Q&WG-N 
 
 k hzmdbook. pPnevw 
 Cx paper administration, 
 -editorial, advertising, 
 production,cii'culation, 
 -minutely depicting 
 in word and picture, 
 "how it's done" by 
 the worlds greatest 
 newspaper 
 
 in commemoration of its 
 
 Sflenty-f/th Birthday* - 
 
(L333 
 V/" 
 
 Copyright 1922 
 The Tribune Company 
 
Contents 
 
 Page 
 
 THE W. G. N 7 
 
 THE PAST 
 
 History of The Chicago Tribune 1 1 
 
 From Foundation to Fire (1847-1871) 14 
 
 From The Fire to The Fair (1871-1893) 40 
 
 From The Fair to The World War (1893-1914) 53 
 
 The World War and After (1914-1922) 80 
 
 THE PRESENT 
 
 EDITORIAL DIVISION . . 125 
 
 Local News 134 
 
 ^Departments 139 
 
 National News 143 
 
 LxFbreign News 145 
 
 LMakeup of News . 1 53 
 
 Art and Photographic Department . . . 160 
 
 Features 163 
 
 Selling News, Features and Pictures 167 
 
 Morgue and Library 168 
 
 Editorials 170 
 
 ADVERTISING DIVISION 177 
 
 Want Advertising 179 
 
 Classified Display . 189 
 
 Display Advertising 190 
 
 Local Advertising 191 
 
 National Advertising 193 
 
 PRODUCTION DIVISION 
 
 Chicago Tribune Pulp Wood Forests 205 
 
 Turning Trees into Paper 219 
 
 Composing Room 227 
 
 Etching Room 237 
 
 Sterotyping 242 
 
 Electrotyping 245 
 
 Press Room 246 
 
 Rotogravure and Coloroto 256 
 
 Electrical Department 267 
 
 CIRCULATION DIVISION 272 
 
 AUDITING AND COMPTROLLING DIVISION 282 
 
 Building Department 284 
 
 Purchasing Department . . .291 
 
 The Medill Council 294 
 
 List of Illustrations 
 
 Page Page 
 
 Joseph Medill Frontispiece Headlines on Fall of Fort Sumter . . 24 
 
 Tribune Offices 1849 ..... 8 Headlines on Surrender of Lee . 26 
 
 HolSwhite^ ' 19 Headlines on Assassination of Lincoln . 28 
 John Locke Scripps, Charles H. Ray 20 Letter from Lincoln subscribing to 
 
 Tribune ad of 1860 22 The Tribune 30 
 
 5 
 
List of Illustrations Continued 
 
 Page 
 
 Headlines on Burial of Lincoln . . 31 
 
 Courthouse before The Fire ... 37 
 
 Headlines on Chicago Fire ... 38 
 
 Horse Power for Presses in the Forties 39 
 Waterworks before The Fire . . 40 
 
 Scenes during Chicago Fire ... 41 
 
 Chicago in 1865 and in 1870 . . 42 
 
 Headlines on Beecher-Tilton Case . 43 
 
 Headlines on New Testament Scoop 45 
 Headlines on Assassination of Garfield 46 
 Headlines on Haymarket Riots . . 47 
 
 Headlines on Swing Heresy Case . 48 
 
 Tribune Buildings before and after Fire 51 
 World's Columbian Exposition, 
 
 "The Fair" 52 
 
 Headlines on Battle of Manilla Bay . . 57 
 Corner of Madison and Dearborn Streets 
 
 in 1860 61 
 
 Two Compositors with Century of 
 
 Tribune Service 61 
 
 Robert W. Patterson 62 
 
 Tribune Building . . 71 
 
 Land Show 1912 72 
 
 Library in Tribune Plant .... 72 
 
 Investors Guide 78 
 
 Headlines on Outbreak of World War . 79 
 Headlines of February 1, 1917 ... 81 
 Headlines of February 4, 1917 ... 82 
 Headlines of April 6, 1917 . . . . 83 
 European Edition of The Tribune . . 90 
 How European Edition is Quoted . . 92 
 Daily News, New York's Picture 
 
 Newspaper 100 
 
 Cross-Section View of Tribune Plant . 102 
 Advertisement of Cheer Check Contest . 110 
 Airplane Views of Tribune Plant . . 114 
 Offer of $100,000 Prize to Architects . 120 
 Laying Corners tone of Tribune Plant . 123 
 
 Tribune Plant 124 
 
 Heads used in The Tribune . . . .129 
 Weekly Contest for Best Head ... 130 
 Floor Plan Fifth Floor Tribune Plant . 134 
 Floor Plan Tribune Local Room . . 135 
 How News Moves from source to printers 136 
 Wireless Operator in Tribune Plant . 147 
 Crowd Receiving Election Returns . 147 
 London Office of The Tribune . . 148 
 
 Tribune's European Territory . . 150 
 
 Expense account in rubles . . 152 
 
 Makeup Dummy ... . 159 
 
 Photographic Assignment Sheet . . 162 
 Tribune "Sunday" Room . . 165 
 
 Where Tribune News is Bought and Sold 166 
 Editorial Page of The Tribune . . .172 
 
 Tribune Local Room 173 
 
 Tribune Linotypes 173 
 
 Special Auto for Photographers . . . 174 
 Tribune Offices in Rome and Berlin . .175 
 
 Tribune Want Ad Store 176 
 
 Advertising Charts 178 
 
 Advertising Charts 181 
 
 Want Ad Phone Room 185 
 
 Want Ad Credit Records 185 
 
 Want Ad Solicitors Records . .186 
 
 Page 
 
 Tribune School and Travel Bureau . .186 
 Tribune Advertisement of Lyon & Healy 
 
 in 1864 192 
 
 Chicago Market Pictured in Charts . 194 
 Clothing Advertising Statistics . . 197 
 Advertising Lineage Chart 1906-1921 198 
 The Co-operator, Retailers Trade Paper 200 
 Advertising Advertising in 1982 . . 201 
 Conference Room for Advertisers . 203 
 Copy and Art Service for 
 
 Tribune Advertisers 203 
 
 Tribune Spruce Forest 204 
 
 Map Tribune Timber Lands and 
 
 Paper Mill 206 
 
 Tribune's Timber Lands at Baie 
 
 desCedres 209 
 
 Submarine Chaser Dispatch Boat . . 210 
 
 Logjams .215 
 
 Diagram and Photos of Paper-Making 
 
 Machine 216 
 
 Million Dollar Log Pile 218 
 
 Grinding Logs into Pulp 223 
 
 Screening Impurities from Wood Pulp . 224 
 Couch and Press Rolls of Paper Machine 224 
 Composing Room Layout .... 228 
 "Making up" The Tribune . . . .229 
 
 Linotype Operator 229 
 
 Camera and Acid Bath in Etching Room 230 
 
 Steam Tables 247 
 
 "Plating-up" a Press 247 
 
 Printing Presses and Newsprint Reels . 248 
 Diagram of Progress of Papers through 
 
 Press . 250 
 
 Cutting and Folding Mechanism of Press 253 
 Electrical Control Switchboard . . . 253 
 Automatic Conveyor from Press to 
 
 Mailing Room 254 
 
 Ownership, Management and Circulation 
 
 Statement to Federal Government . 255 
 
 Methods of Printing 257 
 
 Diagram of Coloroto Press . . . 262 
 Coloroto Cylinder being Etched . . 263 
 Coloroto Cylinder being Resurfaced 263 
 Coloroto Magazine Presses . . . 264 
 Tribune Baseball Champions . . 269 
 Stereotype Casting Machine . . 269 
 Mailing Room in Tribune Plant . . 270 
 Circulation Chart, 1912 T 1922 . . 273 
 Dot Map of Tribune Circulation 
 
 Outside of Chicago .... 274 
 Sketch of Mailing Machine . . . 275 
 Floor Plan of Mailing Room ... 278 
 Dot Map of Tribune Circulation in 
 
 Chicago 279 
 
 Trucks Receiving Papers 281 
 
 Steel Steamers "Chicago Tribune" and 
 
 "New York News" 287 
 
 Tribune Schooners at Quebec and 
 
 Shelter Bay 288 
 
 Tribune Building at Madison and 
 
 Dearborn Streets 290 
 
 Rotogravure Studio and Press Room . 293 
 TheTrib Employees House Organ . 300 
 
The W. G. N. 
 
 r iHREE hundred and sixty-five mornings each 
 
 year The Chicago Tribune is delivered to 
 JL hundreds of thousands of readers. Without 
 apparent effort it appears afresh each morning telling 
 what the world has been doing during the preceding 
 twenty-four hours illustrating the report with 
 photographs and drawings enlivening it with car- 
 toons offering features both entertaining and 
 instructive. 
 
 Each day's Tribune contains far more words 
 than the average book involves greater problems 
 of typography and make-up and must be distributed 
 to hundreds of readers in thousands of towns and 
 cities before its ink is quite dry. 
 
 This book is designed to picture the machinery 
 which makes possible such a spectacular accomplish- 
 ment steam, steel, timber, electricity, brawn, 
 brains, skilled hands all closely co-ordinated and 
 driven every minute toward the daily rebirth of 
 The Chicago Tribune. Preceding this analysis of 
 The Tribune as it is today is a historical sketch. 
 
1849 
 
 8 
 
THE PAST 
 
 A brief history of the World's Greatest Newspaper; 
 its influence in the political \ social and economic develop- 
 ment of Chicago and the Central West. 
 
History of The Chicago Tribune 
 
 THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE made its appearance 
 on June 10, 1847. The office was a single room 
 in a building at Lake and La Salle streets, southwest 
 corner. The first edition, four hundred copies, was pulled 
 on a Washington hand press, worked by one of the editors. 
 
 "... but with every stroke of the lever was anneal- 
 ing the substructure upon which was erected the power 
 and influence that has not alone decided the fate of this 
 city, but of the nation. From The Tribune, that had 
 such an humble origin, have been uttered dicta that 
 have controlled the destinies of parties and individuals 
 of prominence in the country, and infused the people 
 with that patriotism which bore such glorious results in 
 the internecine contests." 
 
 So speaks an historian of some thirty-five years ago, 
 when the Civil War was still a part of the lives of the men 
 of that time, and the most important national issue the 
 United States had known. It is a little difficult for the 
 reader today to visualize the men and events of the past 
 century; we are accustomed to regard the newspaper as a 
 business institution, short lived as are the great businesses 
 of our day in point of their past. We are accustomed to 
 think of big newspapers, and The Tribune, as current as 
 the linotype, the giant presses, and the mechanical wonders 
 that make them possible. It is our habit to identify them 
 as things of Today; almost never do we regard them as a 
 part of history. Consider this item: that some six decades 
 ago, The Tribune was as much of a living voice as Lincoln ! 
 Today, Lincoln " belongs to the ages. " This morning, The 
 Tribune appears less than twelve hours old. The story of 
 The World's Greatest Newspaper is in part the story of 
 our country, interwoven with the lives of men and events 
 that determined our present state. And it is a great, an 
 inspiring story, that shows the sources of strength and 
 greatness which this Greatest Newspaper derives from its 
 historic past. 
 
 11 
 
LIN.KS MODERN WEST WITH PIONEERS 
 
 The Chicago Tribune was a creature of destiny, as 
 much a product of the times it lived and the events it 
 helped to shape, as was the Civil War. Essentially is it a 
 part of Chicago, and the Middle West. From a tiny ham- 
 let settled on a swamp has grown the fourth city of the 
 world ; an unsettled wilderness has become the most active, 
 productive part of this nation. And The Tribune, whose 
 growth and fortunes are indissolubly linked with these, 
 shared their peaks and depressions, their progresses and 
 retrogressions, their glories and their disasters. 
 
 You addressing you as a mature man or woman now 
 doing the day's work of the world and your father, and 
 grandfather, and great-grandfather, and The Tribune have 
 gone through four major wars together the Mexican, the 
 Civil, the Spanish-American, and the World War; through 
 nineteen presidential campaigns, eight of which may be 
 said to have been big with the destiny of the people ; through 
 a fire that reduced the city to ruins but not to ruin; 
 through an international exposition that established a 
 tradition of vastness and beauty which, in some of its 
 aspects, the world in three decades has not surpassed; 
 through strikes that disorganized the affairs of a nation, 
 and through more violent social and racial disturbances 
 that put panic into the public mind everywhere; through 
 processes of upbuilding and tearing down and rebuilding 
 that changed the face of nature over leagues of coastline 
 and prairie and that have given to the most humbly placed 
 man in the community comforts and opportunities, material 
 and spiritual, that could not be enjoyed by the richest when 
 great-grandfather and grandfather and The Tribune began 
 working together for father and for us. 
 
 Persons who so long have worked together in matters 
 so crucial for the matters were naught less than the build- 
 ing of a world-city in a new world ought to know each 
 other pretty thoroughly. They do. 
 
 The beginning and the end of each third of The Tribune's 
 three-quarter century synchronize roughly, but still aptly 
 
 12 
 
To FIRE, To FAIR, To WAR, To TODAY 
 
 enough, with three distinct epochs in Chicago's develop- 
 ment. The first quarter century began when, within a 
 period of four years (1843-1847), the population of the city 
 had risen from 6,000 to 16,000. That growth was con- 
 sidered phenomenal, though the years following '47 were 
 to make it seem slow. This first epoch ended in 1871, with 
 the great fire. It comprised twenty-four years. It was 
 the epoch of great-grandfather and grandfather and the 
 time of their hardest work. 
 
 From the fire to the fair was the second epoch. It com- 
 prised twenty-two years. It was the era flamboyant of 
 Chicago of bewildering growth, of great riches quickly 
 acquired, of boisterousness, of vulgarity, and of vision. It 
 was father's epoch. 
 
 And so is this one his his and ours. Say that the 
 opening of the world war put an everlasting landmark into 
 it, it may be described as comprising twenty-one years 
 by 1914. 
 
 Now, as The Tribune starts toward the century mark 
 we are eight years along in the bewildering epoch which 
 historians of the future may designate as "The Great War 
 and After." 
 
 13 
 
From Foundation to Fire 
 
 1847-1871 
 
 r "^HE TRIBUNE was started at a time and in 
 situations that were both strategic. 
 
 * City after city was falling before Generals Scott 
 
 and Taylor and the Mexican War, fraught, as fourteen years 
 were to prove, with the peril of another war, was drawing to 
 a close ; Salt Lake City was being founded by the Mormons ; 
 King William IV. of Prussia, that kindly, ineffectual cry baby , 
 convoked a parliament at Berlin; the Roman Catholic 
 hierarchy was established in England; that magnificent 
 vocality, Daniel O'Connell, came to a rather pusillanimous 
 end in Genoa; Queen Victoria had been ten years on the 
 throne ; Sir John Franklin perished in the region of eternal 
 ice, and "Jane Eyre," the authorship of which was the 
 current mystery of the English-speaking world, was pub- 
 lished. And the rumblings of '48 were worrying Europe. 
 
 The population of Chicago was then 16,000. Our 
 country comprised twenty-nine states, with a population 
 of less than 20,000,000. James K. Polk was President of 
 the United States our last Democrat president of southern 
 birth for sixty-four years, a fact large with significance. 
 Abraham Lincoln was 38 years old and Joseph Medill, still 
 practicing in Coshocton, O., what law there was to practice 
 and picking up in a flirtatious sort of way the rudiments 
 of the printer's trade and the editor's craft, was 24. The 
 opening of his Chicago career was eight years distant. 
 
 Capital was centered in the East. Boston and New 
 York controlled the trade of the nation. The westward 
 trend was a slow seepage that spent itself in the prairies, 
 lacking the great impetus that the discovery of gold was to 
 give in '49. Illinois' first railroad had just been planned 
 in '46, and the project was meeting with the greatest dis- 
 couragement. The stagecoach companies, vast monopolies 
 
 14 
 
GALENA AND ST. Louis OUR RIVALS 
 
 of travel and hostelries, interested in stores and horses were 
 fighting it bitterly. So little did Chicago think of the 
 railroad that the total subscriptions of Chicago merchants 
 were only twenty thousand dollars. The farmers were 
 opposed to the railroads, and wanted plank roads to haul 
 their grain to town to market. The Illinois and Michigan 
 canal, destined to link Chicago with Mississippi River 
 trade, was still unfinished after eleven years of effort and 
 discouraging work. 
 
 St. Louis was the commercial city of the central west, a 
 promising metropolis born and thriving on Mississippi 
 River trade. Galena was the Illinois commercial "big" 
 city; it and Kaskaskia had been considered rivals of St. 
 Louis, until Kaskaskia, with its ten thousand inhabitants, 
 had been wiped out in the Spring floods of 1844. The 
 destruction of Kaskaskia helped Galena and Cairo; Chicago 
 was not thought of as a potential big city. The state 
 government, even, gave its business to Galena and the East. 
 
 Picture, then, this frontier town in 1847. Built on 
 marshland, two feet above the lake level, its streets were 
 always muddy, and some nothing more than bogs. 
 
 Water was pumped through bored logs. Sewerage was 
 limited, insanitary, and primitive; three planks fastened 
 together to form triangular drain pipes, set six inches to a 
 foot below the street surfaces. The first school building 
 was only two years old. Trade was nearly all retail. There 
 had been a terrific boom some years before, from 1833 to 
 1836, which sent Chicago real estate sky high, and flooded 
 the town with a temporary prosperity. The panic of '37 
 left it in a terrible depression. Business men and merchants 
 were forced to go back to the land to raise food to keep alive. 
 So much selfishness and unfair dealing, both in business 
 and politics, were in evidence during the boom years that 
 people were suspicious of any public movements for a long 
 time after. By '47, the effects of the panic had pretty well 
 worn off, and Chicago was building again, more slowly and 
 sanely, but giving little promise of being a wonder city. 
 
 15 
 
FIRST NEWSPAPER IN CHICAGO 1833 
 
 The two decades following were to be the most active 
 and the most fearsome in our history, when sudden growth 
 was faced with as sudden dissolution, when accomplishment 
 and disaster ran side by side. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Chicago had been a fertile field for newspapers, since 
 the inception of its first, in 1833. But the exigencies of 
 pioneer country, the constant change and not infrequent 
 disaster were too much for the journals of the day. Pre- 
 vious to the appearance of The Chicago Daily Tribune, 
 some seven daily and weekly newspapers had been started. 
 Of these, two were contemporary. 
 
 Newspaper history began in Chicago with the advent of 
 The Chicago Democrat, a weekly founded by John Calhoun 
 in J#3J, and later brought to a position of considerable 
 influence by "Long John" Wentworth, a famous mayor of 
 Chicago. The Democrat became a daily in 184.0, and was 
 issued in the morning. In 1846, the issue was changed to 
 evening. "Long John" Wentworth kept it going until 
 the time that tried men's souls in 1861. Then he sold out 
 in a mood of war panic and the property was merged with 
 The Tribune. Through The Democrat, therefore, The 
 Tribune may trace its ancestry back to the first newspaper 
 published in Chicago. 
 
 Subsequent to The Democrat came The Chicago Amer- 
 ican, a weekly in 1835, issued as a daily in 1839; and dis- 
 continued in 1842; The Chicago Express, a daily afternoon 
 paper, began on October 24, 1842, and discontinued two 
 years later; The Chicago Daily Journal, which grew out of 
 the remnants of The Express, and with various changes in 
 ownership, continues up to the present ; The Chicago Repub- 
 lican, a weekly, started in December, 1842, and dropped 
 after six months; The Chicago Daily News, also short lived, 
 appeared from late in 1845 till January 6, 1846; The Chi- 
 cago Commercial Advertiser began as a weekly on Febru- 
 ary 3, 1847, later appearing daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
 until its expiration in 1853. There were also a number of 
 
 16 
 
ENTER THE TRIBUNE JUNE 10, 1847 
 
 journals and magazines, devoted to various interests, but 
 none of these survived for long. 
 
 With this none too encouraging background, The Chi- 
 cago Tribune was started. Joseph K. C. Forrest, James J. 
 Kelly and John E. Wheeler were its originators. 
 
 As for The Tribune's personal appearance in 1847, the 
 liveliest paper in town liked it. That was the Journal. 
 Our sole surviving contemporary of those days looked 
 us over on the morning of June 10, and in the afternoon 
 printed its opinion, which was detailed, admonitory, and 
 instinct with neighborliness. A few lines of its comment 
 follow : 
 
 CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE A large and well-printed sheet with 
 the above title was laid on our table this morning. 
 
 Our neighbors have launched their bark upon the stormy sea of 
 editorial life, proposing to observe a strict impartiality. We wish 
 them every success in their enterprise and firmly trust they will shun 
 the rocks upon which so many gallant vessels have been wrecked. 
 
 The mechanical execution of THE TRIBUNE is beautiful and reflects 
 great credit upon the art. 
 
 The chronicle of the first few years, however, is little 
 more than record of the changes of ownership indicating 
 that journalism of that day was a precarious profession 
 and not the substantial business the newspaper is today. 
 Our early owners were more our projectors than our 
 founders. They did not stick to the ship or the shop. 
 They had other irons in the fire. 
 
 Before The Tribune was a month old, James J. Kelly 
 had withdrawn to devote himself to the more lucrative 
 pursuit of leather merchant. His share was bought by 
 Thomas A. Stewart, who assumed the editorship. Mr. 
 Stewart was shortly thrust into the prominence incumbent 
 upon his position. In an editorial, he suggested that the 
 government vessel stationed at Chicago might make itself 
 useful by helping two merchant vessels into the harbor. 
 The Commandant, Captain Bigelow, resented the sugges- 
 tion and straightway challenged the editor to a duel. 
 Stewart published the challenge as an item of news. The 
 
 17 
 
MEDILL BUYS SHARE IN TRIBUNE 1855 
 
 duel was never fought. The doughty captain abdicated 
 and thereafter helped belated vessels make the harbor. 
 
 In the same year, The Tribune bought the plant and 
 equipment of The Gem of The Prairie, which it continued 
 to issue weekly. In 1848, the second change in ownership 
 occurred. Mr. Forrest retired, selling his third interest to 
 John L. Scripps. 
 
 The following year was notable for two incidents. On 
 May 22, 1849, a fire destroyed The Tribune office and pub- 
 lication was suspended for two days. On December 6, The 
 Tribune installed telegraphic news service, the first paper 
 in the west to get news by wire. This was a startling 
 innovation. News from the east was commonly a month 
 or two old before it reached Chicago papers. The presi- 
 dential message, eagerly awaited every four years, was 
 considered well dispatched if its text reached Chicago by 
 mail or courier within a month after its publication at 
 Washington. The determination to get the news first, for 
 which The Tribune has always been noted, was manifest 
 even in that early day. 
 
 On February 20, 1849, a weekly Tribune was also 
 begun. The Gem of The Prairie was merged with this 
 weekly edition in '52. In '51, a syndicate of Whig poli- 
 ticians purchased the share of Scripps, who founded an- 
 other paper, The Democratic Press, in 1852, in company 
 with William Bross. 
 
 General William Duane Wilson, representing the syn- 
 dicate, was installed as editor. An evening issue of the 
 paper was also begun, but was shortly discontinued. On 
 June 1 8, 1855, Joseph Medill secured a third interest, and 
 Dr. Charles H. Ray a fourth interest, the firm name be- 
 coming Wright, Medill & Co. 
 
 It was eight years after The Tribune was founded that 
 Joseph Medill became a guiding force in it. He was then 
 32 years old. He remained a guiding force for forty-four 
 years, but to the end he had young colleagues. When his 
 grandsons took up their work as guiders of The Tribune 
 
 18 
 
OF THE STOCK OF THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, 52 PER CENT IS OWNED BY 
 THE ESTATE OF JOSEPH MfiDILL. PRACTICALLY ALL THE REMAINDER IS 
 OWNED BY DESCENDANTS OF MEDILL's THREE ASSOCIATES, PICTURED ON 
 
 THIS PAGE. 
 
 ALFRED COWLES 
 SERVED as treasurer and business 
 manager of The Tribune during 
 the sixties ', seventies, and eighties. 
 His son is now a director of The 
 Tribune Company. 
 
 WILLIAM BROSS 
 
 A STAUNCH abolitionist^ was 
 lieutenant governor oj Illinois from 
 1865 to 1869. His grandson, Henry 
 D. Lloyd, is now a director of The 
 Tribune Company. 
 
 HORACE WHITE 
 WAS editor of The Tribune in the sixties and early seventies. 
 
 10 
 
IJIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'LJ'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIL.I 
 
 JOHN LOCKE SCRIPPS 
 
 was editor of The Tribune in the forties and fifties. He was 
 appointed postmaster of Chicago by Lincoln in 1861. His 
 cousin, James Edmund Scripps, who started his newspaper 
 career on The Chicago Tribune in the fifties, later founded The 
 Detroit News and assisted in initiating the " Scripps string of 
 newspapers" which now numbers twenty -nine. 
 
 
 DR. CHARLES H. RAY, 
 
 who joined with Joseph Medill in the purchase of an interest 
 in The Tribune in 1855. 
 
MEDILL HAD FOUNDED AND SOLD CLEVELAND LEADER 
 
 they were not so old as he was when he came out of the 
 Western Reserve to do his big work in the world. The 
 point of the allusion is that this newspaper, like the city 
 of its birth, has ever had the spirit of youth in it. It is 
 today what it is because it has marched with the genera- 
 tions; because it has grown with a community whose 
 growth is one of the phenomena of human annals. For 
 seventy-five years it has been a going concern; for sixty- 
 seven years its tradition has been definite and vital because 
 the ideal that sustained the founder of its greatness has 
 been the inspiration of those to whom the wheeling years 
 brought his tasks. 
 
 Joseph Medill was a curious combination of austerity 
 and aplomb. He was not showy, but he was sternly per- 
 vasive. He seems never to have cared for, nor to have 
 won, popularity of a flamboyant kind. But he was uni- 
 versally trusted, for his sense of duty permitted him no 
 evasions. He had a certain sangfroid and he was capable 
 of making and executing large decisions. To them he 
 adhered. His idol, if he had one, was humane common 
 sense. That is why he loved Franklin and why he was 
 loved by Lincoln. Beneath his formal exterior was a sense 
 of humor. Reverting once to the years of the late forties 
 when he was teaching school in Ohio, he told how he had 
 had to whip one of the boys who had been a leader in driv- 
 ing from the district MeduTs predecessor in the master's 
 chair. "After that fight," he said, "all the boys were my 
 friends" a. pause "and," he added, with his sparse smile, 
 "as for the girls, I married one of them." 
 
 He came to Chicago in 1855 from Cleveland, where he 
 had successfully established the Leader, which still exists. 
 His purpose was the purpose of thousands of energetic 
 young Americans of those days to "look over the new 
 field." Here he met Dr. Charles H. Ray of Galena, who 
 brought to him a letter of introduction from Horace Greeley, 
 who urged Medill to join Ray in starting a newspaper in 
 Chicago. They acted upon the plea by buying into The 
 
 21 
 
A DAILY, TR1-WEEKLY AND WEEKLY JOURNAL 
 
 UETOTKD TO 
 
 News. Commerce, Polities, Agriculture, Science and Literature, 
 
 EDITED 1XD PCBLISIIEP AT CHIiUCO RV THK 
 
 PRESS <fc TRIBUNE COMPANY 
 
 J. L. SCRIl'PS, \VILLl\M 1JKOSS. C. II. RAY, J. MEDILL, A. COWLES. 
 Eclitoi'S 1 otirt "Proprietors. 
 
 FUENISEED TO SUBSCRIBERS IT THE FOLLOWING BATES : 
 
 DAILY, - - in advance, by Mail, .... $7.OO per annum. 
 TRI-WEEKLY, " " .... 4.00 
 
 WEEKLY, single subscribers, in advance, - - 1.50 
 " two copies, " ... 2.50 
 
 four copies, ... 5.OO 
 
 five copies, " ... e.OO 
 
 ten copies, ... io.OO 
 
 " twenty copies, (and 1 to getter ujyof club,) 20.00 " 
 
 THE CHICAGO PRESS &, TRIBUNE is designed to be a full and fair exponent of the GREAT 
 NORTH-WEST. To that end it keeps constantly in the field a large and efficient corps of 
 assistant editor.', reporters, arid corre?pondent3. . who are engaged in procuring, systematizing 
 and collating all manner ^>f information respecting every locality embraced in the North-Wesr 
 fern States and Territories. Articles of this description appear in every issue of our paper, 
 anil have already made for It a reputation in this respect second to no other paper in the whole 
 country. 
 
 In price and size of sheet, amount and freshness of intelligence, variety nud value of 
 .information, -fullness and accuracy of Commercial matter, and in whatever else goes to make 
 up a first-class Newspaper, we challenge comparison with any other journal East or West. 
 
 la Politics, the PBESS & Tamm: is on the side of FREE LABOR. As an exponent of the 
 North-West, which has been made great through free labor, it could hot successfully fulfil it* 
 mission, vere it .to remain neutral on so vital a question. 
 
 Parties abroad, who may desire ro advertise in a paper having a general circulation 
 throughout the North- West, will find the PRESS & TRIBCXK the best possible medium of com- 
 munication. 
 
 Ita circ'nlatioir-ia lareex thaniHuvLof any other paper West of the seaboard cities 
 
 IN 1858 The Tribune absorbed The Chicago Democratic Press 
 and for two years thereafter was known as The Press and 
 Tribune. The above is a reproduction of one side of an adver- 
 tisement sent out at that time. The other side asks for job 
 printing. The job printing department was in charge of 
 William H. Rand y superintendent, and Andrew J. McNally, 
 assistant. 
 
 22 
 

 ADVANCE BEGINS UNDER NEW REGIME 
 
 Tribune. Medill had sold his interest in the Cleveland 
 Leader to Edwin Cowles, but Edwin's brother, Alfred, came 
 to Chicago with Medill. For a year he served the new 
 firm of Ray & Medill as bookkeeper and then he, too, bought 
 into the property. In 1858, The Tribune absorbed the 
 Democratic Press, and that brought into the firm Deacon 
 William Bross, a grand old Cromwellian of the early days 
 of Chicago Presbyterianism, and John Locke Scripps, who 
 stayed with us between two and three years, becoming in 
 1861 the Lincoln-appointed postmaster of Chicago. For 
 two years the paper was known as The Press and Tribune, 
 but then reverted to The Chicago Tribune. Dr. Ray sold 
 out in 1863, and Mr. Medill became editor-in-chief. 
 
 Thus with Medill, Cowles, and Bross was founded the 
 original "Tribune family," which, growing later to include 
 Horace White, survives through direct descendants as a 
 Tribune family to this day. 
 
 Among all these colleagues of his, Medill seems to have 
 been the driver the man who, though he was all jour- 
 nalist, was also practical printer. In a word, he was no 
 empiric, though he was not afraid of experiments. To the 
 last detail of newspaper making he knew what he wanted to 
 do and how to do it. Through his initiative a steam press 
 was installed and the first copper faced type ever used by 
 an Illinois newspaper was bought. He had an abiding dis- 
 taste for the "other irons in the fire," and that was, and is, 
 good for this newspaper. "Alas," the great Hippolyte 
 Taine once said, "there are writers who were born to write 
 newspaper articles and who write only books." Joseph 
 Medill was not that kind of a journalist. His product was 
 not indifferent books but great journalism. He believed 
 that to prepare, to inspire, and daily to assemble excellent 
 newspaper articles was a grand work which demanded all 
 of skill and fortitude that good minds and honest hearts 
 possessed. 
 
 Thus The Tribune got its real start with a growing 
 town and an honest man who was also a man of vision. 
 
 23 
 
HAD FAITH IN GREAT FUTURE FOR CHICAGO 
 
 Because he was visioned he believed in the town. He be- 
 lieved with the acute English publicist, Frederic Harrison, 
 that "the manifest destiny of Chicago is to be the heart 
 of the American Continent," but he said that forty-six 
 years before the memorable night at the Union League 
 club, where Frederic Harrison said it. 
 
 Medill bought into the nearly BYTELEG RAPH. 
 bankrupt Tribune on June 18, 
 1855. He took active hold on 
 
 Saturday, July 21. The property 'TUB SURRENDER! 
 
 made money in its first month m MMMM ; piratl< 
 
 under the new regime. 
 
 EFFECT OF THE NEWS IN 
 
 Chicago had leaped from a WASHINGTON. 
 
 population of 16,000 in '47 to i^i******* n-m. 
 
 80,000 in '55. It was a big year PRESIDENT LIXCOUTS PBO- 
 in the world. The Exposition CLAMATIOR. 
 
 TT it r <* * or *** State VUltlA. 
 
 Umverselle was on in rans; so was 
 
 , ^ . t i r AQTIOH OF TH1 8TATI8. 
 
 the Crimean war, and the Russians 
 
 ^ r n i_ i t&8 PBITAILDFO SZGXXHCEHT, 
 
 were getting out ot bebastopol; - - 
 
 the Bessemer process was being Thriulflg War K6W& 
 
 patented; Thackeray's "The TUB VERY LITEST. 
 
 Newcomes" and Tennyson's Fm u CM*, Tnt, 
 
 " Maud " were published ; Frank- April 15, 1861 
 
 lin Pierce was President of the 
 
 United States, and The Tribune neither liked nor trusted 
 
 him thought him too slick and devious and used to call 
 
 him "Frank Pierce." 
 
 We (The Tribune) then, as now, were ever admonitory, 
 but not portentously so, for there was humor in us, and that 
 saving infusion of common sense which Joseph Medill 
 thought so important an attribute of a newspaper that he 
 put some words about it in his last will and testament. We 
 struck out at every abuse, whether it was cruelty to a black 
 man or cruelty to a horse, and when we could we nailed it 
 to the wall with names and dates attached. There was 
 the case of "a Mrs. Wheeler. " She tried to commit suicide 
 on Monday night, June 29, 1857, by drowning herself in the 
 
 24 
 
LOCAL REPORTING OF THE FIFTIES 
 
 lake at the foot of Ohio street. On the Thursday following 
 we printed this: 
 
 ATTEMPTED SUICIDE We learn that on last Monday night 
 a Mrs. Wheeler attempted to commit suicide by drowning herself in 
 the lake at the foot of Ohio street. She was rescued by Robert Donnelly. 
 The woman stated that she had been married about a month, and that 
 her husband abused her so much she was induced to commit suicide. 
 
 The husband told Donnelly he was "d d sorry he did not let her 
 
 drown. " 
 
 There was a sequel. It came eighteen days after the 
 attempt, and we said : 
 
 A BRUTE James Wheeler was yesterday fined $5 for abusing 
 his wife. Mrs. Wheeler is the woman who has twice attempted to 
 commit suicide, once by throwing herself into the lake and again by 
 taking laudanum. Both those attempts resulted from injuries inflicted 
 upon her by her husband. A few months' experience in breaking stones 
 in the bridewell would do this Wheeler a "power of good," and he 
 ought to have been sent there. 
 
 So lately as a few weeks ago in a lecture at Medill School 
 of Journalism of Northwestern university, Dr. Charles M. 
 Sheldon, author of " In His Steps, " said that was the way 
 it should be. " Put your editorial protest against a wicked 
 deed, " said he, "in with your record of it not in a detached 
 editorial six pages distant." 
 
 The same day that we told James Wheeler what would 
 do him "a power of good" we also had a word on the case 
 of John Connor : 
 
 SERVED HIM RIGHT A brutal fellow named John Connor 
 was fined $5 in the police court yesterday for abusing his horse. There 
 is scarcely despical [sic] or cowardly crime than the abuse of domestic 
 animals, nor one which should meet with a more prompt punishment. 
 
 Thus we tried cases and imposed sentence in our news 
 columns. 'Tis considered highly indecorous now to do so. 
 
 The outstanding community problems of six decades 
 ago were identical with ours today. They were Crime 
 Wave and High Cost. 
 
 On January 28, 1857, the crime situation seemed rather a 
 cause for optimism than consternation, considering that we 
 were a city of nearly 100,000 extremely lively and adven- 
 turous souls, for on that date we printed this : 
 
 IN JAIL There are but twenty-two prisoners confined in the 
 County Jail. 
 
 25 
 
CRISES FREQUENT THEN AS Now 
 
 But two days later hope was dashed to pieces. The 
 sacred hen-roosts had been invaded. We were bitter about 
 it and recommended legislation : 
 
 ROBBING HEN-ROOSTS During the present week a number 
 of hen-roosts on West Madison street have been depopulated by thieves. 
 We would suggest the propriety of adding a chapter to the new city 
 Charter for the especial protection of everybody's hen-roosts. 
 
 Matters soon assumed the aspect of a crisis and we 
 laconically "razzed" the police: 
 
 WHERE DO THE POLICE BURROW? 
 We learn from a reliable source that during the 
 past week some one hundred robes have been 
 stolen from sleighs left standing in the streets. 
 Are the police asleep? 
 
 In less than six months the crisis 
 burst right in the town's face, and The 
 Tribune set up a lusty shout for Pinker- 
 ton firm still flourishing. Things were 
 coming to "a terrible pass" and this 
 drove us to italics. The "burglarious 
 depredations" excitement did not con- 
 strict our vocabulary included the use 
 of chloroform, as now: 
 
 WHAT SHALL BE DONE? Things are 
 coming to a terrible pass in this city. Chicago 
 seems to be delivered over into the keeping of 
 thieves and house breakers. The police force, 
 which our citizens are sustaining, at a cost of 
 two thousand dollars per week, have proven to 
 be utterly useless, to protect the dwellings of the 
 people from burglarious depredations. They are 
 good for nothing outside of the open view, rough 
 work, of picking up drunkards, suppressing dog- 
 gery brawls, and carrying away articles found on 
 the sidewalk at night, while the thieves are oper- 
 ating upon the domiciles of our citizens. 
 
 Now, what shall be done? No man's house 
 is safe. Every night a large number of dwellings 
 
 are entered by burglars and robbed. Sometimes the inmates are shot, 
 other times drugged or chloroformed in their beds, and others again are 
 forced into silence by revolvers pointed at their heads, while their 
 clothing and drawers are rifled of their contents before their eyes. . . . 
 We verily believe that, if Bradley and Pinkerton were employed as "de- 
 tectives," that within a week afterwards burglaries would cease and 
 pocket-picking become infrequent. 
 
 In short, Managing Editor Medill, coming from sedate 
 
 26 
 
 NEWSEYTELEEBAPH. 
 THE END. 
 
 THE OLD FLAG 
 VINDICATED. 
 
 LEE MB HIS WHOLE 
 
 AflMY EMWD 
 
 YESTERDAY. 
 
 The Official Correspond- 
 ence between Gens. 
 Grant and Lee, 
 
 The .Officers and Men to be ft. 
 
 roled and Go Home Until 
 
 Exchanged. 
 
 All Am, Artillery anil W 
 
 timiGf farMradti 
 
 Gen Grant 
 
 Officers to Retain Side 
 
 Arms, Horses and 
 
 Baggage. 
 
 SeJma, Ala., Reported 
 
 Burned by Union 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Later from MoMle-The City 
 belli? Gradnallj forested. 
 
 -The Contents of Troa- 
 nolm'i letter-Book. 
 
 From The Chicago 
 
 Tribune 
 April 10, 1865 
 
COST OF LIVING A VITAL ISSUE 
 
 Cleveland, found that he had cast his lot with a lively town, 
 and he was ever for keeping the peace in it even at the 
 cost of a fight. 
 
 High cost it seems not only followed but preceded the 
 civil war. Trusty old Pro Bono Publico, whose grandchild 
 is Voice of the People, came forward emphatically during 
 Buchanan's administration with his protests, and The 
 Tribune sustained them. 
 
 Pro Bono said: 
 
 THE COST OF MARKETS AND HOW TO SECURE CHEAPER 
 PRICES It costs more to live in Chicago than in any other western 
 city. Rents are frightful, and growing more terrible each year. Market- 
 ing keeps pace with the rents and is outstripping them. It is not the 
 wholesale prices nor the sum paid to the producer that is increasing, 
 but rather the retail the huckster's price. We have seen barrels and 
 boxes of poultry held for bigger prices until decomposition destroyed 
 them. 
 
 There is only one effectual remedy for the present state of things 
 and that is to establish protection unions, or people's grocery stores, 
 one in each division of the city, where good fresh marketing of all kinds 
 shall be sold at cost. A million dollars a year could be saved to Chicago 
 people if this plan was fully carried out. PRO BONO PUBLICO. 
 
 And we said there was something to do besides " sitting 
 down and trading corner lots with each other." The 
 Medill recipe of "following the line of common sense in all 
 things " was being vigorously applied to the mind of a some- 
 what flighty community. 
 
 This was in a semi-news, semi-editorial article : 
 
 CHEAP LIVING AND INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY If Chi- 
 cago ever attains the greatness for which we all look so confidently, it 
 will be because her manufacturing, as well as commercial advantages, 
 are properly developed. Some men talk as if we had only to sit down 
 and trade corner lots with each other to grow immensely rich, like the 
 two boys who swapped jackets all day, each making money at every 
 trade. Others are sanguine enough to believe that commerce alone 
 will expand the limits of our goodly city till she fills the ample dimen- 
 sions staked out for her by the land dealers. 
 
 [But manufactories were not developing rapidly enough. 
 Therefore] : 
 
 These retarding causes are mainly high rents, and famine prices in 
 provisions; and if these continue there is little prospect that two dollars 
 a day will tempt skillful artisans to Chicago, where one dollar a day 
 has to go for rent of a decent shelter for himself and family, and only 
 the strictest economy enables him to procure the other necessaries of life 
 with what remains. . . . The cost of living must come down, or Chicago 
 
 27 
 
GOSSIPY DAYS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 can never become the great manufacturing place for which it is, in every 
 other respect, so admirably adapted. Rents will come down when 
 capital enough is invested in building to supply the demand. . . . When 
 we speculate less and produce more; when the industrial arts vie with 
 the commerce. . . . Then may we indeed talk largely of the future of 
 Chicago. 
 
 The two decades from our birth year to the period of 
 the six years after the civil war and before the fire were 
 neighborly days in the town and in our office. There was 
 intense solicitude for the city and deep pride in the achieve- 
 ments and honors of its citizens. 
 One morning in kindly old times we 
 led our news columns with this : 
 
 DOCTOR OF DIVINITY Hamilton 
 college, New York, has conferred the degree 
 of doctor of divinity upon Rev. R. W. Pat- 
 terson, Pastor of the Second Presbyterian 
 Church in chis city. 
 
 That clergyman was the father 
 of the R. W. Patterson who years 
 afterwards was to become the paper's 
 editor-in-chief. 
 
 When, as he put it, "items were 
 dull," young Editor Medill, fresh 
 from the less hectic Cleveland, did 
 not worry. He simply said : 
 
 CORRESPONDENTS We surrender 
 pretty much all our local space to corre- 
 spondents. Items were "dull" yesterday, 
 with a downward tendency, and we fill up 
 with communications as a substitute. 
 
 In fact, in those days, before the 
 civil war put a premium on prompti- 
 tude in news presentation, The 
 Tribune, like all its local contem- 
 poraries, serenely scissored and 
 
 pasted from the New York papers, and was very grateful 
 when McNally, the newsdealer, or his rival Burke, got the 
 latest New York papers to it early in the evening so that 
 there was plenty of time to chop them up for next morn- 
 ing's issue. It was wonderful time when McNally or Burke, 
 
 28 
 
 TERRIBLE NEWS 
 
 President Lincoln Assassi- 
 nated at Ford's Theater. 
 
 A REBEL OE8PER ABO SHOOTS 
 HIM THROUGH THE HEAD, 
 
 AID ESCAPES- 
 
 Secretary Sewwd and Major 
 " Fred Seward Slabbed by 
 Another Desperado. . 
 
 THEIR WOUND8 ABE PBO 
 NOUSCED NOT FATAL, 
 
 Details of the Ter- 
 rible Affair. 
 
 TJNDOtJBTED PLAN TO 
 
 MURDER SECRETARY 
 
 BTANTOtf. 
 
 Very Latest-The President is 
 Dying. 
 
 [Splll Dbp^ch to th Chlcig o Tiftaw. J 
 
 From The Chicago 
 Tribune, April 15, 1865 
 
MEDILL, RAY AND BROSS FIGHT SLAVERY 
 
 here, delivered the papers at The Tribune office forty hours 
 after they had left the presses in New York. Today it is 
 done in half the time, but we thought McNally and Burke 
 were wonders, and we used to fire their souls with ambition 
 by putting their records into the paper. For example, 
 this appeared on a Thursday: 
 
 McNALLY had the New York papers of Tuesday at 6 o'clock last 
 evening. He also has the Ladies' Journal for July. 
 
 And this on a Wednesday: 
 
 QUICK TIME McNally and Burke tread close upon each other's 
 heels. Me brought us Monday's New York papers last evening about 
 5 o'clock and Burke followed in, three minutes thereafter, with his arms 
 full of the same. Go it, 63 Clark street! 
 
 And this on the next day: 
 
 BURKE AHEAD At 5 o'clock precisely Burke left on our table 
 the New York papers of Tuesday, and in a few minutes thereafter we 
 had the same favor from McNally. Go it, Me! 
 
 * * * 
 
 As the war drew nearer the tone of the paper changes. 
 The quaintness that was almost rusticity begins to disap- 
 pear. Questions that were to tear the republic asunder 
 were becoming very pressing and the editors and your 
 grandfathers had more important things to think about 
 than current facetiae or the local case of drunk and dis- 
 orderly. In these years we see passing of The Tribune as 
 town gossip and local mentor. It is becoming the public 
 intelligencer and a voice of the nation. Medill had equip- 
 ped himself to act a great part in the supreme crisis. In 
 Cleveland, in 1853 and 1854, he had done history making 
 pioneer work in organizing the forces which were to con- 
 stitute the Republican party, and to that party he had 
 given its name. In the columns of The Tribune the fight 
 which he and Dr. Ray and William Bross waged against 
 slavery was early, constant, and pitiless. They defined the 
 issue in long editorials and they fired the soul of the North 
 with brief burning paragraphs, of which this is a specimen : 
 
 MORE OF THE BEAUTIES About two weeks ago a Negro 
 belonging to Logan Harper in Carthage, Miss., arose in the night and 
 killed his wife, by chopping off her head, after which he hung himself 
 to a tree near the house. The reason for this horrible deed was that 
 
 29 
 
LINCOLN SUBSCRIBES FOR TRIBUNE 
 
 LINCOLN'S first subscription to The Tribune was paid in cash 
 to Joseph Medill. Shortly after the latter had injected his 
 personality into the paper, Lincoln walked into the office, said 
 that he had not liked The Tribune in the past because it smacked 
 of" Knownothingism" but he had noticed a decided change for 
 the better recently. Therefore, he had decided to quit borrowing 
 it and to subscribe for a copy of his own. The above letter reads: 
 
 PRESS & TRIBUNE Co. spring, junc 15. 1359 
 
 Gentlemen: Herewith is a little draft to pay for your 
 Daily another year from today. I suppose I shall take the 
 Press & Tribune so long as it, and I both live, unless I 
 become unable to pay for it. In its devotion to our cause 
 always, and to me personally, last year, I owe it a debt of 
 gratitude, which I fear I shall never be able to pay. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 
 30 
 
TRIBUNE PRINTS LINCOLN'S SPEECHES IN FULL 
 
 HEWS BY TELEGRAPH 
 THE LAST OF EARTH. 
 
 Closing Obsequies to 
 theHonored Dead. 
 
 ABEAHAM LINCOLN 
 IN HIS TOMB. 
 
 his wife, a beautiful quadroon, was obliged to submit to the sensual 
 caprices of her master. 
 
 This is another of the beauties of the Southern Democratic Amal- 
 gamation party. 
 
 In this fight no quarter was given or asked. The lan- 
 guage was bitter, the blows terrible. President Buchanan 
 got a taste of both : 
 
 THE CURTAIN LIFTED The President's message was delivered 
 yesterday. . . . Mr. Buchanan boldly espouses the cause of fire eaters 
 of Carolina and the highwaymen of Kansas. He flings the gauntlet 
 in the face of the North, spits upon the land that 
 bore him and upon seventy years of his own life, 
 takes his party in the Free States by the throat 
 and leaps with it into the ditch. Poor old man! 
 that you should bring your gray hairs so low! 
 Lies so portentous that they darken civilization, 
 smite the humanity and blaspheme the Christi- 
 anity of all ages! At least you might have spared 
 the place of Washington this last humiliation. . . . 
 Millions of freemen inspired by the common 
 truth and stung by the general degradation shall 
 rise to stay this giant and overmastering wrong. 
 
 But simultaneously with the tearing 
 away of the props of slavery, which many 
 cautious men still considered props of 
 union, went constructive work, and Ab- 
 raham Lincoln was The Tribune's choice 
 as the man to carry the work into the na- 
 tion's councils. Steadily, on a big scale, 
 and shrewdly The Tribune built up a 
 body of opinion which in three years was 
 to effect the nomination of Lincoln for 
 the presidency. Here is a specimen of 
 that valiant and candid propaganda, and 
 it should be added that we were the first 
 to print Lincoln's speeches in full: 
 
 MR. LINCOLN'S SPEECH Elsewhere in today's paper, we 
 publish entire the speech made by Hon. A. Lincoln at Springfield, in 
 answer to the late effort of Senator Douglas. Our readers will give it 
 the attentive perusal demanded by the importance of the subjects of 
 which it treats, and the great reputation of the speaker. They will 
 find it a calm, lucid, and convincing refutation of the assumed facts 
 and the false logic contained in the senator's harangue. In it Mr. 
 Lincoln has evidently spent more labor to be plain and clear than to 
 
 31 
 
 Bfe Father. 
 
 A BEF1TTIAU AND MOURN- 
 FUL CEREMCKY. 
 
 The Eulogy f Bishop Slmpsoa. 
 
 7he Election of twoU.&Seiu. 
 ton from Tennessee. 
 
 leff Dnl* and. Lndbg Rcbefe 
 to k Indicted wlih 
 
 EI8HT MABTLAW ABETTORS OF 
 THi AMAMHAMEmO. 
 
 Jff Thompson Surrendered. 
 
 BXIWCTIOV OF TEX ASHY 
 AID IATY. 
 
 G6T. AIKES HOT ARRESTED. 
 
 |Spel=l Dtoptw, to a. OMetfo nam.l 
 mnniLB.lhr4.i8fe 
 
 From The Chicago 
 
 Tribune 
 May 5th, 1865 
 
PROPOSE LINCOLN FOR PRESIDENCY 
 
 be ornate and oratorical. That he has succeeded, we are sure our 
 readers will admit. 
 
 We cannot neglect the opportunity to thank him for his vindication 
 of the language and intent of the Declaration of Independence, now so 
 frequently assailed by the politicians of the Pro-Slavery party. The 
 part of the speech devoted to that vindication is in Mr. Lincoln's 
 happiest vein; and if we knew him only by that we could not fail to 
 declare that he is a clear headed, sound hearted, and eminently just man. 
 
 The Republican party, organized in February, '56, 
 thus found its leader. At the state convention, May, '56, 
 Lincoln made the "lost speech" that made him a national 
 figure. Joseph Medill, present at the convention as a 
 delegate, and also representing his paper, said : 
 
 "I took down a few paragraphs of Lincoln's speech 
 for the first ten minutes, but I became so absorbed in 
 his magnificent oratory that I forgot myself and ceased 
 to take notes, but joined in the clapping and cheering 
 and stamping to the end. I was not scooped, however, 
 for all the newspaper men present had been equally carried 
 away by the excitement and had made no report." 
 
 Illinois elected a Republican governor. Lincoln was 
 spoken of as Douglas' successor in the Senate. The year 
 '57 brought the panic and the whole country lay prostrate 
 under intolerable economic conditions that were not to be 
 changed until the political atmosphere cleared. In '58 
 came the famous Lincoln-Douglas debate that left Douglas 
 broken and spoiled of power. The editors of Illinois met 
 in the office of The Chicago Tribune and decided on the 
 railsplitter as a candidate for the Presidency. 
 
 On February 16, 1860, we came out with the celebrated 
 two-thirds of a column editorial leader placing Lincoln 
 before the people for the nomination. 
 
 In the great cause of the nomination Mr. Medill was 
 active inside the office and out. Ten days after the nom- 
 inating editorial found him behind the scenes in Washing- 
 ton and to The Tribune he sent back this report: 
 
 READ, REPUBLICANS, READ! 
 
 Our Mr. Medill, who is in Washington, as the correspondent of 
 The Press and Tribune, writes in a private note as follows: 
 
 "Washington, Feb. 26, 1860. 
 
 "From the reports sent here by the Douglas men, some of our 
 folks begin to fear that through disaffection among the Republicans 
 
 32 
 
TRIBUNE WORD PICTURE OF LINCOLN 
 
 the bogus Democrats will carry Chicago. The idea gives them cold 
 chills. Senator Wilson says that the loss of Chicago at this crisis will 
 endanger Connecticut, and do much to insure the nomination of Douglas 
 at Charleston. At least thirty members of congress from other states 
 have spoken to me about it. They say that for the cause and the great 
 campaign the city must be saved. 
 
 "Wade, senator from Ohio, told me that the loss of Chicago would 
 be the worst blow that the Republican party could now receive. He 
 says he is ready to go there and stump every ward to save it. This is 
 the general feeling. A national convention is soon coming off, and 
 great things are expected of Chicago. She is the pet Republican city 
 of the Union the point from which radiate opinions which more or 
 less influence six states. The city must be saved." 
 
 We ask our friends who are hanging back to put that letter in their 
 pipes and smoke it. In the face of such direct and explicit testimony 
 as to the vital importance of the contest, no man need hesitate what 
 to do. Boys, up and at 'em. 
 
 "The boys" did "up and at 'em/' for in three months 
 came Lincoln's triumphant nomination, and with it a Trib- 
 une "close-up" of the candidate which for justness and viv- 
 idness is not excelled by many a Lincoln study of far later 
 and calmer times and far greater pretensions. Phrases 
 from it are reprinted here: 
 
 Stands six feet and four inches in his stockings. 
 
 In walking his gait, though firm, is never brisk. He steps slowly and 
 deliberately, almost always with his head inclined forward and his hands 
 clasped behind his back. 
 
 In dress by no means precise. Always clean, he is never fashionable; 
 he is careless, but not slovenly. 
 
 In manner remarkably cordial, and, at the same time, simple. 
 His politeness always sincere but never elaborate and oppressive. A 
 warm shake of the hand and a warmer smile of recognition are his 
 methods of greeting his friends. 
 
 Head sits well on his shoulders, but beyond that it defies description. 
 It nearer resembles that of Clay than that of Webster, but is unlike 
 either. 
 
 In his personal habits simple as a child. Loves a good dinner and 
 eats with the appetite which goes with a great brain, but his food is 
 plain and nutritious. Never drinks intoxicating liquors of any sort, 
 not even a glass of wine. Not addicted to tobacco in any of its shapes. 
 Never was accused of a licentious act in all his life. Never uses profane 
 language. 
 
 A friend says that once, when in a towering rage in consequence of 
 the efforts of certain parties to perpetrate a fraud on the state, he was 
 heard to say, "They shan't do it, d n 'em," but beyond an expres- 
 sion of this kind his bitterest feelings never carried. 
 
 Never gambles. Particularly cautious about incurring pecuniary 
 obligations. We presume he owes no man a dollar. Never speculates. 
 A regular attendant upon religious worship, and, though not a com- 
 
 33 
 
 
WAR CREATES DEMAND FOR NEWS 
 
 municant, is a pew holder and liberal supporter of the Presbyterian 
 church in Springfield to which Mrs. Lincoln belongs. 
 
 A scrupulous teller of the truth too exact in his notions to suit the 
 atmosphere of Washington as it now is. 
 
 If Mr. Lincoln is elected president ... he will not be able to make 
 as polite a bow as Frank Pierce. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The war burst. Sumter fell. On April 15, 1861, The 
 Tribune printed its call to battle. It was a hundred per 
 cent appeal nay, command, and to this day it makes the 
 pulse beat high: 
 
 EVERY MAN'S DUTY READ! 
 
 Lenity and forbearance have only nursed the Viper into life the 
 war has begun. It may not be the present duty of each one of us to 
 enlist and march to the sound of a bugle and drum, but there is a duty, 
 not less important, which is in the power of every man and woman in 
 Chicago, and in the North, to perform it is to be loyal in heart 
 and word to the cause of the United States. From this hour let no 
 Northern man or woman tolerate in his or her presence the utterance 
 of one word of treason. Let expressed rebuke and contempt rest on 
 every man weak enough to be anywhere else in this crisis than on the 
 side of the country against treason of Lincoln and Scott against Davis 
 and Twiggs of God against Baal. We say to the Tories and lick- 
 spittles in this community, a patient and reluctant, but at last an out- 
 raged and maddened, people will no longer endure your hissing. You 
 must keep your venom sealed or go down! There is a republic! The 
 gates of Janus are open; the storm is on us. Let the cry be, THE 
 SWORD OF THE LORD AND OF GIDEON! 
 
 * sjc Jfc 
 
 The Tribune's course throughout the civil war may be 
 said to have made it a great property, both in a material 
 and a moral sense. It was energetic in the covering of 
 events and it was passionately loyal. But even in the heat 
 of conflict it could be decent. In the course of an appeal 
 for comforts for the sick rebel prisoners herded in Camp 
 Douglas, The Tribune said : 
 
 These men will be our countrymen again. The memory of this 
 conflict will be effaced. 
 
 As hundreds of thousands of men went to war, the 
 home folks experienced a new deep craving for news from 
 beyond the horizon news complete, authentic, recent 
 such as only metropolitan papers could supply. By striv- 
 ing wholeheartedly to satisfy this craving The Tribune 
 
 34 
 
WAR CORRESPONDENTS SCORE SCOOPS 
 
 FULL DETAILS OF THE OBEAT 
 CRIME. 
 
 won a place in the hearts of the great foundation stock of 
 the Middle West which has never been shaken. 
 
 Telegraph news suddenly became of the utmost impor- 
 tance. The Tribune had its correspondents all over the 
 field of action, and gave the best possible news service. 
 George P. Upton, then for 'many years after on The Tribune 
 staff, scooped the other p'oers in the country by his story 
 of the capture of Island No. 10, and later scored other 
 scoops. In 1864, The Tribune exposed a plot to free the 
 Confederate prisoners in Camp Douglas and prevented its 
 accomplishment. 
 
 At all times, The Tribune advocated aggressive prose- 
 cution of the war, and never wavered in the often question- 
 able assumption that the Union 
 NEWrBYTIlE6RWH. would triumph. It took the lead 
 in many important reforms. When 
 Fremont's abilities were doubted, 
 Secretary Seward Still The Tribune sent Joseph Medill to 
 LiveSi ascertain the facts. Likewise, when 
 
 General Grant was charged with 
 drunkenness and incompetence, Mr. 
 Medill went to the front to inves- 
 tigate. It was also due to his efforts 
 that the governors of Wisconsin and 
 Minnesota called special sessions to 
 grant soldiers in the field a vote in 
 the second Lincoln election. 
 
 The Tribune became the head- 
 quarters of Union men. Nightly 
 bulletins were posted for large and 
 enthusiastic crowds. Dr. Ray or 
 Mr. Bross spoke when word of im- 
 portant victories came. Dr. Ray 
 was the hail-fellow-well-met of our family, and on the night 
 when the news of the fall of Fort Donelson was received 
 in Chicago he read the dispatch to an immense throng 
 and then said, "Friends, 'Deacon' Bross authorized me to 
 
 35 
 
 PBECARIOUS CONDITION OF 
 FREDERICK SEWARD. 
 
 The Order for the As* 
 sembiing of the Vir- 
 ginia] 
 
 RIOT IN SAN FRANCISCO 
 BOOTH AND HIS ACCOMPLICES, 
 
 Booth's Mistress Attempts 
 to Commit Sucicide. 
 
 Arrest of some of the Supposed 
 Assassins, 
 
 From The Chicago Tribune 
 A 'prill 7, 1865 
 
CIRCULATION OF 40,000 ATTAINED 
 
 say that any man who goes to bed sober tonight is a 
 traitor to the government." The deacon's consternation, 
 considering his Cromwellian standards, may be imagined. 
 
 The Tribune of that day, as now, had its enemies. 
 Federal troops had to be called to guard the building in 
 June, '63, when the copperheads* threatened to destroy the 
 paper. In any event, then as n x 4w, it was characteristic of 
 the paper that it never did anything half-heartedly. It 
 backed a project to the utmost, or fought it to a finish. 
 
 The war years brought prestige and prosperity to The 
 Tribune. Its circulation increased from 18,000 to 40,000, 
 and the publishers made money despite the generally ad- 
 verse business conditions. In 1861, The Tribune was 
 incorporated by a charter issued by the Illinois legislature. 
 
 # # # 
 
 In '65, John Locke Scripps, who had been serving as 
 postmaster since '61, sold his interest to Horace White, 
 who assumed the editorship. White was editor-in-chief of 
 The Tribune from 1866 until 1874, during part of which 
 period Mr. Medill gave much of his time to the proceed- 
 ings of the Illinois constitutional convention of 1869 and 
 to his duties as mayor of Chicago immediately after the 
 great fire. William Bross was also out of active touch 
 with The Tribune, serving as lieutenant-governor of 
 Illinois from 1865 to 1869. 
 
 During his activities as editor-in-chief Mr. White gave 
 The Tribune a free trade tendency, which did not make 
 Mr. Medill happy, although he was no high protectionist. 
 In any case, in 1874, after a tour of Europe, he took full 
 charge of the paper. Mr. White later performed distin- 
 guished service as editor of the New York Evening Post. 
 
 Another notable event of 1865 was the establishment of 
 a Western Associated Press, a forerunner of the "A. P." of 
 today. Mr. Medill called a meeting of Western editors, 
 held in Louisville, to effect this association. 
 
 It was in '69, that The Tribune moved from 51 Clark 
 Street, where it had been published for many years. A new 
 
 36 
 
BURNED OUT BUT UNBEATEN 
 
 building, four stories high, of Joliet marble, had been built 
 on the site of the present Tribune building at Dearborn 
 and Madison Streets. The building was valued at $225,000, 
 and was highly thought of as an architectural accomplish- 
 ment in its day. The paper was published here until the 
 great fire of October 8 and 9, 1871. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Because of its rapid growth, building in Chicago had 
 been haphazard and careless. The Tribune, in an editorial, 
 
 September 10, 1871, called 
 attention to walls "a hun- 
 dred feet high and but a 
 single brick in thickness." . . 
 "There are miles of such fire 
 traps . . looking substantial, 
 but all sham and shingles." 
 The fire virtually cleaned 
 out the city. The Tribune 
 building, spared once, was 
 caught in the conflagration 
 
 The Courthouse and an issue P ut to press the 
 
 second night, Monday, Octo- 
 ber 9, while fire surrounded the building and McVicker's 
 Theater next door began to burn. 
 
 A few hours later another office was opened at 15 Canal 
 Street. Editors, reporters, and pressmen gathered here and 
 went to work on the story of the fire. On Wednesday, 
 October n, a half sheet paper was issued with a five column 
 story of the fire and the following famous "Cheer Up" 
 editorial : 
 
 CHEER UP 
 
 In the midst of a calamity without parallel in the world's history, 
 looking upon the ashes of thirty years' accumulation, the people of this 
 once beautiful city have resolved that 
 
 CHICAGO SHALL RISE AGAIN 
 
 With woe on every hand, with death in many strange places, with 
 two or three hundred millions of our hard-earned property swept away 
 
 37 
 
FROM FIRST ISSUE AFTER THE FIRE 
 
 FIRE! 
 
 Destruction of 
 Chicago! 
 
 3. soo Ac rei of Build- 
 ings Bmtroyed. 
 
 BUM, Wo,!* 
 
 rift* MM 
 ****** 
 
 9ver a Hundred Dead 
 Bodies Recovered 
 f froa the Debris. 
 
 in a few hours, the hearts of our men and women are still brave, and they 
 look into the future with undaunted hearts. As there has never been 
 such a calamity, so has there never been such cheerful fortitude in the 
 face of desolation and ruin. 
 
 Thanks to the blessed charity of the good people 
 of the United States, we shall not suffer from hunger 
 or nakedness in this trying time. Hundreds of train- 
 loads of provisions are coming forward to us with all 
 speed from every quarter, from Maine to Omaha. 
 Some have already arrived more will reach us be- 
 fore these words are printed. Three-fourths of our 
 inhabited area is still saved. The water supply will 
 be speedily renewed. Steam fire engines from a 
 dozen neighboring cities have already arrived, and 
 more are on their way. It seems impossible that 
 any further progress should be made by the flames, 
 or that any new fire should break out that would 
 not be instantly extinguished. 
 
 Already contracts have been made for re- 
 building some of the burned blocks, and the clear- 
 ing away of the debris will begin today, if the heat 
 is so far subdued that the charred material can be 
 handled. Field, Leiter & Co. and John V. Farwell & 
 Co. will recommence business today. The money 
 and securities in all the banks are safe. The rail- 
 roads are working with all their energies to bring us 
 out of our affliction. The three hundred millions of 
 capital invested in these roads is bound to see us 
 through. They have been built with special refer- 
 ence to a great commercial mart of this place, and 
 they cannot fail to sustain us. 
 
 CHICAGO MUST RISE AGAIN. 
 
 We do not belittle the calamity that has be- 
 fallen us. The world has probably never seen the 
 like of it certainly not since Moscow burned. But 
 the forces of nature, no less than the forces of rea- 
 son, require that the exchanges of a great region 
 should be conducted here. Ten, twenty years may 
 be required to reconstruct our fair city, but the capi- 
 tal to rebuild it fireproof will be forthcoming. The 
 losses we have suffered must be borne; but the place, 
 the time, and the men are here, to commence at the 
 bottom and work up again; not at the bottom, 
 neither, for we have credit in every land, and the 
 experience of one upbuilding of Chicago to help us. 
 Let us all cheer up, save what is yet left, and we shall 
 come out right. The Christian world is coming to 
 our relief. The worst is already over. In a few days more all the 
 dangers will be past, and we can resume the battle of life with 
 Christian faith and Western grit. Let us all cheer up! 
 
 The extent of the disaster was terrific. Nobody was 
 
 38 
 
 Moot Vane, foi 
 Mrtlilit 
 
 Eigtoew Thousand 
 
 Buildings De-' 
 
 stroyed. 
 
 Incendiaries and 
 
 Ruffians Shot and 
 
 Hanged by 
 
 Citizens. 
 
 tin ui Crested by 
 
 M) lag Wills. 
 
 leW Arriving from 
 
 Othw Dines 
 
 Hourly, 
 
 Organization off a 
 
 Local Relief 
 
 Committee. 
 
 1M 09 TiM lift V lift 
 
 From The Chi- 
 cago Tribune, 
 Oct. 11, 1871 
 
IN NEW BUILDING ONE YEAR AFTER FIRE 
 
 spared. But the spirit of the men of the time did not 
 falter, nor shrink from the truly vast burden of recon- 
 struction. The case of The Tribune was typical. To get 
 paper for the first post-fire issue, the business manager had 
 to borrow sixty-four dollars from personal friends to pay for 
 it. Forty-eight hours before, The Tribune's credit would 
 have been good for more than a hundred thousand dollars. 
 The next day, October 12, the paper came out with a 
 full sheet. Revenue began to come in from advertisements 
 inserted by sufferers who were seeking lost families and 
 friends. A little later, work was begun on a new building 
 on the site of the old. On the night of October 9, 1872, 
 just one year later, The Tribune was published from its old 
 location, but in a new building. Thus swiftly is the first 
 epoch in the history of the community and The Tribune 
 put behind and the second begins. 
 
 How power j "or the presses was 
 secured in the Forties 
 
 39 
 
From the Fire to the Fair 
 
 187M893 
 
 FOLLOWING the Great Fire are twenty years of 
 rather prosaic history for The Tribune and for 
 Chicago. The effects of the Civil War, as well as 
 of The Fire, were still a depressing influence. It was a 
 period of rebuilding, readjustment and swift, uncouth 
 growth as corn and wheat spread in tidal waves over the 
 prairies which had known but buffalo grass for centuries. 
 
 To scan for decade after decade the yellow pages of 
 newspaper files is a stimulating experience, one that proves 
 the reverse of many things that men are wont to take so 
 completely for granted that they make them the basis of 
 endless shibboleths and catch phrases. The principal of 
 them rings the changes on "the degeneracy of the press." 
 The community and newspaper story put together from 
 the files of The Tribune and certain of its contemporaries 
 
 is a seventy-five year study 
 in and vindication of opti- 
 mism. It shows that the 
 type of newspaper now con- 
 sidered reckless and sensa- 
 tional was, at a time still 
 well within the memory of 
 men now living, not only 
 reckless and sensational but 
 villainous and vindictive to 
 the point of outraging de- 
 
 The Waterworks cency. The type of news- 
 
 paper now supposed to be 
 
 identified with "the interests" and to be sustained by 
 them was then susceptible to the blandishments of a 
 free supper at the new hotel. The type of newspaper 
 now described as conservative was then reactionary to the 
 point of pitilessness. 
 
 40 
 
IUUUUIU'U'U I U I U'U I U I U'UIU'U'U I U I U I U'U'UU I U I U I U'U I U'U I UU'U'U'UIUIL 
 
 As the Fire approached the Marine hospital near the mouth 
 of the river. 
 
 PANIC stricken throngs fleeing across Rush Street Bridge from 
 the Fire. 
 
 TTTTTTnTTTTnnnnnnnnnTTanTTaTTTTTfTTTTlTWaTTTT 
 
 41 
 
JHU'U'U'U'U'U'U'UiU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UiU'U'U'U'U'U'U'UiL 
 
"GOOD OLD DAYS" NOT so GOOD 
 
 Let him who thinks that newspaper reports of such a 
 case as the current Stillman-Beauvais scandal exceed the 
 bounds of decorum turn to the file of 1874. He will dis- 
 cover in the reports of the Beecher-Tilton scandal a gusto 
 and a particularity in the presentation of squalid details 
 which will convince him that the treatment in our time is 
 all for the better; wholly in the direction of that legitimate 
 reticence which, while it does not pander 
 to pruriency, does not, by silence, make 
 evil easier for the evildoer. 
 
 The files show how all the material 
 and mechanical changes of newspaper 
 making since its early days in Chicago 
 have been emphatically to the advantage 
 of the newspaper reader. By means of 
 three line digests of every important 
 article and by means of terse, coherent, 
 explicit, and unelaborated headlines his 
 time is saved, and, by the use of larger 
 type in heads and in the body of the 
 paper, his eyes are comforted instead of 
 tortured. The whole paper is more 
 readily assimilated. 
 
 Pictorial development has been so 
 pronounced in late years and is still going 
 forward at a pace so extraordinary that 
 it makes a history so new and so special 
 that it cannot be linked up with what lay 
 critics of the press like to call the "golden 
 days of Greeley." This picture making 
 and the copious indeed for some prop- 
 erties downright ruinous use of the 
 
 BEECHER-TILTON. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stonton's 
 
 Views of "The Great 
 
 Social Earth- 
 
 quake." 
 
 Tb Trw Social Cod Must Be 
 
 the Same for Both 
 
 Sens." 
 
 -the Crowning Perfidy " o 
 'the Great Preacher." 
 
 Xn. TiTton Goes Forth "to Vindi- 
 cate the Man She Lore*" 
 
 ffkt, liter Mid > Fttall if Utt, 
 
 " Carti Her ijtoliku Wits- 
 
 trei Flntr." 
 
 Beecher* PesHleo maintained for lUm 
 to* Three rewerfelltcUg. 
 
 lousEiBgs." 
 
 Dlnlomacy end Hypocrisy in High 
 
 topoaihaty of Securing Juttet. 
 ftr aay One whsn ttaaey Can 
 *UMd 
 
 b ffUch She Cturwterixei Her Bnburi. 
 
 Good.ndSWf 
 Kost Pare." 
 
 Aad ripk of Him a. 
 
 Ib. tollomng prlU lelter. r- 
 od. to th. publio. TUe Bwcliw 
 naj ccrUWj now b.loj, to th. 
 
 From The Chicago 
 
 Tribune, 
 Oct. 1, 1874 
 
 cable have been the most striking features of journalistic 
 history in the last decade. 
 
 The articles you read now are shorter than those father 
 and grandfather read, but their number and variety are 
 far greater. The rule now, whether invariably observed or 
 
 43 
 
NEWSPAPERS TODAY BETTER THAN IN PAST 
 
 not, is "tell it as briefly as possible." The rule so lately 
 as the early 'QOS seemed to be "spin it out," and what 
 with the lead for the whole story and the subsections of 
 the story "tell it at least thrice." 
 
 Nor is it solely in these material aspects of news presen- 
 tation that there has been change so emphatic that it attains 
 the importance of solid reform. In the things of the intel- 
 lect and of the spirit the emphasis is firmer and more intelli- 
 gent. News articles are not only less windy but vastly 
 less vituperation and partisanship get into them. In truth 
 vehemence and partisanship appear once to have been 
 encouraged; they now are vigorously discouraged. 
 
 Editorials today are at once more humane and less 
 facetious. They cover a wider range of topics and are 
 written in better English, but with less vigor only if violence 
 and name calling are synonymous with vigor. Our fore- 
 bears in this profession probably would consider them 
 deficient in a quality dear to their hearts. It was "raci- 
 ness." It covered, while it caused, a multitude of sins of 
 taste and manners. 
 
 The epitome of two outstanding contrasts between the 
 newspaper of the mid-nineteenth century and long there- 
 after and the newspaper of today can be briefly given: 
 There was more individuality of a quaint and rustic 
 kind and less taste. And the news element today is, to 
 use the largest word, an infinitely greater factor. , 
 
 That vehement individuality was the expression of 
 enormous vitality. Some of the manifestations of it were 
 more interesting than to be imitated. If a rival publicist 
 did not agree with you he was "an ancient liar" or "an old 
 lunatic." Neither age nor ailments protected a man. 
 Mature men, men of parts and men of reading, who were 
 guiding the destinies of a community and of the imperial 
 realm of the middle west, said, and said in print, things that 
 today would not be forgiven a cub reporter. 
 
 But, after all, the lesson learned from the days of file 
 scanning was the big lesson, as vital today as ever it was, 
 
 44 
 
AN EXTRAORDINARY TRIBUNE SCOOP 
 
 of the survival of the men and the properties that had the 
 clearest ideals of personal and civic probity. 
 
 On Sunday, May 21, 1887, The Tribune astonished its 
 readers with one of the greatest scoops of history nothing 
 
 less than the entire revised edition 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 OF OUS LOBD AHD SAVIOR 
 
 JESUS CHRIST, 
 
 TRANSIATED OUT OF THE GREBCi 
 
 Forth A. D. 1611, 
 
 TBIHTSD VOX CHICAGO AID TEE 
 VO&XHWE8T. 
 
 CHlCAGOt 
 
 0310400 TfUBUVS F1UBSS. 
 
 OBQRO&+1. DAX 
 gtu.gotfc.JteB 3Q.au. 
 
 From The Chicago Tribune 
 May 21, 1881 
 
 of the New Testament. Samuel 
 Medill, Joseph's brother, who as 
 managing editor engineered it, in- 
 troduced it to his readers as fol- 
 
 lows: 
 
 "The Tribune presents to 63,000 
 purchasers and 200,000 readers this 
 morning, in addition to a regular issue of 
 twenty pages, the revised edition of the 
 New Testament entire. The whole work, 
 without the omission of a single chapter 
 or verse, is contained in sixteen pages of 
 the size usually issued from this office. 
 
 There are journals which would find 
 a publication of this kind a considerable 
 undertaking. But The Tribune's typo- 
 graphical and mechanical resources are 
 such that it can issue any volume of or- 
 dinary size at a day's notice. The public 
 may be interested to know that the first 
 type of the New Testament as it appears 
 in our columns today was set at ten 
 o'clock yesterday morning and the last page made up in stereotype at 
 ten o'clock last night. The job was completed, therefore, in precisely 
 twelve hours. Ninety-two compositors were employed in setting type 
 and five in correcting errors noticed by the proofreaders. 
 
 Meanwhile twenty additional pages of advertising and reading 
 matter were set up, corrected, put in form, and stereotyped: so that we 
 are enabled to issue this morning thirty-six pages, not one line of which 
 had been put in type at ten o'clock yesterday morning. 
 
 The Tribune is not inclined to boast of its present achievement. 
 It believes in doing thoroughly what it undertakes to do at all. Hence 
 it has not undertaken to give mangled extracts from a few books of 
 the New Testament, but to print the revision in such shape that no 
 reader of The Tribune need ever buy a copy of it unless he feels disposed 
 to do so for special reasons. 
 
 This journal was the first to announce the publication of the New 
 Testament. It may have imitators. It expects them. But it can 
 have none who will be any more than feeble copies of the original. It 
 is accustomed to having its ideas plagiarized by journalistic sharks that 
 follow in its wake and pick up its leavings. But it intends always to 
 lead the way and be the first in introducing novelties to the people of 
 this community. 
 
 45 
 
CLAIM SUPERIORITY FOR OUR ADVERTISING 
 
 Elsewhere on the same page : 
 
 The fraudulent newspaper on Wells street printed a week ago a 
 bogus "cable dispatch" purporting to contain the principal changes in 
 the Old and New Testaments made by the Committee on Revision. Its 
 shallow trick was immediately exposed by the 
 American revisors so far as the Old Testament 
 was concerned by the simple statement that 
 its revision was barely begun. Its forgeries in 
 case of the New Testament are now proved by 
 indubitable evidence. A comparison of its 
 fraudulent version with the true version 
 printed this morning shows that the former is 
 false in nearly every particular. 
 
 That was our whack at Story and 
 his shifty Times. 
 
 ASSASINATIO& 
 
 James A. Garfield Falls Be- 
 fore the Assasin's 
 Bullet 
 
 The Oeed Committed by a 
 
 Madman Named Charles 
 
 J. Cuiteau. 
 
 Half-Past HIne O'Clock of Sat- 
 
 urday the Baleful 
 
 Moment 
 
 The President, Arm-ln-Arm with 
 
 Secretary Btolne, WM En- 
 
 taring a Depot. 
 
 From an AmboMade the Mamao 
 Fired Two Balls into the 
 
 One Took EJfcct iirthe Back 
 
 and the Other la 
 
 the Arm* 
 
 Journey of a Brave Little W. 
 from Long Branch to 
 Washington. 
 
 Magnificent Courap and Coed 
 Cheer of the Chief Ex- 
 
 A month later in the same year a 
 circulation war was on and The Tribune 
 went after The Times again : 
 
 Advertisers are not fooled. There is no 
 shrewder set of men in the world. They would 
 not continue to invest their money as liberally 
 as they do in The Tribune space if they were 
 not satisfied that they got abundant returns 
 for it. And they do get such returns. Every- 
 body who has tried it knows that they do. 
 Seeing is believing, and trying is the best way 
 to find out the truth in this matter. . . . 
 What can possibly ail that venerable lunatic 
 if not a consciousness of the inferiority of his 
 own newspaper in any respect to The Tribune? 
 . . . The facts and figures are in the local 
 columns. They are mathematical evidence 
 that The Tribune is as much superior to The 
 Times in its city circulation as it is in its ad- 
 vertising, or its news, or its sense of decency, or 
 its common sense. 
 
 Look in, now, on the lads long 
 gone, on the feverish nights of early 
 November, 1884, when the Cleveland- 
 Elaine result still was hanging fire and 
 the whole country's nerves were snap- 
 ping. Here it is the morning of Nov. 
 6 and still no decision on the election of two days before ! 
 Evidently our nerves were getting a wire edge, too, and we 
 
 46 
 
 AT THE DEPOT. 
 
 From The Chicago 
 
 Tribune 
 July 3, 1881 
 
TRIBUNE BEGINS FIGHT AGAINST ANARCHISM 
 
 tartly informed a waiting world of subscribers that " inside 
 information" was put in this paper, not kept out of it: 
 
 In the rush and press of these busy and exciting hours we have no 
 time to answer their telegrams, and this must serve for a general reply 
 and apology for apparent neglect. 
 
 We can only say that all the news we have or can get is printed in 
 The Tribune and that we have no inside information that does not 
 appear in its columns. ... It would have taken one man's entire 
 time to answer one-half of the inquiries received yesterday afternoon. 
 
 * * * 
 
 No event of this period took stronger hold upon men's 
 imaginations than the Haymarket riots and the ensuing 
 murder trials. On May 4, 1886, a platoon of police was 
 
 bombed when about to dispers^ 
 A HELLIHH DEEP. an anarchist meeting in Hay- 
 
 market Square, Chicago. Seven 
 policemen were killed. Leaders 
 
 It Explode* and Coven the Street with * 
 
 of the anarchist movement in 
 
 A DYNAMITE BOMB THROYTV INTO A 
 CBOWD OF POLICEMEN. 
 
 
 Chicago were tried for murder 
 as instigators of the crime, 
 though no attempt was made to 
 prove that they were present or 
 ...._.. ...- ,*. even that they knew who made 
 
 JOSEPH DEAGAN, Wet JUlce Street Station; 1 -l i -i i nP1_ 
 
 Ml d.ad in front of the De.piaine. street Station. Or WJ1O UirCW tllC DOmD. 1 HCV 
 
 'to the armi of Detective John McDonald. Be bad 
 
 ,c,et ..urn,* ~u r . .cen.0, *. fad preached assassination and 
 
 From The Chicago Tribune revolution and the policemen 
 
 May 5, 1886 na d been killed by some one in- 
 
 fluenced by that preaching. On 
 
 this basis they were convicted and sentenced four to 
 death, three to imprisonment. The Tribune vigorously 
 upheld the justice of these convictions and criticised the 
 action of Governor John P. Altgeld (first democratic gover- 
 nor of Illinois in forty years) when, on July 26, 1893, he 
 pardoned those still in prison. 
 
 The scandalously high protective Republican platform 
 of 1888 (General Benjamin Harrison's campaign) was 
 forced upon the party despite The Tribune's vigorous 
 declaration that the Mississippi valley was not enamored 
 of excessive protection any longer, and it imparted its scorn 
 
 47 
 
ACTIVITIES OF THE EIGHTIES 
 
 of the document in rhymes that traveled far and still are 
 quoted in the histories (see Paxson: "Recent History of 
 the United States," p. 140): 
 
 Protection, in a nutshell, means 
 
 A right for certain classes; 
 A little law that intervenes 
 
 To help them rob the masses. 
 The rich may put their prices high; 
 The poor shall be compelled to buy. 
 
 This period also saw the rise and fall of the Parnell- 
 Gladstone movement for Irish Home Rule. Medill had 
 been born in New Brunswick of Presbyterian parents from 
 the north of Ireland, but was a consistent supporter of the 
 
 various Home Rule bills. A great 
 PROF. SWING. deal of space was devoted to Irish 
 
 Annna Meeting of the Chicago HCWS in The Tribune. 
 
 Chicago is famous the world 
 over for having reversed the flow 
 
 of its river > forcin g a stream to 
 drain Lake Michigan after it had 
 
 emptied into the lake for eons. In 
 this achievement, The Tribune 
 
 He Has Preached in Aid of the Mary' ^ad nO Small part. It StOOd COU- 
 
 pnce comer chapei sistently for the Drainage Canal 
 
 He Has Rejected Three Great prOJCCt. and ill l88Q, JOSCph 
 
 Presbyterian Tenete. ^ J > ^ , , - 
 
 - went to Springfield and exerted his 
 
 E TOoto Matter Referred to a Cota- i n ' i 
 
 personal influence to the utmost to 
 
 see that the necessary legislation 
 was passed. He did not live to 
 
 From The Chicago Tribune i r -.u* 
 
 April 14- 1874- see tne completion or this gigan- 
 
 tic public improvement, nor to see 
 his grandson elected president of the canal board. 
 
 Alfred Cowles, one of the factors of The Tribune's up- 
 building, died in 1889 and his colleague, "Governor" or 
 "Deacon" Bross, as he was better known, stood too long 
 with head uncovered at Mr. Cowles' funeral, and con- 
 tracted an illness that led to his death within a month. 
 
 * * * 
 48 
 

 CHICAGO CAPTURES THE WORLD'S FAIR 
 
 There had always been a bond of comradeship among 
 the men who made The Tribune and on January i, 1890, 
 the management sought to strengthen this sentiment by 
 inviting all employes to a "family dinner." These dinners 
 were held each year until 1908 when the force had grown so 
 large that they became impractical. The following year 
 The Tribune presented each employe with a gold piece in 
 lieu of the dinner, and from this has developed the present 
 generous system of annual bonuses. These bonuses are 
 figured on a scale of percentages of the salary received 
 during the year just ended. The lower salaries and the 
 longer terms of service receive the highest percentages and 
 vice versa. The Tribune's first pension system was in- 
 augurated in 1911. The present day program of pensions, 
 insurance, etc., is chronicled in a subsequent chapter en- 
 titled "Medill Council." 
 
 * * * 
 
 That Chicago had fully recovered from the terrible 
 blows of War and Fire was evidenced when America talked 
 of celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the landing 
 of Columbus. Up rose Chicago with indomitable business 
 pluck and audacity to claim the Fair. New York wanted 
 it. St. Louis cried for it. Washington was in a mood to 
 bleed and die for it. Chicago business men, with charac- 
 teristic spunk, fell to and raised $10,000,000, an argument 
 neither New York nor Washington could match. 
 
 A wonder of wonders, that fair, in and of itself. The 
 flat, prosaic plain enclosed within the borders of Jackson 
 park had become a scenic paradise, with its lovely lagoons, 
 its wooded island, its masterpieces of landscape architecture. 
 Palaces of consummate beauty had risen majestic. Never 
 before had buildings at once so vast, so exquisite, and so 
 numerous grouped themselves in a superbly harmonious 
 composition, nor, has there since been anything anywhere 
 to rival the total effect of grandeur, stateliness, and monu- 
 mental splendor. 
 
 There is a strong temptation, always, to overestimate 
 the educational value of a world's fair. Just because the 
 
 49 
 
FAIR OPENS NEW EPOCH FOR CHICAGO 
 
 turnstiles at Jackson park registered admissions aggregating 
 27,530,460 it hardly follows that visitors carried home 
 accurate information anything like commensurate with 
 those figures. On the other hand, it is as easy to under- 
 state a world's fair's cultural influence. At Chicago it was 
 tremendous. Multitudes enjoyed their first delicious ac- 
 quaintance with painting, with sculpture, and with superb 
 monumental architecture. No one thing that ever hap- 
 pened in America tended more directly indeed no one 
 thing that ever happened in America tended half so directly 
 toward the evolution of a public for great art. 
 
 Joseph Medill appreciated fully the great possibilities 
 of the fair. He was one of the original stockholders and a 
 director. He saw to it that The Tribune led in the presen- 
 tation of its beauties and glories. A special bureau was 
 maintained in the Administration Building from which 
 Tribune reporters covered all activities and telegraphed 
 full reports to the paper, where all " Fair" news was handled 
 by a special copy desk. 
 
 50 
 
! JIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUIL 
 
 IN 1869 The Tribune occupied the above building erected for 
 it at a cost of $225^000. In 1871 the issues of October o and 10 
 were missed when the building was engulfed in the great con- 
 flagration. On the first anniversary of the Fire we moved into 
 the $250,000 structure shown below. 
 
 51 
 
IjlUiU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'L 
 
 THE COURT OF HONOR, looking east from balcony of the Ad- 
 ministration Building. This was one of the most inspiring 
 mews afforded by the World's Fair. At the left of the picture 
 is the Manufactures Building, with Agricultural Hall on the 
 right. 
 
 VIEW from the roof-promenade of the Manufactures Building. 
 In the foreground is the Wooded Island, with the Japanese 
 Building at its northern end. Fronting the Lagoon on the left 
 is the Woman s Building; further to the right is the Illinois 
 Building, with its lofty dome surmounted by a flagstaff which 
 marked the highest elevation on the grounds; while at the extreme 
 right is one of the circular wings of the Fisheries Building. In 
 the background of the picture stretches the Chicago of '93. 
 
 F 
 
From the Fair to the World War 
 
 1893-1914 
 
 T FOLLOWING the fair came crop failures, hard times, 
 
 r^ Coxey's " Army," and the industrial warfare known 
 
 JL as the "Debs" or "Pullman" strike, which flared up 
 
 in Chicago and radiated to every part of the United States. 
 
 The Tribune, while fiercely opposed to Debs as the legiti- 
 mate successor of the anarchists and the representative of 
 violence was, nevertheless, keenly critical of the attitude 
 of George M. Pullman who refused to make any conciliatory 
 move. The Tribune warmly supported President Cleve- 
 land when he sent Federal troops to Chicago and it de- 
 nounced the inactivity of Governor Altgeld. 
 
 An incident at this period shows how the new order in 
 journalism was coming into its own on The Tribune, coin- 
 cident with a new epoch in civic affairs. Mr. Medill one 
 day ordered the city editor to preface every mention of 
 Mr. Debs' name with the word " Dictator. " So the follow- 
 ing morning The Tribune was liberally sprinkled with 
 references to "Dictator" Debs. R. W. Patterson, general 
 manager, demanded an explanation of the city editor, 
 stating that the day had passed for permeating the news 
 columns with editorial comments. The next day the paper 
 appeared without the word "Dictator" and Mr. Medill 
 called the unfortunate city editor on the carpet to know 
 why his orders had not been obeyed. He was referred to 
 Mr. Patterson and finally yielded to him. 
 
 From that time on, practically the entire burden of 
 Tribune management rested on Patterson's shoulders and 
 The Tribune progressed surprisingly, while its competitors 
 slipped backward. The Times, once The Tribune's most 
 formidable rival, merged with The Herald as The Times- 
 Herald, and later this new paper was absorbed by The 
 Record and the name became Record-Herald. 
 
 53 
 
TRIBUNE TURNS LIGHT ON GAS GRAFT 
 
 In 1892, The Tribune had installed new presses, the 
 first of their kind ever built, capable of producing four-page 
 to twenty-four-page papers at the rate of 72,000 eight-page 
 papers per hour. The Sunday paper was now beginning 
 to develop and in it Mr. Patterson took particular interest. 
 On November 6, 1887, a twenty-eight-page Sunday paper 
 was gotten out in four parts, inaugurating this method of 
 dividing the Sunday issue. On September 14, 1890, a 
 record was set with a forty-page Sunday paper. 
 
 In 1895, The Tribune startled the newspaper world by 
 reducing its price to one cent daily. Before the Civil War 
 the price had been three cents, raised to five cents in 1864, 
 reduced to three cents in 1886, and reduced to two cents 
 in 1888. It was found impossible to maintain the one cent 
 price, however, and after the Spanish War, the price again 
 became two cents. In 1910 another attempt was made 
 to sell the paper for one cent, but the European War again 
 raised production costs so that the two cent price was made 
 necessary. 
 
 * * * 
 
 When the Cosmopolitan Electric Company 5o-year 
 grab and the Ogden Gas ordinance were simultaneously 
 introduced in the council on February 25, 1895, there 
 arose a great cry of graft and boodle. The Tribune led 
 in unsparing denunciation of these "monuments of corrup- 
 tion." "Two more infamous aldermanic jobs" is the title 
 of an editorial demanding the legislature then in session 
 to take from the idiots and boodlers the power to grant 
 franchises and give away the city's rights. 
 
 "Birds of a Feather Flock Together" "Anti Boodle" 
 -"Let Us Have an Absolute Veto," "Stands by the Boodle 
 Gang Mayor Approves Ogden Gas and Amends Cos- 
 mopolitan." 
 
 As a result of the campaign against these measures the 
 mayor who signed them, John P. Hopkins, was unwilling 
 to risk a stand for reelection five weeks later. And his 
 candidate was defeated. And as a second result of The 
 
 54 
 
TRACTION BOODLERS DENOUNCE "NEWSPAPER TRUST" 
 
 Tribune's tireless campaign against the boodle aldermen 
 the honest forces of the community laid the basis of the 
 organization of the Municipal Voters' League, which was 
 instrumental in cleaning up the council and putting gray 
 wolves in the minority. 
 
 The Tribune fought aggressively in the interest of the 
 public against the infamous Humphrey and Allen bills 
 which would have turned the streets of the city over to 
 the Yerkes car line system for a half century. 
 
 Early in the spring of 1897, John Humphrey, on behalf 
 of Yerkes, introduced his twin bills in the legislature. 
 These took from the city council all power over traction 
 franchises. The late Edward C. Curtis, who has been 
 named in the conspiracy charged against the present gov- 
 ernor, Len Small, was at that time speaker of the House. 
 At the crisis of one of the fights Curtis became ill and left 
 Springfield with a substitute speaker in the chair of the 
 House and it was rumored Curtis was afflicted with a 
 "gumboil." Hence the sobriquet of the day, "Gumboil 
 Curtis." 
 
 A terrific battle was waged against the measures by 
 The Tribune, which was seconded by such men as Mayor 
 Harrison, John H. Hamline, John M. Harlan, Frank J. 
 Loesch, Edwin Burritt Smith and the Civic Federation. 
 The measures came to a vote on May 12, 1897, and were de- 
 feated by a 4 to i vote. 
 
 On the night of his defeat and denunciation as the most 
 audacious boodler in the country, Yerkes used some now 
 familiar language: "The newspaper trust has done every- 
 thing to demoralize the people and to injure Chicago. 
 The most brazen and glaring untruths, etc., etc. News- 
 paper trust ! Newspaper trust !" 
 
 But Yerkes was not so easily licked. He went back 
 to Springfield with new but similar measures, which were 
 finally rounded out as the Allen bill, which gave the city 
 council power to grant fifty-year franchises. The same 
 energetic fight was put up against the Allen bill, but on 
 
 55 
 
TRIBUNE FOR GOLD AGAINST "16 TO 1" 
 
 June 9 of the same year (1897) it became a law. Gov. 
 Tanner signed it after Yerkes had said to him, "The news- 
 papers do not express the sentiment of the people of 
 Chicago." 
 
 This odious Allen law, denounced day by day by The 
 Tribune as a boodle measure bought by bribery a swindle 
 and a robbery of the people did not long survive. In the 
 subsequent session of the legislature it was repealed and 
 in the intervening months the temper of the people, en- 
 lightened by the upright press, was such as to deter any 
 possible action by the city council. And the council during 
 that time was improving, being lifted out of the shame of 
 Ogden Gas days, a period of purging in which The Tribune 
 was continually alert and aggressive. 
 
 In 1895 Raymond Patterson, The Tribune's famous 
 Washington correspondent, secured a notable scoop on the 
 decision of the United States Supreme court knocking out 
 the income tax. 
 
 R. W. Patterson had been distinctively and almost 
 exclusively a newspaper man, but in 1896 he went to the 
 republican national convention and was very influential 
 in having the "Gold Plank" inserted in the republican 
 platform. Needless to say, The Tribune took an exceed- 
 ingly prominent place among American newspapers in 
 bringing about the election and the re-election of William 
 
 McKinley. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Spanish American War was marked by one spec- 
 tacular Tribune achievement the great scoop on May 7, 
 1898, which enabled The Tribune to telephone to President 
 McKinley and to the Secretary of the Navy and the Secre- 
 tary of War in Washington the fact that on May i, Dewey 
 had defeated the Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay. When 
 war broke out, Edward W. Harden, a Chicago newspaper 
 man, was in the Orient. The Tribune and The New York 
 World arranged with him by cable to accompany Dewey's 
 Fleet. After the victory, the cables having been cut by 
 
 56 
 
SCOOP ON BATTLE OF MANILA BAY 
 
 Dewey, there ensued a week of waiting. The world knew 
 that Dewey should have attacked Manila, but there was 
 no way of receiving word until Harden reached Hong Kong 
 and filed his story to The New York World and The Chicago 
 Tribune. It reached New York too late for any regular 
 edition of the World, but arrived in Chicago before the 
 " final" had gone to press. Earlier Tribune editions were 
 recalled from railway stations and replaced with new ones 
 containing the big news. 
 
 Only one Illinois regiment reached Cuba, so there was 
 comparatively little news of fighting from Tribune staff 
 correspondents, but there were powerful stories dealing 
 with the scandalous conditions at Chattanooga, Tampa, 
 and Montauk Point. In fact, the campaign for military 
 preparedness, which was then inaugurated has never been 
 allowed to lag. The Tribune has endeavored to keep con- 
 stantly before its readers the terrible consequences visited 
 upon the volunteer soldier by failure to prepare for war in 
 times of peace. 
 
 3SrHhn. 
 
 ,POPE MOVES FOR PEKLg.q!L 
 
 Br T'lir.|Ju u IV QWM ln* rf Pfii AlrUtai 
 
 i w EW tlM Wv. 
 
 FIOHT HAY tous occru 
 
 """ EXTRA 
 
 DIRECT NEWS FROM DEWEY! 
 NO AMERICAN SHIP LOST! 
 NOT ONE AMERICAN KILLED! 
 ONLY SIX AMERICANS INJURED! 
 ELEVEN SPANISH SHIPS SUNK! 
 300 SPANIARDS ARE KILLED! 
 400 SPANIARDS INJURED! 
 
 (5PECI4I. C*tU 
 
 (BY E. W. HARDEN OF CHICAGO.' 
 
 From The Chicago Tribune of May 7, 1898 
 
 57 
 
LITTLE LABOR TROUBLE IN TRIBUNE HISTORY 
 
 The Tribune had its first strike at a critical point in the 
 war. On Friday, July i, 1898, the stereotypers' union, 
 having refused arbitration, called a strike on all Chicago 
 newspapers. No paper was issued until July 6. In the 
 meantime, the Spanish fleet was destroyed at Santiago and 
 the French liner La Bourgogne sunk off Nova Scotia with a 
 loss of 553 lives. Newspapers from Joliet, Milwaukee, and 
 other cities poured into Chicago and sold for as much as 
 half a dollar a copy. 
 
 The only other strike in Tribune history was one which 
 affected all Chicago papers in 1912. It grew out of trouble 
 between the pressmen and the publishers of W. R. Hearst's 
 Chicago newspapers. It involved the pressmen, stereo- 
 typers, drivers, and newsboys, but did not prevent the 
 publication and distribution of The Tribune. 
 
 Trouble between The Tribune and its employes is a 
 decidedly abnormal event. There has never been a strike 
 among Tribune compositors. The stability of the organi- 
 zation is evidenced by the following tabulation showing the 
 length of continuous service of employes as of January i, 
 1922: 
 
 Less 5 10 25 35 45 
 
 Than to to to to to 
 
 Department 5 10 25 35 45 55 56 
 
 Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Total 
 
 Advertising, Classified . 
 Advertising, Display. . . 
 Auditing 
 
 117 
 98 
 157 
 
 8 
 12 
 24 
 
 5 
 11 
 10 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 131 
 122 
 192 
 
 Building 
 
 90 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 
 124 
 
 Circulation 
 
 196 
 
 45 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 258 
 
 Composing 
 
 57 
 
 39 
 
 63 
 
 20 7 3 
 
 1 190 
 
 Editorial 
 
 149 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 207 
 
 Electrotype 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 Etching. ... .... 
 
 44 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 European ... . . 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Executive ... 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 2 1 
 
 27 
 
 General 
 
 82 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 95 
 
 Press 
 
 92 
 
 49 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 Rec. & Warehouse .... 
 Stereotype 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 40 
 
 Total . . 
 
 1143 
 
 245 
 
 207 
 
 29 10 3 
 
 1 1638 
 
 58 
 
MODERN SKYSCRAPER BUILT FOR TRIBUNE 
 
 The Spanish War caused a wave of interest in world 
 affairs and The Tribune established staff correspondents in 
 London, Paris, Rome, Berlin and Vienna. These foreign 
 bureaus were not continued, however, and from the open- 
 ing of the twentieth century, until the World War, The 
 Tribune's journalistic achievements were chiefly in local 
 and national news, though it recorded a scoop in the fall 
 of Port Arthur to the Japanese. 
 
 Joseph Medill died March 16, 1899, at San Antonio, 
 Texas. His last words were "What is the news?" During 
 the last several years of his life he had participated very 
 little in the active management of The Tribune. 
 
 * * # 
 
 The increasing circulation and advertising under the 
 regime of R. W. Patterson made it imperative that The 
 Tribune secure new and better quarters. It was deter- 
 mined to erect a splendid skyscraper, and a number of 
 sites were under consideration. The corner of Dearborn 
 and Madison Streets, which had been occupied by The 
 Tribune for thirty years, was not seriously considered be- 
 cause of the rule which provided that school board prop- 
 erty would be leased only subject to revaluation every five 
 years. There was a movement on foot, however, to do 
 away with this policy, since practically all school property 
 was covered with dilapidated shacks, it being economically 
 impossible for lessees to spend money on adequate im- 
 provements. As a result The Tribune was offered a ninety- 
 nine year lease if it would agree to improve its corner with 
 a two million dollar building, which would revert to the 
 school board at the end of the lease. 
 
 This subject is taken up more in detail in a later chapter 
 of this book, headed "Building Department." Three 
 successive school boards ratified The Tribune lease and the 
 modern seventeen-story structure which now stands at 
 Madison and Dearborn is the result. It was occupied by 
 The Tribune in 1902 with the expectation that the new 
 machinery and the great structure would be ample for 
 
 59 
 
ORIGIN OF "SANE FOURTH" MOVEMENT 
 
 Tribune requirements until the end of the lease. It was 
 
 outgrown in twenty years. 
 
 * * * 
 
 In 1899 The Tribune began its crusade for a Sane 
 Fourth a crusade which was successful after twenty years 
 of consistent hammering. As a result thousands of chil- 
 dren are saved from death or mutilation every year. 
 Collier's Weekly tells the story of the inception of this 
 campaign as follows: 
 
 On the Fourth of July, 1899, Managing Editor Keeley of The 
 Tribune was at the bedside of his small daughter, who was on the verge 
 of death. The air about his home was filled with the din of that bar- 
 barous demonstration which as a matter of unquestioned fact we had 
 come to associate with the demonstration of patriotism. Keeley hover- 
 ing over his little child, anxious to the point of frenzy, thought this 
 noise was pushing her out of the world. Late in the afternoon in the 
 midst of his distraction he called up The Tribune office to speak to his 
 secretary, but there was so much of the clatter of celebration at both 
 ends of the line that for a time neither could hear the other. An idea 
 came to Keeley: "Get reports from thirty cities on the number of 
 killed and injured by this blankety-blank foolery," he said, "and let's 
 see what it looks like." 
 
 Ten minutes later he called up again and dictated the exact form 
 of the message to be sent, and added: "Make it a hundred cities, get 
 the figures in shape, and we will print them." 
 
 The next morning on the front page of The Tribune there was a 
 column devoted to the Fourth of July horror. On the following morn- 
 ing, with more data at hand, the results were elaborated in three terrible 
 columns. This was the beginning of The Tribune's campaign for a 
 sane Fourth. At first, papers and people jeered, but year after year 
 The Tribune continued to tabulate the ghastly results until the battle 
 
 was won. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The terrible disaster of the Iroquois Fire stunned Chicago 
 on December 30, 1903. The manner in which this great 
 story was handled by The Tribune is familiar to students 
 of American newspaper history. On the day following the 
 fire the entire first page of The Tribune contained nothing 
 except the names of 571 dead and missing. Before sunrise 
 that same morning twenty members of The Tribune staff 
 had been sent out with lists of names to secure photographs, 
 and on New Years' morning, The Tribune printed several 
 times as many pictures of victims of the disaster as the 
 other Chicago papers combined. 
 
 60 
 
JlUiU'U'U'UiU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UiU'U'U'U'U'U'UiU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UiUlLl 
 
 THIS mudhole is the corner of Madison and Dearborn Streets 
 as it looked in 1860. At the farther corner of Postoffice Alley 
 is the book store of John R. Walsh. 
 
 (Photo by courtesy of John M. Smyth) 
 
 T. E. SULLIVAN, $6 years on The Tribune, and T. B. Catlin, 
 48 years on The Tribune, hold the longest service records among 
 Tribune employes. Both are compositors. 
 
 61 
 
IIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'L 
 
 ROBERT W. PATTERSON 
 
 MR. PATTERSON succeeded his father-in-law, Joseph Medill, 
 in control of The Tribune. His funeral in 1010 was one of 
 the most impressive events of the time because, dying within 
 a few hours of his mother, the service for them both was held in 
 the same church on the same day. That was the Second 
 Presbyterian church, of which Mr. Patterson s father had long 
 been 'minister. R. W. Patterson s characteristics were justly 
 appraised by the Illinois State Journal in its notice of his death. 
 "He realized" said that paper, "that changes come slowly, 
 that reforms cannot be effected in a day, that patience is a req- 
 uisite to the accomplishment of any important fact. Better 
 still, he appreciated the saving grace of good nature in the 
 crusader. He seldom lost his temper, and defeat never ruffled 
 him.'" He was born in Chicago in 1850. 
 
 62 
 
ENTERPRISE AGGRESSIVENESS MARK TRIBUNE PROGRESS 
 
 Following the Iroquois Fire The Tribune pressed for the 
 prosecution of those responsible and organized The Tribune 
 Committee of Safety composed of leading engineers and 
 architects. This Committee formulated specific demands 
 for a reform in Chicago's building code; demands which 
 were incorporated in city ordinances and which have un- 
 doubtedly prevented many disasters during the intervening 
 years. 
 
 On the morning of December 18, 1905, The Tribune 
 scored a scoop on the failure of the banks of John R. Walsh. 
 One consequence of these failures was the discontinuance 
 of Walsh's newspaper, The Chronicle, which suspended 
 publication May 31, 1907. 
 
 In 1906 The Tribune played an even more spectacular 
 part in giving the world news in connection with a bank 
 failure. Managing Editor James Keeley trailed the ab- 
 sconding bank president, Paul O. Stensland, to his hiding 
 place in Morocco and induced him to return voluntarily 
 to Chicago. During the same year it printed the corre- 
 spondence between Roosevelt and the Storers which caused 
 an international sensation. 
 
 Throughout the administration of Mayor Edward F. 
 Dunne The Tribune vigorously opposed his program for 
 the municipal ownership and operation of the street car 
 system, and criticized the management of school affairs. 
 As a result suit was begun to invalidate the lease of the 
 property on which The Tribune Building stands. Three 
 courts decided on every point in favor of The Tribune. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Nonpartisanship in the handling of news had developed 
 to such a point on The Tribune that this avowedly repub- 
 lican newspaper issued a series of special editions in Denver 
 throughout the democratic national convention of 1908. 
 
 A full staff of editors, reporters, artists, photographers, 
 and telegraphers was taken west in a private car. The 
 Rocky Mountain News loaned its mechanical facilities, and 
 also assisted in securing distribution. Leased wires sup- 
 
 63 
 
TRIBUNE HOLDS FIRST NATIONAL LAND SHOW 
 
 plied The Tribune in Denver with all news of Chicago and 
 the Central West and also supplied The Tribune in Chicago 
 with complete reports of the convention. 
 
 A year later, when an imposing expedition of business 
 men and legislators headed by President Taft journeyed 
 down the Missouri and Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, 
 The Tribune published its famous "Deep Waterways 
 Editions" at St. Louis, Memphis, Natchez and New Orleans. 
 The St. Louis Star, the Memphis Commercial Appeal, the 
 Natchez Democrat, the New Orleans Item, and the New 
 Orleans Times-Picayune gave generous assistance. Again, 
 in 1921, a special edition of The Tribune was printed on 
 the presses of The Commercial Appeal and distributed on 
 the train carrying the investment bankers of the country 
 to their national convention in New Orleans. 
 
 Irrigation and scientific agriculture had at this period 
 developed a new wave of colonization throughout the 
 United States. Public interest in undeveloped sections 
 and in agricultural opportunities was great. Chicago, as 
 the railroad center of the nation, was the focus of coloni- 
 zation activity in which The Tribune naturally became a 
 leader. At a dinner in February, 1909, attended by men 
 influential in land development, it was suggested that a 
 great land exposition be held in Chicago the succeeding fall. 
 The Tribune offered to start this exposition, guaranteeing 
 its financial responsibility by a contribution of $25,000. 
 In the first prospectus sent out it was stated: "The rail- 
 road and land interests in Chicago have initiated a move- 
 ment to hold an exposition in Chicago for the exploitation 
 of our country's undeveloped land resources and have 
 arranged with The Chicago Tribune, as a non-competing 
 interest, to assume financial and executive responsibility." 
 
 A Land Show was held in the Coliseum during November 
 and December. It was generously supported by railways, 
 state departments of agriculture, chambers of commerce, 
 and similar organizations in sections seeking settlers. It 
 
 64 
 
SURRENDERS SHOW THEN RECOVERS IT 
 
 attracted tremendous crowds, not only from Chicago, but 
 from the entire Central West. Nevertheless the deficit 
 which The Tribune was obliged to pay amounted to more 
 than $40,000. 
 
 The following year The Chicago Tribune, feeling unable 
 to assume such a great burden again, turned the Land Show 
 over to some Chicago business men who felt that they could 
 run it in a manner satisfactory to exhibitors and to the 
 public, and still make a profit. A successful Land Show was 
 held in the winter of 1910 under their auspices and a small 
 profit was made. 
 
 They undertook to repeat the show in 1911, but 'intro- 
 duced a new element by offering free lots with every paid 
 admission. 
 
 Each person attending the show was presented with 
 a coupon giving him the right to a lot on payment of approxi- 
 mately three dollars for abstract, and recording fees. More 
 than 40,000 of those attending the Land Show paid this 
 money to the promoters of the show and were given re- 
 ceipts, and promised deeds and abstracts at some future 
 time. The land in Michigan, which the Land Show pro- 
 moters proposed to subdivide into building lots, was 
 inaccessible and covered with snow, so that the surveying 
 and platting of it was extremely difficult. 
 
 Those who had paid their money became exceedingly 
 impatient as months went by and no deeds were received. 
 Although The Tribune had had no control over the 1910 
 or 1911 land shows, the institution was popularly known 
 as "The Tribune Land Show," and great numbers of 
 protesting lot owners began calling on The Tribune for 
 their deeds. Exhibitors had also been exceedingly indignant 
 at the lot scheme and their denunciation of the 1911 Land 
 Show in every part of the United States was distasteful and 
 injurious to The Tribune. 
 
 An arrangement was made, therefore, by which the Land 
 Show was transferred back to The Tribune and its recent 
 owners were put under bond to deliver the lots that had 
 
 65 
 
INAUGURATION OF GOOD FELLOW MOVEMENT 
 
 been promised. The Tribune, having given birth to this 
 unique exposition, was anxious to restore it in the esteem 
 and respect of exhibitors and the public. The Tribune 
 formed a corporation known as the United States Land 
 Show, which held shows in the Coliseum in the winters of 
 1912 and 1913. In each instance there was a substantial 
 deficit paid by The Tribune. At the 1913 Land Show a large 
 number of Ojibway Indians were brought to Chicago and 
 presented the Hiawatha Legend in pantomime. Exhibitors 
 included the United States Government, the University of 
 Illinois, the Canadian Government, Province of British 
 Columbia, Province of Alberta, State of New York, State 
 of Oregon, State of Alabama, State of Ohio, State of West 
 Virginia, State of Mississippi, and the Great Northern, 
 Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern and Grand Trunk 
 Railroads. 
 
 During these years The Tribune also conducted in the 
 Sunday paper a "Forward to the Land Bureau" which 
 answered many thousands of inquiries concerning agricul- 
 tural conditions in various sections. 
 
 * * * 
 
 In December, 1909, The Tribune received a letter from 
 one of its readers, who asked that his letter be printed in 
 The Tribune without disclosing his identity. The original 
 Good Fellow is still anonymous, but his letter initiated a 
 movement which makes many thousands of children of the 
 poor happy each Christmas. The famous Good Fellow 
 letter as it appeared in The Tribune of December 10, 1909, 
 follows : 
 To the Good Fellows of Chicago: 
 
 Last Christmas and New Years' eve you and I went out for a 
 good time and spent from $10 to $200. Last Christmas morning 
 over 5,000 children awoke to an empty stocking the bitter pain 
 of disappointment that Santa Claus had forgotten them. Perhaps it 
 wasn't our fault. We had provided for our own; we had also reflected 
 in a passing way on those less fortunate than our own, but they seemed 
 far off and we didn't know where to find them. Perhaps in the hundred 
 and one things we had to do some of us didn't think of that heart sor- 
 row of the child over the empty stocking. 
 
 Now, old man, here's a chance. I have tried it for the last five 
 years and ask you to consider it. Just send your name and address to 
 
 66 
 
MANY NEW DEPARTMENTS OF SERVICE 
 
 The Tribune address Santa Claus state about how many children 
 you are willing to protect against grief over that empty stocking, inclose 
 a two-cent stamp and you will be furnished with the names, addresses, 
 sex, and age of that many children. It is then up to you, you do the 
 rest. Select your own present, spend 50 cents or $50, and send or take 
 your gifts to those children on Christmas eve. You pay not a cent more 
 than you want to pay every cent goes just where you want it to go. 
 You gain neither notoriety nor advertising; you deal with no organiza- 
 tion; no record will be kept; your letter will be returned to you with its 
 answer. The whole plan is just as anonymous as old Santa Claus him- 
 self. 
 
 This is not a newspaper scheme. The Tribune was asked to aid 
 in reaching the good fellows by publishing this suggestion and to receive 
 your communication in order that you may be assured of good faith 
 and to preserve the anonymous character of this work. The identity 
 of the writer of this appeal will not be disclosed. He assumes the 
 responsibility of finding the children and sending you their names and 
 guarantees that whatever you bestow will be deserved. 
 
 Neither you nor I get anything out of this, except the feeling that 
 you have saved some child from sorrow on Christmas morning. If that 
 is not enough for you then you have wasted time in reading this it 
 is not intended for you, but for the good fellows of Chicago. 
 
 Perhaps a twenty-five cent doll or a ten cent tin toy wouldn't 
 mean much to the children you know, but to the child who would find 
 them in the otherwise empty stocking they mean much the difference 
 between utter disappointment and the joy that Santa Claus did not 
 forget them. Here is where you and I get in. The charitable organi- 
 zations attend to the bread and meat; the clothes; the necessaries; 
 you and the rest of the good fellows furnish the toys, the nuts, the 
 candies; the child's real Christmas. 
 
 GOOD FELLOW. 
 
 A corps of clerks are kept busy during the six weeks 
 preceding Christmas each year distributing to Chicago 
 Good Fellows the names of poor children whose cases have 
 been checked by Chicago charitable organizations. If any 
 names remain untaken on Christmas Eve, their owners are 
 supplied with toys and Christmas cheer by The Tribune. 
 Newspapers in other cities have taken up the Good Fellow 
 idea until it is quite impossible to estimate the amount of 
 happiness generated as a result of the publication of the 
 above letter in The Tribune. 
 
 * * * 
 
 At this period The Tribune developed with amazing 
 rapidity and success a series of novel departments of serv- 
 ice. Dr. Wm. A. Evans, who had made a splendid 
 record as Health Commissioner of Chicago, was employed 
 
 67 
 
R. W. PATTERSON SUCCEEDED BY GRANDSONS OF MEDILL 
 
 to conduct a daily department under the heading "How to 
 Keep Well." The Marquis of Queensbury was brought 
 from England to write on sports. Laura Jean Libby inau- 
 gurated a department dealing with affairs of the heart, and 
 Lillian Russell told women how to be more beautiful. A 
 department, known as "Friend of the People," offered to 
 intervene with local officials in behalf of the private citizen. 
 These Tribune departments have been widely imitated by 
 other publishers and the idea that a newspaper should not 
 only distribute news, guide public opinion, and offer enter- 
 tainment, but should also render definite personal service 
 is now well established. 
 
 In 1909 The Tribune began using the sub-title "World's 
 Greatest Newspaper" occasionally in its advertising. It was 
 later registered in Washington as a trade mark and on 
 August 29, 1911, it began appearing as at present on the 
 
 first page of The Tribune. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Early in 1910 R. W. Patterson died. He had been 
 president of The Tribune Company and editor-in-chief 
 since the death of Joseph Medill. For some time prior 
 to his death he had been in poor health and a grandson of 
 Joseph Medill, Medill McCormick, now United States 
 Senator from Illinois, had been in charge as publisher. 
 Shortly after the death of Mr. Patterson, Medill McCormick 
 was forced to abandon his connection with The Tribune 
 because of illness, and he has never since participated in 
 its management. His brother, R. R. McCormick, had 
 been made treasurer of The Tribune Company in 1909 and 
 his cousin, J. M. Patterson, had been made secretary of 
 The Tribune Company the same year. In 1914 they 
 assumed complete control as editors and publishers. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Shortly after the death of R. W. Patterson and the 
 retirement of Medill McCormick, a young man, named 
 Charles White, who had been a member of the Illinois 
 Legislature, visited The Tribune for the purpose of selling 
 
 68 
 
TRIBUNE SCOOP OPENS LORIMER CASE 
 
 a story of corruption in the election of William Lorimer, 
 and other legislative acts. 
 
 Tribune reporters were hastily rushed to various points 
 in Illinois in order to check up as far as possible on the 
 charges which he made. All the information which could 
 be secured seemed to corroborate them, so his story was 
 purchased and published in The Tribune the famous 
 Lorimer and "jack-pot" story. After an unprecedented 
 deadlock, which persisted through the first months of 1909, 
 William Lorimer, Congressman and Republican boss from 
 Chicago, had been elected to the United States Senate from 
 Illinois by a most extraordinary combination of Republicans 
 and Democrats. White, a Democrat, related in detail how 
 he and other Democratic legislators had been promised 
 money for their votes. 
 
 Part of the money was due the legislators as their share 
 of the "jack-pot" created by contributions from various 
 interests for which bills were killed or passed, and part of 
 it was in direct payment for Democratic votes for a 
 Republican Senator. 
 
 Investigations were immediately begun by grand juries 
 in Cook and Sangamon Counties. Mike Link and J. C. 
 Beckemeyer, two of the Democratic legislators, accused 
 by White as members of the group paid off at the same time 
 he was, confessed to the Cook County Grand Jury. 
 
 States Attorney Edmund Burke, in Springfield con- 
 ducting an independent investigation, unearthed many 
 corroborative facts. By representatives of office furniture 
 concerns, he was told that certain state senators had 
 extorted bribes as a condition precedent to the purchase of 
 furniture for the Senate Chamber. He developed the fact 
 that even small fishermen along the Illinois River had been 
 forced to contribute to the "jack-pot" in order to prevent 
 the passage of legislation which would have injured their 
 business. Senator Holstlaw, a Democrat, a banker at 
 luka, Illinois, and a pillar in his church, confessed that he 
 had been paid for his vote for Lorimer and had gone to the 
 
 69 
 
LORIMER ISSUE FOUGHT FOR YEARS 
 
 notorious West Madison Street saloon of a fellow senator 
 to receive the cash. 
 
 States Attorneys J. E. W. Wayman of Cook County 
 and Edmund Burke of Sangamon County prosecuted the 
 resulting indictments with energy, but every case was lost. 
 The reason was not long concealed. Two Chicago jurymen 
 accused an attorney for one of the defendants of failing to 
 pay them the amounts promised for their votes as jury- 
 men for acquittal. Cases for jury bribing succeeded those 
 for legislative bribing, but without convictions. 
 
 The charges against Lorimer were brought up in the 
 United State Senate and after an investigation the Senate 
 decided in his favor. 
 
 The Lorimer case originated as a piece of startling news 
 submitted to The Tribune for publication and daringly 
 published. As the case developed so many additional facts 
 The Tribune undertook to fight for the prosecution of the 
 guilty and the unseating of Senator Lorimer with all pos- 
 sible vigor. Editorials and cartoons aroused not only 
 Chicago and Illinois, but the entire United States. 
 Whether or not Lorimer' s election had been bought became 
 a national issue. The close of 1910 found The Tribune 
 apparently beaten and Lorimer vindicated all along the 
 line. 
 
 But the fight was not over. When the Illinois legislature 
 convened in January, 1911, The Tribune proposed that it 
 investigate the manner in which the preceding legislature 
 had elected a United States Senator. H. H. Kohlsaat in his 
 Record-Herald printed the charge that a fund of $100,000 
 had been instrumental in securing Lorimer's election. The 
 State Senate appointed a committee in charge of Senator 
 Helm, of Metropolis, which began seeking evidence along a 
 new line. It endeavored to find out where the money came 
 from with which the corrupt legislators had been paid. 
 
 Clarence Funk, general manager of the International 
 Harvester Company, testified before this committee that 
 a Chicago multimillionaire had asked him to contribute to 
 
 70 
 
IIUIUU I U'U'U'UU I U I U I U'U I U'U'U I U I U'U'U'UU'U'U'U I U I U'U I U I U I UUU'U'UIUL. 
 
 NORTH front of The Tribune Building at Madison and Dear- 
 born Streets erected in 1902. The greatest Want Ad Store in 
 the world still occupies the corner on the main floor ^ but the 
 press rooms in the basement were outgrown in 1920. 
 
 71 
 
UNITED STATES Land Show, held in the Coliseum under 
 Tribune auspices in the winter of 1912. 
 
 LIBRARY in Tribune Plant. 
 
 72 
 
TRIBUNE SECURES PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY 
 
 a fund for paying the expenses of Lorimer's election. 
 Other evidence of the same nature was developed by the 
 Helm committee as the result of which the case was re- 
 opened by the United States Senate. And, after going 
 into the new evidence, a vote was taken and Lorimer's seat 
 was declared vacant. 
 
 The Tribune has been highly praised and bitterly 
 blamed for its tactics in the Lorimer case. The vehemence 
 with which it fought on after Lorimer had secured his 
 "vindication" aroused the enmity of Lorimer's innumerable 
 friends. These friends have sought to blame The Tribune 
 for the failure of Lorimer's bank, but it has been clearly 
 shown by trials in the criminal courts that this failure was 
 due to corrupt banking and not to Tribune publicity. 
 
 To The Tribune, Lorimer was a symbol of a vicious 
 political system which it had always fought and which it is 
 still fighting. Lorimer has long ceased to be a factor, but 
 the fight against all that he represented still goes on. At the 
 time the Lorimer case was at its height a faction of Repub- 
 licans, of which he had been boss, organized what was 
 known as the Lincoln League to fight their battles. Promi- 
 nent in this League were Len Small, now Governor of 
 Illinois; Wm. Hale Thompson, now Mayor of Chicago; 
 and Fred Lundin, boss of the "Thompson" Republicans. 
 Against these men The Tribune is still fighting the war for 
 clean government of which the Lorimer case was one spec- 
 tacular battle. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Always enthusiastically for Roosevelt, The Tribune was 
 insistent that he should run for President in 1912. Early 
 in that year, when Roosevelt was consistently refusing to 
 oppose Taft, The Tribune undertook to secure a direct 
 primary in Illinois which would prove conclusively that the 
 people were still eager for "T. R." 
 
 There was no law providing for a presidential primary 
 in Illinois and the legislature was not scheduled to meet 
 until January, 1913. The Tribune urged Governor Deneen 
 
 73 
 
AMAZING ADVERTISING GROWTH BEGINS 
 
 to call the legislature in special session. Deneen refused. 
 Time grew short. The Tribune hammered away, arousing 
 public sentiment. 
 
 At last the governor promised that he would call the 
 legislature if, within a specified brief interval, The Tribune 
 secured definite pledges from a two-thirds majority of the 
 senate and house to vote for the desired legislation. 
 
 The Tribune undertook the task with enthusiasm and 
 determination. At 3 o'clock on the morning of the last 
 day it had two less than the required number of men, but 
 the "final" edition that morning carried the full list of 
 pledged legislators. The law was passed. The primary 
 was held. Roosevelt won decisively over Taft. 
 
 Then began the fight for progressive principles, and 
 later for Roosevelt, although it never supported the Prog- 
 ressive Party. The Tribune has been steadfastly Republican, 
 but it considered Roosevelt a better Republican under any 
 label than Aldrich with the party organization in his 
 pocket, and it never felt bound to support corrupt local 
 machines simply because their candidates were listed under 
 
 the Republican circle. 
 
 # * * 
 
 Up to this time advertising has figured little in Tribune 
 history. The Tribune's substantial circulation among the 
 best classes of Chicago and the Central West attracted a 
 considerable volume of advertising. The Tribune had 
 always been free to be independent in its utterances be- 
 cause it was a profitable commercial institution. 
 
 In 1905 there were only seven employees in the adver- 
 tising department. Then a more intensive solicitation of 
 Want Ads was begun. New uses and new users for this 
 type of advertising were discovered and developed. A 
 similar process was undertaken as to display advertising 
 and in 1910 The Tribune printed, not only more adver- 
 tising than appeared in any other Chicago newspaper, but 
 more than appeared in any other newspaper in the six 
 largest cities of the United States. 
 
 74 
 
ADVERTISING ADVERTISING BOOMS CIRCULATION 
 
 Now came a conception of the economic value of ad- 
 vertising its already great and potentially tremendous 
 importance to readers. 
 
 In the winter of 191 1-1912 a determined effort was being 
 made by large financial interests to revive the rather de- 
 crepit Record-Herald, successor to The Herald, The Record 
 and The Times. Money was being spent like water to 
 secure circulation. Clocks, arm chairs, sets of dishes, etc., 
 were being given as premiums, and Record-Herald circu- 
 lation was soaring. 
 
 The Tribune had offered premiums in the past to secure 
 circulation, but in this emergency they were discarded 
 and have never been used since. Instead, an entirely novel 
 idea was worked out. This idea was to secure circulation 
 and checkmate the plans of The Record-Herald by advertis- 
 ing Tribune advertising. 
 
 A splendid campaign was prepared and run not only 
 in The Tribune, but also in three leading evening news- 
 papers. The plan was to advertise the advertising in The 
 Tribune and thereby make it still more productive to the 
 advertiser and more serviceable to the reader. Within six 
 weeks an increase of 20,000 in" Sunday circulation was 
 credited to this advertising. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of readers had their attention 
 focused on one division of Tribune advertising after another 
 shoes, bonds, flowers, hats, etc. Volume of advertising 
 soared even faster than circulation and The Record-Herald 
 was definitely and finally distanced. 
 
 The immediate success of its local advertising encour- 
 aged The Tribune to launch a campaign in other cities 
 seeking advertising from manufacturers. Copy telling of 
 the power of The Tribune in its market The Chicago 
 Territory was run in newspapers in sixteen major cities. 
 A direct mail campaign supplemented the newspaper adver- 
 tising both locally and nationally. 
 
 75 
 
MERCHANDISING OF ADVERTISING DEVELOPED 
 
 As a result of becoming an extensive buyer as well as 
 seller of advertising, The Tribune during 1912 gained 1,600 
 columns over 1911, and was the only Chicago paper that 
 did score a gain in advertising. 
 
 Development of advertising solicitation was pushed 
 vigorously. A copy and art department was started to 
 assist local advertisers and a merchandising service depart- 
 ment began the organization of assistance to manufacturers. 
 The work of this department is told in detail in the chapter 
 on the Advertising Division, page 193. By advancing and 
 living up to the theory that retailers should be persuaded 
 to stock any product before it is advertised, not forced to 
 stock it by means of advertising, The Tribune has done 
 much to take the "blue sky" out of advertising. 
 
 Hundreds of newspapers have studied what The Tribune 
 has done in this field, and have been assisted by The 
 Tribune in developing similar departments for themselves. 
 The Tribune has been a large factor in showing the business 
 world how to "merchandise" advertising systematically 
 
 and profitably. 
 
 * * * 
 
 More care in the censorship of advertising had gone 
 hand in hand with its increase in volume. In three striking 
 instances The Tribune felt it necessary, not only to bar a 
 class of advertisers from its columns, but also to expose 
 them. Crusades, ultimately of national import, were 
 launched against loan sharks, "men's specialist" medical 
 quacks, and clairvoyants. 
 
 To crush the loan sharks, The Tribune enlisted the 
 assistance of eighty Chicago attorneys who volunteered to 
 give their services free in fighting the usurers. Victims 
 were invited to submit their cases to The Tribune, where 
 the facts were analyzed and recorded. Each one was then 
 assigned to a competent lawyer. Daniel P. Trude, now a 
 judge, headed the group of lawyers and donated practically 
 all of his time to the work for more than a year. 
 
 Judge Landis, long known as a foe of the extortioners, 
 presided in the bankruptcy court and was a tower of strength 
 
 76 
 
AD-CENSORSHIP LEADS TO WAR ON QUACKS 
 
 to the campaign. One notorious shark committed suicide. 
 A number decamped for other cities. Disbarment pro- 
 ceedings were begun against a lawyer loan shark. Interest 
 payments running up to several hundred per cent were 
 revealed as quite common. Hundreds of unfortunates 
 were released from the jaws of the sharks. Names of victims 
 were not used in The Tribune. 
 
 News of the battles aroused such public sentiment that 
 the legislature was led to pass remedial laws, and eventually 
 the other Chicago papers even found it advisable to elimi- 
 nate loan shark advertising. 
 
 After routing the loan sharks The Tribune turned its 
 attention to a group of medical sharks, whose extravagant 
 claims and bearded faces crowded the columns of other 
 papers. 
 
 Reporters, carefully examined and found physically 
 sound, were sent to call on these " men's specialists." 
 Almost invariably the " specialist" at a glance discovered 
 all the symptoms of venereal disease and sought to terrify 
 his patient into the payment of fat fees. 
 
 The Tribune's stories resulted in the elimination of this 
 sort of fake advertising from Chicago newspapers, and 
 many of the " quack docs" left the city. The series of 
 stories was reprinted in book form by the American Medical 
 Association and given wide circulation. 
 
 The Tribune's exposures of clairvoyants led to criminal 
 prosecutions in which it was shown that payments of graft 
 to police and of newspaper advertising bills were their chief 
 expenses. 
 
 The Tribune's financial censorship was made more and 
 more stringent and extended to Want Ads as well as to 
 Display Advertising. A complete code of rules governing 
 the admissibility of financial advertising was printed, the 
 first code of its kind ever issued. 
 
 When the Illinois legislature passed a "Blue Sky" law 
 many concerns which had been barred from The Tribune 
 qualified under it and then hastened to The Tribune with 
 
 77 
 
COMPETITION INTENSIFIED BUT TRIBUNE WINS 
 
 i <rmtgTribune Invested Guide 
 
 their ads, confident that they would now be permitted to 
 buy space. To their surprise they found The Tribune far 
 more strict than the state "Blue Sky" commission. Unless 
 they met Tribune requirements for the protection of inves- 
 tors, their money was refused. 
 
 The Tribune went 
 beyond this and estab- 
 lished a department 
 known as the Invest- 
 ors' Guide, which by 
 letter and through the 
 columns of The Trib- 
 une has replied to more 
 than one hundred thou- 
 sand specific inquiries 
 concerning the char- 
 acter of investments. 
 * * * 
 
 In 1911, The Tribune had won its battle with the 
 Record-Herald and that paper had declined steadily. In 
 1914, however, it was combined with the Inter-Ocean under 
 the name Chicago Herald. It had the backing of big local 
 advertisers and of some of Chicago's greatest fortunes. The 
 new paper set out to compete vigorously for advertising 
 and circulation. 
 
 Net results may be summarized in the following tabu- 
 lation of Chicago Tribune circulation and advertising: 
 
 1914 1921 
 
 Advertising (columns) . . . 43>53 76,73 33> 2O 
 
 March Statements 
 1914 1922 Gain 
 
 Daily Circulation 261,278 499>7 2 5 2 3 8 >447 
 
 Sunday Circulation 406,556 827,028 420,472 
 
 Considering the increases in rates necessitated by the 
 war, this means that aftersixty-seven years of steady pro- 
 gress, The Tribune doubled its circulation and advertising 
 receipts during the past eight years. The Herald, after 
 
 78 
 
1914 TO 1922 SHOW SWIFTEST GROWTH 
 
 four years of struggle, was absorbed by Hearst's Chicago 
 Examiner in 1918, and the name of the latter paper changed 
 to The Herald and Examiner. 
 
 Such amazing growth as The Tribune has made during 
 the past eight crowded years is analyzed only with diffi- 
 culty by one so close to it, but it cannot be passed over if 
 we are to give any true conception of what The Chicago 
 Tribune is. 
 
 FINAL WAR EXTRA 
 
 VOLUME LXX1IL- NO. 1W. 
 
 NAVAL BATTLE IMPENDS; BRITISH, SHIP SUNK 
 
 'TIAL LAW IN ANTWERP; GERMANS EXPELLED 
 
 LONDON, AUG.. 5, 5 A. M. A British mine laying ship has been sunk by a German fleet The 
 British torpedo boat destroyer Pathfinder was pursued by the fleet but escaped. 
 
 ANTWERP, Aug. 5. Serious anti-German rioting occurred today. A mob sacked the German cafes 
 md tore the escutcheon from the German consulate. The police being unable to ch'eck the disorders, the 
 military governor placed the city under martial law and ordered- the expulsion of all German residents. 
 
 ToW.*lira^ BRITAIN ACTS 
 
 MCE HURLS 
 DEFIANCE AT 
 
 GERMAKALUES 
 
 Won Rod/ to FlgM 
 XnyCortryffich 
 Supports Kaiser. 
 
 'REKIERTELIS 
 
 terns $40,000,00) Patent Panes Bill LONDON, AU,. 4 n tni ^ *te p. 
 
 ITEILS STAHu ^SHvHJT 
 
 CREAT NAVAL BATTLE AT HAND; 
 nrrire I *""ORS CLASHMC FLEETS. 
 
 Utrlw ' tooN..,.,. ,.^-c 
 
 hMtoM 
 
 LS. Aif. S,S.fc- 
 
 .^.^..U^HM 
 
 
 toProvitfortindto- 
 
 'Chlc.,0 umJ-C,..l Bril.m decUrW 
 
 paj.Eipen$:$. j ^^-^j-BHSaa-ii-.,..., SErs 
 
 
 *L?" TLIT ^ ^ -*~, ~.^?. ^!??-. --^.'^LT i^^ ** 
 VrrV'tw*! *** *** ffr** .Trr** T"^ 1 .. 
 
 yj^mMatS^^ jf^lyiUir ! "w S MMt 
 
 -* * <-< =~. -* .'51. 
 
 
 79 
 
The World War and After 
 
 1914-1922 
 
 DURING the months which immediately preceded 
 the opening of the World War in 1914, The 
 Tribune laid a foundation for new records in 
 circulation and advertising. The first step was to capitalize 
 the soaring motion picture craze for Tribune benefit. This 
 was done in three ways. 
 
 First, The Tribune originated the idea of printing a 
 daily directory of motion picture theaters and their attrac- 
 tions. Advertising men said it couldn't be done, that a 
 neighborhood theater could not afford to pay Tribune 
 rates to print its program when only a few thousand out of 
 The Tribune's hundreds of thousands of readers are pros- 
 pective patrons. It was stiff pioneering work for the 
 advertising department, but the Motion Picture Directory 
 is now a solidly established feature of The Tribune. It is 
 a service highly valued by readers. It is profitable to 
 advertisers. It brings in more revenue to The Tribune 
 than all other forms of amusement advertising combined. 
 The marvelous development of the motion picture 
 industry is in turn greatly indebted to the large advertising 
 which it used while the older forms of amusement stood 
 conservatively inert. 
 
 Second, The Tribune originated the idea of printing 
 a serial story in conjunction with its picturization in the 
 movies. The Adventures of Kathlyn was the first serial 
 thus filmed. It was advertised extensively and sent the 
 circulation of The Sunday Tribune swiftly upward. 
 
 Third, when the World War dwarfed everything else 
 on earth The Tribune not only covered it with staff corre- 
 spondents, but sent its own motion picture photographer 
 to the front in Belgium, in Germany, in Poland and in 
 Russia. These "War Movies of The Chicago Tribune" 
 
 80 
 

 
 VOLUME LXXVl^-KO. 
 
 HUKSDAV. FEBm-AHl 7 "l. M-TOm^ PAOFA 
 
 "SINK ALL SHIPS'HCAISER 
 
 mans 
 
 RnM < 
 
 abBa 
 
 Pitting hSa 
 
 DRAWS DEADLINE ABOUT EUROPE; 
 BA 
 
 _, BARS VESSELS OF NEUTRALS; ,--,-- 
 i O.S, ALLOWED ONE BOAT WEEKLY" ""^ 
 
 WHsnMiTFollwTlmt 
 ** 
 
 SjwIWdltlafSJnt f D^Ri/Ar CH. &*, ,<**. /. jr 
 WwM Hud Paunrh "*" 01 " ** *** *"" "''*' *"** 
 
 ELieVE BRITISH 
 '*. JCEHSOK HOLDING 
 :.;"! HOLLWEC SPEEC, 
 
 
 
 
 
 HOG PRICES RISE, 
 SOGS FOLLOW SUIT 
 
 
 All Records Broken 
 
 Ofyt CEprag* (JrilmrLc 
 
 
 
 
 iEPLT BT GERMANY TO PiESIBEIT WIHOI'S PEACE MOTE 
 
 
 
 totiCm 
 
 HERE is the first of a striking series of three pages which review 
 our entry into the War. On February /, /?//, Germany 
 announced unrestricted submarine warfare. The Kaiser did 
 not know it, but that edict was summoning three million 
 American soldiers to France. 
 
 81 
 
I U1TS-M f ACU 
 
 THE WOllO'SCICkTUT KITSPAPC 
 
 FINAL 
 ~- EDITION 
 
 VOLUME LXXV1.-XO. S. 
 
 Kiini;.MiY . int 
 
 If, S. STOPS FOR WAR 
 
 AMERICAN STEAMER SUNK GERMAN SHIPS SEIZED 
 
 AN EDITORIAL 
 
 AT EVERY MASTHEAD 
 
 WE MUST PREPARE. 
 
 " ^ 
 
 
 [BREAK WITH AUSTRIA 
 IS EXPECTED AT ONCE 
 
 President Informs Congress II. S. Insists 
 
 on Ssa Rights and Justice; Awaits 
 
 Overt Act tor Neit Move. 
 
 I .,,,., .TS 
 
 IfjffcW t4tf M rwf *Ai^ - li* 
 
 LIBERTY AND UNION, 
 NOW AND FOREVER, 
 ONE AND INSEPARABLE 
 
 THE WEATHER. 
 
 
 i! 
 
 
 ZZ ----- -|. 
 
 ON TREACHERY 
 
 HANG OUT 
 THE FLAG! 
 
 cu, Fta UM, It 0.11 
 
 GET OHSI 
 
 SAYS, IRE GERMAI CRISIS II A BOtSHELL 
 
 / AM> MX 50/" I' ^ M T ^_ f .^ i . |ir _ Ci t- t| <M[ ^^ / 
 
 tczr^nr7..iz ~ " 
 
 pi,jft* AU 10 Wilton''^--;- J^,-*^."^; ^"^i.'". !."*, T^T'.rZ 
 
 
 TRAINING CAMPS \LATINSCHEER *"*?* | ~ rt ' ^ u ".^"!' -.-i--.., B., nr -n CT >, 
 OFFER ISjOOO MEH\ NEWSOF BREAK^ ^^ J .K w. f^-TTl Ujw^S^^.. 
 
 
 THREE ^YJ /tf/^r, February 4, 1917, The Tribune felt that all 
 possibility of peace had vanished and launched its stirring 
 crusade for preparedness. Every energy and resource of The 
 Tribune from that instant was concentrated on a swift, decisive 
 victory. 
 
 82 
 
LXXVI^VO. d. C. 
 
 IT. APBU. . IMf.-TWUiTY-SIX PACES. 
 
 HOUSE FOR WAR m * 
 
 373 TO 50 
 
 UNARMED m 
 
 OFU.S.AND5 
 OTHERS 
 
 FULL POWERS 
 ARE GRANTED 
 TO PRESIDENT 
 
 IT fcu more than two months later that war was declared. 
 The Tribune s policy was well expressed in this "Resolution" 
 which it printed in the form of a full page advertisement: 
 Whether in undeterred pursuit and exposure of enemies within: 
 In devoted watchfulness over the welfare of our fighting forces: 
 
 In determined insistence upon efficiency instead of bureaucracy and 
 upon vigorous progress as opposed to unnecessary delay: 
 
 In ready praise or fearless criticism of those in authority deserving of 
 either, 
 
 Let us test each thought, each word, each act for its sincerity and help- 
 fulness toward 
 
 The Will To Win This War. 
 83 
 
TRIBUNE MILITANTLY AMERICAN THROUGHOUT WAR 
 
 were shown to vast audiences in all the large cities of the 
 United States as well as in Chicago. 
 
 As circulation began to soar The Tribune took unprece- 
 dented measures for safeguarding its supply of raw 
 materials. The story of its paper mill and timber lands is 
 
 told in subsequent chapters of this book. 
 
 # * * 
 
 The Tribune's stand throughout these stormy years was 
 militantly American. We fought desperately for pre- 
 paredness, and urged that American rights be vigorously 
 and fearlessly upheld, whether against German submarines 
 or Mexican bandits. 
 
 In 1916 we published a serial story entitled "1917," 
 which pictured vividly the dangers of unpreparedness. 
 It showed, with military accuracy, how the victor in the 
 European War could overrun the United States. It was 
 hung on the thread of personal adventure and love, but 
 great care was taken that all military statements should 
 be correct. It was a strong influence for preparedness 
 and caused an enormous increase in Tribune circulation. 
 
 When on February i, 1917, Germany proclaimed unre- 
 stricted submarine warfare, we recognized that war was 
 inevitable and exerted every ounce of strength to insure 
 swift and decisive victory. 
 
 When war was declared two months later, The Tribune 
 was already driving ahead with full force. It supported 
 conscription, food, and fuel conservation, and the sending 
 of a great army to France. 
 
 Its editors and publishers were in the vanguard of that 
 army. During the absence of the editors in military service, 
 
 William H. Field was in charge of The Tribune. 
 
 * * * 
 
 "Morale" was a word that came into wide use during 
 the war. The morale of military forces and of civilian 
 populations vastly concerned those responsible for the 
 success of our armies. The Tribune had, of course, been 
 functioning steadily in maintaining the morale of the home 
 folks, but realizing the terrible homesickness of American 
 
 84 
 
UNIQUE NEWSPAPER PRINTED IN PARIS 
 
 doughboys in a foreign country, The Tribune, at the sug- 
 gestion of Joseph Pierson, one of the editorial staff, deter- 
 mined to act in a unique manner to upbuild the morale of 
 our overseas troops. 
 
 With this purpose, The Tribune began the publication 
 of an English daily newspaper in Paris, known as the Army 
 Edition of The Chicago Tribune. The first number was 
 issued July 4, 1917, the very day that the first American 
 troops marched through the streets of the French Capitol. 
 At great expense and in the face of almost overwhelming 
 obstacles this novel newspaper was printed and distributed. 
 
 Since it was published mainly to give the boys up-to- 
 the-minute news from home, cable tolls were tremendous. 
 Censorship, both French and American, complicated edi- 
 torial problems. Since the type had to be set by men who 
 understood no word of English, mechanical difficulties were 
 multiplied. Since it had to be delivered each day through 
 a war-torn country to scattered, shifting groups of soldiers 
 whose locations were kept secret by censorship regulations, 
 circulation problems hitherto unheard of were presented. 
 Bundles were delivered to front line trenches by aeroplanes. 
 French newsboys sold Chicago Tribunes wherever American 
 troops were quartered. Soon the Y. M. C. A., Knights of 
 Columbus, Salvation Army, and Jewish Welfare Board 
 were enlisted in distributing Tribunes to the units they 
 served. 
 
 William Slavens McNutt, in Collier's Weekly of July 
 6, 1918, relates the following experience at the front: 
 
 I went back up the trench and talked with the men there again. 
 "Anything much doing lately?" I asked after a while. 
 "Pretty quiet. We put over a good raid night before last, though. 
 Got some prisoners." 
 
 "That so ? Tell me about it. " 
 
 "It's all in the paper here. Hey, Jim." 
 
 "Hey, listen: Bring up that paper with the piece in it about the 
 raid here the other night, will you?" 
 
 A soldier came up and handed me a daily paper. I was at the 
 front. I sat there on a fire step in a front-line trench with that Paris 
 edition of a daily paper on my knees and read mind you, I read the 
 account.of the raid that had started from the American wire from within 
 a short distance of where I sat. 
 
 85 
 
"ARMY EDITION" BECOMES "EUROPEAN EDITION" 
 
 I read it, and looking over my shoulder, eagerly reading it with me, 
 line for line, stood men whose clothes were in tatters, torn by the 
 wire as they had gone across on the raid we were all reading about. 
 
 So popular did the Army Edition of The Tribune become 
 that notwithstanding all its hardships it eventually made 
 money. When it was started a pledge had been made that 
 any profits derived from it would be devoted to army 
 charities. On November 30, 1918, a balance was struck 
 and it was found that profits amounting to 106,902.87 francs 
 had been made. A check for this amount was forwarded 
 
 Personal. 
 
 AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 
 OFFICE OF THE COMMANDER-' N-CMICF 
 
 Prance. January 27, 1919. 
 
 Mr. M. P. Murphy, Manager, 
 
 The Chicago Tribune , Paris . 
 
 My dear. Mr. Murphy 
 
 I received your letter of Januar*- 10th, en- 
 closing the check to my order for 106^.902.87 
 francs, which represent the profits of the Array 
 Edition of the Chicago Tribune to the end of 
 November, the month in which the armistice was 
 signed, to be used for such purposes, connected 
 'tfith the r.en of .the Expeditionary Forces, as I 
 my deem wise. 
 
 I cannot hope to express to yqu adequately 
 the thanks. of the American Expeditionary Forces 
 for this* You have rendered a signal service 
 to us all in tha publication of your newspaper 
 and in your consistently generous and helpful 
 attitude to officers and men in this war. Now 
 you have placed us still. further' in. your debt 
 by your, generosity. 
 
 It requires some study on my .part before 
 deciding how this fund may best be used in ac- 
 cordance with your desires. I will communi- 
 cate further with you when I have reached a de- 
 cision. 
 
 Again I wish to extend to you my hearty 
 personal thanks for your generosity. 
 
 Sincerely yours , 
 
 f*U .. 
 <LflAA^~* 
 
 86 
 
EUROPEAN EDITION SECURES PEACE TREATY 
 
 to General Pershing who replied thanking The Tribune 
 for its services. 
 
 The name of the paper was then changed to The Euro- 
 pean Edition of The Chicago Tribune and it has been pub- 
 lished as a militant exponent of Americanism in Europe. 
 Interest in it has steadily grown on the part of thousands of 
 American tourists and business men in Europe. It is 
 quoted regularly by hundreds of newspapers in every part 
 of Europe. 
 
 During the negotiation of the Peace Treaty it played 
 a highly important part, a fact testified to by members 
 of the American delegation to Versailles. It secured the 
 famous Peace Treaty scoop of 1919. 
 
 The following 268 men left The Tribune to serve in the 
 World War. They were guaranteed re-employment on 
 their return : 
 
 Ahrams, Solomon, Private, S. A. P. Reconnaissa's 
 Airey, Dennis D., Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Anderson, Fred P., Quartermaster 2nd Class, U. S. 
 
 N. A. C. 
 Arties, Leonard R., Private, Base Hospital 
 
 No. 13. Died. 
 
 Beatty, Gilbert A., Student Officer, S. A. T. C. 
 Beatty, John P., Apprentice Seaman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Bell, Harry, Private, 122nd Field Artillery. 
 Benedict, R. E., Private, U. S. Marines. 
 Benham, Clyde S., Corporal, U. S. A. S. C. 
 Benson, Harry C., Sergeant, lllth Ord. Depot. 
 Berglund, Edwin G., Private, 103rd Infantry. 
 Bierma, Albert, Private, 342nd Infantry. 
 Bjornson, Olaf, Lds. 4th Class, Unit K, West U. S. 
 
 Naval Base. 
 Black, Stanley, Musician 2nd Class, U. S. N. Naval 
 
 Air Base. 
 
 Blake, Robert T., Corporal, 149th Field Artillery. 
 Blend, Wilton R., Lieutenant 0- G.), U. S. N. R. F. 
 Blossom, Malcolm H., Storekeeper 3rd Class, U. S. 
 
 N. R. F. 
 Bober, Edward, Electrician 2nd Class, U. S. S. 
 
 Culgoa . 
 
 Boley, Wilson N., Driver, Auto Con's S. S. U. 646. 
 Bowers, Ashley, Private, 161st D. B. 
 Brado, William, Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. S. Com- 
 
 modore. 
 
 Brander, John, Private, 344th Infantry. 
 Brewer, Frank M., Second Lieutenant, F. A. R. C. 
 Brinkerhoff, Geo. H., Private, U. S. A. A. S. 
 Buckley, Charles J., Lieutenant, A. S. R. 
 
 G. Killed. 
 
 Burgee, Henry V., Sergeant, 122nd Field Artillery. 
 
 S. 
 
 Burke, Hubert H., Student Officer, A. R. O. T. 
 H., Private, Ambulance Co. N 
 s A., Seaman 1st Class, U. S. S. Lake 
 
 , ., , . . . . . 
 
 Burke, Joseph H., Private, Ambulance Co. No. 47. 
 rke, Thoma 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Burke, 
 
 Burket, Sanford L., Jr., Private, 21st Infantry. 
 Burns, Edward H., Jr., Sergeant, Co. 8, 2nd Exten- 
 
 sion Camp. 
 
 Burritt, Richard C., Private, 122nd Field Artillery. 
 Campbell, Harold R., Private, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Carr, Willard C., Sergeant, 122nd Field Artillery. 
 Chase, Al., Apprentice Seaman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Christopher, Joseph P., Private, Chemical Warfare 
 
 Classen, Edward F., Student, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Cleary, William J., Corporal, Co. E, 5th Regiment. 
 
 Cloud, Holman R., First Lieutenant, Par. B. C. M. 
 Cochrane, Thos. J., First Lieutenant, 122nd Field 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 Cooper, James W., Sergeant, U. S. A. M. P. 
 Coughlin, Eugene J., Apprentice Seaman, Armed 
 
 Guard Det., U. S. N. R. F. 
 Covington, Euclid M., Second Lieutenant, U. S. 
 
 A. A. C. 
 
 Cratin, John E., Corporal, 49th Infantry. 
 Crawford, Neal D., Private, U. S. M. R. C. 
 Darling, Roy L., Private, 344th Infantry. 
 Daunis, Dominick, Private, 161st D. B. 
 Davis, Theodore, Ensign, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Dean, Franklin A., Major, 29th Field Artillery. 
 Dearborn, Allen B., Private, 149th Field Artillery. 
 DeCaluwe, Philip, Seaman, U. S. S. North Dakota. 
 Delhanty, Lawrence, Private, Quartermaster Corps. 
 Donahey, William A., Private, 472nd Engineers. 
 Dorsey, George C., First Lieutenant, A. S. R. C. 
 Duffey, Charles W., First Lieutenant, 122nd Field 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 Duryea, Leo, Private, 7th Casualty Co. 
 Engel, Jacob, Private, Co. 39th Ammunition Train. 
 Erickson, Henry O., Private, Co. 16-^roup 667. 
 Erickson, Morris, Sergeant, 53rd Engineers. 
 Farrell, William E., Seaman, U. S. S. Wyoming. 
 Flagler, Elmer E., Sergeant, U. S. S. C. 
 Flanagan, C. Larkin, First Lieutenant,318th Infantry. 
 Flanagan, William I., Sergeant, Prov. Hdqrs. De- 
 tachment. 
 
 Flannery, George, Engineer 1st Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Fletcher, Francis B., Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Fry, Earl R., Private, U. S. A. A. S. 
 Garonke, Walter, Mechanic, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Gates, Carroll N., Private, U. S. N. A. S. 
 
 Killed. 
 Gerhardt, Frank P., Second Lieutenant, 122nd Field 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 Gilbert, John, Driver, 344th Infantry. 
 Glasscock, C. B., Private, M. C. O. T. S. 
 Goad, John M., First Lieutenant, R. F. C. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Goddard, Paul, Private, 35th Infantry. 
 Goldberg, Bernard, Private, 163rd D. B. 
 Goldberg, Jack, Blacksmith, U. S. S. Delaware. 
 Gray, Harold L., Candidate, C. O. T. C. 
 Green, Eben, Corporal, 123rd M. G. B. 
 Greene, Merton W., Student, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Griebahn, Walter, Private, 149th Field Artillery. 
 
 87 
 
TRIBUNE ROLL OF HONOR 1917-1918 (Cont.) 
 
 Gross, Joseph, Private, 149th Field Artillery. 
 Haeger, Francis L., Captain, 27th M. G. B., Co. A. 
 Hampson, Phillip F., Sergeant, U. S. Medical Dept. 
 Hart, Kenney P., Clerk, 33rd Division. 
 Haskett, Harry, Private, 311th Engineers. 
 Heaney, Francis C., Second Lieutenant, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Henderson, John C., Second Lieutenant, U. S. N. A. C. 
 Herbeck, John, Private, 161st D. B. 
 Hess, Elmer, Private, Sth Anti Aircraft M. G. B. 
 Hessey, J. J. E., Sergeant, B. A. C. 
 Hilgartner, Dan'l E., Jr., Private, Co. E, Sth Regt. L. S. 
 Hinman, Albert G., Corporal, 159th D. B. 
 Hinman, George W., Jr., Captain, 143rd Infantry. 
 Hirschfield, Jerome, Sergeant, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Hogarth, Cecil S., Corporal, 149th Field Artillery. 
 Holden, Albon W., Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Hollahan, Robert E., Second Lieutenant, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Hough, Joseph M., Private, Base Hospital No. 11. 
 Houlihan, Thomas A., Lds. Yeoman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Houser, Alfred C., Candidate, C. O. T. C. 
 Howard, William, Seaman, U. S. Navy. 
 Hunt, Charles R., Sergeant, F. A. R. D. 
 Hunter, Kent A., Captain, 122nd Field Artillery. 
 Hutchinson, Herbert, Student, U. S. N. S. C. 
 Hyatt, Garth B., Sergeant, 313th F. S. Bt'n. 
 Hyde, Earl W., First M. Mate, U. S. N. A. C. 
 
 acobsen, Veder, Private, 27th Infantry. 
 
 enkins, E. M., Private, U. S. A. A. C. 
 
 ohns, J. Franklin, Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 
 ones, Rees D., Corporal, U. S. S. R. C. 
 .Cane, Robert M., Fireman, U. S. S. Florida. 
 Karles, Charles, Private, B. H. No. 60. 
 Kasbeer, John H., Ensign, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Keir, Floyd E., Private, U. S. A. Medical Corp. 
 Kiley, Gerald, Private, U. S. A. A. S. 
 King, Alexander, Corporal, 602nd Engineers. 
 King, David E., Student, U. S. N. A. C. 
 King, Harry J., Private, U. S. A. 
 Kirk, Wallace F., Captain, 14th Field Artillery. 
 Kloud, Edward, Private, U. S. A. M. C. 
 Kohtz, Arthur R., Corporal, Motor Transport Corps. 
 Krah, Carl A., First Lieutenant. 18th Field Artillery. 
 Krum, Morrow H., Cadet, U. S. A. A. C. 
 LaChat, Frank H. G., Private, 602nd Engineers. 
 Lambert, Max S., Sergeant, U. S. A. A. S. 
 Lando, Abraham, Private, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Larson, Charles, Apprentice Seaman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Larson, Edward L., Private, 161st D. B. 
 Lax, Max, Private, 335th Infantry. Died. 
 Leabeater, John E., Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. N. A. C. 
 Lehrbas, Lloyd A., Second Lieutenant, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Lenz, Carl K., Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Lewis, Elmer M., Private, 341st Infantry. 
 Lingle, Alfred, Chief BT'N'M'E, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Lippert, Thomas P., Private, U. S. F. A. 
 Loper, Walter A., Candidate, F. A. C. O. T. C. 
 Loucks, Ralph B., Sergeant, M. T. Base 7. 
 Lundberg, Oscar G., Sergeant, U. S. S. C. 
 MacArthur, Charles, Private, 149th Field Artillery. 
 Mackenberg, Jack, Private, Q. M. C. 
 Mackenzie, Herbert M., Private, 118th Field Artillery. 
 Maclean, Gordon A., Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. S. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Magner, James J., Seaman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Maloney, J. Loy. First Lieutenant, 94th Aero Squad- 
 ron, A. S. U. S. A. 
 
 Martin, Daniel B., Corporal, 122nd Field Artillery 
 Martin, Ralph W., Private, Base Hospital No. 13. 
 Mather, Orion A., First Lieutenant, 342nd Infantry. 
 Meader, Amos K., Student, F. A. O. T. C. 
 Medary, George C., Second Lieutenant, U. S. M. C. 
 Meier, Harry C., Lds. for Yeoman, U. S. N. R. F 
 Miesse, Richard, First Lieutenant, U. S. M. C. 
 Mohr, Lee J., Corporal, U. S. Medical Corp. 
 Monahan, C. P., Student, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Morrell, Rufus E., Sergeant, Ord. Train Corps. 
 Morrison, Donald C., Corporal, 108th Am. Train. 
 McCarthy, Edward, Sergeant, Sth Field Artillery. 
 McCarthy, Joseph, Private, 58th Pioneer Infantry. 
 McCormick, Robert R., Major, $th Field Artillery, 
 
 Colonel, 6ist Field Artillery. 
 
 McCracken, Davis K., Jr., Private, Co. D, Regt. 37. 
 McGivena, Leo E., Cadet, U. S. A. A. C. 
 McGlone, Felix, Private, B. . F. Rilled. 
 McQuirk, Chas. J., Student, U. S. N. A. C. 
 McKenna, Andrew, Private, U. S. E. 
 McNamara, Paul H., Private, 344th Infantry. 
 
 Mugruer, Norman H., Lds. for Yeoman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Murray, Frank H., Second Lieutenant, 18th Field 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 Nelson, Paul E., Private, S. A. T. C. 
 Nessinger, Frank A., Corporal, 4th Prov. Regt. 
 Neuenfeld, William H., Private, U. S. S. C. 
 Nichols, Donald E.. Sergeant, Hospital Unit No. 14. 
 Novak, Anthony, Gun's Mate, U. S. S. Benham. 
 Olson, Hilmer C., Private, 321st Infantry. 
 Olson, Hobart, Private, Hospital Unit No. 14. 
 O'Malley, Austin, Chief B'T'N'M'E, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Onderdonk, John A., Second Lieutenant, 149th Field 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 O'Neill, Edwin S., Private, Heavy Tank Service. 
 Orban, Paul, Private, Sth Pioneer Infantry. 
 Palmer, Jack G., Sergeant, Co. D, Sth Battery 
 Parker, Gilman M., Chief Yeoman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Parrish, Russell L., Private, U. S. Hospital No. 12. 
 Partice, Daniel, Private, 47th Infantry. 
 Patterson, Harold A., Sergeant, 55th Infantry. 
 Patterson, Joseph M., Captain, 149th Field Artillery. 
 Pelz, Wenzel A., Private, 122nd Field Artillery. 
 Persons, Ralph H., Private, U. S. S. C. 
 Peterson, Elmer S., Private, 124th Field Artillery. 
 Peterson, John M., Quartermaster 2nd Class. U. S. 
 
 N. R. F. 
 
 Phelps, Norman J., Student, U. S. S. N. A. C. 
 Pohl, Joseph, Fireman 2nd Class, U. S. S. Texas. 
 Pollock, Bert Bernard, Apprentice, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Powers, William J., Private, Eng. Rep. Troop. 
 Price, Garrett, Lds. for Yeoman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Prindeville, Redmond I., Radio Electrician, U. S. S. 
 
 Houston. 
 
 Pruitt, F. T., Student, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Purtell, John V., Apprentice Seaman, U. S. N. 
 Quigley, John, Private, Royal Canadian Dragoons. 
 Rapalee, Ernest W., Private, Hospital Unit No. 14. 
 Read, Thomas A., Chief B'T'N'M'E, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Rebscher, Frank G., Private, 117th Machine Gun 
 
 Battery 
 
 Reilly, Henry J., Colonel, 149th Field Artillery. 
 Renner, J. Conrad, Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Ristine, Richard H., Second Lieutenant, 
 
 U. S. A. A. C. Killed. 
 Rose, Sol, Private, 149th Field Artillery. 
 Ryan, Quinn A., Sergeant, S. A. T. C. 
 Saladin, John, Apprentice Seaman,Naval Base No. 17. 
 Sargeant, Charles F., Private, 149th Field Artillery 
 Sato, William, Chief Yeoman, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Sauck, Oscar, Electrician, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Schmidt, Fred, Private, 344th Infantry. 
 Schmidt, George, Private, 332nd Field Artillery. 
 Schmitt, Leslie D., Cadet, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Schroeder, Herbert C., Seaman 2nd Class, U. S. 
 
 N. R. F. 
 
 Schulz, Rudolph G., Sergeant, 108th F. S. B. 
 Schwarz, Charles, Private, Co. 15, Jefferson Bar- 
 racks, Mo. 
 
 Seiffe, Ralph, Yeoman 2nd Class, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Seivert, Emil, Radio Operator, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Shahbazian, Harry A., Private, 124th Infantry. 
 Shanley, John, Private, 27th Infantry. 
 Sharkey, Anthony F., Bandsman, 57th Infantry. 
 Shaw, C. E., Candidate, F. A. C. O. T. S. 
 Sherwood, Harold B., Captain, 416th S. C. Bwy'j, 
 
 Btn. 
 
 Sherwood, Merrill F., Corporal, Q. M. Corps. 
 Sisley, Raymond, Sergeant, Art School Det. 
 Smith, Chas. R., Private, 37th Infantry. 
 Smith, Frank M., Lieutenant, 165th Infantry. 
 Sommers, Ralph, Ensign, U. S. N. R. F. 
 Steffans, Chas. W., Private, Base Hospital. 
 Stevens, Arthur A., Private, U. S. Marines. 
 Stiemert, Richard A., Sergeant, C. M. G. T. C. 
 Stolz, Leon, Private, 36th Engineers. 
 Stone, Frank M., Corporal, Ordnance Dept. 
 Stoops, Herbert M., Second Lieutenant, U. S. F. A. 
 Stuehler, Arthur, Private, 122nd Field Artillery. 
 Swartz, Richard T., Corporal. 603rd Engineers. 
 Sweet, Melville S., Private, U. S. Marines. 
 Sweet, Oney Fred, Private, 333rd B. T. S. 
 Taylor, Lorane E., Lieutenant, U. S. A. A. C. 
 Thomas, Edwin B., Second Lieutenant, 333rd F. A 
 Tilley, Carl A., Private, 106th Engineers. 
 Tipton, John F., Private, 33rd P. O. D. Co. 
 Tobin, William, Private, 22nd Prov. Ret. Co. 
 
 88 
 
TRIBUNE NEWS BEATS IN EUROPE 
 
 Trego, Stuart D., Sergeant Major, U. S. Coast Webster, Ronald F., Major, C. O. T. S. 
 
 Artillery. Weigle, Edward F., First Lieutenant, U. S. S. C. 
 
 Trude, Sam'l H., Jr., Ld. M'H'M'E, Co. O, 15th Weston, John H., Private, U. S. Marines. 
 
 Regt., U. S. N. A. C. Weymouth, Daniel George, First Lieutenant, Base 
 
 Umbright, John M., Private, 58th Pioneer Infantry. Hospital. 
 
 Van Horn, Archie M., Second Lieutenant, 129th White, Charles H., First Sergeant, Signal Corps, 
 
 Infantry. 42nd Division. 
 
 Versailles, Oliver, Private. 132nd Infantry. Wieckers, Charles H., Private, 471st Engineers, Sub. 
 
 Victor, John Claude, Corporal, 130th Regt., 33rd Dept. 
 
 Division. Wieckers, William H., Corporal, U. S. A. A. C. 
 
 Vorda, William, Yeoman 3rd Class, U. S. N. R. F. Wiers, George S., Corporal, Co. T. S. 
 
 Waldron, Jay C., Ensign, U. S. N. R. F. Willett, Robert L., First Sergeant, Base Hospital 
 
 Wallace, Edwin, Private, Machine Gun Btn. No. 114. 
 
 Walsh, William E., Private, 108th Am. Train. Williams, Orva G., Jr., Sergeant, Base Hospital 
 
 Ward, Joseph E., Student, U. S. S. Panama. No. 14. 
 
 Warren, Garrett, Machinist 2nd Class, U. S. S. Wirth, Orville L., Seaman, U. S. S. Hudson. 
 
 North Carolina. Woodman, Henry, Second Lieutenant, 30th F. A. 
 
 Wassell, Elmer j., Student, U. S. N. R. F. T. B. 
 
 Watson, Mark S., Captain, Intelligence Section Zahringer, Eugene W., Second Lieutenant, 341st 
 
 Weaver, Hamilton, Private, U. S. F. A. Infantry. 
 
 The Tribune has promoted a movement for the planting 
 of memorial trees along American highways, commemorat- 
 ing every 'soldier who died in the World War. 
 
 With the signing of the armistice The Tribune redoubled 
 its efforts to cover international news adequately. Dis- 
 appearance of battle lines and censorships opened the way 
 to newspaper enterprise. Floyd Gibbons, Tribune war 
 correspondent, and other stars were organized into a 
 Foreign News Service of extraordinary power. 
 
 Gibbons achieved a spectacular scoop when he landed 
 on the Irish coast after being torpedoed with the great liner 
 Laconia in February, 1917. He was on hand when the 
 first American soldiers set foot in Europe and kept pace 
 with them until one of his eyes was shot out at Chateau 
 Thierry. He was decorated by both French and American 
 governments for his service. Under his direction The 
 Chicago Tribune Foreign News Service has scored a notable 
 series of scoops. 
 
 Frederick Smith, of The Tribune staff, making the 
 journey by aeroplane, was the first American newspaper 
 man in Berlin after the armistice. Frazier Hunt, another 
 Tribune man, gave the world its first authentic, first-hand 
 account of the Allied expedition to Archangel and later 
 sent the first stories from Petrograd and Moscow after the 
 Soviets seized Russia. 
 
 A spectacular scoop, which attracted the attention of 
 the entire world, had its inception in Paris and its climax 
 
 89 
 
BMMMI 
 I 
 
 01 TIO ISSUE! 
 
 FRANCE WOIT 
 
 SIM mm 
 
 RELE13H DOES 
 
 
 REPRODUCTION q/" The European Edition of The Chicago 
 Tribune^ published in Paris by an American staff and read 
 throughout Europe. The size of the European edition of The 
 Chicago Tribune is 77 x 2?*4 inches over all. 
 
 90 
 
FORETELLS COLLAPSE OF VICTORIOUS ARMIES 
 
 THE TWILIGHT OF THE KINGS 
 
 in Washington when The Chicago Tribune presented to the 
 United States Senate a copy of the Peace Treaty which the 
 Senate had sought in vain to secure from President Wilson. 
 The Treaty had not been stolen, but had been given to 
 the European Edition of The Tribune by a representative 
 of one of the Powers participating in the Peace Conference 
 and desirous of publicity. 
 
 Another extraordinary scoop was achieved by Gen- 
 eral Henry J. Reilly, of the United States Army and of 
 The Tribune staff. General Reilly was sent to Poland at 
 
 the time that the Bolshevik troops 
 were threatening to break through 
 this barrier state and descend upon 
 the rest of Europe. The Russian 
 hordes had apparently overwhelmed 
 Polish resistance and were within a 
 few miles of Warsaw. All the great 
 newspapers of the world had corre- 
 spondents on the scene. All the 
 great nations had their military ob- 
 servers. The prophecy from every 
 one of these newspapers and from 
 every capitol in Europe was that 
 Warsaw was inevitably doomed. 
 
 Before ..tabltohlnf bell on tsrth. I 
 eemm.na th.lr ub!ct. to Ood. 
 unction for th. vll' work. 
 ; "And w 
 
 nd raut-ht br maakad cuiu: that i 
 S.l.bun .halt blow tb. head off 
 Loin. 
 
 BohenialUrn. that It may be *rat.r I 
 
 of Hap.bun. that IU t.rrttor!.. shell 
 
 Thla 1* e tblnk. 
 
 allor* and tor.k.^en offend 09 with prmyw to th. 
 AJmlchtr In f. feudal taucbtar, armed aralnal aeh 
 
 If thr IM.W. would fin a p*nar whlca wy It waa 
 
 In the face of practically unani- 
 mous contradiction, General 
 Reilly, whose military rank had ob- 
 tained his entree to the French 
 General Staff, cabled a masterly 
 analysis of the situation to The 
 Tribune in which he stated posi- 
 tively and without qualification that 
 Warsaw would not fall; that the 
 
 Bolshevik forces had spent their strength; that the Polish 
 Army, notwithstanding its terrible retreat, was intact and 
 undefeated; and that within a few days, instead of War- 
 saw in Russian hands, the Russians would be fleeing from 
 
 91 
 
 THE above prophetic 
 editorial appeared in 
 The Tribune of Aug- 
 ust 2, 
 

 
 &&&& SS * t * ""JDERNIERES KOUVELUES DE 
 STSugL ta M *** ai SS5* "S& """a STRASBOURG 
 a^raS^^^sHSa STRASBOURG -ALSACE LORAINE 
 
 SfcnSPiS^^ftiaSyftft*. ^.fr.^.^^SitfteJWftWtt.'Tf.Wfe 
 
 IrtHH5ri!im Htfiti feilncljmcn tt!lrt>f, ttmn Scutfifdr!) <ii<ft 
 rna$8ibt. *Uadj t .efiufla^nbiine'' iyt RH^OJBiIfan bem 
 -...^ _ c-berffen Sat n n i f ill I il || I |ii||iliiriiTiii| i li" ~\ In i o^A 
 
 ^asr^^^^^P 
 
 ^S^H-ssSSSU*" 
 
 fatfftlffnb 
 
 Japon 
 
 Rt.Huei.ix>"-'" 
 I PARIS, FRANCE 
 
 US<tt.W M i. f^"^. 
 
 asffiSES^rfi 1 ! 
 
 ^^--^3^^. 
 
 > & inicorporer ep ^.""-tfmt eer- 
 
 P^ f*2g*JfS 6 de Von** 
 
 >S^' 
 
 ,<ftoK>Drt eoo 
 
 -JK 
 
 
 &9 
 
 s&gsB^sr* 
 
 HE^^SC 
 
 PARIS, FRANCE 
 
 [PATRIE 
 
 [PAR I S, FRANC 
 
 [WaCcovemcn* 
 AMEK 
 
 On mande d Watiln : 
 rrlbuno^ quo, aeloo < 
 4F1 Kl&rxenu* au &ut< 
 gouvrnment dea Sovii 
 
 fRANCC 
 
 IHARTRES F 
 
 ONE JEUNE FIUE 
 
 'nm'itr 3f 
 daos ic 
 
 i u\o pcnsionnaifc 
 ucousw <lo '*'' 
 
 deux 
 
 t >our s'acUeitiT 
 i KM troti n:f 
 
 
 
 Lurcp (iu'\>ri I'avai. ._ . , 
 ; qu&At at) ti I 
 Iricpryman . V. arc * ^''1 
 
 rtn !<'***' -; 
 
 >UVk <ic cd-pUirei* l 
 Mats II fftu* t* 4 P rcn 
 '- *' 
 
 A number of clippings from foreign papers are reproduced herewith, which show 
 how widely the European Edition of The Chicago Tribune is quoted. Its state- 
 ments are reprinted in hundreds of European journals every week. 
 
 92 
 
FOUR MEN RACE TO RUSSIA 
 
 Poland. Then step by step he saw his prophecy fulfilled 
 and cabled to The Tribune the swift Polish triumphs. 
 
 When Fiume in the hands of D'Annunzio fascinated an 
 amazed world, Thomas Ryan, of The Tribune Foreign 
 News Service, was on the spot. His vigorous stories of 
 what was happening in the city so enraged the revolution- 
 ists that a clique of Fascisti broke into his room with the 
 avowed intention of killing him, and his life was saved only 
 by the presence of an American Army officer. 
 
 When the Soviets, driven by the starvation of millions 
 of peasants, sought aid of the United States, The Chicago 
 Tribune cabled to four of its correspondents and ordered 
 each one to go to the famine zone as quickly as possible. 
 It was considered that if any one of them reached the spot 
 the effort would have been worth while. One man started 
 from China across Siberia to enter Russia from the east; 
 another sought to get in from the north ; a third from the 
 west ; and a fourth from the south. Two of them succeeded : 
 Floyd Gibbons, who went in from the west as a correspondent 
 officially credited and recognized by the Soviet Govern- 
 ment, and Larry Rue, who traveled from Syria, where he 
 had been covering the operations against the Turks. Rue 
 had no passports and was absolutely on his own. From 
 Constantinople he crossed the Black Sea and the Republics 
 of the Caucasus Mountains to the Caspian Sea; then up 
 the Volga River to the very heart of the famine swept 
 country. The Tribune's eye-witness stories of the famine 
 were the first to reach America. 
 
 John Clayton, another Tribune correspondent who 
 succeeded in entering Russia, secured such uncensored 
 stories that he has been condemned to death by the 
 Soviets. 
 
 Charles Dailey, The Tribune man who had been ordered 
 to the Russian famine from China, was turned back when 
 half way across Siberia. Later he gave to the world 
 the first eye-witness account of the terrible Chinese famine 
 
 93 
 
ENGLAND MEETS IRELAND IN TRIBUNE OFFICE 
 
 of 1921. His stories brought to China millions of dollars 
 worth of food. 
 
 In Peru, in Brazil, in Mexico, in Chile, staff correspond- 
 ents of The Chicago Tribune have recorded great news 
 beats during the past few years. Papers in South America 
 have purchased from The Chicago Tribune the right to 
 reprint exclusive Tribune news of South America ; likewise 
 newspapers in Europe have purchased from The Chicago 
 Tribune the right to reprint its exclusive stories gathered 
 in Europe. 
 
 One of the most important works of The Tribune Foreign 
 News Service did not result in any notable scoop, but was 
 of service to three nations: England, Ireland, and the 
 United States. John Steele, correspondent of The Tribune 
 in London, by reason of the confidence placed in him by the 
 Sinn Fein leaders, as well as by Downing Street, was able 
 to bring the English and the Irish together in informal 
 conferences which preceded and made possible the nego- 
 tiations of the Peace Treaty. Steele made repeated trips 
 to and from Ireland to facilitate the conferences and often 
 the representatives of Ireland and England met in The 
 Chicago Tribune's London office. 
 
 # * * 
 
 While scoring international scoops abroad The Tribune 
 was exceedingly active at home. 
 
 When Henry Ford kicked over the lantern of history 
 and offered himself, in 1916, as a new Moses to lead this 
 people into a world of better opportunities and established 
 peace, he found his way blocked by The Chicago Tribune, 
 his authority questioned, his Americanism challenged. He 
 did not get beyond that obstacle. It may be accepted as 
 an historical fact that the summer of 1919 found Henry 
 Ford's influence as a national educator destroyed. 
 
 Henry Ford instituted a suit for libel against The 
 Tribune, claiming one million dollars' damages, because he 
 was called an "ignorant idealist" and an "anarchistic 
 enemy" of his country. The Tribune accepted this oppor- 
 
 94 
 
FORD'S LIMITATIONS EXPOSED BY TRIBUNE 
 
 tunity to present Fordism to the world. Mr. Ford found 
 himself on trial. 
 
 Stripped of his "experts," forced from behind his wall 
 of advisers and secretaries, taken away from his millions 
 and presented as a man and a thinker, Henry Ford brought 
 about his own downfall as a leader through the revelation 
 of his peculiar unfitness to lead, the confession of his own 
 bleak, dark ignorance of the things of which he preached. 
 He was finally "acquitted" as an "anarchist." He became 
 convinced on the witness stand that he was an "ignorant 
 idealist." Instead of the million dollars in damages that he 
 asked for, the jury gave him a verdict of six cents, plus six 
 cents costs, twelve cents in all. 
 
 The Tribune fought Henry Ford as it fought the 
 Copperheads in the Civil War. It was the fact of his mil- 
 lions and his assumed leadership of the pacifists of 1916 
 that brought him into this conflict. It was all impersonal. 
 The Tribune went into this attack and spent hundreds of 
 thousands of dollars because its editors looked upon Henry 
 Ford as a menace to American unity and true American 
 ideals. That will remain as the sole, undisputed motive in 
 the case. All of Mr. Ford's efforts to show a "greedy, 
 financial motive" failed. 
 
 Mr. Ford remains untouched in his reputation as a man 
 of great inventive genius, as a business organizer, as a 
 rightful factory king, and in the purity of his private life. 
 The Tribune did not attack his character as a man. It 
 dealt solely with him as a public force, as a mistaken, 
 groping idealist who wished to proclaim the millennium 
 at hand when the country rested over a powder mine; 
 as a hasty, prejudiced thinker who sought to bring about 
 a condition of things that would leave America as helpless 
 as China. It was clear thinking against muddled think- 
 ing, experience against willful ignorance. The Tribune 
 forced the whole Ford philosophy into the limelight de- 
 spite efforts of the attorneys for Mr. Ford to escape this 
 issue. That was the history of the trial. 
 
 95 
 
TRIBUNE PRAISED FORD AS INDUSTRIALIST 
 
 Words and the definition of words formed the meat of 
 the case. In his new crusade for unpreparedness Mr. Ford 
 had attacked several opponents by shouting murderer and 
 criminal at them. Mr. Ford had set aside a trifle of $1,000,- 
 ooo to burn the phrase "war is murder" into the conscious- 
 ness of the American people. But when he read in The 
 Tribune one morning an editorial characterization of him 
 as an "anarchist," he was hurt and shocked. And that was 
 what the trial was all about. 
 
 When Mr. Ford instituted his "profit sharing" scheme 
 in 1914, The Tribune accepted it at its face value and said 
 editorially : 
 
 "The action of the Ford Motor Company offers a striking illustra- 
 tion of the new business conscience in action and is the more likely to 
 be heeded, since it is not the act of visionaries and propagandists, but 
 of exceptionally able and successful business men." 
 
 When Mr. Ford ordered his employes to make their 
 homes more comfortable and to maintain an American 
 standard of living, The Tribune said : 
 
 "The Ford plan of treating the worker is humane, American and 
 modern." 
 
 On August 7, 1915, The Tribune said of Henry Ford: 
 
 "Mr. Ford should be a cheering exhibit to those who are sweeping 
 the country for present day genius that compares with the railroad 
 builders or the consolidators of a steel industry. He is giving the world 
 the day's lesson." 
 
 Inside his factory, taking care of his employes, The 
 Tribune respected Mr. Ford. When he stepped outside 
 this sphere and began to advise the warring nations of 
 Europe and the people of America The Tribune said he was 
 a "voice from the dark." 
 
 It was the call for the mobilization of the national guard, 
 issued June 18, 1916, which precipitated the clash between 
 these two forces. The purpose of this call was to prevent 
 further aggression from Mexico upon the territory of the 
 United States and the proper protection of that frontier. 
 American soldiers had been trapped and massacred at 
 Carrizal. It was reported that General Obregon had planned 
 to invade Texas. Troops began gathering on that Sunday 
 
 96 
 
DENOUNCED His POLICY ON NATIONAL DEFENCE 
 
 afternoon in armories in Detroit, Mr. Ford's home city, and 
 in Chicago, bound for the mobilization camps. The country 
 was aroused and war with Mexico appeared imminent. 
 
 Henry Ford did not take this situation seriously. He 
 said it looked like a political play. He said he thought the 
 "interests" were stirring things up in Mexico. He did not 
 see any danger ahead. He had discouraged men from 
 enlisting in the guard. He did not believe that President 
 Wilson was sincere in this step, or consistent. He was 
 violently opposed to any increase in the efficiency of the 
 guard. It was all "militarism" to him, all steps toward 
 "organized murder." 
 
 On the morning of June 22, a story headed "Flivver 
 Patriotism" appeared in The Tribune, and a corresponding 
 story in another paper. The Tribune's story had been 
 received from its Detroit correspondent. This corre- 
 spondent had received his information from Frank L. 
 Klingensmith, vice president and general manager of the 
 Ford Company. It read as follows: 
 
 "FLIVVER PATRIOTISM" 
 
 "Ford employes who volunteered to bear arms for the United 
 States will lose their jobs. While most employers have guaranteed 
 not only to give patriotic workmen their old places when they return 
 from fighting their country's battles, but have promised to pay their 
 salaries while they are in service, Henry Ford's workmen will not have 
 a job when they return, much less will they receive pay while fighting 
 for their country. Ford's superintendents refuse to say if there are 
 any guardsmen employed in the plant, but it is known that some 
 seventy-five men of the militia are Ford employes. No provision will 
 be made by Ford for their wives and families. " 
 
 The next morning The Tribune carried this editorial: 
 
 "HENRY FORD IS AN ANARCHIST" 
 
 "Inquiry at the Henry Ford offices in Detroit discloses the fact that 
 employes of Ford who are members of or recruits in the National Guard 
 will lose their places. No provision will be made for any one dependent 
 upon them. Their wages will stop, their families may get along in any 
 fashion possible; their positions will be filled, and if they come back 
 safely and apply for their jobs again they will be on the same footing 
 as any other applicants. This is the rule for Ford employes everywhere. 
 
 "Information was refused as to the number of American soldiers 
 unfortunate enough to have Henry Ford as an employer at this time, 
 
 97 
 
FORD SUES FOR MILLION DOLLARS 
 
 but at the Detroit recruiting station it was said that about seventy-five 
 men will pay this price for their services to their country. 
 
 "Mr. Ford thus proves that he does not believe in service to the 
 nation in the fashion a soldier must serve it. If his factory were on 
 the southern and not on the northern border we presume he would feel 
 the same way. 
 
 "We do not know precisely what he would do if a Villa band decided 
 that the Ford strong boxes were worth opening and that it would be 
 pleasant to see the Ford factories burn. It is evident that it is possible 
 for a millionaire just south of the Canadian border to be indifferent to 
 what happens just north of the Mexican border. 
 
 "If Ford allows this rule of his shops to stand he will reveal himself 
 not merely as an ignorant idealist but as an anarchistic enemy of the 
 nation which protects him in his wealth. 
 
 "A man so ignorant as Henry Ford may not understand the funda- 
 mentals of the government under which he lives. That government is 
 permitted to take Henry Ford himself and command his services as a 
 soldier if necessary. It can tax his money for war purposes and will. 
 It can compel him to devote himself to national purposes. The reason 
 it did not take the person of Henry Ford years ago and put it in uniform 
 is, first, that it has not had the common sense to make its theoretical 
 universal service practical, and second, because there have been young 
 men to volunteer for the service which has protected Henry Ford, for 
 which service he now penalizes them. 
 
 "He takes the men who stand between him and service and punishes 
 them for the service which protects him. The man is so incapable of 
 thought that he cannot see the ignominy of his own performance. 
 
 "The proper place for so deluded a human being is a region where 
 no government exists except such as he furnishes, where no protection 
 is afforded except such as he affords, where nothing stands between him 
 and the rules of life except such defenses as he puts there. 
 
 "Such a place, we think, might be found anywhere in the state of 
 Chihuahua, Mexico. Anywhere in Mexico would be a good location 
 for the Ford factories. " 
 
 The following day Henry Ford issued a denial of the 
 original news story, stating that the thirty-seven members 
 of the militia among his thirty-three thousand employes 
 would be re-employed "without prejudice" upon their 
 return from service. The Tribune printed this statement. 
 Ten weeks later Ford filed suit in the United States District 
 Court in Chicago, making the editorial quoted above the 
 basis of his claim for one million dollars' damages. The 
 case came up before Judge Landis, but on July 14, 1917, a 
 new suit of the same nature was filed in the state court of 
 Michigan and the one pending before Judge Landis was 
 dismissed. 
 
 The trial and the case lasted for ninety-eight days at 
 
 98 
 
FORD'S EXPERTS PRAISE TRIBUNE ADVERTISING 
 
 Mt. Clemens, between May and August, 1919. It is con- 
 sidered by lawyers as the first big, modern vindication of 
 the "right of comment." The instructions of Judge James G. 
 Tucker to the jury are recognized as a summary of 
 modern law on this subject. 
 
 An interesting minor phase of the case was the testimony 
 of advertising experts called by Mr. Ford to prove that 
 The Tribune, although published in Chicago, had a tremen- 
 dous influence with the leading citizens of Michigan and 
 other surrounding states. 
 
 Charles A. Brownell, advertising manager for Mr. Ford, 
 testified in part as follows: 
 
 Q. Has the Ford Motor Company, during your connection as 
 advertising manager, used The Chicago Tribune as an advertising 
 medium of its product? 
 
 A. We never put out a campaign of newspaper advertising that 
 did not include The Chicago Tribune. 
 
 Q. In selecting The Tribune as one of the newspapers in which 
 advertising of the Ford Company should be placed, what did you have 
 in mind? 
 
 A. The leading newspaper in the city of Chicago with a large 
 circulation and an influential circulation; as well as a large circulation 
 in the territory in which we have a number of live, progressive agents: 
 states of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Michigan, 
 especially the northern section of Michigan, which is not reached by 
 the Detroit metropolitan papers, or in a large volume by the Grand 
 Rapids papers. 
 
 That territory is literally covered with the Chicago papers, particu- 
 larly The Chicago Tribune that is, the element we wish to reach. 
 
 Q. Are you able to state the relative position of The Chicago 
 Tribune as an advertising medium of automobiles in the territory you 
 previously named, as compared with other Chicago newspapers? 
 
 A. I considered it by far the best. 
 
 Mr. E. LeRoy Pelletier, called in as advertising expert 
 by Mr. Ford, made the following statements under oath: 
 
 Q. Does The Tribune circulate in the surrounding territory? 
 
 A. O, yes, for some distance, probably covers 14 states. 
 
 Q. Is that circulation in through that district of The Tribune of 
 value to advertisers of automobiles ? 
 
 A. O, yes, so much so that the factory always pays half of it, 
 because of its broad distribution. We consider it in a sense the National 
 media, that is to say, it is one of a few that we consider sufficient to 
 cover nationally. 
 
 Q. Has Mr. Benham ever discussed circulation matters with you? 
 
 A. O, yes. We figure it covers twelve to fifteen states, to some 
 extent. Of course, you get farther away from Chicago the influence 
 
 99 
 
NEWS [JJJ 
 
 mE NEWSPAPER -;-; -;/:;:;.- ; H" EOITION I 
 
 MINE WAR SPURS U. S. ACTION 
 
 MINE MASSACRE. Th^se first and exclusive picl 
 
 t all mnf ol tki nwucn and ii'a.lmit IKUK 
 
 ; of Angelo Cuspini. eleven. 297 Avenue A 
 
 REPRODUCTION of first page of the Daily News, New York's 
 Picture Newspaper, founded by The Chicago Tribune in June, 
 1919, and which already has the second largest morning daily 
 circulation in America. The largest is that of the Chicago 
 Tribune. The size of The Daily News is n l /2 x 15^/2 inches 
 over all. 
 
 100 
 
TRIBUNE FOUNDS PAPER IN NEW YORK 
 
 is less. I should say, taking Grand Rapids as a sample, it is probably 
 more influential than the Detroit papers. 
 
 Q. Why do you say that? 
 
 A. Because of the class of people who take it. A very excellent 
 class of people buy it, and a considerable percentage of a class of solid 
 business men, to whom we sell automobiles in all those places. 
 
 On June 26, 1919, The Tribune began publication of a 
 tabloid, pictorial, morning newspaper in New York. In 
 less than three years this paper, The Daily News, New 
 York's Picture Newspaper, has attained more than half a 
 million circulation. Thus, The Chicago Tribune and its 
 New York offspring have the two largest morning weekday 
 circulations in America. Pride is also taken in the fact that 
 The New York News was making money one year and three 
 months after its foundation. 
 
 * 5jt # 
 
 Nineteen-nineteen saw swiftly increasing circulation and 
 advertising. A new rotogravure press was built and put 
 in operation. A new million dollar unit was purchased 
 and installed in our paper mill. Half a block of ground on 
 Michigan Boulevard, just north of the Chicago River, was 
 bought and construction of a model manufacturing Plant 
 was begun. For the benefit of employes The Tribune 
 organized The Medill Council and established the insur- 
 ance, sick benefit, and pension systems described in the 
 chapter on that subject in this book. 
 
 * * * 
 
 On October 14, 1920, The Tribune, whose radio nom de 
 plume then was 9ZN, received directly from Bordeaux, 
 France, a news dispatch by wireless. This was the first 
 dispatch received by any paper in the world from a foreign 
 nation by direct wireless transmission. 
 
 During almost three months The Tribune received by 
 direct wireless transmission from Bordeaux all of its dis- 
 patches from Continental Europe, an average of about 
 3,000 words daily. Each dispatch came to The Tribune 
 from four to six hours more quickly than the same dis- 
 
 101 
 
102 
 
TRIBUNE MOVES INTO NEW PLANT 
 
 patches would have come had they been filed either by cable 
 or by the Marconi wireless system. Each dispatch was 
 brought into The Tribune Plant at least thirty per cent 
 more cheaply than if it had come through other channels. 
 
 The wireless sifts hours into minutes. This is of vital 
 importance and The Tribune's demonstration of dreams 
 come true has started things with a vengeance. The fact 
 that The Tribune had found a way to save hours meant 
 very little to the great communications corporations. But 
 when these corporations realized that in its quest for effi- 
 ciency a newspaper known to be an extensive patron of the 
 cables and the telegraphs also had found a way to save 
 money that wouldn't do at all. 
 
 So, when the great Lafayette station at Bordeaux, 
 erected by the United States and operated during the war 
 by the United States, passed into the hands of the French 
 government, a working agreement was entered into between 
 France and the Radio Corporation of America which pro- 
 vided that all dispatches sent to America must be handled 
 in America by the Radio Corporation and the land telegraph 
 companies with which it is bound by other agreements. 
 Furthermore, American law forbade the navy to compete 
 with private enterprise by assisting in the transmission of 
 press dispatches. Therefore, The Tribune's wireless receiv- 
 ing station has been suspended. 
 
 * # # 
 
 On December 12, 1920, at the busiest time of the year, 
 and between a Sunday morning edition of 760,000 and a 
 Monday morning edition of 450,000, The Tribune installed 
 itself in its new Plant without missing a deadline or a mail 
 car. One hundred telephone lines and 275 extensions 
 were transferred without disturbing service. Fifty-seven 
 linotypes, nine steam tables weighing seven and one-half 
 tons each, furniture, hundreds of filing cases, all moved 
 in orderly procession from Madison and Dearborn Streets 
 and started functioning in their new home. As much work 
 as possible had been done in advance, but an enormous 
 
 103 
 
"1921 WILL REWARD FIGHTERS" 
 
 job of moving had to be completed within twenty hours. 
 The mechanical excellence of this new Plant as described 
 in subsequent chapters of this book has practically made 
 other newspaper plants out of date. 
 
 At about this same time The Tribune furnished funds 
 for founding the Medill School of Journalism of North- 
 western University and has since aided in establishing this 
 vigorous young institution. 
 
 * * * 
 
 During the latter part of 1920 The Great Depression, 
 from which we are only now beginning to emerge, descended 
 upon the United States. The threat of hard times suc- 
 ceeded swiftly to boom times and easy money. Business 
 men were terrified by such an abrupt change of conditions. 
 The "cancellation evil" was a paramount topic of conver- 
 sation. Wholesale retrenchment was resorted to by many; 
 unemployment grew rapidly; and panic was in the air. 
 
 It was amid these circumstances that The Chicago 
 Tribune confronted the problem of its program for 1921. 
 The Tribune management informed the advertising divi- 
 sion that there would be no retrenchment on the part of 
 The Tribune; that The Tribune's faith in the soundness 
 of this country was unshaken; that we would meet ad- 
 verse conditions by fighting harder for business than ever 
 before; and that we would endeavor, by extensive adver- 
 tising, to induce others to follow our lead. A convention 
 of the advertising force was called in December, 1920. 
 This program was announced to them and the slogan was 
 adopted, "1921 Will Reward FIGHTERS." 
 
 This slogan was then hammered into the business men 
 of the United States by a series of full page advertisements 
 in The Tribune and in other metropolitan newspapers, and 
 in trade papers. 
 
 Thousands of letters poured in upon The Tribune from 
 American business men expressing appreciation for the 
 stimulating influence which this thought radiated. 
 
 To prove that the slogan was the expression of a vital 
 
 104 
 
TRIBUNE PUTS NEW SPIRIT IN BUSINESS 
 
 truth and not a mere juggling of words, The Tribune 
 offered ten prizes of $100 each for true stories of successful 
 1921 Fighting Salesmanship. 
 
 The response was instant and national in its scope. 
 From a large number of excellent letters ten were selected, 
 printed in Chicago Tribune ads, and later collected in a 
 booklet. More than forty thousand booklets and hangers 
 were distributed. The slogan was adopted by sales organ- 
 izations everywhere, quoted, reprinted. 
 
 But some hard-boiled pessimists still discounted the 
 truth of The Tribune's slogan "1921 Will Reward 
 FIGHTERS." They admitted that an individual salesman 
 might make a sale now and then in the face of "conditions," 
 but they would add : 
 
 "Business is rotten in my line. No one is doing anything. The 
 public is not buying. You can't fight general conditions. Sales and 
 advertising efforts merely waste money trying to do the impossible. " 
 
 So The Chicago Tribune set out to see whether these 
 gloomy statements were true, or whether organizations 
 were being rewarded for fighting in 1921, as well as indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 Four lines were selected in which all the croakers claim- 
 ed that business was terribly depressed : Groceries, Cloth- 
 ing, Autos, Musical Instruments. 
 
 The largest users of Tribune space in each of these lines 
 were then called upon and asked how their 1921 business 
 compared with the big records made during the correspond- 
 ing period of 1920. 
 
 Without exception, these unterrified fighters were doing 
 the biggest business in their history. Some of their com- 
 petitors had "quit" and left the field largely uncontested. 
 Total business available might be less than last year, but 
 they had increased their proportion of the total. Other 
 lines of business were investigated and it seemed that there 
 was ample business, in every line to keep the FIGHTERS 
 busy. 
 
 The slogan was changed to "1921 Is Rewarding FIGHT- 
 ERS" and on this topic Tribune advertisements were pre- 
 105 
 
GREATEST CIRCULATION STUNT IN HISTORY 
 
 senting the successes achieved by various big organizations. 
 Some of the best examples could not be used because the 
 record-smashing firms feared that publicity would stir up 
 their competitors to imitative activity. 
 
 These advertisements were run in The Tribune, in several 
 other metropolitan newspapers, and in trade papers. 
 
 By this campaign of the advertising division of The 
 Tribune, conducted in paid space, The Tribune achieved 
 something new in American journalism. It influenced the 
 thought of the entire business community of the United 
 States in a constructive manner and largely assisted in 
 averting a threatened panic. 
 
 As for The Tribune, its advertising revenue in 1921, the 
 year of depression and hard struggle for business, was the 
 
 largest in its history. 
 
 # * # 
 
 Between November 25 and December 4, 1921, The 
 Tribune conducted the most astounding circulation stunt 
 in newspaper history. In those eight days The Tribune, 
 starting with the largest morning circulation in America 
 and the largest Sunday circulation in Chicago, increased 
 its city and suburban circulation by more than 250,000 
 daily and 200,000 Sunday. 
 
 Yet the increase in the number of Tribunes sold was 
 insignificant compared with the effect which The Tribune's 
 "Cheer Check" distribution had on three million people. 
 
 It wasn't a Tribune idea in the first place. Mr. Hearst's 
 newspapers throughout the country were putting on lotteries 
 to stimulate circulation. They were disguised as philan- 
 thropy. In Chicago, the Herald & Examiner early in 
 November, 1921, began distributing free of charge millions 
 of "Smile" coupons. Envelopes full of them were stuffed into 
 every citizen's mail box. Piles of them were available at 
 lunch rooms, cigar stores, groceries, etc. Each day the 
 Herald & Examiner printed a list of numbers of "Smile" 
 coupons which were awarded prizes, redeemable at the 
 Herald & Examiner office. It was the theory that since 
 
 106 
 
TRIBUNE CHEER CHECKS TAKE CHICAGO BY STORM 
 
 practically every person in Chicago had been presented with 
 coupons they would buy the Herald & Examiner every day 
 to see if one of their numbers had won a prize. 
 
 A different local politician was pictured each morning in 
 the act of drawing that day's winning numbers. Even Mayor 
 Thompson and Governor Small participated thus in a 
 newspaper's circulation lottery. Of course it was not called 
 a "lottery" but was camouflaged as Christmas charity. 
 The lottery increased the Herald & Examiner's circulation, 
 but not in any sensational manner. 
 
 The Tribune, having won circulation leadership by years 
 of hard fighting, was not inclined to permit this lottery 
 scheme to imperil its supremacy. Two courses seemed 
 open: complaint to the federal authorities, or a direct 
 counter attack. The latter was adopted. 
 
 It was decided to run a lottery that would make the 
 Hearst affair look like penny ante compared with Monte 
 Carlo and to run it frankly and openly as a circulation 
 getting lottery not as philanthropy. It was determined to 
 operate in such a loud, plain manner that the viciousness 
 of obtaining circulation by such methods would be apparent. 
 Such a policy would compel the authorities to stop both 
 lotteries. 
 
 On November 25, The Tribune announced in a double 
 page spread that distribution of its Cheer Checks would 
 begin that day, Friday; that a public drawing would be 
 held Saturday; and that on Sunday 679 prize winning 
 numbers would be awarded $17,000.00, the "first slice of a 
 $200,000.00 melon." 
 
 No one connected with the stunt anticipated such 
 astounding results. Cheer Checks took Chicago by storm. 
 Two of the largest railway printing houses in the world 
 worked twenty-four hours a day printing them and when 
 the contest ended ten days later they had not caught up 
 with the demand. More than twenty-five million Cheer 
 Checks, each bearing four numbers, were printed and 
 distributed during those ten days. 
 
 107 
 
TRIBUNE BURLESQUES ITS OWN PROJECT 
 
 Banks asked for Cheer Checks to give to their deposi- 
 tors. Sunday schools distributed them. The largest indus- 
 trial concerns asked The Tribune for allotments for their 
 employes. Attempts to pass them out from trucks in the 
 Loop led to riots. Canvassers hired to take them from 
 door to door preferred to keep the checks or sell them, 
 rather than receive their pay. 
 
 If one retail store in a neighborhood had Tribune Cheer 
 Checks and others didn't, it might as well close up. As a 
 result thousands of retailers came to The Tribune Plant 
 and stood in line in the winter rain to get allotments of 
 Cheer Checks. 
 
 Chicago's rich as well as Chicago's poor were collecting 
 Cheer Checks and speculating on the possibility of collect- 
 ing the possible maximum of $20,000.00 in prizes in one day. 
 
 It is doubtful if any event in the history of Chicago ever 
 created such universal feverish interest and maintained it 
 
 for ten days. 
 
 
 
 The strain on The Tribune organization was tremendous. 
 Not only was circulation almost instantaneously increased 
 by 200,000 or 250,000 copies, but all stories, pictures or ads 
 referring to the lottery were eliminated from all except city 
 editions, necessitating unprecedented replating. Thus a 
 great increase in routine work came with the novel tasks of 
 distributing Cheer Checks, holding drawings, and making 
 payments. 
 
 A news story in The Tribune each day burlesqued the 
 whole affair. These stories were signed by "Senor Tirador 
 del Toro, World's Best Known Spanish Athlete," or by 
 "Miss Fortuna, the Goddess of Something for Nothing," 
 or by Bock Y. Panatela, or by Manuel G. Perfecto, famous 
 Colorado Maduro formerly of Honduras and Havana. 
 The open drawings of numbers from a great glass box and 
 a gold fish bowl were held in different parts of the city and 
 attracted great crowds. "Big Steve" Cusack, a noted 
 baseball umpire in full regalia, acted as announcer. Draw- 
 ings were made by a different team each day, for instance, 
 
 108 
 
CIRCULATION UP QUARTER MILLION IN WEEK 
 
 "Lady Luck" and "Queenie Midnight/' two street sweepers, 
 two Chinese, two chorus girls, etc. 
 
 Each day the full page advertisement in The Tribune 
 carried an editorial statement of which the following is 
 typical: 
 
 DID WE FALL OR WERE WE PUSHED? 
 
 The Tribune enters upon its mammoth distribution of cash by lot 
 with strangely mingled emotions. We frankly admit that when our 
 morning contemporary inaugurated this scheme for selling more papers, 
 we looked upon it with disfavor, not to say distaste. Having built 
 our own circulation upon the merits of our newspaper, we felt some- 
 how that the innovation was unethical. 
 
 But the judiciary and the officials elected to administer and to 
 enforce our laws co-operated so wholeheartedly in the promotion of 
 this remunerative charity that our scruples seemed actually prudish 
 a relic of days when skirts trailed below the ankles, and "penny ante" 
 was a mortal sin. 
 
 Furthermore, it seemed a shame that an institution which had 
 flourished in such expansive magnificence, even in the piffling banana 
 republics, should receive such niggardly treatment in this rich metrop- 
 olis. As the dominant newspaper of this community, long supreme 
 both in circulation and in advertising, we were obviously confronted 
 with the duty of seeing that three million people were no longer in- 
 sulted by being urged to scramble for a share in $500 a day. 
 
 The publication of numbers all jumbled up so that holders of 
 tickets could determine only with the greatest difficulty whether or 
 not they had won, was another point not in keeping with the best 
 traditions of this ancient institution, nor with the dignity and fair 
 name of our city. 
 
 Having been "pushed" by these factors we "fell" or rather we 
 "plunged." The reception which the citizens of Chicago have given 
 to our offer of $200,000.00 and yesterday's split of $17,000.00 is indeed 
 gratifying. We are also pleased to announce that our contemporary 
 has seen the light (to some extent) and is now "offering" more money. 
 
 We must confess that it is difficult to feel so keenly the scruples 
 of past weeks now that circulation is rising in such astounding waves. 
 We could have easily sold a million Tribunes yesterday, and we have 
 hardly begun. It seems too good to be true. Such profitable phi- 
 lanthropy. 
 
 Notwithstanding The Tribune's plain speaking there 
 was practically no criticism of the contest. The public, 
 high and low, simply clamored for Cheer Checks. The cash 
 paid out to 2,373 winners in eight days amounted to 
 $53,950.00. 
 
 Other publishers, however, appealed to Postmaster 
 General Hays and to District Attorney Clyne. Both 
 
 109 
 
WHEN TRIBUNE QUITS EXCITEMENT SUBSIDES 
 
 papers were asked to stop and agreed to do so. The 
 Tribune did stop on December 4, 1921. The Herald & 
 Examiner stopped the particular stunt which had been 
 complained of, but on December 5, announced continued 
 free daily distribution of cash prizes to street car transfer 
 numbers, telephone numbers, and automobile license num- 
 bers. It caused no more commotion than had its original 
 lottery before The Tribune "sat in the game with a stack of 
 blue chips." When The Tribune stopped the show was over* 
 
 Here Are the Prizes 
 To Be Drawn Today 
 
 MorganbiH D. Rocky-ForJ woulJn't 
 sneeze at holding a Cheer Chech now 
 
 Regular Prizes: 
 
 First number drawn ... $5.000.00 $S.OOo"ob 
 
 Second number drawn. 2,500.00 2.500.00 
 
 Third number drawn. . 1,000.00 1,000.00 
 
 Next 2-EACH......;. 500.00 1,000.00 
 
 Next 4-EACH... ,..,.. 250.00 1,000.00 
 
 Next 10-EACH.,.-.^. 100.00 1,000.00 
 
 Next 20-EACH.. ,..-.-, 50.00 1.000.00 
 
 Next 60-EACH.. .,.,*, 25.00 1,500.00 
 
 Next 200-EACH....^ 10.00 2,000.00 
 
 Next 1,000-EACH..-^ 5.00 5400.00 
 
 Special Prize*: 
 
 "Keno" To holder of a Cheer 
 Check bearing any two winning 
 numbers drawn the same day. . .$10,000.00 
 
 Big Dick" To holder of the 
 highest winning number drawn 
 (exclusive of series number) ,. 2,000.00 
 
 "Little Joe" To holder of the 
 lowest winning number drawn 
 (exclusive of series number).... 2,000.00 
 
 More Than 13OO Cash Prize* 
 Total Money $35,OOO 
 
 Some Joy Ride 
 
 . . in Americ. 
 
 uch swift and tremendous circulation growih as 
 thM of The Tribune during the pas' week. We sold 
 734.311 copies of yesterday's paper -a net paid cir- 
 culation one-fourth of a million in excess of a week 
 ago-and all of the increase in Chicago and .uburbs. 
 We state this in , 
 
 CWcagoans surer/ appreciate merit. We took th 
 Bane circulation-building scheme which our morn- 
 ing contemporary had been using for three weeks 
 
 litory of newspaper publishing in 
 America t 
 
 Our first winning numbers were printed last Sunday. 
 Tomorrow will be the second Sunday and our largest 
 single distribution-SJS.OTJOOO in IJOO pri/es. Wt 
 will print as many Tribunes as possible, but it is 
 certain that there won't be enough to go "round. 
 
 192 Winners in yesterday's PUBLIC 
 
 drawing for a $6.000.00 slice 
 
 of the $200,000.00 melon 
 
 $1^000.00 
 
 $500.00 
 
 If an* Two of the Above Numbers Are on One 
 
 Cheek the Holder Will Receive $10,000.00 in 
 Addition to the Two Regular Prizes 
 
 Special $5OO.OO Prizes 
 
 Why The Chicago Tribune 
 
 u known a 
 "Th* WHds' Greatest Newspaper" 
 
 Last Day to Cash These 
 Prize Winning Numbers 
 
 ' 
 
 Urilmnc 
 
 Tr.b W m, 
 
 /LsA 
 
 Order Sunday's Tribune Now X. =^ 
 
 no 
 
MAYOR THOMPSON SUES FOR LIBEL 
 
 Mayor William Hale Thompson, placed in office by the 
 most powerful political machine Chicago has ever known, 
 resented The Tribune's stories presenting to the world in 
 unvarnished terms his hostility to America's war effort. 
 He has filed the following libel suits against The Tribune : 
 Date Damages Asked 
 
 September 7, 1917 $ 500,000.00 
 
 June 22, 1918 250,000.0x5 
 
 August i, 1918 100,000.00 
 
 August 31, 1918 500,000.00 
 
 Total $1,350,000.00 
 
 The first of these suits went on trial before Judge 
 Francis Wilson in May, 1922. Mayor Thompson was 
 placed on the witness stand by The Tribune and testified 
 that in his opinion blunders of the Wilson administra- 
 tion rather than German aggression caused the War. 
 that during the War he opposed sending an army to 
 
 Europe. 
 
 that he opposed sending foodstuffs to Europe. 
 that he opposed conscription. 
 that he issued no proclamations to aid Liberty Bond 
 
 or Red Cross drives. 
 that he said farewell to none of the Illinois regiments 
 
 leaving for service. 
 that he never addressed the soldiers at Camp Grant or 
 
 at Fort Sheridan. 
 
 It is the contention of The Tribune that the mayor's 
 attitude toward the War thus admitted by him shows how 
 justifiable were The Tribune stories which he claims injured 
 him in the sum of $1,350,000.00. 
 
 Two jurors in the case became ill. The Tribune offered 
 to go ahead with ten jurors, but the Mayor insisted on his 
 
 right to a "mistrial." 
 
 * * * 
 
 Patriotism is not the only issue between Mayor Thomp- 
 son and The Tribune. The present administration of 
 
 111 
 
TRIBUNE CHARGES $4,000,000 FRAUD SUES 
 
 municipal affairs has been marked by scandals in the police 
 department, school board, and board of local improvements. 
 
 In the latter case, such amazingly barefaced methods 
 were adopted for looting the public treasury that The 
 Tribune called upon the courts to halt them. For work as 
 real estate experts within twelve months, five members of 
 the city hall machine were paid almost three million dollars 
 ($3,000,000.00) and were about to be paid more than one 
 million dollars ($1,000,000.00) additional when The Tribune 
 intervened. 
 
 The Tribune Company, as a taxpayer, filed suit on 
 April 19, 1921, against Mayor Thompson, M. J. Faherty, 
 president of the board of local improvements, George F. 
 Harding, city comptroller, Frank H. Mesce and Austin J. 
 Lynch. The suit seeks to force the return to the City of 
 Chicago of $1,065,000.00 paid to Mesce and Lynch for 
 services rendered by them within one year in appraising 
 property for condemnation. An injunction to prevent the 
 payment of an additional million dollars to these same two 
 experts is also sought. 
 
 The defendants demurred to the bill, and after argument 
 Judge Charles M. Foell sustained The Tribune in a decision 
 which sets a precedent of vast importance to the people of 
 Illinois. He held that restitution could be enforced, not 
 only against any person obtaining public moneys by fraud, 
 but also against every official who knowingly participated 
 in the transaction. 
 
 On June 24, 1921, The Tribune Company filed a suit 
 similar to the above in subject matter and with the same 
 defendant officials. But three new "experts" are named: 
 Edward C. Waller, Jr., Ernest H. Lyons, and Arthur S. 
 Merrigold. 
 
 The Tribune charges that the one million seven hundred 
 thousand dollars ($1,700,000.00) paid to these men for 
 "experting" within one year was fraudulently obtained. 
 It demands that they and the officials who conspired with 
 them to obtain it be compelled to return the money to the 
 
 112 
 
I IIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UILI 
 
 FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR. DON'T WASTE IT. 
 
 I1SC LESS MEAT 
 BUY LOCAL F008 
 SM THE 
 
 DURING the War The Tribune maintained an enormous bill- 
 board at the north end of Michigan Boulevard. It was used 
 for patriotic subjects as shown above. 
 
LJIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'UHUIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'L. 
 
 
 THESE PHOTOS show The Tribune Plant from the south 
 (above) and from the north (below). The ruled white space 
 marks the site on which the new Tribune Monument will 
 stand. Architects have been offered $100,000.00 in prizes 
 for a suitable design. The low building north of The Plant is 
 a Tribune garage. 
 
 11 
 
TEN MILLION DOLLAR LIBEL SUIT 
 
 City of Chicago. Injunction is also sought to prevent the 
 payment of additional fees amounting to $270,000.00. 
 
 Both the above suits are awaiting trial. 
 
 * * * 
 
 In a desperate effort to stop The Tribune's exposures of 
 incompetence and corruption in municipal affairs, the 
 Thompson administration caused a libel suit to be brought 
 in the name of the City of Chicago against The Tribune 
 demanding damages in the sum of ten million dollars 
 ($10,000,000.00). This is the largest amount ever asked in a 
 libel suit, and it is the first time in American history that 
 any agency of government has attempted to sue for libel. 
 Probably no more dangerous attack has ever been made on 
 freedom of the press and free speech. 
 
 The politicians' claim was that The Tribune's allegations 
 of incompetency and corruption had injured the credit of 
 the city lowering the rate at which its bonds could be sold 
 and increasing the cost of supplies. 
 
 The Tribune demurred, maintaining that the articles 
 complained of were not libelous and that in any case to 
 maintain the action would violate the freedom of the press 
 guaranteed by both state and national constitutions. 
 
 On December 12, 1921, Judge Harry M. Fisher, of the 
 Circuit Court of Cook County, handed down a notable 
 decision sustaining the stand of The Tribune. Comments 
 of the press on this case and Judge Fisher's opinion have 
 been printed by The Tribune for distribution to those 
 interested. Judge Fisher's summary of the points involved 
 was, in part, as follows: 
 
 The press has become the eyes and ears of the world, and, to a 
 great extent, its voice. It is the substance which puts humanity in 
 contact with all its parts. It is the spokesman of the weak and the 
 appeal of the suffering. It tears us away from our selfishness and 
 moves us to acts of kindness and charity. It is the advocate constantly 
 pleading before the bar of public opinion. It holds up for review the 
 acts of our officials and of those men in high places who have it in their 
 power to advance peace or endanger it. It is the force which mirrors 
 public sentiment. Trade and commerce depend upon it. Authors, 
 artists, musicians, scholars and inventors command a hearing through 
 its columns. In politics it is our universal forum. But for it the acts 
 
 115 
 
NEWSPAPERS CHECK ON OFFICIAL CORRUPTION 
 
 of public benefactors would go unnoticed, impostors would continue 
 undismayed, and public office would be the rich reward of the unscrupu- 
 lous demagogue. Knowledge of public matters would be hidden in the 
 bosoms of those who make politics their personal business for gain or 
 glorification. While not always unselfish, yet in every national crisis 
 we find it constant and loyal, rendering service of inestimable value. 
 Observe the role it played in our recent national emergency. It was 
 the advance agent of our treasury, and the rear guard of our army. It 
 set us to work upon the minute and told us when our several tasks were 
 done. It informed every soldier when and where to report for duty 
 and gave him his instructions with reference to it. It kept us in touch 
 with our men in the field and carried messages of cheer and encourage- 
 ment. It built up our spirits, aroused our determination and finally 
 had the honor of heralding in every household the joyous news of 
 victory and peace. 
 
 It is only natural that the rendering of such service should result 
 in corresponding power; and power without the abuse of it is unfor- 
 tunately rarely found. The press is no exception. Economic interests 
 often lead a great portion of the press to serve the commercial elements 
 of the community, upon which it largely depends, to the detriment of 
 the public. But, fortunately, while the good the press is capable of 
 rendering, if unafraid, is without limit, the harm it can do has its own 
 limitations. The press is dependent for its success, for its very exist- 
 ence, almost, upon public confidence. It must cater to public senti- 
 ment even as it labors to build it up. It cannot long indulge in false- 
 hoods without suffering the loss of that confidence from which alone 
 comes its power, its prestige and its reward. 
 
 On the other hand, the harm which would certainly result to the 
 community from an officialdom unrestrained by fear of publicity is 
 incalculable. 
 
 Plaintiff's counsel's own argument shows where the law which he 
 contends for, if it were the law, would lead us to. 
 
 "Everything," he says, "which affects the city in its finance or 
 in its property must be treated by law the same as if it were spoken of 
 or done against a private corporation. If a libel would result in an 
 increase of one cent on the cost of pencils, the city could maintain an 
 action." 
 
 It is difficult to imagine a case of adverse criticism of a municipality 
 which could not be shown to have affected it or its property in some 
 remote way. Moreover, if plaintiff's position is sound, does it not 
 logically follow that criticism directed against the responsible officials 
 of the city, which would result injuriously to the municipality, would 
 give rise to a like cause of action on behalf of the city? 
 
 To say that a city is an unsafe place to live in because of the cor- 
 ruption or the inefficiency of the police department is almost certain 
 to keep away prospective residents whose payment of taxes would 
 otherwise enhance the city treasury. To say that the mayor of a city 
 has no regard for contractual obligations would unquestionably keep 
 men from bidding and contracting with the city on the same basis 
 that they would if they were certain that they will have no trouble in 
 enforcing the city's obligations. To charge that bribe money must 
 be paid in order to obtain a contract from the city would result in keep- 
 
 116 
 
FREEDOM OF PRESS IMPERILED BY SUIT 
 
 ing responsible bidders away and increase the bids of those who would 
 offer it. To charge that political favorites are preferred in the letting 
 of contracts will keep away many more bidders than would a charge 
 of insolvency. For, as a matter of fact, a municipality cannot be 
 insolvent, in the sense in which that word is ordinarily used. At any 
 rate a contractor desiring the work could easily ascertain how and 
 when the money will be forthcoming to pay the obligations of the con- 
 tract, but when favoritism governs the granting of contracts he knows, 
 if he is not of the favored few, how useless it is to bid for work. In 
 short, almost anything unfavorable that could be said of the govern- 
 ment or its office holders is likely to affect the municipality financially 
 just as injuriously as the articles charged to have been published by 
 the defendant. It is too evident to permit of doubt that, balancing 
 good against good, the mischief which would flow from an application 
 of the rule which would permit the city to sue as a private person would 
 overwhelmingly outweigh the benefit which could possibly come from 
 it. 
 
 Stripped of all the elaborate argument, in the confusion of which 
 the question for decision might look difficult, the fact remains that, if 
 this action is maintainable, then public officials have in their power one 
 of the most effective instruments with which to intimidate the press 
 and to silence their enemies. It is a weapon to be held over the head 
 of every one who dares print or speak unfavorably of the men in power. 
 
 There are men who, in the interest of public service, would not be 
 terrified by criminal prosecution and imprisonment. They would keep 
 up the struggle against a corrupt government even from the cell, 
 if the instrument for conveying their thought would remain intact. 
 But the recovery of heavy damages, in a civil action, or even the neces- 
 sity of continually defending against such attempted recovery would 
 destroy the instrument itself, the newspaper. Especially would this 
 be true in smaller communities where the newspapers have not large 
 means. The cost of the defense alone would be sufficient to impoverish 
 them. In civil actions, unlike criminal prosecutions, the jury is not 
 the judge of the law, and a friendly judge (and such a thing was found 
 not impossible at least so far as the history of prosecution for libel is 
 concerned) would have the right to instruct the jury to find the defend- 
 ant guilty, or, if a verdict unfavorable to the plaintiff were returned, 
 to set it aside, and order a new trial, and continue granting new trials 
 until a favorable verdict were obtained. 
 
 While good reason exists for denying a publisher the right to print 
 that which he cannot prove against an individual, and recklessly to 
 pry into his personal affairs, defaming his character and reputation, 
 simply because of his public position, no reason exists for restraining 
 the publication against a municipality or other governmental agency 
 of such facts, which, as Judge Taft puts it, is well that the public should 
 know, even if it lies hidden from judicial investigation. There are other 
 differences to be found between an action by a municipality and an 
 action by an official whose personal character and integrity are attacked. 
 In the one, the prosecution is at the public expense, in the other, at the 
 personal expense of the plaintiff. Aside from the costs involved, there 
 is much which would cause an individual to forbear action. The 
 honest official seldom fears criticism. He answers argument by argu- 
 
 117 
 
"OuR COUNTRY RIGHT OR WRONG" 
 
 ment, and only, in extreme cases, resorts to law. The dishonest official 
 is often restrained by the fear of laying his character open to a searching 
 judicial inquiry; but if he can hide his own infirmities by labeling his 
 action in the name of a municipality, the number of suits would be gov- 
 erned only by political expediency. 
 
 This action is not in harmony with the genius, spirit and objects 
 of our institutions. It does not belong to our day. It fits in rather 
 with the genius of the rulers who conceived law not in the purity of love 
 for justice, but in the lustful passion for undisturbed power. It will, 
 therefore, be unnecessary to consider the other questions involved, and 
 since I find that the demurrer ought to be sustained not merely because 
 of any defect in the pleading but because no cause of action exists, 
 nothing can be gained by amendment. The demurrer will, therefore, 
 be sustained. 
 
 Appeal was taken from the above decision and is now 
 pending in the higher court. 
 
 jjc Jfc * 
 
 The Tribune carries every day at the "masthead" of its 
 editorial page this slogan: 
 
 "Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign 
 nations may she always be in the right; but our 
 country, right or wrong." STEPHEN DECATUR. 
 
 On April 21, 1922, The Tribune printed a letter from 
 one of its readers protesting against the reiteration in peace 
 times of a "chauvinistic" sentiment excusable only as a 
 war measure. On the same page The Tribune replied in 
 the following characteristic editorial : 
 
 SHE'S UP TO STAY 
 
 In the Voice of the People, across the page in this issue, is printed 
 a letter . . . protesting against the continued use of the sentiment of 
 Stephen Decatur at the head of the editorial department of The Tribune. 
 
 Mr. Fry's letter and others of similar protest received from time 
 to time are sufficient reason and good reason for keeping the sentiment 
 nailed to the flagstaff for the next hundred years. So far as the present 
 management of The Tribune is concerned it's there to stay. 
 
 This nation has been described by contemptuous Europeans as a 
 mongrel. It has been tested to the hilt by the admixtures which have 
 come to find new fortunes here. If it were not substantially sound it 
 could not have stood the test. It has. 
 
 Nationality is a precious thing. It is a powerful spirituality. It 
 ennobles. It is also material. It represents a protective community 
 
 118 
 
TRIBUNE EVERLASTINGLY AMERICAN 
 
 of interests. Right and wrong are not black and white. An egotistic 
 man can say, and does say, that he knows which is right and which is 
 wrong. He is a cricket in a fence corner. 
 
 It is altogether possible that the foreign policy of an American 
 government would distress the consciences of a great many citizens. 
 Some think that Haiti is a reproach to us now. They think that brutal 
 marines are imposing upon a cultured and defenseless land. The 
 Tribune thinks that a land of savagery with a fringe of superficial 
 literacy has been brought into a semi-ordered state and that it is the 
 duty of the United States to make it at least semi-ordered. 
 
 New Englanders and others in the north thought the war with 
 Mexico was bad. What is bad ? Is it bad that Texas is not Chihuahua 
 or Sonora? Vallandigham thought the war with the South was bad. 
 Is it bad that human beings are not being sold down the river in the 
 United States? 
 
 Debs thought the war with Germany was bad. Is it bad that the 
 German fleet is not protecting the landing of German divisions in 
 Central American and South American ports and driving the United 
 States, lone and unprepared, to a war with the greatest military power 
 of Europe? Who shall say policies are good or bad? The government 
 through its ordered methods or the midge of a citizen who without 
 responsibility comes to conclusions satisfactory to his egotism? 
 
 The structure of a nation does not permit these individual judg- 
 ments in emergency, and particularly the structure of the United States 
 does not. Americans have permitted the man from Cork, the man 
 from Berlin, the man from Teheran, the man from Kief, the man from 
 Naples, the man from Stockholm, the man from Glasgow, the man 
 from Lisbon, from Tangiers, from the Congo, from Mesopotamia, from 
 Armenia and from Siberia, from Kent and from Saxony, from Tuscany 
 and from Brittany, from Quebec and from Coahuila, from Araby and 
 Abyssinia to come here without restriction until recent years and 
 acquire citizenship easily. 
 
 Its danger is that in its dealings with other lands it will disintegrate. 
 It was frankly said not long ago that the principal, the only, duty of 
 the Italian ambassador in the United States was to direct the influence 
 of Italians voting in the United States in the interests of Italy. Italians 
 here are urged by their government to nationalize in the United States 
 and help Italy by their votes as American citizens. This is true of 
 other nationalities in spirit if not in form. These alien blocs in the 
 United States tend to break down American purpose conceived purely 
 for American well being. 
 
 The United States is regarded as the soft shell crab of nations. It 
 is supposed to be easy to fry. We admit that government mistakes 
 might try the conscience of a citizen, but where will he take his indi- 
 vidual judgment when the organized policy of his nation has committed 
 him in a dispute with another nation? 
 
 Will he admit that he may in clear conscience be with the other 
 nation ? Then how does he expect to keep America, with her diverging 
 elements, an integrated nation? Or does he not care, being in some 
 high, altitude of egotism, whether he is a citizen of a nation or an 
 individual in a riot? Possibly he would prefer to be a citizen if he 
 
 119 
 
TRIBUNE is 75 YEARS YOUNG 
 
 considered nothing more spiritual than his investments and real estate 
 holdings. 
 
 Our flag is up to stay. When the American nation makes its 
 decisions in foreign relations we hope that the decisions are justifiable, 
 but if another nation challenges them, and if force is to be the issue, 
 then we are for the United States, right or wrong. 
 
 In commemoration of its seventy-fifth anniversary, 
 The Tribune 
 
 offers $100,000.00 in 
 prizes for designs for 
 a new building to be 
 erected between its 
 present Plant and 
 Michigan Boulevard. 
 
 awards to Paul Cross 
 Chapman a prize of 
 $5,000.00 for mural 
 paintings to be placed 
 upon the walls of its 
 news room. 
 
 announces the in- 
 vention of a Color- 
 Rotogravure press 
 and its weekly use in 
 printing a beautiful 
 
 - new magazine sec- 
 
 $10000000 
 
 IN PRIZES TO ARCHITECTS 
 
 Seventy-five yean old today. The 
 Tribune seeks surpassing beauty 
 in new home on Michigan Boulevard 
 
 
 old* Sreatejt 
 
 tion for The Sunday Tribune. 
 publishes this book. 
 
 And, as this book goes to press, The Tribune is fighting 
 tremendously important battles for free speech, and better 
 government, not only in its columns but in the courts. 
 Libel suits aggregating $11,350,000.00 are pending against 
 it, and its suits to save Chicago more than four million 
 dollars in "expert" fees await trial. Tribune circulation and 
 advertising are at the highest points. Assuredly, The 
 Chicago Tribune is 75 years YOUNG. 
 
 120 
 
THE PRESENT 
 
 The business of publishing a newspaper 
 
 Editorial, Advertising, Circulation, 
 
 Production. 
 
 121 
 
122 
 
muuii. 
 
 uiiiiiiiiuu*uiiuu 
 
 itiiMii' 
 
 LAYING corner stone of 
 Plant at St. Clair street 
 and Austin avenue, 
 June 7, 1920. Co- 
 Editors and Publishers 
 of The Tribune speak- 
 ingCol. R. R. Mc- 
 Cormick at right 
 Capt. J. M. Patterson 
 below. 
 
IJIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIL 
 
Editorial Division 
 
 TRULY great newspaper must be, first 
 of all, a newspaper, because it is for news, 
 first, that readers want a paper. 
 
 The appetite for news is instinctive, an- 
 other evidence of the gregarious nature of 
 man; we not only like to live together but 
 we want to know the fortunes of our fellows. This appetite 
 is deep seated, old as the race. The courier never lacked 
 refreshment or a place by the fire ; the intelligence he bore 
 made his welcome. The "oyez, oyez" of the crier opened 
 shutters at midnight in the mediaeval towns. Today, in 
 isolated places, the beat of hoofs, the sound of a strange 
 motor, the sight of a sail, quickens the pulses; there 
 may be news coming. 
 
 The craving of news is logical, understandable. The 
 material world of each of us, the world in which we live and 
 work and play, is a little place, limited by necessity. But 
 the world of the mind and soul is infinite, and in this inner 
 personal world, each man is his own Columbus. We read 
 avidly of countries we shall never see, people we shall never 
 know, events that will never touch us ; of crime and heroism, 
 accomplishment and disaster, vice and virtue all to mag- 
 nify and complete and furnish this inner world, wherein we 
 go to escape the monotony, the limitations, the ennui of 
 our own existence. We find in news a spiritual and emo- 
 tional satisfaction. 
 
 Moreover, news is a constructive force. We increase our 
 knowledge, amplify our experience, and improve ourselves by 
 the news we read. The shopgirl wants to read of marriages, 
 of the work of men, of children, of new hats, because mar- 
 riage and men and babies and hats are all part of her life to 
 be. The man in the street is interested in rumors of wars ; 
 he has been in one and is concerned about taking part in 
 another. He follows politics, because politics influence his 
 
 125 
 
TRIBUNE ENERGIES EVER FOCUSED ON NEWS 
 
 future. He reacts to every story. Prices go down; his 
 money will buy more. Employment is scarce ; he may lose 
 his job. New bond issues pay high interest; he ought to 
 save. And so on. Not a day passes but the outlook, the 
 personal plan and selfish program of all of us is influenced, 
 determined, or modified by news. 
 
 Indeed, the successful conduct of business, of social life 
 and government, would be impossible today without news. 
 The influence of news is collective as well as individual. 
 War threatens in certain parts of the world; a government 
 breaks off or cements certain foreign relations. There is a 
 crime wave in Boston ; the local chief of police can look for 
 one here. A strike in the coal mines; manufacturers con- 
 serve coal. A cold wave is coming; department stores 
 prepare for a rush on blankets and overcoats. Nine hun- 
 dred thousand bushels of wheat are dumped on the Chicago 
 exchange; prices fall, trade languishes, panic threatens, 
 farmers protest, the government is disturbed. But tomor- 
 row's newspaper tells the story of a clerical mistake in a 
 brokerage house, and the anxiety of millions is dissipated. 
 
 With these considerations, it is obvious why The Chicago 
 Tribune, and all big newspapers, go to such lengths of 
 effort and expense to secure news. News is the newspaper's 
 
 most important commodity. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Tribune from its inception has always been noted 
 for news. Pioneer in utilizing the telegraph, sponsor of 
 the Western Associated Press, time and time again the first 
 paper to discover and release important intelligence, this 
 greatest paper has been untiring in its effort to encompass 
 the daily grist of the world. The Tribune was the first 
 newspaper in Chicago to receive news by telegraph and the 
 first newspaper in the world to receive international news 
 by wireless. Neither expense, nor effort, nor when neces- 
 sary, time, is spared to get the news. This spirit always 
 prevails in the whole editorial division of the paper; and 
 as the need brings forth the men, this policy has always 
 been instrumental in bringing to The Tribune the best 
 
 126 
 
INDIVIDUALITY OF EXPRESSION ENCOURAGED 
 
 ability in every editorial field. And, not the least reason 
 for The Tribune's success is its human policy toward the 
 people who find and write its news. 
 
 Reporters like to work on The Tribune, for the obvious 
 reason that it is pre-eminently the best paper; the associa- 
 tion is in itself significant of merit and ability. Aside from 
 this fact, which affects the whole personnel of the paper as 
 well as the newsgathering end, there are more specific 
 reasons which determine the newswriter's choice. 
 
 In the first place, barring only the limitations of time and 
 space, a reporter is, perhaps, under less restriction on The 
 Tribune than on any other paper. The requirements are 
 only that his copy be : first, news; second, interesting. Be- 
 yond these, everything lies with himself. No office style, 
 no hard and fast rules or methods of treatment, need be 
 conformed with. Under such conditions, The Tribune 
 newswriter is enabled to make the fullest possible use of his 
 personal resources. If he sees a human interest in a news 
 item, his story may be humorous, or pathetic, or moving as 
 he can make it. The elements that make literature cannot 
 spoil news, but rather improve it. As a consequence, the 
 pages of The Tribune reflect life fully and comprehen- 
 sively. In the daily schedule, now and then is to be found 
 a piece of writing that might be called classic chuckles and 
 tears and passages of vividness and power. 
 
 This freedom of expression is the best incentive to abil- 
 ity. It keeps the contents of the paper, and the staff, live. 
 It is a perpetual invitation to do the best work. Homer 
 would have liked to work on The Tribune; no blue pencil 
 would have blurred the onamata-poeia of his lines. So 
 would Horace, with his whimsicalities ; Herodotus, with his 
 wealth of incident. So would Balzac, Addison, Samuel 
 Johnson, Dickens, Hardy, Kipling, and Mark Twain. 
 Because in writing Tribune news each of these would have 
 opportunity to exercise his exceptional abilities. 
 
 The Tribune's policy, in many other respects, assists the 
 reporter. The paper not only professes to be independent 
 
 127 
 
j 
 
 BUSINESS OFFICE SEEKS NO SPECIAL FAVORS 
 
 and non-partisan, but is. Just so the story be news, and 
 true, The Tribune prints it, though it shake the portals of 
 the state or pillars of society. A notable example of this 
 independence is the incident of the peace treaty; when in 
 1919 a Tribune reporter secured a copy of the withheld 
 treaty, The Tribune printed it, because The Tribune 
 believed that the right of the people of the United States to 
 know the substance of the treaty came ahead of the possible 
 diplomatic advantages that lay in keeping it secret. 
 
 Furthermore, the business office is without influence in 
 the reporter's realm. Advertising is sold strictly on a 
 business basis with no editorial bonus. Dramatic, literary, 
 automobile and movie editors write their comment and 
 criticism with certainty that they may express their con- 
 victions with absolute freedom. The Tribune has held 
 steadfastly to this policy in the face of attempts to penalize 
 it by heavy withdrawals of advertising. Tribune writers 
 are often admired for their "fearless" criticisms. The 
 "fearlessness" was The Tribune's. It paid the bill in loss 
 of revenue, while the writer's salary went on as usual. 
 
 The reporter on The Tribune feels, and is, secure. Harsh, 
 "quick firing" methods in vogue on some papers have never 
 prevailed on The Tribune. A Tribune reporter is not 
 looked upon as a bird of passage. Thirty-two members of 
 the editorial department have been on The Tribune more 
 than ten years. The Tribune not only attracts, but holds, 
 ability. 
 
 The following extracts from an address by the city 
 editor of The Tribune to the students of the Medill School 
 of Journalism shows the attitude of this department of 
 The Tribune toward its work: 
 
 "News is a record of action. 
 
 "If you will examine this definition in all its facets, I 
 think that some day you may come to some understanding 
 of the business of newspapers. You must become competent 
 to set down a record and you must become competent to 
 judge of what is an action fit to be recorded. A great many 
 
 128 
 
JIUU I U I U'U I U'U'UU I U'U I U'U'U I U I UIU'UIUIUU I U'U'UU I U I UUU'U'U'U I U I U I U>1. 
 
 II 
 
 cm iv 
 
 ISH GUNS RUL 
 
 OUST 
 
 
 CHIEF 
 
 
 ttsfcafl 
 
 FRAMED and hung on a post in the Local Room where all 
 copy readers can see it is the above collection of Tribune heads. 
 When the city editor or telegraph editor passes a story to a 
 copyreader^ he marks it "8 hed" or "2 hed" etc. If the copy- 
 reader is in any doubt as to the style of the head to be written- 
 the exact number of letters and spaces per line this is his guide. 
 
 12Q 
 
J'UU I U I U'U'U I UIU'U I U I U'UU'U'UUUUIU<UU'UU'U'U'U I U'U I U I U'U I U I U'UU'1 
 
 PRIZES ^zr^ offered each week for the best heads written by 
 Tribune copyreaders. During the week each man clips the 
 heads of which he is most proud and posts them on the bulletin 
 board shown above. At the end of the week the managing 
 editor looks over the entries and makes the awards as shown. 
 

 NEWSPAPER MUST THRILL WITH ETERNAL YOUTH 
 
 times you will be tempted to record something which you 
 really believe ought to be the truth. But what ought to be 
 the truth and what is the truth provokes a discussion that 
 is likely to give you a great deal of concern. It is this very 
 salubrious difference in values that will bring you acrid 
 letters from our ancient friend vox pop ; and often cause you 
 to decide that after all the best way to conduct a newspaper 
 is with a sawed-off shotgun. 
 
 "The newspaper business is a game of eternal youth. It 
 wants snap and action. It reflects the growing world, not 
 the middle-aged, sagging, comfortable world that has re- 
 tired on a competence, or the decayed, woeful world that is 
 standing on a street corner begging for alms. 
 
 "The moment you regard the human race as a finished 
 product you have quit newspapering and you are making 
 your will. The newspaper is unlike almost any other busi- 
 ness and yet nothing is quite so symbolic of the changing 
 world. Each newspaper day is a complete cycle. Each 
 twenty-four hours tells its story, banks the fire in the fur- 
 nace, winds the clock and goes to bed. Nothing is so old, 
 so stale, so tasteless to the newspaper man as yesterday's 
 newspaper. We keep the newspapers of yesterday in a 
 place called the morgue. You need no Arabian imagina- 
 tion to tell you why it is called the morgue. 
 
 "The news room lives for today. It is this eternal youth 
 of the newspaper that makes the dangerous rainbow of 
 color and atmosphere. You often are likely to hear such 
 esthetic locutions as the "urge" and the "fascination of the 
 life they lead," the "thrill" and "excitement." If you are 
 given to thinking of these things, forget them. They are for 
 romantic laymen. You cannot be the scenery and the 
 audience, too. 
 
 "If this school can erase the notion that newspapers exist 
 for dreamy, poetic minds whose sole product is to be only 
 frothy little imaginings uttered without direction or restraint, 
 it will have done a master's work. Even among those whom 
 we consider experienced workers we constantly are meeting 
 
 131 
 
SUCCESS DEMANDS DISCIPLINED ORGANIZATION 
 
 with those who fondly conceive it to be their parts to turn 
 out 'light, chatty stuff.' 'I cannot work on assignments/ 
 they will say, 'I must go and pick up little stories here and 
 there. I must write just as I feel. My copy can't be 
 corrected. I always do my own correcting and my stories 
 must run as I write them/ 
 
 "Stop it. It isn't being done. The newspaper business 
 is a serious affair. It deals intimately every day with the 
 serious concerns of millions of people. Don't get the idea 
 that it is conducted by a collection of irresponsibles who go 
 charging about without mode or reason to publish, at a 
 prodigious cost, inconsequential and childlike utterances. 
 Every person on a newspaper has a direct mission and pur- 
 pose. Everyone is under direction. There are no sacred 
 cattle with divine license to ignore authority. Every act 
 on a newspaper is done by delegated authority. 
 
 "On a newspaper one of the most hopeless types of prima 
 donna is the one that is completely intolerant of prima 
 donnas. He is the one who constantly asserts he views his 
 field with a broad, even distribution of light but never fails 
 to complain bitterly because his last paragraph was left out. 
 
 "The prima donna is one who will not understand that a 
 newspaper is bounded by steel hoops literally, not just 
 speculatively. It is surprising what little elasticity there is 
 in the metal page of type. And yet the prima donna will 
 weep bitter tears, resign, curse the editor and classify him 
 among the most unspeakable of blundering upstarts because 
 the sacred brain child of the prima donna has been trimmed 
 to fit. 
 
 "A real star is one who fully understands that it is not his 
 one little contribution that boxes the compass and puts man- 
 kind at its ease, but that it is the complete newspaper, care- 
 fully designed, each item of world news, of industry, econom- 
 ics, domesticity, politics, science, health, crime everything 
 in proportion, that stamps the dependable and trustworthy 
 journal. It is the easiest thing in the world for a newspaper 
 to devote itself to the shocks, the horrors and atrocities of 
 
 132 
 
PATIENT LABOR BY TRAINED BRAINS 
 
 life. A newspaper man need have only a spoonful of brains 
 to dip his journal in blood and wave it before a morbid mob. 
 He is just as sure to attract attention as if he ran naked down 
 the middle of State Street. But it does require knowledge 
 and a steady hand to inquire into the complexities of advanc- 
 ing civilization. 
 
 "In order that this may be kept so, there has grown up 
 the things we call system, efficiency. Stories are not printed 
 without investigation. Even in the face of investigation 
 there are mistakes. But that is because human judgment 
 errs. Hardly any two persons can see the same event alike. 
 That is why the newspaper requires trained minds with a 
 capacity for patient inquiry and sound decision. You may 
 not write what you think. You must write what you find. 
 
 "Often I have thought about that pleasant delusion of 
 the laymen: 'How thrilling and exciting it all must be.' 
 The most exciting moment I can think of is when, at the 
 deadline the instant of going to press a copyreader is 
 trying to summarize a two-column story into a headline of 
 131/2 letters when his mind seems mechanically determined 
 upon 14 letters. That half letter is holding up a whole com- 
 posing-room, a mob of sweating, impatient stereotypers, a 
 battalion of inky pressmen, a wagon train of circulation 
 drivers and a half million readers. The torment that passes 
 in that copyreader's brain is all the nerve-racking strain of a 
 lifetime crystallized into the moment. And yet those who 
 seek to view from the sidelines the mad clamor of the news- 
 room will find their sole recompense in a lone individual 
 sitting quietly and thoughtfully at a desk. 
 
 "The excitement and thrill is not in the savage rush of 
 reporters and yelling of editors. Your newspaper is the 
 result of patient, constructive effort. It has been prepared 
 by mental concentration. Men do not concentrate in a 
 cyclone. That silent, thoughtful copyreader is the personi- 
 fied prototype of the excitement you read about. " 
 
 133 
 
Local News 
 
 ERHAPS the best idea of how local news 
 is obtained will be gained by enumerating 
 the sources of such news. 
 
 The City News Bureau is a news-gather- 
 ing organization jointly maintained by the 
 daily papers of Chicago. By this co-opera- 
 tive effort the newspapers avoid duplication of effort in 
 covering routine sources of local news. The City News 
 Bureau has its reporters stationed all over Chicago and 
 suburbs. They are at police stations, City Hall, County 
 Building, Courts, Federal Building, Board of Education, 
 Hotels, etc. All is grist that comes to their mill, everything 
 that is news or that might be news. They phone their 
 stories to the main office of the Bureau at frequent intervals, 
 not attempting to write finished productions, but sending in 
 briefly, accurately, promptly, every possible fad. 
 
 The story is taken at the main office by a typist with a 
 telephone receiver strapped to his head. Instead of ordinary 
 paper his machine contains a stencil, on which he writes one 
 
 f CAMERA PRINTING 
 ROOM ROOM 
 
 Fifth Floor of Chicago Tribune Plant 
 134 
 
CITY NEWS BUREAU BULLETINS LOCAL EVENTS 
 
 or two sentences to a sheet. As fast as he finishes them the 
 sheets are run through a duplicating machine and shot by 
 pneumatic tube to every newspaper office. 
 
 These News Bureau bulletins are instantly scanned by 
 the man "on the desk." On receipt of the first "flash" he 
 may rush every reporter he can reach to cover the big story 
 it implies, or he may wait until all the News Bureau bulletins 
 are in and then decide that it is worth turning over to a 
 reporter for check-up, or he may discard it as valueless, or 
 he may turn the sheaf of bulletins over to a " re-write man " 
 
 a 
 
 Q OQ 
 
 lifciHisr Y i 
 /IJa 
 
 ( (h/05 777 COMPOSING #OOM 
 
 \CtATO PRESS. 
 
 \AfiO LOOP TRIBUNE BLOQ. 
 
 \ 
 
 r 
 
 r/tfs 
 
 
 KEAL 
 5STATC 
 fO/TOK 
 
 
 FIHAI\ 
 OE 
 
 C/AL\ 
 V. 
 
 RKPOK. 
 
 r&gy 
 
 
 TO f 'lie ROOM 
 
 DRAMATIC CRITIC &. 
 / POLITICAL EXPERTS 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ASSISTANT 
 
 ** 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 C/TY EDITOR 
 
 'r^, 
 
 Local Room on Fifth Floor of Tribune Plant 
 135 
 
LOCAL 
 
 How news passes from its sources to The Tribune's com- 
 posing room. 
 
 136 
 
CITY DESK is NEVER VACANT 
 
 to be organized into a story. The volume of raw material 
 for news stories turned out each day by the City News 
 Bureau is enormous. 
 
 A number of Tribune reporters are assigned to regular 
 "beats" City Hall, County Building, Federal Building- 
 duplicating to a certain extent the work of the Bureau, but 
 concentrating their efforts on the biggest events only. At 
 night when "dead lines" make minutes precious, and when 
 crimes and fifes might be inadequately covered if hurriedly 
 filtered through the Bureau, a "night police reporter" is 
 kept out at a key police station on each side of the city. 
 
 Of course there are many other sources of news. " Tips " 
 flow in to the "city desk" from friends of The Tribune or 
 of the staff, from policemen, officials, politicians, lawyers, 
 hotel clerks, press agents, club women, business men, etc. 
 
 # # * 
 
 Someone is "on the city desk" every minute of the 
 twenty-four hours every day in the year, ready to receive 
 news and to concentrate the entire resources of The Tribune 
 on covering it if necessary. 
 
 Although the day never ends, it may be said to begin 
 at 8 in the morning. At that hour the dog watch is relieved 
 by the first day man on the desk. He finds the place clean. 
 There is no litter on the floor, nor any accumulation of 
 files or rubbish on the desks. It is like the beginning of the 
 first day. His watch is usually a quiet one, though there are 
 many telephone calls, events of the day to be noted for 
 reference, and on occasion a robbery or a railway accident, 
 to cover which reporters and photographers must be called 
 and dispatched to the scene. 
 
 At 10 o'clock the assistant city editor comes on and 
 remains until 6 or later. Being in superior authority he is >/ 
 "on the desk" and so remains until about 5 o'clock when 
 the city editor takes charge. The first duty of the assistant 
 city editor is to make up the assignment book. This is a 
 large folio volume, allowing two pages to each day and space 
 for some two hundred entries. Some of these, those regular- 
 
 137 
 
INNUMERABLE SOURCES OF LOCAL NEWS 
 
 ly recurring, are printed but most of them are entered in 
 writing each day. The information for this list comes from 
 various sources. Yesterday's assignments and news clip- 
 pings from the day's papers furnish some. The future box 
 contains announcements of coming events. The City Press 
 news always has something that must be followed up. The 
 comparative news scrap book shows, in parallel columns, 
 how the various events are treated in the morning news- 
 papers. And the telephone and mail are bringing in facts 
 or notices of coming events. From all these and every other 
 available source is compiled a complete prognosis of the 
 day. These usually range in number from 65 to 100. Oppo- 
 site each event is set the name of the reporter who is to 
 cover it. Sometimes a man is given two or more assign- 
 ments for a day. At others any number of men up to a 
 dozen may be assigned to a single event, with one of them 
 in direction of all. 
 
 After the assignments are given out, the daily routine 
 continues. There is a continual trickle of copy from the 
 City News Bureau. And all the while the telephone, the 
 mail and the telegraph are bringing in additional matter 
 requiring attention. 
 
 Between 1 1 and i o'clock there is a perceptible increase 
 in the activity of the place. The society, religious, financial 
 and real estate editors come in. These usually finish their 
 work and turn it in to the city editor by 6 o'clock. The 
 reporters also come, except those who, like the police report- 
 ers, have regular assignments and do not appear until the 
 day's work is done. They first get their mail, then look at 
 the assignment book and get further information when 
 necessary, and go about the work in hand. Those having 
 afternoon assignments are expected to complete them and 
 turn in their copy by 6 o'clock to relieve the congestion 
 of the later hours, and also to be ready for evening assign- 
 ments. 
 
 138 
 
Departments 
 
 A5OCIATED with the local staff are various editors 
 who cover particular fields of news requiring 
 specialized attention. 
 
 The political writers, for instance, devote their entire 
 attention to this field. The political editor's strength lies 
 as much in what he knows and in who he knows as in what 
 he writes. Other staff men specialize in economics and 
 
 sociology. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Religious Editor is always a clergyman. He also 
 conducts "The Bank of Kindness" which receives and 
 distributes contributions for various worthy charitable 
 cases brought to public attention by the news columns 
 relief for the family of a policeman or fireman killed in the 
 performance of his duty, funds for free ice and vacations 
 for the children of the poor, Chinese or Russian famine 
 
 relief, etc. 
 
 * # # 
 
 The Society Editor is always a woman and has a woman 
 assistant. On occasions such as the opera she increases her 
 staff by recruiting other feminine members of the editorial 
 department. She has correspondents in New York, London, 
 Paris, Palm Beach, etc., and keeps close check on the activi- 
 ties of Chicago's haul monde. An enormous amount of 
 news is mailed or brought in person by the public to this 
 department, and the lists of engagements, weddings, and 
 social events fill columns in The Tribune every Sunday. 
 The affairs of Chicago's many women's clubs are followed 
 by a special Club Editor. 
 
 * # 
 
 Sports are handled by a highly specialized department 
 affiliated with Local. It comprises seven or eight men, each 
 of whom is expert in one or more branches of sport foot- 
 ball, golf, pugilism, etc. Three men follow baseball almost 
 
 139 
 
SPORTS AND REAL ESTATE BOTH IMPORTANT 
 
 exclusively. There was a time when reports of professional 
 baseball practically dominated the sporting pages except 
 for a brief period when football ruled. Professional baseball 
 is still of great importance, but The Tribune has taken the 
 lead among American newspapers in giving proper recogni- 
 tion to the many other sports in which millions of citizens 
 are not only interested, but in which they actually par- 
 ticipate. 
 
 Special attention is given to high school and college 
 sports, to fraternal society, business institution, municipal 
 playground, and semi-professional sports. Among the 
 sports regularly covered by the sporting department of 
 The Tribune are track and field, skating, roque, polo, 
 swimming, chess, checkers, bridge, skat, yachting, bowling, 
 billiards, soccer, lacrosse, racing, trap-shooting, hunting, 
 fishing, fly-casting, wrestling, handball, tennis. 
 
 The Sporting Department has its own staff of corre- 
 spondents in other cities and at colleges and universities. 
 A large volume of news is sent in to this department by the 
 public. * * * 
 
 The Real Estate Editor has his own column every day 
 and fills a page each Sunday with news of important leases, 
 changes in ownership, building construction, real estate 
 mortgages and bond issues. The Tribune pays an annual 
 fee to the Cook County Recorder of Deeds for the privilege 
 of copying his records each day. Other news is volunteered 
 by brokers, agents, contractors, and architects. This 
 department is closely followed by business men and prop- 
 erty owners because of the large and swift effect which 
 transfers of title or projected improvements may have on 
 property values. Material submitted is therefore carefully 
 checked and edited. The influence of this department is 
 decidedly constructive, and aids whenever possible the 
 extensive program for municipal development known as 
 The Chicago Plan. * * * 
 
 The Financial Editor, an assistant and a New York 
 correspondent record the daily pulse of the financial and 
 
 140 
 
SPECIALISTS WRITE OF MARKETS AND MOVIES 
 
 industrial world. Interest and exchange rates, bank clear- 
 ings, stock sales and prices, dividends, bond issues, etc., 
 must be reported promptly and with absolute accuracy. 
 Although exceedingly condensed and printed with abbrevia- 
 tions that make some of it almost unintelligible to the 
 uninitiated, the news occupies one or two pages every day. 
 The world of finance is always clouded with rumors, some 
 casual or circumstantial, others deliberate propaganda. 
 Consequently financial newsgathering is a delicate opera- 
 tion. The Tribune strives to eliminate the gossip and 
 
 rumors and to print only facts. 
 
 # # # 
 
 Market Editors report the news and quotations of the 
 Board of Trade, the Stock Yards, and South Water Street. 
 This news, together with current prices for metals, cotton, 
 sugar, oils, dry goods, and other raw materials, fills one or 
 two pages each day. The Board of Trade is the world's 
 most important grain market, the Stock Yards constitute 
 vastly the greatest market for cattle, hogs and sheep, and 
 South Water Street probably buys and sells more butter, 
 eggs, vegetables and fruits than any similar area on earth. 
 The Tribune also prints each day the quotations of markets 
 in other cities, stocks in Boston and Philadelphia, grain in 
 Omaha and St. Paul-Minneapolis, cattle in Kansas City, etc. 
 
 Practically all the bankers, manufacturers, and big 
 business men throughout the Central West read The 
 Chicago Tribune every day as an essential part of their 
 business day because of this detailed, up-to-the-minute 
 picture of national and local market conditions. 
 
 * * # 
 
 But the tired business man and his wife and his daughter 
 and his son and his father and his mother and his remote 
 relatives and humblest employes are interested in knowing 
 how to spend the evening most entertainingly. For their 
 guidance, the Literary Editor, the Dramatic Editor and the 
 Motion Picture Editor criticize current offerings in their 
 respective fields. Motion pictures are reviewed every day 
 and theatrical productions as often as new ones are pre- 
 141 
 
TRIBUNE APOLOGIZES DAILY FOR ERRORS 
 
 sented in Chicago. Both receive large treatment in The 
 Sunday Tribune with the addition of a weekly report from 
 The Tribune's dramatic correspondent in New York. 
 Books are treated on Sunday only. There is an extensive 
 review of one worth-while book by the Literary Editor, a 
 column of comment and gossip by his assistant, and reviews 
 of books on varied subjects by specialists. 
 
 * * * 
 
 An interesting and distinctive department originated by 
 The Tribune is known as the Beg- Your- Pardon Department. 
 Each day, if necessary, apologies for and corrections of 
 errors in the news report are made under the above head- 
 ing. News passes through many hands before it appears in 
 type, and in the pressure of securing, printing and distribut- 
 ing upwards of one hundred thousand words of it each night, 
 mistakes are inevitable. Every week, therefore, The 
 Tribune prints an advertisement on its first page acknowl- 
 edging its fallibility and urging readers to report any errors 
 they may discover to the Beg-Your-Pardon Department. 
 
 Tribune Local Room 
 142 
 
National News 
 
 NEWS of the nation comes to The Tribune from 
 the Associated Press, from the United News 
 Service, from The Tribune's own news bureaus 
 in New York and Washington, and from hundreds of 
 correspondents in other towns and cities. 
 
 The Associated Press is a world-wide organization for 
 gathering news and distributing it to newspapers. It is a 
 co-operative institution financed by the newspapers which 
 hold "charter memberships" in it. The number of mem- 
 berships in each city is limited, and an "A. P. charter" is 
 often very valuable. An entire newspaper with its plant is 
 sometimes purchased in order to secure a charter. 
 
 The United News is a similar service. The Tribune uses 
 both in order to get all possible news, to get it as quickly as 
 possible, and to get every angle on each piece of news. The 
 "United" occasionally gets an "exclusive" story which does 
 not come to the notice of the A. P. correspondents, and vice 
 versa ; and one service may secure a story hours in advance 
 of the other. The employment of these two great news- 
 gathering organizations ensures the best of all the news 
 extant. The Tribune is by no means dependent upon these 
 services. Its own correspondents frequently "scoop" both 
 of them. 
 
 The Tribune's New York news bureau, situated in the 
 New York Times Building, serves as source of New York 
 City, Eastern, and some foreign news, all of which is trans- 
 mitted by The Tribune's special leased wires. This bureau 
 has access to all the news of The New York Times and of the 
 New York News, The Tribune's own paper in New York. 
 
 The Washington news bureau covers national politics, 
 governmental and diplomatic affairs. The Tribune's Wash- 
 ington staff consists of three correspondents and a number of 
 assistants, reporters who keep track of the activities of the 
 various departments and legations. From this staff The 
 
 143 
 
HUNDREDS OF CORRESPONDENTS 
 
 Tribune obtains its national political news, for which the 
 paper has always been noted. A Washington correspondent 
 must be more than a reporter; the job requires a close stu- 
 dent of affairs, somewhat of a diplomat and politician. 
 Men prominent in public life have been graduated from this 
 bureau. 
 
 The other correspondents, excluding the Foreign News 
 Service, literally run into hundreds. The Tribune has at 
 least one in every large city and sizable town, usually a 
 staffman on a local paper. These correspondents send a 
 "flash" a schedule of stories available by wire and the 
 telegraph editor wires back his order. The query, for in- 
 stance, may run : 
 
 WABASH WRECK, 6 KILLED 600; TAFT SPEECH 
 DEDICATION CO. BLDG. 400; 
 MAYORALITY ELECTION 500 
 
 The figures indicate the number of words in the story. 
 The telegraph editor wires back: Wreck 300, Taft 200, 
 signifying that he will buy three hundred words on the 
 wreck, two hundred on Mr. Taft's speech, and nothing on 
 the mayoralty election. These correspondents are also 
 called upon when further detail or verification is required 
 on important A. P. stories. They are paid fixed rates per 
 column. 
 
 144 
 
Foreign News 
 
 N foreign lands The Tribune maintains S/ 
 thirty-six correspondents. Many of these 
 are salaried men, while some, known as 
 casual correspondents, receive liberal pay- 
 ment scaled with regard for the character 
 and quality of their production rather than 
 
 quantity. While on assignment away from their established 
 headquarters, all correspondents are reimbursed for their 
 traveling and living expenses. 
 
 In the more important posts correspondents have sec- 
 retaries and assistants and, in some cases, correspondents 
 appoint representatives here and there in the territory for 
 which they are responsible to insure adequate covering of the 
 field. Large offices are maintained in Paris, London, Berlin, 
 Rome, Peking, Manila and Dublin, and in each of these 
 bureaus several correspondents make their headquarters. 
 Upon orders from the European director, or from the home 
 office, these correspondents rush from place to place by 
 trains, autos, and, frequently, by airplanes, wherever 
 news is breaking. Their stories are telephoned or tele- 
 graphed to their individual headquarters and then are 
 relayed to Chicago via cable or wireless as speedily as 
 possible. Wherever news is to be found in the world, 
 there also may be found a Tribune man or a Tribune 
 connection. Tientsin is the clearing point for Tribune 
 news from China and Siberia, and Tokio for Japan, with 
 Manila sometimes as a relay station. Sydney, Australia, 
 looks after the antipodes and Buenos Aires has watchful 
 eyes upon South America. 
 
 The Tribune being an American newspaper it is deemed 
 best that Europe and the rest of the world be covered in an 
 American way, so, with very few exceptions, The Tribune's 
 foreign staff is made up of men who made good in the home 
 office. They are instructed to cover the news impartially, 
 
 145 
 
FOREIGN DISPATCHES TRANSMITTED IN "CABLESE" 
 
 that is to present both sides of every argument, and to sub- 
 merge their personal opinions. 
 
 Code books are seldom used in the foreign news service, 
 but there are other short outs which are taken full advan- 
 tage of. The definite and indefinite articles are never 
 cabled and conjunctions and prepositions are included only 
 when absolutely necessary. 
 
 There was a time when a correspondent was permitted 
 to coin almost any sort of a word containing up to ten let- 
 ters or he could save many words by use of prefixes and 
 suffixes. But now a ruling has been made that prohibits 
 combinations unless the combinations appear in an Amer- 
 ican dictionary. Cable dispatches are read carefully by 
 an agent of the Company and where the rule has been 
 broken extra words are charged for. 
 
 Nevertheless, many words included in the press dis- 
 patches nowadays must puzzle the operators somewhat, 
 for correspondents searching for shortcuts in the diction- 
 ary soon build up strange vocabularies. The language 
 which the correspondents employ in their dispatches is 
 called "Cablese." Thus exlondon and londonward are 
 cabled instead of from London and to London and only 
 one word is charged for by the cable company. 
 
 Despite the great care with which wireless, cable and 
 telegraph operators perform their functions, it is seldom 
 that a dispatch comes through letter perfect. In the case 
 of wireless this is due to a great extent to static interference. 
 In cabling from Paris to Chicago, for example, the dispatch 
 must be transmitted over three separate lines; Paris to the 
 cable station, over the cable and from the American cable 
 station to the addressee by land telegraph. Thus mistakes 
 causing garbled words find three open doors to enter. 
 
 * * * 
 
 At the end of every night's work the last duty of the 
 cable editor is to send a cable to each of the bureau points 
 which includes three things a transmission report show- 
 ing the time each dispatch was received in The Tribune 
 
 146 
 
WIRELESS operator in Tribune Plant receiving dispatch 
 direct from Bordeaux, France. 
 
 
 If 
 
 FLASHLIGHT photograph of crowd receiving election returns in 
 front of Tribune offices at Madison and Dearborn Streets. 
 
 1/17 
 
LONDON offices of The Tribune at 125 Pall Mall, S. W., i. 
 In these offices John Steele, Chicago Tribune correspondent^ 
 brought together representatives of the British Government 
 and of the Dail Errain in conferences which led to those in 
 which Lloyd George and Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins 
 worked out the Irish Free State Treaty. Since the establish- 
 ment of The Irish Free State The Tribune also has offices in 
 Dublin. 
 
 . .... 
 
CABLE EDITOR KEEPS DETAILED RECORDS 
 
 office ; a report showing how each important foreign story- 
 was played by The Tribune that night, and any criticism or 
 praise deemed necessary; and instructions, if any, for the 
 following day's work. 
 
 The first word of a correspondent's dispatch is always 
 the dateline of the story; the second word is the name of the 
 writer. The last word is the name of the filer of the dis- 
 patch and just preceding this name is a figure of five digits. 
 This shows the cable editor the date and time of filing at 
 the cost of one word, numbers of five digits being counted 
 as one word by the cable companies. In cabling to corre- 
 spondents the cable editor refers to any specific story by 
 using this number. 
 
 For instance, he might cable a correspondent: 
 
 "Your 21174. ^cooped America 21220 killed editorial 
 stop 21235 Tribune!' 
 
 The first two digits indicate the day of the month ; the 
 next two the hour of the day from one to twenty-four, and 
 the last digit that portion of the hour divided into sixths in 
 which the dispatch was sent. So when the cable reads 
 21174 it refers to a story filed by the correspondent April 21 
 in the afternoon between 5 140 and 5 150 o'clock. Ciphers 
 are used to fill out the full five digits so between 9 and 9:10 
 o'clock on the morning of the seventh of the month would 
 be 07090. 
 
 The cable editor also keeps each night a careful schedule 
 of each dispatch received. This schedule when completed 
 shows of each story the city from which it came ; the name of 
 the author; the subject of the story; the time filed; the time 
 received ; the method of transmission, wireless, cable or mail ; 
 the number of words contained in the original dispatch ; the 
 number of words appearing in the paper, and the disposition 
 of the story showing what page and column and under what 
 style of headlines the story was carried, or, if the story was 
 killed or held over, the reason for such procedure. 
 
 Every ten days there are prepared by the Cable Desk 
 from these schedules similar records of the production of 
 
 149 
 
The Tribune's European Territory 
 
 December 31, 1920 
 
 Each dot on this map indicates a point at which the European Edition of 'The 
 Chicago Tribune Is sold and read regularly. Beyond this, the European 
 Edition circulates in America, Arabia, India, Madeira and Persia. 
 
 150 
 
MAPS ILLUSTRATE STORIES FROM ABROAD 
 
 each principal correspondent to be sent by mail. The cor- 
 respondents on receipt of these records are enabled to con- 
 sult their files of The Tribune and learn just what has been 
 the fruit of their endeavors, and why. 
 
 Another means of keeping the men abroad in close touch 
 with the home office and The Chicago Tribune viewpoint is 
 the careful preparation by the Cable Desk of a circular let- 
 ter each week. These letters go to all hands abroad. They 
 give in some detail the domestic news of the past week and 
 the probable focus of interest for American newspaper 
 readers for the next few weeks. They also record the ac- 
 complishments of the foreign staff; describe conditions in 
 the home office, and include any general instructions or 
 orders that may be in order. 
 
 All the cable or wireless copy is skeletonized, most of it 
 so closely as to require virtual re-writing, and all must be 
 filled in, that is translated from Cablese to newspaper 
 English, punctuated, paragraphed and sub-headed. Then 
 headlines must be written. When this has been done and 
 the brief foreign news summary has been written, the copy 
 is taken to the night editor who reserves space for it in the 
 paper. Then it goes to the compositors. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Two by-products of The Chicago Tribune Foreign News 
 Service are maps and photographs, and all correspondents 
 are always desired to think in pictures and maps on all their 
 assignments. Pictures of all noteworthy events abroad that 
 possess distinct American interest are secured by the corre- 
 spondents and mailed immediately to Chicago. 
 
 The maps on foreign affairs are prepared by The Trib- 
 une's cartographer, from information supplied by the cable 
 editor. Occasionally, as in the case of recent earthquakes 
 in Argentina and Chile and of the great Chinese famine 
 where areas were affected which no existing map would 
 indicate, the correspondents cabled minute details for draw- 
 ing maps in The Tribune office. These cables which gave 
 a starting point by latitude and longitude and then traced 
 
 151 
 
MUCH NEWS RECEIVED VIA WIRELESS 
 
 the area by means of compass bearings to other definite 
 positions until the starting point was returned to, would 
 seem hopeless to many persons, but the cartographer reveled 
 in them and The Tribune scored map scoops because of his 
 ability and the initiative of the correspondents, who, by 
 the way, scooped the world with their stories also. 
 
 For some months in 1920 and 1921 The Tribune received 
 its European dispatches by wireless from Bordeaux to The 
 Tribune Plant. Since governmental restrictions and com- 
 mercial red tape forced the abandonment of this service a 
 new arrangement has been made for the receipt of news by 
 wireless. 
 
 The Tribune and a group of other papers have organized 
 a co-operative wireless station at Halifax, which now 
 handles the bulk of the wireless press traffic of the world, 
 particularly on the Atlantic. This station works from six 
 to nine hours daily with the new British postoffice trans- 
 mitter at Leafield, near Oxford, in England. This station 
 also has the record of handling in actual practice, the fastest 
 sending of press in the world, receiving forty-two words a 
 minute over a considerable period in the actual reception of 
 press dispatches. This speed is about twice that attained 
 by the usual cable. 
 
 The Chicago Tribune Foreign News Service, 420, Rue Saint-Honore, Paris. 
 
 Expense account of Correspondent MRR? ...8AS. 
 
 stationed at.^GMS^WQgl,... covering operations in TOBXSY ATOP _SOOTH. RUSSIA 
 
 IK CRIMEA FROrSEPT 1, Sept 20 
 
 Food (average 70,000 rubles daily including ent. 
 Room expenses, tips, sheets, 10,000 rubles dally 
 Carriages average 15,000 daily 
 Incidentals, laundry, eta. 
 
 2,055, 90C 
 = 25,000 rubles. 2,055,900 - $82.23 
 
 Total 
 
 Paid out in dollar* 
 
 1.470, 
 
 210, OOC 
 
 315. OOC 
 
 60.9QC 
 
 382.23. 
 
 152 
 
Makeup of News 
 
 TO make certain of getting the paper out on time it 
 has been found necessary to act according to plan. 
 The whole procedure for the editorial assembling 
 of the news of the day or night must be mapped out. The 
 telegraph and cable editors prepare a schedule of the news 
 in hand or in prospect for the whole night. The city editor 
 does the same with the local news. The advertising depart- 
 ment prepares a schedule of advertisements to be inserted 
 for the foreman of the composing room, where the adver- 
 tisements are set up in type and assembled. 
 
 The news schedules are simply lists of stories made up 
 of items something like this: "Russia, 50," meaning a story 
 about Russian affairs 50 per cent of a column in length. 
 An allotment of several columns will be made on the schedule 
 for filler short items of interest used just as the name im- 
 plies as filler in the newspaper. Only the display head 
 stories are designated by slug or guide lines in plain 
 English byname so that they may be assembled and placed 
 in the paper with greater facility. 
 
 The makeup editor copies these schedules on a larger 
 schedule blank of his own. He also lists on his schedule 
 the cuts or engravings to be made from pictures which are 
 to illustrate the paper. He adds up the total space for 
 telegraph, cable, city news, markets, pictures, and so forth. 
 He finds out from the foreman of the printers what the 
 advertisements total. Assume that this total is 180 col- 
 umns. The foreman and night editor confer and decide 
 that a 32-page paper will give sufficient room for the news. 
 A 32-page paper of 8 columns to the page makes 256 col- 
 umns and after subtracting the 180 columns of advertising, 
 it is found that 76 columns remain for reading matter and 
 pictures. 
 
 Adding up the news schedules and the space alloted for 
 sports, markets, editorials and other departments reveals 
 
 153 
 
EDITORS ALLOT SPACE TO EACH STORY 
 
 the fact that more than 80 columns are scheduled. Here 
 the managing editor takes a hand and goes over the night 
 editor's schedule to reduce it to the necessary 76 columns. 
 He has the city, telegraph and cable editors outline their 
 stories, decides what each is worth in space and orders it 
 cut down or expanded as his judgment dictates. 
 
 He may decide that "Russia, 50" is not worth a display 
 heading, but can be used to best advantage, if at all, as a 
 short item. On the other hand he may rule that his sub- 
 ordinate editor has erred or underestimated a big piece of 
 news of vital interest in world affairs. In which case it is 
 entirely likely that he will order Russia expanded to two 
 columns and some other stories cut down to make up for 
 the expansion. 
 
 There may be so much general news that ought to be 
 printed that the managing editor will decide to cut down 
 the space ordinarily given sports and markets and the heads 
 of these departments will be instructed to shorten their 
 stories, or the reverse might be true and general news have 
 to be trimmed to provide space for extraordinary market 
 or sport news. 
 
 The necessity of all this planning is quite apparent at 
 press time when the news is being fitted into the paper. 
 Often a story will not fit in the particular position where the 
 makeup editor has placed it, and then it must be given 
 another position, or it must be cut in type or more room 
 provided somehow by leaving out other news or by shifting 
 of advertisements. 
 
 In spite of all planning it nearly always happens that a 
 great deal of news is omitted for lack of space, but if sched- 
 ules had not been prepared and there had been no planning 
 it is fair to assume that more stories would be left out, that 
 careful selection of the best news would be difficult and 
 often impossible, that the composing room would be a bed- 
 lam with editors and printers lost in a chaos of type. 
 Theoretically this careful planning and preparation leads to 
 the selection and printing of the cream of the news. 
 
 154 
 
CHARACTER OF NEWS VARIES WITH EDITIONS 
 
 News stories do not go into the paper hit or miss. The 
 makeup editor is supplied with "dummies" of the pages 
 after the advertising has been placed. The dummy pages 
 are part of the plan to avoid confusion, to make sure that 
 there is a place for everything worth while in the paper 
 and to guide the printer who makes up the page. 
 
 In the first edition it is the aim not only to give the 
 readers the best news available, but also to give them the 
 particular news of most interest to them. It follows that 
 the first edition carries news of particular interest to rural 
 readers news of general interest, farm news if there is any, 
 news of local interest to Wisconsin and other nearby states, 
 because that edition goes to those states. 
 
 If the Wisconsin news be of interest to Wisconsin readers 
 only, the routine proceedings of that state's legislature for 
 instance, it will not survive in the later edition. In the 
 argot of the profession it is "killed." But if it is something 
 that will interest or amuse, or if the Wisconsin legislature 
 is considering a matter of great importance, it will be kept 
 alive and printed in the later editions. It might be only a 
 frivolous item about a proposal of some legislator to tax all 
 bachelors. Then it may be found on the first page of the 
 city edition. 
 
 The aim is to print constructive news, informative news, 
 news with a lesson in it and something with a smile or a 
 tear in it, something that will stir the emotions. News- 
 papers are frequently accused of printing too much frivolous 
 and inconsequential matter, but what does not appeal to 
 one person will probably interest another, and judicious 
 variety secures and holds many readers. 
 
 # # # 
 
 Variety is one of the important things to consider in 
 making up Page One. The first page is the paper's show 
 window. The best and most thrilling or important news 
 which gets the biggest display will be put normally in the 
 right hand column, or what is called the "turn" column 
 position. That means that if it is more than a column in 
 
 155 
 
EVERY PAGE MADE INTERESTING 
 
 length the reader will turn to page two to complete his 
 reading of the account. 
 
 There is method to this, of course. The idea is that 
 the reader has been lured to the interior of the paper where 
 he will find other news and advertisements to interest him. 
 Page One also carries the local weather report and a cartoon. 
 Page Three is made attractive with a large picture and the 
 next best news to that on page one, and so on all through 
 the paper. Right hand pages get the best news and cuts 
 because these pages strike the eye of the reader first. 
 
 Similarly most stories continued or jumped from page 
 one go on left hand pages because the reader can be led 
 there, and he doesn't need any leading to the right hand 
 pages. 
 
 Markets, sports, the detailed weather report and want 
 advertising are usually placed in the second section. These 
 are departments that it is advisable to give regular, fixed 
 positions, and in addition the persons interested will hunt 
 them up in the back of the paper as readily as they would 
 in a forward position. 
 
 After the turn story for page one is chosen, the problem 
 of selecting the other news for display arises. Sometimes 
 there is so much news worthy of page one that it is hard 
 to make a selection. At other times it is difficult to find 
 variety. In The Tribune it is customary to put the best 
 Washington news the most important story relating to 
 national progress or welfare in the first column of the 
 first page. The other columns get various stories of interest 
 which may be of wars, education, crime, scandal, discovery 
 or whatnot, with a due regard always to avoid improper or 
 excessive featuring of crime and scandal. An attempt is 
 always made to get at least one story on page one of par- 
 ticular interest to women. 
 
 Making up the paper constantly develops the problem 
 of the worth of individual stories as to space and display. 
 "What can you tell it in ?" is the question of the editorial 
 executive. "A column" or "a thousand words" or "500 
 
 156 
 
COPY MUST FLOW STEADILY TO PRINTERS 
 
 words" may be the reply, and more often than not the 
 verdict is: "Too much; write it in 200 words." Or the 
 editor, out of the wealth of his experience might know 
 that the story could not be told properly in the space 
 designated and order a column and a half written. 
 
 News values are relative. What may be a big story at 
 one time will attract little attention in or out of the office 
 at another. Almost any happening is dwarfed on the 
 night of a national election and the report that would other- 
 wise be featured on page one will find a place on an obscure 
 
 back page. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Every move in the mechanical processes of printing a 
 newspaper must be done on schedule and the supervisor of 
 that schedule, the "train despatcher," so to speak, is the 
 Night Editor, or Make-Up Editor. It is his duty to see 
 that every edition goes to press on time, and that various 
 departments are so supplied with work as to operate most 
 efficiently. 
 
 Copy passes through his hands and it is possible for him 
 to regulate the flow to the printers. When there is more 
 copy than the printers can put into type before press time 
 it is his duty to weed it out, to select the best or essential 
 stories and hold back the less important or pass it on to the 
 composing room copycutter with some such marking as "Set 
 when clear/' which means that when the copycutter's hook 
 or spike is clear of what the printers call "takes" he can have 
 this matter set up so that there will be no slack time in the 
 printers' period of production. 
 
 Perhaps the printers are out of copy and then the night 
 editor tries to get some from the telegraph and city editor. 
 The aim is to keep the flow steady, sometimes accentuating 
 and sometimes retarding, sometimes marking a story "rush" 
 or "put ahead." If all the matter printed in a newspaper 
 were dumped on the printers two hours before press time it 
 could not be set except by maintaining an extraordinarily 
 large force who would work but two hours a day. 
 
 157 
 
EVERY MOVE CONFORMS TO RIGID SCHEDULE 
 
 It is the make-up editor's duty also to see that the pages 
 of type when made up go to the stereotypers, who cast them 
 into plates for the pressmen, in a steady stream. "Pages 
 must not be bunched !" is the order. The reason for this is 
 the same as for the regulation of copy. If too much work 
 is dumped onto the stereotypers and pressmen at one time 
 they will be swamped, and the printing of the newspaper 
 will be delayed. 
 
 The Tribune has nine steamtables, which with the 
 molding machines turn out the matrices of the printed 
 pages from which the leaden plates are cast, from which 
 in turn the paper is actually printed. Each steamtable 
 will accommodate one page of type which must stay under 
 the steamtable for seven minutes before the matrix is suffi- 
 ciently dry to retain its form and hold the imprint of the 
 page of type. 
 
 If the paper has thirty-two pages and the pages were 
 handled in batches of nine at intervals of seven minutes 
 there would be three full batches of nine and one small one 
 of five in twenty-eight minutes. But they cannot be han- 
 dled in quite that way. There are two molding machines 
 and each page must go through the molding machine to 
 get an impression; in addition each matrix requires a little 
 work after it comes out from the steamtable and before it 
 goes to the casting room. 
 
 The casters must have three or four minutes to make 
 each curved plate for the press and they must produce sev- 
 eral casts of the same page for the different presses. So 
 the stereotypers must have one or two pages at a time over 
 a period of about an hour. And to do this the whole news- 
 paper organization must work on a schedule and some of 
 the reporters must produce early copy. 
 
 A certain train leaves at say n o'clock at night for 
 Springfield. The next train leaves at 4 in the morning, 
 but that is too late to get The Chicago Tribune to Spring- 
 field in time to catch the people going to work. Conse- 
 quently to get your paper into the Springfield area the last 
 
 158 
 
LATE NEWS NECESSITATES REFLATING 
 
 page must leave the composing room where the type is set 
 at 10 o'clock. That is called the "deadline" for the com- 
 posing room. The editorial room has its "deadline" for 
 the edition, which is half an hour earlier. 
 
 Sending the last page away at 10 o'clock will give the 
 stereotypers time to cast the plates, the pressmen to print 
 the paper, the mailing room time to prepare the bundles 
 and the circulation department time to haul the bundles 
 to the railroad station. A great many trains must be 
 caught on narrow margins of time and five minutes or even 
 one minute delay by a reporter may result in his story being 
 left out of the paper. 
 
 The purveying of news is not confined to regular edi- 
 tions. It is the practice of all newspapers when they get 
 an important piece of news to break in on the regular run 
 of the press with what is known as a "replate." While the 
 presses continue to hum a change is made on page one and 
 such pages as may be necessary or desirable, the new news 
 is inserted in place of something of lesser importance, the 
 new plates of the remade pages are cast and then the presses 
 are shut down, the new plates put on and the presses begin 
 to whir again within a few minutes with some new tale of 
 import to the world inserted among the diverse items on the 
 
 printed pages. a^a^ara** 
 
 _ 5" _ 
 
 CJT 
 
 Dummy Page Showing Stories to Run 
 159 
 
Art and Photographic 
 Department 
 
 F~ "^HE art department of The Chicago Tribune con- 
 sists of a group of specialists, comprising political 
 JL cartoonists, "comic" artists, illustrators, fashion 
 artists, lettering experts, cartographers, photograph 
 retouchers and "layout" men. It is seldom that a specialist 
 in one of these lines is expert in another. This is true 
 largely because of the three reproductive processes which 
 succeeded each other in the history of news illustration. 
 
 The first of these, the wood cut, was brought to its 
 highest point of effectiveness during the Civil War, by the 
 first noted American cartoonist, Thomas Nast. This medi- 
 um, which involved the artist's carving his drawing directly 
 upon the block, was a tedious and difficult one and illus- 
 trated papers were few, but Nast's stirring cartoons 
 appeals for the preservation of the Union were of such 
 widespread popularity as to evoke the constant admiration 
 of Lincoln himself, and to create an increased demand for 
 graphic portrayal of events of the day. 
 
 Came the chalk plate, differing in consistency alone, 
 from the wood cut. This somewhat more facile repro- 
 ductive medium brought to the fore the daily newspaper 
 assignment artist. 
 
 In the 'eighties, the photo engraving process was in- 
 vented, liberating the artist from the mechanical labor of 
 etching his own plates, and in time enlarging the field of 
 journalistic art, to include what is now the cartographer, 
 the fashion artist and the "letter man." 
 
 Then with the improvement of the process, making 
 possible the reproduction of half tones (a development of 
 twenty-five years ago), the assignment artist was succeeded 
 by the staff photographer, whose work necessitated the 
 
 160 
 
HOLDS RECORDS FOR NUMBER OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 co-operation of the photo retoucher and the decorative 
 expert, known as the "layout" man. 
 
 The newspaper art department is in common with 
 the news room a training school. Some of the foremost 
 cartoonists, painters, and illustrators of the day received 
 their earliest and most valuable education in a news- 
 paper's art room, and many of these were trained in the 
 rudiments of their profession in the art department of 
 The Chicago Tribune. 
 
 This newspaper, unlike most of its metropolitan con- 
 temporaries, combines in one group, the illustrators who 
 illuminate its Sunday magazine and the men engaged in 
 the humbler though equally important task of handling 
 the photographs, maps, etc., which appear in its daily 
 news sheets. This affords an incalculable inspirational 
 advantage to the artist, and makes for a centralization of 
 control valuable to the paper itself, for by this means the 
 widely diversified talents of the department may be con- 
 centrated unreservedly toward any end prescribed by the 
 requirements of the paper as a whole. 
 
 The Chicago Tribune prints, daily and Sunday a greater 
 number of photographs than any other newspaper in the 
 United States. To accomplish this task, it employs the 
 largest newspaper art staff. Its Sunday magazine utilizes 
 the talents of three illustrators on the staff, and as many 
 more not directly connected with the paper. In addition 
 to these, its fashion experts in Paris and New York 
 engage the services of artists in both cities. Also, there are 
 two fashion artists employed on the staff. 
 
 The Tribune's photographic staff has a personnel of 
 fifteen. They cover an average of twenty-five assignments 
 a day, seven days a week. To prepare their photographs and 
 those from other sources for publication, the art department 
 maintains a staff of two retouchers and six "layout" men. 
 
 Since the Serajevo incident in 1914, the Tribune has 
 made a practice of printing a map each day illustrating, 
 
 161 
 
PHOTO ASSIGNMENTS CAREFULLY SCHEDULED 
 
 topographically, an outstanding feature of the daily news, 
 and one artist specializes in this work. 
 
 In all, The Tribune employs from 35 to 40 artists, 
 cartoonists and photographers, who turn out approxi- 
 mately one hundred drawings and five hundred photographs 
 each week. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT SHEET 
 
 PIC7UBE3 
 
 Ifcy 
 
 19 2 
 
 aEVORTER SLUG DISCKIPTtOM DtSKMITIOM Pica 
 
 3 
 
 Stagg 
 
 There is pio stunt frem 
 esterday at Stagg yield at 
 
 OZ 
 
 sii 
 
 
 
 I a today. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Bowling 
 
 At Bensingera ffabash bowU 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1J-V *t 2;30'for group fc 
 dividual pica of Birk 
 olaa woaen bowling team. 
 Aak for U*M Sohroeder wh 
 
 01 Ha: 
 
 i 
 
 Ian 
 
 
 
 will furnish info for foto 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 he is eapt or magr of thD 
 
 ;oaa 
 
 
 s 
 
 Arena 
 ( 
 
 This afyernoon at Michigan 
 ity for pio of new arena 
 
 
 
 
 
 whioh is bein* built for 
 the 160.000 purse lightwei; 
 
 ?! 
 
 k 
 
 
 < 
 
 hamp ions hip this summer, li 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 jfor ::r '"hite-ian overseer o 
 construction work t the ar 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 
 which is about 5 blocks 
 
 
 
 
 
 from Michigan Central "? 
 
 
 
 
 
 station. Take taxi froo th< 
 
 
 
 
 
 station to arena. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Rooster 
 
 l!rs K Jaaes at 4915 Ravens 
 
 wood 
 
 
 
 
 tvanue, fone .-.avanswood 66C 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 las roost 3r that parforas, 
 aounts kids bed routs hii 
 
 01 At. 
 
 ell 
 
 
 
 >ut in morn, dances doos 
 
 
 
 
 
 very thing. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Ganblars 
 
 Sheriffs men are to smash 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;ambling devices taken in 
 raid in Cicero so e tiua 
 
 (10) M 
 
 lien 
 
 
 1 
 
 .go. See Otto Qwenioh 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 nartel 
 
 Catherine -artel, deserte 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 17 husband, tries suicide. 
 
 
 
 
 
 s taken to ^assavant ttoapi 
 
 tal 
 
 
 
 
 i- lives at 669 II Dearborn 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Clyne 
 
 Investigation of Clynes 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 ffice starts. 
 
 (10) 
 
 
 H 
 
 Bribe 
 
 Francis J Tahoney in O'Don 
 
 loll 
 
 
 
 
 jury fixing case, i. to 
 
 
 
 
 
 appear before Judge Caverl 
 
 r * 
 
 ight 
 
 
 i 
 
 n contempt hearing this mo 
 
 n 
 
 
 I 
 
 Doris 
 
 Doria Hntchinson Prank I 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kat tens roth love affair i 
 
 i ( it) 
 
 
 
 
 court., She is suing Mm 
 
 
 
 
 
 & vows vengeance. 
 
 
 
 THIS is a fac-simile of an assignment sheet used in the sys- 
 tematic search for photographs to illustrate The Daily Tribune. 
 News assignments are similarly laid out in advance and 
 closely checked. 
 
 162 
 
Features 
 
 GIOUPED under the comprehensive title "Features," 
 are varied departments of service, instruction and 
 entertainment. Many of them are handled in what 
 is known as the "Sunday Room" under the "Sunday 
 Editor," although this has become somewhat of a misnomer. 
 
 There was a time when the difference in size between 
 the Daily and the Sunday paper was made up of more 
 advertising, lurid stories of crime and scandal sensation- 
 ally illustrated, long articles on travel, history, etc., pro- 
 duced largely with paste pot and shears. A few people 
 turned out a large volume of space-filling material, and 
 standards prevailed below those that would be permitted 
 in any other department of the paper. 
 
 Several years ago The Tribune decided that both 
 readers and advertisers were entitled to better treatment 
 in the Sunday paper. At about the same time The Trib- 
 une was inaugurating its policy of rendering service to 
 readers a policy which has been widely imitated and has 
 had an enormous influence upon American journalism. 
 These two developments have gone hand in hand. The 
 departments of service, instruction and entertainment take 
 the place formerly occupied by yellow trash in the Sunday 
 paper, but are carried, usually in smaller space, in the 
 week-day papers also. The Sunday Tribune contains in 
 expanded form practically every department of The 
 Daily Tribune. The only new features are the color and 
 rotogravure sections. 
 
 Several factors contribute to making The Sunday Trib- 
 une what it is. It has a larger circulation than The Daily 
 Tribune because it appears on a day when more people have 
 leisure for reading. It can contain a much larger volume 
 of news and features and advertising and still be thoroughly 
 read because people have more leisure for reading. It can 
 contain such attractions as color and rotogravure because 
 
 163 
 
"FEATURES" INCLUDE HUMOR-SERVICE-FICTION 
 
 it comes out only once a week. These presses must run so 
 much more slowly than the news presses that it takes a full 
 week to run off the color and rotogravure sections of The 
 
 Sunday Tribune. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Tribune's departments of service include: How to 
 Keep Well, The Friend of the People, Ihe Legal Friend of 
 the People, 1 he Friend of the Insured, The Friend of the 
 Soldier, The Investors Guide, Patterns by Clotilde, The 
 Tribune Cook Book, Beauty Answers, Farm and Garden, 
 Advice to the Lovelorn, Woods and Waters, Sally Joy 
 Brown's Helping Hand, The Home Harmonious, Automo- 
 bile Routes, Fashion's Blue Book, Embroidery Patterns. 
 
 These departments receive hundreds of thousands of 
 letters from Tribune readers every year. Each department 
 is conducted by the best expert obtainable with all the 
 secretarial assistance necessary to answer conscientiously 
 every letter received. The letters and answers of most 
 general interest are printed, usually accompanied by an 
 informative article. A chapter might easily be written on 
 each one of several of these departments. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Humor has become an essential in the modern American 
 newspaper, so the staff of The Tribune includes nine car- 
 toonists and two " column conductors. " The work of one 
 cartoonist is bought from an eastern syndicate. The "col- 
 umn conductor" is an exceedingly interesting development 
 of modern journalism, critic, poet, stimulating witty contri- 
 butions from a wide following. Bert Leston Taylor, who 
 inaugurated The Tribune's Line-o-Type, and Hugh E. 
 Keough, who inaugurated The Tribune's "Wake of the 
 News," were unquestionably deans of their peculiar pro- 
 fession. The "Line-o-Type" is more than a Tribune de- 
 partment. It is a Chicago institution. "The Wake of the 
 News " is a powerful and unique influence for high standards, 
 sanity, and sportsmanship in athletics. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Fiction has long been used by newspapers, but until 
 
 164 
 
WOMEN WRITERS FOR WOMEN READERS 
 
 The Tribune began buying and printing its Blue Ribbon 
 Fiction, it fell in one of two categories: (i) Cheap, second- 
 rate fiction, not salable to the better magazines or book 
 publishers, or (2) reprints of fiction previously published 
 in magazines or in book form. 
 
 The Tribune's Blue Ribbon Fiction consists of short 
 stories and serials by authors of the highest reputation, pur- 
 chased by The Tribune in competition with the leading 
 periodicals. Edward J. O'Brien, who compiles an annual 
 analysis of American short stories, ranked The Tribune, 
 during 1921, ahead of several leading magazines in the 
 proportion of short stories published having literary excel- 
 lence. Two novels are always in course of publication in 
 The Tribune, in serial form, one in the daily paper and the 
 other in the Sunday paper. Blue Ribbon Short Stories 
 appear only in the The Sunday Tribune. 
 
 In developing feature departments for women great 
 care has been taken to make them strictly authentic and 
 reliable. Practically all the staff employed in such depart- 
 ments are women. The results have been of very great 
 importance from the standpoint of circulation and of adver- 
 tising. The Tribune, both daily and Sunday, is read closely 
 by women, and consequently carries a large volume of 
 advertising directed to women. This, in turn, tends to win 
 more women readers so that an extraordinary balance has 
 been achieved, and The Tribune is able to "pay out" on 
 advertising directed either to men or to women. 
 
 Tribune "Sunday" Room 
 165 
 
THE map above indicates the more important of the points 
 from which news is gathered and sent, by cable or wireless^ 
 to The Chicago Tribune. 
 
 HUNDREDS of newspapers in other cities buy Chicago Tribune 
 features. You can read " The Gumps'" in San Francisco as 
 well as in New York. The map above indicates the extent to 
 which news, features, cartoons, pictures, etc., are distributed. 
 166 
 
Selling News, Features 
 and Pictures 
 
 OTHER newspapers pay hundreds of thousands of 
 dollars each year to The Chicago Tribune for the 
 right to reproduce material orginated by The 
 Tribune staff. The sale of this material is handled by The 
 Chicago Tribune Newspapers Syndicate and by The Pacific 
 and Atlantic Photos Service with offices in New York and 
 Chicago. The Syndicate sells news and features; the 
 Photos Service sells pictures. 
 
 Twenty-seven American newspapers maintain more than 
 twelve thousand miles of leased wire leading from their 
 plants to that of The Tribune. These papers are buying 
 Tribune news reports although they already have the 
 services of general news bureaus such as the Associated 
 Press, United Press, etc. 
 
 Many other newspapers, which do not receive a full 
 report over leased wire each night, buy Tribune news 
 regularly, receiving it over commercial wires and paying 
 space rates and telegraph tolls for it. 
 
 Tribune news has been sold, not only to papers in the 
 United States, but also to papers in Cuba, Peru, Argentina, 
 France, Greece, and Germany. Hundreds of European 
 papers clip stories regularly from the European Edition of 
 The Chicago Tribune. It is not uncommon for European 
 papers to learn of events in their own capitals from the 
 reports of The Chicago Tribune correspondents there. 
 
 More than two hundred American papers buy Chicago 
 Tribune cartoons, and other features. These are sent to 
 them by mail in matrix form sufficiently in advance to 
 permit publication simultaneously with The Tribune. 
 
 Photographs are sold both in the form of prints and 
 matrices. They are secured by the photographic staffs of 
 The Tribune and the Daily News, New York's Picture 
 Newspaper, and also by The Tribune's large foreign news 
 service. 
 
 167 
 
Morgue and Library 
 
 r iHE reference room, commonly known as the 
 
 "morgue," while one of the most important adjuncts 
 JL of the newspaper, is one of the departments least 
 known to the public. But it is the "morgue" that enables 
 a paper to print a photograph and biography of an impor- 
 tant man the news of whose death is received just before 
 the paper goes to press. 
 
 The Tribune's morgue is a storehouse of information. It 
 contains biographies, information and photographs of prac- 
 tically every person of note in the world. It has photographs 
 and matter on all big cities and besides contains clippings on 
 a host of topics of general interest. 
 
 Every time a person is photographed by a Tribune 
 camera man the plate is filed against the time when the 
 subject may run away with an heir or heiress or become 
 involved in a story of general interest. Likewise any time 
 anyone's name appears in a Chicago newspaper it is filed 
 ready to be referred to at a moment's notice. Zinc engrav- 
 ings also are filed and indexed for use when the time is too 
 short to make new ones. 
 
 The Tribune's morgue contains about 1,500,000 clip- 
 pings, 300,000 photographs and 30,000 engravings. While 
 most of the morgue's material dates back only twenty-two 
 years, certain clippings have reached a ripe old age for 
 instance the stories describing the activities of the Jesse 
 James bandits are still in their envelope. 
 
 Besides serving Tribune people the morgue is an ency- 
 clopedia for many thousand Chicagoans who settle their 
 arguments or prepare their theses on material obtained 
 from the reference room. From fifty to a hundred telephone 
 calls from persons seeking enlightenment on some point or 
 other are answered every day. Many inquiries by mail 
 are also turned over to the morgue, and the people in charge 
 seldom fail to supply the desired information. 
 
 168 
 
EVERYBODY ASKS TRIBUNE ABOUT EVERYTHING 
 
 Buried away in their envelopes in the steel riling cases 
 in the reference room are stories of pathos, greed, heroism, 
 tragedy, and so on, ready to add to the lustre of a name or 
 to expose the unworthy. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Tribune has a well equipped library of about 3,500 
 volumes, especially chosen for the use of critics, editorial, 
 and other special writers. The subjects range from statis- 
 tics to travel, with the greater part being on social science, 
 political economy and kindred subjects. 
 
 Government documents of all kinds are ready for instant 
 reference and statistical works are numerous. There are 
 numerous works on naval and military science. Editorials 
 demand accuracy and authority and there are few subjects 
 on which Tribune writers cannot get some light in their 
 own library. There are a half dozen encyclopedias, numer- 
 ous English dictionaries, foreign language dictionaries, 
 guides to various countries and histories. In the library, 
 as well as in the reference room, are found articles from 
 leading papers and magazines on general topics such as 
 the tariff, housing, state police, waterways and subjects 
 which the reader finds on the editorial page. 
 
 The files of The Tribune are stored in a separate room 
 adjoining the book shelves and these volumes are almost 
 priceless as works of Chicago history. 
 
 As in the morgue thousands of miscellaneous inquiries 
 from readers are answered by the librarian. 
 
 169 
 
Editorials 
 
 EVERY morning, after allowing time to assimilate the 
 news of the day an editorial conference is held in 
 The Tribune office. It is attended by the editorial 
 writers, the chief cartoonist, and either or both of the editors 
 and publishers. This conference is to discuss and deter- 
 mine on subjects to be treated in the next issue of the 
 paper. 
 
 The general lines of Tribune editorial policy have been 
 reduced to a specific program and printed repeatedly on 
 The Tribune editorial page. Conspicuous in the "mast- 
 head," or routine matter at the upper left hand corner of 
 the editorial page this sentence always appears: 
 
 Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign nations 
 may she always be in the right; but our country, right or 
 wrong. Stephen Decatur. 
 
 The Tribune program, enumerating the most important 
 things for which the paper stands, is divided into two parts; 
 for Chicago, and for the Central West. They are as follows : 
 
 The Tribune's Platform for Chicago 
 
 I Build the Subway Now. 
 2 Abolish "Pittsburgh Plus" 
 3 Stop Reckless Driving. 
 
 The Tribune's Program for Middle West Development 
 
 I A Square Deal in Congress for the Middle West. 
 
 2 Open the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. 
 
 5 Finish the Lakes-to-t he-Gulf Waterway without Delay. 
 
 4 Develop a Practical Highway System. 
 
 5 Re grow our Vanished Forests. 
 
 Other problems, of course, are met as they arise; but 
 the above policies are kept constantly in mind, and public 
 opinion on them formed and crystalized by consistent 
 editorial hammering, year in and year out. 
 
 170 
 
EDITORIAL POLICY FEARLESS AND CREATIVE 
 
 In 1921 Greenville Talbot of Atlanta, Georgia, wrote 
 to editors of twelve American newspapers asking each for a 
 list of the twelve American newspapers which, in his opin- 
 ion, had the best editorial pages. According to the results, 
 as printed in Editor & Publisher, The Chicago Tribune tied 
 for first with The New York Times and The Springfield 
 Republican, each being named nine times out of a possible 
 twelve. No other Chicago paper was named more than 
 
 once. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Chicago Tribune won national fame more than 60 
 years ago by its vigorous championship of the Union, by 
 sponsoring the new-born Republican Party, by proposing 
 Abraham Lincoln for President and by attacking slavery. 
 
 The Tribune has always been noted for the strength 
 of its editorial convictions, and for fearlessness and 
 ability in expressing them. Tribune editorials have been a 
 powerful influence in forcing through important reforms 
 and constructive improvements. 
 
 Among the great movements fostered by Chicago Tri- 
 bune editorials are the following: 
 
 Fireproof Chicago (Joseph Medill was elected Mayor 
 of Chicago on this platform) The Drainage Canal The 
 World's Fair Lincoln Park and the Boulevard System 
 The Sane Fourth Small Parks Track Elevation Electri- 
 fication of Railroads Boulevard Link Good Roads 
 Municipal Pier Forest Preserve New Union Station 
 
 National Civil Service. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Tribune is amazingly free about printing criticisms 
 of itself. When political speakers denounce The Tribune 
 their remarks are printed verbatim. Letters differing 
 violently with Tribune editorial policy are found every 
 week in the Voice of the People column on the editorial 
 page. Bert Leston Taylor in his Line-o-Type differed 
 frequently and freely from opinions officially expressed as 
 The Tribune's in the adjoining editorial columns. When 
 
 171 
 
TRIBUNE PRINTS CHARGES OF ITS CRITICS 
 
 Oswald Garrison Villard printed an extensive attack in 
 The Nation on the thesis that The Tribune's editorial policy 
 makes it "the world's worst newspaper," The Tribune 
 immediately reprinted it in full. 
 
 Those antagonistic to Tribune policies are regularly 
 and freely given space in "The Voice of the People" a 
 department which occupies a column on the editorial page. 
 
 In short, The Chicago Tribune has a definite editorial 
 policy, fights for it aggressively, but presents opposing 
 opinions to its readers in confidence that truth, right and 
 justice will prevail. 
 
 gvasr.-aaMUB s^^^^jj^Z ^.^ggOK 
 
 
 
 ntIEMD OF THE PEOPLE H^^M^ ^p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W^^r^^ 1 ^^ 
 
 
 
 172 
 
UIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUIUIL 
 
 STORIES written and edited in the Local Room (above] are 
 swiftly set in type by the linotype operators on the floor below. 
 This photo shows only a part of The Tribune's battery of lin- 
 otype machines. 
 
 173 
 
LJI^U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUIUIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U^'U'U'U'U'I- 
 
 WHEN a Tribune photographer arrives at the scene of action 
 and finds crowds obstructing his view, he no longer is compelled 
 to climb a tree or a light post. With the tower car pictured 
 above he is sure of a good chance for pictures. The chauffeur 
 operates the disappearing tower by pushing a button. After 
 the pictures are taken, the button is pushed again and the 
 tower disappears and the car once more looks like an innocent 
 pie wagon. The body of the car was built in The Tribune 
 wagon shop. The picture was taken at a Tribune skating 
 tournament in Garfield Park. 
 
 1/4 
 
JjUjlU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'LJ'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'L.I 
 
 READING room connected with Tribune offices in Rome. These 
 offices are on the main floor of the Excelsior Hotel on the Pincian 
 
 mi. 
 
 CHICAGO TRIBUNE office at i Unter den Linden^ Berlin. 
 
 175 
 
IJIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUILI 
 
 WANT AD post office -, where more than three million letters from Tribune 
 readers are received each year and distributed to users of Tribune Want Ads. 
 
 AT left, section of the main 
 counter in The Tribune's big 
 Want Ad Store at Madison 
 and Dearborn Streets. 
 
 SERVICE BUREAU for femi 
 nine users of Want Ads. 
 
 176 
 
Advertising Division 
 
 A^Y newspaper with the large circulation of The Chi- 
 cago Tribune could have a large volume of advertis- 
 ing with practically no effort. Furthermore, this 
 advertising would sell itself at such rates as to be profitable 
 both to the advertiser and to the newspaper. Therefore, it 
 should be interesting to consider why The Chicago Tribune 
 maintains the largest advertising sales force of any news- 
 paper in the world and spends enormous sums advertising 
 for advertising. 
 
 There is little to be said of the advertising history 
 of The Tribune during its first sixty years of life. The 
 volume and character of its circulation necessarily won 
 it recognition as an unusually good advertising medium, but 
 that was all. During the past fifteen years, however, the 
 advertising department of The Tribune has excelled quite 
 as distinctively as has the news division. 
 
 Tribune advertising men do not look upon the commo- 
 dity they sell as a mere by-product, but as a utility of vast 
 public service, a powerful influence in elevating standards 
 of living, and a vitally important factor in reducing the 
 cost of distributing merchandise. Because they have ap- 
 proached their problems from this angle, and with a deter- 
 mination to make The Chicago Tribune worthy of the title 
 "world's greatest advertising medium," the advertising 
 branches are entitled to considerable space in this book. 
 They will be considered under three heads: Want Adver- 
 tising, Local Advertising, National Advertising. 
 
 177 
 
DIVISION of Advertising among Chicago Newspapers, 1921 
 
 DIVISION of Tribune Advertising Space, 
 
 DIVISION of Tribune Display Advertising, 1921 
 178 
 
Want Advertising 
 
 'ANT advertising is the oldest and simplest 
 form of advertising. It is the only form of 
 advertising written and placed and checked 
 by the masses. It is a public utility similar 
 to the telephone. Like the telephone, it 
 must approximate universal use to be of 
 maximum value. A telephone system that reached only 
 a few families, or that was open only on certain days would 
 be of slight value. Each telephone subscriber is interested 
 in having as many other subscribers as possible and in 
 having continuous service. Similarly, each want advertiser 
 profits from all the other want advertisers whose offerings 
 surround his and compete with it, because it is the con- 
 veniently classified grouping of many offerings which 
 attracts reader-buyers. 
 
 Want ads constitute a unique addition to the markets 
 of the world. Probably no other means ever brought buyer 
 and seller together so efficiently. The cost of selling and 
 distributing merchandise through the usual channels of 
 trade ranges from 25% to 50%, yet $10. worth of want 
 advertising may sell a $500 piano or a $2,000 automobile, 
 or a $20,000 home. No phase of the modern newspaper is 
 more essentially romantic, more amazing, than the service 
 of the want ad. A few lines of agate type buried among 
 thousands of other lines of agate type, bring together em- 
 ployer and employe, or landlord and tenant, or buyer 
 and seller, drawing each to the other out of the chaotic 
 millions of the metropolis. 
 
 To make the want ad columns most servicable to the 
 greatest possible number of people, classifications must be 
 rigidly adhered to, it must be easy to find any and every 
 ad, and the small ad must not be overshadowed by large 
 ones. Therefore, The Tribune maintains the most elabo- 
 rate and minute system for censoring and classifying the 
 
 179 
 
WANT AD SALESMEN COVER ENTIRE CITY 
 
 hundreds of thousands of want ads which it prints each 
 year. Therefore, no amount of money can buy bold face 
 type or ads more than one column wide in the want ad 
 section. 
 
 The Tribune sells want advertising to the public through 
 seven channels, using in the process an organization of 
 more than 200 employes by far the largest organization 
 of its kind in existence. These seven channels are: 
 
 Want Ad Store in Tribune Building. 
 
 Drug Store Agencies throughout Chicago. 
 
 "Cash" Solicitors throughout Chicago. 
 
 "Contract" Solicitors throughout Chicago. 
 
 Staff of girls using telephones. 
 
 Correspondence department. 
 
 Display advertising in Chicago Tribune. 
 
 The Want Ad Store at Madison and Dearborn streets 
 includes a big post office for handling replies to "box num- 
 ber" ads and a special department for women advertisers 
 in addition to the equipment for receiving want ads. The 
 special women's section with comfortable desks and with 
 want ad saleswomen in attendance, was inaugurated several 
 years ago and has always been generously patronized. A 
 refrigerating system keeps this model Want Ad Store sup- 
 plied with cooled, washed dried air in summer. The use of 
 druggists as agents for the receipt of want ads is declining 
 with the increasing use of the telephone. 
 
 Each section of Chicago is covered by two salesmen of 
 Tribune want ads. One man handles the transient or 
 spasmodic advertiser and attempts to secure cash advance 
 payment for every order he takes. This is desirable to 
 avoid the detail involved in billing and collecting so many 
 small accounts. The other man specializes in securing and 
 handling the business of want advertisers who contract to 
 use at least three lines of want advertising every day for 
 a year. As an inducement they are given a discount in rate. 
 The chief users of want ad contracts are real estate dealers, 
 automobile dealers who must dispose of the used cars they 
 
 180 
 
WANT ADS SOLD OVER THE PHONE 
 
 have taken in trade, hotels offering rooms to transients, 
 large storage warehouses which always have furniture for 
 sale, and big corporations which are steady users of the 
 "Help Wanted" columns. 
 
 Reception and solicitation of want ads by telephone is 
 largely a development of The Chicago Tribune. A staff 
 of fifty or more intelligent, carefully trained girls are em- 
 ployed in this work. Anyone who subscribes to telephone 
 
 Tribune Prints More Want Advertising 
 Than All Other Chicago Papers Combined 
 
 Leads in Want Ads of Every Type-Employment, Real Estate, Automobiles, Business 
 
 The tabulation and charts below tell an extraordinary 
 story of the domination of a great market by a-great 
 
 newspaper. Yi ant advertising constitute* a perpetual 
 
 of the people of a community on the ad. 
 vertising value of their newspapers. 
 
 Want Advertislnft 
 Dally Only 
 
 The Tribune reaches the people who spend and invert 
 
 ID real estate, automobiles, household goods, bosuns chances. 
 
 and in many other classifications of want ads. The Tribune printed 
 
 want advertisers make up more 
 rti*a, and that want advertis 
 
 advertisers ar, very do* ob- 
 of results. Only that newspaper~which is found to brine 
 
 servers o resus. ny ta newspaper~wc 
 the best returns receives the bulk o/tfo puBlic' 
 
 ..ItOJfff IJOSJtlS ItMl tltjtt 
 
 "afoi 'a'jm 
 
 The Tribune's dominance in every main classification 
 of want ada shows that the Chicago public prefers to 
 use Tribune advertising as a means of fulfilling all 
 its wants. It is also noteworthy that The Tribune's 
 average want ad rate per line is higher than that of 
 any other Chicago newspaper. The public prefers 
 to pay more only when it knows it gets more for ita 
 
 it. compebtors combined. It is the 
 
 the workii 
 
 MsTsssssI 
 
 "THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE DOMINATES THE CHICAGO TERRITORY 
 
 A PAGE from The Book of Facts 
 181 
 
TRIBUNE ADVERTISES ITS WANT ADS 
 
 service in Chicago or surburbs may place want advertising 
 with The Tribune by phone and have it charged to him. 
 The extent to which the public has been induced to avail 
 itself of this privilege and the volume of business handled 
 by the telephone ad-takers is indicated by the fact that there 
 are always on The Tribune's books from 40,000 to 70,000 
 of these small want ad accounts. 
 
 The correspondence department handles the consider- 
 able volume of want ads received by mail from all over the 
 world. There are advertising agencies engaged almost ex- 
 clusively in the business of placing want advertising. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Of prime importance in promoting the use of Tribune 
 want ads is the use of Tribune display advertising. This 
 is used in three ways : 
 
 -to induce people to read the want ads 
 
 -to induce people to place want ads in The Tribune 
 
 -to educate users in the efficient use of want ads 
 
 ^Notwithstanding their obvious utility, the want ad 
 columns must be continually "sold" to the public. Num- 
 erous classifications must be built up and interest in them 
 sustained. Multitudes must be constantly reminded of the 
 advantages they may derive from placing want ads or from 
 scrutinizing the want ad columns. Upwards of $50,000 a 
 year is spent by The Tribune for this promotional pub- 
 licity. 
 
 The education of want ad users to a more efficient use 
 of space is the latest phase of this work. The occasional 
 use of want ads is as common to hundreds of thousands of 
 people as the daily use of the telephone or the street car. 
 Sometimes this casual attitude results in a want adver- 
 tiser's taking too much for granted and his expenditure 
 goes awry. 
 
 The Tribune Want Ad Section is great in that it brings 
 millions of people to a common basis of communication 
 possible by no other means at such insignificant expense. 
 Beyond making it easy to insert a want ad, classifying it 
 
 182 
 
"THE MORE You TELL THE QUICKER You SELL" 
 
 for the reader's convenience, and carrying it into several 
 hundred thousand homes, offices, and factories The Tribune 
 cannot go. Offers vary as the individual; differences in 
 requirements are manifold; the Want Ad Section is a most 
 illogical place for the bromide, but this the want adver- 
 tiser sometimes forgets. His confident sangfroid is tribute 
 to The Tribune's power to produce, but it hurts a most 
 important factor in determining the success of his want ad 
 the wording. Tribune representatives help, whenever pos- 
 sible, with the phrasing of a want ad, but by far the greater 
 number are written by the advertiser unassisted. 
 
 In every issue there are want ads that disappoint the 
 advertiser the end sought for is not attained, even though 
 the offer behind the want ad, the market, and the price 
 asked seem to justify a quick transaction. 
 
 It is not to be supposed from this, however, that 
 Tribune want ads, in the aggregate, do not produce. Over 
 three million replies are distributed annually at The Tribune 
 Want Ad Post Office in response to "box number" want 
 ads alone. Tribune Help Wanted columns overshadow all 
 employment agencies combined. In Automobiles, Real Es- 
 tate, Business Chances millions of dollars change hands 
 after an issue of The Sunday Tribune Want Ad Section. 
 The percentage of want ads which have not contributed to 
 this response is slight, but the Tribune decided to reduce 
 it still further. 
 
 Therefore, at the beginning of the 1922 season, The 
 Tribune inaugurated a campaign, epitomized in the maxim, 
 "The more you tell, the quicker you sell." Large display ads 
 were run, advising greater care in the phrasing of a want 
 ad. Printed outlines containing fundamental features to 
 be remembered in using the various classifications, were 
 posted in the Want Ad Store to help the advertiser as he 
 was preparing his want ad. Monthly bulletins were mailed 
 to advertisers urging the application of the new idea. 
 
 The response to this was tremendous. Examples by the 
 hundreds soon proved that there had been a real need for 
 
 183 
 
POST OFFICE FOR REPLIES TO \WANT ADS 
 
 this corrective measure. These examples were used in ad- 
 vertisements to illustrate the principle to other advertisers. 
 Upon reflection it will be seen that only a really great 
 newspaper one without peer could foster such a plan 
 could devote effort and expense to helping its Want Ad- 
 vertisers secure better results from their advertising effort 
 that could as easily be devoted to the exploitation of its 
 
 own columns as against those of other newspapers. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Less than one-fourth of Uncle Sam's post-offices distrib- 
 ute as much mail as does the want ad post-office of The 
 Tribune. Only 10% of Trbune advertising is signed with 
 a " box number, " and this is necessarily the least productive 
 advertising because people prefer to know with whom they 
 are dealing. Nevertheless, during the year 1921, The 
 Tribune received and distributed 3,852,016 replies to "box 
 number" ads. 
 
 The box number quoted in any want ad is a combination 
 of a number with a letter or with letters of the alphabet. 
 The numbers used run from i to 600, corresponding to the 
 600 separate pigeon holes or "boxes" in the Want Ad Post- 
 office mail racks. The figures are preceded by one letter or 
 by two letters. I, Q, U, V, W and Z are not used because 
 experience has shown that they are most liable to be misread 
 by those replying to the ads. R is also excepted. Want ad 
 replies addressed to R. 512 Tribune might be interpreted 
 to mean Room 512 of the Tribune Building. 
 
 All other letters are used, both singly and in combination. 
 For example, there is Ai, A2, 3, 4, etc., to A6oo, there is Bi, 
 62, likewise. There is ABi, 2, 3, etc., there is AC in same 
 manner, there is BA, BB, BC, etc., in all numbers. The 
 number of possible combinations of letters and figures 
 enables the Purchasing Department to place in stock at one 
 time a supply of printed box number tickets sufficient to 
 last a year. Every order for a box number want ad is 
 assigned a separate box number, and this number, once used, 
 will not recur in Tribune want ad columns until a year later. 
 Hence there is no chance of confusion through duplicates. 
 
 184 
 
JIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'LJ'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUIUILI 
 
 THE Adtakers in the Telephone Room receive thousands of 
 Want Ads in a day. Any telephone subscriber is entitled to 
 insert Want Ads on credit if he has no past bill overdue. 
 
 To determine whether the advertiser s record is good^ each one 
 is checked against these files in the Auditing Division. On 
 each set of revolving leaves all delinquent advertisers are listed 
 on cards in alphabetical order. 
 
LJIU^U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UHJIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'L. 1 
 
 BOARD in Want Ad Solicitors Assembly Room, on which daily 
 and cumulative comparative records of salesmen are kept. 
 
 A CORNER of bureau maintained by the Advertising Division 
 to give free information to the public concerning schools ', and 
 travel. 
 
SYSTEM FACILITATES MAIL DISTRIBUTION 
 
 The actual box number tickets are perforated forms with 
 one gummed edge. The box number appears on both sides 
 of the perforation. When a box number want ad order is 
 received the gummed edge portion is detached along the 
 perforation and stuck to the "copy." From it the compos- 
 ing room sets the type for the box number address immedi- 
 ately after the main body of the ad. The other portion of 
 the ticket tells in addition to the box number that the bearer 
 is entitled to want ad replies for that address for five days 
 from date. This is given the advertiser for his use in claim- 
 ing replies. When box number want ads are taken by phone 
 the advertiser's call ticket is mailed. 
 
 Notwithstanding the tremendous volume of mail handled 
 by The World's Greatest Want Ad Postoffice, a relatively 
 small amount of floor space suffices for the work. The 
 efficient handling of want ad mail has been brought about 
 only by most careful study and planning. 
 
 Behind the mail counter are six mail racks, end to end, 
 each divided into 100 numbered pigeon holes or "boxes" as 
 they are called. The mail is sorted into these boxes and 
 remains there until the want advertiser calls for it, or until 
 it is mailed to him, if he is an " out-of-towner. " These 
 racks face the counter and above each rack is an electrically 
 lighted marker reading i-ioo, 101-200, etc. The advertiser 
 calling for mail notes the number on his box number ticket 
 and naturally applies at that part of the mail counter near- 
 est the mail rack containing his box. Each box contains all 
 answers to that particular number, irrespective of what 
 letters of the alphabet precede the number. For example, 
 box number 546 may contain answers to 6546, KF546 and 
 YPS46. It is unusual that more than eight separate "box 
 numbers" occupy the same box at one time and it takes but 
 a few seconds for a mail clerk to run through all replies in a 
 box and select the answers belonging to any letter or letters 
 of the alphabet. 
 
 Whenever the replies to a particular box number exceed 
 twenty, all replies excepting one are bound together and 
 
 187 
 
WANT ADS OUTNUMBER CHICAGO FAMILIES 
 
 placed on a special overhead shelf. The reply not bound is 
 stamped "Pack," and left in the box. The mail clerk in 
 securing mail for this box number observes the "pack 
 stamp" on the single reply and secures the proper pack of 
 answers from the special shelf. This procedure is of con- 
 siderable value as a time saver. It is not at all unusual for a 
 want advertiser to receive forty or fifty replies to a single 
 want ad. If forty or fifty letters to PL 439 had to be run 
 through whenever anyone called for G 439 or CL 439 a lot 
 of time would be required and opportunity for error afforded. 
 
 Special attention has been paid to the personnel of The 
 Tribune Want Ad Post-office, to insure that only the most 
 expert service is given. Eight mail men have had previous 
 experience in governmental postal work before coming to 
 The Tribune. For the total personnel of twelve men, there 
 is an average of eleven years each as the period spent in 
 postal work, either for the United States or for The Tribune. 
 
 The majority of replies to box number want ads come 
 by U. S. mail, but large numbers are dropped in the Receiv- 
 ing Box at The Tribune Postoffice. A careful watch is kept 
 over all answers. For example, The Tribune's rules pro- 
 hibit circularizing. The trained eyes of mail specialists spot 
 cases where general solicitations are being made to want 
 advertisers. 
 
 The tremendous investment value behind The Tribune 
 want ad market is indicated by the fact that upwards of 
 forty million dollars worth of property is offered for sale or 
 exchange in Chicago Tribune want ads each week. About 
 one hundred different makes of automobiles are offered on 
 an average Sunday. The Tribune prints annually more 
 than twice as many want ads as there are families in Chicago. 
 
 188 
 
Classified Display 
 
 GROUPED under the supervision of the Want Ad 
 Manager are a number of advertising divisions 
 intermediate between display and classified. They 
 include: Amusements, Motion Picture Directory, Schools, 
 Hotel and Travel advertising. In these divisions display 
 type and illustrations are permitted, but all the ads, usually 
 small, are grouped under one heading. 
 
 The Tribune, in 1914, originated the idea of publishing 
 a directory of the daily offerings of the motion picture 
 theaters of the city. Advertising experts insisted that the 
 outlying theaters could not possibly afford to pay Tribune 
 rates because of the' " waste circulation". Experience has 
 demonstrated that this type of advertising is profitable and 
 economical to the theater owner that it is the 5,000 fami- 
 lies in the immediate vicinity of the theater who read The 
 Tribune that count, together with the grouping of theaters 
 in all sections to form a universally recognized amusement 
 market place. 
 
 Extensive public service is rendered by the advertising 
 department in connection with the Resorts and Schools 
 divisions. Catalogs and detailed information concerning 
 hundreds of schools and colleges are kept on file by a School 
 Bureau, which serves parents and prospective pupils without 
 charge. Similarly, the Resort Bureau is equipped to furnish 
 a vast amount of specific data to travelers. 
 
 189 
 
Display Advertising 
 
 DISPLAY Advertising serves far more people than 
 Want Advertising, and does more for them, but it 
 is not so obviously a public utility because it is 
 bought by a comparatively small number of advertisers. 
 Because of the enormous number of purchasers with whom 
 they are able to communicate each morning, the great 
 stores of Chicago's loop are able to gather and offer stocks 
 of merchandise which make the treasures of the Arabian 
 Nights insignificant by comparison. Because of the econo- 
 mies in distribution which newspaper advertising makes 
 possible, the citizen has the benefit of low prices as well as 
 wide variety and high quality in his purchases. 
 
 Display advertising is divided into that of stores, banks, 
 real estate concerns, etc., all known as Local advertising, 
 and that of products generally distributed and sold through 
 many retail outlets, known as National advertising. National 
 advertising is usually written and placed by advertising 
 agencies which receive a commission of 15% from the pub- 
 lications in which it is placed. Local advertising is usually 
 received direct from the advertiser, and no commission is 
 allowed to agents. Since Local advertising is not subject 
 to agency discount, since the Local advertiser cannot receive 
 his returns through a multiplicity of outlets, and since he is 
 usually a substantial advertiser year after year, there is a 
 differential between the rates charged to Local and to 
 National advertisers. 
 
 190 
 
Local Advertising 
 
 LL newspapers find Local advertising their 
 largest source of revenue, and Department 
 Store advertising the largest subdivision 
 of Local. Unfortunately, Department 
 Store advertising is often a large source 
 of revenue but a small source of profit, 
 because newspapers have been forced to 
 grant special discounts and rebates until they were actually 
 selling huge blocks of their space at a loss. 
 
 The Tribune long ago adopted a policy of selling its 
 space on a basis of cost of production. The specialty shop 
 using a few inches of space a week pays identically the same 
 rate as the department store using several pages a week. 
 Instead of seeking business by offering space at less than the 
 cost of production (a single page ad in The Sunday Tribune 
 involves the printing and distribution of several tons of 
 paper) it has sought to make the space unquestionably 
 worth the rates charged. 
 
 This has been done by the consistent, liberal use of its 
 own space to educate Tribune readers to the value to them 
 of the advertising columns, and by the strict censorship of 
 those columns. This policy of advertising advertising was 
 begun in a large way in 1911 with splendid results. The 
 Tribune is confident that to a unique degree the advertising 
 which it carries is read with intelligent interest and with 
 confidence by able-to-buy people. 
 
 In another way The Tribune seeks to make the Local 
 Display advertising which it carries profitable to those who 
 buy it. Since no agency commission is allowed on this line- 
 age the smaller store often attempts to prepare its copy with 
 inadequate facilities. For this type of advertiser The 
 Tribune maintains a Copy Department with several com- 
 mercial artists and expert copy-writers. No charge is made 
 for the services of this department unless the art work pro- 
 
 191 
 
COPY AND ART FOR LOCAL ADVERTISERS 
 
 duced for Tribune ads is used in other mediums, when it is 
 billed at the usual commercial rates. 
 
 The copy and art of this department occupy more than 
 six thousand columns of Tribune space per year, assist many 
 small advertisers to use the comparatively high priced 
 Tribune space profitably, and aid materially in raising the 
 standard of advertising in the paper. 
 
 , NOVEMBER 4, 1864. 
 
 NUMBH 
 
 
 BDKK KA3M. 
 
 SK*SvS&w 
 
 * >' : 1 *?^ r ,'7 
 
 ?irri',2riE?S;to. M 
 
 :r~ ra"SittSjicE:s 
 ^jsSliSSHjKiSria: 
 
 fL ^^^iiS 
 
 i. lWhtn<,|iWU>M- 
 
 * r.?i3 trs 5s; .iir3rn,3 
 
 ItLTi .TTi a., !1^2< ., ulis . iTui 
 
 " i' *u< - ! I V ni mi mii-r rigi MM U 
 
 ISvaMSJCfn-tt.!: sx?sa 
 
 ^fiftSJ* S'1'.'mw UM itoaWrc CMtn- 
 
 siSis^^ 
 
 NEW MUSIC STORE 
 
 LYOlf & DEJULY, 
 
 KuU rtblbbcs. ZapMUn ud UU- 
 
 Kie, Xcitoai VoziM 
 
 akMiir mir 
 
 WB.CX.CBALD 9BPOT 
 
 OLlVM mo* * oft, 
 
 iDTrrrt wirrrrra M 
 TU KU Mtroi mo*. 
 
 Kpttwl WotH 
 
 sm: 
 
 CN t *tcm 
 
 mnti anil 
 
 t TARR 
 
 Pe<rolea>t 
 
 0&. 
 Capite!, $3,000 
 
 Ml,MMut*. fir fata* 
 
 'VA.^r^'tn&y^m-' nu-.i 
 tJSr.TTA "u.iTs ^~. . jsz: 
 
 ESaSfej^KlH 
 
 REPRODUCTION q/" Z/yow ^s? Healy* s first advertisement in The 
 Tribune^ inserted November 4^ 1864^ by Patrick J. Healy 
 
 192 
 
National Advertising 
 
 'OW profitably to use advertising to pro- 
 mote the sale of products distributed 
 through numerous retail outlets raises 
 problems more difficult than those involved 
 in Want or Local Display advertising. 
 The response to the advertising filters 
 back to the advertiser from thousands of 
 retailers through scores or hundreds of jobbers and brokers. 
 Widely different conditions produced widely different results 
 in various districts. 
 
 For many years National advertising was almost synony- 
 mous with Magazine advertising, for periodicals had con- 
 centrated their entire efforts on developing this form of 
 publicity. Newspapers, on the other hand, paid slight 
 attention to National advertising because it was so much 
 less in volume than either Local or Want advertising, be- 
 cause they had to pay an agency commission on it, and 
 because they had to pay an additional commission to a 
 "special representative" in New York or Chicago for solicit- 
 ing the agency for the business. Each " special" usually 
 represented a list of newspapers whereas the salesman of 
 magazine space concentrated his efforts on one medium. 
 
 Study of the situation convinced The Chicago Tribune 
 that the newspaper and particularly the metropolitan 
 newspaper of sectional distribution, is the best medium 
 existent for National advertising. Acting on this convic- 
 tion, The Tribune has led a movement which is revolution- 
 izing the policies of agents and advertisers with respect to 
 National advertising. And The Tribune has built up for 
 soliciting and handling this type of business, an organization 
 which is unique in the world of advertising and publishing. 
 National advertising was once conducted on the theory 
 of forcing the dealer to stock the product advertised by 
 creating an overwhelming demand for it among his custom- 
 
 193 
 
The Chicago Territory 
 
 Zone 7 A Market Worth Fighting For 
 
 Fhese graphs picture the relative standing of American markets. Taken as a whole they demonstrate con- 
 clusively that the Chicago Territory Zone 7 offers maximum buying power. Its central location also majcear 
 it the ideal starting point (or the sales and advertising campaign which is to be conducted logically by zones. 
 
 tkrt ifcould t* compel ft u Otbtr thing* btinit rqtnl. 
 
 Mfc For nuy ym teT Ml ^cood plx i. 
 
 THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE DOMINATES THE CHICAGO TERRITORY' 
 
 A PAGE from the BOOK of FACTS 
 
 194 
 
DISTRIBUTION SHOULD PRECEDE ADVERTISING 
 
 ers. The idea was that innumerable consumers would keep 
 asking for it until thousands of retailers would in turn urge 
 their jobbers to stock it, and so the merchandise would start 
 flowing through the channels of trade. To achieve success 
 by operating in this manner necessitated tremendous expen- 
 ditures before any considerable results could be expected. 
 Many a concern was forced to discontinue its advertising 
 before the cycle was completed and as a result when|the 
 goods did reach the shelves of the retailer the consumer had 
 forgotten his desire for them. The policy was then adopted 
 of notifying the dealer of the advertising to be run and warn- 
 ing him that he should stock up in advance. To impress 
 them with the magnitude of the advertising to be done 
 broadsides would be sent to dealers and jobbers listing the 
 magazines to be used and totaling their circulation. But 
 this system lent itself to grave abuses. The total circulation 
 might be huge but an inadequate amount of advertising 
 might be used in each publication. Furthermore, the dealer 
 soon found that millions of circulation in the United States 
 often meant an insignificant amount among his customers. 
 Therefore The Tribune announced that the following 
 policy would control all its solicitation of National adver- 
 tising: 
 
 "The Tribune considers it a waste of money to adver- 
 tise a product distributed through the retail and jobbing 
 trade ) until that trade has been stocked with the product 
 to take care of the consumer demand, when created." 
 
 To live up to this policy, The Tribune has made an inten- 
 sive study of its market, a study which must be kept con- 
 stantly up to date; has made hundreds of investigations 
 among dealers to learn the conditions surrounding the sale 
 of various products ; has published a house organ monthly 
 for eight years educating fifteen thousand retailers to the 
 advantages of handling advertised products ; has developed 
 five hundred lists of retailers, each in a certain line of busi- 
 ness in a certain district, and maintained on addressograph 
 plates in route order within each district; has analyzed 
 
 195 
 
HARD FACTS AND SYSTEM HELP SELL GOODS 
 
 Tribune circulation in the most minute and elaborate man- 
 ner, and made the resulting statistics available to adver- 
 tisers in printed form; has drilled its force of advertising 
 salesmen in the co-ordination of selling and advertising. 
 
 When a manufacturer undertakes to introduce a new 
 product in the Chicago market by means of Tribune adver- 
 tising, a Tribune service man assists him in organizing his 
 sales crew, drills them in the use of the advertising cam- 
 paign to secure distribution among retailers and wholesalers, 
 directs their efforts, and installs a system for recording and 
 checking results. Each salesman is equipped with a port- 
 folio containing proofs of the advertising and a letter from 
 The Tribune informing the retailer just how much adver- 
 tising has been contracted for on a non-cancelable basis. 
 He is also given a pack of cards containing the names of the 
 retailers he is to solicit arranged in route order. He is given 
 a map of the district in which these retailers are located, 
 and he is instructed in the number of families living in that 
 district and the number of Chicago Tribunes sold there. 
 Therefore, there is nothing vague or indefinite about his 
 statements to the retailer concerning what the manufacturer 
 will do to "move" the merchandise after the retailer has 
 stocked it. He does not talk about The Tribune's total 
 circulation of half or three quarters of a million, but of the 
 few thousand in the retailer's immediate neighborhood, 
 shows him exactly what advertising is to run, and often 
 offers to list the name and address of the retailer in certain 
 of the advertisements. 
 
 As a result of this intensive, systematic handling of 
 National advertising it is not uncommon to sell enough 
 merchandise before the advertising starts to pay for the 
 entire initial campaign, and when the advertising does run 
 and people go to the stores and ask for the merchandise it is 
 there waiting for them. 
 
 Every man engaged in selling National advertising for 
 The Tribune has been trained in all this service work, has 
 made investigations among retailers in many lines, has 
 
 196 
 
ZONE SYSTEM OF MARKETING 
 
 participated in study of his market, has actively directed 
 the operations of sales crews in securing distribution for 
 goods in Chicago and The Chicago Territory. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The use of newspapers for National advertising also 
 lends itself to merchandising by zones, a practice which is 
 growing swiftly in favor because of its efficiency and econo- 
 my. Manufacturers have found by sad experiences that 
 
 sSSSHiA Women as well as men, men as well as women, buy clothing in re- 
 sponse to advertising of merchant and manufacturer in The 
 Chicago Tribune. This page offers convincing evidence that The 
 Tribune is read by all members of the family. 
 
 Every clothing advertiser who used 10,000 lines or more in The 
 mi' Tribune during 1921 is listed below. Note that out of the 60 of 
 !** them, 84 used more space in The Tribune than in all other Chicago 
 T papers combined also that these 34 are divided almost evenly 
 '. between advertisers to men and advertisers to women. 
 
 Clothing Advertisers Who Ran 10,000 Lines or More in Tribune During 1921 
 
 Men't and Women's Clothioa 
 
 THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE DOMINATES THE CHICAGO TERRITORY" 
 
 A PAGE from the BOOK of FACTS 
 197 
 
Advertising Lineage in Chicago Newspapers 
 1906 1921 
 
 THE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 TRIBUNE 
 
 76,703 Columns 
 
 NEWS 
 
 58,338 Columns 
 
 25,000 
 
 HERALD 
 
 20,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 EXAMINES 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 JOURNAL 
 
 POST 
 
 5,000 
 
 HERALD-EXAMINER 
 30,118 Columns 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 27,395 Columns 
 
 POST 16,621 Columns 
 JOURNAL 
 
 15,680 Columns 
 
 THE TRIBUNE printed 789,405 columns during the sixteen 
 year period, which is 106% more than was printed by the next 
 morning paper and 27% in excess of the leading evening paper. 
 
 (Columns: 300 AGATE LINES) 
 
 YEAR 
 
 TRIBUNE 
 
 HERALD 
 
 EXAMINER 
 
 NEWS 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 JOURNAL 
 
 POST 
 
 1906 
 
 32,604.52 
 
 23,972.80 
 
 12,711.04 
 
 29,253.45 
 
 12,135.05 
 
 11,116.66 
 
 7,426.41 
 
 1907 
 
 33,107.03 
 
 21,406.41 
 
 19,735.10 
 
 27,524.09 
 
 9,119.53 
 
 10,497.45 
 
 8,171.49 
 
 1908 
 
 33,656.86 
 
 18,562.86 
 
 16,778.28 
 
 27,355.49 
 
 8,920.31 
 
 10,908.08 
 
 7,038.40 
 
 1909 
 
 37,814 . 85 
 
 21,120.00 
 
 21,522.60 
 
 30,494.93 
 
 10,583.09 
 
 12,659.44 
 
 7,665.65 
 
 1910 
 
 39,345.41 
 
 22,389.44 
 
 23,255.97 
 
 31,924.32 
 
 11,776.82 
 
 13,906.32 
 
 8,170.77 
 
 1911 
 
 38,082.55 
 
 24,480.68 
 
 24,661.52 
 
 30,729.58 
 
 12,455.28 
 
 13,605.69 
 
 9,277.96 
 
 1912 
 
 39,739.95 
 
 22,353.69 
 
 23,807.57 
 
 29,225.08 
 
 11,835.04 
 
 14,261.08 
 
 9,364.53 
 
 1913 
 
 43,676.27 
 
 19,298.89 
 
 24,608.35 
 
 35,290.15 
 
 14,574.90 
 
 14,988.17 
 
 9,698.77 
 
 1914 
 
 43,502.59 
 
 21,480.72 
 
 23,801.39 
 
 35,834.01 
 
 15,990.33 
 
 14,208.82 
 
 9,312.64 
 
 1915 
 
 45,886.55 
 
 22,944.82 
 
 21,608.13 
 
 37,433.13 
 
 14,939.37 
 
 14,465.58 
 
 9,340.00 
 
 1916 
 
 54,974.66 
 
 25,106.83 
 
 25,657.33 
 
 42,030.29 
 
 16,076.90 
 
 15,350.51 
 
 11,501.59 
 
 1917 
 
 54,891.50 
 
 23,680.87 
 
 23,331.45 
 
 41,988.42 
 
 14,678.60 
 
 15,023.15 
 
 11,771.55 
 
 1918 
 
 51,888.10 
 
 * 6,230.60 
 
 $22,786.74 
 
 40,139.47 
 
 13,406.57 
 
 14,234.28 
 
 10,835.94 
 
 1919 
 
 77,777 . 28 
 
 
 f33,885.13 
 
 53,397.13 
 
 22,887.86 
 
 18,312.97 
 
 16,650.81 
 
 1920 
 
 85,753.57 
 
 
 |34,342.55 
 
 67,989.27 
 
 24,789.46 
 
 18,008.66 
 
 19,529.24 
 
 1921 
 
 76,703.31 
 
 
 f30,118.97 
 
 58,338.91 
 
 27,395 . 88 
 
 15,680.22 
 
 16,621.41 
 
 "Herald discontinued publication May 2, 1918. 
 {Examiner and Herald-Examiner combined. 
 
 198 
 
 fHerald-Examiner. 
 
NEWSPAPERS AS ADVERTISING MEDIA 
 
 the United States is too enormous to be considered as a 
 merchandising unit. It must be broken up into "districts," 
 "territories," "zones," or "markets," each one a logical 
 unit within which to concentrate intensive sales effort. 
 When a business which has been doing National advertising 
 in magazines is analyzed from this angle certain wasteful 
 features at once become apparent. Advertising is being 
 purchased in the same quantity in districts where no 
 attempt is made to supply dealers as in other districts where 
 sales possibilities are big and dealers are being solicited 
 aggressively. Local peculiarities, climatic variations, cur- 
 rent events cannot be taken advantage of in the advertising. 
 The dealer cannot be shown definitely and clearly what the 
 advertising is doing for him. 
 
 # * * 
 
 The handling of selling by zones or markets leads to the 
 use of newspapers for National advertising, as the advertis- 
 ing can thus be synchronized and co-ordinated with the 
 selling. Each market can be given the precise amount of 
 advertising pressure needed. Waste circulation is reduced 
 to a minimum. The advertising is brought close to the 
 dealer and to his customers. For everyone reads the news- 
 papers. The average man reads his paper 365 days in 
 ordinary years and 366 days in leap years. Each person 
 sets aside a definite part of each day for newspaper reading, 
 but this cannot be said of any other advertising medium. 
 
 Newspaper advertising is, above all else, productive of 
 favorable action as well as favorable thoughts. The news- 
 paper's life is brief, but full of fire and power. Because it is 
 jammed full of timely news and timely advertising it 
 commands immediate consideration. Magazines may be 
 laid aside to be read when, if ever, leisure and inclination 
 happen to coincide, but the call of the newspaper is as 
 insistent as the call of breakfast, the call of business, the 
 call of life. 
 
 Metropolitan newspapers, published in the morning and 
 on Sunday, are particularly well fitted to carry national 
 
 199 
 
lued Monthly. Since Febnury, 1914. by *. 
 
 CHICAGO. DECEMBER. 1921 
 
 Coov 50 Cents 
 
 Tiny Store Has Big Trade In Small District 
 
 Volume Is 15 
 Times Greater 
 Than at Start 
 
 In a store not much larger than a 
 good sized kitchen, Julius Daniels 
 does a business of $65~000 a year at 
 4716 Dorchester avenue. The terri- 
 tory he serves is as tiny and condensed 
 as the store. a*d the single horse that 
 attends to the deliveries doesn't get 
 enough exercise to work off its fat. 
 East. and west his territory runs two 
 blocks. It is only four blocks north 
 and south, a half mile long and less 
 than a quarter of a mile wide. 
 
 Daniels Brothers, Max and Julius, 
 have three grocery stores. In addi- 
 tion to the Dorchester avenue place, 
 they have stores at 203 East Forty- 
 seventh street and at 402 East Sixty- 
 first street. But the little Dorchester 
 avenue store keeps ahead of the others 
 in the volume of sales. 
 
 F.ther Owiwd Store. 
 
 The grocer] 
 ally to the tw 
 
 Daniels boys 
 
 r father 1 
 
 , first at Thir- 
 and Cottage Grove 
 -third street 
 
 the business with their father, and, 19 
 years ago, started out for themselves 
 at Thirty-fifth street and Indiana 
 avenue. . 
 The business wa 
 
 month, 
 
 volume for a month is more than it 
 was originally for a year. It will run 
 from $14.000 to $16,000 a month, or 
 approximately $130,000 in a year. 
 
 For a time the brothers had a big 
 store at Forty-seventh and Calumet 
 doing a business of $12,000 a month. 
 Changing conditions in the grocery 
 trade caused them to give it up, how- 
 ever, and establish the smaller stores., 
 Part of the building is now used as a 
 warehouse for the Daniels Brothers' 
 stores. 
 
 Twenty-five Feet Square 
 
 Of the present stores, the one on 
 Sixty-first stret is the oldest. It was 
 oi>encd ten years ago. The Dorchester 
 avenue store has been doing business 
 lor seven years and the Forty-seventh 
 street store lor about two years. 
 
 " We should like to get a bigger lo- 
 cation," said Julius Daniels. " bnt we 
 haven't been able to. This store meas- 
 ures about twenty-five feet square, and 
 you can see that no space is wasted. 
 
 " The grocery business has . under- 
 gone a great change in the last few 
 years. It is due to the chain stores. 1 
 ilon't believe there are more than about 
 wenty high-class grocery stores on 
 die south side now doing a credit busi- 
 .icss. Our own business is changed to 
 m-h an extent that our trade is 75 per 
 .ent cash 
 
 " For a while we worried a little 
 about the chains, but not any more 
 We have found our place, and I don't 
 itty any attention to the chains. 1 
 keep every artkle for which there is 
 a ilrnuml The people can get what 
 ilvry ...ml here They can't in the 
 
 ii!"|.rod'u.'t> an.!!? well-established 
 food.<. 
 
 H.ve Ur ( . Store Trade 
 " We have a good store trade, too. 
 res do a large 
 the telephone. 
 
 :IO rome in. The 
 rything is 
 
 we like people 
 re looks well, a 
 
 THE TWO CLERKS 
 
 Call Chinese Egg 
 
 Trade a Menace 
 
 Poultry raisers are urging higher 
 duties on eggs than are provided for 
 in the Fordney bill and claim that the 
 Chinese egg trade is menacing the 
 
 of eight cents a dozen. The bill pro- 
 vides for six cents At present, eggs 
 are on the free list 
 
 The poultry men asked a duty of 24 
 cents a pound on dried eggs The bill 
 provides for a duty of 15 cents a pound 
 and is at present 10 cents a pound. 
 They told the congressmen that the 
 importation of dried eggs from China 
 had driven practically all the American 
 plants drying eggs out of business and 
 said that nearly all bakery goods are 
 nia.le with Chinese dried eggs. 
 
 Fly 5,000,000 Miles 
 'for Pound of Honey 
 
 A pound 01 honey seems prettv 
 cheap when all the work of the bee i's 
 figured in. According to an English 
 investigator, one. pound of honey con- 
 tains the concentrated essence of 62,- 
 
 covering approximately 5.000.000 miles 
 for every pound. 
 
 German Mark Ruins 
 
 Border Retaflers 
 
 All of Germany's neighbors are being 
 outfitted, particularly in . clothing, at 
 the expense of German shopkeepers. 
 With the German mark selling at the 
 rate of 300 for a dollar, the difference 
 in prices in other countries is so enor- 
 mous that all along the Dutch, Danish, 
 Swiss and Belgian borders the people 
 put on their old rags and worn out 
 clothes and cross into Germany. 
 
 They trade their own money for 
 marks and outfit themselves from 
 head to foot at a fraction of what it 
 would cost m their own country. The 
 reaction is such that in Holland espe- 
 cially. lor miles from the border, the 
 
 Orange Seeds Now 
 
 Used As Necklace 
 
 A Florida woman is said to nuke 
 lovely necklaces from orange and 
 grapefruit seed.-.. This places the 
 orange in the class with the famous 
 pig of the packers, no part of which is 
 wasted but the "squeal." 
 
 AD the other parts of the fruit have 
 a use the pulp and juice for eating. 
 the peel for candying or flavoring, and 
 the white inner rind for pectin extract 
 to help in the jellying of other fruits. 
 The necklaces of. seeds are doubtless 
 
 SI a Month Is 
 Fountain Cost 
 of "Paying Last" 
 
 I> ONG before the druggist handled 
 ~ any other sidelines, he was d-soeus- 
 ing sodas. The soda fountain seems 
 just as much a part of his business as 
 the prescription counter, but a lot of 
 druggists are taking it too much for 
 granted. If properly conducted 
 
 y-making _. 
 Ort the other 
 t the druggist money. 
 !f_bii ? ir,e>s have made 
 ~ the fountain as 
 ht. vice president of the Owl 
 Llrug company. He finds that the net 
 profit from the fountain is about twice 
 
 ;ral 
 
 e's business c 
 
 Turnover About ISO 
 
 lis article the figures given are 
 Owl store at Madison and Jark 
 This fountain will i vcr - r. ; : , 
 iter about $8JWO a month, and 
 
 Every month a fountain inventory i s 
 taken. It averages about $650, and 
 and never runs above $800. This Mg- 
 gests the enormous turnover. The 
 lock turns from 12 t<V, 13 times a 
 month, a turnover well over 150 a year 
 operated on a gross 
 profit of approximately 55 per cent. 
 
 leaving a net profit"^ 21 "r^nr'- 
 Specht believes that the Ow, 
 policy of "trusting the public" pays 
 The Owl store has one of the few large 
 fountains where the customer eats or 
 drtnks first, and pays aftervlrd. Such 
 a policy in a store whi-h handles 200 
 persons a day-and that is the average 
 for this fountain means a consider- 
 able loss from unpaid checks in the 
 course of a month. But the increased 
 not only at the fountain but 
 n the rest of the store a. well, i, wortl. 
 price of a suit of clothes once 
 month. Mr. Specht believes. 
 
 "Walkout." WT. $19.80 
 There is an extremely small group 
 hich does not pay. too The Owl 
 stores find that the public in general 
 ejl be trusted, and customers ap- 
 preciate the convenience of, buying 
 whatever they want, getting the cjick. 
 and paying as they go out 
 
 "At this time of the year." said Mr. 
 Specht. "our loss run. only about fifty 
 i a day For October, the walk- 
 amounted to $1980. Inrhesoa- 
 
 The cheating is done largely by 
 eel urchins. They will come in and 
 down at one end of the counter and 
 
 THE CO-OPERATOR is mailed free each month to 15 poo retailers in 
 Chicago and suburbs. It never contains editorial puffs for 
 The Tribune or for Tribune advertisers. It is designed to 
 render a genuine service to the retailers through whom products 
 advertised in The Tribune must be sold to consumers. Its 
 editorial matter is written for it by trained men y and builds an 
 appreciation of advertised merchandise by interesting stories 
 rather than by preaching. It carries paid advertising from 
 reputable concerns. 
 
 200 
 
TRIBUNE SWAYS BUYING IN WIDE TERRITORY 
 
 advertising because their radiating circulation influences 
 much more than the city of publication. Evening news- 
 papers, being in the nature of bulletins, seldom secure 
 widespread circulation and cannot exert maximum influence 
 on such circulation as they have. 
 
 The case of The Chicago Tribune shows that a morning 
 and Sunday newspaper can be a powerful buying influence 
 throughout a large area. The Tribune has more than 
 300,000 circulation in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan and 
 
 Wisconsin, outside of 
 Chicago and suburbs. 
 An investigation was 
 made during 1921 
 among 6741 retailers 
 and 241 jobbers located 
 in these states, outside 
 of Chicago, to deter- 
 mine the extent to 
 which they read The 
 Tribune and the extent 
 to which their custom- 
 ers were influenced by 
 Tribune advertising in 
 the purchasing of mer- 
 chandise. Retailers 
 and jobbers in five lines 
 were interviewed 
 groceries, drugs, hard- 
 ware, electrical appli- 
 THIS page, reproduced from The (Century ances, and auto acces- 
 Magazine, shows how we advertised our sories The results 
 AKHUing thirty ywagp. ^^ ^ ^ % Q{ 
 
 the retailers read The Tribune and 72% feel the effect of 
 Tribune advertising on their sales. Of the jobbers, 81.4% 
 read The Tribune and 73% recognize the influence of 
 Tribune advertising in promoting the sale of merchandise 
 they handle. 
 
 201 
 
ADVERTISING PAYS FOR ITSELF 
 
 Within a broad territory, therefore, The Tribune not 
 only reaches more people than any magazine, but it un- 
 questionably influences the purchases of its readers. 
 
 The Chicago Tribune believes that one of its greatest 
 public services is to be found in the work done to promote 
 more economical distribution of merchandise by means of 
 newspaper advertising. The question is often asked: "Who 
 pays for advertising?" The answer is that no one does. 
 It pays for itself. Cost of distribution (cost of getting 
 articles from the manufacturing plant to the retail counter) 
 is from one-third to one-half of the retail price of most 
 merchandise. Cost of advertising is seldom more than 
 a twentieth of the retail price. Therefore it often works 
 out about as follows: An article has cost fifty cents to 
 make (including the manufacturer's profit) and fifty 
 cents to distribute, and therefore sells for one dollar. 
 Advertising is adopted at a cost of two cents to five cents 
 per unit, and brings about such economies in distribution, 
 such steady demand, and such volume production that it is 
 possible to make the article for forty cents and to distribute 
 it for thirty cents (including the advertising cost), making 
 the retail price seventy cents instead of a dollar. The 
 advertising appropriation may have been a million dollars, 
 
 but it paid for itself. 
 
 # # # 
 
 The Chicago Tribune realizes that editorial and adver- 
 tising departments should be kept entirely separate because 
 each is equally important and entitled to independent 
 consideration and development. The strength of The 
 Tribune from an advertising standpoint, the fact that 
 tremendous revenues are derived from the sale of adver- 
 tising sheerly on its merit on a business basis, enables the 
 editorial department to do great things and to be inde- 
 pendent in the face of any opposition. All that the adver- 
 tising department asks from the editorial department is 
 adequate circulation among the right kind of people, and 
 it is obvious that such circulation can be won and held only 
 by fighting in season and out for the public welfare. 
 
 202 
 
JIUtUU'U'UU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UlUIL.| 
 
 our copy writers and nine artists assist Tribune local 
 advertisers to make the presentation of their messages more 
 effective. 
 
 CONFERENCE ROOM in which the advertising and merchandis- 
 ing problems of national advertisers are discussed and analyzed. 
 The "rent" map of Chicago in the corner is 8 feet wide and 16 
 feet long. 
 
urruah. spoi 
 
 ees wKoscfiijnz aiui wlvose 
 
 malcc to snuk ae%.\a&) 
 Denial p>pk OT Cluca^o 
 
 labs 
 
 lb Be made iivto pora^iuaKs - ^ 
 
 . .<%.*. 
 
 
Chicago Tribune Pulp Wood 
 
 Forests 
 
 'N a wilderness on the north shore of the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, far down toward 
 Labrador, The Chicago Tribune is carry- 
 ing out a great work of pioneering and 
 development. The earliest French explor- 
 ers sailed along these shores. During 
 the intervening centuries migrations from 
 Europe have swept past them to populate a continent 
 with more than 120,000,000 people. But through all the 
 years these virgin forests of the far northeast lay un- 
 touched, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Arctic ice 
 fields. 
 
 A rocky shore without harbors, no settlements, high 
 tides, a stormy gulf, long and severe winters, combined to 
 make profitable timber operations almost impossible. In 
 the face of these obstacles The Chicago Tribune purchased 
 500 square miles of forests and undertook to develop its 
 own supply of pulp wood. 
 
 Dams have been built, flooded out and rebuilt ; a power 
 house was constructed, washed away and rebuilt; docks 
 have been torn to pieces while under construction, but 
 others have taken their places. Setbacks and discourage- 
 ments have been many, but success has finally been achieved. 
 Quebec, the quaint walled city where twentieth century 
 America meets seventeenth century France, is a logical 
 place at which to begin the story of the mechanical produc- 
 tion of The Chicago Tribune. During September and 
 October Tribune agents are busy in the harbor of Quebec 
 chartering all the schooners they can lay hands on and 
 loading them with supplies for the camps in The Tribune's 
 timberlands far down in the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, on a 
 wild frontier east of the eastern edge of Maine. 
 
 205 
 
MOVE WINTER SUPPLIES TO WILDERNESS 
 
 For five or six months hundreds of men and their families 
 are frozen in while they chop the trees destined for Tribune 
 newsprint. Everything these communities need to eat or 
 wear or use must be gotten into the woods before snow and 
 ice seal the gates between them and the world. So for 
 months there are always schooners beating down the broad 
 river and stormy gulf of Baie des Cedres and Shelter Bay, 
 three hundred and four hundred miles respectively, north- 
 east of Quebec. Sailors who speak no word of English, 
 sailors whose ancestors explored and colonizqd New France 
 hundreds of years ago, take this first step in the making of 
 The Chicago Tribune. Arriving at their destination after 
 several days' sailing, they anchor off the coast, and scows 
 and barges are brought alongside to take the cargoes of 
 baled hay, sacks of oats, barrels of flour, hogsheads of salt 
 pork, kitchen stoves, clothing, and tools, up shallow or 
 rocky harbors. 
 
 Three distinct classes of French-Canadians are engaged 
 in the production of Tribune pulp wood. The sailors whose 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 206 
 
COMMUNITIES FROZEN IN FOR WINTER 
 
 schooners take in supplies, the hunters and fishers of the 
 North Shore who build the docks and dams, run the saw 
 mills, make the roads and drive the logs down the river, and 
 the farmers of the South Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 who spend the long winters in the forests as wood-choppers. 
 
 The peak of activity comes in the late fall between the 
 harvest on the South Shore and the closing of navigation. 
 The workers must be transported across the gulf and back 
 in the virgin forests, must make clearings, build their 
 houses and barns, and must have their five or six months' 
 supply brought in to them by schooner, scow, carts, motor 
 boats, sledges, canoes, and on the backs of men. 
 
 By November the streams are frozen and snow covers 
 the ground to a depth of three to seven feet. Navigation 
 ceases until May. Occasionally mail comes in by sledge 
 and dog teams from Quebec, four hundred miles up the 
 river, but for the most part the community is isolated and 
 settles down to its winter routine. Strange to say, the 
 natives seem to look forward with pleasure and anticipation 
 to their long winter. Swift rivers, dense woods and spongy 
 muskeag swamps impenetrable in the summer now per- 
 mit connection by skiis, snowshoes, and dog sledges. 
 Rabbits, sable, beaver, and now and then a caribou may 
 be shot. The terrible summer pests, black flies and mosqui- 
 toes, are gone. The thermometer may drop forty degrees 
 below zero, but the natives say one does not mind it because 
 it is so dry. There is unlimited wood for roaring fires and 
 plenty of blood-stimulating exercise. 
 
 In The Tribune's two towns, Shelter Bay and Baie des 
 Cedres, a dozen or more American executives and about 
 225 French Canadian laborers settle down to work on the 
 dams, docks, conveyors, flumes, storehouses, cabins, and 
 above all the supervision of the wood cutting. Back in the 
 woods, scattered over an area of hundreds of square miles, 
 are the camps of the loggers, 500 men and 150 horses. 
 
 The wood choppers all operate in units of three men and 
 a horse. Each such unit is assigned a definite tract of land 
 
 207 
 
LOGS AS CUT SLEDGED TO RIVER BANKS 
 
 to cut, usually a half mile wide running three miles back 
 from the stream. Two men chop and saw. The third man 
 and the horse haul the wood to the river. The women and 
 children do the chores. 
 
 Agents of the Canadian government are constantly on 
 the ground to see that no tree below a certain size is cut; 
 that no tree is cut more than eighteen inches above the 
 ground, even though it stand in sixty inches of snow. They 
 also check the total cut on which taxes must be paid. Cullers 
 and sealers representing The Tribune also check each day 
 the cut of each logger to determine what he is to be paid. 
 In case of dispute, reference is made to the figures of the 
 government agent, independently computed. The Trib- 
 une's culler is very particular that no dead wood or anything 
 other than clear spruce and balsam be included in the cut. 
 Some birch and poplar is found in these forests but it is 
 left standing. 
 
 As each tree is cut it is trimmed clear of all branches 
 and sawed to eight or twelve foot lengths. Three of these 
 are chained together and hauled by the horse to the banks 
 of the stream. 
 
 The piles on the sloping banks are held in place only by 
 a tree at either end and roll-ways are cleared between them 
 and the river. When they are needed, two men with axes 
 chop away the supporting trees and in a few minutes 
 precipitate the great pile into the water. 
 
 With spring thaws and the opening of navigation the 
 wood choppers and their horses hurry across the gulf to the 
 farms on the south shore. The camp executives then face 
 the greatest problems of the year getting the wood to 
 salt water, sawing it and loading it on the steamers which 
 take it to the Tribune's great paper mill at Thorold, 
 Ontario, near Niagara Falls. 
 
 Labor is an acute problem in the development of such 
 great enterprises as those of The Tribune on the North 
 Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In a stretch of coast 
 line a thousand miles long, the largest village is Eskimo 
 
 208 
 
,JIUIU'U'U'UU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UU'U'UU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UlUILl 
 
 LAKE OPCO at Bate des Cedres, in The Tribune's timber 
 country 300 feet above Gulf and quarter of a mile back from 
 shore. Its waters supply the conveyor which floats the logs 
 from the sawmill to the docks a mile down the coast. 
 
 
 LOGGERS on The Tribune 's timber lands on Franquelin River. 
 
 iiiiiiri 
 
 209 
 
THE Tribune's timber town of Baie des Cedres on the north 
 shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 FORMER submarine chaser , Mareuilendole, which travels ten 
 thousand miles a season as Tribune dispatch boat in the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence. 
 
SPRING FLOODS FLOAT LOGS TO SALT WATER 
 
 Point near the southern edge of Labrador. The vast 
 stretches of the interior are unhabited except by scattered 
 Indians and Eskimos. The few residents of this barren 
 Northeastern frontier have been for generations hunters and 
 fishers. Although unskilled and unsuited to the routine of 
 industrial labor, they are the only workmen available for 
 the building of docks, power houses, and the loading of 
 boats. 
 
 At Shelter Bay and Baie des Cedres they are boarded 
 and housed at the expense of the company, buy whatever 
 additional supplies they need at the company store at a 
 small margin above cost, and make from $100 to $140 per 
 month clear. 
 
 The food is of very high quality, in great variety, well 
 cooked and clean, although served in great log cook houses 
 with rough hewn tables and benches, enamel cups and 
 plates. Hundreds of steers, sheep and hogs are brought 
 to the towns to be slaughtered during the winter, insuring 
 a continuous supply of fresh meat. Few American families 
 live better than do the laborers on The Tribune properties 
 on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but each one 
 longs for the distant cabin which his ancestors consecrated 
 as home, and each one is restive under regular hours of 
 routine labor. 
 
 Driving logs down the river is a dashing picturesque 
 phase of the work to which the men take more readily than 
 to the other duties. In the first six miles of Rocky river 
 above the Gulf are eight rapids and six waterfalls. Islands 
 are plentiful. As a result the logs jam, dynamite must be 
 used, and hardy lumber jacks risk their lives to sweep the 
 last log from slippery rocks and boiling torrents. 
 
 When the logs reach sea level they are caught by booms 
 logs chained end to end to reach across the stream. They 
 are moved over to the sawmill by encircling as many as 
 are needed and towing the whole loosely floating raft into 
 a position from which men with long pikes push them one 
 at a time on the jack ladder. The jack ladder is an -endless 
 
 211 
 
LOGS FLOATED INTO HOLDS OF STEAMERS 
 
 chain arrangement which lifts the log from the water and 
 carries it up to the sawmill. The sawmill is merely a shed 
 with two great circular saws or "slashers." The endless 
 chains bring the log in at one side, press it against the saws, 
 which cut each twelve-foot log into three four-foot logs, and 
 throw the four-foot logs out the other side into a conveyor. 
 
 As the logs leave the slashers they roll down a short 
 incline into a flume full of swiftly running water. At 
 Shelter Bay this water is pumped from the bay into the 
 flume. At Baie des Cedres the water is secured from a 
 beautiful lake 300 feet above the level of the Gulf and 
 only a quarter of a mile inland from it. 
 
 The flume at Shelter Bay floats the logs to the dock, 
 where they are caught by spikes on an endless chain, 
 carried up an incline to a platform, from which they are 
 dropped into the holds of steamers. At Baie des Cedres the 
 flume itself runs out on the dock far above the decks of the 
 steamers so that logs are literally floated from the forests 
 far in the interior right into the vessel's hold. When a 
 great mass of logs has been shot into a hold, a gang go in 
 and pack it compactly while the stream of logs is directed 
 down another hatchway. Water that flows into the boat 
 with the logs is pumped out. 
 
 Making harbors which will be safe for the big lumber 
 steamers has been an enormous task on the North Shore. 
 It is usual for the rivers down which the logs must be floated 
 to form enormous boulder strewn shoals at their mouths. 
 To meet this situation at Baie des Cedres a flume has been 
 built from the sawmill on the river more than a mile west, 
 almost out in the Gulf along the steep shore to the first 
 point where deep water made a dock practical. 
 
 At Shelter Bay the mouth of the river is dotted with a 
 dozen islands varying from square yards to a square mile 
 in area. The island farthest out from the shore was selected 
 for the dock as very deep water was to be found on its 
 extreme end. In 1916 the first dock was built, only 
 to be washed away. Then the war interrupted develop- 
 
 212 
 
ELECTRIC LIGHTED TOWN ON THE FRONTIER 
 
 ment work until 1919. In an attempt to rush construction 
 work so that wood already cut could be loaded and shipped 
 to the paper mill, a novel scheme was conceived. A short, 
 stanch dock was constructed with the idea of continuing 
 it by sinking a steamer off its end and filling it with rock. 
 The steamer Eagan was bought and rushed to the scene. 
 Her sides were built up high to receive rocks to be blasted 
 from the unlimited supply on the island. Some difficulty 
 was experienced in sinking the Eagan, which clung to life 
 like an old warrior, but dynamite let the water in and she 
 settled precisely in the desired position on a calm, sunny 
 afternoon. Before sunrise the next morning a howling 
 sou'easter was tearing her to pieces, and the taking out of 
 pulp logs had to be postponed for another year. 
 
 Since then enormous progress has been made. A power 
 house has been built taking the place of an earlier one which 
 was swept away by a spring flood. This power house utilizes 
 only a fraction of the water available at the lowest of the 
 six waterfalls, but it produces ample electricity for the 
 light and power. 
 
 Shelter Bay is in the wilderness but its houses have 
 electric lights. The brilliant illumination permits 24 hours' 
 work in loading vessels. Electrically driven compressors 
 furnish compressed air. 
 
 A church and school have been built, houses are replac- 
 ing log cabins, a store and office building and warehouses 
 have been erected. A doctor is a member of the staff. 
 The Government requires that six fire-rangers be main- 
 tained. A fleet of no small proportions floats on Shelter 
 Bay. There is a dispatch boat, The Muriel, gasoline barges, 
 gasoline scows, motor boats, row boats, canoes, and scows 
 without power. Schooners are not unloaded at the main 
 dock on the island because of the lack of connection with 
 the mainland, and can only approach the river dock at high 
 tide. Most of their cargoes, therefore, must be taken off 
 on the barges and scows. 
 
 213 
 
TRIBUNE OPERATES FLEET OF BOATS 
 
 A similar fleet is maintained at Baie des Cedres for the 
 dock is more than a mile down the coast from the town, 
 and high, rocky cliffs separate the two except for the flume 
 which carries the logs. 
 
 There is also the Mareuilendole express boat, formerly 
 a submarine chaser. This craft is quite the wonder and 
 talk of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Built in six steel com- 
 partments it is practically unsinkable even though holes 
 were torn in its hull. Three great gasoline engines develop 
 650 horsepower and drive her at 12 to 20 miles an hour 
 through any weather. Taking passengers to and from rail- 
 road terminals at Matane and Rimouski, journeying back 
 and forth between Baie des Cedres and Shelter Bay and 
 performing other dispatch service around the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, the Mareuilendole travels upwards of 10,000 
 miles each summer in Tribune service. She is electric 
 lighted, steam heated, has running water, and can house 
 26 people though only no feet long. 
 
 The Tribune owns three lumber steamers which carry 
 pulp wood from its timber land to Thorold The Linden, 
 The Chicago Tribune and The New York Daily News. 
 The two last named are new steel steamers, specially built 
 for pulp wood carrying and put in commission this year. 
 
 Logs pour into a steamer for two or three days and 
 nights before the decks are piled and the hull is drawing 
 14 feet, the maximum depth permissible in the canals it 
 must use going up past the rapids of the St. Lawrence. 
 Montreal is reached in about two days' steaming from 
 Shelter Bay but the dozens of canal locks make the shorter 
 trip from there to Lake Ontario take at least as long again. 
 At the west end of Lake Ontario the Welland Canal inter- 
 poses a score more locks between the boat and its destina- 
 tion, so that a week to ten days is necessary to deliver 600 
 to i, 600 cords of pulp wood from the river at Shelter Bay 
 to the pond at Thorold. 
 
 214 
 
A LOG jam in the Franquelin River. 
 
 BLOWING up a log jam in Rocky River. 
 
 215 
 
-1-*L -M/-.H -A*' 
 
 1 
 
 IVoodpulp, after 
 undergoing the 
 processes of 
 crushing and 
 refining, is run 
 through a set 
 of Dams and 
 Screens from 
 which it flows 
 in a thin stream 
 onto the 
 
 Fourdnnier ff^t're, an 
 endless, rocking cop- 
 per wire belt running 
 at a speed of 650 feet 
 'per minute. This 
 belt is 202 inches 
 wide and has 65 
 wires to the inch. 
 Through this screen, 
 as well as by suction 
 drains, superfluous 
 water is removed; 
 while the rocking 
 motion weaves the 
 pulp into a thin 
 paper film 
 
 This thin film 
 runs thence 
 between two 
 cylinders, one 
 of which is 
 wool covered. 
 This is known 
 as the 
 
 Couch Roll 
 and presses 
 the paper suf- 
 ficiently dry 
 to run un- 
 supported to 
 
 The first of Three Presses. 
 These are composed of a series 
 of rubber and wooden rolls 
 through which run three sets 
 of felt belts. On these felt 
 blankets the paper film goes 
 through the presses which re- 
 move most of the remaining 
 moisture. The last press roll 
 is surfaced with gun-metal 
 which hardens the paper and 
 gives it a preliminary finish-. 
 
 The paper 
 completes th 
 presses earn 
 cylinders, bel 
 
 Dams and 
 Screens 
 
 1'ourdrinier Wire 
 and Suction Drains 
 
 Couch' First Press 
 Roll 
 
 Second Press Tn jrd Press 
 
 DIAGRAM of Paper Machine show\ 
 
 WHERE wood pulp is turned into Tribune newsprint. Wood 
 pulp greatly diluted with water flows on a wire screen at the left 
 of this picture. When it reaches the right end the water has 
 been drained out, the fibres matted; it has become a sheet of wet 
 p a p er ready to pass through the series of rolls, blankets and 
 driers, which finish the process. 
 
'U'UIUIU'UIU I UU I U I U I U I U I U I UIU I U 1 U'U'UU'UIUIU'U I U I U'U I U I U I U'U'U'U'U'UIL 
 
 i a battery of 32 steam-heated cylinders. This unit the Dryer, 
 Dving water from the paper. The felt belts, which as in the 
 jli this machine, are run over a series of rolls beneath the drying 
 f come in contact with the damp paper. 
 
 6 
 
 The Calender 
 Stack, a col- 
 u m n of 8 
 steel rolls re- 
 ceives the 
 paper from 
 the dryer; it 
 is hardened 
 and finished 
 then passes to 
 
 7 
 
 The Reel 
 6h which 
 it is 
 wound. 
 It is later 
 runoff on 
 
 where it is 
 inspected 
 and cut by 
 Ci re u I a r 
 Knife to re- 
 quired sizes 
 
 t>rv 
 
 Calender Keel 
 Stack 
 
 conversion of wood pulp into paper. 
 
 THIS picture shows, from right to left, the long row of dryers, 
 the calendering stack, the winder, and the rewinder of one of 
 The Tribune's paper machines. 
 
LOGS lifted from the deck of a steamer are thrown into the 
 pond at The Tribune's paper mill. They are floated across 
 the pond and then built up into the huge storage pile. 
 
 ONE million dollars worth of pulp logs piled at The Tribune's 
 paper mill at Thorold. 
 
 ! 
 
 91 
 
Turning Trees Into Paper 
 
 INTO The Tribune's great mill at Thorold, Ontario, go 
 hundreds of thousands of electric horsepower from 
 Niagara Falls, millions of gallons of water from Lake 
 Erie, train loads of coal, steamers full of logs, cars of sulphur 
 and limestone and clay and out of the mill streams paper 
 at the rate of 600 to 1,000 feet per minute from each of 
 five machines. 
 
 The sheet delivered from each machine is 162 to 201 
 inches wide. This means that the product is the equivalent 
 of more than 12,000 Chicago Tribune pages per minute, 
 or a strip of paper 18 inches wide and 2,350 feet long every 
 sixty seconds. 
 
 The Tribune's paper mill is laid out roughly as follows : 
 
 1 . Pond and yard for storage of wood, coal, sulphur and 
 limestone enormous piles of raw material. 
 
 2. Group of buildings where logs are barked and ground 
 and the wood pulp screened. 
 
 3. Buildings where wood is chipped and chemically 
 treated to produce sulphite pulp. 
 
 4. Buildings where the ground wood pulp and the 
 sulphite pulp mixed are converted into paper by five 
 great paper machines. 
 
 5. Buildings where wrapping paper is made and rolls 
 are wrapped and loaded into freight cars. 
 
 Unloading pulp wood from steamers and building it 
 into a great storage pile is a spectacular sight. Logs in the 
 steamer are piled in a strip of rope hammock. This is 
 swung high and wide by a derrick, one end of the hammock 
 is released just as the swing reaches its apex and the logs 
 fly wide into the pond. From the opposite side of this 
 pond the logs are pushed on a chain conveyor, which builds 
 them into a pile of 30,000 to 40,000 cords, a young moun- 
 
 219 
 
LOGS SWIFTLY GROUND TO PULP 
 
 tain of pulp wood. The logs brought in by rail are' piled 
 in smaller hills along the switch tracks. 
 
 From the woodpiles the four-foot logs are drawn by 
 chain conveyors to slashers which saw them into two-foot 
 lengths. The stream then divides, those destined for 
 mechanical or ground wood pulp going to the barking drums 
 or tumblers, and those designed for chemical or sulphite 
 pulp to the rossing machines. 
 
 The barking drum is a huge revolving steel cylinder in 
 which the logs and water churn around until friction with 
 each other and with the sides of the drum strips off the bark. 
 The logs are admitted at one end of the drum and worked 
 out at the other. As they tumble out they are inspected 
 and those not clean are sent back for another trip. 
 
 Logs to be used in making sulphite have the bark re- 
 moved by knives, a more thorough process and one which 
 involves the loss of some of the wood. They are then 
 chopped into chips about an eighth of an inch thick and a 
 half inch square. Successive screens remove the larger 
 shavings and sawdust and the chips are dumped into the 
 digestors for chemical treatment described later. 
 
 The logs from the barking drums go to a reservoir from 
 which they are drawn into long narrow, shallow tanks, 
 running between rows of wood-grinding machines. 
 
 The log is ground to pulp merely by pressing its side 
 against the rim of a huge grindstone. These stones, 54 
 inches in diameter and 27 inches thick, whirl at 250 revolu- 
 tions per minute inside steel casings. Three turrets project 
 from each casing. The logs are piled in these turrets so 
 that the bottom logs rest against the rim of the stone. The 
 door of the turret is then closed and pneumatic pressure 
 applied to the top of the pile of logs, forcing them against 
 the whirling grindstone. Water flows over them all the 
 time and pulp or "slush" as it is called, flows in a sluggish 
 stream almost boiling hot from friction, out of the bottom 
 of the machine. This slush contains resinous material in 
 solution and slivers, both of which must be removed. The 
 
 220 
 
CHIPS BOILED IN ACID TO MAKE CHEMICAL PULP 
 
 slivers are taken out by mixing the pulp with much water 
 and running it over screens which permit all the fine fibers 
 to pass through with the water but reject the coarser ones. 
 These screenings are used to make coarse, heavy wrapping 
 paper. 
 
 By running the pulp between two cylinders, the lower 
 one made of fine copper screen, the water carrying the 
 resinous matter is removed. Fresh water is then added to 
 the pulp and it goes to the mixing tanks, where 75 per 
 cent of mechanical pulp meets 25 per cent of chemical pulp. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Burning sulphur is the first process in the manufacture 
 of sulphite pulp. The sulphur dioxide gas which results is 
 first cooled and then admitted to the bottom of a tower 
 filled with limestone. Water trickling down over the stone 
 unites with the lime and the sulphur dioxide to form bi- 
 sulphite of soda, a strong acid solution which is then stored 
 for use in the digesters. 
 
 The digestors are steel cylinders or boilers about the 
 height of a three-story house, lined inside with brick to 
 protect the steel from the action of the acid and to hold in 
 the heat during the cooking process. There are two of 
 these enormous digestors at The Tribune plant. 
 
 A digestor is filled with chips and then as much bisulphite 
 liquid as it will hold is added. The digestor is then sealed, 
 live steam forced in and the mixture cooked under 80 
 pounds steam pressure for eight hours. At the end of this 
 time all resinous matter from the wood has been dissolved. 
 A valve at the bottom of the digestor is opened and the 
 80 pound pressure blows the whole mass out into a big vat 
 where it is washed for hours before being sent through 
 the same screening processes as the ground wood pulp. 
 
 Chemical pulp is made up of finer, longer fibers and less 
 resinous or ligneous material than mechanical pulp. The 
 difference between them is indicated by the fact that a 
 cord of wood makes 1,300 pounds of chemical, or 2300 
 pounds of mechanical pulp (dry weight). The sulphite pulp 
 
 221 
 
PULP CONVERTED TO PAPER IN INSTANT 
 
 gives the paper strength and flexibility, but the mechanical 
 pulp is necessary to give it the porous or blotter-like char- 
 acteristics which enable it to absorb the ink from cylinders 
 on high speed presses. Paper made of nothing but sulphite 
 could not be used for newspapers. Much newsprint con- 
 tains only 20 to 22 per cent sulphite pulp but in The Tribune 
 plant 25 to 30 per cent is used. 
 
 * * * 
 
 In the mixing tanks, mechanical pulp, chemical pulp, 
 pulp secured from old copies of The Tribune and waste 
 paper from the presses, white clay which acts as filler and 
 smoother, bluing and alum, are all beaten up together. 
 It is then passed through a Jordaning machine which tears 
 the last possible sliver to pieces and mixes the whole 
 thoroughly. 
 
 More water is added and the pulp is pumped into boxes 
 the width of the paper machine. From them it overflows 
 on the Fourdrinier wire screens, on which it is almost 
 instantly converted into paper. 
 
 The Fourdrinier screen is about 72 feet long and from 
 162 to 201 inches wide. It is in the form of an endless belt 
 so the distance traveled by the pulp in passing over it is 
 about 36 feet and takes only a few seconds, since it is 
 moving at the rate of 600 to 1000 feet per minute being 
 shaken sidewise at the same time. It has a mesh of 65 
 wires to the inch, and through these meshes the water sinks 
 as the pulp flows out on the screen. The jogging side 
 motion of the screen tends to make the pulp fibres interlace 
 as the water drains away and they settle on the wire. 
 
 During the first instant that the pulp is on the screen, 
 water drains through the holes by gravity. The next 
 instant it passes over vacuum boxes which suck the water 
 out more rapidly and mat the fibers more firmly. Within 
 three seconds the milky liquid has been converted into a 
 sheet of paper which passes off the end of the screen between 
 two great rolls that squeeze out still more water. On leav- 
 ing these rolls it is strong enough to make the jump un- 
 
 222 
 
jjlU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'L 
 
 iplj: 
 ^ ^&im 
 
 WOOD grinding machines in Tribune's paper mill. Inside 
 each machine is a giant grindstone whirling at high speed. 
 Logs are forced against each stone from these turrets. Logs 
 are floated to the machines in tanks, which run from the left 
 to the right of the above picture. 
 
 WORKMAN putting logs into a box-like opening in a turret of 
 a grinding machine. When he closes the door a pneumatic 
 piston will force the logs under tremendous pressure against 
 the stone. Hot, white slush of ground wood is seen flowing out 
 just behind the workman. 
 
 9.9.1 
 
ijlU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UiUIUIU'U'LJ'U'U'U'U'U'U^U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'l-i 
 
 AFTER splinters have been screened from the wood pulp it is 
 forced between these two rolls. Water carrying away all solu- 
 ble impurities flows through the lower, which is made of fine 
 copper screen. 
 
 AN important point in the making of newsprint the first jump 
 of the new-made sheet from the wire screen, on which it changed 
 from liquid to solid, to the felt blanket which assists in drying it. 
 
 224 
 
FEW YARDS FROM PAPER MACHINES TO CARS 
 
 supported to another series of cylinders called press rolls, 
 where it is further squeezed and dried by enormous wool 
 blankets running in endless belts. From the press rolls it 
 passes to a series of 32 drying cylinders filled with live 
 steam and covered with blankets to absorb the moisture. 
 Very delicate adjustment is necessary to keep all parts of 
 the paper machine working at just the proper speed. The 
 machines are each about 200 feet long and the paper must 
 be kept at sufficient tension but not too much tension all 
 the way through. Each section of the machine must run 
 a little faster than the one behind it because as the paper 
 dries it stretches. 
 
 The final touch of the machine is given by steel calender 
 rolls which polish the paper immediately before it is wound 
 on long steel spindles. Before being shipped it must be 
 rewound from these on cores, the edges being trimmed at 
 the same time and the roll 162 to 201 inches wide cut into 
 various lengths needed in the press room. 
 
 These rolls are wrapped with extra heavy paper made 
 on other machines from the pulp rejected as too coarse for 
 newsprint. They are loaded in box cars, switched into the 
 mill within a few yards of the end of the paper machines. 
 
 The product of this mill supplies The Chicago Tribune 
 and The Daily News of New York. 
 
 The transportation of raw materials to The Tribune's 
 mill and of paper from the mill to the newspaper press 
 rooms demands the specialized attention of a traffic depart- 
 ment. Upwards of ten thousand car loads of freight are 
 handled into and out of the mill each year. For 2,700 car 
 loads of paper to come out of the mill, 6,000 car loads of 
 wood and 1,500 car loads of coal must go in as well as great 
 quantities of sulphur, limestone, wires, clay, and machinery. 
 
 Strikes, blizzards, car shortages create problems for the 
 Traffic Department to master. It also seeks to reduce loss 
 or damage in transit to a minimum. The fifteen hundred 
 
 225 
 
TRANSPORTATION OF PAPER AND MATERIALS 
 
 pound rolls of paper are particularly susceptible as they can 
 rather easily be split. 
 
 Every roll of paper is inspected as it is unloaded from 
 the freight car. By means of a caliper ruler the depth of 
 the cuts and tears in each roll is ascertained to the thirty- 
 second of an inch. A table has been devised which shows 
 the weight of the damaged paper for each fraction of an 
 inch in depth the roll is cut or damaged. It is, therefore, 
 possible to estimate the amount of damage in pounds at the 
 time the paper is unloaded from the car. 
 
 As a result of these investigations many improvements 
 have been adopted in methods of preparing cars for loading 
 and in loading them at the mill. In the past the greatest 
 amount of damage has been found to be caused by water 
 coming through leaky roofs of cars and also by the fact 
 that paper has been loaded into cars which became in bad 
 order in transit, necessitating the transfer of the paper to 
 another car by railroad freight handlers who use no care in 
 handling the heavy delicate rolls of paper. Inspection of 
 cars and careful loading have practically eliminated these 
 losses. 
 
 226 
 
Composing Room 
 
 N average of about 300 columns of type are 
 set in the "Composing Room" of The 
 Chicago Tribune each day. The "Com- 
 posing Room" of The Tribune utilizes the 
 entire fourth floor of The Plant. Probably 
 no newspaper in the world has better 
 facilities. Ample space, windows on all sides, modern 
 equipment logically arranged, permit the production of a 
 great volume of work of superior quality at high speed. 
 The working force includes 54 hand compositors, 18 ad 
 machine compositors, 36 news machine compositors, 
 9 machinists, 25 proof readers, and 23 who follow the type 
 from the time it is set until it is placed in the forms and 
 sent to the stereotypers. 
 
 The accompanying illustration shows the layout of the 
 Composing Room. Note that the ads move toward the 
 center of the room from the south and west sides while the 
 news comes from the north side. The paper is made up 
 in the center, and then the forms go to the steam tables at 
 the east end. From there the matrices are dropped down 
 a chute to the stereotype casting room on the first floor. 
 
 The linotype machines are busy about sixteen hours a 
 day with various kinds of copy. The day shift of printers 
 set classified and display advertisements and articles for 
 the inside sections of the Sunday newspapers. In the after- 
 noon the market tables and stories and the editorials begin 
 to come to the machines, and in the evening and most of 
 the night they are busy with news stories for the current 
 issue, sandwiching in advertising and Sunday copy and 
 news matter for later issues during the slack periods in 
 the flow of news. A type-setting machine can produce, 
 roughly, about ten columns of type in a work day. 
 
 It may be of interest to follow through the operations of 
 a typical day in The Tribune's Composing Room. 
 
 227 
 
THOUSANDS OF CUTS ON FILE 
 
 Each morning the auditing department sends to the 
 composing room a copy of The Tribune, upon which has 
 been noted the disposition to be made of each advertisement 
 appearing that day. With these sheets before them, two 
 men go over the forms and remove those that are "dead," 
 throwing the metal into a wheeled bin to be melted down 
 for further use. About 99% of the type used in The Tribune 
 is new type. 
 
 Ads that are to appear on a later day are placed in 
 galleys duly tagged. Those that are "alive" remain in the 
 forms, the basis of the make up for the day. This opera- 
 tion for the classified section of 40 to 200 columns is a 
 matter of some time and requires great care. 
 
 Not all of the metal used in display ads goes back at 
 once to the melting pot. Many cuts and name plates are 
 preserved for future use. The accumulation numbering many 
 thousand is kept in a steel cut cabinet of more than 500 
 pigeon holes, each allotted to an advertiser and labeled 
 with his name. With the help of a catalogue these cuts may 
 be found when needed, saving the cost of re-making. 
 
 One might think that there would be no such pressure on 
 the advertising compositors as on those in the "news room," 
 
 LAYOUT of Fourth Floor of Tribune Plant. 
 228 
 
IJIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIL 
 
 EDITORS and compositors " making-up" The Tribune. 
 
 A TRIBUNE veteran at his linotype. 
 
fJUU t U l U'U t U > U'U'U t U > U'U l U l U t U'U'UUUU'U t U > UU'U l U l U'U<U'U > U l U l U l U > Ui-i 
 
 THE first step in making an engraving is shown above pho- 
 tographing the original. Below, the etcher has just taken the 
 zinc plate out of the acid bath after a "bite." 
 
 230 
 
How ADS ARE SET IN TYPE 
 
 but there is not much to choose. Ads come in at the "dead- 
 line" just as the news does. Double-page department store 
 ads are returned at the last moment so cut to pieces as 
 to necessitate almost entire re-setting. And the "ad room" 
 must work with a great variety of types and sizes and 
 "layouts" as compared with the straight-away composition 
 of the news. Pressure in the "ad room" reaches its climax 
 on Thursday and Friday nights when the first sections of 
 the Sunday paper go to press in addition to the Daily 
 issues. * * * 
 
 Display advertisements are all those not set in 
 uniform type, according to rule. Their setting calls for the 
 exercise of skill and judgment. Copy comes in various 
 conditions. For the most part the advertiser outlines in 
 detail what is desired. Sometimes only the text is sub- 
 mitted. Unless special directions are given, each compos- 
 itor designs the ad he sets. 
 
 Some ads come in as mats, prepared by the advertiser. 
 
 These are of any size up to full page, and, after being 
 scheduled by the ad foreman, go direct to the foundry for 
 casting. The cast goes into the form and from it the page 
 mat is then made. It is difficult to retain the clearness of the 
 original through this process. Other ads come in as electro 
 plates and these go first to the etching room, or the stereo- 
 type room, to be mounted on metal. 
 
 The ad being set, a proof is taken. This goes to the proof 
 readers and comes back with corrections noted. Often 
 many proofs are taken before the ad is finally approved. 
 When finally approved the name, form and size in agate 
 lines of each advertisement are entered upon the Display 
 Ad Schedule. The ad in type then goes to the make up, 
 where it lies ready to be placed in the form at the proper 
 time. 
 
 This process continues until the dead line, when the last 
 ad is sent away, and the schedule shows a complete list 
 by name, of the display ads for the day, together with the 
 length and breadth of each and its total agate lines; and at 
 
 231 
 
HANDLING DAILY FLOOD OF WANT ADS 
 
 the bottom a total of display advertising for the day in 
 columns, carried out to two decimals. 
 
 The Tribune carries an average of 84 columns of classi- 
 fied advertising daily. Of these an average of 48 columns 
 are "standing," that is, they run for a greater or less number 
 of consecutive insertions and so are not set daily. An average 
 of 36 columns are new and must be set each day. When 
 the copy comes up from the business office, an increasing 
 volume as the six-o'clock dead line approaches, it has been 
 censored and approved, as all advertising must be. It is 
 also classified. Unless some manifest error in classification 
 appear, it stands. The small ads are set by operators on 
 the linotype machines. Each operator carries his completed 
 "take" to the "bank" and places it, without regard to 
 classification, in one of the galleys set apart for that pur- 
 pose. Proofs are then taken and when corrected, the type 
 in galleys, goes to the tables near the make-up line. Here 
 they are assorted according to the classification. The make- 
 up tables are arranged in long lines just as when the news 
 pages are made up later in the evening. 
 
 From long experience, a fairly accurate estimate can be 
 made of how much space will be required for classified ads 
 each day. As the ads in type are classified, they are made 
 up in pages, as we see them daily in The Tribune, having 
 special regard to their arrangement according to size and 
 classification. The dead line for classified advertising is 
 six o'clock. By eight the last form is locked and turned 
 over to the stereotypers. For at that time begins the news 
 make-up for the first edition. It then follows the same 
 course as the news forms, going first to the mat makers and 
 then to the foundry. Having closed the forms, the accu- 
 rate amount of the classified advertising is entered upon 
 
 the schedule. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Display and classified schedules go to the foreman of the 
 Composing Room, who then proceeds to make up the paper 
 from an advertising standpoint. He makes a dummy for 
 
 232 
 
MAKE-UP OF ADS PUZZLING PROBLEM 
 
 each page of the next day's Tribune, showing the precise 
 location, size and shape of every display advertisement on 
 the schedule. At 7:30 these dummies go to the night 
 editor, and with them as a basis he makes up the news. 
 
 The daily problem of determining the position which 
 each advertisement shall have in the paper is delicate and im- 
 portant. As far as possible the requests of the advertisers 
 are complied with, but The Tribune will not guarantee 
 that any particular ad will appear on any particular page. 
 Some of the pages most desired by advertisers have but 
 a small amount of space available for advertising finan- 
 cial page containing New York Stock Exchange quotations, 
 women's pages, sporting pages, page three, for instance. 
 Only a fraction of the advertising requested for these pages 
 can possible be placed on them. 
 
 Furthermore, there are certain rules rigidly adhered to 
 in the placing of advertisements on a page. The advertis- 
 ing is always built up from the lower right hand corner in 
 a symmetrical block. Deeper ads are always placed above 
 the more shallow ones of the same width. This make-up, 
 known as the "pyramid" style, originated in The Tribune's 
 composing room, and is recognized as permitting most 
 orderly display of news with best presentation of advertising. 
 
 Beginning somewhat after 5 o'clock, news matter comes 
 up to the composing room in various conditions and in 
 varying volume. It has, however, one invariable quality. 
 It is typewritten. No other is tolerated. In the argot of the 
 local room each news item, whether an inch or a column, 
 from editorial to market reports, is a "story." When a 
 batch of copy comes up on the waiter, it is carried by the 
 copy boy to the copy box on the copy cutter's desk. Here 
 it is prepared for the compositor. 
 
 If an item of news is short, the copy cutter marks upon 
 it its classification, as "F" for Financial or "Wash" for Wash- 
 ington and the number of its galley on the bank and hangs 
 it on the copy hook. If it is long, he first cuts off the head 
 and then cuts the body of it into sections of convenient 
 
 233 
 
COPY SET IN MANY SMALL "TAKES" 
 
 lengths, called "takes." These are each marked by name 
 and galley numbers. The sections are also given serial 
 numbers for convenience in reassembling the copy and the 
 type after it has been set. As he marks each story he also 
 marks its number on a schedule upon which are printed the 
 names of the classes of news, with one or more lines of 
 space for each, so that if the last number in City is 103, he 
 and all who handle either it or the type know that the next 
 take in City news must be numbered 104. Frequently a 
 story comes from the local room in sections, at long in- 
 tervals. There is an agreed mark by which the copy reader 
 indicates the end of a story. Until that mark appears at 
 the bottom of a take, the composing room knows that more 
 of that story is to follow. When the compositor finds that 
 mark he sets a dash, which gives like notice to all who fol- 
 low him in handling the type. 
 
 A compositor does not pick his take. He takes the top 
 ones on the hook. Having set a take, he brings the type 
 to the bank and places it in its proper galley and in its 
 proper order as indicated by its serial number, and identi- 
 fies it by its number on a slip of paper attached to the type. 
 Sixteen of a story called "Hewitt" may come to the bank 
 before 15, but until they are all there in order with the 
 dash at the end, the bank man does not move it. 
 
 At the top of each galley is placed a stereotyped cast line 
 of type called a "slug," showing the classification of news 
 and the galley number, thus : 
 
 22 WASH 22 
 
 Each compositor has also his own numbered stereotyped 
 slug which is always the same, thus : 
 
 29 Twenty-Nine 29 
 
 He places one of these slugs in his stick at the head of 
 each of his takes. 
 
 234 
 
PULL MANY PROOFS OF EACH STORY 
 
 He also sets by linotype, at the top of each take, a 
 "guide line," bearing the name of the story and the number 
 of the take, thus : 
 
 MOSS ENRIGHT-9, 8 and 2 
 
 These three slugs all show in the proof, the first to aid in 
 bringing back to the story its proper head, the second for 
 the purpose of computing the number of ems set by each 
 compositor and the third to identify the story to the make- 
 up man. They are all removed before the type takes its 
 place in the form. Occasionally one escapes, as when an 
 editor finds "Add Holy Junk" in the midst of his church 
 news, and then takes to the woods. 
 
 With his take in type the compositor brings the corre- 
 sponding copy, which he hangs upon a hook at the end of 
 the bank. When a galley is full or a story complete, the 
 bank man carries the galley and its copy to the proof press. 
 Here the rollers are running rapidly over the stone. The 
 boy deftly puts the galley in place and with great skill takes 
 off ten proofs, which he hangs upon convenient hooks. 
 Four of these are for the editors in the local room, four 
 are for certain New York correspondents and news syndi- 
 cates, one goes to the "dupe hook" for use in making up 
 the pay sheets, and one, with its copy, to the proof readers. 
 
 The head proof reader folds each proof in its own copy 
 and lays it in a stack at his left. Here the proof readers 
 come to get it, always taking that which lies on top. There 
 is no picking and choosing. 
 
 Reading proof is an exacting occupation. The reader 
 must not only see to it that the proof "follows copy," but 
 he must correct any transgression of the Rules of Composi- 
 tion, or any other manifest errors even though they agree 
 with copy. 
 
 "Rules of Composition" is a closely printed sheet the 
 size of a Tribune page which prescribes with an infinitude 
 of detail the "style" to be used in setting Tribune news. 
 Spelling, punctuation, abbreviations, the uses of italics and 
 capitals, the fine points to be observed in the setting of 
 
 235 
 
TYPE NOT DISTRIBUTED BUT MELTED AFTER USE 
 
 stock quotations and death notices, all are considered and 
 most positive decisions laid down. 
 
 The proof, corrected, goes to the "correction bank," 
 the high table in the right background at which two men 
 are standing, where it is laid upon its own galley of type. 
 The man who set it corrects it. For this time he is not 
 paid a penalty for inaccuracy. As many proofs as are 
 necessary are made until the galley is found correct. 
 
 Linotype operators are paid for the amount of type they 
 set, calculated by the 1,000 ems. An em is a square whose 
 sides equal the height of a given type. The Tribune, except 
 the first page, is set in minion without leads, and 1,000 
 ems of this is about five inches long. 
 
 The linotype operator writes on a keyboard similar to 
 a typewriter. At each stroke a brass matrix of a letter, 
 figure or punctuation mark drops into a groove. When 
 there are enough in place to fill a line, molten metal is 
 pumped against the matrices and the line-o-type results. 
 As the operator is writing the next line the matrices of the 
 line before are being automatically redistributed. A nota- 
 ble feature of the linotype machines in The Tribune Com- 
 posing Room is that the metal in each is heated by elec- 
 tricity instead of by gas, which is commonly used. 
 
 Type too large to be set on the linotype is usually set 
 on the Ludlow Typograph. Large brass matrices are set 
 by hand, and from them the headline is cast in one line, 
 and the matrices re-distributed. This involves little sav- 
 ing in time, if any, but a great saving in space and cleaner 
 typography. An ordinary matrix cabinet two feet square 
 will contain twenty fonts of matrices. 
 
 Small type, rules, leads, etc. to be used in hand compo- 
 sition are set on Monotype machines and after being used 
 are melted down, never redistributed. 
 
 236 
 
Etching Room 
 
 ~"j\EFORE photographs or drawings can be 
 ^ printed in a newspaper, they must be 
 / ^j j reproduced in metal variously known as 
 J/ etchings, engravings, half-tones, zincs, 
 cuts, or plates. These terms are practically 
 interchangeable except that "half-tones" 
 
 are of photographs or wash drawings, and not of line 
 drawings. 
 
 Many newspapers have this work done for them by 
 outside concerns, but The Tribune has long maintained its 
 own Etching Room on an elaborate scale. The Tribune not 
 only does all its own work, but, because of its splendid 
 facilities, and the speed which it achieves, it does a large 
 volume of work for other publications, advertisers, agen- 
 cies, etc. This work, charged for at usual commercial 
 rates, produces a considerable revenue. 
 
 The Tribune's Etching Room occupies the east end of 
 the fifth floor of The Plant, adjoining the Local Room and 
 the Art Department. Two shifts of men are employed, the 
 day shift occupied mainly with work for the advertising 
 department, and the night shift, kept busy by the news and 
 feature departments. Big, airy, well-lighted rooms are 
 filled with thoroughly modern equipment. A never-ending 
 struggle is always in progress to make cuts which will 
 print better on The Tribune's high speed presses. 
 
 In photographs the gradations of color between the 
 high lights and the shadows are termed half-tones and the 
 plate of that name is so called because it reproduces those 
 intermediate shades. A picture is composed wholly of light 
 and shade, from complete black to white, and the interme- 
 diates. 
 
 In making a half-tone, the first step is to reproduce the 
 picture by photography. The negative is taken in the usual 
 way, but with three special features. The camera is a huge 
 
 237 
 
HALF TONE NEGATIVES MADE THROUGH SCREENS 
 
 one. The light is artificial. Two long glass tubes contain 
 quicksilver. An electric current of such strength passes 
 through them that the quicksilver is vaporized, producing 
 an extremely strong light suitable for photography. These 
 tubes are placed in reflectors, one of which from either side 
 is turned upon the object to be photographed. 
 
 But more important than all is the screen which is 
 placed in the camera in front of the sensitive plate upon 
 which the negative is taken. Without these screens the 
 reproduction could not be effected. A screen is a glass 
 plate across which parallel furrows are cut. These furrows 
 are filled with an opaque pigment. The lines do not run 
 parallel with the sides of the plate but diagonally at an 
 angle of 45 degrees. Two of these plates, with their lines 
 inside and at right angles to each other, are sealed together 
 with transparent Canada balsam. The lines thus form a 
 right-angled cross hatching and look like a wire fly screen. 
 The lines and the spaces between are of the same width, 
 so that each occupies half the surface of the plate. These 
 screens are made with from 50 to 400 lines to the inch. The 
 screen most used by newspapers has 65 lines, and the marks 
 of the lines are plainly visible in the print. In the finest 
 book work, with a screen of 400 lines, the marks can hardly 
 be discerned under a strong magnifier. Screens are expen- 
 sive and must be handled and cared for with utmost atten- 
 tion. They must be kept clean and dry and protected 
 against temperature and strain. Their manufacture is a 
 matter of high nicety. 
 
 The picture to be photographed is tacked upon a board 
 and placed in an upright position opposite the lens of the 
 camera in focus, and the mercury light on either side turned 
 upon it. In this manner a negative is made on glass, 
 through the screen. 
 
 The negative is now developed in the dark room. A 
 negative is a picture, an image, in reverse of the object pho- 
 tographed, that is, it shows the white of the object as black, 
 the black as white, and the intermediate shades, half-tones, 
 
 238 
 
FILM TRANSFERRED FROM ONE PLATE TO ANOTHER 
 
 according to their degree of light or shadow. This happens 
 because light turns the silver solution with which the plate 
 is covered dark, the stronger the light the darker the silver 
 becomes. So, while the many rays from the light part of 
 the object are rapidly darkening the corresponding part of 
 the plate, the few rays from the dark part are affecting it 
 but little or not at all. 
 
 The negative is first flowed (flooded) with a solution of 
 sulphate of iron and acetic acid which brings out the image 
 and then with a weak solution of cyanide of potassium, 
 which "fixes" it. Next comes a flow of sulphate of 
 copper and bromide of potassium which intensifies the 
 image. After being washed in water, it is flowed with nitrate 
 of silver. This blackens the shades. Then come successive 
 treatments with iodine and cyanide of potassium to sharpen 
 the contrasts. The plate is then covered with a solution of 
 sodium sulphide which stains the shades still darker and 
 dries into a film which gives protection to the negative. 
 
 After being thoroughly dried in a hot box the negative is 
 covered with a transparent rubber cement to strengthen the 
 film and again dried and covered with plain (liquid) collo- 
 dion to facilitate its transfer to another plate. Again it is 
 dried and cut round with a tool, so as to mark out only the 
 essential part of the negative, and placed in a bath of acetic 
 acid, which frees the film from the glass plate without injur- 
 ing any part of it. It is then placed in a water bath until 
 wanted for the next process. 
 
 The film is now an elastic sheet free from the glass plate. 
 With utmost care, so as prevent distortion, it is lifted and 
 transferred to a clean glass plate. If made by an ordi- 
 nary camera, it is turned over. If it is from the prism 
 camera, it is not turned. The object of this transfer is two- 
 fold. It discards unnecessary parts of the negative, and 
 retains only that part marked out on the original for print- 
 ing in the paper. By this means even a single figure may 
 be selected from a group. It also enables a number of 
 
 239 
 
IMAGE PHOTOGRAPHED ON ZINC 
 
 smaller negatives to be collected on a single plate, for the 
 sake of economy in the coming processes. 
 
 When again dried it is ready for the printing in the 
 photographic, not the newspaper, sense. A thin and highly 
 polished plate of pure zinc is cleaned with a lye solution and 
 further polished with powdered pumice stone and charcoal. 
 It is then sensitized with a solution of albumen and bichron> 
 ate of ammonia in water. The plate is next clamped in a 
 frame and whirled rapidly over a gas heater and dried as it 
 throws off the excess solution. This little machine is a 
 Tribune invention. The operation was formerly performed 
 by hand. The sensitized plate is now ready to record a* 
 photographic image. It is placed in a printing frame with 
 the glass photographic negative pressed closely to it, and 
 subjected to strong light of a flaming arc for from one to 
 four minutes. This reproduces the photograph on the zinc 
 plate by hardening the albumen in the exposed parts, and 
 it again becomes a negative, upon the zinc plate. 
 
 The zinc plate is covered thoroughly and evenly with a 
 special preparation of etcher's ink put on with a roller. 
 This ink adheres closely to the parts of the negatives cov- 
 ered by the print, and, when washed in water, is removed 
 from the white portion. This leaves on the zinc plate a 
 negative of the original picture with ink covering all the 
 dots. 
 
 The image shown upon a zinc plate, when it goes to 
 the etchers, consists of just these black dots and the inter- 
 vening white spaces. It is obvious that if the metal of the 
 white spaces can be removed and that of the dots preserved, 
 there will be a plate from which a picture of the object origi- 
 nally photographed can be printed. 
 
 The etchers accomplish this. The dots on the zinc 
 plate, as has been stated, are covered with etcher's ink, the 
 remainder of the plate is bare. The plate is first thor- 
 oughly dried. It is then dusted with dragon's blood, a 
 reddish powder made from the bark and gum of an East 
 Indian tree, and is brushed over gently so as to remove the 
 
 240 
 
ACID ETCHES IMAGE INTO ZINC PLATE 
 
 dust from bare places and allow it to stick to the ink 
 spots. 
 
 The plate is then heated over a gas burner until the dust 
 forms a granulated glaze protecting the spots. This is to 
 protect the spots from the action of acid. The back of the 
 plate is coated with asphaltum to give it like protection. 
 The plate is now placed in a nitric acid bath. White por- 
 celain pans contain the acid. They are rocked gently to 
 and fro so that the acid washes over the plate and eats out 
 the exposed portions, leaving the dots. This is the first 
 "bite." When the plate is taken out the dots are quite 
 perceptible to the eye and the touch as small cones. 
 
 In eating away the metal between the dots the acid has 
 exposed bare metal on the sides of the cone. They are 
 quite like the shank of a collar button. If there are to be 
 further acid baths, these bare sides of the cones, the tops 
 of which are the spots, must be protected lest the acid eat 
 away these supports. The plate is therefore again dusted four 
 times with dragon's blood and brushed each time from a 
 different angle so as to cover the supports of the dots with 
 the dust. The plate is again heated so as to melt the dust 
 and form a protective coating and the plate goes into the 
 pan for a second bite. This process continues until the 
 plate has been given four bites, and the metal between the 
 dots has been eaten away to a sufficient depth to enable a 
 press print to be taken of the dots only. These compose 
 the half-tone picture as it appears in The Tribune. 
 
 The plate is now cleaned with lye and flowed with a 
 copper solution to darken the surfaces. It then goes to 
 the "routers" so called because they use a "router bit" 
 which cuts the metal. They remove all excess metal from 
 the plate, which is then mounted on a metal base to type 
 height, and trimmed and sent to take its place in the make- 
 up. 
 
 241 
 
Stereotyping 
 
 FTER the page of type and cuts is complete 
 and correct it must be reproduced in such a 
 way that it can be used on several different 
 presses at the same time and in cylindrical 
 instead of flat form. A modern newspaper 
 is not printed from type. It is the task of 
 the stereotypers to make many semi-cylinders of metal 
 reproducing the flat form of type and to make them 
 swiftly. This involves two steps: 
 
 First, a matrix, or mat, is made by forcing a sort of 
 moist blotting paper into every crevice of the type 
 page under great pressure, and then baking it. 
 
 Second, this paper fac-simile is bent into the form of 
 a semi-cylinder and used as a mold for a metallic 
 stereotype, also known as a cast. 
 
 All care in setting type and making etchings and run- 
 ning presses will amount to nothing if a matrix or cast is 
 poorly made. 
 
 Each mat is carefully built up of several layers of paper 
 pasted together. 
 
 Not so long ago mat making was a jealously guarded 
 shop secret, for on it depends success. Now, the only 
 secret is the composition of the paste. The mats are the 
 size of a Tribune page, including the margin. They 
 consist of seven sheets of pink and white paper of varying 
 weights pasted together and kept moist until used. First 
 a roll of 60 pound white paper (of somewhat closer texture 
 than blotting paper) and a roll of 40 pound pink paper, 
 are run through a machine which pastes them together. 
 The resulting roll is run through again with a roll of 20 
 pound pink. The operation is repeated with successive 
 sheets until seven rolls have been absorbed into one. This 
 is put in a humidor where it may be kept for a week; sheets 
 
 242 
 
MATRIX FINISHED IN TEN MINUTES 
 
 the size of a Tribune page being torn off as needed and 
 chilled in an ice box before being used. The Tribune 
 requires more than a thousand mats a week. 
 
 As each page of The Tribune is made up and the form 
 locked, the page number is marked in chalk on the chase. 
 Upon the stone the foreman has a block of paper called a 
 time schedule ruled into squares equal in number to the 
 pages of the edition. As a page form is wheeled out of the 
 make-up line (they do not come in numerical order) its 
 number is marked in the proper square showing that it has 
 been received. It is trundled over and slid upon the steam 
 table. It is then covered with a wet mat, with the tissue 
 paper side next the type, and passed twice under the matrix 
 roller at a pressure of 16,000 pounds. The mat has now 
 become truly a matrix. It reproduces the page of type 
 and all of the drawings, even down to the finest lines, but it 
 is soft, wet. Upon it is now laid a coarse woolen blanket 
 folded to six thicknesses and it is ready for the steam press. 
 These presses, each the size of a Tribune page, are heated and 
 are operated by steam at 100 pounds pressure so as, with 
 the aid of powerful leverage to give a surface pressure on 
 the mat of 60,000 pounds. As the form goes under the 
 press the time, to the minute, is noted on the table in chalk. 
 After the lapse of six minutes the mat comes out a hard, 
 dry, crisp paper board, a page of The Tribune. 
 
 The edges are sheared off and the mat is then "backed 
 up." Strips of felt called "packing" are glued on the back 
 of the mat at all points where large white areas are to ap- 
 pear in the paper, and which otherwise might collapse 
 under the pressure involved in casting. Expert workmen 
 take only about one minute per mat for completing this 
 process. The completed mat is then dropped down a 
 chute to the foundry, four floors below, ten minutes after 
 the form of type was received. 
 
 In the foundry the mat is fitted into its place in one of 
 the four big Autoplate machines. It is so bent that the 
 resulting cast will fit precisely into its place on the 
 
 243 
 
CAST FINISHED IN Two MINUTES 
 
 cylinder of a press. In the machine is a tank containing 
 16,000 pounds of molten metal, which is kept at a temper- 
 ature of 650 degrees 78% lead, 15% antimony, 7% tin. 
 A force pump drives the liquid metal into a narrow space 
 opposite the mat. Cold water circulates around the cast- 
 ing box and solidifies the metal. In twenty seconds the 
 cast is mechanically ejected from the machine and fresh 
 metal is being pumped against the mat to make a new 
 one. 
 
 Although the mat is of paper it will answer for many casts. 
 On an average 14 casts are made from each mat for the 
 daily and 30 for the Sunday paper. So many plates are 
 required because many presses are printing a given page at 
 one time, and there must be two casts for each page for 
 each press. 
 
 The cast now moves over a machine which trims off 
 the .excess metal at the ends, planes it on the inside to 
 "type height," bevels it to fit the clamps which will hold 
 it on the press, and planes the rough edges. 
 
 The plate, weighing 52 pounds, is placed on a roller 
 conveyor which automatically carries it to the press where 
 it is to be used, its page number marked on both its back 
 and its face. A cast can be delivered in two minutes 
 after a mat is received in the foundry. 
 
 The Midnight Fires of the Stereotypers 
 244 
 
Electrotyping 
 
 N electrotyping shop is maintained to make 
 the 48 color plates used each week in printing 
 the Sunday comic section. 
 
 The artists' drawings go to the etching 
 room, where a separate zinc cut is made of 
 each color to be reproduced. A "Ben Day" 
 man^goes over each negative, comparing it with the original 
 drawing, and eliminating everything except one color. 
 
 From the finished cut the electrotyping shop makes an 
 impression in a wax mould. The wax bearing the imprint 
 of the cut is dusted with plumbago or black lead, which is to 
 act as a conductor of electricity. 
 
 The mould is then attached to the negative pole of a 
 battery in a tank containing acid sulphate of copper. 
 Facing it in the tank is a plate of copper attached to the 
 positive pole of a battery. An electric current decomposes 
 the copper plate and causes free copper to be deposited in 
 an even sheet on the wax mould. Action is quickened by 
 blowing air up through the solution. 
 
 When thick enough, the mould is removed and the wax 
 separated from the copper shell by pouring hot water on it. 
 The copper shell is wet with a soldering solution where the 
 wax had been, a sheet of tin foil is laid on and fused and then 
 molten metal is poured in, giving the copper shell a firm, 
 solid backing. 
 
 This plate is sawed, trimmed and curved to the arc of 
 the printing cylinder. It is put in a nickel bath for a thin 
 surfacing with nickel. Dead surfaces are routed out and it 
 is then ready for the presses. 
 
 245 
 
Press Room 
 
 THE press room of The Chicago Tribune not only 
 is a marvel to the thousands of visitors who want 
 to know the mysteries of newspaper production 
 and who are taken through The Tribune Plant to see 
 the world's greatest newspaper in the process of making, 
 but it is a model for the newspapers of the world and is 
 built with possibilities for expansion to take care of a 
 circulation of more than 2,000,000 Tribunes every day. 
 
 The printing plant is built from the standpoint of fac- 
 tory production. The ideal factory receives its raw mate- 
 rial at as few entrances as possible, delivers it to the various 
 departments, and finally the assembling room (in this case 
 the mailing room) without any of the finished material 
 having interfered with the progress of manufacturing. 
 This has been done as far as possible in a newspaper way 
 by The Tribune. 
 
 Twenty-five units of the Goss unit type of high speed 
 press are in use in the press room, which occupies the 
 ground floor of the new Plant. Within a comparatively 
 short time, thirty units will be in operation. It will be 
 possible to run these thirty units as quadruples, sextuples, 
 octuples, quintuples or as double-sextuples. Foundations 
 are laid for another row, similar to the present, which will 
 bring the number of units up to sixty. 
 
 The machinery which prints The Tribune may be con- 
 sidered in four divisions: the reels, the printing units, the 
 
 folders, and the conveyors. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Rolls of newsprint are placed on the reels located in 
 The Tribune basement immediately below the presses. 
 The paper feeds from these reels to the presses on the floor 
 above where it passes between the printing cylinders. The 
 folders then do their part by cutting and folding the fin- 
 ished product and delivering it to the conveyors. These, 
 
 246 
 
Row of steam tables for making matrices. Stereotyper is 
 examining mat of type page which his companion is removing. 
 
 PLACING stereotype plates on the printing cylinders of a Tribune 
 press. 
 
 9A7 
 
[JIUIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIL 
 
 WEST end of Tribune's 2jo-foot row of presses. 
 
 FROM these reels newsprint feeds from the basement of The 
 Tribune Plant up into the presses. As a roll is exhausted 
 another takes its place without stopping the presses. 
 
 248 
 
PAPER FEEDS FROM BASEMENT UP TO PRESSES 
 
 without the intervention of the human hand, carry the 
 papers up through the ceiling of the press room and deliver 
 them on tables in lots of fifty for distribution by the circula- 
 tion department. 
 
 The reels from which newsprint feeds to The Tribune 
 presses are an extraordinarily important and novel feature 
 of the whole process. The ordinary newspaper press must 
 be stopped whenever a roll of paper is exhausted and remain 
 idle until a new roll is in place. Furthermore, the new roll 
 must often be lifted by pulleys high in the air to its place 
 in the press. 
 
 By means of these Tribune reels each new roll takes the 
 place of the exhausted one without stopping the press and 
 the rolls feed from the basement where they are stored 
 not from the top or the side of the press. This means an 
 increase in press production of approximately fifteen per 
 cent. 
 
 There are twenty-five reels; one directly underneath 
 each printing unit. Each reel holds three rolls of newsprint 
 when the press starts operating in the evening. Only one 
 of these reels is feeding up into the press at any one time. 
 
 When this roll is almost exhausted the press is slowed 
 down and the reel is very gradually revolved under electrical 
 control to bring the side of the upper roll in contact with 
 the sheet of paper feeding up from the almost exhausted 
 lower reel. The paper of the new upper roll has been 
 smeared with an extremely sticky glue which catches the 
 sheet moving up into the press. Momentarily the paper 
 runs double and a few papers are spoiled, but these are 
 thrown out by a "fly boy" who stands at the folder, so that 
 none of them reaches Tribune readers. As the new roll 
 takes hold the old sheet of paper is cut and the reel revolved 
 still further. This enables the old core to be taken out and 
 a new roll to be put in its place. 
 
 Placing the roll in the reel is done with a minimum of 
 labor, as no long steel spindle need be put through the core. 
 Small trucks running on rails bring the 1,500 pound rolls 
 
 249 
 
PRESSES UNUSUALLY FLEXIBLE 
 
 from their storage into position at the reel. Adjustable 
 roller-bearing spindles, constituting a part of the reel, are 
 inserted in each end of the core and then pressure on an 
 electric button is all that is needed to bring it into position 
 to feed the press. 
 
 A printing unit is composed of two plate and two blanket 
 cylinders, and an inking arrangement for each plate cylinder. 
 Each inking arrangement consists of one ink fountain, one 
 
 small and one large ink 
 
 cylinder, one fountain 
 roller, four ink distributing 
 rollers, and two form rollers. 
 With the aid of an ingenious 
 device, all the inking rollers 
 are set-off at once by the 
 movement of a single lever. 
 This prevents the composi- 
 tion of which the rollers are 
 made from becoming flat at 
 the point of contact with 
 the ink cylinder while the 
 press is idle. At the side of 
 each ink fountain is a set of 
 keys similar to the tuning 
 keys on a piano. By turn- 
 ing these keys the pressman 
 
 is enabled to adjust the flow of ink to the ink cylinders and 
 rollers. The entire unit is driven by a vertical shaft con- 
 necting to the main drive shaft. 
 
 One of the principal features of The Tribune presses is 
 their flexibility. Each press will print any size paper from 
 eight to forty pages, and they can be tied up in such a way 
 that no unit need be idle. The arrangement of the presses 
 may be so adapted that no matter what the size of the paper, 
 all the units are kept going. 
 
 For the twenty-five units, there are twelve folders or 
 
 250 
 
70,000 TONS OF PAPER PRINTED IN 1921 
 
 deliveries. That means that in twelve different places com- 
 plete newspapers can come forth and flow up to the mailing 
 room in the spring wire conveyors that carry the papers 
 automatically from the presses. 
 
 Regardless of the number of pages to be printed each 
 press is driven at the rate of 300 revolutions per minute at 
 the cylinders. This is equal to 600 Tribunes per minute. 
 Each press has two full sets of stereotyped plates which 
 print two complete Tribunes at every revolution of the 
 cylinders. 
 
 When the paper breaks, the loss is not serious if the 
 paper does not wrap itself around the cylinder. Paper 
 break detectors stop the presses automatically when the 
 paper tears. Even a simple break means a loss of a couple 
 of minutes on the run for the press. One characteristic 
 week showed the number of breaks ranging from 25 to 57 
 in the course of a night. 
 
 In 1921 the presses turned 64,524 tons of newsprint into 
 Tribunes. In addition to this, 3,111 tons of half-tone paper 
 for the color section and 2,814 tons of roto paper for the 
 rotogravure section were consumed. In the future, with 
 the adoption of the four-color rotogravure for the color 
 section, considerably more roto paper will be used. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Each double folder has two folding and cutting cylinders 
 and two deliveries. Above each set of folding and cutting 
 cylinders is a former over which the web is led and de- 
 livered to the folding cylinder. This operation gives the 
 paper the fold at the center of the sheet from top to bottom. 
 It is then delivered to the folding and cutting cylinders 
 where the sheet is cut and the fold is made from side to 
 side. This operation completes the paper and it is dropped 
 from the folder into the delivery. Above each set of double 
 folders there are two formers called "aerial formers/' 
 These formers deliver three or four sections, stuffed one 
 inside the other; whereas the two lower formers can deliver 
 the paper in only two sections as in the regular daily edi- 
 
 251 
 
CONVEYORS A FASCINATING SPECTACLE 
 
 tion. At each delivery there is a device by which every 
 fiftieth paper is offset from the other papers in order to 
 enable the papers to be taken from the delivery in bundles 
 of fifty each. Each folding cylinder is equipped with a 
 counter which counts every paper printed. Another counter 
 is installed on the fifty kick-out device and counts every 
 
 fifty papers printed. 
 
 # * * 
 
 There is no more interesting spectacle in The Tribune 
 Plant than the row of conveyors which carry the papers in 
 
 a serpentine stream from the 
 floor of the press room up 
 through the ceiling into the 
 mailing room. 
 
 Each conveyor consists of 
 spiral-wound, wire spring cables 
 facing each other and running 
 over pulleys. The pressure of 
 these cables against each other 
 holds the papers firmly between 
 them and carries them swiftly 
 upward. 
 
 The Tribune has a greater 
 press capacity than that pro- 
 vided by The Plant, as several 
 of the old presses in the base- 
 ment of The Tribune building 
 are still in operation. They are 
 used only in printing parts of 
 the Sunday paper, but in case 
 of necessity could be operated 
 for the daily. Another black 
 press at the Ontario street plant which is idle at present 
 also can be used. 
 
 Production figures for the last six months of 1921 showed 
 that the average run on all sizes of papers was 20,000 per 
 hour for each press. That means 330 Tribunes a minute, 
 
 252 
 
IN THE center is shown that part of the press which cuts and 
 folds Tribunes printing unit at left conveyor at right. 
 
 t ti 
 
 .- t -i^ i %A ^ - 1 ^ t -^ ^ i 
 
 ^ g^ * - 
 
 i i i i W;i*.flr t i $ III 
 lal ! , 
 
 
 
 THIS is part of the big switchboard in The Tribune's press room. 
 It is the nerve center of a system of amazing automatic control. 
 
THIS pictures the peculiar conveyor which takes the folded Tribunes from the 
 foot of the presses up through the ceiling to the mailing room on the floor 
 above. From there they are swiftly distributed throughout Chicago and to 
 more than seven thousand other towns and cities. 
 
COULD PRINT MILLION 40-PAGE PAPERS IN DAY 
 
 or more than five a second, at each point of delivery on the 
 big row of presses. 
 
 The maximum capacity of the presses at The Plant for a 
 32-page Tribune is 870,000. But to get this number of 
 papers in a night, conditions would have to be perfect. 
 
 The Sunday paper is limited only by the number of news 
 and classified sections that may be printed on Saturday 
 night, as the other parts are run off largely during the day. 
 It is estimated that 630,000 city editions might be printed. 
 At present the city and suburban circulation is a little less 
 than 500,000. 
 
 For a forty-page paper, the capacity for the presses at 
 The Plant is 725,000, and the possible gain for the home and 
 final editions with present deadlines is only 20,000 and 
 22,000, respectively. The maximum capacity on all presses 
 for a 40-page paper is 1,130,000. 
 
 The presses at The Plant alone are capable of a maximum 
 run of 1,215,000 for a 24-page paper. 
 
 STATEMENT OFTHE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC, REQUIRED 
 .BT THE-ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST ZJ?U 
 
 u . ot pr 
 
 state of ILLINOIS^,. : ...( 
 
 County ol COOK.. ...*. J 
 
 Th. Tribune Compva 
 Robert R. McConnick and Joph U. 
 E. 8. Beck 
 
 dftghier.. Elinor Med.ll Patterion ano 
 
 cdilt McConnick *nd Elinor Mtdill Pitterson. 
 
 Alfred Cowles i> Trtutee for Wm.-R Cowles. Srah France. Cow1i Stewarl and Alfred C 
 Wm. Broit Lloyd. Henry D. Lloyd, and John Brow Lloyt. Trut 
 Tn reanl to Section 2 of the law. The Tribune doc* not accept 
 
 V^SlSSS^^fS^iflnS^JS^^SmUf' "' 
 
 There an no bond,, mortgage,, or other .ecuritie. out.tandins again,! The Tribune Company. 
 , Tnattn-t-oparagrap^ 
 
 BaF^iSK^. Io . swrr? 
 
 ., required Iron, daily pnbticauon, only > 
 
Rotogravure and COLORoto 
 
 ^H E Chicago Tribune adopted Rotogravure 
 as a factor in building and holding Sunday 
 circulation. There was no expectation that 
 sufficient advertising could be sold to make 
 this section a profitable one. Rotogravure 
 has unquestionably enlarged Tribune circu- 
 lation, has made possible a better pictorial presentation of 
 news events, and has increased advertising revenue by 
 millions of dollars. 
 
 Now, as The Tribune enters its seventy-fifth year, Roto- 
 gravure is about to perform new services by making prac- 
 tical the beautiful reproduction of color work by high-speed 
 presses on newsprint. 
 
 Color-Rotogravure is a Tribune invention, worked out 
 by the men who have had charge of the Tribune Roto- 
 gravure plant since it was inaugurated in April, 1915. 
 For this new process The Tribune has invented the word 
 "COLORoto." 
 
 In describing the process of Rotogravure printing it 
 should be first understood that it is inherently different 
 from that by which the main body of The Tribune is 
 printed. There are three distinct methods of "printing." 
 There is "letter press" or "relief" printing in which the 
 impression on the paper is received from raised characters 
 or plates. By this process the "black and white" sections 
 of The Tribune are printed. Then there are the "surface" 
 processes such as lithography and offset, wherein a flat 
 surface is chemically prepared so that it will resist ink in 
 some places and accept it in others. Then there are the 
 intaglio processes; in which are included copperplate, steel 
 and die engraving, photogravure, and Rotogravure. 
 
 The intaglio process is different from letter press print- 
 ing mainly in this: that instead of being raised above a 
 
 256 
 
Illustrating the three general methods of "Printing" 
 
 INTAGLIO PRINTING 
 
 In this method the portions of the printing plate to re- 
 ceive ink and transfer it to the paper are sunk BELOW 
 the surface. This is the process by zvhich Rotogravure 
 and Coloroto are produced. 
 
 RELIEF PRINTING 
 
 In "relief" or "letter press" printing, the surfaces to 
 receive and transfer the ink are raised. This is the 
 process by which the main "black and white" sections 
 of The Tribune are printed, as w/ell as the bulk of all 
 printing. 
 
 SURFACE PRINTING 
 
 In this process the surface of the printing plate is Hat 
 all over. Some parts of the plate take up ink, while 
 other parts, having be<en chemically treated to resist ink, 
 do not. Lithography and offset printing come under this 
 head. 
 
 given depth as in letter press printing, the portions of the 
 metal to receive ink and transfer it to the paper are sunk be- 
 low the printing plate surface. The impression is obtained 
 from a copper cylinder on which type matter and illustrations 
 have been etched. The range of reproductive possibilities 
 
 257 
 
PREPARING ROTOGRAVURE CYLINDER 
 
 of Rotogravure are practically inexhaustible. Photographs, 
 paintings, wash drawings, pen drawings, or combinations of 
 media may be reproduced as well as type matter. 
 
 The Rotogravure process may be split into two divisions 
 First, the preparation or etching of the copper cylinder; 
 Second, the press run. The steps involved in etching the 
 cylinder are: the preparation of the negative and positive; 
 the printing of the positive on the gelatine transfer tissue ; 
 the transfer to the cylinder; the etching of the cylinder. 
 A photographic negative is made, on which some retouch- 
 ing is done, to bring out the "high lights." From this, a 
 positive is made, which is also retouched. The retouching 
 on the negative where "black is white," brightens the high 
 lights. The retouching on the positive deepens the shadows. 
 Next, a piece of special carbon tissue is sensitized and placed 
 directly next to the positive. A specially constructed frame 
 is used in making "register" marks on the back of the tissue 
 and correspondingly on the copper cylinder, so that they 
 will fit when the tissue is transferred to the cylinder. The 
 carbon tissue is then exposed to a mercury lamp. After 
 the exposure of the positive is made on the carbon tissue, it 
 is again exposed to light, this time under a screen. A spe- 
 cial printing frame contains the screen, which is very sim- 
 ilar to that used for making halftones, with the exception 
 that the lines are much thinner, and, since the lines are 
 made from a "positive," the lines are white and clear, 
 instead of black or opaque. The proportion between the 
 clear and the opaque lines is about one to four, while in the 
 ordinary halftone screen the black and, white spaces are 
 almost equal. A "dummy" layout or rough approximation 
 of the Rotogravure Section has been made, and the pic- 
 tures and typematter are stripped to a large glass plate in 
 accordance with this layout. The cylinder on which the 
 etching is made consists of a steel core on which copper has 
 been electrolytically deposited. The cylinder is ground and 
 then carefully polished to present an even and perfectly 
 smooth surface. Before the application of the gelatine 
 
 258 
 
COPY TRANSFERRED TO COPPER CYLINDER 
 
 resist, all surface impurities are removed, and a solution is 
 applied which makes the tissue adhere during the develop- 
 ing and etching. 
 
 The copper cylinder is placed in a trough-like structure. 
 The exposed carbon tissue or resist is put into water and 
 allowed to soak until the gelatine paper will unroll easily. 
 It is then placed on the copper cylinder, care being taken 
 that the marks on the carbon tissue correspond with the 
 ones on the cylinder. Now the cylinder with the resist is 
 soaked until the paper backing of the tissue is softened 
 enough. It is then peeled off, leaving the gelatine on the 
 cylinder. The transferred gelatine film is then developed 
 by rotating the cylinder in a tank of hot water, after 
 which it is cooled and dried. We now have a set of cylin- 
 ders on which are the "printed" pages of the Rotogravure 
 Section. 
 
 The edges of the subjects are next blocked out with 
 asphalt varnish. Likewise all margins and other surfaces 
 of the cylinder that are not to print, all blemishes, holes 
 and light spots. Otherwise, the etching acid will affect any 
 exposed parts, and any indentation be it ever so slight 
 on the surface of the cylinder will fill with ink when print- 
 ing and cause dark spots or streaks. 
 
 When the cylinder is placed in the etching trough, and 
 the etching fluid applied, the gelatine coating of the carbon 
 tissue resists the action of the perchloride of iron the etch- 
 ing medium. The operator revolves the cylinder slowly, 
 judging the progress of the etching by the discoloration of 
 the copper. The etching is controlled by the time which is 
 required to penetrate the resist in order to produce a dark 
 color all over. 
 
 Now let us examine closely the means by which the 
 "picture" has been transferred to the cylinder and made 
 printable. When the positive was printed on the gelatine 
 transfer paper, the solubility of the gelatine, or the extent 
 to which it will dissolve in water, is affected in proportion 
 to the amount of light reaching it. Where the "high lights" 
 
 259 
 
INK SCRAPED FROM RAISED SURFACES 
 
 come, the positive admits more light, which tends to make 
 the gelatine more firm less soluble ; while in the areas occu- 
 pied by the deeper shadows and blacks, less light is admit- 
 ted, and this makes the gelatine more soluble. When the 
 gelatine resist is developed and fixed on the cylinder, the 
 gelatine is thick over the high lights, less thick over the 
 middle tones, and thin over the shadows where the acid is 
 to eat away the copper. Then, over all the area to accept 
 ink, the screened lines, which you will remember were print- 
 ed into the transfer, have preserved a net work of insoluble 
 ridges protecting the copper. These, after etching, form the 
 walls of tiny wells or cavities which carry the ink to the 
 paper. These vary in depth, being shallow in the high lights 
 and deeper in the shadows. The etching fluid, in attacking 
 the metal, is resisted in proportion to the thickness of the 
 gelatine coating, and so we have areas of infinitesimal cav- 
 ities of varying depths. After etching, the cylinder is 
 cleansed with a solution of hot water and potash. Some 
 correction is possible; light spots which are not wanted 
 may be removed or burnished out altogether, and dark 
 spots filled in. 
 
 The presses are the most expensive part of the equip- 
 ment for the Rotogravure process, although the principle is 
 simple. The engraved cylinder revolves in a veritable 
 bath of ink. After turning a little farther, the surplus is 
 wiped off clean by means of a steel knife known as the 
 "doctor blade," a thin, flexible knife of steel, which is 
 drawn obliquely across the etched cylinder and which 
 runs the full width of the copper cylinder, so that when 
 the cylinder comes into contact with the paper its surface 
 is scraped free from ink, except in the cavities, or wells. 
 The ink is thinner and less "stringy" than that used in 
 letterpress printing. 
 
 The "doctor" not only shears the ink off the etched 
 part of the cylinder (leaving the cavities full), but entirely 
 removes it from the plain surfaces where the plate is not 
 etched, thus leaving clean margins on the printed sheets. 
 
 260 
 
NEW COLOR PROCESS DEVELOPED BY TRIBUNE 
 
 The paper passes between the etched surface and the 
 impression cylinder and takes up the ink that has been 
 retained in the little cavities or cups. Because of the vary- 
 ing depths of these cups, the ink lies thinner or thicker in 
 differing degrees in the high lights and shadows. To this 
 stage of the process much of the beauty of Rotogravure is 
 due: the ink spreads across the thin lines which retain no 
 ink, and joins with the ink from neighboring cups, com- 
 bining to make the resultant picture closely resemble an 
 actual photograph. 
 
 COLORoto 
 
 r iHE development of Color in newspaper printing 
 
 has been one marked by a ceaseless struggle against 
 JL great difficulties. A newspaper, because of its cir- 
 culation, must be printed on newsprint; and it must be 
 printed swiftly. Coarse screen half-tone color plates, or 
 Ben Day manipulation of color blocks, have long been 
 resorted to in an effort to make colorful the illustrations in 
 the Sunday magazine section. 
 
 The union of Color and Rotogravure as developed by 
 The Tribune is a most happy one. Color vivifies ; quickens ; 
 it is life to the eye ; its advantages have always been obvious 
 and desirable. Rotogravure gives wonderfully soft but 
 accurate reproduction through an inexhaustible range of 
 media. The successful joining of Color and Rotogravure 
 in one unprecedented process has at last subjugated the 
 sinister entente of high speed presses and newsprint paper. 
 COLORoto has made Color, in the true, genuine sense 
 accessible to newspaper readers. 
 
 The process of ^o^r-Color Rotogravure is similar in 
 principle to 07^-color Rotogravure, but the operation is 
 more intricate and difficult. There are two classes of 
 reproduction in Color-Rotogravure. In one, the "copy" 
 to be reproduced is set before the camera, and color separa- 
 tion screens are introduced between the camera and the 
 copy. This stage of the process is similar to the four-color 
 
 261 
 
SUBJECT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH COLOR SCREENS 
 
 half-tone process: An orange screen absorbs all but the 
 blue portions of the copy; thus allowing the blue parts to 
 react on the negative. A purple screen absorbs all but the 
 yellow; a green screen allows only the red to pass. A 
 negative is then made without the separation screens, to 
 run in black and act as a "key." 
 
 The foregoing method is the one used where oil or pastel 
 is the medium. In the case of "line" drawings where the 
 color is washed in "flat," one negative is made for the 
 black "key," and the yellow, blue, and red negatives are 
 made from this. This method presents no involved com- 
 binations either or color or of tone, so it is not necessary 
 to separate the primaries by complementary absorption. 
 It can be readily seen that when these four colors are 
 superimposed, one above the other, we shall have a repro- 
 duction of the original, since all pigmental "color," in 
 whatever tone or combination, is derived from the primaries 
 yellow, blue and red. 
 
 In either case we now have a set of four negatives, one 
 for the yellow, one for the red, one for the blue, and one 
 for the black. Each of these is to be etched on a separate 
 copper cylinder. 
 
 Positives are made from the negatives, and both are 
 retouched as in one-color Rotogravure. Each positive is 
 printed on gelatine transfer tissue in conjunction with a 
 
 HEATING DRUMS* 
 ,-^SL 
 
 TENSION 
 ROLLER* 
 
 \^^w///\ MiiV 
 
 \YeLio vSf/% KJSla 
 
 Diagram showing the passage of paper through the COLORoto press, 
 
 262 
 
ETCHING one 0} the copper cylinders which print COLORoto. 
 
 AFTER the COLORoto Magazine is printed, the copper cylin- 
 ders are re-surfaced so that another set of pages may be etched. 
 The cylinder was made by depositing copper on a steel core in 
 an electrolytic bath. 
 
THE PRESSES which print the COLORoto Magazine of The 
 Sunday Tribune will not find duplication in the whole world. 
 They were designed and built to Tribune specifications. 
 
 TH E experimental press on which the COLORoto process was 
 developed was exhibited at Chicago's Pageant of Progress. 
 A miniature COLORoto Magazine was printed and distributed 
 during the Pageant. 
 
PRECISE HANDLING SECURES "REGISTER" 
 
 screen, and the gelatine tissue transferred to the cylinder. 
 This is an extremely delicate operation. Unless each color 
 "registers" with those above or beneath it, the effect of 
 the picture when printed is destroyed. A printing frame 
 was devised and patented by The Tribune to insure the 
 transfer of each color to its cylinder to within i-iooo inch 
 of the other colors on their cylinders. When the cylinders 
 are etched, we are ready to go to press. 
 
 The paper passes in a long sheet from the feed roll, 
 where the color sections are printed in one continuous 
 passage through the press. If the whole section is to be 
 printed in four-Color Rotogravure, the paper passes first 
 to the cylinder where it receives the yellow ink. Roto- 
 gravure ink, being more volatile than inks used in relief 
 printing, dries very rapidly, so by the time the paper has 
 passed from the impression roller up through a heated 
 compartment, it is dry enough to receive another impression. 
 So it goes to the "red" cylinder, up through the heaters, 
 comes down and goes to the "blue" cylinder, and finally to 
 the "key" plate, which is ordinarily black. The paper is 
 then delivered to an automatic device where it is cut and 
 folded ready to be "stuffed" or inserted into The Sunday 
 Tribune. 
 
 The press is "flexible" in that almost any combination 
 of four-color pages and one-color pages can be run. 
 
 While the press is running on an average issue, there 
 are 45 entire Color Sections in various stages of completion, 
 counting that part of the paper receiving its first impression 
 to the part being folded arid cut. 
 
 Fifteen shifts a week are used to get out the rotogravure 
 sections. One shift is used for clean-up, so that there 
 are 14 operating shifts. The production is approximately 
 30,000 an hour, which means 420,000 papers per press, 
 or 840,000 papers a week. It is possible to increase the 
 number of shifts a week to bring up the capacity to approx- 
 imately 1,200,000 a week. The capacity of the roto presses 
 running a roto section of 40 pages with only one color is 
 
 265 
 
MARKS ADVANCE IN NEWSPAPER COLOR PRINTING 
 
 2,400,000 a week. The same capacity is available for a 
 section of 20 pages of one-color and four pages of four-color 
 rotogravure. 
 
 Many difficulties have been surmounted in the Color- 
 Rotogravure press room. Over a year ago an experimental 
 press was built by The Tribune at a cost of many thousands 
 of dollars. On it were conducted the experiments which 
 showed that Color-Rotogravure could be successfully pro- 
 duced. The Color-Rotogravure presses which now make 
 the edition run are the only presses of their kind in the 
 world. 
 
 A patented variable speed roller keeps the tension of the 
 paper even as it passes through the press. An ingenious 
 device, similar to a nicrometer, was made to show to one 
 one-thousandth of an inch whether or not each impression 
 roller is running true to its proper align nent ; if it isn't, a 
 "split-arm" device at each side of the roller may be adjusted 
 so that it is quickly put to rights. It was necessary to 
 grind the copper cylinders to within two one-thousandths 
 of an inch, so special calipers were devised in order to make 
 such accurate measurement. Patents have been applied 
 for and are pending covering all these devices, basically 
 necessary to the production of Color-Rotogravure. 
 
 Representatives of The Tribune have gone to Europe 
 to study color-photography, art work and inks for use in 
 connection with this unique printing process. 
 
 COLORoto is being used for the first time as this 
 book goes to press, but it has- already won favorable com- 
 ment from printing experts, and improvement in every 
 phase of our new and better form of color presentation will 
 be sought constantly. 
 
 266 
 
Electrical Department 
 
 IN practically all its mechanical operations The Tribune 
 utilizes electricity. It purchases upwards of 200,000 
 kilowatt hours of current per month. This current is 
 received from four different generating stations over ten 
 separate feeder lines, any two of which will run the entire 
 Tribune Plant. Continuous operation is thereby safe- 
 guarded. Any trouble on any one of the feeder lines causes 
 an instantaneous, automatic throw-out. 
 
 This current lights 18,000 incandescent lamps and 
 operates 642 motors in the three Tribune plants. Eight 
 electricians are regularly employed. The most spectacular 
 work done by electricity in the production of The Tribune 
 is that at the presses with their extraordinary system of 
 automatic electrical control. 
 
 With The Tribune's control system, the slow motion 
 speed and the acceleration from slow speed to a maximum 
 of 36,000 papers per hour, are the same with a quad press as 
 with a six-roll press or a sextuple. The equipment starts 
 the quad press without a perceptible jerk or jar and it does 
 the same with the double sextuple. The acceleration is 
 smooth and even. There is every safety device possible to 
 protect the employes and give them convenient and abso- 
 lute push button control of the press from any position in 
 which the pressmen happen to be working. 
 
 Independent slow motion prevents the press jumping 
 from slow motion to high speed while the plates are being 
 put on and the press is being operated with the slow motion 
 button. Protection is provided against grounded wires 
 starting up the equipment and there is protection also 
 against crossed wires doing damage. 
 
 The Tribune's press units can be mechanically con- 
 nected to folders on either side, depending upon the combi- 
 nation required for the number of pages being printed for 
 any particular issue. The Tribune equipment provides 
 
 267 
 
WONDERFUL ELECTRIC CONTROLS ON PRESSES 
 
 that, if necessary, two motors and controllers may be 
 connected up to operate as a single unit from a double 
 octuple press and that the controllers may be made to 
 operate interchangeably with motors to which they are not 
 normally connected. All of this is to provide for operation 
 in case of any temporary disability of part of the equipment. 
 
 The controllers are located on a balcony opposite the 
 center of the row of presses. The motor wiring and control 
 wiring is carried through conduits to various motors and 
 press units, and the control wires terminate at each unit in 
 a panel board which in turn is connected to a selector 
 switch. The wiring for the control stations, on the printing 
 units and on the reels in the basement is so connected to 
 this selector switch that when it is in one position, it will 
 operate with the folder east and if the selector switch is in 
 the other position it will operate with the folder west. 
 If in neutral position the unit is cut out. The controller 
 end of this control wiring terminates in a selector switch, 
 the position of which determines to which controller it is 
 connected. 
 
 When the position of the gearing determining the 
 operation of the press units is changed the selector switch 
 is changed correspondingly and the pressman does not have 
 to worry as to how the push-button stations are connected. 
 
 There are geared to the presses, seven double motor 
 equipments one corresponding to each folder. The wiring 
 and gearing connected in each unit therefore is considered 
 as if the folder were really the press and combinations made 
 up referring to folders. 
 
 * * 
 
 Everywhere electricity is found performing difficult 
 tasks smoothly, noiselessly, instantaneously, as the 
 mechanics merely push buttons. The stereotype casting 
 machines operate electrically. So do the conveyors which 
 carry the fifty-pound plates from the foundry to the presses. 
 So do the belt conveyors which move hundreds of tons of 
 papers back and forth through the mailing room each day. 
 
 268 
 
CHAMPIONS of the inter-department baseball league are photo- 
 graphed on roof of The Tribune Building with CoL McCormtck, 
 president of The Tribune Company. 
 
 FRESHLY cast plate being ejected from machine in Tribune 
 stereotype foundry. 
 
IjlU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UtU'U'UiUIUIUiU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'l-l 
 
 A BELT conveyor throws bundles of papers up on this platform. 
 The workman notes the tag on each and pushes it down the 
 proper chute into waiting wagon or truck. 
 
 A CORNER of the Mailing Room in The Tribune's Chicago 
 Plant contrasted with the Mailing Room of its European Edi- 
 tion in Paris. Ten thousand papers an hour can be addressed 
 by each of the mailing machines shown. 
 
ELECTRICITY SERVES IN MANY WAYS 
 
 Even the metal in the linotype machines is melted by 
 
 electricity. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Pneumatic tubes, which carry to The Tribune Plant 
 advertising from the business office at Madison and Dear- 
 born Streets and news from the Associated Press and the 
 City News Bureau offices at Clark and Randolph Streets 
 are operated by electrically driven, forty-horse-power air 
 compressors in The Plant. 
 
 These tubes run by a rather circuitous route from 
 the old Tribune Building to the Associated Press and 
 City Press offices in the Ashland Block and thence to The 
 Plant. There are three and a quarter miles of these 
 pneumatic tubes and a carrier makes the round trip in 
 five minutes. The tubes are operated by a unique system 
 in which the carriers are pulled to The Plant by vacuum 
 
 and shot away from it by compressed air. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Two electrically-driven pumps are depended upon for 
 fire protection at The Plant. One expels the water at a 
 pressure of 250 pounds to the square inch and the other at 
 100 pounds to the square inch. An electrical, automatic 
 control is so arranged that when any hose is opened the 
 pressure drops to 80 pounds, which starts the low-pressure, 
 automatic pump, forcing the pressure up to 100 pounds 
 and keeping it there. These pumps take their current 
 direct from the mains in the street and cannot be inter- 
 fered with by any switchboard trouble in The Tribune 
 Plant. * * * 
 
 A ventilation system, operated by electricity, is main- 
 tained at The Plant for the press room, the stereotype 
 foundry, and the executive offices. Air is drawn from the 
 big tunnel system far below the street level of Chicago's 
 Loop. This keeps the temperature in The Tribune press 
 room and stereotype foundry below 70 degrees on the hot- 
 test days of summer. Another system at The Tribune 
 Building, takes air from the street level, refrigerates it, 
 washes it, drys it, and delivers it to the Want Ad Store. 
 
 271 
 
Circulating Division 
 
 FROM the press room printed, folded Tribunes flow 
 in an apparently endless snake-like stream up the 
 wire conveyors into the mailing room on the floor 
 above. Here, the circulation department takes charge of the 
 product of the editorial, advertising and mechanical divi- 
 sions. The race against time, which distinguishes all 
 newspaper operations now reaches a climax. Hundreds 
 of tons of newsprint must be delivered within a few 
 hours in half-pound packages to hundreds of thousands 
 of widely scattered readers. 
 
 The strain falls first on the mailing room, which takes 
 the papers from the presses and delivers them not only to 
 mail trains but also to express companies and to city cir- 
 culators. 
 
 The head of the mailing room has a job like that of a 
 train dispatcher. He must keep a close check on deadlines, 
 watch the volume in which papers are received from 
 presses, and often split seconds in dispatching trucks and 
 wagons to make trains. 
 
 Tribune circulation is divided roughly into "City and 
 Suburban" and "Country." The latter word does not mean 
 rural, but applies to all circulation more than forty miles 
 from Chicago. Thus Tribune circulation in Milwaukee and 
 Peoria is "Country" circulation. "Country" circulation 
 constitutes about one-third of The Tribune's total. 
 
 "City and Suburban" circulation is, in turn, divided 
 into that delivered to homes by "official carriers" and that 
 sold on newsstands, in stores, hotels, etc., the former known 
 as "home delivered" circulation and the latter as "street 
 sales." 
 
 "Country" circulation is divided into that sold to dealers 
 and that sold to the subscriber direct and delivered by 
 mail. The dealer sells some of his stock on newsstands, 
 
 272 
 
TRIBUNE CIRCULATION HAS GROWN STEADILY 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 mtm 
 
 m 
 
 Circulation- All Chicago Newspapers 
 1912 to 1922 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s> 
 
 M 
 
 ;i 
 
 Tri 
 
 Asi 
 met 
 TST t 
 wh< 
 
 e the steady up- 
 d sweep of Chicago 
 aune circulation, 
 ie from normal sum- 
 reactions the only 
 back was in 1918 
 :n millions of citi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 *>. 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 J~ zens were in 
 
 uniform. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ > - 
 
 Si; 
 
 
 -r~ 
 
 
 "/ 
 
 "> 
 
 ^ - 
 
 
 / 
 
 Sr 
 
 
 /i/ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 pi 
 
 Or 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Circulation of the | 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 "S^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tri 
 126 
 
 >une has increased 
 % Daily and 172% 
 day since 1912 as 
 wn by government 
 tements below. 
 
 ^z. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * .'Sui 
 ho 
 "* sta 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 8 S { I- ' f | f * ? ? .1 1 . 1 1 1: 1 
 
 III I III \ i 1 ii ill I J i M 
 
 culation of Chicago Newspapers According to Government Statements 
 
 For Six Months 
 Ending 
 
 TRIBUNE 
 Daily Sunday 
 
 EXAMINER 
 DaUy Sunday 
 
 NEWS 
 
 AMJ-KICAN 
 
 JOURNAL 
 
 POST 
 
 Sept. SO, 1918 
 March 31, 1913 
 Sept. SO, 1913 . 
 March 31, 1914 
 Sept SO, 1914 
 March SI, 1916 
 Sept 30, 1915 
 March 31, 1916 
 Sept SO, 1916 
 March 31. 1917 
 Sept 30, 1917 
 March 31, 1918 
 &ept SO, 1918 
 March 31, 1919 
 Sept 30, 1919 
 March 31, 1920 
 Sept 30. 1920 
 March 31. 1921 
 Sept. SO, 1921 
 March 31, 1922 " 
 
 220,500 
 245,449 
 253,212 
 . 261,278 
 303,316 
 326,897 
 354.520 
 359,651 
 892,483 
 S95.442 
 381,675 
 367.798 
 410,818 
 424,026 
 424,588 
 420,703 
 437,158 
 460,789 
 483,272 
 499,725 
 
 304,325 
 363,119 
 366,918 
 406,556 
 459,728 
 534,848. 
 558,896 
 585,934 
 619,023 
 645,612 
 t614,418 
 606,111 
 
 Jess.sis 
 
 693,895 
 666,496 
 732.606 
 711,254 
 787,952 
 801,881 
 827,028 
 
 204,289 
 214,828 
 240.366 
 223,814 
 199^86 
 176,488 
 186,677 
 176,S04 
 19i,414 
 193J15 
 185J11 
 157,338 
 \S60J77 
 89,094 
 311,831 
 326,244 
 343,515 
 335,331 
 359.386 
 396,871 
 
 503,216 
 538,175 
 528,328 
 524,922 
 608,881 
 601&7 
 611,8*0 
 619,864 
 616J60 
 495,946 
 443,678 
 449,746 
 $633,680 
 696,851 
 593.170 
 667,113 
 625,838 
 709,966 
 738,788 
 731,010 
 
 ' 214,931 
 340,550 
 343,693 
 362,528 
 S83,9$6 
 408,889 
 405.375 
 426,082 
 431,189 
 452,204 
 392,007 
 377,063 
 S7S;il2 
 
 377;769 
 390,450 
 388,406 
 412,304 
 395,665 
 397,584 
 
 231,806 
 351,223 
 342,410 
 355,008 
 363,071 
 351,343 
 378,941 
 384,405 
 400,031 
 392,279 
 826,998 
 306.283 
 825.017 
 330,216 
 339,721 
 398,489 
 364,769 
 384,209 
 395,427 
 415,056 
 
 99.009 
 118,159 
 120,391 
 120,520 
 130,376 
 124,396 
 124,524 
 123,755 
 122,447 
 122,699 
 108,220 
 110,641 
 112.668 
 116,807 
 115,932 
 U7.588 
 116,248 
 116,829 
 115,406 
 117,483 
 
 51.858 
 . 58.996 
 58,555 
 59,102 
 64.861 
 63.243 
 62,141 
 54,821 
 61.879 
 65,842 
 55,477 
 49,124 
 48,387 
 51.023 
 51.327 
 41,750 
 52.981 
 44.021 
 42.646 
 42.219 
 
 Daily paper. rawed from lc tote. fStuxUy paper* raued from c to 8c ouUide ol Chicago. 
 {Sunday papers railed to Tc in Chicago. lOa ouUide Chicago. {Herald absorbed by Examiner May t, 1018. 
 Fignre. in italic, represent A. B. C. figure, becaiue publisher Bled only 7 day average lUtement with government, sot Mpvatia* 
 daily from Sunday. .. . ; 
 
 "THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE DOMINATES. THE CHICAGO TERRITORY" | 
 
 E-l 
 
 . - . . _ 1 
 
 A PAGE from the "BOOK of FACTS" see "Government 
 Statement" on Page 
 
 through stores and hotels, and delivers another portion 
 direct to the homes of a list of regular customers. 
 
 Tribunes mailed to subscribers fall into two classes. 
 Where there is only one subscriber in a town, the papers 
 are sent through a machine which folds, addresses, and 
 drops them into a mail bag. Another type of machine 
 handles the papers going to towns where there are several 
 Tribune mail subscribers. This machine prints the name 
 
 273 
 
PAPERS RAPIDLY ADDRESSED TO SUBSCRIBERS 
 
 and address of a subscriber on each Tribune at the rate 
 of 10,000 papers per hour. The stencils for each town are 
 together and the last one makes a red mark on The Tribune 
 in addition to the address. 
 
 As the papers flow from the machine, a man seizes those 
 between red marks, rolls them in a wrapper, and drops 
 them into a mail bag at his side. The stencils have been 
 arranged so that all towns on a given railway route are 
 grouped together. At the end of each train separation 
 that mail bag is closed and sent on its way to the train and 
 another takes its place. On these bundles, commonly 
 known as "club packages," the address on the outside copy 
 serves as postofHce address for the entire bundle. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Tribunes destined for dealers outside Chicago are 
 wrapped in bundles of 50 to 300. These bundles must 
 
 EACH dot on this map represents fifty subscribers to The 
 Sunday Tribune 
 
 274 
 
CONVEYORS MOVE PAPERS SWIFTLY 
 
 sometimes be dropped from express trains and, therefore, 
 must be securely done up to protect against loss. Wrappers 
 are prepared and addressed in the day time and laid out 
 together with cords of the proper length, knotted at one 
 end, ready for the midnight rush. All this work is done on 
 tables under which belt conveyors move converging to the 
 southwest corner of the mailing room. The conveyors are 
 so made that they can be used for distribution of color 
 supplements, and rotogravure supplements when they are 
 delivered to the Tribune plant from the auxiliary color 
 plant. This is made possible by a reversing motor equip- 
 ment constructed especially for this purpose. 
 
 Bundles and mail sacks are delivered by the conveyors 
 to a platform from which several chutes lead to the waiting 
 wagons and trucks in the court-yard. Each bundle or mail 
 sack bears a bright colored tag, punched with varying 
 numbers of holes. This tag tells the man on the platform 
 the destination of the package at a glance without reading 
 the detailed shipping instructions and address. He pushes 
 it off the platform down the proper chute and it is soon on 
 its way in a Tribune truck with an incredibly small amount 
 of handling from the time the roll of newsprint left The 
 
 Tribune's paper mill. 
 
 * * * 
 
 There is one phase of Tribune circulation, however, in 
 which it has been found impractical to do away with con- 
 siderable manual labor. This is in the assembling of the 
 big Sunday edition. Comic, Fiction, and Rotogravure 
 
 ONE of the mailing machines 
 275 
 
PERSONNEL OF CITY CIRCULATORS IMPORTANT 
 
 sections are printed on separate presses in a building a half 
 mile from the main Plant. The presses on which they are 
 printed run more slowly than news presses, so they are 
 being printed all through the week preceding the Sunday 
 of publication. As printed they are sent to the mailing 
 room of The Plant and there the Fiction and Rotogravure 
 sections are stuffed into the Comic section. On Wednesday 
 the printing of the black and white sections of The Sunday 
 Tribune begins and these also must be stuffed with the 
 Color and Rotogravure sections. All told, the complete 
 City edition of The Sunday Tribune has been stuffed seven 
 times before it leaves The Plant. Men engaged in this work 
 become quite expert and average 2,000 papers per hour. 
 
 * * * 
 
 For the city delivery of The Tribune 68 wagons and 48 
 motor trucks are employed. They consume 33,000 pounds 
 of hay, 28,000 pounds of oats, and 12,000 gallons of gasoline 
 every month. It has often been the practice for newspapers 
 to contract with hauling companies for distributing service. 
 The Tribune not only owns its own equipment, but manu- 
 factures wagons, harnesses, builds truck bodies, and has an 
 amazingly complete shop for repair service. 
 
 An exceedingly important factor in securing and holding 
 city circulation is the wagon or truck driver. In addition 
 to being a delivery man, The Tribune driver is a collector 
 and a salesman. All city circulation is collected for in 
 advance, and upon two certain days of the week it is the 
 driver's duty to take orders for the following week's supply, 
 and to collect in advance for this supply, which serves as a 
 standing order for the ensuing week. Of course a few extra 
 copies are carried to arrange for any extra demand that the 
 newsdealer may have. These are sold on the C. O. D. basis. 
 It is necessary for the dealer to be especially careful in 
 specifying his orders, because he cannot return unsold 
 copies and get credit for them. 
 
 As a delivery man, a driver need possess merely the same 
 grade of intelligence that is required of a delivery man in 
 
 276 
 
LARGE GARAGE AND STABLES MAINTAINED 
 
 any kind of merchandising business. As a collector, a trifle 
 more tact and diplomacy are required. But it is as a 
 salesman that the qualities of the efficient driver are most 
 in demand. Young Johnny Jones operating a news stand at 
 a certain corner, places an order for the ensuing week for 
 one hundred copies of The Daily Tribune for each day. 
 The driver who delivers to the district in which Jones' stand is 
 located, knows that Jones can sell one hundred and twenty- 
 five copies each day if he will stay at his stand a little later 
 in the morning or come to it a little earlier. He knows that 
 Jones is afraid of being "stuck" with papers which he can- 
 not return. It is up to the driver to sell one hundred and 
 twenty-five copies instead of one hundred copies a day to 
 Jones, without intimidation or any other influence except 
 what can be exerted by true salesmanship. Exactly at this 
 point is determined the difference between a capable and 
 an inefficient driver. 
 
 In addition to the drivers, The Tribune employs a corps 
 of inspectors, or division men. It is the duty of these men 
 to watch the sale of newspapers in their respective divisions, 
 and to determine whether or not the drivers are successful 
 in selling as many copies of The Tribune as the public 
 demands. These men must watch and verify the work of 
 the drivers, adjust complaints and petty grievances and 
 make sure that The Tribune is properly represented on 
 the streets. * * * 
 
 The garage in which The Tribune trucks are kept 
 occupies the entire half block immediately adjoining The 
 Tribune Plant on the north. Tribune trucks stand idle 
 during most of the day, but when they work they are 
 crowded to their utmost possibilities of performance. 
 Everything possible is done to avoid delays because of 
 break-downs. In the garage, ready for immediate installa- 
 tion, is an entire new engine, thoroughly tested. There are 
 rear axles, radiators, transmissions in fact every part that 
 could possibly be needed for any truck is in the stock room, 
 properly tagged and numbered. 
 
 277 
 
SYSTEM FOR DELIVERING TRIBUNES TO HOMES 
 
 The repair shop in the garage is prepared to undertake 
 any kind of repair work on an instant's notice. Cylinders 
 are ground and pistons are made. There is a charging 
 board for recharging batteries, and a twenty-ton press for 
 such work as pressing gears off rear axles. Tires are not 
 only repaired but are rebuilt. 
 
 When a Tribune truck has an accident the service car 
 is rushed to the spot and if repairs cannot be made imme- 
 diately, the service car delivers the papers and then returns 
 to the stalled machine to fix it or to tow it to the garage. 
 
 Sunday morning is the critical time for Tribune trucks ; 
 since the larger size of the Sunday paper makes it necessary 
 for them to carry far more than normal loads. To meet 
 this peak a large number of trucks are regularly hired from 
 firms which suspend their own operations over the week 
 end. 
 
 Careful cost figures are kept to ascertain the cost of 
 maintaining each truck and the fleet as a whole. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The system of "Official Carriers" prevailing in Chicago 
 has given rise to some peculiar problems. These carriers 
 buy their newspapers at wholesale rates and sell them 
 to individuals at retail, and to that extent they seem 
 
 - 
 
 DDaDD . 
 
 D DSD D - 
 
 FLOOR PLAN of Mailing Room 
 27S 
 
CIRCULATION SUPREMACY WON BY SYSTEM AND WORK 
 
 How The Tribune Blankets Chicago 
 
 These maps of Chicago and leading suburbs tell a 
 remarkable'story of the domination of .a great market 
 by one great medium. The Sunday Tribune has 25% 
 more circulation in Chicago and suburbs than the 
 next Sunday paper, and 30% more than the leading 
 evening paper. 
 
 On the map to the left each dot represents 500 fam- 
 ilies in the district or suburb in which it appears. On 
 the map to the right each dot represents 500 Sunday 
 Tribunes sold in the district or suburb in which it 
 appears. In every sense of the word The Tribune 
 "covers'* Chicago. 
 
 The 48 Chicago districts on 
 this map are those into which 
 this great city has been di- 
 vided by The Tribune for 
 merchandising purposes. The 
 suburbs shown are Evanston, 
 Oak Park, Forest Park, River 
 Forest, Maywood, Cicero, 
 Berwyn, Riverside, Brook- 
 field and La Grange. 
 
 A recent, investigation among Chicago 
 grocers showed that 
 
 80% read The Tribune 
 
 60% read The News 
 
 tread The Herald & Examiner 
 read The American 
 read The Journal 
 read The Post 
 read Foreign Larfeuage 
 
 papers only. , 
 
 It is obvious thai by using! all the English 
 papers combined only 15% would be 
 reached who would not be reached by 
 The Chicago Tribune alone. 
 
 "THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE DOMINATES THE CHICAGO TERRITORY" 
 
 A PAGE from the "BOOK of FACTS" 
 
 like ordinary merchants. Their business, however, has 
 been largely built up for them by The Tribune. The 
 Tribune has secured at its own expense the subscription 
 orders which their "Official Carriers" fill. In cases where 
 the subscriber is located some distance from ordinary routes 
 or from transportation, as is often the case in outlying 
 districts, The Tribune subsidizes the carrier to make 
 daily delivery. That is to say: the subscriber gets his 
 
 279 
 
CARRIERS SUBSIDIZED AND CLOSELY CHECKED 
 
 paper every morning and the carrier gets his profit even 
 though it costs The Tribune more to deliver the paper than 
 it receives for it. More than thirty routes in sparsely 
 settled neighborhoods must be thus subsidized at present. 
 The Tribune has spent approximately five million dollars 
 building up this carrier system. 
 
 If a subscriber moves into another district The Tribune 
 sends the new address to the new carrier; it also dispatches 
 a verifier at least three mornings to see that the paper is 
 delivered to the new address properly. When a carrier is 
 sick The Tribune sees that the route is delivered. During 
 the flu epidemic it handled 14 routes. 
 
 If the carrier continuously does any of the following 
 things, he cannot buy any more Tribunes: 
 
 1. Place circulars in the papers. 
 
 2. Give The Tribunes away. The advertising value of 
 The Tribune is dependent on the fact that people 
 are willing to pay for the privilege of reading it. 
 
 3. Deliver in an improper manner or late. 
 
 Nor will The Tribune sell as many papers to the carrier 
 as he may wish to buy. Sometimes coupons in Tribune ads 
 entitle the reader to a can of milk, or a cake of soap. The 
 carrier is not allowed as many papers as he wishes of such 
 issues. 
 
 The subscriber looks to The Tribune to see that his 
 paper is properly delivered rather than to the carrier who 
 actually delivers it and whom he pays for the service. 
 Since the delivery is made by an organization independ- 
 ent of The Tribune, great care is necessary in handling 
 these claims. Complaints of non-delivery of The Trib- 
 une cost The Tribune five to fifty dollars to investi- 
 gate. When such a complaint is received an investigator 
 is assigned to station himself very early in the morning 
 within sight of the residence at which the complaint has 
 originated. He watches until he sees the newsboy either 
 deliver the paper or fail to deliver it. If the newsboy does 
 not deliver the paper, he places one on the subscriber's 
 
 280 
 
ATTENTION PAID TO SUBSCRIBERS' COMPLAINTS 
 
 door-step and leaves to call on the carrier and secure an 
 explanation and an adjustment. If the newsboy does 
 deliver the paper, he watches until the subscriber has taken 
 it in and then leaves. Each morning for ten mornings he 
 repeats this performance until he is satisfied that the 
 complaint was unjustified or until he has located the cause 
 of it; which may be the theft of the paper by some other 
 person, the delivery of the paper to a wrong address, ignor- 
 ance or carelessness on the part of the news boy, etc. 
 
 TRUCKS receive papers through chutes from mailing room 
 
 281 
 
Auditing and Comptrolling 
 Division 
 
 EVERYTHING connected with finances, with the 
 collection and disbursement of money for any Chi- 
 cago Tribune department or for any subsidiary 
 corporation (except the Daily News of New York) is 
 centralized in one department which occupies the entire 
 sixth floor of The Tribune Building at Madison and Dear- 
 born Streets, and a number of scattered offices in addition. 
 Sound business principles are rigidly insisted upon by 
 this department and enforced throughout the organization. 
 A large proportion of the money due for subscriptions and 
 advertising is paid in advance, and the remainder is promptly 
 collected. Out of the millions of dollars due The Tribune 
 in 1921, only two and four-tenths per cent remained out- 
 standing sixty days after the close of the year. Similarly 
 all bills against The Tribune are promptly audited and paid. 
 A close check is kept upon the cost of manufacturing 
 and distributing The Tribune and upon the cost of selling 
 each kind of advertising, so that rates may always be main- 
 tained in logical proportion to the cost of producing the 
 advertising. 
 
 An idea of the amount of detail which the auditing 
 department must supervise is indicated by the fact that 
 annually it renders more than 350,000 bills for advertising 
 and circulation. 
 
 The financial affairs of the following subsidiaries of The 
 Tribune are supervised by its Auditing Division : 
 Ontario Paper Company 
 Ontario Transportation & Pulp Company 
 Franquelin Lumber & Pulp Wood Company 
 Pacific y Atlantic Photos, Inc. 
 Tribune Building Corporation 
 Tribune Company of France 
 
 282 
 
HANDLING TRIBUNE FINANCES BIG JOB 
 
 The auditing division employs 259 people, divided as 
 follows : 
 
 General Clerks ................................. // 
 
 Cashiers ...................................... 5 
 
 Mail Clerks ................................... 6 
 
 Voucher Clerks ................................. 2 
 
 Credits &? Collections ............................ 52 
 
 Advertising Agency Accounts ..................... 2 
 
 Checkers ................................... . . .23 
 
 Display Adv. Bookkeepers ....................... 6 
 
 Classified Adv. Bookkeepers ..... ............ . . . . . 24 
 
 Circulation Bookkeepers ......................... fj 
 
 Adjusting Clerks ............................... 18 
 
 Stenographers - Dictaphone ...................... 10 
 
 File Clerks .................................... o 
 
 Press Room Clerks .............................. 5 
 
 Pay Roll Clerks ................................ 6 
 
 Subscription Clerks ............................. / 
 
 Miscellaneous .................................. 20 
 
 Traffic ........................................ 6 
 
 Benefit ........................................ 3 
 
 Paper Mill .................................... 27 
 
 Timber Lands .................................. 10 
 
 Closely allied with the Auditing Division are the order 
 clerks of the Advertising Division. During 1921 a 
 statistical record was kept of each operation of these order 
 clerks. It showed the amazing total of 793,392 operations 
 divided as follows: 
 
 Telephone Want Ads ................ 242,240 
 
 Cash Want Ads .................... 212,213 
 
 Charge Want Ads .................. 135,918 
 
 Display Ads ....................... 56,161 
 
 Proofs ............................ 37,779 
 
 Drawings ................... ...... 31,506 
 
 Matrices .......... ... ............. 9,594 
 
 Telephone calls ..................... 37,613 
 
 Messenger services .................. 30,368 
 
 It is obvious that the publication of 365 issues of a great 
 newspaper and the distribution of hundreds of thousands 
 of copies of each issue must necessarily involve some errors, 
 but the Auditing Division of The Tribune works unceas- 
 ingly to reduce these to a minimum. 
 
 283 
 
Building Department 
 
 r iHE Building Department "operates" the structures 
 
 which house the various departments of the news- 
 
 JL paper. This demands the services of one hundred 
 
 and thirty-six employes, chiefly janitors, elevator men, 
 
 scrubwomen, watchmen, etc. 
 
 The buildings supervised by this department include: 
 
 Tribune Building, Madison and Dearborn Streets. 
 
 The Plant, Michigan Blvd. , Austin Ave. and St. Clair St. 
 
 Garage, Michigan Blvd. and Ohio Street. 
 
 Rotogravure and Color Press Bldg., East Ontario Street. 
 
 All these properties are operated on a twenty-four hour 
 basis. The service in the old Tribune Building at Madison 
 and Dearborn Streets has been practically continuous for 
 twenty years. During all that time there have been only 
 two shut-downs of less than one hour's duration each. 
 
 In addition to the Advertising, Auditing, and several 
 smaller departments, The Tribune Building at Madison 
 and Dearborn Streets houses more than one hundred 
 tenants, and is considered one of the best office buildings 
 in the Loop. 
 
 This eighteen-story structure stands upon land owned 
 by the Chicago public schools a fact which has been the 
 source of many storms for The Tribune. 
 
 For twenty-five years it has been the practice of local 
 politicians to divert attention from their own acts as ex- 
 ploited in The Tribune by attacking "The Tribune Lease." 
 
 They compare the ground rent which The Tribune pays 
 to the Board of Education with that paid for similar prop- 
 erties in the vicinity and herald the difference as the amount 
 which The Tribune is "stealing from the school children." 
 
 Secondly, they charge that The Tribune's lease was 
 fraudulently obtained by the influence of A. S. Trude, once 
 a member of the Board of Education, and at times attorney 
 for The Tribune. 
 
 284 
 
BUILDING GOES TO SCHOOLS AT END OF LEASE 
 
 These charges have been fully disproved in court and 
 the lease has been held not only free from fraud, but decid- 
 edly in the interest of the school children. The politicians 
 make out their case by distorting certain facts and con- 
 cealing others. 
 
 For instance, they quote the rent which The Tribune 
 pays, but they ignore the fact that at the expiration of the 
 lease in 1995, the 1 8-story skyscraper, erected by The 
 Tribune at an expense of $1,800,000, becomes the property 
 of the Board of Education. This is equivalent to an addi- 
 tional rental payment of $21,143 annually, which the critics 
 exclude from their calculations. 
 
 Much stress is laid upon the fact that a man who had 
 served as attorney for The Tribune was on the Board of 
 Education which made the lease, but they ignore the fact 
 that the vote was 17 to 2 and that Mr. Trude asked to be 
 excused from voting. They also ignore the fact that after 
 two years of public discussion an altered Board of Educa- 
 tion confirmed the lease by a vote of 1 6 to 4, and that after 
 two additional years of discussion a third Board (Mr. Trude 
 being no longer a member) confirmed and ratified the lease 
 unanimously. 
 
 In reliance upon this lease The Tribune then expended 
 $1,800,000 in the erection of a building. In 1907, six years 
 later, at the culmination of political differences with a local 
 Democratic city administration, suit was brought to have 
 the leases set aside. The case was heard by Master in 
 Chancery Roswell E. Mason, a Democrat, who made a 
 report on March 5, 1910, sustaining every contention of 
 The Tribune, affirming the validity of the leases and rec- 
 ommending the dismissal of the suit. 
 
 The school board filed exceptions to the report of the 
 Master in Chancery. All points were fully argued and the 
 evidence reviewed before the late Judge Charles M. Walker, 
 also a Democrat. On July 13, 1910, he handed down a 
 decision vigorously upholding every finding of the Master. 
 He stated emphatically that the lease was a beneficial one 
 
 285 
 
COURTS HOLD TRIBUNE LEASE FAIR AND VALID 
 
 from the standpoint of the school children and that it 
 was not tainted with fraud. 
 
 The school board then carried the case to the Supreme 
 Court, which fully supported Judge Walker and Master in 
 Chancery Mason in a lengthy and unanimous decision 
 rendered on December, 1910. The facts were found to be 
 as follows: 
 
 The Tribune first occupied the corner of Madison and 
 Dearborn Streets in 1867 under a lease which provided for 
 reappraisal of the land every five years. All school lands 
 were leased on this basis. 
 
 Every five years the rent was raised, particularly heavy 
 raises being imposed if the tenant attempted any improve- 
 ments. In 1895, after five raises in rent, The Tribune 
 decided to move to property where it could erect a modern 
 building. The building at Madison and Dearborn Streets 
 was terribly dilapidated, but it was out of the question to 
 put money into a new building when at the end of any five- 
 year period the ground rent might be raised to a prohibitive 
 figure. 
 
 All school lands were in the same condition covered 
 with disgraceful shacks. 
 
 In 1895 there was not a single fireproof building in the 
 block bounded by Madison, Dearborn, State and Monroe. 
 The situation was investigated by a school board committee 
 which found that the policy of the past 45 years had been 
 wrong, that the increased rents obtainable by revaluations 
 every five years were more than offset by the failure of 
 tenants to improve the property resulting in minimum 
 revenue from taxes and depressed valuations. This com- 
 mittee recommended that tenants be invited to submit 
 propositions for long term leases and for the adequate im- 
 provement of their property. 
 
 Appraisers appointed by the school board, not by the 
 tenants, valued the school lands and fixed the proper rentals. 
 On the basis of these appraisals long term leases were entered 
 into with The Tribune and other tenants as a result of which 
 
 286 
 
JIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UIUIUIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'I- 
 
 THESE steel steamers were 
 built by The Tribune to 
 carry pulp logs from our 
 timber lands to our paper 
 mill. Special design gives 
 them larger capacity than 
 any other boats navigating 
 the St. Lawrence and Wei- 
 land canals. 
 
 Note the high crow's nest y 
 an innovation which enables 
 these boats to navigate while 
 others are held up by fog 
 The St. Lawrence has high 
 banks between which low- 
 ly ing Jogs settle. From this 
 crow's nest the banks can be 
 seen above the fog and 
 navigation continued. 
 
 As evidenced by the display 
 given the names of these 
 steamers. The Tribune be- 
 lieves in advertising al- 
 ways. 
 
l-JIU^U'U'U'U'U'U'UiU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'UHJIU'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'U'l-l 
 
 UNLOADING supplies from schooner In Rocky River at Shelter 
 Bay. 
 
 SCHOONERS in Quebec harbor loading with supplies for Tribune 
 timber lands. 
 
BUILDING KEPT CONSTANTLY UP-TO-DATE 
 
 The Tribune, First National Bank, Majestic, North Amer- 
 ican and Chicago Savings Bank buildings were erected. 
 The millions of dollars invested in these improvements im- 
 mediately made all property in their vicinity more valuable 
 thus increasing revenues from other school property. 
 The taxes paid on these big buildings also swelled school 
 revenues. And in the case of The Tribune Building the 
 $1,800,000 structure itself will go to the school fund at the 
 end of the lease. In the case of the other buildings the 
 Board of Education must buy the improvements when the 
 leases expire. 
 
 It must be remembered that a modern steel skyscraper 
 such as The Tribune is not allowed to deteriorate, and when 
 it is turned over to the school board sixty-five years from 
 now it may well be expected to be worth more than the 
 day it was built. It has already increased more than one- 
 third in value. Experts estimated that it would cost 
 more than $2,500,000 to reproduce The Tribune Building 
 as it stands after 20 years of use. Large sums are con- 
 stantly spent for maintenance. New electric wiring was 
 recently put in, new marble, new elevators the last 
 named at an expense in excess of $100,000. Cathedrals, 
 palaces and castles of Europe have endured for centuries 
 with undiminished value, but engineers consider that the 
 modern steel skyscraper properly maintained will prove the 
 most enduring structure man has built. 
 
 Telephone Switchboard 
 
 The telephone switchboard of The Chicago Tribune 
 "andles upwards of four million calls a year. It is an 
 height position" board located on the fifth floor of The 
 Tribune Building at Madison and Dearborn Streets. To 
 keep the lines open twenty-four hours a day, fifteen opera- 
 tors are required. 
 
 From the switchboard one hundred trunk lines extend 
 to all Tribune departments, both in the "old" building and 
 in The Plant on North Michigan Boulevard. Twenty- 
 
 289 
 
12,000 TO 20,000 PHONE CALLS PER DAY 
 
 three of the trunk lines are for outgoing calls only. The 
 total number of inside telephones and extensions is 333. 
 
 Exclusive of calls for baseball scores or other special 
 occasions, incoming calls average 8,000 per day, outgoing 
 calls 2,000 per day, and inter-department calls 2,000 per 
 day a total of 12,000. Baseball games, elections, explo- 
 sions, etc., often raise these figures to a total of more than 
 20,000 calls in one day. 
 
 The Want Ad department is the largest user of telephone 
 service within the organization. On Saturday, March 25, 
 1922, the switchboard transferred 4,500 incoming calls to 
 the Adtakers between 7:30 in the morning and 2:00 in the 
 afternoon. 
 
 THE Tribune Eldg. at Madison and Dearborn Sts. 
 290 
 
Purchasing Department 
 
 THE Purchasing Department of The Chicago Tribune 
 is called upon for a very broad range of services. 
 It must buy a great variety of supplies for all 
 departments and must in addition supervise the purchase 
 and installation of new machinery. The nature of the 
 newspaper business which demands the unfailing produc- 
 tion and distribution of hundreds of thousands of copies 
 every twenty-four hours makes it necessary that the Pur- 
 chasing Department have all manner of materials and 
 equipment arriving at The Plant as regularly as sunrise. 
 
 The Purchasing Department has fifteen employees and 
 buys more than a thousand different commodities each 
 year, valued at approximately $1,400,000. This does not 
 include newsprint or large equipment such as presses. Trib- 
 une growth is indicated by the fact that in 1914 the value 
 of purchases was $226,000. 
 
 Purchases are initiated by each department's filling out 
 requisitions specifying all possible details concerning the 
 article desired. In ordering equipment the Purchasing 
 Department, wherever possible, asks regular Tribune adver- 
 tisers to figure, but awards them the business only if their 
 proposition equals that of other bidders. 
 
 Purchase orders are written in triplicate; the original 
 retained in the Purchasing Department as a record together 
 with the original requisition and all other data concerning 
 the order; one copy forwarded to the firm from whom the 
 material is purchased ; and the other sent to the receiving 
 clerk to check against the goods when received. After 
 receipt of the goods, he returns his copy to the Purchasing 
 Department. 
 
 Invoices, as received, are recorded in a visible system 
 book with removable cards ; sent to the departments origi- 
 nating the orders for okay, and then to the accounting 
 department, which distributes the charges and pays them. 
 
 291 
 
RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY PURCHASING DEPARTMENT 
 
 A large store of information on prices of merchandise 
 is accumulated and kept constantly up-to-date. There is 
 a visible card system of past orders showing firms, prices, 
 special discounts, etc. ; and a systematically arranged cata- 
 logue file made up of clippings from trade journals, circulars, 
 lists of surplus and second-hand materials, etc. Drawings 
 and blue-prints of all equipment in The Tribune Plant, 
 records of test runs, analyses of materials, reports of inves- 
 tigations all combine to make the work of this depart- 
 ment unusually efficient. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Many duties, which on some newspapers are assumed 
 by a mechanical superintendent or an efficiency engineer, 
 are taken care of on The Tribune by the Purchasing Depart- 
 ment. Typical duties of this kind are regular inspections 
 of all premises and recommendations arising therefrom; 
 laboratory tests of ink, paper, oil, etc.; selling of waste 
 paper, old equipment and dross; purchasing and instal- 
 lation of new equipment; investigation of comparative 
 mechanical systems and operation methods such as revised 
 press layouts, power and heating plants; tests of various 
 fuels; search for improvement in conveyors, tank systems, 
 methods of handling paper; preservation of newspaper 
 
 files; etc. 
 
 * * * 
 
 One man employed in the Purchasing Department gives 
 his full time to inspection and laboratory work on all print 
 paper used by The Tribune. He has for his use special 
 equipment for weighing, finding the moisture content and 
 ascertaining the strength of all classes of paper. Daily 
 reports are made comparing the physical qualities of The 
 Tribune with the other Chicago papers. He also watches 
 the handling of the roll paper from the time the cars are 
 unloaded on the railroad siding. Charts are maintained 
 which show daily and monthly figures on newsprint waste 
 and which locate the operations in which waste was made. 
 
 292 
 
JOB SHOP KEPT BUSY ON TRIBUNE WORK 
 
 A job printing shop, to handle Tribune work exclusively, 
 is maintained as a part of the Purchasing Department. 
 It has six regular employees but often adds to this 
 number in emergencies. During the past twelve months 
 it has handled more than two thousand jobs, including 
 tags and labels for the Circulation Department, forms for 
 all departments, booklets, color posters for the Circulation 
 Department, form letters, advertising data sheets, and 
 letterheads. 
 
 293 
 
The Medill Council 
 
 ORGANIZED originally as the Welfare Committee 
 of The Tribune, the Medill Council, composed 
 of Tribune employes, has undertaken and carried 
 out various movements for welding the organization closer 
 together, bettering working conditions, encouraging athletics, 
 and investigating methods of bonus and insurance payments. 
 
 When the Medill Council was organized in February, 
 1919, its work was laid out along the following general lines: 
 
 Health: The recommendation of sanitary and healthful 
 measures, consideration (at present) of the advisability of 
 adding to The Tribune organization a medical and a dental 
 attendant. 
 
 Environment: Consideration of safety devices in the 
 mechanical departments, the establishment of rest, recre- 
 ation, and exercise room, coffee and lunch rooms. 
 
 Insurance: Death and accident insurance are now pro- 
 vided for. Health insurance is being considered. 
 
 Bonuses: A bonus had been given Tribune workers 
 for several years. The Council investigated methods of 
 bonus payments practiced in other institutions in order to 
 secure the most equitable plan. 
 
 Tribune Organizations: Classes for study, musical and 
 dramatic organizations, teams, etc. 
 
 One important innovation that was recommended by 
 the Council and approved by the management was the 
 granting of vacations to all Tribune men without reference 
 to their union affiliations. The Medill Council's investiga- 
 tion convinced its members that the men in the mechanical 
 departments needed a rest in vacation time just as much as 
 the men at desks, and it recommended to the management 
 that a uniform vacation plan be put into effect throughout 
 the Plant. On the committee's recommendation the plan 
 was adopted by the Company. 
 
 294 
 
LUNCH CLUB FOR GIRLS ON TRIBUNE ROOF 
 
 In building the new Plant, every possible safety device 
 in the mechanical departments was installed, so that the 
 employes are protected in every way that modern invention 
 has made possible. Serious accidents are extremely rare in 
 The Tribune mechanical departments. 
 
 A nurse and a dentist have been added to The Tribune 
 staff for the benefit of employes. One of the big move- 
 ments has been the advancement of athletics, and consid- 
 erable attention has been paid to baseball and to bowling, 
 with all expenses of both leagues paid by The Tribune. 
 
 One of the early projects in view was the establishment 
 of a refectory for Tribune women. It was to have been on 
 the eighteenth floor of The Tribune building. This move- 
 ment resulted in the establishment of the Etaoin Club on 
 the roof of the building, in the quarters formerly used by 
 the Overset Club. The club is managed entirely by the 
 women employes, and nearly 100 girls are served luncheon 
 daily in the beautiful dining room on the roof. All the 
 equipment was provided by The Tribune Company, and 
 the club is now maintained by the women of The Tribune 
 on a self-supporting basis. 
 
 In December, 1919, The Tribune completed its Em- 
 ployes Benefit Plan and put into effect the following pro- 
 visions for disability and insurance: 
 
 Sickness Disability Benefits 
 
 1. Classification. All employes of the Company shall 
 be classified in four groups, formed according to length of 
 time in the service of the Company, as follows : 
 
 Class A Those in the employ of the Company ten years or more. 
 Class B Those in the employ of the Company five years to ten years. 
 Class C Those in the employ of the Company one year to five years. 
 Class D Those in the employ of the Company less than one year. 
 
 2. Payments. In the event of absence on account of 
 sickness the Company will pay to employes in good standing 
 at the time of their sickness : 
 
 295 
 
TRIBUNE PROVIDES WELL FOR EMPLOYES 
 
 Employes in Class A, full pay twenty-six weeks, half pay twenty-six 
 weeks. 
 
 Employes in Class B, full pay thirteen weeks, half pay thirteen weeks. 
 Employes in Class C, full pay six weeks, half pay six weeks. 
 Employes in Class D, only as hereinafter specified. 
 
 3. "Full pay" and "half pay," for the purpose of carry- 
 ing out the provisions of the above paragraph, shall be based 
 on the amount payable for the number of hours consti- 
 tuting the employe's normal service, not including overtime. 
 
 Benefits 
 
 4. It is intended that the foregoing allowances are to 
 be cumulated each calendar year, and that successive per- 
 iods of sickness during any one year shall be counted 
 together as one period, except that any sickness occurring 
 after an employe has been continuously engaged in the 
 performance of duty for twenty-six weeks or more shall be 
 considered as a new sickness and not as part of any disa- 
 bility which preceded such period of twenty-six weeks. 
 
 5. Accidents suffered outside the performance of duty 
 are to be considered as sickness in computing allowances. 
 
 Eligibility 
 
 6. Employes in the service of the Company when the 
 plan was put into effect were eligible to these benefits with- 
 out the requirement of a general physical examination. 
 In the case of employes entering the service of the Company 
 after the date of adoption of this plan, a general physical 
 examination shall be made as prescribed by the Company, 
 in order to entitle such employes to the benefits of this plan, 
 such examination to be made for the purpose of preventing 
 the employment of persons afflicted With communicable 
 diseases, and to bring to the applicant's attention any ser- 
 ious constitutional or other disorders which interfere with 
 his or her efficiency in the performance of the work for 
 which application is made. 
 
 7. In the event that such applicant does not submit 
 to a physical examination, no benefit payments shall be 
 
 296 
 
REGULAR PAYMENTS MADE WHILE SICK 
 
 made in the event of sickness during his subsequent em- 
 ployment. 
 
 8. Employes shall be removed from the regular pay 
 roll on the eighth day of absence on account of sickness, 
 and payments herein provided for shall be made on a "Sick- 
 ness Disability Benefit" pay roll. Payment for the first 
 week, or any part thereof, shall be made upon recommen- 
 dation of the foreman or manager of the department in which 
 the person is employed, at the discretion of the Company. 
 
 How to Secure Benefits 
 
 9. Application for the allowance of benefit payments 
 shall be made by the employe or by some proper person on 
 his behalf. In special cases where immediate relief is 
 required, suitable arrangements may be made upon the 
 recommendation of the head of the department in which 
 the applicant is employed. 
 
 10. Special cases where the period in which the bene- 
 fits are provided is not adequate to meet the situation may 
 be investigated by the Medill Council, and handled at the 
 Company's discretion in accordance with their individual 
 merits, upon the recommendation of the head of the depart- 
 ment in which the person is employed. 
 
 11. The Company will provide a competent medical 
 investigator, to whom notice shall be immediately sent by 
 each department head in the event of any disability of an 
 employe in his department which would entitle said em- 
 ploye to allowances under this plan. This investigator 
 shall make a prompt investigation of each case, and in the 
 event that any modification of the plan of payments pro- 
 vided for herein appears to him expedient, shall make such 
 suggestions as he may think proper to the Medill Council. 
 No payments shall be made in the way of allowances under 
 this plan without the approval of the investigator and the 
 head of the department where the applicant is employed. 
 
 12. Payments. In the event of disability, either total 
 or partial, due to injury suffered in the course of employ- 
 ment, it is the general policy of the Company that the 
 
 297 
 
COMPANY PAYS FOR $1,000 INSURANCE 
 
 employe shall receive full pay, not including overtime, for 
 the entire period of his total disability, with a maximum 
 limit equal to the death benefit paid in the event of injury, 
 without regard to length of service, except that no benefits 
 paid under this plan shall be in excess of the difference 
 between payments provided by the Employers' Liability 
 Act in force in the state of Illinois and the employe's nor- 
 mal full pay, not including overtime, for the period of dis- 
 ability. 
 
 13. In the event of partial disability, an employe, in 
 order to receive the benefits provided by this plan, must 
 place his services at the disposal of the Company for 
 employment in such capacity as the Company may find 
 most advantageous, at such time as the Company's Med- 
 ical Investigator shall determine that he may return to 
 work. 
 
 14. The investigation of accident disability cases shall 
 be handled in the manner indicated for sickness disability 
 cases. 
 
 Death Benefits 
 
 15. Insurance. The Company will at its own expense 
 insure the life of each Tribune Company employe upon the 
 completion of five years' continuous service with the Com- 
 pany for an amount equal to the salary or wages paid during 
 the twelve months immediately prior to the ending of such 
 five years' continuous service, with a fixed maximum 
 amount in each case of One Thousand Dollars ($1,000). 
 
 1 6. The insurance provided for in the paragraph 
 immediately preceding is payable in addition to all bene- 
 fits to which the employe is entitled under the Workmen's 
 Compensation Act of this state, and also in addition to any 
 insurance carried by the employe individually. 
 
 Sections 17 to 26 provide with great particularity that 
 a disabled employe must report his disability without 
 delay; and that death or disability due to intoxication or 
 any other of several causes named shall not confer any 
 rights under the plan. 
 
 298 
 
PENSIONS ENTIRELY FINANCED BY COMPANY 
 
 The pension plan is another movement for employe 
 welfare. The pension fund is in charge of a board which 
 consists of the president of the board of directors of The 
 Tribune, one director, and a Tribune employe. This 
 board is empowered to make rules for the efficient admin- 
 istration of the pension fund and to control the payment 
 of pension allowances. It may authorize the payment of 
 a pension to any retired employe on the following basis : 
 
 (a) All employes of this Company engaged in any 
 capacity are eligible to pensions as hereinafter stated. 
 
 (b) All employes who shall have reached the age of 55 
 years and have been fifteen or more years in the service, 
 may at the discretion of the Pension Board be retired from 
 active service and become eligible to a pension. 
 
 (c) All employes who have been twenty or more years 
 in the service may, at their own request, be retired at the 
 age of 60 on the first day of the calendar month following 
 that in which they shall have attained said age, unless, at 
 the discretion of the Pension Board, some later date be 
 fixed for such retirement. Persons occupying executive 
 positions are exempt from maximum age limit. 
 
 (d) All employes who have been thirty years in the 
 employ of the Company may, in case of disability, be 
 retired upon a pension, irrespective of their age at the time 
 of retirement. 
 
 The amount of the pension is fixed as follows: For 
 each year of active service an allowance of two per cent 
 of the average annual pay during the ten years next 
 preceding retirement. But no pension shall exceed $100 
 per month, nor be less than $18 per month. 
 
 Pensions are to be paid monthly and the Pension 
 Board may, in its discretion, continue the payments for a 
 limited time to the widows and orphans of pensioners. 
 
 In addition to all the above, financed entirely by The 
 Tribune Company, Tribune employes have two voluntary 
 organizations of their own which are fostered by the man- 
 agement. 
 
 299 
 
BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION FORMED 
 
 The Dearborn Mutual Benefit Association is an insur- 
 ance and loan organization into which several hundred men 
 and women pay weekly dues. It pays a death benefit of 
 $500 on the death of any member. A week before Christ- 
 mas all funds are distributed to members and they usually 
 find that their money has earned from 10% to 12%. At 
 New Year's the association reorganizes for another 50 weeks. 
 
 The Medill Building and Loan Association is being or- 
 ganized in June, 1922, for the benefit of employes. 
 
 !r?^n!Jr hlr i 1 w!?rLT" r * nr^TTT-^ T^Tr-k-r-r-*, D^t*difciT.n(Abwi 
 
 ^S 1 HE 1 RIB SHHIF" 
 
 READ WHAT PAUL WILLIAMS HAS TO I PRINTERS LEADING 
 
 SAY TO CONSTANTINOPLE REPORTERS THIBLNE LE\GIT. 
 
 
 li C.W.T. LEAVES FOR 
 NEW HOME IN W 
 
 
 THE TRIE is printed at Company expense and distributed 
 free each month to all employes 
 
 300 
 
Index 
 
 Advertising Censorship?: 76, 77, 179, 191 
 
 Advertising Charts 178, 181. 194, 197, 198 
 
 Advertising Division 176 to 203 . 
 
 Advertising Tribune Advertising 46, 75, 76, 78t 
 
 182, 183, 201 
 
 Altgeld, Governor 47, 53 
 
 Amusement Advertising 178, 189 
 
 Anti Loan Shark Bureau 76, 77 
 
 Architectural Contest for $100,000 Prize. .114, 120 
 
 Art Department 160, 161, 162 
 
 Art Service for Advertisers 191, 192, 203 
 
 Associated Press 126, 143, 271 
 
 Auditing & Comptrolling Division 282, 283 
 
 Automobile Advertising 99, 100, 178 
 
 Baie des Cedres 206, 209, 210, 211, 213, 215 
 
 Beale, William G 255 
 
 Beauty Advice 164 
 
 Beck, E. S 255 
 
 Beecher, Henry Ward 43 
 
 "Beg Your Pardon" Department 142 
 
 Berlin Office of Tribune 145, 175 
 
 Blue Ribbon Fiction 165, 167 
 
 Book of Facts 181, 194, 197, 273, 279, 303 
 
 Book Reviews 141 
 
 Bross, William 18, 19, 22, 23, 29, 35, 36, 48 
 
 Building Management 284 to 290 
 
 Burke, State's Attorney 69, 70 
 
 "Cablese" 146 
 
 Catlin, T. B 61 
 
 Chapman, Paul Cross 120 
 
 "Cheer Checks" 106 to 110 
 
 Chemical Wood Pulp 221 
 
 Chicago American 178, 181, 197, 198, 273 
 
 Chicago Chronicle 63 
 
 Chicago Daily News 178, 181, 197, 198, 273 
 
 Chicago Fire 37, 38, 39 
 
 Chicago, first newspapers 16 
 
 Chicago Herald 78, 79 
 
 Chicago Herald & Examiner 79, 106, 107, 110, 
 
 178, 181, 197, 198, 273 
 
 Chicago Inter-Ocean 78 
 
 Chicago Journal 16, 17, 178, 181, 197, 198, 273 
 
 Chicago Post 178. 181, 197, 198, 273 
 
 Chicago Record 53, 75 
 
 Chicago Record-Herald 53, 70, 75, 78 
 
 Chicago Times 46, 53, 75 
 
 City Circulation 272, 276 to 281 
 
 Circulation 11, 22, 30, 36, 46, 75, 78, 84, 
 
 106 to 110, 255, 269, 272 to 281 
 
 Civil War 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 40 
 
 Clairvoyants 76, 77 
 
 Clayton, John 93 
 
 Cleveland Leader 21 
 
 Cleveland, President 53 
 
 Clothing Advertising 178, 197 
 
 Color Rotogravure (Coloroto) 120, 256 to 266 
 
 Comics 245, 275, 276 
 
 Composing Room 157, 173, 227, 236 
 
 Conveyors from Presses 251 to 254, 274 
 
 Conveyors in Mailing Room 268, 270, 275, 278 
 
 Conveyors to Presses 268 
 
 Cookery 164 
 
 Co-Operator (Retailer's Paper) 200 
 
 Copy Service for Advertisers 191, 192, 203 
 
 Country Circulation 272, 274, 275 
 
 Cowles, Alfred 19, 22, 23, 48 
 
 Cowles, Alfred, II 255 
 
 Coxey's "Army" 53 
 
 Dailey, Charles 93 
 
 Daily News of New York. .100, 101, 143, 225, 282 
 
 "Dead Lines" 157, 159 
 
 Death Benefits 298, 299 
 
 Debs, Eugene V 53 
 
 Decatur's Slogan 118 to 120, 170, 172 
 
 Deep Waterways Editions 64 
 
 Democratic Convention in Denver 63 
 
 Deneen, Governor 73 
 
 Department Store Advertising 178 
 
 Dewey, Admiral 56, 57 
 
 Display Advertising 190 to 203 
 
 Drainage Canal 48 
 
 Dramatic Criticism 141 
 
 Dunne, Mayor 63, 285 
 
 Editorials 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 40, 44, 48, 54, 
 
 73, 84, 91, 118, 119, 170, 171, 172 
 
 Educational Advertising 186, 189 
 
 Electrical Department 253, 267, 268, 271 
 
 Electrotyping 245 
 
 Etching Department 134, 160, 230, 237 to 
 
 244, 258 to 265 
 
 European Edition of The Tribune. .. 84, 85, 86, 87, 
 
 90, 92, 150 
 
 Evans, Dr. Wm. A 67, 172 
 
 "Experts' Fees" Suits 112 
 
 Extras 159 
 
 Farm & Garden 164 
 
 Fashions 161, 164 
 
 Features 163 to 165, 166, 167 
 
 Fiction 165, 275, 276 
 
 Field, William H 84 
 
 Financial Advertising 77, 178, 233 
 
 Financial News 140, 233 
 
 Fire Protection 271 
 
 Fisher, Judge H. M 115 to 118 
 
 Folders 251 to 253 
 
 Ford, Million Dollar Libel Suit 94 to 99 
 
 Foreign News Service. .. 89, 91, 93, 145 to 152, 166 
 
 Fourdrinier Screen 216 ,222 
 
 Franquelin Lumber & Pulp Wood Co 282 
 
 Friend of the People 68, 172 
 
 Funk, Clarence 70 
 
 Furniture Advertising 178 
 
 Garage . . 114, 276, 277, 278 
 
 Garfield, President 46 
 
 Gas Scandals 54, 56 
 
 Gibbons, Floyd 89, 93 
 
 Gold Standard 56 
 
 Good Fellow Movement 66, 67 
 
 Grant, General 35 
 
 Greeley, Horace 21 
 
 Groceries Advertising 178 
 
 Half Tones... ...237,238 
 
 Harden, E. W. 56, 57 
 
 Harrison, President 47 
 
 Haymarket Riots 47 
 
 Headline Contest 130 
 
 Heads Used by Tribune 129 
 
 Health Advice 67, 164, 172 
 
 Helm, State Senator 70 
 
 Holstlaw, State Senator 69 
 
 Hopkins, Mayor. , 54 
 
 House Organ for Employes 300 
 
 Howells, Abby White 255 
 
 Humorous Columns 164 
 
 Ink Fountains 250 
 
 Insurance Advice 164 
 
 Intaglio Printing 257 
 
 Interior Decoration 164 
 
 Investor's Guide 78, 164 
 
 Ireland 48, 94, 148 
 
 Iroquois Fire 60 
 
 Job Printing Shop 291 
 
 Keeley, James 60, 63 
 
 Keough, Hugh E 164 
 
 Kohlsaat, H. H 70 
 
 Land Shows . . ... 64, 65, 66, 72 
 
 Legal Advice 164 
 
 Libby, Laura Jean 68 
 
 Libel Suits 94 to 99, 111, 115 to 118, 120 
 
 Library 168, 166 
 
 Lincoln, President 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 171 
 
 Line-o-type 164, 172 
 
 Linotype Machines. . . .173, 227, 228, 229, 232, 236 
 
 Lloyd, Demarest 255 
 
 Lloyd, Henry D 255 
 
 Lloyd, John Bross 255 
 
 Lloyd, William Bross 255 
 
 Local Advertising 190, 191, 192 
 
 Local News Room 173 
 
 London Office of Tribune 148 
 
 Lorimer, William 68, 69 
 
 Love 164 
 
 Lyon & Healy 192 
 
 301 
 
Index Continued 
 
 Mailing Machines 270, 275, 278 
 
 Makeup of Ads 228, 229, 233 
 
 Makeup of News 228, 229 
 
 Market News 141, 156 
 
 Mason, Master in Chancery 285 
 
 Matrices 228, 242, 243, 247 
 
 McCormick, Medill 68 
 
 McCormick, Robert R 48, 68, 88, 123, 269 
 
 McKinley, President 56 
 
 McNally, Andrew J 22 
 
 Medill Council 101, 294 to 300 
 
 Medill, Joseph Frontispiece. . . .18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 
 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 48, 50, 53, 59, 171 
 
 Medill, Samuel 45 
 
 Medill School of Journalism 104 
 
 Memorial Trees 89 
 
 "Men's Specialist" Frauds 76, 77 
 
 Merchandising Advertising 196, 200. 202, 203 
 
 Monotype Machines 236 
 
 Morgue 134, 168, 169 
 
 Motion Picture News 141 
 
 Motion Pictures and Advertising 80, 189 
 
 Municipal Voters' League 55 
 
 Mural Prize 120 
 
 Nast, Thomas 160 
 
 National Advertising 190, 193 to 203 
 
 News, Foreign 145 to 152, 166 
 
 News, Handling 136 
 
 News in the Fifties 25, 28, 29 
 
 News in the Seventies 43, 44 
 
 News, Local 134 to 138 
 
 News, Makeup 153 to 159 
 
 News Maps 151, 161 
 
 News, National 143, 144 
 
 Newspaper Advertising 177, 199, 201, 202 
 
 News Policies 131, 132, 133 
 
 Newsprint Consumption 251 
 
 Newsprint Laboratory 292 
 
 "1921 Will Reward FIGHTERS". . . .104, 105, 106 
 
 Ontario Paper Company 282 
 
 Ontario Transportation & Pulp Company 282 
 
 Order Clerks of Advertising Dept 283 
 
 Ownership of Tribune 19, 23, 255 
 
 Pacific & Atlantic Photos, Inc 167, 282 
 
 Paper Machine 216, 217, 222, 224, 225 
 
 Paper Mill 84, 101, 216 to 226 
 
 Patterns 164 
 
 Patterson, Joseph Medill 68, 88, 123 
 
 Patterson, Raymond 56 
 
 Patterson, Robert W., Jr., 28, 53, 54, 56, 59, 62, 68 
 
 Patterson, R. W,, Sr 28 
 
 Peace Treaty Scoop 87, 91 
 
 Pensions 299 
 
 Pershing, General 86 
 
 Photos 134, 151, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 174 
 
 Pierson, Joseph 85 
 
 Pneumatic Tubes 271 
 
 Polish War Scoop 91 
 
 Post Office for Want Advertisers 176, 184, 187, 188 
 
 Presses 11, 54, 101, 246 to 268 
 
 Price to Subscribers 54 
 
 Proof Reading 235, 236 
 
 Protection 36, 47, 48 
 
 Publishers' Advertising 178 
 
 Pulp Making 220, 221, 223 
 
 Pulp Wood Pile 218 
 
 Pulp Wood Resources of Tribune. . .84, 205 to 214 
 Purchasing Department 291 to 293 
 
 Queensbury, Marquis of 67 
 
 Rand. William H 22 
 
 Ray, Charles H 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 35 
 
 Real Estate News 140 
 
 Reels for Newsprint Rolls 248, 249, 250 
 
 Refrigeration 271 
 
 Reilly, General H. J 91 
 
 Religious News 139 
 
 Roll of Honor 87, 88, 89 
 
 Rome Office of Tribune 145, 175 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore 63, 73 
 
 Rotogravure 101, 256 to 266, 275, 276 
 
 Rue, Larry 93, 152 
 
 Russell, Lillian 68 
 
 Ryan, Thomas 93 
 
 Sane Fourth Crusade 60 
 
 School Board of Chicago 284 to 286 
 
 Scripps, John L 18, 20, 22, 23 36 
 
 Shelter Bay. 206, 211, 213, 215 
 
 Sickness Benefits 295 to 298 
 
 Small, Governor 73 
 
 Smith, Frederick '.'.'.'.'.'.' 89 
 
 Society News " | ' 139 
 
 Soldier's Friend 154 
 
 Spanish War 56, 57 53 
 
 Sporting News 134, 139, 156, 233 
 
 Steamers co Carry Pulp Wood 214, 287 
 
 Steam Tables 228, 242, 243, 247 
 
 Steele, John 94, 143 
 
 Stensland Bank Failure 63 
 
 Sterotyping 158, 228, 242 to 244, 247, 269 
 
 Strikes 58 
 
 Submarine Chaser Dispatch Boat 210, 214 
 
 Subscribers' Complaints . 280 281 
 
 Sullivan, T. E 61 
 
 Sunday Tribune 54, 134 
 
 Syndicate Department 166, 167 
 
 Taft, President 64, 73, 74 
 
 Talbot, Greenville 171 
 
 Taylor, Bert Leston 164, 171 
 
 Telegraph, News by 18, 145 
 
 Telephone Ad-takers 185 
 
 Telephones 289, 290 
 
 Ten Million Dollar Libel Suit 115 to 118 
 
 Thomason, S. E 255 
 
 Thompson, Mayor 73, 111, 115 to 118 
 
 Thorold, Ontario 206, 219 
 
 Traffic Department 225, 226 
 
 Travel Advertising 178, 186, 189 
 
 Tribune Advertising. .74, 75, 76, 99, 104, 105, 106 
 
 to 110, 176 to 203, 231, 232, 233, 271, 283, 286 
 
 Tribune and its Employes. .49, 58, 61, 101, 128.. . 
 
 269, 294 to 300 
 
 Tribune Building Corporation 282 
 
 Tribune Buildings. .8, 18, 36, 37, 39, 59, 63, 71, 
 
 101, 102, 103. 114, 284 to 290 
 
 Tribune Circulation. .11, 22, 30, 36, 46, 75, 78, 84, 
 106 to 110, 255, 269, 272 to 281 
 
 Tribune Company of France 282 
 
 Tribune Fires 18, 37, 38, 39 
 
 Tribune, Foundation 17 
 
 Tribune Scoops 35, 45, 63, 89, 91, 93 
 
 Tribune Subsidiary Companies 282 
 
 Trucks 276, 277, 278 
 
 Trude, A. S 284, 285 
 
 Trude, D. P 77 
 
 Typograph 236 
 
 United News Service . .143 
 
 Upton, George P .35 
 
 Ventilation... ..271 
 Villard, Oswald Garrison 172 
 
 Wake-of-the-News ... . . 1 64 
 
 Walker, Judge 285 
 
 Walsh, John R 61, 63 
 
 Want-Ad Store 176, 180 
 
 Wvant Advertising 179 to 188, 290, 303 
 
 Washington News Bureau 143, 156 
 
 Wayman, State's Attorney 69 
 
 White, Amelia Elizabeth 255 
 
 White, Charles 68, 69 
 
 White, Horace 19, 23, 36 
 
 White, Martha Root 255 
 
 Wireless. News by . 101, 103, 145, 146, 147, 152. 166 
 
 Women Advertisers 176, 180 
 
 Women Editors .' 165 
 
 Women's Pages 233 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition 49, 50, 52 
 
 World's Greatest Newspaper 68 
 
 World War 80 to 89, 113 
 
 Yerkes Traction Scandals 55, 56 
 
 Zone System of Marketing 194, 197, 199 
 
 302 
 
I . 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 JAN 8 J954 
 
 LIBRARY USE 
 1954 
 
 JP171954 LU 
 
 LD 21-100m-7,'52(A2528sl6)476 
 
YC 1 03778 
 
 9/4- 
 
 ao 
 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY