlya, and Europe, from Scandinavia, Denmark, northern Germany and Russia, south- wards to the valley of the Danube, Turkey, Asia Minor, and apparently Egypt about Lake Menzaleh ; also across northern Asia to Kamchatka and north China. In winter it visits the rest of Europe and occurs occasionally in Spain, possibly in the Azores, and in the Canary Islands and north Africa ; it also visits India and Japan. Genus ASTUR Lacepede, Tableaux Ois. 1799, p. 4. Type : A. palumbarius (Linn.). Astur, a species of Hawk, in late Latin (4th century): probably from aarfipa, star, since aarejuias^starred, spotted, occurs as a kind of Hawk in Aristotle. Astur palumbarius. GOSHAWK. FalCO palumbarius Linrueus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 91 : Europe, jft. C. Astur palumbarius (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 95 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 97 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 331. Palumbdrhis=a, kind of Hawk which attacks Doves, palumbes. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. Most of the examples recorded have been immature birds met with on the east coast of Great Britain. Elsewhere its occurrence is very rare. Statements as to the capture of 144 FALCONID/E. three examples in Ireland cannot be verified. It is believed to have nested in Yorkshire in May 1893, and is said to have bred formerly in the forests of Speyside in Scotland. General Distribution. The Goshawk breeds in Europe, northern and central Asia, and north-west Africa ; from Scandinavia and Russia southwards to Spain and the Black and Caspian seas ; also in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In winter it visits north Africa, Palestine, the lower elevations of :i>;re;-j = swift-flying, the name of a Harpy in Hesiod, Th. 267. Accipiter nisus. SPARROW-HAWK. Falco nisus Linnwug, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 92 : Sweden. Accipiter nisus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birch B. M. i. 1874, p. 132; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 98; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 333. Nhus, a mythical king- of Megara, had his purple hair cut off by his daughter Scylla in order that she might gain the love of Minos. He lost his kingdom and was turned into a Sparrow- Hawk (Virgil, Georg. i. 405 seqq. ; Ciris, 110 seqq.). Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, gene- rally distributed in woodland districts ; consequently, it is rare in the Shetland and Orkney Islands and the Outer Hebrides. It is an autumn migrant on the east coast of Great Britain. General Distribution. The Sparrow-Hawk breeds in Europe, northern and central Asia, and north Africa, from the limits of forest-growth in Scandinavia and north Russia to Kamchatka and Japan, southwards to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and the Himalaya. In winter it visits Abyssinia, Arabia, the Peninsula of India and China. Racial forms have been recognised in Madeira, the Canary Islands, north-west Africa, Corsica, Sardinia, and various parts of Asia. MILVUS. 145 Genus MILVUS Lacepede, Tableaux Ois. 1799, p. 4. Type : M. milvus (Linn.). Milvus=a, Kite in classical Latin a kindred form mllio occurs, as if from minlivio, minullmis, from minimo I twitter (Fick). Milvus milvus. KITE. FalCO milVUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 89 : Sweden. Milvus ictinus Sav. ; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 319 ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 99; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 335. Distribution in the British Islands. A Scarce Resident, formerly abundant, but now met with in Wales only, where, thanks to the efforts made to protect it from extinction, its numbers have slowly increased from the five birds known to exist in 1905. Elsewhere it is a very rare visitor, chiefly to the eastern parts of Great Britain, but is said to have nested in Devonshire in 1913. Its occurrence in Ireland is doubtful. General Distribution. The Kite breeds in Scandinavia, south of about 61 N. latitude, and in western Russia as far east as Tula, Orel, and the valley of the Dnieper ; westwards it is generally distributed in Europe down to the Mediterranean; also in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and the western Canary Islands ; likewise in Asia Minor and Palestine. From the more northern parts of its range it is migratory in winter, 'but is resident in south Europe and north Africa. It is repre- sented by a closely allied form in the Cape Verde Islands. Milvus migrans. BLACK KITE. FalCO migrans Boddaert, Table Planches Enl. 1783, p. 28, no. 472 : no locality. Milvus korschun (Gmel.) ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 322. Milvus migrans (Bodd.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 99; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 337. Migrans = migrating. L 146 FALCOXIDJS. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor which has occurred twice : Alnwick, Northumberland, May 18GG ; and near Aberdeen, April 1901. General Distribution. The Black Kite breeds in central and southern Europe, being locally distributed from the southern shores of the Baltic, Finland, and Russia, south- wards to the Mediterranean and Caspian seas, and south- western Asia ; also in north Africa from Morocco to Tunisia. In winter it migrates to Africa and Madagascar. It is accidental in southern Scandinavia and Heligoland. In north-east Africa and southern and eastern Asia it is represented by allied forms. Genus PERNIS Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. 1817, p. 322. Type : P. apivorus (Linn.). Pernisirepvis, a late Greek word akin to irTepvtf, a kind of Hawk men- tioned by Aristotle : c/. ~ rt(ova=tlie heel, 7rrfpi'i\=" long-heeled," perna=the ham. Pernis apivorus. HONEY-BUZZARD. FalCQ apivorus Linrueus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 91 : Sweden. Pernis apivorus {Linn.) ; Sh'arpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 344; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 100; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 339. Apiv6rus= Bee-eater, from iipis and vorare. Distribution in t he British Islands. Formerly a regular, but scarce Summer Visitor in Great Britain, but now only nesting occasionally in the New Forest and other parts of England and Wales. It has, however, been known to breed in various counties from Hampshire northwards to Aberdeenshire and east Ross-shire. As a spring and autumn passage-migrant it occurs mostly on the east coast of Great Britain, and has been recorded as far north as the Shetland Islands. In Ireland it appears casually as a summer and autumn visitor in the eastern counties. PERNIS. HIEROFALCO. 147 General Distribution. The Honey-Buzzard breeds in north and central Europe from Scandinavia, Finland, and Russia southwards to north Spain, north Italy, and the western shores of the Black sea ; it is also found in western Siberia and Turkestan. It winters in Africa and Madagascar. In India and eastern Asia it is represented by allied forms. Genus HIEROFALCO Cuvier, Regne Anim.i. 1817, p. 312. Type : II. candicans (Gmel.). Hierofalco, from it'pa$=a falcon in Greek and falco=a. falcon in Latin, a barbarous compound of a Latin and a Greek word. Hierofalco gyrfalco. GYR-FALCON. FalGO gyrfalco Lin-nans, Syst, Nat, 1758, p. 91 : Sweden. Hierofalco gyrfalco (Linn.} ; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 416 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 101. Falco gyrfalco Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 345. Gyrfalco = the Falcon that soars in circles: from gyrdre= to wheel round, and falco. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has possibly occurred three times : an adult, Mayfield, Sussex, Jan. 1845 ; an immature, Orford, Suffolk, Oct. 1867 ; and an immature from Thetford Warren, Norfolk, spring of 1883, which is doubtfully authentic. An immature Falcon killed at Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, Dec. 1901, and referred to this species, was undoubtedly a dark female Peregrine. General Distribution. The Gyr-Falcon breeds in northern Scandinavia, Lapland, and northern Russia, extending west- wards to Greenland and across Arctic America to Alaska. In Labrador a very dark form, //. g. obsoletus, is found ranging south in winter as far as Maine and casually elsewhere. L2 148 FALCONID^E. Hierofalco islandus. ICELAND FALCON. FalCQ islandus Br&nnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, p. 2 [part ] : Iceland. Hierofalco islandus (Gmel.) Sharpe, Oat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 414 ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 102. Falco islandus Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 343. Islandus =of Iceland. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. Examples have been obtained mostly in winter in the Shet- lands, Orkneys, the Outer and Inner Hebrides and in several localities, both in Scotland and in England. In Ireland it has occurred four times in the north and west. General Distribution. The Iceland F;ilcon breeds in Ice- land, Jan Mayen, and south Greenland (//. liolboelli Sliarpe), also in northern Siberia (H. uralensis Severtz. & Menzb.) to Kamchatka. It wanders southwards to the Faeroes, north- west Europe, and to northern Asia, including the Commander Islands ; also apparently to Labrador. Hierofalco islandus candicans. GREENLAND FALCON. Falco candicans Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 1789, p. 275: " Iceland." Hierofalco candicans (Grnel.^) ; Skarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 411 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 101. Falco candicans Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 341. Candicans = white. Distribution in the British Islands. An Irregular Visitor in winter and spring. It occurs almost annually in Scotland and the adjacent islands, likewise in Ireland. In England and Wales it is less abundant. General Distribution. The Greenland Falcon breeds in northern Greenland and Arctic North America from Ellesmere Land to Alaska and Bering Island. Some migrate farther south in winter and wander to Iceland, the Faeroes, and western Europe. FALCO. 149 Genus FALCO LinncBus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 88. Type : F. subbuteo Linn. .FVilco = a Falcon, in classical Latin: probably cognate with falx=a sickle, ^ecio I bend etc., from the form of a Hawk's beak. Falco peregrinus. PEREGRINE FALCON. Falco peregrinus Tunstall, Ornith. Brit. 1771, p. 1 : Great Britain. Falco communis Gmel. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 370 (part.)- Falco peregrinus Tunst. ; B. O. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 102 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 347. Peregrinus = foreign, because it was always caught a long way off from its nesting-place (Gesuer). Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding on sea-cliffs and inland rocks in suitable localities through- out Great Britain and Ireland. It also occurs in autumn as a passage-migrant. General Distribution. The Peregrine Falcon inhabits northern and central Europe and northern Asia, migrating southwards in winter to Africa and India. The birds from north Asia have been recognised as a distinct race. It is represented by allied forms in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, Asia, Australia, and America. Falco peregrinus anatum. AMERICAN PEREGRINE or DUCK-HAWK. Falco anatum Bonaparte, Geogr. and Com p. List, 1838, p. 4 : New Jersey, U.S.A. Falco communis Gmel. ; STiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 376 (part.). Falco nigriceps Cass. ; Bidwell, Bull. B. O. C. xxvii. 1911, p. 103. Anatum=of ducks (Duck-Hawk of the United States). Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor ; it has occurred twice : near Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, Oct. 1891 ; at Humberstone, Lincolnshire, Sept. 1910. General Distribution. This form of the Peregrine inhabits 150 FALCONIDJC. the greater part of North America, ranging southwards in winter to the West Indies, Central and South America. It is replaced in the Commander Islands, Kurile Islands, Aleutian Chain, and the north-western coast-region of America from Alaska to Oregon by a closely allied race, F. p. pealei. Falco subbuteo, HOBBY. FalGO subbuteo Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 89 : Sweden. Falco subbuteo Linn. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 395 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 102; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 349. Subbuteo=a little like a Buteo, q. v. ; as if a translation of Aristotle's vjroTpi6pxT)s (Gesner), Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, breeding regularly in most of the southern counties of England, especially Hampshire, as far west as Devonshire, but only known as a rare migrant in Cornwall. To the north of the Thames and in the eastern counties as far north as Lincolnshire it is less frequent. In the midlands it is met with occasionally, but is rare in Derbyshire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire. In Scotland, where it has occurred as far north as the Shetlands, and in Wales and Ireland, it is a rare visitor but is known to have nested in Perthshire in 1887. General Distribution. The Hobby breeds in Europe generally, from Scandinavia and north Russia to the Mediterranean and north-\vest Africa : also in northern and central Asia, eastwards to Kamchatka. In winter it is found in Africa, as far south as Cape Colony, also in India, and China. Other races have been recognised from north- west Africa and from various parts of Asia. Falco aesalon. MERLIN. Falco sesalon Tunstall, Ornith. Brit. 1771, p. 1 : France. Falco regulus Pall Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 406. Falco aesalon Tunst. B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 103; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 351. aladXwv, a kind of Hawk in Pliny. FALCO. 151 Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding in Wales, the northern counties of England, and throughout Scotland to the Shetland?, also in Ireland. It is reported to have bred on Exmoor, Somerset, in May 1907. In autumn and winter it is generally distributed, its numbers being augmented in September and October by visitors from the Continent. General Distribution, The Merlin breeds in Iceland, the Faeroes, and from Scandinavia southwards to the Pyrenees, thence across the alpine districts of central Europe and northern and central Asia to Ussuri-land. In winter it visits the Mediterranean basin, northern Africa as far south as Nubia and Abyssinia, northern India, and southern China. The Asiatic birds have been divided into three races. It is represented in America by F* columbarius. Falco vespertinus. RED-FOOTED FALCON. FalCO Vespertinus Linmeas, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 121) : Ingria (St. Petersburg). Cerchneis vespertina (Linn.} ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 443. Tinnunculus vespertinus B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 103. Falco vespertinus Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 353. Vespertinus of the evening, vesper, because this species was described to Linnffius by G. de D^midoff as " flying about in the evening and at night." Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor, chiefly in the spring and summer, but a few have occurred in autumn and winter. About thirty-five examples have been recorded from England, chiefly in the south and east ; two from Wales, four from Scotland, and one from Ireland. General Distribution. The Red-footed Falcon breeds in eastern Europe and western Siberia, from north Russia to the Yenesei and Lake Baikal, ranging southwards to Poland, Hungary, the Balkan States, and south Russia, In winter it visits Africa, as far south as Damaraland. It is scarce in Spain and Morocco, and accidental in Heligoland, western 152 FALCOKID^. Europe, and the Canary Islands. In eastern Asia it is represented by an allied form which winters in India and southern Africa. Falco tinnunculus. KESTREL. FalGO tinnunculus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 90 : Sweden. Cerchneis tinnuncula (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 425. Tinnunculus alaudarius (Gmel.~) ; B. 0. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 104. Falco tinnunculus Linn. ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 355. Tinnunculus=& kind of Hawk in Pliny; probably from tinnio=I ring, from its sharp shrill voice. Distribution in tJie British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed, but moving southwards from the Shetland and Orkney Islands, the north of Scotland, and the north and east of Ireland in winter. In autumn its numbers are greatly increased by immigrants from the Continent. General Distribution. The Kestrel inhabits Europe, north Africa, and northern, central, and western Asia. Migrating in winter from the more northern parts of its range, it visits western and north-eastern Africa, India,, and China. It is represented by allied resident forms in Madeira, the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, north-east and east Africa, India, and Burma. Falco naumanni. LESSER KESTREL. Falco naumanni Fleischer in Laurop u. Fischer, Sylvan, ein Jahrb. fur Forstm. auf 1817 und 1818, 1818, p. 174 : S. Germany. Cerchneis naumanni Fleischer ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 435. Tinnunculus cenchris (Naum.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 104. Falco cenchris Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 357. Naumanni, so named in honour of the well-known German ornithologist Johann Friedrich Naumann (1780-1857). FALCO. PANDION. 153 Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. In England this species has been recorded eight times ; in Scotland once and in Ireland once. General Distribution. The Lesser Kestrel breeds in southern Europe, south-western Asia, and north Africa, ranging from Spain and as far north as southern Poland eastwards across southern Europe to Orenburg, Bokhara, Persia, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Egypt, also westwards to Morocco. In winter it visits tropical and southern Africa. It is an accidental visitor to France and Germany, and is represented in Chinese Turkestan and China by a closely allied race which winters in India and occurs in eastern and southern Africa. Suborder PANDIONES. I Genus PANDION Savigriy, Descript. de 1'Egypte, i. pt. i. 1809, pp. 69, 95. Type: P. haliaetus Linn. Pandion, a mythical king of Athens, father of Procne and Philomela ; from 7ras=all, and 5 los = divine. Pandion haliaetus. OSPEEY. FalGO haliaetus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 91 : Sweden. Pandion haliaetus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds _B. M. i. 1874, p. 449; S. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 105; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 359. Haliaetus = a\ideTos, a Sea-Eagle in classical Greek poets; from aXs and deros. Distribution in the British Islands. Formerly a Resident. A pair or two may still breed in Scotland, but it has recently deserted two of its well-known nesting-haunts in Inverness- shire, Loch an Eilean in 1903, and Loch Arkaig in 1911. In England it is a tolerably regular Autumn and Spring Visitor, and occurs irregularly in Wales. In Ireland many examples have been recorded, chiefly in autumn, but it is not known to have bred there. 154: PHALACROCORACID.E. General Distribution. The Osprey inhabits the greater part of the eastern Hemisphere, except the Austro-Malayan Islands and Australia, breeding jn suitable localities through- out Europe, Asia, and north Africa, southwards to the Canary Islands, Cape Verde Group, and Sokotra. It visits tropical and south-east Africa in winter. Jn America and Australia it is represented by closely allied races. Order PELECANIFORMES. Family PHALACROCORACID^. Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson, Orn. vi. 1760, p. 511. Type : P. carlo (Linn.). Phalacrocorax, from 0a\aicp6s:= bald-headed, and i>',oa=a Karen. Phalacrocorax carbo. CORMORANT. Pelecanus carbo Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 133 : Sweden. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 105 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 340; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 361. Carbo = a coal ; perhaps from the bird's sooty blackness. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, common round our coasts, but rather less numerous on the western side of Scotland, the Outer Hebrides, and the Orkney and Shetland Islands, than the Green Cormorant or Shag. It visits inland waters and occasionally breeds on inland cliffs and on trees. General Distribution. The Cormorant inhabits the Atlantic coasts of North America from Hudson Bay to Georgia, central and southern Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, and ranges thence across Europe and Asia to Kamchatka ; also from the Mediterranean to India, the Malay Peninsula, Aus- tralia, New Zealand, and the Chatham Islands. Several racial forms have been recognised. It has been recorded from southern Africa, probably erroneously. PHALACROCORAX. SULA. 155 Plialacrocorax graculus. SHAG. Pelecanus graculus Linmims, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 217 : Sweden. Phalacrocorax graculus (Linn.) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 106; Ogilvie- Grant, Gat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 364 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 363. Grdculus^a Jackdaw, in classical Latin, akin to garrio = I. chatter, gallus= a cock, etc. It was called " graculus palmipes" by the old writers. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, common round our western shores, but less so on the south coast of England, east of the Isle of Wight, and on the east coast, except towards the north of Scotland. Very numerous in the Orkney and Shetland Islands, in the Outer Hebrides, and down the whole of the west coast of Great Britain. In Ireland it is common, and breeds all round the coasts. It rarely frequents inland waters. General Distribution. The Shag inhabits Iceland, the Faeroes, and the coasts of western Europe from Norway to Portugal. It is represented in the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas by a closely allied form, P. g. desmaresti. Family SULID.E. Genus SULA Brisson, Orn. vi. 1760, p. 494. Type : S. leucogastra (Bodd.). Sula, latinized from the Norse 8ule (Brunnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, p. 31), which is said to mean an awkward fellow, a dolt. Sula bassana. GANNET. Pelecanus bassanus Lmnccus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 133 : Scotland. Sula bassana (Linn.) S. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 106 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 425; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 365. Bassdna = of the Bass Eock in the Firth of Forth, because it was supposed to breed nowhere else. 156 ANATID.E. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding on the Bass Rock, Haddington ; Suliskerry, 40 miles west of the Orkney Islands ; Sulisgeir, Outer Hebrides; Ailsa Craig, Ayrshire ; Grassholm, Pembrokeshire ; Bull Rock, co. Cork ; Skelligs, co. Kerry ; -St. Kilda group. Formerly it nested on Lundy Island. In winter it has a wider range. General Distribution. The Gran net breeds in the Faeroes and Iceland, also on the north-east coast of North America at Bonaventura Island, and the Bird Rocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In winter it ranges south to the Mediter- ranean, as far east as Italy and Tunisia, north-west Africa, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Azores, and the Gulf of Mexico. Order ANSERIFORMES. Family ANATID^. ' . Genus ANSEE Brisson, Orn. vi. 1760, p. 261. Type : A. anser (Linn.). Anser=& Goose, in classical Latin ; cognate with %riv, Sanskrit hansas, German Gans (our "Gander"), Norse gaas, Anglo-Sax, gos goose, gandra gander, srano=gannet, Eng. Goose; originally haiiser. Probably from the root of xaii'ia, xdffKtii=I gape. Anser anser. GEEY LAG-GOOSE. Anas anser Linnceus. Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 123: Sweden. Anser cinereus Meyer; B. O. 77. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 115; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 397. Anser ferus (Brunn.} ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds J5. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 89. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident in the north of Scotland, breeding in Caithness, Sutherland, Ross- shire, and on the Outer and some of the Inner Hebrides. In winter its numbers are greatly augmented and it is then more generally distributed, but is scarce on the east coast. It occurs occasionally on passage at the Shetland and Orkney ANSER. 157 Islands. To England and Wales it is a rare and irregular Winter Visitor, especially to the soulh and west. It is scarce in most parts of Ireland, but some numbers visit the south and west. Formerly it bred in the carrs of Yorkshire and in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, but ceased to do so at the beginning of last century. General Distribution. The northern breeding-range of the Grey Lag-Goose extends from Iceland and Scandinavia to Kamchatka ; its southern limit is more difficult to define, but the bird breeds in Denmark, locally in Holland and north Germany, occasionally in south Spain and commonly along the lower Danube and Black sea ; it is also found in Trans- caucasia, Persia, Turkestan, and probably China, though at present only recorded from there as a winter visitor. In winter it resorts to southern Europe and northern Africa ; also to north and central India and China as far south as Canton. Anser fabalis. BEAN-GOOSE. Anser fabalis Latliam, Gen. Synop. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 297 : Great Britain. Anser segetum (Gmel.); . O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 115; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 401. Anser fabalis Lath. Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. Jt. xxvii. 1895, p. 99. Fabalis = of beans (as Geese often frequent bean-stubbles). Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Winter Visitor, commoner on the west coast of Great Brit.-iin than on the east. It is scarce in the north of Scotland and some of the Inner Hebrides, and almost unknown in the Outer Hebrides. In the Orkneys its occurrence requires confirmation, but it has been obtained at Fair Isle, Shetlands. In Ireland it is often numerous in the midland and western counties, especially in severe winters, but rare in the south. General Distribution. The Bean-Goose breeds in Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya, and north-eastern Riissia, but is apparently only met with on passage in Finland and Lapland. East of 158 ANATIDJE. the Petchora its breeding-range extends to the Taimyr Peninsula and possibly to east Siberia. In winter it is found over the greater part of Europe and western Asia, and is common in China. Eastwards its place is taken by the larger, thick-billed form, A. f. serrirostris. A form with the bill mostly yellow has been separated as A. arvensis and occurs in the British Islands, but its claims to specific distinction are extremely doubtful. Anser albifrons. WIIITE-FKOXTED GOOSE. Branta albifrons Scopoli, Ann. i. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 09 : Carniola. Anser albifrons (Scop.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 116 (part.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. Hf. xxvii. 1895, p. 92 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 399. .Alb7/rons=with a white forehead ; from albus and/rons. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor. Generally scarce on the east coast of Great Britain, except near the Moray Firth, but on the west and south often numerous, though local in its distribution. It is rather plentiful in the Shetlands and Orkneys, much less so in the Outer Hebrides, but common in Islay. In Ireland it is abundant and much the commonest species of Grey Goose. General Distribution. The breeding-range of the White- fronted Goose includes Greenland, Iceland, the most northerly tundra of Arctic Europe, Kolguev, and Novaysi Zemlya, the extreme north of Siberia, and the islands along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. In winter it is met with throughout Europe, south to the Mediterranean basin, Egypt, 'the Black and Caspian seas, northern India, China, Korea, and Japan. In Arctic America, A. a. gambeli, a form with a slightly larger bill, is met with, ranging south in winter to Mexico and Cuba. It seems doubtful if the American bird is really separable from A. albifrons. ANSER. 159 Anser erythropus, LESSER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Anas erytliropus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 123 : Sweden. Anser albifrons (Scop.) ; B. O. T7. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 116 (part.); Salvadori, Gat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 92 (part.)- Anser erythropus (Linn.} ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 400. Erythropus=pwk or red-footed; from epu0/ads=red, and 7rovs=foot. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Bare Visitor. An example was shot at Holy Island, Northumberland, Sept. 1886. One is said to have been shot on the Wash, Norfolk, Jan. 1900. Specimens are also recorded as having been killed near York and in the Humber district, and possibly on the Solway, but their histories are rather uncertain. General Distribution. In north Europe the Lesser White- fronted Goose breeds in Lapland, the Kanin Peninsula, and Novaya Zemlya ; also in Asia on the tundra of northern Siberia from the Yenesei eastwards to Kamchatka. In winter it is found sparingly or rarely over western and southern Europe, but often occurs in considerable numbers in the north and east. Vast flocks have been observed on the Sea of Azov ; it is numerous on the Caspian sea and visits north Egypt. Eastwards it is met with in Persia, India, south China, and Japan. It is very common on Lake Baikal and other parts of northern Asia. Anser brachyrhynchus. PINK-FOOTED GOOSE. Anser brachyrhynclius Baillon, Mem. de la Soc. Roy. d'Em. d'Abbev. for 1833, 1834, p. 74 : France. Anser brachyrhynchus Baill ; B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 116; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 103 ; Satinders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 403. Brachyrhynchus = short beaked ; from fipaxvs and puyx os - Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor. Most numerous on the east coast of Great Britain and less common on the south and west. It has been observed on Fair Isle, Shetlands, Oct. 1909, but is rare in the Orkneys 160 ANATID.E. and north of Scotland, and of doubtful occurrence in the Outer Hebrides. In Ireland it is accidental. General Distribution. The Pink-footed Goose breeds in Spitsbergen, almost certainly in Iceland, and probably also in Franz Josef Land. It winters in north-western and western Europe. Genus CHEN Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Type : C. hyperboreus (Pall.). Chen = xfiv a Goose, in classical Greek; oognata with Anser, q. v. Chen hyperboreus. SXOW-GOOSE. Anser hypBrboreus Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. vi. 17G9, p. 25 : N.E. Siberia. Chen albatus (Cass.) ; B. O. TT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 117. Chen hyperboreus (PaW.) ; Salvadori, Oat. Birds B. _/!/. xxvii. 1895, p. 84 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 40o. jffyper&orews=northern, from ir7r6=under, and /3opeas= north wind. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Winter Visitor. In exceptionally severe winters small numbers and even flocks visit Great Britain from the Solway district southwards ; also Ireland, where a few have been killed. General Distribution. The Snow-Goose breeds in western Arctic America and probably also in eastern Arctic Asia, east of the Lena. In winter it visits western North America west of the Mississippi valley southwards to Mexico, and, from time to time, north-western Europe, southwards to Greece and the Caspian sea. Chen hyperboreus nivalis. GREATER SNOW-GOOSE. Anas nivalis Former, Philos. Trans. Ixii. 1773, p. 433 : Hudson Bay. Chen nivalis (Forst.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 86 ; Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. x. 1899, p. xv. Nivalis snowy, i.e. snow-white. CHEN. BRANTA. 161 Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor : one example was obtained in Ireland, at Belmullet, co. Mayo, in Oct. 1886. General Distribution. The Greater Snow-Goose breeds in Greenland and Ellesmere Land, Arctic North America. In winter it visits the United States, east of the Mississippi, southwards to Florida and Porto Rico. The claims of this larger race to distinction do not seem as yet very well established. Genus BRANTA Scopoli, Ann. i. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 67. Type : B. bernicla (Linn.) . Branta, a mediaeval word found in Gesner, probably the same as our " Brent " (i. e. Burnt Goose) from its charred appearance. Branta bernicla. BRENT GOOSE. Anas bernicla Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 124 : Sweden. Bernicla brenta (Pall.*); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 117; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 411. Branta bernicla (Linn.} ; Salvadori, Gat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 119 (part.)- Bernicla, of uncertain derivation, possibly connected with barnacles, from which these Geese were fabled to grow. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Winter Visitor, numerous in the Shetlands and Orkneys ahd on the east and south coasts of Great Britain. In the Hebrides and on the western shores it is much less numerous and more irregular. It is very common on the coasts of Ireland, and is seldom met \\ith on inland waters unless wounded. General Distribution. The Brent Goose breeds in Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, and Spitsbergen, and probably also in north Russia on the tundra of the Kanin Peninsula and Yalmal. In Asia it nests near the mouth of the Yenesei and on the Taimyr Peninsula. In winter it M 102 AXATIDjE. visits the Faeroe Islands, the North sea, and the Baltic, ranging southwards along the shores of western Europe to northern France and occasionally to Morocco, the Medi- terranean, and Egypt. East of the Taimyr Peninsula its place is taken by B. nigricans, and in North America by the following race. Branta bernicla glaucogaster. AMERICAN BRENT GOOSE. Bernicla glaucogaster C.L. #r}p=belly. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, met with among flocks of B. bernicla on the east coast of Great Britain, mostly to the north of the Humber and notably on the Northumberland coast, where it appears to be more abundant than B. bernicla. The same seems to be true about the south-east coast of Ireland. In the Croinarty Firth it is not uncommon among the vast flocks of Brent Geese. It has also been recorded from the Sohvay Firth and E=?sex. General Distribution. The American Brent Goose breeds in the arctic islands of north-eastern North America and the west coast of Greenland. It winters on the east coast of North America southwards to Carolina and Florida, and has occurred accidentally in some of the eastern States, Barbados, and British Columbia. It has also been recorded from Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya, and the Taimyr Peninsula. Its exact distribution is still very imperfectly known. BRANTA. 1G3 Branta leucopsis. BARNACLE-GOOSE. Anas leucopsis Beclutein, Oru. Tascbenb. ii. 1803, p. 424: Germany. Bernicla leucopsis (Bechst.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 118 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 409. Branta leucopsis Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 117. Lencopsis white-faced; from Aeueos and 5i//t. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, most numerous in tbe Outer and Inner Hebrides and on the west coast of Scotland, likewise in the Solway district, Cumberland, and Lancashire, but less frequent southwards to Cornwall. On the east and south coasts it is sparingly met with in severe weather. In Ireland it is rather abundant in the north and north-west and along Dundalk Bay in the east, but rare in the south. To the Shetlands and Orkneys it is a regular autumn visitor, but does not winter in the former islands. General Distribution. The Barnacle Goose breeds in north Scoresby Land, eastern Greenland, Spitsbergen, and in limited numbers in the Lofoten Islands. It probably also nests in Iceland, Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, and western Siberia. On migration it visits south Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, the North sea, and the Baltic. Occasion- ally it wanders to Spain, Italy, Morocco, the Azores, and North America. Branta ruficollis. RED-BREASTED GOOSE. Anser ruficollis Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. vi. 1769, p. 21, tab. iv. : N. Siberia. Bernicla ruficollis (Pall.}; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 119; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 407. Branta ruficollis Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 124. Ruficollis^ red-necked ; from rvfus and collum. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Examples have been obtained in Middlesex early in 1776 ; 164 ANATID^E. near Wycliffe, Yorkshire, about the same date; at Berwick- on-Tweed, Northumberland, 1818 ; Essex, Jan. 1871 ; Gloucestershire, Nov. 1909. Two are also said to have been taken in south Devon and one in Norfolk. Others have been reported on more or less doubtful evidence. General Distribution. The Red-breasted Goose breeds in the tundras of western Siberia from the Obi to the Yenesei, but does not occur much to the east of the Taimyr Peninsula. In winter great numbers visit the Caspian and Aral seas, also parts of Persia, passing through south Russia, the Kirghiz Steppes, and Turkestan. It wanders occasionally to central and southern Europe as far west as France and as far south as Italy. Genus CYGrNUS Beclistein, Orn. Taschenb. pt. ii. 1803, p. 404 (note). Type : C. cygnus (Linn.). Cz/5fnws=the Swan, in classical Latin, in Greek KVKVOS. Cf. Ciconia. Cygnus cygnus. W HOOPER SWAN. Anas cygnus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 122 : Sweden. Cygnus musicus Bechst.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 120; Salvador*, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 26 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 413. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor from October to April, individuals occasionally remaining until May. It is more abundant in severe weather. It regularly frequents the estuaries and lochs of Scotland and the adjacent islands, and is often common on the shores of England and Wales in hard winters. To Ireland it is an Irregular Visitor. Formerly it nested in the Orkneys. A pair of pinioned wild birds have for several years bred in Shetland, and the young have remained there. General Distribution. The Whooper breeds in Iceland, northern Europe, and northern Asia, and winters in central and southern Europe, central Asia, China, and Japan. In severe winters it occasionally visits north Africa. CYGNUS. 165 Cygnus bewicki. BEWICK'S SWAN. Cyg-nus bewickii Yarrell. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 1833, p. 453. Cygnus bewicki Yarrell B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 121 ; Salvador!, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 29 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 415. Bewicki, named after Thomas Bewick, naturalist and artist (1753-1828), author of a ' History of British Birds.' Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Winter Visitor. In ScotLmd, especially in the Hebrides, it is some- times very numerous, notably on the island of Tiree; also in the north and west of Ireland. In England and Wales it is often met with in severe weather, but is much rarer than C. cygmis. General Distribution. Bewick's Swan breeds in Arctic Europe and Arctic Asia, from the White sea eastwards to the delta of the Lena ; also on Kolgnev and Novaya Zemlya. It winters in western and central Europe, the Caspian sea, China, and Japan. East of the Lena it is represented by the larger form C. b. jankowskii Alpheraky. Cygnus olor. MUTE SWAN. Anas Olor Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 501 : Russia. Cygnus olor (GmeL); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 119; Salvador i, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 35 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 417. Olor=a Swan, in classical Latin, especially in poetry ; perhaps a Spanish word. Cf. Welsh alarch. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, introduced and generally distributed in a semi-domesticated condition. Continental wild birds also visit our Islands on migration. General Distribution. The Mute Sivan breeds in south 166 ANATID^E. Scandinavia, Denmark, north Germany, central and southern Russia, and on the lower Danube ; also commonly in the neighbourhood of the Black and Caspian seas, and eastwards in Turkestan and Mongolia. It winters in the basin of the Mediterranean, on the lakes of north Africa, and the Caspian sea, wandering occasionally to north-west India. Genus TADORNA Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 1822, p. 260. Type: T. tadorna (Linn.). Tadorna, an Italian word, which seems first to occur in B<51on, 1585, as the latinized name of a bird. Tadorna tadorna. COMMON SHELD-DUCK. Anas tadorna Litma>us, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 122 : Sweden. Tadorna cornuta (Gmel.*) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 122; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 171 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 419. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed and abundant in suitable localities along the coasts, but less numerous in the south of England. It also nests occasionally in inland localities far from the sea. In the Shetlands it is scarce, and it seems doubtful if it has ever nested there. On the east coast of Scotland it is especially plentiful, its numbers being largely increased in winter by visitors from the Continent. General Distribution. The Common Sheld-Duck breeds from 70 N. latitude in Norway, and from 56 N. in the Ural Mountains, southwards to France and Spain. It is a resident in the basins of the Black and Caspian seas. Eastwards it breeds on the salt steppes of southern Siberia and the salt-lakes of Turkestan and Mongolia, ranging to Japan. Over the interior of Europe, along the basin of the Mediterranean, and in north Africa it is chiefly known as a winter visitor, and is also found at that season in northern India, southern China, and Formosa. It occasionally -\isits the Faeroes and Iceland. TAUOKNA. ANAS. 1G7 Tadorna casarca. RUDDY SHELD-DUCK. Anas casarca Lintueus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. iii. A pp. 17G8, p. 224 : Russia. Tadorna casarca (Linn.) ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 122 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 421. Casarca rutila (Pall.) Salvador*, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 177. Casarca = a Goose, in South Eussian ; Tartar karakchas= black GOOBO. IHstribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. Between June and September 1892, during the great drought in southern Europe, many visited the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, flocks of from ten to twenty being seen in some places. Some of the otlier records in the southern counties of England probably refer to birds which had escaped from captivity. A female was obtained at Suliskerry, 40 miles west of the Orkneys, in June 1909. General Distribution. Small numbers of the Ruddy Sheld-Duck breed in south Spain, but it is otherwise rare west of the Adriatic ; it is more plentiful in south-eastern Europe. In Asia it breeds in Persia and Turkestan, central Tibet and Mongolia up to 16,000 ft., and on Lake Baikal. It winters in India, south China, and Formosa, and is a resident in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt and Abyssinia. It has wandered to north Europe, Iceland, and even Greenland ; also to the Amur valley, north China, and Japan. Genus ANAS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 122. Type : A. bosckas Linn. Anas=a, Duck in classical Latin; akin to vr\rra, vrjffffa, vaaaa. Germ. Ente, Lith. antis. Anas boschas. WILD DUCK or MALLARD. Anas boscnas Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 127 : Sweden. $. C. Anas boscas Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 125; Salvador^, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 189 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 423. 168 ANATID.E. Boschas=/3offKa$, a small kind of Duck in Aristotle ; apparently the genuine forms are /3fficas and aaicds. Origin unknown (cf. H. T. Wharton, ' Ibis,' 1879, p. 452) ; perhaps confused with /36is. . QUERQUEDULA. MAKECA. 171 Querquedula crecca carolinensis. AMERICAN GKEEN-WINGED TEAL. Anas carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 533: Hudson B;iy. Querquedula carolinensis (Gmel.); B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 127. Nettion carolinense (Gmel.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 250 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 433. Carolinensis = from Carolina, in North America. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor which has occurred three times :- in Hurstbourne Park, Hampshire, about 1840 ; a male at Scarborough, Yorkshire, Nov. 1851 ; a male on Kingsbridge estuary, Devonshire, Nov. 1879. General Distribution. The American Green- winged Teal breeds in North America from the Aleutian Islands and Alaska eastwards to Ungava and Newfoundland and from central California to New Brunswick. In winter its migrations extend to Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. It has wandered to Greenland, the Bermudas, and even to the Hawaiian Islands. Genus MARECA Stephens, Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, 1824, p. 130. Type : M. penelope (Linn.). Mareca, the native name, according to Marcgrave, of the Brazilian Teal (Querquedula brasilieiisis). Mareca penelope. WIGEON. Anas penelope Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 126: Sweden. Mareca penelope (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 123 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 227 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 437. Penelvpe ; 7rjveXo4' = a kind of Duck with purple stripes, in classical Greek which was said to have fed Penelope, subsequently the wife of Ulysses, after her parents had thrown her into the sea, from Trijvjy^woof, and 5i//(s=: sight, " braided looking." Distribution in the British Inlands. A Resident, breeding 172 ANATIDJJ. in the Shetland and Orkney Islands and in many parts of Scotland; also occasionally in the north of England and Wales. There is no actual proof of its having bred in Ireland. It is a very common Winter Visitor to all our coasts and the adjacent inland waters. General Distribution. The Wigeon is widely distributed over Europe and Asia, breeding in the more northern parts of its range up to about 70 N. latitude : it also nests in Iceland, the Faeroes, Kolguev, and Vaigach Island. In winter it visits the w hole of southern Europe and north Africa, as far south as Abyssinia ; also southern Asia to the Sunda Islands ; while some cross Bering sea to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and visit the coast of California. Stragglers reach Greenland, the Atlantic coasts of North America, the Azores, and Madeira, and have been recorded from the Marshall Islands. Mareca americana. AMERICAN WIGEON. Anas americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt, 2, 1789, p. 526: Louisiana. Mareca americana (Gmel.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 124; Salvador!, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 233 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 439. Americana = American. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor ; there are about three authentic records of its occurrence : In the London market, winter 1837-38 ; in a Leeds game-stall, Feb. 1895 ; a male, Benbecula, Outer Hebrides, Jan. 1907. Others have been recorded, some being possibly birds which have escaped from captivity. General Distribution. The American Wigeon breeds in North America from Alaska eastwards to Hudson Bay and southwards to Utah, Colorado, and Wisconsin. In winter it visits Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. It has been obtained in Bering Island and the Hawaiian Islands ; also in the Azores and in France. Its reported breeding in Iceland is extremely doubtful and is not confirmed by naturalists who have recently visited that country. SPATULA. DAFILA. 173 Genus SPATULA Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564. Type : S. clypeata (Linn.). Spatula = anything broad like a spoon, spatJia (referring to the bill). Spatula clypeata, SHOVELER. Anas Clypeata Linnams, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 124 : Sweden. Spatula clypeata (Linn.} ; B. 0. IT. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 128; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 308 ; Saundert, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 427. CJi/peaia^armed with a shield, clypeus or clipeus : from the white shield- like gorget. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Resident, breeding in many parts, its numbers having greatly increased since 1876. In autumn and winter it is more generally distributed and much more numerous. General Distribution. The Shoveler inhabits the northern Hemisphere, and its breeding-range is circumpolar. In the False irctic region it is seldom found nesting north of the Arctic Circle, but extends from thence southwards to north Africa, and is said to be resident in the Abyssinian highlands. In North America it breeds from Alaska southwards to the southern United States. In winter it ranges to the Canary Islands, Senegambia, Somaliland, and has been incorrectly recorded from the Cape; also to Arabia, India, Ceylon, south China, Formosa, and the Hawaiian Islands. In America it winters in the West Indies, Panama, and Colombia, and has been recorded from Newfoundland and the Berm-udas. Genus DAFILA Stephens, Gen. Zool. xii. 1824 ; pt. 2, p. 126. Type : D. acuta (Linn.). Dafila, apparently an invented word of no meaning. 174 ANATID.T:. Dafila acuta, PINTAIL. Anas acuta Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 123 : Sweden. Dafila acuta (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 124 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 270 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 429. Acuta = sharp, pointed; from acuo=I. sharpen. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, which has bred during recent years in the Orkney Islands and on Loch Leven, in Kinross, and occasionally in the Shetlands, the Outer and Inner Hebrides, and other parts of Scotland ; possibly also in Ireland. It is a regular Winter Visitor between September and April to our coasts, and is occa- sionally found inland, but is not very numerous. General Distribution. The Pintail inhabits the greater part of the northern Hemisphere, and breeds in both the Old and New Worlds from about 72 N. latitude, southwards to about 50 N. ; also in southern Spain, the Rhone delta and Hungary. In winter it ranges to north Africa, including Egypt and southern Abyssinia ; also to India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Borneo, and even the Hawaiian Islands. In America it winters in Panama and the West Indies. Genus NETTA Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, p. 102. Type : N. rufina (Pall.). Netta = rnTa, a Duck; from reuj=I swim. Netta rufina. RKD-CRESTED POCHARD. Anas PUfina Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, A pp. 1773, p. 713 : S.E. Russia. Fuligula rufina (Pall.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 128. Netta rufina Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 328 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 441. Riifina, apparently an adjectival form from r/us=red. Distribution in the British Islands. An occasional Autumn and Winter Visitor, chiefly met with on the east and south NETTA. NY HOC A. 175 coasts of England ; while individuals have occurred in Pem- brokeshire, Westmoreland, Argyllshire, and co. Kerry. General Distribution. The Red-crested Pochard breeds in the central and southern parts of Europe, from south Germany to Spain and the delta of the Rhone eastwards. It is abundant in the Danube valley and parts of south Russia; also in Asia from north Persia to eastern Turkestan. Southwards it nests in north Africa, but appears to be rare in Egypt. In winter it inhabits the basins of the Medi- terranean, Black, and Caspian seas, ranging to India and occasionally to western China. It is an accidental visitor to northern and western Europe, and has occurred once in the eastern United States. Genus NYRCCA Fleming, Philos. Zool. ii. 1822, p. 2CO. Type : N. nyroca (Giildenst.). Nyroca, latinized from the Russian name, Ootna nyrok. Nyroca nyroca. WHITE-EYED POCHARD. Anas nyroca Gnldenstadt, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. pt. 1, 1770, p. 403 : S. Russia. Nyroca ferruginea (Gmel.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 130. Nyroca africana ( Gmel.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds 23. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 345. Fuligula nyroca (Guld.) ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 445. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor, met with principally in the eastern and southern counties of Kngland, though a few have been obtained in the west, and in Scotland as far north as the Tay ; also in Ireland. General Distribution. The White-eyed Pochard breeds in central and southern Europe, western Asia as far east as Kashmir, and in north Africa. Its reported occurrence in the Obi valley requires confirmation. It winters in Africa north of 14 N. latitude, and ranges thence to India as far east as the longitude of Calcutta and southwards to about 14 N. latitude. 176 ANATID.S. Nyroca ferina. POCHARD. Anas ferina Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 126 : Sweden. Fuligula ferina (Linn.); B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 130; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 443. Nyroca ferina Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. H. xxvii. 1895, p. 335. Ferina = of or belonging to wild animals, ferse ; perhaps in reference to ita " game " flavour. Cf. German Tafel-Ente, " Table Duck." Distribution in the British Islands. Chiefly a Winter Visitor between October and April, but many pairs are Resident and remain to breed and, owing to the protection afforded them, seem to be increasing. In Scotland it is generally distri- buted in summer from the Orkneys southwards, but is only a winter visitor to the Shetlands and rarely nests in the Outer Hebrides or in Ireland. In England it has nested in many counties, but chiefly along the east and south coasts. General Distribution. The Pochard inhabits the greater part of Europe and Asia, wandering to Iceland and the Faeroe Islands, but not extending far north. It breeds from the sub-arctic portions of Scandinavia and Russia southwards in suitable places to the Caspian sea, and throughout temperate Asia as far north as Lake Baikal. It probably also nests in north Africa. It winters in the Mediterranean countries and north Africa from Morocco to Egypt, wandering to the Azores and Canary Islands ; also eastwards from the Red sea to India, China, and Japan. In America it is represented by the nearly allied N. americana. Nyroca marila. SCAUP. Anas marila Linnceus, Fauna Svecica, 2nd ed. 1761, p. 39 : Lapland. Fuligula marila (Linn.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 129 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 355; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 449. Marila, from ^ap/\ij=the embers of charcoal; from its pitch-black fore- parts. NYEOCA. 177 Distribution in the British Islands. Chiefly a Winter Visitor to our coasts from October onwards, being rarely met with on inland waters. A few Resident pairs have bred during recent years in the north of Scotland, in the Orkneys, and in the Outer Hebrides. General Distribution. The Scaup inhabits the greater part of the northern Hemisphere, ranging in summer to 70 N. latitude. Its breeding-range includes Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, and northern Europe and Asia, from Scandinavia to Bering sea; also North America north of about 49 N. latitude from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. In winter it is found as far south as the Mediterranean, the lakes of Algeria, and probably Tunisia, but apparently not in Abyssinia ; also on the Black and Caspian seas, rarely in north India, and in China, Japan, and Formosa. In America it visits Texas, New Mexico, southern California, and the West, Indies. The birds from eastern Asia and America have been separated as distinct races. Nyroca collaris. RING-NECKED DUCK. Anas collaris Donovan, Brit. Birds, vi. 1809, pi. 147 : England. Fuligula collaris (Donovan) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 129 ; Salvador!, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 370. Collaris = with a conspicuous neck, collum. Distribution in the British Islands, The species was first described by Donovan from a specimen found in Leadenhall Market said to have been taken in Lincolnshire. It seems certain that this bird could not have been imported and must have been a wild example. General Distribution. The Ring-necked Duck inhabits North America, breeding from the southern parts of British Columbia to Lake Winnipeg and southwards to northern California, north Dakota, and Lake Michigan. In winter it ranges to Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. N 178 AN ATI D^:. Nyroca fuligula. TUFTED DUCK. Anas fuligula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 128: Sweden. Fuligula cristata (Leach} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 129 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 447. Fuligula fuligula (Linn.) ; Salvador^ Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 363. Ftll'igula, for fulicula, diminutive of fulix or fulica, q.v. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, nesting throughout the greater part of the British Islands in suitable localities, its numbers having greatly increased as a breeding- species during the last twenty years. It is not known to nest in the Shetland Islands, and is said to be rare in the west of Scotland north of Argyllshire. It is also a winter visitor in large numbers to the low coasts and inland waters. General Distribution. The Tufted Duck inhabits the Palsearctic region, breeding from about 70 N. latitude south- wards to about 50 N. It nests in the Faeroe Islands and from Norway, where it is not very common, eastwards to eastern Siberia and Kamchatka. In winter it ranges over southern Europe and north Africa as far as Abyssinia, where a few are said to breed on the elevated lakes ; also to India, China, and Japan, wandering to the Philippines, Borneo, and even to the Felew and Marianne Islands in the western Pacific. Genus GLAUCION Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, p. 53. Type : G. clangnla (Linn.). GlaHcton = y\avKiov, a grey-eyed bird in Athaenaus, 395 C. ; from yXawicos: bluish-grey. Glaucion clangula. GOLDEN-EYE. Anas Clangula Linnums, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 125 : Sweden. Clangula glaucion (Linn.) B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 131 ; Salvador*, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 376 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 451. Clttngftla, diminutive of Clunga : K\ayy>i = clos=& crest, and cvw I wear. Lophodytes cucullatus. HOODED MERGANSER. Mergus cucullatus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 129 : Eastern United States. Mergus cucullatus Linn. ; B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 137 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 477. LOrHODYTES. MERGELLUS. 189 Lophodytes cucullatus Salvador!, Cat. Birds B. M. xx\-ii. 1895, p. 468. Cue ullatus with a cap or hood, cucullus. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. Four fully authenticated examples are on record, one from north Wales, winter of 1830-31, and three from Ireland: a pair, co. Cork, Dec. 1878 ; a female, co. Kerry, Jan. 1881. Others have been reported from Irehmd, Norfolk, and Yorkshire. General Distribution. The Hooded Merganser inhabits North America and breeds from British Columbia, Labrador, and Newfoundland southwards to New Mexico, Louisiana, and Central Florida. In winter it visits Lower California, Mexico, and the West Indies. It is recorded from Alaska and the Bermudas. Genus MERGELLUS Stlby, Cat. Gen. & Subgen. Types Birds, 1840, p. 47. Type : M. albellus (Linn.). Mergellus, diminutive of Mergus, q. v. Mergellus albellus. SMEW. MergUS albellus Linrueus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 129 : near Smyrna, Asia Minor. Mergus albellus Linn. B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 137 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 464; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 475. Albellus=the little white (albus) bird. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, seldom met with in the Shetlands and the Outer Hebrides, but not uncommon in the Orkneys and along the east coast of Great Britain ; it is less numerous on the south and west coasts except round some of the Inner Hebrides. To Ireland it is probably a regular visitor, but is always rare. The birds seen are usually females and immature, the adult males being seldom noticed near the shore, except in severe weather. General Distribution. The Smew inhabits the northern portions of Europe and Asia, breeding from Finnish Lapland 11)0 PHCEXICOPTERTD^:. and the northern Baltic across north Russia and Siberia to Bering sea. In winter it is occasionally met with on the coasts of Norway and ranges southwards along the Atlantic coast of Europe to Morocco, the Swiss Lakes, the Medi- terranean, Black and Caspian seas, north India, China, and Japan, as well as the Commander Islands. It is said to have occurred in North America. Order PHCENICOPTERIFORME3. Family PHCENICOPTERID^E. Genus PHCENICOPTERUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 139. Type : P. ruler Linn. Phcenifopterns ^oivticoTrrepof, a; flamingo in Pliny from 0olyi=red and irTfft6v = a, wing. Phcenicopterus antiquorum. FLAMINGO. Phoenicopterus antiquorum Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. 1820, p. 587 : Europe. Phoenicopterus roseus PalL ; Salvador i^ Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 12 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 395. Antiqv*>rum=of the ancient writers. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred three times : Staffordshire, Sept. 1881 ; Hampshire, Nov. 1883 ; Kent, Aug. 1884. About a dozen other instances have been recorded, all of which probably refer to birds which have escaped from captivity. General Distribution. The Flamingo inhabits southern Europe from Spain and the south of France eastwards, and ranges from the Caspian sea across western Siberia to Lake Baikal, and to the Persian Gulf, India, and Ceylon. It is also found throughout Africa, and breeds in the Cape Verde Islands, but apparently nowhere else within the tropics. Many stragglers have occurred in western Europe as far north as the lower Rhine and Pomerania. ARDEA. 11>1 Order ARDEIFORMES. Suborder ARDE^E. Family ARDEIMJ. Genus ARDEA Linnceits, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 141. Type : A. cinerea Linn. j4rt as the Caspian sea. It is resident throughout Africa and accidental in central Europe, and has occurred somewhat frequently in the Canary Islands and also in the Azores. IXOBRYCHUS. XYCTICORAX. 195 Genus IXOBRYCHUS BUllmy, Syn. Faun. Scand. Aves, 1828, p.' 160. Type : /. minuta (Linn.). Iscobrychue, from io's=:a reed and ^pv^ l tear with the teeth. Ixobrychus minutus, LITTLE BITTERN. Ardea minuta Linnams, Syst. Nat, 12th ed. i. 1760, p. 240 : Switzerland. Ardetta minuta (Linn.) ; S. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 110 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds S. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 222; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed, 1899, p. 381. Mlnutus= small, from minuo = I diminish. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. It is believed to have bred in the Norfolk Broads and formerly in other localities. It has occurred in nearly every part of England, but most frequently in the southern and eastern counties. Though rare in Scotland, it has occurred as far north as the Shetland Islands. In Ireland about thirty have been recorded, chiefly in the south and east. General Distribution. The Little Bittern breeds in central and southern Europe, south of about 60 N. latitude, and in north Africa, ranging eastwards to central Asia, the Himalaya, and north-west India. It is apparently resident in Sind. In winter it visits Africa. As a wanderer it has occurred in the Faeroe Islands, Iceland, and Scandinavia ; also in the Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira. In Africa and Madagascar it is represented by closely allied resident forms, /. payesi and I.podicc,ps. Genus NYCTICORAX Forster, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 59. Type : N. nycticorax (Linn.). Nycticdrax = vvKTiK6pa%, a Nightjar in Aristole, a Screech-Owl in the Anthology (xi. 186); but strictly a "Night-Raven," from vi< + K6pa%. 02 19ns, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 139. Type : P. leucorodia Linn. Platalea = the Spoonbill, in Cicero, N. D. ii. 49, 124; Platea, in Pliny, H. N. x. 40, 56 ; probably from TrXariis = broad. Platalea leucorodia. SPOONBILL. Platalea leucorodia Limmw, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 139 : Sweden. Pktalea leue-orodia Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 113 ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1889, p. 44 ; Saundcrs, Manual, 2nd cd. 1899, p. 393. 200 IBIDID.E. Leiicurodia, the late Latin form of Xtvuepudios (Aristotle, H. A. viii. 3, 12), which is from XSVKOS = white, and epudios or patios = a Heron. Distribution in the British Islands. A scarce Bird of Passage to the south-eastern coast of England during the spring and autumn migration ; also a tolerably frequent visitor to the south coasts of England and Wales, usually in autumn. In Yorkshire it has been observed about nine times, but is rare elsewhere in Great Britain, though stragglers have been recorded from the Inner Hebrides and the Orkney and Shetland Islands. In Ireland it has occurred about thirty-seven times, chiefly in the maritime districts of the south. Formerly it bred in Norfolk, Suffolk, Sussex, Middlesex, and Pembrokeshire. General Distribution. The Spoonbill breeds locally in Europe south of about 56 N. latitude, in Holland, Spain, the Danube valley, Black sea district, and south Russia ; also in Transcaspia, the Kirghiz Steppes, India, Ceylon, and China. It is resident in northern and eastern Africa. In winter it visits tropical Africa and India. It wanders to Scandinavia, north Russia, Heligoland, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands and Japan. The form found in India and eastwards has, on the average, a rather longer bill than that found in Europe. In eastern Asia, Australia, and south Africa allied species are met with. Family 1BIDID.E. Genus PLEGADIS Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, p. 82, 1828, p. 158. Type: P . falcinellus (Linn.). Pleyadis, from TrXfjyas, gen. irXrjyacos, a sickle, in allusion to the curved bill. Plegadis falcinellus. GLOSSY IBIS. TantalUS falcinellUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i-. 1766, p. 241 : Austria. PIcgadis falcinellus (Linn.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 113 ; PLEGAD1S. GRUS. 201 Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 29; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 391. Falcinellus, diminutive of falcinug, from falx = a sickle. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage, rare in spring but of almost annual occurrence in autumn on the southern or eastern coasts of England, as far north as Yorkshire, but less frequent in the west. In Scotland about a score have been observed from time to time, besides a flock of twenty seen in the Orkneys in Sept. 1907. In Ireland about forty have been recorded, chiefly in the southern counties. General Distribution. The Glossy Ibis is very widely distributed. It breeds in southern Europe from Spain to the valle} r of the Danube, and eastwards across central and southern Asia to India, Burma, and Ceylon. Its occurrence is irregular north of the Alps, and to the Faeroes, Iceland, Scandinavia, and Denmark it is an accidental wanderer. It also occurs throughout the greater part of Africa and Madagascar, but is not known to nest in south Africa. In America it is rare and local in the south-eastern United States and West Indies, and is occasionally met with as far north as Nova Scotia. In winter it leaves the northern parts of its range and visits tropical Africa and Asia, wandering to Australia. In the southern United States and in South America it is represented by closely allied forms. Order GRUIFOEMES. Suborder GRITES. Family GRUID.E. Genus GRUS Bechstein (nee Pall.), Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. 1793, p. 59. &. . Type : G. grus (Linn.). Grus = a Crane hi classical Latin ; akin to ytpiivos, gallus, garrio = chatter, etc. 202 OTIDID.E. Grus grus. CRANE. -Ardea gTUS Liniums, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 141 : Sweden. Cms communis Sechst. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 152 ; Saunters, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 521. Grus grus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 250. Distribution in the British Islands. A breeding-bird in East Anglia up to the year 1590, and a regular winter visitor till a later period, when its visits gradually became less frequent. As a Bird of Passage it has occurred of recent years in most counties of England, but rarely in Wales, Scotland, the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and the Outer Hebrides. In Ireland it has very rarely been met with, about ten having been obtained during the last century. General Distribution. The Crane breeds in Europe from Scandinavia eastwards probably to western Siberia, but its eastern limits are unknown, and southwards to Spain, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and Turkestan. In winter it visits Abyssinia and north Africa from Tunisia to Morocco. It is accidental in the Faeroe Islands and north Norway. In eastern Siberia it is replaced by a paler form, G. g. lilfordi, which winters in south China and north-west India. Order CHARADRIIFORMES. Suborder TIDES. Family OTIDID.E. Genus OTIS Linntms, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 154. Type : 0. tarda Linn. Otis = wr/s, a kind of Bustard with long ear-feathers, known to the Greeks ; from ow, gcnit. wros, an ear. OTIS. 203 Otis tarda. GREAT BCSTAED. OtiS tarda Linncnts, Syst. Nat, 1758, p. 154 : Poland. Otis tarda Linn. ; B. 0. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 153 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 284; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 523. Tarda, the Spanish name, according to Pliny (Hist. Nat. x. p. 29) a Celtic or Basque word, bearing no relation to tardus slow. Tarda and Bistarda are always used as substantives, like the French Outarde (from avis tarda, through the Provencal Austarde, as avis struthio became Autruche in French and Ostrich in English) and our Bus-tard. distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. Formerly a resident and abundant on the moors and exten- sive plains and downs of England, and met with in the south- east of Scotland. From Salisbury Plain it disappeared in the early part of the last century, and in east Yorkshire the last bird was taken in 1832 : but in Norfolk and Suffolk it nested up to 1838 and survived until some years later. It is now an irregular visitor, occurring in some years in considerable numbers, notably in the winters of 187071, 1879-80, and 1890-9] . Several examples killed in December 1902 in Lincolnshire, Glamorganshire, and Ireland may have been the result of an unsuccessful attempt at reintroduction into Norfolk in 1900. In Scotland few have been recorded, but one occurred in the Orkneys in 1886. General Distribution. The Great Bustard breeds in Europe and in west Siberia and south-western Asia from Germany, Poland, and Russia, eastwards to Semipalatinsk and the Kirghiz Steppes, southwards to the Spanish Peninsula and south-eastern Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, and Transcaspia. Formerly it bred in southern Sweden and Denmark. On migration it visits Persia and occasionally north-western India ; also north Africa, from Tunisia to Morocco. Its eastern limits are not yet defined, but in eastern Siberia it is represented by a closely allied form, 0. t. dybowskii. which winters in China and Japan. 204 OTIDID^E. Otis tetrax. LITTLE BUSTARD. Otis tetrax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 154 : France. Otis tetrax Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 154 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 525. Tetrax tetrax Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 287. Tetrax = rerpaK, a bird known to the ancient Greeks. Akin to rerpt, T(Tpdti>t>, rerpaSbiv, Lithuanian tetervas, Sanskrit tittiris. Old Norse thidr, Latin turtur all names of birds, which may perhaps be onomatopoeic (Curtis, p. 242) ; cf. rerpaw = I cackle. Perhaps it is a Persian word. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor, usually in winter, but occasionally in spring. In Great Britain it has occurred most frequently on the eastern and southern coasts, but especially on the former ; north of the Tweed only five occurrences have been noted, in the counties of Fife, Forfar, Kincardine, Aberdeenshire, and Elgin. In Ireland eight have been obtained in cos. Longford, Wicklow, Cork, Kerry, and Mayo. General Distribution. The Little Bustard breeds in Europe and western Asia from central France and Germany east- wards to Tomsk and Lake Zaizan in western Siberia, south- wards to the Spanish Peninsula, south Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and south-eastern Europe to Transcaspia and Turkestan ; also in Africa north of the Atlas Mountains. On migration it visits north-west India, Persia, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa. It is accidental in Scandinavia and the Baltic Provinces. Genus CHLAMYDOTIS Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 47. Type : C. undulata (Jacq.). Chlamydotis, a word made up from x^A"i' s = a cloak or cover, and Otis a Bustard. CHLAMYDOTIS. (EDICNEMUS. 205 Chlamydotis undulata. (Extra-limital.) Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni. MACQUEEN'S BUSTARD. Otis macqueenii J. E. Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. ii. 1834, pi. 47 : India. Houbara macqueeni ( Gray) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 154 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 318. Otis macqueeni Saunders, Ufanual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 527. Macqueeni, in honour of the donor of the specimen described by J. E. Gray. C/. ' List of Specimens of Birds B. M.', pt. iii. 1844, p. 57. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. It lias occurred four times in Lincolnshire, Oct. 1847 ; York- shire, Oct. 1892 and Oct. 1896 ; Aberdeenshire, Oct. 1898. General Distribution. Macqueen's Bustard breeds in western Siberia from Turgai to Lake Zaizan and the south- western Altai Mountains, southwards to Transcaucasia, Transcaspia, Turkestan, eastern Persia, Afghanistan, and perhaps north-western India. In winter it visits north- western India, Baluchistan, Persia, and Syria. It has occurred in Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, France, nnd Italy. In north Africa and the eastern Canary Islands it is represented by the allied form C. undulata ; the bird from the latter group of islands has been separated. Suborder CEDIGNEML Family (EDICNEMID^. Genus (EDICNEMUS Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 1815, p. 321. Type : GK. cedicnemus (Linn.). (Edicnemus, from oloos = a swelling, and Kv^fir) = leg ; from the thicknesa of the proximal end of the tarsus in the young. 206 CURSORIID/E. CEdicnemus oedicnemus. STOXE-CURLEW or THICK-KNEE. Charadrius oeiicnsmus Linnceus, Sjst. Nat. 1758, p. 151 : England. CEdicnemus scolopax ( Gmel.} ; B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 155 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 529. CEdicnemus oedicnemus (Linn.}; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 4. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Summer Visitor and Partial Eesident, breeding in many of the southern and eastern counties of England as far north as Yorkshire ; in the rest of England and Wales it is a rare visitor. In south Devonshire and Cornwall, and occasionally elsewhere, some pass the winter. In Scotland it has occurred in Stirlingshire and Fife as well as on Fair Isle, Shetlands, while in Ireland ten have been recorded between autumn and spring. General Distribution. The Stone-Curlew inhabits central and southern Europe and central ond south-western Asia, extending southwards to the Mediterranean countries, the Canary Islands, north Africa from Morocco to the Red sea, Arabia, India, Ceylon, and Burma, It is partially migratory in the northern parts of its range. Races have been recog- nised in the Canary Islands, north-west Africa, and Asia. Suborder CURSOEIL Family CURSORIIDJE. Genus CURSOBIUS Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. 1790, p. 751. Type : C. gallicus (Gmel.). Cursdrhis = pertaining to running ; cursor = a runner. Cursorius gallicus. CREAM-COLOURED COURSER. Charadrius gallicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 692 : France. f'nrsorius gallicus (Gmel.}; B. O. l~. Lfxf, 1st ed. 1883, p. 15G ; CURSORIUS. GLAREOLA. 207 Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 34; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 533. Gallicus = of the Gauls. Gmelin seems to have thought the bird only occurred- in France. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. About twenty have been recorded in England, chiefly from the eastern and southern counties from Northumberland to Kent and westwards to Cornwall ; it has also occurred in Leicestershire and Cumberland, twice in Wales, and once in Scotland. In Ireland it has not been met with. General Distribution. The Cream-coloured Courser breeds in the Canary Islands, the (Jape Verde Islands, the desert countries of north Africa, Arabia, Persia, and Afghanistan, ranging in winter to north-west India. It visits southern Europe occasionally, and has occurred as far west as France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Heligoland, and Finland. It is represented by an allied form in Somaliland. Family GLAREOLID^B. Genus GLAREOLA B-risson, Orn. v. 17GO, p. 141. Type : G. pratincola (Linn.). Glareola = a diminutive from glared = gravel, from the fact of the bird haunting gravelly places. Glareola pratincola, COLLARED PRATINCOLE. Hirundo pratincola Limui'tis, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 345 : Austria. Glareola pratincola (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 155; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 53; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 531. 'Pratineold, from pr(Hi>ticula)=a, little Heath-cock in Pliny, H. N. x. 38, 54; rusticulus=& little countryman, in Cicero, Sest. 38, 82. Dimunitive of msttcus =of or belonging to the country, rus. Linnaeus seems to have mistaken the word ; /wm/W<, On. Borealis, 1764, p. 53 : Iceland. Tringa subarquata (Guldens*.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 170 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 591. Ancylochilus subarquatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 586. Ferruginea= rusty coloured. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage from the end of July to the middle of November and from the end of March to June, chiefly on the east and south coasts of Great Britain ; it is scarce in the Shetland and Orkney Islands and on the west coast, and unknown in the Outer Hebrides. To the north and east coasts of Ireland it is chiefly an autumn visitor, and has been known to remain in the southern counties until November and even December. It is occasionally met with on inland waters. General Distribution. The Curlew-Sandpiper breeds in Arctic Siberia about the mouth of the Yenesei and on the Taimyr Peninsula and apparently eastwards to Bering sea. In winter it visits the Mediterranean and Africa, ranging southwards to the Cape ; also to India, the Malay Peninsula, and Australia. It has occurred once in Alaska in June and a few times in North America, the West Indies, and even in Patagonia. Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 418. Type : T. rufescens (Vieill.). TnjngUes=^ke a Tringa, rpvyyns. Tryngites subruficollis. BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. Tringa subruficollis Virillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 1819, p. 465 : Paraguay; Tryngites rufescens (Vleill.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 172 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 601. 224 CHARADRIID.E. Tringites submficollis (Vieill.}; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 521. Subruficollis= slightly reddish-necked, from sub, rufus, and collum. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred about eighteen times in England, in the counties of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Kent, Sussex, and Cornwall ; also in the Scilly Islands, Lundy Island, Somersetshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland. In Ireland it has been obtained in cos. Dublin and Down. General Distribution. The Buff-breasted Sandpiper breeds along the Arctic coast of North America from northern Alaska to the north of Hudson Bay, and apparently in north-east Siberia. In winter it migrates south chiefly by the Mississippi Valley and visits South America, ranging south to Paraguay. It is occasional in the Bermudas and accidental in western Europe. Genus CALIDRIS IlUger, Prodr. Syst. Nat, 1811, p. 249. Type : C. arenaria (Linn.). Calidris=Kd\iSpis or aicaXiSpit, a speckled water-bird in Aristotle. Deri- vation unknown. The word is spelt Chalidris by B61on in 1555. Calidris arenaria. SANDERLING. Tringa arenaria Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 251 : England. Calidris arenaria (Linn.) ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 172 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 526 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 579. Arenaria = pertaining to sand. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor and Bird of Passage, common from August to October and from April to May, but comparatively scarce in the winter. Some non-breeding birds remain throughout the summer. General Distribution. The Sanderling breeds in Arctic North America from Alaska to Greenland and probably in CALIDRIS. MACHETES. 225 Iceland ; also in Spitsbergen, Vaigach, and on the Siberian coast, including the Liakoff and the New Siberia Islands. In winter it visits southern Africa, southern Asia and its islands, Australia, the Marshall and Hawaiian Islands ; also South America as far as Chile and Patagonia. Subfamily T o T A N I N M. Genus MACHETES Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. 181 7, p. 490. Type : M. pugnax (Linn.). Machetes //a^ijr/)s, a fighter ; in allusion to the bird's pugnacious habits. Machetes pugnax. RUFF. Tringa pugnax Linmeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 148 : Sweden. Machetes pugnax (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 171 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 599. PavonceUa pugnax Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 500. Pugnax = f ond of fighting. Distribution in the British Islands. Chiefly a Bird of Passage, more numerous in autumn than in spring, and rarer on the west coast of Great Britain and in Ireland than on the east. Formerly it bred in many parts of England, but only a few pairs do so now, and only a few remain during the winter. General Distribution. The Ruff breeds in Europe and western Asia, from far north in Scandinavia eastwards to Yaigach and the Taimyr Peninsula and southwards to northern France, the steppes of south Russia, and Trans- baikalia. In winter it is found in Africa as far south as Cape Colony ; also in India and Burma. It rarely visits Japan, China, and Borneo, but occasionally wanders to Greenland and eastern North America, and has been noticed as far south as Barbados and Guiana. 226 CHARADRIID.E. Genus EREUNETES llliger, Prodr. Syst, Nat. 1811, p. 2G2. Type: E. pusilla (Linn.). Ereunetes=tpevvi)TT)s, a searcher or prober. Ereunetes pusillus. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. Tringa pusilla Linnaws, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 252 : S. Domingo, W. Indies. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 514 ; N. F. Ticehurst, ' British Birds,' i. 1907, p. 223. Pusillus= small. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, obtained once at Romney Marsh, Kent, Sept. 1907. General Distribution. The Semipalmated Sandpiper breeds in Arctic North America, north of the mouth of the Yukon river and southern Ungava. In winter it visits the southern United States and ranges southwards through South America to Patagonia ; it is occasionally met with in the Pribilof Islands and north-eastern Siberia. A second race inhabiting Alaska has been recognised by American authors. Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson, Traite d'Orn. 1831, p. 553. Type : B. longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramia, named after Wm. Bartram of Philadelphia (1739-1823), traveller and naturalist. Bartramia longicauda. BAKTEAM'S SANDPIPER. Tringa longicauda BeclitteinJti-mzQ Ufcbers. aller bekannt. Vogel. iv. 1812, p. 453 : N. America. Actiturus longicauda (Bcclist.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 173. Bartramia longicauda Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 189G, p. 509 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 603. = long-tailed, from loiujus and cuuda. BARTRAMIA. TOTANUS. 227 Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has been obtained about eleven times : in Northumberland, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Kent, three times in Corn- wall, Somersetshire, and Warwickshire ; also in cos. Galway and Cork. One of these examples occurred in July, the remainder between September and December. General Distribution. Bartram's Sandpiper breeds from Alaska and British North America southwards to northern Utah and northern Virginia. It winters in South America, ranging to Argentina and Chile. It has occurred in Italy and Malta, as well as in Australia. Genus TOTANUS Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. ii. 1803, p. 282. Type : T. totanus Linn. Tetanus, latinized from the Italian Totaiw. Derivation unknown. Totanus totanus. REDSHANK. Scolopax totanus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 145 : Sweden, Totanus calidris (Linn.) B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 176 ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 414; Satmders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 615. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed during the breeding-season, though less common in the Shetland Islands and in Wales, and rare in the Outer Hebrides. In autumn it is common along the coasts, but is less numerous in winter, after the autumn passage has ceased. General Distribution. The Redshank breeds in Iceland and the Faeroes and throughout Europe and the Mediter- ranean countries ; also eastwards through Asia, south of about 55 N. latitude from Asia Minor to eastern Siberia. 228 CHARADRIIDJI. In winter it visits Africa, ranging southwards to the Cape ; also India, Burma, China, Japan, the Philippine Islands and the Malay Archipelago. Tot anus fuscus. SPOTTED REDSHANK. Scolopax fllSCa Linnceus (nee Linn. 1758), Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 243 : Europe. $. Totanus fuscus (Linn.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 176 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 409; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 617. J*itscws=dark, dusky. Distribution in the British Islands. An irregular and somewhat scarce Bird of Passage in summer and autumn and occasionally found in winter ; chiefly met with on the east coast of England, less frequently on the south, and rarely on the west. In Scotland it has been recorded about twenty times, mostly in the south-west, while to Ireland it is a rare visitor, most frequently recorded from the Moy estuary, between cos. Mayo and Sligo. General Distribution. The Spotted Redshank breeds in the Arctic portions of Europe and Asia, from the northern parts of Scandinavia and Russia across Siberia to Kamchatka and the Commander Islands. In winter it visits the Mediter- ranean basin, north Africn, India, Burma, China, and Japan. It is accidental in Cape Colony. Totanus melanoleucus. CHEATER YELLOWSIIANK. Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 : Labrador. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 426 ; Griffith, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1906, p. 7. MelanoleiMHis^neXa", black, and Xeu/cos, white. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred once in Tresco, Scilly Islands, Sept. 1900. TOTANUS. 229 General Distribution. The Greater Yellowshank breeds in North America from Alaska southwards to British Columbia and eastwards to Labrador and Anticosti Island. In winter it visits the Bermudas, southern United States, West Indies and Central and South America, ranging to Patagonia and the Straits of Magellan. Totanus flavipes. YELLOWSHAKK. Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, ]789, p. 659 : New York. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 176 Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 431; Saunders Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 613. Flavipes^ yellow-footed; from flavus and pes. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, which has occurred three times : Nottinghamshire about 1854 ; Cornwall, Sept, 1871 ; Fair Isle, Shetlands, Sept. 1910. General Distribution. The Yellowshank breeds in North America from western Alaska through Canada to Ungava and southwards to Saskatchewan and Quebec. In winter it visits South America, ranging southwards to Chile and Patagonia. It has been recorded from the Pribilof Islands, Greenland, and the Bermudas. Totanus stagnatilis. MARSH-SANDPIPEE. Totanus Stagnatilis Bechstein, On. Taschenb. ii. 1803, p. 292 : Germany. Totanus stagnatilis Bechst. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 422 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 620. Stagnatilis = of a marsh. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, which has occurred four times : Hertfordshire, Oct. 1887 ; Sussex, twice in June 1909, and once in July 1910. General Distribution. The Marsh-Sandpiper breods in south-eastern Europe and ranges through Turkestan and 230 CHARADRIID^E. southern Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk, to about 5G N. lati- tude. There are grounds for believing that it has nested in the Camargue, southern France, and possibly in Tunisia. In winter it ranges southwards to the Cape ; also to India, Burma, China, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia. It has occurred in Heligoland and the north of France. Totanus nebularius. GEEENSHANK. Scolopax nebularius Gunnerus in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp. 1767, p. 251 : Norway. Totanus canescens (Gmel.) JB. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 177; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 619. Glottis nebularius (G-unn.) ; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 481. Nebularius= clouded, from nebula=& cloud. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident and a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn to our shores and inland waters, but scarce in winter. It breeds in Scotland from Perthshire and Argyllshire northwards to Caithness and Sutherland ; also in the Inner Hebrides, in the Isle of Skye and perhaps in Tiree, in the Outer Hebrides and perhaps occasionally in the Shetland Islands. General Distribution. The Greenshank breeds in the northern portions of Europe and Asia, south of the Arctic Circle, from north Scandinavia to eastern Siberia. On migration it is found over the rest of Europe, and winters in Africa, ranging southwards to Cape Colony ; also to southern Asia, Japan, the Mnlay Archipelago, and Australia. It occurs in the Canary Islands, and has been met with in the Azores and in the United States. Totanus hypoleucus. COMMON SANDPIPER. Tringa - liypoleucos Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 149 : Sweden. Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.) ; J3. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 173; Sharpe, Gat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 456. TOTANUS. 231 Totanus hjpoleucus; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 60o. Hypoleucus = vvoXevKOs, which generally = whitish, pale (from the ordinary sense of VTTO in composition, " somewhat"), but here plainly=white underneath. It wus the bird's common mediasval name. Distribution in the British Islands. A common Summer Visitor from April to September, but occasionally met with as early as March and as late as November. In the southern half of England, to the east of the Severn, it rarely breeds, but in Somersetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, and Wales and to the north of the Trent it is common and widely distributed, especially in Scotland, ranging to the Orkney and Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides. It is common in Ireland in summer, except in the south-east. As a Bird of Passage it is generally distributed, and has been known to pass the winter in south Devonshire. General Distribution. The Common Sandpiper breeds in Europe and Asia from the Arctic Circle southwards to the Canary Islands, the basin of the Mediterranean, and the Himalaya. In winter it visits southern Africa, Madagascar, and southern Asia, Japan, the Philippine Islands, and Malay Archipelago, ranging to Australia and Tasmania. Totanus macularius. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. macularia Linnceu*, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 249 : Pennsylvania. Tringoides macularius (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 174 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 468. Totanus macularius Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 605*. Macularius spotted ; from macula = a spot. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. Although reported on numerous occasions, most of the older records are unsatisfactory. Seven or eight authentic examples have been obtained in England : in Yorkshire, 232 CHARADRIID^:. March 1849 and about 1899 ; Kent, May 1904 ; Sussex, Nov. 1908 and May 1913 ; and in Ireland in West Meath in Feb. 1899. General Distribution. The Spotted Sandpiper breeds in North America from north-western Alaska to Ungava and Newfoundland, southwards to southern California, Texas, and South Carolina. In winter it visits the West Indies, Central and South America, ranging to Brazil and Peru. It is accidental in western Europe. Totanus ochropus. GREEN SANDPIPER. Tringa ccrophus Linnaws, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 149 : Sweden. Helodromas ochropus (Linn.) S. 0. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 174 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds . M. xxiv. 1896, p. 437. Totanus ochropus Sounders, Mlanual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 609. Ochropus, from wipe's = pale yellow, and TTOVS = a foot. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage and a Winter Visitor. It is not uncommon in England and Wales and is occasionally observed throughout the summer, but has not been proved to breed. A regular visitor in limited numbers to the east coast of Scotland, from the Shetland Islands southwards, but rare on the north coast and only occasionally met with on the west, except in the Solway district. It is accidental in the Outer Hebrides. In Ireland it is not uncommon in autumn and winter, but almost unknown in summer. General Distribution. The Green Sandpiper breeds in northern Europe and Asia, from the Arctic Circle south- wards to Germany, Poland, central Russia, and the great mountain ranges of central Asia. In winter it is widely distributed and ranges southwards to southern Africa, India, Burma, China, Japan, and the Malay Archipelago. It is accidental in Australia and in Nova Scotia. TOTANUS. 233 Tetanus glareola. WOOD-SANDPIPER. Tring-a glareola Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 149 : Sweden. Totanus glareola (G-mel.) ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 175; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 607. Khyacophilus glareola Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, " p. 491. Glareola, a diminutive from gl area = gravel, from the bird's haunting gravelly places (c/. Klein, Hist. Av. Prodr. 1750, p. 100). Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage, regular and tolerably numerous in autumn, but less frequent in spring, on the east and south-east coasts of England ; on the south coast it is less often met with. On the west coast of England and Wales it is seldom seen. On Fair Isle, Shetlands, it occurs almost every year, but to Scotland and Ireland is a rare visitor. It has nested once in Northum- berland and probably in Norfolk. General Distribution. The Wood-Sandpiper breeds in northern Europe and Asia, from Scandinavia to Kamchatka and Bering Island, southwards to the valley of the Danube, possibly in parts of north Italy, and occasionally in Spain ; also in Turkestan, Mongolia, and north China. It winters in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, southwards to the Cape, southern Asia, Japan, and the Philippine Islands, ranging through the Malay Archipelago to Australia. It is accidental in the Hawaiian Islands. Totanus SOlitarius. SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Tring-a solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. 1813, p. 53, pi. 58. fig. 3 : Pennsylvania. Totanus solitarius (Wils.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 175; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 611. Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cot. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 444. Solitdrhis living alone, solita. 234 CHARADRIID7E. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, which has occurred five times : Lanarkshire, previous to 1870; the Scilly Islands, Sept. 1882 ; Cornwall, Oct. 1884 ; Sussex, Aug. 1904; and Kent, Aug. 1908. General Distribution. The Solitary Sandpiper breeds in North America, from western Alaska to Ungava and New- foundland, and southwards to about 40 N. latitude. In winter it visits the southern United States, the West Indies, and Central and South America, ranging south to Argentina and Peru. It has occurred in southern Greenland and the Bermudas. Birds from western North America have been recognised as a distinct race. Genus MACRORHAMPHUS Forster, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 22. Type : M. griseus (Gmel.). MacrorhampTius = with a long beak : from juajcpo's and pd|u0os. Macrorhamphus griseus, RED-BREASTED SNIPE. Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 658 : New York. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.); J5. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 177; Sharpe, Cat. Birds S. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 394; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 621. Griseus = grey. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. It ha? occurred about twenty times in Great Britain : in Fife, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Middlesex, Kent, Hamp- shire, Devonshire, the Scilly Islands, Lancashire, Cumber- land, Lanarkshire, and Argyllshire ; also twice in Ireland : in Queen's County and Tipperary. All have been recorded between August and October. General Distribution. The Red-breasted Snipe breeds in the northern parts of North America, from north-western MACRORHAMi'HUS. LIMOSA. 235 Alaska to Hudson Bay and probably to Ungava, but its exact breeding-range in the east is still unknown. In winter it visits the southern United States, Mexico, and the West Indies, ranging through South America to Brazil. It is accidental in Greenland, the Bermudas, and western Europe; also in north-east Siberia and Japan. The birds found in western North America have been separated as a distinct race. Genus LIMOSA Brisson, Orn. v. 1760, p. 202. Type : L. limosa (Linn.). Limuga, from llmosus muddy, from llmus = mud. Limosa limosa. BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. Scolopax limosa Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 147 : Sweden. Limosa segocephak (Linn,) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 178. Limosa limosa (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds . _3 xxiv. 1896, p. 381. Limosa belgica (Q-mel.) ; Sounders, Blanual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 625. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage, chiefly in autumn and occasionally in spring and winter, but rare in summer. Formerly it was a regular summer visitor, breeding from south Yorkshire to Norfolk up till 1847. A pair probably attempted to breed in the Orkney Islands in the summers of 1910, 1911, and 1914. As a migrant it is most numerous on the east and south coasts of England, but is rare to the north of the Humber and on the east coast of Scotland ; it is more frequent on the west and has occurred in the Inner and Outer Hebrides and in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. To Ireland it is a frequent visitor, and has occurred in almost every month of the year. General Distribution. The Black-tailed Godwit breeds in Iceland, the Faeroes, and northern and central Europe to 236 CHARADRIID^E. western Siberia, ranging to about 61 N. latitude. Southwards it breeds in Belgium, north Germany, and across western Siberia to the Altai Mountains and Turkestan. In winter it visits the basins of the Mediterranean and Caspian seas, and wanders to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands ; also southwards to Abyssinia, India, and Ceylon. It is accidental in Greenland. In eastern Siberia, from the Yenesei to Kam- chatka, a smaller race occurs, which winters in China and Japan and ranges to Australia and Polynesia. Limosa lapponica. BAR-TAILED GODWIT. Scolopax lapponica Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 147 : Lapland. Limosa lapponica (Linn.) ; B. 0. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 177 ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896. p. 373 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 623. Lappdnica =from Lapland. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Bird of Passage and Winter Visitor, arriving on our coasts in spring and autumn ; many remain during the winter, and some pass the summer, but they do not nest. It is scarce in the Ork- ney and Shetland Islands, but elsewhere, including Ireland, it is generally distributed. General Distribution. The Bar-tailed Godwit breeds in northern Europe and Asia, from Finland and Russian Lap- land up to 70 N. latitude, to the lower Yenesei up to 72, and southwards in some parts of the Government of Perm. In winter it visits the Mediterranean b;isin and Africa, south to Senegambia on the west and Somaliland on the east ; it also winters along the south coast of Persia, and Baluchistan to the mouth of the Indus. It is accidental in the Faeroes, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. In eastern Siberia and western Alaska it is represented by a closely allied race, L. I. novae -zelandice, which winters on the Pacific coasts of Asia and ranges to Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand. NUMEXIUS. 237 Genus NUMENIUS Brisson, Orn. v. 1760, p. 311. Type : N. arquata (Linn.)- Numenzus=vovprivios, a kind of Curlew in Diogenes Laertius, ix. 144 ; from veos = new, and \ir\vr\ the moon, from its crescent-shaped beak. Numenius arquata. CURLEW. Scolopax arquata Linnaws, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 145 : Sweden. Numenius arquata (Linn.) ; B. O. Z7. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 179 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 341 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 627. Arquuta, the mediaeval name. It is generally said (e. g. by Gesner, H. A. lib. iii. p. 196, ed. 1617) to be derived from the bird's bill being bent like a bow, arcus ; but it more likely refers to arquatus morbus = the jaundice " when the skin turns to the yellow colour of the rainbow " in allusion to the legend about Charadrius, Galbula, Icterus, etc. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident ; also a Bird of Passage hi spring and autumn and a Winter Visitor to our coasts. In spring, breeding-birds retire inland to nest, returning to the coast in early autumn, and are found sparingly on the moors of the south-western counties from Hampshire and Wiltshire to Cornwall, and occasionally in Norfolk and Surrey. In Wales and in the neighbouring counties and on the high ground northwards, throughout Scotland and the Orkney and Shetland Islands and in Ireland, it breeds freely, but apparently not in the Outer Hebrides. General Distribution. The Curlew breeds in northern and central Europe and in southern Siberia, from Scandinavia eastwards to the valley of the Obi, north to the Arctic Circle, thence across Siberia to Transbaikalia ; southwards it ranges to Brittany, Germany, Poland, Austria, south Russia, and the Kirghiz Steppes. It is said to have bred in the eastern Canary Islands. In winter it visits the Mediter- ranean basin and Africa, south to the Cape and Madagascar: 238 CHARADRIIDJ:. also southern Asia, Japan, and Formosa. It is accidental in Iceland, the Faeroes, the Azores, and possibly in North America. Siberian specimens, breeding from the Obi to Transbaikalia, have been separated as a distinct race. Numenius phseopus. Whimbrel. Scolopax ph.890pus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 146 : Sweden. Numenius phseopus (Linn.) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p 179 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 355 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 629. Phseopus, the mediaeval name : from gate's = dusky, and TTOVS = a foot. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage in spring and autumn, a few non-breeding birds remaining on our coasts in summer and a few wintering. A limited number of pairs breed in the Orkney and Shetland Islands and it has nested on St. Kilda, and apparently on North Rona. It has not been known to nest on the mainland o Great Britain or in Ireland. General Distribution. The Whimbrel breeds in Iceland, the Faeroes, and north Europe from Scandinavia, through north Russia, to Tobolsk in north-western Siberia ; also south- wards in central Russia to Kazan and Orenburg. In winier it visits Africa, ranging to the Cape and Madagascar ; also to India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula. There it meets with the eastern form, N.p. variegatus, which inhabits eastern Siberia and Japan and winters in the Malay Archipelago and Australia. Numenius borealis. ESKIMO CUELEW. Scolopax borealis J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii. 1772, p. 431 : Hudson Bay. Numenius borealis (Forst.) ; B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 178 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 368 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 631. Borealis = northern, from ftopeas = the north wind. NUMENIUS. 239 Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred about four times in England : two, Suffolk, Nov. 1862, and one reported prior to 1870; Scilly Islands, Sept. 1887 ; three times in Scotland, Kincardineshire, Sept. 1855 and Sept. 1880, Aberdeen, Sept. 1879 ; once in Ireland, Dublin Market (believed to be from co. Sligo), 1870. General Distribution. The Eskimo Curlew breeds in North America from northern Alaska to Hudson Bay. In winter it visits South America, extending to Chile, Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands ; also to the Gala- pagos Islands. It is accidental in Greenland and the Pribilof Islands. It is said to be nearly extinct. Numenius tenuirostris. SLENDER-BILLED CURLEW. Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. 1817, p. 302 : Egypt. Numenius tenuirostris Vieill. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 348 ; Nicoll, ' British Birds,' v. 1911, p. 124. Tenuirostris = slender-beaked, from tennis and rostrum. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. Three are said to have been shot near Brookland, Kent, Sept. 1910. General Distribution. The Slender-billed Curlew breeds in the district of Tobolsk and at Lake Tschany, Gouv. Tomsk, in western Siberia ; also it is said in the Governments of Oren- burg and of Kherson and Taurida, bordering the Black sea. It winters in the countries bordering the Mediterranean, west- wards to southern France and Algeria. On passage it is known in south-east Russia, Austria and Hungary, and has occurred in Germany, Heligoland, Holland, Belgium, and northern France. 240 CHARADRIIOJK. Subfamily HIMANTOPODIN.E. Genus HIMANTOPUS Britson, Orn. v. 1760, p. 33. Type : H. himantopus (Linn.). Himantdpus=& kind of water-bird in Oppian (Circ. A.D. 180), from !/tas=a thong, and TTOVS = a foot. Himantopus himantopus. BLACK-WINGED STILT. Charadrius himantopus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 151 : Egypt. Himantopus candidus Bonnaterre; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 163 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 563. Himantopus himantopus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 310. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. From time to time a number have been obtained on the east and south coasts of Great Britain, from the Orkney and Shet- land Islands southwards, and especially in Norfolk, where nearly twenty examples have been recorded. It has also been met with in some of the inland counties, such as Nottingham- shire, Gloucestershire, and Oxfordshire ; on the west coast it is rare. In Ireland it has been recorded six times only. General Distribution. The Black-winged Stilt breeds in suitable localities in southern Europe, from the Spanish Peninsula eastwards to the shores of the Black and Caspian seas, and through Turkestan and Persia to India, Ceylon, and Burma ; also throughout the greater part of Africa south to Cape Colony. It is migratory in the more northern parts of its range, and is an irregular visitor to Denmark, Holland, Germany, the north of France, and Switzerland. Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 151. Type : R. avocetta Linn. Recuri'iroatra, from recurrns = turned back, and rostrum the beak. RECUR VIROSTRA. CHARADRIUS. 241 Kecurvirostra avocetta. AVOCET. Recurvirostra avosetta Lmnceus, Syst. Nat. i. 1758, p. 151 : Sweden. Keeurvirostra avocetta Linn. ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 162 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. 31. xxiv. 1896, p. 326; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 561. Avocetta, the Italian name, said to be connected with avis = a bird. Distribution in the British Islands. Formerly a regular summer visitor which bred in the eastern and south-eastern counties from Lincolnshire to Sussex until about 1842. It is still a tolerably regular Spring Visitor and of irregular occur- rence in autumn in Norfolk, Kent, and Sussex, and might nest there again if unmolested. Elsewhere it is a rare visitor to Great Britain. In Ireland it has been obtained or seen about twenty times, chiefly on the south and east coasts. General Distribution. The Avocet breeds in Europe in suit- able localities in Denmark, Holland, the Spanish Peninsula, southern France, and Sardinia, eastwards in Hungary and on the shores of the Black, Caspian, and Aral seas, through the Kirghiz Steppes and Turkestan to the Upper Yenesei to 54 N. latitude, and Jransbaikalia. Southwards it nests in Africa, locally south to (Jape Colony, and occurs in Mada- gascar. It is migratory in the northern parts of its range and in winter visits India, Ceylon, and China. Subfamily CHARADRIIN^. Genus CHAEADRIUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 150. Type : C. apricarius Linn. Charadnus = xa/oa^pio's, in classical Greek, a bird dwelling in clefts or river- valley s, x a P^P ai - The sight of it was held to be a cure for the jaundice. B 242 CHARADRIIDJi. Charadrius apricarius. GOLDEN PLOVER. Ckaradrius apricarius Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 150 : Sweden. Charadrius pluvialis Linn. ; B. O. II. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 157 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 191; founders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 547. Apricarius sunny, or lying in the sun. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding commonly on the moorlands, especially in the north of Scotland and the adjacent islands, and less numerously in Somersetshire and Devonshire. In autumn and winter it is more plentiful and widely distributed on the lower ground, its numbers being greatly augmented by continental birds which remain till March and April. General Distribution. The Golden Plover breeds in Ice- land, the Faeroes, and in northern and central Eui-ope, eastwards across western Siberia to the Yenesei. In winter it visits north Africa, the Azores and the Canary Islands, and wanders as far east as Sind. Charadrius dominicus. AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius dominicus P.L. S. Mutter, Natursyst. Suppl. 1776, p. 116 : S. Domingo, W. Indies. Charadrius dominicus Mull. ; Sliarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 195 (part.) ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 549 (part.). Dominicus = belonging to S. Domingo in the West Indies, where it was first discovered. . Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred about four times : Leadonhall Market, autumn 1882 ; Perthshire, Aug. 1883 ; co. Mayo, Sept. 1894 ; Essex, Aug. 1896. General Distribution. The American Golden Plover breeds in Alaska and Arctic North America, from Kotzebue Sound to north-western Hudson Bav. It winters in South America, CHARADKIUS. SQUATAROLA. 243 ranging to Argentina and Chile. On migration it occurs in Greenland, the Bermudas, and California, and has been obtained once on Heligoland. Charadrius dominicus fulvus. EASTERN GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius fulvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt, 2, 1789. p. 687 : Tahiti. haradrius fulvus (Gmel.); B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 157. 'Charadrius dominicus Mull, ; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 195 (part.); Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 549 (part,). fulvus = tawny. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor. It has occurred about four times : Surrey, Nov. 1870 ; Leaden- ball Market, said to have come from Norfolk, Dec. 1874 ; Orkney Islands, Nov. 1887 ; six seen and three obtained, Hurstmonceaux, Sussex, April 1914. General Distribution. The Eastern Golden Plover breeds in Siberia, from the Yenesei eastwards to Bering sea and Alaska, and southwards to the plains of Mongolia. In winter it visits China, Japan, India, and the Malay region, ranging to Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia. It has occurred in Heligoland, Poland, Spain, Italy, Malta, and Algeria. Genus SQUATAROLA Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. 1810, p. 29. Type : S. squatarola (Linn.). Sqiiatdrdla, the Italian name ; of uncertain origin. Squatarola squatarola. GREY PLOVER. Tring-a squatarola Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 149 : Sweden. Squatarola helvetica (Li nit.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1SS3, p. 158 ; Sharjpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1890, p. 182; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 551. R2 244 CHAKADEIID^E. Distribution in the .British Islands. A Winter Visitor and a Bird of Passage from the end of July to May, but a few non-breeding birds remain throughout the summer. It is less numerous in Ireland than in Great Britain, and is rare in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, the Hebrides, and the west coast of Scotland. General Distribution. The Grey Plover breeds from Kolguev and the eastern tundras of Arctic Europe, eastwards throughout Arctic Asia to Kamchatka ; also in Arctic North America. In winter it visits southern Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia, Australia, and South America. Genus JEGIALITIS J3oie, Isis, 1822, p. 558. Type : ^E m Jiiaticula (Linn.). JEgiatitis = alyiaXlrts, of the shore, alyta\6s. .ffigialitis hiaticula. RINGED PLOVER. Charadrius hiaticula Lmwms, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 150 : Sweden. jEgialitis hiaticula (Linn.) ; B. 0. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 159; Sharp* Gat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 256; Saunders,. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 539. Hiaticula, Gaza's translation (in 1476) of Aristotle's xapaSpoios (cf.. Charadrius). Distrilmtion in tlie British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed along the flat portions of the const ; also breeding in smaller numbers inland, on the shores of lakes and rivers and in sandy warrens and other suitable localities, especially in the Highlands. Two races have been recognised : a larger resident British race, which also occurs on the coasts of France and Holland and arrives from the north in autumn, and a smaller form, which visits our coasts in spring and may perhaps breed in small numbers in Kent and Sussex^ This is, however, still uncertain and requires careful investigation. JF.GIALITIS. 245 General Distribution. The Ringed Plover breeds in eastern Arctic America, Greenland, northern and central Europe, and Asia, as far east as Lake Baikal ; its breeding-range also extends to Iceland, Jan Mayen, Kolguev, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya. In winter it is found in the Mediterranean basin and ranges as far south as Cape Colony and occasionally to north-west India. It has been obtained in Chile and Barbados. .flEgialitis alexandrina. KENTISH PLOVER. Charadrius alexandrimis Linmcus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 150 : Egypt. jEgialitis cantiana (Lath.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 158 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 543. ^Egialitis alexandrina (Linn.} ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 275. Alexandrimis = of Alexandria in Egypt, whence came Hasselquist's type. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Summer Visitor, breeding locally on the coasts of Kent and Sussex. Elsewhere on the south and east coasts of England it rarely occurs as far north as Durham and as far west as Devonshire and Cornwall, but has been observed once in Cheshire. In Ireland it has occurred a few times, but has not been noticed there since 1852. General Distribution. The Kentish Plover breeds in Europe and Asia, ranging from Spain to southern Sweden, and eastwards throughout the Mediterranean basin to the Black and Caspian seas ; also across central Asia to Korea, China, and Japan. It is resident in north Africa, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde group. In winter it is found in Africa as far south as Cape Colony ; also in India and Ceylon (where it occasionally breeds), the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo. Various races have been recognised. 246 CHARADRIID^. -ffigialitis dubia. LITTLE KINGED PLOVER. CharadrillS dubillS Scopoli, Del. Faun, et Flor. Insnbr. ii. 178G, p. 93 : Luzon, Philippine Is. ^gialitis curonica (GmeL); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 159; Saunderg, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 541. JEgialitis dubia (Scop.); SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 263. Dubia = doubtful. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has been obtained in Middlesex, Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, the Scilly Islands, and the Outer Hebrides in August, October, and April. General Distribution. The Little Ringed Plover breeds in Europe and northern and central Asia, ranging from Scandinavia to the Sea of Okhotsk and southwards to southern Europe, Turkestan, China, and Japan ; it also nests and appears to be resident in north-west Africa. It winters in Africa, India, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, extending as far east as New Guinea. It is accidental in western North America, from Alaska to California. JEgialitis vocifera. KILLDEER PLOVER. Charadrius vociferus Linnwus, Syst. Nat, 1758, p. 150 r Eastern United States. ^gialitis vocifera (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 160 Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 545. Oxyechus vociferus Sliarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 242. Vocifera = that screams. From the bird's peculiar note. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Aberdeenshire, 18G7 ; Kent, April 1908 ; Hampshire, April 1859 : and the Scilly Islands, Jan. 1885. General Distribution. The Killdeer Plover breeds in North America, from central British Columbia and central Quebec S. EUDROMIAS. 247 southwards to central Mexico. It winters from California,, New Jersey, and the Bermudas southwards to Venezuela and Peru, and has occurred in Chile and Paraguay. ^Sgialitis asiatica. CASPIAN PLOVER. Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. 1773, p. 715 : IS. Tartary. Ochthodromus asiaticus (Pall.) ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 230. ^gialitis asiatica Sannders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 537. Asiaticus = Asiatic. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. A male was obtained and another seen in Norfolk, May 1890. Two were obtained in Sussex, July 1911. General Distribution. The Caspian Plover breeds from the mouth of the Volga and the shores of the Caspian sea, east- wards across the Kirghiz Steppes to the Altai Mountains, and through the salt lakes of Turkestan, southwards to the Amu Daria. It winters in Africa and has occurred in the Konkan, western India ; also in Italy and Heligoland. Genus EUDROMIAS C. L. Brehm, Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 544. Type : E. morinellus (Linn.). Eudromias = evSponias, good runner; from ev and cpo/ins. Eudromias morinellus. DOTTEREL. Charadrius morinellus Linnwus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 150 : Sweden. Eudromias morinellus (Linn.) ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 160 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 234; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 535. Morinellus, diminutive of morus jucopos, a simpleton. Cf. Dotterel a little dolt. 248 CHARADRIID^. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, nesting sparingly on the mountains of the Lake District and reported to have bred in the south-west of Scotland, but more numerous in the Grampians, from the Tay district north- wards, and in some localities to the north of the Spey and west of the Great Glen. As a Bird of Passage it occurs in many parts of the south of Scotland and England, and occasionally in Wales, but is rare in the north and west of Scotland and the outlying islands. To Ireland it is a rare visitor, chiefly in autumn. General Distribution. The Dotterel breeds in northern Europe and Siberia, from Scandinavia to the Sea of Okhotsk, and has been found nesting on Novaya Zemlya and Yaigach, also southwards in the highlands of Bohemia, Styria, and Transylvania and possibly in the Kirghiz Steppes and Transbaikalia. Throughout the rest of Europe it is a bird of passage, ranging in winter southwards to north Africa, Syria, and Persia. It is an occasional visitor to the Canary Islands and Japan. Genus CHETTUSIA Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital. Ucc. 1839, Introd. [p. 12] . Type : C. yregaria (Pall.). Chettitsia, perhaps more correctly Chsetusia, from \airii a mane or crest, though the Sociable Plover has no crest. Chettusia gregaria. SOCIABLE PLOVER. Charadrius grregarius Pallas, Reiso Russ. Reichs, i. 177.1, p. 456 : S.E. Russia. Ohaetusia gregaria (Pall.) ; Sliarpe, Gat. Birth B. 31. xxiv. 1896, p. 174. Vanellus gregarius Saunders, Jlfanual, 2nd eel. 1899, p. 553. Gregaria = sociable. Distribution in the British Jslands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred in Lancashire in autumn, about 1860 ; co. Meath, Aug. 1899 ; six, Kent, May 1907 ; four, Sussex, May 1910. CHETTUSIA.^- VANELLUS. 249 General Distribution. The Sociable Plover breeds from the steppes of southern Russia and the Caucasus eastwards through Transcaspia and Turkestan to western Mongolia. In winter it visits India, Arabia, and north-east Africa. It has occurred, no doubt accidentally, on the Upper Yenesei in 61 N. latitude, and has been obtained in Spain, southern Franco, and Italy, and observed in Poland. Genus VANELLUS Brisson, On. v. 1760, p. 94. Type : V. vanellus (Linn.). Vanellus (formerly, often spelt Vannellus), diminutive of vannus = a fan, whence the French name Vanneau. Vanellus vanellus. LAPWING. Tringa vanellus Linnwus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 148 : Sweden. Vanellus vulgaris Beclist. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 161 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 555. Vanellus vanellus (Linn.)- Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 166. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed, but less numerous in many parts of England than it is in Scotland and Ireland. In autumn large flocks of continental birds reach onr shores, and many of them, as well as some of our native birds, pass on farther south. General Distribution. The Lapwing breeds sparingly in the Faeroes and in Europe, from the Arctic Circle southwards to Spain and eastwards across Siberia and Mongolia to Japan ; also sparingly in Morocco and apparently in Egypt. In winter it is found in southern Europe, north Africa, and from Asia Minor eastwards to northern India and south China. It has occurred accidentally on Jan Mayen, Greenland, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Long Island, U.S.A., and some of the West Indies. 250 CHAEAURIID^E. Subfamily HjEMATOPODIN _K . Genus KEMATOPUS Linnceiis, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 152. Type : //. ostraleyus Linn. Hxmutopus = with blood-coloured feet ; from alpa and JTOS. Haematopus OStralegUS. OYSTER-CATCHER. Hsematopus ostralegrus L'umccus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 152 : Sweden. Haematopus ostralegus Linn. ; J5. O. Z7. Z/af , 1st ed. 1883, p. 162 j Sfouyw?, Cta. .Bmfe S. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 107; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 559. Ostrulegus, from ostrea = an oyster, and Zq/o = I pick. This species really picks mussels from the rocks. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding on the coasts of England and Wales, but local on the eastern and southern shores. In Scotland and in Ireland it is plentiful, and nests nof only in the maritime districts, but also inland along the shingly banks of rivers and lochs. In autumn and winter it is more widely distributed, and it& numbers are greatly increased by continental visitors. General Distribution. The Oyster-Catcher inhabits Europe and central Asia, ranging southwards in winter to the Mediterranean, north Africa, the Red sea, and north-west India. It is represented in eastern Siberia and Kamchatka by a closely allied race,.?/, o. osculans, which winters in south China and Burma ; other allied forms inhabit the Moluccas and Papuan Islands, Australia, New Zealand, and North and South America. Subfamily A K E N A R 1 1 N JE. Genus ARENARIA Erisson, On. v. 1760, p. 132. Type : A. interpret (Linn.). Arenaria = a bird of the sand (arena). ARENARIA. LABU8. 251 Arenaria interpres. TURXSTOXE. Tring-a interpres Lintveus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 148 z Sweden. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.); . O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 161? Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899. p. 557. Arenaria interpres Sharpe, Cat. Birds . M. xxiv. 1896, p. 92. Interpres = an agent between two parties, an explainer : from inter = between, and the root of Sanskrit prath unfold (whence TrXarus = broad): perhaps in allusion to its warning note. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor and a Bird of Passage to our coasts, and sometimes to inland waters from the end oE July to May. A good many birds in breeding-plumage, sometimes in pairs, remain throughout the summer, but have never been proved to- nest, even in the Shetland Islands. General .Distribution. The Turnstone breeds in Greenland, Iceland, probably in all the islands in the Arctic Ocean, and from northern Europe, southwards to Denmark and the Baltic,, eastwards through northern Siberia to Bering sea ; also in Alaska and Arctic America. In winter it visits the coasts- o Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Australia, and South America. The birds breeding in Arctic America have been recognised as a distinct race. Order LARIFORMES. Family LAEID^. Genus LARUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 13G. Type : L. canus Linn. Larus = \dpos, a ravenous sea-bird, in classical Greek. Akin to Old Noraa Uri=a, Tern. 252 LARIDJJ. Larus canus. COMMON GULL. Larus canus Linnceus, Syst. Nut. 1758, p. 136 : Sweden. Larus canus Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 189 ; Saundert, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 277 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 671. Canus hoary. Distribution in the British Islands. A Kesident, and a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn. It breeds on the coasts and inland lochs, and occasionally on moors in Scotland and Ireland ; but in England, though immature birds are common throughout the summer, it has only been known to nest on the Fame Islands, Northumberland. In winter it is met with on all our coasts, and commonly inland. General .Distribution. The Common Gull breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Scandinavia to Kamchatka and southwards to about 53 N. latitude. In winter it visits the Mediterranean, north Africa, the Nile valley, and the Persian Gulf ; also, on the Pacific side, China and Japan. It occasionally occurs in Iceland, and is accidental in Labrador. It is represented in western North America by a nearly allied form which ranges south to California in winter. Larus argentatus. HERRING-GULL. Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, i. 1763, p. 622 : Denmark. Larus argentatus Gmel. ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 188 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 260 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899. p. 673. Argentatus= ornamented with silver (aryentuiri), silvery. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, widely distributed, breeding commonly and often in large colonies on ledges of sea-cliffs and on islands ; also on. inland lochs in Scotland, and on marshy ground. In winter it frequents all the coasts, and often wanders inland to lakes and rivers. LARUS. 253 General Distribution. The Herring-Gull breeds in northern Europe from the White sea westwards to the Atlantic, and southwards throughout the Baltic to northern France ; also in Iceland, Greenland, and across Arctic North America westwards to central Alaska, and southwards on inland waters to about 45 N. latitude. In winter it visits the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, and in the western Atlantic ranges south to the Bermudas, Cuba, Mexico, and Yucatan ; also on the Pacific coast of America to Lower California and western Mexico. It is represented to the south by the next species, />, cachinnans ; also in north-east Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula eastwards by another close ally, which winters chiefly on the eastern coast of Asia and in the western Pacific. Larus cachinnans. YELLOW-LEGGED HERRING-GULL. Larus cachinnans Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. 1827 p. :U8 : S.E. Russia. Lams cachinnans Pall. ; Sounders, Cat. Birds . M. xxv. 1896, p. 266 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 673. Cachinna us laughing immoderately. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. One was obtained at Breydon, Norfolk, Nov. 1886 ; another is said to have been seen at Dover, April 1904. General Distribution. The Yellow-legged Herring-Gull breeds on the Azores, the Canary Islands, and the Madeira group ; also in south-western Europe from the Gulf of Gas- cony southwards, and throughout the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, ranging across western Asia eastwards to Lake Baikal. In winter it follows the west coast of Africa to Senegambia and apparently to Angola, and visits the Red sea and southern Persia, ranging eastwards across northern India to the head of the Bay of Bengal. ."254 Lams marinus. GREATER BLACK-BACKED GULL. Xarus marinus Limueus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 136 : Sweden. Larus marinus Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 189; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 241 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 677. Marimis=oi the sea. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding on the coasts and outlying " stacks/' also inland and on islands in lakes. It is found locally and in small numbers on the south-west and west of England and Wales and the Scilly Islands, commonly in Scotland and Ireland, and on the islands to the west and north. The largest colony in our Islands is probably that on the Holm of Noss, Shetlands. In winter it is widely distributed on all our coasts. General Distribution. The Greater Black-backed Gull 'breeds in Iceland, the Faeroes, and north Europe, east to the lower Petchora and probably to the Yenesei, and south to about 50 N. latitude on the north-west of France : also in Greenland and North America from North Devon Island southwards through Labrador to Maine and Nova Scotia. In winter it occasionally visits the Mediterranean and Black :seas as well as inland waters in small numbers ; also the Canary Islands and the A/ores ; in America it occasionally ranges south to the Bermudas and to Florida. Lams fuscus. LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus fuscus Linmt'us, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 136 : Sweden. iLarus fuscus Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 189; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 250 (part.) ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 675 (part). .Fuse ws= dark, dusky. Distribution in the British Islands. Probably a Bird of Passage, it has been noticed in the Shetland Islands and on the Firth of Forth, and doubtless occurs elsewhere on the British coasts on mioration. LARUS. 255 General Distribution. The Lesser Black-backed Gull breeds in Scandinavia, eastwards through Russia to the Dwina, where, as on the shores of the Baltic, it is rare. In winter it appears to cross eastern Europe to the Black, Caspian, and eastern Mediterranean seas, Egypt, Nubia, the Red sea, and ranges eastwards to the head of the Persian Gulf. It has occurred on the Canary Islands. In the Gulf of Aden it is said to be resident. East of the Dwina it is represented by a larger form, the breeding-range of which extends to the Yenesei and perhaps to the Lena, while in winter it is found on the coasts of Somaliland, Arabia, Mekran, and western India. Larus fuscus affinis. BRITISH LESSER BLACK- BACKED GULL. Icarus affinis Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjobenhavn for 1853, 1854, p. 78 : Greenland. Larus fuscus Linn. Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 250 (part.) ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 675 (part.). Larus fuscus britannicus Lowe, ' British Birch,' vi. 1912, p. 2. Affinis= allied or near akin. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident and a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn. It breeds locally both inland and on the coasts and islands of the south of England and Wales, the Isle of Man, Cumberland, Northumberland, -and the Fame Islands ; commonly in Scotland and on the islands to the north and west ; less plentifully in Ireland. In autumn it is generally distributed on the coasts, but is much less numerous in winter, especially in Scotland, when the majority move southwards. General Distribution. The British Lesser Black-backed Gull breeds in the Faeroes, the Channel Islands, western -coasts of France and probably Spain, and on Alboran Island, off the coast of Morocco. It winters in the western Mediter- ranean, west Africa to the Gold Coast, the Madeira Group, the Canary Islands, and the Azores. It is accidental in Greenland, where the type specimen was obtained. 256 LARID^E. Larus glaucus, GLAUCOUS GULL. Larus glaucus BriinnicJi, Orn. Bor. 1764, p. 44 : Iceland. Larus glaucus Fair.; B. O. V. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 187; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. 31. xxv. 1896, p. 289 ; id. Manual > 2nd ed. 1899, p. 679. Glaiicus=y\avic6s, bluish -grey. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor. It has been met with in summer in the Shetland Islands, but is not known to breed there. In winter it occurs regularly and sometimes abundantly in the Outer Hebrides and on the east coast of Great Britain from the Shetlands, as far south as Norfolk, but on the south and west coasts it is irregular and rare. It has frequently been recorded from Ireland, and appears to be an annual visitor, especially on the north and west coasts. General Distribution. The Glaucous Gull breeds in the Arctic regions of both hemispheres, where many pass the winter, but others migrate southwards to the A/ores, Medi- terranean, Black, and Caspian seas ; to Japan and California in the Pacific ; to the Great Lakes and Mississippi valley in North America, and on the east coast to the Bermudas, Florida, and Texas. It is represented by allied forms in North America, along the Pacific coast, in Alaska, and in Arctic America. Larus leucopterus. ICELAND GULL. Larus leucopterus Faber, Prodr. island. Orn. 1822, p. 91 : Iceland. Larus leucopterus JFaber ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 188 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 295 ; id. Manual^ 2nd ed. 1899, p. 681. Leucoptmt,s = white-winged : from Xevso's and rrrepo'i'. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, LARUS. 257 occurring annually, and occasionally in numbers in stormy weather, as in the winters o 1872-3, 1874-5, and 1892. It has also been met with in summer. It is most abundant on the coasts of Scotland, and is rarer in England, Wales, and Ireland. General Distribution. The Iceland Gull breeds on Jan May en, Greenland, and Arctic America eastwards to Victoria Land, also probably on Novaya Zemlya. In winter it visits Iceland, the Faeroes, and Scandinavia, occasionally ranging southwards to the west and north of France, and on one occasion as far as Venice ; in America it ranges south to Long Island and occasionally to the Great Lakes. It has occurred in Nebraska and Maryland. Larus ichthyaetus. GREAT BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus iclltliyaetus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. 1773, p. 713 : Caspian sea. Larus ichthyaetus Pall. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 190 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 176 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 669. Ichthyaetus= fish-eagle ; from ixdus and a'ero's. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred once off Exuiouth, Devonshire, May or June 1859. General Distribution. The Great Black-headed Gull breeds on the inland seas and lakes of south-eastern Europe and central Asia from the Sea of Azov and the Caspian sea across Turkestan and Tibet eastwards to Koko-Nor and north to Lake Zaisan. In winter it visits the eastern Mediter- ranean, Palestine, Egypt, Nubia, the Red sea, and southern Asia to India, Ceylon, and Burma. It is occasional in Russia as far north as the Pskoff Government and the central Irtysh. 258 LARID.E. Larus melanocephalus MEDITERRANEAN BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus melanoceplialus Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. 1820, p. 777 : Adriatic sea. Larus melanocephalus Natterer; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 191 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 180 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 667. Meldnocephul us black-headed; from /ueXas and KeQaXrj. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, which has been recorded four times : Essex, Jan. 1866 ; Norfolk, Dec. 1886 ; Yorkshire, Nov. 1895 ; Kent, Sept. 1913. Two are also said to have been taken in Cornwall, March 1851, but the evidence does not seem quite convincing. General Distribution. The Mediterranean Black-headed Gull inhabits the Mediterranean and Black seas, ranging westwards to Spain, Portugal, and south-west France. It breeds in Asia Minor, Syria, the Crimea, Dobruja, on the shores of the Black sea and Greece, and is said to have nested in Hungary. It probably breeds in other parts of its range, possibly in south-west Spain. In winter it visits north Africa, ranging as far south as Nubia. It is occasional in northern France. Larus Philadelphia, BONAPARTE'S GULL. Sterna Philadelphia Ord in Guthrie's Geogr. 2nd Amer. ed. ii. 1815, p. 319: near Philadelphia, U.S.A. Larus Philadelphia (Ord) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 192; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 185 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 661. Philadelphia, because found near Philadelphia in America. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred several times : co. Down, Feb. 1848 ; Loch Lomond, April 1850; Cornwall, Jan. 1865 & Oct. 1890; Sussex, Nov. 1870 & Nov. 1913. General Distribution. Bonaparte's Gull breeds in North America from north-western Alaska to Hudson Bay and south LARUS. 259 to British Columbia. In winter it visits Lower California and western Mexico on the Pacific coast and ranges from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico and Yucatan on the east. It occasionally visits the Bermudas and the Bahamas, and has once occurred in Heligoland. Larus ridibundus. BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus ridibundus Linnams, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. ]766, p. 225 : England. Larus ridibundus Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 191 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 207 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 665. Eldibundus=i\\l\ of laughter; from rldco = I laugh. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Resident which is steadily increasing in numbers. It nests in colonies both near the coast and inland in many localities throughout our Islands, being especially plentiful in Scotland and Ireland. In winter it is generally distributed on coasts, rivers, and inland waters, and of late years has been very numerous in London and its neighbourhood. General Distribution. The Black-headed Gull breeds in the Faeroes and in Europe generally from southern Scan- dinavia and north Russia southwards to the Mediterranean, Sardinia, and Asia Minor ; also through temperate Asia eastwards to Kamchatka. In winter it visits north Africa and southern Asia, including India, China, Japan, and the Philippine Islands. Larus minutus. LITTLE GULL. Larus minutus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. 1776, p. 702 : Siberia. Larus minutus Pall. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 191 ; Sounder*, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 173 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 663. Minutus\eTj small. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor 260 LARID.E. in autumn, winter, and spring. It occurs nearly every year, sometimes in large numbers, on the east coast of England, and frequently on the south coast. Elsewhere it is an occasional or rare visitor. General Distribution. The Little Gull breeds locally in northern Europe and Asia, from Jutland, Prussia, Gothland, and the Baltic Provinces of Russia, north to Archangel and south to Kazan, Ufa, and Perm, eastwards across Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk, ranging north on the Obi River to the Arctic Circle. In winter it visits the inland waters of Europe as well as the Mediterranean and north African coasts. It has occurred in the Faeroes, the Bermudas, and Long Island, U.S.A. ; also once in Oudh, northern India. Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn, ii. 1842, pf 252. Type : R. rosea (Macgill.). = rosy-breasted ; from j66os and arf)9of. Bhodostethia rosea. Ross' GULL. Larus roseus Macgillivray, Mem. Wern. Soc. v. 1824,. p. 249 : Melville Peninsula, Arctic America. Rhodostethia rosea (Macgill.} ; _B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 192 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds . M. xxv. 1896, p. 167 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 659. .R0sea=rose-coloured. .Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It is said to have occurred once near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, Dec. 1846 or Feb. 1847. Though generally admitted to the British List the only record is not free from suspicion. General Distribution. Ross' Gull inhabits the Arctic seas and is known to breed on the delta of the Kolyma River, north- east Siberia. It also doubtless breeds in various parts of the Arctic coasts and islands of the far north, as adults have been observed in summer at north Spitsbergen, Franz Josef KHODOSTETHIA. XEMA. 261 Land, Hviten Land, Bering Strait, Melville Peninsula, and the Gulf of Bothnia. In winter it moves southward visiting the New Siberia Islands in September, and the Anadyr Peninsula, Kamchatka, Alaska, and west Greenland. It is accidental in the Faeroes and Heligoland, and has recently been recorded from Vendee in France. Genus XEMA Leach in Ross' Voy. Baffin's Bay, 1st 4to ed. 1819, App. ii. p. Ivii. Type : X. sabinii (Sabine). Xema, a fancy name, apparently devoid of meaning ; possibly wrongly derived from x/|UJj, a shell-fish. Xema sabinii. SABTNE'S GULL. Larus sabini Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 1819, p. 522, pl. 29 : west coast of Greenland. Xema sabinii (Sabine) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 193 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 162; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 657. Sabinii, named by Joseph Sabine in honour of his cousin, Genl. Sir Edward Sabine (1788-1883), who discovered the species on the west coast of Greenland in 1818. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor in autumn and winter, especially to the east coast of England, where it occurs almost annually on the coasts of Yorkshire and Norfolk. It is rare in Scotland, but has occurred rather more frequently in Ireland, where about twelve examples have been recorded. Birds in adult plumage are seldom obtained. General Distribution. A circumpolar species, Sabine's Gull breeds locally on the Arctic coasts and islands of northern Europe and Asia, from Spitsbergen to eastern Siberia and in Arctic North America, from Alaska to Greenland. In winter it moves farther south along the western shores of Europe, to northern France, where it is not an uncommon visitor. In America it ranges to the Bermudas and Texas, and is common on the coast of Peru to about 12 S. latitude. It is accidental in Switzerland and Austria-Hungary. 262 Genus PAGOPHILA Kaup, Naturl. Syst. 1829, p. 69. Type : P. eburnea (Phipps). Piigfiphlla, from 7rayos=ice, and 0i\ew = I love. Pagophila eburnea. IVORY GULL. LaruS eburneus Pldpps, Voyage towards the North Pole, 1774, p. 187 : Spitsbergen. Pagophila eburnea (Phipps) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 186; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 301 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 685. Eburneus = of ivory. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor during the colder months of the year, and sometimes met with in summer. It is more numerous in the northern parts of Great Britain, but has been noticed in many counties as far south as Cornwall, while three have been recorded in Ireland. General Distribution. The Ivory Gull is a circumpolar species, breeding in the Arctic regions up to about 81 N. latitude. In winter it wanders southwards and has been recorded in the north of France, Switzerland, Long Island, U.S.A., Lake Ontario, and British Columbia. Genus RISSA Stephens, Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, 1826, p. 180. Type : -??. tridactyla (Linn.). Rittsa, probably latinized and softened from the Icelandic Ritsa (Briinnich, Ormth. Boreal. 1764, p. 42). Derivation unknown. Eissa tridactyla. KITTIWAKE. Larus tridactylus Linnmts, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 13H : Great Britain. Kissa tridactyla (Linn.); J3. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 187; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 305 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 683. Tridactyla -rpifaKTvXos, three-toed ; from Tpels, and ctKTv\os. RISSA. STERNA. 263 Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident and a Winter Visitor, breeding usually in large colonies on the steep sea-cliffs of our coasts and islands. It is common in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, the Hebrides, and the north and the west of Great Britain ; but is local on the east and not met with on the south coast. It is common in Ireland. In winter it is numerous on the coasts of Great Britain and is also found inland, but in Ireland it is said to be scarcer at that season. General Distribution. The Kittiwake breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of both hemispheres,' except the north- western portion of North America between Prince Albert Land and Point Barrow, Alaska ; southwards it nests in the north-west of France and along the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the Atlantic and in the Kurile Islands in the Pacific. In winter it visits the Mediterranean and the inland waters to the Caspian sea, the Canary Islands, the Azores, the Bermudas, and both coasts of America south to about 35 N. latitude. An allied species, R. brevirostris, inhabits Bering sea. Genus STERNA Limueus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 137. Type : S. liirundo, Linn. Sterna, the latinized form of the name ; cf. Frisian Stirn, German Tanner, Swedish Fisk-tarna, Norwegian Makrel-terne, our Tern and Tarney. Deri- Tation unknown. Sterna hirundo. COMMON TERN. Sterna hirundo Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 137 : Sweden. Sterna fluviatilis Naum. . O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 180 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 54 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 647. Hirundo a Swallow in classical Latin ; cf. p. 111. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, from April to October also a Bird of Passage. It is commonly 264 LARID.E distributed on all our coasts, but becomes scarcer towards the north of Scotland, especially in the Orkney and Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides. It frequently breeds on inland waters. General Distribution. The Common Tern breeds on the coasts, rivers, and inland waters of Europe from Norway to the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, and to the Azores, the Canary Islands, and the Madeira group ; also in temperate Asia from the River Obi in 66 N. latitude and Turkestan, eastwards to LakeBaikal; also in north Africa ; in North America -it occurs south of about 62 N. to Carolina and Lower California, but is scarce on the Pacific side. In winter it visits Africa, ranging to the Cape, also southern Asia, and Central and South America to Brazil. Sterna paradisea. ARCTIC TERN. Sterna paradissea Brunnwli, Om. Bor. 1764, p. 46 : Christiansoe Isl., Bornholm. Sterna macrura Naum. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 180 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. IT. xxv. 1896, p. 62 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 649. Paradisea, belonging to Paradise, i. e., heavenly. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor from April to October ; also a Bird of Passage. On the coasts of England it is not numerous, breeding on the Fame Islands, Northumberland, Scilly Islands, Anglesey, Lancashire, and the Isle of Man ; in Scotland it is more abundant, ranging north to the Orkney and Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides. Both in Scotland and in Ireland, where it is common, it breeds inland as well as on the coasts. General Distribution. The Arctic Tern breeds in the northern portions of both the Old and New "Worlds, ranging northwards to about 82 N. latitude, southwards to about 50 N. in Europe, 52 N. in Asia, and 42 N. in North America. In winter it visits the coasts of Africa and South STERNA. 265 America, ranging far south to the Weddell sea, where it is common at 74 S. latitude. It was probably this species which was met with by McCormick in Ross' sea, off Victoria Land, 7652'S. Sterna dougalli. ROSEATE TERN. Sterna dougallii Montagu, On. Diet. Suppl. 1813, fig. [no pagination] : Scotland. Sterna dougalli Mont. B. O. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 181 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 70 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 645. Dougalli, in honour of Dr. MacDougull, of Glasgow, who first sent a specimen and description to Montagu in 1812. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, breeding very locally ; a few pairs annually nest on the Fame Islands, Northumberland, and colonies occur on certain islets off north AVales and on the coast of Ireland. Some pairs breed on the coast of Morayshire and a few elsewhere from time to time. From its former breeding-grounds on the Scilly Islands, the Lancashire coast, and the Cumbraes in the Firth of Clyde it has now disappeared. General Distribution. The Roseate Tern breeds locally on the North sea coasts and on those of the Atlantic from about 57 N. latitude to the Mediterranean, the A/ores, Madeira, the coasts of Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, Ceylon, the Andamans, Tenasserim, and south China, wandering north to the Lucbu Islands ; it also breeds in Australia, except the south, and in New Caledonia, ranging to the Loyalty and Solomon Islands; likewise in North America, from Sable Island to Long Island and southwards to the Bahamas, the Lesser Antilles, and Venezuela. In the more northern parts of its range it is a summer visitor only. Several races have been recognised. 266 Sterna minuta. LITTLE TERN. Sterna minuta Linmens, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 228 : S. Europe. Sterna minuta Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 181; Saunderg, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 116; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 651. Minuta very small. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor from the end of April to September or October. Breeding-colonies are met with locally on many parts of our coasts as far north as the Orkney Islands, but it is only a wanderer to the Shetlands. General Distribution. The Little Tern breeds on the coasts, rivers, and inland waters of Europe from the Baltic to the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, and ranges in Asia to west Siberia, Turkestan, and north-west India. It also nests in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt. In winter it visits the west coast of Africa, ranging south to the Cape, also to Burma, and even Java. It is represented by closely allied races in south-eastern Asia and Australia ; in India and east Africa : and in North America. Sterna caspia. CASPIAN TERN. Sterna caspia Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. pt. i. 1770, p 582 : Caspian sea. Sterna caspia Pall. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 182 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 641. Hydroprogne caspia Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 32. Ca2>za:=from the Caspian sea. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor, chiefly to the east and south coasts of England. About twenty have been obtained, including two in Nottinghamshire, and others have been observed. STERNA. 267 General Distribution. The Caspian Tern breeds locally in Europe from about 60 N. latitude on the coasts and islands of Sweden, Finland, and (formerly) Denmark, probably on the coast of Holland, and in the Mediterranean from south Spain, eastwards to the Black and Caspian seas ; also in western Siberia and the Kirghiz Steppes to south Ussuri-land, and in south Persia and Ceylon ; in north Africa, Gambia, and Cape Colony ; likewise in Australia and New Zealand. It also breeds in North America in various localities from Labrador to Great Slave Lake, and southwards to the coasts of Texas, Mississippi, and South Carolina. It is migratory in the northern parts of its range and in winter visits both sides of Africa to the Cape ; southern Asia ; and both coasts of North America south to Mexico. It is occasional in Alaska and Newfoundland. Sterna anglica. GULL -BILLED TEEN. Sterna anglica Montagu, On. Diet. Suppl. 1813 [no pagination] : England. Sterna anglica Mont. ; -B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 182 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 639. Gelochelidon anglica Sattnders, Cat. Birds S. J/. xxv. 1896, p. 25 Anglica = English, because first described from an English specimen. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor to the east and south coasts of England where about twenty- four examples have been recorded ; also once in Scotland at the Pentland Skerries. General Distribution. The Gull-billed Tern breeds locally in western and southern Europe and in central and southern Asia, including western Denmark and Schleswig, Spain, Portugal and southern France ; occasionally in Bavaria and Hungary ; in Greece, on the Black and Caspian seas, in- Asia Minor, Persia, north-west India, Turkestan, and eastwards across temperate Asia to soutb-east Mongolia and south Ussuri-land ; also in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt 268 LARID.E. and the Red sea. On the Atlantic coast of North America it nests from Virginia to the coasts of Texas and the West Indies. In winter it visits the whole of Africa, southern Asia, the' Malayan Archipelago, and America, south to Patagonia and Chile. It occurs occasionally in Holland, the north of France, central Europe, and on the Pacific coast of Central America. In Australia a rather larger and paler race is recognised ranging north to the Malay Archipelago in winter. Sterna sandvicensis. SANDWICH TERN. Sterna sandvicensis Latham, Gen. Synop. Snppl. i. 1787, p. 296 : England. Sterna cantiaca Gmel. B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 183 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 75 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 643. Sandvicensis, of Sandwich in Kent, whence a Mr. Boys sent an example to Latham in 1784. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor from March to September. It breeds locally on various parts of the east coast of Great Britain, from the Orkney Islands to Kent, also on the west coast ; but the most important stations are on the Fame Islands, Northumberland, and at Ravenglass, Cumberland. The breeding-grounds are not infrequently changed, and those in Kent, Essex, the Scilly Islands, and Walney Island, Lancashire, are at present deserted. In Ireland several colonies are known on loughs in cos. Mayo and Fermanagh, and elsewhere. General Distribution. The Sandwich Tern breeds on the North sea along the low coasts and islands of Jutland and the Netherlands, occasionally in the Channel Islands, Spain, the eastern Canary Islands, Sardinia and possibly Sicily, Tunisia, and the Black and Caspian seas; also on the east coast of North America from North Carolina to Mexico and Honduras. In winter it is common in north Africa and follows the west coast to the Cape and extends up to Natal ; STERNA. - HYDROCHELIDON. 269 it visits the Red sea and coast of south- western Asia to Sind. In the west it ranges to the Azores, the West Indies, both coasts of Central America, and wanders to Colombia and Brazil. American birds have been recognised as a distinct race. Sterna fuliginosa. SOOTY TERN. Sterna fuliginosa Gmetin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 605: Ascension Island. Sterna fuliginosa Gmel. ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 183 j Sounders, Oat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 106 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 653. FuUglnosa=i'he colour of soot, fullgo. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred six times: Staffordshire, Oct. 1852 ; Berkshire, June 1869 ; Somersetshire, Oct. 1885 ; Suffolk, March or April 1900; Lancashire, Oct. 1901; Sussex, April 1911. General Distribution. The Sooty Tern is generally dis- tributed and breeds on suitable islands and reefs throughout the tropical and subtropical seas of the world, but is almost unknown on the Pacific coast of South America. It occa- sionally wanders as far north as Maine in North America, to the Azores, and to Europe. Genus HYDROCHELIDON Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Type : If. niyra (Linn.). Hydrochelidon, from v : 5 up water, and x e ^'<-3uv& Swallow. Hydrochelidon nigra. BLACK TERN. Sterna nigra Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 137 : Sweden. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.) ; B. O. V. List, Isted. 1883, p. 185 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 17 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 633. Nigra= black. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage 270 LARID,E. in spring and autumn and occasional in summer, chiefly met with in the eastern and southern counties of England, irregular in the west and uncommon in the midlands. North of Yorkshire it occurs rarely as far as the Tay and Loch Lomond, but it has only twice been recorded from the north of Scotland, having been observed in the Orkneys and the Outer Hebrides in 1913. Formerly it nested in many parts of England, but ceased to do so in the Sol way Firth in 1855 and in Norfolk in 1858. To Ireland it is a rare visitor, chiefly in autumn. General Distribution. The Black Tern breeds in Europe, south of about 60 N. latitude from south Sweden, Finland, and Lake Ladoga southwards to the Mediterranean ; also in western Siberia, in Tobolsk to 58 N., Tomsk, and as far east as the Obi River and Lake Zaisan. In winter it visits Africa, ranging south to Loango on the west and Abyssinia on the east. It is accidental in the Faeroes. In North America it is represented by the nearly allied H. n. suri- namensis, which winters in South America. Hydrochelidon leucopareia, WHISKEKED TEEN. Sterna leucopareia Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. 1820, p. 746 : Hungary. Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pall.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 184 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 10 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 637. Leiu;opareia= white-cheeked, from \tv*os and irapeia. Distribution in ilie British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It has occurred about nine times in the south of England since the first was recorded in Dorsetshire in 183ti ; also twice in Norfolk and once in Yorkshire ; once in Scotland and once in Ireland. General Distribution. The Whiskered Tern breeds in southern Europe from south Spain eastwards to south Russia, and, occasionally, as far north as Poland, in 51 N. latitude. HYDROCHELIDON. 271 In Asia it breeds in the temperate and southern parts, from Palestine and Turkestan, eastwards to north India. It also nests in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt. In winter it visits Africa, ranging south to Cape Colony ; also southern Asia, the Philippine Islands, the Malayan Archipelago, and Australia. Birds from Australia appear to be resident and have been recognised as a distinct race. It is accidental in Barbados. Hydrochelidon leucoptera- WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN. Sterna leucoptera Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 1815, p. 483 : shores of the Mediterranean. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 185 ; Saunderg, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 6 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 635. Leucoptera^XevKOTrrepvs ; white-winged from XSVKOS and vrepov. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor in spring and autumn. It has occurred chiefly in the eastern and southern counties of England ; twice in Warwickshire and six times in Ireland. * General Distribution. The White-winged Black Tern breeds in central and south-eastern Europe from central Russia (Esthonia, 58 N. latitude, and Ufa, 56) south- wards, also westwards in Galicia, Hungary, and occasionally Bavaria. In Asia it ranges across Siberia to the Amur valley and southwards to Turkestan. It is also said to nest in Algeria. In winter it visits Africa, ranging southwards to Cape Colony ; also southern Asia, ranging thence to Australia and New Zealand. It is accidental in Sweden and Denmark, also in the United States and Barbados. 272 LARID^E. Genus CATHARACTA Sriinnich, On. Bor. 1764, p. 32. Type : C. skua Brunn. Catfiaracta = KaTapf>dKTT)s, a sea-bird known to Greek classical writers from its rushing down on its prey like a cataract. Catharacta skua. GREAT SKUA. Catharacta Skua Brunnich, On. Bor. 1764, p. 33 : Faeroe Islands. Stercorarius catarrhactes (Linn.) B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 194 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 687. Megalestris catarrhactes Saunders, Gat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 315. Skua, thus written by Hoier (circa 1604) as the name of a Faeroese bird (hodie Skiiir), adopted by Willughby and Brunnich. Distribution in the .British Islands. A Resident in British seas, breeding in the Shetlands, at Foula and Unst, and of recent years on several other islands to the south, in increasing numbers. In winter it frequents the fishing-grounds out at sea and occasionally visits the Orkneys, the Outer Hebrides, and the coasts of Great Britain, more especially the eastern side. In Ireland it is rarely met with. General Distribution. The Great Skua breeds in Iceland and the Faeroes and on Lady Franklin Island, Hudson Strait. In winter it is met with chiefly at sea off the coasts of Europe, from Norway south to Gibraltar, and occasionally in the Mediterranean and on inland waters ; it occurs in the western Atlantic off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and occasionally south Greenland and Long Island, U.S.A. It is represented by allied forms in the southern oceans. Genus STERCORARIUS frisson, Orn. vi. 1760, p. 149. Type: S. parasiticus (Linn.). Stercorarius=of, or belonging to, excrement, stercus. STEKCORARIUS. 273 Stercorarius parasiticus. RICHARDSON'S SKUA. Larus parasiticus Linnteus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 136 : Sweden. Stercorarius crepidatus ( Gmel.} ; B. O. L T . List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 195 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 327 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 691. ParosZcfi=parasitic, from its habit. Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor and a regular Bird of Passage in autumn, but scarce in spring. It breeds commonly, in scattered colonies, on most of tbe Shetland and on some of the Orkney Islands ; also on the Outer Hebrides, and in small numbers on some of the Inner Hebrides as well as in Caithness and Sutherland. In autumn it is more numerous on the east coast of Great Britain and west of Scotland, less so on the south and west coasts of England and Wales, and in Ireland. General Distribution. The range of Richardson's Skua is circumpolar ; it breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of both hemispheres to about 80 N. latitude, and ranges southwards to about 55 N. latitude in Britain, apparently to Turgai, western Siberia, and to the Com- mander and Aleutian Islands. In winter it visits the coasts of Europe, of Africa to the Cape, and of south-western Asia, from the Persian Gulf to the Mekran and Sind coasts ; it has occurred in Australia and New Zealand. In America it ranges south to California on the Pacific, and to Barbados and even Brazil on the Atlantic side. Stercorarius longicaudus, BUFFON'S SKUA. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. 1819, p. 157 : Northern regions. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 195 ; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 334 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 693. Longica ud us = long-tailed. 274 Distribution in the British Islands. A Bird of Passage in autumn and occasionally met with in spring and summer ; it is most frequently seen on the east coast of England and the west coast of Scotland, and in stormy weather is' some- times common, as in October 1879. Elsewhere it is usu.illy rare, but in the autumn of 1891 many visited Scotland as well as the south coast of England. In Ireland it occurs occasionally in autumn and sometimes in spring. General Distribution. Buffon's Skua is circumpolar, breeding in the arctic regions of both hemispheres but seldom south of the Arctic Circle except on the lofty fells of Scandinavia. In autumn and winter it migrates south- wards in the eastern Atlantic to Gibraltar, occasionally entering the Mediterranean ; and in the west to the New England coasts and even Florida ; in the Pacific to California and the Kurile Islands, occasionally wandering south to about 20 N. latitude. StercorarillS pomariims. POMATORHINE SKUA. Lestris pomarinus Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 1815, p. 514 : Arctic regions. Stercorarius pomatoriiinus (Temm.~) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 194 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 322 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 689. Pomarinus, probably more correctly Pomdtorhinus, from irwfta, genitive jrujftaTo?, a lid or cover, and pis, genitive plvus, the nose, nostril ; fiorn the nasal operculum. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor and a Bird of Passage, chiefly in autumn, to our coasts, especially to the east of Great Britain and the west coast of the Outer Hebrides. Occasionally, as in the autumns of 1862, 1879, and 1880, large numbers have been observed : and some remain throughout the winter off the south coast of England. To Ireland it is a rare autumn visitor, though a few have been observed in summer. Individuals are occasionally blown inland. STEIICORAPJUS. ALCA. 275 General Distribution. The Pomatorliine Skua breeds in the arctic regions of the Old and New Worlds north of about 69 N. latitude. In winter it occurs on the inland waters o Europe down to the Mediterranean, and is found as tar south as Walvisch Bay, in southern Africa, Burma, Japan, Cape York, north Australia, and Callao Bay, Peru. Order ALCIFORMES- Family ALCID^. Genus ALCA Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 130. Type : A. torda Linn. Alca, latinized from the Icelandic alka, our " auk." Alca torda. KAZORBILL. Alca torda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 130 : Sweden. Alca torda Linn. ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 205 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Gat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 565 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 695. Torda, the name by which the bird is known in Gothland ; cf . Tordmule, its name in Angermannia, Sweden (Linnasus, Faun. Suec. 1746, p. 43), and in modern Swedish generally. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Resident, breeding on suitable sea-cliffs throughout our Islands, arriving towards the end of March or in April and remaining till the young- bird is taken to sea by its parents. During the rest of the year it is common oft' our coasts. General Distribution. The Razorbill breeds on the coasts and islands of the north Atlantic, from Scandinavia to the Channel Islands and Brittany, the Faeroes, Iceland, and south Greenland to Newfoundland and New Brunswick. In winter it wanders southwards and visits the Baltic and Mediterranean seas east to the Adriatic, and, in the Atlantic, T2 27G 1ms been obtained as far south as the Canary Islands and tho Azores, while on the American side it occasionally reaches North Carolina. Alca impennis. GREAT AUK. Alca impennis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 130 : Norwegian seas. Alca impennis Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 206 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 697. Plautus impennis Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 563. Impennis wingless ; from in and penna. Distribution in the British Islands. Extinct about 1840. Recorded in the Outer Hebrides as long ago as 1684. An adult male was obtained on Papa Westray, Orkney Islands, in 1813, and is now in the British Museum ; a bird was captured alive on St. Kilda, Aug. 182 L or 1822; another, taken in Waterford Harbour, May 1834, is now in the Museum of Trinity College, Dublin. One appears to have been captured at the Fame Islands, Northumberland, before lit>9; there is also evidence that another bird was captured on St. Kilda about 1840. Remains have been found in the Orkney Islands, Caithness, Argyllshire, and Durham, and in several districts in Ireland. General Distribution. The Great Auk became extinct in 1844. It was formerly found from south-east Greenland and Labrador to Newfoundland, round which it was especially abundant, and particularly so on Funk Island. It also bred on the Faeroes and on the islands off the south-west of Iceland, where the last pair of birds were taken alive in June 1844. In winter it appears to have been found as far south as Denmark on the east and Carolina and Florida in the west Atlantic. Eighty skins and seventy-three eggs are known to be in existence. URIA. 277 Genus URIA Brisson, On. vi. 1760, p. 70. Type : U. troille (Linn.). Uria ovpia, a water-bird mentioned by Athenaeus, 395 D. ; cf. Sanskrit w=water, ovpovuime, a'/o/eur//p=adiver, Latin urinor=I dive, etc. Uria troille. COMMON GUILLEMOT. Colymbus troille Linnceus, Fauna Suecica, 2nd ed. 1761, p. 52 : Spitsbergen. Lomvia troile (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 206. Uria troile (Linn.) ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 573 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 699. Troille, said to be intended as a compliment to Troil the Icelander. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding usually in large colonies, on suitable sea-cliffs throughout the United Kingdom, arriving towards the end of March or in April, and remaining till autumn, when the young bird is taken to sea by its parents. In winter it is common in the seas round our coasts, but is said to be scarce at that season round Ireland. General Distribution. The Common Guillemot breeds on the coasts and islands of the north Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and Bering sea; in the Atlantic from Iceland, the Faeroes, and Varan ger-Fjord, Norway, south to the west coast of France and even to the Berlenga Islands off Portugal ; also from south Greenland, south of about 64 N. latitude, and Ungava to Newfoundland and the Magdalene Islands ; in Bering sea it is found nesting in the Commander, Pribilof, and Aleutian Islands, apparently wandering north to Wraugel and Herald Islands, and on the east Pacific coast as far as the Farallones and California to 36 N., and on the west perhaps to Japan. In winter it goes south to about 30 N. in the Atlantic and occasion- ally enters the Mediterranean, and to Maine in America ; in the Pacific to California in 34 N. latitude and to 278 Japan. The birds from the Bering sea and the Pacific coast of America have been recognised as distinct. IMa lomvia. BRUNNICH'S GUILLEMOT. Alca lomvia Linnceus, Syst. Nat, 1758, p. 130 : Green- land "[Ha rtert]. Lomvia bruennichi (Saline') ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 207. TJria lomvia (Linn.); Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 577. Uria bruennichi Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 701. Lomvia, the northern word loon turned into Latin. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor to the east coast of Great Britain, most of the specimens obtained being from the Yorkshire coast and one from the Firth of Forth ; it has been doubtfully recorded from as far north as Caithness and as far south as Suffolk. General Distribution. Briinnich's Guillemot breeds on the coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, north Atlantic, Bering sea, and north Pacific; from about 82 N. latitude in Franz Josef Land, south to Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen, Iceland, Novaya Zemlya, and the north coast of Siberia, the islands of Bering sea, the Kurile Islands, Japan, and the coasts of Alaska south to Sitka ; also from south Ellesmere Land and north Greenland south to Hudson Bay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In winter some move somewhat farther south and range to north Norway and the North sea, also occasionally to South Carolina; in the Pacific to Japan. It is occasionally found inland. Birds from Bering sea and the north Pacific have been recognised as a different race. Uria grylle. BLACK GUILLEMOT. Alca grylle Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 130 : Sweden. Una grylle (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 207; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 580 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 703. Grylle=ypv\\t), the granting of swine ; ypi''X\os = a pig ; from ite note. FR1A. ALLE. 279 Distribution in the British Islands. A Eesident, inhabiting suitable rockv coasts from April until autumn. It is common in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, the Outer and some of the Inner Hebrides, as well as the north and west coasts of Scotland, but becomes scarce and local towards the Solway Firth and the Isle of Man. It no longer breeds in Wales, or on the east coasts of Scotland and Yorkshire, and is rarely met with off the south coast, even in winter. In Ireland it is tolerably plentiful, especially on the north and west coasts. In winter it is found off the coasts of its breeding-range. General Distribution. The Black Guillemot breeds in north Europe from the White sea westwards to Scandinavia and south to Denmark ; also in the Faeroes, Iceland, south Greenland, and eastern North America from Labrador to Maine and Newfoundland. In winter it ranges occasionally to the north of France and to New Jersey. In the circum- polar seas an allied form is found ranging south to Labrador, Norton Sound, Alaska, Kamchatka, and north Siberia. Genus ALLE Link, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock, i. 1806, p. 46. Type : A. alJe (Linn ) AIM, the Lapp name of the Long-tailed Duck ; cf. Swedish Al-fogel. Alle alle, LITTLE AUK. Alca alle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 131 : Greenland. Mergulus alle (Linn.)- B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 208; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 705. Alle alle Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 569. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Winter Visitor, most frequent on the coasts of Scotland and east coast of England; less so elsewhere and in Ireland. Occasionally after severe storms it appears in great numbers, 280 ALCIIXflS. many being driven on shore and far inland, ns in 1895, 1000, 1910, and 1912. It has been met with occasionally in summer. General Distribution. The Little Auk breeds in the islands of the Arctic Ocean, from Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Spitsbergen, Iceland, Greenland, and the shores of Arctic America west of the Kane basin and Baffin sea. In winter it visits the North sea and Atlantic, being found occasionally in numbers as far south as the Canary Islands and the Azores ; on the west side it extends to Long Island and occasionally to North Carolina and other parts of North America. Genus FRATERCULA Brisson, On. vi. 17GO, p. 81. Type : F. arctica (Linn.). Frdtercfda, as if from fraterculus=& little brother, f rater. The mediaeval name, from the bird's gregarious habits. Tratercula arctica. PUFFIN. Alca arctica Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 130 : Sweden. Fratercula arctica (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st cd. 1883, p. 208 ; Off time- Grant, Cat. Birds .M. xxvi. 1898, p. 616; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 707. Arctica inhabiting the northern regions. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding on suitable sea-cliffs and on islands, arriving between the end of March and May and returning to sea at the end of August. Colonies are very numerous in the Outer Hebrides, the Shetland and Orkney Islands, and the mainland of Great Britain, except on the east and south coasts of England, where they are confined in the east to the Fame Islands, Northumberland, and Flamborough cliffs, Yorkshire, and in the south, where comparatively few nest in the Isle of "\Vight, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, and Cornwall. Many breed FHATERCULA. THALASSIDROMA. 28.1 on the Scilly Islands and in the wilder parts of Ireland. In winter it inhabits the seas off our coasts, and in stormy weather is sometimes driven ashore and far inland. General Distribution. The Puffin breeds in the north Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, from Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen to Greenland and eastern North America, and southwards from the coast of Norway to the Berlenga Islands off Portugal ; also in the Faeroes, Iceland, and in America to the Bay of Fundy. In winter it visits the Atlantic and western Mediterranean east to Sicily, and ranges occasionally as far south as the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Delaware Bay in America. Birds from the Arctic seas are somewhat larger than those from the south and have been recognised as a distinct race. Order PROCELLARIIFORMES. Family THALASSIDROMID^E. Genus THALASSIDROMA Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 405. Type: T. pelagica (Linn.). Thalas8idroma=one that runs on the sea, from 0dXacrus=SL gadfly, thence anything that drives mad, and e\avvta=I drive : in allusion to the bird's habit of perpetually flying to and fro. (ESTRELATA. 291 (Estrelata hasitata. CAPPED PETREL. Procellaria hasitata Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. i. 1820, p. 142 : no locality ( = West Indies). (Estrelata hsesitata (KuhT) ; B. 0. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 200; Salvin, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 402 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 745. Hasitata, probably a misprint for Tisesltcita, from Ji8esitare=fo be uncertain, hesitating, as if it were a doubtful species. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. One was captured alive at Southacre, near Swatt'ham, Norfolk, in March or April 1850. General Distribution. The Capped Petrel formerly in- habited the middle Atlantic, breeding on the Lesser Antilles and wandering to Hayti, the eastern United States from Florida to New Hampshire and inland to Ontario. The history o a specimen in the Museum at Boulogne, said to have been killed near that town, seems doubtful. The species is believed to be extinct. (Estrelata brevipes. COLLAEED PETREL. Procellaria brevipes Peak, U.S. Explor. Exped. 1st ed. viii. 1848, p. 294, pi. 80 : Pacific Ocean [b'8 S. lat., 95 W. long.]. (Estrelata brevipes (Peale] Salvin, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1890, p. 408 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 747. Brevipes, from brevis= short, and pes=a foot. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. An adult was shot between Borth and Aberystwyth, Wales, in Nov. or Dec. 1889. General Distribution. The CoHared Petrel inhabits the western and southern Pacific, breeding in the New Hebrides and Fiji Islands. It has been obtained as far north as Hondo, Japan, and apparently off the coast of Kam- chatka. u2 292 (Estrelata neglecta, KERMADEC PETREL. Procellaria neglecta Schlef/el, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Pro- cellarise, 1863, p. 10 : Kerraadec Islands. (Estrelata neglecta (ScMeg.) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 412 ; Coward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 433 ; Ogilvif- Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxxiii. 1914, p. 124. Neglecta neglected or passed over. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. A male was picked up dead near Tarporley, Cheshire, in April 1908. General Distribution. The Kennadec Petrel inhabits the southern Pacific, breeding on the Kennadec Islands in New Zealand waters, and extending to Juan Fernandez off the Chilian coast. Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte, N. Annali d. Sci. Nat. viii. 1843, p. 426. Type : B. brlweri (Jard. & Sell).). Bulweria. in honour of Mr. Bulwer, a resident in Madeira, who obtained the first examples of the Petrel figured by Jardine and Selby, Bulweria bulweri. BULWER'S PETREL. Procellaria bulwerii Jardine # Selby, Illustr. Orn. ii. 1828, pi. 65 : Madeira. Bulweria columbina (Moq.-Tan.) B.O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 200. Bulweria bulweri (J. fy .) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 189G, p. 420 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 749. Bulweri, see above. Distribution in the British Islands. A Bare Visitor, which has been obtained on five occasions : one found dead, Yorkshire, in May 1837, and four picked up on the coast of Sussex in Feb. 1903, Feb. 1904, Sept. 1908, and Oct. 1911. BULWEHIA. D10JIEDEA. 293 General Distribution. Bulwer's Petrel breeds in the north Atlantic, in the Madeira group, and in the Salvage and Canary Islands ; also in the northern Pacific, in the Bonin and Volcano Islands, Laysan, Necker, and Bird Islands, and the Hawaiian group. It has also been recorded from the Marquesas Islands, and has occurred accidentally in Greenland, Japan, and China. An allied species, B. macyillivrayi, is found in the Fiji Islands. Family DIOMEDEID^. Genus D10MEDEA Linnams, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 132. Type: I). exuLins Linn. Diomedea =& bird of Diomede. Diomedea melanophrys. BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS. Diomedea melanophris Temminck, PI. Col. 76 livr. 1828, pi. 456 : Cape seas. Diomedea melanophrys Boie ; Salvin, Cat. Birds jB. Jif. xxv. 1896, p. 447 ; founder*, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 753. Melauophrys = -wit}i black eyebrows from/ieAas and oQpvs. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Rare Visitor. An exhausted individual \vas captured near Linton, Cambridge- shire, in July 1897. General Distribution. The Black-browed Albatross in- habits the southern oceans, breeding in New Zealand waters on the Chatham and Campbell Islands, and also in the Falkland Islands. It frequents the bays near the Cape of Good Hope, and occasionally wanders to the north Atlantic, a specimen having been killed in the Faeroe Islands in 1894> while another was obtained by a whaler between Greenland and Spitsbergen, lat. 80 11' N., long. 4 E. 294 COLYMBID.E. Order COLYMBIFORMES. Family COLYMBIDJE. Genus COLYMBUS Linnceus, Syst, Nat. 1758, p. 135. Type : C. arcticus Linn. Colymbus ic6Xv/i/3os, a diver ; eoXv^jSow = I dive. Colymbus arcticus. BLACK-THROATED DIVER. Colymbus arcticus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 135 : Sweden. Colymbus arcticus Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 201 ; Off ilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B.M. xxvi. 1898, p. 492; Saun- ders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 713. Arcticus = apKTiKos, northern : from apicros = the constellation of the Bear. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding in Scotland from Perthshire and Argyllshire northwards, being most numerous in the northern counties, where suitable nesting-sites on the lochs are abundant. It also breeds in the Outer Hebrides, and occasionally in Skye and the Ork- ney and Shetland Islands. As a Winter Visitor it is uncommon about our coasts, especially in the west of Great Britain and round Ireland. General Distribution. The Black-throated Diver breeds in the northern portions of Europe and Siberia, ranging west- wards to Iceland and the Faeroe Islands and eastwards to Japan. In winter it visits the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas. In western North America it is represented by the closely allied C. a. pacificus, which ranges south in winter to California. COLYMBUS. 295 Colymbus immer. GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. Colymbus immer Briinnich, On. Bor. 1764, p 38 : Faeroe Islands. Colymbus glacialis Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 201 ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 496 ; Saun- ders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 709. Immer, from the Norwegian name of this bird. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, gene- rally distributed along the coasts o Great Britain and Ireland between October and May, but most numerous towards the north. Individuals usually remain about the Outer Hebrides and the Shetland Islands throughout the summer, and may even have nested in the latter group. On migration it is not uncommon on inland waters. General Distribution. The Great Northern Diver breeds in the northern parts of North America, ranging eastwards to Greenland and Iceland and westwards to the Asiatic shores of Bering Straits. It moves southwards in winter to the Azores, Madeira, the Mediterranean and Black seas, Lower California, and the Gulf of Mexico. In Siberia it is represented by the next species, C. adamsi. Colymbus adamsi. WHITE- BILLED NORTHERN DIVER. Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 167 : Alaska. Colymbus adamsi Gray ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 201 ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 500; Soun- ders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 711. Adamsi, in honour of Surgeon C. B. Adams, who discovered the bird. Distribution in the British Islands. A Eare Visitor in winter. About five examples have been recorded from the east and south coasts of Great Britain between Northumber- land and Hampshire : also one from Argyllshire. 296 coLYxrmn.E. General Distribution. The White-billed Northern Diver breeds in the northern parts of North America from Alaska to the Boothia Peninsula and Great Slave Lake ; also in north Siberia as far west as Novaya Zemlya. It ranges south- wards in winter to Japan and occasionally to Norway. It is accidental in Colorado, Greenland, Upper Austria, and Italy. Colymbus Stellatus. RED-THROATED DIVER. Colymbus StellatUS Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1763, p. 621 : Denmark. Colymbus septentrionalis Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 202 ; Ogilvie-arant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 487 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 715. Stellatus = spotted (starred), from stella = a star. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding in Scotland from Argyllshire northwards to Sutherland and Caithness in increasing numbers ; also in the Outer Hebrides and the Orkney and Shetland Islands. In Ireland a pair or two nest annually in co. Donegal. As a Winter Visitor it is common all round our coasts from autumn to spring. General Distribution. The Red-throated Diver breeds in the northern portions of the northern Hemisphere, ranging southwards in winter to the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas and southern China ; also in North America to California and Florida. Order PODICIPIDIFORMES. Family PODICIPID^, Genus PODICEPS Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 294. Type: P. cristatus (Linn.). Podiceps, perhaps more correctly Podicipes from podex, genitive podicis = the fundament, and pes = foot. PODICEPS. 297 Podiceps cristatus. GREAT CRESTED GREBE. ColymbuS CristatUS Linnceus. Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 135 : Sweden. Podiceps cristatus (Linn.) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 202. Podicipes cristatus Ogilvie-G-rant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 544 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 717. Cristdtus = furnished with a crest. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Resident, which has greatly extended its breeding-range during recent years and nested in Morayshire in 1913. To the extreme north of Scotland, the Orkney and Shetland Islands and the Inner Hebrides it is a rare visitor, while from the Outer Hebrides it has not been recorded. In winter it frequents the coastal districts. General Distribution. The Great Crested Grebe breeds in central and southern Europe and Asia from about 60 N. latitude as far east as Japan, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand ; also in north Africa from Morocco to Tunisia. It winters in the Mediterranean basin and north Africa. In north-east, central, and southern Africa it is represented by the closely allied P. c. infuscatus, and birds from Australia and New Zealand have also been distinguished. Podiceps griseigena. KED-NECKED GREBE. ColymbuS grisegena Boddaert, Tabl. des PI. Enl. 1783, p. 55 : France [Hartert]. Podiceps griseigena (Bodd.) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 203. Podicipes griseigena Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 539 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 719. Griseigena = with grey cheeks ; from griseus and gena. Distribution in the British Islands. A Winter Visitor, met with chiefly on the eastern coast of Great Britain, less fre- quently on the south, and rarely on the west. On the coast 298 PODICEPID.E. of Ireland it has been recorded about twelve times. It is rarely met with on inland waters. In some seasons large numbers have been observed. General Distribution. The Red-necked Grebe breeds in Europe and western Asia, ranging from southern Norway and Archangel to the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas. It also apparently nests in Morocco. It winters on the coast of north Africa. In eastern Siberia and North America to Greenland it is represented by P. g. holboelli, which winters in Japan and the southern United States. Podiceps auritus. SLAVONIAN or EARED GREBE. Colymbus auritus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 135 : Sweden. Podiceps auritus (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 203. Podicipes auritus Ogilvie-Qrant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 527 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 721. Auritus = eared : from auris = the ear. Distribution in the British Islands. Chiefly a Winter Visitor, but of recent years a few pairs have nested in the north of Scotland and possibly elsewhere. In winter it is found on all our coasts and is not uncommon on inland waters, but is less frequent on the southern and western shores of England and the south of Ireland, where it sometimes also occurs in summer. General Distribution. The Slavonian Grebe is a circum- polar species breeding as far south as Denmark in Europe, throughout Siberia, and in North America southwards to about 40 N. latitude. In winter it is found over the rest of Europe, rarely occurring on the north African coast, in Asia as far south as the tropic of Cancer and Japan, and in America southwards to California and the Gulf of Mexico. It has occurred in the Azores, the Bermudas, and casually in Greenland. PODICEPS. 299 Podiceps nigricollis, BLACK-NECKED GREBE. Podiceps nigricollis C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 963 : E. Germany. Podiceps nigricollis Brehm ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 204. Podicipes nigricollis Ogilvie : Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 582 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 723. Nigricollis = with a black neck, from niger and collum. Distribution in the British Islands. Chiefly a Winter Visitor, but has bred regularly in Wales since 1904, and has probably nested in other parts of Great Britain, particularly in Norfolk, Oxfordshire, and Perthshire. It is not un- common in winter in the Firth of Forth, but in most parts of our Islands it is a rare and irregular visitor between autumn and spring, being especially so on the north and west coasts of Great Britain north of Cumberland. It has not been observed in the Shetland Islands or in the Outer Hebrides. For Ireland there are twenty-four records, two in June. General Distribution. The Black-necked Grebe breeds in central and southern Europe ranging through central Asia to China and Japan, and throughout the greater part of Africa to the Cape. In winter it is found as far south as about 22 N. latitude in Asia. It is accidental in the Azores. In western North America it is represented by P. n. californicus, which winters as far south as Central America. Podiceps fluviatilis. LITTLE GEEBE. Colymbus fluviatilis Tunstall, Om. Brit. 1771, p. 3 : Great Britain. Tachybaptes fluviatilis (Tunst.) ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 204. 300 RALLID.E. Podicipes fluviatilis (Tunst.) ; Oc/ilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds S. Jf. xxvi. 1898, p. 507 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 725. F luvldtUis = of, or belonging to, a river, fluvins. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, gene- rally distributed, but becoming rarer towards the north of Scotland, the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and the Outer Hebrides. In winter many resort to the tidal waters. Migrants visit the east coast of Great Britain during the autumn. General Distrilmtion. The Little Grebe breeds in central and southern Europe south of about 62 N. latitude and across central Asia to Japan ; also in north Africa. In other parts of Africa, Madagascar, south-western Asia, India, and Ceylon, it is represented by an allied form, P. f. capensif, and in southern China, the Philippine Islands, and Borneo by another race, P. /. i>liilipi>ensis. Order RALLIFORMES. Family RALLID^. Genus RALLUS Linmeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 15.'?. Type: R. aquaticits Linn. Eallus, the latinized form of the French Rale, our Rail, Dutch Ral ; akin to rattle. Eallus aquaticus. WATER-RAIL. Rallus aquatiGUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 153 : Great Britain. Kallus aquaticus Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 14; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 20; Sawders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 515. Aqudtlcus = living in or by the water. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident and a Winter Visitor. It breeds in most marshy districts in England, especially in Norfolk ; also in Ireland. In Scotland it nests less frequently, especially towards the north, but it has bred in the Orkney, though not apparently in the Shetland RALLUS. PORZANA. 301 Islands. In autumn many migrants visit our shores from more northern localities, and in winter it is commoner and more widely distributed from the Shetland Islands south- wards. There is also evidence that many birds, possibly those bred in our Islands, emigrate south in autumn. General Distribution. The Water-Rail breeds in small numbers in Iceland ; also in Scandinavia to 66 N. lati- tude, and in the Baltic Provinces of Russia to the Gulf of Finland ; in Denmark, Holland, and north Germany it is local, but from Belgium and France southwards to the Mediterranean and eastwards over the rest of Europe to Ufa and the Caucasus it is widely distributed. In Asia it ranges eastwards to the Irtysh and through Turkestan to Yarkand and Afghanistan. In north-west Africa it is resident in Algeria and Tunisia, but to Egypt, Abyssinia, Arabia, Palestine,, Asia Minor, Persia, and the north-west Himalaya it is chiefly a winter visitor. It occurs occasionally in Madeira and the Canary Islands. Birds from Persia have been recognised as distinct. In eastern Siberia, China, and Japan another form, R. a. indicus is found, which winters in India and Ceylon. Genus PORZANA Vieillot, Anal. Orn. 1816, p. 61. Type : P. porzana (Linn.). Porzdna, the Italian name ; also written Sforzana (Salvador!) and Forzane (plur. ? Willughby). Of unknown derivation. Porzana porzana. SPOTTED CRAKE. Rallus porzana Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 262 : France. Porzana maruetta (Leach); B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 147; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 509. Porzana porzana (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 93. J)istribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor, arriving from the middle of March onwards ; the majority 302 BALLID^E. depart in autumn, but some remain throughout the winter. It breeds or has bred in recent years in various localities in England and Wales, from the Solway Firth district and Durham southwards to East Anglia ; also in some of the southern counties and in Breconshire, and probably else- where. Though less plentiful than formerly, when it also nested in the south of Scotland, it no doubt appears to be rarer than it really is owing to its retiring habits. It is said to have nested in Elginshire once. As a Bird of Passage in autumn it is tolerably frequent, especially on the east coast, but is rare in the north of Scotland and the Islands. In Ireland it is chiefly a scarce autumn visitor, but has bred there. General Distribution. The Spotted Crake breeds in Europe generally, from Scandinavia in 65 N. latitude, Russia and the Urals in 58 N. southwards to the Mediterranean ; also apparently in north Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, where it appears to be resident. In Asia, it nests from west Siberia in 55 N. to ihe Altai Mountains, and Turkestan east to Yarkand and north Kashmir ; south to Persia and Asia Minor, where it appears to be resident. It winters in India and Africa. It is accidental in the Canary Islands and in Greenland. Porzana Carolina, CAROLINA CEAKE or SORA. Rallus carolinus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 153 : Hudson Bay. Porzana Carolina (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 147 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 97; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 510. Carolina, because the bird was partially described from specimens obtained in Carolina. Distribution in the British Islands. A Kare Visitor. It has occurred four times : an adult in Berkshire, Oct. 186-4 ; Glamorgan, 1888 ; immature male, Isle of Tiree, Inner Hebrides, Oct. 1901 ; immature male, Island of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Nov. 1913. PORZANA. 303 General Distribution. The Carolina Crake breeds in temperate North America, from the southern Mackenzie and central British Columbia to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and south to southern California and New Jersey. In winter it is found in California and South Carolina, through- out the West Indies, and in Central and South America, to Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It is accidental in Greenland and the Bermudas. Porzana pusilla. (ExtnUimital.) Porzana pusilla intermedia. BAILLON'S CRAKE. Rallus intermedius Hermann, Obs. Zool. i. 1804, p. 198: Strasbourg. Porzana bailloni (Vieill} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 148; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 513. Porzana intermedia (Herm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 103. Intermedia = intermediate. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor, generally in spring and autumn, but sometimes in summer and winter ; it has been known to breed in Cambridgeshire, June and August 1858, and in Norfolk, June and July 1866. It has occurred in most counties of England, south of Cumberland and Yorkshire, but most commonly in Norfolk. It has also been recorded about five times from Scotland, including Sutherland and Caithness, and twice from the south of Ireland. General Distribution. Baillon's Crake breeds in central and southern Europe, south-west Asia, Africa, and Mada- gascar, from Holland, East Prussia, and Russia at about 56 N. latitude, southwards to the Iberian Peninsula, north Italy, Hungary, and the Black sea, and eastwards to Persia ; also in Africa, where it is partially resident, in Algeria, possibly in Egypt, and in Damaraland. In winter it visits Africa, ranging southwards to Cape Colony and Madagascar. 304 It is represented in eastern Asia by P. pusilla, winch breeds in eastern Siberia, Japan, China, India, Tenasserim, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. This form appears to winter in the southern parts of its breeding-range. Porzana parva. LITTLE CRAKE. Rallus parvus Scopoli, Ann. i. Hist.-Nat. 1769, p. 108 : Carniola. Porzana parva (Scop.); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 148; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. oil. Zapornia parva Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 89. Parva = small. Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor. More than forty examples have been recorded in England, chiefly from the eastern and southern counties. It has been procured twice in Scotland and twice in Ireland. General Distribution. The Little Crake breeds in Europe, south-west and central Asia, and north Africa, from southern Sweden and central Russia eastwards to Turkestan and the Tian Shan ; southwards to south France, north Italy, Hun- gary, Persia, and Afghanistan. It appears to be resident in north Africa, in Algeria and Tunisia. In winter it visits equatorial Africa and north-west India, passing through the Mediterranean basin on migration. Genus CREX BerJistein, Orn. Taschenb. 1803, p. 336. Type : C. crex (Linn.). Crex = Kpt?, a Rail, in classical Greek ; cf. Kpexta I strike so as to cause a sound. Crex crex, CORN-CRAKE. Rallus crex Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 153 : Sweden. Crex pratensis BecJist. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 149 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 507. Crex crex (Linn.); Sharps, Cat, Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 82. CREX. GALLINULA. 305 Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Summer Visitor, arriving in April and May, and departing in October. It is widely distributed throughout our Islands from the Shetlands and the Outer Hebrides southwards, but scarce during recent years in the south-east of England. A few sometimes remain throughout the winter. General Distribution. The Corn- Crake inhabits Europe and western Asia, breeding occasionally in the Faeroes and from Scandinavia south of 67 N. latitude, eastwards in Siberia to the Yenesei about 60 N., and even perhaps to the Lena, southwards to the Pyrenees, northern Italy, and central Asia ; in Palestine, Asia Minor, and Algeria it is said to be partially resident, but it seems to breed but rarely in the Mediterranean basin. In winter it visits Africa, ranging south to Cape Colony, and has been obtained 100 miles south of Madagascar. It is fairly common in the Azores and is said to breed there. It is a straggler to Madeira, Greenland, eastern North America from Nova Scotia to New Jersey, and the Bermudas, and has occurred once in Australia. Genus GALLINULA Brisson, Orn. vi. 1760, p. 2. Type : G. chloropus (Linn.). Gallinula a Chicken ; diminutive of gallina = a Hen. Cf. Gallinago. Gallinula cliloropus. MOOR-HEN. Fulica Cliloropus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 152 : England. Gallinula chloropus (Linn.) ; S. O. If. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 151 ; Sharps, Cat. Birds J5. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 169; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 517. Chloropus green-footed, from x^<"P s and TTOVS. Distribution in the British Islands. A Eesident, generally distributed and probably, to some extent, a Bird of Passage in autumn and spring. General Distribution. The Moor-Hen breeds throughout Europe south of about 63 N. latitude in Scandinavia, and x 306 RALLID.E. St. Petersburg in Russia ; in Asia, from Transbaikalia and Japan southwards to Ceylon and the Philippine Islands ; also in the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Madeira, and through- out the greater part of Africa to the Cape and Madagascar. It is migratory in the northern parts of its range. Birds from eastern Asia and Madagascar have been regarded as distinct. It is represented in America and the Hawaiian Islands by allied forms. Genus FULICA Lmnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 152. Type : F. atra Linn. Fulica = a Coot, in classical Latin. Another form, fulix, genii, fulicis, occurs in Cicero. Akin to a\-aicp6s = bald-headed, and Eng. bald. Fulica atra. COOT. Fulica atra Linna>us, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 152 : Sweden. Fulica atra Linn. ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 151 ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 210 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 519. Atra = black. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed, and locally very abundant. During severe frosts it visits tidal estuaries and the sea-coast. General Distribution. The Coot breeds in the Faeroes and in Europe from 70 N. latitude in Scandinavia, and about 00 N. in Russia southwards to the Mediterranean, east- wards across temperate Asia to China and Japan, and south to the Philippine Islands and India; also in north Africa and the Azores. It is migratory in the northern parts of its range, and in autumn and winter vast numbers visit north Africa, Egypt, India, and Burma, as well as Madeira and the Canary Islands. It occasionally wanders to Iceland, and has even occurred in Greenland. In the Spanish Peninsula and throughout Africa an allied species, F. cristata, is met with. COLUMBA. 307 Order COLUMBIFORMES. Family COLUMBID^. Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat- 1758, p. 162. Type : C. anas Linn. Columba = a Dove, in classical Latin ; probably as if meaning " dark," from the root of call go = darkness. But cf. Lith, gulbe = swan, O. Irish gall, with the meaning "white." Probably not akin to Colymbus. Columba oenas. STOCK-DOVE. Columba oenas Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 1G2 : Sweden. Columba oenas Linn. ; B. O. II. -List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 138 ; Salvador^ Gat. Birds B. M. xxi. 1893, p. 261 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 481. Oenas = olvds, a wild Pigeon the colour of ripening grapes (011/77 = the vine), in Aristotle, which Gaza translates Vinago. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, widely distributed. It has greatly extended its range during recent years and is now found breeding in Great Britain as far north as Sutherland and over the northern and eastern counties of Ireland. It has occurred in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. General Distribution. The Stock-Dove inhabits Europe and western Asia as far east as Turkestan. It is migratory in the northern parts of its range, and on passage it occurs in north-west Africa, and apparently breeds in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Columba palumbus. RING-DOVE or WOOD- PIGEON. Columba palumbus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 163 : Sweden. Columba palumbus Linn. ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 138 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxi. 1893, p. 299 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 479. 308 COLUMBTDJE, Pillumbus = a Wood-Pigeon, in classical Latin ; akin to TrtXeio a pigeon, and 7rs\6s=pullus, dark. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed, except in the Outer Hebrides and Orkney Islands where it is scarce, and in the Shetland Islands where it is only a passage-migrant. It is plentiful as a winter visitor, vast flocks of continental birds arriving on our eastern shores in autumn and returning in spring, their movements being irregular and guided by the food-supply. General Distribution. The Ring-Dove inhabits Europe generally to about 66 N. latitude, ranging to north- east Persia and north-west Africa. In the Azores it is represented by a slightly different race, and birds from Madeira have also been regarded as separable. In central Asia a more distinct form, C. p. casiotis, is found. Columba livia. ROCK-DOVE. Columba livia Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt, 2, 1789, p. 7CO : S. Europe [Hartert]. Columba livia Bonn. ; B. O. IT. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 139 . Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxi. 1893, p. 253; Saunderg, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 483. Livia, from its leaden colour, llvor. Gaza translates Aristotle's sreXeios by livia, because TreXos dark-coloured ; c.f. French Biset, from Fr. bise = livor. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, breeding in the cliffs and in caves of the sea-coasts, and occasionally iu inland situations. In England its nesting-places are le^s numerous than in Scotland and Ireland, and appear to be confined to Yorkshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, and Cumber- land, but round the coast of Wales it is widely distributed. General Distribution. The Rock-Dove inhabits the western Palsearctic region, including the Faeroes, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the countries and islands of the Mediterranean ; also Asia Minor, and the countries as far east as north-west India. It is often COLUMBA. STREPTOPELIA. 309 found associating with semi-domestic pigeons. It. is repre- sented by closely allied races in west and north-east Africa and in parts of Asia. Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte, Consp. Av. ii. 1854, p. 63. Type : S. risorias (Linn.). Streptopelia = lit. "Twisted Pigeon," from arpeirrbs = twisted, and TrtXem = a pigeon (referring to the feathers). Streptopelia turtur. TURTLE-DOVE. Columba turtur Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 104: England. Turtur communis Selby ; B. O. IT. Lint, 1st ed. 1883, p. 139 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 4S5. Turtur turtur (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. JI. xxi. 1893, p. 396. Turtur = a Turtle-Dove, in classical Latin. Distribution in tlie British Islands. A Summer Visitor, breeding in most parts of England and Wales as far north as Cumberland, Durham, and possibly Northumberland, but it becomes scarce in the northern counties, and also in western Wales and Cornwall. To Scotland, including the northern and western Islands, it is an irregular summer and autumn visitor, but apparently does not breed, while at Fair Isle it occurs annually in spring and autumn on migration. To Ireland it is likewise a rare visitor, chiefly found in the southern counties, but it is said to have nested there on more than one occasion. General Distribution. The Turtle-Dove breeds in Europe, western Asia, and north Africa, ranging from Scandinavia eastwards to Turkestan and southwards to the Mediterranean countries ; also to Madeira and the Canary Islands. In winter it is found in north and north-east Africa. Birds . from north-east Africa and Persia have been recognised as distinct races. 310 COLUMBID^E. Streptopelia orientalis. EASTERN TURTLE-DOVE. Columba orientalis Latham, Ind. On. ii. 1790, p. 606 : China. Tortur orientalis (Lath.}; Salvador}, Cat. Birds B. M. xxi. 1893, p. 403 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 487. Orientalis = eastern. Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. An immature bird was obtained near Scarborough, Yorkshire, Oct. 1889. General Distribution. The Eastern Turtle-Dove ranges from north-east India and the Burmese countries across China to Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, and Formosa, where it appears to be non-migratory. It has occurred in Denmark and Sweden. A closely allied form, S. o. ferrago, inhabits south-west Siberia, Turkestan, Kashmir, and Nepal, and winters in India. Order PTEROCLETIFORMES. Family PT^ROCLETID^. Genus SYRRHAPTES llliger, Prodr. Syst. Nat. 1811, p. 2-43. Type : S. paradoxus (Pallas). Syrrhaptes, derived by its author, I.e., from wppairTeir = to sew or stitch together, because the last phalanges only of the toes are free. Syrrhaptes paradoxus. PALLAS' SAND-GROUSE. Tetrao paradoxa Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. 1773, p. 712 : Deserts of Tartary. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.); B. O. U. List, Isted. 1883, p. 140; Ogilvie- Grant, Oat. Birds B. M. xxii. 1893, p. 2 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 488. Paradoxus = ira.pddvZos, strange, contrary to expectation ; from the curious structure of the bird's feet. SYRRHAPTES. PHASIANUS. 311 Distribution in the British Islands. An Irregular Visitor. The first great visitation occurred in May 1863, and spread over almost the whole of the British Islands. Again, in 1888 enormous numbers visited our shores and are known to have bred in Yorkshire and Elginshire. In other years, since 1859, smaller flocks have been observed. The species has not succeeded in establishing itself permanently. General Distribution. Pallas' Sand-Grrouse breeds from the Kirghiz Steppes and Turkestan, throughout Mongolia, to north China. Periodically great immigrations take place, when immense numbers move westwards, extending to the western shores of Europe. Order GALLIFORMES. Family PHASIANID^. Genus PHASIANUS LinntKiis, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 158. Type : P. colchicus Linn. Phdsldnus = aniavo$, the Phasian Bird, in Aristophanes ; from the river Phasis, in Colchis, whence it is said to have been first brought by the Argo- nautic expedition. Phasianus colchicus, PHEASANT. Phasianus COlchiCUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 158 : Colchis. Phasianus colchicus Linn. B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 141 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxii. 1893, p. 320; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 499. Colchicus = Of Colchis, a province of Asia east of the Black Sea, now Min- grelia, through which the river Phasis, now Eion, flows. Distribution in the British Islands. Introduced at some remote period, probably by the Romans. The earliest certain record of its existence in England is to be found in an ancient manuscript drawn up by King Harold A.D. 1059 : in Scotland it is first mentioned in Old Scots Acts dated June 8, 1594 ; 312 PHASIANID^. and in Ireland it appears to have been common in 1589. Towards the end of the eighteenth century the ring-necked species P. torquatus was introduced from southern China, and since then several other species, P. turcestanicus, P. prin- cipalis, and P. versicolor, have been imported, which have also interbred freely with P. colchicus. At the present time the British Pheasant is the descendant of mongrel stock. General Distribution, The Pheasant inhabits the western parts of Transcaucasia bordering the eastern and south-eastern shores of the Black sea. It is also found in a wild state in the northern parts of Asia Minor, Greece, south Turkey, and along the western shores of the Black sea as far as the Balkans, and in Albania, but in these places it may have been introduced at some remote period. It has been known in Corsica since 1531, and has been introduced into most parts of Europe and parts of North America. In north Caucasia, on the north- western coast of the Caspian sea, it is represented by P. c. septtntrionalis, and on the western and south-western shores by P. c. laliscliensis. Eastwards, across central Asia, its place is taken by various other allied species. Genus CACCABIS Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, p. 133. Type : C. sa.ratilis (Wolf & Meyer). Caccabis = icaKKafiis, a collateral form of KcucKafiri, a Partridge, in classical Greek ; perhaps from its " cackling." Cf. KtKKufiav the cry of the Screech- Owl; but Curtius wrongly connects it with KctKKau = cacdre, and compares Perdix, q. v. Caccabis mfa. RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE. Tetrao rufus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 160 : Sweden. Caccabis rufa (Linn.) ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 141 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds J5. M. xxii. 1893, p. 118 ; Saun- ders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 503. Eufa red. Distribution in the British Islands. Introduced into Suf- folk about 1770 and subsequently into other parts of East CACCABIS. PERDIX. 313 Ano-lia and the midlands. It occurs in Yorkshire, but is t> most numerous from Lincolnshire southwards to Essex and in all the home counties as far west as Somersetshire. It has been introduced with some success into parts of Wales, but in the Orkneys, Scotland (except in Fife), and Ireland similar attempts have not proved successful. General Distribution. The lled-legged Partridge inhabits south-western Europe, ranging northwards through France to Belgium and south-west Switzerland, eastwards to northern and central Italy, and southwards to Spain and Portugal, where a rather darker and more richly coloured form, C. r. hispanica, occurs. It is also found in the Balearic Islands, Elba, and Corsica. In Madeira, Grand Canary, and the Azores it has long been introduced. Genus PERDIX Brisson, Orn. i. 17GO, p. 219. Type: P. perdix (Linn.). Perdix = TrepOiS = a Partridge, in classical authors ; probably from the root of TrepSofiat = eum enim sonum edit. Cf. Caccabis from namcdta (Curtius) ; Old Norse rjupa Ptarmigan, ropa = eructare. Perdix perdix. PARTRIDGE. Tetrao perdix Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 160: Sweden. Perdix cinerea Lath. ; J5. O. 77. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 142; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 501. Perdix perdix (Linn.) ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds S. M. xxii. 1893, p. 185. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident, generally distributed in England and Wales and abundant in many parts of Scotland, some birds habitually frequenting the higher ground on the fringes of the moorland away from arable land. In Ireland its numbers seem to be diminishing, and in some parts it has entirely disappeared. In the Shet- lands it is unknown : in the Orkneys and the Outer Hebrides it has been introduced, but apparently not with success. 314 PHAS1AN1D.E. General Distribution. The Partridge inhabits Europe and western and central Asia, ranging from Scandinavia eastwards, across Russia to the Barabinska Steppes, the Tian Shan, and Altai Mountains, southwards to north Spain and Portugal, Italy, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and northern Persia. In the southern parts of its range it inhabits the more mountainous districts. In the Pyrenees and mountains of north Spain it ascends to 10,000 ft., and has been distinguished as P. p. charrela, while a slightly smaller alpine form, which visits the plains of central and southern Europe in winter, has been named P.p. damascene/, ; individuals from the Altai Mountains have been distinguished as P. p. robusta on account of their supposed larger size. In eastern Asia it is represented by three distinct species. Genus COTURNIX Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth. Orn. i. 1790, p. Ixxxvii. Type : C. coturnix (Linn.) . Coturnix = a Quail, in classical Latin. Etymology unknown. Coturnix coturnix. QUAIL. Tetrao coturnix Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 161 : Sweden. Coturnix conununis Bonn. ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 143 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 505. Coturnix coturnix (Linn.} ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxii. 1893, p. 231. Distribution in the British Islands. A regular Summer Visitor, occasionally remaining throughout the winter. Formerly it was far more plentiful, especially in East Anglia, Hertfordshire, Lincolnthire, and other counties. In Scotland it has been found nesting as far north as Caithness and Sutherland, and in the Orkney and Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides. In Ireland it was common and resident up to 1850, but is now comparatively scarce COTURNIX. TETRAO. 315 and appears as a spring visitor only in the eastern half. The number of migrants varies greatly in different years ; occa- sionally great influxes take place as in the years 1870, 1885, 1892, and 1903. General Distribution. The Quail breeds throughout the greater part of Europe, Asia, and north Africa. In summer it is found as far north as the Faeroes, and in Scandinavia and Russia up to G5 N. latitude, its numbers gradually increasing towards the Mediterranean, and in north Africa. Eastwards across Siberia, south of about 60 N., its range extends to north China and Japan (where it meets and interbreeds with the resident form C- japonica) ; also to Turkestan, Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and India, where it is scarce. Vast numbers from north and central Asia winter in south China and India, while European birds winter in Africa, probably ranging far south ; also in Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Azores, where they meet and interbreed with the smaller more rufous resident race C. c. africana. Family TETRAONID^E. Genus TETRAO Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 159. Type : T. urogallus Linn. Tetrao = rfTpawv, a bird mentioned by Athenaeus and Pliny; akin to Tcrpa.%, Sankr. tittiris, Old Norse thidr, Lat. turtur ; perhaps a Persian word. Tetrao urogallus. CAPERCAILLIE. Tetrao urogallus Linnteus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 159 : Sweden. Tetrao nrogallus Linn. ; B. 0. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 145 ; Oqilvie- Grant, Gat. Birds B. M. xxii. 1893, p. 60 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 491. Urogallus, from urus = a kind of wild ox, and gallus = a cock. Gesner formed the name from the German Auerhahn, taking Auer as equivalent to Urus, in reference to the bird's size, comparing it to the bovine Aurochs. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident in Scotland since its reintrocluction from Sweden in 1837-8. It has 316 TETRAONIP^E. now spread eastwards and northwards to Fife, Forfarsliire, Aberdeensbire, Iloss-shire, and Cromarty, vvbile westwards and southwards it is found in Argyllshire, Ayrshire, Dimii- fries-shire, Wigtownshire, etc. In time it, will no doubt be found in all suitable large woods. Formerly it was indi- genous all over Great Britain and Ireland ; in England and Wales it became extinct at some unknown period, but in Scotland and Ireland it existed until about 1760-70. General Distribution. The Capercaillie inhabits the pine- forests of Europe, and northern and central Asia as far east as Lake Baikal. In Scandinavia it is found south of 70 N. lati- tude, and thence eastwards through Russia and west Siberia to the Lena south of about 67 N. Southwards its range extends to the Cantabrian Mountains, Pyrenees, Alps, Car- pathians, Balkans, north-east Turkestan, and the Altai Mountains. In the Ural Mountains it is represented by the paler form T. u. uralensis ; in north-east Siberia and the Island of Saghalien by T. parvirostris ; and in Kamchatka by T. p. kamtschaticus. Genus LYRURUS Swainson, Faun. Bur. Amer. ii. 1832, p. 497. Type : L. tetrix (Linn.). Lyrurus, from Xvpa a lyre, and uvpa = a tail. Lyrurus tetrix. (EXTRA-LIMITAL.) Lyrurus tetrix britannicus. BRITISH BLACK GROUSE. Lyrurus tetrix britannicus Witherty $ L'6nnberlands or in the Outer Hebrides and Ireland. In the northern counties of England it is still tolerably numerous, and occurs locally in the wilder parts of the midlands as far south as Derbyshire, parts of Staffordshire, and Here- fordshire ; while in Shropshire, many parts of Wales, Somersetshire, and north Devonshire varying numbers are still met with. In Cornwall, south Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Wiltshire it has become very scarce, and in other southern counties where it formerly flourished it is now extinct or nearly so. Though reintroduced in various parts, notably in Bedfordshire (continental birds) and Norfolk, it does not seem likely to re-establish itself permanently. General Distribution. The typical race L. tetrix* in which the female is somewhat different from that of the British race, inhabits Scandinavia up to about 69 N. latitude and western Russia, and ranges south to Switzerland and the Apennines. The birds found in south-east Russia to the Tian Shan Mountains have been separated as L. t. viridanus. In north Mongolia and Manchuria it is represented by L. t. mongolicus. In the Caucasus Mountains a very distinct species, L. mlokosiewiczi, occurs. Genus LAGrOPUS Brisson, Orn. i. 1760, p. 181. Type : L. lagopus (Linn.). Lagvpus AayajTrous, rough-footed like a hare ; from \ayws and TTOUS. Lagopus scoticus. BED GKOUSE. Tetrao SCOticUS Latham, Gen. Synop. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 290 : Yorkshire. Lagopus scoticus (Lath.} ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 144 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B.M. xxii. 1893, p. 35 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 495. Scot'icus = of Scotland, where this species was particularly plentiful. 318 TETRAONID.*:. Distribution. A Resident, and confined to the British Islands. On the moors of Scotland it is generally distributed from sea-level to the highest point where ling and heather flourish ; also the Inner and Outer Hebrides and some of the Orkney Islands such as Hoy, Pomona, and Rousay, where suitable ground occurs. In the Shetland Islands it is not indigenous, but it has been introduced successfully. In England it is plentiful in the northern counties and extends southwards to Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and Shropshire. In Wles it is plentiful on most of the moors. In Ireland it is less numerous, but occurs on some of the moors and bogs. On the Continent the Red Grouse has been successfully introduced in Belgium and the Eifel Mountains, west Ger- many ; also possibly elsewhere. It is represented in the more northern parts of the northern Hemisphere by the Willow-Grouse, L. lagopus. Lagopus mutus. PTARMIGAN. Tetrao mutUS Montin, Phys, Salsk. Handl. i. 1776-81, p. 155 : Lapland. Lagopus mutus (Montin} ; . 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 144 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds . Jf.xxii. 1893, p. 44; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 497. Mutus silent. Distribution in the British Islands. A Resident on the tops of the higher mountains of Scotland from Perthshire and Argyllshire northwards, and still lingering in Rum, where it has been reintroduced, also in Mull, Islay, and Jura ; in Skye it is found in small numbers. In Lewis, Harris, North and South Uist it seems to have disappeared during recent years. In the island of Hoy, Orkneys, it is said to have become extinct about 1831, and in Dumfries-shire and Kircudbrightshire about 1822. There is reason to believe that it inhabited the fells of Cumberland and Westmoreland in former times. In Ireland it is unknown, and attempts to introduce it have been unsuccessful. LAGOPUS. 319 General Distribution. The Ptarmigan inhabits the moun- tains of Europe, ranging from the Lofoten Islands, Scandi- navia, and Finland northwards to the Kola Peninsula, and extending eastwards to the Ural Mountains ; southwards to the Pyrenees and apparently the mountains of Asturias and Leon; also the Alps, Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria. In Green- land, Iceland, northern and central Asia, the Kurile Islands, and Japan it is represented by a more rufous form, L.rupes- tris. From Bering Island, the Commander Islands, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and Arctic America, similar or closely allied forms have been described under various names. In Newfoundland a grey form, L. welchi, closely allied to L. mutus, occurs. In Spitsbergen the larger and long-tailed L. hyperboreus is resident, and in the Rocky Mountains of North America a distinct species, L. leucurus, is met with. APPENDIX. APPENDIX I. List of species which have been recorded as having been found in the British Islands, but on evidence which the Committee do not regard as entirely satisfactory. Order PASSEEIFORMES, Family CORVIMJ. Pyrrhocorax graculus. ALPINE CHOUGH. CorvuS graculUS Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 17GG, p. 158 : Switzerland. Pyrrhocorax alpinus Vieill. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iii. 1877, p. 148 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 232. One taken near Banbury, Oxfordshire, April 1881, had probably escaped from captivity. The Alpine Chough is found throughout the mountains of southern and central Europe and Asia from Spain to the Himalaya. Family EULABETID.E. Gracula religiosa. SOUTHERN WATTLED STARLING. Gracula religiosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 108: Asia. Mainatus religiosus (JLinn^) ; Sharps, Cat. Birds B. H*. xiii. 1890, p. 99. Gracula religiosa Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 226. This common cage-bird has occasionally been captured at large in the British Islands. It inhabits southern India and Ceylon. APPENDIX. 321 Family ICTERID^J. AgelseilS phoeniceus. RED-WINGED STARLING. OriOlus phoeniceus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 161 : Carolina. Agelseus phoeniceus (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 64 ; Sclater, Cat. Birds B. 2f. xi. 18S6, p. 340; Saunter*, Mutual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 226. Examples of this species have been captured on many occasions in the British Islands. They have doubtless escaped from captivity. The Red-winged Starling is found throughout the eastern part of North America from Quebec to the Florida border. Icterus galbula. BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Ooracias galbula Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 108 : Virginia or Maryland. Icterus baltimore (Linn.) Sclater, Cat. Birds B. J/". xi. 1886, p. 364; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 226. The Baltimore Oriole was recorded from the Shetlands, Sept. 1890, but the bird had probably escaped or had been introduced. It is a native of eastern North America from Ontario to Central America and Colombia. Sturnella magna. MEADOW-LARK. Alauda mag-na Linncetis, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 167 : Carolina, Sturnelk magna (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 64 ; Sclater, Cat. Birds B. M. xi. 1SS6, p. 358; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 226. Y 322 APPENDIX. Recorded from Norfolk, Oct. 1854, Suffolk, March I860, and Cheltenham. It is probable that in each instance the birds had escaped from captivity. The Meadow-Lark is abundant in eastern North America from Ontario to Texas. Euphagus carolinus. RUSTY GEACKLE. Turdus carolinus P. L. S. Mutter, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776, p. 140 : Carolina. Scolecophagus ferrugineus (GmeL); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883,. p. 65 ; Sclater, Oat. Birds B. M. xi. 1886, p. 390 ; Saunders,. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 226. An example was shot near Cardiff, Oct. 1881. The Rusty Grackle breeds in North America from Alaska to New York, and winters in the southern United States. Family FRINGILLIDJE. Passerina ciris. NONPAEEIL FINCH or PAINTED BUNTING. Emberiza Ciris Linncms, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 179 r Mexico. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.) ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 46 ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 614; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 178. An example, taken alive on Portland Island in 1802, was presumed by Montagu to have escaped from captivity. The Painted Bunting is a well-known American bird breeding in the south-eastern United States and wintering in Cuba and Central America. APPENDIX. 323 Astragalinus tristis. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. Fringilla tristis Linnmis, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 181 : Carolina. Chrysomitris tristis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. " 1888, p. 195. Astragalinus tristis Sheridan, Zool. 1894, p. 396. An example, obtained on Achill Island, co. Mayo, Ireland, Sept. 1894, had probably escaped from captivity. The American Goldfinch is common throughout southern Canada and over most of the eastern parts of the United States. Serinus icterus. YELLOW SEED-EATER. Fringilla ictera Bonnaterre et Vieillot, Encycl. Moth. iii. 1823, p. 972 : S. Africa. Crithagra chrysopyga Swains. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 48. Serinus icterus {Bonn, et VieiU.~) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 356 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 178. An example was reported by W. Hazel in 1853 as having been taken near Portsmouth. No doubt it had escaped from captivity. The Yellow Seed-eater is a resident in Africa from Sene- gambia to Natal and has been introduced into Mauritius. It is a common cage-bird. Serinus canarius. CANARY. Fringilla canaria Linnaws, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 181 : Canary Islands. Serinus canarius (Linn.) ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 49 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888. p. 370 : Savnders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 178. Examples of the wild Canary have often been taken in 324 APPENDIX. England and, as they are imported in large numbers, have without doubt escaped from captivity. The species is a native of the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Serinus canicollis. CAPE CANARY. Crithagra canicollis Sicainson, An. in Menag. 1837, p. 317 : Cape Colony. Serinus canicollis (Swains.*) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888. p. 350 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 178. Two examples of this freely imported African bird are noted by Saunders as having been captured in England. It is found throughout South Africa in a wild state, and is frequently caged. Loxia leucoptera. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Loxia leucoptera Gmdin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 844 : Hudson Bav. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 58 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 443 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 204, Examples have been recorded from Worcestershire in 1838, Devonshire in 1845, and near Great Yarmouth in 1870, but it is very doubtful if the bird has occurred in a wild state. The White-winged Crossbill breeds in the pine-woods of northern North America from Alaska to Labrador. It wanders south to the central United States in winter. Loxia pityopsittacus. PARROT-CROSSBILL. Loxia pytyopsittacus Borkhausen, Rhein. Mag. i. 1793, p. 139 : Sweden [Hartert]. Loxia pityopsittacus Beclist. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 64. Loxia curvirostra (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. JIT. xii. 1888, p. 435 (part); Saunders, Manual, 2nded. 1899, p. 202 (part.). The form of the Crossbill, distinguished under the name APPENDIX. 325 of the Parrot-Crossbill, only differs from the typical form in the enlarged size of its bill ; it is said to breed in the forests of Scandinavia and north Russia along with the typical race. It cannot therefore be regarded as a subspecies, but merely as a variation or dimorphism. Individuals with large bills occasionally occur in England and Scotland and have been referred to this form. The Committee have been unable to recognise it as a distinct species or subspecies. Junco hyemalis. SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO. Fringilla hyemalis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 183 : Carolina. Junco hiemalis (Linn.} Sliarpc, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 647 ; Barrington, Irish Nat. 1906, p. 137. An example was captured in co. Clare, Ireland, May 1905. The Slate-coloured Junco breeds in northern North America from Alaska to the mountains of Pennsylvania, and winters throughout the eastern United States. Some nine allied races replace it in other parts of North America. Zonotrichia albicollis. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. Fringilla albicollis Gmelin, Syst, Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 921 : Pennsylvania. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.) ; B. 0. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 63; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xii. 1888, p. 598; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 178. Reported from near Aberdeen, Aug. 18G7, near Brighton, March 1872, Holderness, Yorkshire, Feb. 1893, and the Flannan Isles, Outer Hebrides, May 1909 ; probably all had escaped from confinement. 326 APPENDIX. The White-throated Sparrow breeds in eastern North America from Mackenzie to the mountains of Massachusetts, and winters farther south, ranging to Florida and Mexico. Family ALAUDID^. Melanocorypha calandra. CALANDRA LARK. Alauda calandra Linmms, Syst. Nat. 32thed. i. 1766, p. 288 : Pyrenees. Melanocorypha calandra (Linn.); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 72 ; Sharpe, Cat. Bird* B. M. xiii. 1890, p. 551. Alauda calandra Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 258. Examples were recorded from Devonport in 1863 and from Exeter in 1869, but both are doubtful as wild specimens. The species is a common cage-bird in Spain and Italy. The Calandra Lark is a Mediterranean bird ranging from Spain and Morocco to Asia Minor. Family REGULIMJ. Eegulus calendula. RUBY-CROWNED WREN. Motacilla calendula Linnteus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 337 : Philadelphia, U.S.A. Regulus calendula (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 15 ; Gadoiv, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 85; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899. p. 60. An example, said to have been shot near Loch Lomond, Scotland, in 1852, by Dr. Dewar, is now in the British Museum. The Ruby-crowned Wren breeds from Alaska to Ontario and the mountains of California, and winters over the rest of the United States and most of Mexico. APPENDIX. 327 Family LANIIDjE. Lanius excubitorides. WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE. Lanius excubitorides Sicaintim in Swainson & Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. 1831, p. Ho, pi. 34 : Saskatchewan. Lanius luclovicianus Linn.; Gadow, Gat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 245. Lanius excubitorides Swains. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 37. The supposed instances of the occurrence of this bird are based on errors of identification. The White-ramped Shrike breeds in western North America from Alberta to Texas, but not in the Atlantic States. It winters in the south-western United States and Mexico. Family VIREONID^E. Vireosylva olivacea. RED-EYED VIREO. Muscicapa olivacea Lhmccus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, ]). 327 : Carolina. Yireo olivaceus (Linn.) ; Gadoiv, Cat. Birds B. M. viii. 1883, p. 294; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 39; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 1-34. Two examples are said to have been captured near Derby, May 1859. The Red-eyed Yireo breeds in northern North America from British Columbia and Ontario south to Washington and Florida, and winters in South America. Family AMPELID^E. Ampelis cedrorum. CEDAR WAXWING. Bornbycilla cedrorum Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1808, p. 88 : N. America. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 40; Sliarpe, Cat. Birds B. 31. x. 1885, p. 215; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 156. 328 Al'l'KXDIX. Two examples are said to have been killed at Stockton-on- Tees in 1850. The Cedar Waxwing breeds in North America from British Columbia and Quebec south to Oregon and Carolina,, and in winter ranges as far south as Panama. Family TURDID^. Turdus sibiricus. SIBEEIAN THRUSH. Turdus Sibiricus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. 17 '1 G r p. 694 : Siberia. Geocichla sibirica (Pall.) ; SeeloJim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881 y p. 180. Turdus sibiricus B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 4 : Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 12. Two examples are recorded : from Surrey in winter 1860-1, and the Isle of Wight, winter 1874, but, according to Saunders, on insufficient evidence. The Siberian Thrush breeds in Siberia near the Arctic Circle and winters in south-eastern Asia, ranging to Java and Borneo. It has occasionally been noticed in Europe. Turdus migratorius. AMERICAN ROBIN. Turdus migratorius Limueus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed.i. 1766, p. 292 : Carolina. Turdus niigratorius Linn.; Seelolim, Cat. Birds 13. M. v. 1S81, p. 220; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883,. p. 3; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 10. One example taken alive off Dover in 1876 had probably escaped from a passing ship ; a second was recorded near Dublin, May 1891, a third near Leicester in Oct. 1893, and a fourth in Leitrim, Dec. 1894. It has recently been turned out in large numbers in Surrey. The American Robin breeds from Alaska and Newfound- land south to Wyoming and Carolina, and winters in th& southern United States and northern Mexico. APPENDIX. 32 9 1 Monticola cyanus. BLUE ROCK-THKUSH. Turdus cyanus Linmnis, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766,. p. 296 /Italy. Monticola cyanus (Linn.} ; Seelolim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 316 ; B. O. I'. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 5 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 18. Erroneously recorded from co. Westmeath, Ireland, Nov. 1866, as mentioned in the 1st edition o the List. The Blue Rock-Thrush is found throughout central and southern Europe and south-west Asia from Switzerland to Persia, and also in north Africa. Calliope calliope. SIBERIAN RUBY-THROAT. Motacilla calliope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. 1776,. p. 697. Erithacus calliope (PaU.} ; Seebohm, Cat. Birch B. M. v. 1881, p. 305. Calliope camtschatkensis (Ginel.)- Nunn, Ibis, 1901. p. 158. Two examples were seen by Mr. J. P. Nunn at Westgate- on-Sea, Oct. 1900. The Siberian Ruby-throat breeds in Siberia and northern China and winters in southern Asia from India to the Philippines. It has occasionally been noticed in southern Europe. Family MIMIDJE. Mimus polyglottus. MOCKIXG-BIRD. TurdUS pOlyglottOS Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. llil) : Virginia. Mimus polyglottus (Linn.) ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi. 1881,. p. 338 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 23. Examples have occasionally been captured in Europe ; doubtless all are cage- birds which have escaped. The Mocking-bird is common in the south-eastern United States from Nebraska and Maryland to Florida. 330 APPENDIX. Family PYCNONOTIDJS. Pycnonotus barbatus. DUSKY BULBUL. Turdus barbatus ./)esfontaines, Hist, de 1'Ac. Roy. des Sciences, Paris, for 1787, 1789, p. 500 : Algiers. Pycnonotus barbatus (Desf.} Sharpe, Cat. Birth B. M. vi. 1881, p. 146 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 33. An example of doubtful authenticity at Hastings in 1860. The Dusky Bulbul is a resident in north Africa from Morocco to Tunisia. Pycnonotus capensis. CAPE BULBUL. Turdus capensis Liiuurus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed, i. 1766, p. 295 : (Jape Colony. Pycnonotus capensis (*.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. 31. vi. 1881, p. 130; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 30; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 144. An example was shot near Waterford, Ireland, Jan. 1838. The Cape Bulbul is confined to the Province of Cape Colony. Family HIRUNDIXID.E. Hirundo savignii. CHESTNUT-BELLIED SWALLOW. HirundO savignii Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, p. 90 : Egypt. Hirundo savignii Sfeph. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 42; Sliarpe, Cat. Birth B. JL x. 1885, p. 133. Erroneously reported from Teesmouth, Durham, in July 1866. This Swallow is a resident in Egypt and Nubia. APPENDIX. 331 Iridoprocne bicolor. TREE-SWALLOW. Hirundo bicolor Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1807, p. 61 : United' States. Hirundo bicolor Vieill. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 43. Tachycineta bicolor Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M, x. 1885, p. 117 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 166. An example was reported near Derby in 1850. The Tree-Swallow breeds from Alaska and Labrador to California and Virginia, and winters south to Cuba and Guatemala. Progne subis. PURPLE MARTIN. Hirundo subis Linnwus, Sjst. Nat. 1758, p. 192 : Hudson Bay. Progne purpurea (Linn.}; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 45; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x. 1885, p. 173; Saunderg, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 166. An example was reported near Kingstown, co. Dublin, in 1840, and another at Colne Bridge, near Huddersfield, 1854. The Purple Martin breeds from Alberta and Nova Scotia south to Florida and Vera Cruz in Mexico. It winters in Brawl. Order PICIFORMES. Family PICID2B. Colaptes auratus. GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER or FLICKER. Cuculus auratus Limueus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 112 : Carolina. Colaptes auratus (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 79 ; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. M. xviii. 1890, p. 12; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 278. An example was reported at Amesbury, Wiltshire, autumn 1830. 332 APPENDIX. The Flicker inhabits eastern North America from Alaska and Labrador to Florida. American naturalists distinguish two subspecies, a northern and a southern. It is not known to which of these the Wiltshire example should be referred. Dryobates medius. MIDDLE SPOTTED WOODPECKER. PiCUS medius Linwnts, Syst, Nat. 1758, p. 114 : Sweden. Dendrocoptes medius (Linn.) ; B. O. V. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 7, p. 175 : Carolina. Dendrocopus pubescens (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883,. p. 77 ; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. M. xviii. 1890, p. 238 ; Satm- ders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 278. An example was recorded from Bloxworth, Dorsetshire, Dec. 1836, but the evidence is not satisfactory. The typical form of the Downy Woodpecker is a resident in the south-eastern United States from North Carolina to Texas. Dryobates villosus. HAIRY WOODPECKER. PiCUS villOSUS Linna'us, Syst, Nat. 12th ed. i. 17(J(K p. 175 : New Jersey, U.S.A. Dendrocopus villosus (Forst.) ; B. O. I 7 . List, 1st ed. 1SS3, p. 77; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. M. xviii. 1890, p. 230 ; Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 276. APPENDIX. 333 A pair from Halifax, Yorkshire, in the collection of the Duchess of Portland was recorded by Latham ; another bird from Whitby, 1849, and one from Chipping Norton, Oxford- shire, 1882, have been reported, but all are of doubtful authenticity. The typical race of the Hairy Woodpecker, to which we may presume the British specimens should be referred, is found in the north-eastern United States from Nebraska to the Atlantic ; it is represented by other subspecies throughout the greater part of North America. Picoides tridactylus. EUROPEAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. PiGUS tridactylus Linnteus, Syst, Nat, 1758, p. 114: Sweden. Picoides tridactylus (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 78; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. J/. xviii. 1890, p. 275 ; Scmnders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 278. Donovan in 1820 stated that an example had been " lately ;shot in Scotland/' There is no subsequent record. The typical race of this Woodpecker inhabits Scandinavia and north Russia, whence its range extends through Siberia to Ussuri-land. Dryocopus martins. GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER. PlCUS martius Linna>us, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 112 : Sweden. Picus martius Linn.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 76; Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. J/". xviii. 1890, p. 518 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 278. The Great Black Woodpecker has frequently been reported from various parts of England since the time of Latham, but Mr. J. H. Gurney and Prof. Newton (ed. Yarrell's Birds, ii. p. 482) have disposed satisfactorily of all these so-called occur- rences. An undoubted example shot at Otley, Yorkshire, 334 APPENDIX. Sept. 1897, may have been one of those previously liberated by the late Lord Lilford. The Great Black Woodpecker is widely distributed in the Palsearctic region from Scandinavia and northern Spain to Kamchatka. Order CORACIIFORMES. Family MEHOPID^E. Merops philippiims. BLUE-TAILED BEE- EATER. Merops philippinus Linmni^ Syst.Nat. 13th ed. ( Vindob.) i. 17G7, p. 183 : Philippines. Merops philippinus Linn. ; B. O. TJ. List, 1st ed. 1888, p. 82 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xvii. 1802, p. 71 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 284. An example near Seaton Carew, Durham, Aug. 1862, was recorded by Hancock, probably in error. This Bee-eater is found in south-eastern Asia from India and south China to the Philippines, Celebes, and Borneo. Family ALCEDINID^E. Ceryle alcyon. BELTED KINGFISHER. AlcedO alcyon Linuaws, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 115: Carolina. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1SSS, p. SI ; Sliarpe,. Cat. Birds B. M. xvii. 1892, p. 125 ; Sawders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 280. An example from co. Meatb, Oct. 1845, and another from co. Wicklow, Nov. 1845, are now preserved in the Museum of Science and Art and in Trinity College, Dublin. These records are almost certainly due to a mistake. The Belted Kingfisher is found throughout the greater part of North America and southwards to Colombia and Guiana. It has been taken on the island of Flores in the Azores. APPENDIX. 335 Family CORACIIDJE. Coracias benghalensis. INDIAN ROLLER. Corvus benghalensis Li /mams, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 106 : Bengal. Coracias indica Linn.; Shroye, Cat. Birds B. M. xvii. 1892, p. 10; Sfrnnders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 282. A Roller, shot near Louth, Lincolnshire, in Oct. 1883, was identified with this species. The Indian Roller inhabits India and Ceylon eastwards to Calcutta, westward through Baluchistan to Muscat and perhaps ranges occasionally as far as the Bosphorus. Coracias abyssinicus. ABYSSIXIAN ROLLER. Coracias abyssinica Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783, p. 38 : Abyssinia. Coracias abyssinicus Bodd. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xvii. 1892, p. 19 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 282. An example was killed near Glasgow about 1857 and another forty miles away, according to the late Dr. Bree. The Abyssinian Roller inhabits northern tropical Africa from Senegambia and northern Nigeria to Abyssinia. Order STRIGIFORMES. Family STRIGID^. Nyctala acadica. SAW-WHET OWL. Strix acadica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 29C : Nova Scotia. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.) ; STiarpe, Cat. Birth B. M. ii. 1875, p. 287 ; B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 89 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 300. An example from near Beverley, Yorkshire, reported by Sir William Milner in 1860, cannot be accepted as a satisfactory record. 336 APPENDIX. The Saw-whet Owl is found throughout temperate North America from British Columbia and Nova Scotia south to California and Virginia. Otus asio. AMERICAN SCREECH-OWL. 'Strix asio Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 92 : Carolina or Virginia. :Scops asio (Linn.); SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, p. 114; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 90; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 308. An example was recorded from near Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire, 1852 ; another from near Yarmouth, Norfolk. Both had probably been imported and had escaped. The American Screech-Owl is found throughout temperate North America from British Columbia to north Mexico ; it Jias been divided into a number of subspecies. Order ACCIPITRIFORMES. Family FALCONID^E. Astur atricapillus. AMERICAN GOSHAWK. Falco atricapillus Wilson, Am. Om. vi. 1812, p. 80: Philadelphia, U.S.A. Astur atricapillus (Wils.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 97 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 98 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 332. An example was killed in Perthshire in 1869 (now in the Edinburgh Museum) ; another in co. Tipperary, Feb. 1870 ; and a third in King's County in 1870. The American Goshawk breeds in North America from Alaska and Labrador to the mountains of New Mexico and Pennsylvania ; it is found somewhat farther south in winter. APPENDIX. 337 Buteo desertorum. STEPPE- BUZZARD. FalGO desertorum Daudin, Traite d'Orn. ii. 1800, p. 162 : S. Africa. Buteo desertorum (Daud.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 179; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 94; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 322. An example was reported from Wiltshire, Sept. 1864, and two others, in the Hancock collection, are said to have been obtained near Newcastle. The Steppe-Buzzard, a wide-ranging species, is found throughout the whole of Africa, south-eastern Europe, and western Asia as far as India. Buteo borealis. RED-TAILED BUZZARD. FalGO borealis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 266 : Carolina. Buteo borealis ( Gmel,} ; Sharve, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 188 ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 94 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 322. An example is said to have been killed in Nottinghamshire in the autumn of 1860. The Red-tailed Buzzard, which has been separated by American ornithologists into a number of subspecies, is found throughout North America from Alaska and central Canada southwards to Guatemala. Buteo lineatus. RED-SHOULDERED BUZZARD. Falco lineatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 268 : Long Island, U.S.A. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.) Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 191 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 94; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 322. An example is said to have been killed in Inverness-shire in Feb. 1863. z 338 APPENDIX. The typical form of the Red-shouldered Buzzard inhabits eastern North America from Manitoba and Quebec to the Gulf States. Buteo sancti-johannis. AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD. Falco s.-johannis GWm, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 1, 1788, p. 273 : Hudson Straits and Newfoundland. Archibuteo sancti-johannis (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. i07 ; B. O. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 95; Saunderg, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 324. An example recorded from north Devonshire seems to have been merely a dark variation of B. lagopus, from which the present American form is hardly more than subspecifically distinct. The American Rough-legged Buzzard is found through- out North America north of Mexico, breeding in the northern and wintering in the sotithern half of its range. Elanoides forficatllS. SWALLOW-TAILED KITE. Falco forficatus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 89: Carolina. Elanoides fui-catus (Linn.) Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 317; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 100; Saunderg, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 338. Several examples of this species have been recorded, but the evidence is unsatisfactory : Argyllshire, 1772 ; near Hawes, Yorkshire, Sept. 1805 ; Farnham, Surrey, 1833 ; on the Mersey, June 1843 ; Cumberland, 1853. The Swallow-tailed Kite breeds from Minnesota and South Carolina southwards to Paraguay, and winters south of the United States. APPENDIX. 339 Elanus caeruleus. BLACK-WINGED KITE. FalGO cseruleus Desfontaines, Hist, de FAc. Roy. des Sciences, Paris, for 1787, 1789, p. 503 : Algiers. Elanus cseruleus (Desfont.) ; STiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. 1874, p. 336; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 100; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 338. An example is said to have been shot in co. Meath, Ireland, in 1862, by Sir John Dillon. The Black-winged Kite inhabits Africa, including Mada- gascar, from Algeria to Cape Colony, also southern Asia to Burma ; it is rare in southern Europe, but is said to have occurred in Belgium and northern France. Order PELECANIFORMES. Family PELECANID,E. Pelecaims onocrotalus. WHITE PELICAN. Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnwus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 132 : Africa. Pelecanus onocrotalus Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 107 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 462. An example, recorded by Sir Thomas Browne from Norfolk in 1663, was supposed to have escaped from the park at St. James's in London ; but that the species once inhabited Great Britain is proved by the finding of its bones in semi- fossil condition in the fens of the eastern counties (cf. Newton, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 2, 1871, p. 702). The White Pelican now inhabits southern Europe and northern Africa, extending eastwards through Asia to northern India. It rarely strays to central Europe and Scandinavia. 340 APPENDIX. Family PHAETHONID^E. Phaethon aetherius. RED-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. Phaethon setherius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 134 r Ascension Island. Phaethon setherius Linn. ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 457 ; Saunters, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 366. An example is said to have been found dead at Cradley, near Malvern, about 1854. This Tropic-bird inhabits the tropical portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It has wandered as far north as the Newfoundland Banks. Family ANHINGIML Anhinga anhinga. THE AMERICAN DARTER. PlOtUS anhinga Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 218 : Brazil. Plotus anhinga Linn.; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 419 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 364. One example is said to have been shot near Poole, Dorset- shire, June 1851. The Darter inhabits tropical America from Florida and Texas to Brazil. Order ANSERI FORMES. Family ANATID^. Cygnus imnmtabilis. POLISH SWAN. Cygnus immutabilis Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 19. Cygnus immutabilis Yarrell B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 120 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 418. The Polish Swan is now generally admitted to be a APPENDIX. 341 variation of the Mute Swan (C. olor). None of the characters attributed to it are constant. The white cygnets, supposed to be a peculiarity of the Polish Swan, are not infrequently found among broods of ordinary darker birds. All, or nearly all, the recorded examples have been noticed in the British Islands. Cygnus columbianus. WHISTLING SWAN. Anas COlumbianus Ord in Outline's Geogr. 2nd Amer. ed. 1815, p. 319 : Columbia River. Cygnus americanus Sharpless ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 120. Cygnus columbianus (Ord) ; \Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 32 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 416. An example obtained from an Edinburgh poulterer by Macgillivray, Feb. 1841, was said to have been shot in the south of Scotland. This Swan breeds in Arctic America from Alaska to Hud- son Bay, and winters farther south, chiefly on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts of the United States. Cygnus buccinator. TRUMPETER-SWAN. Cygnus buccinator Richardson in Swainson & Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. ii. 1832, p. 464 : Hudson Bay. Cygnus buccinator Richard. ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 121 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 33 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 416. An immature bird, shot at Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Oct. 1866, and now in the Ipswich Museum, was believed by Prof. Newton to be referable to this species. The Trumpeter-Swan breeds between the Rocky Mountains and Hudson Bay and formerly nested south to Indiana and Missouri. Its winter range extends southwards to Texas and southern California. 342 APPENDIX. Plectropterus gambensis. SPUR-WINGED GOOSE. Anas grambensis Linnmis, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 195 : Gambia, W. Africa. Plectropterus gamlaensis (Linn.} ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 114 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 48 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 412. There are four records : Cornwall, June 1821 ; Banff, Feb. 1855 ; Berkshire, 1858-9 ; Wiltshire, Sept. 1869 ; but all probably introduced, as the species is common in captivity. The Spur-winged Goose is found in the Ethiopian region from Gambia and British East Africa southwards to the Zambesi. Cairina moschata. MUSCOVY DUCK. Anas moschata Linna>us, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 199 : " India." Cairina moschata (Linn.) B. O. 17. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 121 Salvador!, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 51. A domesticated species which frequently escapes. The Muscovy Duck is a native of tropical America from Mexico to Paraguay. sponsa. SUMMER-DUCK. Anas sponsa Linnaeus, Syst, Nat. 1758, p. 128 : United States. MX sponsa (Linn.) ; B. O. II. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 123 ; Sal- vadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 73 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 432. Frequently kept in captivity and bred on ornamental waters, whence it wanders and is often shot. The Summer-Duck is found throughout temperate North America from British Columbia and Ontario to southern California and Florida. APPENDIX. 343 Anser rubrirostris. EASTERN GKEY LAG-GOOSE. Anser rubrirostris Hodgson in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 86 : Nepal. Anser rubrirostris Hodgs. ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 91 ; Coburn, Bull. B. O. C. xii. 1902, p. 80. Five examples near Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 1901. The eastern form of the Grey Lag-Goose was considered distinguishable by Salvadori, but recent writers, including Alpheraky, believe that this race cannot be separated. It is said to breed in Siberia and to winter in northern India and southern China. Anser indicus. BAR-HEADED GOOSE. Anas indica Latham, Ind. On. ii. 1790, p. 839 : India. Anser indicus (Lath.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 116; Salvadori, Gat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 105. An example recorded from the Dee near Chester had no doubt escaped from confinement. The Bar-headed Goose breeds in Tibet and central Asia, and winters in northern India. Cygnopsis cygnoides. CHINESE GOOSE. Anas cygnoides Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 194 : Asia. Anser cygnoides (Linn.) ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 117. Cygnopsis cygnoides (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. J*. xxvii, 1895, p. 107. A species frequently kept on ornamental waters, whence individuals occasionally escape and are shot. This Goose breeds in eastern Siberia and winters in China ; it is apparently a resident in Japan. 344 APPENDIX. Branta canadensis. CANADA GOOSE. Anas canadensis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 123 : Canada. Bernicla canadensis (Linn.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 118 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 412. Branta canadensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. _3 xxvii. 1895, p. 112. The Canada Goose has long been domesticated in the British Islands, and those recorded have undoubtedly escaped from captivity or from ornamental waters. This Goose is found throughout North America from the Arctic coast to the southern borders of the United States. The typical race occupies the eastern portion of the range of the species as a whole. Branta nigricans. BLACK BRENT. Anser nigricans Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. H. N.Y. iv. 1848, p. 171, pi. xii. : New Jersey, U.S.A. Branta nigricans (Later.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birch B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 123 ; Gurney, Zoologist, 1908, p. 124. Examples of this Goose are said to have been obtained in Staffordshire, Nov. 1895 and Feb. 1902; in Warwickshire, Nov. 1897 ; and on the Wash (Norfolk) in Feb. 1902. Jan. 1907, and 1909 ; but its occurrence must be regarded as by no means proven. The Black Brent breeds in Arctic Asia and America from the Lena River to Melville Island. In winter it migrates southwards along the east coast of Asia to Japan and the west coast of America to Lower California. It has been recorded from the Hawaiian Islands. APPENDIX. 345 Alopochen segyptiacus. EGYPTIAN GOOSE. Anas segyptiaca Linnmis, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 197 : Egypt. Chenalopex segyptiacus (Linn.) ; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883 p. 114; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 167 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 412. Examples of this species have been recorded from time to time in the British Islands, but all, it may be pre- sumed, have escaped from confinement or from ornamental waters. The Egyptian Goose ranges all over Africa south of the Sahara, extending to the north-east through Egypt to Palestine. It is not known to occur in a wild state north of the Mediterranean. Querquedula bimaculata. BJMACULATED DUCK. Anas bimaculata Keyserling fy Blasius, Wirbeltb. Eur. 1840, p. Ixxxv : England. Querquedula bimaculata (K. $ B.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 127. A spurious species, said to be a cross between a Teal and a Mallard. Nyroca affinis. LESSER SCAUP. Fuligula affinis Eyton, Monogr. Anat. 1838, p. 157 : N. America. Fuligula affinis Eyton; B. O. IT. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 130; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 360 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 450. An example is said to have been obtained many years ago in the London market, and others are recorded on even less satisfactory evidence. The Lesser Scaup breeds in northern North America from Alaska to Montana and Lake Erie, and in winter ranges south to P.inama and the Lesser Antilles. 346 APPENDIX. Nyroca baeri. BAER'S POCHARD. Anas (Fulignla) baeri Eadde, Reise Ost.-Sib. ii. 1863, p. 376, pi. xv. : S.E. Siberia. Nyroca baeri (Eadde) ; Salvador/, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 344 ; N. C. Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C. xii. 1901, p. 25. A male, shot on tlie Tring reservoirs, Hertfordshire, Nov. 1901, was believed to be a wild bird, but the evidence seems scarcely sufficient. Examples kept on the lakes at Woburn Abbey may have bred there. This Duck breeds from eastern Siberia to Kamchatka, ranging in winter to India and Burma, occasionally, also, to China and Japan, and even visiting Waigoe Island to the north-west of New Guinea. Glaucion islandicum. BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE. Anas islandica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt, 2, 1789, p. 541 : Iceland. Clangula islandica (Gmel.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 131; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. 1895, p. 383. An immature male Golden-eye obtained in Suffolk, Feb. 1908, and believed to be of this species, was afterwards shown to be G. clangula. Two adult males, said to have been killed recently in the Shetlands, were probably imported from Iceland. Barrow'fl Golden-eye breeds in the northern parts of North America ; also in Iceland, but rarely visits Greenland. In winter it ranges south to California, Utah, Illinois, and New York. It is an occasional straggler to north-western Europe. Somateria v-nigra. PACIFIC EIDER. Somateria v-nigra G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 212, pi. cvii. : Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Somateria v-nigrum Gray ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvii. APPENDIX. 347 1895, p. 420 ; Sfulls, Bull. B. 0. C. xv. 1905, p. 32 ; Smalley, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1907, p. 80. An example recorded from Graemsay, Orkney Islands, Dec. 1904, was afterwards proved to be only a Common Eider with a marked chevron on the throat. The Pacific Eider inhabits north-western Siberia and Arctic America. Order ARDEIFORMES. Family ARDEID.E. Eutorides virescens. LITTLE GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 144 : Carolina. Butorides virescens (Linn.} ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 186 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 386. An example is said to have been shot in Cornwall, April 1890. The Little Green Heron inhabits eastern North America from south Dakota and Nova Scotia southwards to the West Indies. Order GRUIFORMES. Family GRUID^E. Grus canadensis. LITTLE BROWN CRANE. Ardea canadensis Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 142 : Hudson Bay. Grus canadensis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. -3T. xxiii. 1894, p. 256 ; Nichols, Irish Nat. 1907, p. 209. An example shot in co. Cork, Ireland, Sept. 1905, had probably escaped from captivity. The Little Brown Crane breeds in the northern parts of North America from Alaska to Melville Island. It ranges southwards in winter to Texas and Mexico. 348 APPENDIX. Anthropoides Virgo. DEMOISELLE CRANE. Ardea Virgo Linnceus, Syst. Nat, 1758, p. 141 : N.Africa. Grus virgo (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 152. Anthropoides virgo SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 269 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 522. An example killed in the Orkneys, May 1863 and another picked up dead near Wincanton, Somersetshire ; probably both had escaped from captivity. The Demoiselle Crane breeds from southern Europe east- wards to northern China, and winters in north Africa and north-west India. Balearica pavonina. CROWNED CRANE. Ardea pavonina Linnceiis, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 141 : Africa. Balearica pavonina (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 153 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 272 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 522. An example killed in Ayrshire, Sept. 1871, had almost certainly escaped from captivity. The Crowned Crane ranges from Senegal to the upper Nile and Abyssinia ; it has seldom strayed to Europe. Order CHARADRIIFORMES. Family CHARADRIID.E. Gallinago delicata. WILSON'S SNIPE. Scolopax delicata Ord, Reprint of Wilson's On. ix. 1825, p. ccxviii : Pennsylvania. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.) ; B. O. If. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 166. Gallinago delicata (On?); SJiarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 642. APPENDIX. 34 An example is said to have been shot at Taplow, Bucking- hamshire, Aug. 1863. Wilson's Snipe breeds in North America from Alaska and Labrador to California and New Jersey. In winter it may- be found as far south as southern Brazil, as well as in the West Indies. Order LABIFORMES. Family LARID.E. Sterna bergii. SWIFT TERN. Sterna bergii Lichtenstein, Verzeichn. Doubl. 1823, p. 80 : Cape of Good Hope. Sterna bergii Liclit.; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 182; Saun- ders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 89 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 656. An example erroneously recorded near Dublin in Dec. 1876. This is a purely tropical species found along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans from the Cape of Good Hope to the China and Australian seas. It has recently been separated into a number of subspecies, the typical race being restricted to the Cape. Sterna anaethetus. SCOPOLI'S SOOTY TERN. Sterna ansethetus Scopoli, Del. Faun, et Flor. Ins. ii. 1786, p. 92 ; Philippine Islands. Sterna ansestheta Scop. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 184; Sounders, Gat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 101 ; id. Manual*. 2nd ed. 1899, p. 654. An example is said to have been taken off a lightship at the mouth of the Thames, Sept. 1875, but the evidence is not very satisfactory. 350 APPENDIX. This Tern is found throughout the tropical seas of the Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific from the Bahamas, where it breeds, to Japan and the Fiji Islands. It has been divided into various subspecies in recent years. Anous stolidus. NODDY. Sterna Stolida Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 137 : West Indies. Anous stolidus (Linn.); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 186; Sounders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 136 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 655. Two examples are said to have been obtained off the south- east coast of Ireland about 1830 and one from the Dee marshes, Cheshire, about 1891, but in neither case is the evidence satisfactory. The typical form of the Noddy is found about the tropical and subtropical coasts and islands of the Atlantic, especially in the West Indies ; it is said to winter in more southern latitudes, and is represented by allied forms in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Larus atricilla. LAUGHING GULL. Lams atricilla Linnccus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 136 : Bahamas. Larus atricilla Linn. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 190 ; Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 194 ; id. Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 662. Added to the British List in error by Montagu, according to Saunders. This Gull breeds on the Atlantic coasts of America from Maine to Venezuela, and winters farther south, ranging to Chile on the Pacific side and Brazil on the Atlantic. APPENDIX. 351 Order PODICIPIDIFORMES. Family PODICIPIDJE. Podilymbus podiceps. PIED-BILLED GREBE. Colymbus podiceps Linnceus, Sysfc. Nat. 1758, p. 136 : Carolina. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 205 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxvi. 1898, p. 553; Saun- ders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 726. One example, a very young bird, is s;dd to have been killed near Weymouth in the winter of 1880-1; probably there was some error due to an accidental exchange of specimens. This Grebe occurs in North and South America, breeding from British Columbia and Quebec south to Chile and the Argentine. Order RALLIFORMES. Family RALLID.E. Porphyrio porphyrio. GREEN-BACKED GALLINULE. Fulica porphyrio Linna'us, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 152 : " Asia." Porphyrio smaragdonotus Temm. ; B. 0. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 150 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 518. Porphyrio porphyrio (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 195. There are three records from Norfolk: Oct. 1876, Nov. 1877, and Aug. 1879. Probably all had escaped from confinement. The Green-backed Gallinule ranges over the greater part of Africa from the Cape to Egypt, and is occasionally met with in southern Europe. 352 APPENDIX. Porphyrio caeruleus. PURPLE GALLIXCLE. Fulica cserulea Vandelli, Mem.Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa, i. 1797, p. 67 : Portugal. Porphyrio caeruleus (Vand.) ; B. O. TJ. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 149; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p. 194 ; Sounders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 518. Several records are given in the 1st edition of the List, but probably all these individuals had escaped from captivity. The Purple Gallinule inhabits the countries bordering the Mediterranean from Portugal and Morocco to Sicily. Porphyrio martinicus. MARTINIQUE GALLINULE. Fulica martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 259 : Martinique, W.I. Porphyrio martinicus (Linn.); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p" 150 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 518. Porphyriola martinica Sliarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii. 1894, p* 189. An example from south-west Ireland, recorded by Thomp- son, was wrongly identified, but there is said to be a British- killed specimen in Mr. Hart's Museum at Christchurch. This Gallinule is found throughout tropical and subtropical America from Texas and South Carolina to Ecuador and Paraguay, including the West Indies. Porphyrio alleni. ALLEN'S GALLINULE. Porphyrio alleni Thomson, Ann. Mag. N. H. x. 1842, p. 204 : Niger River, W. Africa. Porphyriola alleni (Thorns.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiii, 1894, p. 187 ; Gurney, Zoologist, 1902, p. 98. An example captured alive at sea near Yarmouth, Norfolk, Jan. 1902, may have escaped from confinement. APPENDIX. 353 This Gallinule ranges over Africa from Senegal and Abys- sinia southwards ; also to Madagascar. It has occasionally been met with in southern Europe. Order COLUMBIFORMES. Family COLUMBID^E. Ectopistes migratorius. PASSENGER-PIGEON. Columba migratoria Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 285 : E. North America. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.*) ; B. O. I'. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 140; Sah-adori, Cat. Birds B. M. xxi. 1893, p. 369; Satinders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 487, Some eight examples have been reported to have been taken in the British Islands, the earliest in Fife in 1825, the last shot by Lord Henry Phipps at Mulgrave, near Whitby, in Yorkshire, Oct. 1876. There can be little reasonable doubt that these birds had all escaped from captivity. The Passenger-Pigeon bred formerly from Mackenzie and Quebec south to Kansas and New York, and wintered rather farther south to Texas and Florida. It is now almost certainly extinct. Order TURNICIFORMES. Family TURNIOID.E. Turnix sylvatica. ANDALUSIAN HEMIPODE or BUTTON -QUAIL. Tetrao sylvaticus Desfontaines, Hist, de 1'Acad. Roy. des Sciences, Paris, for 1787, 1789, p. 500 : Barbary. Turnix sylvatica (Desf.); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 146 ; Off ih-ie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxii. 1893, p. 537; Soun- ders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 506. Two examples are recorded from Oxfordshire, Oct. 1844, 2A 354 APPENDIX. and one from Yorkshire, April 1865 ; the species is a very sedentary and local one, and there can be little doubt that these visitors were artificially introduced. The Andalusian Hemipode is a resident in southern Spain, Sicily, and north Africa. Order GALLIFORMES. Family TETRAONID^. Lagopus rupestris. ROCK-PTARMIGAN. Tetrao rupestris Gmeliii, Syst. Xat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 751 : Hudson Bay. Lagopus rupestris (GmeL); B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 144; Off ilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds B. JI. xxii. 1893, p. 48. An example is said to have occurred in Sutherlandshire and another in Perthshire ; doubtless in both cases an error in identification has occurred. The Rock-Ptarmigan inhabits Arctic America from Alaska to Labrador ; also Greenland, Iceland, northern Asia, and Japan. Family PHASIANID^E. Caccabis petrosa. BARBARY PARTRIDGE. Tetrao petroSUS Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 758 : " Gambia." Caccabis petrosa ( Gmel.) B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 142 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Gat. Birds B. M. xxii. 1893, p. 120 ; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 504. Individuals have been shot in Leicestershire, Suffolk, Yorkshire, and Cornwall ; but birds have been turned out and eggs have been imported, and the species has no real claimito be included in the British List. The Barbary Partridge inhabits northern Africa from Tripoli "to Morocco, also Sardinia and the Canary Islands, where it has been doubtless introduced. APPENDIX. 355 Colinus virginianus. THE VIRGINIAN QUAIL or BOB-WHITE. Tetrao virginianus Linnaius, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 161 : Carolina. Ortyx virginianus (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st eel. 1883, p. 143 ; Ogilvie-Graut, Cat. Birds B. M. xxii. 1893, p. 415. The Bob-White was first introduced and turned down in Norfolk by the Earl of Leicester early in the last century, and has frequently been imported since. It has no claim to be included as a British bird. The typical race of the Bob-White inhabits the eastern half of North America from South Dakota and Ontario south to Texas and northern Florida. * APPENDIX II. LIST OF " NOMINA CON6ERVANDA " or names which in the opinion of the Committee should be retained, together with the corresponding names under the Rules of Nomenclature as drawn up by the International Congress of Zoology at their successive meetings. "' NOMINA CONSERVANDA." NAMES UNDER THE CODE. Sylvia orphea = Sylvia hortensis (Gmel.), 1789. Turdus imisicus = Turdus philomelus Brehm, 1831, Turdus iliacus = Turdus niusicus Linn., 1758. Phce-nicurus titys =^ Pliornicurus gibraltariensis (Gmel.), 1789. Accentor = Prunella Vieill., 1816. Flammea flammea = Tyto or Flammea alba (Scop.), 1769. Asio accipitrinus = Asio flammeus (Pontopp.), 1763. Nyctala Cryptoylaux Richmond, 1901. Astur palunibarius = Astur gent His (Linn.), 1758. Anas bosclias = Anas platyrltyiichos Linn., 1758. Grus Meyalornis Gray, 1841. Totaims fuscus Totanus maculatus (Tunst.). 1838. Acanthis linaria cabaret. Miiller's name, Fringilla cabaret^ 1776, antedates Linaria rufescens Vieillot, 181G. Genus PYRRHULA. Type by tautonymy : P. pyrrliula (Linn.). Pyrrhula pyrrhula pileata. In the 1st edition of the List only one Bullfinch was recognised. The resident Bullfinch of the British Islands is easily distinguished from that of Sweden (P. p. pyrrlaila) by its smaller size and less brilliant coloration. From the Bullfinch of central and western Europe (P. p. europa>a) the British form is less clearly separable, but the female of the British form has a darker brown back and a darker and browner under surface (<;/. Hartert, Brit. Birds, ii. 1908, p. 130). Genus CARPODACUS. Type by subsequent designation of Gray (Oat. Gen. Subgen. Bds. 1855, p. 81) : C. ery- thrinus (Pall.). Genus PINICOLA. Type by monotypy : P. enucleator (Linn.) Genus LOXIA. Type by Linnean tautonymy and by sub- sequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 49) : L. curvirostra Linn. Genus EIOERIZA. Type by Linnean tautonymy and by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 47) : E. dtrinella Linn. Emberiza calandra. Linnaeus named the Corn-Bunting in 1758. In the 12th edition (1766) of his Syst. Nat. he changed the name to E. miliaria. Under the rules the first name must stand. APPENDIX. 359 Genus CALCARIUS. Type by monotypy : C. lapponicus (Linn.). Genus PLECTROPHENAX. Type by original designation of Stejneger ; P. nivalis (Linn.). The generic name previously used, Plectroplianes Meyer, 1815, was shown by Stejneger (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 1883, p. 33) to be synonymous with Calcarius, as it has the same type ; it was therefore necessary to propose a new generic name for the Snow-Bunting. Genus ALAUDA. Type by subsequent designation of Swainson (Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, p. 343) : A. arvensis Linn. Genus LULLULA. Type by subsequent designation of Sharpe (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 635) : L. arborea (Linn.). Genus GALERIDA. Type by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 47) : G. cristata (Linn.). The spelling of Galenda has been corrected by Sharpe and others to Galerita, but if this emendation is adopted the name must be dropped, as Galerita is preoccupied for a well-known genus of beetles. Genus CALANDRELLA. Type by monotypy : C. brachy- dadijla (LeisL). Genus MELANOCORYPHA. Type by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 48) : M. tar- tarica (Pall.) = .A/, yeltoniensis (Forst.). Genus OTOCORYS. Type by monotypy : Pldleremos cornutus Bp.= 0. alpestris (Linn.). Wrongly spelled Otocons in the original description. Hartert and some authors use Eremophila Boie (Isis, 1828, p. 322), but this is pre- occupied by Eremopliilus Humboldt, 1805. Genus MOTACILLA. Type by Linnean tautonymy and by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 24) : M. alba Linn. 360 APPENDIX. Motacilla boarula. Pallas' name M. melanope used in the 1st edition of the List is of subsequent date (1776) to Scopoli's, and refers to a slightly different eastern race mentioned in the account of the distribution of the species. Motacilla flava thunbergi. Gmelin's name, M. viridis, used in the 1st edition of the List, is founded on Brown's plate (111. Zool. 1773, pi. 33. fig. 2), which is not recognisable as a Wagtail. The next oldest name is that of Billberg here used. Motacilla feldeggi. For this species Hartert and some other authors use Motacilla melanocephala Lichtenstein, 1823. But this name is invalidated by Gmelin's Motacilla melanocephala, 1789, which now stands as Sylvia mdanocepJiala, the Sardinian Warbler. Genus ANTHUS. Type by subsequent designation (Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 25): Anthus aquaticus Bechst. = JL spinoletta (Linn.). Anthus spinoletta mbescens. Tunstall's name given in 1771, founded on Pennant's Red Lark (' British Zoology,' 2nd ed. 1768-70, vol. ii. p. 239), antedates Latham's pennsylvanicus of 1787, and Gmelin's ludowdanus, 1788. All were originally founded on Edwards' " Lark from Pensilvania" ('Gleanings/ ii. 1760, p. 185), which he states was found " near London." Anthus petrosus. Latham's name Alauda olscura, dating from 1790, is invalidated by Gmelin's Alauda obscura (Syst. Nat. i. p. 801), dating from 1789. The earliest valid name for the Rock-Pipit is therefore Montagu's Alauda petrosa. Genus CERTHIA. Type by Linnean tautonymy and by subse- quent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 18) : C. familiaris. Genus TICHODROMA. Typo by monotypy : T. muraria (Linn.). APPENDIX. 361 Genus SITTA. Type by monotypy : S. europcea Linn. Sitta caesia. Hartort (Brit. Birds, i. 1907, p. 128) has separ- ated the British Nuthatch from that of Germany, calling the former Sitta europcea britannica, the latter S. e. ccesia, The Committee are unable to distinguish these two races. Genus REGULUS. Type by tautonymy : R.regulus (\Axaa.?). This genus may be accepted as of Cuvier, though its introduction by that author is perhaps hardly in accord- ance with the rules as laid down in the international code. See Eritliacus, p. 366. Regulus regiilus. This name is changed under the rule admitting tautonymic names. The British Goldcrest is considered a distinct subspecies by Hartert (Bull. B. 0. 0. xvi. 1905, p. 11), but the Committee are un- able to uphold this. Genus PANURUS. Type by monotypy : P. biarmicus (Linn.). Genus PARUS. Type by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 23) : P. major Linn. Genus JEGITHALUS. Type by monotypy : M. caudatus (Linn.). Spelled in the original description - Eyithalos. This genus dates from 1804, twelve years before Koch introduced his Acredula used in the 1st edition of the List. Genus LANIUS. Type by subsequent designation of Swain- son (Zool. Journ. i. 1824, p. 294) : L. excubitor Linn. Lanius senator. The oldest name for this species is un- doubtedly that here used, dating from 1758. Un- fortunately Linnaeus gave " in Indiis " as the habitat. On referring to Albin (Birds, ii. 1738, p. 15), on which Linnseus founded the name, we find that the only locality given is the River Rhine, whence Willughby described it. On this account Hartert, who has revived the name, has fixed the type locality as Rhineland. 362 APPENDIX. Genus AMPELIS. In the A. 0. U. Check-List JSombydlla is used for the Waxwings, owing to what appears to the Committee to be a wrong determination of the type of the Linnean genus. The original genus Ampelis contains "garruhu" and a number of South American birds now considered to belong to quite distinct families. Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 34) undoubtedly designated Ampelis co- tinga as the type, though in the following year, in the next edition (p. 40), he altered this to Ampelis gamduz. An examination of the descriptions and synonyms of the species included in Linnaeus' original genus shows that there is only one " Ampelis" referred to, and this is the Ampelis ot the 'Fauna Suecica,' which appears in the Syst. Nat. as Ampelis garrulus. We may therefore con- clude that Linnaeus undoubtedly intended the Waxwing to be the type of his genus, which may be considered fixed by Linnean tautonymy. Genus SYLVIA. This genus, proposed by Scopoli (Ann. i. Hist. Nat. 1769, p. 154), has no type designated by the author. Of later writers, Swainson in 1836 designated Sylvia hippolais (the Icterine Warbler), Gray in 1840 Sylvia melanocephala (the Sardinian Warbler), and Seebohm in 1881 Sylvia cinerea (the Whitethroat) as the types. As tbese three species are not to be found among those included by Scopoli in his original list of species,. it is obvious that another type must be found. Motadlla sylvia Linnaeus, 1766 ( = Sylvia commUnis Lath.), which might be regarded as the type by tautonymy, cannot be taken into consideration ; it is not included in Scopoli's original list of the members of the genus, and the identification of Motadlla sylvia with Sylvia communis is very doubtful. The Committee suggest that Sylvia curruca (Linn.) should henceforth be regarded as the type of this- genus. APPENDIX. 363 Sylvia communis. As Motacilla sylvia Linnaeus, 1758, is very doubtfully applicable to the A\ r hitethroat, another name must be found. Motacilla rufa Bodd., 1783, founded on Daubenton's plate 581, is quite unrecognisable, though the name has been used. Sylvia communis Latham, 1787, has been ignored because it was subsequently cancelled by its author, but it has recently been revived by Hartert, and seems applicable in every way. Sylvia cinerea Becbst., 1802, used in the previous edition of this List and in the Catalogue of Birds, is of much later date. Sylvia simplex. The oldest certain name for the Garden- Warbler appears to be Sylvia simplex Latham, 1787. Sylvia hortensis Bechstein, 1802, used jn the Catalogue, in the 1st edition of this List, and by Saunders, is pre- occupied by Motacilla hortensis Gmel., 1788, which, as suggested by Seebohm (Cat. Bds.'B. M. v. p. 10, footnote) and as stated by Hartert (Vb'g. pal. Faun. i. p. 580) is the Orphean Warbler. The last-named author uses Motacilla l>orin Boddaert, 1783, for the Garden- Warbler, but this name is founded 011 Daubenton's pi. 579, and the Committee, after a careful examination of this plate,, have failed to identify it with the Garden-Warbler. They therefore consider that Latham's name dating from 1787, is the earliest certainly available. Sylvia orphea. The earliest name for the Orphean Warbler is undoubtedly Motacilla hortensis Gmel., 1789. Until quite recently this name has almost invariably been associated with the Garden-Warbler, and to transfer it to the Orphean Warbler would inevitably cause endless confusion. The Committee therefore propose to continue the use of Temminck's well-known name for this species and to consider it as a " nomen conservandum." Sylvia subalpina. If the names in Vroeg's Catalogue, dating from 1764, were recognised, the name of this bird would become Sylvia cantillans. The Committee cannot recognise the names proposed 364 APPENDIX. in an anonymous sale catalogue, the author of which can only be tiaced on indirect evidence. Genus MELIZOPHILUS. Type by monotypy : M. dart- fordien.ns (Lath.). Melizophilus undatus dartfordiensis. The oldest name for the Dartford Warbler is Boddaert's Motacitta undata, 1783. The British form is slightly smaller and darker and is separable as a subspecies, and must bear Latham's name Sylvia dartfordiensis^ 1787. The name used in the British Museum Catalogue, Motacilla proiincialis Gmel., 1788, is of more recent date than either. Genus AGROBATES*. Type by monotypy: J. galactodes (Temm.). In the former edition of the List Aedon Boie (Isis, 182G, p. 972) was used for the Rufous Warbler. This name is unfortunately preoccupied by Aedon Forster (Synop. Cat. Brit, Bds. 1817, p. 53), and the next available name is Ayrobates Swainson, 1836. Genus LOCUSTELLA. Type by tautonymy : L. locustella (Lath.), 1700 = /,. mi'na (Bodd.), 1783. Genus CETTIA. Type by monotypy : C. cetti (Marm,). Cettia cetti. Though both this name and that of Temminck (Sylvia sericea, Man. d'Orn. i. p. 197) were published in the same year, the first name is slightly prior in date. Genus ACROCEPHALTTS. Type by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 21) : A. arundi- naceus (Linn.). Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Both Seebohm and Saunders have used Meyer's name Sybia turdoides, 1815, for the Great Reed- Warbler, because, according to the first named, Linnseus in placing the species under the genus Turdus made the definition quite misleading. Turdns * The spelling 1 of the name of the Rufous Warbler in the original descrip- tion is " galactotes," not " galactodes." This is doubtless a misprint in Tem- minck's description. By an oversight, this original spelling was overlooked in the reference to the original description on p. 71 of this volume. APPENDIX. 365 arundinaceus of Linnaeus was, however, founded on Klein's Turdus musicus palustris, which undoubtedly refers to the Great Reed-AVarbler, and there can be no objection to the name, which is the oldest and has always been more or less in use. Acrocephalus schcenobsenus. Though Linnaeus' description of the Sedge-Warbler is far from good, there can be no doubt as to the bird which he intended to describe, and we may therefore accept his name, which of course ante- dates by many years that of Bechstein, Sylvia phragmitig, published in 1802 and used in the 1st edition of the List. Genus LUSCINIOLA. Type by original designation of Gray: L. melanopogoii (Temm.). Genus HYPOLAIS. Type by monotypy : H. icterina (Vieill.) . Genus PHYLLOSCOPUS. Type by monotypy : P. trocUlus (Linn.). Phylloscopus collybita. Bechstein's name, used by both Seebohm and Saunders, and also in the 1st edition of the List, really dates from his Gem. naturg. Deutsch. iv. 1795, p. 682, and is not an original description, but is founded on Gmelin's Motacilla rufa. This is not a Phylloscopus, and the name cannot be used for the Chiffchaff . The earliest certain name is that used here. Sylvia collybita Vieillot, 1817. Genus TURDUS. Type by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 27) : T. visdrorus Linn. Turdus musicus. As was first pointed out by Hartert (Bull. B. 0. G. xxiii. 1909, p. 54), Linnaeus' description of T. musicus in the 10th edition of the Syst. Nat. undoubtedly applies to the Redwing and not to the Song-Thrush. In the 12th edition, however, the name Turdus musicus applies to the Song-Thrush, and all subsequent authors from Linna3us' time until 1909 have used this name. As considerable confusion would arise by using the name Turdus musicus for the Redwing, the Committee consider that this is a case where the 366 APPENDIX. old established name should be adhered to, and they have placed it in the list o " nomina conservanda." Hartert uses Brehm's name Turclus pldlomelos for the Song-Thrush. Tnrdus iliacus. Linnaeus' Tnrdus musicus o the 10th edition is undoubtedly the oldest name for the Redwing, but as the transference of thnt name from the Song-Thrush to the Redwing would lead to great confusion it has been retained for the Song-Thrnsh. T. iliacus in the 10th edition of Linnaeus' Syst. Nat. i.s of doubtful signifi- cation ; in the 12th edition it clearly stands for the Redwing, and this is again adopted by the Committee as a " nomen conservandum." Tnrdus aureus. The name lurdus anrens Holandre (1825) has two years' priority over Tardus varius Pallas (1827). Though dated 1811 on the title page, it is now known that Pallas' work, Zoogr. Rosso-As. was not published until 1827. .Genus MONTICOLA. Type by subsequent designation of Gray (List Gen. Bds. 1st ed. 1840, p. 26). M. sa.catilis (Linn.). Genus PH(ENICURUS. Forster's generic name Ph. aeruginosus, Circus, 137, 379. , Falco, 137. aesalon, Falco, 150, 381. Mstrelata, 290, 398. aetherius, Phaethon, 340. (efhio/tica, Ibis, 387. Zx sponsa, 342. affinis, Fuligula, 345. , Larus, 255. , fuscus, 255. , Nyroca, 345. afra, Columba, 400. africana, Alias, 384. , Coturnix coturnix, 315. , Nyroca, 175. Agelaeus phceniceus, 321. Agrobates, 70, 364. Alauda, 35, 359. alaudarius, Tinnunculus, 152. alba, Ardea, 192. , Ciconia, 198, 387. , Egretta, 192. , Ftammea, 355. , Herodias, 192. , Motacilla, 40, 359. , Pagophila, 394. , Strix, 376. , Tyto, 355. egretta, Egretta, 193. iimoriensis, Egretta, 193. Albatross, Black-browed, 293. albatus, Chen, 160. albellus, Mergellus, 189, 385. , Mergus, 189. albeola. Anas, 179. , Clangula, 179. , Glaucion, 179. albicilla, Falco, 142. , Haliaetus, 142, 380. , Muscicapa parva. 111. albicollii, Fringilla, 325. , Zonotrichia. 325. 2D2 404 INDEX. albifrons, Anser, 158, l.'l), 382. .JJraiita, 158. , (Evan/he deserti, 103. , Saxicola, 103. gambeli, Anger, 158. nJbistriala, Sylvia subalpina, 70. albw, Lartu, 8M4. Alca, 275, 396. Alcedo, 12.6, 375. alcyon, Alcedo, 334. , Ceryle, 334. alexandrina, .flEgialitis, 245, 393. aleicandriniis, CharndriuK, 245, 393. nlgeriensis, Phce/ticurus phaemcurus, 93. Alle, 279, 396. ulle, Alca, 279. , Alle, 279, 306. , Merguhi*, 279. alleni, Porpnyrio, 352. , Porphyriula, 352. A lien's Gallim.le, 352. Alcpochen aegyptiacus, 345. alpe&trix, Alaudu, 39. , Merula, 90. , Otocorys, 39, 359. , Turdus torquatus, 90. tilpina, Pclidna, 222. , Tringa, 222. Alpine Accentor, 105. Chough, 320. Ring-Ouzel, 90. Swift, 121. alphms, Pyrrhocorax, 320. Alitco, 375. alttco, Strix, 130, 377. > Syrnium, 130. American Bittern, 197. Brent Goose, 102. Darter, 340. Golden Plover, 242. Goldfinch, 323. Goshawk, 336. Green-winged Teal, 171. Hawk-Owl, 132. Pectoral Sandpiper, 219. Peregrine, 149. Robin, 328. Rough-legged Buzzard, 338. Screech-Owl, 338. Stint, 217. Water-Pipit, 48. Wigeon, 172. atnericana, Anas, ] 72. , Mareca, 172. , Nyroca, 176. , (Edemia, 185. americanus, Coccyzus, 119, 374. , Cuculw, 119. , Cygniis, 341. , Mergiis merganser, 187. Ampelis, 64, 362. cedrorum, 327. ampliili>ui-, (Kiutnll,?,, 370. , stapazina, 101. , Saxicola, 101, 370. anaethetus, Sterna, 349. Anas, 167, 383. liofc/iax, 355. platt/rhynchiis, 355. aitatum, Falco, 149. , peregrinus, 149. Andalusian Hmnipjde, 353. aiiylica, GelochelidoH, 'KM. , Sterna, 267, 394. anfflicus, Dendrocopus major, 114. , Dryobates major, 114. any forum', Puffinus, 2iS.">. 3K7. Anhinga anhinga, 340. t)uii5. Long-tailed Titmouse, (>0. Marsh-Titmouse, 57. Redbreast, 94. Song-Thrush, 87. Tree-Creeper, 50. Willow-Titmouse. 57. Broad-billed Sandpiper. '214. Brown Crane, Little, 3-17. Flycatcher, 109. brtiennichi, Lomvia, '27&. , Uria, 278. 39G. INDEX. 407 Brimnich's Guillemot, 278. Bubo, 134, 378. bubo, Bubo, 134, 378. , Strix, 134. hubulciis, Ardea, 193. buccinator, Cygnus, 341. Buff-backed Heron, 193. breasted Sandpiper, 2:23. Biiffel-beaded Duck, 179. B.iffon's Skua, 273. Bulbul, Cape, 330. , Dusky, 330. Bullfinch, British, 23. , Northern, 22. bulweri, Bulweria, 292, 398. , Procellaria, 292. Bulweria. 292, 398. Bulwer's Petrel, 292. Bunting, Bbick-headed, 28. Girl, 28. Corn-, 26. Eastern Large-billed "Reed-, 33. East Siberian Meadow-, 29. Lapland, 34. Large-billed Reed-, 33. Little, 31. Meadow-, 29. Ortolan, 30. Painted, 322. Pine-, 27. Reed-, 32. Rustic, 31. Snow-, 34. Yellow-breasted, 30. Bush-Warbler, Radde's, 78. Bustard, Groat, 203. , Little, 204. , Mac-queen's, 205. Buteo, 139, 379. borealis, 337. desertorum, 337. lineatus, 337. sancti-johannis, 338. buteo, Buteo, 139, 379. , Falco, 139. Butorides virescens, 347. Button-Quail, 353. Buzzard, 139. American Rough-legged, 338. Honey-, 146. Red-shouldered, 337. Red-tailed, 337. Rough-legged, 140. Steppe-, 337. cabaret, Acanthis linaria, 20, 358. , Fringitla, 20, 358. Caccabis, 312, 401. petrosa, 354. cachinnans, Larus, 253. ficelesfis, Galliitago, 212. c&rulea, Fulka, 352. cceruleculus, Erit hocus, 96. caeruleus, Elanus, 339. f Falco, 339. , Parus, 58. , Porphyrio, 352. obscurus, Parus, 58. caesia, Sitta, 52, 361. , europaa, 361. Cairina moschata, 342. calandra, Alauda, 326. , Emberiza, 26, 358. , Melanocorypha, 326. Calandra Lark, 326. Calandrella, 38, 359. Calcarius, 33, 359. calendula, Motacilla, 326. , Regulus, 326. Calidris, 224, 390. calidris, Totanus, 227. , Triiiga, 391. californicus, Podiceps nigricollis, 299. Calliope calliope, 329. calliope, Erithacus, 329. , Motacilla, 329. campestris, Alauda, 46. , Anthus, 46. , Motacilla, 42. camtschatkensis, Calliope, 329. Canada Goose, 344. canadensis, Anas, 344. , Ardea, 347. , Bernicla, 344. , Branta, 344. , Grus, 347. canaria, Fr ing ilia, 323. canarius, Serinus, 323. Canary, 323. , Cape, 324. candicans, Falco, 148. , Hierofako, 148, 380. , islandus, 148. Candidas, Himantopus. 240. canescens, Scolopax, 391. , Totanus, 230. canicollis, Crithagra, 324. , Serinus, 324. cannabina, Acanthis, 18. , Frin ffilla, 18. , Linota, 18. canorus, Cuculus, 117, 373. cantiaca, Sterna, 268, 395. cantiana, JEgialitis, 245. cantillans, Sylvia, 363. canus, Larus, 252, 393. canutus, Tringa, 216, 389. i-apararh, Strix, 132, 377. , Surnia ulula, 132, 377 Cape Bulbul, 330. 408 INDEX. Cape Canary, 324. Pigeon, 289. capense, Dapticn, 289, 307. capeiisis, Podiceps fiuviatiiis, '600. , Procella.ria. '289. , Pycnonotus, 330. , Turdus, 330. Capercaillie, 31-5. Capped Petrel, 291. Caprimulgus, 122, 374. curbo, (Elemia, 186. , Pe/ccanus, 154. , Phalacrocorax, 154, 381. Carduelis, 12, 357. carduelis, Carduelis, 357. britannica, Carduelis, 13. britannicus, Acawthis, 13. Carine, 135, 378. Carolina Crake, 302. Carolina, Porzana, 302. carolinense, Nettio-n, 171. carolinensis, Anas, 171. , Qiterquedula, 171. , crecca, 171. carolinus, Euphagus, 322. , Hallvs, 302. , Turdus, 322. Carpodacus, 23, 358. Carrion-Crow, 2. caryocafaotes, Corvus, 6. , Nucifraga, 6, 7, 356. macrorhynchus, Nucifraga, 7. casarca, Anas, 167. , Tadorna, 167, 382. casiotis, Columba palumhus, 308. catpia, Hydroprogne, 266. , Sterna, 266, 31)4. Caspian Plover, 247. Tern, 266. castaneiceps, Emberiza, 29. __, cioides, 29. castor, Merganser, 187. , Mergm, 385. castro, Oceanodroma, 283. , Thalassidroma, 283. Catarractes, 395. catarractes, Larus, 395. catarrhac.tes, Megalestris, 272, , Stercorarius, 272. oateriiKB, Saxieola, 101. Catharacta, 272, 395. caudacufa, Acanthyllis, 122. , Chaetura, 122. ,Hirundo, 122. oaudata, Acredula, 60. caudatus, JEgithalus, 60, 361. ,Parus, 60. roseus, ^Bgithalus, 60. Cedar Wa^wing, 327. cedrorum, Ampelis, 327. , Bombycillu. 327. cenchris, Falco, 152. , Tinnuiiculiif, 152. Certhia, 50, 3*>0. certtiia, Dendrocolapte.s, 373. certhiola, Locustella, 73. , Motacilla, 73. cervina, Motacilla, 46. cervinus, Anthus, 46. Ceryle alcyon, 334. cetti, Cettia, 74, 304. , Sylvia, 74. ceitinides, Cettia, 74. Cettia, 74, 364. cettioides, Cettia cetti, 74. Cetti's Warbler, 74. Chaetura, 121, 374. Chaffinch, 16. Charadrius 241,392. charrela, Perdix perdix, 314. CMidon, 372. Chen, 160, 382. Chestnut-bellied Swallow, 330. Chettusia, 248, 393. Chiffchaff, 82. , Scandinavian, 82. -, Siberian, 83 Chinese Goose, 343. Chlamydctis, 204, 388. Chloris, 11, 357. chloris, Chloris, 11, 357. , Lignrinus, 11. , Loxia 11. chloropus, Fiilica . 305. , Gallinula, 305, 400. Chough, 8. , Alpine, 320. chrysaetos, Fulco, 141. chrysaetus, Aquila, 141, 379. chrysocome, Catarractes, 395. Ch'iysomitris. 357. chrysopyga, Crithagra, 323. cia, Emberiza, 29. Ciconia, 198, 387. cicottia, Ardea, 198, , Ciconia, 198, 387. Cinclus, 105,371. cinclus, Cinclus, 106, 371. , Sfurnuf, 10(5. britannicus, Cinclus, 106. hibernicus, Cinclus, 106. cineraceus, Circus, 139, 379. cinerascens, Alauda, 36. , arvensis, 36. oinerea, Alauda arvensis, 36. , Ardea, 191, 386. , Perdix, 313. , Scolopax, 215. , Sylvia, 65, 362. INDEX. 409 cinerea, Terekia, 215, 389. ciitereicapil/a, MotacMa, 43. , flava, 43. cinereus, Anser, 156. cioides, Emheriza, 29. castaneiceps, Emberiza, 29. ciopsis, Emberiza, 30. cinpsis, Kmberiza cioides, 30. circia, Querquedula, 169. Circus, 137, 379. ciris, Cyaiiospiza, 322. , Emberiza, 322. , Passerina, 322. Cirl Bunting. 28. cirlus, Emberiza, 28. Citril Finch. 14. citrinella, Chr//somitris. 14. , Emberiza, 27, 358. , Frhif/illa, 14. , Spinus, 14. corsicatnts, Spinus, 14. Clamator, 118, 373. clam/a, Aquila, 142, 379. Cla'ngula, 181, 384, 385. daiiyiila, AIMS, 178, 384. '-, Glaucion, 178, 384. clarkii, Turdus musicus, 87. , philo melon, 87. clt/peafa. Anas, 173, 383. - , Spatula, 173, 3^3. Coal-Titmouse, Britisli, 56. , Continental, 55. , Irish. 56. Coccothraustes, 11, 357. coccothraustes, Coccothraustes, 11,357. , Loxia, 11. japonicus, Coccothraustes, 12. ('occystes, 3/3. Coc'cyzus, 119, 374. ccelebs, Fringilla, 16, 357. Colaptes auratus, 331. colchicus, Phasianus, 311, 401. septentrionalis. Phasianus, 312. tahschensis, Phasianus, 312. Colinus virginianus, 355. Collared Petrel. 291. Pratincole, 207. collaris, Accentor, 105. , Anas, 177. , Corvus monedula, 3. , Fuliffula, 177. , Muscicapa, 110. -, Nyroca, 177. . Sturniis, 105. collurio, Lanius, 62. colly bit a, Phylloscopus, 82, 365. -, Sylvia, 82. abietinus, Phylloscopus, 82. Columba, 307, 400. coLumbarius, Falco, 151. columbianus, Anas, 341. , Cygnus, 341. columbina, Bulweria, 292. Colymbus, 294, 398. comatus, Mergns merf/anser, 187. comminutus, Dryobatc* minor, 373. Common Guillemot, 277. Gull, 252. Nightingale, 95. Sandpiper, 230. Scoter. 184. Sheld-Dtick, 166. Snipe, 212. Teal, 170. Tern, 2(53. communis, Coturnix, 314. , Falco, 149. -, Grus, 202, 387. -, Sylvia, 65, 363. -, Turtur, 309. icferops, Sylvia, 65. conhoschas. Anas boschas, 168. Continental Blue Titmouse, 58. Coal-Titmouse, 55. Goldfinch, 12. Great Titmouse, 55. Jay, 5. Re'db'-east, 94. Song-Thrush, 86. Coot, 306. Coracias, 127, 375. abyssinicus, 335. benghalensis, 335. oriolus, 357. corax, Corvus, 1, 356. Cormorant, 154. Corn-Bunting, 26. Crake, 304. comix, Corvus, 2. cornuta, Tadorna, 166. cornutus, Phileremos, 359. coromanda, Ardeola ibis, 194. cor one, Corvus, 2. orientalis, Corvus, 2. Corsican Woodchat, 03. corsicanus, Spinus citrinella, 14. Corvus, 1, 356. Cosmonetta, 384. Cotile, 372. cntinga, Ampelis, 362. Coturnix, 314, 401. coturnix, Coturnix, 314, 401. , Tetrao, 314. africana, Coturnix, 315. couesi, Tritiga maritima, 222. Courser, Cream-coloured, 206. Crake, Baillon's. 303. , Carolina. 302. , Corn-, 304. 410 INDEX. Crake, Little, 304. , Spotted, 301. Crane, '202. , Crowned. 348. , Demoiselle, 348. , Little Brown, 347. crassirostris, Sylvia orphea, 68. Cream-coloured Courser, 206. ci'ecca, Anas, 170. , Nettion, 170. , Querquedula. 170. carolinensis, Querquedula, 171. Creeper, British Tree-, 50. , Northern Tree-, 50. , Wall-, 51. crcpidatus, Stercorarius, 273. crepitans, Psophia, 387. Crested Grebe, Great, 297. Lark, 37. Titmouse, Northern, 59. , Scottish, 59. Crex, 304, 400. crex. Crex, 304, 400. , Rallus, 304. cristata, Alauda, 37. -, Fulica, 306. , Galerida, 37, 359. cristatus, Colymhus, 297- , Par us, 59. , Podiceps, 297, 400. , Podicipes, 297. , Eegulus, 52. cristatus, Parus, 59. infuscatus, Podiceps, 297. mitratu , Parus, 59. scotica, Lophophanes, 59. scoticus, Parus, 59. Crossbill, 25. , Parrot-, 324. , Scottish, 25. , Two-barred, 26. , White-winged, 324. Crow, Carrion-, 2. , Hooded, 2. Crowned Crane, 348. Crt/ptoglaux, 355, 377. crt/ptoleucura, Oceanodroma, 283. Cuckoo, 117. , Black-billed, 119. , Great Spotted, 118. , Yellow-billed, 119. cucullatus, Lophodytes, 188, 385. , Mergus, 188. Cuculus, 117, 373. Curlew, 237. -, Eskimo, 238. Sandpiper, 223. , Slender-billed, 239. , Stoiie-, 206. curonica, Mgialilis, 246. curruca, Motw'illa, 66. , Sylvia, 66, 362. Cursprius, 206, 388. curvirostra, Loxia, 25, 324, 358. scotica, Loxia, 25. Cyanecula, 3(58. cyanecula, Cyanosylvia sue- cica, S7, 36S. , Sylvia, 97, 368. cyaneculus, Erithacws. 97. cyaneus, Circus, 138. , Falco, 138. Cyanosylvia, 96, 368. cyanus, Monticola, 329. , Turdus, 329. cygnoides, Anas, 343. , Anser, 343. , Cygnopsis, 343. Cygnopsis cygnoides, 343. Cygnus, 164, 382. buccinator, 341. columbianus, 341. immutabilis, 340. a/gnus, Anas, 164. , Cygnus, 164, 382. cypriaea, (Enanthe leucomela, 104. Cypselus, 374. Dafila, 173, 384. damacensis, Tringa, 218. damascena, Perdix pcrdix, 314. Dandalus, 367. Daption, 289, 397. Dart-breasted Burn-Owl, 128. Darter, American, 340. Dartford Warbler, 70. dartfordiensis, Melizophilus, 364. , undatus, 70, 364. , Sylvia, 70, 364. DauLias, 367. deglandi, (Edemia, 186. deickleri, Turdus viscicorus, 86. delicata, Gallinago, 348. , gattinaqo, 213. , Scolopax, 348. Delichon, 112, 372. Demoiselle Crane, 348. Dendrocopus, 372. Desert Wheatear, Eastern, 103. , Western, 102 deserti, CEnanthe, 102. , Snxicola, 102. albifrons, CEnanthe, 103. (tf.rogularis, Sa.vieola, 103. desertorum, Buteo, 337. , Caprimnfgus nt/ico/lis, 123, 374. , Falco, 337. INDEX. 411 desmarcsti, Phalacrocorax graculus, 155. Dicmedea, 293, 398. Dipper, Blnck-bellied, 106. , British, 106. , Irish, 106. di tears. Anas, 169. , Querquedula, 169. Diver, Black-throated, 294. , Great Northern, '295. , Bed-throated, 296. , White-hilled Northern, 295. domestica, Fringilla, 15. domesticus, 'Passer, 15, 357. dominicus, Charadrius, 242. fulvus, Charadrius, 243. Dotterel, 247. dougalli, Sterna, 265. Dove, E-i stern Turtle-, 310. , Ring-, 307. , Hock-, 308. .Stock-, 307. , Turtle-, 309. Downy Woodpecker, 332. dresseri, Parus palustris, 57. Dryobates, 113, 372. medius, 332. pubescens, 332. villosus, 332. Dryocopus martius, 333. dubia, JEgialitis, 246, 393. ditbius, Charadrius, 246, 393. Duck, Bimaculated, 345. Buffel-headed, 179. Common Shelcl-, 166. Eider-, 183. Harlequin, 180. Long-tailed, 181. Muscovy, 342. Ring-necked, 177. Ruddy Sheld-, 167. Summer-, 342. __ Tufted, 178. - Wild, 167. Duck-Hawk, 149. dumetorum, Acrocephalus, 75. Dunlin, 222. Dusky Bulbul. 330. -Thrush, 88. Warbler, 85. dybowskii, Otis tarda, 203. Eagle, Golden, 141. , Spotted, 142. , White-tailed, 142. Eagle-Owl, 134. Eared Grebe, 298. East Siberian Meadow-Bunting, 29. Eastern Black -eared Wheatear, 101. Desert Wheatear, 103. Eastern Golden Plover, 243. Grey Lag-Goose, 343. Large-billed Reed-Bunting, 33. Nightingale, 96. Sky-Lark, 36. Turtle-Dove, 310. eburnea, Pagophila, 262, 394. eburneus, Larus, 262. Ectopistes migratorius, 353. Eyatheus, 387. Egret, Little, 193. Egretta, 192, 386. j eqretta, Egretta alba, 193. I Egyptian Goose, 345. I Nightjar, 123. : Vulture, 137. Eider, King-, 184. , Pacific, 346. f atelier's, 182. Eider-Duck, 183. Elanoides forficatus, 338. Elanus caeruleus, 339. elegans. Ca,rduelis, 13. , Loxia leucoptera, 26. Emberiza, 26, 358. Eniconetta, 182. eintcleator, Loxia, 24. , Pinicola, 24, 358. , Pyrrhula, 24. epops, Upupa, 125, 375. Eremophila, 359. Ereunetes, 226, 390. Erithacus, 93, 366. I erlangeri, Phyllosco'pus sibilatrix, 82. ! erythrina, Loxia, 23. j ., Pyrrhula, 23. erythrinus, Carpodacus, 23, 358. erythrophthalmus, Coccyzus, 119. | , Cuculus, 119. erythropus, Anas, 159. , Anser, 159, 382. , Scolopax, 391. Eskimo Curlew, 238. Eudromias, 247, 393. Euphagus carolinus, 322. europcea, Pyrrhula, 23. -, pyrrhula, 358. , Sitta, 51,52, 361. britannica, Sitta, 361. cassia, Sitta, 361. europaeus, Caprimulgus, 122, 374. , Cursorius, 388. , Troglodytes, 371. European Hawk-Owl, 132. Three-toed Woodpecker, 333. euersmantii, Phyllopneuste, 80. , Phylloscopus trochilus, 80. excubitor, Lartius. 61, 361. excubitorides, Lanius, 327. 412 INDEX. exilipes, Acanthis, 21. , hornemanni, 21. , giotk*, 21. exulans, Dwmedea, 398. fabalis, Anser. 157, 382. falcinellus, Limicola, 214, 389. , Plegadis, 200, 387. , &//*. 214. , Tatifalits, 2(K). sibirira, Li//iitola, 215. Falco, 149, 381. Falcon, Greenland, 148. , Gjr-, 147. , Iceland. 148. , Peregrine. 1-19. , Red-footed, 151. familiaris, Agrobates galac- todes, 71. , Certhia, 50, 360. 1 Sylvia, 71. biitannica. Certhia, 50. feldeggi, Motacilla, 44, 360. ferina, Anas, 176. , Fuligula, 176. , Nyrcca, 176. ferrago, Streptopelia orientalis, 310. femamm, Anas. 384. , Casarca, 382. , Xyroca, 175. , T'ringa, 223, 390. ferruyineus, Scolec&phagus, 322. ' fenis, Anser, 156. Fieldfare, 88. Finch, Citril, 14. , Nonpareil, 322. , Snow-, 16. Jinmarchicus, Anser, 382. Fire-crest, 53. Ji-afularis, Mareca, 383. Flamingo, 190. Flammea, 127, 375. flammea, Flammea, 128, 355, 375, 376. , Strix, 128, 376. guttata, Flammea, 128. flammeus, Asia, 355. 'flava, Motacilla, 42. beema, Motacilla, 43. cinereicapilla, Motacilla, 43. thunbergi, Motacilla, 44, 360. ftai-ipe*. Scolopax. 229. , Totanus, 229. flavirostris, Acanthis, 21. , friii g ilia, 21. . Linota. 21. , Paffinus kuhli, 288. Flicker, 331. Jtumatilif, Coli/mbus, 299. , Podiceps, 299. , Podicipes, 3uO. , Sterna, 263, :<94. , Tachybapfet. 299. ca/tensis, Podiceps, .'KX). philippcnsis, Podiceps, 300. Flycatcher, Brown, 109. , Pied, 109. , Keel-breasted, 110. , Spotted, 108. , Wlnte-collared, 110. forficatus, Elanoides, 338. , Falco, 338. Fratercula, 280, 396. fratercula. Fratercula, 3 ( J6. Frisrate-Petrel. 285. Fringilla, 16, 3f>?. frugilegus, Corvus, 4. , 'Lryi>anocorax, 4. Fulica/306, 400. fid tariff, Tringa, 209. J'ulicarius, Cn/mophilus. '-'"9. , Phalarcpus, 2O9, 388. fuligincsa, Sterna, 269, Fuligula, 384. fidigula. Anas, 178. , Fuligula, 17. , Nyroca, 178. Fulmar, 290. Fulmarus, 289, 397. ftdvus, Charadrius. 243. , dominie us, 243. , Gyps, 136, 378. , Vultur, 13H. funerea, Nyctala, 133, 378. , Strix, 133, 377, 378. , Siiniia, 132. richnrdsoni, Xyctaki, 133. furcata, Oceanodroma, 397. furcatiis, Elanoifles, 338. fusca, Anas, 185. , Aquila, 142, 379. , Locusfella luscinioides, 73. , CEdemia, 185. , Scolojxtx, 228, 391. fuscata, Luschiiola, 85. , Mentla, 88. , PhUlopneuste, 85. , Sterna, 395. fuscatus, Phylloscopus, 85. , Turdus, 88. fnscicoltis, Heferopi.gia, 220. , Tringa, 220. fuscus, Larus. 254. , Tantalus, 391. , Totanus, 228, 3.V>. 391. affinis, Larus, 255. britanuicus, Lurut, 2J5. IKDEX. 413 Gael wall, 168. gaetkei, Cyanosylvia suecica, 368. galactodes, Aedon, 1\. , Agrobates, 71, 364. , Sylvia, 71. familiaris, Agrobates, 71. syria cus, Agrobates, 71. galbula, Coracias, 32 1 . , Icterus, 321. , Oriolus, 10, 357. Galerida, 37, 359. Gatarita, 359. gallicus, Charadrius, 206. -, Cursorius, 206, 388. Oallinago, 212, 389. delicata, 348. gallinago, Gallinago, 212, 389. , Scolopax, 212. delicata, Gallinago, 213. Gallinula, 305, 400. gullinula, Gallinago, 214. , Gallinula, 400. , Limnocryptes, 214, 389. , Scolopax, 214. Gallim.le, Allen's, 352. , Green-backed, 351. , Martinique, 352. , Purple, 352. gambeli, Anser albifrons, 158. ga.mbensis. Anas, 342. , Plectropterus, 342. Gannet, 155. Garden- Warbler, 66. Garganey, 169. Garrulus, 5, 356. garrulus, Ampelis, 64, 362. , Coracias, 127, 375. , Lanius, 04. garzetta, Ardea, 193. , Egretta, 193, 386. , Garzetta, 193. nigripes, Egretta, 193. gentilis, Astur, 355. , Falco, 380. gibrultariensis, Motacilla, 366. , Phoenicurus, 355. gin, Scops, 134. glacialis, Anas, 385. , Colymbus, 295, 399. , Fulmarus, 290, 397. , Harelda, 181. , Procellaria, 290. glandarius, Clamator, 118, 373. , Coccystes, 118. , Cor mis, 5. , Cuculus, 118. , Garrulus, 5, 6, 356. hibernicus, Garrulus, 6. rufitergum, Garrulus, 6. Glareola, 207, 388. glareola, Hhyucojjhihis, 233. glareola, Totanus, 233. , Triuga, 233. Glaucion, 178, 384. islandicum, 346. glaucion, Anas, 384. , Claiiffttla, 178. glaucogaster, Bernicla, ] 62. , Branta bernicla, 162. Glaucous Gull, 256. glaucus, Larus, 256, 393. Glossy Ibis. 200. glottis, Scolopax. 391. Godwit, Bar-tailed, 236. , Black-tailed, 235. Goklcrest, 52. Golden Eagle, 141. eye, 178. , Barrow's, 346. Oriole, 10. Plover, 242. , American, 242. , Eastern, 2rl3. winged Woodpecker, 331. Goldfinch, American, 323. , British, 13. , Continental, 12. golzii, Luscinia megarhyncha, 95. Goosander, 187. Goose, American Brent, 162. , Bar-headed, 343. , Barnacle-, 163. , Bean-, 157. , Brent, 161. , Canada, 344. , Chinese, 343. , Eastern Grey Lag-, 343. , Egyptian, 345. , Greater fcnow-, 160. , Grey Lag-, 156. , Lesser White-fronted, 159. , Pink-footed, 159. , Bed-breasted, 163. , Snow-, KiO. , Spur-winged, 342. , White-fronted, 158. Goshawk, 143. , American, 336. Grackle, Busty, 322. Gracula religiosa, 320. graculus, Corvus, 320, 356. , Graculus, 8. , Pelecanus, 155. , Phalacrocorax, 155. , Pyrrhocorax, 8, 320, 3f>6. desmaresti, Phalacrocorax, 155. Grasshopper- Warbler, 72. , Pallas', 73. , Savi's, 73. , TemminokV, 72. gravis, Puffinus, 287, 397. 414 Txnr.x. Great Black-headed Gull, 257. Woodpei-ker, 333. Bustard, 203. Crested Grebe, 297. Grey Shrike, 61. , Southern, 61. Northern Diver, 295. Reed- Warbler, 76. Shearwater, Mediterranean, 287. Skua, 272. Snipe, 213. Spotted Cuckoo, 118. Woodpecker, British, 114. , Northern. 114. Titmouse, British. ;V>. , Continental, 55. _ White Heron, 19-'. Greater Black-backed Gull, 254. Shearwater, 287 Snow-Goose, 160. Yellowshank, 228. Grebe, Black-necked, 299. , Eared, 298. , Great Crested, 297. , Little, 299. , Pied-billed, 351. , Eed-necked, 297. , Slavonian, 297. Greeu-backed Qallinule, 351. Greenfinch, 11. Green Heron, Little, 347. Sandpiper, 232. Greenshank, 230. Green-winged Teal, American, 171. Green Woodpecker, 115. Greenish Warbler, 83. Greenland Falcon, 148. Redpoll, 19. Wheatear, 100. grcgftrid, Chatusia, 248. ' , Chettusia, 248, 393. (/regarius, Charadriua, 248. , Vanellus, 248. Grey-backed Warbler, 71. headed Wagtail, 44. Grey Lag-Goose, 156. , Eastern, 343. Phalarope, 209. Plover, 243. Shrike, Great, 61. , Lesser, 62. , Southern Great, 61. Wagtail, 41. Griffon Vulture, 136. r/risea, Ardea. 386. ' , Procellaria, 286. , Scolopax, 234. griseqena, Colymbus, 297. 'griseigena,' Podiceps. 297. , Podicipcs, 297. Itolboelli, Podiceps. 298. griseus, Macrorhamphvu, 234, 391. , Nycticorax, 196. , Puffinus, 286. grisola, Muscicapa, 108, 371. neitmanni, Muscicapa, 108. Grosbeak, Pine, 24. , Scarlet, 23. Grouse, British Black, 316. - , Pallas' Sand-, 310. , Red, 317. Grus, 201, 355, 387. canadensis, 347. grus, Ardea, 202. , Grus, 202, 387. lilfordi, Grus, 202. grylle, Alca, 278. , Uria, 278. Guillemot, Black, 278. , Briinnich's, 278. , Common, 277. Gull, Black-headed, 259. , Bonaparte's, 258. , British Lesser Black-backed, 255. , Common, 252. , Glaucous, 256. , Great Black-headed, 257. , Greater Black-backed, 251. , Herring-, 252. , Iceland, 256. , Ivory, 262. , Laughing, 350. , Lesser Black-backed, 254. , Little, 259. , Mediterranean Black-headed, 258. , Ross', 260. , Sabine's, 261. , Yellow-legged Herrin <>-, 253. Gull-billed Tern," 267. guttata, Flammea flammea, 120. , Strix, 128. Gyps, 136, 378. gyrfalco, Fulco, 147. , Hierofalco, 147, 3*0. islandus, Falco, 148. obsoletus, Hierofalco, 147. Gyr-Fulcon, 147. Haematopus, 250, 393. hasitata, Mstrelata, 29 1 . Hairy Woodpecker, 332. Haliaetus, 142, 380. haliaetus, Falco, 153. , Pandion, 153. Hammer, Yellow, 27. Harclda, 385. Harlequin Duck, ISO. Harrier, Hen-, 138. , Marsh-, 137. , Montagu's, 139. 415 hasitata, CEstrelata, 291, 398. , Proceltaria, 291, 39t>. Hawfinch, 11. Hawk, Duck-, 149. Hawk-Owl, American, 132. , European, 132. Hawk, Sparrow-, 144. Hebridean Song-Thrush, 87. hebridensis, Turdusmusicus, 87. Hedge-Sparrow, 104. helvetica, Squatarola, 243. -, Triiiga, 3U3. Hemipode, Andalusiau, 353. Hen-Harrier, 138. Heniconetta, 182, 385. Heron, 191. , Buff-backed, 193. , Great White, 192. , Little Green, 347. , Night-, 196. , Squacco, 195. Herring-Gull, 252. , Yellow-legged. 253. hiaticula, ^gialitis, 244, 393. , Charadrius, 244, 392. hiherna.ns, Prutincola torquata, 369. hibernicus, Cinclus cinclus, 106. , Garrulus glandarixis, 6. , Partis, 56. , ater, 56. Hierofalco, 147, 380. Himantopus, 240, .'392. hi lituiitopus, Charadrius, 240. , Himantopus, 240, 392. hippolais, Sylcia, 362. hirtensis, Troglodytes, 107. , troglodytes, 107. Hirundo, 111, 371. savignii, 330. hirundo, Sterna, 263, 394. Itispaiiica, Caccatris ritfa, 313. , Motacilla, f-69. histrionica, Anas, 180. , Cosmonetta, 180. Histrionicus, 180, 384. histrionicus, Histrionicus, 180, 384. Hoary Bed poll, 21. Hobby, 150. holboelli, Acanthis, 19. , linaria, 19. , Hierojalco. 148. , Linaria, 19. , Linota, 19. , Podiceps griseigena, 298. Holboll's Redpoll, 19. Honey-Buzzard, 146. Hooded Crow, 2. Merganser, 188. Hoopoe, 125. hornemanni, Acanthis, 20. , Linotu, 20. exilipes, Acanthis, 21. Horneniann's Redpoll, 1:0. hortensis, Motacilla, 363. , Si/l-via, 66, 355, 363. hortulana, Emberiza, 30. hortulanus, Serinus, 14, 357. Houbara, 388. House-Sparrow, 15. hudsonia, Strix, 377. hybrida, Hydrochelidon, 270. - , Sterna, 395. Hylrris, 375. Hydrobates, 397. Hydrochelidon, 269, 395. hy emalis, Anas, 181, 385. - , Clangula, 181, 385. , Fringilla. 325. , Junco, 325. hyperborea, Triiiga, 388. hyjjcrboreus, Anser, KiO. , Chen, 160, 382. , Lagopus, 319. , Phalaropus, 210. nivalis, Chen, 160. hypcrythra, Mutcicapa parva. 111. Hypolais, 78, 365. hypoleuca, Muscicapa, 371. , Pelagodrama marina, 285. hi/poleucos, Tringa, 230. hypoleucus, Totanus, 230. , Tringoidcs, 230. Ibis, Glossy, 200. Ibis, 287. ibis, Ardea, 193. , Ardeola, 193, 386. , Tantalus, 386, 387. coromaiida, Ardeola, 194. Iceland Falcon, 148. Gull. 256. ichthyaetus, Larus, 257. ictera, Frivgilla, 323. icterina, Hypolais, 78, 365. , Sylvia, 78. lifeline Warbler, 78. icterops, Sylvia communis, 05. Icterus galbula, 321. icterus, Serinus, 323. ictinus, Milvus, 145. iffitavus, Bitbo, 134. ignicapilla, Sylvia, 53. ignicapillus, Regulus, 53. madeircnsis, Itegnhts. 53. iliacus, Turdus, 87, 3G6. immer, Colymbus, 295, 399. immutabilis, Cygnus, 340. impennis, Alca, 276. , Plautus, 276. Indian Roller, 335. 416 INDEX. Indian Stonechat, 98. iitdica, Anas, '643. , Coracias,335. , Pratincola, 98. , Saxicola, 98. indicus, Anser, 343. , Kallus aquatic'iis, 301. injuscatus, Podiccps cristatus, 297. inornata, Sylvia subalpina, 70. intermedia, Porzana, 303, 4UO. , pusilla, 303. iittermedius, Kallus, 303, 400. interpres, Arenaria, 251, 393. , Strepsilas, 251. , Tringa, 251. Iridoprocne bicolor, 331. Irish Coal-Titmouse, 56. Dipper, 106. Jay, 6- ixabellina, (Enanthe, 100. , Saxicola, 100. Isabelline Wheatear, 100. isahellinus, Caprimulgus agyptius, 124. islandica, Anas, 346. , Clangula, 340. islandicum, Glaucion, 346. islandus, Falco, 148. , Hierofalco, 148. candicans, Hierofalco, 148. ispida, Alcedo, 126, 375. Ivory Gull, 262. Ixobrychus, 195, 386. lynx, 116, 373. Jackdaw, 3. Jack Snipe, 214. jankowskii, Cygnus lewicki, 165. japunica, Coturnix, 315. juponicus, Ampelis, 65. , (Joccothraustes cuccothraustes, 12. java'/'ica, Terckia, 389. Jay, British, 6. , Continental, 5. , Irish, 6. Junco, Slate-coloured, 325. Junco hyemalis, 325. kamtschaticus, Tetrao parvirostns, 316. Kentish Plover, 245, Kermadec Petrel, 292. Kestrel, 152. , Lesser, 152. Killdeer Plover, 246. King-Eider, 184. Kingfisher, 126. , Belted, 334. Kite, 145. .Black, 145. , Black-winged, 339. Kite, Swallow-tailed, 338. Kittiwake, 262. kleinschmidti, Parus borealis, 57. , montanus, 57. Knot, 216. korschun, Accipiter, 380. -, Milmu, 145. kuhli, Procellaria, 2S7. , Puffinus, 287. borealis, Pitffinus, 288. Jtavirosfris, Pujfinus, '288. kundoo, Oriolus oriolus, 10. Lag-Goose, Eastern Grey, 343. , Grey, 156. Lagopus, 317, 401. rupestris, 354. lagapus, Archibuteo, 140. , Buteo, 140, 338. , Falco, 140. , Lagopus, 318, 401. lanceolata, Locustella, 72. , Sylvia, 72. Lanius, 61, 361. excubitcrides, 327. Lapland Bunting, 34. lapuonica, Friinjilla, 34. , Limosa; 236. , Scolcpax, 236. itovce-zelandice, Limoza, 236. lappcnicus, Calcarius, 34, 3^. Lapwing, 249. Large-billed Reed-Banting, 33. , Eastern, 33. Lark, Black, S9. , Calandra, 326. , Crested, 37. , Eastern Sky-, 36. , Meadow-, 321. , Shore-, 39. , Short-toed, 38. , Sky-, 35. , White-winged, 38. , Wood-, 36. Larus. 251, 393. atricilla, 350. latirostriii Alseonax, 109. , Muscicapa, 109. Laughing Gull, 350. Leach's Petrel, 282. lentiginosa, Ardea, 197. lentiginosus, Botaurus, 197. Lesser Black-backed Gull, 254. , British, 255. Grey Shrike, 02. Kestrel, 152. Redpoll, 20. Scaup, 345. Spotted Woodpecker, 115. INDEX. 417 Lesser White-fronted Goose, 159. Whitethroat, 66. leucocephala, Emberiza, 27. leucogastra, Sula, 381. , Sylvia malanocephala, 68. leucomela, CEnanthe, 103, 370. , Saxicola, 103. cypriaca, (Enanthe, 104. leucopareia, Hydrochelidon, 270, 395 , Sterna, 270. leticophaa, Tringa, 390. leucopsis, Anas, 163. , Bernicla, 163. , Branta, 163. leucoptera, Hydrochelidon, , Loxia, 26, 324. , Sterna, 271. bifasciata, Loxia, 26. elegans, Loxia, 26. leucop'terus, Larus, 256. leucorodia, Platalea, 199, 387. fatcorrhoa, Motacilla, 100. , Oceanodroma, 282. , (Enanthe oenanthe, 100. , Procellaria, 282. , Saxicola cenanfhe, 100. leucura, CEnanthe, 104. , Saxicola, 104. leucurus, Lagopus, 319. , Turdus, 104. Levantine Shearwater, 286. lilfonli, Grits grus, 202. L'imicola, 2i4, 389. Limnocryptes, 213, 389. Limosa, 235, 391. limosa, Limosa, 235, 391. , Scolopax, 235, 391. Linaria rufescens, 358. linaria, Acanthis, 18, 358. , Fringilla, 18. , Linota, 18. cabaret, Acanthis, 20, 358. holboelli, Acanthis, 19. rostrata, Acanthis, 19. lineatus, Buteo, 337. , Falco, 337. Linnet, 18. Linota, 358. Little Auk, 279. Bittern, 195. Brown Crane, 347. Bunting, 31. Bustard, 204. Crake, 304. Egret, 193. Grebe, 299. Green Heron, 347. Gull, 259. Madeiran Shearwater, 288. Little Owl, 135. Ringed Plover, 246. Stint,' 217. Tern, 266. littoralis, Anthus, 49. , petrosus, 49. livia, Columba, 308. lohafa, Tringa, 210, 388. lobatus, Phalaropus, 210, 388. Locustella, 71, 364. locustella, Locustella, 72, 364. lomvia, Alca, 278. , Uria, 278, 396. Long-eared Owl, 129. tailed Duck, 181. Titmouse, British, 60. , White-headed, 60. longicauda, Actiturus, 226. , Bartramia, 226, 390. , Tringa, 226. longicau'dus, Stercorarius, 273, 395. Lophodytes, 188, 385. Loxia, 24, 358. leucoptera, 324. pityopsittacus, 324. lucidus, Bubidcus, 194. ludouicianus, Anthus, 48, 360. . Lanius, 327. lugubris, Motacilla, 41. Lullula, 36, 359. Luscinia, 95, 3(57. luscinia, Daulias, 95. , EritJiacus, 95. , Luscinia, 96, 367. -, Motacilla, 96, 367. luscinioides, Locustella, 73. , Sylvia, 73. fusca, Locustella, 73. Lusciniola, 78, 365. Lyrurus, 316, 401. micgillivrayi, Bulweria, 293. Machetes, 225, 390. macqueeni, Chlamydotis undu- lata, 205. , Houbara, 205. , Otu, 205. Macqueen s Bustard, 205. macronyx, Acrocephalus streperus, 75. macroptera, Procellaria, 398. Macrorhamphus, 234, 391. tiiacrorhynchos, Nucifraga, 7. macrorhyuchus, Nucifraga caryocatactes, 7. macrura, Sterna, 264, 394. iuacularia, Tringa, 231. macularius, Totanus, 231. , Trinff aides, 231. iiwfulata, Aquila. 142 2E 418 INDEX. maculaia, Heteropygia, 219. , Scolopax, 39.1. , Tringa, 219. maculatus, Falco, 379. , Tetanus, 355. Madeiran Petrel, 283. Shearwater, Little, 288. madeirensis, Regulus ignicapillus, 53. magna, Alaudd, 321. , Sturnella, 321. Magpie, 4. major, Dendrocopus, 114. , Dryobates, 114. , Gallinaao. 213. , Parus,' 55, 361. , Picus, 114, 373. . , Puffinus, 287, 397. , Scolopax, 389. anglicns, Dendrocopus, 114. , Dryobates, 114. newtoni, Parus, 55. Mallard, 167. manillensis, Ardea, 192. Manx Shearwater, 285. maoriana, Pelagodroma marina, 285. Mareca, 171, 383. Marila, 384. marila. Anas, 176. , Fuligula, 176. , Nyroca, 176. marina, Pelagodroma, 284, 397. , Procellaria, 284. hypoleuca, Pelagodroma, 285. maoriana, Pelagodroma, 285. marinus, Larus, 254. maritima, Arquaiella, 221. , Tringa, 221, 390. coucsi, Trine/a, 222. ptilocnemis, Tringa, 222. Marsh-Harrier, 137. -Sandpiper, 229. Titmouse, British, 57. Warbler, 75. Martin, 112. . , Purple, 331. , Sand-, 113. martinica, Fulica, 352. , Porphyriola, 352. martinicus, Porphyrio, 352. Martinique Gallinule, 352. martius, Dryoccpus, 333. , Picus. 333, 373. maruetta, Porzana, 301. Masked Shrike, 64. maura, Pratincola, 98. Meadow-Bunting, 29. . , East Siberian, 29. Lark, 321. Pipit, 45. Mealy Redpoll. 18. media, Gallinago, 213, 389. media, Scolopax, 213, 389. Mediterranean Black-headed Gull, 258. Great Shearwater, 287. medius, Dendrocoptes, 332. , Dryobates, 332. , Picus, 332. Megalestris, 395. Megalornis, 355, 387. megarhyncha, Luscinia, 95, 367. golzii, LuKcinia. 95. melanocephala, Emberiza, 28. , Motacilla, 68. 360. , Sylvia, 68, 360, 362. Icucogastra, Sylvia, 68. momus, Sylvia, 68. melanocephalus, Larus, 258. Melanocorypha, 38, 359. calandra, 326. melanogaster, Cinclus, 106, 371. melanoleuea, Scolopax, 228. melanoleucus, Totanus, 228. melanope, Motacilla, 41, 360. melanophrys, Diomedea, 293. melanopogoii, Lusciiiiola, 365. melanoptera, Glareola, 208, 388. melba, Cypselus. 121. , Hirundo, 121. , Micropus, 121. Melizophilus, 70, 364. Melodious Warbler. 79. melophilus, Erithacus rube- cula, 94. Merganser, Hooded, 188. , Red-breasted, 188. merganser, Mergus, 187, 385. americanus, Alergits, 187. comatus, Mergus, 187. Mergellus, 189, 385. Men/u/us. 396. Mergus, 187, 385, 399. meridionalis, Lanius, 61. Merlin. 150. Merops, 124,375. philippinus, 334. merula, Merula, 89. , Turdus, 89. mersbacheri, Sylvia nisoria, 69. mcsoleuca, Phceuicurus pkoenicnriis, 93. Micropus, 120, 374. Middle Spotted Woodpecker, 3:52. migrans, Falco, 145. , Milvus, 145, 380. migratoria, Colnmha, 353. migratorius, Ectopistes, 353. , Turdus, 328. miliaria, Kmberha, 26, 358. , Miliaria, 26. Milvus, 145, 380. t'ulco, 145. INDEX. milvus, Milvus, 145, 380. Mimus polyglottus, 329. minor, Dcndrocopus, 115. , Dryobates, 115, 373. , Lanius, 62. , Picus, 115. comminutus, Dryobates, 373. minuta, Ardea, 195. , Ardetta, 195, , Ixobrychm, 386. - , Limonites, 217. , Sterna, 266. , Tringa, 217. rufwollis, Tringa, 217. minutiUa, Limonites, 217. , Tringa, 217. rninutus, Ixobrychus, 195. , Larus, 259, Missel-Thrush, 85. mitratus, Parus cristafus, 59, mlakosiewiczi, Lyrurus, 317. Monking-bird. 329. modularis, Accentor, 104, 371, , Motacilla, 104. occidental is, Prunella, 371. mollissima, Anas, 183. , Soinateria, 183, 385. bnrealis, Somateria, 183. v-nigrum, Somateria, 183. wornus, Sylvia mclanocephala. 68, iiiaiiediilfi; Colaeus, 3. , Oorvus, 3. collaris, Corvus, 3. mongolicus, Lyrurus tetrix, 317. Montagu's Harrier, 139, moi/taiia, Fringilla., 15. montanus, Passer, 15. kleln schmidt i, Parus, 5", Monticola, 91, 366. cyanus, 329. Montifringilla, 16, 357. jnontifringilla, Fringilla, 17. Moor-Hen, 305. morinellus. Charadrius, 247- , Eudrcmias, 247, 393, /iiorio, Saxicola, 103. moschata. Anas, 342, , Cairina, 342. Motacilla, 40, 359. muraria, Certliia, 51. , Tichodroma, 51, 360. mxrarius, Murarius, 374. Muscicapa, 108, 371. Muscovy Duck, 342. "/iinsious, Ci/gnus, 164. , Turdus, 86, :!55. 365. clarkii, Turdus, 87. hebridensis, Turdus, 87. musicus, Turdus, 86, paltistris, Turdus, 365. Mute Swan, 165, mutus, Lagopus, 318. , Tetrao, 318. naevia, Locustella, 72, 364, , Motacilta, 72. straminea, Laoustella, 72- neevius, Falco, 379. naumanni, Cerchneis, 152. , Falco, 152, 381. nebularhis, Glottis, 230. , Scolopax, 230. , Tptanus, 230, 391. Needle-tailed Swift, 122. neglecta, CEstrelata, 292. . Procellaria, 292. Neophron, 136, 378. nepa.lensis, Deliclitm, 372. Netta, 174, 384. neumanni, Mnscicapa grisola, 108, newtoni, Parus jn'ajor, 55. , Phylloscopus -proreguliis, 8,5, Night-Heron, 196. Nightingale, Coniinon, 95. - , Eastern, 96. Nightjar, 122. , Egyptian, 123. , Bed -necked, 123. nig ra', Anas, 184. , Ardea. 199. , Ciconia, 199. -, Hydrochelidon, 269, 395. . CEdemia, 184, 385. , Sterna, 269. surinamensis, Hi/drocJielidon , 270. nigr icons, Aimer, 344. , Branta, 102, 344. niariceps, Falco, 149. nigricollis, Podiceps, 299. , Podidpes, 299. oalifornicus, Podjctps, 2 ( .)9. nigripes, Egretta gar?etta, 103, mlotica, Sterna, 394, nisoria, Motacilla, 69. , Sylvia, 69. merzhachen, Sylvia, (V,'. nisus, Accipiter, 144, 380, , Falao, 144. nivalis, Anas, 160. , Chen, 160. -, hyperboreus, 160, , Emberiza, 34. , Fringilla, 16. , Montifringilla, 16, 357, , Plcctrophanes, 34, , Pleetrophenax, 34, 359, nootua, Athene, 135. , Carine, 135, 378. , Strix, 135. Nockly, 350. Nonpareil Finch. 3^2, 420 INDEX. nordmanni, Glareola, 208, 388. Northern Bullfinch, 22. Crested Titmouse, 59. Diver, Great, 295. , White-bellied, 295. Great Spotted Woodpecker, 114. Tree-Creeper, 50. Willow-Titmouse, 57. Warbler, 80. iiovcs-zelandice, Limosa lapponica, 236. nubicus, Lanius, 64. Nucifraga, 6, 356. wucifraga, Nucifraga, 356. nudipes, Cheetura, 122. Numenius, 237, 392. numenius, Numenius, 392. Nutcracker, Slender-billed, 7. , Thick-billed, 6. Nuthatch, 52. Nyctala, 133, 355, 377. acadica, 335. Nyctea, 131, 377. nyctea, Nyctea, 131, 377. , Strix, 131, 377. Nycticorax, 195, 386. nycticorax, Ardea, 196, 386. , Nycticorax, 196, 386. Nyroca, 175, 384. affinis, 345. baeri, 346. nyroca. Anas, 175. , Fuligula, 175. , Nyroca, 175, 384. 102, obscura, , Proceltaria, 397. uliscuruR, Anthus, 49. , Parus caeruleus, 58. , Puffinm, 288. assimilis, Pi/ffinus, 289. baroli, Puffinus, 288. o/isolefus, Falco gyrfalco, 147. occidentalisj CEnanthe, 369. . Prunella modularis, 371. , Saxicola, 102, 369. ocea.nica, Proccllaria, 284. oceanicus, Oceanites, 284, 397 Oceanites, 283, 397. Oceanodroma, 282, 397. ochropiis, Helodromas, 232. , Totanus, 232, 391. orroplms, Tringa. 232, 389, 391. CEdemia, 184, 385. CEdicnemus, 205, 388. vedicnemus, Ckiradrius, 206. . (Edicnemus, 206, 388. CEnanthe, 99, 369. ananthe, Motacilla. 99. cenanthe, CEnanthe, 99, 369. , Saxicola, 99, 100. 368. leucorrhoa, CEnanthe, 100. , Saxicola, 100. cenas, Columba, 307, 400. CEstrelata, 290, 355, 398. Oidemia, 184. olivacea, Muscicapa, 327. , Vireosylva, 327. olivaceus, Vireo, 327. olor, Anas, 165. , Cygnus, 165. onocrotalus, Pelecanus, 339. orientulis, Acrocephalus arimdinac.etts, 76 Columba, 310. Corvus corone, 2. Glareola, 208. Streptopelia, 310. Turdus torquatus, 91. Turtur, 310. ferraqo, StreptopeUa, 310. Oriole, Baltimore, 321. , Golden, 10. Oriolus, 10, 357. oriolus. Coracias, 10, 357. , Oriolus, 10, 357. kumino, Oriolus, 10. orphea, Sylvia, 68, 355. 363. c.rassirostris, Sylvia, 68. Orphean Warbler, 68. Ortolan Bunting, 30. osculans, Hcemaiopus ostralcgits, 250. Osprey, 153. ostralegus, Haematopus, 250, 393. osculanx, H(sma,topus, 250. Otis, 202, 388. Otocorys, 39, 359. Otus, 134, 378. asio, 336. otus, Asio, 129, 376. , Stria, 129. wilsmiianuSi Asio, 129. Ouzel, Alpine Ring-, 90. , Ring-, 90. Owl, American Hawk-, 132. , Screech-, 336. , Barn-, 128. , Dark-breasted Barn-, 128. , Eagle-, 134. , European Hawk-, 132. , Little, 135. , Long-eared, 129. , Saw-whet, 335. , Scop's, 134. , Short-eared, 129. , Snowy, 131. , Tawny, 130. , Tengnialm's, 133. Oyster-catcher, 250. INDEX. 421 Pacific Eider, 346. pacificus, Colymbus arcticus, 294. Pagophila, 262, 394. Tainted Bunting, 322. Pallas' Grasshopper- Warbler, 73. Sand-Grouse, 310. Warbler, 84. palumbarius, Astur, 143, 355, 380. , Falco, 143, 380. palumbus, Columba, 307. casiolis, Columba, 308. palustris, Acrocephalus, 75. , Emberiza, 33. , pyrrhuloides, 33. , Fants, 57. , Pyrrhulorhyncha, 33. , Sylvia, 75. , Turdus musicus, 305. dresseri, Parus, 57. tschusii, Emberiza, 33. Pandion, 153, 381. Panurus, 54,361. paradisea, Sterna, 264, 394. paradoxa, Tetrav, 310. paradoxus, Syrrhaptes, 310, JOO. parasiticus. La-rus, 273, 395. , Stercorarius, 273, 395. Parrot-Crossbill, 324. Partridge, 313. , Barbary, 354. , Red-legged, 312. Parus, 54, 3(51. parva, Muscicapa, 110. , Porzana, 304. , Zapornia, 304. albicilla, Muscicapa, 111. hyperythra, Muscicapa, 111. parvirostris, Tetrao, 316. kamtschaticus, Tetrao, 316. parvulus, Troglodytes, 107. parms, Eallus, 304. Passenger-Pigeon, 353. Passer, 15, 357. Passerina ciris, 322. Pastor, 9, 357. Pastor, Rose-coloured, 9. Pavoncella, 3s, Nt/ctala, 378. Platalea, 199, 387. ptntyrhyncha, Limicola, 214. platyrnynchos, Anas, 355, 383. Ptectropkana, 359. PlectrophenaX, 34, 359. Plectropterus gambensis, 342. Plegadis, 200, 387. plesclianka, (Ena.nthe, 370. , Suxkola, 103. Plover. American Golden, 242. , Caspian, 247. - , Eastern Golden, 243. , Golden, 242. , Grey, 243. , Kentish, 245. , Killdeer, 240. , Little Ringed, 246. , Ringed, 244. , Sociable. 248, pluvialis, Charadrius, 242, 392. pluvius, Picus viridis, 373. Pochard, 176. , Baer's, 346. , Red- crested, 174. , White-eyed, 175. Podiceps, 296, 399. 400. poilicvpx, Coli/mbiis, 35 1 . , I.tohri/chiis, 195. , Podilymbus, 351. Podilymbus podiceps, 351. Polish Swan, 340. polyglotta, Hypolais, 79, , Sylvia, 79. polyglottos, Turdtts. 329. pol'yglottus, Mimus, 329. Polyst ictfi , 385. pomariiius, Lestris. 274. , Stercorariu?, 274, Pomatorhine Skua, 274. }>oma,torhimis, Stercorarius, 274. pomeranus t La.iiius, H3. Porphyrio alleni, 352. caeruleus, 352. martinicus, 352. porphyrio, 351. porphfjrio, Fulica, 351. , Porphyrio, 351. Porzana, 301, 400. porzana, Porzana, 301, 400, , lialhis, 301. praiensiSi Alanda, 45. , Anthus, 45. , Crea; 304. Pratincola, 368. pratincola, Glareola, 207, 388. , Hirundo, 207. Pratincole, Black-winged, 208. , Collared, 207. principalis, J'hasianns, 312, Procellaria, 396. Progne subis, 331. proreyulus, Mutacilla, 84. \ Phylloscopus, 84. newtoni. Pkyuotoopttt, 85. provinciate, Motacilla, 364. , Sylvia, 70. Prunella, 355, 370. Psujthia., 387. Ptarmigan, 318. , Rock-, 354. Pterodrvma, 355, 398. ptilocnemis, Tringa, maritima, 222. pubescens, Dendrccopvs, 332. , Dryobates, 332, 372. , Pints, 332. Puffin, 280. Puffinus, 285, 397. ptiffimi*, Pnx-dlnri,,, l'S5. , Puffinus, 285, 397. yelkouan, Puffinus, 286. INDEX. 423 pugnax, Machetes, 225, 390. , Pavoncella, '225. , Trin ga, 225. Purple Gallinule, 352. Heron, 191. Martin, 331. Sandpiper, 221. purpurea, Ardea, 191. - , Phoyx, 191. , Prague, 331. pusilla, Emberiza, 31. , Porzana, 303. , Trmga, 226. intermedia, Porzana, 303, 400. pusillus, Ereunetes, 226, 390. Fycncnotus barbatus, 330. capensis, 330. pygargus, Circus, 139, 379. , Falco, 139. pyqnuea, Limicola, 389. Pyrrhocorax, 7, 356. graculus, 320. pyrrhocorajc, Corvus, 356. , Pyrrhocorax, 8, 356. , Upupa, 8, 356. Pyrrhula, 22, 358. pyrrkii/a, Loxia, .22. , Pyrrhula, 22, 358. cvropcea, Pi/rrhula, 358. pileata, Pyrrhula, 23, 358. pi/rrhula, Pyrrhula, 358. pyrrhuloides paluslris, Emberiza, 33. Quail, 314. , Button-, 353. , Virginian, 355. Querquedula, 169, 383. bimaculata, 345. querquedula, Anas, 169. , Querquedula, 169, 383. Radde's Bush- Warbler, 78. raii, Motacilla, 42. Bail, Water-, 300. ralloides, Ardca, 195. , Ardeola, 195, 386. Rallus, 300, 400. Raven, 1. rayi, Budytes, 42. Razorbill, 275. Recurvirostra, 240, 392. Red-backed Shrike, 62. billed Tropic-bird, 340. Redbreast, British, 94. , Continental, 94. Red-breasted Flycatcher, 110. Goose, 163. Merganser, 188. Red-breasted Snipe, 234. crested Pochard, 174. eyed Vireo, 327. ~ -footed Falcon, 151. Grouse, 317. legged Partridge, o!2. necked Grebe, 297. Nightjar, 123. Phalarope, 210. Redpoll, Greenland, 19. , Hoary, 21. , Holboll's, 19. , Hornemann's, 20. , Lesser, 20. , Mealy, 18. Red-r umped Swallow, 111. Redshank, 227. , Spotted, 228. Red-shouldered Buzzard, 337. spotted Bluethroat, 96. Redstart, 92. , Black, 93. Red-tailed Buzzard, 337. throated Diver, 296. Pipit, 46. Redwing, 87. Red-winged Starling, 321. Reed-Bunting, 32. , Eastern Large-billed, 33. , Large-billed, 33. Warbler, 74. , Blyth's, 75. , Great, 76. Regulus, 52, 361. calendula, 326. regulus, Falco, 150, 381. , Motacilla, 52. , Regulus, 52, 381. reiseri, Turdus viscivorus, 86. religiosa, Gracula, 320. religiosus, Mainains, 320. Rhodostethia, 260, 393. richardi, Anthus, 47. striolatus, Anthus, 47. Richard's Pipit, 47. richardsoni, Nyctala funerea, 133. Richardson's Skua, 273. ridibundus, Larus, 259. Ring-Dove, 307. Ring-necked Duck, 177. Ring-Ouzel, 90. , Alpine, 90. Ringed Plover, 244. , Little, 246. Riparia, 113, 372. riparia, Cotile, 113. , Hirundo, 113. , Riparia, 113, 372. risarius, Turtur, 400. Rissa, 262, 394. Robin, American, 328. 424 INDEX. robusta, Perdix perdix, 314. Rock-Dove, ,308. Pipit, 49. , Scandinavian, 49. Ptarmigan, 354. Thrush, 92. , Blue, 329. Roller, 127. , Abyssinian, 335. , Indian, 335. Rook, 4. Rose-coloured Pastor, 9. rowa, Acredula, 60. , Mecistura, 60. , Rhodostethia, 260, 393. Roseate Tern, 265. roseus, ^Egithalus caudatus, 60. , Larus, 260. , Pastor, 9, 357. , Phanicopterus, 190, 385. , Turdiu, 9. Ross' Gull, 260. rostrata, Acanthis, 19. , linaria, 19. , Linota, 19. rostratus, Myiothus, 1 9. Rough-legged Buzzard, 140. , American, 338. rubecula, Erithacus, 94, 367. , Motaeilla, 94, 367. melophilus, Erithacus, 94. ruber, PhcKiricopterus, 385. rubescens, Alauda, 48. , Anthus spinoletta, 48, 360. rubetra, Motaeilla, 99. , Pratincola, 99. , Saxicola, 99. rubicola, Motaeilla, 98, 368. , Pratincola, 98. , Saxicpla, 98, 368. rubrirostris, Anser, 343. Ruby-crowned Wren, 326. Ruby-throat, Siberian, 329. Ruddy Shelci-Duck, 167. rufa, Caccabis, 312. , Motaeilla, 363, 365. hispanica, Caccabis, 313. rufescens, Acanthis, 20. , Linaria, 358. , Linota, 20. , Trt/ngites, 223, 390. Ruff, 225. ruficollis, Anser, 163, , Bernicla, 163. , Branta, 163. , Caprimulgus, 123, 374. , Tringa minuta, 217. desertorum, Caprimulgus, 123, 374. riifina, Anas, 174. , Fuligula, 174. rufina, Netta, 174, 384. rufitergum, Garrulus glan- darius, 6. Rufous Warbler, 71. rufula, Hirundo, 111. rufus, Phylloscoptis, 82. , Tetrao, 312. rupestris, Anthus, 49. , Lag opus, 319, 354. , Tetrao, 354. Rustic Bunting, 31. rustica, Emberiza, 31. , Hirundo, 111, 372. , Pica, 5. rusticola, Scolopax, 211, 389. rusticolus, Falco, 380. Rusty Grackle, 322. Buticilla, 366. rutila, Anas, 383. . Casarca, 167. Sabine's Gull, 261. sabinii, Larus, 261. , Xema, 261, 394. St. Kilda Wreu, 107. sancti-johannis, Archilmteo, 338. , Buteo, 338. , Falco, 338. Sanderling, 224. Sand-Grouse, Pallas', 310. Martin, 113. Sandpiper, American Pectoral, 219. , Baird's, 220. , Bartram's, 226. , Bonaparte's, 220. , Broad-billed, 214. , Buff-breasted, 223. , Common, 230. , Curlew-, 223. , Green, 232. , Marsh-, 229. , Purple, 221. , Semipalmated, 226. , Siberian Pectoral, 219. , Solitary, 233. , Spotted, 231. , Terek, 215. , Wood-, 233. sandvicensis, Sterna, 268, 395. Sandwich Tern, 268. Sardinian Warbler, 68. savignii, Hirundo, 330. Savi's Grasshopper- Warbler, 73. Saw-whet Owl, 335. saxatilis, Caccabis, 401. , Monticola, 92, 366. , Turdus, 92. Saxicola, 97, 363. scandiaca, Nyctea, 131. , Strix, 377. INDEX. 425 Scandinavian Chiflchaff, 82. Rock-Pipit, 49. Scarlet Grosbeak, 23. Scaup, 176. , Lesser, 315. schceniclus, Emberiza, 32. tschusii, Emberiza, 33. schcenobaenus, Acrocephalus, 76, 3(55. , Motacilla, 76. schwarzi, Lusciniola, 78. , Sylvia, 78. Scolopax, 211, 389. scolopax, (Edicnemus, 206, 388. Scopoli's Sooty Tern, 349. Scops, 378. scops, Otus, 134, 378. , iStri.v, 134. Scop's Owl, 134. Scoter, Common, 184. , Surf-, 186. , Velvet-, 185. scofica, Lopkophanes cristatus, 59. , Loxia curvircstra, 25. scoticus, Lag opus, 317. , Parus cristatus, 59. , Tetrao, 317. Scottish Crested Titmouse, 59. Crossbill, 25. Screech-Owl, American, 336. Sedge- Warbler, 76. seebohmi, (Enantlie, 100. Seed-eater, Yellow, 323. segetum, Anas, 382. , Anser, 157. Semipalmated Sandpiper, 226. semitorquata, Muscicapa atricapilla, 109. senator, Lanius, 63, 361. badius, Lanius, 63. septentrionalis, Coiymbus, 296, 399. , Phasianus cclchicus, 312. scricea, Cettia, 74. , Sylvia, 364. Serin, 14. Sertnus, 14, 357. canarius, 323. canicollis, 324. icterus, 323. serinus, Fringilla, 14. , Serinus, 14, 357. serrator, Merganser, 188. , Mergus, 188. serrirostris, Anser, 158. Shag, 155. sharpii, Pious viridis, 116. Shearwater, Greater, 287. , Levantine, 286. , Little Madeiran, 288. , Manx, 285. , Mediterranean Great, 287. Shearwater, Sooty, 286. Sheld-Duck, Common, 166. , Ruddy, 167. Shetland Wren, 108. Shore-Lark, 39. Short-eared Owl, 129. toed Lark, 38. Shoveler, 173. Shrike, Great Grey, 61. Lesser Grey," 62. : Masked, 64. Red-backed, 62. Southern Great Grey, 61. White-rumped, 327. Siberian Chiffchaif, 83. Meadow-Bunting, East, 29. Pectoral Sandpiper, 219. Ruby-throat, 329. Thrush, 328. sibilatrix, Motacilla, 81. , Phylloscopus, 81. erlangeri, Phylloscopus, 82. sibirica, Alauda, 38. , Geocichla,3-28. , Limicola falcinellus,^^. , Melanocorypha, 38. sibiricus, Turdus, 328. simplex, Sylvia, 66, 363. Siskin, 13. Sitta, 51, 361. Skua, Buffon's, 273. , Great, 272. , Pomatorhine, 274. , Richardson's, 273. skua, Catharacta, 272, 395. Sky-Lark, 35. , Eastern, 36. Slate-coloured Junco, 325. Slavonian Grebe, 298. Slender-billed Curlew, 239. Nutcracker, 7. smaragdonotus, Porphyrio, 351. Smew, 189. Snipe, Common, 212. , Great, 213. , Jack, 214. , Red-breasted, 234. , Wilson's, 348. Snow-Bunting, 34. Finch, 16. Goose, 160. , Greater, 160. Snowy Owl, 131. Sociable Plover, 248. solitaria, Tringa, 233. solitarius, Helodromas, 233. -, Totanus, 233. Solitary Sandpiper, 233. Somateria, 182, 385. v-nigra, 346. Song-Thrush, British, 87. 426 Song-Thrush, Continental, 86. , Hebridean, 87. Sooty Shearwater, 286. Tern. 269. , Scopoli's, 349. Sora, 302. Southern Great Grey Shrike, 01. Wattled Starling, 320. Sparrow, Hedge-, 104. , House-, 15. , Tree-, 15. , White-throated, 325. Sparrow-Hawk, 144. Spatula, 173, 383. xpecta/rilis, Anas, 184. , Somateria, 184. speculiyera, Muscicapa atricapilla, 109. spinoletta. Alauda, 48. , Anthus, 48, 3 Surnia, 132, 377. ulula caparoch, Surnia, 132, 377. undata, Motacilla, 364. , Sylvia, 70. undatus, Melizophilus, 70. dartfordiensis, Melizo- philus, 70, 364. undulata, Chlamydotis, 205, 388. macqueeni, Chlamydotis, 205. Upupa, 125, 375. uralensis, HierofaJco, 148. , Tetrao urogallus, 316. urbica, Chelidon, 112. , Delichon, 112. , Hirundo, 111, 372. Uria, 277, 396. uria, Uria, 396. Urinator, 399. urogallus, Tetrao, 315, 401. uralensis, Tetrao, 316. v-nigra, Somateria, 346. v-nigrum, Somateria mullissima, 183. Vanellus, 249, 393. vaiielhis, Tringa, 249. , Vanellus, 249, 393. varia, Geocichla, 91. variegatus, Numenins phceopus, 238. varius, Turdus, 91, 3l>6. Velvet-Scoter, 185. versicolor, Phasianus, 312. vespertina, Cerckneis, 151. vespertinus, Falco, 151. , Tinnuncidus, 151. villosus. Dendrocopus, 332. , Dryobates, 332. , Picus, 332 Vireo, Red-eyed, 327. Vireosylva olivacea, 327. viresccns, Ardca, 347. , Butorides, 347. Virginian Quail, 355. virginianus, Colinus, 355. , Orlyx,3no. , Tetrao, 355. virgo, Anthropoides, 348. , Ardea, 3J8. , Grus, 348. viridantts, Lyrurus tctrix, 317. , Phylloscopus, 83. viridis, Gecinus, 115. , Motacilla, 44, 360. , Picus, 115, 373. pluvius, Picus, 373. sharpii, Picus, 116. viscivorus, Turdus, 85, 365. bonapartii, Turdus, 86. dcichlcri, Turdus. 86. reiseri, Turdus, 86. INDEX. 429 vocifera, -Kgialitis, 246. vociferus, Charadrius, 246. -, Oryechus, 246. vulgaris, Buteo, 139, 379. , Coccothraustes, 11. , Flammea, 375. , Sturnus, 8, 357. , Vanellus, 249. Vulture, Egyptian, 137. , Griffon, 136. Wagtail, Ashy-headed, 43. , Black-headed, 44. , Blue-headed, 42. , Grey, 41. , Grey-headed, 44. , Pied, 41. , Sykes', 43. , White, 40. , Yellow, 42. Wall-Creeper, 51. Warbler, Aquatic, 77. , Arctic Willow-, 81. , Barred, 69. , Ely th's Reed-, 75. , Cetti's, 74. , Dartford, 70. , Dusky, 85. , Garden-, 66. , Grasshopper-, 72. , Great Reed-, 76. , Greenish, 83. , Grey-backed, 71. , Icterine, 78. , Marsh-, 75. , Melodious, 79. , Northern Willow-, 80. , Orphean, 68. , Pallas', 84. , Grasshopper-, 73. , Radde's, Bush-, 78. , Reed-, 74. , Rufous, 71. , Sardinian, 68. , Savi's Grasshopper-, 73. , Sedge-, 76. , Subalpine, 69. , Temminck's Grasshopper-, 72. , Willow-, 80. , Wood-, 81. , Yellow-browed, 84. Water-Pipit, 48. , American, 48. -Rail, 300. Wattled Starling, Southern, 320. Waxwing, 64. , Cedar, 327. ivelchi, Lagopus, 319. Western Black-eared Wheatear, 101. throated Wheatear, 102. Western Desert Wheatear, 102. Wheatear, 99. Black, 104. Eastern Black-eared, 101. Desert, 103. Greenland, 100. Isabelline, 100. Pied, 103. Western Black-eared, 101. Black-throated, 102. Desert, 102. Whimbrel, 238. Whinchat, 99. Whiskered Tern, 270. | Whistling Swan, 341. White-billed Northern Diver, 295. , Bob-, 355. collared Flycatcher, 110. eyed Pochard, 175. fronted Goose, 158. -, Lesser, 159. -headed Long-tailed Titmouse. 60. Heron, Grwit, 192. Pelican, 339. rumped Shrike, 327. spotted Bluethroat, 97. Stork, 198. tailed Eagle, 142. Whitethroat, 65. , Lesser, 66 White-throated Sparrow, 325. Wagtail, 40. winged Black Tern, 271. Crossbill, 324. . Lark, 38. White's Thrash, 91. whiteheadi, Sif.ta, 52. Whooper Swan, 164. Wigeon, 171. , American, 172. Wild Duck, 167. Willow-Titmouse, British, 57. , Northern, 57. Warbler, 80. , Arctic, 81. , Northern, 80, wilsoni, Gattinago, 348. , Oceanites, 397. wilsonianus, Asio of us, 129. Wilson's Petrel, 284. Snipe, 348. wolfi, Cyanecula, 97. -, Sylvia, 368. Woodchat, 63. , Corsican, 63. Woodcock, 211. Wood-Lark, 36. Woodpecker, British Great Spotted, 114. , Downy, 332. 430 Woodpecker, European Three-toed, 333. Golden-winged, 331. Great Blac^ 333. Green. 115. Hairy, 332. Lesser Spotted, 115. Middle Spotted, 332. Northern Great Spotted, 114. Wood-Pigeon, 307. Sandpiper. 233. Warbler, 81. Wren. 107. , Euby-crowned, 326. , St. Kilda, 107. 1 Shetland, 108. Wryneck, 116. xanthomelana, fEnanthe, 370. , Saxicola, 370. Xema, 261, 304. yelkouan. ProceUaria, 280. , Puffinus puffinus, 286. yr.lkouaniis. Puffin us, 28(1. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 1 19. breasted Bunting. 30. browed Warbler, 84. Hammer. 27. legged Herring-Gull, 253. Seed-eater, 323. Yellowrfiank, 229. , Greater, 228. Yellow Wagtail, 42. yelfoiiiensio, Alanda, 39. , Melanocorypha, 39, 3">9. za.riidni/i, Acrocephalus anindinaccvs, 70. zetlandicus, Troglodytes troglodytes, 108. Zonotrichia albiccllis, 325. THE KM). A LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS COMPILED I5V A COMMITTKK OF THK BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. " MEDIO TUTISSIMUS IBIS." SECOND AND REVISED EDITION. PUBLISHED BY THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION AND SOLD BY WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. 1915. Price 7s. 6d. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-25m-9,'55(B4283s4)444 piliill A A 000041 172 8 CHHVERSITY of CALIFX)RN^ AT ANGELES