00 
 
 
7—755. 
 
 The Federal Census of Manufactures, 
 
 1900. 
 
 A Paper read before the National Association of Manufacturers, at 
 Boston, Mass., April 2S, 1900. 
 
 Uy S. N. D. NORTH, 
 Chief Statistician. 
 
 I rejoice at the opportunity to address so large and intelligent a 
 body of manufacturers on the subject of the approaching Federal 
 census of manufactures. I bespeak the sympathy and cooperation 
 of you all, in this tremendous statistical undertaking of the Gov- 
 ernment. It ought not to be necessary to dwell, in such a company, 
 upon the importance and utility of such a work. The decennial 
 census of manufactures is the only approximately accurate' guide to 
 the actual progress of our industrial development. It is just as 
 essential to a true understanding of our position, as is an observa- 
 tion of the sun to the mariner, after he has been sailing for many 
 days under cloudy skies and against adverse winds. It is true we 
 have many admirable compilations of trade statistics from commer- 
 cial bodies and private sources; we have in the Government reports 
 accurate details of the gn.wth of our export and import trade; we 
 know the tonnage annually moved by our transportation lines; we 
 know approximately the annual cotton crop and wool clip, and the 
 domestic consumption of each fibre; we know the number of tons 
 of coal, iron, copper, etc., annually mined; the number of bushels 
 of corn, wheat, and oats harvested; and out of all this dat:i we can 
 construct a fairly complete picture of our industrial stratus in one 
 year as compared with a predecessor year or decade. But with all 
 
31 
 
 
 these modern facilities for collecting the statistical data essential 
 to the intelliLfent conduct of modern business, it remains the fact 
 that there is no method of measuring the all 'round i)rogress and 
 development of the thousand and one big and little industries, each 
 dependent in greater or less degree ui)on all the otliers, which make 
 up the vast and intricate conglomerate of our industrial entity, 
 save that supplied by our tenth-year Federal census. 
 
 With each recurring decade, we are again amazed at the extraor- 
 dinary rate of growth this ten-year counting brings to liglit. We 
 are now on the eve of the census which is to supply the figures 
 which will round out the growth of the United States in the nine- 
 teenth century, and be the starting point from which the progress 
 of the twentieth century will be measured. From that point of 
 view, the Census of 1900 is by all odds the most interesting and 
 important yet taken. From another point of view, it is even more 
 interesting and important, for it is to record a progress in indus- 
 trialism, in comparisoii with ten years ago, greater and broader 
 than any of us can yet intelligently conceive, a jjrogress that has 
 never been approached, or approximated, by any ten-year advance 
 in this country, or in any country, in any age. 
 
 Prophecy is bad business for statisticians to indulge in; but 1 
 have discovered enough already, in the preliminary work of the 
 census, to warrant the statement just made. It so happens that 
 this Twelfth Census not only winds uj) the record of a century, 
 but falls in a year of unprecedented business activity. The value 
 of products will be swelled by constant over-time work in thou- 
 sands of mills and factories and by the great advance in prices 
 which has taken place, and which will represent, by a rough calcu- 
 lation, an increase of 33 ])er cent in the value that would have been 
 assigned to the identical volume of production, had the census 
 been taken two years earlier. Thus conditions essentially abnor- 
 mal have to be dealt with; and we are to have a new illustration of 
 the danger and ditticulty of making comparisons between <-ensuses 
 of industry taken ten years apart, under economic conditions 
 widely different. 
 
 There are other causes which lend unMsiiiil interest to the ap- 
 proaching census of manufactures. We have witnessed, since the 
 last census, a startling transformation in the methods of carrying 
 on many of our great industries. The reorganization of the inanu- 
 
 y 
 
8 
 
 facturing business, through combination and consolidation, has 
 created industrial conditions without precedent in history, which 
 seem to set at naught some of tlie time-honored maxims of political 
 economy, which must readjust many of our social relations, and 
 which may largely influence and modify the future legislation of 
 Congress and the States. 
 
 In defiance of the frantic efforts of State legislatures to check 
 their progress and embarrass their operations, these Goliath com- 
 binations have possessed themselves of the great 8taj)le industries 
 of the country to such an extent that they represent a capitaliza- 
 tion — including the water — equal to the whole amount of capital 
 reported to the Eleventh Census as employed in all our big and 
 little industries in 1890. Just what their relations to the smaller 
 industries are to be; just what is to be their effect upon wages, upon 
 prices, upon competition, upon the general industrial conditions 
 and prosperity of the masses, we do not know; yet this is the 
 problem which, more than all others combined, interests the Ameri- 
 can people to-day. The intelligent solution is impossible until the 
 statistics of the Twelfth Census are available, as a basis upon which 
 to formulate it. What proportion of the industrial activity of the 
 country is now so controlled? What effect, if any, has it in reduc- 
 ing the number of those occupied in productive industry, both as 
 employers and employed — upon these questions turn the whole 
 sociological and economic effects of the industrial combination; 
 and no answer is possible until the census furnishes figures to 
 start with. 
 
 Some fear has been expressed lest the great industrial combina- 
 tions shall refuse to respond to the questions of the Census Othce, 
 and thus defeat the object of the work in an important particular. 
 I do not share in that fear. Our preliminary inquiries have met 
 with prompt and satisfactory responses from these corporations. 
 It is not to be supposed, with the existing popular feeling against 
 the big corporation— much of it unreasoning and unfounded — that 
 their managers will increase it and inflame it by refusing to tlu- 
 Census Office information which the law requires them to im])art. 
 On the contrary, their returns will probably be the most exhaustive 
 and com])lete that we receive. In one sense their creation has 
 enormously complicated the difficulty of taking the census of man- 
 ufactures. For it has brought under one central management 
 
 ,v 
 
 ivi35554{) 
 
plants located in many <lifferent citiew and StateH, whose pnKlucts 
 must be properly credited to the several loralities in whieh they 
 are situated. Sueh a separation of the combined statistics will be 
 impossible without the :ii<l <>\' the expert bookkeepers employed by 
 these icrv.W (nu^aiii/.atioiis and that we (•(iiitidciitly rely upon get- 
 ting. 
 
 Contemporaneous with the develojtment of the industrial combi- 
 nation, and by many peo]>le attributed largely to the cheaper pro- 
 diu'tion and improved l)usines8 nu'thods thus brought about, has 
 been an c'n<)nn(»u8 development in tlic cxjiort of niainifactiirt'd aiti- 
 tles produced in the United States. 
 
 In 1860 the value of our manufactured exports was only ^4^J,- 
 000,000; ill 1890 it had grown to 1151,000,000, an increase nearly 
 fourfold ; and in the fiscal year ending last July it was *340,000,000, 
 an increase since the last Federal t-ensus of more than 100 per 
 cent and of 741 per cent in the forty years since 18()0. It is a 
 record without parallel in the history of nations.* 
 
 This ten years' development in the uiaimfacturing exports of the 
 United States has compelled the world's statisticians to rewrite 
 their prognostications, and to recognize the swift advance of this 
 country toward the front rank among the exporting nations. 
 England annually exports, of similar manufactured articles, about 
 %1, 000, 000, 000 in round numbers, (iermany about %550,000,000, 
 and France alxiut &;37u, 000,000. If the relative advance in the 
 value of manufactured exj)orts shall continue in the same ratio, as 
 l)etweoii the four nations, the United States will pass France before 
 another year, will ]tass Germany in ten years, an<l will ])as8 
 England in twenty-five years. 
 
 It does not seem extravagant to i-xpeet that these changes in the 
 rank of the exporting nations will be realized in the periods indi- 
 
 * EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC M.XNIFACTURES. 
 
 VKAK. 
 
 VAl.l'K. 
 
 
 Peecbntaqe op Increase 
 
 
 Over 1860. 
 
 Over 1870. 
 
 Over 1880. 
 
 Over 1890. 
 
 1860 
 
 DoUari. 
 
 ■10,»46,000 
 
 tW, 280, 000 
 
 Kni.K-ifi.OOO 
 
 151,102.000 
 
 3«9,.'>92,000 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 1880 
 
 69 
 156 
 275 
 742 
 
 si' 
 
 121 
 897 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 1899 
 
 47 
 230 
 
 125 
 
cated. It is a commercial triumph predicted for us by the 
 shrewdest observer of industrial conditions who has lately examined 
 the situation with critical understanding. I refer to M. Emile 
 Levasseur, the French economist, whose recently published 
 volumes on the progress of American industrialism have attracted 
 world-wide attention. "To produce in large quantities, quickly 
 and cheaply," writes M. Levasseur in these volumes, "the United 
 States is better equipped than any other land in the world." He 
 gives many illustrations to contirm this statement. Another has 
 recently come to my knowledge, more forcible in some ways than 
 any narrated by M. Levasseur. L^pon the outbreak of the South 
 African war, the British govei-nment had immediate need for a 
 large number of horse blankets for the use of its (cavalry in the 
 distant continent. It could find no manufacturei- in all fireat 
 Britain who would undertake to execute an order for the delivery 
 of a specified number of horse blankets, of a specified qualitv, 
 within the time limit set by the government. It found an American 
 mill, represented by an agent in London, which was willing to 
 take the contract and to guarantee its fulfillment to the letter. The 
 contract was awarded, and every week since there has been shipped 
 from the United States to South Africa the specified number of 
 blankets, not one of which has been rejectccl as inferior to the rigid 
 requirements. We can hardly fail to be reininded by this episode 
 that something over a (century ago, when the American colonies 
 were engaged in their struggle for inde])endeiK'e from English rule, 
 so desperate was their plight and so meager their own manufactur- 
 ing facilities, that in order to clothe and blanket their armies they 
 were compelled to smuggle through France woolen goods made by 
 the nation with which they were at war. 
 
 The Census can not throw much additional light upon the value 
 or the character of our manufactured exports. The Treasury 
 Bureau of Statistics furnishes that information with admirable 
 detail and accuracy. But the census can exhibit to us, in con- 
 nection with the Treasury statistics, the present relationship 
 between actual production and export — the home consumptii^n and 
 the foreign consumption, with respect to every important article 
 of domestic manufacture. Heretofore this information has been 
 of little consequence; for the export trade has hardly been a factor 
 in calculating supply and demand. But as this foreign trade goes 
 
6 
 
 on expanding; and iiicrcaHint;, it will come to have an intimate 
 bearing ujtoii the actual output of our mills. The Census of I'.iUU 
 will for the first time make an effort to measure it, in many 
 industries, in direct comparison with the home consunipti<tn. 
 
 These several causes have contributed to create unusual interest 
 in the Twelfth Census of Manufactures. We detect the evidence 
 of this in the anxiety of different communities that proper men 
 shall be selected to supervise and carry on the local work. We 
 detect it in the action of Chambers of Commerce, Boards of Trade, 
 and other industrial and commercial organizations, looking to a 
 thorough canvass of their respective bx-alities, and pledging the 
 active sympathy and cooperation of manufacturers and business 
 men. Director Merriam and those associated with him welcome 
 these^signs of popular interest in the work, and of local pride in 
 the making of a creditable showing of advance over 1890. It is 
 by this census that the status of every city and town in the United 
 {states will be judged for the next ten years, in respect to its relative 
 importance as a manufacturing and industrial center. 
 
 Responsive to this universal desire, the Director is ))lanning for 
 the best census of naanufactures yet taken. The machinery of 
 organization is being rapidly perfected, with this end in view. An 
 inside study of previous censuses reveals spots and causes of defect 
 and deficiency — unavoidable at the time — which special pains will 
 now be taken to cover and to prevent. 
 
 One potent cause of these previous defects has been the insuf- 
 riciency of appropriations for carrying on the tield w'ork rapidly, 
 (continuously and efficiently. Ten years ago, it frequently happened 
 that two years or more elapsed })efore the canvass of some of our 
 largest industrial centers was coinpleted. At one period the Held 
 work was suspended for several iiioiiths, for lack of money. When 
 the canvass w'as again taken up the threads were lost, and in some 
 instances it was never resumed at all. Four yearn thus idapsed, 
 after the coninicncement of the Eleventh Census, Ix'fore its full 
 results were available. Congress was tpiite right in its declaration 
 that statistics so tar<ly and so stale have lost half their value — 
 althougii I do not think that Congress ap|ncciati'd its own share of 
 responsibility for the delay. At any rate, the law now declares 
 that the conipletecl results of the census <d' manufact un's, as well 
 as of population and agriculture, shall be publisluMl within two 
 years from .1 line I st next. 
 
Congress had no conception of tin* task it thus imposed upon the 
 Census Office. I doubt it" we in the work have yet come to fully 
 appreciate its tremendous magnitude. I do not know that it will 
 prove possible to comply with the mandate of Congress. But the 
 Director says that it must be done, and we are going to try to do it. 
 
 Perhaps I can convey some statistical conception of the amount 
 of clerical work involved. We anticipate the receipt of some 
 000,000 schedules from as many difl'erent establishments of jiro- 
 ductive industry, large and small. Each schedule projxM-iv tilled 
 will contain from forty to sixty different entries. Each schedule 
 must be checked, classified, edited, the revision verified, tal)ulated, 
 added, and the addition verified, before the final publication. 
 Involved in these processes for 600,000 schedules there are more 
 than 200,000,000 separate handlings of distinct items. In the 
 rehandling of the schedules involved in the tabulation by localities 
 and by industries, and in the double proof reading and preparation 
 for the press, there are as many more separate operations, many of 
 them calculations; and for this mountain of work Congress allows 
 600 working days. This implies in a working force of 300 clerks, 
 an average of 2,000 operations or calculations a day, or 300 an 
 hour, or 5 a minute. 
 
 You will readily understand, from this rough statement, that 
 money is not all that is needed to make a quick census and 
 make it right. There is a limit to the numbei- of clerks who can 
 be worked upon the technical and complicated schedules of manu- 
 factures with satisfactory results ; and all such clerks have first to 
 be trained and tested before they can do it at all. 
 
 We would like to make it not only the quickest and the most 
 thorough census of manufactures yet taken, but in all other 
 respects the best and the most satisfactory. We have all the 
 experience of the past to help us in this endeavor. We know the 
 former defects and shall aim to avoid them. First of all, we shall 
 seek to avoid the error of attempting to accomplish too much. 
 The general manufacturing schedule prepared. is the simplest in 
 construction that has been adopted for three censuses. It contains 
 no inquiry that has n(jt been placed there by the direct mandate of 
 Congress. It calls for no fact not essential to a full understanding 
 of the present economic conditions of industry. Nevertheless, 
 there are questions which in sonie instances it will be difficult to 
 answer. Personally I doubt the utility of the incpiiry as to the 
 
8 
 
 amount of cajiital iiivestcMl in nxanufactiirini;, bec-ausj* I doubt the 
 possibililv of f«i franiintr the (jueHti<tn that the return will j»osHess 
 intrinHic vahu\ as trul\ iiidicativc of the aiiioimt of cajiital 
 actually and daily required to carry on this ^reat hrancii of national 
 busiiu'ss. Hut Congress demands that it he made; and it will 
 readilv he understood that if Congress hail faileil to demand it. the 
 cry would at once have been raised tliat it was seeking to protect 
 capital from the necessity of making a return that woidd approxi- 
 mately indicate the profits of manufacture. 
 
 Nothing is more certain than that no such knowledge can l>e 
 obtaine<l from the statistics of a census, no matter how carefully 
 the iiKjuiries are <lrawn. Neither fi-om an individual scdiedule, nor 
 from the tabulation of any numl)er of s(diedules, can tlie profits of 
 a concern be ascertained, nor is it any projter part of the functions 
 of a census to ascertain them. 
 
 The inutility of tlie capital in(|uiry has l)een increased by the 
 multiidication of imbistrial condnnations in manufacturing. 
 whereby many plants have l»een broiiglit togetlur under one man- 
 agement, and ca]iitalized on the Itasis of their earning power, 
 rather than the actual investment. It is clear that the aggregate 
 of capital represented in the bonds and stock. }irefei-red and com- 
 mon, issued oi- that may be issued, by these industrial combina- 
 tions, is in no sense the measure of the ca|»ital re(|uired to carry on 
 their itusiness. and i'or this icason the Census will make no effort 
 to ascertain it. It would be a iiypothetical total, oi' interest only 
 to the curious. Nevertheless, it represents sonu'thing. nu)re or less 
 tangibh', the existence of which still I'uitlier in\ .'ilidates the iitilitv 
 of the census impiirv regarding capital. 
 
 I (b» not intend, in a papei' of this character, to hurden nou with 
 details of the methods oi' the othce. 'Pile gicat mass (d' the 
 returns will he made to the Census Office on a gi'Ueral schedide 
 known as Nundx'r ;J. 'riiirty-lhree special schedules are pro- 
 vided. toi- ;is many separate iixluslries which it is desirable to 
 report with greater fullness u\' detail. In the industries thus 
 S)>eciali/,e(|, like the textile manufactures, iron and steel, leather, 
 paper, glass, pottery, lumliei-. ni.i(liiner\ , sliipi»ni Iding, the chem- 
 ical industries, et<-., the Division of Manufactures has «-alled to its 
 assistance a hody of expert special agents, fitted bv long studv to 
 propeily and intelligently compile and present the statisti<s \\hicli 
 represent the recent growth of the industries committed to their 
 
charge. It is not tlie intention of the office to neglect the great 
 lines of manufacture which do not require a special schedule or 
 the services of an expert agent. For every industry carried on in 
 our niidst — and in their various specialties they are between four 
 hundred and five lumdred in nuniher — it plans to i>resent the most 
 complete Ixidy of statistics yet compiled. If it fails at any ]»oint, 
 it will he because it is a ]>hysical impossibility to finish its woi-k 
 within the time allowed. ' 
 
 To acconi]»lish the work within the time limit set, the Held work 
 must be practically completed within 30 days, or 60 days at the 
 most, from June 1st. We must have our material to work with, 
 and this is where you manufacturers can help us. In the last 
 analysis it lies wholly with you, whether this census is to be a 
 correct and satisfactory exhibit of our industrial condition, and 
 whether it is to be ready for use at the time set by Congress. It 
 is in vour power to make or to mar it. 
 
 The task of the Enumerator and the Special Agent of the Census 
 Office is not a pleasant one at the best. Indeed, I do not know of 
 anv, which I would not myself prefer. The book canvasser's lot 
 is a happy one, compared to that of the census agent who enters 
 the office of the manufacturer with the long and com]>licated 
 schedule of inquiries required by Congress, and demands that the 
 details of his business shall be spread out before him. The natural 
 disposition of the manufacturer is to resent the inquisition. He 
 looks upon these details as peculiaily his own private affair, with 
 which the ]iublic and the Government have no right or concern. 
 He is temj)ted to visit his irritation upon the agent, forgetting 
 that the latter is merely carrying out instructions and doing his 
 duty. Sometimes he flatly refuses the information, and points to 
 the door. Sometimes he gives it grudgingly and imperfectly, 
 greatly increasing the labor, the trouble, and the cost of securing 
 it. Frequently he fears that these facts about his business, these 
 business secrets of his, once spread out upon official paper, will 
 become the property of the public, will pass into the hands of his 
 business competitors, or will somehow be used to his injury and 
 embarrassment in the tabulation of results. To each manufacturer 
 who 'may have a disposition to so look at the matter, I desire to 
 make three statements : 
 
 1. Do not be afraid that the confidential character of your return 
 will not be respected. It never has happened yet, that any injury 
 
10 
 
 has come to any one tlirou^l) tlie improper use of the facts obtained 
 upon a census schedule. Tlie agents and clerks who handle them 
 are all sworn to reveal thcni to no one. The <l:it;i is so taltulated 
 that the operations of no individual concern can In- |iickc<l out iVoni 
 the tables. The facts arc as safe as thonirli tlicv had iicxcr l»ct'ii 
 given, 
 
 2. Do not resent the demand i)t' tlic (Tovernment for this iidor- 
 mation. For ninety years now, the law bf Congress lias asserted 
 the right of the Government, to secure from private individuals and 
 concerns those details which are necessary to obtain the aggregates 
 which reveal the industrial resources and economic con<litions of 
 our people. A right so long asserted, never successfully disjiuted 
 and never yet abused, ought not now be questioned by intelligent 
 and patriotic manufacturers. 
 
 3. Since it must be done, and ought to be done, do it ciueifully, 
 d() it jiromptly, <lo it intelligently, and thereby help to reduce the 
 labors of the Census agents and the Census Ottice to a mininuuii. 
 Remember that we must handle more than half a million scIkmIuIcs, 
 representing as many diflFerent going concerns, big and little: that 
 we must supply every deficiency in every one of these schedules; 
 that if it is of such a character that we cannot ourselves supj)ly it. 
 we must write for it, or send an agent ]>erha])8 hundreds of miles 
 on pur])(>se to obtain it; that we must reconcile every item in each of 
 these half million schedules with every other item; that the whole 
 of this gigantic work may be held up, suspended, while we wait 
 for your single return; that Congress com]»els us to do all this in 
 two years' time; and that this feat is impossible without your 
 individual sympathy and your active cooperation. Instead of 
 blocking and embarrassing our work, hel]) us to make this the best 
 and the quickest Census ever taken. 
 
 The Census Office, on the other hand, will do everything in its 
 power to assist you. It will, wherever jiossiblc, mail to you the 
 special schedules required for your special industries, in a»lv;tnc«' 
 of the agent or enumerator, so as to allow you amjde time to fill 
 them out. It will allow you to return them through tin* mails, so 
 that they need never pass into the hands of a local representative 
 of the Census Office, if you object to that. It will givV all 
 possiV)le aid and assistance, through iorrespondcncc, in tiic 
 preparation of s(died ides. ll will neglect not hing \\ ilhin ils |miuci- 
 to facilitate and ren<ler easy, vonr compliance with the l.iw. 
 
11 
 
 No census of manufactures yet taken lias been free from very 
 grave faults; but each succeeding census has been a vast improve- 
 ment on its predecessor. Those in charge of the present work 
 will be unequal to their o])portunity, if they do not succeed in 
 making the Twelfth Census the best in the series — a statistical 
 photograph of the productive energies of the nation which shall 
 focus an industrial wealth and resource undreamed of in the past, 
 as our opening vision t)f the twentieth century. 
 
 EXPERT SPECIAL AGENTS. 
 
 The following is a list of the Expert Special Agents of the Division of Manufactures, with 
 the Industries to which they are assigned : 
 
 Cotton Manufactures, and Flax, Hemp, and Jute Manu- 
 factures Edward Stanwood, 
 
 i 201 Columbus Ave., 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Wool Manufactures, and Hosiery and Knit Goods William J. Battison, 
 
 TOKilby St., 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Silk Manufactures Franklin Allen, 
 
 Silk Exchange Bldg., 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 Iron and Steel Manufactures William G. Gray, 
 
 261 South 4th St., 
 
 Philadelpliia, Pa. 
 
 Leather Manufactures George C. Houghton, 
 
 116 Bedford St., 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Glass Manufactures Shirley P. Austin, 
 
 417 Wood St., 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Brick and Clay Products Jefferson Middleton, 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Smelting and Refining of Metals Charles Kirchhoflf, 
 
 232 William St., 
 
 New York. N. Y. 
 
 Machinery and Electrical Apparatus Edward H. Sanborn, 
 
 The Bourse, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Coke, Salt, and Clay Products Edward W. Parker, 
 
 U. S. Geological Smrvey, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Chemicals Or. Charles E. Munroe, 
 
 Columbian University. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 (Assistant) Dr. Thomas M. Chatard, 
 
 Columbian University, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Paper Manufactures Charles W. Rantoul, .Tr., 
 
 Times Building, 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 Lmnber and its Manufactures William L. Wallace, 
 
 315 Dearborn St., 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Shipbuilding Alexander R. Smith. 
 
 700 14th St., 
 
 Washington. I). C. 
 
 Food and Kindred Products Henry E. Alvord. 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Flour and Grist Mills Dr. H. W. Wiley, 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Carpets, UphoLsterv Goods, Etc. - John R. Kendrick, 
 
 102 South 12th St., 
 
 Philadelphia. Pa. 
 
 Beet Sugar Industry Dr. G. L. Spencer, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
PAMPHLET BrNDER 
 
 Manufaclurtd by 
 
 GAYLORO BROS, Inc. \ 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Stockton, Calif. 
 
 ivi255540 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY