F 
 
 15 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT 
 
 Class 
 
 IZHH 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. A. L. PERRY, D.D., LL.D., 
 
 PBOFESSOR OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN WILLIAMS COLLEGE, 
 WILLIAM STOWN, MASS. 
 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PRINTED BY J. S. GUSHING & CO. 
 1891, 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1891, 
 BY ARTHUR LATHAM PERRY. 
 
 Typography by J. S. dishing & Co., Boston. 
 Presswork by Berwick & Smith, Boston. 
 
BEAD BEFORE THE SCOTCH-IRISH SOCIETY OF AMERICA, AT 
 
 PITTSBURGH, PENN., MAY 29, 1890; AND HERE 
 
 REPRINTED WITH THEIR CONSENT. 
 
 228267 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 MR. PRESIDENT AND BRETHREN OF THE SOCIETY 
 
 The Scotch-Irish did not enter New England unheralded. Early 
 in the spring of 1718 Rev. Mr. Boyd was dispatched from Ulster to 
 Boston as an agent of some hundreds of those people who expressed 
 a strong desire to remove to New England, should suitable encour 
 agement be afforded them. His mission was to Governor Shute, of 
 Massachusetts, then in the third year of his administration of that 
 colony, an old soldier of King William, a Lieutenant-Colonel under 
 Marlborough in the wars of Queen Anne, and wounded in one of 
 the great battles in Flanders. Mr. Boyd was empowered to make 
 all necessary arrangements with the civil authorities for the recep 
 tion of those whom he represented, in case his report of the state of 
 things here should prove to be favorable. 
 
 As an assurance to the governor of the good faith and earnest 
 resolve of those who sent him, Mr. Boyd brought an engrossed 
 parchment twenty-eight inches square, containing the following 
 memorial to his excellency, and the autograph names of the heads 
 of the families proposing to emigrate : " We whose names are 
 underwritten, Inhabitants of ye North of Ireland, Doe in our own 
 names, and in the names of many others, our Neighbors, Gentlemen, 
 Ministers, Farmers, and Tradesmen, Commissionate and appoint our 
 trusty and well beloved friend, the Eeverend Mr. William Boyd, of 
 Macasky, to His Excellency, the Eight Honorable Collonel Samuel 
 Suitte, Governour of New England, and to assure His Excellency of 
 our sincere and hearty Inclination to Transport ourselves to that 
 very excellent and renowned Plantation upon our obtaining from 
 His Excellency suitable incouragement. And further to act and 
 Doe in our Names as his prudence shall direct. Given under our 
 hands this 26th day of March, Anno Dom. 1718." 
 
 To this brief but explicit memorial, three hundred and nineteen 
 names were appended, all but thirteen of them in fair and vigorous 
 
 5 
 
>S&OTCl! -IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 autograph. Thirteen only, or four per cent of the whole, made their 
 " mark " upon the parchment. It may well be questioned, whether 
 in any other part of the United Kingdom at that time, one hundred 
 and seventy-two years ago, in England or Wales, or Scotland or 
 Ireland, so large a proportion as ninety-six per cent of promiscuous 
 householders in the common walks of life could have written their 
 own names. And it was proven in the sequel, that those who could 
 write, as well as those who could not, were also able upon occasion 
 to make their " mark." 
 
 I have lately scrutinized with critical care this ancient parchment 
 stamped by the hands of our ancestors, now in the custody of the 
 Historical Society of New Hampshire, and was led into a line of 
 reflections which I will not now repeat, as to its own vicissitudes in 
 the seven quarter-centuries of its existence, and as to the personal 
 vicissitudes and motives, and heart-swellings and hazards, and cold 
 and hunger and nakedness, as well as the hard-earned success and 
 the sense of triumph, and the immortal vestigia of the men who 
 lovingly rolled and unrolled this costly parchment on the banks of 
 the Foyle and the Bann Water ! Tattered are its edges now, 
 shrunken by time and exposure its original dimensions, illegible 
 already some of the names even under the fortifying power of 
 modern lenses, but precious in the eyes of New England, nay, 
 precious in the eyes of Scotch-Irishmen everywhere, is this vener 
 able muniment of intelligence and of courageous purpose looking 
 down upon us from the time of the first English George. 
 
 It is enough for our present purpose to know that Governor 
 Shute gave such general encouragement and promise of welcome 
 through Mr. Boyd to his constituents that the latter were content 
 with the return-word received from their messenger, and set about 
 with alacrity the preparations for their embarkation. Nothing 
 definite was settled between the governor and the minister, not 
 even the locality of a future residence for the newcomers ; but it is 
 clear in general, that the governor s eye was upon the district of 
 Maine, then and for a century afterward, a part of Massachusetts. 
 Five years before Boyd s visit to Boston, had been concluded the 
 European treaty of Utrecht, and, as between England and France, it 
 had therein been agreed that all of Nova Scotia or Acadia, "accord 
 ing to its ancient boundaries," should remain to England. But what 
 were the ancient boundaries of Acadia ? Did it include all that is 
 now New Brunswick ? Or had France still a large territory on the 
 Atlantic between Acadia and Maine ? This was a vital question, 
 wholly unsolved by the treaty. The motive of Massachusetts in 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 7 
 
 welcoming the Scotch-Irish into her jurisdiction was to plant them 
 on the frontiers of Maine as a living bulwark against the restless and 
 enterprising French of the north, and their still more restless savage 
 allies ; the motive of the Ulstermen in coming to America was to 
 establish homes of their own in fee simple, taxable only to support 
 their own form of worship and their strictly local needs to escape, 
 in short, the land lease and the church tithe; the bottom aims, accord 
 ingly, of both parties to the negotiation ran parallel with each other, 
 and there was in consequence a swift agreement in the present, and 
 in the long sequel a large realization of the purposes of both. 
 
 August 4, 1718, five small ships came to anchor near the little 
 wharf at the foot of State Street in Boston, then a town of perhaps 
 twelve thousand people. On board these ships were about one 
 hundred and twenty families of Scotch-Irish. They reckoned them 
 selves in families. It is certain that the number of persons in the 
 average family so reckoned was, according to our modern notions, 
 very large. There may have been, there probably was, at least 
 seven hundred and fifty passengers on board. Cluttered in those 
 separate ships, not knowing exactly whither to turn, having as a 
 whole no recognized leader on board, 110 Castle Garden to afford 
 a preliminary shelter, no organized Commissioners of Immigration 
 to lend them a hand, the most of them extremely poor the imag 
 ination would fain, but may not picture the confusions and per 
 plexities, the stout hearts of some and the heart-aches of others, the 
 reckless joy of children, and the tottering steps of old men and 
 women. One patriarch, John Young I know his posterity well 
 was ninety-five years old. And there were babies in arms, a plenty 
 of them ! 
 
 Besides Mr. Boyd, who had stayed the summer in Boston, where 
 he found already settled a few scattered and peeled of his own race 
 and faith, there were three Presbyterian ministers on board, Mr. 
 McGregor, of blessed memory, Mr. Cornwall, and Mr. Holmes. 
 Those best off of all the passengers the McKeens, the Cargills, 
 the Nesmiths, the Cochrans, the Dinsmores, the Mooars, and some 
 other families were natives of Scotland, whose heads had passed 
 over into Ulster during the short reign of James II. These were 
 Covenanters. They had lived together in the valley of the Bann 
 Water for about thirty years, in or near the towns of Coleraine and 
 Ballymoney and Kilrea. Their pastor was James McGregor. They 
 wished to settle together in the new land of promise. They or their 
 fathers and neighbors had felt the edge of the sword of Graham of 
 Claverhouse in Argyleshire ; they wished to enjoy together in peace 
 
8 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 in some sequestered spot the sweet ministrations of the Gospel 
 according to their own sense of its rule and order, and, being better 
 able than the rest to wait and choose out for themselves, we shall 
 follow their fortunes a little farther on. 
 
 Others of the company were the descendants of those who par 
 ticipated in the original " Colonization of Ulster," which dates from 
 1610 ; and of those who, three years later, formed the first Presbytery 
 in Ireland, the "Presbytery of Antrim." Others still were the 
 progeny of those Scotchmen and Englishmen, whom Cromwell trans 
 planted at the middle of the century to take the places of those 
 wasted by his own pitiless sword " the sword of the Lord and of 
 Gideon ! " And a few families of native Irish also mingled in the 
 throngs around the wharf, doubtless drawn by sympathy and attach 
 ment to take the risk of the New with their neighbors whom they 
 had found trustworthy and hospitable in the Old. I only know for 
 certain that the numerous Young family, consisting of four genera 
 tions, and the wife of Joshua Gray, of whom we shall hear more 
 pretty soon, were Celtic Irish. 
 
 If now we except some individuals and families of this great 
 company, who found pretty soon a transient or permanent home in 
 Boston in connection with their countrymen already settled there 
 in an isolated way, and who a few years afterward formed a Presby 
 terian Church in Long Lane (later Federal Street), under Rev. John 
 Moorehead of saintly but eccentric memory, which church turned 
 Congregational in 1786, and afterward, under the famous Dr. 
 Channing, became the bridge to Unitarianism ; and if we except 
 also, perhaps, as many families who went up that autumn to An- 
 dover, then a new town whose development they influenced both 
 socially and theologically, and a considerable number more who went 
 up temporarily to await events, to the towns along the Merrimac, as 
 Dracut and Haverhill, all the rest of the migration became located 
 in the course of six months in three main centers, to which we must 
 now attend in order, and from which these peculiar people diffused 
 themselves little by little into every corner of New England. 
 
 1. WORCESTER. Nowadays we in Massachusetts call Worcester 
 " the heart of the Commonwealth." It is a shallow bowl of beauti 
 ful country. The fall of 1718 marked the fifth year of its permanent 
 settlement. There were about fifty log-houses and two hundred 
 souls within the circle. These were all English and Puritans, and 
 from the towns immediately to the eastward. But the Indians 
 were hostile. Two previous settlements on the spot had been 
 abandoned from this cause, the first in King Philip s War in the 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 9 
 
 year 1675, the second in Queen Anne s "War in 1709. Now the colony 
 was determined to hold the ground. At least five garrison-houses, 
 one a regular block fort, stood within the bowl. Accordingly, Gov 
 ernor Shute looked favorably upon the proposition, that a part of 
 the Scotch-Irish, now in one sense on his hands, should go direct to 
 Worcester, to find a much-needed home for themselves, to reinforce 
 the fifty families already on the ground, and to take their chances 
 in helping to defend the menaced western frontier, fifty miles from 
 Boston. 
 
 We do not know exactly how many went to Worcester. We 
 may fairly infer that at least fifty families large families went 
 straight from Boston to Worcester that autumn, and that the popu 
 lation of the place was thus more than doubled at one stroke. I 
 entertain the opinion, gathered from scattered and uncertain data, 
 that it was the poorer, the more illiterate, the more helpless, part 
 of the five ship-loads who were conducted to Worcester. I have 
 hanging in my study, handsomely framed, the original deed by 
 which my immediate maternal ancestor, Matthew Gray, conveyed to 
 his son, of the same name, in 1735, his farm in Worcester of fifty- 
 five acres, still called there the " Gray Farm," to which deed are 
 appended not the autographs but the " marks " of Matthew and 
 Jean, his wife. Neither Matthew nor Jean could write. The deed 
 is witnessed, however, by " William Gray, Jr.," who writes a fair 
 hand; but "Ealanor Gray," who witnesses with him, makes her 
 " mark." Three marks to one manual is a bad proportion, but you 
 will allow me to premise that the Grays, though illiterate, were 
 long-headed. 
 
 There is much evidence that the poor Scotch-Irish were welcomed 
 in Worcester at first. They were needed there, both for civil and 
 military reasons. Jonas Rice, the first permanent settler of Wor 
 cester, who had been a planter during the second settlement broken 
 up by the Indians, returned to his farm to stay, October 21, 1713, 
 and remained with his family alone in the forest till the spring of 
 1715. Adonijah, his son, was the first child born in Worcester, 
 November 7, 1714. The cool courage, good sense, and strict integ 
 rity of Jonas Rice made him the first great leader in the town 
 where great leaders have never been wanting since. lie was just 
 the man to appreciate the stout hearts of his new-come, not yet 
 well-understood, neighbors. No town organization had as yet been 
 made when, in 1722, Lovell s Indian War broke out, and two Scotch- 
 Irishmen, John Gray and Eobert Crawford, were posted alone as 
 scouts on Leicester Hill to the westward, doubtless at Rice s in- 
 
10 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 stance. In September of the same year a township organization 
 was first effected, and John Gray, with Jonas Rice, were two of the 
 first selectmen; William Gray was chosen one of the two fence- 
 viewers, and Eobert Peebles one of the two hog-reeves. At the first 
 annual town meeting, the next year, new names of the strangers 
 appear on the list of town officers ; for example, James Hamil 
 ton as surveyor, and Andrew Farren as fence-viewer, though John 
 Gray dropped this year from selectman to sealer of leather ; but at 
 the second annual March meeting, 1724, John Gray goes back to 
 his earlier post as selectman ; James McClellan, great-great-great 
 grandfather to the late general-in-chief, becomes a constable ; Robert 
 Lethridge, a surveyor of highways ; William Gray and Eobert Pee 
 bles, fence-viewers ; John Battay, tithingman ; and Matthew Gray, 
 my own great-great-grandfather, both sealer of leather and hog-reeve. 
 
 The most interesting of the purely Irish families, who came with 
 the Scotch to Worcester, with whom they had contracted relation 
 ship during their long residence in Ulster, or become attached by 
 community of sentiment and suffering, was the Young family, four 
 generations together. They brought the potato to Worcester, and 
 it was first planted there in several fields in the spring of 1719. 
 The tradition is still lively in Scotch-Irish families (I listened to it 
 eagerly in my boyhood) that some of their English neighbors, after 
 enjoying the hospitality of one of the Irish families, were presented 
 each, on their departure, with a few tubers for planting, and the 
 recipients, unwilling to give offense by refusing, accepted the gift ; 
 but suspecting the poisonous quality, carried them only to the next 
 swamp and chucked them into the water. The same spring a few 
 potatoes were given for seed to a Mr. Walker, of Andover, Mass., 
 by an Irish family who had wintered with him, previous to their 
 departure for Londonderry to the northward. The potatoes were 
 accordingly planted, came up and flourished well, blossomed and 
 produced balls, which the family supposed were the fruit to be eaten. 
 They cooked the balls in various ways, but could not make them 
 palatable, and pronounced them unfit for food. The next spring, 
 while plowing the garden, the plow passed through where the 
 potatoes had grown, and turned out some of great size, by which 
 means they discovered their mistake. This is the reason why this 
 now indispensable esculent is still called in New England certainly, 
 and perhaps elsewhere, the " Irish potato." 
 
 John Young was perhaps the oldest immigrant who ever came to 
 this country to live and die. If the inscription on his tombstone is 
 to be trusted, which the American Antiquarian Society, of Worcester, 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 11 
 
 copied and published many years ago, lie was ninety-five years old 
 when he landed at Boston. He lived in Worcester twelve years, 
 died in 1730, was buried in the old yard on the common. His son, 
 David Young, an old man when he came, died at ninety-four years, 
 and was buried in the same place. His son, William Young, a 
 stone-cutter by trade, erected over their graves a common double 
 headstone, with the following inscriptions in parallel columns, united 
 at the bottom by the rude yet precious rhyming lines : 
 
 Here lies interred the remains of Here lies interred the remains of 
 
 John Young, who was born in David Young, who was born in 
 
 the isle of Bert, near London- the parish of Tahbeyn, county of 
 
 derry, in the Kingdom of Ireland. Donegal, and Kingdom of Ireland. 
 
 He departed this life, June He departed this life, December 
 
 30, 1730, aged 107 years. 26, aged 94 years. 
 
 The aged son, and the more aged father 
 
 Beneath (these) stones their mould ring bones 
 
 Here rest together." 
 
 Moses Young, probably the son of this epitaphist, William Young, 
 was a lad of some six years at the time of the emigration, and 
 became the ancestor of numerous families of that name in Western 
 Massachusetts, and particularly in Williamstown, the town of my 
 residence, where there are no less than five Young families at 
 present, living in one neighborhood, the same they have occupied as 
 farmers for a century and a quarter. These families and individuals 
 have never exhibited the main traits of their Scotch-Irish com 
 panions and their descendants. They have been less " canny " and 
 enterprising. Race blood tells from generation to generation. They 
 have been, perhaps, more inclined to intoxicants than the others ; 
 although, if the truth must be told, the whole tribe in New England, 
 as a rule, and in the earlier times, have drunk more than their fair 
 share of the liquor. Only now and then one of the Youngs has tried 
 professional and official life. John Young, born in Worcester, June 
 2, 1739, studied medicine with the first and famous Dr. Green, of 
 Worcester. He practiced a little while in Pelham, and then moved 
 to Peterborough, N.H., about 1764. Both of these were Scotch- 
 Irish towns, and Dr. Young s migrations illustrate the usage, well- 
 nigh universal in the last century, of families and individuals 
 moving from town to town within the Presbyterian circuit. Young 
 was always very poor, and became very intemperate. The common 
 custom of "treating" the doctor and minister at each professional, 
 and even friendly call, wrought mischief to multitudes of both 
 orders ; and the later and the last necessities of poor John Young, 
 
12 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 who died February 27, 1807, were considerately ministered unto by 
 the town of Peterborough. 
 
 When "Lovell s War" was over, and before the "Old French 
 War" began, and when the two sets of population in Worcester 
 settled down to a better neighborhood acquaintance, the inevitable 
 antipathies waked up as between Englishmen and Scotchmen, as 
 between Presbyterians and Puritans. Certain traits and habits of 
 our folks, to be specified later as common to them in all New England, 
 intensified the feeling of repugnance felt toward them in Worcester. 
 They were commonly called "Irish." Even a formal act of the 
 General Court of Massachusetts denominated them " poor Irish 
 people " ; and a little later the General Court of New Hampshire 
 styled the Londonderry section of them " a company of Irish at 
 Nutfield." This designation they all naturally enough resented. 
 "We are surprised," writes Rev. James McGregor, the pastor of 
 Londonderry, in a letter to Governor Shute, bearing date in 1720, 
 "to hear ourselves termed Irish people, when we so frequently 
 ventured our all for the British crown and liberties against the 
 Irish papists, and gave all tests of our loyalty which the govern 
 ment of Ireland required, and are always ready to do the same when 
 required." 
 
 In Worcester there were at least two, Abraham Blair and Wil 
 liam Caldwell, and in Londonderry several more, including Rev. 
 Matthew Clark, of the survivors of the heroic -defense of the Ulster 
 Londonderry in 1689; and these men and their heirs were made 
 free of taxation throughout the British provinces by Act of Parlia 
 ment, and occupied what were called " exempt farms " in New Eng 
 land until the American Revolution, so immensely important to the 
 establishment of their throne did William and Mary hold the ser 
 vices of the Protestant settlers and defenders of Ulster against the 
 last and the worst of the Stuarts. Now, for these very men and 
 their companions in exile to be stigmatized as " Irish," in the sense 
 in which that term was then held in reproach, was a bitter pill to 
 our fathers ; and this, and other prejudices more or less well-founded, 
 only yielded, in the course of time, to the influence of their simple 
 virtues and sterling worth. 
 
 The tenure by which these people held their lands in Worcester 
 seems at first to have been the same as that of their English neigh 
 bors, who came earlier; namely, by direct grant of the General 
 Court of Massachusetts : at any rate, there is a very early record 
 that lots were so granted to John Gray and Andrew McFarland, 
 two of their leaders ; and the lots so granted earlier to members of 
 
SCOTCH-IKISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 13 
 
 the Committee of Settlement, and to others not actual settlers, were 
 soon in the market at a very cheap price, and it is known that some 
 of the families bought these lots at second hand, because the deeds 
 are on record, and I have seen them ; it was not, accordingly, at this 
 point, of lands or anything connected with them, that the jealousy 
 and bitterness between the two strains of blood began, but rather 
 at the point of differences of language and personal habits, and 
 especially of church beliefs and ceremonial. The English had put 
 up a rude log meeting-house the year before the Scotch-Irish came, 
 and the year after a more commodious structure was erected on the 
 site of the "Old South Church" (but quite recently removed) ; the 
 Ulster Presbyterians, from the very first, liked to have worship by 
 themselves, and in their own way, whenever and wherever they 
 could ; it is known that they held service, sometimes in summer, in 
 the open air, and for a considerable period, by vote of the town, 
 they occupied for preaching purposes one of the old garrison houses, 
 commonly called the " Old Fort." Here having formed a religious 
 society, they enjoyed for a time the ministrations of Eev. Edward 
 Fitzgerald and Eev. William Johnston ; still, they did not aban 
 don the Puritan Church on the Common, and were taxed, of course, 
 for its support. This taxation made friction, for they were poor 
 and could not support their own minister besides contributing to 
 the support of the other ; arid Mr. Fitzgerald, being unable to procure 
 proper maintenance, removed from the town. The numbers of Pres 
 byterian communicants were nearly equal to those of the Congrega 
 tional Church, and the latter had proposed a union with the former ; 
 and Mr. Fitzgerald had once been invited to occupy the pulpit, 
 vacated by the dismissal of Eev. Mr. Gardner in 1722, for a single 
 Sabbath when no candidate could be procured, but the request was 
 not repeated, and no inducement was held out to him to remain. 
 
 In 1725 the English settled a new minister in the person of Eev. 
 Isaac Burr, and the tacit understanding if not the express agreement 
 was that if the Presbyterians would aid morally and pecuniarily in 
 his support, they should be permitted to place in the pulpit occasion 
 ally teachers of their own denomination j and so the Scotch people 
 united with the other inhabitants. After some time, finding that 
 their expectations were not being realized in this regard, and were 
 not likely to be, the Scotch withdrew from the Church on the 
 Common, and installed the Eev. William Johnston to be their min 
 ister. Feelings were deepening, difficulties in the way of union 
 were multiplying, and the Scotch had no suitable place of worship 
 of their own. When, in 1733, the Church on the Common was 
 
14 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 repaired and somewhat adorned, and a committee of seven (all Eng 
 lish) being appointed "to seat ye meeting-house pursuant to instruc 
 tions/ it cannot be denied that the olive-branch was held out to the 
 party of the second part by assigning them in general very good 
 seats, according to the standard of the time ; for example : " In ye 
 fore section of ye body" (with five English families), John Gray; 
 "In ye second section of ye body" (with three English), William 
 Gray, James Hamilton, Andrew McFarland, John Clark, Robert 
 Peebles; "In ye third section of ye body" (all Scotch), Matthew 
 Gray, Alexander McKonkey, "William Caldwell, John Duncan, William 
 Gray, Jr., Matthew Gray, Jr., Andrew McFarland, Jr., John Gray, 
 Jr. ; "In ye fourth section of ye body" (with four English), James 
 Thornington, John Battey, Oliver Wallis, Robert Blair ; " In ye fifth 
 section of ye body" (all Scotch), James Forbush, John Alexander, 
 William Mahan, John Stimson, Duncan Graham, John McFarland, 
 Joseph Clark ; " In ye sixth section of ye body " (with three English 
 families), John Patrick, James Glasford, John Sterling, Hugh Kelso; 
 " In ye fore section of ye foremost gallery " (no Scotch) ; " In ye 
 second section of ye foremost gallery" (with five English), Samuel 
 Gray, Thomas Hamilton, Matthew Clark, William Temple ; " In ye 
 fore section of ye long gallery " (with fourteen English), William 
 McClellan, James McClellan, John Cishiel, Robert Barbour ; " In ye 
 second section in ye long gallery" (with three English), Patrick 
 Peebles, John McKonkey, Robert Marble, John Peebles. 
 
 Three years after this apparently ostentatious patronage of the 
 Presbyterians, the latter, having been compelled to contribute for 
 eleven years to the support of the Rev. Mr. Burr without any pulpit 
 or other recognition of their peculiar views, made a formal appeal 
 to the justice of their fellow-townsmen in town meeting for relief 
 from a tax inconsistent with their religious privileges. It was of no 
 avail. The petition is not extant, since little care was taken to 
 preserve the memorials of this unoffending but persecuted people, 
 whose history discloses the injustice and intolerance of our English 
 ancestors ; but the answer of the town of Worcester to their applica 
 tion is on record, and it is a curious specimen of an attempt to make 
 the worse appear the better reason. One can hardly say whether 
 there be in it more of Yankee subtlety or religious illiberality. It 
 begins in this way : " In answer to the petition of John Clark and 
 others, praying to be released from paying toward the support of 
 the Rev. Isaac Burr, pastor of the church in this town, or any other 
 except Mr. Johnston, the town, upon mature consideration, think 
 that the request is unreasonable, and that they ought not to comply 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 15 
 
 with it, upon many considerations." Thereupon follow four enu 
 merated and elaborate alleged reasons for refusal, no one of them, 
 nor all of them together, expressing fully the real reasons. The 
 first is a mere quibble ; the second asserts that, inasmuch as both 
 churches follow substantially the Westminster Confession of Faith, 
 " they may enjoy the same worship, ordinances, and Christian privi 
 leges, and means of their spiritual edification, with us, as in the 
 way which they call Presbyterian, and their consciences not be 
 imposed on in anything. 7 As is usual in this kind of document, 
 the third enumerated consideration falls into an accusing of the 
 brethren, " but we have rather reason to suppose that their separation 
 from us is from some irregular views and motives, which it would 
 be unworthy of us to countenance " ; and the fourth consideration I 
 will quote in full, for the purpose of exhibiting its spirit: "We 
 look upon the petitioners and others breaking off from us as they 
 have done, as being full of irregularity and disorder, not to mention 
 that the ordination of their minister was disorderly, even with 
 respect to the principles which they themselves pretend to act by, 
 as well as with respect to us, to whom they stand related, and with 
 whom they cohabit, and enjoy with us in common all proper social, 
 civil, and Christian rights and privileges ; their separating from us 
 being contrary to the public establishment and laws of this Province ; 
 contrary to their own covenant with us, and unreasonably weaken 
 ing to the town, whose numbers and dimensions (the north part 
 being excepted by the vote from paying to Mr. Burr) will not admit 
 of the honorable support of two ministers of the gospel, and tending 
 to cause and cherish divisions and parties, greatly destructive to 
 our civil and religious interests, and the peace, tranquillity, and 
 happiness." 
 
 It is hardly necessary to add that these masterful bits of logic, 
 from which almost all of the formal fallacies of the books might be 
 illustrated, carried the town by a large majority. This was in 1736. 
 It gave rise to two distinct impulses among the Presbyterians : first, 
 to build a meeting-house of their own, in which " Mr. Johnston " 
 might officiate, which there was no law to prevent; and second, 
 among individuals of better fortune and more independence than 
 the rest, to shake off the dust of their feet for a testimony against 
 the infinitesimal bigotry of Worcester Puritans, and go elsewhere. 
 
 The Worcester Kegistry of Deeds bears ample evidence that 
 many farms in the "north part" of the town, where the Scotch-Irish 
 were specially located, and where the "Old Fort" stood in which 
 they sometimes worshiped, changed hands in 1737, and in the years 
 
16 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 immediately following. John Gray, for example, and each of three 
 sons of his, made significant conveyances of land in Worcester in 
 that interval ; and it is quite noticeable that the name of John 
 Clark, the first to sign the petition to the town of Worcester for 
 exemption from church taxes in behalf of himself and fellow signers, 
 stands prominent a couple of years later among the first settlers of 
 the Scotch-Irish town of Colerain, fifty miles to the northwest 
 of Worcester, so named from the old Ulster town on the Bann. 
 The Morrisons, Pennells, Herrouns, Hendersons, Cochranes, Hunters, 
 Henrys, Clarks, McClellans, McCowens, Taggarts, and McDowells, 
 many of whom had been previous settlers in Worcester, wer% the 
 chief families in this frontier and Presbyterian town, now on the 
 border of Vermont. 
 
 But the most striking proof of the discontent of the folks of our 
 blood with their church-treatment in Worcester was the formal 
 organization there in 1738, two years after the contemptuous rejec 
 tion of their petition, of a company consisting of thirty-four families 
 to purchase and settle a new town on principles in keeping with 
 their own. Thus originated Pelham, about thirty miles west of 
 Worcester. Kobert Peebles and James Thornington (afterward 
 spelled Thornton) were a committee to contract with Colonel John 
 Stoddard and others, who owned the territory. In the contract 
 occurs this passage : " It is agreed that families of good connection 
 be settled on the premises, who shall be such as were the inhabitants 
 of the Kingdom of Ireland or their descendants, being Protestants, 
 and none to be admitted but such as bring good and undeniable 
 credentials or certificates of their being persons of good conversation 
 and of the Presbyterian persuasion as used in the Church of Scot 
 land, and conform to the discipline thereof." 
 
 The first meeting of these proprietors was held in Worcester at 
 the house of Captain Daniel Haywood in February, 1739, and all 
 subsequent meetings of the proprietors were held in Worcester, until 
 in August, 1740, when a meeting was held in the new township at 
 the house of JohnJFerguson. At this first meeting in their own 
 new town it was "voted to build a meeting-house, to raise 100 
 towards building it, and choose a committee to agree with a work 
 man to raise the house and provide for the settling of a minister." 
 Subsequent to this, 220 were raised in two installments for the 
 erection and completion of the structure. In the spring of 1743 
 two meetings were held in the new meeting-house, and measures 
 were then taken " to glaze the meeting-house, to build a pulpit, and 
 underpin the house at the charge of the town." The first pastor 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 17 
 
 they called to settle was their old quasi-pastor at Worcester, Eev. 
 Mr. Johnston, who had in the meantime removed to Londonderry, 
 N. H. ; but he naturally enough declined the call. But Robert 
 Abercrombie, a native of Edinburgh, a profound scholar, and pos 
 sessor of a library surpassed by few in its time, and which has been 
 kept together till the present time, began to preach to the people 
 in the summer of 1742. His ordination sermon was preached by 
 the famous Jonathan Edwards, and he remained a steadfast friend 
 and coadjutor of that persecuted servant of God throughout his 
 subsequent troubles in the neighboring Northampton. It is worth 
 noting that the public school of Pelharn was kept in the new meet 
 ing-house for about ten years, when it was " voted to build three 
 school-houses, one at the Meeting-house, one at the West End of the 
 town, and one on the East Hill." 
 
 Now, notwithstanding these repeated drafts on the home colony 
 and church at Worcester, to Colerain and Pelham and elsewhere, 
 those who remained there were still determined to build a meeting 
 house of their own. They had been weakened, but not disheartened. 
 They naturally chose a site near to the " Old Fort," which had been 
 to them more or less a worshiping-place, on the " Boston .road," not 
 far from the center of thei;- scattered homesteads. I have often 
 been in the neighborhood of this place, and am confident I can point 
 out the spot within a very few rods. In their extreme poverty 
 they raised the needful moneys, the timber was brought to the site, 
 framed and raised, and the building in the earlier progress of con 
 struction, when the other inhabitants of Worcester, many of them 
 persons of consideration and respectability and professed piety, 
 gathered tumultuously in the night-time, leveled the structure with 
 the ground, sawed the timbers, and burnt or carried off the pieces 
 and other materials. This was in 1740. The defenseless, but in 
 dignant strangers were compelled to submit to this infamous wrong. 
 The English Puritans and their irresponsible hangers-on chose, 
 indeed, the night-time for their mob-violence and devilish meanness, 
 but no blackness of darkness can ever cover up a deed like this ; no 
 sophistries, no neighborhood mis-affinities, no town votes, no race 
 jealousies, no wretched shibboleth of any name, can ever wipe out 
 that stain. The blood of English Puritans and of Scotch Presby 
 terians mingles in my veins ; my great-grandfather Perry, my 
 grandfather of the same name, my uncle, too, in the same line, 
 officiated as deacons for ninety-four successive years in the old 
 South Church on the Common, which originated and perpetrated 
 this outrage on humanity ; nevertheless, I give my feeble word of 
 
18 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 utter condemnation for this shameless act of bigotry, the details of 
 which I learned as a little boy at my mother s knee. 
 
 The motives to a still further exodus from Worcester on the part 
 of the Scotch were of course still further intensified by this scanda 
 lous destruction of their property in 1740, and it is significant, that 
 the third and fourth purely Scotch-Irish towns in Massachusetts, 
 namely, Western (now Warren), in Worcester County, and Bland- 
 ford, in Hampden County, were both incorporated the next year, 
 1741. These two towns, even more than the two earlier ones, Pel- 
 ham and Colerain, have continued and still remain in the hands of 
 the descendants of the Worcester families. In Blandford the families 
 of Blair, Boise, Knox, Carnahan, Watson, Wilson, and Ferguson 
 were prominent ; and in Western some of the same names, especially 
 the Blairs, with Reeds and Crawfords, and many more. Notwith 
 standing these successive migrations from Worcester, a very con 
 siderable number of families remained there ; among them, the 
 McClellans, the Caldwells, the Blairs, the McFarlands, the Rankins, 
 the Grays, the Crawfords, the Youngs, the Hamiltons, the Dun 
 cans, the Grahams, the Forbushes, the Kelsos, the Clarks, the 
 Fergusons, the McClintocks, the McKonkeys, the Glasfords, and 
 the McGregors. The later movement of individual families from 
 Worcester and Pelham and Colerain and Western and Blandford 
 carried Scotch-Irish blood into every town of Western Massachu 
 setts, and ultimately into most of the towns of Vermont, while the 
 reflex movement from and into Massachusetts to and from the con 
 temporary settlements in New Hampshire and Maine, soon to be 
 characterized, served to keep in touch and sympathy, in mutual 
 acquaintance and interchange of ministers, and more or less of 
 intermarriage, all these local centers of our race in New England. 
 
 The two most distinguished men who have come out* from this 
 Worcester branch of the great migration of 1718, have been Dr. 
 Matthew Thornton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 and Professor Asa Gray, at the time of his death the most accom 
 plished botanist in the world. 
 
 Matthew Thornton (or Thornington, as the name was then spelled) 
 was a lad of four years when the five ships zigzagged into Boston 
 Harbor. His father, James Thornton, instead of going to Worcester 
 directly that autumn, was one of a company Willis estimates them 
 at about three hundred who wintered on shipboard in Portland 
 Harbor. In the spring, with few others, he settled at Wiscasset, in 
 the Kennebec country. After a very few years there, we find both 
 father and son in Worcester, where the boy received whatever 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 19 
 
 primary education lie had, and after studying medicine, which was 
 rudely taught in those days, commenced practice in Londonderry, 
 among those who were from his native land, and who proverbially 
 possess warm national remembrances. Here he acquired a wide 
 reputation as a physician, and in the course of several years of 
 successful practice became comparatively rich for those times. He 
 also sustained several public offices, taking, as Scotch-Irishmen are 
 wont to do, an active and influential part in the public affairs of his 
 locality. 
 
 He became surgeon to a regiment of New Hampshire men in the 
 famous expedition against Cape Breton under Pepperell in 1745; 
 and it is related of his regiment of five hundred men that only six 
 died previously to the surrender of Louisburg, although a company 
 from Londonderry commanded by Captain John Mooar, were employed 
 for fourteen successive nights, with straps over their shoulders, and 
 sinking to their knees in mud, in drawing cannon from the landing- 
 place to the camp, through a morass. Scotch-Irishmen always hated 
 the French next to the Devil ! 
 
 At the breaking out of the Revolution, Thornton held the post 
 of colonel in the New Hampshire militia, and had also been com 
 missioned a justice of the peace by Benning Wentworth, acting under 
 British authority ; but after Lexington and Concord, on the 19th of 
 April, 1775, John Wentworth, then governor, retired from the gov 
 ernment of New Hampshire and went to England. Under these 
 circumstances the colony called a " Provincial Convention, 7 of which 
 Thornton was appointed president. There was no state constitution 
 as yet, and no declaration of independence, but there was no other 
 constituted government in the province besides this provincial con 
 vention, and I am fond of thinking, and believe it to be historically 
 correct to affirm, that this extemporized but indispensable New 
 Hampshire convention, presided over by a Scotch-Irishman, Ulster- 
 born, was the first independent sovereignty upon this continent I 
 It certainly assumed the functions of an independent government 
 in the name of the people of the Colony. 
 
 Thereafter the public career of Matthew Thornton, both in state 
 and nation, is well known to the world; and a station on the Railroad 
 from Boston to Concord commemorates in its name, "Thornton s 
 Ferry," a fine estate on the banks of the Merrimac, confiscated by 
 New Hampshire from its then Tory owner, which later became by 
 purchase the home and last resting-place of the first of our kith and 
 kin to gain a national reputation here in the line of statesmanship. 
 
 An anecdote of Judge Thornton has been preserved which may 
 
20 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 serve to illustrate the keen and ready wit possessed by him in 
 common with most of the Scotch-Irish race. In his old age, 1798, 
 he happened to attend a session of the New Hampshire legislature, 
 which met in a town adjoining his own. He was eighty-four years 
 old. He had served many years before in all three branches of the 
 legislature. Meeting at this time an old Londonderry neighbor, 
 who was now a member of the House, the latter asked the judge if 
 he did not think the legislature had improved very much since the 
 old days when he held a seat ? if it did not have more men of natural 
 and acquired abilities, and more eloquent speakers than formerly, 
 " for then," said he, " you know that there were but five or six who 
 could make speeches, but now all we farmers can make speeches." 
 "To answer that question, I will tell you a story I remember to 
 have heard related of an old gentleman, a farmer, who lived but a 
 short distance from my father s residence in Ireland. This old 
 gentleman was very exemplary in his observance of religious duties, 
 and made it a constant practice to read a portion of Scripture 
 morning and evening before addressing the Throne of Grace. It 
 happened one morning that he was reading the chapter which gives 
 an account of Samson catching three hundred foxes, when the old 
 lady, his wife, interrupted him by saying, John, I m sure that 
 canna be true ; for our Isaac was as good a fox-hunter as there ever 
 was in the country, and he never caught but about twenty. Hooh ! 
 Janet, replied the old gentleman, <ye mauna always tak the 
 Scripture just as it reads; perhaps in the three hundred there might 
 ha been aughteen, or may be twanty, that were real foxes ; the rest 
 were all skunks and woodchucks. 
 
 Professor Asa Gray, the cosmopolitan botanist, was born in Paris, 
 N. Y., in 1810, and died in his seventy-eighth year, in Cambridge, 
 the seat of his labors and the center of his fame. He was a great- 
 great-grandson of the first Matthew Gray of Worcester, to whom I 
 also stand in the same genealogical relation. Some ten years ago 
 I spent, by invitation, an evening at his house, in order to unfold to 
 him a little the story of our common ancestors in Worcester. He 
 was very courteous, and apparently attentive ; but I soon discovered 
 that the drift and training of his mind had led him to care vastly 
 more about the genealogy and physiology of plants the world over 
 than about the genealogy and mode of life of that Scotch-Irish 
 ancestry from whom, nevertheless, he derived directly all the peculiar 
 traits of his own mental activity. He was canny, absorbed, analytic, 
 comprehensive, religiously consecrated. 
 
 In 1885, on attaining his seventy-fifth year, he was the recipient 
 
SCOTCH-IKISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 21 
 
 of a large and beautiful silver vase, the gift of the botanists of the 
 United States to their honored master, and a flood of congratulations 
 from friends at home and abroad. The following terse and appro 
 priate lines were sent by James Russell Lowell : 
 
 " Kind Fate, prolong the days well spent, 
 
 Whose indefatigable hours 
 Have been as gaily innocent 
 And fragrant as his flowers." 
 
 Comparatively early in life he became a member of most of the 
 learned societies of the world, and at length even the most exclusive 
 gladly opened their doors to him. The Royal Society of London 
 was one of these, and he was also one of the " immortal eight " 
 foreign members of the French Institute. During his last visit to 
 Europe, the last summer of his life, he was received with distin 
 guished honors everywhere, among which were the highest degrees 
 ever conferred by the great universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 He himself tersely and modestly stated his own fundamental 
 beliefs as follows: "I am, scientifically and in my own fashion, a 
 Darwinian ; philosophically, a convinced Theist ; and religiously, an. 
 accepter of the creed commonly called the Nicene, as the exponent 
 of the Christian faith." 
 
 2. LONDONDERRY. The core of the company that settled Lon 
 donderry, N. H., in April, 1719, consisted of sixteen men, with their 
 families, namely: James McKeen, John Barnett, Archibald Clen- 
 denin, John Mitchell, James Sterrett, James Anderson, Randall 
 Alexander, James Gregg, James Clark, James Nesmith, Allen An 
 derson, Robert Weir, John JVlorrison, Samuel Allison, Thomas Steele, 
 John Stuart. Thirteen of these men lived to an average age of 
 seventy-nine years ; six of them attained to nearly ninety, and two 
 of them overpassed that limit ; and one, John Morrison, lived to 
 see ninety-seven years. All of the Scotch-Irish of that generation, 
 wherever they located in New England, unless their personal habits 
 were such as shorten life, attained on the average to a very advanced 
 age. The pioneers in this second settlement were most of them 
 men in middle life, robust and persevering, and adventurous and 
 strong-willed, fronting death with no thought of surrender. Most 
 of them were the descendants of Scotch Covenanters who had passed 
 over to Ulster later than the mass of the settlers there ; and they 
 had kept together in church relations, as well as in residence, more 
 closely than most of the Scotch settlers. Their residence was in 
 
22 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 the valley of the Bann, mostly on the Antrim side of the river, in or 
 near the towns or parishes of Coleraine, Ballymoiiey, Ballymena, 
 Ballywatick, and Kilrea; and when they decided to emigrate, they 
 still wished to keep together in church relations ; and those of them 
 who had been under the pastoral charge of Eev. James McGregor, 
 who came with them, especially the McKeen families and their 
 numerous connections, desired to form a distinct settlement here 
 and become again the charge of their beloved pastor. 
 
 With this end in view, about twenty families, taking others with 
 them, amounting in all (as Willis estimated) to three hundred 
 persons, sailed from Boston in the late autumn to explore Casco 
 Bay for a home, under a promise from Governor Shute of a grant of 
 land whenever and wherever they decided upon a location in any 
 still unappropriated quarter in New England. They wintered, hun 
 gry and cold, in Portland harbor. In the early spring they explored 
 to the eastward, but there is no record how far they went or what 
 they found. It is enough for our present purpose that Maine 
 seemed to offer no genial home to those sea-worn and weather-beaten 
 voyagers. Though they left a few of their number in Portland, 
 to whom we shall recur later, and probably a larger number on 
 the Kennebec at or near Wiscasset, the bulk determined to seek a 
 milder climate and a more favorable location. Undoubtedly, while 
 still hi Boston their attention had been called to Southern New 
 Hampshire as well as to Maine, both at that time under the juris 
 diction of the governor of Massachusetts, for they sailed directly 
 back to the mouth of the Merrimac and anchored at Haverhill, on 
 that river, where they heard of a fine tract of land about fifteen 
 miles to the northward, then called Nutfield, on account of the 
 abundance of the chestnut and walnut and butternut trees which, in 
 connection with the pines, distinguished the growth of its forests. 
 A party, under the lead of James McKeen, grandfather of the first 
 president of Bowdoin College, and brother-in-law of Pastor McGre 
 gor, went up and examined the tract ; and ascertaining that it was 
 not appropriated, they decided at once to take up here the grant 
 obtained from the government of Massachusetts of a township 
 twelve miles square of any of her unappropriated lands. 
 
 Having selected the spot on which to commence their settlement, 
 and having built a few temporary huts on a little brook which they 
 called "West-Running Brook/ a tributary of Beaver Brook, which 
 falls into the Merrimac at Lcwell, and leaving two or three of their 
 number in charge, they returned to Haverhill to bring on their 
 families, their provisions, their implements of labor, and household 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 23 
 
 utensils. Mr. McGregor and some others had passed the winter at 
 Dracut, on Beaver Brook, just north of Lowell ; and two parties, 
 one from Dracut and the other from Haverhill, were soon converging 
 through the forests toward West-Running Brook, when they met, 
 as tradition says, at a place ever after called "Horse Hill," from 
 the fact that both parties there tied their horses while the men 
 surveyed the territory around as the future home. This day was 
 April 11, old style, 1719. The next day, having in the meantime 
 explored with the leaders more fully what they had selected for the 
 township, the good pastor, under a large oak on the east side of 
 Beaver Pond, delivered to his people, now partially re-united, the 
 first sermon ever preached in that region Isaiah 32, 2 : " And a 
 man shall be as a hiding-place from the wind, and a covert from the 
 tempest ; as rivers of water in a dry place ; as the shadow of a 
 great rock in. a weary land." The spot where this religious service 
 was held, especially the tree around which these hardy pioneers 
 assembled, was for a long period regarded with great reverence by 
 the people of Londonderry. When at last it decayed and fell, the 
 owner of the field in which it stood planted a young apple tree 
 among its rotten roots, which now serves, and will long serve, to 
 designate the venerated spot. 
 
 These first families, in order to secure the advantages of near 
 neighborhood, and be better able to protect themselves against the 
 attacks of the Indians, with which all the New England colonies 
 were at that time threatened, planted their log-houses on each side 
 of West-Running Brook, on home-lots but thirty rods wide and 
 extending back on a north and south line till they inclosed sixty 
 acres each. These lots constituted what has ever since been called 
 the Double Range. For fifty years or more this range continued 
 to be a populous section of the town. The first season the settlers 
 cultivated a field alongside the brook, then and ever since called the 
 "Common Field"; but the best land in the township was not in 
 that section, for it lay too low, and as each settler had allotted to 
 him another sixty acres elsewhere, after a while the lowland began 
 to be deserted of houses, and nothing is now to be seen along the 
 Double Range but meadows, dotted here and there by the cellar-holes 
 of these earliest planters. No price was paid for the land, since it 
 was the free gift of King William to his loyal subjects of the old 
 country, some of them faithful champions of his throne in the siege 
 and defense of Londonderry. 
 
 The first dwellings were, of course, of logs, and covered with 
 bark. It is to be noticed, however, that in these exiles for right- 
 
24 SCOTCH-IKISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 eousness sake, sound and pious as they were, there was as much 
 human nature to the square inch as in the rest of mankind. When 
 John Morrison was building his house in the Double Range his 
 wife came to him, and in a persuasive, affectionate manner said to 
 him, " Aweel, aweel, dear Joan, an it maun be a log-house, do make 
 it a log heegher nor the lave" (than the rest). Beaver Brook, 
 however, tumbles well in its course from the pond to the Merrimac, 
 and saw-mills were soon built, and within a year or two good framed 
 houses were erected; the first for Pastor McGregor, only quite 
 recently demolished, and the second by John McMurphy, Esq., 
 who bore a commission as justice of the peace, dated in Ireland, and 
 so antedated the commission signed by Governor Shute, April 29, 
 1720, to Justice James McKeen, in some sense the foremost man of 
 the settlement. 
 
 Two stone garrison-houses, strongly built and well prepared to 
 resist an attack of the Indians, were put up the first season; and 
 to these the several families retired at night whenever, for any 
 reason, special danger from that source was apprehended. But it is 
 remarkable that neither in Lovell s War, when Londonderry was 
 strictly a frontier town, nor in either of the two subsequent French 
 and Indian wars, did any hostile force from the northward ever even 
 approach that town. Tradition has always been busy in ascribing 
 the signal preservation of this colony from the attacks of the 
 Indians to the influence of Pastor McGregor over Governor Vaud- 
 reuil of Canada. It is said that they had known each other in the 
 Old World at college ; that a correspondence was kept up between 
 them on this side the water; that at the request of his friend 
 the governor caused means to be used for the protection of the 
 settlement ; that he induced the Catholic priests to charge the 
 Indians not to injure any of these people, as they were different 
 from the English, and that the warriors were assured beforehand 
 that no bounty would be paid for such scalps, and no sins forgiven 
 to those who killed them. It is certain that the early inhabitants 
 of Londonderry believed in all these assertions ; and it is some 
 confirmation of them that a manuscript sermon of McGregor s, still 
 extant, has on the margin the name and various titles of the Mar 
 quis Vaudreuil, by which, of course, he would be addressed upon 
 occasion. 
 
 At any rate, the earliest pioneers were much indebted to the 
 volunteer services of an Indian of some tribe and connection. Taking 
 Mr. McGregor to a high hill, he pointed to a tall pine some nine 
 miles distant, and told him that in that direction and neighborhood 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 25 
 
 there were falls in the river, where he would find an abundance of 
 fish. By the help of his compass the pastor, with a few of the 
 settlers, was able to mark out a course to Amoskeag Falls, where 
 the city of Manchester now stands, and with a scoop-net, which they 
 had provided, readily secured an ample supply of salmon and shad, 
 with which the Merrimac then abounded. This was for a long time 
 a valuable resource to the inhabitants of Londonderry. The salted 
 fish constituted an important article of their food, especially before 
 their new fields became productive. But their food at best was 
 scant and poor for many years. Bean porridge, barley broth, hasty 
 pudding, samp and potatoes, were the chief reliance. 
 
 In securing a perfectly valid title to their lands, and the demo 
 cratic privileges of a town corporate, the people of Londonderry 
 experienced no little embarrassment. The executive jurisdiction of 
 Governor Shute over the territory was acknowledged by everybody, 
 and the validity of his grant to them of the land in the king s 
 name ; but could they also get a prior title direct from the original 
 Indian chiefs claiming to own the land ? Rev. John Wheelright of 
 Exeter had obtained by fair purchase, in 1629, from the four princi 
 pal Sagamores, all the territory lying between the river Piscataqua 
 and the Merrimac. Colonel John Wheelright of Wells, Me., had 
 inherited from his grandfather that portion of this right now occu 
 pied by the Scotch-Irish; and he gave to a committee of these, 
 partly at the instance of Lieutenant-Governor Wentworth of New 
 Hampshire, a formal deed of the land ten miles square, correspond 
 ing to the grant of Governor Shute; and in consideration of this 
 service both Wheelright and Wentworth received certain lots of 
 land in Londonderry, which proved in the sequel to be some of 
 the best farms in the town. 
 
 Before this was accomplished, however, appeared the first state 
 paper of the Scotch-Irish in America, the original of which is now 
 among the collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society, 
 which I proceed to quote in full, because it shows there were men 
 among them probably in this case James Gregg and Eobert Wear, 
 who signed it who knew how to put sharp points into clean words, 
 and especially because it shows that they thoroughly appreciated 
 already the town-government system of New England, and wanted 
 all its advantages for themselves : 
 
 "The humble petition of the people late from Ireland, now 
 settled at Nutfield, to His Excellency the Governour and General 
 Court assembled at Portsmouth, Sept. 23, 1719, Humbly sheweth : 
 That your petitioners having made application to the General Court 
 
26 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 met at Boston in October last, and having obtained a grant for a 
 township in any part of their unappropriated lands, took encourage 
 ment thereupon to settle at Nutfield about the Eleventh of April 
 last, which is situated by estimation about fourteen miles from 
 Haverel meeting-house to the North-west, and about fifteen miles 
 from Dracut meeting-house on the River Merrimack north and 
 by east. That your petitioners since their settlement have found 
 that the said Nutfield is claimed by three or four different parties 
 by virtue of Indian deeds, yet none of them offered any dis 
 turbance to your petitioners except one party from Newbury and 
 Salem. Their deed from one John, Indian, bears date March 13, 
 Anno Dom. 1701, and imparts that they had made a purchase of 
 said land for five pounds. By virtue of this deed they claim ten 
 miles square westward from Heverel line ; and one Caleb Moody of 
 Newbury, in their name, discharged our people from clearing or any 
 way improving the said land, unless we agreed that 20 or 25 families 
 at most should dwell there, and that all the rest of the land should 
 be reserved for them. That your petitioners by reading the grant 
 of the Crown of Great Britain to the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 
 which determineth their northern line three miles from the River 
 Merrimack from any and every part of the River, and by advice 
 from such as were more capable to judge of this affair are satis 
 fied that the said Nutfield is within his majesties province of New 
 Hampshire, which we are further confirmed in, because the General 
 Court met at Boston in May last upon our renewed application, did 
 not think fit any way to intermeddle with the said land. That your 
 petitioners, therefore, embrace this opportunity of addressing this 
 Honorable Court, praying that their township may consist of ten 
 miles square, or in a figure equivalent to it, they being in number 
 about seventy families and inhabitants, and more of their friends 
 arrived from Ireland to settle with them, and many of the people 
 of New England settling with them; and that they being so nu 
 merous, may be erected into a township with its usual privileges, 
 and have a power of making town officers and laws. That, being a 
 frontier place, they may the better subsist by government amongst 
 them, and may be more strong and full of inhabitants. That your 
 petitioners being descended from, and professing the faith and 
 principles of, the established Church of North Britain, and loyal 
 subjects of the British Crown in the family of his majesty King 
 George, and encouraged by the happy administration of his majesties 
 chief governour in these provinces [Gov. Shute], and the favorable 
 inclination of the good people of New England to their brethren, 
 
SCOTCH-IKISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 27 
 
 adventuring to come over and plant in this vast wilderness, humbly 
 expect a favorable answer from this Honourable Court, and your 
 petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray, etc. Subscribed at 
 Nutfield in the name of our people, Sept. 21, 1719." 
 
 Under the auspices, perhaps it would be proper to say patronage, 
 of Lieutenant-Governor Wentworth, Nutfield was incorporated as a 
 town in June, 1722, containing ten square miles indeed, but not 
 equilateral, "duly bounded," panhandled, gerrymandered, so as to 
 reach up to their fishing station on the Merrimac at Amoskeag Falls 
 this portion afterward called Derryfield, and now Manchester. 
 The following entry upon the town record must not only be viewed 
 as a genuine token of gratitude for past favors received, but also in 
 part as expressing a sense of pre-thankfulness for " the substance of 
 things hoped . for " : " The people of Nutfield do acknowledge with 
 gratitude the obligation they are under to the Hon. John Wentworth, 
 Esq., Lieutenant-Governor of New Hampshire. They remember 
 with pleasure, that His Honor, on all occasions, showed a great deal 
 of civility and real kindness to them, being strangers in the country, 
 and cherished the small beginnings of their settlement and defended 
 them from the encroachment and violence of such as upon unjust 
 grounds would have disturbed their settlement, and always gave 
 them a favorable ear and easy access to government, and procured 
 justice for them, and established order, and promoted peace and 
 good government amongst them; giving them always the most 
 wholesome and seasonable advice, both with respect to the purity 
 and liberty of the gospel, and the management of their secular con 
 cerns, and put arms and ammunition into their hands to defend 
 them from the fears and dangers of the Indians ; and contributed 
 liberally, by his influence and example, to the building of a house 
 for the worship of God ; so that, under God, we own him for the 
 patron and guardian of our settlement, and erect this monument 
 of gratitude to the name and family of Wentworth, to be had in 
 the greatest veneration by the present generation and the latest 
 posterity." 
 
 In the meantime and afterward, the people of the town now 
 christened Londonderry at its incorporation, though the ancestors 
 of most of them came from the parallel valley dividing County 
 Antrim from County Londonderry, the siege and defense of the 
 Ulster town in which some of them had taken a personal part giving 
 that name the preference, were surveying their heritage, building 
 their first meeting-house, and laying out upon the higher grounds 
 new ranges for farms. Among the first of these was the English 
 
28 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Eange, so-called, to accommodate a few heads of families from 
 Massachusetts who had cast in their lot with, and were welcomed 
 by, the Scotch-Irish. Number One on the English Eange was 
 assigned to Joseph Simonds, who was one of the first twenty heads 
 of families, who was one of the four undertakers to build in 1719 
 the first saw-mill on Beaver Brook, and who (which is much less 
 worth the mention) was one of the great-great-great-grandfathers of 
 my children. A few weeks ago I had myself driven leisurely in a 
 buggy over all parts of ancient Londonderry ; I crossed the original 
 farm of Joseph Simonds, No. 1 in the English Eange, and was told 
 by Mr. Choate, proprietor of the same or adjoining estate, that "the 
 best lands in Londonderry were on the English Eange " ; I rode, 
 also, over the crest of Aiken s Eange, and along the brook bearing 
 the same name, and farther west toward the so-called High Eange, 
 past the second-built church, and then bearing east past the site 
 of Dr. Morrison s church, and near the place of the Hill church 
 and graveyard, and, crossing the railroad again, with Beaver Pond 
 on the left, climbed the hill past the original meeting-house, which 
 John Wentworth helped to build, and the original graveyard there, 
 God s own sown field, and on the road towards Parson Mc 
 Gregor s first framed house, touched the highest land in old Lon 
 donderry ; whence returning to Derry village, we crossed the old 
 " West-Eunning Brook," and passed also by the " Common Field," 
 and on Beaver Brook again, the place of the first saw-mill, which 
 Joseph Simonds helped to build, and where logs have been rolled 
 in and boards tossed out from that day to this. 
 
 It was not all harmony in state or church in ancient Londonderry. 
 The town thrived and the congregation became very large. " Many 
 men of many minds." The Scotch-Irish were a straight-thinking 
 and a plain-speaking people. Parson McGregor died in 1729. Though 
 but a youth at the time, he took part in the defense of the Ulster 
 Derry, and always claimed to have himself discharged the large guns 
 from the tower of the cathedral which announced to the starving 
 besieged below the approach of the ships up the Foyle that brought 
 them the final relief. Soon after the death of McGregor, Eev. 
 Matthew Clark, then seventy years old, came direct from Ireland to 
 Londonderry, and was asked to supply the desk and take pastoral 
 care, but not to become formal pastor. There is extant an original 
 portrait of this man, representing him with a black patch around 
 the outer angle of the right eye, the patch covering a wound that 
 refused to heal, received in one of the sallies of the besieged at 
 Londonderry. He had been an officer in the Protestant army during 
 
SCOTCH-HUSH IN NEW ENGLAND. 29 
 
 the civil commotions in King William s time, and had been partic 
 ularly active in the defense of Derry. It is related of him that, 
 while sitting as moderator of the presbytery, the martial music of 
 a training band passing by recalled the smoldering fires of his 
 youth, and made him incapable for a little time to attend to his 
 duties, and his reply to the repeated calls of the brethren was, "N^ae 
 business while I hear the toot o the drum ! " and when he died at 
 the age of seventy-six, in January, 1735, in compliance with his 
 special request on his death-bed, his remains were borne to the 
 grave by those only who had been his fellow-soldiers and fellow- 
 sufferers in the siege of Londonderry ! This is at once the most 
 picturesque and the most pathetic scene in the story of the Scotch- 
 Irish in New England. Forty-five years after the event, this modern 
 Israel, this " Warrior of God," in two senses, borne along between 
 the mingled pines and nut-trees of a new God s acre in the wilder 
 ness, by those only who, with him, had stood to the outermost verge 
 of their lives for the faith once delivered to the saints ! 
 
 Two years after the death of Matthew Clark, David McGregor, 
 son of the first minister, who had received his literary and theological 
 education chiefly under the tuition of Clark, himself an university- 
 bred man, took pastoral charge of the new West Parish in London 
 derry. Two meeting-houses had already been built in this parish 
 one on Aiken s Range, and the other, called the Hill Meeting 
 house, nearly a mile west. Here were the seeds of a deep-seated 
 and long-continued quarrel. Moreover, there was great dissatisfac 
 tion with Mr. Davidson, the third pastor in the old parish. The 
 population was increasing, and was already beginning to diffuse 
 itself into new settlements in the neighborhood. At a sacramental 
 season in 1734, only fifteen years from the first settlement, there 
 were present, according to the church records, seven hundred com 
 municants. The everlasting place-of-the-meeting-house question, 
 which has wrought more plague and alienation in New England 
 than all theological dogmas put together, was stirring up the min 
 isters and the sessions and the people into a hotch-potch ; and this, 
 as at Worcester, with other matters of disagreement, intensified the 
 spirit of separation, and multiplied in course of time new colonies 
 going forth to post themselves elsewhere. During the quarter- 
 century preceding the Revolution, ten distinct settlements were 
 made by emigrants from Londonderry, all of which became towns 
 of influence and importance in New Hampshire. Two strong town 
 ships in Vermont, and two in Nova Scotia, were settled from the 
 same source within the same time ; besides which, numerous families, 
 
30 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 sometimes singly and sometimes in groups, went off in all directions, 
 especially northward and westward, up the Connecticut Biver and 
 over the ridge of the Green Mountains, to carry everywhere the 
 sturdy qualities, the fixed opinions, and the lasting grudges charac 
 teristic of Scotch-Irishmen. 
 
 Neither the crown nor the colonies ever appealed in vain to 
 these brave people, now widely scattered, for help in the old French 
 wars. Not a route to Ticonderoga or Crown Point but was tramped 
 again and again by the firm-set feet of these New England Prot 
 estants. They were with Colonel Williams in the " bloody morning 
 scout " at the head of Lake George in 1755, and in the battle with 
 Dieskau that followed : they were with Stark and Lord Howe under 
 Abercrombie in the terrible defeat at Ticonderoga in 1758 ; many of 
 them toiled under General Amherst at his great stone fort at Crown 
 Point in 1759, whose broken ruins even astound us to-day; and 
 others still were with General Wolfe on. the Heights of Abraham 
 the same year, where and when was fought the most vital and de 
 cisive battle ever seen upon this continent. Major Eobert Eogers, 
 the famous commander of the three companies of rangers raised by 
 New Hampshire in 1756, was himself a native of Londonderry, and 
 most of his men were enlisted in the same locality. 
 
 When it came to the Eevolution, however, Eogers s loyalty to 
 the English king, for whom he had risked his life in numberless 
 scouts and fights, overrode his sense of the grievance of the colonies, 
 and he was proscribed as a Tory by the act of New Hampshire. 
 Not so John Stark. Stark was captain of one of Eogers s companies 
 of rangers, and at one time commanded the whole corps, with the 
 rank of major. Eogers went to England in 1777, and Stark, the 
 same year, went to Bennington ! In August next will be consecrated 
 there, with fitting ceremonial, to national and local liberty, a lime 
 stone shaft three hundred and one feet high, whose foundations are 
 cut into the solid and everlasting rock a shaft paid for from out 
 the treasuries of the three states which furnished Stark his men for 
 that fight ; from out the treasury of the United States, under whose 
 colors, a little later, he fought Burgoyne in person at Saratoga, and 
 from out the scattered contributions of patriotic men and women all 
 over the land ; a shaft which will stand a silent witness for many 
 things and many men for the Berkshire militia, for the Green 
 Mountain Boys and the Catamount tavern, but most of all for John 
 Stark, the most distinguished Scotch-Irishman of New England, a 
 native of Londonderry, and for the seventy Derry volunteers who 
 went with him to Bennington, and whose names are of record, and 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 31 
 
 for Eobert McGregor, a grandson of the old pastor, who was on 
 Stark s staff in 1777 ! 
 
 Colonel George Reid, another native of Londonderry, pure blood, 
 held a command in the New Hampshire forces during the entire war 
 of the Revolution ; was in the battles of Bunker Hill, Long Island, 
 White Plains, Trenton, Braiidywine, Germantown, Saratoga, and 
 Stillwater ; was with the army in all their hardships at Valley 
 Forge during the severe winter of ? 77- 78. He took an efficient 
 part in Sullivan s expedition against the Six Nations, and was in 
 chief command at Albany during the last summer of the war. After 
 ward he was appointed by his old commander and companion-in 
 arms, General Sullivan, then president of the state of New Hamp 
 shire, to command, as brigadier-general, all the forces of the state 
 in a most critical juncture of the civil and military affairs of that 
 section. 
 
 It is not so generally known that James Miller, who brought out 
 more reputation from our last war with Great Britain at the northward 
 than any other American save Winfield Scott, was a Scotch-Irishman 
 out of the loins of Londonderry. He was born in Peterborough, 
 N. H., in 1776 ; studied for a while in his youth at Williams College, 
 in Massachusetts ; became interested more or less in military affairs, 
 and was recommended to the War Department at Washington by 
 General Benjamin Pierce, father of the late President, and was com 
 missioned major in the Fourth U. S. Infantry, March 3, 1809, the 
 last day of Jefferson s administration. The war with England soon 
 breaking out, young Miller was ordered to Indiana Territory under 
 General Harrison, and his regiment was in the battle of Tippecanoe. 
 Under General Hull at Detroit, James Miller and Lewis Cass, both 
 young officers in the army, and the two becoming thereafter life 
 long friends, planted with their hands the United States flag on 
 Canada soil, at Sandwich, July 14, 1812. Both were afterward 
 taken prisoners with Hull, though Cass snapped his sword before 
 surrendering it; and both made public complaint of what they 
 deemed the cowardice of Hull, on the basis of which and other like 
 testimony he was tried by court-martial and condemned, but was 
 pardoned by the President, and lived to vindicate his action in a 
 pamphlet now generally regarded as exculpatory and triumphant. 
 
 After Miller was exchanged he was put into command of the 
 Twenty-seventh Regulars, and ordered to the Niagara frontier under 
 General Jacob Brown. The story of the battle of Lundy s Lane is 
 known to all Americans ; but I have recently had the pleasure of 
 reading a letter written by Colonel Miller three or four days after 
 
32 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 the battle to his wife "My Beloved Buth" in which he gives 
 interesting details of the storming of the battery and the capture of 
 the cannon, which are not down in the books. Brown s order to 
 him, as he transcribes it for his wife, is a little different from what 
 it stands in the histories "Colonel, take your regiment, storm 
 that work, and take it ! " " I ll try, sir ! " 
 
 With three hundred men he moved steadily up the hill in the 
 darkness, along a fence lined with thick bushes, that hid his troops 
 from the view of the gunners and their protectors, who lay near. 
 When within short musket range of the battery, they could see the 
 gunners, with their glowing linstocks ready to act at the word Fire ! 
 Selecting good marksmen, Miller directed each to rest his rifle on 
 the fence, select a gunner, and fire at a given signal. Very soon 
 every gunner fell, when the colonel and his men rushed forward and 
 captured the battery not, however, until a terrible hand-to-hand 
 fight in the darkness with the protectors of the guns had ensued. 
 The British fell back. Rallying, and being re-inforced by three 
 hundred men sent forward by Drummond at Queen stown, they were 
 repulsed the second time. Let Miller tell the rest of the story in 
 words to his wife : " After Generals Brown, Scott, and others were 
 wounded, we were ordered to return back to our camp, about three 
 miles [Chippewa], and preparations had not been made for taking 
 off the cannon, as it was impossible for me to defend them and make 
 preparations for that too, and they were all left on the ground, 
 except one beautiful six-pounder, which was presented to my regi 
 ment in testimony of their distinguished gallantry. The officers 
 of this army all say, who saw it, that it was one of the most 
 desperate and gallant acts ever known ; the British officers whom 
 we have prisoners say it was the most desperate thing they ever 
 saw or heard of. General Brown told me the moment he saw me 
 that I had immortalized myself. But, said he, <my dear fellow, 
 my heart ached for you when I gave you that order, but I knew it 
 was the only thing that would save us. " 
 
 Miller had indeed immortalized himself already ; and five years 
 later, in the piping times of peace, he resigned his commission in the 
 army, an act he regretted as long as he lived, and received the ap 
 pointment of Governor of Arkansas, a place he held for four years. 
 He returned to New Hampshire, an invalid, in 1823, and received 
 the appointment of national collector at Salem and Beverly in Massa 
 chusetts, a post he held foi twenty-four years, when he resigned, 
 and was succeeded by his youngest son, who held it eight years 
 longer. He was doubly immortalized in this last period of his life 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 33 
 
 by having Nathaniel Hawthorne, a subordinate in the custom-house, 
 " a chiel amang them taking notes " ; and the notices of James 
 Miller in the miscellaneous writings of Hawthorne honor the pen 
 and heart of the one as much as the life and conduct of the other. 
 Miller died 7th July, 1851, and lies buried in Salem. He was a 
 Scotch-Irishman indeed, in whom was no guile. 
 
 Londonderry and the towns populated from it have furnished 
 ornaments to society all over New England in every walk of life. 
 Let me rather say, all over the country, particularly North and 
 Middle and West. I will only mention two by name in this con 
 nection, Horace Greeley and George W. Nesmith. Greeley was a 
 man known and read of all men. His faults were as open as his 
 virtues, and both rested back alike upon a true and rough manhood. 
 
 " Strong-armed as Thor a shower of fire 
 
 His smitten anvil flung ; 
 
 God s curse, Earth s wrong, dumb Hunger s ire 
 He gave them all a tongue ! " 
 
 George W. Nesmith died only a month ago, in his ninetieth year, 
 and passed his life in the near neighborhood of Daniel Webster s 
 birthplace in New Hampshire, both of them graduates of Dartmouth 
 College, and the two remarkably intimate with each other till 
 Webster s death in 1852, though Nesmith was by much the younger 
 man. In the very crisis of the fate of his college, Webster defended 
 and emancipated it in the Supreme Court of the United States ; 
 perhaps in part from that very reason, so strongly was the younger 
 man drawn toward the traditions of the elder. Nesmith flung his 
 old age, till the very last, into a supreme effort to sweeten and 
 harmonize troubles that have come upon his college, not troubles of 
 the same crucial type as struck it in the first quarter of the century, 
 but still troubles that impede its usefulness and lessen its prestige. 
 
 I have no list of the governors of New Hampshire from 1775, 
 when all direct authority of the British crown was suppressed there, 
 and even if I had I could not certainly tell what proportion of them 
 have been of Scotch-Irish origin ; but I have been pretty familiar 
 with the names of New Hampshire governors for fifty years, and I 
 venture in this great presence the historical conjecture, that nearly, 
 if not quite, one-half of them from that day to this have been of 
 our own strain of blood. 
 
 3. KENXEBEC COUNTRY. Full as New Hampshire became of 
 the Scotch-Irish, especially in the southern and eastern halves of it, 
 it is likely that this element became still more predominant in what 
 
34 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 is now the state of Maine. We have already noted the but half- 
 suppressed anxiety of Governor Shute at Boston to get as many as 
 possible of the five ship-loads into his province to the eastward, as a 
 frontier-barrier against the French and Indians of Canada. Although 
 many of the supposed three hundred persons who wintered in the 
 harbor of Portland returned the next spring to the Merrimac to 
 settle Londonderry, some of them remained in Maine. We know 
 certainly, that John Armstrong, Robert Means, William Jameson, 
 Joshua Gray, William Gyles, and a McDonald remained and founded 
 families in Portland. James Armstrong, for example, an infant 
 son of John, was born in Ireland in 1717, and the parents had a son 
 Thomas, born in Portland in 1719. It is pretty certain, also, that 
 parts of that company were left on points along Casco Bay and the 
 mouth of the Kennebec, at or near Wiscasset, before the main part 
 returned to the Merrimac. 
 
 We happen to know with almost absolute certainty the fortunes 
 of one of the families left behind in Portland, when the future Lon 
 donderry settlers returned to Massachusetts. This was the family 
 of Joshua Gray. He had a Celtic-Irish wife, and a large family. 
 The names of the sons of this family were Reuben, Andrew, James, 
 John, Samuel, and Joshua. In the spring of 1759, the year of 
 Wolfe s battle on the Heights of Abraham, Governor Pownall, of 
 Massachusetts, fitted out an expedition of three hundred and ninety- 
 five men in order to capture from the French the mouth of the 
 Penobscot River. They left Portland May 4, and arrived at Wasa- 
 umkeag Point, May 17. Among the enlisted men were Andrew and 
 Reuben Gray. In Governor Pownall s journal may be found the 
 following: "May 26. Visited Pentaget with Captain Cargill and 
 twenty men. Found the old abandoned French Fort, and some 
 abandoned settlements. Went ashore into the Fort. Hoisted the 
 King s Colours there and drank the King s health. Embarked in 
 the sloop King George for Boston." 
 
 The place thus described is now known as Castine, from Baron 
 Castine, whose name is a very familiar one along the eastern coast 
 of Maine ; and among the twenty men who accompanied Governor 
 Pownall on that occasion was Reuben Gray. A strong fort was 
 planted at Wasaumkeag Point, and the work of building it was 
 carried forward so diligently, that it was completed July 5, 1759, 
 the expense being five thousand pounds. A garrison was kept there 
 until 1775, when the fort was dismantled by Commodore Mowett in 
 a British man-of-war, and later in the same year entirely destroyed 
 by Colonel Cargill of New Castle. The building of this fort marked 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 35 
 
 the beginning of settlements by the English around the Penobscot 
 Bay and Biver region, the first settlers being members of the military 
 expedition, who, on being discharged, established themselves near 
 the fort, where their homes could have its protection against the 
 French and Indians. The two Gray brothers, Reuben and Andrew, 
 being of a venturesome disposition, crossed the bay and located at 
 what is now called Penobscot, and were the first settlers of English 
 origin to build their homes 011 that historic peninsula. Several 
 brothers of Reuben and Andrew followed them to the Penobscot, 
 and at last, also, their old father and mother. The distinction is 
 claimed for Reuben s son, Reuben Gray, 2d, of being the first male 
 child of English parentage born east of the Penobscot River, the 
 date of his birth being 1762. The old father, Joshua, died about 
 the opening of the Revolution, but the Irish widow continued until 
 after the close of the war. The first Reuben seems to have died 
 about 1820, and the second certainly in 1858 ; and about ten years 
 ago, as my two oldest boys, with other students of Williams College, 
 were making sailing excursions along the coast of Maine, they ran 
 across, at Brooksville, within the mouth of the Penobscot, Captain 
 Abner Gray, son of the second Reuben, then nearly eighty-five, as 
 straight as an arrow, helpful and hospitable ; and that chance 
 acquaintance led to the correspondence that has given us these facts 
 about the Scotch-Irish on the Penobscot. The Grays of this very 
 family are still in large numbers in Brooksville and Bucksport, on 
 the lower Penobscot ; and so are Wears, and Orrs, and Doaks, and 
 other Scotch-Irish families. 
 
 In published extracts from court records of the Province of 
 Maine I have read the affidavits of several of the early inhabitants, 
 who stated that they came to Boston in August, 1718, from Ulster, 
 and thence that autumn to Maine, where they settled in Bruns 
 wick and that neighborhood; which is another independent evi 
 dence that parts of our now famous five ship-loads furnished the 
 first Scotch-Irish settlers of Maine, as well as of New Hampshire 
 and Massachusetts. 
 
 The next attempt to introduce this class of immigrants into 
 Maine seems to have been from a source entirely independent of the 
 previous one, though nearly contemporaneous with it. Robert Tem 
 ple, who had been an officer in the English army, and was a gentle 
 man of family, was a leader in the enterprise. His motive was to 
 establish himself as a large landed proprietor in this country. He 
 says in a letter to the Plymouth proprietors : " In September, 1717, 
 I contracted with Captain James Luzmore, of Topsham, to bring 
 
36 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 me, my servants, and what little effects I had to Boston." "My 
 eye," he continues, " was always toward a good tract of land as well 
 as a convenient place for navigation." Returning from an examina 
 tion of Connecticut, he says: "I was resolved to see the eastern 
 country also before I should determine where to begin my settle 
 ment." The proprietors of the west banks of the Kennebec took 
 him down to see their land ; but he gave the ultimate preference to 
 land on the east side of the river, which belonged to Colonel Hutch- 
 inson and the Plymouth Company, and he became a partner in that 
 concern and engaged to bring a colony to it. Within two years he 
 chartered five large ships to bring over families from Ulster to carry 
 on the settlement. They were the same sort of people that came to 
 Boston, and from the same general localities. During the two years, 
 1719 and 1720, several hundred families were landed on the shores 
 of the Kennebec from its mouth to Merry meeting Bay. Many of 
 the families settled in what is now Topsham, which received its 
 name from Temple s place of departure on his first voyage, the port 
 of Exeter in Devonshire ; another portion settled in the northerly 
 part of Bath, on a tract of land stretching along on Merrymeeting 
 Bay to the Androscoggin, and was called Cork, and sometimes Ire 
 land, from the country of the settlers, which name it still retains ; 
 and still others straggled along on the eastern side of the bay and 
 river, and descendants of these still occupy and improve portions of 
 the country. The familiar Scotch names, McFadden, McGowen, 
 McCoun, Vincent, Hamilton, Johnston, Malcolm, McClellan, Craw 
 ford, Graves, Ward, Given, Dunning, Simpson, still live to remind 
 the present generation of the land from which their ancestors came. 
 Unhappily, the Indian troubles, which we call "Lovell s War," 
 commenced shortly after Temple s people got fairly seated on the 
 Kennebec, broke up some of the settlements, which had begun to 
 assume a flourishing aspect, and scattered away many colonists from 
 the rest ; some of these sought a refuge with their countrymen at 
 Londonderry, N. H., but the greatest part of them removed to Penn- 
 - sylvania ; Brunswick and Georgetown were destroyed and deserted ; 
 in the summer of 1722, nine families were captured at one time by 
 the Indians in Merrymeeting Bay ; but Temple himself and many 
 of his people remained, and the descendants of both have connected 
 their names indissolubly with Bowdoin College in Brunswick, and 
 with both state and church in Maine. Temple himself received a 
 military commission from Governor Shute, and rendered good service 
 in the defense of his adopted country. His posterity have served it 
 long and well. His eldest son, Robert, married a daughter of Gov- 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 37 
 
 ernor Shirley ; the second son, John, lived to become a baronet, and 
 married a daughter of Governor Bowdoin, of Massachusetts. Their 
 daughter, Elizabeth, married Thomas D. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, 
 and those are the parents of Eobert C. Winthrop, of Boston. 
 
 After the breaking up of the Norridgewock tribe on the Upper 
 Kennebec, some of Temple s Scotch settlers returned to the deserted 
 places on the eastern shore, and new adventurers sought the vacant 
 seats. In 1729, Colonel Dunbar, a native of Ireland, of Scottish 
 descent, in the hope of separating Maine from the Massachusetts 
 government, obtained a commission from the crown as governor of 
 the territory. He had previously been commissioned as surveyor- 
 general of the woods, with a view to preserve the pine timber for 
 the British navy. He selected Fort Frederick, at Peinaquid, as the 
 seat of his government, and was placed in possession by a detach 
 ment of troops from Nova Scotia, in 1730. Eightful were the claims 
 of Massachusetts to the eastern shore ; but Dunbar took immediate 
 measures to occupy and improve the lands in his new province by 
 inviting his countrymen, the Scotch-Irish, to settle upon them 
 through liberal inducements both of lands and privileges. He 
 granted one-hundred-acre lots on Pemaquid in the neighborhood of 
 the fort, laid out and improved a large farm for himself, and ceded 
 to his countrymen, Montgomery and Campbell and McCobb, large 
 tracts, which soon became towns. In the course of two or three 
 years, more than one hundred and fifty families, principally * of 
 Scotch descent, were introduced into this territory. Some were 
 drawn from the older settlements of the stock in Massachusetts and 
 New Hampshire, and some were fresh colonists from Ireland. These 
 had their pastor, Eev. Kobert Rutherford, and their Presbyterian 
 institutions, which they cherished with great tenacity for a long 
 time. Among these families were McClintocks, Hustons, McLeans, 
 McKeens, Caldwells, Dicks, Forbushes, Browns, Mclntyres, and 
 McFarlands. 
 
 Massachusetts continued to protest against the government of 
 Dunbar, excellent as were its results, and it was terminated in 
 August, 1732, and jurisdiction restored to Massachusetts. Dunbar 
 returned to England in 1737, where, like Penn, he was committed to 
 prison for debt, but afterward released through the liberality of his 
 friends, and in 1743 was appointed governor of St. Helena, an Eng 
 lish island since rendered famous by the exile of a more distinguished 
 ruler than this early Scotch-Irish governor of Maine. 
 
 Samuel Waldo, who had been a sort of agent of Massachusetts in 
 displacing Dunbar, and who had an interest in the territory as a 
 
38 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 patentee, and who had seen the benefit arising from the admirable 
 class of immigrants whom Dunbar had introduced, proceeded to 
 profit by the example in respect to his own ample possessions lying 
 between the St. George and the Penobscot rivers. In 1734, Waldo 
 carefully examined the resources of his land grant, and fortunately 
 discovered the invaluable quarries of limestone, which have proven 
 from that day to this day a source of continued riches and progress 
 to the inhabitants of that peninsula. The first movements in the 
 manufacture of lime there, which are now so extended, and which 
 seem at present to claim the attention of our legislators at Washing 
 ton, was so small that the lime was shipped to Boston in molasses 
 casks. The St. George River, on which the first settlements were 
 made, is a plunging stream, and afforded then and now fine mill 
 sites for handling both wood and stone, and the near forests gave an 
 abundant supply of timber. 
 
 Waldo s first settlers upon his eastern grant were all of Scotch 
 descent from the North of Ireland some of them of recent immi 
 gration, and others had been in the country from the first arrival in 
 Boston in 1718. The company consisted of twenty-seven families, 
 arrived upon the spot in 1735, and each family furnished with one 
 hundred acres of land on the banks of the St. George, in the present 
 town of Warren, Maine. The names of some of these pioneers will 
 show to those familiar with the history of Maine how much the 
 state is indebted to this enterprising proprietor, Samuel Waldo, for 
 placing in permanent contact with the soil these most useful settlers. 
 Among the names are Alexander, Blair, Kilpatrick, North, Patterson, 
 Nelson, Starrett, Howard, McLean, Spear, Creighton, McCracken, 
 and Morrison. The Old French War broke out in 1744, which 
 greatly interrupted developments in Maine for ten years, when 
 Waldo went to Scotland again, and formed a company of sixty 
 adults and many children, who reached St. George s river in Sep 
 tember, 1753, and were settled in the western part of Warren, to 
 which they gave the name of Stirling, the ancient royal city of their 
 country. These were mostly mechanics ; the names of some of 
 them were Anderson, Malcolm, Crawford, Miller, Auchmutey, Cars- 
 well, and Johnston; and this we believe to be the last immigration 
 into New England of people of Scottish extraction, in any consider 
 able number, prior to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 From these three centers of diffusion, now briefly indicated 
 Worcester, Londonderry, Wiscasset the Scotch-Irish element pen 
 etrated and permeated all parts of New England : Maine the most 
 of all, New Hampshire next, then Massachusetts, and then in les- 
 

 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 39 
 
 sening order Vermont and Connecticut and Rhode Island. They 
 were all in general one sort of people. They belonged to one grade 
 and sphere of life. They were for the most part very poor in this 
 world s goods. The vast majority of all the adults, however, could 
 read and write. If they had but one book to a family, that book 
 was surely the Bible, which is itself, as we sometimes forget, a large 
 collection of books of very varied character ; and if there were two 
 volumes to a family, the second place in most cases was disputed 
 between Fox s "Book of Martyrs" and Bunyan s "Pilgrim s Prog 
 ress." Their personal habits, their mental characteristics, their 
 religious beliefs and experiences, and their very superstitions, were 
 held largely in common ; and all these were in more or less pro 
 nounced contrast with corresponding traits of the English Puritans 
 who had nestled before them in most parts of New England. 
 
 So far as their physical natures went, they had received in the 
 old country a splendid outfit for the race of life, in large bones and 
 strong teeth, and a digestive apparatus the envy of the mountain 
 bears. Men and women both were trained to an almost tireless 
 physical industry. The struggle for physical subsistence had been 
 with them no mere figure of speech. First of European countries, 
 the potato had been found by Ireland, to which it had been brought 
 from Virginia by slave-trader Hawkins in 1565, an invaluable re 
 source of food for the poor; and each and every company of 
 Scotch-Irish brought with them to New England, as a part of the 
 indispensable outfit, some tubers of this esculent, which they prized 
 beyond price. The pine lands of New England, which are always 
 sandy, are adapted to the potato ; and if there were no suffering 
 from hunger in those large families during the first years of their 
 sojourn, it should doubtless be put to the credit of the easily- 
 cultivated, much-multiplying Irish potato ! 
 
 Each and every company of these people brought also with them 
 into New England the agricultural implements needful for the cul 
 ture of the flax-plant, and the small wheels for spinning the flax-fiber, 
 and the looms for weaving the linen textures. Nothing connected 
 with the newcomers excited so much interest in English and Puritan 
 Boston, in 1718, and the three following years, as the small wheels 
 worked by women and propelled by the foot, for turning the straight 
 flax-fibers into thread. There was a public exhibition of their skill 
 in spinning flax, by the Scotch-Irish women, on Boston Common in 
 the spring of 1719, at which prizes were awarded to the foremost. 
 Drake s "Boston" gives an account of the sensation produced by 
 the advent of this strange machine there, and of societies and schools 
 
40 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 formed to teach the art of thus making linen thread. For four 
 years the novelty exercised its fascination, and the first ladies of 
 the town paraded on the Common to exhibit their newly-learned art, 
 derived from their stalwart sisters from over the sea. It is not 
 historically set down in the records in so many words, but at this 
 safe distance, and (as it were) under the protection of the guns of 
 Fort Duquesne, we may venture the assertion, that the Boston girls 
 were hard to beat in their newly-found and most useful avocation ! 
 
 It is time now to conclude this paper, perhaps too long already, 
 with some brief points of reference to common traits among them, 
 to characteristics, some good, some bad, but very few indifferent ! 
 It is perfectly plain at every point of their settlement alongside the 
 previous English Puritan, that they pretty soon excited prejudice 
 against themselves, sometimes disgust, and sometimes even hate. 
 The natural result of this was to throw them more and more upon 
 each other in intermarriage, in a community of residence and of 
 interest and of feeling; so that they did not coalesce very readily 
 with other strains of blood and with other sects of Christians, so 
 that they tended to keep up acquaintance in families from genera 
 tion to generation, even when separated locally ; and, consequently, 
 the very traits themselves, the peculiarities, tended to preserve and 
 perpetuate themselves for the ends of a later critical study and record. 
 
 a. In the first place, what is the contemporary testimony of the 
 senses of those who came into personal contact with our Scotch-Irish 
 ancestors who settled New England? The late Mr. Jewell, of 
 Hartford, Conn., who was a tanner by trade, was sent by his country 
 as a minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. Petersburg ; being 
 a Yankee, and " wanting to know you know," and being a tanner in 
 possession of most of the profitable secrets of his guild, he went to 
 Eussia determined to avail himself of all his official and personal 
 chances to find out the chemical composition and proportions of the 
 tanning materials that give the peculiar odor and character to what 
 is called " Russia leather " ; but this was a national secret exceed 
 ingly profitable to the Muscovites ; genial and precious as was dear 
 Mr. Jewell, they would tell him nothing, but they would show him 
 everything were not Russia and the United States traditional and 
 everlasting friends ? Mr. Jewell told us himself on his return that 
 he literally "followed his nose" in those Russian leather establish 
 ments ; what he learned in this way he did not impart except to his 
 partners, but he rightly considered the process to be one of induc 
 tive reasoning, the results of which were scientific and satisfactory 
 to himself and his friends ; in one word, that logical inferences may 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 41 
 
 be drawn from the sense of smell as well as from the other senses, 
 and that he was not shut up to " ocular demonstration," so far as 
 the immemorial processes of tanning skins are concerned. 
 
 It is indisputable that the contemporaries of our Scotch-Irish 
 ancestors in New England satisfied themselves by analogous trains 
 of reasoning and conclusion that, in their new neighbors scale of 
 the virtues, personal cleanliness was put way down far below god 
 liness ! They began with a devout care of the spirit, and life was 
 really not long enough for them to fetch round to a decent care of 
 the flesh ! Wash-bowl and pitcher was no part of the common set- 
 out of the newly -married pair. In the more progressive families an 
 iron skillet in the kitchen sink opened up a chance for parents and 
 children to wash their hands and faces in the morning, a chance, I 
 take it, that rarely hardened itself into a rule for either. Ablution 
 of the whole body even once a year, or ten years, or a life-time, was 
 a thing practically unknown for three generations of our ancestral 
 fathers and mothers. Tertium quid 9 This matter had ill conse 
 quences, of course, in diseases and mortality of children ; in a disgust 
 felt for uncleanly old people ; in an intolerable stench arising from 
 crowded religious assemblies, often prolonged for hours and hours ; 
 arid in a prejudice and mockery on the part of neighbors trained in 
 and accustomed to more cleanly personal habits. 
 
 For two or three generations, at least, ordinary houses were not 
 provided with ordinaries of any kind ; barns and pig-pens were in 
 close proximity to the houses, and the two were scarcely discrimi 
 nated from each other; the methods of farming were to the last 
 degree uncleanly and unwholesome and disgusting this is partic 
 ularly noted in regard to Londonderry and its neighborhood, and I 
 know that it was true in relation to Worcester. Their company 
 was more or less avoided by the English on this account, and their 
 rights doubtless less respected; the intermarriages that took place 
 for two generations were for the most part with the lowest and 
 poorest of the low and poor English; and with the major part 
 of this class of people in New England the steps upward to the 
 daily bath and the decent water-closet have been unreasonably slow 
 and interrupted. 
 
 b. In the second place, it must be frankly admitted, that the 
 dread of water in another sense of that term greatly harmed our 
 folks for the first century of their residence in this land. They dis 
 criminated against water, in their estimate of beverages. Account 
 for it as we may ? high latitude, Celtic restlessness, strenuous poverty, 
 aspiration above realization, cheap whisky, what not, the Scotch of 
 
42 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 whatever origin and whatever residence grasp and hold too much 
 stimulus per capita of the population. It was always so. It is so 
 now. It is not because they are canny, and it is not because they 
 are Presbyterians. / do not know the reason ivhy. If there be one 
 man in this vast assemblage that knows the reason and will tell it 
 straight, he will immortalize himself like James Miller, and this 
 four days meeting in this year of grace will need no other memo 
 rial till the end of time ! 
 
 When Londonderry was incorporated in the name of George III., 
 June, 1722, the charter enacted "that on every Wednesday of the 
 week forever they may hold, keep, and enjoy a market for the buy 
 ing and selling of goods, wares, and merchandise, and various kinds 
 of creatures, endowed with the usual privileges, profits, and immu 
 nities, as other market towns fully hold, possess, and enjoy ; and two 
 Fairs annually forever, the first to be held and kept within the said 
 town on the 8th day of November next, and so annually forever, and 
 the other on the 8th day of May in like manner. Provided, if it 
 should so happen, that at any time either of these days fall on the 
 Lord s day, then the said Fair shall be held and kept the day follow 
 ing it. The said Fair shall have, hold, and enjoy the liberties, priv 
 ileges, and immunities as other Fairs in other towns fully possess, 
 hold, and enjoy." 
 
 For more than one hundred years these semi-annual fairs were 
 maintained without a break. Their original design was good; 
 namely, to afford opportunity to people of neighboring towns to 
 meet and exchange their commodities with each other for a mutual 
 profit and we will just note in passing that the Scotch-Irish of 
 that day had not made the grand modern discovery that exchange 
 of commodities is a crime to be prevented by the exercise of all the 
 powers of the United States government. The assemblages at these 
 fairs were usually large ; merchants from Haverhill and Salem and 
 Boston were present with their goods, and every variety of home 
 growths and manufactures was collected for exchange. Everything 
 at first was conducted with a decent order and propriety, although 
 the fair was always held in and around the only tavern of the town, 
 and there was always much drinking over the bar and some intoxi 
 cation. As time went on and as stores became multiplied in the 
 towns, and as means of communication improved, the benefits of 
 these fairs and the grounds for their maintenance diminished, and 
 the obvious evils increased, until they proved a moral nuisance, 
 attracting chiefly the more corrupt portion of the community, and 
 exhibiting each year for successive days scenes of vice and folly in 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 43 
 
 some of their worst forms. Serious attempts were made from time 
 to time by the town to mitigate these evils, but with little success. 
 In 1798 the following vote was passed at the annual town-meeting : 
 " From the misconduct and disorderly behavior of most of the people 
 which frequent the fair, as now holden, the good intention and 
 original design are altogether defeated, it is hereupon enacted, that 
 it shall be confined to two days one day each spring and fall; 
 voted also, that no booth shall be used after 9 o clock in the evening 
 of said days, for selling merchandise or liquor, or furnishing any 
 kind of entertainment, without forfeiting and paying a fine of one 
 pound." Arid at last the final suppression of the fair was brought 
 about in 1839, as the result of the temperance reformation in Lon 
 donderry, for when the bar was removed from the tavern and no 
 intoxicating drinks were to be had in the place, the crowds assem 
 bled as usual, but at once withdrew. 
 
 Many of the social customs of our fathers indicate also a fond 
 ness for strong drink, which not even their iron constitutions and 
 out-of-door life, and in the main, approving consciences, could pre 
 vent from demoralizing them. This love of liquor was a national 
 trait. The direct evidence we have on this point relates more 
 particularly to Londonderry and its resulting towns, but there are 
 lines of proof that converge upon the same point in relation to 
 Worcester and its sequels, and to the Kennebec and Penobscot towns 
 as well. It is true that, owing to the difference in their language 
 and habits and modes of life from those of their English neighbors, 
 prejudices against these settlers were early imbibed and unreason 
 ably indulged, and many things in their manners and practices were 
 grossly exaggerated at the time and falsely reported and believed ; 
 we must bear all this in mind in weighing the evidence, but the 
 traditions that have come down in certain families from generation 
 to generation, with some of which I became very familiar from 
 childhood to manhood, as well as the written record in all its varied 
 forms, can leave no doubt on the minds of their candid descendants 
 that here was a crevasse in the generally solid character of their 
 moral build-up. They found or made occasion in their marriage 
 ceremonies, in their wakes or watchings with the dead, and in their, 
 funeral solemnities, to partake of ardent spirits with such freedom 
 and frequency as were often productive of most painful scenes and 
 serious consequences. 
 
 The wedding, for example, was in substance a sumptuous feast. 
 The invitations were given out at least three days before the time, 
 it being considered an affront to receive one only one day previous. 
 
44 SCOTCH-IKISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 At the appointed hour the groom proceeded from his dwelling with 
 his select friends, male and female , w about half way on their journey 
 to the house of the bride, they were met by the bride s select male 
 friends ; and, on meeting, each of the two companies made choice of 
 one of their number " to run for the bottle " to the bride s house. 
 The champion of the race who reached the well-filled bottle first, 
 and returned with it, gave a toast, drank to the bridegroom s health, 
 and having passed the bottle fully round, the united company pro 
 ceeded to the residence of the bride. When arrived there, the 
 religious and other services did not differ essentially from those 
 common now at domestic weddings ; but the ceremony being con 
 cluded, the whole company sat down to the entertainment, at which 
 the "best man" and "best maid" presided. Then the room was 
 cleared for dances and other amusements ; the " flow " was kept up, 
 and the " floor " was kept cleared ; and an aged narrator, about the 
 beginning of this century, kindling at the recollection of scenes then 
 for him all gone by, concluded his account of the ancient wedding, 
 " and the evening was spent with a degree of pleasure of which our 
 modern fashionables are perfectly ignorant ! " 
 
 When death entered a Scotch-Irish community in the olden time 
 in New England, and one anywise prominent was removed, there 
 was at once a cessation of all labor in the neighborhood. The people 
 gathered at the house of mourning, and proceeded night after night 
 to observe a custom which they had brought with them from Ireland 
 (whether it be more Irish than Scottish, if there is any difference 
 of m eaning between these epithets in this connection, it were vain 
 to speculate) called the " wake," or watching with the dead, until 
 the interment had taken place. These night scenes, as at the 
 present time wherever kept up, often exhibited a mixture of serious 
 ness and frivolity, of religion and deviltry, to the last degree gro 
 tesque and incompatible. The Scriptures would be solemnly read, 
 long prayers would be offered, and words of counsel and admonition 
 administered to the mourning circle ; but before long, according to 
 established usage, the glass, with its exhilarating and intoxicating 
 beverage, must circulate freely and repeatedly ; so that, before the 
 dawn, the joke and the laugh, if not scenes more boisterous and 
 bewildering, would break in upon the slumbers of the dead. 
 
 The assemblage was sure to be large in all the Scotch-Irish settle 
 ments, whatever might have been the age or character or worldly 
 condition of the party deceased, at the funeral services. Every 
 relative, however distant the connection, must surely be present, or 
 it would be regarded as a marked neglect ; and it was expected also 
 
SCOTCH-HUSH usr NEW ENGLAND. 45 
 
 that all the friends and acquaintance of the deceased within a 
 reasonable distance of the home would be in attendance. Funeral 
 sermons were rarely or never delivered upon the occasion, yet there 
 would usually be as large a congregation as assembled on the Sab 
 bath. Previous to the prayer ardent spirit was always handed 
 round, not only to the mourners and bearers, but also to the entire 
 assembly. Again after prayer, and before the coffin was removed, 
 the same thing was repeated. Nearly all would follow the body to 
 the grave, and usually the greater number walked. Processions 
 from a third to one-half a mile in length were not infrequent in 
 Londonderry at the burial of an ordinary citizen. On their return 
 to the house, the demoralizing draught was again administered to 
 all, and a further edible entertainment provided. Many a poor 
 family became embarrassed, if not absolutely impoverished, in con 
 sequence of the heavy expenses incurred, not so much by the sick 
 ness which preceded the death of one of its members, as by the 
 funeral ceremonies as then and there observed, required, as they 
 foolishly supposed, by respect for the dead. 
 
 c. In the third place, it was a pleasing and remarkable trait of 
 these people, that they knew how to put things in a humorous and 
 witty and even sarcastic dress. It was natural to them. They 
 could do it well, and therefore they liked to do it. They were mar- 
 velously quick at repartee. Of course their brogue was a great help 
 to them here, because it intensified the sense of incongruity, which 
 seems to be of the essence of merriment. Subjectively they relished 
 the sense of the grotesque and incongruous, and objectively their 
 art and their brogue helped them to magnify it. Rev. Dr. Morrison 
 once delivered an election sermon before the New Hampshire legis 
 lature, which proved incisive and effective ; the body voted to print 
 a specified number of copies, when a witty member (appreciating 
 this point) moved to substitute an additional number, "provided 
 they would also print the brogue." 
 
 The ministers were particularly skilled as between each other in 
 humorous attack and retort. It was the one chief relief from the 
 soberness and intensity of their lives. For example, two of these 
 clergymen were walking along together on an icy road. Suddenly 
 one of them slipped, and fell flat. Eev. Upright eyed his brother 
 for a moment solemnly, and quoted : " The wicked stand in slippery 
 places." Instantly retorted Eev. Prostrate, "I see they do, but I 
 can t." William Stinson, born in Ireland, came to Londonderry with 
 his father while still very young. Thence he migrated to Dunbar- 
 ton, N. H., where he lived alone in his log-house, destitute of most 
 
46 SCOTCH-IKISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 of the conveniences of domestic life, and laid there and thus the 
 foundations of a large fortune for the time. Rev. David McGregor, 
 of Londonderry, called on him there (they had been boys together), 
 and dined with him. Not having a table, or anything that would 
 answer for a better substitute, Brother Stinson was obliged to make 
 use of a bushel basket placed bottom-side upward. Both were grate 
 ful beforehand for the frugal meal frugally served, and Rev. Mr. 
 McGregor, being asked, of course, to solicit the divine blessing, 
 pertinently and devoutly implored that his host might be blessed 
 "in his basket and his store." This was literally verified in the 
 time to come ! 
 
 Rev. Matthew Clark, who carried to his grave an unhealed wound 
 from a sword-cut received in the siege of Derry, was accustomed, 
 even to old age, and even in the pulpit, to quick and witty turns, 
 which we must suppose were very effective. At any rate, they are 
 very interesting to us, accustomed as we are, more or less, to dull 
 preaching. The old cavalry captain with the black patch over his 
 eye-brow was preaching one day on the over-confidence of Peter, that 
 he would never deny his Lord, and his subsequent humiliating fall, 
 and remarked : " Just like Peter, aye mair forrit than wise, ganging 
 swaggering about wi a sword at his side ; an a puir han he mad o 
 it when he cam to the trial, for he only cut off a duel s lug, an he 
 ought to ha split down his head ! " 
 
 This same old warrior of God is said also to have commenced a 
 discourse from Philippians 4, 13, in the following startling manner : 
 " I can do all things. Ay, can ye, Paul ? I ll bet ye a dollar o 
 that (placing a Spanish milled dollar upon the desk). Stop! let s 
 see what else Paul says : I can do all things through Christ, which 
 strengthened me. Ay, sae can I, Paul ; I draw my bet," and he 
 thereupon returned the dollar to his pocket ! 
 
 This gift of enlivening humor, so common and so much cultivated 
 among them, afforded a much-needed relief to their isolated lives 
 upon their slovenly -kept farms, and afforded a relief also to their 
 usually downright arid dogmatic expression of their opinions. They 
 were open and above-board in all their opinions and in all their talk. 
 They did not back-bite with their tongues. There was biting, a 
 plenty of it, but it was in a forward movement, fronting the oppo 
 nent, whoever he was. Subterraneanism was something these people 
 abhorred. If any one had a ground of complaint against another, 
 or, what was much the same thing, if he supposed he had, his method 
 of procedure was not like that of besieging castles in the Middle 
 Ages, by gradual approaches, but, on the contrary, was exceedingly 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 47 
 
 direct and personal. The party of the second part was pretty sure 
 to be the first one to hear of the grievance, and of the quick feelings 
 excited by it. They seemed to like to fight their own battles directly, 
 and rarely enlisted substitutes ! They were a pugnacious people 
 among themselves, these Scotch-Irish. Their views were mostly 
 definite, and sharpened to a point. There was a wholesome breezi- 
 ness among them that is refreshing to look back upon. They were 
 fond of regarding the Christian course under St. Paul s favorite 
 figure of a warfare ; whatever else they failed to do, they meant to 
 fight a good fight, and to keep the faith once delivered to them 
 the present saints. But in all this their ever-present sense of humor, 
 and their ability to bring it to bear in extremities, was not only a 
 relief to their pig-headed dogmatism, but was also a constant restraint 
 and antidote to it. 
 
 And yet, what seems at first blush to be incompatible with what 
 has just been said, it was a very common trait of these peculiar 
 people to maintain a sort of secrecy or clandestinism in matters 
 neutral to religion and politics, in matters personal and indifferent, 
 that stood in strange contrast to their utter frankness and unreserve 
 in those things which they deemed cardinal. They seem to have 
 caught beforehand, and to have practiced from generation to genera 
 tion, the spirit of Burns s strain : 
 
 " Conceal yersel as weel s you can 
 
 Frae critical dissection ; 
 But keek through every ither man 
 Wi sharpened sly inspection ! 
 
 " Ay free, aff han your story tell, 
 
 When wi a bosom crony ; 
 But still keep something to yersel 
 Ye ll scarcely say to ony ! " 
 
 Somewhere in the neighborhood of these two traits, which seem 
 themselves to be the opposites of each other, there lay another char 
 acteristic of this tribe, what might almost be called in Bacon s phrase 
 an idol of the tribe, a persistent capacity to hold a grudge ! I will 
 not philosophize upon this, though I am certain of it as a fact. To 
 forgive and forget an injury, real or supposed, a grace hard enough 
 of attainment for any Christian anywhere, God knows, and we know, 
 was especially hard for these half-Celtic and half-Saxon believers in 
 and imitators of the blessed Lord. We need to make no reference 
 here to the old historic feuds, Highland or Lowland we are not 
 sure as that would have any relevancy; but any analysis of the 
 
48 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 character of the New England Scotch-Irish, however cursory, in con 
 trast with the English Puritans alongside of whom they lived and 
 labored, would be faulty and out of the true, that did not call a pass 
 ing attention to a characteristic of them, both men and women a 
 characteristic which has come down within the observation of those 
 still living a tendency to hold together and re-knit at intervals 
 the strong fibers of a grudge, a prejudice, a misconception; fibers 
 late and last to be fused in the blessed fires of Christian discipline 
 and -holy love ! 
 
 d. And this brings us, in the fourth place, to some peculiarities 
 in the religious conceptions and experience of these good people 
 which may prove instructive and illuminating to us to whom these 
 ends of the world have come. John Knox had adjusted for their 
 simple eye-sight all the glasses in the long tube, pointed for them 
 toward Geneva and John Calvin, whenever they wished to take 
 their bearings from the east, and to renew the grounds and the pro 
 portions of the famous Five Points ; and, at one and the same time, 
 perform the impossible task so often undertaken to no purpose, to 
 conform their lives in simple faith and love to the still, small voice, 
 and to settle themselves theologically four-square and impregnable. 
 Of course there was something grotesque in this attempted combina 
 tion, and of course there was something sublime in it. John Calvin 
 was only twenty-six years old when he wrote or sketched his famous 
 " Institutes of Theology." Oh ! that he had waited twenty-five years 
 longer, and learned, as he certainly would have done, that men are 
 made in the image of God in other respects also, as well as in a 
 tendency to an inflexible logic-handling of data imperfectly under 
 stood ! This would have saved our morbidly conscientious ancestors 
 from much that appears to us insane and ridiculous ; and, let it be 
 confessed, would have prevented them also from undertaking much 
 that proved great and enduring. 
 
 The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians of New England were in bondage 
 to the "letter," and the "Emancipation Proclamation" has not even 
 yet been read and pondered and joyfully accepted by many of their 
 descendants. Contrary to the doctrine of St. Paul, who was and is 
 the evangelist of the whole circle, they "served in the oldness of the 
 letter and not in the newness of the spirit." They did not find out 
 what this meaneth even from the lips of their own preferred teacher 
 " the letter killeth but the spirit giveth life." There was accord 
 ingly, a hardness and a formality in their religious lives and actions, 
 in striking contrast with the relative freedom and love and spirit of 
 the best Christians of our own times, who may themselves have come 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 49 
 
 out from the rigid lines and mailed loins of these saints and soldiers 
 of the Middle Age. 
 
 The cases of church discipline, many of which have come down to 
 us by way of record, turned for the most part not on the absence of 
 brotherly love and the spirit of mutual helpfulness, which are of the 
 essence of Christianity, but on some miserable technicality, some 
 formal violation of an external rite or usage of the church. For 
 example, the Thursday before communion was a fast day, and kept 
 with all the rigidity and punctilio of a Jewish Sabbath. A complaint 
 was brought against a member of the church of Londonderry, for 
 spreading out grain to dry on such a Thursday the grain was 
 ready to spoil for lack of the sun shining in his strength and he 
 was duly and solemnly admonished by the session. In 1734, we find 
 a complaint against John Morrison, brought by Archibald Stark, that 
 the former, having found an axe in the road, " did not leave it at the 
 next tavern as the laws of the country doth require " ; and though 
 Morrison acknowledged the fact, and plead that the axe was of so 
 small value that it would not quit the costs of legally proclaiming 
 it, yet he was severely censured by the session, "and exhorted to 
 repent of the evil." 
 
 The cheap metallic pieces, called "tokens/ 7 which entitled the 
 bearer without question to the privileges of the Lord s Supper, came 
 to have a factitious and even superstitious value set upon them by 
 the holders, as if St. Peter himself, at the gate of heaven, must 
 instantly recognize the validity of those dirty bits of brass stamped 
 with the initials of the church. Amid so much that was outer and 
 formal and Jewish and rectangular, there is of necessity lacking the 
 sweeter and gentler virtues, the noiseless charity, the reaching out 
 to one another the hands which are felt, not seen. All the rain 
 from heaven seemed to come in great showers in the day-time, and 
 there was less of the refreshing and universal dew, the gift of the 
 night, found often on the under-side of the blade and the leaf and; 
 the flower. 
 
 The bolder and sterner virtues of the Christian character were 
 those present the vigilance of the watchman on the walls of Zion, 
 the valor of the desperate onset summoned by the trumpet of Jeho 
 vah, the tirelessness of the strong reaper in the hot harvest-field, the 
 dying cry of the born general, sleepless and intent, "Tete d arm^e!" 
 But alas ! for the onesidedness of the best human life 5 alas ! for the 
 temptation that lurks the nearest to the noblest virtue ; alas ! for 
 the exhibition of what is devilish in apparently vital connection 
 with what is divine. So here. Our fathers were heresy-hunters. 
 
50 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 They revered a shibboleth. They only could guard aright the ark 
 of God. They thought themselves to be vicegerents. They fell 
 into the sin of condemning their brethren, for whom Christ died. 
 
 " The Truth s worst foe is he who claims 
 
 To act as God s avenger ; 
 And dreams beyond his sentry beat 
 The crystal walls in danger ! 
 
 " Who sets for heresy his traps 
 
 Of verbal quirk and quibble ; 
 And weeds the Garden of the Lord 
 With Satan s borrowed dibble." 
 
 I may be wrong in this, but it is my deliberate judgment, that 
 the English Pilgrims of the Old Colony and their descendants, and 
 the original Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay and their children, 
 fallible and narrow and one-sided and bigoted and uncharitable as 
 they all were, nevertheless represented on the whole, in an age 
 equally adverse to them all, a sweeter and better and truer spirit in 
 their lives than the more highly organized and more historically 
 connected Christians whose blessed memories we strive to keep 
 alive to-day. 
 
 However this may be, one thing is certain, New England has 
 proved to the last degree inhospitable to Presbyterianism as a form 
 of church administration. Established over and over again in Maine, 
 in New Hampshire, and in fewer numbers in Massachusetts, renewed 
 over and over again when decayed and moribund, the presbyteries 
 have run one steady and inevitable course toward extinction. There 
 is one nominal presbytery in New England to-day doing duty only 
 on the official records of the church, denominated " Boston," but it 
 was utterly unrepresented in the General Assembly last week at 
 Saratoga. It has a name to live, but it is dead. 
 
 Something corresponding with what the evolutionists style " en 
 vironment " must be the explanation of this most striking and reit 
 erated phenomenon. What is there in New England that is so fatal 
 to the Presbyterian form? A good word is oftentimes a harbor of 
 refuge to the perplexed and baffled inquirer. Presbyterianism came 
 to us early ; it came strong ; it reinforced itself from time to time 
 with new and large recruits, but it could not root in Yankee land. 
 What has been the matter ? I answer, environment, whatever that 
 may mean. The Plymouth people, from 1620 and onward, were 
 obliged to take to independence in church government, whether they 
 willed or nilled ; ten years later and onward, John Winthrop and 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 51 
 
 his learned ministers in Charlestown, Cambridge, and Boston, drank 
 in from the salt marshes and Massachusetts Bay long whiffs of what 
 afterward came to be called Congregationalism ; Eoger Williams 
 inhaled the same sort of air in Salem, and liked the oxygen of it, 
 and carried it in stout lungs to Providence, to become the breath of 
 life to the Baptists, a vast congeries of independent churches ; the 
 molds got set in New England ; self-governed churches took the bits 
 in their teeth one by one; and when, in 1718, the Presbyterians 
 came to Boston, and triangulated themselves at Worcester, London 
 derry, and Wiscasset, they established their own forms at the two 
 latter places without let or hindrance, but the opposition at Worces 
 ter was significant ; and the whole trend and drift of things in 
 short, the environment was and has continued such, that, proud 
 of their fathers of every name, and thankfully accepting the tribute 
 from every land, New England people believe in and will uphold the 
 independent government of their churches, each for and by itself. 
 
 e. In the last place, we must note the social and political tenden 
 cies and peculiarities of the Scotch-Irish in New England. It is 
 here that the main lesson comes in. It is here that their impress 
 has been deepest and best. It is along this line that we can clearly 
 trace their footsteps from the first, and see their lasting influence to 
 this day. There is no careful investigation but brings its surprises. 
 There is no genuine study of aggregate men whose results do not 
 display apparent contradictions at some point. It is so with our 
 folks. They were zealous Presbyterians, and that system implies 
 authority and subordination ; the simple church member is under 
 the direction of the session to an extent unknown in independent 
 churches ; the session is a part of the presbytery, and is controlled 
 by it ; and all the presbyteries are under the legislative domination 
 of the general assembly. The system involves, therefore, higher 
 and lower in church authority ; it involves rank in a certain sense, 
 and it would not seem to be favorable to individualism in rights and 
 power. Each intermediate grade, like the centurion in the Gospel, 
 says : " I also am a man under authority, having soldiers under me." 
 
 We should expect beforehand, accordingly, that these people 
 would be no great sticklers for individual rights in politics, and no 
 very sharp opponents of that insidious privilege, which is all the 
 while stealing a march on the rights of the masses, and creating by 
 law or usage privileged classes, lower and higher, polite plunderers, 
 and perhaps unconscious plundered. Sir Thomas More wrote of the 
 England of his time, and it is just as true of the United States in 
 each and every decade of the first century of the constitution : " The 
 
52 SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 rich, are ever striving to pare away something further from the daily 
 wages of the poor by private fraud, and even by public law, so that 
 the wrong already existing, for it is a wrong that those from whom 
 the state derives most benefit should receive the least reward, is 
 made yet greater by means of the law of the state. The rich devise 
 every means by which they may in the first place secure to them 
 selves what they have amassed by wrong, and then take to their 
 own use and profit, at the lowest possible price, the work and labor 
 of the poor. And so soon as the rich decide on adopting these 
 devices in the name of the public, then they become law." 
 
 On the contrary, rather in contrast with the Puritans, who, speak 
 ing generally, seem to have felt no repugnance to distinctions and 
 privileges for themselves and their own, either in church or state, 
 these Scotch-Irish citizens, as a rule, manifested a working instinct, 
 if not a trained principle, favorable to equality of opportunity for 
 all men under the law, and hostile to special privileges to any, and 
 especially privileges to some at the expense of the rest. As the two 
 great simple elements of our domestic national politics were slowly 
 formulating themselves under the administration of Washington 
 the two simple elements which have dominated our national politics 
 ever since, and served as the one stable foundation of our two politi 
 cal parties our tribe in New England sided with Jefferson in his 
 pronounced views of state rights in opposition to centralization, and 
 of equality in opposition to privilege. Jefferson s religious views, 
 as they were represented in New England, were enormously unpop 
 ular among all classes; but the instinct, -if not the intelligence, of 
 the Scotch-Irish, led them to general approval of his political propo 
 sitions ; and as time went on and the results were brought into relief, 
 they ranged themselves generally under the Democratic banners, 
 particularly in New Hampshire and that part of Massachusetts 
 which is now Maine. 
 
 Hamilton s opposite construction of equality of rights, and of 
 national powers as over against the states, found greatly more favor 
 among the Puritan merchants of the bay, and among the Congrega 
 tional clergy generally, than among the farmers and citizens of 
 Presbyterian antecedents. The father of the late "Long Jim" 
 Wilson, of Peterborough, N. H., was a Federalist, and his more distin 
 guished son was a Whig, which means the same thing ; and if his 
 son, the brave General Wilson of our late civil war be a Republican, 
 as I infer from heredity only, that means the same thing too. The 
 Wilson family in successive generations has been distinguished on 
 many grounds and in many members, but the mere fact, that the 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW 
 
 r;^ 53 
 
 Federalism of the ancestor is noted in Scotch-Irish records, empha 
 sizes the other fact, that the greater part of his compeers took the 
 other view. When I was a boy in ]STew Hampshire, I used to hear 
 " Long Jim " harangue Whig audiences on the efficacy of Whig doc 
 trines with apparently tremendous effect; but when the election 
 day came round, even in the universal fervor of 1840, the rank and 
 file of Democratic yeomen rallied unbroken majorities against privi 
 lege and centralization. The " Granite State " is not more granite 
 in its rocks than it has been, and will be, in its opposition to all 
 schemes of whatever color, designed to rob the masses of men for 
 the special benefit of a privileged few, and those designed also to 
 make top-heavy and unwieldy the central structure of our compli 
 cated government, at the expense of the older and safer and more 
 responsive, because more local, seats of political power. 
 
 Samuel Taggart also, born in Londonderry in 1754, minister in 
 Colerain, Mass., for forty-one years, 1777-1818, a graduate of Dart 
 mouth College in 1774, a man of gigantic stature, a member of 
 Congress from a district of Western Massachusetts for seven succes 
 sive terms, 1803-17, was nominally a Federalist, yet in reality and 
 at bottom, like most of the rank and file of his people in Massachu 
 setts, no friend of privilege and centralization. Indeed, he was a 
 typical Scotch-Irishman. He was a politician and a preacher at the 
 same time and among the same people. No incongruity suggested 
 itself as between these functions to him or to them. They steadily 
 supported him in both relations, and he faithfully represented them 
 in both. " Where did you leave those few sheep in the wilderness ? " 
 inquired sarcastically John Randolph of Roanoke, of Taggart on 
 the floor of the House. He had not left them. He thoroughly 
 studied his colleagues at Washington in both branches ; read his 
 Bible through every winter he was there ; possessed the confidence 
 of Jefferson and Madison, fellow Scotch-Irish from Virginia, during 
 both the entire presidential terms of both, though he did not go to 
 Washington quite early enough to welcome there, and probably 
 would not have heartily welcomed there, Eev. John Leland, his 
 Baptist brother, when he took on the mammoth cheese as a testimo 
 nial to Jefferson of the political confidence of the people of Cheshire, 
 in my own county of Berkshire. Taggart wrote and published, on 
 the "Evidences of Christianity," on "British Impressments from 
 our Marine," on the " Final Perseverance of the Saints," and many 
 sermons and orations and addresses. 
 
 Political instinct in distinction from political intelligence in the 
 masses of our countrymen, and particularly in the masses of our 
 
54 SCOTCH-IRISH: IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 immigrants, as leading them to unite with one or other of the two 
 great parties, each holding with remarkable continuity on the whole 
 the tradition of its origin and the lines of its demarcation, has not 
 yet received the attention and the respect from our public men 
 which are its due. Men are not machines. There is a reason in 
 their movements as well in their aggregate as in their individual 
 capacity. And when the curse of money is removed from its cor 
 rupting place at or near our ballot boxes, as it will be, it will then 
 be seen, that men native and naturalized choose their party from 
 impulses and impressions only partly explicable even to themselves ; 
 and that there are drifts and currents God-impelled, as well as those 
 distinctly started in the human reason, all which are sweeping on 
 
 toward 
 
 " That fair future day, 
 Which fate shall brightly gild." 
 
 In conclusion, let me mention just a few living Scotch-Irish 
 people out of the New England stock, with whom I chance to be 
 acquainted directly or indirectly, whose acquaintance I highly prize, 
 and who are each and all distinguished in their sphere : Hugh Mc- 
 Culloch, born and bred in Maine, known and honored erf all men ; 
 Charles J. McCurdy, a nonagenarian jurist of Lyme, Conn. ; Manton 
 Marble, of New York ; George W. Anderson, of Boston ; Rev. Dr. 
 George Mooar, of Oakland, Cal. ; Miss Philena McKeen, Andover, 
 Mass. ; Mrs. Gov. Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury, Vt. ; Robert C. Mack, 
 Londonderry, N. H. ; Senator Blair, and Congressman Moore, and 
 Acting Governor Taggart, all of New Hampshire ; Professor L. W. 
 Spring, of Williams College ; Major H. B. McClellan, of Kentucky, 
 and Henry H. Anderson, of New York. 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 55 
 
 PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 
 
 1. Lincoln s History of Worcester. 
 
 2. Wall s Reminiscences of Worcester. 
 
 3. Worcester Records of Births and Deaths. 
 
 4. Registry of Deeds, Worcester. 
 
 5. Published Inscriptions on Gravestones in Worcester. 
 
 6. Parker s Londonderry, N. H. 
 
 7. State Papers of New Hampshire, particularly "Towns," vol. 14, and 
 "Muster-Rolls," vol. 2. 
 
 8. Communications from Robert C. Mack, Londonderry, N. H. 
 
 9. Holland s History of Western Massachusetts, "Colerain," "Bland- 
 ford," "Pelham," and passim. 
 
 10. History of Peterborough, N. H. 
 
 11. McKeen s History of Bradford, Vt. 
 
 12. Thompson s Gazetteer of Vermont, "Londonderry," " Landgrove," etc. 
 
 13. Caleb Stark s Life of John Stark. 
 
 14. American Biography, sub verbis, "Matthew Thornton," "Asa Gray," 
 "Charles J. McCurdy," etc., etc., etc. 
 
 15. Hugh McCulloch s " Memorials of Half a Century." 
 
 16. Green s " Short History of England," as revised by Mrs. Green. 
 
SCOTCH-IRISH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. A. L. PERRY, D.D., LL.D, 
 
 PROFESSOR or HISTORY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN WILLIAMS COLLEGE, 
 
 WlLLIAMSTOWN, MASS. 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 PRINTED BY J. S. GUSHING & CO. 
 1891, 
 
RETURN TO the circulation desk of any 
 University of California Library 
 
 or to the 
 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 (510)642-6753 
 
 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing 
 books to NRLF 
 
 Renewals and recharges may be made 4 
 days prior to due date. 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 SEP 4 1998 
 
 
 JhNED 
 
 APR 1 
 
 
 
 12,000(11/95) 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES