346 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU 598 FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO ER HAMILTON State Mineralogist I San Francisco] PRELIMINARY REPORT No. 5 [March, 1918 ntimony, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strontium, Tin University of California Southern Regional Library Facility CALIFORNIA STATE IMUNTIXC OFKICK SACRAMENTO 1918 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO FLETCHER HAMILTON State Mineralogist San Francisco] PRELIMINARY REPORT No. 5 [March, 1918 Antimony, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strmtium, Tin By K. S. BOALICH and W. O. CASTELLO CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OKKU't SACRAMENTO TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAI. . 5 INTRODUCTION 7 FKKI.JHT RATKS 7 CHAPTER I. ANTI.MONY 8 FOREWORD __ __ 8 PROPERTIES, ORES AND TESTS __ 8 OCCURRENCE 9 USES ___' . -_ 9 PRICES _ . _ _ 10 DEPOSITS 11 BUYERS OR CONSUMERS 12 BETTERS FROM CONSUMERS 12 CHAPTER II. GRAPHITE 14 FOREWORD 14 PROPERTIES AND OCCURRENCE 14 USES ._ _ 15 PRICES in DEPOSITS 16 BUYERS OR CONSUMERS 1__. ._ _ 16 CHAPTER JII. NICKEL 17 FOREWORD _ 17 PROPERTIES 17 ORES AND OCCURRENCE _ _ 17 TESTS 18 USES _ - IS PRICES 18 DEPOSITS 18 CM AFTER IV. POTASH 19 FOREWORD 19 PRICES _ . _ 19 PROPERTIES 19 OCCURRENCE AND SOURCES 20 TESTS 21 USES _ _ __: ___________ 22 PRODUCERS _ _ . 23 BUYERS _ 23 24 POTASH EXPLORATION FEDERAL ACT . - 28 CHAPTER V. STRONTIUM 33 FOREWORD 33 PROPERTIES AND ORES 33 USES . _ ._ .. 34 TESTS 34 PRICES _ . 34 1 >K1'OSITS 34 BUYERS OR CONSUMERS 3J CHAPTER VI. TIN _ _ 35 FOREWORD 35 PROPERTIES _ __ 35 ORES AND OCCURRENCE 35 TESTS _ - . __ _ . __ _ _ 36 USES _ _ _ _ 36 PRICES 36 LIST 01-' PFRUCATIOXS, < ' A I.TKORNI A STATE MINING BUREAU . 37 DETERMINATION OF AIINKRAL S \MPLES 40 INDEX __ 41 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. T<> Ills l-'.rfi il< HCIJ the HONORABLE WILLIAM D. STEPHENS, Governor of the State of California. SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith Preliminary Report No. 5 on Antimony, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strontium and Tin. The endeavor has been to make the information practical and concise, follow -ing the general plan adopted in Preliminary Reports Nos. 3 and 4, recently issued on other "war minerals." Respectfully submitted. FLETCHER HAMILTON, State Mineralogist. April !. 1M.IS. INTRODUCTION. The information on the "war minerals" dealt with in this report is presented in accordance with the general plan now being pursued by this Bureau, which has resulted in the publication of Preliminary Report No. '$ on Manganese and Chromium, the Revised Edition of the same, and Preliminary Report No. 4, on Tungsten. Molybdenum and Vanadium. It has been the desire and aim in this work to get the information into the hands of those most interested and likely to be hem-Hied, us quickly as possible, and in a practical rather than scientific form. For the benefit of the buyers or consumers of the ores, lists of owners of properties and the location of the same are herewith presented in connection with each mineral dealt with. These lists have been kept up to date as far as possible, but it must be borne in mind that the activities in many of the mineral industries have increased at such a rapid rate, especially during the last year that new properties are constantly being developed, so that by the time this report is in the hands of the reader, there will, no doubt, be additions to these lists. It will be appreciated if those who have recently discovered or undertaken the development of new properties, will inform this Bureau of the fact, so that a record may be kept of the same for the benefit of all concerned. In order to get equally valuable information for the producers, an endeavor has been made to list all the buyers and consumers of which this office had record. But here, also, as in the case of the producers, it must be stated that such lists are constantly being added to, or changed. It is to be hoped that those whose names do not appear, or who have not been consulted in this regard, will inform this Bureau of the fact if they are in the market for any of the minerals dealt with, and the information will gladly be added to the files. Freight Rates. Freight rates may be computed on both the weight and value of the shipment. This would, of course, have to be determined for each individual case, depending upon the character of the ore. In general, the open rate, where no value is given from California to the Atlantic >,ea board, is S4-. 1 , ^ per 100 pounds in 40-ton lots. The corresponding rate to Chicago or St. Louis is (>!)<-. In most cases this rate also holds for ores valued under $50 per ton. For ores of higher value the rate- is correspondingly higher. This, of course, would have to be decided by the local agent or representative of the railroad over whose lines the ore is to be shipped. H CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. CHAPTER 1. ANTIMONY. Foreword. The demand for antimony in the United States has been almost entirely supplied in the past by imports, largely from China, Japan. Mexico and European sources, at a price too low for American mines to compete. The imports for several years prior to 1915 averaged approximately i ;<)<)() short tons of antimony metal and 1500 short tons of antimony ore. In 1917 the imports had increased to nearly 18,000 short tons of metal and over 10,000 tons of ore, and the domestic production had increased to one-tenth of the total consumption. Deposits of this metal in California have been one of the dormant mineral resources of the state. Occasionally a small production has been reported ; none, however, appeared from 1902 to 1915. With the beginning of the European war and the need for antimony as an alloy with lead in the manufacture of bullets, prices took an upward turn from a normal of $.07 to $.08 a pound to $.40 at the end of 1915. The rise in price at once renewed interest in known deposits, and stimulated the search for and development of new ones. The result was the reappearance of antimony on the list of metals produced in the stare, with an output for the year 1915 of 510 tons, valued at $35,66(5; for 1916, 1015 tons, valued at $64.793; and for 1917, 158 tons, valued at $18,786. Seven producers contributed to this output, which \vas credited to Kern, Inyo and San Benito counties. With this renewed activity in the field, it seems both urgent and timely, in order to fully co-operate with those interested, to place at their disposal the notes and data herein. An endeavor has been made to present this report in a form which it is hoped will prove to be of the greatest practical value, particularly to those who have not here- tofore been identified with the production of antimony. Properties, Ores and Tests. Native antimony (Sb) is a tin white metal, generally massive, but sometimes granular, with a distinct lamellar structure. It is very brittle, has a perfect basal cleavage and fine metallic luster. Its hard- ness is 3-3.5 and gravity 6.6 to 6.7. Before the blowpipe on charcoal it fuses easily and passes off in white fumes. Masses of metallic antimony are sometimes found associated with its sulphide, stibnite. It is often found in conjunction with silver, iron or arsenic. .\\TI.MO\Y, (il{ AI'll ITK. XICKKI.. l'( I'I'ASI I , STKoNTH'M. TIN. SlHiiiilt (Slt.,S, i. jiiitimoiiy sulphide. 71.4', Sh.. L'S.f!', S.. is Un- common ore of ant iimmy. It is lend gray 1<> dark gray in color, with dark gray streak, metallic luster, perfect cleavage, uneven fracture, hardness '2.0. gravity 4..~>-4.(>. It soinetinies occurs massive or granu- lar, hut generally in long prismatic crystals, often bent or curved with faces striated or furrowed. Fuses readily in flame of candle, and be- fore the blowpipe on charcoal is absorbed, giving off white fumes with no distinct odor, by which property it is most easily distinguished. Antimony is prepared on a large scale by two methods. In one the sulphide is roasted and the oxide thus formed is reduced: 2 Sb 2 S :1 + 90, = 2 Sb,O ;! -f 6 S0 2 2 Sb~o". + 3 C = 4 Sb + 3 CO, Jn the other method the sulphide is heated with iron. Sb,S : . + 3Ke ==? 2 Sb + 3 FeS Occurrence. Antimony in small amounts is a constituent of many minerals and ores. Thus widely distributed it is of no value, and often a detriment to the treatment of the ore for other metals. Deposits of stibnite form the commerical ore from which antimony is reduced. Occasionally, as in some of the Kern County deposits, the sulphide is enriched by native metallic antimony. Stibnite occurs in veins in granitic and metamorphic gneisses and schists, and is closely associated with the common sulphides of lead, zinc, copper and iron, i.e., galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and tetrahedrite. and also with mercury and arsenic. It occurs in gold- bearing quartz veins, and shows marked tendency to form replacements in limestone and shale. The decomposition of stibnite near the surface results in various yellowish and white oxides. The better known deposits of antimony ore are located in Kern, Inyo, Riverside. San Benito and Santa Clara counties. It has been found in Mariposa. Merced, Mono, Sierra and Calaveras counties als.. A complete list of the deposits within the state, as far as known to the Bureau, is given under the heading '"Producers." Uses. Antimony finds its most important use in the composition of alloys. Due to its peculiar property of expanding when cooling from a molten state, thus insuring sharp, clean-cut edges when cast, its greatest con- sumption in peace times is in type metal. At present large amounts are used in making bullets, shrapnel, etc.. the antimony hardening the lead. Antimony sulphide is used in smoke bombs and primers of shells and cartridges. Babbitt and other anti-friction metals are important 10 alloys. Antimony compounds are used in tli<- manufacture of color pig- ments and paints, and in medicine. Prices. The antimony market is unsteady and prices paid for ore subject to considerable fluctuation, conditions which confine production to rela- tively high-grade deposits. Were there no danger of overproduction and lowering of prices, undoubtedly some form of concentration applicable to lower-grade deposits would be introduced. The supposition that this may become feasible at some of the California properties, owing to the effect of the war on the world's metal markets, does not seem unreasonable. In 1915 from $1.00 to $2.10 per unit was paid for ore of a minimum of 50% antimony and later lower grades were accepted. The prive per unit often follows a sliding scale, increasing slightly for higher- grade ores. The introduction of the term "Unit" in the buying of certain ores has sometimes been confusing. The corresponding value per ton of the ore may be determined by considering that a "unit" represents each 1% of antimony in the ore. If on analysis the ore shows a con- tent of 60% antimony, and the price quoted is $1.50 per unit, the value will be (60 X $1.50) or $90.00 per ton. By some the term unit is used to represent each 1% of a ton or 20 Ibs. Using the same quotation and percentages as above, then at $1.50 an ore showing 60% antimony would be worth 60% of $1.50 or $.90 per unit of 20 Ibs., equivalent to $90.00 per ton of 2000 Ibs. The long ton (2240 Ibs.) commonly used for purchasing ores for import is also used by some buyers in the purchase of domestic ores, and the prospective shipper should note whether quotations are based on the long ton (2240 Ibs.) or the short ton (2000 Ibs.), the latter being much more common in the west. The weight paid for by the buyer in settlement is in practically all cases the "dry weight" or "net weight" of ore. This is usually determined by drying a sample at 212 F., and using the per cent of weight lost, for computing the weight to be deducted from the whole shipment, on account of moisture. If the ore is visibly wet when shipped this may amount to considerable, and even though appearing apparently dry to the ordinary observer, some ores contain an unsus- pected amount of moisture. Disappointment at returns from ship- ments may often be traced to some of these items. Quotation at San Francisco, July 16, 1918, 45% metal, f. o. b. Cali- fornia, $1.10 per unit. I.NY, GKAIMIITK. MCKKI,. POTASH, STKONTH'.M, TIN. 11 Producers. There follows under this heading an alphabetical list of the owners or operators of antimony deposits in California. No distinction is attempted between those which are actively producing at the present, and those which may be idle, nor between developed propertes and non- developed. The endeavor has been to make the list a complete directory from prospect to producing mine, that all available deposits of antimony may become of record and their investigation by interested parties facilitated. Antimony Deposits. Name and address of owners or operators Name and location of property. Western Metals Co., i>2r> S-curity Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. .-. Arthur Asher, 22') S. Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Oal George Ramey and A. Carlson, Amalie via Pitite, Cal Fifty Associated Securities Co., I'nion Oil Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal W. A. Bruton, 702 ParifiVst., Bakersfield, Cal .1. A. Durnal, Tehachapi. Cal. J. F. Fi-nan. ('. C. Passer et al., Randsburg. Cal. T. I.ovett and G. M. Sullivan, Randsburg, Cal 'net us Mining Co., Amalie via Piute, Cal Mrs. rh arles K. Bennett, Ca!r>nte. Cal. oi-.jana Mining Co., C. S. Long, Ihiyward, Cal. If. A. .Tastro, Mgr., ciir" K-rn County Land Co., Bakorsflekl, Cal. -Julius Shade, Randsburg. Cal. Thomas Royal and G. Phillips, Randsburg, Cal. \v. McLean, Graniteville, Cal. Robert Johnson, firass Valley, Cal. 0. \\. Garner, Hollister, Cal. Wiley Garner. Hollist-r. Cal. cli-fco Mining Co., la County. Johnson Antimony Mine. Nevada County. San Benito County. 1. on- Trr". S;ui IV'iiito County. Rip Van Winkl" Mine. I. mi" Tr,,\ San Benito < 'omit y. Kip Van' Wink!" Antimony Mine. Loiv Tr.-". Sun l!"nito County. 12 CALIFORNIA STATK MINING BUREAT. Antimony Buyers or Consumers. American Metal Co 61 Broadway. New York City Antimony Smelting & Refining Co Seattle, Wash. Ayres, Bridges & Co :><>0 Summer St., Boston, Mass. Dill-Crosett, Inc Postal Telegraph Bldg., San Francisco Fuller, Ralph L., Co 4 Rector St., New York City Great Western Smelting & Refining Co Chicago, 111. Harshaw, Fuller & Goodwin Cleveland, Ohio Hendricks Bros 49 Cliff St., New York City Hoyt & Co St. Louis, Mo. International Smelting Co East Chicago, 111. Magnolia Metals Co Brooklyn, X. Y. Merchants Finance Co Los Angeles, Cal. Merck & Co 45 Park Place, New York City Nichols-Layng Chemical Co Kirkwood and Quint Sts., San Francisco Selby Smelting & Lead Co Merchants' Exchange Bldg., San Francisco Wade, R. A. S 206 Byrne Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. Western Metals Co 625 Security Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. LETTERS FROM ANTIMONY CONSUMERS. Great Western Smelting & Refining Company: 41st and Wallace Sts. and Lowe Ave., Chicago, 111. Nov. 19, 1917. "Replying to yours of the 13th inst., we are pleased to advise you as follows : 1st. We use antimony ore for the production of antimouial lea -I, also to a small extent for the production of antimonial metals. 2d. We require ore running low in zinc and arsenic^ 40% or better in antimony, and do not object to high iron or lead content. 3d. Purchases are made on the basis of so much per unit antimony contents f. o. b. cars our plant Chicago, weighing and sampling to be done at our plant, seller to be represented. Terms cash after agree- ment of assays; but in the instance of responsible shippers we ;ir<> prepared to make advances against shipment. 4th. Quantity of ore we could use depends largely upon price and business conditions; but we will say approximately 100 Ions per month." Magnolia Metal Company: 113-115 Bank St., New York City, N. Y. Nov. 22. 1917. "1. We use antimony principally for the manufacture of babbitt and other anti-friction metals, type metals and white metal alloys of all kinds in connection with our own business. We manufacture antimony regulus and antimony oxide for sale to the trade, and sulphuret of antimony which is used for vulcanized rubber. 2. We can use both oxide and sulphide of antimony, running from 20% upwards of antimony content, and with impurities up to 2%, listing as impurities, lead and arsenic lead by reason of its affinity for antimony, and arsenic, on account of its deleterious qualities should he eliminated, not exceeding \ <>!' 1', ol' lead and 1 of 1', of arsenic. 3. We have no specific form of contract with the producers. ANTIMONY, NY, GRAPHITE. XK'KKI., 1'OTASK. STRONTIUM, NICKEL. Foreword. Nickel produced in the I'nited States is derived principally as a by- product from the clcctrolitic refining of copper. The proportion <,!' nickel coming from domestic copper ores is undetermined, hut small. The hulk is produced in Canada and comes to the I'nited States in the form of a rich copper-nickel matte, from which the refined nickel is produced. More than enough to supply the needs of the ("nited States is imported for refining, and the halance is exported. Xo nickel was produced commercially in California in 1917. As a result of the war the demand for this metal has increased, due to its use in the manufacture of nickel steel, alloys and small coins. Properties. Nickel is a pure white metal, bright metallic luster, hard, ductile and tenacious. It takes a brilliant polish, and does not tarnish in the air. Ores and Occurrences. One of the principal ores is the nickel-bearing iron sulphide, pyrrlio- tite. It is also associated with copper ores and occurs combined with arsenic or sulphur or with both. It is a constituent of several cobalt ores. Obtained as a by-product in the smelting of lead and copper ores. I'ljn-lmtilc (Pe T S 8 ). Iron sulphide, called also magnetic pyrites, contains 60.5'/ r Fe and :W..V; 8. Often a valuable ore of nickel, con- taining from ^ r / ( to 5% of this metal. Occurs in tabular hexagonal prisms, and also massive. Color, bronze yellow to copper red. Dark grayish black streak. Brittle. Hardness 3.5-4.5. Gravity 4.5-4.ti. Slightly magnetic. Tarnishes easily. Under the blow pipe with borax, in the outer flame is converted to red oxide of iron, in inner flame Is fused to magnetic globule. In the Friday mine, near Julian. San Diego County, nickel-bearing pyrrhotite is associated with chalcopyrite. In this county new dis- coveries have attracted much attention. Many new claims have been located and developments have started in several points. In Madera County, near Coarse Gold, a body of pyrrhotite ore was opened up said to assay I 1 ', nickel and 14', cobalt. This ore has also been found in Siskiyou County in the Polar Bear mine in the Callahan Mining District. M illi rll i (NiS). Nickel sulphide. Contains ti4.4', nickel and 35. (!', sulphur. A valuable ore of nickel. Brass yellow color, inclined to bronze, with often gray iridescent tarnish. Metallic luster. Streak. greenish black. Brittle. Generally occurs in needle-like crystals. sometimes like wool. Hardness 3:0 to 3.5. Gravity 5.6. Perfect pris- matic cleavage. In open tube gives oil' sulphur fumes when heated. 18 CALIFORNIA STATE MlNIXCi HTRKAK. The roasted mineral colors the borax bead, in the oxidizing flame, violet when hot, and reddish brown when cold. Found in Calaveras County in white albite at Stanislaus mine. Found in Humboldt County in serpentine. Small coatings with cinna- bar in Napa in several localities. With arsenopyrite in Placer County, near Cisco. In Plumas County as coatings. Niccolite (NiAs). Arsenical nickel. Also called "Copper Nickel'' on account of color. Contains 44% nickel and 56% arsenic. A pale copper red mineral with metallic luster, streak pale brownish red, to black, brittle. Hardness 5.0 to 5.5. Gravity 7.3 to 7.7. Occurs massive. When intensely heated gives off arsenical fumes, and gives reddish brown color to borax bead. Some of the ore from the Friday mine mentioned above resembled nicolite and is reported to have assayed 23% nickel. Tests. Nickel is usually detected by the color it imparts to the borax bead. Oxide of nickel dissolves in the borax bead and in the oxidizing flame yields a violet color when hot, changing to reddish-brown when cold. Gives apple green solution when dissolved in nitric acid UNO., and when ammonia is added it imparts a pale blue color to the solution. Uses. The most important use of nickel is in the manufacture of nickel steel, and the demand for it has greatly increased since the war started. It is used for armor plate and machines requiring great strength. Nickel steel contains about 3.5% nickel. For many years nickel has been used as one ingredient of small coins. Our one-cent piece contains about 12% of this metal, and the five-cent piece about 25%. German silver contains from 15% to 25% nickel. It is used in plating other metals, principally iron and brass, by electrolysis. Reflectors and refrigerator linings are often made of nickel. "Nickeloid" is a nickel-plated sheet zinc. Prices. For the past several years the price has remained very stable, the average being about 50^ per pound. The latest quotations at San Francisco give 55^ per pound. Nickel Deposits. Name and address of owners or operators Name and location of property. Friday Copper Mining Co., American National Bank Bldg., San Diego.. Melrose, Robt., Julian, Cal. Friday Copper Mine, Julian, San Diego County. Sntten, A. A., Supt., Julian, Cal .\\TII\IO\V, <;K M'ni'i'i:. NICKKI,. I-OTASII. STKONTIUM, TIN. 1!) en \PTFR iv. POTASH. Foreword. Publications of the I'mled Stales Geological Survey have been freely drawn on .for the information presented herewith as regards the potash industry, and the occurrence and uses of this material. Acknowledg- ment is gladly made of this fact, and the reader is referred to that bureau for more detailed data covering every phase of this question. Particular reference is made to "Potash in 1916" by Hoyt S. Gale, being a portion (pages 73-171) of Mineral Resources of the United States. 1916, Part II; and to "Potash Salts, 1915" by W. C. Phalen, being a portion (pages 95-133) of Mineral Resources of the United States, 1915, Part II. In 1913, 267,970 tons of potash salts were imported into the United States. In 1916, this figure had been reduced to 10,628 tons. The demand increased to a great extent during that period, yet this country actually marketed only approximately 25,000 tons of potash from all sources in 1916. These facts need no exemplification in picturing the situation which exists, as well as emphasizing the importance of developing this branch of the mineral industry. Experimental work was very active during 1915 and 1916. and in many cases this has grown into active producing works. The results are shown by the production in 1917 in California alone, which was 139,020 tons, valued at $4,102,890. Prices. Prices of German potash salts delivered in the United States previous to the war ranged from $8.85 per ton (for 12% K 2 j to $38 per ton for natural, containing 50% K 2 0. In 1916, it is estimated that 50% K.,0 brought $175 per ton at point of production, and actual sales have ranged up to $600 per ton, the average falling under $400, however. Properties. Potassium (K) is the basis of all potash salts or compounds. It is a soft, silver white metal, so light that it floats upon water, its specific gravity being .86. It has a brilliant metallic luster which soon dis- appears in the air, owing to rapid oxidization. It is, therefore, usually seen, covered with a grayish coating and must be kept under oil. It decomposes water at ordinary temperature very energetically, giving olV heat, and liberating hydrogen. In combination with oxygen it forms potassium oxide, K 2 O, known as potassa, but commonly called "potash." This term was first used because the substances was origi- 2Q CALIFORNIA STATK MIXING Bl'RKAr. nally prepared by evaporating the solution of ashes in iron pots, hence "potash." The material thus obtained was an impure potassium car- bonate (K,C0 3 ), a white powder which absorbs moisture from the air, and is very soluble in water, and has a strong alkaline reaction. The term was afterwards used to include "caustic potash" (KOI1), com- monly known as lye, which is produced by treating potassium carbonate with lime (CaO). It is now commonly used as a standard in speaking of potash products. Potash salts are generally sold, however, as potassium sulphate (K.,S0 4 ). potassium chloride (KC1), potassium nitrate (KNO :! ), and potassium carbonate (K 2 C0 3 ). As the metal potassium much resembles sodium, hence its salts closely resemble the salts of sodium. Potassium chloride closely resembles common salt (NaCl) in color, taste, etc. Potassium nitrate is also called "niter" or "salt peter." It is a white solid, which dissolves readily in water. At high temperature it gives off oxygen easily, and this led to its extensive use in explosives, matches, etc. Potassium sulphate is used principally as a fertilizer. Occurrence and Sources. Potash forms from 2.65 to 3 per cent of the earth's crust. It is widely distributed in rocks and soils, but most of it occurs in com- binations that are insoluble in water, and therefore not suitable for agricultural purposes, or for use in other industries where potash salts are used. Many common minerals, such as the feldspars, contain potassium to the extent of from 10 to 15 per cent. By the decay of rocks containing these minerals, potassium compounds find their way into the soil, and thence into vegetation. The principal sources from which potash has been produced are from natural salts and brines, silicate rocks, furnace and cement-mill dust, kelp, wood ashes, distillery waste and miscellaneous organic sources. Alkali lakes, principally in western Nebraska, have furnished the most readily available supply and the largest output, simply by drying the raw material, which consists principally of potassium chloride and potassium sulphate. There is a great supply at Searles Lake. San Bernardino County, and a less important one at Owens Lake. Inyo County, where operations are in progress. Much feldspar has been mined and so treated that some of its potash is rendered soluble and available for fertilizer. However, the low- grade material and the expense leaves the future possibility of using this source of supply to further experiment. ANTIMONY, CKAIMIITK. MCKKI.. I'OTASH. STKONTM'.M, TIN. 21 (in-ill progress lias been made in the last few years in the extract ion of potash from kelp, a sea weed which grows in large beds on the bottom of the ocean along the coast, in certain rocky places. In the southern part of the state, around Los Angeles and San Diego, many large companies have been organized representing large investment of capital, which will undoubtedly add to the domestic supply of potash. The raw or wet kelp yields about 10% dry material, and this latt.-r contains in the neighborhood of Vl'/ ( potash (K.,0). KOI- fertilizer the kelp is simply dried and ground t< a powder, or burned to obtain the ash. but to obtain the refined salts the process is much more complicated. It is estimated that there are 225 square miles of commercially valuable beds of kelp along the coasts of southern California. At Riverside. Victorville, and Santa Cruz, the recovery of potash as a by- product from the manufacture of cement has become a reality. Potassium sulphate is obtained from the mineral alunite, principally at Marysvale. Hah. It has been reported near Lessen Peak, California. Potassium nitrate or saltpeter is some times found native, and these deposits are quite distinct from other occurrences of potash. Tests. The following tests, used by the Tinted States Geological Survey, are comparatively simple, and have given good results. A volatile potassium compound when heated in the flame gives a characteristic violet color. Though usually somewhat veiled by sodium and calcium, the potassium Hame is much more intense, and may be more easily distinguished if viewed through a Alerwin color screen. The equipment necessary consists of: 1. Ordinary alcohol lamp with asbestos wick, or a gasoline or alcohol blast lamp. The latter gives better results. 2. Platinum wire. 4 inches long, one end sealed into a glass rod and tin 1 other end bent into a small loaf. :}. Merwin color screen, which may be obtained from G. M. Flint, S4 Wendell St.. Cambridge. Mass.. for 25f 4. Small glass beaker. ."). Hydrochloric acid i 1 1 CD. (i. Gypsum or calcium sulphate. To test waters and brines: Clean the loop of platinum wire by dipping in the hydrochloric acid. and holding in the flame until no color is visible. With the clean platinum loop remove a drop of the solution to be tested, and carefully 22 CAUKOKX1A STA'I'K .MIXING Bl'KKAr. evaporate to dryness by holding over the flame. Finally, hold it in the flame and observe the color through the Merwin screen. Use a black background if possible, and hold the screen close to the eyes. If potas- sium is present the Hame will appear reddish violet, and the intensity and duration of the color will give an idea of the amount of potassium in the sample. To test soluble salts: In testing soluble salts in general, as well as soluble potassium com- pounds in muds, clays, ashes, etc., dissolve a small portion of the sample in a small quantity of water, allow to settle and proceed with a drop of the clear solution as described above. The water in which the substances are dissolved should be previously tested for potassium. To test organic substances: The substance is burned at as low a temperature as possible until only the ash remains. The ash is then tested according to the method for soluble salts. To test silicate rocks and minerals: Silicate rocks and minerals such as feldspar, granite, rhyolite, lencite, etc., are first powdered finely and mixed with an equal quantity of pure gypsum. Then moisten the mixture with diluted hydrochloric acid, and test with the platinum wire. Uses. Potash is principally used in this country as a fertilizer. For certain crops its application is now regarded as essential. It is one of the few elements that is likely to become deficient in cultivated soils. It is essential in the manufacture of high-grade soaps, liquid and soft. It is vised in shaving soaps and shampoo preparations. Potash enters into the manufacture of nearly all explosives, fireworks, etc., as saltpeter (potassium nitrate). Ordinary black powder is com- posed of 75 per cent of saltpeter. In the manufacture of non-poisonous matches chlorate of potash is extensively used. llydrated potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacture. In tanning, dyeing, metallurgy, electroplating, photography, medici- nal and chemical uses, potash is necessary. ANT1.MONY, CK AIMIITK. XICKKI,. 1'OTASII, STKONTII M . TIN. Potash Producers. Name iinil location of property. I-' 1-01,1 Hiif/nr U< l'in< rics Western Industries Co., MM Suiter St.. San Francisco l-'fI4 Market St., San Francisco nnii Kelp V. S Pejit. of Agriculture, Sinumerlaiid. Cal. T.orned Manufacturing Co., Summerland. Cal. Itiamond Matcli Co.. Wilmington, Cal. Sea Products Co., I. on- Beach. Cal Hercules Powder Co., Chula Vista, Cal. Swift & Co., Foot of F St., San Diego, Cal._._ Kelp Products Co., Point Lorna, Cal National Kelp Potash Co., Long Beach, Cal Pacific Products Co. of California, Long Beach. Cal San Diego Kelp Ash Co., San Diego. Cal Western <;tiiin ,V Sugar Products Co., Agnews. Davenport. (Refinery at San Pedro.) Alarncda. Leslie Salt Works, San Mateo. Potash Buyers. <'lirnnral Plitnts. iastoii. Williams .V Wigmore. Inc 35-39 Broadway, New York City. N. V. General Chemical Co New York City. N. Y. <;rasselli Chemical Co Cleveland, Ohio Klipstein & Co 6.14 Greenwich St., New York City, N. Y. Mineral Products Co Marysvale, Utah Pennsylvania Chemical Works Philadelphia, Utah Koessler & Hasslacher New York City, N. Y. Virginia Caroline Chemical Co Richmond, Va. Explosives. Hercules Powder Co Chula Vista, Cal. 24 C.U.IKOKXIA STATK MIX1XG BUREAU. Fertiliser. American Agricultural Chemical Co New York City, X. Y. Armour Fertilizer Works Chicago, 111.: also 119 Central Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Cudahy Packing Co 111 W. Monroe St., Chicago, 111. International Agricultural Corporation New York City, X. Y. MeMains, A. H 24 California -St., San Francisco, Cal. Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co Berkeley, Cal. Potash Products Co Omaha, Neb. Sea Products Co Long Beach, Cal. Swift & Co San Diego, Cal. Utah Potash Co Richfield, Utah Western Industries Co 110 Suttcr St., San Francisco, Cal. FISH AND GAME LAW RELATIVE TO KELP. SECTION 1. All kelp and other aquatic plants in the waters of the state are hereby declared to be the property of the state of California. SEC. 2. The board of fish and game commissioners of the state <>f California are hereby empowered to carry out the provisions of this act, and to make proper rules and regulations for the taking and harvesting of kelp, and the conservation of kelp and aquatic plants, and to see that the laws, rules and regulations with reference thereto are strictly enforced, and to issue all licenses herein provided for, and collect the fees therefor, and to collect all moneys due or to become due under this act. SEC. 3. Every person, firm or corporation, desiring to engage in taking or harvesting kelp or other aquatic plants for profit in the waters of this state must first obtain a license before engaging in such occupation. SEC. 4. Licenses granting the privilege to take or harvest kelp in this state shall be issued and delivered upon application by the state board of fish and game commissioners, who shall prepare suitable licenses, w r hich shall license the holder of such license to take or harvest kelp or other aquatic plants in this state for the term of one year from the date of the issuance of such license. All licenses shall be numbered consecutively, and shall contain blanks for the name of the licensee, and place of business, which information shall be furnished by the applicant to the board of fish and game commissioners. The license herein provided for shall be issued to such applicant upon payment of $10. and before such license is delivered to the applicant said license must be countersigned by the president of the board of fish and game commissioners, and in addition to such license fee every person, firm or corporation taking or harvesting kelp shall pay a privilege tax of 14 cents per ton of wet kelp taken or harvested. SEC. 5. Every person, firm or corporation engaged in taking or harvesting kelp in the waters of this state shall cause to be weighed all wet kelp immediately after said kelp shall be delivered to the place of business designated in said license, and the weight thereof shall be ANTIMONY, <;KAPIIITK. \ICKI;L, POTASH. STKONTH.M, TIN. '2~* entered in a hook, or hooks, to he kept hy said person, firm or corpo- ration, said hook or hooks to he open at all times to the inspect ion of the hoard of fish and game commissioners, or any of its deputies; every person, firm or corporation engaged in taking or harvesting kelp shall, on or hefore the tenth day after the last day <>f each month during the term of said license, render a statement of the weight of all \vet kelp cut or harvested during the preceding month, and pay to the hour 1 of Jisli and game commissioners the privilege tax herein provided for. SKC. (>. If at any time the taking or harvesting of kelp will tend t.t destroy or impair any kelp bed or beds or parts thereof, or shall tend to impair or destroy the supply of any food for game fish, said Fish and Game Commission shall cause to be served on every person, firm or corporation, licensed to take or harvest kelp in the waters of this state, a notice in \vriting that said kelp bed or beds or parts thereof shall be closed to the taking or harvesting of kelp for a period not 10 exceed one year. Within ten days after the service upon any person, firm 01- corporation licensed to take or harvest kelp under the provisions of this act. of a notice that any kelp bed or beds or parts thereof are closed to the taking or harvesting of kelp, said person, firm or corpo- ration may demand a hearing upon the necessity for making such order, by serving on the board of fish and game commissioners a demand to he heard upon the necessity for closing said kelp bed or beds or parts thereof for the taking or harvesting of kelp, and n-n such demand for a hearing, said board of fish and game commissioners shall fix a time and place for the taking of evidence upon the necessity of closing said bed or beds or parts thereof, which time shall be not less than ten days nor more than thirty days from the date of such demand for a hearing, and said Fish and Game Commission shall cause notices in writing of said time and place to be served upon the party 01- parties making a demand for said hearing at least ten days before the day set for the hearing, and if no demand is made for a hearing within the time prescribed herein, said kelp bed or beds or parts thereof shall remain closed to the taking or harvesting of kelp for the time mentioned in said order. Complaint may he made by the commission or any of its deputies against any person, firm or corporation licensed to cut or harvest kelp in the waters of this state for any violation of the laws of this state, or any rules or regulations made hy the board of fish and game commis- sioners for the taking or harvesting of kelp. Said complaints shall he made in writing, setting forth the particular offense charged to have been committed by said pel-son, firm or corporation, a copy of which shall be filed with the hoard of fish and irame commissioners and a copy of the same served upon the person, firm or corporation so charged. 26 CALIFORNIA STATK MIKING BUREAU. Said person, firm or corporation must appear or file an answer within five days from the date of service of a copy of said complaint, and if default be made 7 the board of fish and game commissioners shall issue an order revoking said license for the period hereinafter prescribed in this act. and said board of fish and game commissioners shall fix a time and place for the hearing of said charges, not less than ten days nor more than thirty days from the filing of said charges, and if the party accused appears and answers, a day may be fixed within the time prescribed in this act to take testimony. The evidence in any investi- gation, inquiry or hearing upon the necessity for closing any kelp bed or beds or parts thereof and the evidence in any hearing upon any charges made against any person, firm or corporation for violating any of the laws of the state of California for the preservation of kelp, or of the rules and regulations of the board of fish and game commissioners regulating the taking and harvesting and handling of kelp provided for in this section may be taken by any member of the board of fish and game commissioners, or such deputy fish and game commissioner or employee as the board may designate to take such evidence ; and each member of the board and any of its deputies or employees designated to take evidence at the hearing provided hereby shall have the power to administer oaths, take affidavits and issue subpoenas for the attend- ance of witnesses at such hearing. Each witness legally subpoenaed attending a hearing shall receive for his attendance the same fees and mileage allowed by law to a witness in civil cases, which amount shall be paid by the party at whose request such witness is subpoenaed. The superior court in and for the county or city and county in which any inquiry, investigation, hearing or proceeding may be held under authority of this section, shall have power to compel the attendance of Avitnesses: the giving of testimony and the production of papers, as required by any subpoena issued under authority of this section. The commission or representative of the commission before whom the testimony is to be given or produced may in the case of refusal of any witness to attend, or testify, or produce any papers required by such subpo?na, report to the superior court in and for the county or city and county in which the proceeding is pending by petition setting forth that due notice has been given of the time and place of the attendance of said witness or the production of said papers and that the witness has been summoned in the manner prescribed in this act. and that the witness has failed and refused to attend or produce the papers required by the subpoena before the commission or its representatives, in the case of proceeding named in the notice of time and place of hearing and subpoena, or has refused to answer questions propounded to him in the course of said proceeding, and ask an order of said court 1t> compel the witness to iillt'iitl ;iiid testify or produce s;iitl papers before tlie coniniissioii or its representatives. The court, upon the petit ion of the commission or its representatives, shall enter an order directing the witness to appear before the court at any time and place to be fixed by the court in such order, the time to be not more than ten days from the date of the order, and then and there show cause why he has not attended and testified or produced said papers before the commission or its representatives. A copy of said order shall be served upon said witness. If it shall appear to the court that said subpo?na was regularly issued by the commission or its representative the court shall thereupon enter an order that said witness shall appear before the commission or its representatives at the time and place entered in said order, and testify or produce the required papers, and upon failure to obey said order said witness shall be dealt with as for contempt of court. The commission or its representatives, or any party designated by the Fish and Game Commission, may, in any investigation or hearing before the commission, or its representatives, cause the deposition of witnesses, residing within or without the state, to be taken in the manner prescribed by law for like depositions in civil actions in the superior courts of this state, and to that end may compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of documents and papers. SEC. 7. If any person, firm or corporation, taking or harvesting kelp from any bed or beds or parts thereof, after service of a notice that said bed or beds or parts thereof are closed to the taking or harvesting of kelp, takes or harvests any kelp between the time of the service of said notice and the decision of the board of fish and game commissioners upon the hearing for the necessity for closing said kelp lied or beds or parts thereof, his license may be revoked for a period not to exceed one year. SKC. 8. If any person, firm or corporation, licensed to take or harvest kelp in the waters of this state, shall violate any of the laws of the state of California regulating the taking and harvesting of kelp, or any rule or regulation of the board of fish and game commissioners regarding the taking or harvesting of kelp, said board of fish and game commis- sioners may, after a hearing, as provided herein, revoke said license and withhold the issuance of a new license to any such person, firm or corporation for a period not to exceed one year thereafter. SEC. 9. Every person, firm or corporation who takes or harvests kelp or other aquatic plants for profit in this state without first obtain- ing a license therefor, is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not loss than $50 nor more than $500, or by imprisonment in the county jail, in the county in which conviction 28 CALIFORNIA STATK .\IIM.\<; BIKKAI . shrill be had for not less than fifty days nor more Ihan one hundred and fifty days, or by both such fine and iinprisonnient. All fines and forfeitures collected for any violation of this act and all license fees and two-thirds of the moneys collected from the privilege tax under this act must be paid into the state treasury to the credit of the fish and game preservation fund, and one-third of the moneys col- lected from the privilege tax under this act must be paid into the state treasury to the credit of the "state university fund." The amount so paid to the "state university fund" in accordance with the direction of this section is hereby appropriated to be expended annually in accordance with law by the Scripps Institute for Biological Research. SEC. 10. The Fish and Game Commission of this state shall have the power, subject to such rules and regulations as it may deem proper, to grant permits to any department of the United States government or to any scientific or any educational institution to take or harvest kelp at any and all times for scientific or experimental purposes without the payment of the kelp license or privilege tax herein provided. SEC. 11. All acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. (Enacted 1917.) POTASH EXPLORATION. (S. B. No. 2156.) An act to authorize exploration for and disposition of potassium. [Approved by the President, October 2, 1917.] Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the r nitl States of Ameriea in congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed, under such rules and regu- lations as he may prescribe, to issue to any applicant who is a citizen of tin 1 United States, an association of such citizens, or a corporation- organized under the laws of any state or territory thereof, a prospecting permit which shall give the exclusive right, for a period not exceeding two years, to prospect for chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, borates. silicates, or nitrates of potassium on public lands of the United States, except lands in and adjacent to Searles Lake, which would be described if surveyed as townships twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, and twenty-seven south of ranges forty-two, forty-three, and forty-four east, Mount Diablo meridian, California : Provided, That the area to be included in such permit shall not exceed two thousand five hundred and sixty acres of land in reasonably compact form. SEC. 2. That upon showing to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Interior that valuable deposits of one or more of the substancv'S enumerated in section one hereof have been discovered by the permittee within the area covered by his permit, the permittee shall be entitled to s'Y, QBAPHTTE, XK'KKI.. POTASH, sTKo.vnr M. TIN'. 39 a patent for not to exceed one-fourth of the bind embraced in the pros- pecting permit, to he taken in i-oinpiict form ;ind dcscrihed liy legal snhdivisions of the public-land surveys, or if the land be not surveyed, then in tracts which shall not exceed two miles in length, by survey executed at the cost of the permittee, in accordance with rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior. All other lands described and embraced in such a prospecting permit from and after the exercise of the right to patent accorded to the discoverer, and not covered by leases, may be leased by the Secretary of the Interior, through advertisement, competitive bidding, or such other methods as he may by general regulat ions adopt, and in such areas as he shall fix. not exceeding two thousand five hundred and sixty acres, all leases '.o be conditioned upon the payment by the lessee of such royalty as may be specified in the lease and which shall be fixed by the Secretary .>!' the Interior in advance of offering the same, and which shall not be less than two per centum on the gross value of the output at the point of shipment, which royalty, on demand of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be paid in the product of such lease, and the payment in advan of a rental, which shall be not less than 25 cents per acre for the first year thereafter; not less than 50 cents per acre for the second, third, fourth, and fifth years, respectively; and not less than $1 per acre for each and every year thereafter during the continuance of the lease, except that such rental for any year shall be credited against the royal- ties as they accrue for that year. Leases shall be for indeterminate periods, upon condition that at the end of each twenty-year period succeeding the date of any lease such readjustment of terms and con- ditions may be made as the Secretary of the Interior may determine, unless otherwise provided by law at the time of the expiration of such periods, anil a patentee under this section may also be a lessee: /'/'/- ri sites. refining works, and other purposes connected with and necessary to the proper development and use of the deposits covered by the permit or lease. SEC. 4. That the Secretary of the Interior shall reserve the authority and shall insert in any preliminary permit issued under section one hereof appropriate provisions for its cancellation by him upon failure by the permittee or licensee to exercise due diligence in the prosecution of the prospecting work in accordance with the terms and conditions stated in the permit. SEC. 5. That no person shall take or hold any interest or interests as a member of an association or associations or as a stockholder of a corporation or corporations holding a lease under the provisions hereof, which, together with the area embraced in any direct holding of a lease under this act, or which, together with any other interest or interests as a member of an association or associations or as a stockholder of a corporation or corporations holding a lease under the provisions hereof, or otherwise, exceeds in the aggregate in any area fifty miles square an amount equivalent to the maximum number of acres allowed to any one lessee under this act; that no person, association, or corporation holding a lease under the provisions of this act shall hold more than a tenth interest, direct or indirect, in any other agency, corporate or otherwise, engaged in the sale or resale of the products obtained from such lease, and any violation of the provisions of this section shall bo ground for the forfeiture of the lease or interest so held; and the interests held in violation of this provision shall be forfeited to the United States by appropriate proceedings instituted by the Attorney General for that purpose in the United States district court for the district in which the property or some part thereof is located, except that any such ownership or interest hereby forbidden which may be acquired by descent, will, judgment, or decree may be held for two years, and not longer after its acquisition. SEC. 6. That any permit, lease, occupation, or use permitted under this act shall reserve to the Secretary of the Interior the right to permit for joint or several use such easements or rights of way, upon, through, or in the lands leased, occupied, or used as may be necessary or appro- priate to the working of the same, or of other lands containing the deposits described in this act, .and the treatment and shipment of the products thereof by or under authority of the government, its lessees, or permittees, and for other public purposes: Prni'iNTI I M . TIN. enacted, in so far as said surface is not necessary for use of the lessee in extracting and removing the deposits therein: rr\-'ull further. That if such reservation is made it shall be so determined before the offering of such lease; that the said secretary, during the life of the lease, is authori/ed to issue such permits for easements herein provided to he reserved. SKC. 7. That each lease shall contain provisions deemed necessary for the protection of the interests of the United States, and for the pi-event ion of monopoly, and for the safeguarding of the public welfare. SKC. S. That any lease issued under the provisions of this act may be forfeited and canceled by an appropriate proceeding in the United Slates district court for the district in which the property or some part thereof is located whenever the lessee fails to comply with any of the provisions of this act, of the lease, or of the general regulations promul- gated under this act and in force at the date of the lease, and the lease may provide for resort to appropriate methods for the settlement r -t disputes or for remedies for breach of specified conditions thereof. SEC. 9. That the provisions of this act shall also apply to all deposits of potassium salts in the lands of the United States which may have been or may be disposed of under laws reserving to the United States the potassium deposits with the right to prospect for, drill, mine, and remove the same, subject to such conditions as to the use and occupancy of the surface as are or may hereafter be provided by law. SEC. 10. That all moneys received from royalties and rentals under the provisions of this act. excepting those from Alaska, shall be paid into, reserved, and appropriated as a part of the reclamation fund created by the act of Congress approved June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two. known as the reclamation act. but after use thereof in tin 1 construction of reclamation works and upon return to the reclamation fund of any such moneys in the manner provided by the reclamation act and ads amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, fifty per centum of the amounts derived from such royalties and rentals, so utilized in and returned to the reclamation fund shall be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury after the expiration of each fiscal year to the .state within the boundaries of which the leased lands or deposits are or were located, said moneys to be used by such state or subdivisions thereof for the construction and maintenance of public, roads or for the support of public schools. SKC. 11. That the Secretary of the Interior is authori/ed to pre- scribe necessary and proper rules and regulations and to do any and all thintrs necessary to carry out and accomplish the purposes of this act. SKC. 12. That the deposits herein referred to. in lands valuable for such minerals, shall be subject to disposition only in the form and man- :J2 CALIFORNIA STATE MIMNC WRKAU. ner provided in this act, except as to valid claims existent at date of the passage of this act and thereafter maintained in compliance with the laws under which initiated, which claims may be perfected under such laws: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed or held to affect the rights of the states or other local authority to exercise any rights which they may have to levy and collect taxes upon improve- ments, output of mines, or other rights, property, or assets of any lessee. SEC. 13. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to incorporate in every lease issued under the provisions of this act a provision reserving to the president the right to regulate the price of all mineral extracted and sold from the leased premises. which .stipulation shall specifically provide that the price or prices fixed shall be such as to yield a fair and reasonable return to the leessee upon his investment and to secure to the consumer any of such products at the lowest price reasonable and consistent with the foregoing: /VonV/rc/, That such lease issued under this act shall also stipulate that the President shall have authority to so regulate the disposal of the potassium products produced under such lease as to secure its distribu- tion and use wholly within the limits of the United States or its pos- sessions. ANTIMONY, (JKAI'IIITK, NICKKI,, I'OTASII, STKONTII'M, TIN. CHAPTKR V. STRONTIUM. Foreword. Only small amounts of tin 1 strontium minerals arc mined in the rnited States, although they are known to he present in numerous places, notably in dolomites and limestones in the states of Xe\v York. Michigan, Kentucky and Texas. The principal supply of the world has. for a number of years, come from Westphalia, in Prussia. Much of the strontium nitrate used in the Tnited States for fireworks and night signals, is made from Eng- lish ores, and these are laid down in the Eastern ports at such a low cost that domestic producers have not been able to compete. Production for the year 191H in California was 57 tons, valued at $2.S:>0. In .1017, W>0 tons were produced, valued at $37.000. This was partly carbonate valued at $40 per ton. and partly sulphate valued at $() per ton. A yreat future awaits the strontium industry in California if the beet sugar factories will take up its use. The hydroxide is used in sugar refiniiiL! and is much more efficient and satisfactory in this process than lime. Germany, before the war. used 100.000 tons of strontium hydroxide annually, in the beet sugar industry alone. Properties and Ores. Strontium i.s an uncommon metallic element. It never occurs free. It forms many compounds, but they are rare in nature. The car- bonate "strontianite" and the sulphate "celestite" are its only com- mercial ores. tilrtmfiaiiilc (SrO.J or (Sr() -j- CO.,) Strontium carbonate. Con- tains 70.:?', Sr(). Color white, pale green or yellowish. Luster vitreous or resinous. Hardness :'>.."> 4.0. Gravity 7. Prismatic, cleavage. Occurs in columnar, divergent masses, fibreons or granular. Trans- parent to translucent. It has been found in commercial quantities near Barstow. San Ber- nardino County, and reported in a few other localities. Gives to the (lame a crimson color, and effervesces in cold dilute acids. Celestitt (SrSO ( ) or (SrO + SO,) strontium sulphate. Contains ">(>. 4', SrO. Colorless to pale blue, sometimes slightly reddish. Vitreous oi- pearly luster. Perfect basal cleavage. Hardness :?.() to :5.-~>. Gravity :5.!>. Occurs massive or as long, slender, or tabular fibreous crystals. Kused in borax bead gives the characteristic crimson llame. With soda oi- coal fuses to a mass, which when moistened blackens silver. Found in beds of sandstone, limestone, gypsum, rock salt and clay. :{4 CALIFORNIA STAT Deposits are known in the desert regions of San Bernardino County, and some are now being developed. Deposits have also been found in Imperial County and in Inyo County, with Death Valley colemanite, as slender blue crystals. Uses. The principal use for strontium in the past, in this country, has been in the manufacture of strontium nitrate for fireworks and signal rockets of all kinds. Strontium salts give a brilliant crimson color. The hydroxide is used in the sugar refining industry. The development that can reasonably be expected along this line, together with the increased demand for its use, as signal rockets, etc., since this country has entered the war. should greatly stimulate the search for this mineral and the development of new and old properties. Tests. The principal tests for strontium are the crimson flame test and the alkaline reaction after heating. For the flame test a lamp which gives a hot, non-luminous, blue flame is essential. Both the sulphate and the carbonate when heated before the blowpipe, and placed on moistened turmeric paper, turn it red (alkaline reaction). The carbonate when heated before the blowpipe, swells and spouts, while the sulphate flies to pieces (decrepitates), but will fuse at low temperatures. Prices. Quotations on strontium nitrate during 1916 averaged around 33^ per pound, and on strontium carbonate from 16 to 18-^ per pound for the natural ore, and from 45 to 50# for the chemically pure carbonate. Strontium Deposits. Name and address of owners or operators Name and location of property. Mortimer, F. G., 2110 E. 52d St., Los Angeles, Cal Nicklin, T. G., Tish Creek Mountains, Imperial County. Barstow, Cal. Nicklin-Henderson Strontium Deposit, Barstow, Peeler, W. F., and Roberts, D. B., San Bernardino County. 319 W. Florence St., Los Angeles, Cal Fish Creek Mountains, Imperial County. Sloan, J. H., Barstow, Cal. I Sloan Feldspar Deposit Barstow, San Bernar- I dino County. Strontium Buyers. American Trona Corporation Pacific Electric Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. California Chemical Co., W. L. Lynds _ Long Beach, Cal. Foote Mineral Co li>7 N. 19th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. Fuller, Ralph I... & Co I Rector St., NVw York City Klipstein & Co <;r,4 Greenwich St.. NV\\ York City Mallinckrodt Chemical Works _St. Louis, Mo. Mortimer, F. G 65th St. and Santa Fe Avc., Los Angeles, Cal. Pacific Western Commercial Co 149 California St., San Francisco Powers- WrightniiUin-Rosengartcn Co Philadelphia, Pa. .\\TI.\Iu\Y, QBAPHITB, MCKKI., I'OTASll. STKt .\Tir M . TIN. '-'t't CHAPTER VI. TIN. Foreword. Tin is one of the oldest known niclals. It was obtained from UK- British Isles long before the Christian era. Many ancient bron/es contained tin. The Cornwall mines in Kngland were long fa- mous, but are now practically exhausted. More than one-half of the world's production is obtained from placers, mainly in the Malax Peninsula, in Bolivia, and the Islands of Banca and Billiton near Sumatra. Australia furnishes minor amounts. The I'niled States is the largest consumer of tin among the nations, and is supplied mostly by imports. In 1!)17 there were 71.S4.~> short tons imported. The domestic output is derived principally from Alaska in connection with gold dredging, and minor quantities come from the Black Hills in South Dakota, and from North and South Carolina. The total domestic production in 1!H7 was 90 short tons. In California tin has not been produced commercially since 1891 and 1S92. During these two years about 251,000 pounds were produced, valued at approximately $60.000. There was no production in 1917. Along with other metals, but probably to a less extent, the use for tin has been increased by the war. It is hoped that this will tend to the development of new properties, and add a stimulus to the working of old ones. As tin is worth at the present writing 85^ per pound, and cassiterite. which is easily reduced, contains 78.7% of the metal, it is clear that a small quantity will suffice for profitable working. Properties. Native tin (Sn) is a white metal, and has a metallic luster. Hard- ness 2. Gravity 7.2. Occurs as rounded grains. Is soft and malle- able, and does not tarnish easily in the air. Ores and Occurrence. There arc two principal ores a sulphide and an oxide. Cassiterite (SnO.,). Tin oxide. Tin stone. This is the principal ore of tin, from which practically all of the metal is obtained. It is rare in California. Contains 78.1% tin, and 21.3% oxygen. Occurs in square prisms and octohedrom, often in twins. Also massive and in grains. Cleavage indistinct. Color brown, yellow, or black. Ada- mantine luster. Streak pale brown to gray. Sometimes nearly trans- parent. Hardness (5.7. (Gravity (5.4 to 7.0. Resembles dark garnet or some varieties of tourmaline. Infusible in borax head. When heated on charcoal with soda gives globule of metallic tin. This is the prin- cipal means of distinguishing it. Occurs in veins, in granite, gneiss and mica schist, associated with pyrite. topaz, tourmaline, talc, mica and albite. titfinnitc (Cu,r> FeS SnS 2 ). Tin sulphide. Tin pyrites. Contains sulphur, 30% copper, 27% tin and 13% iron. Steel ^ray Jo iron 36 CALIFORNIA STATK MIXING BI'KKAr. black in color. Sometimes broii/e like. Ulackish streak, l.rillle. Hardness 4.0. (Jravity 4.3 1<> 4. (5. Occurs commonly massive or in grains. When fused alone on charcoal gives white coating of tin oxide. Slightly magnetic after heating in borax bead. All the tin produced commercially in California has been taken from a small deposit near Corona, in Riverside County. This, however, has not produced for the last several years. In the gulches on the east slope of Laguna mountain, San Diego County, cassiterite has been found in black sand. Also found in Pine Valley in the same county. In the eastern part of Fresno County in the high Sierras it has been found with wolframite. Test. The simplest and easiest test for cassiterite is to treat a fragment of the mineral with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid and granulated zinc. The action of the acid and zinc evolves hydrogen, which takes the oxygen from the mineral, leaving a coating of tin on the fragment tested. 4 H + Sn0 2 =Sn + 2 H,(). Lead will act in the same manner as zinc, but is not as satisfactory: The metallic coating has a dull gray appearance, but may be bright- ened by rubbing with a cloth or with the hand. When rubbed with the hand it gives off a characteristic odor. Uses. Tin is used in making tin plate, tin foil, and various alloys, as bab- bitt, solder, electrotype metal and bronze. Solder is about one-third tin and two-thirds lead. Tin amalgam is used to coat mirrors. Ordinary tinware is sheet iron, coated with tin. by dipping it into the molten metal. Hooks, nails, etc., are similarly tinned. Copper, coated with tin, is made into cooking vessels, and pins are made of brass sim- ilarly treated. Chlorides of tin are used in the silk industry, and in dyeing and calico printing. In the production of tin the oxide is simply reduced by heating with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Sn0 2 + C = Sn + CO,. Prices. Since tin is almost entirely imported, the New York market [trices control. The average monthly price for June, 1918, was 91^ per pound. The San Francisco market averages approximately the same. The price ranged in 1917 from 44c to 63^. the average being 57.^. In 191.6 the monthly quotation ranged from 36^ to 51^, the average being 43.3^. In 1915 the average was 3S.7^. In 1911 and 1912 the average Xew York price was approximately 43c with the San Francisco quota- tion ranging a little higher. IM'W.K'ATIOXS. PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite amount. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be accepted in payment. Money unit-is should be madn payable to the STATE MINING BUREAU. J'i'r.iiiniil rlirckti trill not 1 uri-i-iitftl. REPORTS. Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. Henry G. Hanks. 1880. 11,-nry G. Hanks. Henry <:. Hanks. 1883. Henry G. Hanks. 1884. Henry C. Hanks. 1885. Part "l. Henry . Win. Ir.-lan. Jr. 1SSC. I SMI. Report VII. Wm. Irelan. Jr. Report VII I. Win. Irelan. Jr. Report IX. Wm. Irelan, Jr. Wm. Irelan. Jr. Wm. Irelan. Jr. 1SS7. * Report X Report XI. 1889. 1890. Price 1892. (First biennial) __________________________ $1.00 'Report XII. J. J. Crawford. 1894. (Second biennial) ________________________ ---- *Report XIII. J. J. Crawford, 1896. (Third biennial) -------------------------- ---- Chapters of State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial period, 1913-1914, Fletcher Hamilton : Mines and Mineral Resources of Imperial and San Diego Counties F. J. H. Merrill. 1914 ________________________________________________________________ Mines and Mineral Resources, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties W. B. Tucker. 1915 __________________________________________________________ Mines and Mineral Resources, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano, Sonoma and Yolo Counties Walter W. Bradley. 1915 ______________________ Mines and Mineral Resources, Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Counties F. L. Lowell. 1915 Mines and Mineral Resources, Fresno. Kern, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Mer- ced, San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties Walter W. Bradley, G. C. .-,() Brown. F. L. Lowell and R. P. McLaughlin, 1915 Mines and Mineral Resources, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties G. C. Brown. 1915 Report XIV. Fletcher Hamilton. 1915, Biennial period 1913-1914. (The above county chapters combined in a single volume) 2.00 Chapters of State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1915-1916, Fletcher Hamilton: Mines and Mineral Resources, Alpine, Inyo and Mono Counties, with geological map Arthur S. Eakle, Emile Huguenin, R. P. McLaughlin, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 Mines and Mineral Resources, Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter and Tehama Counties W. Burling Tucker, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 Mines and Mineral Resources, El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento and Yuba Counties W. Burling Tucker, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 .65 Mines and Mineral Resources, Los Angeles, Orange and Riverside Counties Frederick J. H. Merrill. 1917 .50 Mines and Mineral Resources. Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties Walter W. Bradley, Emile Huguenin, C. A. Logan, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 .65 Mines and Mineral Resources, San Bernardino and Tulare Counties H. C. Cloudman, Emile Huguenin, F. J. H. Merrill, W. Burling Tucker. 1917 .60 1.25 .50 *Bulletin 1. Bulletin 2. 'Bulletin 3. 'Bulletin 4. *Bulletin 5 Bulletin fi. Bulletin 7. Bulletin 8. Bulletin 9. Bulletin 10. Bulletin 11. 'Bulletin 12. Bulletin 13. .65 BULLETINS. Dessicated Human Remains. Winslow Anderson. 1888 __________ ____ Methods of Mine Timbering. W. H. Storms. 1894 ______________ ____ Gas and Petroleum Yielding Formations of the Central Valley of California. W. L. Watts. 1894 ________________________________ ____ Catalogue of California Fossils (Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5). J. G. Cooper. 1894 _________________________________________________ ____ The Cyanide Process: Its Practical Application and Economical Results A. Scheidel. 1894 ___________________________ California Gold Mill Practices. E. B. Preston. 1895 _____________ $0.50 Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1894. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) ______________________________________ ____ Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1895. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) ______________________________________ ____ Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc. Hans C. Behr. 1896 ________________ ____ A Bibliography Relating: to the Geology. Paleontology, and Mineral Resources of California. A. W. Vogdes. 1896 ______ ____ Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. W. L. Watts. 1896 ________________ Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1896. Chas. G Yale. (Tabulated sheet) _________________________ Mineral Production of California, by Counties 1897 Chas C Vale. (Tabulated sheet) PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU Continued. Asterisk () indicates the publication is out of print. Price. Bulletin 14. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1898 Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 15. Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County. J. H. Means Bulletin 16. The Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California. A. S. Cooper. 1899 Bulletin 17. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1899. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) __ Bulletin 18. The Mother Lode Region of California. W. H. Storms, 1900 Bulletin 19. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of California. W. L. Watts. 1900 Bulletin 20. Synopsis of General Report of State Mining Bureau. W. L. Watts. - 1900 Bulletin 21. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1900. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 22. Mineral Production of California for Fourteen Years. Chas. G. Yale. 1900. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin. Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert Mining District. Stephen Bowers. 1901 1 Bulletin 23. The Copper Resources of California. P. C. DuBois, F. M. Ander- son, J. H. Tibbits, and G. A. Tweedy. 1902 $0.50 Bulletin 24. The Saline Deposits of California. G. B. Bailey. 1902 Bulletin 25. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1901. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 26. Mineral Production of California for Fifteen Years. Chas. G. Yale. 1901. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 27. The Quicksilver Resources of California. Wm. Forstner. 1903 Bulletin 28. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1902. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 29. Mineral Production of California for Sixteen Years. Chas. G. Yale. 1902. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 30. A Bibliography of Geology, Palaeontology, and Mineral Resources of California. A. W. Vogdes. 1903 - Bulletin 31. Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum. H. N. Cooper. 1903. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 32. Production and Use of Petroleum in California. P. W. Prutzman. 1904 .25 Bulletin 33. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1903. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 34. Mineral Production of California for Seventeen Years. Chas. G. Yale. 1903. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 35. Mines and Minerals of California for 1903. Chas. G. Yale. 1904. (Statistical) Bulletin 36. Gold Dredging in California. J. E. Doolittle. 1905 Bulletin 37. Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California. George F. Kunz. 1905 : First edition (without colored plates) .25 Second edition (with colored plates) Bulletin 38. The Structural and Industrial Materials of California. Wm. Forstner, T. C. Hopkins, C. Naramore, L,. H. Eddy. 1906 Bulletin 39. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1904. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 40. Mineral Production of California for Eighteen Years. Chas. G. Yale. 1904. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 41. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1904 Chas. G. Yale (Statistical) Bulletin 42. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1905. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) - Bulletin 43. Mineral Production of California for Nineteen Years. Chas. G. Yple. 1905. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 44. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1905. Chas. G. Yale. (Statistical) Bulletin 45. Auriferous Black Sands of California. J. A. Edman. 1907 Bulletin 46. General Index to Publications of the State Mining Bureau. Com- piled by Chas. G. Yale. 1907 .30 Bulletin 47. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1906. Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 48. Mineral Production of California for Twenty Years. Chas. G. Yale. 1906. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 49. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1906. Chas. G. Yale. (Statistical) Bulletin 50. The Copper Resources of California. A. Hausmann, J. Krutt- schnitt, Jr.. W. E. Thome, J. A. Edman. 1908 1.00 Bulletin 51. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1907. D. H. Walker. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 52. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-one Years. D. H. Walker. 1907. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 53. Mineral Production of California for 1907, with County Maps D. H. Walker. 1908. (Statistical) Bulletin 54. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1908. D. H. Walker. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 55. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-two Years. D. H. Walker. 1908. (Tabulated sheet) _ PUBLICAT PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU Continued. Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. Price. Bulletin 56. Mineral Production for 1908, County Maps, and Mining Laws of California. D. H. Walker. 1909. (Statistical) Bulletin 57. Gold Dredging in California. W. B. Winston, Charles Janin. 1910 Bulletin 58. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1909. D. H. Walker. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 59. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-three Years. D. H. Walker. 190!). (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 60. Mineral Production for 1909, County Maps, and Mining Laws of California. D.H.Walker. 1910. (Statistical) Bulletin 61. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1910. D. H. \Vulkfi-. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 62. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-four Years. D. H. Walker. 1910. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 63. Petroleum in Southern California. P. W. Prutzman. 1912 $0.75 Bulletin 64. Mineral Production for 1911. E. S. Boalich, 1912 Bulletin 65. Mineral Production for 1912. E. S. Boalich, 1913 Bulletin 66. Mining Laws, United States and California, 1914 Bulletin 67. Minerals of California. A. S. Eakle, 1914 Bulletin 68. Mineral Production for 1913. E. S. Boalich. 1914 Bulletin 69. Petroleum Industry of California, with Folio of Maps (18x22 in.) R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Waring, 1914 2.00 Bulletin 70. Mineral Production for 1914, with Mining Law Appendix. 1915 Bulletin 71. California Mineral Production for 1915, with Mining Law Appen- dix and Maps. Walter W. Bradley, 1916 Bulletin 72. Geologic Formations of California. James Perin Smith. 1917 (For 1 Mail, see below) .25 ''Bulletin 73. Report of Operations of Department of Petroleum and Gas for 1915-1916. R. P. McLaughlin. 1917 Bulletin 74. California Mineral Production for 1916, with County Maps. Walter W. Kradlcy. l',17 Bulletin 75. U. S. and California Mining Laws Bulletin 76. Manganese and Chromium in California (in preparation) Bulletin 77. Catalogue of Publications of California State Mining Bureau, 1880-1918. E. S. Boalich Bulletin 78. Quicksilver Resources of California. (In press.) Bulletin 79. Magnesite in California. (In preparation) Bulletin 80. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium in California. (In prep- aration) Preliminary Reports. 'Preliminary Report No. 1. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields, Dec., 1913. By R. P. McLaughlin Preliminary Report No. 2. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields, Mar., 1914. By R. P. McLaughlin Preliminary Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium, 1917. By E. S. Boalich Preliminary Report No. 3. Mansanese and Chromium. By E. S. Boalich. (Second edition) Preliminary Report No. 4. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium, 1918. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello I'r.'liininary Ri'jmrt No. 5. Antimony, Graphite, Nickel. Potash, Strontium, Tin, r.'is. r.y K. s. Boalich and W. O. Castello Registers of Mines with Maps. Amador County $.25 Butte County .25 Calaveras County El Dorado County Inyo County Kern County Lake County .25 Mariposa County - .25 Nevada County Placer County _ Plumas County San Bernardino County San Diego County Santa Barbara County .25 Shasta County Sierra County Siskiyou County , Trinity County Tuolumne County Yuba County .25 Register of Oil Wells (with map), Los Angeles City .35 40 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUKK.U'. OTHER MAPS. "California, Showing Mineral. Deposits (50x60 in.) Price Mounted $1.50 Forest Reserves in California Mounted .50 Unmounted . .30 *MIneral and Relief Map of California El Dorado County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Madera County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Placer County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Shasta County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Sierra County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Siskiyou County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Trinity County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .45 Tuolumne County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 *Mother Lode Region _ Desert Region of Southern California .10 Minaret Region, Madera County .20 Copper Deposits in California .05 Calaveras County .25 Plumas County .25 Tuolumne County .25 Geological Map of .California (mounted) 50x60 inches - 2.50 DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SAMPLES. Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the state may be sent to the Bureau for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. No samples will be determined if received from points outside the state. It must be understood that no assays, or quantitative determinations will be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly with name of sender on out- side of package, etc. No samples will be received unless delivery charges are propaid. A letter should accompany sample, giving locality where mineral was found and tin? nature of the information desired. INDEX. Alloys Page Antimony _ s, ;i Xic-kcl . 17 is Tin ' :it; A In a it.- 21 Amalgam, tin lit; Amorphous j^rapliite II Anti-frlctlem metals H Antimony s Alloys s, :i IJliyrrs I L' ( "oncentration 1 ti Consumers 11' Contracts ami specifications 12. Hi li-m:iml 8, 12, 13 Deposits 11 Imports 1 8 Market 10, 12, 13 Occurrence 9 Ores Prices 10 Producers 11 Production 8 Properties 8 Sulphide 9 Tests 9 Uses 9, 12, 13 Value 8, 10 Arsenical nickel 18 Babbitt 9, 34 Blacklead - 14 Black powder Bronze !!'! Buy era Antimony 12 Graphite 16 Potassium 23 Strontium :: I California State Mining Bureau, Publications of 37 Carbonate Strontium 33 Cassiterite 35, 36 Caustic Potash 20 Celestite 33 Chloride, tin 36 Coins 18 Consumers Antimony 12 Graphite 16 Potassium 2ii Strontium 34 Concentration of Antimony 10 Copper nickel 18 Deposits Antimony 11 Graphite 16 Nickel IS Potassium 23 Strontium 34 Determination of mineral samples 40 Exploration for Potash, Federal Act __ 28 Explosives 22 Feldspar 20 Fertilizer ___20, 21, 22 Fireworks 22, 34 Fish and Game L,aw relative to kelp 24 Freight rates 7 Friday mine 17, IS Graphite 14 Buyers '. If. Consumers 16 Deposits 16 Imports 14 iirnirrence __ . 1 I, I." 42 INDEX. Graphite Continued. I'njr" Prices ir, Producers 1 <\ Production 1 i Properties 1 I i ." Uses ' 1.1 Value ]), i r, Hydroxide of strontium 3:;. :; i Imports Antimony 8 Graphite , 1 i Nickel 17 Potash i :i Strontium :::: Tin _. 36 Kelp :} Fees for harvesting i: I Fish and Game Law relative to 24 Licenses to harvest __ 24 Letters from antimony consumers 12, 1" Licenses to harvest kelp 24 Lye 20 Market for antimony 10, 12, 13 Matte, copper-nickel 17 Millerite IT Mineral samples, determination of 1 40 Niccolite 18 Nickel 17 Alloys 17, IS Arsenical 1 s Demand 1 7 Deposits 18 Imports Occurrence 17 Ores 1 7 Plating 18 Prices Production Properties 17 Refined _. 17 Steel 17, 18 Sulphide 17 Tests 18 Uses IS Nickeloid 18 Niter 20 Nitrate of strontium 34 Occurrence Antimony 9 Graphite 14, 15 Nickel 17 Potassium 20 Strontium 33, 34 Tin 35 Ores Antimony 9 Nickel 17 Strontium _- 33 Tin 35 Plumbago 14 Potash 1 :i Buyers 2:: Caustic 20 Consumers Demand 19 Deposits 23 Exploration (Federal Act) Fish and Game Law relative to kelp 21 For fertilizer 21, 22 From kelp 21 Imports . 19 Occurrence 20 Prices 19 Producers ' 23 Production 19 Properties Publications 1 ' Salts -- 20, 21, 22 Sources - Tests 21 Uses -_ 22 INDEX 4:J Page potassium 19 Cjirlionatc 20, 22 Chlorate _. 22 Chloride 20 Nitmic 20, 21 Sulphate 20, 21 Prices Antimony 10 Craphilo 15 Nickel IS Potassium 19 Strontium Tin 35, 36 Producers Antimony 11 Graphite 16 Potassium Strontium 3-1 Production Antimony 8 Graphite 14 Nickel 17 Potassium -- 19 Strontium 33 Tin 35 I 'roporties Antimony 8 Uraphite 14, 15 Nickel 17 Potassium 19 Strontium 33 Tin 35 Publications of California State Mining Bureau 37 On Potash 1 : I'yrrhotite 17 Saltpeter 20, 21 Solder 36 Stannite 35, 36 Steel Nickel 17, 18 Stilmite 9 Strontianite 33 Strontium Buyers 34 Carbonate 33 Consumers 34 Deposits 34 Hydroxide 33, 34 Imports 33 Nitrate Occurrence 33, 34 Ores 3:; Prices 34 Producers 34 Production Properties 33 Sulphate _I 33 Tests 34 Tses 34 Value 33, 34 Sulphate Strontium 33 Sulphide of Antimony Nickel 17 Tin :'::. Tests Antimony fl Nickel 18 Potassium 1M Strontium 34 Tin 36 Tin :;:. Alloys 36 Amalgam 36 Chlorides 36 Imports 35 Occurrence 35 Ores 35 Oxide 35 Prices 3T., 36 Production 35 44 INDKX. Tin Continued. Page Properties 3.~, Sulphide :;:. Tests 36 Uses 36 Value 35, :;c, Unit 10 Uses Antimony !), 1:.'. 13 Graphite 15 Nickel :_; 18 Potassium Strontium 34 Tin 3C Value Antimony S, 10 Graphite* 14, 15 Nickel IN Potassium 1ft Strontium 33. 31 Tin __ '>. 3t; 3SC24 9-18 2M A 000 083 761 7 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed.