AF ORIENTAL BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AN ORIENTAL BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, FOUNDED ON MATERIALS COLLECTED BY THE LATE THOMAS WILLIAM BEALE, AUTHOll OF THE MIFTAH-UL-TAWARIKH. A NEW EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED HENEY GEOEGE KEENE, CLE., M.A., Oxon, FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA ; AUTHOR OF The Fall of the Moghul Empire, etc. LONDON : W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED, lPubli)3l)cr0 to t\)Z 31nDia SDffice, 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. 1894. HEETFORD I'HINTED HY STEl'lIEN AUSTIN AND SONS. 'l'^^\%^ PREFATORY NOTICE. The substance of this Dictionary was collected by Mr. T. "W. Beale, formerly a Clerk in the office of the Board of Eevenue, N.W.P., at a time when the Secretary was Henry Myers Elliot, afterwards well known as Sir H. M. Elliot, K.C.B. It is pro- bable that, in preparing his extracts from the Muhammadan Histories of India, Elliot availed himself of the aid of Mr. Beale, of whose scholarship Prof. Dowson makes justly deserved mention in the eighth volume of his valuable edition of Elliot's work.* Mr. Beale died at Agra, at a very advanced age, in the summer of 1875 ; having before his death expressed a wish that I would see his MS. through the press, and reduce the trans- literation into conformity with the system then recently adopted by the Government of India, and founded (as I need hardly observe) upon the system of Sir W. Jones. Accordingly, on the 5th October of that year I laid the MS. before Sir John Strachey, the then Lieut. -Governor, in a letter from which the following is an extract : — " This is no ordinary book. I have used it as a work of reference for years : and have lately had an opportunity of showing it to the eminent scholar Mr. E. B. Eastwick, C.B., who, I am authorised to say, concurs with me in thinking that the Dictionary will be of unique value to oriental students." Sir J. Strachey took up the subject with that enlightened energy which always actuated him in dealing with the past history of the country over whose administration he then pre- sided. The MS. and copyright were acquired at the expense * "The History of India, by its own Historians," Triibner aird Co., 1877. yi PREFATORY NOTICE. of Government; and it was nltimately resolved — in view of the importance of the work and my own official occnpations — that the editing should be entrusted to the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The Society confided the labour of seeing the Dictionary thi'ough the press to theii* Philological Secretary, Principal Bloch- mann, of whose qualifications it would be presumptuous to say more than that they have an oecumenical reputation. That dis- tinguished man (of whom it has been observed by Count von Noer that he united the enthusiasm of an artist to the most patient accuracy of research*) undertook the task with his cha- racteristic earnestness and ability. But unhappily for oriental scholarship Mr. Blochmann's lamented death occurred before he had completed the preparation of more than a few sheets; and the duty ultimately reverted to the present Editor. The substance, as already stated, is almost entirely Mr. Beale's ; and I cannot close this notice more fitly than by giving the following extract from the preface originally drafted by himself : — " In preparing a work of this nature, intended to be used as a work of reference on matters connected with Oriental Ilis- tory, it is proper to state that the greatest care has been taken to ensure accuracy in the narrative, as also in the dates of births, deaths, and other events recorded. . . . Various MSS. have been collated whenever discrepancy was observed .... To remove all doubt, chronograms indicating the dates with a certainty not to be found by any other method and written when the events were fresh in the minds of men, have been inserted, when available." I may, however, add that it has been judged expedient to omit these chronograms, for the most part, in printing the book. In the chapter of Mr. Dowson's book already cited, will be found an account of this species of memoria iechnica. But it is chiefiy * "Kaiser Akbar," Lcyden, 1880. [Since tlic above was written the illustrious author quoted has himself died.] PREFATORY NOTICE vii interesting as macliinery for producing a certain result ; and when the result has been produced is not of much more use than the scaffolding of a building when the building is complete. This notice may well terminate with a repetition of Mr. Beale's guarantee of accuracy : and with an appeal to scholars of larger leisure and opportunities for an indulgent treatment of a work originated by a man who had never been in Europe nor enjoyed the use of a complete Library. Mr. Beale had, however, drawn up a list of more than thirty books in various lansruaojes which had furnished him with materials. In addition I have from time to time referred to the translation of the Am AJihari and its invaluable notes by the late Mr. Bloch- mann, of which the First Volume (never, alas, continued) was published in Calcutta some years ago ; also to the works of Garcin de Tassy and the Baron McG. de Slane. One word more as to the inexhaustible subject of trans- literation. The English, as is well-known, have three methods ; the Haphazard (which indeed is no method at all) ; the Gil- chiistian; and the popularised Jonesian introduced by the Go- vernment of India under the inspiration of Sir "W. W. Hunter. I^one of these is quite satisfactory. The French adopt a system of their own, and so do the Germans. Mr. Beale had followed an orthography, compounded of the two first-named elements, which has been conformed to the third method in printing these pages. The principle is, mainly, to accentuate the long vowels and to express the other vowels by the English sounds in "r«mm«nt" and "obey." G is always to be pronounced hard, as in "^ive." For the convenience of Continental European scholars the names have also been printed in the Persian character : and it is hoped that no practical difficulty will be experienced by those who may have occasion to use the Dictionary. ADVERTISEMENT TO SECOND EDITION. This work has been carefully revised and mucli amplified: and now appears, for the first time, as an English publication. The fresh additions to Mr. Beale's matter are chiefly taken from Ibn Khalikan and the works of Garcin de Tassy, with occasional references to Blochmann, von Noer, and some historical books by the Editor himself and other recent authors. It is still far from complete ; but great pains have been taken to make it a trustworthy and useful work of reference to students of Eastern history. " The Imperial Gazetteer of India," 2nd edition, 188G, has been consulted throughout. It must be understood that Anglo-Indian lives have been omitted : they will be found, in some instances from the pen of the present Editor, in the Dictionary of National Biography : to have included them here would have made the book too bulky. Similarly, Chinese matter is excluded ; indeed, Sinology forms a distinct department of research. A a'azz A'azz-Uddin (j^^jJ^H J-c^), Prince, secoud son of Sliilli 'Alain Bahadur Shall. He was born on the 17th Zi-Qa'da lOT'l, and appears to have died early. A'azz - Uddin (^j_>aJ1 \.^\), son of Mu'izz - nddiii Jahaudar Sliah, emperor of Dehli. lie was blinded and imprisoned by Farmkli-siyar. in the end of a.h. 1124. AbaBakr(^^ bl), Mirza or Sultan, the son of Shahrukh Mirza, the son of AmTr Timur. He was murdered by order of his brother Mirztl Ulugh Beg, a.d. 1448 (a.h. 852). Aba Qaan or Abqa Khan or Abaqa Khan {J\\i \i\ or ^\s^ UjI), a king of Persia, of the tribe of Mughuls or Tartars, and descendant of Chingiz Khan, succeeded his father Hulukii Ivhau in February, a.d. 1265 (Rabi'-us-Sani, a.h. 663), and was crowned on Friday the 19th June following (3rd Eamazan). He was a prince who added to the qualifications of courage and wisdom those of moderation, clemency, and justice. His ambassadors were introduced in 1274 to the ecclesiastical Synod at Lyons. He proved a somewhat formidable neighboiu' to the Christians who settled at Jerusalem. The intrigues of his court embittered the latter years of his reign ; and liis days wei'e believed by many to have been shortened by poison given to him by his minister Kliwaja Shams- uddin Muhammad, which occasioned his death on Wednesday the 1st April, a.d. 1282 (20th Zil-hijja, A.H. 680), after a reign of 17 years and some months. He had married the daughter of Michael Palreologus, emperor of Constantinople, who had been betrothed to his father, but arrived at Maragba in Tabriz, the seat of his government, after the death of that prince. Aba IChan was succeeded by his brother, N^ekodar Hian {q.v.), who embraced Muhammadanism, and took the title of Ahmad. 'Abbas {^jA^z), the son of 'Abd-ul- Muttalib, and uncle of the prophet Muham- mad. He at first opposed the ambitious views of bis nephew, but when defeated in the battle of Badr, he was reconciled to him, warmly embraced his religion, and thanked heaven for the prosperity and tlie grace which he enjoyed as a Musalnian. He served the cause of Muhammad at the battle of Huuain 'ABBA by recalling his dismayed troops to the charge, and inciting them boldly to rally round their prophet, who was near expiring under the scimitars of the Sakafites. He died on the 21st of February, a.d. 653 (17th Eajab, a.h. 32) ; and 100 hmar years after Abul- 'Abbas, surnamed As Saffrdi, one of his descendants, laid the f oimdation of the 'Abbasi or Abbaside family of the Caliphs in Baghdad, which con- tinued for 524 lunar years. The tomb of 'Abbas is in Madiua. 'Abbasa (^LjU^), a sister of Hariin-ur- Rashid, the IvhalTfa of Baghdad, Avho bestowed her hand on Ja'far Barraaki, his minister, on condition that she abstained from the marriage rights. The promise was forgotten, and the husband's life was sacrificed by the tyrant, and 'Abbasa was reduced to poverty. This circiuustance took place in a.d. 803 (a.h. 187). There are still extant some Arabic verses which beautifully celebrate her love and her misfortunes. [&e Ja'far ul-BarmakT. ] 'Abbas 'All (^i-c (w-Ur), a physician, and one of the Persian magi, who followed the doctrines of Zoroaster. He wrote, a.d. 980, a book called Roi/al Work, at the request of the son of the reigning Klialifa of Baghdad, to whom it was dedicated. It was translated into Latin by Stephen of Antioch in a.d. 1127. 'Abbas 'All ( Lc jw-Lc), Mirza, whose poetical naine was Betab, the son of Xawab Sayadat 'Ali Khan, son of Ghulam Muham- mad Klian, the son of Faiz-ullah Ivhan, Nawab of Eampiir in the 18th century. 'Abbas Bin-'Ali Shirwani (^ ^j-'^--^ jli .-ii X^), author of a history, containing the narrative of Sher Shah the Afghan, who drove Humayun from Hindii- stan, A.D. 1539, and mounted the throne of Dehli. This work was dedicated to the emperor Akbar, and is called Tuhfa-i-Akhar- shali't. The first part of this work was trans- lated into Urdii by Mazbar 'Ali Khan in the time of Lord Cornwallis, and is entitled Turlkh-i-Sher &ha/il. [Vide Dowson, EUioCsIIistory of India, iv. p. 301.] 'Abbas Mirza {\ \^ i^^-^), a Persian prince, son of Fath 'Ali Shah, was born in 1783. He died in 1833. His death was 1 ''AWX: 'abdu a great loss to his country, altliouj^li ho could not prevent the encroachments of Eussia. His eldest son, Muhammad Wirza, mounted the throne in 1834, on tlie death of Path 'Aii, iinder the united protection of England and Kussia. 'AlDbas Mirza (\ ;^ ^^£), whose title was Nawab Iqtidar-uddaula, was the author of a Masnawi in Urdu verse, contaiuing a history of Christ. He was living iu Luck- now in a.d. 18i9, and was then about eighty years of age. ♦Abbas (Shah) I. (iL^ ,^W-^)> s^r- named the Great, and seventh king of Persia of the Safawl family, was born ou Monday the 29th of January,'A d. 1571 (1st Ramazan, A.H. 978). He was proclaimed king of rirsia, iu his sixteenth year, by the chiefs of Kjiurfi- san, and took possession of the throne during the lifetime of his father. Sultan Sikandar Shah, suruamed Muhammad Kluulabauda, A.D. 1588, (a.h. 996). He was the first Avho made Isfahan the capital of Persia. IIo :yas brave and active, and enlarged the Ijound- aries of his dominicms. He took, conjoiutlv with the English forces, in a.d. 1622, the island of Ormuz, which had been in the possession of the Portuguese for 122 years. He reigned 44 lunar years, was contemporary with Akbar and Jahangir, and died oil Thursday the 8th of January, a.d. Ifi29 (24th Jumada I., a.h. 1038). His grandson succeeded him and took the title of Shah Safl. [He was a bigoted ShT'a. In later histories he is generally called ^U tmlzi ; vide Bloch- mann's Atn Translation, i. pp. 445, 453.] 'Abbas (Shah) II. (^U ^l^ j^Lc), great grandson of Shah 'Abbas I. succeeded his father Shiih Sail on the throne of Persia in the month of May, a.d. 1642 (Safar a.h. 1052), when he was scarcely ten years old. Qandahur, which was lost by his father, was recovered by this prince before he was six- teen years of age. Shah Jahan made many efforts to recover this city, but with no success. He reigned 25 lunar years, and was cut off by the lues venerea in his 34th year, on the 26th August, a.d. 1666 (5th Rabi'-ul-awwal, a.h. 1077). He was suc- ceeded by his son Safl Jlirzu, who took the title of Shah Sulaimrm. According to Char- din, he died ou the 25th Septeml)er wliich corresponds with the 5th Rabi'-us-Sfiui. [Vide Orme's Hisio)ical Fragmeuts of the Mogul Empire, p. 196.] Abdal (J^jjI), sou of 'All Era, ruler of Little Tibet during the reign of Shah Jahan. He was ca])tured, and Adliam Klian was appointed governor of Little Til)et. [ Vide Dowson, Elliot s llistorg of India, rii. p. 63.] Abdal Chak (lJo- JUjO, uucle of Yiisuf Klian Chak (last King of Kashmir, who succumbed to the emperor Akbar). [Vide^w Translation, i. p. 478.] Abdali (^JLo^), tide Ahmad Shuh Abdall. ^ Abdals, the Forty, hence called Chihil- tduan. After Muhammad's death, the Earth complained to God that she would henceforth be no longer honored by prophets walking on her surface. God promised that there should always be on earth forty (or, according to some, seventy-two) holy men, called Abduls, for whose sake he would not destroy the earth. The chief of the Forty is called ' Gliaus.' Abdar Begam (^Cj^lj^.T), ouc of the concubines of the emperor Akbar. 'Abdi (i^s^z), his proper uame is not known. He is the author of the work called 3nrjami-i-Takii,ila, a translation of YaJi'Vs Legends of Qadiriga saints into Persian verse, completed iu a.d. 1641, a.h. 1051, under Shah Jahan. 'Abdi of Tun i^^S^), a poet who had a predilection for Masuawis, and is the author of the Gaiihar-i Shah-tcar, which is in the style of NizaniT's MakJtzan-nl-A.srar. He came to celebrity iu Khurasan in a.d. 1545, A.H. 950. [/■(Vfc Kliwaja Zain-ul-'Alndiu 'Ali 'Abdi, who appears to be the same person.] 'Abdi (^s^£), and Nawedi (^_v_'y), vide Khwaja Zaiu-ul'-Abidin 'Ali 'Abdi. Abdi (^-_v^\), author of a heroic poem called Anicar-nUina in praise of Nawab Anwar-uddiu Klian of tlie Kaniatik, in which the exploits of Major Lawrence and the first contests between the English aud French in India are recorded with tolerable accuracy. [ Vide Abjadi.] 'Abdul-' Ali (Maulana) (^.UJl j^.^), entitled Babrul-uliim (i.e., Tlie Sea of Knowledge), the son of Mullil Nizam-uddTn Sih.ili. He is the author of the Arkan Aria' Tiqah'' and several other works. He died A.D. 1811, A.H. 1226. 'Abdul-'Aziz bin 'Umar ( ' >;_.«!1 s^c J "J — 4^£ (j-^)> son of Umar (Omar), the second Klialifa after ISIuhammad. He did not succeed his father in the khilfifat. The Muhammudans consider him a great lawyer. 'ABDU 'ABDU 'Abdul-'Aziz ( IjLstJl J^-), author of the Tcirihh-iSusainl, continuing the Life of the faraoiis Sack-uddlu jSIuhammad Husaini Gcsu-Daraz, whose tomb is held in the highest veneration at Kulbarga in the Decca'u. This work was deiUeated to Ahmad Shah Bahmaui in a.d. 144.5. 'Abdul - 'Aziz bin - Ahmad Dairini (Shaikh) ( :._j^_'w>), au Arabian author who thed a.d. 1294. 'Abdul-' Aziz Khan, vide AzTz. 'Abdul-'Aziz (Maulana Shah), son of Shah "WaliuUah, a learned Musalman of Dehli. Ho is the author of a Persian com- mentary on the Quran, entitled Tafsir Fath- til-'-Jziz, and several other works. His death took plaee in June a.d. 1824 (7th Shawwal, A.H. 1239). 'Abdul-'Aziz, emperor of Turkey, son of Sultan Mahmud, succeeded his brother Sultan 'Abdul-Majid on the 25th June, 1861, A.H. 1277 ; deposed in 1875. 'Abdul-'Aziz (Shaikh) (^a^ jj J-^!^ -^t^), of DehlT, a learned man who died in the time of the emperor Akbar, a.d. 15G7, a.h. 975. 'Abdul-Qadir of Badaou found the chronogram of his death in the following words — " Qutb- i- Tariqat-numa . " 'Abdul-'Aziz (Shaikh) (;^^ ;j 'A\ s^z). His poetical name was 'Izzat. He held a mausab of 700 in the reign of Am-augzib, and died'iu the year a.d. 1680, a.h. 1091. He is the author of a poem called Saql-/iama. [For a detailed biography vide the Maja'- un-yafais.'\ 'Abdul-Baqi (^JL»-!^ ^.-^), author of the JIaasir-i-Iia/uini, or Memoirs of^Ahdxr- Rahim KJian, Khan-Ehannn, and of all the illustrious nobles, authors, and poets, who resided at the coiu't of Akbar. He completed his work iu a.d. 1616, a.h. 1025, and died about the year a.d. 1642, a.h. 1052, iu the reign of Shah Jahan. [For further notes vide Dowson, Elliot''s History of India, vi. 237.] 'Abdul - Baqi (Maulana). Ho was a Sadr (or Judge) iu the beginuiug of Akbar' s reign. 'Abdul Basit (Maulana) (L^Ul i>_^r \j1y*), the son of Rustam All. He wrote a commentary on the Quran which he left incomplete. He also %vi-ote a work called 'ylj/b-iil-Bai/an ft 'iili~im-il-Q>ira)i. He died iu a.d. 1808, a.h. 1223. 'Abdul-Fattah ( L-_ft.n Ju-wi), author of the Persian yfovk c?i\\e&Aurad-i-Ghausiya^ on Sufism, and of one entitled Jawa-hir-ul- Kuyiiiat. 'Abdul-Ghaffar ( .LLAJ^ A.-.-^), -whose full title is Shaikh NajnuulcUu 'Abdul- Gliaffar ush-Shafi'i QazwinT, is the author of the Hnicl, Fiqah, Luhab, and SJiarli Lnbab. He died iu the year a.d. 1265, a.h. 663. 'Abdul-Ghafur, of Labor (,^i.iSl s^ t_f ,»Jb\'), was an author and a pupil of 'Abdiu--Kabman Jami. He died in the year A.D. 1506, a.h. 912. 'Abdul-ahafur (Shah) (iU^^iiJl j.^), commonly called Baba Kapiir, a saint Avhose tomb is at Gwaliar. He was a native of Kalpi, and a cHsciple of Shah Madar. He died in the year a.d. 1571, a.h. 979. [Yide A'U Translation, i. p. 539.] 'Abdul-Ghafur (Shaikh), of Azampur in Sambhal, a pupil of 'Abdid Quddiis. He died iu .\.h. 995. 'Abdul-Ghani (Mirza) ( ..:ot.ll X.^ \\.^, a native of Kashmir, wrote under the name of Qabiil. He died in the year a.d. 1726, a.h. 1139. [nVeQabul.] 'Abdul -Haqq (Shaikh) (j.Jl S.^ '^•^ ^.i-Jjj), of Dehll, surnamcd " Mubaddis," son of Saif-uddin, son of Sa'd-uUah Turk. He was a descendant of one of Amir Timur's followers, who had remained at Dehli, after the return of the conqueror to his native land. He is the author of the Tarikh-i-llaqq) , which is more frequently styled Tftr'kh-i-^ Abdul- Haqq, compiled in the 42nd year of the emperor Akbar's reign, a.d. 1596, a.h. 1005. He went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and Madina, where he dwelt for a long time, and -Nvrote works upon mauv subjects — Commentaries, Travels, Sufi Doctriues, Beligiou aud Histoiy, and his different treatises amount altogether to more than one hunch'ed. The best known are the Madina Sakhia, Matla'-ul-Anwar, Madarij-im-2^.^), a learned man who wrote a chronogram on the death of the emperor Humayuu, and one on the accession of Akbar in A.D. 1556, A.H. 963. [Vide Ahi Translation i. p. 480.] 'Abdul-Jalil (Mir or Sayyid) (j._*_£ j^y^ ^■■t^jSJkji ^^A^\), of Bilgram in Audh. He was a great scholar and an elegant poet, and his poetical name was WasitT. In a.d. 1699, a.h. 1111, he visited the camp of Aurangzil) at Bijapur; and being presented to that nionarch' by Mlrzfi 'AIT Beg, the royal intelligencer^ obtained a mansab and jaglr, Avith the joint offices of Bayishi (l^^ymaster) and >fews- writer of Gujrat ; from which place he was removed to Bhakar in Siudh, with similar appoint- ments. 'J'lirough some intrigues at court, he was recalled from Bhakar in the reign of Farrukh-siyar in a.d. 1714, ah. 1126, but upon circumstances being explained, he was restored in the most honourable manner, and was at Icugth ])ermitted to officiates bv deputy, whilst he himself nunaiued at Dehli until a.d. 1721, A.H. 1133, when he resigned in favour of his son, :Mir Savvid Mubliiiimad. He was the sou of Savvid Ahmad of Bilgram, was born on the 2nd June, ad. 1661 ; 13fh fihawwal 1071, and died on Monday the 2Sth December, a.d. 1724; 23rd RabbT' I. 1137; aged 66 lunar years, and is huried at Bilgram close to his father's tomb. He is the author of several works, one of which contaiuing letters written in Persian is called Adiih-ul- Mtirsi/Jn. [For a_ detailed biography, vide Azad's Sarir-i-Azud, and the Tabsirat-ioi- Kazirln by 'Abdul-Jalil's son.] 'Abdul -Qadir (Sultan) was the de- scendant of a Marabaut family of the race of Ilashim, who trace their pedigree to the Khalifas of the lineage of Fatiraa. His father died in 1 834. His public career began at the time of the conquest of Algiers by the French. In 1847, he was defeated and surrendered himself, but was afterwards per- mitted to reside in Constantinople. He died in 1873. 'Abdul-Qadir bin-Abil-Wafa al-Misri (Shaikh Muhiy-Uddin) (,jUJl s^r. ,.-'a!1 jj^.-*'^}\^\ ^x author of the JaicaJiir-nl-Maziya fl Tahaqdt- il Haiinjjya, a biographical dictionary giving an account of the Hauafi lawyers, arranged in alphabetical order. He died in a.d. 1373, A.H. 775. 'Abdul-Qadir Badaoni (Shaikh) {s^z '^^ ^y^SJ jjLiiJl) was the son of Muluk Shah of Badaon and pupil of Shaikh Mubarak of Nagor. He is the author of a work called Muntakab-ut-Tawar>kh. He was a very learned man, and was frequently employed by the emperor Akbar to make translations into Persian from the Arabic and Sanskrit, as in the case of Mn\jani-ul- Iii(ld(ui,Jaiiii-ur-Ras]iid>, and the Rdiiiriyan. He also composed a moral and religious work, entitled Najnt-tir-Rashid, and translated two out of the eighteen Sections of the Maha- Ihnrat, and made an abridgement of the History of Kashmir in a.d. 1591, a.h. 999. The year of his death is not known, but he was living in a.d. 1596, a.h. 1004, in which year he completed the Jll/aifafchab-nt- Taivar'ikh. His poetical name was Qadiri. [He died at Badaon, in 1004. For a d(>tailed biography, vide Jour. As. »Sc., Bengal, 1869, pt. i. p. 118 ; and Dowson, v. p. 477.] 'Abdul-Qadir Suhrawardi ( .jUl^ j^.^^ ^J,. .-^,-;), author of the work called Adab-ul-Miirid. 'Abdul - Qadir Bedil (Mirza) (jk..^ \\j^ Jj^-..j ^.jUl^), a celebrated poet, better knoAvu by his poetical name of Bedil or ]\Iirza Bedil. He was a Tartar of the tribe of 15irlas ; in his youth he was employed by prince A'zam Shah, sou of Aurangzib, but 'abdu 'abdu being one day ordered by the prince to write a paneg}Tic in his praise, he resigned the se^^^ce and never afterwards served any one. He is the author of several works, sucli as Mtihit A^za»i; Ch~ir 'Uiisur; Iiisha-i-Bedil, also called Eiiq'at-i-Bedil ; and of a Diwan or hook of Odes in Persian, containing 20,000 couplets. He died in the commencement of the reign of Muhammad Shah, on the 24tli November, o.s. 1720; 4th Safar, a.h. 1133. He is also the author of a work called Nukat- i-Bedil, containing the memoirs of Shaikh Jrmaid, third in descent from the celebrated Shaikh Safi, and grandfather of Shah Isma'il Safavi, king of Persia. [Vide Sprenger, Catalogue of Omlh MSS., p. 379.] 'Abdul-Qadir Gilani or Jilani or Jili (Shaikh), also called Pir-i-Dastgir and Ghaus-ul-A'zam Muhiy-ud-din, a saint, who is said to have performed a number of miracles dm-ing his lifetime. He was bom in Gilan or Jilau in Persia, in the year a.d. 1078, A.H. 471, and was greatly revered for his learning, his piety, and the sanctity of his manners. He died on the 22nd February, A.D. 1166, 17th Rabi' II. 561, aged 91 lunar years, and is biu-ied at Baghdad, where he held the place of guardian of Abii-Hanifa's tomb. The order of Dervishes, called after him the Qadiris acknowledge him as foimder. His tomb is held in high veneration amongst the Muhammadans. He is said to have written many books on Mystical Theology, amongst which are the Futnh-ul-Ghaib, Malfuzat-i-Qadir'i in Arabic, and a trans- lation of the same in Persian, named Mnl- f 11 zat-i- Jilani. Another work of his in Arabic on Jurisprudence is called Ghunyat- ut-Talihin, and another work on Sutism is entitled Bahjat-ul-Asrar, and a book of Odes called BlivaH-i-Ohai/s-ul-A'zain. [ Vide Muhammad Qasim (Sayyid) and Abdals.] Some say that he was bora at Jil, a village near Baghdad ; hence he should be called Jili. 'Abdul-Qadir (Maulana) (.jIJL!^ J^^^ L'l'».--# ^»J_;tj), of Dehli, the son of Maulawi Wall-ullah. He is the author of an Urdii commentary on the Quran, entitled Tafs'>r Muzih-vl-QKrnn. He made an Urdu translation of the Quran, which was finished 1803. [Fiife Abdullah Saj^id.] 'Abdul-Qadir Naini (Maulana) {s.^z ^Jj\i jj^'^\) , a poet wlio was a native of Nain near Isfahan, and contemporary with Shaikh Sa'di. ' 'Abdul - Qadir, a resident of Devi, a village in the district of Luckuow. From the Jomi'-iif-Tixarikh of Eashld-tiddhi he translated that portion which is called the book of Patanjali into easy Persian, at the request of Major Herbert, in May, 1823. It is a collection of all the sciences, and one of the most valuable works of the sages of Hind. It contains an account of their various sects, and the history of their ancient kings, also the life of Sakyamuni. 'Abdul-Qahir Jurjani (Shaikh) (j,^- Ji\^j.:>- -JbLiiJl), son of Abdur- Eahman, was the author of the book called Laicdl-ul-I-jaz, and several other works. He died in a.d. 1081, a.h. 474. 'Abdul-Karim (*-.'Xl^ >^-r^^, siirnamed Imam-uddlu Abul-Qusim, author of the Sliarh Kahir and Shark Sa^ r. 'Abdul - Karim bin - Muhammad al- Hamadani, author of a Persian Com- mentary on the Su-ajiya of Sajawandi, en- titled Famiz-ut-Tnjl Sharh Faraiz-is-Siraji. 'Abdul-Karim Sindhi (Mulla) (_\_^_£ ^j^_\:..-J j,iX]\), a native of Sindh who served under Kliwaja Mahmiid Gawan in the Deccan, and was living about the year a.d. 1481, A.H. 886. He is the author of the history of Sultan Mahmiid Bahmanl, entitled Tar'kh-i-Miihmiid-Shahi. 'Abdul-Karim, a native of Dehll, who accompanied Nadir Shah to Persia, and wrote a history of that conqueror aboiit the year A.D. l7o4, A.H. 1168, entitled Bcnjdn-i- JVaqi. [Regarding this work, vide Dovason, Flliofs History of India, viii. p. 124.] 'Abdul-Karim, Mir, of Bukhara, who died at Constantinople about a.h. 1246, a.d. 1S80. He is the author of a history of Afghanistan and Turkistun (ad. 1740 to 1H18), translated into French by C. Schefer, Paris, 1876.] 'Abdul-Karim, Munshi, who died about thirty years ago. He is the author of the Tarikh-i- Ahmad, a history of Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors. The Persian text was lithographed in 1266, and an Urdu translation under the title of Waqi'ut-i- Durranl was issued at Kanh])ur in a.h. 1292 (a.d. 1875). 'Abdul-Karim also wrote a laro-er work, entitled Mtthnrnha-i-Kabul o Qalulahar (h. 1265), which contains the heroic deeds of Akbar l^iian, son of Dost Muhammad Kjian, and is chietly based on the Akbar-uama written in verse by Miuislu Qasim Jan ; and the Tnr''Ml-i-l^»».i"'> *"h' fatan lil-ahhah (a.h. 1265j on the Sikh wars. 'abdu 6 'ABDU 'Abdul - Quddus Gangohi (Shaikh) (ir;?-^ 15^/^ L^J-^^ "V^X a native of Ganfjoli, near DelilT, was a descendant of Abu-Haulfa Kufa, and a famous saint of India. lie died on the 27th Xovember, a.d. 1537, 23rd Jumada II. a. 11. 944, the chrono- gram of the year of his death bein-\,j ^j c^.]\x.z), son of Rawaba, was an Arabian ])0(^t, who signalized liimself in arms as well as poetry. He became an associate of Muhammad and was sent with the army, of which Zaid was the chief, against the Greeks, and was killed at IMutii in Syria with Zaid and Ja'l'ar the brother of 'Ali, in a.d. 629, a.h. 8. 'Abdullah, son of Zubair ( ._* ajj^x..:; j-»-jj) was a Musalmfm born at JMadina amongst those who were called " ;\IiibajirTn," that is to say, fugitives from Mecca. Alter the battle of Karbalfi in a.d. GSO, in which Ilusain the sou of 'All was slain, the inhabitants of IMecca and Madlna, perceiving that YazTd did all that lay in his power to suppress the house of 'All, made an insurrection against YazTd, the second khalifa of the house of Umavya, and proclaimed 'Abdullah khalifa in the city of Mecca. 'J'he IMusalmans of Sn-ia also, after the death of Yazid and Mu'awiya the 2nd, acknowledged him for the space of 128 days, after which time Marwfin the son of Hakam was pro- claimed khalifa in the city of Damascus. 'Abdullah still remaining in the city of Mecca, was besieged there in a.d. 691, ah. 72, by Hajjaj, general of the khalifa 'Abdul-Malik. The siege lasted 8 mouths and 17 days, after which 'Abdullah made a sally upon the enemy, destroyed a great number of them with his own hand, and was at length killed fighting valiantly in a.d. 692, a.h. 73. His head was cut off and sent to the khalifa 'Abdul-MaHk. 'Abdullah (j^*^^ ^j ailU-.^:), son of ]\Ias'iid, companion of Muhammad. He died in A.D. 652, A.H. 32. 'Abdullah (^w-L.^ ^^J ailLv-.£), son of 'Ablias, the uncle of Muhammad, was dis- tinguished as a teacher of the sacred book. Before he was ten years of age, he is said to have received inspiration from the angel Gabriel. He was born in a.d. 619, three years before the Ilijra (622), and was con- sidered the ablest interpreter of the Qurivn then in existence. He was appointed governor of Basra, by the khalifa 'Ali, and remained there for some time. He then returned to Hijaz, and died at Tap^» ^ town hing 60 miles eastward of Mecca, in a.d. 687, a.h. 68, aged 70 years. His mother Umm-ul-Fazl was the sister of Maimiina, one of the wives of Muhammad. 'Abdullah (^^.^ ^ aLILv-^), the son of Tahir, the general of Al-Maraiin. lie succeeded his brother Talha in the goveni- ment of Kluirasan about the year a.d. 828, A.H. 213, reigned 17 years, and died in a.d. 844, A.n. 230. He was succeeded by his son Tahir II. 'Abdullah {, ^i A.lJU_-._j: V „.«J1), the son of Tayyib al- Sarakhsi, preceptor to the KhalTfa Mu'tazid Billah, by whom he was put to death a.d. 899, A.H. 286. Heis the author of the Bahr-nl-Mantiq, and IsTulghjl [a. commentaiy on the Isayoge of Porjjhp-as) . 'Abdullah (^-Az ^_ a.l!lA-»c), the son of 'Adiy, author of the Kitah Kanul. lie died in a.d. 975, a.h. 365. 'Abdullah, author of a collection of Letters, entitled Inshd-i-^ Ahdidlah . 'Abdullah {i..^:^ j ^l.^**.* j ^^A-^), the son of Muslim, the son of Qutaiba, was the author of the work called Kitib-iil- maTirif, and several other works. He died in A.D. 889, A.H. 276. 'Abdullah (aAA^^.^^), author of the Persian work on jim.spiiideuce, called AltkUni us-Salat. 'Abdullah ( /.J_< aULu^), of Kul- barga, author of a work called Fars-ndnia, written in a.d. 1407. 'Abdullah (Maulana) (l^y* dULur), son of Ilahdad. He is the author of Shark Mlzan-U-Mauliq, and several other works. He Avas a native of Dehli, flourished in the reisfu of Sultan Sikaudar, and died in a.d. 1516, A.H. 923. 'Abdullah (Maulana), of Sultanpur, a learned bigoted Sunn! at Akbar's Court. He had the title of " Makhdum-ul-]\Iulk." He played a prominent part in the religions discussions which led Akbar to renounce Islam. He died, or was poisoned, in a.ii . 990. [Vide Arn Translation, p. 544, and p. vii. of Abab-J''a:Ps Biograp]nj.'\ 'Abdullah {A^ ^ d.ULw), the son of Salam, author of the questions which Muhammad was asked on the subject of his prophecy. He is also the author of a work called ''A:mat-ul-Manqiil. Another work, called Sazar Masaijil, is ascribed to him. 'Abdullah {sa.s.''* ^ a\]\s^z), son of Muhammad, simiamed QalauisT, an Arabian author. He died in a.d. 1121, a.h. 515. 'Abdullah ( ^.OU ,*iL!r.^'WJiU-.r), the son of 'Al-Yafi'i Shfifi'i, author of the Arabic work called Raiizat-ur-Iiaiiah'tn, con- taining a detailed accoimt of the lives of Muhammad, the twelve Imams, and of all the saints of Arabia, Persia, and Hiudiistau. 'Abdullah Abu-Muslim (^j\ AlJLur ^L^^), author of the Commentary on the Qurf.n, called Sahih Muslim. He was born in A.D. 817, A.H. 202, and died in the year ad. 875, A.H. 261. He is called by some ^Titers Abul-Husain Muslim biu-al-Hajjaj biu' Muslim al-Qushairi, and by others MusUm biu-Hajjaj Xishipiiri, which see. 'Abdullah Ahrar ( ,V-=-^ ^!L\..^), author of the Ma Ifa-zat-i- Kli icoja 'Abd/iUaJi, containing the doctrines of the Xaqshbandis, and of the AnJs-us-Suli/ihi. 'Abdullah Ansari (Khwaja) (aiJU-^ ^'.L^_jO, surnamcd Shaikh Abu Ismii'il, the son of Abii-Mansur, the son of Abii-A}Tnb. He was born at Hiriit in May, A.D. l666, Sha'ban, a.h. 396, and is the founder of the sect called 'Ansarls in Hirat and Kluu-asan. He died on the 2nd July, A.D. 1088, 9th Rabr I. a.h. 481, aged 84 lunar vears, and is buried at Hirat. in a place called "Giizui-gah. 'Abdullah was struck with stones by the boys when he was doing penance, and expired. 'Abdullah bin -'All bin-Abu-Shu'ba al-Halabi {^^A X^ ajv \-£ ^.-J^..s'^ A^xJ^). One of the earliest writers both on the Hadsi and Law of the Imamiva sect. His grandfather, Abu-Shu'ba, is related to have collected traditions in the time of the Imams Hasan and Hnsain. 'Abdullah wrote down these traditions, and presented his work, when completed, to the Imam Ja'far Sudiq. by wh(un it is said to have been verified and corrected. 'Abdullah bin-'Ali, author of the work called Siral-ii!-nin(h, which he ])araphrased from the Persian into the Arabic, for it had been originally translated from Sanskrit into the Persian. 'abdxj 'abdu 'Abdullah bin-Fazl-ullah, of SliTraz, iUitlior 1)1' the Tankli-i- H'axsaf. [The first four vohimes of this work, which may be looked upon as a coutiuuatiou of the Jahan-kusha^, go as far as Sha'bau, 690 (March, 1300). Subsequently, the author added a fifth volume which relates the events down to the year 728 (a.d. 1328) ; vide Elliot'' s Jlitito)-!/ of India, iii. p. 24. 'Ab- nixLAH is also the name of the author of the Turikh-i-Butidl , an Afghan History, written during the reign of Jahungir ; vide Dowson, iv. p. 434.] 'Abdullah Hatifi, vide Hatifi. 'Abdullah Khan Uzbak (^l^L i.]\\x.z C_5o : i) was a renowned officer in the time of Akbar. He was made governor of Mandii (Malwa) in a.d. 1562, and afterwards rebelled against the king, but was defeated and compelled to leave the country. [For further notes, vide Alii Translation, i. p. 320.] 'Abdullah Khan {^jJ\ J^ dU^A-^), chief of the Uzbaks, was the sou of Sikandar Khan, the son of Jani Beg Klian, a descend- ant of Juji Kliiln, son of Chingiz Khan. After the death of his father (during whose life he had several battles with him\ he ascended the thi'one of Samarqand and Buk- hara in A.D. 1582, A.H. 990, invaded Khura- san, and took Hirat after a siege of nine months in a.d. 1585, a.h. 993. Its governor, 'All (iuli Klian, with several other chiefs were put to death, and the city was plundered. He was contemporary with Shah 'Abbas of Persia and Akbar Shah, and died after a reign of 15 years, aged 66, on the 12th February, a.d. 1597, 5th Rajab a.h. 1005. The clu'onogram of the year of his death is "qiyamat qayim shud." He was succeeded by his son 'Al)dul-Miimiu I\hun. 'Abdullah Khan Firuz-Jang (tdI^j>-.£ t—AJ^s^ ;.--.j ..,1-^), ti descendant of K[iwaja 'Alxlullnh Ahriir. lie came to India in the latter end of tlie reign of the emj)eror Akbar, was raised to the rank of 6000 by the emperor Jahauglr, and died in the time of Shah Jahan, a.d. 1644, 17th Shiiwwfd 1054, aged nearly 70 years. 'Abdullah Khan (Sayyid) (a.L!U-..£ cX-.-j ;j;l:s-), styled Qutbul-Mulk, was governor of Allahabad from the time of Bahadur Slifdi, emperor of DehlT, and his younger brother Sayyid Ilusaiu 'All Ivhiin, that of Bihar. These brothers sju-ung from a numerous and respected family of the descendants of the prophet, who were settled in the town of Bfirha, and in consequeuce of this origin, they are best known in India by the name of Sadat, or Sayyids, of Barlia. Farrukh-siyar, who by the aid of these two brothers had ascended the throne of Delili, on his accession in January, a.d. 1713, ah. 1125, made the former his prime minister, M'ith the title of Qutb-ul-Mulk, and appointed the latter Amir-ul-Umara. Ilusain 'Ali Iv[iau was assassinated by Mir Haidar Klian, at the instigation of the emperor Muhammad Shah, on the IStli September, o.s. 1720, 27th Zil-qa'da 1132, and his brother, 'Ab- dullah Khan, who made some resistance, was defeated and taken prisoner on the 4th November following, 14th Muharram 1133, aud died in confinement, after three years, on the 19th September, o.s. 1723, 30th Zil- bijja 1135. The remains of Husain 'All Iviian were transferred to Ajmir for burial. His brother 'Abdullah was biu-ied at Dehli. [Regarding the Saypds of Barha, vide Ahi Translation, i. p. 390 ; and for 'Abdullah Qutb-ul-Mulk, vide Dowson, vii. 447ff.] 'Abdullah Qutb-Shah (c_^Lj aUU-^ il-l), the sixth Sultan of tlie Qutb- Shahi d\Tiasty of Golkonda in Haidarabad, Pecean. He succeeded Muhammad Qutb- Shah, aud reigued many years under the protection of the emperor Shah Jahan, to whom he acknowledged himself tributary, and paid an annual sum ; but in the year a.d. 1656, a.h. 1066, he displeased that monarch, aud brought upon himself much trouble. The enqtcror had commanded him to permit his prime minister, Mir Muhammad Sa'id, and his son Muhammad Amlu, to repair with their effects to coiu-t. Qutb-Shah disobeyed the mandate, and confining Muhammad Amin, then at Haidarabad, seized part of his wealth. The prince Aiirangzlb, then governor of the imperial territories in the Deccan, enraged at this conduct, marched to Haidaral)ad, which he took aud plundered. 'Abdullah tvas obliged to purchase pardon by a contribution of a crore of Rupees, and the gift of his daughter in marriage to the son of his enemv, the prince Sultan Muhammad. From this time 'Abdullah, during the remainder of his life, was, in fact, a vassal of the empire. 'Abdullah Qutb-Shah died in June, a.d. 1674, Rabi I., a.h. 1085, and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Abul-Hasan. 'Abdullah Mansur (,^..^.:^* ^), the Turkish emperor of Coustautinople, was born on the 23rd April, 1823, and succeeded his father Mahmiid II. on the 2ud July, a.d. 1839, A.H. 1277. He died ou the 25th June, 1861, aged 39 years, aud was succeeded by his brother 'Abdul- 'Aziz. 'Abdul-Majid Khan ( entitled Majd-ud daula, a uolilemau who was promoted by Ahmad Shah of Dehli to tlie post of 3rd Bakhshigarl or payinastcrship. iu A.D. 1748, A.H. 1161. He died iu the year 1752, A.u. 1165. 'AEDU 10 'ABDU ♦Abdul-Majid (Shaikh) (s.^^'\ s^s^ t ^**'), a learned man who flourished in the time of Shall Jahan, and_ wrote_ a history of that emperor entitled &Iia/i Jahan- nama. [This seems to be a mistake for 'Abdul- Hamld.] 'Abdul-Malik {J^>j-^ ^i lLnU!^ S^), the son of Marwan I. and the 5th Khalifa of the house of Uma}7a (Ommaides). He succeeded his father" "at Damascus, on the 13th April, a.d. 685, 3rd Ramazan, a.h. 65, surpassed his predecessors in military exploits, and extended his power as far as Sjiain in the ■west, aud India in the east. He was so gjenerous as not to take a church from the Christians, which they had refused to grant him when he requested it. He was called Ahul-Zubab or "father of flies," because his breath was so offensive, that it killed the very flies that settled on his lips. He reigned upwards of 21 lunar years and died in October, A.D. 705, Shiiwwal, A.H. 86. He was suc- ceeded by Walid I. the eldest of his sixteen sons, who greatly extended the Moslem dominions. 'Abdul-Malik (JU ^^j CS1^\ S.s.), the son of Salih, the son of 'Abdullah, the son of 'Abbfis, was related in blood to the prophet Muhammad ; was invested by Ilariiu- ur-Rashid, the Klialifa of Baghdad, with the government of Egypt, in which he continued till about the "year a.d. 794, ah. 178, when Hariin, suspecting that he was engaged in some cabals, in order to obtain the empire, threw him into prison, where he remained till Hariin' s death. His son re- leased him, and invested him with the govern- of Syria, a.d. 809, a.m. 193. 'Abdul-Malik ( _,,ii. ,.p^ uJ^A^^ A-sx), the son of Zuhr, an eminent Aralnan physician, commonly called by Europeans Avenzur, a corruption of Ibn-Zuhr. His full name is Abu-Marwan 'Abdul-Malik ibn- Zuhr. He flourished about the end of the ilth or the beginning of the 12th century. He was of noble descent, aud born at Sevilla, the capital of Andalusia, where he exercised his profession with great reputatiou. His grandfather and father were both physicians. It is said that he lived to the age of 135; that he began to practice at 40 or, as others say, at 20 ; and had the advantage of a longer experience than almost any one overbad, for he enjoyed perfect health to his last hour. He left" a son, also known by the name of Ibn-Zuhr, who followed his" father's pro- fession, Avas in great favour with Al-Mansiir, emperor of Morocco, and wrote several treatises on ])hysic. Avenzur wrote a book, entitled Tuyi'smr fi-l-niHdairdt wdt-ladbir, which is much esteemed. This work was translated into Hebrew in a.d. 1280, and thence into Latin by I'aravicius, whose versitm has had several editions. The author added a supplement to it, imder the title of Jami^, or Collection. He also wrote a treatise F'tl-adu'iijat u'al-aghziyat, i.e., of medicines and food, wherein he treats of their qualities. Ibn-Znhr was contemporary with Ibn-Eashid (AveiToes), who more than once gives him a very high and deserved encomium, calling him admirable, glorious, the treasxu-e of all know- ledge, and the most su])reme in medicine from the time of Galen to his own. 'Abdul-Malik ((_jC.L^J\ s*£.), king of Fez and Morocco, was dethroned by his nephew Muhammad, but he afterwards de- feated Sebastian, king of Portugal, who had lauded in Africa to support the usiu-per. The two African monarchs and Sebastian fell on the field, a.d. 1578 (a.h. 986). 'Abdul-Malik (Khwaja), a native of Samarqand who held the oflice of Shaikh -ul- Islam in that city in the reign of Amir Timur. 'Abdul-Malik Samani I. {i,'_<,£ _jl_^l_,»;), a king of the house of Sumau, and son of Amir Niih I., whom he succeeded in a.d. 954 (a.h. 343). He reigned in Kluirasan and Mawaran-nahr seven and a half years, aud was killed by a fall from his horse while plajing at ball in a.d. 961 (a.h- 350). He was succeeded by his brother Amir Mausur I. 'Abdul-Malik Samani II. {CSW>\ S^ .)Vt\J), an Amir of the house of Sfiman, was elevated to the throne of Klurrasan, after his brother Amir Mansur II. in a.d. 998 (a.h. 388). He was tlie last Amir, or king, of the race of the Samauides. He reigned only a few months, and was defeated in battle against Sultan jVIahmiid of Gliazni in a.d. 999, who took possession of his country. 'Abdul-Malik was shortly after murdered. 'Abdul-Manaf (t_iU^n j.,x), or 'Ahd- Maniif, {i.e. slave of the idol Manaf) the great-great-grandfather of Muhammad, was the son of Qusa\w, who aggrandised the tribe oi the (Juraisli liy juirchasing the keys of the Ka'ba from Abu-Ghassan, a weak and silly man, for a bottle of wine. Qiisayy was succeeded by his second son 'Abdul-Manaf, to whom the ])r()])hetic light, which is said to have manilV'slcd itself in his face, gave the right of ]ii-iiiiogeuilure. After his death his son Ilashini, tlie father of 'Abdul-Muttalib, succeeded. ['Aiu)-j\[an.\f is also the name of a sou of the I'rophet, who died in infancy.] 'abdu 11 AEDU 'Abdul-Mannan (Mir) L^ ^L^!^ ^~), son of Mir Nii'miiu Kluiu, son of Kliwaja 'Abcliu--RahTm lOiau of Andijau. lie served under the celebrated Nizam-ui-Mulk Asaf-Jali in the Deccan for several years, was an excellent poet, and is known under the poetical name of 'Ibrat. 'Abdul-Mumin {^^^y^\ S^s.), a man of obscure origin and son of a potter, who seized the crown of Morocco, after destroying the royal family. He extended his dominions by the conquest of Tunis, Fez, and Tremezen. He meditated the invasion of Spain, wdien death stopped his career in a.u. 1156. His son Yusuf who succeeded him, carried his ambitions into effect. 'ATDdul-Mumin Khan ( .^«^.x»..n s.^.s: jjlrs-), the son of AbduUah Khan, chief of the Uzbaks, was raised to tlie throne after the death of his father at Samarqand in the year a.d. 1597, a.h. 1005. He took Masliad and put the inhabitants to the sword. He w'as soon after assassinated by his own officers in A.D. 1598, a.h. 1006; the chrono- gram of his death being contained in the words " Badbaldit-i-sar-burida." After Iris death, Din INIuhammad Klian, the son of 'Abdullah Ivhau"s sister, was placed on the throne ; but he fell shortly after, in a battle fought at Hirat, against Shah 'Abbas, king of Persia. 'Abdnl-Muttalib (^^Lkjl S^), the grandfather of Midiammad, the son of Hashim of the tribe of Qnraish. He is said to have been extremely affable and easy of access, as well as just and generous. The well which God shewed Hagar the mother of Ishmael, in the wilderness, is said to have been miraculously discovered to 'Abdul-Mut- talib, about five himdi-ed years after it had been filled up by 'Amr, prince of the Jorhomites. The well is called Zainzam by the Arabs and is on the east side of the Ka'ba, covered with a small biulding and cupola. Its water is highly reverenced, being not only received with particular devotion by the pilgrims, but also sent in bottles as a great rarity to most parts of the Muhammadan dominions. 'Abdul -Muttalib had ton sons whose names are as follows : Abii-Talib, the father of 'AlT ; 'Abbas, the ancestor of the Abbasides who reigned at Baghdad ; Haniza ; Haris ; Abii-Lahab; Abdullah, the father of Muhammad ; Al-Maqawwam ; Zubair ; Zirar ; Qusam. His younger son 'Abdullah, the father of Muhammad, dying eight days after the birth of his son, 'Abdul-Muttalib was obliged to take care of his grandson Muhamniad, whicli he not only did during his life, but at his death enjoined his eldest son Abu-Talib to provide for him for the future. 'Abdul-^riittalib died about the year A.I). 579, at which time Muhammad was about ei;'ht years old. 'Abdul-Nabi (Shaikh) ( ^.■A\ S^.£. e r-'*), son of Shaikh Ahmad, and grandson of Shaikh 'Abdid-Quddus of Gan- goh. He was the tutor of the Emperor Akbar, and was honoured with the post of Sadr-us-Sadar (Chief Justice). No Sadr ciuring any former reign had so much favour. The Emperor was for some time so intimate and unceremonious with him that he would rise to adjust the Shaikh's slippers when he took his leave. At last, through the enmity of Maulana 'Abdullah Makhdura-nl-Mulk [vide p. 6) and others, he fell in Akbar's estima- tion, and began to be treated very differently. He was banished to Mecca, aiid after his return was murdered in the year a.d. 1583 (A.H. 991). [Vide 'Ayn Translation, i. pp. 538, 546, and p. xiii (AhiUTazVs BiorjrnphyJ ; and Proc. As. Soc. Boigal, January, 1S76.] 'Abdul - Nabi Khan served under Aurangzib, and built the large Mosque at Mathura. [Vide Froe. As. S'jc. Bengal, 1873, p. 12.] 'Abdul-Rahim bin-Alimad Sur (j^^^ ..^ Sa,^\ ^i >-»r^^n), author of the Persian Dictionary Kashf-ul-Li((jh~it. [Vide Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, for 1808, p. 9.] 'Abdul-Rahim Khan (^_*.>. Jl j._-._£ j^Ul-ri- i.A->- ^^^), Khan Klianan, commonly called IChan Mirza, was the son of Bairam Kliiin, the first prime -minister of the emperor Akbar. He was born on the 17th December, a.d. 1556 (14th Safar a.h. 964) and was only four years old when his father was assassinated. "When of age, he received a command in the force attached to the emperor's person. In 1584 he was one of the commanders of the array sent to Gujarat, and on the conclusion of the campaign, was made head of the army. On Todar Mai's death (1589) he was made prime-minister. His daughter Jani Begam was married to prince Danyal in the year a.d. 1599 (a.h. 1007). He" translated the Wdqi'nt-i-Bnharl (Memoirs of the emperor Babar) from Turk! into Persian. After Akbar's death he served under Jahangir for 21 years, and died a few months before that emperor, shortly after the suppression of Mahabat Ivliau's rebellion, in the year a d. 1627 (a.h. 1036^ aged 72 lunar years, and lies buried at Drhli near the Dariiah of Shaikh Nizam-uddin Auliya, where his tonib is to be seen to this day. His poetical name was Eabim. [For ad, lulion, i. p. 331. J (1 biiigra))hy, vide A'ln Trans- 'ABDU 12 'abdu 'Abdul-Rahim (,„^.:^^\ S.^~), one of the principal nobles wlio joined Prince Khusrau iu liis rebellion against his father Jahiiugir in a.d. 1606. He was taken prisoner with the prince and bronnht to the einperor at Labor ; by whose order he was sewn up in the raw hide of an ass, kept constantly moist with water, in which miser- able condition he remained twenty-four hours. He was afterwards pardoned. [Vide Aln TrandatioH, i. p. ^oii.'] ■Abdul-RaMm Klian (Khwaja) (a-x i^\^ ^^ ♦-.j-J^), tlie son of Abul- Qasim. He was a native of Andijan iu Farghana, came to India in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan, and served under Aurangzib for several years. He died iu A.D. 1692 (A.H. 1103.) 'Abdul-Ralimaii ( .j1 ..ui^s^jl\ Je-_c J, ST'*), the son of Muljim, the murderer of 'All, son-in-law of Muhammad. He was killed by Hasan, son of 'All, in January, a.d. 661 (Ramazan a.h. 40). [No Shi 'a would now-a-days call his son 'Abd-ul Rahman, just as no orthodox Mu- hammadan would call his son Yazid.] 'Abdul-Rahman {^^\ ^j.a^::^j1\ S.^-z _C»»_'^), the son of Abu-Bakr, first Khalifa after Muhammad, and brother to 'Ayisha, the favourite wife of the prophet. He died iu the same year that his sister died, i.e., in a.d. 678, a.h. 58. 'Abdul-Rahman ( ._j ._ J .W S.^z {^Ji^>- s^s^), the son of Muhammad Hanif son of 'Ali. He raised a formidalde power against Ilajjaj, the governor of Arabia, defeated him in several battles, and at last, rather than fall into his hands, threw himself from a house and died, ^.d. 701, a.h. 82. 'Abdul -Rahman, a popukr Afghan poet of Peshawar. His verses are written with fiery energy, which has made them popular amongst a martial people, and yet ■with natural simplicity which is charming to the lover of jioetry. Not far from the city is his grave, situated on the road to Hazar- khana, the poet's native village. 'Abdul-Rahman (^_^_^-^Jl A_*_£), a Saracen general of the Wialifa llisham (called by some of our authors Al)deram(>s) ■who penetrated into Aquitain and I'oitou, and was at last defeated and slain by Charles Martcl near Poitcrs, in a.d. 732, a.h. 111. 'Abdul-Rahman Mustafa ( .,^2^ .1! Jk-.^ ^Jin^y*), who in Watkin's Biographi- cal Dictionary is called Babacauschi, was mufti of the city of Caifa, in Tauris. He wrote a book called The Friend of Princes. He died iu a.d. 1381, a.h. 783. 'Abdul-Rahman ( ..^^^ J\ ^.^z), also called by old writers Abderamcs, a descendant of the Khalifas of the house of Umayya. He was invited to come to Spain, in a.d. 756, A.H. 139, by the Saracens who had revolted; and after he had conquered the whole king- dom, he assumed the title of king of Cordova. He was the founder of the Omniaidcs of Spaiu, who reigned above two hundred aud fifty years from the Atlantic to the Pyi-enees. He died in a.d. 790, a.h. 174, after reigning 32 years. 'Abdul-Rahman lehi (.-^♦^sw J\ jk.-^£ ^_=srl), or Ijl, the father of Qazi 'Azd-uddln of Shiraz, a learned man and native of Ich, a town situated 40 farsakhs from Shiraz. 'Abdul-Rahman (^.^^--il -V-.^), called by us Abderamts, a petty prince in the king- dom of Morocco, who murdered 'Iniad-uddin, his predecessor and nephew, and was himself after a long reign assassinated by a chieftain whose death he meditated, a.d. 1505, a.h. 911. 'Abdul-Rahman, the Sultan of Fez and Morocco, born 1778, was rightfid heir to the throne when his father died ; but was supplanted by his uncle, after whose death he ascended the throue in 1823. His eldest son Sidi Muhammad (born 1803) is heir to the throne. 'Abdul-Rahman Khan ( .^-^ Jl s^s- ^jL~-.), Nawab of Jhajjar, who on account of his rebellion diu-ing the mutiny of the uative troops in a.d. 1857, a.h. 1274, was found guilty and executed at DehlT before the Kotwali on the 23rd December of the same year. He was a descendant of Xajabat 'AH Khan, to whom in 1800, when Sir G. Barlow was Governor- General of India, were granted the large territorial possessions held by the late Nawab, yielding a yearly revenue of 125 lacs, and consisting of jhajjar, Badli, Karannd with its fort, Narnaul, etc. In addition to these, expressly for the purpose of kee])ing up 400 horsemen, the territory of Badwfiu and Dadrt was granted. Up to May, 1857, he had always been looked upon as a staun('h friend of the British Government ; but when the rebellion burst forth, he forgot all his obligations to the British, and sided with the rebels. ABDU 13 'ABDU 'Abdul-Raliman Khan (^^s- J\ ^^z ^l_rs.), Sadr-us-Sudur of Kanlipm- (Cawnpore), a rebel and a staunch supporter of Nana Sahib, when that rebel commeuced his career. He was hanged at Kanhpiir, in June, 1858, a.h. 1274. 'Abdul - Rahman Sulami (Shaikh), author of the Tabaqat Sufii/a, a work on Sufism. He died in a.d.' 1021, a.h. 412. He is also called Abu-'Abdur-rahman. 'Abdul-Rahman, son of 'Abdul-'Aziz NaqshbandT, the father-in-law of Salaiman Shikoh, who married his dauuhter in a.h. 1062, the 25th year of Shah Jaban. 'Abdul-Rahman Chishti {^a.>~ ■ ), author of the Mir -at -i- Mas'ud'i, which contains the legendary history of Siilar Mas'ud QliazT, bm-ied at I5abraicli in Audh. 'Abur-rahman died during the reign of Aurangzlb in a.h. 1094. [For extract translations vide Dowson, Eliiofs History of Indin, ii. p. 513. An Urdu translation of the Mir-at-i-Mcs'Rdi was lithographed at Kanhpiir a.h. 1287, imder the title of Gh.nza-numa-i-Mas'ud.'] 'Abdul-Rashid (A-.-i^l '^^), was the son of Sultan Mas'ud, of Gliazni. He began to reign, after deposing and confining his brother 'Ali, in a.d. 1052, a.h. 443. He had reigned but one year, when Tughril, one of his nobles, assassinated him and mounted the throne of GliaznT. Tughril reigned only forty days, and was miu-dered on the Persian New Year's day in jNlarch a.d. 1053, a.h. 444, when Farrukh/.ad, a brother of 'Abdur- Easbid, succeeded him. 'Abdul-Rashid (Mir) ( ^ -V^J^ -V-^), son of 'Abdid-Ghafur-ul-HnsainT. He lived in the time of the emperor ShJih Jahan, and wrote chronograms on his accession to the throne of Dehli in a.d. 1628, a.h. 1037. He is the author of the Persian Dictionary called Farhang-i-Rasludl, also of the Mtm- takhab - ul- Lngliat, a very useful Arabic Dictionary, Mith Persian exjilanations, dedi- cated to the emperor Shah Jahan. Another work of his is called Risala-i-Mu^arrabat. The Farhaiig-i-Rashidi, which was written in 1064 (a.d. 1653), is the first critical dictionary of the Persian language, and has been printed by the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [Vide Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 1868, p. 20.] V' J^ J.-.. 'Abdul-Rashid Khan (^ ^W-), son of Sultan ALu-Sa id Khan, king of Kiishghar. He was the contemporary of Humayun, the emperor of Dehli. Mirza Haidar, author of the TarlML-i-Manhidi, dedicated his work to him. \_]'ide Dowson, _^//to<'s Historij of India, V. p. 127 ; and Ain Translatio)i, i. p. 460.] 'Abdul-Razzaq ( •i\\j^\ J*-*.^), a chief of the Sarbadals of Sabzwar. He was at first enii)loyed by Sultan Abu-Sa*id Klian as a Yasawal, or mace-bearer, but after his death, when confusion took place, he possessed him- self of Klmrasan in a.d. 1336, ah. 737, and was slain, after one year and two mouths, by his brother, "Wajih-uddin Mas'ud, in September, 1337, Safar a.h. 738. Mas'ud reigned seven years, and was deposed by his brother Shams-uddin, who after a reign of four years and nine mouths was slain at Sabzwar by Haidar Qussab. After him Amir Yabya Qirati made himseh master of Kliurasan, and gave the command of his troops to Haidar Qassilb. In the month of December a.d. 1353, a.h. 754, Yabya slew Tughan Timur, a descendant of the Mughul kings, in battle, and was himself slain by his nobles, after he had reigned four years aud eight months. After him they raisid Kliwaja Lutf-ullah, the son of Ivhwaja Mas'ud to the masnad. He was slain after a short time by Hasan DamgbauT, who reigned four years and four montlis, when Kliwaja 'All Muayyad slew him, aud reigned eighteen years in Kiim'asan, after which he made over ills country to Amir Timur, who passed Khurasan "in a.d. 1380, a.h. 782. 'Ali Muayyad was Idlled in a battle in the year 1386, a.h. 788, and with him terminated the power of the Sarbadals. 'Abdul-Razzaq, Kamal-nddTn, son of Jalal-uddiu Is-haq, born at Hirat on the 12th Sha'ban, 816 (6th November, 1413). He is author of the historical work entitled 'Matla'-us-sa'-dain. He died in 887 (a.d. 1482 J. [ Vide below i)i voc. Kanial, and Dowson, iv. p. 90.] 'Abdul-Razzaq, the son of Mirza ITlugh Beg, the emperor Efibar's uncle. Ho was killed by the command of that monarch, before his invasion of India, for raising disturbances at Kabid, about a.d. 1509, A.H. 915. 'Abdul-Razzaq(Mulla)(^j^ ■i\' A\ S^z), of Labijan, author of the Ganhar-i-Murad, a dissertation on the creation of the world, and the pre-eminence then given by God to man, dedicated to Shah Abbas II. of Persia. He lived aliout the year a.d. 1660, a.h. 1072. His poetical name is Fayyaz. 'Abdul-Salam {^.ajs.'-* ^jj *LJ\ J*-r), son of Muhammad, a celebrated learned man, and author of the Tafi'ir Knb'ir, a commentary on the (iuran. He tlied in the year .v.i). 1095, A.H. 488. 'abdu 14 'abdu 'Abdul-Salam (Qazi) ( JL^J^ A_--c ^J^\s-i ^_JU), of Badaon, son of 'Ata - 111 - Ilaqq. lie is the axitlior ()f the commeutary called Tafsh- Zad-ul-Akhiral, in Unlu, consistiuo- of 200,000 verses, whicli he completed about the year a.d. 1828, a.h. 1244, as the name of the work shows. •Abdul-Salam, a famous philosopher and physician, who died at Damascus in a.d. 1443, A.H. 847. 'Abdul-Salam (Mulla) {A^\ S^s^ L.), of Lahor, a pupil of Amir Fath-uUah Shirazi. He died in the year a.d. 1628, a.h. 1037. [Vide Am Translation, i. p. 545.] 'Abdul-Salam (Mulla), of DehlT, was the pupil of Mulla 'Abdus-Salam of Lahor. He wrote the Sliarh, or marj^iual mites, on the commentaries called Tahzlb, 31annr, etc., and is also the author of the work on Sulism, in Arabic, called Hall-ur-Uumuz. 'Abdul Samad (jk./«>.^\ ^^, uncle of the two first Khalifas of the house of 'Abbas, died at a great age during the khilafat of Hariiu-ur-Rashid, in the year a.d. 801, a.h. 185. It is said of him that he never lost a tooth, for both the upper and lower jaws were each of one single piece. 'Abdul-Samad (Khwaja) (x*.^Jl s.^ J._r»-L_r?-), a noble of Akbar's court, also well-known as a caligrapher. He was the father of Sharif, Amir-ul-Umara, imder Jahangir (vide Aln Translation, i. pp. 495, 517), and had the title of " Shirin-Qalam," or sweet-pen. 'Abdul - Samad, nephew of Shaikh Abul-Fazl, secretary to the emperor Akbar. He is the compiler of the work called Inslia- i- Abul-Fazl, which he collected and published in the year a.d. 1606, a.h. 1015. 'Abdul-Samad Khan ( IrL ^^A \ S^s-), styled Nawab Samsam-iiddaula Bahadur - Jang, was the son of K[iwaja 'Abdul- Karim, a descendant of Kliwaja 'Ubaid-ullali Ahrar. The native country of his father was Samar- qand, but he was born at Agra. In his childhood, he went with his father to Samar- qand, where he completed his studies. In the reign of Aurangzib he returned to ludia, and was, at liis first introduction to tlie emperor, raised to the rank of 600, and alter a short time to that of 1500, witli the title of Khan. In the reign of Jahandar Shah, the rank of 7000 and the title of 'Ali-Jang were conferred on him. He was made governor of Lahor, in tlie time of Farrukh-siyar, and was sent with a great army against tlie Sikhs, whom he defeated and made prisoners with Bauda their chief. He was made governor of Multan by the emperor Muhammad Shiih, with the title of Samsam-uddaiila, and his sou, Zakariya Khan, Subadrir of Lahor. He died in a.d. 1739, during the invasion of Nadir Shah. [The histories call him " Diler-jang," not "Ali-jang"; vide also Dowson, vii. pp. 456, 491, 511.] 'Abdul-Samad Khan ( IrU sa^ \ S^z), Faujdar of Sarhind, distinguished himself in the Maratha Wars, and was at last beheaded by Bluio in a.h. 1174 (a.d. 1760). \_Vide Dowson, viii. p. 278.] 'Abdul-Shukur (Maulana) ( ,.-^ ^^J l_jIj&»JO, author of the Arabic work on theology, called Anivur Ahinadiija, written in a.d. 1548. 'Abdul-Wahhab, or Muhammad bin- 'Alxlul-Wahhab, founder of the sect of the '^^'allhabis, was horn at Huraimala, in the province of Najd, in Arabia, about the year a.d. 1750. 'Abdul- Wahid (a^\^!1 ^^z), author of the Sab'a Sanubll, essays on the duties of Instructor and Student, written iu the year A.D. 1561, A.H. 969. 'Abdul-Wahid (Mir) (^^,„ s^\j\\ s^r), a native of Bilgram, in Audh, whose poetical name was Shahidi. He died iu his native couuti-y on the Uth of December, a.d. 1608, 3rd Ivamazau, a.h. 1017. His son's name was Mir 'Abdul-Jalil the father of Sayyid Uwais, whose son's name was Saj-yid Barkat- nUah. 'abdtj 15 ABU-'A •Abdul-Wahid (Mir), of Bilgram. He wrote nuclei- two assumed names, viz. : "NYahid aud Zaiiqi, was an excellent poet in Persian and in Hindi, and is the author of a work in prose and verse, called f^hakar-iston-i- KhiniTd, wherein he has mentioned the names of all kinds of sweetmeats. lie was killed on the 13th October, a.d. 1721, Friday, 2nd Mnharram, a.h. \\M, in an affray with the ZaniTudars of Eahun, in the Paujab, the settlement of which place was entrusted to his father Sa}-)-id Muhammad Ashraf. 'Abdul-Wahidi, a Turkish poet, autlior of a Diwan, comprising 30 Qasidas, 200 Ghazals, 29 Tarikhs, aud 54 Euba'is. 'Abdul-Wasi' of Hansi (t_.^^^Jl s.^z ^4_Au._jl_Ji»), author of a Persian grammar, called after his name, Itisala-i- '■Ahdul-Wasi. He flourished in the last century, and is also the author of a Hindu- stani Dictionary, entitled Gharuib-ul-Lughut . [For fiu'ther notes, vide Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, for 1887, p. 121.] 'Abdul -Wasi' Jabali {x j^»il wV-.-c ^l-j>-), a celebrated poet of Persia, who flourished about the year a.d. 1152, a.h. 547, iu the time of Sultan Bahram Shah, son of Sultan Mas'iid, of GliazuT, and Sultan Sanjar Saljuc|i, in whose praise he wrote several beautiful panegjTics. He died in the year a.d. 1160, a.h. 555. "Jabal" means a mountain, and as he was a native of Gliurjistan, a mountainous country, he chose "Jabali" for his poetical title; vide Jabali. \_Vide Sprenger, Catalogue of Oudh MSS. p. 443.] Abengnefil (a corruption of an Arabian name, spelt so in Lempriere's Biograpliical Dictionary), was an Arabian physician of the 12tli century, aud author of a book, the translation of M'hich, entitled Be virtittihns VH'dicinKrum et cihorum, was printed at Venice in Ibol ; folio. 'Abhai Singh {i^t^^ ^^1 ^=T^j^> ^H^ of Jodlipiii', who had acquired his power by the murder of his father, Efija Ajit Singh Eathauri in the beginning of the reign of Muhammad Shah, emperor of Dehli, about the year a.d. 1726, a.h. 1139. He served under the emperor, aud having in a battle defeated Sarbaland Kliau, the usurper of Gujrat, was appointed governor of that province in a.d. 1727, a.h. -1140; but his younger brother Baklit Singh succeeded his father to the Eaj of Jodhpiir. Abliai Siugh was poisoned in a.d. 1752, and after his death his sou Bijai Singh succeeded him. 'Abi Bakr, author of the Jairuhir-ul- GaiiJ, and of another work on Siitism, caHed Marsad-ul- 'Ibud. 'Abi Bakr Muhammad (jk^.s'*ij j\), author of an Arabic work in prose entitled Adnb-id-Kitab, written in a.d. 984, a.h. 374. 'Abid Khan (^l>. S^}^, a nobleman on whom Aurangzib conferred the Siibadar- ship of Multan. Abjadi (^a.^1), the poetical name of ]\rir Muhammad Ismfi'il Khan, tutor of the Nawab 'Umdat-ul-Umara of the Karnatik, who made him a present of 6700 Es. on the completion of the history, called Anwar- nan, a, a masnawi, or epic, containing an account of the exploits of Nawab Anwar Klian, the father of the patron of the author. It was completed iu a.d. 1760 (a.h. 1174), aud in 1774 the title of Malik-ush-shu' ara, or poet laureate, was conferred on the author. [ Vide Abdi.] 'Abq.a Khan i^J^ U.-^), vide Aba Qaan. Abrakh Khan (^A:>- ^^A) (the son of Qizilbash Khan Afshar, governor of the fort of Ahmadnagar, who died there in the 22nd year of Shah Jahan) was a nobleman of high rank in the time of 'Alamgir. A few years before his death, he was appointed governor of Barar, where he died on the 24th of JiUy, A.D. 1685, 3rd Eamazan, a.h. 1096. Abru (. j\), vide Hafiz Abru. Abru (, J 1 ), poetical name of Shah Xajm-uddiu, of Dehll, alias Shah Mubarak, who flemished iu the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah. He died in a.h. 1161. {Vide Sprenger, Oudh MSS., p. 196.] Abtin (^j..^:\ ), the father of Faridun, seventh king of Persia of the first, or Peshdil- diau, dynasty. Abtiu pretended that he derived his origin from Jamshed, king of Persia of the same dynasty. Abu-'Abbas (. -.Lc _j.'U, the first kha- lifa of Baghdad, of the race of 'Abbas. [J'ufcAbul- 'Abbas.] Abu-'Abdullah (^.ULus _j_'l). There are three Muhammadan .saint.s of this name, whose lives are writt(>n by Abu-Ja'far. The first is sm-named (iuraishi, because he was of the family of the Quraisliites, aud a native of Mecca. The second bore the name of Iskandar, and the thii'd that of Jauhiui. ABU-A 16 ABU-A Abu-'Abdullah Bukhari, r?We ^Nliiham- niiul Isnia'il BukhfirT. Abu-'Abdullah, Muhammad Fazil, son of SaATid Ahmad, the son of Saj-j-id Hasan of Agra, author of the poem called MnMir- ul- Wusir'n, written in praise of Mnhanimad and his descendants, with the dates of their respective deaths in verse. The title of the book is a chronogram for a.h. 1106, in which year it was completed, corresponding with A.D. 1650. He Unnrished in the time of 'AlamgTr, and died in the year a.d. 1694. He is" also called Mazhar-iil-Haciq, which see. Abu-'AbdullahCi QK^ ^\d]^\s^zy\), commonly called Ibn-Malik, author of the Shark S'lh'h BiikharK He died at Damascus in A.D. 1273 (a.h. 672). Abu-'Abdullali, the surname of Shafi I, which see. Abu-'Abdullah {sa.^\ ^J a.UL\-c ^\ ^^lr_jj ^j\.^.)\), the son of Ahmad Ansari, an author, of Cordova, who died a.d. 1272 (a.h. 671). 'Abu-'Abdullah {^s^^ d}iS\s^z y\), Hamuli, son of Ahii-Nasr, author of the ■work called Jrini^baina-l- Srihlhain , and the history of Andalusia, called Tarikh Viidulus. The former comprehends the collections of al-Bukhari and Muslim, and has a great reputation. He died in a.d. 1095 (a.h. Abu-'Abdullah Maghribi (aULv LJ" jt.-^), named Muhammad bin- Isma'il, tutor of Ibrahim Kjiawas, Ibrahim Shaiban of Kirmiiushah, and of Abu-Bakr of Bikand, and pupil of Abul-Husain Zarrin of Hirat. Abu-'Abdullah died in the year a.d. 911 (a"h. 299), and was buried on Mount Sinai. Abu-'Abdullah Muhammad (
j^ ^A ^xj j), son of Sa d, son of ZangT, one of the Atabaks of Persia, who reigned at Shlrilz for thirty-five yeai's, and died in the year a.d. 1260, a.h. 658. The celebrated Sbaildi Sa'dl of Shlriiz dedicated his Gulistan to him in a.d. 1258. ABII-D 19 ABU-I Abu-Darda Oj,J ^\), a companion of Muhammnd, who was governor of Syria, iu the time of the Khalifa 'Umar. Abu-Daud Sulaiman bin-al- Asli'as (i.j-^x-i))Il i^J ^[^^1^ JJ^J^J^), sur- named Al-Sijistani, author of a Eitdb i/s- Sunan, wliichcoutaius4, 800 traditions, selected from a collection made by him of 500,000. It is considered the fourth book of the Sunua. He was born in a.d. 817, a.h. 202, and died at Basra iu a.d. 888, a.h. 275. Abu - Daud Sulaiman bin - 'Uqba surnamed Az-Zahiri. He is the translator and commentator of Euclid in Arabic. He was also the foimder of a Suuui sect, but had few followers, and was called Az-Zahiri, because he founded his system of jurisprudence on the exterior {zahir), or literal meaning of the Quran and the traditions, rejecting the qiyas. He was born at Kufa a.d. 817, a.h. 202, and died at Baghdad in a.d. 883, a.h. 270. Some authors say that he died a.h. 275 (a.d. 888). He was a great partisan of Shafi'i. Abu - Hafs al - Bukhari {^faJ..p- .j\ ^.Lsa.^), a mufti of Bukhara, and a very rigid- Musalman. He was sm'uamed Al-Kabir, the Great, to distinguish him from his son, who was siu-named Al-Saghir, the Little, or the Younger, and was also a learned teacher, but not so famous as his father. Abu-Hafs Haddad, Amr, son of Sa- lama, of Xishapur, a saint, who died in a.h. 264. Abu-Hafs 'Umar ( ..j .^£ ^_^-i->- yA ,^A.s>.\), son of Ahmad, author of 330 works, among which are Targhib and Tufslr and Masnad. He died iu a.d. 995, a.h. 385. Abu - Hafs 'Umar al - Grhaznawi surnamed Siraj-uddin, a follower of Abii- Hanifa, and author of the Arabic work called Zubdat-ul-Afikcnii, which expounds the prac- tical statutes of the different doctrines of the four Sunnl sects. He died in a.d. 1371, a.h. 773. Abu-Hamid (Imam) {jX^\ Ju^Ljs- y^\ ^lui S^s.^ j^j), son of Muhammad, sm-uamed Ghazzall. He is the author of the Arabic work on theology, called Ihyau- 'ulum-iddJn, and of many other works. He died in a.d. 1111, a.h. 505. \_Vide Gliazzali.] Abu - Hamza bin - Nasr al - Ansari (^_^.l.^j^\ .^j j^ i\y^:>- %!\), surnamed Aus bin Malik, was one of the six authors most approved for Muhammadan traditions. He died at Basra, in the year a.d. 710, a.h. 91, aged 103 years, after having begot 100 children. He was the last that was styled Sahaba, that is to say, friends, companions, and contemporaries of Muhammad. Abu-Hanifa (Imam) (*t*l iji.^j:..s>. ^\), Tide Hanifa. Abu-Haraira {s iJb ^)\), that is "father of the kitten," so nicknamed by Muhammad, because of his fondness for a cat, which he always carried about with him. He was so constantly called by this name, that his true name is not known, nor his pedigree. He was such a constant attendant upon Muham- mad, that a great many traditions go under his name ; so many, indeed, that the multi- tude of them make people suspect them. Nevertheless, others receive them without hesitation as of undoubted authority. He was Qazi of Mecca in the time of 'Usman. He died in the year a.d. 679, a.h. 59. Abu-Husain Zarrin i^lj] fji:^'^ ^v^y of Hirat, and master of Abu- 'Abdullah Maghribi. He died at the age of 120. Abu-Hatim (*jl_s- ^^\), a celebrated Musalman lawyer. [ Vide Hatim, surnamed Al-Asamm.] Abu-IbraMm Ismail ( ^t.^ ♦-Jb^J \ y ^ ^jj^\ ^-t-=K ^J^^X ^^^ 0^ Yahya al- Mazani, a distinguished disciple of Imam Shafi'i, and author of the J ami' Sughhir and other works. He died in the year a.d. 878, a.h. 264. He was the most celebrated amongst Shafi'i' s followers for his acquaint- ance with the legal system and juridicial decisions of his preceptor, and for his know- ledge of the traditions. Amongst otherworks, he -^Tote the Mukhtasir, the Mamur, the Rasail-ul-MuHahira, and the Kitah-id- TFas/iiq. The Mnkhtnsir is the basis of_ all the treatises composed on the legal doctrines of Shafi'T, who himself entitled Al-Mazani "the champion" of his doctrine. Abu-Is-haq, son of Alptigin, indepen- dent governor of Ghazni. Abu-Is-bru[ handed over the reigns of the government to Subukti- gin, who, on Is-baq's death, iu a.d. 977, A.H. 367, usurped the throne. ABU-I 20 ABTJ-J At)u-Is-liaq (sa.s.''* j iJ-s-^\ ^}), the son of MuhamiiKitl, an inhabitant of Sma, who ^\Tote an excellent commentar}' to Mnta- nabbi. lie died in a.d. 1049, a.h. 441. Abu-Is-haq Ahmad (j.^^^^^ c^-^~^ J^.^^ or Abid-Is-haq Ibrahim bin-Isma'il, author of the Qisfts-ul-Anhii/a, which contains an account of the creation of the world, and a history of all the prophets preccdius' Muhammad ; also the histoi'v of Muhammad till the battle of Ubud, a.d. 623. He died in A.D. 1036, A.H. 427. Ahti-Is-haq al-Kaziruni (^.;s~=! »jl ^^ . jliJ^), a Muhammadan saint who, they say, lighted a lamp iu the mosque of the college called " Takht Siraj," which con- tinued burning for foiu- huuiked years till the time of Bin-Qasira. ^^1 Ahu-Is-haq Hallaj (_L; AAJt!b\). Vide Is-liaq. Abu-Is-haq Isfaraini (^_sr'\ ^\ ^ijLL- ^A jij^ i^i), son of Jarlr, author of the Tdrtkh Taharl, a very authentic lustory in Arabic, which he wrote in the year a.d. 912. This work was translated and continued by Abil- Muhammad of Tabriz in Persian. Tabarl was the founder of the seventh Sunni sect, which did not long survive the death of its author. He was born at Amul in Tabaristan in a.d. 838, a.h. 224, and died at Baghdad in a.d. 922, a.h. 310. He was also the author of a commentary to the Quran. His son, Midiammad Tabari, was also an author, and died about twenty years later. Abu-Ja'far Muhammad bin-'Ali bin- Babwaihi al-Kumi (jv^.s'* .kx:>- ^\ ^^xA\ ^l^y_ ^i ^Xsi ^jj), surnamed As-Saduq, one of the earliest of the many writers on the Quran amoug the Shi 'as. He lived in the foiu'th centmy of the Hijra, and was a contemporary of Eukn-ud-daula Dailaml. He was one of the greatest of the collectors of Shl'a traditions, and the most celebrated of all the Iniamiya lawyers of Qum in Persia. This writer composed a large and a small Tafslr. There is considerable uncertainty as to the exact time when he lived. Shaikh Tusi says in the. Fihrist that AbH-Ja'far died at Eai" in a.h. 331, A.D. 942, but this appears to be erroneous. Shaikh NajashI, who died in A.D. 1014, states that Abii-Ja'far visitedj Baghdad whilst yet in the prime of life, in' A.H. 355, A.D. 965, which might well have^ been the case, since Al)ul-Hasan 'All bin-\ Babwaihi, the father of Abii Ja'far, did not ABIJ-J 21 ABUL die until a.h. 329, a.d. 940. In addition to this, Nur-ullah relates, on the authority of the Shaikh ad-Durysati (Duryast, a village near Eai, which is now called Durasht), that Abii- Ja't'ar lived in the time of Rukn-ud-dauln Dailami, and had repeated interviews with that prince, who, as is well-known, reigned from A.H. 338 to a.h. 336, a.d. 949— 976. He is also the author of the Jinn In yahzarhu al-Faqih, which is the fourth of the four authentic books on Shi'a tradition, called " Kutab Arba." He is said to have written in all 172 works, and to have been specially skilled in Ijtihad (jurisprudence, q.v.). Abu-Ja'far Muhammad bin -Hasan al-Tusi Shaikh, who was one of the chief Muj tabids of the Imaniiya or Shi 'a sect, is the author of the woi'k entitled Fihristu-Kiituh-ish-Shl''a iva Asma-il-Musdn- nifin. It is a bibliographical dictionary of Shi'a works, together with the names of the authors. The greater part of this author's works were publicly biu'ut iu Baghdad in the tumult that arose between the Sunnis and ShI'as in a.d. 1056, a.h. 44S— 460, Abu- J'afar died in a.d. 1067. He is also the author of a very extensive commentary on the Quran, in twenty volumes, which is generally called the Tafslr-ut-Tusi, though it was entitled by its author the Mnjma^.ul-Ba)jfin li-^ulum-U- Quran. Among the Four Books on Shi'a Hadis, called Kutab Arba', the tM'o first in order were composed by him entitled Tuhzlb-ul-Ahkam, and Istibsar. His chief works are the Mabsut and KJiildf, wliich are held in great estimation, as are also the Nihdya and the Mnhlt by the same author. The Risala-i-J a'^fariya is likewise a legal treatise by at-Tusi, which is frequently quoted. Abu-Jahl (J_^,.:>- ^j\), the uncle of 'TJmar ibn-ul-Khattab (" Father of ignor- ance." Jahl means theological ignorance, or unbelief). He was one of the most inveterate enemies of Muhammad and his religion. Though his son 'Ikrima became a convert to the tenets of jMuhammad, yet the father was for ever shut out from paradise ; and so violent is the resentment of the Musalmans against this first enemy of their prophet, that they call the colocynth, iu contempt, the melon of Abii-Jahl. Abu-Jahl was slain in the battle of Baclr, which he fought against Muhammad, together with Al- As, his brother, in the 70th year of his age, in the month of March, a.d. 624, Ramazan a.h. 2. Abu-Lahab (i_^.^^J y:\), the uncle of Muhammad, also called 'Abdul- 'Uzza, was the son of 'Abdul-Muttalib and one of the bitterest enemies of Muhammad and his doctrines. He died of grief within a week after the defeat of Abii-Sufyan in tlic battle of Badr, which took ])lace about the begin- ning of the year a.d. 624, a.h. 2. He was a man of wealth, of proud spirit, and irritable temper. His son 'Utba was engaged, or according to some, married to, Muhammad's third daughter Ruqajya, but when Muham- mad appeared as a prophet, the contract was dissolved, and RuqajTa married her lover 'Usman. Abu-Lahab was also allied to the rival line of Quraish, having maiTied Umm-Jamil, sister of Abu-Sul'yan. Abu-Lais Nasir Samarkandi, author of the work on jurisprudence in Arabic called Fiqh Abu-Luis,and the J»^), surnained Shams-uddin, was the most learned man, the ablest traditionist, and the tirst preacher of his time. He com- piled works on a variety of subjects, aud was the tutor of the celebrated Shaikh Sa'di of Slnriiz. He died on the 16th June, a.d. 1201, 12th Ramazau, a.h. 597, and is buried at Baghdad. His father's name was 'AlT, and that of his grandfather Jauzi. One of his works is called Talbls Ihlls, The Temptation ef Satan. Abul-Faraj Runi {^^*j ^jS^\ y}), of Riin, said to be near Lahore. He is the author of a Dlwau, and was the panegjTist of Siillau Ibi-alilm (the grandson of Sultan Mahmiid of G[iazul) who reigned from a.d. ABIJL 23 ABUL 1059 to 1088, A.H. 451 to 481. Amvan imitated his style. [ Fide Sprenger, Oiidh 3ISS., p. 308. He is often wrougfy called Abul-Farah Euwaini ; vide Dowson iv. p. 205.] Abul-Faraj Sanj ari ( i_SjS:Li -.y^ ^ ^ 0, a Persian poet who lived in the time of the great irruption of the Tartars under Chiugiz Khan. [^Vide, however, Sprenger, Oiidh MSS. p. 308, from which it appears that Sanjari is a mistake for Sijizi, i.e. of Sijistan.] Abnl-Fatli, author of a Persian work called Chahar BaTibite djTiasty. He acted as viceroy of Egypt during the absence of his father, Sultan Salah-uddin Yusuf ibn-Ayyub, in Sp-ia. On the demise of his father at Damascus in A.D. 1193, he took possession of the supreme power with the unanimous consent of the great niilitary officers of the empire. He was born at Cairo on the 7th of January, A.D. 1172, 8th Jiunada I., a.h. 567, reigned about five years, and died at Cairo on the 23rd November, a.d. 1198, 21st MuhaiTam, a.h. 595. Abul-Fazl 'Abdul-Malik bin-Ibrahim al - Hamadani al - Mukaddasi (^ \ ^\^\ S^ J^.iJO, author of the Fardi:-nl-Mii(j<(dda.'- ^^.L\\ ^:\), son of the khalifa Al-^Muktafl, was a great astronomer. Vide Al-Mutawakkil. Abul-Fazl Muhammad (J^iJl ^A i.Sa.^-^), author of the Arabic Dic- tionary called Siirdh-iil-lKglalt. Abul-Fazl (Shaikh) {^-^-^ J^Jui\y_\), Akbar's favorite Secretary and Wazir. His poetical name was 'Allami. He was the second son of Shaikh Mubarak of Nagor, and brother of Shaikh Faizi. He was born in the year a.d. Io'jI, a.h. 958, and was introduced to the emperor in the 19th year of bis reign. His writings prove him to have been the most learned and elegant writer then in the East. He is celebrated as the author of the Akbamnma and the Ain-Akbarl, and for his letters, called Makifibat-i-' Allami, which are considered in India models of public correspondence. The history of the Mughul emperors be carried on to the 47th year of Akbar's reign, in which year he was murdered. He was deputed with prince Sultan Murad in a.d. 1597, A.H. 1006, as Commander-in-Chief of the army of the Deccan, and ou his being recalled five years after, he was advancing towards Narwar with a small escort, when he fell into an ambuscade laid for bim by Birsingb Deo Bundela, raja of Urcha in Bundelkhand, at the instigation of Prince Salim (afterwards Jahangir) on suspicion of being the occasion of a misimderstanding between him and the emperor bis father ; and although Abul-Fazl defended himself with great gallantry, he was cut off with most of his attendants, and his head was sent to the prince, who was then at Allaha- bad. This event took place on Friday the 13th of August, A.D. 1602, 4tb RabT' I, a.h. 1011. Akbar Avas deeply afflicted by the intelligence of this event ; he shed abundance of tears, and passed two days and two nights without food or sleep. Alnd-Fazl is also the author of the 'A?/i''r-I)n)iish, which is a translation of Pilpay's Fables in Persian. [For a detailed biography, vide AJu Trans- lation, i. pp. 1 to 36.] Abul - Fazl Tahir bin - Muhammad Zahir-uddin Faryabi (J^^aJJl y}\ Jk,*«.s^), a Persian poet. Vide Zahlr. Abul-Fida Ismail Hamawi {\ssl.^\ »j1 j_fy».r>- ^Lx..*--*'), whose full name is Malik Muayyad Isma'il Abul-Fida, son of Malik -ul-Afzal, a learned and celebrated prince, who succeeded his brother Ahmad as king of Haniat, in Syria, in the year a.d. 1342, A.H. 743. When a private man, he publislied in Arabic an account of the regions bevond the Oxus called Taqwlm-ul- Bulddn, which was first edited by Gravius, with a Latin translation, London, 1650, and by Hudson, Oxford, 1712. Abul-Fida died in 1345, aged 72, at Hamat. The principal of Aliul-Fida's other works is bis abridgment of I'niversal History down to his time, called Tdrikh Miikhiamr. He is very exact, and his style is elegant, on which account his works are very much esteemed. Abul-Faiz (^^J^ »jl). Vide Faizi. Abul-Faiz Muhammad bin-Husain bin-Ahmad, surnamed Al-Katib, or the A^^riter, is better known by the name of bin-Ahmad. He was a Avazir of Sultau Ilukn-ud-daula, of the Boyides. He was a great orator and a poet, and brought Arabian caligraphy to perfection. He died in a.d. 961, a.h. 360. Abul-Futuh Razi Makki (^yiiJ^ ^\ 15-^-'* (-?j\()j author of the Arabic work called Risftla, or Kitdb Hasaniya, which has a great reputation amongst the Shi'as, particularly in Persia. It consists of an imaginary disputation between a Shi'a slave-girl and a learned Simni lawyer, on the merits of their respective doctrines, in which, as a matter of coiHse, the girl utterly discomfits her opponent. The argument is very ingenuously managed, and the treatise, taken altogether, furnishes a good and concise exposition of the tenets of the Shi'as, and the texts on which their belief is founded. This work was translated from Arabic into Persian by Ibrahim Astarabadi, in a.d. 1551. Abul-Ghazi Bahadur (.jl^j ^■\i^\ ^\), I\han of the Tartars, was descended from the great Chingiz Khan. He came to the sovereignty of Kjawarazm on the death of his brother ; and after 20 years, during which be was respected at home and abroad, he resigned the sovereignty to his son, Aniisha iVIuiiammad, and retired to devote himself to literature. He wrote a valuable genealogical history of the Tartars, the only Tartar history known in Europe, but did not live to finish it. He died a.d. 1663, a.h. 1074, and on his death -bed charged his son and successor to complete his history, which he performed in two years after his father's death. This valuable work was translated in to German by (Jount Strahlenberg, and a French translation app(>arcd at Leyden in 1726. Abul-Ghazi Bahadur. Husain Mirzfi. Vide Sultan ABUL 25 ABIJL Abul-Haras (^ J aj ,yjL^\ <^j^\ ^A ^Jiii ^ ^-tj^), or Haras, commonly called Zul-Rama, son of 'Uqba. He was an Arabian poet, and was contemporary with Farazdaq. He died in a.d. 735, a.h. 117. Abul - Husain Ahmad bin - 'Ali al- Najaslii, author of a biographical work entitled Kitdb-tir-Bijal, comprising the lives of eminent Shi'as. Najashi died in A.H. 405 (a.d. 1014). Abul - Husain 'Ali bin - 'Umar al - Darqutni (^£ ^ ^Lc ^_^-.a«.s:!^ y\ ^:»Lj.1j), a Sunn! traditionist, whose collection of traditions, like those of Abii- Bakr Ahmad-bin-al-Husain al-Baihaqi, are of the liighest authority. He died in a.d. 995, A.H. 385. Abul-Husain bin-Abu-Ya'la al-Farra (Kazi) (^^.Ltj ^_\ ^ ^^-^-s)^ y_\), author of the Tabaqat-ul-Hanbaliya, which comprises the Hves of the most famous lawyers of the sect of Ibn-Hanbal ; it was commenced by our aiithor, continued by Shaikh Zaiu- uddiu 'Abdur- Rahman bin- Ahmad, commonly called Ibn-Rajab, and concluded by Yusuf bin-Hasan al-Muqaddasi ; these three writers died respectively in a.d. 1131, 1392, and 1466, A.H. 526, 795, and 871. Abul-Husain Kharqani ( ..*^sM »-j1 ^\:j6-), author of the Sharh-i- Makhzan-ttl-Asrar, and Mir-at-ul-Muhaqqi- qln, containing an explanation of the cere- monies used on the induction of a Siifi, and the rules of the order. He died a.d. 986, A.H. 376. Abul - Husain Zarrin. Vide Abu - Husain Zarrin. Abul-Hasan (|^^_u..^n yS\), author of the Siyar Nur Maulud, a heroic poem on the wars of the prophet Muhammad. Abul-Hasan (^^^^^1 >J^)> a poet who wrote a commentary on the Diwan of Auwari, called Sharh-i-Dltvdn-i-A)iwari. Abul-Hasan (Shah) (^l^ ^j^J\ ^A), son of the famous Shfih Tahir, of Alimad- nagar, in the Detcan, and minister of 'All 'Adil Shah I., about the year a.d. 1572, A.H. 980. Abul-Hasan, the son of I timad-ud- daula, prime minister of the emperor Jahanglr, had three daughters, viz. Arjmand Banu, also called Mumtaz-Maball, married to the emperor Shah Jahan ; Sultan Zamania, the second daughter, was married to Sultan Parwiz ; and the third, Badr-uzzamania, to Shiih 'Abdul -Lat if, the spiritual guide of the emperor 'Alamgir. Vide Asaf Khan. Abul-Hasan 'Abdullah (Imam) (...j\ «_.:»JLi« 1^ ^xmj^ (^Lb-l-j), the son of Sultan Mas'ud I., ascended the throne at Ghazni, on Friday 29th December, a.d. 1049, 1st Sha'ban, a.h. 441, reigned little more than two years, and was deposed by his brother, 'Abdui--Rashid, in a.d. 1052, a.h. 443. Abul-Hasan Ash'ari ( , ■., _■?'! ^\ jj-jc^-ji ,J^ u5r*--'0, son of Isma'll. He was a Mu'tazilite, but afterwards became a Sunnl. He is the author of nearly 400 works. He died in the year a.d. 936, a.h. 324. Abul-Hasan Jurjani (^^_v*,._s:M ^\ j\j>- -:>-), a celebrated lawyer, a native of Jurjan or Georgia. J'idc Jurjaul. ABUL 26 ABIJL Abul-Hasan Qhan (Mirza) (.^^'\^\ \\j-^ ^l.^), rer.siau ambassador to the British Court iu 1809 and 1819. He is the author of a work calU'd Hairat-namn, or book of wouders, which title was oivi'U to it by Fath 'All Slifili, king- of I'ersia. It contains a long account of the Klian's travels in India, Turkey, Russia, England, etc. Abul-Hasan Qutb-Shah (^vu-..s.-l yA i(L-i) ( 4::J), whose literary name was Tana Shah, was the son-in-law of 'Ab- dullah Qntb-Shah, after whose demise, about the year a.d. 1672, a.h. 1083, he succeeded to the throne of Golkonda in Haidarabad, Deccan. This place was conquered by 'Alamglr, after a siege of seven months, on the 22nd September, a.d. 1687, 24th Zil- qa'da, a.h. 1098, and Abul-Hasan was taken prisoner and confined for life iu the citadel of Daidatabad. Golkonda was then reduced to a province of the empire of Hindustan. Abul-Hasan died in confinement about the year a.d. 1704. He was the last Sidtan of the Qutb-shahi d^-nasty, and a famous poet in the Bakini, or "dialect of the Deccan. Abul-Hasan Razin bin-Mu'awiya al- 'Abdari (^\ &!u\s^z), son of Muhammad Baghawi, author of the book called Mu^Jam, and several other works. He died in the year a.d. 929, A.H. 317. Abul - Qasim Isma'il bin - 'Abbad (J.-je^-:l >— jLiiJ^ _j-J^)> wazir of the Boyide prince Faklir-ud-daida. One of the most splendid libraries ever collected by a private individual in the East was that of this nobleman. Ibu-AsTr relates that four lumdred camels were required to remove the books. Abul-Qasim Mirza, son of Kamran Mirza, brother of the emperor Humajiln. In the year a.d. 1557, a.h. 964, he w^as confined in the fort of Gwaliar by the emperor Abkar, who, when going to punish Khau Zaman, ordered him to be mm-dered. Abul-Qasim KaM ( Jbl^ ^^-jliUl ^\), of Isfahan, though it is usually said that he was of Kabid. He died at Agra. Vide Qasim-i-Kahi. Abul-Qasim of Hilla(^_^^ ^^UI^^jO, commonly called Shaikh Muayyad, author of the S/t(nyli^-Hl-Is/ch)i, a treatise on lawful and forbidden things. This book is of great authority amongst the Muhammadans pro- fessing Shi'a doctrines. He is also called Shaikh Najm-uddin Abul-Qasim Ja'far biu- Muayyad. ' He died a.d. 1277, a.h. 676. Abul-Qasim 'Ubaidullah bin -'Ab- dullah bin-Khurdadbih, died ah. 300, A.D. 912. He is best known as Ibn- Kliurdadbih. He wrote the Kitdb-ul-Masdlik ivnl - Mamdlik, the Book of Moads and Ki)i(/doiHS. \_Vide Khm-dadbih, and Dowson, i. p. 12.] Abul-Khair Maulana of Khwarazm i}Siy* ^^\j\^:>-j^'\ »Ji), a physician and poet, whose poetical name was 'Ashiq. From his native country he went to Hirat in the latter part of the reign of Sultan Ilusain Mirza, and was there till Muhammad Sliaibani, commonly called Shahi Beg Klifin Fzhak, conquered that province, and took him to Mawaran-nahr, or Transoxiana, where he (lied iu a.d. 1550, a.h. 957. The chnmo- gr;im of the year of his death is " Faut-i- 'Ashiq," the death of 'Ashiq. ABUL 27 ABUL Abul-Ma'ali, whose proper name is Muhammad Sacli--uddTn, is claimed by the Turks as the first of their poets, though liis labours were not confined to their language alone, for he wrote in Arabic also, and was in Persian the rival and opponent of Xasir- uddin. He was contemporary with Jalal- uddin Riimi and his son Walad, aud died about the year a.d. 1270. He is not, how- ever, according to Baron von Hammer, to be strictly considered a Turkish poet by his countrjTuen ; but the mystic tone which he adopted from Persian literature, and which he was imdoubtedly the first to impress upon the national mind, gives him an un- questionable right to the place assigned him. The names of his works, such as the Seal of Perfection, and the Kei/ of Jli/stcries, indicate the peculiarity of his taste and genius ; but amidst all the confusion of style and thought some passages of great beauty and even simplicity are found in his works. He is lost, however, in the fame of his successor 'Ashik. Abul-Ma'ali {s^\ J.^z^ Jl-^Wy}), the son of 'Abdul-ilajTd, the most eloquent of the Persians, who floiuished in the time of Sultan Bahram Shah Ghaznawi, by whose order, in the year a.d. 1118, a.h. 512, he wrote in prose his Eallla Bamna (or Pilpaifs Fables) from a copy which Eiidaki, the celebrated poet, had formerly used for poetry. This version continued in vogue till the time of Sultan Husain Mirza, fom-th in descent from 'Umar Shaikh, the second son of Amir Timm-, when his prime minister Amir Shaikh Ahmad Suhaili got Husain Wa'iz to modernize it, in a.d. 1505, a.h. 910, under the name of Anwar Suhaiil, or the Rays of Canopus. Abul-Fazl, the able prime minister of Akbar, compressed this work, and gave it the name of ^ Ay ur- Danish, or the Touch-stone of Knowledge. He is called by Daulat Shah, Hamid-uddin Xasr- uUah. Vide Nasr-ullah, the son of 'Abdul Hamid. Abul-Ma'ali (Shah) (ill ^\x.^\ ^\), a chief in the service of the emperor Akbar, who ha^'ing revolted was compelled to seek safety in Kabul, where Mirza Muhammad Hakim, the brother of Akbar, gave him his sister, named Mihr-un-Xisa Begam, in marriage, and raised him to the first office in that kingdom. The ungrateful refugee, however, had not been many months in office, before he aspired to the kingdom of Kabul, and in March a.d. 1564, Sha'ban, a.h. 971, basely assa-ssinated Mirza iluham- mad Hakim's mother, his own mother-in- law, who was a woman of uncommon abilities, aud might with truth be said to have ruled that kingdom. He then pretended to act as regent to the young prince, who was still in his minority, with a view to get rid of him as soon as he could conciliate the ITmariis. In the meantime Mirza SuLumiin, prince of Badaklishan. attacked him, and slew him in a battle on the 13th ilay, a.d. 1564, 1st Shawwal, a.h. 971, and took possession of that country, which he held for two years. Abul-Ma'ali was an elegant poet, and his poetical name was Shahbadi. Abul-Ma'ali (Shaikh) (^^L-t-^l ^^\ '-^^ -jjl'TaiS\), of Allahabad, author of the work called Tulifat-ul-Qadinya, or the life of Shaikh 'Abdul- Qadir Gilani. He resided in Lahore, aud died there on the 6th April, A.D. 1615, 16th Rabi' I., a.h. 1024. Abul-Mafakhir Razi (.^Li.^1 jJ\ oj^,), a poet who flourished in the reign of Sultan Muhammad Saljiiqi. Abul-Mahasin (^^Isr*^^ ^\), author of the work called Jfanhal-i-Sdfl. Abul-Makarim bin-'AbduUah. There are three comments on the Niqaya of 'Ubai- dulla bin-Mas'iid, which are much esteemed ; they were written respectively by Abul- Makarim in A.D. 1501, a.h. 907 ; Abii-'Ali bin -Muhammad al-Birjindi in a.d. 1528, a.h. 935 ; and Shams-uddin Muhammad al- Kliurasani in a.d. 1534, a.h. 941. Abul-Ma'shar (^i^jt^l ^\), who is called by some older authors Albumassar and Albumazar, was a learned Ai'abian astronomer, who fiom-ished in the ninth century in the reign of the khalifa Al-Mamiin of Baghdad, and wrote a treatise on the revolutions of the years. His fuU name is Ja'far bin-Muham- inad bin- 'Umar Abul-Ma'shar. He is called the prince of the Arabian astrologers. He was born in Balkh. In his famous work, called Uluf or Kitab-id-Uiilf, which he wrote from a Sanski'it work on astronomy, he asserts that, when the world was created, the seven planets were together in the first point of the sign of Aries, and that it will end when the same planets shall meet again in the last point of Pisces in their exalta- tion or Dragon's head. He died in a.d. 885, a.h. 272. His works were printed in Latin at Venice in 1586, Svo. Abul-Najib al-Bukhari (i ^ , l.saJ \ ) , poetically called 'Am'aq, was a Persian poet who flourished in the fifth century of the Hijra at the court of the Sultan Qadr Khan, king or khaqan of Turkistan, who made him j^esident of the academv of poets which he had established. His poem of the loves of Yiisuf and Zalikha, which can be read in two different metres, is much admired. He was particularly famous for his elegies. He lived nearly 100 years. Daulat Shah says, he lived iu the time of Sultan Saujar, who requested ABIJL 28 ABU-M him to write an olesry on the death of his daugliter Malik Klifitun, whith he did, al- though he was then blind on account of old age. He appears to have died some years before or after a.d. 1145, A.n. 540. Abul - Sa'adat Mubarak Ibn - Asir al-Jazari, author of an Arabic Dictionary called Al-Xihaya fl gharlb-il-Hadis. He died in a.d. 1209, a.h. 606. Vide Ibn-Asir. Abul-Wafa (Khwaja), one of the great saints of Kliwarazm, and author of several works on Suiism. He died a.d. 1432, A.H. 835. Abu-Maaz Muslim (^Iau..* JU,* ^\), an Arabian grammarian, who died in a.d. 803, A.H. 187. Abu-Mansur, surnamed al-Haldm bi- amr-illah, succeeded his father Al-'Aziz to the throne of Egypt in a.d. 990, a.h. 381, when only 11 years of age. In the latter part of his reign he fancied himself a god, and found no fewer than 16,000 persons who owned him as such. These were mostly the Dararians, a new sect sprung up about this time, who were so called from their chief, Muhammad Ibn-Isma'il, surnamed Darari. He is supposed to have inspired the mad khalifa with this impious notion ; and as Darari set up for a second Moses, he did not scruple to assert that Abii-Mansiir was the great creator of the universe. He was assassinated in the year a.d. 1020. His son Tfihir succeeded him. Abu-Mansur ( , »^:>^ vO, author of the Kitab-ut-Tauhid, and several other works. Abu-Mansur 'Abdul-Kahir al-Bagh- dadi, author of a treatise on the law of inheritance according to Shafi'i. He died a.d. 1037, A.H. 429. Abu - Mas'ud, surnamed Shaikh -ul- IslSm, a native of Constantinople, and author of the valuable connueutary on the (iurfiu, entitled Irshad-ul-'aql, flourished in the nign of Sultan Salim Klian, emperor of Constanti- nople, and died in a.d. 1516, a.h. 922. Abu-Muhammad (^C* X^^* ^i\), of Mecca, son of Abii-Talib, author of a commentary on the Quran, and several other works. He died in a.d. 1045, a.h. 437. Abu-Muhammad, son of Ahbas, the son of a sister of Abu-Ja'far bin-]\Iuhanimad bin-Jarir al-Tabarl. It is said that he had by h(!art 100,000 verses of different authors. He died in a.d. 993, a.h. 383, and was a contemporary of the author of the ^yli/i/dr. Abu-Muhammad Husain bin-Mas'ud Farra al-Baghawi (^^^:>- a^^'* ^\ ^»-jL-Ji M_i i_VUi^.^J .jl). Vide Farabi. Abu-Nasr, author of a Persian work on Sulism, QiilhCi Anis-nl-TiiUb'm. Abu - Nasr Farahi ( jfcl j ^3 ^\)^ flourished about the year a.d. 1220, in the time of Bahram Shah, son of Taj-uddin, ruler of Sistan (also called Nimruz), who began to reign in the year a.d. 1215. He is the author of a vocabulary in verse, called Nimb-us-Sibydn. His real name is Mu- hammad Badr-uddin, and he belongs to Farah, a town in Sijistan. [Vide Ahi Translation, i. note 41.] Abu-Nasr Isma'il bin-Hammad al- Jauhari (jU^ ^ J-..t^-jl^.^J ^} ^_f.Jbyjs}.\) is the author of the Dic- tionary called Sihdh-ul- Liighdt. He was born at Farab, and died about the year a.d. 1003, A.H. 394. Abu-Nasr Khan (Nawab) ( ^aJ ^.^ c_;1y ^J^^\ ail amir of the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. The mosque of Jajnagar, in Orisa, was built by him in the year A.D. 1687, a.h. 1098. Abu-Nasr Maskati ( Lj \\j^t), the son of Sultan Muhammad Mirza, son of Miranshah, son of Amir Timur (Tamerlane). He was born in A.D. 1427. After the death of his father in 1441, he continued to live Avith Mirza Ulugh Beg, son of Mirza Shahrukh, at Samarqand, and served in his army Avhen he was at Avar with his son Mirza 'Abdul-Latif ; but when ABU-S 31 ABU-T that prince -was miu-dered by his imuatural son, iu October, a.d. 1449, Ramazan, a.h. 853, and he in his turn was slain after six or seven months by his own soldiers, and Samarqaud was taken possession of by Mirza 'Abdullah, son of Mirza Ibrahim, and grand- son of Mirza Shahrukh, Abii-Sa'id, ^\-ith the assistance of Abu-Kiiair Uzbak, having defeated and taken 'Abdullah prisoner in a battle, put him to death and ascended the tlirone of Samarqand in a.d. 1451, a.h. 855. He also took possession of Khm'asan after the death of Babar Sultan, son of Baya- saughar Mirza, in a.d. 1457, a.h. 861, and greatly extended his dominions, but was at last taken prisoner in an ambuscade, and put to death on the 8th Febi-uary, a.d. 1469, 25th Rajah, a.h. 873, after he had reigned 18 years. After his death, Sultan Husaiu Baiqra, surnamed Abid-Gjiazi, a descendant of Amir Timm-, made himself master of the empire. Abii-Sa'id at his death left eleven sons, viz. : !Mirza Sultan Ahmad, Mirza Sultan ;^[ahmiid, Mirzii Sultan iluhammad, Mirza Shahrukh. Mirza Ulugh Beg, Mirza 'Umar Shaikh, Mirza Aba-Bakr, ]\Iir/a Sultan Mm-ad, Mirza Sultan Khalil, Mirza Sultan "Walid, and Mu-za Sultan 'Umar ; of whom four amved to the dignity of kings, viz. : Mirza Ulugh Beg to the throne of Kabul ; Mirza Sultan x\.limad to the kingdom of Samarqand; Mirza 'Umar Shaikh to the united thrones of Andijan and Farghana ; and Mirza Srdtan MahmM to those of Kunduz and Badakhshan. Abii-Sa'id Mirza, says Babar Shah, though brought up in the city, was illiterate and unrefined. \_Vide Genealogical Table attached to Ain Translation.] Abii-Sina Muhammad, author of the Arabic work called Baqaiq-ul- Haqdiq, con- taining a collection of traditions. Abu-Sina (L»^^l), or Abu-'AlT Slna, whom we call Avicenma, was a famous Muhammadan physician and philosopher, mIio early applied himself to literatui-e, botany, and mathematics. At the age of eighteen he began to practise, and with such success that he became physician to the coiu't at Baghdad. He was born in the city of Bukhara, iu a.d. 983, A.H. 373, and died at Hamadan in July, a.d. 1037, A.H. 427, aged 54 lunar years, with the character of a learned man, but too much addicted to wine and effeminating pleasures. His books on ^Medicine, etc., were in number 100, now nearly all lost. He is also called Ibn-Sina. The following are the titles of his works : Of the Utility and Advantages of Sciences, 20 books ; of Inno- cence and Criminality, 2 books ; of Health and Remedies, 18 books ; on the means of Preserving Health, 3 books ; Canons on Phj'sic, 14 books ; on Astronomical Observa- tions, 1 book ; on Mathematical Sciences ; of Theorems, or Mathematical and Theological Demonstrations. 1 book ; on the Arabic Language, 10 books ; on the Last Judgment ; on the Origin of the Soid, and the Resurrec- tion of Bodies ; of the end we shoidd propose to ourselves in Harangues and Philosophical Arguments ; Demonstrations of the collateral lines in the sphere ; abridgment of Euclid ; on Finity and Infinity ; on Physics and Metaphysics ; on Animals and Vegetables, etc. ; Encyclopajdia, 20 volumes. Avicenna is also credited with an Arabic redaction of some of the works of Aristotle, and with some Persian quatrains in the style afterwards popularized by Umar Khayyam (5^l>^U,J.^ J\), bin-Abul-Fazl bin-Muhammad Fakhr Bina- kiti, so called from lianng been bom at Binakit, or Finakit, a town in Transoxiana, afterwards called Shahrukhiya. He is the author of the Tdnkh-i- Bindkiti. Its correct name in full length is Eauzatu rdi-l-albdb fi Tawdrl -il-Akdbir wal-Ansdb, i.e. the garden of the learned in the histories of great men and genealogies. It is chiefly an abridgment of the Jdmi^-ur-Raslud'i, and was compiled by the author only seven years after that work, in a.d. 1317, a.h. 707. and is dedicated to Sultan Abii-Sa'id, the ninth Mughul king of Persia. The author was a poet as well as an historian, aud was appointed by Sultan Ghazan Khan, poet lam-eate of his court. He died in or about the year a.d. 1330, a.h. 731. [ Vide Dowson, Elliot'' s History of India, iii. p. 55.] Abu-Tahir (^Ji'J^ y^\), of Tortosa, in Spain, author of the Ddrdb-udma, an abridgment of Oriental Biography, contain- ing the Lives of Zuhak, of Darius, of Philip of Macedon, aud of Alexaud-r the Grrat ; also Memoirs of Galen and other Greek Philosophers, etc. Abu-Tahir Khatuni ( Jjljs^ _&ll? »j1), a poet who flourished in the twelfth or thirteenth centuries of our era. He is the author of tiie History of the Saljiiqi kings, entitled TdriMi->'l-Saljriqi, and of another work, called Mandqib-ttsh-Shu'ard. ABU-T 32 ABU-'U Abu-Talib (t ]\Jh ^\) was the father of 'All, and the uncle of ]\Iuhammad the prophet, lie died ihrw days lielore Khadija, the tirst wife of Muhammad, in August, a.d. 619, aged 80 years. Abu-Talib Husaini, author of the Tuzulc-i- Tinulri. This work contains an account of the first forty-seven years of the life of Tamerlane, written by himself in Chaghtai Turki, and translated into Persian by Abu-Talib, who dedicated it to Shah Jahan. It has been translated into English by Major Charles Stewart. \_Vide Dowson, iii. p. 389.] Abu-Talib Kalim (*---iJ' ( JIL yi\ Ji\x.A^), whose poetical name was Kalim, was a great poet of Hamadan in Persia, and came to India, the first time in the reign of the emperor Jahiingir, and returned home in a.d. 1619, a.h. 1028. After some years he again visited India in time of Shah Jahan, who employed him, and conferred on him the title of " Malik -ush- Shu'ara," or Poet Laureate. He was twice Aveiglied against gold and silver, and the amount was given to him as a reward for his poetical talents. He died at Lahore on the 19th November, a.d. 1651, 15th Zil-hijja, A.H. 1061. He is the aiithor of a poem called Zafar-nama-i-Shdh Jahan, or the conquests of Shiih Jahan, and of a Dlwan in Persian. Abu-Talib Khan (Mirza) (i_JLl? ^jl ^'\j-^ Li>^-^X the son of Haji Mu- hammad Beg Khan, by descent a Turk, was bom at Lucknow in the year a.d. 1752, a.h. 1165. He was appointed by Mukbtar-ud- daula, the prime minister of Nawab Asaf-ud- daula of Lucknow, in a.d. 1775, 'Amaldar of Itawa and several other districts situated between the rivers Januma and Ganges. In this situation be continued for two years ; but, after the death of his patron, and the appointment of Haidar Beg Khan to his office, he was superseded, and repaired to Lucknow, and was allowed by the Nawab 60,000 rupees per annum for bis support. After the expiration of one year. Colonel Alexander Ilannay, having been appointed Collector of Gorakhpur, requested the Xawab's leave to take him as an assistant, in which situation he continued for three years. He was afterwards employed by Mr. IMiddleton, the Resident of Lucknow, in reducing the rebel Raja Balhliaddar Singh, whom, during two years, he frei|uently dcl'cated and jiursucd. At length, the Rajah, l)eing surprised in bis camp, was killed in endeavouring to make his escape. Abii-lTilib, after this falling info dis- tress for some years, embarked for Eiirojn' witji Captain David Richardson, a British otticir, and left Calcutta in February, 1799, Katnazrin A.H. 1213. He visited England and other parts of Europe, and was well known in London under the title of the Persian I'rince. During his travels he wi-ote a Journal in which he daily inserted every event, and com- mitted to writing such reflections as occiirred to him at the moment. On his retm-n to Calcutta in 1803, a.h. 1218, having revised and abridged his notes, he published them under the title of Maasir-ut- Tdliln fl Bilad- i - Ifranjt. This work was translated by Charles Stewart, and published in London in the year 1814. Abii-Talib died about the year a.d. 1806, a.h. 1221. He is also the author of the Khuldsat-nl-Afkdr. \_Vide Dowson, viii. p. 298.] Abu-Talib Mirza. Vide Shaista Khan. Abu-Talib (Shaikh) {-^^ i^llr ^\), the father of Shaikh Muhammad 'Ali Hazin. He died at Isfahan, in a.d. 1715, a.h. 1127, and was interred in the cemetery, called Mazar Biiba Rukn-uddin, close to the tomb of the learned Maulana Hasan, Shaikh -ul- Islam of Gilan. Abu-Tammam Habib ibn-Aus al-Tai an Arabian poet. Ha\'ing arrived in the city of Hamadan, he was received with great distinction by Abul-Wafa bin-Salama. When about to depart, a heavy fall of snow made the roads for a long time impassable. Abul- Wafa conducted the poet to his library, and placed it entirely at his disposal. Surrounded with these literary treasures, Aba-Tammam forgot his journey, read the precious volumes M'ith avidity, and devoted his time to the composition of several works. The poetical collecti(m entitled Khamsa was the principal fruit of these researches, and attests the inde- fatigable attention with M'hich the learned writer bad ransacked this rich library. Amongst the other works that he wrote, one is called FuhTil-ush-Shu^ard. He was born in a.d. 804, a.h. 188, at Jasim, near Damascus, and died in a.d. 845, a.h. 231. Abu-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi (v , --s:o.^0. Vide Mutanabbi. J_^ ^\ Abu-Turab (Mir) ( --..^ '-r'Vj' >^^)> a Salami Saj'V'id of Shiraz, who served, Avith his son Mir Gadai, in Gujrat, and then under Akbar. He died in a.h. 1005, and lies buried in Ahmadabad. [Vide Ahi Translation, i. p. 506.] Abu-'Ubaida {^s^^z si\), a friend and associate of Muhammad, M'ho had the com- mand of the Moslem army in the time of A])fi-Bakr, the first Khalifa, but being de- feated in a battle against the troops of the Greek em])eror, he was deprived of the com- mand, which was given to Kliahd. 'Umar, ABU-tJ 33 ACHA ou his accession to the khulifat, replaced 'Abu-'Ubaida in the command of thy army in S)Tia, being greatly displeased with the cruel and blood-thirsty disposition of Klialid. 'Abii-'Ubaida extended his conquests over Palestine and Sp'ia, and drove the Greeks out of the whole country extending from the Mediterranean to the Euphrates. This con- quest was completed in a.d. 639, a.h. 18, in which year Spia was visited by a dreadful plague, in which the Moslems lost 25,000 men, among whom were Abii-'Ubaida him- self, Yazid ibn Abii-Sufyan, and many other men of distinction. Abu-'Ubaida ibn-Mas'ud ds^^s: ^A (.Vt^^ i^j\), a general in tlie time of the khalifa 'Umar. He was defeated and killed in battle by Farrukhzad, who com- manded the army of Tiiran-Dukht, queen of Persia, about the year a.d. 635. Abu-'Ubaida Kara bin-Salam, author of a work on Qanlat. Abu-'Ubaida Ma'mar bin-Al-musanni ( .Jd^ll .J jA.x^ *-^:rr- )^}\ ^ famous Arabian grammarian, born in Basra, who lived in the time of Hariin-nr-Rashid, and died A.D. 824, a.h. 209, aged 99 lunar years. Abu - 'Umar Minhaj al - Jurjani ( jl:>-ydl ^l^,i^ .^£ »jU, author of the Tahaqiit-i-Ndsirt, a celebrated history, written in a d. 1252, a.h. 650, and dedicated to Siiltan Nasir-uddin Mahmud of Dehli. Vide Minhaj-i-Siraj. Abu-Yahya bin-Sanjar ( .,j^ ^*rsr^ »j^ / .-:sa-j\ author of a Diwan in Arabic, lie died in a.d. 1234, a.h. 632. Abu - Yahya Ahmad bin - Daud al - Farazi al- Jurjani (a^5^\ ^^.^st^^j^ lJj^J ^), who was originally a Sunni, but became a convert to the Imamiya or Shi'a faith, is the author of a biographical work, entitled Kitdb fl ma')-ifat-ir-liijftl, containing the lives of eminent Shi 'as. Abu-Ya'qub al-Warraq (< ?yL)tJ_ y^\ s^ .J'). Vide Muhammad bin-Is-haq an-Xadim. Abu - Yazid (Maktabdar) (a.;:_) »j1 .^A-:xC«\ secretary of state in Egypt, who rebelled against Qaim, the second khalifa of the race of the Fatimites. He was not punished for his rebellion till Isma'il al- Mansiir defeated him, and confined him in an iron cage, where he ended his days. Abu-Yusuf (Imam) i^[^\ c_a-;«J yj\) bin-Habib al-Kiifi, a celebrated Qfizi of Baghdad, and one of the first pupils of Abu- Hanlfa, dignified with the title of Qazi-1- Quzat, or supreme judge, in the reigns of Hiidi and Harun-ur-llashid, khalifas of Baghdad. He supported the tenets of Abii- Hanifa, and maintained the dignity of his oifice by impartiality. When one day re- proached for his ignorance of one of the causes brought before him, for the decision of which he received an ample allowance, he jocosely replied, that he received in propor- tion as he knew; but, said he, "If I were paid for all I do not know, the riches of the khilafat itself would not be sufficient to answer my demands." He was born a.d. 731, A.H. 113, and died on the 13th September, a.d. 798, 27th Rajab, a.h. 182, at the age of 69 years, at Baghdad. The only work known to have been written by him, treats of the duties of a Magistrate, and is entitled Addb-id-Qdzi. The reputation of this work has been eclipsed by that of another, having a similar title, by al-Kliassaf. Abu-Yusuf Ya'kub bin-Sulaiman Is- 'iii'- faraini (^A^Jw; ,.< L-J^'i-x.^ author of the Shardit-xl-KhiJdfat. He died in A.D. 1095, A.H. 488. Abu - Zakariya Yahya al - Nawawi. ]'idc Xawawi. Abu-Zarr ( Jca,<_j .j^O, the father of the Karamatians in Arabia, who not only opposed the religion of Muhammad, but plundered and insulted the temple of Mecca, and carried away the black stone which was believed to have fallen from heaven. He died A.D. 953, a.h. 342. Vide Qarmat. Abu-Zarr Yaqut Mausili (,j:jy'o^ j^^ 1^ »,••), a celebrated caligraphcr. Abu-Zubaid {s.^\ ^}), an author who has written on the lion and all its names in the Arabic language. Achaemenes , old Persian Hakhamanis ; founder of the dynasty of kings called after him, viz. : B.C. Cmis I. ? \ Cambyses I. ? /^ £;„; Kobud). Cyrus II. d. o29 I ^ Ckmbvses II. d. 522 ) Darius I. d. 485. Xerxes (?), d. 465 {v. Isfandyar). Artaxerxes, d. 425. Darius II. d. 405 I j^- -. Darius III. d. 330P'- "''^'''- ACJIA. 34 ADIN Achanak Begam, one of the concubines of the t'Tuperor Akbar. She had built a garden on tlie banks of the Jamunfi, at Agra, called Achanak Bagli. Some traces of it are yet to be seen. Aehohhe (,^^^=^\), the poetical name of prince Baland-Akhtar, a brother of the emperor Muhammad Shah of Dehli. lie was familiarly called Achchhe Sahib, and there- fore chose Achchhe for his " takhallus." He is the author of a beautiful poeni, called 2\Y(hul-o-Akhtar, i.e. Venus and the Star, containing 355 verses, wliich he completed in the year a.d. 1726, a.h. 1139. Adam, the first man. The Muhamma- dans place Adam's Paradise in heaven ; hence after the fall Adam and Hawwa (Eve) were hurled down to earth. As this event happened about 7,000 years before the Hijra, Adam is often called haft-hazfai. Adam Khan Gakkhar { ^ ^d- *S\), chief of the Gakkhars, who defied the power of the emperor Akbar. In 970, at the instigation of Kamal Khan Gakkhar, Adam was attacked, and defeated and captured at Hllan, south of Chilianwala, near Dangali, Adam's stronghold. [Vide Am Translation, i. p. 457.] Adham (aAJi), the poetical name of Mirza Ibrahim, a Say^'id of the Safawi race. He came to India in the time of the emperor Shah Jahiln. He died, or was put to death in pri.sou, in the year a.d. 1650, a.h. 1060. He is the author of a Diwan, and also of a Masnawi, called Maftq - us - Salikln, and a Sac[i-nania. Adham Artamani ( 3L*..j',^ author of a Diwan in Persian. 'y r* j1), Adham {^S\). Vide Ibrahlm-i- Adham. Adham Khan {^6- ^S\), the son of IMaluim Anaga. He a])pcars to have been an illegitimate son of the emperor Ilamapm. His mother Mahum was one of Akbar's nurses {oinit/a), who attended on Akbar " from the cradle till after his accession." She played a considerable ])art in bringing about Bairam's fall. Adham Klifin {i.e. the Black Klian) was a commander of 5,000, and dis- tinguished himself in keeping the rebellious Bhadauriya clan, near Ilatkauth, south-east of Agra, in order. In a.h. 968, he de- feated Baz Bahadur of ]\Iahva, whose female favourite was the poetess Bupmati {'/./'.). In the following year, a.d. 1562, he stahlied at coui't his enemy Atgah Klian, Akbar's foster- father, and was killed by the emperor's order. Mahum Anaga died forty days after from grief, and was buried with her son in Dehli, in a Mausoleum erected by Akbar. Adham's brother Biiqi Klian, or Khan Baqi Klifiu, died in the 30th year of Akbar's reign, as Governor of Garha-Katanga (Central Pro- vinces) . Vide Keene's History of Hiiidiistan. Adhan (Shaikh) (^Jb\), a Chishtl saint, who died at Jauupiir in a.h. 970. Adib (k__^_jl), the poetical name of Abu -Hasan 'All bin-Nasr, an excellent philosopher, who was a judge in Egypt, under the khilafat of Ammar the Fiitimite. Adib (l_^jJ^), surnamed Sabir, a poet who was contemporary with Asir-uddm Futiibi and Anwarl. Vide Shihab-uddin Adib Sabir. 'Adil Khan i^J^jl's J^.:^ J->U), Fariiql I., ruler of Kliandesh, who is also called Miran G[iani, which see. 'Adil Khan II, Faruqi (^l~- Jjlc ^Ij ^J}J^)> entitled A'zam Huma- yiin, son of Hasan, and grandson of Nasir KJian Fariiqi by the daughter of Mahmiid Shah, of Gujrat. He succeeded to the throne of Kliaudesh after the death of DaM Klian FiiriiqT, iu August, a.d. 1510, Jumada I., a.h. 916, and removed from Talner to Burhanpiir, which place he made the seat of his government, and died there, after a reign of nine or ten years, in a.d. 1520, a.h. 926, and was succeeded by Miriiu Muhammad, his eldest son by the sister of Bahadiu- Shah of Gujrat. 'Adil Khan i^[d>. )jU), the eldest brother of Sidtan Islam Shiili, king of Dehli. He fled to Patna after his defeat in a battle against his brother, but he soon disappeared, and was never heard of afterwards. Adina Beg Khan (^l^ <*-Cj ^:^^S\), son of Channii, an Arain by caste, was born at Sarakpiir, near Lahore. He was brought up in a Mnghul family, became a soldier, but devoted himself to accounts. He was Governor of Sultanpiir when Nadir Shah invaded India. Subsequently, he became Governor of the Panjab. In 1768 he defeated the Atyiaus near Lahore. Soon after this he die(T7 without heirs, at Khanpiir, near Iloshyfirpur, whore a line tomb was erected over his remains. ADLI 35 AFZA 'Adli (Ja.), the nickname of Mu- hammad 'Adil Shah, king of Dehli. His name was Mubariz Khan, sou of Nizam Kliau. He succeeded Islam Shah iu the very eud of A.H. 960, defeated Avith the help of his general Ilimu, in 962, ILuhammad Shah of Bengal at Chhapparghatta, east of Kalpi, aud was at last, iu 964, one year after Akbar's accession, defeated and killed in the battle of Siirajgarh, near Muuger, by Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Bengal. His nickname 'Adli was often further corrupted to "Audhli'," the blind woman. 'Adnan (^\j^s:), one of the descend- ants of Isma'il, the sou of Abraham, with whom the genealogies of the Arabiaus, aud also that of Muhammad, terminate. For reckoning up from 'Adnan to Isma'il, the descents are very uncertain, and the best historians confess that there is nothing certain beyoud 'Adnau. Afi. ( il), poetical name of Ahmad Yar Khan, author of a small poem in Persian called Masnaivl Gulzdr-i-Khaydl, containing the story of Shahzada and Gada, written in 1848. 'Afif. Vide Shams Sirfij 'Afif. Afrasyab {L-A^\ji\), an ancient, if not mj-thic, king of Tiiran, the son of Pashang. He overcame Nauzar, king of Persia of the Peshdadian dATiasty, and having killed him, ruled over Persia for twelve years. He was subsequently defeated in a battle against Kai-khusrau. king of Persia, of the second or Kaianian dynasty. Afrasyab Khan, adopted son of Mirza Xajaf Kliau [q.v.), became AmIr-ul-Urara on the death of his master, a.d. 1782. Intriguing with Madhuji Sindhia, he_ was over-reached, and was assassinated near Agra, October, 1783. Afrin (^j yl ), poetical name of Shaikh Qalaudar Baklish, of Saharanpiir, who is the author of a work called Tuhfat-us-Sandi' . Afrin ( ,ji •!), the poetical name of Shah Faqir-uUah, of Lahore. He was a Giijar, embraced Muhamraadanism, and is the author of a Diwan, and of au epic, called Hir-ira-lld>ijh('i. Some say that he died in A.D. 1730, and others in 1741, a.h. 1143, or 1154. Afsah {^'^'\), Shah Faslh, a pupil of Mirza Bedil, died at Luckuow iu a.ii. 1192, and left a Diwan. Afsari (^.^il), the poetical name of a poet. Afshin (^_-_A.i^), the surname of Haidar ibn-Kuiis, a geuei'al of the khalifa al-Mu'tasim Billali, of Baghdad. He was a Turk by origin, aud had been brought up a slave at the khalifa's com't, and having been employed in disciplining the Turkish militia, had acquired the reputation of a great captain. He was, however, executed about the year A.D. 840, by the khalifa, being accused of holding correspondence with the khalifa's enemies. Afsos {^j.^jj^\), the poetical name of Mir 'Ali, son of S. Muzafar Ali Klian, claiming descent from Imam Jafar yq.v.), born at Dehli, where his grandfather had been in the imperial service ; author of the Ardish, a sort of Urdu Gazetteer, admired for its style. He was first in the service of Nawab Is-biiq Khan, the uncle of Asaf-ud- daula, of Luckuow, and subsequently of Mirza Jawan-Biikht, and was hually recom- mended to Lord Wellesley, and appointed a Munshi of the College ot^Foi-t William. He is the author of the Ardish - i - Mahjil , in Urdii, and of the Gulistdn, translated by him into the same language. He died iu Calcutta in A.D. 1806, a.h. 1221. Aftab (<_jl_-_iT), the Takhallus, or poetical name of Shah 'Alam, king of Dehli, who died in the year a.d. 1806. The following couplet is a sample of his Majesty's poetry : "The forenoon with the wine-cup, the evening with the wife ; The rest 13 known to God alone ; mean- time I live my life." (Shah 'Alam.) Afzal, the poetical name of Shah Ghulam A'zam, which see. Afzal 'All Khan (Nawab). Vide Afzal Kliau (p. 36), whose original name was Shukr-idlah. Afzal, the poetical name of Muhammad Afzal, which see. Afzali ( ^LiJ^), the poetical name of Shaikh Muhammad Nai?ir, son of Shaikh K]u'ib-ullah, of Allahabad. He died in a.d. 17.30, A.H. 1163. Afzal Khan (^,l>- J~i-i^), or Mir :Muhammad Afzal. He nourished in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah_, of Ddili, and died iu the year a.d. 1735 or 1738, a.h. 1148 or llol. ' His poetical name was Sabit, which see. AFZA 36 AIIL-I Afzal Khan (^,L^ J-J_'0, Shaikh 'Alid-unalimau, son of the celebrated Shaikh Abiil-Fazl, minister and secretary to the emperor Akbar, was Jahangir's governor of Bihar in a.d. 1610, and died at Agra in 1613. [Vide AJn Translation, p. xxxv. (Abnl- Fazl's Biography), and Dowson, vi. p. 205.] Afzal Khan (^^Iri- J^il), whose original name was Mulhi Shukr-ullah, the son of 'Abdul -Haqq, came from Shiraz to the Deccan, and was introduced by 'Abdiu'- Bahim Klian, Kliankhanan, to the emperor Jahiiugir, who conferred on him the rank of an Amir. In the second year of Shah Jahau, A.D. 1628, A.H. 10o8, the office of Wizarat- i-kuU having become vacant by the dismissal of Iriidat Ivhan, the brother of Asaf Khan Ja'far Beg, he was honoured with that appointment. In the eleventh year of the emperor, the mausab of 7,000 and 4,000 sawars was conferred upon him, but he died the next year at Lahore, on the 7th January, 12th Eamazan, a.h. 1048, o.s. 1639, aged 70 years. His poetical name was 'Allami. His tomb, called Chiui Rauza, is in Agra, on the left bank of tlie Jamua. Afzal - ud - daula (Nawab), Nizam of Haidarabad, succeeded his father, Nawab Nasir-ud-daula, in May, a.d. 1857, 15th Zil-qa'da, a.h. 1285, and departed this life on the 26th February, 1869, aged 44 years, leaving an infant .son, who, according to the succession guarantee granted by Lord Canning, is now his successor. Afzal-uddin (Mir), Nawab of Surat. He died on the 7th August, 1840, at the age of 59 years, after enjoying his nominal nawabship about 21 years. His son-in-law, Mir Ja'far 'Ali, succeeded him. Agah (ilS'T), the poetical name of Maulawi Muhammad Baqir. His parents were of Bijapur, but he was born at Elhn-a in A.D. 1745, A.H. 1I5S, and died on the 3rd March, a.d. 1806, 14th Zil-bijja, a.h. 1220. He is the author of a Diwan. [He was a Niiita (pi. Nawdit, said to be a corruption of the Persian nau-amad, a "new arrival"), a name given to certain seafaring Arabs, settled in Western India.] Agah Khan, a eunucli of the emperor Shah Jahan, who died on tlie 9th liabl' I., A.H. 1067. Ilis tomb is near the Mumtaz- Mahall, in Tajganj. Agha Ahmad 'Ali, poetically styled Ahmad, son of of Agha Shaja'at 'All, of Dhaka, a Persian grammarian of note, who successfully defended, in his Muayyid-i- Biirhan, and the S/iainsher-i -Tcztar, the author of the Biohdu Qati\ a Persian Dictionary, against the famous Delili poet Giialib. He also published the Jiisala-i- Ishiiqdq, the Risilla-i-Tardna, Haft Asman, A History of the Persian Mas//aivi, and edited several works for the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He was a Persian teacher in the Calcutta Madi-asa when he died, June, 1873. Ag-ha Husain Khwansari ( , ^^l^jl^. ^). Vide Husaiu Khwan- AghaMir (^,, UT), entitled Mu'tamad- ud-daula, minister of Ghazi-uddin Haidar, king of Audh. He was dismissed in a.d. 1826, A.H. 1242, and retired to Kiiuhpiir, where he died on Mondav 7th May, a.d. 1832, 5th Zil-bijja, a.h. 1247. Agha Muhammad Khan (^.^..sir* lil ^,l->-). Vide Aqfi Muhammad Khan Qajfir. Agha Mulla (L,« l-iT), surnamed " Dawatdar," "the inkstand-holder," the ancestor of the three Asaf Klaaus who served under Akbar and Jahangir. His genealogical table is given in Ain Translation, i. p. 369. Aghar Khan (^Ir^.. '.\ ), Pir Muhammad, who served diu'ing the reignof Aurangzib against Prince Shujfi', in Asam, and in Kabul. lie died in a.h. 1102. His son, Airbar Kliiiu II., was still alive during the reign of Muliamraad Shah. The family traced their descent from Aghar, a descendant of Yafis (Japhet), son of Nuh. Their villa, Agharabad, near Dehli, is often mentioned in the histories. Ahi ( ^j^l), a poet who was a chief of one of the Chaghtai hordes, and had assumed originally the poetical name of "Nargisi," but changed it into "Ahi," because he found that another poet of his time had adopted it. He is the autlior of a Diwiln, which he dedicated to prince Gliarib Mirza, tlie son of Sultan Husain Mirza Briiqra. He died in the year a.d. 1520, A.H. 927. Ahl-i-Bait (c:--J J-&^), "the people of the house," a general name for the descendants of Muhammad, the Sayyids. Ahl-i-Kitah (k__>l::^ J^O, "the people of the book," a collective name for the Jews, Christians, and Muhammadans, who received a book, i.e. revealed religion from heaven. AHLI 37 AHMA Ahli Khurasani ( ^Lc^js- /s^^X ^ poet who died at Tabriz in the year a.d. 1527, A.H. 934. He must not be confounded with Ahll-i-Turani, a Chaghtai nobleman of profligate character, who lived at the court of Sultan Husain Mirza, and died in a.d. 1497, A.n! 902. Ahli SWrazi (Maulana)(^l ; _»-i, ^lil), of Shiraz, an elegant poet in the service of Shah Ismu'il Safawi I. He is the author of several poems, amongst which are the Sihr-i- Halal, Sham' wa Farwdiia, Eis'ila-i-X«(jliz. Saqlnama, and Fawdid-nl- Fa icdid . He died in the year a.d. 153.5, a.h. 942, and is boi-ied at Shiraz, close to the tomb of Hatiz. AWia Bai, the wife of Madliu Rfio Peshwa, built a ghat Jit Agra, in the time of Shah 'Alani, called Bisuan Gliat, or a bathing-place for all meu, on the banks of the river Jamna. It extended from the trench of the fort to the house of Dara Sliikoh, and was in good preservation in the year a.d. 1830. On one of the corners a large gun of iron was then lying, under the Haweli of Dara Shikoh, called Dhaiil Dahani. Ahlia Bai (, ^'l... d.Aj^), the ^ife of Khande Rao, the son of Malhar Rao Holkar I., of Indor, after whose death, in a.d. 1766, she had a jagir allotted to her, yielding an annual revenue of 1,500,000 rupees. Her hiLsband, Khande Rao, was killed in battle at Dig against Siii'aJQial Jat, in 1754. Her son Mall Rao, who had succeeded his grandfather Malhar Rao in 1766, died nine months after. She was a woman of spirit and ability, and reserved in her own hands the right of nominating a successor, and elected Tukaji to the raj. Ahmad al-Makkari (x*.iv 1), author of the History nf the Muhammadan Fynastles in Spain. This work was translated by M. Pascual de Gayangos, an erudite Spaniard, London, 1810, in 4to. Vol. I. He was born in the 16th century, and died in Damascus in the year A.D. 1631, a.h. 1041. After having composed a very detailed biography of the celebrated and learned wazir of Granada, Muhammad Ibn-ul-Khatib, he added to it, in the form of an introduction, a general history- of the Arabs in Spain from the conquest to their final expulsion. Ahmad I, (j^^ksT* ^^ ^^=^1), emperor of Turke}-, son and successor of ]\Iahanimad III., whom he succe.'ded in January, a.d. 1604, Sha'ban, a.h. 1012. This prince was of a good constitution, strong and active ; he would thi'ow a horseman's mace, of nine or ten pounds weight, farther than any of his court. He was much given to sensual pleasure.^, and had 3,000 coucubiues. He died on the 15th November, a.d. 1617, 15th Zil-qa'da, a.h. 1025, at the age of thirty, having reigned fourteen years. He was suc- ceeded by his brother Mustafa I. Ahmad II. {^^'^^A ^ Sa^s^\), son of Ibrahim, succeeded on the death of his brother Siihuman II., in a.d. 1691, a.h. 1103, to the throne of Constantinople, and died in A.D. 1695, a.h. 1106. He was succeeded by Mustafa II., son of Muhammad IV. Ahmad III. (j.,ks'« ^j Sa.s^\), son of Muhammad IV., was placed on the throne of Constantinople in a.d. 1703, a.h. 1115, by the heads of a faction which had deposed his brother Mustafa II. He granted a friendly asylum to Charles XII. of Sweden, after the battle of Pultowa ; and the kindness and the hospitality which marked the whole of his intercourse with that unfortunate monarch, are entitled to the highest encomium. He was preparing an expedition against Persia, when an insun-ection hurled him from his throne, and exalted his nephew Mahmud I. from a prison to the sovereign power in a.d. 1730, A.H. 1142. He died of apoplexy in 1736, aged 74 years, a.h. 1148. Ahmad IV. (j^^.:^l ^^ \), (also called 'Abdul-Hamid), son of Ahmad III., emperor of Tm'kev, succeeded his brother Mustafa III. in a!d. 1774, a.h. 1188. He died, after a reign of 15 years, on the 7th April, 1789, Rajab a.h. 1203, and was suc- ceeded by Salim III. Ahmad (xk^^I), an Arabian author who is known as the writer of a book on the interpretation of di-eams, a translation of which, in Greek and Latin, was published with that of Artemidorus on the same subject, at Paris, by Rigault, a.d. 1603. He lived in the 4th century of the Hijra. Ahmad Abu - Tayyib (, ■^.^\ al - Mutanabi \), a cele- jk/*.. brated Arabian poet whom none excelled in poetry. He is the author of a Dlwan. He died "in the year a.d. 965, ah. 354. Vide Mutanabbi. Ahmad al-Ghaffari (^.l_LiJ^ i\^=^'). Vide Ahmad bin -Muhammad al-Ghaffari,' p. 26. Ahmad 'Ali Hashimi (Shaikh) (_v*^\ '^^■^ i^^-lUs t_5-^^' author of the Biographical Dictionary, called Makhzan-ul- Ghan'iib, dedicated to Xawab Safdar-Jang. of Faizabad, wlio died in a.d. 1754, a.h. 1167. His" poetical name was Kluidim. AHMA 38 AHMA Ahmad 'Ali Khan, Nawab of Eampur. I'Uic Faiz-ulhili Ivlifiii. Ahmad 'Ali Khan (^\.s- ^£. Sa.^\ <-_^L3), Nawab of Ivarnal. A remission of revenue to the extent of 5,000 rupees per annum was p^ranted to him in perpetuity by the British Government, and a khil'at of the vahie of 10,000 rupees was conferred on him, in July, 1858, for his distinguished loyalty, and for the eminent services rendered by him during the rebellion of 1857. In 1806, the Pargana of Karual consisted of a number of villages, yielding a revenue of 40,000 rupees per annum. It was conferred by Lord Lake in jagir on three Mandal chiefs, named Muhammadi Khan, Ghairat 'All JG^an, and Is-haq Klian, for their lives, and after their death to descend to their heirs, subject to the pa\iuent of 15,000 rupees per annum in perpetiiity. Nawab Ahmad 'Ali Ivljan is the lineal descendant of Muhammadi Khan, and holds 24 entire villages, besides a third share in four others. These lands are assessed at 24,000 rupees, on which the Nawab has hitherto paid a quit rent of 5,000 rupees, payment of which sum the Government has now remitted. Ahmad 'Ali Khan (Sayyid) ( j,^.=^ ^ J^.wj ^Lri.- ^-^-c), Nawab-Nazim of Bengal, succeeded his brother 'Ali-Jah. He died on the 3Uth October, a.d. 1824. Ahmad 'Ali Khan, and Walldad Khan, the reltel Nawabs of Mfdagarh. Ahmad Ayaz, Malik Kbwaja Jahan, served with distinction under Muhammad Shah bin-Tughluq, of Dehli. On the death of the king at Tatta, in ad. 1352, a.h. 752, he tried to set up at Dehli a son of the late king, but had to submit to Firiiz Shah III., who allowed the nobles to execute him before he himself entered Dehli. Ahmad Bakhsh Khan (Nawab), entitled Fakbr-ud-daula, was the jagirdur of Firiizpiir and Lolnlrii, in the district of Dehli, after whose death his son, Nawab Shams- uddin Khan, succeeded him. The latter was executed for murder in October, 1835. Ahmad Barani ( Jj A.^=^\), author of a Persian work called tSifr-Kn-Sii/ar. Ahmad Beg Kabuli, served in Kabul under Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother, and later under Akbar and Jahangir. Jle was for some time governor of Kashmir. He died about a.d. 1614. Ahmad Beg Khan, a son of (Mu- hammad Sharif) Niir Jahan's brother. He served under Jahangir in Bengal, assisted Prince Shahjahan during his rebellion, and was subsequently made, by Shahjahan, Governor of Tatta, Siwistan, and of Multan. He received as jagir Jiiis and Amethi, in Audh, where he died. Ahmad bin - 'Abdullah al - Kirmi (td]ljk-.£ ^ Jk.^s^l), author of a work on the fundamental points of Muhammadanism. J'ide Abii-Ahmad, the son of Uasim. Ahmad bin-Abu-Bakr, (^\ .j sa.>'\ jCj), an Arabian author who wrote the Mashra' -ul-Mannqib, a minute account of the events of Muhammad's life, with memoirs of his successors and companions. Ahmad bin - Abn - Bakr bin - Nasir Mustafa al-Kazwini {».j\ ._) sa<=^\ Jo), author of the Tunhh-i-Guzlda, which contains the history of the fo>ir ancient Persian Dynasties, viz. PeshdacUans, Kai- aniaus, Ashkanians, and Sasaniaus, that is, from the year B.C. 890 to a.d. 636, and memoirs of the several dynasties who ruled over Persia, Tartary, etc., during the khilafat, and to the year a.d. 1329. See also called Hamd-idlah Mustaufi. Ahmad bin 'Ali Razi (Shaikh) {sas'-S '^t-^ >^'Sj tj-^-c cT-^' surnamed Jassas, a famous lawyer. He was born in the year a.d. 917, a.h. 305, and died in a.d. 980, A.H. 370, aged 65 lunar years. Ahmad bin-' Ali al-Khatib Kastalani \). Vide {^^\..^\ , I. Qastalaui. ^, Ahmad bin - Hasan Maimandi (Khwaja)(^j^:.^^^,^,u:s-j^j J>^.=>-U, foster bi"other and fellow student of his sovereign Sultan Mahmvid, of Ghazni. On the removal of Abul- 'Abbas Fazl, two years after the succession of Mahmiid, Kliwaja Ahmad was appointed prime minister, which othce he held uninterriiptedly for a period of eighteen years, when Altiintash, the commander-in-chief, and a number of other Amirs, brought before the coiu't of the king charges against him. He was in consequence disgraced and imprisoned for tlm-teen years in one of the forts of India. He was released by Sultan ^las'iid, son and successor of Mabinud, and reinstated in the responsible oflice of minister, which he held for some time. He died a natural death in the year A.D. 1033, A.H. 424. AHMA S9 AHMA Ahmad bin-Idris (^j^ijj\ ^ j..*^0, a lawyer of the sect of JIalik, was the author of many works, and died about the year a.u. 1285, A.H. 684. Ahmad bin-Israil (J.JL^\ -j A^:^\), a great astrologer who lived under the khilafat of AVasiq Billah, of Baghdad. Ahmad bin-Kasir (p-.J..^ ^-j J^^r^l), also called Muhammad bin-Knsir and KasTr al-Farghani, is the same person whom we call Alfaraganius, a great astronomer, who lived during the reign of the khalifa al- ii amiin. Vide Far gh ani. Ahmad bin-Khizrawaih (^_) a./*.=>-1 Aji ->i.ri-), a celebrated Muliammadan saint, was the disciple of Khwaja Hatim Asamm. He died in the year a.d. 854, a.h. 240, and is buried at Balkh. Ahmad bin-Muhammad al-Grhaffari al-Kazwini (^^liAi^ S^t^s.^ ^j ^^=J), a qazi, and a descendant of 'Abdul-GliafPcir, the author of the Hdun. He is the author of the work called Kaskh-i-Jahdn-drd, which he composed in the year a.d. 1563, a.h. 971, of which number the title forms the chrono- gram. It is also called Tdrikh-i-MHkhta?i)\ an abridged history of Asia, from Adam down to Shah Tahmasp of Persia, a.d. 1525. It also contains memoirs of the Muhammadan kings of Spain, from a.d. 755 to 1036. It was dedicated to Shah Tahmasp. We are also indebted to him for the better known work entitled Nigdristdn. We learn from the Tdr'ikh Baddoni that, having resigned his employment in Persia, he went towards the clo.se of his life on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and that, landing in Dibal in Sindh, for the purpose of paying a visit to Hindustan, he died at that port in a.d. 1567, a.h. 975. \_Vide Dowson, Elliot'' s History of India, ii. p. 504.] Ahmad bin-Muhammad al-Qastalani J^^.s-'* ^j-i jk-i-p-l), an author who died in the year a.d. 1527, a.h. 933. Vide Qastalani. Ahmad bin-Muhammad Quduri(>x*j:!^l ^f ..jkJ! Sa^-^ ^i), author of a work on jurispnidence, called Qudurl, and several other works. He died in a.d. 1046, a.h. 438. Ahmad bin - Muhammad bin - *Ali Bakr al - Hanafi, author of the Khazd nat-til- Fatuw(i , a collection of decisions made towards the end of the eighth centurj- of the ITijrn, and e(miprisiug questions of rare occurrence. {^jV^.^\ Ahmad bin-Tulun i^^ya ^ Sa::^\), the founder of the Tuliinide dynasty in Egypt. Vide Ahmad Ibn-Tulun. Ahmad bin - Yahya bin - Jabir al - Biladuri (^jr.u^^jj^ or ^ji^l^\), sur- named also Abu-Ja'far and Abul-IIasau, was the insti-uctor to one of the princes of tlie family of al-Mutawakkil, and died in a.d. 892, A.H. 279. His Futfih-ul-BuJddn is one of the earliest Arabic chronicles. He also wrote a geographical work entitled Kitdb-ul- Bulddn, the Book of Coimtries. Ahmad bin- Yahya ( \-*=sr ,.,.' J^^s^^), author of the marginal notes on the TViqdi/a, a work on jirrisprudence. Ahmad bin-Yusuf (, e^^j ^j w\^=^^), an historian, and author of the Aldibdr-ud- dairal, written in A d. 1599, a.h. which is said to be an abridgment of Jauabi's Tdrlkh- til-Jandhl, called also Bar-uzh-Za khkh dr . Ahmad Chap, Malik, was Xaib-Barbak imder Firuz Shah II. (Khilji), of Dehli, whom he warned in vain against 'Ala-uddin. He was blinded by 'Ala-uddin after his accession. Ahmad Ghaffari. Vide Ahmad bin- Muhammad al-Gliaffari. Ahmad G-hazzali. Vide Ghazzall (Ahmad) . Ahmadi {^s.a^=>^\), a Turkish poet, whose proper name was Khwfija Ahmad Ja'farT, and of whom we have the following anecdote : The great Tartar conqueror Amir Timiu- (Tamerlane) being on his march through Anadoli, halted for awhile at iVmasia, where Ahmadi lived ; and the poet took the opportunity of presenting him with an ode. This led to fm-ther intimacies, Timur being a patron of literaiy men ; and one day when both were in "the bath, the monarch amused himself by putting crotchetty questions to Ahmadi, and laughing at his answers. " Suppose now," said he, pointing to the surrounding attendants, "you were required to value these beautiful boys, how much would you say each was worth?" Ahmadi answered with becoming gravity, estimating one at a camel -load of silver, another at six bushels of pearls, a third at forty gold wedges, and so made the circuit of the ring. " Very fair," said Timur, ''and now tell mo, Wliat do you value Me at?" "Four and twenty aspei-s," replied the poet, "no more and no less." "What!" cried Timur, laughing, "why the shirt I have on is worth that." "Do ycm really think so?" a.sked Ahmadi, with the greatest apparent simplicity — "at that rate you must be worth nothing, for I AHMA 40 AHMA included the shirt iu the valuatiou ! " Much to his credit, Timur, instead of being angry, appLiuded and rewarck'd the wit and boldness of the poet. Ahmadi was a contemporary of Shaikhi, and is the author of the KuUiijdt-i- Khwilja Alniiad Ja'fari. He also composed a heroic poem on the actions of Tamerlane, and a Sikandar-uama iu the Turkish language. He died in a.d. 1412. Ahmadi (^jk-^s^U, the poetical name of Mir Sayvid Lutf-ullah, who died in a.d. 1633, A.H." 1043. Ahmad Ibn-' Arab-Shah. Vide 'Arab- Shfih. Ahmad Ibn-Hanbal. Vide Haubal (Imam). Ahmad Ibn-Tulun (^(^l^r ^\ Sa.^-X), the founder of the Tuliinide djTiasty in Egypt, a Turkish slave, who, being entrusted by al-Mu'taraid, the khalifa of Baghdad, with the government of that country and Syria in A.D. 879, set up for himself, and maintained his authority notwithstanding all attempts to depose him. He reduced Damascus, Hims, Hamat, Kinnisrin, and ar-Raqqa, situated upon the eastern banks of the Euphrates. His mosque in Cairo may be seen to this day. He died in a.d. 884, a.h. 270, and was succeeded by his son Ivhumarwaih. Egypt continued to be governed by his successors for several years, when it was again reduced in A.D. 905 by Muhammad, general of the khalifa of Baghdad al - Muktafi ; the last ]\halifa of Egypt having assassinated his pre- decessor, and thereby rendered himself very odious. In the year 933, Muhammad, the son of Taj, or TajTl, surnamed al-Ashhad, seized upon Sp-ia and Egypt in the khilafat of ar-Ilazi Billah, and his family retained the M'hole of it, except a small part which 'Ubaid-ulla al-Mahdl, the first of the Fatiraite dynasty (the seat of whose empire was at Qairuwan, near Tunis) had conquered in A.D. 910. His successor, Abu-Tamim Ma'd, surnamed Mu'izz li-dlu-illah, con- quered the rest of Egypt about the year 970, by his general Ja'far, who built the city of al-Qahira, commonly called Grand Cairo, whither his master soon removed his court. The Fatimite dynasty ended in a.d. 1176, when, upon thc! death of the last prince of this family, the kingdom was usurped by the famous Sahih-uddlu (Saladiu). List of thc Khalifas of Bayhanj. 'Ubaid-ullah al-:\lahdl, first of the Fati- mite race. Al-Qaim Mahdi, his son. Isma'Il, surnamed al - Mansiir, son of al-Qaim. Mu'izz li-diu-illah, son of al-Mansiir, wjio conquered Egypt and became the first khalifa of the Fatimite dynasty in that country. Ahmad Ilkani ( jULi.j^ X*.s-0, also called Ahmad Jalayir. Vide Hasan Buzurg. Ahmad Jafari (Khwaja) (a_^-.j-^ (C^jj-). Vide Ahmadi. Ahmad Jalal Bukhari (Sayyid), son of Sayyid Muhammad Bukhari. Ahmad Jalayir {jJi.=^ S^.s^\), also called Ahmad Ilkani, a descendant of Hasan Buzurg, which see. Ahmad Jam (Shaikh ul - Islam) (^l-:9- Jk^s-^), entitled Abu-Nasr and Ziuda-Pil, a celebrated Muhammadan saint of Nishapiir, born iu the year a.d. 1049, A.H. 441. He passed 18 years of his life in devotion in wilds and mountains. He sub- secpiently got married, and was blessed with thirty-nine sons and three daughters. At the time of his death, besides the three daughters, fourteen of his sons were living, all of whom became men of learning and authors of several works. Ahmad Jam himself was an author, and among the different works that he wrote are the following : Risala Samarqandi, Anls- ut - Talibln, Miftdh - un - Najat, Bahr -ul- Haqiqat, and Sirdj-us-Sdijirin. He died in the reign of Sultan Sanjar, in February, a.d. 1142, Rajah, a.h. 536. Ahmad Jan (Sultan), of Hirat. He died about the 6th April, a.d. 1863, 17th Shawwal, a.h. 1279, and was succeeded by his son. Shah Nawaz lOian. Ahmad Kabir (Sayyid) (^^.-^ J^-^r^l (A---:), a Musalman saint, whose tomb is at Uchcha in Multan. He is the son of Sayyid Jalal, and the father of two other saints, Sayyid Jalaluddin, surnamed Makhdiim Jalianiyiin Jahiin-gasht, and Eajii Qattal. Niinurous miracles were wrought by these two brothers. Ahmad Khan (j^U- A^s^l), surnamed aVckodar for Nicholas), was raised to the throne of Persia after the death of his brother Al)a([a K]ian, the son of Hulakii Khan, in April, a.d. 1282, Zil-hijja, a.h. 680, and was the first emperor of the race of Chingiz Kjian who embraced the Muhammadan re- ligio)i. He is said to have been liaptized in his youth by the name of Nicholas, but ])olicy, or conviction, led him to abandon the doctrine of Chi'ist for that of Muhammad, when he assumed the name of Ahmad KJian. In the first year of his reign, Majd-ul-Mulk Yazdl, a nobleman of his court, being accused ol' sorcery, lost his life. He put his own 1)r(ifiicr to death, and was successful in obtaining possession of the person of his nephew, Arghiiu Klian ; but that prince was AHMA 41 AHMA not only rescued from his violence by the MiighiU nobles, but by their aid was enabled to deprive him of his crown and life on the night of Thursday 11th August, a.d. 1284, 26th Jumada I., a.h. 683, and become his successor. Ahmad Khan Bangash (,^1;^ ju,4.-s^^ j_^_x.i.j), second son of Muhammad Kjiau Bangash, Nawab of Farnikhabad. When the Wazir Safdar-Jang, after the death of Qaim-Jang, the brother of Ahmad Kl^an, confiscated his estates in December, A.D. 1749, A.H. 1163, he (Ahmad Klian) collected an army of Afghans, defeated raja Nawal Rai, the Wazlr's deputy, who was slain in the action, and recovered the terri- tories lately seized from his family. This circumstance took place on Friday the 2ud August, 17-50, 10th Ramazan, a.h. 1163. After this, Ahmad I£han governed his country about 22 luuar years, and died in November, 1771, Sha'ban, a.h. 1185, wh'r'n he was succeeded by his son, Diler Ilimmat Klian, who received the title of Muzaffar-Jang froui the emperor Shah 'Alam, who was then on his way to Dehli from Allahabad. Ahmad Khan Mewati, one of the petty rulers (mHhlk-i-tairdifJ who had usurped the chief parts of the Delili empire during the Sanid djTiasty (beginning of the fifteenth century). Ahmad Klian held Mewat, his frontier coming close up to Dehli. He had to submit to Buhlul Lodi. Ahmad Khan (Sayyid), C S I., of 'Aligarh, a distinguished Muhammadau re- former. He wrote a book on the life and work of the Prophet, and founded the ' Aliga. h College. (See Sayyid Ahmad.) Ahmad Khan Sur. Vide Sikandar Iv[iau Sur. Ahmad Khattu (Shaikh) i^'LS J*^a-1 4i""**^), surname of Wajih - uddin Ahmad Mnghribi, who was the son of Malik Ikhtiyar-uddiu, a nobleman at the court of Sultan Firiiz Shah Tughluq of Dehli, and related to him. After the death of his father, having squandered his wealth in pleasure and dissipation, he became a disciple of Shaikh ■ Baba Is-haq Maghribi, and turned very pious and journeyed to Gujrat, where he acquired great fame. During his residence at that place, he obtained such celebrity, that Sultan Muzaffar Gujrati became his disciple. He died in that country in the reign of Sultiln Muhammad of Gujrat, on Thursday 6th of January, 1446, 8th Shawwal, a.h. 849, aged 111 years, and was buried at Sarkich, near Ahmadahild. Khattu is a place in Nagor, where Shaikh Aliuiad was born. Ahmad Maghribi. K]iat.t.u (^Shaikh). Vide Ahmad Ahmad Mirza (Sultan) (1 ; _^ A.,»...2-l i^lki-j), son of Abu-Sa Id Mirza, after whose death, in a.d. 1469, he took possession of Samarqand, and died about the year 1495. Ahmad (Mulla) (^J^ S.a^=^\), the son of a qazi of Tatta. His ancestors, who resided in Sindh, were FariiqTs of the Hanifa sect, but he was a Shi'a. He is the author of a work called Klnddsat-til- Hayat, the Essence of Life. He came from the Deccan to the court of the emperor Akbar, in the year a.d. 1582, A.H. 990, and when that monarch ordered the Tdrlkh-i-Alfi to be compiled, several authors were employed in the compi- lation, but subsequently the chief labour devolved upon Mulla Ahmad. The compila- tion of the first two volumes up to the time of Chingiz Klian was just finished by him, when Mirza Fulad Birlas, during the mouth of January, 1588, Safar, a h. 996, persuaded the Mulla, who was always openly reviling the first khalifas, to leave his o\n\ house at midnight on some pretence, and then murdered him in a street at Lahore. For this act Mirza Fiilad was sentenced to death, was bound alive to the leg of an elephant in the city of Lahore, and dragged along till he died. The Mulla expired three or foirr days after the Mirza. After the death of Mulla Ahmad, the remainder of the work was written by Asaf Klrau Ja'far Beg, up to the year a.h. 997, or a.d. 1589. Mulla Ahmad was biu'ied at Lahore, but being a Shl'a who openly used to revile the first khalifas, the people of Lahore exhumed his remains and burnt them. [Vide A'lH Translation, i. p. 206.] Ahmad Nizam Shah Bahri (ji_^f_rs-l i^^ <»l.l2J), the founder of the Xizam-Shahi dynasty of the Deccan, was the sou of Nizam-ul-Midk Bahri, prime mini.ster to Sultan Mahmiid Shiih Bahmani. He had conquered many places in the vicinity of his father's jagir, and was besieging the fort of Dundrajpiir about the year a.d. 1486, a.h. 891, when he received intelligence of the assassination of his father, and immediately returned and assumed the titles of the deceased, and was generally known by those of Ahmad Nizilm-ul-Mulk Bahri, to which the people of the Deccan added the title of Shah. As he had distiuguished himself repeatedly as a general in the field, though the Sultan wished to remove him from power, none of his nobilitv would accept the task of reducing him. "He, however, on the 3rd May, 1490, 3rd Rajab, a.h. 895, gained a victory over the armv of the SultSn, and from that time he sat without opponent cm the luasuad of royaltv, and by the advice of Yusuf 'Adil Shah, who had already become iudcpendeut, having discontinued to read the khutha in llie name of the king, put in his own and spread a wliite umbrella over his head. He laid the AHMA 42 AHMA foundation of the city of Aliniaduajjar in a.i>. 1-195, A.n. 900, wliicli was completed in two years, and became the first of the Xizam- "Shahi kings of Ahmadnagar. He died in A.D. 1508, A.n. 914, and was succeeded by his son, Burhau Nizam Shah I. The follow- ing is a list of the Nizam- Shahi kings of Alimaduagar : Ahmad Xi?am ShSh I., a.d. 1490. Burhan Ni?ani Shah, 1508. Husain Ni?am Shfxh I., 1553. Murtaza Niziim Shiih, 1565. Miran Husain Nizam Shah, 1587. IsmS'Il Nizam Shah, 1589. Bm'han Ni/.am Shah II. Ibrahim Nizam Shah, 1594. Ahmad Nizam Shah II., son of Shah Tahir, 1594. Bahadur Nizam Shah, 1595. Murtaza Nizam Shah II., 1598. The Ni?am ShahT dominions fall under the control of Malik 'Ambar, 1607. Ahmad Pasha (Ijblj j^^rs-V), a general of Sulaiman I., emperor of Turkey, who, •when appointed Governor of Egypt, revolted from his sovereign in a.d. 1524. He was soon after defeated by Ibrahim, the favourite of Sulaiman, and his head was sent to Constantinople. Ahmad Rumi ( ,.^., Jk./*,..^^^), author of the Fdiq-ul-Huqaiq, a work written in imitation of the Masnawl of Jalal uddin Euml. Ahmad Samani (Amir) ( jl^U ^a^7>-\ -_».^1), second king of the race of Saman (Samanides'), succeeded his father Amir Isma'Tl in the provinces of I\hurasan, etc., in A.D. 907, A.n. 295. He was a cruel prince, and contended with his uncle, his brothers, and other relations, for the extensive posses- sions of his father, more by intrigues at the coirrt of Baghdad than by arms. After a reign of seven years, he was murdered by some of his domestics on Thursday 30th January, a.d. 914, 23rd Jumslda I., a.h. 301, and his son. Amir Nasr, then only eight years of age, was placed upon the throne of Khurasan and Bukhara. Ahmad was buried in Bukhara, and they gave him the title of Sultan Shaliid, i.e. the martjTed king. Ahmad Sarhindi (Shaikh) (j>.^.rw\ :), entitled Mujaddid- jy.-^J^j.. i - Alf - i - SiinT, a dervish celebrated for his piety and learning, was the son of Shaikh 'Abdul -Wahid FfiriKiT, and was born at Sarbiiul in a.d. 1503, a.h. 971. Ho was a disciple of Khwaja Baiil, a celebrated saint of DehlT, and is the author of several works. He died on Tuesday 29tii November, a.d. 1624, the last Tue.sdayin the month of Safar, A.n. 1034, and is buried at Sarhiud. He was called " Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Saui, or the " Renewer of the second Millennium," because he adopted the general belief that eveiy thousand years a man was born who has a thorough knowledge of the Islam, and whose vocation it is to revive and strengthen it. He believed that he Avas the man of the second (samj Millennium (alf). Ahmad, Sayyid, of Barha, brother of Sayyid Mahmiid Barha, served under Akbar in Gujrat. He was in charge of Akbar's hunting leopards. His son, Sayyid Jamal- uddin, was killed by the explosion of a mine before Chitor. Ahmad, Sayyid, of Bukhara, father of the renowned Shaikh Farid-i-Bukhari. Tide below. Ahmad Shah (iLi^ A.^5-1), entitled Muj iihid - ud - din Muhammad Abun - Na sr Ahmad Shah Bahadur, was the son of Muhammad Shah, emperor of Dehli, whom he succeeded on the 15th April, a.d. 1748, 27th Eabi' II., A.n. 1161. His mother's name was Tdham Bai. He was born in the fort of Dehli on Tuesday 14th December, A.D. 1725, 17th RabT' II., a.h. 1138, and crowned in Panipat en Monday 19th April, A.D. 1748, 2nd Jumada I., a.h. 1161. After a reign of 6 years 3 months and 8 days, he was deposed and imprisoned, and afterwards blinded, together with his mother, ])y his prime minister, 'Imad-ul-Mulk Gliazi-uddiu I\han, on Sunday 2nd June, n.s. 1754. After this, he lived more than 21 years, and died on the 1st January, a.d. 1775, from bodily disease. He was binied in front of the mosque of Qadam- Sharif in Dehli, in the mausoleum of Maryara-MakanT. After his imprisonment, 'Alamgir II., son of Jahandar Shah, was raised to the throne. [Vide Troc. As. Soc. Bengal, for 1874, p. 208.] Ahmad Shah Abdali (iL-i J>-4-=>-l Jlj>jl), commonly called Shah Durrani, was the son of a chief of the Afglian tribe of Abdal, in the vicinity of the city of Hirat. He was taken prisoner in his infancy by Nadir Shah, who gave him the post of a mace-bearer, and by degrees promoted him to a considerable command in the army. The morning after the assassination of Nadir Sliah, which took place in the night of the 12th May, 1747, o.s., he made an attack, supported by a corps of Uzbeks, upon the Persian troops, but was repulsed. He then left the army, and proceeding by rapid marches to (iandahar, not only obtained possession of that city, but took a large convoy of treasure which was coming from AHMA 43 AHMA Kiibul and Siudh to the Persian camp. By the aid of these means, he laid the fouudatiim of a kingdom, wliich soon attained a strength that rendered it formidable to the surrounding nations. He not only subdued Qandahar and Kabul, but took Peshawar and Lahore ; and emboldened by this success, and the weakness of the empire, he resolved the conquest of the capital of Hindustan. In the beginning of the year a.d. 1748, a.h. 1161, he began his march from Lahore. Muhammad Shiih, the emperor of Dehli, being at this time too inchsposed to take the field, despatched his only son, prince Ahmad, against the enemy, under the command of the wazir Qamar- uddin Khan, Safdar-Jang, governor of Audh, and several other chiefs, with a great army. For some davs several skirmishes took place between the two armies near Sarhind. At length, on Friday 11th March, a.d. 1748, 22ud Eabi' I., a.h. 1161, Qamar-uddin Khan, the wazir, being killed as he was at his devotion in his tent by a cannon ball, a panic prevailed in the Mughul army ; the battle, however, continued till a magazine of rockets taking fire in the enemy's camp, numbers of the troops were wounded by the explosion ; and Shah Abdali, either dis- heartened by the loss, or satisfied by the plunder gained at Sarhind, thought it proper to retreat towards Kabul, which he did un- molested. In the year, a.d. 1757, a.h. 1170, he again advanced as far as Dehli and Agra, and after having plundered and massacred the inhabitants of Mathura, he returned to Qandahar. About the year a.d. 1758, a.h. 1172, the Maratha power had spread itself in almost every province of Hindiistan, when Naj lb - ud - daula, the Rohela , Shuj a ' - ud - daula jSTawab, of Audh, and not only the Musalmans, but Hindiis also, joined in petition to Ahmad Shah Abdali, that he would march and assume the throne of Dehli, in which they promised to support him. The Abdali, enraged at the seizure of Lahore by the Marathas, rejoiced at the invitation, and advanced without delay across the Indus, and driving the Marathas before him, he did not stop till they reached the vicinity of Dehli. He engaged the Marathas in several battles, and attained the highest reno-mi among Muhammadans by the memorable defeat that he gave the hostile army on the plains of Panipat. This famous action was fought in January, 1761. After this victory, Durrani Shah retiu'ned to his OAvn country, but before his departure he acknowledged Shah 'Alam, then in Bengal, as emperor of Hindiistan, and commanded Shuja'-ud-daula and other chiefs to submit to his authority. He died after a reign of 26 years in a.d. 1772, a.h. 1182, aged 50 years, and was succeeded by his son, Timur Shah. His tomb, covered with a gilt cupola, stands near the king's palace, and is held sacred as an asylum. Ahmad Shah Bahmani II. (Sultan) ^.:.-4..^,.j il-l Jw».r-0. On the death of his father. Sultiin Mahmud Shah II., in October, a.d. 1518, Shawwal, a.h. 924, Amir Biiiid, his prime minister, dreading that the siu-rouuding powers would attack him should he assume open independence, placed prince Ahmad, son of the late king, upon the throne at Ahmadabad Bidar, leaving him the palace, with the use of the royal jewels, and a daily allowance of money for his support. The sum not being equal to his expenses, the king broke up the crown, which was valued at 400,000 buns, or £160,000, and privately sold the jewels. He died two years after his accession to the throne, in the year a.d. 1521, a.h. 927. After his death Amir Barid raised Sidtan 'Ala-uddin III., one of the princes, on the throne. Two years after he was imprisoned, and another son of Mahmiid Shilh, named Wali-ullah Shah, was placed in his room. Three years after his accession, the minister conceiving a passion for his wife, he caused him to be poisoned, and espoused the queen. He then placed Kalim-ullah, the son of Ahmad Shah II., on the throne. This prince enjoyed nothing but the name of sovereign, and was never allowed to leave the palace. He was afterwards treated with great rigour by Amir Barid, whereupon he made his escape, first to his uncle Isma'il 'Adil Shah to Bijapiir, and thence to Biu'han Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar, where he resided till his death. With him ended the dmasty of the Bahmani kings of the Deccan. In fact, before this event, the Deccan was divided into five kingdoms — 'Adil-ShaliT, or kings of Bijapur; (jutb-Shahi, or kings of Golkonda ; 'Imad-Shahi, or kings of Barar; Nizam-Shahi, or kings of Ahmadnagar; and Barid- Shahi, kings of Ahmadabad Bidar. Ahmad Shah I. (^^l.^ Jk.^ft^l), second king of Gujrat, was the son of Tatar Kliau and grandson of Muzaffar Shah, whom he succeeded as king of Gujrat. The author of the Mu)itakhab-ut-Taiidnkh states that his grandfather placed him on the tlu-one druing his lifetime, in the year a.h. 813, a.d. 1410, and that he sun'ived that measure five months and sixteen days. In the same year he laid the foundation of a new city on the banks of the Sabannati, which he called after his o\\ti name, Ahmadabad, and which afterwards became the capital of the kings of Gujrat. The date of the lajing of the foundation of this city is contained in the words " Ba- khair," i.e. all well. He ched after a reign of nearly 33 years, on the 4th July, a.d. 1443, 4th Rabi' I., a.h. 847, and was suc- ceeded by liis son, Muhammad Shah. Ahmad Shah II. (j^U i\.Z> s.a~s^\), king of Gujrat. After the death of jrahmud Shah III., there being no relation on whom the succession might devolve, I'timfid Khan, the prime minister, resolved rather than see the kingdom in absolute anarchy, to elevate a youth, whom ho asserted to be the son of prince Ahmad Isiian, fonnerly governor of Ahmadabad, and declared him the legal successor to the crown of Gujrat. He was forthwith placed on the thnnie on the 18th AHMA 44 AHMA February, A.n. 1554, loth RabI' I., a.h. 961. He reiiiiicd srveii vciU's aiul some nioutlis, and was fouud Tiiurdered oue luoruiug at the foot of the palace wall. This event took place on Monday the 21st April, a.d. 1561, 5th Sha'ban, a.h. 968. He was succeeded by Mxizaffar Shah III. [Vide ^in TraiiKhttion, i. p. 335.] Ahmad Shah of Bengal (iLl J^^s^l), succeeded his father, Jalal - uddiu, to the throne of Bengal in a.h. 834, or a.d. 1430, reigned about 16 years, and died about the year a.d. 1446, a.h. 850. He was suc- ceeded by Nazir-uddin Mahmud Shah I., a descendant of Shams-uddln Ilyas Shah. Ahmad Shah, or Ahmad-ullah Shah (iL-1 Jk./«..=-'), commonly called *' The Maulawi," a prominent character in the neiulibonrliood of Shahjahanpiir and Muhammad! during the mutiny of 1857. He is said to liave been the inspired Faqir who travelled through the upper provinces, a few years ago, on a miraculous mission. He made a pretty long stay at Agra, astonishing the Datives and puzzling the authorities. It seems probable that he was even then busy in sowing the seeds of rebellion. He held great power within the city of Lucknow, in March, 1858, when the Commander-in-chief entered that city and commanded a stronghold in the very heart of the city. He was slain at Pawain, on the 15th June, 1858, sixteen miles north- east of Shalijahanpiir, and the raja of that place sent the head and trunk to Mr. Gilbert Money, the Commissioner. Ahmad Shah Wall Bahmani I. (Sultan) {i^y%.^^j ]j il^ w\^s».l), was the second son of Sultan Daiid Shah of the Bahmani race. He ascended the throne of the Deccan on the loth September, a-d. 1422, 5th Shawwal, a.h. 825, ten days before the demise of his brother. Sultan Firiiz Shah, who had resigned the crown in his favour. He is the founder of the city and fort of Ahraadabad Bidar, the foundation of wliich he laid in the year a.d. 1432, a.h. 836. It is said that tlie Sultan, on his retiu'n from a war at Bidar, took to the amusement of hunting ; and coming to a most beautiful spot, finely watered, resolved to build upon it a city, to be called after his name, Ahmada- bad. A citadel of great extent and strengtli was erected on the very site of Bidar, the ancient capital of princes, who, according to the Hindii books, 5,000 years back, possessed the whole extent of Mirhat, Karnatik, and Talingana. llaja Bhim Sen was one of tlie most celebrated of this lionsc?, and the history of the loves of his daugliter and Baja Nal, king of Millwa, are famous through all Hindiistan. Their story was translated from the Sanskrit by Shaikh FaizI, under the title of XaJ Daman, into Persian verse, at the command of the emperor, Akbar Shah. Ahmad Shah reigned 12 lunar years and 10 months, and died on the 19th February, a.d. 1435, 18th Rajab, a.h. 838. He was"buried at Ahniadabiicl Bidar, and was succeeded by his son, Sultan 'Ala-uddin II. Ahmad (Shaikh) (; c^j'^ 3,^:=- \). of Ghazni, author of the work entitled Maqdmdt-i-Shaikh Ahmad, containing the Life of Ahmad Jam, Shailch-id-Islam, of jVishapiir ; with a minute account of the miracles performed by him. Tide Ahmad Jiini. Ahmad (Shaikh) ( J J^ '±^^\ d-A.^\), commonly called Mulla Jiwan, of Amethl, was the ttitor of the emperor 'Alamgir, and author of the Tafslr-i-Ahmadi. He died in A.D. 1718, a.h. 1130. Vide Mulla Jiwan. Ahmad (Shaikh), second son of Shaikh Salim Chishti, of Fatbpur Sikri. He served imder Akbar, and died in a.h. 985. Ahmad Shihab-uddin Talish (A^r^l {J^\'j 1^1'^'^ t__J^^). Viile Slilhab- uddln Ahmad Talish. Ahmad Suhaili (Amir) ( V^j,^ S/*.s^\ .-.-<1), seal-bearer to Sultan Husain IMirza of Hirat, to whom several of tlie poets of his time dedicated their works. Husain "NVaiz dedicated his Anwar Suhaili to him. Vide Suhaili. Ahmad-ullah Shah, commonly called ' The Maulawi " ; sec Ahmad Shah. Ahmad Yadgar (^ISjIj Jk.4.>-1), author of tlu' Tilrlk-i-Saldnn-i-Afdgh'uia, a history of the Afghan kings of IncUa from Bidilid LodT, composed by order of Daud Shah, last king of Bengal. I Vide Dowson, v. p. 1.] Ahmad Yar Khan (^Ld- .L« jkw*.=-0, whose poetical name is Yakta, was of the tribe of the Turks called Birlas. His father, Allah Yar Klian, held at different ]Hriods the siibadfiri of Lahore, Tatta, and Multan, and was afterwards appointed to the Fanjdari of Gliazni. Ahmad Yar Khan also held the Subadari of Tatta in the latter part of the reign of 'Alamgir. He was an excellent poet, and is the author of several poems. He died on the 21st September, a.d., o.s. 1734, 23rd Juniada I., a.h. 1147. AHMl 45 AKBA Alimad Yar Khan (Nawab), of Barcli, the son of Nawab Zul-tiqar-ud-daula INIu- liammad Ziil-tiqiir Khau Bahadm- Dilawar- Jaug of Bareli. He was alive iu a.d. 1815, A.H. 1230. Ahmad Zarruq. ijjjj .^'♦■=-0, surname of Abul- 'Abbas Abmad bin -Ahmad bin- Muhammad bin-'Isa BarallusI, author of the coninieutary called Sharh AsnuVil-Husna. He cUed in a.d. 1493, a.h. 899. Ahsan { »j,:^\), poetical name of 'Inayat Khan, the son of Nawab Zafar Khan. He was Governor of Kabul in the reign of 'Alamgir, and is the author of a Diwan. Vide Ashna. Ahsan-ullah Khan (Hakim) {^^^\ *-X>. ^ISO, so well-known at Delili, died in September, 1873, in that city. 'Ain-uddin (Shaikh) (^--^ ^_jj^ ^^), of Bijapiir, author of the Mulhaqdt, and Kitdb-ul- Anwar, containing a history of all the Muhammadan saints of India. Ho flourished in the time of Sultan 'Ali-uddin Hasan Bahmani. 'Ain-nl-Mulk (Hakim) (J_-), a native of Shiraz, and a well-educated and learned Musalmau, was an otticer of rank in the time of the emperor Akbar. He was an elegant poet, and his poetical name was Wata. He died in the 40th year of the emperor's reign in a.d. 1594, A.H. 1003. [For further notes, vide Aln Translation, i. p. 481.] 'Ain-ul-Mulk (Khwaja) (tli^L*]^ ^^z d^:>-\^6-.), a distinguished nobleman of the court of Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughluq and his successor Sultan Firuz Shah, kings of Dehli. He is the author of several works, one of which is called Tarsil ^Ain-nl- Mulki. He also appears to be the author of another work called Fath-ndnid, containing an account of the conquests of Sultan 'Ala- uddlu, who reigned from a.d. 129G to 1316. 'Aish (j^^r), the poetical name of Muhammad 'Askari, who lived in the reign of the emperor Shah 'Alam. 'Aishi ( \_5~^" 'S), a poet, who is the Ajaipal, the ruja who founded Ajmir about a.d. 1183. Ajit Singh, a Sikh chief and murderer of Maharaja Sher Singh of Lahore. He also slew Dhaian Singh, another chief, and was himself seized by Hira Singh, the son of Dhaian Singh, and put to death together with Lena Singh and others. This took place in September, 1843. Ajit Singh (Raja) (<^-l d5o^~ author of a Masnawi called Ilttft Akhtnr, or the seven planets, which he wrote in a.d. 1675, a.h. 1086. a Rathaiui Rajput, and hereditary zamindar of Marwar, or Jodhpiir, was the son of Raja Jaswaut Siugh Rathauri. He was restored in A.D. 1711 to the throne of his ancestors, and gave his daughter in marriage to the emperor Farrtiklisiyar in the year a.d. 1716. He was murdered one night, when fast asleep, at the instigation of his son, Abhai Singh, who succeed'ed him. This took place in the beginning of the reign of the emperor Mu- hammad Shah, about a.d. 1724. 'Ajiz (j.:?-!.^), the poetical name of 'Arif-uddin Khan, who lived about a.d. 1754, A.H. 1168. 'Ajiz, the poetical name of Lala Ganga Bishn, father of Ram j as Mim.shi, which see. Ajmal (Shah) ( J^^l), or Shah Mu- hammad Ajmal, a Pirzada of Allahabad, was a descendant of Shah Kliiib-ullah, and younger brother of Shah Gliulam Qutb-uddin, the son of Shah Muhammad Fakhii-, the respectability of whose family is well-known at Allahabad. He died iu the year a.d. 1821, A.H. 1236. Ajmiri Khan, an inhabitant of Ajmir. He walked with the emperor Akbar from Agra to Ajmir, on which account he received the title of Ajmiri Klian from that emperor. He had built a garden on a spot of 28 bighas of grouud at Agra. This place is now called Ajmiri Khan-ka Tila. Aka Rihi, of Nishapur, an author. Akbarabadi MahaH ( J.s-* ^S^\jS\), A'azz-un-Xisa Begam, was the name of one of the wives of the emperor Shah Jahan. The large red stone mosque at Faizbazar, iu Dehli, was built by her in the year a.d. 1651, A.H. 1060, at a cost of 15(t,odo rupees. She died on the 29th January, a.d. 1677, 4th Zil-hijja, A.H. 1087, in the reign of 'Alamgir. There is also a mnsjid inside the city of Agra built by her, calledAkbarrihrulI ^Masjid. She had a villa also built at Agra. AKBA 46 AKBA Akbar 'Ali Tashbihi ( A.z ^^\ L_rr -^j). He is mentioned in the Khiililsnt-ul-Ash'ar to have been the son of a washerman. lie went to India, and tnrned faqir, but, as he was an inlidel, his ascetic exercises cannot have been of much use to his soul. He left a diwan of about 8000 verses, and a masnawl, called Zurra tea Khurshtd. He was alive in a.d. 1585, a.h. 993. [Regarding tliis poet, vide Atn Transla- tion, i. p. 956.] Akbar Khan, the son of Dost Mu- hammad Klian, ruler of Kabul, by his first wife. Ho shot Sir W. II. Macnagiiten on the 26th December, 1841, when his father, Dost Muhammad Klifiu, was a State prisoner in India. When his father. Dost Muhammad Khan, came in possession of Kabul after the retreat of the English in 1842, he was ajipointed heir - appar, nt in preference to Muhammad Afzal Ivhiln, his eldest son by his second wife. He died in 1848, when his full brotlier, Gluilam Haidar I\han, was nominated heir-apparent, after whose death, in 1858, Sher 'All, his brother, was nomi- nated. Akbar (Prince) , the youngest son of the emperor 'Alamgir, was born on the 10th September, o.s. 1657, 11th Zil-hijja, a.h. 1067, raised the standard of rebellion against his father, and joined the Maratha chief Sambhuji in Jime, 1681. He afterwards quitted "his court, and repaired to Persia, where he died in a.d. 1706, a.h. 1118, a few months before his father, and was buried at Mashhad, in Khm-asan. 'Alamgir, at one time, intended to make Akbar his successor, and this preference arose from Akbar being the son of a IMuhammadan mother, the daughter of Shah Nawaz K]ian ; whereas his brothers, Sultans Mu'azzam and A'zam, were born of Eajput princesses. Akbar Shah (i^Li j.^^\), the Great, emperor of Hiudiistan, surnamed Abul-Fath Jalal-uddiu Muhammad, was the eldest sou of the emperor Humayun, and was born in Amarkot in the province of Sindh, on Sunday the lothi October, a.d. 1542, 5th Eajab, a.h. 949, at a time when his father, after being defeated by Sher Shah, had taken refuge -with Eana Prashad. At the time of his father's death, Akbar was at Kalanur, where he had been deputed by his father with a considerable force to expel the ex-king Sikandar Shah Siir from the Siwalik mountains. "When information reached the prince of this mourn- ful event, Bairam K]ian, and other officers who were present, raised him to the throne on Friday 14th February, a.d. 1556, 2ud Rabi' II., A.H. 963, Akbar being then only 13 years and 9 mouths old. He enlarged his dominions by the conquest of Gujrat, Bengal, Kashmir, aiid Sindh. Besides the forts of Atak, Agra, and Allahilbad, many military works were erected by him. He also built and fortified the town of Fathpur Sikri, which was his principal residence, and which, though now deserted, is one of the most s])lendid remains of former grandeur of India. He died after a prosperous reign of 61 lunar years and 9 months, on Wednesday the 16th October, o.s. 1605, 13th Jumada II., a.h. 1014, aged 64 hmar years and 11 months. The words "Faut-i- Akbar Shiih" (the death of Akbar Shah), are the chronogram of his death. He was buried in the village of Sikandra, in the environs of Agra, where a splendid mausoleum was biult over his remains by his son Jahangir, which is still in a high state of preservation. He received after his death the title of "Arsh-'Ashyfaii," and was succeeded by his son Sultan Salira, who assumed the title of Jahangir. His mother's name was Hamida Bauii, commonly called Maryam-Makani. The history of this potentate has been written, with great elegance and precision, by his wazir Abul- Faz.l, in the work entitled Akbar-nd>na. In order to keep his turbulent Umaras, Turks, and Afghans, in check, Hindu chiefs wure encouraged by Akbar, and entrusted with the highest powers, both military and civil, as was the case with Raja Maldeo of Marwar, Bhagwan Das of Amber, Man Singh, his son, and Raja Todar Mai. He also connected himself and his sons with them by marriage. Both Akbar and his successor, Jahangir, had amongst their wives several of Hindii origin. Towards the middle of his reign, Akbar became dissatisfied with the Muhammadan religion, and invited to his coiu't teachers of the" Christian, Hiudii, and Parsi religions, and took an interest in their discussions. He adopted, however, none of them, but attempted to found a new system of belief, called " Din-i-Ilahi," which acknowledged one God, and the king as his vice-regent. [Vide Elphijistone'' s History of India, and Jiiiist'r Akbar, by the late Graf v. Noer (Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein).] Akbar Shah II. ( Jlj iU, ^^1), king of Dehli, whose title in fidl is Abul-Nasr Mu'in-uddin Muhammad Akbar Shah, was the sou of the nominal emperor Shah 'Alam ; was born on AVeduesday 23rd April, n.r. 1760, 7th Ramazan, a.h. 1173, and succeeded his father at the age of 48, on the 19th November, a.d. 1806, 7th Ramazan, a.h. 1221, as titular king of Dehli. On his accession he made some weak attempts to increase his influence and power. These were properly resisted, but at the same time the pledge given by Lord Wellesley, to increase the allowance of the imperial family when the revenue of the country improved, was redeemed by an act of politic liberality. An augmentation of 10,000 rupees per mensem was appropriated for the support of his eldest son, whom he had declared heir-apparent. He sat on the throne of his ancestors nearly 32 hmar years ; died on Friday 28th AKHF 47 ALAH September, ad. 1837, 28tli Jumiida II., a.h. 1253, aged about 80 lunar years, and was buried at Delili, close to the tomb of Bahadur Shah. His son Bahadur Shah XL, the last king of Dehli, succeeded him. Akbar some- times wrote poetry, and used the word Shu' a for his poetical name. Akhfash Ausat (k-^^1 ^jiiX^-l), was called Akhfash, because he had small eyes. His pi'oper name is Abul-IIasan Sa'id. He was an author, and died in the year a.d. 830. Some say he was born at Balkh, and died in A.H. 376. There were three persons of this name, all of whom were authors. Akhfash Asghar, or the lesser, died in a.d. 845. Akhtar ( ji.<..\), the poetical name of Qazi Midiammad Sadiq Klian, an excellent writer of prose and verse. Akhtar iy:..^\), the poetical name of Wajid 'All Shah, the last king of Audh, now of Garden Reach, Calcutta. Akmal-uddin Muhammad bin-Mah- mud (Shaikh), author of a commen- tary on the Ilidfiya, entitled 'Inai/a, or a/- 'Indya. There are two commentaries on the Hidaya, commonly known by that name, but the one much esteemed for its studious anah'sis and interpretation of the text, is by this author ; it was published in Calcutta in 1837. This author died in the year a.d. 1384, A.H. 786. 'Akrima, or more correctly 'Ikrima iU^.JLc), surname of Abu- AMullah, who was a freed slave of Ibn- 'Abbas, and became afterwards his disciple. He was one of the greatest lawyers. He died in the year A.D. 725, A.H. 107- Aksir, or more correctly, Iksir (Mirza) (} j\.^,.L^\ r:»A«^0, of Isfahan, 1;^ L^H- author of a book of elegies. He served imder NawabNizam-ul-Mulk Asaf-Jah and Safdar- Jang, and died in Bengal in n.s. 1756, a.h. 1169. Alahdad Sarhindi, or more con-ectly, Ilahdad, poetically styled Faizi, a native of Sarhiud, and author of a Persian Dictionary called Maddr ul-Afazil. [Regardiug this dictionary and its author, vide Jour. As. Soc. Boiyal, 1868, p. 10.] Al-Ahnaf (^jo^^'l), uncle of Yazid, the second khalifa of the house of Umayya. At the battle of SifEln he had fought on the side of 'Ali. Several sayings of this celebrated chief are recorded " in the Bio- graphical Dictionary of Ibn KliaUikan. He outlived Mu'awiya. Alahwirdi Khan (^l..:L ^_s^J,^^^), or more correctly, Ilahwirdi Khan, a nobleman of the reign of the emperor Jahaugir. He Was raised to the rank of 6,000 in the time of Sliah Jahan, and held several offices of importance. He was ap- pointed Governor of Patna, and espoused the cause of Sultan Shuja', brother of Aurangzib, A.D. 1658, A.H. 1068, and after the defeat of Shuja', accompanied him to Bengal, where he was slain, together with his son Saif-uUah, by order of that prince, in July, a.d. 1659, Zil-qa'da, a.h. 1069. [The word ivirdl or ivirdi means " a rope," God being the hahl'i-matin, the strong rope which the faithful seize so as not to perish.] Alahwirdi Khan {J^<^ ^^j^i^\), or more correctly, Ilahwirdi Khan, title of Ja'far Khan, the sou of Ilrdiwirdi K[ian the first. He was raised to the rank of an amir by 'Alamgir, with the title of Ilahwardi Ivhan 'Alamgir- Shahi. He was appointed Subadar of Allahabad, where he died A.D. 1669, a.h. 1079. He was an excellent poet, and has left a Diwan. Alahwirdi Khan, (^l^ ^J.j- ci—jL^*), or more commonly, Allahwirdi Khan, styled Mahabat- Jang, the usurper of the government of Bengal, was originally named Mirzii Muhammad 'All. His father, Mirza Muhammad, a Tui'kman, an officer in the ser%'ice of the prince A'zam Shah, on the death of his pati-on in a.d. 1707, falling into distress, moved from Dehli to Katak, the capital of Orisa, in hopes of mending his fortune under Shuja' -uddin, the son-in-law of Nawilb Murshid Quli Ja'far Klian, Siibadar of Bengal, who received him with kindness, and after some time bestowed on his son the Faujdari of Eajmaliall, and procured for him from the emperor a mansab and the title of Allahwirdi Khan, and after- wards that of Mahabat-Jaug. ^'\iter the death of Shuja'-uddiu, and the accession of his son, Sarfaraz Khan, to the government of Bengal, Allahwirdi overthrew the Nawab, in an action in which the latter was slain, in a.d. 1740, a.h. 1153, and m-sm-ped the government. He reigned sixteen years over the three pi'ovinces of Bengal, Bilifir, and Orisa, and died on Saturdav tlie lOtli April, N.s. 1750, 9th llajab, A.ii. 1169, aged 80 years. He was bm-icd in Murshidabad, near tlie tomb of his mother, in tlie ganhm of Kjiiish- Bfigh, and wiis siu'cccded by his grand-nephew and grandson, Mirza Mahmud, ALAH 48 ALAM better known by his assumed name of Siraj- iid-diuila. It does not appear that Anahwirdl ever remitted any part of the revenue to Dehli after payment of the first instalment, of which tlu! "hulk went to the Marat ha Government at J 'una. Alah Yar Klian i'^i^ ^A:>- ,b i^\), j^ w V •• or more correctly, Hah Yar Khan (Shaikh), son of Shaikh 'Abdus- Suhhan, was formerly employed by Xawab Mubariz-id-^SIulk Sarbalaud IChfrn, Governor of Gujriit, and in the reiuu of the emperor Fari-ukhsivar was raised to the rank of h,000, with the title of Rustam Zaman Khan. In the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah, when Raja Abhai Singh, the son of Raja AjTt Singh Marwari, was appointed Governor of Gujrat in the room of Nawab Sarbalaud Klian, the latter made some opposition to his successor ; a battle ensued, and Shaikh Ilah Yar, who was then with the Nawab, was killed in the action. This took place on the dav of Dasahra, 5th October, o.s. 1730, 8th Rabi II., A.H. 1143. Alah Yar Khan ( .j^ ij;^-^ j^ ^^^ ■ ^:>- }^\.i\), or more correctly, Ilah Yar Khan, son of Iftikhar Khan Turkman, a nobleman of the court of Shiih Jahan. He died in Bengal in a.d. 1650, A.H. 1060. Alah Yar Khan Mir-Tuzuk (^l_) a.S1 ( $;J _»,« ^j^A:>-), or more correctly, Ilah Yar Khan, a nobleman in the time of the emperor 'Alamo-Ir, who held the rank of 1,500, and died a.d'. 1662, a.h. 1073. Alamayo (Prince), the son of king Theodore of Abyssinia. After the fall of Mao:dala and the death of his father, 10th April, 1808, he was sent to England to be educated, where he died. Al-Amin {^j^^^i'), the 6th khalifa of the house of 'Abbas, succeeded his father, Hariin-iu--Rashid, to the throne of Baghdad, in March, a.d. 809, a.h. 193. He was no sooner seated on the throne than he formed a desifjn of excluding his brother, al-Mamiin, from the succession. Accordinjjly, he deprived him of the furniture of the imperial palace of Khurasan ; and in o])en violation of his father's will, who had bestowed on al-Mamun the perpetual government of Khurasan and of all the troops in that province, he ordered these forces to march directly to Baghdad. T^pon the arrival of this order, al-Maniun expostulated with the general al-Fazl Ibu Rabi'a, who commanded his troops, and endcavound to prevent his marching to Baghdad ; but without effect, for he punc- tually obeyed the orders sent by the khalifa. Al-Fazl having ingratiated himself with the khalTta by his ready compliance with his orders, was chosen prime minister, and governed with absolute sway, al - Amin abandoning himself entirely to ch'unkenuess. Al-Fazl was a very able minister; but fearing al-Mamiin's resentment, if ever he should ascend the throne, he gave al-Amin such advice as proved in the end the ruin of them both. He advised him to deprive al-Mamiin of the right of succession that had been given him by his father, and transfer it to his own son Miisa, though then but an infant. Agree- able to this pernicious advice, the khalifa sent for his brother al-Qasim from Mesopotamia, and recalled al-Mamun from Ivhmasan, pretending he had occasion for him as an assistant in his councils. By this ill-treat- ment al-Mamun was so much provoked, that he resolved to come to an open ruptm-e with his brother. A war soon after broke out between them. Tahir ibn-Hnsaiu, the general of al-Mamun, laid siege to Baghdad, took it, and having seized al-Amin, cut off his head, and exposed it to public view in the streets of Baghdad. Afterwards he sent it to al- Mamiiu in Kliurasau, together with the ring or seal of the kbilafat, the sceptre and the imperial robe. At the sight of these, al- Mamiin fell down on his knees, and returned thanks to God for his success, making the courier who brought the insignia a present of a million dirhams. The death of al-Amin took place on the 6th October, a.d. 813, 6th Safar, a.h. 198. He was then 30 years of age, and had reigned but four years and some months. 'Alamgir I. (il-ijb .-.Olc), emperor of Hindiistan, surnamed Abul-Zafar Muhi- luldin Muhammad Aiu'angzib, took the title of 'Alamgir on his accession to the throne. lie was the third son of the emperor Shah Jahan, born on Sunday lOtli October, o.s. 1619, nth Zil-qa'da, a.h. 1028. His mother's name was Arjmand Banii, surnamed Mumtaz-Mahall. In his youth, he put on the appearance of religious sanctity, but in June, a.d. 1658, Ramzan, a.h. 1068, during his father's illness, he, in conjunction with his brother, j\Im-ad Bakhsh. seized Agra, and made his father prisoner. Murad was soon after imprisoned by 'Alamgir, who marched to Dehli, where he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor on the 21st July of the same year, 1st Zil-qa'da, a.h. 1068, but was not crowned till the first anniversary of his accession, a circumstance which has intro- duced some confusion in the chronology of his reign. Soon after, he put Murad Bakhsh and his eldest brother, the heir - apparent, Dara Sliikoh, to death. He greatly enlarged his dominions, and became so formidable that all Eastern princes sent ambassadors to him. He was an able prince, but a biii'oti'd Sunni, and attempted to force the Hindiis to adopt ALAM 40 'ALA-IT that faith, destropng their temples, and levying the capitation tax {Jizi/a) from every Hindii. The feudatory chiefs of Rajputana successfully resisted the impost. lie died after a reign of 50 lunar years at Ahmad- nagar, in the Deccan, on Friday the 21st February, o.s. 1707, 28th Zil-ija'da, a.h. 1118, aged 90 hmar years and 17 days, and was interred in the coiu't of the mniisoleum of Shaikh Zaiu-uddin, in Kliuldabad, eight kos from the city of AurangShad. After his death, he received the title of " Hazrat Klmld-Makau" {i.e. He whose place is in paradise). He was married in the 19th year of his age to a daughter of Slifihnawaz K]iau, the son of 'Asaf Klian, the prime minister of the emperor Jahaugir, by whom he had five sons and four daughters. His eldest son, named Sultan Muhammad, died before his father ; his second son was Muhammad Mu'azzam, who succeeded him with the title of Shah 'Alam Bahadur Shah ; the third, A'zam Shah, was slain in battle fought against the latter ; the fom'th, Muhammad Akbar, who revolted against his father, took refuge in Persia, and died there ; the fifth, Kiim Bakhsh, who was also slain in battle. The names of his four daughters are : Zeb- un-Xisa, Zinut-un-Xisa, Badr-un-Xisa, and Mihr-uu-Xisa. 'Alamgir II., 'Azlz-uddin, was the son of the emperor Jahandar Shah by Aniip Bal ; was born in a.d. 1688, a.h. 1099, and raised to the throne, in the fort of Dehli, by 'Imad-ul-Mulk Gliazi-mldin Klian the wazTr, on Sunday the 2ud June, n.s. 1751, 10th Sha'ban, a.h. 1167, after the deposition and imprisonment of Ahmad Shah, the son of the emperor Muhammad Shah. He was, after a nominal reign of five years and some months, assassinated by the same person who had placed him on the throne, on the 29th November, n.s. 1759, 8th Rabi' II. a.h. 1173, and was interred in the jdatform before the mausoleum of the emperor Humaviin. His son 'All Gardiar (afterwards Shah 'Alam) being then in Bengal, Muhiy-ul-Simnat, sou of Kiim Bakhsh, the son of the emperor Aurangzib, was seated on the throne, with the title of Shah Jahan, and insidted by the empty name of emperor for some months, after which, on the 10th October, N.s. 1760, 29th Safar, a.h. 1174, the Marathas having plundered Dehli, prince Mlrza Jawan Bakht, the son of 'Ali Gauhar, was placed on the throne by the Maratha chief Bhao, as regent to his father, who was still in Bengal. Alap Arsalan. Vide Alp Arsalan. Alaptigin or Alptigin (^^tj;^l\), one of the chief nobles of Bukhara, and Governor of Khurasan during the reign of the house of Saman. Having, in a.d. 962, renounced his allegiance to that com-t, he retired, with his followers, to Ghazni, then an insignificant town, to escape the resent- ment of Amir Mausiir SanianT, whose eleva- tion to the throne he had opposed, on the ground of his extreme youth. He established a petty principality, of which Ghazni became the capital. He 'died a.d. 976, a.h. 366, when his son, Abu-Is-baq, succeeded him ; but that weak and chssipated prince survived his father but a short time ; and the suffrage of all ranks gave the rule to Subiktagin, a chief in the service of Alaptigin, in a.d. 977, A.H. 367. Al-Aswad (t>».-j\'0, an impostor. Vide Musailama. 'Ala-ud-daula (Prince) (<)J^j^!1jl.c ( J^».j), the son of Baisanghar Mirza, and grandson of Shahrukh ]Mirza, after whose death, in a.d. 1447, he ascended the throne at Hirat, but was soon di-iven from it by his uncle, Ulugh Beg. After the death of Ulugh Beg, A.D. 1449, he was imprisoned and bliiaded by his brother. Sultan Babar. He died in a.d. 1459, a.h. 863. 'Ala-ud-danla (a>l,j.!^^i£. Nawab of Bengal. J'ide Sarfaraz Khan. 'Ala - ud - daula (Mir or Mirza) (j-^* aJ^j^J^jLc), a poet whose poetical name was Kafi. He is the aiithor of a biography of those poets who flourished in the reign "of the emperor Akbar. The time of his death is not known, but he was living at the time of the conquest of Chltor by Akbar in a.d. 1567, a.h. 975. There is some mistake in his poetical name ; he appears to be the same person who is mentioned under the poetical name of Kami, which see. 'Ala-ud-daula Samnani (<*J^j^l|^Lc JL*^), one of the chief followers of the Sufi Jimaid Baghdadi. In his youth he served Arghim Khan, the Tartar king of Persia, and his uncle Sharaf-uddin Samnani was a nobleman at the court. He died on Friday the 8th March, a.d. 1336, 23rd Bajab, A.H. 736, aged 77 lunar years, six years before Kjiwaja Kirmani. 'Ala-uddin ( ,ja1U^1-), a Muhamraadan prince of the Arsacidcs or Assassins, better known by the appellation of "The old man of the mountains." His residence was a castle between Damascus and Autioch, and was surrounded bv a nmnbcr of youths, whom he intoxicated with pleasiu-es, and rendered ALA-U 50 'ALA-U subservient to liis views, by promisiiif;- still greater voluptuousuess iu the next world. As these were emplo5-ed to stab his enemies, he Avas di'eaded by the neighbouring princes. {^Vide Hasan Sabbah.] 'Ala - uddin (Kliwaja) ( .,.jjJULr ( NJ-,«U::.r itjs-Lri-), surnamed 'Ata Malik, was the brother of Shams-uddin Mu- hammad Sahib, diwan, and is the author of a histoi'y called JaliCmkHsIid. 'Ala-uddin 'Ali al-Quraishi ibn-Nafis author of the commentary termed MFijiz-id Qdmm Jil- Tihb, being an epitome of the canons of Avicenna. He died a.d. 1288. 'Ala-uddin Ali Sliah ( J.^ ^^sl\'^ iLi)), king of "Western Bengal. He usurped the government of that country after defeating Fakhr-uddin Mubarak Shah, and ■was assassinated, about a.h. 746, by the instigation of Khwaja Ilyas, who succeeded him under the title of Shams-uddin Ilyas Shah. 'Ala-uddin Atsiz {j,^]\ ^jjj'jlr), the son of 'Ala-uddin Hasan G]iorI. He defeated Bahii-uddln Sam in a.d. 1210, and reigned four years iu Ghor. He fell in battle against Taj-uddin Ildiiz, a.d. 1214, and was the last of the kings of Gliur, of the family of 'Ala-uddin Hasan. 'Ala-uddin Hasan ( c;* i^_)jkJljLi c/j^J.), prince of Ghur, entitled Jahan-s6z. His elder brother, Qut.b-uddiu, prince of Ghor, was publicly executed by his brother-in-law, Bahram Shah of Gliaziii, in A.D. 1119, a.h. 513. Saif-ud-daula, brother of the deceased, took possession of Ghazui in A.D. 1148, A.H. 543, but afterwards was defeated, taken prisoner, and put to death by Bahram Shah iu a.d. 1149, a.h. 544. Wheii the mournful news of his brother's death reached 'Ala-uddin, he burnt with rage, and being determiu(d to take revenge, invaded G[iazui with a great army. He defeated Bahram Shah, who fl.d "to Lahore, took possession of Ghaziii, in a.d. 1152, a.h. 574, and gave up the city to flames, slaughter, and devastation for several days, on which account he is known by the epithet of " Jahan-soz," or the burner of the world. He carried his animosity so tar as to destroy every monument of the G|iaziii emperors with tlie exception of those of Saltan Mahmud, iMasTul, and Ibrahim; but he defaced ail the inscriptions, eveu of their times, from every public edifice. 'Ala-uddin died in the year a.d. 115G, a.h. 549, after a reign of six years, and was succeeded by his sou Malik" Saif-uddin, or Saif-ud-daula, who in little mon^ than a vear fell in battle with tlie G[iiza Turkmans. ' Ho was succe(ded by his eldest cousin, Ghiyas- uddiu Muhammad Ghori. The following is a list of the kings of Gliur : 1. 'Ala-uddin Hasan Ghori. 2. Malik Saif-uddin, son of 'Ala-uddin Hasan Ghori. 3. Ghiyas-uddiu iluhammad Ghori, son of Baha-uddiu Sam, the yotmger brother of 'Ala-uddin. 4. Shihab-uddiu, brother of Ghiyas-uddin. 5. Ghiyils-uddiu Mahmiid, sou of Ghiyas- uddiu. 6. Baha-uddiu Sam, sou of Gl^iiy as -uddin Mahmiid. 7. Atsiz, son of Jahan-soz, and last of the kings of Ghor of this branch. ,^^ ^rl^I^j^Jx 'Ala-uddin I (i.Cil^ .., ^J^A■-^^), Hasan Kangoh Bahmanl, the first Bahmani king of the Deccan. He was a native of Dehli, and in the service of a Brahmanical astrologer named Kangoh, or Giingoh, enjopng high favour with the prince Mtdiammad Tughluq, afterwards king of Dehli. This Brahman a.ssured Hasau that he perceived from his horoscope that he would rise to great distinction, and be eminently favoured of the Almighty ; and made him promise that if he ever should attain regal power, he would use the name of Kangoh and employ him as his minister of finance, a request with which Hasan readily complied. The Governor of Daulatabad and others having revolted took possession of the place, and selected Hasan (who had then the title of Zafar Klian and a jagir in the Deccan) to be their king. On Friday tlie 3rd Augu.st, A.D. 1347, 24th Rabi' II. a.h. 748, they crowned him and raised him on the throne, with the title of 'Ala-uddin Hasan Kangoh Bahmani at Kulbarga, which place became the royal residence and capital of the first Muhammadan king of the Deccan, and was named Ahsanabad. Towards the end of the reign of Muhammad Tughluq of Dehli, he subdued every part of the Deccan previously subject to the throne of Dehli. The death of 'Ala-uddin Hasan hajipened ten years, ten months, and seven days aftt r his accession to the throne, about the lOth February, a.d. 1358, 1st Rabi' I. a.h. 759. He was succeeded by his son, ]\Iuhammad Shah I. Bahmani. The following is a list of the kings of the Bahmani dynasty of Kulbarga or Ahsauabad with the years of their accessions : 'Ala-uddin Hasan I. Muhammad Shah I. l\Iiij;"ihi(l Shfih . . Daiul Shrdi . . . Mahmiid Shah . . Ghiyas-uddiu . a.h. 748, A.D. 1347. . A.H. 759, A.D. 1358. . AH. 77(3, AD. 1375. . A.H. 780, A.D. 1378. . A.H. 780, A.D. 1378. . A.H. 799, A.D. 1397. Shams-uddiu . . . a.h. 799, a.d. 1397. ALA-U 51 'ALA-IT Firuz Shfih Roz-afzun A.n. 800, a.d. 1397. Ahmad Shah Wall . . a.h. 825, a.d. 1422. 'Ala-iiddm Ahmad II. a.h. 838, a.d. 1435. HumaA-uu the ciuel. Nizam Shah. IMiihammnd Shah II. Mahmud II. Ahmad Shah II. 'Ala-uddm III. WalT-iilhih. Kalim-iiUah, with whom the Bahmaui dynasty terminates, and is succeeded by Amir Barid at Ahmadabiid Bidar. 'Ala-uddin II. (Sultan) (^j.vjljL^ (^Iki-j ^^U), son of Sultan Ahmad Shah Wall Bahmani, ascended the throne at Ahmadabad Bidar in the Deccan, in the month of February, a.d. 1435, a.h. 838, and died after a reign of 23 years, 9 months, and 20 days in the year a.d. 14.37, a.h. 862. He was succeeded by his son, Humayiin, a cniel prince. 'Ala-uddin Khilji (Sultan) ( .,« j^ll^J^-c ;li2A...^ 1$-^^ .-\_--X- CT styled Sikaudar-i-Saui, "the second Alex- ander," was the nephew and son-in-law of Sultan Jalal-uddin Firuz Shfdi Kliilji, whom he murdered at Kara - Maiiikpiir, in the province of Allahabad, on the 29th July, A.D. 1296, 17th Ramazan, a.h. 695, and marching thence with his army ascended the throne of Dehli in the month of October the same year, Zil-hijja, ah. 695, after having defeated and removed Eukn-uddin Ibrahim, the son of Firuz Shah. He was the first Musalman king who made an attempt to conquer the Deccan. He took the fort of Chitor in August, a.d. 1303, 3rd Muharram, a.h. 703. It is said that the empire never fiom-ishcd so much as in his reign. Palaces, mcsques, universities, baths, mansolea, forts, and all kinds of jniblic and private buiklings, seemed to rise as if by magic. Among the poets of his reign, we may record the names of Amir Kliusrau, Ivhwaja Hasan, Sadr- uddiu 'Ali, Faklir-uddiii Kliawas, Hamid- uddin Raja, Maulana 'Arif, 'Abdul-Hakim, and Shihab-uddin Sadi'-Xishin. In poetry. Amir Kliusrau and Khwaja Hasan had the first rank. In philosophy and physic, Maulana Badr-uddin Damishqi. In divinity, Maulana Shitabi. In astrology. Shaikh Nizam-uddin Auliya acquired much fame. 'Ala-uddin died, according to Firishta, on the 6th Shawwal, A.H. 716, or 19th December, a.d. 1316, after having reigned more than twenty years. He was buried in the tomb which he had constructed in his life-time near the ^Manihilr Masjid in Old Dehli. Amir Kliusrau, in that part of his Diwan called Baqiija - i - Naqiya, says that he died on the 6th Shawwal, a.h. 715, i.e. about the 30th December, a.d. 1315. After his death, Malik Naib Kafiir, one of the eunuchs of the king, placed his youngest son, Sultan Shihab-uddin 'Umar, who was then only seven years old, on the throne. After a short time, however, the eunuch Kafiir was slaiu, and Shiliab- uddin was set aside, and his elder brother, Mubarak Khan, imder the title of IMubarak Shah, ascended the throne on the 1st April, A.D. 1316, 7th Muharram, a.h. 716, but according to Firishta in 1317. It was the boast of 'Ala-uddiu that he had destroyed one thousand temples in Banaras alone. lie is best known now by the beautiful gateway to the Kutb Mosque, and the uufiuished tower by wliich he hoped to rival the Kutb Minar. 'Ala-uddin 'Imad Sliah ( .j_.>w\JUL.i il-ij l)Ix».£) succeeded to the govern- ment of Barar in the Deccan after the death of his father, Fath-ullah 'Imad Shah, about the year a.d. 1513, and following the example of other chiefs of the house of Bahmani, declared himself king of Barar, and established his royal residence at Gawal. He contracted an alliance by marriage ■ft'ith the sister of Isma'il 'Adil Shah, named Khadija, in A.D. 1528, A.H. 935, and died some time about the year a.d. 1532, a.h. 939. He was succeeded by his son Darya, 'Imad Shah. 'Ala-uddin Kaiqubad (Sultan) VA^ S^J^ ^.^sW), a prince of the Saljiiqiau dj-nasty. When Sultan Malik- Shah conquered Riim or Anatolia, in Asiatic Tiu-key, he conferred on Sulaimfm, the son of Kutlumish, that kingdom, whose descendants reigned there till the time of Abaqa Klian, the Tartar king of Persia. 'Ala-nddin Kaiqubad was a descendant of Sulaiman Shah, and died about the year a.d. 1239, a.h. 637. Vide Sulaiman bin -Kutlumish. 'Ala-uddin Majzub (Shah) ( .^'jJU^j; i\.J^ L_J. j^_sr*), a Muhammadan saint of Agra, commonly called Shah 'Alawal Balawal, son of Sayyid Sulaiman. He died in the beginning of the reign of Islam Shah, sou of Slier Shah, in the year a.d. 1546, A.H. 933. His tomb is in Agra, at a place called Nai-ki Maudi, where crowds of Musalmiins assemble every year to worsliip it. The adjacent mosque has sunk into the ground to the spring of the arches. 'Ala-uddin Mas'ud (j..t,uA,* ,j_\!'j^lx), Sultan of Dehli, was the son of Sultan Rukn-uddin Firiiz, and grandson of Shanis- uddiu Iltitmish, was raised to tlie throne of Dehli after the nuu-der of Bahrain Shah, in Mav, a.d. 1242, Zil-qa'da, a.h. 639. He died on the 10th June, a.d. 1246, 23rd Muharram, a.h. 644, after a reign of four years, and was succeeded by his brother (or uncle), Sultan Nazir-uddin Mahmiid. ALA-U 52 ALHA 'Ala - uddin Muliammad al - Samar- qandi (Shaikh) (A.^i='* ,.,.jj.J';lr tJAxi.^-w.1'), author of a compendium of Al-Qudurl's ^fuklitasir. wliich he entitled the T((hfat-ul-Fi(li(ihn. This work was coni- niented upon hy his ])upil Ahii-Bakr bin- Mas'ud al-Ivashani, who died in a.d. 1191, A.H. 587. This comment is entitled al- Badai' as-Sauai' 'Ala-uddin Husain Shah (, ..'jJ^jl^ L5 i^.-.^u*.i^), king of Bengal. He Avas the son of Sayyid Ashraf, and after defeating Muzaffar Shah at Gaur in a.h. 899, ascended the throne of Bengal. He reigned with justice for a considerably longer period than any of his predecessors until the year a.d. 1521, a.h. 927, when he died a natural death, after a reign of 28 years. His son Nusrat Shah succeeded him. 'Ala-uddin (Sultan) (J>LL- ^^sWAz .. \ ^ ^ ^" J •^y-^ "*'), a king of the race of Saljiiq, who reigned in Iconium, and died in the year a.d. 1301, a.h. 700. 'Ala-uddin (Sultan) (^V-L: ^^^^jJljL: ^^.i_&J iL^jb), the last king of Dehli of the Sayyid djTiasty, succeeded his father Sultan Muhammad Shah to the throne in January, a.d. 1446, Shawwal, a.h. 849. Bahlol Lodi, in a.d. 1451, a.h. 855, at the instigation of Hamid Khan wazir, took possession of Dehli during the absence of the king, who was then at Badaon. 'Ala-uddin continued to reside at Badaon unmolested till his death, which happened in the year a.d. 1478, A.H. 883 ; his reign at Dehli being about six years, and his government at Badaon 28 years. 'Ala-uddin (Sayyid), of Oudh, whose poetical name was Wasili, is the author of a Tarji'l)aud, commonly called MdmngJmdn, with which word it commences. He was a native of Kluirasan, came to India about the year a.d. 1300, became a disciple of Nizam- uddiu Aulia, and fixed his residence in Oudh. 'Ala-uddin Takash (^^.O i^^jJU^^), a Sultan of Kliwarizm. 7';V/f'Takash. 'Ala-ul-mulk Kotwal (Malik) (jLr < ^L« JV^^ lLS^W). He served under Sultan 'Ala-uddin Kliilji, king of Dehli, and was the uncle of Ziya-uddlu Barni, the author of the Tdrlkh Firt'iz-S/ifi/ii. He was then very old and so fat that he was not able to attend the court more than once a month. lie was living in a.d. 1300, a.h. 699. 'Al-Aziz BillahAbu-al-Mansur Tarar (,VL^ ,,-^-^-11 ,.>UJL ^-!0, ;7~'J5-^-^-^'->:' -J- of Mu'izz-ud-din-allah, second khalifa of Egypt the Fiitimite dynasty, .succeeded his father in a.d. 970, and committed the management of affairs entirely to the care of Jauhar, or Ja'far, his father's long- experienced general and prime minister. This famous warrior, after several battles with Al-Aftakin, the amir of Damascus and the Karmatians, died in a.d. 990, a.h. 381. 'Al-Aziz died on his way to Syria, in the 21st year of his reign aui 42nd of his age, and was succeeded by his son, Abul-]\Iansiir. Al-Baghawi (^^A.J1). Vide Abul- Faraj - al - Baghawi and Abii - Muhammad Farrai ibu-Mas'iid al-Baghawi. Al-Batani (^:.l2J-0, commonly called by European writers Albategnius, was an Arabian astronomer who wrote a treatise on the knowledge and the obliquity of the Zodiac of the stars. He died in 929. He greatly reformed astronomy, comparing his own observations with those of Ptolemy. This book was printed at Nuremberg, in 1537, 4to., and at Bologna in 1545. He died a.d. 929. Al-Biruni(^.^JO, an Arabian author, whose original work, entitled Tdrikh H'liid, was compiled in India in about a.d. 1030-33. See Abii-Eaihan. Al-Bukhari (^^l..k\Jl), who received this name from Bukhara, the place of his birth or his chief residence, was a famous lawyer by name of Muhammad Isma'il. His collection of traditions on the Muhammadan religion, commonly called Sahlh-uI-Bukhdri, is of the greatest authority of all that have ever been made; he called it Al-Sahili, i.e. genuine, because he separated the spurious ones from those that were authentic. He says, he has selected 7,275 of the most authentic traditions out of 10,000, all of which he looked upon to be time, having rejected 200,000 as false. He died at Bukhara in the year a.d. 870, a.h. 256. Vide Muhammad Isma'il Bukliari. Al-Dawani. Vtde Dawaul. Al-Farghani { ^j\J.jl}i\) , surname of Ahmad ibn Kathir or Kasir, an Arabian astronomer of the niuth centiu-y, author of an introduction to astronomy. [ Vide Farghaui.] 'Alha and Udal ( Jj^^^ ^JO, princes of Mahoba. There is a heroic ballad sung or recited by the Hindii sepoys in a kind of AL-HA 53 ALI monotonous, but not unmusical sort of cliaimt, accompanied by a sotto voce beat of the dhol, which rise to a constrepito in the pause between the verses. Whoever has resided in a military cantonment must have frequently observed the sepoys, when disengaged from military duty, collected in small knots, listening to one of the party reciting some poem or tale to a deeplv interested audience. The subject of this lay is the prowess of 'Alha', the Raja of Mahoba, a town in Bundelkhand, of which extensive ruins remain. The hero is described as the terror of the JMuhammadans ; his triumphs over whom are attributed not only to his own valour, but the favour of the goddess Kali, whom he had propitiated by the offering of his life. There are many songs, it is said, of this prince, and his brother Udal, a warrior of equal estimation ; but they are preserved only traditionally by the Powars, and their amateur students. The versos are in Ehaklia. Al-Hadi (^-0^1), the fourth khallf of the house of 'Abbas, succeeded his father, al-Mahdi, on the 4th August, a.d. 785, 23rd Muharram, a.h. 169, to the throne of Baghdad. He reigned one year and one month, and having formed a design to deprive his younger brother, Harim-al-Rashid, of his right of succession, and even to assassinate him, was poisoned by his prime minister about the month of September, a.d. 786, Rabi I. A.H. 170. On his death his brother, the celebrated Haiiin-al-RashId, ascended the throne. Al-Hakm, also called ibn AbclQl Hakm, an Arabian author, who (according to the chronological aiTangement of the Arab authorities by Howard Yyse and Dr. Spreuger, in the former's second volume of The Tyrainkls of Gizeh) Lived about a.d. 1450, or six iiuncked years after the death of the khalif al-Mamun of Baghdad, but by a manuscript note re- corded by a gentleman of the British Museum 1868), it appears that al-Hakm was nearly contemporary with that prince, who tlourisliecl between a.d. 813 and 843. Al-Hakm writes that the Great Pyramid in Egypt was built by a certain antediluvian king" Saurid, and filled by him chiefly with celestial spheres and figures of the stars, together with the perfumes used in their worship ; and that khalifa al-Mamun found the bodv of a man deposited, with jewels, arms, and golden writing, in the coffer, when he broke into the king's chamber of the Great PjTamid. But neither Abu Miishar Jafar bin Muhammad Balkhi, who ^vrote in about a.d. 890, nor ibn Khm-dalbch, in a.d. 920, have one word about al - Mamun, or any opening of the pyTamid. But when we descend to Masaiidi, in A.D. 967, he, after an astonishing amount of romancing on what took place at the building of the pyramids 300 years before the Flood, mentions that, not al-Mamiin, but his father, khalifa Harun-al-Rashid, attempted to break into the Great P\ramid ; and alter penetrating 20 cubits, found a vessel con- taining 1000 coins of the finest gold, each just one oimce in weight, and making up a sum which exactly repaid the cost of his operations, at which, it is added, he greatly wondered. About the year a.d. 1170, or 340 years after al-Maraiin's age, that prince is mentioned by Abu Abd-ullah Muliammad bin Abdur Rahim Alkaisi, who states that he was informed that tliose who went into the upper parts of the Great PjTamid in the time of al-Mamiin, came to a small passage, containing the image of a man in green stone, and within that a human body with golden arnioiu-, etc., etc. Al-Hasan ( c;* i), an Arabian who wrote on optics, about the year a.d. 1100. 'Ali (^lU ^\ ^\ ^U), son of Abu- Tiilib, was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. He was born 23 years before the Hijri, i.e., in the year a.d. 599, at the very temple itself. His mother's name was Fatima, daughter of Asad the son of Hashim. After the death of ]Muhanimad, he was opposed in his attempts to succeed the prophet by 'Usman and 'Umar, and retired into Arabia, where his mild and enlarged interpretation of the Quran, in- creased the number of his proselj"tes. After the death of 'Usmfm, the 3rd kl'alifa, he was acknowledged khalifa by the Eg}i)tians and Arabians in July, a.d. 655, but in less than five years after he was compelled to resign that title, and Mu'awiya was pro- claimed khalifa at Damascus. 'Ali was subseqiiently wounded by 'Abdiu--Rahman ibu-Muljim in a mosque at Qufa, whilst engaged in his evening prayers, on Friday th(3 22nd January, a.d. 661, 17th Ramazun, A.H. 40, and flied foiu- days after. 'Ali, after the decease of his beloved Fatima, the daughter of the prophet, claimed the privilege of polygamy, and had 18 sons and 18 daughters. " The most renowned of them are the two sons of Fatima, viz., Hasan and Husain, as also Muhammad Hanif, by another wife. Among the many surnames, or honorable titles bestowed upon 'Ali, are the following : Wasi', which signifies "legatee and heir;" Miurtaza, "beloved by God;" Asad-ullah-ul-Ghalib, " the victorious lion of God ; " Haidar, " a lion ; " Shah Mardan, " king of men ; " Sher ]\huda, " tlie lion of God." His memory is still held in the highest veneration by the Muhammadans, who say that he was the first tliat emlu-aced their- religion. They say, moreover, that Muhammad, talking of him, said, "Ali is for me and I am for him ; he stands to me in the same rank as Aaron did to Moses ; I am the town in wliich all knowledge is shut up, and he is the gate of it." However, these great eidogics did not liinder his name, and that of all his family, from being cursed, and their persons from" being excommunicated through all the m(is(iU(>s of the empire of the khalifas of the house of Umayya, from Mu'awiya down to the time of 'Unuir ibn- All 54 ALI 'Abdul- 'Aziz, -who suppressed the solemn malediction. There were besides several khalil'as of the house of 'Abbas, who ex- pressed a great aversion to 'Ali and all his posterity; such as Mu'tazid and Mutawakkil. On the other hand, the Fatimite khalifas of E.u-^-jjt caused his name to be added to that of ^luhammad in the call to praj-er fazdn), ■wliicli is cliauuted from the tiu'rets of the mosques. He is the first of the twelve Imams, eleven of whom were his descendants. Their names are as follows : 1. 'AH, the sou of Abii-Talib. 2. Imam Hasan, eldest son of 'All. 3. ,, Ilusain, sec(md son of 'Ali. 4. ,, Zaiu-ul-'Abidin, son of Husain. 5. ,, Muhammad Baqir, son of Zain- ul-'Abidin. 6. Imam Ja'far Sadiq, son of Muhammad Baqir. 7. Imam Musa Kazim, son of Ja'far Sadiq. 8. ,, Ali Miisa Eaza, son of Miisa Kazim. 9. Imam Muhammad Taqi, son of Miisa Raza. 10. Imam 'Ali NaqT, son of Muhammad Taqi. 11. Imam Ilasan 'Askari, son of 'Ali Naql. 12. ,, Malidi, son of Hasan 'Askari. As to the place of 'All's burial, authors differ ; but the most probable opinion is, that he was buried in that place which is now called Najaf Ashraf, in Kiifa, and this is visited by the Muhammadans as his tomb. The followers of 'Ali are called Shi'as, which signifies sectaries or adherents in general, a term first used about the fovu'th century of the Ilijra. Ali is reputed the author of several works in Arabic, particularly a collection of one hundred sentences (paraphrased in Persian by Eashid-uddin-Watwat), and a Diwau of di- dactic poems, often read in Madrasahs. In mentioning 'Ali's name, the Shi'a use the phrase " 'alaihi as-salam," which is used after the names of prophets ; the Sunnis say, " karrama allahu wajhahu," may God honour his face. ,_\^.-^l ^J (C^X 'Ali ij^J.^ ^A ^ son of Ahtiiad bin-Abu-Bakr Kiifi, a resi- dent of Uch and author of the history of iSindh in Arabic called T/i/ifat - ul - Ktrdm. This work was translated into I'ersian and called Chacli JS'dma, a translation of which was made in English by Lieutenant Postans and jfublished in the Jour. As. Soc. in 1838. 'Ali {^S^\ y}j^Y^^ ^^^^ C)^ l5^^X son of Ahmad, commonly called WabidI, was an Arabian author who wrote three Com- mentaries, viz. : TFasif, /akh\ and Ba.sit, and also Kildb Nuzul. He died in a.d. 1075, A.D. 468. 'Ali (> _j c-J-r), son of Hamza, autlinr 111 till' 'lYiyilik Jsfii/iih/i 'Ali (li_c^^ |^-..*u.r:^ ^^3 i^J-c-), son of Ilusain Waiz Kfishiff, the famous writer of the Anicdr-i-Sahaili, author of the work called Latdif- uz - Zaruif, containing the anecdotes of Muhammad, of the twelve Imams, of the ancient kings of Persia, and of various other persons. He is also the author of another work entitled litishhdt, containing the Memoirs of the SiifT Shaikhs of the Nakshbandi order. 'Ali died in a.d. 1532, A.H. 939. He is also called 'Ali Waez. [ Vide Safl-uddin Muhammad.] 'Ali ( rsn,^^' Js^.s'* ^^ 15^-^X son of Muhammad Qusanji, an astronomer, and author of the Slidrh-ul-Jadhl, the new commentary. He died a.d. 1474, a.h. 879. 'Ali (^,wi^ ^ i^^\ ^0^ ^^ Usman Gilani, author of the Kashf-itl-MahjTib, containing a minute description of the twelve orders of Siifis, etc., written in a.d. 1499, A.H. 905. He is also called Pir 'Ali Hajwiri. *Ali (^^.s^l ^j\ A_^ t_^iiL« j^ j-c), sur- named Abul Hasan. Vide Abul-Hasan 'Ali. 'Ali {^jj^ 1^ ^^.Li^ ^-i-^), the poetical name of Mulla Xasir 'Ali, which see. 'Ali ( i^X the poetical name of a poet who converted the Ghazals of Hafiz into Mukhammas. 'Ali 'Adil Shah I. (il.^ JjU ^Jl^ ^^ ^yjVsixS) , of Bljupur, suruamccl Abul-Muzaffar, succeeded to the throne of that kingdom after the death of his father Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I, in a.d. 1558, a.h. 965. He reigned about 22 lunar years, and as he had no son, he aiipointed in the year a.d. 1579 his nephew, Ibrahim, son of his brother Tahmasp, his successor ; and the following year on the night of Thursday the 10th Apri'l, 1580, 23rd Safar, a.h. "988, he was assassinated by a yoimg ermucli. He was bm'ied in the city of JBijapiir, where his tomb or mausoleum is called by the people, " llauza Ali." [Vide A'ln Translation, i. p. 545.] 'Ali 'Adil Shah II. (.xL-i J jl.z ^.Li ^,»_jl_sri_j _jl_j), of Bljapur, succeeded his father Muhammad 'Adil Shah in his childhood in November, a.d. 165G, Mubarram, a.h. 1067, and was unable to rcnu'dy the disorders which had occurred in his kingdom, by the rcbcliiim of the A LI 55 ALI celebrated Marhatta chief Sc^yaji, who had possessed himself of all the strongholds in the Kokau country, and erected several new forts. Under pretence of making his submissions to the Sultan, he begged an interview with the Bijapur general, Afzal Klian, whom he treacherously stabbed in an embrace. Eustam Klian was afterwards sent against him, and defeated. 'Aii 'Adil Shah died in the year A.D. 1672, A.H. 1083, after a turbulent reign of eleven or twelve years. He was succeeded by his son Sikandar 'Adil Shiih. 'Ali Ahmad (Shaikh) (;:--^j^^\ U), the son of Shaikh Husain NaqshT, a learned man and engraver who died suddenly on hearing a verse of the poet IChwaja Hasan of DehlT repeated in the presence of the emperor Jahanglr on the 13th Apiil, o.s. 1609, ISth Muliarrani, a.h. 1018. 'Ali Akbar (^.^(\ ^U), the eldest son of Imam Husain, killed in battle together with his father on the 10th October, a.h. 680. *Ali Akbar (^^^\ ^.l.r), author of the work called Majina^-ul- Aul'd, containing a detailed account of all the Miihammadan saints, dedicated to the emperor Shah Jahan, Avho was a great admirer of saints, a.d. 1628, A.H. 1038. 'Ali Akbar {^S^\d^^..\\ j..S\ ^-£), of Allahubild, author of the FasFil Alcbari and Usitl Akbari, and several other works. *Ali Asghar (^^ ^L), proper name of Imam Zain-ul-'AbidIn, which see. 'Ali Asghar ( ..:>- •--_* ,.x.>a C5-^> J- ^.Lr), of Qanauj, author of a commentary on the Quran called Saivakib-ut-Timztl. He died in the year A.D. 1727, a.h. 1140. 'Ali Bahadur {jJ^-^^ 'r-'V"' 15-^-^^' Nawab of Banda, eldest son of Sbam.sher Bahadur I. and grandson of the Marhatta chief Biiji Rao Peshwa I. He received the investiture of Bimdelkhand from Nana Far- nawis, the Piina minister, about the year A.D. 1790, and accompanied by his brother Ghani Bahadur, and supported by a powerful army, invaded Buudelkhand, but was opposed by Nana Arjim (the guardian of Bakliat Singh, a descendant of Eaja Chatiu-sal), who falling in the contest, and Raja Rakhat Singh being taken prisoner, Ali Bahadur accpiircd the whole of that part of the raj of Banda which belonged to Baklint Singh and all the raj of Pauna. He reigned about cloven or twelve years, and as at the time of his death, which happened in a.d. 1801 or 1802, his eldest son, Shamsher Bahadur II. was absent at Puna, his youngest son Zulfikar All was proclaimed (in violation of the title of his eldest brother) as his successor by his uncle Gliiinl Bahadur and his Diwan Ilimmat Bahildiu' Goshfiln. Glvani Bahadur, how- ever, was soon after expelled by Shamsher Bahadur, who took possession of the raj. 'Ali Bahadur Khan (^jlri- , jL^ ls^-^X the last Nawab of Banda and son of Zulfikar All Klian Bahadur. He is the author of a diwau and a masnawi called MehruUuh. He was removed for alleged complicity in the rebellion of 1857. 'Ali Bai (^L* .L^), (whose name is spelt in oiu- English Biographical Dictionaries All Bey) was a native of Natolia, son of a Greek priest. In his thirteenth year he was carried away by some robbers as he was himt- ing, and sold to Ibrahim, a lieutenant of the Janissaries, at Grand Cairo, who treated him with kindness. 'All distinguished himself against the Arabs, but when his patron was basely assassinated in ad. 17-58, by Abrahiin the Circassian, he avenged his death, and slew the miu-derer with his own hand. This violent measure raised him enemies, and his flight to Jerusalem and to Ptolemais or Aore with difficulty saved him from the resentment of the Ottoman Porte, that had demanded his head. Time, however, paved the way to his elevation. Those who had espoused the cause of the Circassian were saci'ificed to the public safety ; and 'Ali, recalled by the public voice, governed the country with benevolence and equity. In a battle fought against a re- bellious Mamliik to whom he had entrusted part of his army, 'Ali saw some of his troops desert, and unwilling to survive a defeat, he defencled himself with the fury of a lion, till he was cut down by a sabre and can-ied to the conqueror's tent, where eight days after he expired of his wounds, April 21st, a.d. 1773, in his 4oth year, and left behind him a cha- racter unrivalled for excellence, for courage, and magnanimity. 'Ali Bai (^Ij ^.L=). The titles by which he was known in the Muhammadan countries were al-Amir, al-IIakim, al-Faqih, al-Sharif, al-Haj 'Ali Bai ilni Usman Bai al- Abbiis, Khiidim Baitnllah al-IIarfim, i.e. the prince, the learned, doctor of the law, of the blood of Muhammad, pilgrim, 'Ali Bai, son of Usman Bai, of the race of the Abbasidcsi, servant of the house of God. He was master of the Arabic language, and had carefully studied the mathematical and natural branches of science and knowledge. It was in a.d. 1802 that he visited Eugland. In June, a.d. 1803, he sailed from Spain to ^Morocco, and travelled through Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, and wrote a histoi7 of his travels, which was translated ALT 56 ALI into English and piihlishcd in Loudon in the year a.d. 181G, eiititk-d 77((' 'Travels of'-AU JBdi. In his visit to the isle of Cyprus he surveyed some curious remains of antiquity that have been usually overlooked. Having been admitted iu his character of a Muham- niudau prince to sweep the interior of the Ka'ba at Mecca, the most sacred office that a Musalman can perform, and to visit it repeatedly, he has given, from personal in- spection, a more minute and exact accoimt of the Temple of Jlecca than other travellers could lay before the public. His notice of the venerated mountain beyond Mecca, the last and priuci])al object of the pilgrimage to that city, and his dcsniptiim of the iiitirinr of the Temple of Jerusalem, which no Chris- tian is permitted to enter, is said to contain much new information. 'Ali Baridl. (jj^j ^Ir) succeeded his father, Amir Barid, to the throne of Ahmada- bad Bidar in the Deccan in the year a.d. 1542, and was the first of this family who assumed royalty. He died after a reign of more than twenty years in a.d. 1562, a.h. 970, and was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Barid. 'Ali Barid II. succeeded his father Kasim Barid II. in the government of Ah- madabad Bidar in a.d. 1572, and was deposed in A.D. 1609 by his relative Amir Barid II. who succeeded him, and was the last of this dynasty. 'Ali Beg (C_/-J ^U), a Pole, born of Christian parents. When yoimg he was made prisoner by the Tartars and" sold to the Turks, who educated him in the Muhammadan faith. He rose in the Tm'kish court, and was ap- pointed interpreter to the Grand Signior, and translated the Bible and the English Catechism into the Turkish language. His great work is on the liturgy of the Turks, their pilgrim- ages to Mecca, and other religious ceremouics, translated into Latin by Dr. (Smith. He died A.D. 1675. *Ali Beg (Mirza) (1 ^ jr C-C*j ^-c), a native of Badakhshfin who held a high rank in the service of tiie emperor Akbar ; and was honoured with the office of 4,000 in the reign of Jahangir. He accompanied the emperor one day to visit the shrine of the celebrated saint. Shaikh Main-uddin Chishti at Ajmir, and ha])pening to see the tomlj of Shahbaz Klian Kambii, he embraced it, and crying out with a loud voice, that "he, when living, •was one of his oldest and best friends," gave up the ghost. This happened on the 11th March, o.s. 1616, 2nd Kahi I.' a.h. 1025. 'Ali bin al-Husain al-Masa'udi al- Hudaili (^-^s^.^^ ^Jt^^\ ^^J ^), the lar-fanicd author of the Maruj-uz-Zahab, and who has been, with some justice, termed the IIcn)(li)tus of tlie East, was also a writer on the Sliia' traditions. He died a.d. 957, A.D. 346. 'Ali Buya or Ali ibn Buya (<^jy is^-'^X entitled 'Imad-ud-daula, the first of a race of kings of Ears and 'Irak. The flatterers of this family, which is called Dilami or Dialima (from the name of their native village, Dilam) and Buya or Buyites (from that of one of their ancestors named Buya), trace their descent to the ancient kings of Persia ; but the first of this race that history notices was a fisherman of Dilam whose name was Buya. His eldest sou, 'Ali Buya, was employed by a governor of his native country, named Murawij, and was in the command of the chief part of his army, with which he encountered and defeated Yakut, the governor of Isfahan, and by the immense plunder that he obtained from that victory, he became at once a leader of n'j)uta- tion and of power. He piu'sued Yakiit into Ears, defeated him again, and took possession of the whole of that province as well as those of Kirman, KJiuzistan and 'Iraq in a.d. 933, A.n. 321. This chief was afterwards tempted by the weak and lUstracted state of the K]iila- fat or Caliphate, to a still higher enterprise ; accompanied by his two brothers, Hasan and Ahmad, he marched to Baghdad. The IChalif al-llazi Billah fled, but was soon induced to return, and his flrst act was to heap honours on those who had taken possession of his capital. 'Ali Buya, on agreeing to pay annually 600,000 dinars of gold, was ap- pointed viceroy of Ears and 'Iraq, with the rank of Amir-ul-Umra, and the title of 'Imful-ud-danla. His younger brother Ah- mad received the title of Maizz-ud-daula, and was nominated wazir to the klialif. Hasan, who was his second brother, i-eceived the title of Rukn-ud-daula, and acted, during the life of 'Ali Buya, under that chief. 'Ali Buya fixed his residence at Shiriiz, and died on Sunday the 11th November, a.d. 949, 16th Jamad I. a.h. 338, much regretted by his soldiers and subjects. He was succeeded by his brother Euku-ud-daula. Sultans of the race of Buya, who rvigned 108 lunar years in Fcrsia. 'Imad-ud-danla 'Ali Buj^a ; Maizz-ud- daula Ahmad ; Rukn-ud-daula Hasan, sons of Buya. Azd-ud-daula; Mouv7ad-ud-daula; Eakhr- ud-daula Abiil Ilasan, sous of Rukn- ud-daula. IMajd-ud-daula, son of Eakhr-ud-daida. Izz-ud-daula Bakhtyar, son of Maizz-ud- daula. 'Ali Durdazd (Moulana) (j*j.j , ^i-c ^cJl..'t •.I-.-jI IJ !!'»-.<), of Astarabad. A ])oet who was contemporary with Katibi 'J'arshizi, who died in ad. 1435, a.h. 840. He is the author of a diwan. He was living in A.D. 1136, in which year his wife died, on which account he wrote a beautiful elegy. ALIF 57 A LI Alif bin Nur Kashani ( ._j t L.\\ ^J^i^,^), author of another Matla- ul-Anivar, besides the one of the same name written by MuUa Husain Waez. This is a complete history of Muhammad, his descen- dants, with Memoirs of the khalifs. 'Ali Ghulam Astarabadi {A J. ^e^ ^jljl^^i^l), a poet who served under the kings of Deccan and was living in a.d. 1565, A.H. 972, in which year Ramraj the raja of Bijanagar was defeated and slain in a battle against the Muhammadan princes of Deccan, of which event he wrote a chrono- gram. *Ali Hamdani ( ^l^-^Jb i~). Vide Sayyid 'All Hamdani. *Ali Hamza {^'^.s^ g~^.s), author of the Jawdhir-ul- Asrdr, a commentary on the abstruse meaning of the verses of the Quran, etc., being an abridgment of the Miftdh-id- Asrdr, written in a.d. 1436. 'Ali Hamza's poetical name is 'Azuri, which see. 'Ali Hazin (Shaikh Muhammad) (i^jj.>- ^Xs-)- Vide Hazin. *Ali ibn Isa ( ^^^^z ,. ,A ^Lc), general of thekhalif al-AmIn, killed in battle against Taliir ibn Husain, the general of the khalif al-Manmn, in the year a.d. 811, a.h. 195, and his head sent as a present to the khalif. 'Ali ibn ul-Rijal (JU^ll ^\ ^_^), author of the Arabic work on astronomy called Albdra' ahkdm jS'ajum. 'Ali Ibrahim Khan (^Ir^ /^rt^^rJ^ A-^)> a native of Patna, who became judge of Banaras. He was the author of twenty-eight mans and several other works, and a tazkira or biography of Urdii poets, which he wrote about the year A.D. 1782, a.h. 1196, and which he entitled Guhzdr-i-Ibrahim. His poetical name is Ivhalil. He is called Hal by Isliki {q.V.). 'Ali Jah {i\p^ ^^), the eldest son of the Nizam of Haidarabud. He rebelled against his father in June, a.d. 1795, was defeated and made prisoner, and died shortly after. 'Ali Lala (Shaikh Razi - uddin), a native of G}iazui. His father Sayyid Lala was the uncle of Sliaikh Sanai tlic poet. He was a disciple of Naini-uddiu Kubra and his title Shaikh-ul-Shaiukh. He died A.d. 1244, a.h. 642, aged 76 lunar jears. 'Ali Mahaemi ( ^^l^* , ^ii), a native of Mahaem in the Deccan, was the son of Shaikh Ahmad, and is the author of the com- mentary on the Quran entitled Tafsir Itah- mdnl. He died a.d. 1431, a.h. 835. J'^/'* , X'\ 'Ali Mardan Khan (^lr>- ,^i AmTr-ul-Umra, was a native of Persia and governor of Qandahar on the part of the king of Persia, but finchng himself exposed to much danger from the tp-anny of his sovereign Shah SafT, he gave up the place to the emperor Shah Jahan, and himself took refuge at Dehli in the year a.d. 1637, a.h. 1047. He was re- ceived with great honour, was created Amir- xd-Umra, and was, at different times, made governor of Kashmir and Kabul, and employed in various wars and other duties. He excited universal admiration at the coiurt by the skill and judgment of his public works, of which the canal which bears his name at Dehli still affords a proof, and the taste and elegance he displayed on all occasions of show and festivity. He died on his way to Kashmir, where he was going for change of air, on the 16th April, A.D. o.s. 1657, r2th Pvajab, a.h. 1067, and was buried at Lahore in the mausoleum of his mother. He left three sons, viz., Ibrahim Klian, Isma'il Beg and Is-haq Beg, of whom the two last were slain in the battle which took place between Dara Shik5h and 'Alam- gir at Dhaulpur on the 29th May, o.s. 1658, 7th Pamazan, a.h. 1068. He is believed to have introduced the bidbous Tartar dome into Indian architecture. 'Ali Mosi Raza (U^ ^-^i-^ ir^-^^' *^^^ eiglith Imam of the race of Ali, and the son of Miisi Kazim the seventh Imam. His mother's name was Umm Sayyid ; he was born in the year a.d. 764 or a.d. 769, a.h. 147, and died on Friday the rith August, A.D. 818, 9th Safar, a.h. 203. His wife's name was Umm Habil, the daughter of the Ivhalif al-Mamun. Ilis sepulchre is at Tiis in Khurasan. That town is now commonly called Mash-had, that is, the place of martyr- dom of the Imam. To the enclosiu-e wherein his tomb is raised, the Persians give the name of " Pauzat Rizawi," or the garden of Ilaza, and esteem it the most sacred spot in all Persia. The chief ornament and support of Mash-had is this tomb, to which mauy thou- sands of pious pilgrims annually resort, and which had been once greatly enriched by the bounty of sovereigns. Nasir-ullah Mirzii, the sou of Nadir Shah, carried away tlie golden railing that surrounded the tomb, and Nadir Mirza, son of Shah-rukh Mirza and grand- son of Niidir Shah, took down the great golden ball which ornamented the top of the donie over the grave, and wliich was said to weigh 60 mauuds or 420 pounds. The carpets fringed with gold, the golden lamps, and evcrvtliiug valuable were plundered t)y tlicso neucssitdus and rapacious princes. All Musi llaza was poisoned by the khalif al-Manmn, consequently is called a martyr. A LI 58 A LI 'Ali Muhammad Khan (S-as^ J^^ i^\d-), founder of the Eohila govern- iiieut. It is mentiouecl iu Forster's Travels, tliat in the year a.d. 1720 Biishilrat Kliau and Daud Kliau, of the tribe of lluhilas, accoui))auied by a small number of their adventurous countrymen, came into Hindustan iu quest of military service. They were first entertained by Madan Shah, a Hindu chief of Serauli (a small town on the the north-west qiiarter of Rohilldiand) who by robbery and predatory excui'sions maintained a large party of banditti. In the plunder of an adjacent village, Daud Khan captured a youth of the Jat sect, whom he adopted and brought up in the Muhamraadan faith, by the name of 'All Muhammad, and distinguished this boy by pre-eminent marks of paternal affection. Some years after, the llohilas quarrelling with Madan Shah, retired from his country, and associating themselves with Chand Klian, the chief of BarelT, they jointly entered into the service of Azmat Khan, the governor of Moradabad. After the death of I)aiid Klian, "who was slain by the mountaineers in one of his excursions, the Rohila party in a short space of time seized on the districts of Madan Shah and 'Ali Muhammad Kliiiu was declared chief of the party. From the negligence of government and the weak state of the empire of Dehli in the reign of Muhammad Shah, he possessed himself of the district of Katir (now called from the residence of the llohilas, Rohilkhand) and assumed independence of the royal authority. He was besieged in March, a.d. 1745, Safar, a.h. 1158, in a fortress called Bankar and 'Aoula and taken prisoner, but was released after some time, and a jagir conferred on him. The emperor Muhammad Shah died in April, a.d. 1748, A.H. 1161, and 'All Muhammad Khan some time after him in the same year at 'Aoula, which he had ornamented with numerous public and private edifices. He left four sons, viz., Sa'd-ullah Klian, Abdullah Kliau, Faiz-uUah Khan, and Dvmde Klian. Sa'd- iillah Khan succeeded to his father's posses- sion, being then twelve years old. [Vide Sa'd-ullah Klian.] 'Ali (Mulla) (1^ ^.L^ ), Muhaddis or the traditioiiist, whose poetical name was " TarT," died in the year a.d. 1573, a.h. 981, and Mulla 'Alam wrote the chronogram of his death. 'AliMurad Khan ( .A. ^.^), a king of Persia of the Zand family. He succeeded to the throne after the der.th of Sfidiq Klian in March, a.d. 1781, and assumed the title of wakil. He reigned over Persia five years, and was independent of the govern- ment two years prior to this period. Persia during this time enjoyed a certain degree of peace. He continued to confine his rival 'Aka Muhammad Klian to the ])rovince of Maziudaran. He died in A.D. 1785. 'Ali Murad (Mir), present chief of Kliairpur (18G9). 'Ali Naqi (Imam) (^L^l ^.sj , .!.£.) was the tenth Imam of the race of 'All, and the son of Imam Muhammad Taqi, who was the ninth Imam. He was born in the year A.D. 828, A.H. 213, and died on the i7th June, A.D. 869, 3rd Rajab, a.h. 255. His tomb is in Sarmanrae (which is also called Samira) in Baghdad, where his son Muham- mad Askari was also buried afterwards. 'Ali Naqi Khan (Nawab) (. ^-ftj l^ <— ji».j |^L>-.), the father-in-law and prime minister of Wajid 'Ali Shah, the last king of Lucknow. He died at Lucknow of cholera about the Lst December, 1871, 17th Ramzan, a.h. 1278. 'Ali Naqi ( i) ^Xs:), Dlwan of Prince Murad Bakhsh, sou of Shalyahi, whom he slew with his own hand. 'Ali Nawedi {^S)^j ^s:), a poet and pupil of Shah Tfdiir Audjani, came to India, where he was patronized liy Abiil Fatha Husain Nizam Shah I. in the Deccan. For some time he was in disgrace with his patron and changed his Takhallus or poetical name from Nawedi to Na-umaidi (or hopeless). He died in a.d. 1567, a.h. 975, at Ahmad- uagar in the Deccan. 'Ali Quli Beg-. Khan. Vide Shah Afcihan 'Ali Quli Beg of Khurasan ( Ijj Lc L-JL^-i), author of a tazkira or bio- graphy of poets. 'Ali Quli Khan (Nawab) ( L • ^.L^ ^l~-). Vide Ganna Begam. 'Ali Qusanji (Mulla) ( r^L^ }S). Vide Mulla 'Ali Ciusanji. 'Ali Qusanji (Mulla) (^s^^y ^J^-^), author of the Sharah Tajrld, and Ildnhia Kashnhrif. He died iu a.d. 1405, a.h. 808. 'Ali Shahab Tarshizi (t_^^.^ ls"^^ ^_$j.^.J^jJ), a poet who was a native of Tarshish. He llourished in the reign of Shah-rukh ]\Iirza, and found a patron in his son ISIuhammad JogT, in whose praise he wrote several panegyrics. He was coutem- ])(n-ary with the poet Azuii, who died a.d. 1462," a.h. 866. ALIS 59 'alla ' Alislier(Amir) (^^L^A-lr), surnamecl Nizam-uddin, was the prime minister of the Sultan Husaiu Mirza {q. v.), ruler of Khiu'a- san. He sprang from an illustrioiis family of the Jaglitai or Chaghtai tribe. His father, Gajkiua Bahadur, held one of the principal offices of government diuing the reign of Sultan Ahul Qiisim Babar Bahadur, great grandson of Amir Taimiir. His grandfather, by his mother's side, was one of the principal Amirs of Sultan Baiqara Mirza, the grand- father of Sidtan Husain Mirza. 'Alisher, who was born a.d. 1440, and educated at the same school as his futiu-e patron, attached himself originally to Sultan Abiil Qiisim Babar Mu-za, who was greatly attached to him, and called him his sou. After his death he retired to Mash-had and continued his studies there ; which place he subsequently quitted for Samarqand, on account of the disturbances which broke out in Khurasan, and applied himself diligently to the acquire- ment of knowledge in the college of Hiwaja Fazl-uUah. When Sultan Husain Mirza became uncontrolled niler of Ivhurasan (a.d. 1469), he requested Sultan Ahmad Mirza, at that time ruler of the countries beyond the Oxus, to send 'Alisher to him. On his an-ival he was received with the greatest distinction, and raised to the highest posts of honour. 'Alisher's palace was open to all men of learning : and notwithstanding that the reigns of government were placed in his hands, in the midst of the weightiest affairs, he neglected no opportunity of impro^dng both himself and others in the pursuit of knowledge. He was not only honoured by his own Sultan and his officers, but foreign princes also esteemed and respected liini. After being employed in the capacity of diwau and prime minister for some time, love of study induced him to resign, and bidding a final adieu to public life, he passed the remainder of his days in composing Tm-kish and Persian works, of which Sam Mirza recounts the names of no less than twentv-one. Daiilat Shah, the biographer, ]\[irkhiind and his son Khiindamir, the historians, dedicated their works to him, and amongst other men of genius who were cherished by his liberality may be mentioned the celebrated poet Jami. His collection of Odes in the Chaghtai or pure Turkish dialect, which he wrote under the poetical name of Nawai, amounts to 10,000 couplets, and his parody of Nizami's five poems, containing nearly 30,000 couplets, is imiversally admired by the cultivators of Turkish poetry, in which he is considered to be without a rival. In the Persian language also he wrote a collec- tion of Odes, under the poetical name of Fani or Fanal, consisting of 6000 distiches. He Avas also a proficient in painting and some of the plastic arts. 'Alisher died on Sunday the 6tli December, a.d. 1500, 15th Jamad I. A.H. 906, five years before his royal friend and master Sultan Husain Mirza. Khiin- damir has recorded the year of his death in an affectionate chronogram : " His highness the Amir, the asylum of divine guidance, in whom all the marks of mercy were con- spicuous, has quitted the thorny brake of the world, and fied to the rose-garden of compassion. Since the ' light of mercy ' has descended on his soul, those words represent the year of his departure." One of his works is called Majfdis-til-NafCtes. 'AliTabar (Prince) (ij^;^^,^^,U^ ^^), was the son of prince 'Azim Shah, and grand- son of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died in the year A.D. 1734, a.h. 1147. 'Ali Waez (lic^^ )^), the son of the famous Husain "Waez Kiishifi of Hirat. \_Vich 'All, son of Husain Wiiez.] 'Ali Wardi Khan ( .,U ir), also called Alahwardi Khan, which see 'Ali Yezdi (^cJ:.j ^L). Vide Sharaf- uddiu 'All Yezdi. Aljaitu (y;..A^!l), a Tartar king of Persia, who assumed the title of ^Muhammad Khuda Banda on his accession to the throne, which see. Al-Khassaf (^L2..s:'l). Vide Abu Bakr Ahmad bin-'Umar al-Kliassaf. 'Allama Dawani. Vide Dawani. 'Allama Hilli (Shaikh) ( W ^,*lx ii""^), the great Shia lawyer, whose full name is Shaikh al- 'Allama Jamal-uddiu Hasan bin Yusuf al-Mutakhir Hilli, was the author of the KJiiddsat-iil-Jqu-al, a bio- graphy of eminent Shias. His chief works on the subject of traditions are the Istiksa, al-YaHbur, the Masahlh al- Anwar, and the Jjiirar-iva al-Marjun. He died in a.d. 1326, A.H. 726. \_Vide Jamul-uddlu Hasan bin Yiisuf.] 'Allami. Vide Afzal Khan. 'Allami ( ^^Lx), the poetical name of Shaikh Abvil Fazl, the favorite wazTr and secretary of the emperor Akbar. 'Allami Shirazi (^_fjL*,^ ^^^Lc), or the philo.sopher of SliTraz, a very learned man, so generally called that his ])roper name is almost forgotten. He is the author of a celebrated collection of tracts on pure and niived mathematics, entitled Diirmt-iit-TitJ. AL-MA 60 AL-MA Al-Mahdi (^s^^\), the third khalif of the race of Ahhas, succecdod his father, Abu Ja'far al-Mausur, to the throue of Ban^hdail, and was iuaii,2;iirated on Sunday the 8th October, a.d. 775, 6th Zil-bijja, a.h. 158. From the accession of al-Mahdl to the year A.D. 781, A.n. 164, the most remarkable event was the rebellion of al-Maqna (or al- Maqanna), which see. All this time war had been carried on with the Greeks, but without .any remarkable success on either side. But after the suppression of the rebellion of al- Maqna, the khalif ordered his son Harrm-al- Kashid to penetrate into the Greek territories with an army of 95,000 men. Hariin then, having entered the dominions of the empress Irene, defeated one of her commanders that advanced against him ; after which he laid waste several of the imperial provinces with fire and sword, and even threatened the city of Constantinople itself. By this the empress was so terrified, that she piu'chased a peace with the khalTf by paying him an annual tribute of 70,000 pieces of gold, which for the present at least delivered her from the depre- dations of these barbarians. After the signing of the treaty, Haruu retiu-ned home laden with spoils and glory. This year {i.e. the 164th year of the Hijri or a.d. 781) accorchng to some of the oriental historians, the sun one day, a little after his rising, totally lost his light in a moment without being eclipsed, when neither any fog nor any cloud of dust appeared to obscure him. This frightful darkness con- tinued till noon, to the great astonishment of the people settled in the countries where it happened. Al-Mahdi was poisoned, though undesignedly, by one of his concubines, named Hasana. She had designed to destroy one of her rivals whom she imagined to have too great an ascendancy over the khalif, by giving her a poisoned pear. This the latter, not suspecting anything, gave to the khalif ; who had no sooner eaten it than he felt himself in exquisite tortiu-e, and soon after expired. This event took place on the eve of Thursday the 4th August, a.d. 785, 23rd Muhurram, A.n. 169, in a village called Ar Rad in the de- pendencies of Masabadan. He was succeeded by Ms eldest son al-Hadi. Al-Mahdi (^-A.^,.^0, a khalif of Barliary. Vide Obeid-ullah al-MalulI and Muhammad al-Mahdi. Al-Mamun (^^^^UIO, surnamcd 'Ab- dullah, was the seventh khalif of the race of the Abbasides, and the second son of Hariin- al-Rashid. He was proclaimed khalif at Baghdad on the 6th October, a.d. 813, 6th Safar, a.h. 198, the day on which his brother al-AmIn was assassinated. He conferred the government of Khurasan upon Tahir ibn Husain, his general, and his descendants with almost absolute and unlimited power. This happened in the year a.d. 820, A.n. 205, from which time we may date the dismem- berment of that province from the empire of the khalTfs. Dm'ing the reign of this khalif nothing remarkable happened ; only the African Moslems invaded the island of Sicily, where they made themselves master of several places. Al-Mamun conquered part of Crete, had the best Greek writers trans- lated into Arabic, and made a collection of the best authors. He also calculated a set of astronomical tables and founded an academy at Ba gh dad. In Kl^urasan he made Tiis, at that time the capital of the kingdom, his place of residence. Under his patronage Klmrasan became the resort of learned men ; and the city of Tus, the great rival of Bagh- dad. He "died of a surfeit on the 18th August, A.D. 833, 17th Rajab, a.h. 218, after a reign of 20 years and some months in Asia Minor, aged 48 years, and was buried at Tarsus, a city on the frontiers of Asia Minor. His wife named Biiran, daughter of Hasan ibn Salil, his prime minister, out-lived him 50 years, and died on Tuesday the 22nd September, a.d. 884, 27th Rabi I. a.h. 271, aged 80 years. Al-Mamiin was succeeded by his brother al-Mo'tasim Billah. Al-Mansur ij^.^.u^\), 2nd khalif of Barbary of the Fatimite race. Vide Ismail, siumamed al-Mansiir. Al-Mansur (,^..„a-;..^JO, whose former name was Abii Ja'far, was called al-Mansiir, the victorious, by his overcoming his enemies. He was the second khalif of the noble house of Bani Abbas or Abbasides, and succeeded to the throne of Irak at Baghdad after the death of his brother Abiil Abbas surnamed al-Saffah, in a.d. 754, a.h. 136. He was opposed by his uncle, 'Alxlullah, son of Ali, who caused himself to be proclaimed khalif at Damascus, but Avas defeated by al-Mansiir's general, Abii Muslim. He laid the founda- tion of the city of Baghdad on the banks of the Tigris in a.d. 762, and finished it four years after. He was a prince of extraordinary talent and taste, and an ardent lover of science and literature. He got the Pahlawi copy of Pilpay's Fables translated into Arabic. In the year a.d. 775, a.h. 158, the khalif set out from Baghdad in order to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca ; but being taken ill on the road, he expired at Bir Maimim, whence his body was carried to Mecca, where, after 100 graves had been dug, that his sepulchre might be concealed, he was interred, having lived, according to some 63, according to others 68 years, and reigned 22 lunar years. He is said to have been extremely covetous, and to have left in his treasury 600,000,000 dirhams and 24,000,000 dinars. He is re- ported to have paid his cook by assigning him the heads and legs of the animals di-essed in his kitchen, and to have obliged him to pro- ciu'e at his own expense all the fuel and vessels he had occasion for. He was succeeded by his son al-Mahdi. A Christian physician, named Bactishua, was very eminent at the court of al-Mansiu\ who understanding that AL-MA 61 AL-MO he had au old infirm woman for his wife, sent him three beautiful Greek girls and 3,000 dinars as a present. Bactishua sent back the girls and told the khalif that his religion pro- hibited his having more than one wife at a time ; which pleased the khalif so much, that he loaded him with presents, and per- mitted him, at his earnest request, to return to his own country of KJim-asau. Al-Maqna or al-Maqanna (^:*X/*.J\), a famous impostor of Kjiurasan who lived in the reign of al-Mahdi the khalifa of Bagh- dad. His true name was Hakam ibn Hasham, and he had been an imder- secretary to Abu Muslim, governor of that province. He after- wards tiu'ned soldier, and passed thence into Mawarunnahr, where he gave himself out as a prophet. The name of al-Maqna, as also that of al-Burqai, that is, the veiled, he re- ceived from his custom of covering his face with a veil or girdle -mask, to conceal his deformity ; he having lost an eye in the wars, and being otherwise of a despicable appear- ance, and a stutterer ; though his followers pretended he did this for the same reason that Moses did, viz., lest the splendour of his countenance should dazzle the eyes of his beholders. In some places he made a great many proselytes, deluding the people with a number of juggling tricks which they swallowed as miracles, and particularly by causing the appearance of a moon to rise out of a well for many nights together ; whence he was also called in the Persian tongue, Sazinda Mali, or the Moon-maker. This wretch, not content with being reckoned a prophet, arrogated to himself divine honours ; pretentling that the Deity resided in his per- son. He had first, he said, assumed the body of Adam, ihen that of Noah, and subsequently of many other wise and great men. The last human form he pretended to have adopted was that of Abu Aluslim, a prince of Kjiu- rasan, from whom it proceeded to him. At last this impostor raised an open rebellion against the khalif, and made himself master of several fortified places in Kliurasan, so that al-Mahdi was obliged to send one of his generals with an army against him about the year A. D. 780, a.h. 163. Upon the approach of the khalifa's troops, al-Maqua retired into one of his strong fortresses which he had well provided for a siege. But being closely be- sieged by the khalifa's forces, and seeing no possibility of escaping, he gave poison in wine to his wiiole family and all that were with him in the castle ; when tiiey were dead, he burnt their bodies, together with all their turuitiu-e, provisions, and cattle ; and lastly he threw himself into the flames. He had promised his followers, that his soul should transmigrate into the form of an old man ricUug on a grepsh coloured beast, and that after so many years he would return and give them the earth for their possession ; which ridiculous expectation kept the sect in being for several years. English readers will re- member the use made of this story by the author of Lallah Kookh. Al-Mo'tamid Billah (a.UI.j Sa:xx^\), the fifteenth khalif of the house of Abbas, was the son of al-Mutwakkil Billah. He was raised to the throne of Baghdad by the Turks after the murder of al-Muhtadi in a.d. 870, A.H. 256. This year the prince of the Zan- jiaus, All or al-Habib, made incursions to the very gates of Baghdad, doing prodigious mis- chief wherever he passed. In the year a.d. 874, Ya'kiib-bin-Lys having taken Khurasan from the descendants of Tahir, attacked and defeated Muhammad ibn Wasil (who had killed the khalTf's governor of Fars, and afterwards made himself master of that pro- vince), seizing on his palace, where he found a sum of money amounting to 40,000,000 dirhams. In the year a.d. 879, a.h. 265, Ahmad ibn Tiilan rebelled against the khalif and set up for himself in Egypt. There were now four independent powers in the Moslem dominions, besides the house of Umyya in Spain, viz., the African Moslems, or Aghla- bites, who had tor a long time acted indepen- dently ; Ahmad ibn Tulan in Syria and Egvpt ; Ya'kiib ibn al-Lys in Khurasan, and al-Habib in Arabia and I'raq. In the year a.d. 883, A.H. 27o, al-Habib was defeated and slain by al- Muwafiq, the khalTf's brother and coadjutor, who ordered his head to be cut off, and carried through a great part of that region which he had so long disturbed. In the year a.d. 891, a.h. 278, the Qarmatians first made their appear- ance in the Moslem empire, and gave almost continual distm'bance to the khalifs and their subjects. Al-Mo'tamid reigned 22 lunar years 1 1 months and some days, and died in the year a.d. 892, a.h. 279. He was .suc- ceeded by his nephew, al-Mo'tazid Billah, the son of al-Muwafiq. Al-Mo'tasim Billah (^1), the son of al-Mutwakkil, was the 13th khalif of the race of Abbas. He deposed his brother al-Mustain in a.d. 866, a.h. 252, and having caused him to be murdered privately, ascended the throne of Baghdad. He did not, how- ever, long enjoy the dignity of which he had so iuiquitously possessed himself, being de- posed by the Tm-kish Militia (who uow began to set up 4ind depose khalifs as they pleased) in the year a.d. 869, a.h. 255. After his deposition, he was sent under an escort from Sarr Manrae to Ba gh dad, where he died of thirst and hunger, after a reign of three years and about seven months. The fate of this khalif was peculiarly hard : the Turkish troops had mutinied for their pay; and al-Mutaa'zz not having money to satisfy their demands, applied to his mother, named Kabiha, for 50,000 dinars. This she refused, telling him that she had no money at all, although it afterwards appeared that she was possessed of immense treasure. After his deposition, however, she was obliged to discover them, and even deposit them in the hands of the new klialif al-Muhtadi. They consisted of 1,000,000 dinars, a bushel of emeralds, and another of pearls, and tl\ree pounds and three quarters of rubies of the coloiH of lire. Al-Mutia' Billah (aillj ^-.ki-H), the twenty-third klialif of the i-ace of Abbas, was the son of al-Muqtadir Billah. He ascended the throne of Baghdad after al-Mustakfi in a.d. 946, A.H. 334, reigned 29 lunar years and 4 months, and died in a.d. 974, a.h. 363. It was in his time that the temporal power of the khalTfs of Baghdad, after having been long sustained bv Turkish mercenaries, was completely and finally broken by the Byzantine Romans, led by Xicephonis Phocas and John Zimisces. [Smith's Gibbon (ed. 1862), vi. pp. 106, 422, 427-8.] His sou al-Taya' succeeded him. Al-Muttaqi Billah (;igli Ifid iu A.D. 1179. lie professed the Shui' laith, aud after a loiiji: reij;ii of 46 luuar years and 11 months, died in the year a. d. 1225. He ■was the 34th khalif of the house of Ahbas, aud was succeeded by his son al-Tahir Billah. Alp Arsalan (J- V \ ^^\), (which nieaus in the Turkish language " the valiant lion "), was a king of Persia of the Seljiikian dNTiasty, aud the son of Daud Beg Saljuki. He succeeded his uncle Tngliral Beg in a.d. 10G3, A.H. 4 5o, married the sister of the khilif Qfiim Billah, and his name was pro- noimced in the public prayers of the Mu- hammadans after that of the khalif. He was a warlike prince ; and, having spoiled the Church of St. Basil in C;esarea, defeated Romauus Diogenes, Emperor of the Greeks iu A.D. 1068, A.H. 460, who was seized aud carried to the conqueror. Alp Arsalau de- manded of hi.s captive, at the first conference, what he would have done if fortrme had reversed their lot. " I would have given thee many a stripe," was the impradeut aud virulent answer. The Sultan only smiled and asked Romauus what he expected would be done to him. " If thou art cruel," said the Emperor, "put me to death. If vain- glorious load me with chains, and drag me in triumph to thy capital. If generous, graut me mv liberty." Alp Arsalan was neither cruel nor vain-glorious, he nobly released his prisoner, and, giving all his officers who were captives dresses of honour, sent them away to their homes. Alp Arsalan after a reign of more than nine years was stabbed aborrt the loth December, a.d. 1072, 30th Rabi I. a.h. 465, by a Kbwarizmiau desperado whom he had taken prisouer aud sentenced to death. He Avas buried at Marv iu Khurasan, and the following is the translation of the iuscription engraved on his tomb: "All ye who have seen the glory of Alp Arsalan exalted to the heavens, come to Marv, and*j-ou will behold it buried in the dust." He was succeeded by his son Malikshah. Alp Arsalan, who is by some called Apal Arsalan, was the son of Atsiz, a Sultan of Kvliwarizm, whom he succeeded iu ad. 1166, A.H. 551-557, and died iu a.d. 1162. Alptakin or Alptagin ( .,_-_$L'.x_-s_n). o •* Vtdf Alaptakin. Al-Qadir Billali (.dLj ^jUJl), the twenty-fifth khalif of the Abbaside family, was the son of Is-bfiq, the son of Muqtadir Billah. He asceuded the throne of Baghdad after the dethronement of al-Taya' in a.d. 991, A.H. 381. He was a contemporary of Sultan Mahuuul of Ghazni ; reigned 41 lunar years and 3 tuonths, and died a.d. 1031, a.h. 422. He was succeeded by al-(iriimbi-amr- illfih. Al-Qadiri or Qadiri (j_c,jliiJl), a sect of Muliammadans. Thes j are a branch of the Muetazillis, and differ in their opinions from the orthodox Musalmuus, in that they deny God's decree, and a.ssert free will ; affirming that the contrary opinion makes God the author of evil. Al-Qaliir Billah UMj ^j^lJiJ'O, the nineteenth khalif of the race of the Abbasides, and the third son of al-Mo'tazid Billah, succeeded his brother al- Muqtadir to the crown of Baghdad in October, a.d. 932, Shawwal, a.h. 320. He had reigned only one year, five mouths and twenty-one days when his wazir ibn ]\Iaqla de])rived him of his sight with a hot iron on Wednesday the 23rd April, a.d. 934, 6th Jamad I. a.h. 322, and raised al-Riizi Billah, the son of IMuqtadir, to the throne. It is said that al- Qahir, after this, as long as he lived, was obliged to beg for charity in the mosque at Baghdad, calling out to the people that assembled there, " Have pity and give charity to one, who had once been your khalifa." Al-Qaim (*jUj1), second khalif of the Fatiuiite race of Barbary ; he succeeded his father Obeid-ullah al-Mahdi a.d. 924, A.H. 312. Dm'ing his reign we read of nothing remarkable, except the revolt of Yezid ibn Koudat, a man of mean extraction. Al-Uaim reigned nearly 12 years and died in A.D. 945, A.H. 334. His son Ismail al- Mansiir succeeded him. 'Al-Qama (^uii-:), son of Qys, was one of the pupils of Abdullah bin MasaM, and an eniineut man. He died in a.d. 681, A.H. 61. Al-Qaim Billah or Al-Qaim -bi-amr- illah (aJLj A-^'l-iJ^), surnamed Abu Ja'far AbdullSh, the 2''.th khalif of the house of 'Abbas. He succeeded his father Qiidir Billah to the throne of Baghdad in a.d. 1031, A.H. 422, reigned 44 lunar years and 8 months, and died iu a.d. 1075, a.h. 467, which was soon after Sultan Malikshah the Seljiiki had ascended the throne of Persia, and as that monarch was the real master of tlie empire, the nominatiou of a successor was deferred till he was consulted. He deputed a sou of his prime minister Nizam -ul-Mulk to Baghdad with orders to raise al-Mu(itadi, the grandson of al-Qaim, to the (nominal) rank of the commander of the faithful. Al-Rashid or Hariin al-Rashid (^„ ,b) ^-.-ij^), tlie celebrated liero of the Arabian Xights, was the fifth khalif of the race of Abbas and son of al-.Mnhtli; he succeeded his eldest brother al-Iladi to the tbnme of Baghdad in a.d. 786, a.h. 170. This was one of the best and wisest princes that ever sat on the throne of Baghdad. He was also extremely fortunate iu all his uudir- takinjjs, thonnh he did uot much extend his ALE A 67 AL-EA dnmiuiniis hy couquest. In his time the Moslem empire may he said to have beeu iu its most fiourishintr state, though, hy the iudepemleney of the Moslems in 8paiu, who had formerly set up a klialif of the house of Umyya, his territories were uot quite so extensive as those of some of his predecessors. He possessed, however, the provinces of Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Natolia, Media or Azurbejan, Babylonia, Assyria, Siudh, Sijistan. Klau-asau, Tabristan, Jurjau, Zabulistau, Mawaruuuahr, or great Bukharia, Egypt, Libya, Maiuitania, etc., so that his empire was still by far the most powerful of any in the world, and indeed extended farther than the Roman empire ever had done. In the beginning of the year .4.d. 802, a.h. 186, he divided the government of his exten- sive dominions among his three s(ms in the following manner : To al-Amin the eldest, he assigned the provinces of Spia, Irak, the three Arabias, Mesopotamia, Assp'ia, Media, Palestine, Egj^rt, and all the part of Africa extending from the confines of Egypt and Etliiopia to the Straits of Gibraltar, with the dignity- of khalif ; to al-Mamun the second, he assigned Persia, Kirman, the Indies. Khurasan, Tabristan, Kabulistan and Zabu- listau, together with the vast province of Mawaninnahr ; and to his third sou al-Qasini, he gave Armenia, Xatolia, Jm-jau, Georgia, Circassia, and all the Moslem territories bordering upon the Euxine sea. As to the oi'der of succession, al-Amin was to ascend the throne immediately after his father's decease ; after him al-Mamiin ; and then al-Qasim, whom he had suruamed al-Mo'tasim. The most considerable exploits performed by this khalif were against the Greeks, who by their perfidy provoked him to make war upon them, and whom he always overcame. In the year a.d. 803, a.h. 187, the khalif received a letter from the Greek Emperor Nicephorus, commanding him to return all the money he had extorted from the Empress Irane, or expect soon to see an Imperial army in the heart of his ten'itories. This insolent letter so exasperated Harun, that he im- mediately assembled his forces and advanced to Heraclea, lajiug the country through which he passed waste with fire and sword. For some time also he kept that city straitly besieged, which so terrified the Greek Emperor that he submitted to pay an annual tribute. In the year a.d. 804, a.h. 188, war was renewed with the Greeks, and Xicephorus with a great army attacked the khalif's forces vdth the utmost fiuy. He was, however, defeated with the loss of 40,000 men, and received three wounds in the action ; after which the Moslems committed terrible ravages in his territories, and returned home laden with spoils. The next year Ilariin invaded Phrygia ; defeated an Impei'ial army sent to oppose him, and having ravaged the countiy, returned without any considei-able loss. In the year a.d. 806," a.h. 190, the khalif marched into the Imperial territories with an army of 135,000 men, besides a great number of volunteers and others who were not enrolled among his troops. lie first took the city of Heraclea, from which he is said to have carried 16,000 prisoners ; after which he made himself master of several other places, and, in the conclusi(m of the expedition, he made a descent on the island of Cypnis, which he plundered iu a terrible manner. This success so intimidated Kicephorus, that he immediately sent the tribute due to Hilriin, the withholding of which had been the cause of the war ; and concluded a peace upon the khalif's own terms. Chai'lemague respected his character, and Ilarun in token of his friendship presented to the Eui-opean prince a clock, the mechanism and construction of which were regarded among the prodigies of the age. Ilarun reigned 23 years, and died in Kliuriisan on the eve of Saturday the 24th March, a.d. 809, 3rd Jamad II., a.h. 193, and was bmicd at Tus, which is now called Mashhad. He was succeeded by his eldest son, al-Amin. Al-Rashid Billah (^Ij sJ:,\J\), the thirtieth khalif of the Abbasides, succeeded his father, al-Mustarashad, in AugiLst or September, a.d. 1135, Zil'kad, a.h. 529, and died in the year a.d. 1136, a.h. 530. He was succeeded" by al-]\Iuqtali, the son of al-^Iustazahir. Al-Razi. See Eazi. Al-Razi Billah U\][: ^j\J^), the son of al-Muqtadir and the twentieth klialif of the house of Abbas, was the last who deserved the title of the Commander of the Faithful. He was raised to the throne of Baghdad, after the dethronement of his uncle al-Qaliir Billah bv the wazir Ibu Maqla in April, a.d. 934, Jaiiiad I. a.h. 322. In the year 936, the khalif finding himself distressed on all sides by usurpers, and having a wazir of no capacity, instituted a new otfice superior to that of wazTr, which he entitled Amir-ul- Umra. This great officer, Imad-ud-daula All Boya, was tnisted with the management of the finances in a much more absolute and unlimited manner than any of the khalif's wazirs ever had been. Nay, he ofliciated for the khalif in the great mosque at Baghdad, and had his name mentioned in the public prayers throughout the kingdom. In short the khalif was so much under the power of this ofiicer, that he could not apply a single dinar to his own use without the leave of the Amir-ul-Umra. In the year a.d. 937, the Moslem empii-e so great and powerful, was shared among the following usurpers : The cities of Wasat, Basra, Kiifa with the rest of the Arabian Iriiq, were considered as the property of the Amir-ul-Umra, though they had been in the beginning of the year seized upon by a rebel called al-Baridi, who could not be driven out of them. The country of Fars, Faristan, or Persia pro])erlv so called, was possessed by Imad-ud- daula All ibn Boya, who resided" in the city of Shiriiz. Part of the tract denominated al-Jabal, together with Persian Iraq, which is the AL-Sl 68 ALTI nioimtaiuoTis part of Persia, and the couutrv of the ancient Parthians, ol)eve(l Rukn-nd"- daula, the brother of luad-ild-daula, wlio resided at Isfahan. The other part of the country was possessed by Washmakin the Dilamite. Dayar Rabia, Dayar Bikr, Dayar Modar, and the city of Musal, acknowledgx-d for their sovereign a race of princes called Hamdanites. Egypt and Syria no longer obeytd the khalifs, but Muhammad ibn Taj, who had formerly been appointed governor of those provinces. Africa and Spain had long been indepen- dent. Sicily and Crete were governed by princes of their own. The provinces of Kliurasan and Malvarun- nahr were under the dominions of al-Nasr ibn Ahmad, of the dynasty of the Samaniaus. The provinces of Tabrisfcm, Jurjau or Georgia, and Mazindaran, had kings of the first djTiasty of the Dllamites. The province of Kirmiin was occupied by Abu All Muhammad ibn Eylia al-Samani, Avho had made himself master of it a short time before. And Lastly, the provinces of Yemama and Bahryn, including the district of Hajr, were in the possession of Abii Tahirthe Karmatiau. Thus the khalifs were deprived of all their dominions, aud reduced to the rank of sovereign pontiffs; in which light, though they continued for some time to be regarded by the neighbouring princes, yet their power never arrived to any height. In this low state the khalifs continued till the extinction of the Kjiilafat by Halilku Klian the Tartar in the year a.d. 1258, a.h. 656. Al-IlfizT Billiih reigned 7 years 2 months aud 11 days, and died in a.d. 941, a.h. 329. lie was succeeded by his brother al-Muttaqi. Al-Saharawi {^t\ Qasim. J- 'M). Fide Abul Al-Saffah CliJl), surname of AbOl Aljljfis, the s(m of Muliammad, the sou of All, the son of 'AbduUali, the son of Abbas, the nucle of the prophet. lie was proclaimed khalifa by the inhabitants of Kufa on Friday the 29th November, a.d. 749, 13th Rabi II., A.H. 132, upon which a battle took place between him and Marwan II., the last khalifa of the house of Uiuyya aud Ommaides, iu wliicli tlie latter was slaiu, 5th August^ A..D. 750, 26th Zil-hijja, a.h. 132. °A1- Saffah after this victory investing himself with sovereign power, laid the foundation of the dynasty of the Abbasides, which continued to be transmitted to his family from father to son for 524 lunar years, during a succession of 37 khalifs, till they were dispossessed by Ilalaku Klian the Tartar king of Persia iii A.D. 1258, a.h. 656. By the elevation of the house of Abbas to the dignity of khilfifat, began that glorious period during which Arabic and Persian lit(n-ature reached its highest perfection. 'With some few ex- ceptions these khalifas were the noblest race of kiugs that ever adorned the throne of sovereignty. Abiil Abbas died, after a reign of more than fom- years, of the small-pox, on Sunday the 9th June, a.d. 754, 13tli Zil-hijja, A.H. 136, and was succeeded by his brother Abii Ja'far Almansiir. List of the kjalifas of the race of Ahhus who reigned at Baghdad. 1. Al-Saffah, or Abiil 'Abbas al-Safffdi. 2. Al-Mansiir. 3. Al-Mahdi, son of al-Mansiir. 4. Al-IIadi, son of al-Mahdi. 5. Al-Eashid, or Hariin al-Eashid, son of al-Mahdi. 6. Al-Arain, son of Hariin. 7. Al-Mamiiu, son of Hariin. Ibrahim, son of Mahdi, competitor. 8. Al-Mo'tasim Billah, son of Hariin. 9. Al-Wathiq, or Wasiq, son of Mo'tasim. 10. Al-Mutwakkil. 11. Al-Mustauasar Bilhih. 12. Al-:Mustain Billah. 13. Al-Mo'tia' Billah. 14. Al-Miditadi Billah. 15. Al-Mo'tamid. 16. Al-Motazid Billah. 17. Al-Miiktafi Billah. 18. Al-Muqtadir Bilkih. 19. Al-Kahir Billah. 20. Al-Iiazi Billah. 21. Al-Muttaki Billah. 22. Al-Mustakfi Billah. 23. Al-Mutia BilLih. 24. Al-Tava Billah. 25. Al-Qadir Billah. 26. Al-(irtim bi-amr-ullah. 27. Al-Muqtadi BilLah. 28. Al-Mustazahir Billfih. 29. Al-:\[ustarasliid Billah. 30. Al-R:ilihid Billah. 31. Al-Muktal'i bi-amr-ulhlh. 32. Al-Mnstanjad Billah. 33. Al-Mustazi bi-amr-ullah. 34. Al-Nasir Bilhih. 35. Al-Tahir bi-amr-ullah. 36. Al-Mustanasar BillSh II. 37. Al-Mu'tasim Billah, the last khalif. Al - Tahir bi - amr - illah Muhammad (jk.4..sL'* tUjy«lj J^^L^ ) succeeded his father, al-Nasir Billah, to the throne of Bairhdad in a.d. 1225, a.h. 622. He was the thirty-fifth khalif of the house of Abbas, reigned 9 mouths and 1 1 days, and (bed in A.D. 1226, a.h. 623. His son al-Mustanasar II. succeeded him. Al-Taya' (or al-Tayi') Billah (j^jlkll dill)), the son of al-Mutia' Billah, was the tweuty-foiu'th khalif of Ba gh dad. He succeeded his father iu a.d. 974, reigned 17 years and 4 months, aud was deposed by Baha-ud-daula in a.d. 991, when QSdir Billah, the son of Is-hiiq, the son of Muqtadir, was raised to the throne. Altimsh ( jLA::}i\). Vide Sliams-uddln Altimsh. ^ AL-WA 69 AMAR Al-Walid (.O^l). Vide Walid. Al - Wathik or al - Wasik Billali (^J^yi), the niuth khalif of the family of the Ahbasides, succeeded his father, al-Mo'tasini BiHah, on the 5th Jauuarv, a.d. 84-2, 18th RabI I., a.h. 227, to the "throne of Baghdad. The following year, he invad.d and conquered Sicily. Nothing remarkable happened during the rest of his reign. He reigned 5 lunar years 7 months and 3 days, and died in a.d. 847, a.h. 232. He was succeeded by his brother al-Mutwakkil. He is the Vathek of Beekford's well-known tale. 'Alwi (ij:^!-), poetical name of Shaikh Wajl-uddln, which see. 'Alwi (^»Lc), poetical name of Mir Tahir 'Alwi, who died at Kashmir previous to the year a.d. 1723, a.h. 1136. He is the author of a diwan and a Masnawl ; the latter contains the story of the blacksmith and the cotton cleanser called Qissae Haddad wa Hallaj. 'Alwi Khan (Hakim) (^U- ^-.i-), a physician, who was invited from Persia by the Emperor Muhammad Shah, and died at DehlT in a.d. 1748, a.h. 1161. His title was Mo'tmid-ul-Maliik Sayjid 'Alwi Khan Hakim. He is the author of a medical work called JZma^ -ul-Jaua^ ma'' . 'Amad (jU.2), 'Amad Shah, 'Amacl- uddln, etc. Vide Imiid, Imad Shah, e c. 'Ama-'ac[orUm.a-'aqLBukhari(^.r,*^). Vide Abul NajIb-al-Bukhari. Amanat (ci^-'l^^), poetical name of Sayyid Agha Hasan, son of Agha Razwi, author of a Diwan. Amanat 'Ali (Maulwi) ( l.c (.::,->:< l«l ), author of a small work entitled Buhdr Jjam, containing 121 letters written by him to different persons, in pure Persian. Amanat Khan Mirak (^lr>^ L::.^3t«l (__$--.,«\ title of Mir Ma In-nddin Ahmad Iihiin Kliwafi, a native of Khwaf in Khurasan. He was a nobleman of high rank in the time of the Emperor 'Alamgir, and died in the year a.d. 1684, a.h. 1095, at Anrangal)ad. He is the author of the work called mhariat vl-lsliim. Amanat Khan ( Ir JU^), title of Mir Husain, sou of Amanat Khan Khwafi. He was honoured with the title of his father about the year a.d. 1688, a.h. 1100, by the Emperor 'Alamgir, and raised to the rank of a nobleman. He held different otHces under that J'mperor, and died at Surat ad. IG'J!), a.h. nil. Amanat Khan (^LsU (*::-vjL«^), a celebrated Nastrdiq writer, who in the 11th year of the reign of the Emperor Shah Jahan wrote the inscriptions on the Taj at Agra. Amani (Mir) {^^ ^J^-*^), of Kabul, died in a.h. 981, or a.d. 1573. Amani (^jL*1), poetical name of j\rirza Aman-ullah, the eldest son of Mahabat Klian. He flourished in the time of the Emperor Shah Jahan, and died in the year a.d. 1637, A.H. 1047. He is the author of a diwan. \_Vide Klian Zaman Bahiidur and Mahabat Khan.] Aman-uUah (Hafiz) (liiU d.]\\ ^IJ), of Benares, was an author and Qazi of Luck- now in the time of the Emperor 'Alamgir. He died in a.d. 1721, a.h. 1133. Aman-ullah Husaini (ti,_l_n ^J^-.^\ i-.-^.^:.-), author of an Insha which goes by his name, Inshde Amdn-ulldh Husain''. Ahmad Shah Abdali (.\l_^ Jk_,*^>.l Jijji) on his seventh invasion of Hindustan arrived at the Satlaj in a.d. 1764. Amar Singh waited on him, but was ordered to shave his head and beard before entering the royal presence. By a nazarana or present of a lac of rupees, he purchased permission to appear bearded and imshorn, and received investiture with the title of Maha Ilaja Kajagan Mahiudar Bakashr, which title is now borne by the head of the Patiala family. Amar-ibn-obaid. F/rt'^TJmar-ibn-ubaid. Amar Singh (..ijl:^^ j-^^), Riija of P^itiala, was the sou of Sardal Singh, who survived his father. Raja Ala Singh, two or three years. Ahmad Amar Singh, vide Rana Amar Singh. Amar Singh Rana, sou of Eama Pallal Singh of Chittore, died in a.h. 1028 Amar Singh {itu^ r^^^' ^^^ °^ ^^J Singh, a rajput chief of the tribe of Rathor. He killed Salabat Khan Mir Bakhshi in the 17th year of Shah Jahan in the presence of the Emperor, on Tlinrsdav evening the 2oth July, o.s. 1644, 30th Jamadi I., a.h. 1054, and was' by the order of the Emperor pursued and cut to" pieces after a gallant delence near one of the gates of tht^ fort of .\gra, which is to this dav called Amar Singh Darwaza or Amar Singh Gate. An accimnt of this prince's carlv history will be found in Tod's Efijasthdu. AMAH 70 AMIU Amar Singh (d^^ ^\), of Benares, whose poetical name was Kluisligo, held a governmeut appointment in the Koel district. He compiled a short history of Akbar's palace and of the Taj of Agra, and put the Bahar Danish into verse and called it Tarjuma liaJulr han'ish. This hook is to be distinguished from the Izhar Danish, an Urdu translation of Bahdr Ddnisli by Miillazada at Palnar. Amar Singh (Rana), son of Eana rurtab .Singh. Vaie Eana Sankar. Ambaji Inglia, a general of the Gwa- liar State who served under Mahadaji Sindhia from 1787, and who continued his services, both military and political, under his nephew Daulat Rao. The last mention of him is in Lake's war in Hindustan, in which he succeeded Gen. Perron [Keene's History of India, i. pp. 274, 360, 372]. A-mili ( A.« 1 ), a poet who was the author of a Diwan. This person appears to be the same with Shaikh Baha-uddin 'Amili. Amin (^->^U, the sixth khallf of the house of Abbas. Vide al-Amiu. Amin (^-.,*0, poetical name of Shah Amin-nddln of Aziniabild, who flourished about the year a.d. 1715, a.h. 1127, and left a diwan of Ghazals, etc. Amina (d:.. J), the wife of 'Abdullah, and mother of Muhammad the prophet of the Musalmans. She was the daughter of Wahab the son of 'Abdul Manaf." She is represented as the most beautiful, prudent, and virtuous lady of her tribe, and conse- quently the most worthy of such an extra- ordinary person as 'Abdullah. She died six years after the birth of her son Muham- mad, about the year a.d. 577. Amina Begnm {^.L^.i 6.u^^\). Vide Ghasiti Iiegum. ' Amin Ahmad or Amin Muhammad Razi {^■^\j Sa^^\ ^,-.,mO, the author of the Biographical Dictionary called Haft. uiJdTm. (The seven climates.) This book, which he finished in the time of the emperor Akbar in a.d. 1594, a.h. 1002, contains a short description of the seven climates of the Temperate Zone, and the Topography of their principal cities ; with memoirs of the illustrious persons and eminent poets which each has produced. Amin-uddin Khan, Nawfib of Loharu, descended from Ahmad Bakhsh, a Minister of the Alwar State in 1.'- 05- 1826. The Nawab succeeded his unhajjpv brother Shams-ul-din {q.v.) in 1835; and died on the 31st December, A.D. 1869, aged 70 years. His eldest son, Mirza 'Ala-uddiu JChan, succeeded to his estates at Lohfirii, on the 11th January, 1870. Amini ( ^:^^a\), poetical name of Amir Sultan D)rahim, a contemporary of Khwaja 'Asafi, who died in a.d. 1520, a.h. 926. Amini wrote a chronogram on that occasion. Amin-uddin (Mir) i^,^ .,ja!1 ^..r^^0, a poet and a great jester, was contemporary with the poets Moulana All Kiihi and Khwaja All Shahab. Amin-uddin (Amir) {^^\ ^.r.JjJ^ i-^"*^)- Tide Yemiu-uddin (Amu) and Tughrai. Amin-ud-daula Abul Jin (it.!.w\!^ ,^'»\ ^sivO, surnamed the Samaritan, was a physician, and had been wazir to Malik Salah Isma'il. He was strangled at Cairo in AD. 1250, A.H. 048, and there wei'e found iu his house, amongst other precious articles, about 10,000 volumes of valuable works, copied by the most celebrated caligraphers. Amin-ud-daula Khan (~ j^\), title of Mir Abiil Wafa, the eldest son of Mir Qasim Kjiau Namkin, was a nobleman in the time of the emperors Jahaugir and Shah Jabiiu. At the time of his death he was governor of I'hatta, where he tlied a.d. 1647, a.h. 1057, aged more than 100 years. His former name was Mir Khan, but having made a present of one lac of rupees to Shah Jahan, lie was honoured with the title of Amir Khan. Amir Khan {^^.^^ ^^^ ^\: J'- surnamed Mir Mirau, the sou of Khalil -ullah Klian Yezdi, was a nobleman of high rank in the time of the emperors Shfih Jaliau and 'Alamgir, and a great favouiite of the latter. He died at Kabul on the 2sth April, a.d. 1698, 27th Shawwal, a.h. 1109, and the emperor conferred the title of Amir Khan on his son. Amir Khan (Nawab) (t_-j^.j ^=>- m.-«0, entitled U'mdat-ul-Mulk, was the son of tlio principal favourite of the emperor 'Alamgir, of the same name, and a descendant of the celebrated Shah Xa'mat-ullah Wali. He was himself a favourite of the emperor Muhammad Shah ; was appointed governor of Allahabad in a.d. 1739, A.ii. 1152, and re-called to court in a.d. 1743, a.ii. 1156. He was naturally free of speecli, and the emperor, fond of his repartee, had allowed him more license in his conversation tlian was consistent with respect to his own dignity, when he was on business with the emperor, which by degrees disgusted Muhammad Shah and made him wish his removal from office. He was consequently, with the consent of the emperor, stabbed with a dagger by a person who had been discharged from his service, and fell down dead on the spot. This circum- stance took place on Friday the 26th December, 1747, 23rd Zil-hijja, a.h. 1159. He was biu'ied after four days in the sepulchre of Klialil-ullah Klian his g"randfather, which is close to the Sarae of Eiih-ullab Klian at Debli. His poetical name was Anjam. He composed logograpbs, and has left Persian and Kekhta Poems. There is a full account of Amir Klian in the SKJar-uI-Muti'ikharin, where he is said to have died in the same year as the emperor. Amir Khan (^^:>- j-^-*^)) the famous ally of the Piudaris and ancestor to the present Nawab of Tonk. He was originally in the service of Jaswaut Rao Ilolkar, who becoming insane iu 1806 and iucapable of the administration of his own affairs, this Mu- hanimadau chief endeavoured to establish an ascendancy at his coiu-t, but soon left it with the array he commandecl to pui'sue the separate object of his own ambition, and became the chief supporter of the Piudaris. A treaty was ratiiied with him by the British Government on the 19th December, 1817. He had on various pretexts avoided the ratification of the engagements which his agent had concluded with "the resident of Dehli, but the movement of troops to his vicinity, and their occupation of positions which left him only the option between engaging in an unequal conflict aud signing this treaty, induced him to adopt the safer course. He was confirmed in the pos- session of all the territories he held from the Holkar family, but compelled to surrender his large trains of artilleiy to the English Government, and to disband that great body of plunderers which had been for more than two years the scourge of Malwa and Ilajpn- tana. Amir Klian died a.d. 1834, a.h. 1250. His Life was written by a Hindu named Basawan Lai ; and the Memoir was translated into English by the late Thoby Prinsep. Amir Khan (^U- .^^), "whose proper name was Mir Kliau, but was chauged by the emperor 'Alamgir by adding an alif to it into Amir Klian. On a" spot of seven bighas of ground, he had built his house close to the place called Guzur Tijara, including the ma- halla of Chhipitola. In the first year of the emperor 'Alamgir he was appointed governor of the fort of Shahjahanabad, and in the eleventh year of the reign of the emperor ho was appoiuted Siibadar of Kabul. Amir Khan Sindhi (^>» J^- .^l. -jt ..\). title of Mir Abdul Karini, son of Amir Khan, the sou of "Mir Abul (iasim Namkin. Ho was cmi)l(iycd iu various others during the irigu of •Alanigir, Bahadur Shah and Earrulih- sivar, and died some time before the accessi(ai of Muhammad Shah to the throne of Dehli. AMIR 'TO AMIR Amir Khond (jkj, Klmnd or KhaM'ind Shiib. Amir Khtisru (. Kliusro (Amir). Amir Mahmud ( . ,j j^! ^ y^\). YidcWix J-' .1). Tide jJd^A.S.^j^\), surnamcd Faklir-uddln, aud commonly called Ihn-Yemin, was the son of Amir Yemin- uddln, entitled Malik-ul Fuzla, i.e., the prince of the learned. Aniir Mahmiid was an excellent poet, and died on Saturday the 2911i January, a d. 1.'5G8, Jumadni II. A.H. 769, in Persia. lie is mentioned in Dr. Sprenjrer's Catalogue, p. 67, to have cUed in 749 Ilijri coiTespondinjy with a.d. 1348, and in the Tazhira Daulat Sliahl it is mentioned that he died in A.n. 745, a.u. 1344. He has left a Diwan. AinirMirza(Nawab)((__^Lj ^ ;.-..« .-.^«0 was the son of George Hopkins Walters, a pensioned Eiu'opean officer, who, with his family, consisting of a wife, two daughters and one son, had established himself in Luck- now as a merchant many years ago. After his death bis family, through the intrigues of one Bakhsb Ali Klian, embraced the Miibam- madan religion, and the younger daughter not long after Avas consigned to the Seraglio of king Nasir-uddTn Hydar aud became one of the queens of that monarch, under the title of Wilayeti Mahal, or the King's European consort. The elder daughter also received the name and title of Asliraf-un-nisa Begam. She remained unmarried all her life. The brother, Josejjh "Walters, received the name of Amir Mirza. He was brought up as a Musalman of the Slii'a sect, and always took a pride in showing himself as an orthodox follower of the Crescent. After "Wilayeti JVIabal's death, her elder sister Ashraf-un-nisa Begam succeeded to her estate, consisting of Government Securities valued at 11,400,000 rupees besides jewellery, movable and im- movable property of considerable vahie. In 1832 Ashraf-un-nisa died, and was succeeded by Amir Mirzii, her brother, who squandei-ed almost the whole property by his reckless prodigality. Amir Mirza died on the 10th January, 1870, in his C6th year. Amir Mo'izzi (^-;jt.* r-^^), a celebrated poet of Samarqand, who served under Sultan Malik Shah and Sultan Sanjar Saljiiki, and was honoured with the title of Malik-ush- Sliua'ra, or tlie Royal I'oet. He was accident- ally killed l)y an arrow shot by the latter prince. His Diwan contains 15,000 verses. His death happened in the year a.d. 1147, A.H. 542. His proper name was Amir Ali. Amir Shahi (^,1,;,^ ^ jt\j^ r-"*^)j oi Salizwfir, a ])iict who flnurislied in tlie time of Shahrukli Mirza, about the year a.u. 143(i. Vide Shfihi (Amir). Amir Taimur (^\yL:s-U5 ,y\^ j^^), styled Sahib Qiran, because he reigned more than 30 years, or because he was born in a conjunction of the planets so called. He is also calltd Timiu-lang (Taraei'lane) from some defect in his feet ; was born at Kush in ancient Sogdania on Tuesday, the 9th April, a.d. 1336, 27th Sha'bau, a.h. 736. Some say he was the son of a shepherd, and others that he was descended in a right line from Qajuli Bahadur, son of Tiimana Klian, of the same lineage with Changez Khan, the celebrated conqueror of Persia. His father's name was Amir Tm-aghai and mother's Takina Kliatiin ; however, his obscurity was soon forgotten in the glory of his exploits. Distinguished by his courage and unbounded ambition, he gained a number of faithful adherents, and seized the city of Balkh, the capital of Khn- riisan, and having put to death Amir Ilusain, the ruler of that place, whose sister he had married, he ascended the throne on Wednes- day the 10th April, a.d. 1370, 12th Earazan, A.H. 771. He then suljdued Kandahar, Persia and Baghdad, and seconded by an enthusiastic army he penetrated to India, took Dehli on Tuesday the 17th December, a.d. 1398, 7th Eabi II. A.H, 801, with its immense trea- sures, aud retui-ned to punish Ba gh dad that shook off his yoke. The offending city was given up to pillage, and 80,000 of her inhabi- tants put to the sword. Now master of the fairer part of Asia, he interfered, at the request of the Greek emperor, iu the affairs of Baiazid (Bajazet), emperor of the Turks, and com- manded him to abandon the siege of Constan- tinople. The message roused the indignation of Baiazid ; he marched against the new enemy, and was defeated by him in Phrygia, after a battle of three davs, on Fridav the 21st July, A.D. 1402, 19th Zil-bijja," a.h. 804. Baiazid fell into the hands of the em- peror, aud was carried about in mockery in an iron cage. To these conquests Taimiir added Egypt and the trea.siu-es of Cairo, and then fixed the seat of his empire at Samarqand, where he received the homage of Manuel Palasologus, emperor of Constantinople, and of Henry III. King of Castile, by their ambassadors. Taimiir was prejjaring fresh victories by the invasion of China, when death stopped his career on Wednesday the 18th February, a.d. 1405, 17th Sha'-ban, a.h.807, in the 36th year of his reign, aged 71 years, and was buried at Samarqand. He was the ancestor of Babar, who founded the d\Tiasty of the Mugliul emperors of Dehli. After his death he received the title of " Firdaus Makani," i.e., "May paradise be his ])lace of residence." He had four sons, viz., Jabfuigir Mirza. L'mar Shaikh Mirza, Miran Sliab and Shabrukh Mirza. Tamerlane on his death-bed named his grandson Pir Muhammad, son of Jahangir Mirza, the universal heir of all his dominions ; but the contempt witli which his will was treated after death was equal to the venera- tion wliich had been paid to his authority duiing his life. Tlie Sultan Klialil, another of his grand.sons, immediately took possession of the capital of Samarqand, and proclaimed AMIR 73 'a MRU himself emperor. Pir Muhammad did not live long euoiigh to assert his rights, but was assassinated six months after the deatli of his grandfather. After his death, Shahrukh Mirza, the youngest of the two surviving sons of Tamerlane, succeeded to the inheritance assigned for Pir IMuhammad. List of the kings of SfiDiarqaiid of the race of Atnir Taiinur. Ivlialil Sultan, the sou of Mirau Shah. Shahrulch Mirza, son of Amir Taimiir. Ala-ud-daula Mirza. Ulugh Beg Mirzil, son of Shahrukh. Mirza Bahar, who subsequently conquered Dehli, and became the first emperor of the Mughuls in India. Mirza Abdul-Latif. Mirza Shah Miihammad. Mirza Ibrahim. Sultan Abii Saypd. Mirza Yadgar Muhammad. Amir Yemin-uddin (^^.t J^!^ m'^" ri^^X entitled Malik-ul-Fuzlii, « c, the priuce of the learned, was a Turk and an excellent poet. He flourished in the time of Sultan Muhammad I\huda Banda, and died in a.d. 1324, A.H. 724. \_ride Tughardi.] Amjad 'Ali Shah (il,ij ^J_£ j>jsl'«^) was the son of Muhammad All Shah, whom he succeeded on the throne of Lucknow as king of Oudh, with the title of Suria Jab, on the 17th May, a.d. 18-i2, 5th Rabi II. A.H. 1258, and died on the 1 6th March, a.d. 1847, 26th Safar, a.m. 1263. He was suc- ceeded by his son "NViijid Ali Shah, in whose time Oudli was annexed to the British Govern- ment on the 7th February, a.d. 1856. 'Ammar ibn Hissan C^l-*s- ^i\ .Uc) was All's general of the horse, and was killed in battle fought by Ali against Mu'awia, the first khalif of the house of Umaia, in the month of July, a.d. 657, Safar, a.h. 37. He was then about 90 years of age, and had been in three several engagements with Muhammad himself. He was one of the murderers of Usman, the third khalif after Muhammad. Amra-al Qais (^^-.iH ^\j^\), the son of Ilajar, one of the most illustrious poets the Arabians had before ]\Iuhamnmdanism. He is one of the seven poets whose poems have, for their excellency, been hung in the temple of Mecca. These poems were called MufiUakat (suspended), and as they were written in letters of gold, they were also called Miizahhihat. The names of these seven celebrated poets are Amra-al-(iais, Tarafa, Zuhir, Liibid, Antar, Amru and Harath. [Amra-al-Qais is the same person who is commonly called Majniin, the lover of Laila, and Labid was his friend and master. Amir Khu.ssu's Loves of Mnjinoi (Did Ln'ihi \va^ been translated into Euglisli.j Amrit Rao (.^. c:.-* -«^), a Mahratta chief who had been placed on the masnad of I'lma bv Ilolkar in a.d. 1803, but deposed by the "British, and a pension of 700,000 rupees was assigned for his support annually. He was the son of Raghunath Rao, commonly called Raghoba. For some time he resided at Banaras and then in Bundelkhaud, and cHed at the former station in a.d. 1824. *Ainru bin Mua'wia (i<.<.U^ ^j •;'♦••=)» an ancient Arabian poet whose collection of poems are to be found in the Royal Library at Paris, No. 1120. 'Amru ibn Al-'As (^j^jLO ^\ ^j-^^), a celebrated Muhammadan, at first the enemy and afterwards the friend of Muhammad, of whom it is reported by tradition that Muham- mad said, " There is no tnier Musalman, nor one more steadfast in the faith than 'Amru." He served in the wars of Syria, where he behaved with_^singular cotu-age and resolution. Afterwards Umar the khalif sent him into Egji)t, which he reduced in a.d. 641, a.h. 20, and became lieutenant of the conquered country. Usman continued him in that post foiu' years, and then removed him ; where- upon he retired to Palestine, where he lived privately till Usman' s death. Upon this event, he went over to Mu'awia upon liis invitation, and took a great part in the dis- pute between 'Ali and Mu'awia. The latter restored him to the lieutenancy of Egypt, and continued him in it till his death, which happened in a.d. 663, A.H- 43. Before he turned Muhammadan he was one of the three poets who were famous for writing lampoons upon Muhammad, in which style of composi- tion 'Amru particularly excelled. There are some fine proverbs of his remaining, and also some good verses. He was the son of a courtezan of Mecca, who seems to have num- bered some of the noblest of the land among her lovers. When she gave birth to tliis child, the infant was declared to have most resemblance to 'As, the oldest of her ad- mirers, whence, in addition to his name of Amrii, he ireceived the designation of Ibn- al-'As. 'Amru (s.'o.x.^ ^r-J ^r-y*'-^\ the son of Sa'id, was a cousin of the khalif 'Abdul- Malik. In the year a.d. 688, a.h. 69, the khalif left Damascus to go against Misaa'b, the son of Zuber, and appointed Anu-u to take care of Damascus, who seized upon it for himself, which obliged 'Abdul-Malik to re- turn. After three "or four days the khalif sent for him and killed liini with his own hand. 'Amru bin Lais (i, ), brotlier of Ya'kfib ibn T^ais, whom he suc- ceeded in the government of Kjnirasau, etc., in a.d. 878, a.h. 265, and ruled over those countries for 23 vears. He was at last AMUR 74 A NT A seized by Anilr I.sma'il Samfuii iu a.d. 900, A.H. 288, and sent to Baghdad, where he was confined lor some time ; his execution was the last act of tlie Khalif Al-Mo'tazid, wlio gave orders for it a few mouths before hi.s own death iu a.d. 901, a.h. '289. He was blind of one eye. With Amrii fell the for- tuui's of his family. His grandson Tahir struggled for power in his native province ; but after a reign of six years, during which he conquered Fars, his authority was sub- verted by one of his own officers, by whom he was seized and sent prisoner to Ba gh dad. The only other prince of the family of Bam Lais that attained any eminence was a chief of the name of Ivhalaf, who established him- self in Sistan and maintiiined his power over that province till the time of Sultan Mahmiid of GJiaznl, by whom he was defeated and made prisoner. Amuratli, names of several emperors of Tiu-key, as written by English writers, being a corruption of Murad, which see. Anandpal (JIja:.30, son of Jaiprd I., raja of Lahore, whom he succeeded about the year a.d. 1001, aud became tributary to Sultan Mahmud of GhaznI. He died about the year 1013, and was succeeded in the government by his son Jaipal IL Anarkali (, JiSj\j\), tlic name of a lady, otherwise " Xadira Begam," who lived in the time of the emperor Jahanglr. Her mausoleum is at a place called Anarkali iu Lahore, which has been recently used as a chru'ch. Differeut stories are told concerning the name Anarkali, by which the mausoleum as wfill as the station in its vicinity is known. According to some, it was the name of a princess in Jahanglr's titne, while others say that Anarkali was a beautiful haudmaid with whom Jahangir fell in love, and who, on Akbar becoming aware of it, was buried alive. These stories may not be true ; but this much is at least certain, that the Avonian after whose name the building is called, lived in the time of Akbar, or his son Jahangir, that Jahangir or some other prince was madly in love with her, and that her death took place under such mournful circumstances as broke the heart of the fond lover, and led him to compose the following couplet, still found engraved on her tombstone : ' ' Oh ! coiild I see again the face of my lost friend, I would thank my God imtil the day of judgment." Anand Rao, G-aikwar ( .L.C^ J . xj]), a Marhatta chief of Baroda, with whom the English Government had iu 1812 concluded a subsidiary alliance. Before the treaty he was a nominal dependant of the Pcshwa. Anas (^^^jT), a poet of Arabia. 'Andalib (e^Jj.:.^). Vide Kliwaja Nasir. Anis (fj^j\), poetical name of Mulian Liil, which see. Anisi Shamlu (^L,Li ^j-*-J^), a poet named Yul Qiili Beg. He was an intimate friend and constant companion of prince Ibra- him Mirza, a grandson of Shah Isma'il Safwi, consequently took the takhallas of Anisi. "When 'Abdullah Khan Uzbaq took Hirat he made a proclamation in his army, that the life of Anisi be spared, aud treated him with great respect. He came to India and received a salary of 50,000 rupees and a jagir. He died at Barhanpiir in a.d. 1605, A.H. 1014, and has left a Diwan and a Mas- nawi called MaJuiuld Aidz. Ang or Ungh Khan, a king of the Trit Tartars, who resided at Karakoram, and to whom the celebrated Jangez Kliau was at one time a tributary. He is also called Prcster John by the Syrian Missionaries. Jangez Khan having thrown off his allegiance, a war ensued, which ended in the death of Aug Khau iu a.d. 1202. Anjam (^l:sc^^), the poetical name of Nawab Umdat-ul-Mulk Amir Klian. fide Amir Klian. Anup Bai (^Ij <-r-'y^), the wife of the emperor Jahandiir Shah, and mother of Alamgir II. king of Dehli. Anushtakin {^S.::^^^Jj\), the cup- bearer of Sultan San jar, and father of Sultan Qutb-uddin Muhammad of Khwarizm. Ans bin Malik (t_-l»-ri- ^f^u^_».-J"), poetical name of KJiwaja F;ik]ir-uddin, aphysician, astronomer, and poet, of Sabzwar. He died a.d. 1463, A.H. 868, aged 81 lunar years, and left a Diwan in Persian containing Gliazals, Qasidas, etc. Aohadi (^a=-^0, the poetical name of Shaikh Aohad-uddiu of Isfahan or Maraglia, a celebrated Ptrsian poet who put into verse the Jdm-i-Jnm, a book full of Muhammadan spirituality, which he Avrote in imitation of the Iladiqa of Sanai ; he also wrote a Diwan containing verses. He was liberally rewarded by Arghiiu Klian, the king of the Tartars. He was a pupil of Aohad-uddin Kirmfmi ; died in a.d. 1337, ah. 738, and was biu-ied at Maragha in Tabreiz. Aohad - uddin Isfahan! (Shaikh) ( ^.)\^Ji.J^ ,.,.j-vJL\.::^J), a Persian poet. Vide Aohadi. Aohad - uddin Kirmani (Shaikh) ( Jt*.^ ,,5Jw\J^A5-.U, author of tlie \^ > ty- > Mishah-td-Aru-dh. He flourished in tlie reign of Al-Mustanasar Billah, khalif of Baghdad, and died in the year a.d. 1298, A.H. 697. His poetical name is Ilamid. He was a contemporary of Shaikh Sa'di of Shiraz. Aohad-uddin (,.^wv!^ Ji;?-.0, the sur- name of the ei'lebrated Anwari, which see. Aoji ( ^:5-J), a \\ovt who dietl in A.D. 1640, A.H. 1050. ArA 76 AQIL *Apa Sahib (^_^=».U Ij ' ), a nephew of llaglirijl Blionsla II. and cousin to Parsaram Llionsla, commonly called Bala Sahib, raja of Nagpiir or Berar. The latter succeeded his lather in March, a.d. 1816, bnt being an idiot and nnlit to ride, 'Apa Sahib assumed the chief authority under the title of Regent, and had the sole conduct of the public affairs. Although he was in a great degree indebted for his elevation to the English Government, he early evinced a disposition as inconsistent with the gratitude which he owed to that State, as with the obligations of good faith. It was also discovered that he had secretly murdered his predecessor, Bala Sahib (Par- saram), in order to obtain that elevation which he had so disgraced. He was conse- quently seized in the beginning of the year A.D. 1818, and brought to the Residency, where he continued in confinement till directed to be sent under a strong escort to the Com- pany's territories . When arrived at Raichora , a village within one march from Jabalpur, he contrived, by bribing some of his guards, to make his escape. It is believed that after having for a short period found a refuge in Asirgurh, he fled to the Paujiib, where he remained a miserable dependant on the charity of Raja Ranjit Singh. After the dethrone- ment of 'Apa Sahib, the grandson of Raghoji Bhonsla was raised to the masuad of Nagpiir. \_Vi(le Keeue's India, ii. 34, f. f.] Apa Sahib (l_-->-U IjT), also called Shalyi, thjrd brother of Partap Singh Xara- yan, raja of Satara. After the dethronement of his brother in a.d. 1839, he was placed on the masnad of Satara by the British Govern- ment, and died on the 5tli April, 1818. Before his death he expressed a wish that he might adopt as a son, a bqy by name Balwaut Rao Bhonsla. It was, however, determined to annex Satara. Aq.a Muhammad Khan Qajar (Ijl j\-^\-i J^-z A_^_ '*), king of Persia, of the tribe of Qajar, and son of Muhammad Hasan Klian Qajar, ruler of Mazanderan. He was made an eunuch in his cliildhood by 'Adil Shah, the nephew and immediate successor of Nadir Shah. Alter the death of 'Adil Shah he obtained his release, and joined his father, who was after- wards slain by Karini Klian Zand, king of Persia. Agha, or Aqa Muhammad, was obliged to sm-render himself to him, and was a prisoner in the city of Shiraz. He had for some time been very strictly guarded, and was never allowed to go beyond the walls of the town, but afterwards he was permitted to go a-hunting. When the last illness of KarTm KJian assumed a dangerous ap])earance, he contrived to leave that city on the usual pretext of hunting. AVlien iutfliigeuce was brought to him that the founder of the Zand dynasty was no more, accompanied by a f(!W attendants, he commenced his Hight, and, favoured by the confusion of the moment, he reached his province of Mazaudariin in safety, and ])roclaimcd himself one of the competitors for the crown of Persia. Soon after the death of 'All Murad Kliiin, ruler of Persia, in A.D. 1785, he made himself master of Isfahan without a battle, but had for several years to contend with Lutf 'All Kjian, the last prince of the Zand family, before he became sole master of Persia. Lutf 'Ali Klifin was put to death by him in a.d. 1795, 14th Muharram, a.h. 1212. Aqa Midiammad Klifin was murdered on the 10th July, a.d. 1797, by two of his attendants, whom he had sentenced to death, in the 63rd year of his age. He had been a ruler of a great part of Persia for 20 years, but had only for a short period enjoyed the undisputed sovereignty of that country. He was succeeded by his nephew, Fath 'Ali Shah, who died in a.d. 1834, a.h. 1250. After him, his grandson, Muhammad Shah, the sou of 'Abbas Mirza, mounted the throne, and died in 1847, when his sou, Nasir-uddin Ahmad Shah, the present king of Persia, succeeded him. Aqa Razi (^.Jj 1-' 1 ), a poet of Persia, who came to India, and after his return home, died in a.d. 1615, a.h. 1024. 'Aqidat Khan ( .,1^ LUXfS.z), title of Mir Mahmiid, brother of Asalat Khan Mashhadi^ He came to India in the Hth year of 'Alamgir, ad. 1670, and was raised to the rank of 1,0U0 and 400 sawars. 'Aqil (J-iii), 'Aqilthe brother of 'Ali. There is a story of him that being displeased with liis brother 'All the Klialifa, he went over to Mu'awiya, who received him with great kindness and respect, bnt desired him to curse 'Ali ; and as he would not admit of any refusal, 'AqTl thus addressed the congre- gation : "0 people, you know that 'AlT, the son of Abii-Talib, is my brother ; now Mu'awiya has ordered me to curse him, therefore, may the curse of God be upon him." So that the curse would either apply to 'All or to Mu'awiya. 'Aqil Khan (^^1=^ JJl-r), 'Aqil Khan, ncpliew of Afzal I\han wazir, a nobleman of 3,000, who served under the emperor Shah Jahan, and died a.d. 1649, a.h. 1059. 'Aqil Khan (Nawab) (< >ly ,^l:>. JiU), the title of Mir 'Askari. He was a native of Kjiiiwaf, in Kliurasan, and held the office of wizarat in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir. He was an excellent poet ; and as he had a great respect for Shah Burhan-uddin, entitled Raz-i-Ilfihi, he chose the word Razi for his ])(Htical title. He is the author of several Works, among which are a Masnawi and Dlwan. He died A.D. 169i, a. 11. 1108. Vide Razi. 'ARAB 77 AUDI 'Arabshah (il.^c__J^r), author of a history of Amir Taimiir (Tamerlane) called Jjdcb-ul - Maqdilr, and of a treatise on the unity of God. He was a native of Damascus, where he died in a.d. 1450, ah. 854. lie is also called Ibn 'Arabshiih and Ahmad Ibn Arabshah. Aram Bano Begam. {S-^i Jl) ^U ), a dausjhter of the emperor Akbar, who died ill the 40th year of her age in a.d. 1624, A.H. 1033, dm'iuo- the reign of Jaliangir, her brother, and is buried in the mausaleum of Akbar at Sikancba iu Agra. Her tomb is of white marble. Her mother's name was Bibi Daulat Shad, and her sister's name Shakr-un-uisa Begam. Aram Shah (Sultan) (il^ .♦^i'), king of Dehli, succeeded his father, Sultan Qutb- uddiu Aibak, in a.d. 1210, a.h. 607, and had scarcely reigned one year when he was de- posed by Altimsh 'the adopted son and son- in-law of Qutb-uddin) who assumed the title of Shams-uddin Altimsh. Araru (, ,1,1), a zamlndar of Kora in the pro\ince of Allahabad, was of the tribe of Khichar, who, taking advantage of the weakness of the em])ire, slew Xawab Jan Nisar Khan (brother to the wazir's wife), chakladar of that district in a.d. 1731, a.h. 1144, upon which 'Azim-ullah Khan, the son of tlae deceased, was sent with an army to chastise him, but the zamindar took refuge iu his woods, and for a long while eluded his pursuer, who, tired out, returned to Dehli, leaving his army under the command of Kliwarizm Beg Kliau. Ararii, emboldened by the Xawub's retreat, attacked and slew the deputy ; upon which the wazir Qamar- uddiu Kjian applied for assistance to Biudian- ul-Mulk Sa'adat Ivhan Siibadar of Oudh, for the reduction of the rebel. Sa'adat Kliau marched agaiust Ararii in a.d. 1735, a.h. 1148, killed him in a battle and sent his head to the emperor Muhammad Shah. The skin of his body was Hayed off, and sent stuffed with straw to the wazir. Ardai Viraf (>_il -^ ^'^}^^ ^ priest of the Magian religion, who lived iu the time of Ardisher Babagan, king of Persia, aud is the author of the Ardni I'irdf Xnina, which he Avrote in the Zend, or the original I'ersian language. [See Nousherwan Kirmiiui.] Ardisher Babakan ( .,l. u^)-^M, the son of Abaka Kjian and grandson of Halakii Klian, was raised to the throne of Persia after the murder of his uncle Ahmad Klian, sur- named Nekodar, in August, a.d. 1'2S4, Jamad I. a.h. 683. His reign was marked by few events of consequence. He recalled the celebrated Shams -ud- dm Muhammad Sahib Diwiin, his father's wazir, who, dis- gusted with coirrt, had retired to Isfahan : but this able minister was hardly re-estab- lished in his office, before his enemies per- suaded the prince that he had actually poisoned his father ; and the aged wazTr was in the same year made over to the public executioner. Amir Buka, the rival of Shams- ud-din, rose, upon his fall, to such power that he was tempted to make a grasp at the crown ; but he was unsuccessful, and lost his life in the attempt. Arghun Khiin died on Saturday, the 10th March, a.d. 1291, 5th Rabi I. A.H. 690, after a reign of 6 years and 9 mouths, and was succeeded by his brother Kaijaptii or Kaikhatii. His mother was a Christian. [ V. Siij). Aba Kaan.] Arghun Shah Jani Qurbani (Amir) reigned in Naishapur and Tiis about the year A.D. 1337, and was defeated by the Sarbadals of Sabzwar. 'Arif (( j,U), the poetical name of the son of Ghulam Ilusain IClian. He was an excellent Urdu poet of Dehli, and died in A.D. 1852, A. II. 12()8. 'Arifi (Maulana) ( ^\^), a Persian poet who flourished in the time of the wazIr khwaja Muhammad bin Is-haq, and wrote a work in his name called Bah Ndma. He lived in the 9tli century of the Hijrl era. 'Arifi (Manlana) ( • ,l_r), son of Mubarik Maskhara, was a learned Musalmfin, and was living in a.d. 1580, a.h. 988, when he wrote a chronogram on the death of Qasim KaliT, who died in that year, during the reign of the emperor Akbar. Arjumand Bano Begam (»jlj su^>'j\ ^x-,j), entitled Mumtaz Mahal (now corrupted into Taj Mahfd and Taj Bibi) was the favourite wife of the emperor Shah Jahan, and daughter of 'Asaf Kluvu, wazir, the brother of the celebrated Niir Jahan Begam. She was boru in the year a.d. 1592, A.H. 1000, and married to the prince Mirza Kjiurram (afterwards Shah Jahiiu) in a.d. 1612, A.H. 1021, by whom she had .several children. She died in child-bed a few hours after the birth of her last daughter, named Dahar Ara, on the 7th July, o.s. 1631, 17th Zil-hijja, A.H. 1040, at Burhanpiir in the l)eccan, was at first buried there in a garden called Zainabad, but afterwards her remains were removed to Agra, where a most splendid mausoleum was built over her tomb, with a coatiug of white marble decoi'ated with mosaics, which for the richness of the material, the chasteness of the design, and the effect at once brilliant and solemn, is not surpassed by any other edifice either in Europe or Asia. It Avas completed in a.d. 1645, A.H. 1055, and is now called the "Taj," or "Taj Mahal," which is said to have cost the enormous sum of £3,000,000. The chronogram of her death contains the date in the word " Gliam," or Grief. She Avas also called Kudsia Begam and Nawab 'Alia Begam. Arjun Singh {di-^^ ^>- ,\) was one of the three sons of Raja Mansingh. [Vide A'ln Translation, i. p. 485.] Arpa Khan (j^A^ b ,\), one of the princes of the Tartar family, was crowned king of Persia after the death of Abxi Said Ivlian Bahadur, in November, a.d. 1335, AH. 730. He reigned five months and was killed in battle against MiisI Ivlian in a.d. 1336, who succeeded him. \^Vide Abii Said Khan Bahadur.] Arsalan Khan (^l>- .1-c.l), title of Arsalan Quli, the sou of Alahwardi Khan I., M'as a nobleman in the service of the emperor Alamgir, and was living about the year a.d. 1696, A.H. 1108. Arsalan Shah (jl-i) ^\^j\), the son of Sultan IMasa'ud III. of Gliazni. He miu-dered his brother Sherzad in a.d. 1115, a.h. 509, and having ascended the throne, he im- prisoned all his other brothers excepting Bahram Shah, who fled to Kliurasan and sought assistance of Sultan Saujar his uncle. AESl r9 ASAD Saiijar iu the year ad. 1118, a.h. 512, marched to GhaznT, aud iu a battle defeated Arsalan Shah, who made his escape to Lahore, but was soon after taken prisoner and put to death, when Bahram Shah ascended the throne. Arsalan Shah (ilji, ^^..^,^\ a king of Ivliwarizni, and son of Atsiz. J'idt: Alp Arsalan. Arsalan Shah Saljuki (il^ ivj-^—" '^ ^•j^^-"), tlie son of Tughral II and o^randson of Sultan Muhammad, brother to Sultan Sanjar. Arsalan Shah died in January, a.d. 1176, a.h. 571. His son Tughral III. who succeeded him, was the last Sultan of the family of the Salju- kides, who reigned in I'ersia. 'Arsh-Ashaiani ( JL^I , Jl,r), the title given to the emperor Akbar I. after his death. 'Arshi ( J^j^), ■whose proper name was Mir Muhammad Momin, was a brother of Mir Salah Kashifi, the sou of Mir Ab- dullah Mushkln Qalam HusaiuT, who was a celebrated caligrapher imder Jahangir. Arshi is the aixthor of a poem called Shdhid- Arshl, composed in the year a.d. 1G59, a.h. 1070, also of another work entitled Mtltr tea Wafa, and of a Diwau. Artaxerxes. Vide Artlisher. Arzami Dukht (l:^-.,.^^^ ^..»; ,^), a queen of the Persians, whose general named Mehran being killed in a battle against the Saracens, she Avas deposed by the people, who placed Yezdijard III. upon the throne in her stead, a young man of the roval family. But this did not much mend the matter, the government of the new king of theirs being even more inauspicious than that of the queen ; for in her reign the confines of the empire were only invaded, but in his all was entirely lost, and the whole kingdom aud country of the Persians fell into the hands of the Musalraaus. Tlie accession of Yezdijard is placed by Sir John Malcolm in a.d. 632, A.H. 11, but Major Price fixes it in a.d. 635, A.H. 14. [ Vide Taurraidukbt.] Arzani Begam (^Lj ^^\j^^ "'«i^ the daughter of Shahriar, who was married, iu the 16th year of Jahangir's reign, to Mihr- un-nisa, the daughter of Nur Jahan. [Vide ^;« Translation i. p. 331.] Arzu i»\j^), the poetical name of Siraj-iul-dlu Ali KJiau, which see. Asa Ahir (^\ Ul ), a shepherd chief, Mho built the fortress of Asirgarh in the Deccan in the 14th century ; he had some 2000 retainers. The hill had long before been encircled by a wall to protect the cattle, and it was to employ the poor that Asa con- structed, instead of the fortifications, which still remain, beyond all comparison, the strongest native built fortress in India. Asa was put to death by Malik Nasir, the Muham- madan chief I£handais, who possessed himself of the stronghold by treachery, and com- pleted the fortifications. Two centuries later Asirgarh and all Nimar were conquered by Akbar aud incorporated with the Mughal empires. It was taken by the British iu 1817. Asad (j^w>^\), the poetical name of Mirza Asad-uUah Klran, usually called Mirza Noushah. His ancestors were of Samarqand, but he was born at Agra ; but was brought up and lived at Dehli, where he rose to great fame as a poet and writer of the Persian language, whilst liis compositions in Urdii were uot less admired. He won the favour of Bahadm- Shah, the last king of Dehli, who conferred upon him the title of Nawab, and appointed him royal preceptor in the art of poetry. He is the author of a Persian Insha, a Masnawi in praise of 'Ali, and a Diwiin in Persian and another in Urdii. Both have been printed. He was in a.d. 1852, when sixty years of age, living at Dehli, and was engaged in compiliug a history of the Mughal emperors of India. His poetical name is Glialib, which see. He died iu the year a.d. 1869, a.h. 1285. Asadi Tusi ( ^Is J^-jO, a native of Tiis in the province of Khurasan, and one of the most celebrated Persian poets at the court of Sultan Mahmiid of Gliazni, whom the Sultan often entreated to undertake the legendary history of Persia, but he excused himself on account of his age. His best work is supposed to be lost. He was the master of Firdaasi, who afterwards composed the Shtih Nama. It is said that Firdausi on his departure from GJiazni requested him to finish the Shah Nama, which was yet incomplete, and that Asadi composed ithat part of the poem between the Arabian conquest of eastern Persia under the khalif 'Umar, to the end, consisting of 4000 couplets. The year of Asadi' s death is un- known, but it appears from the above cir- cumstance that he was living in a.d. 1010, AH. 4 01, in wliich year Firdausi departed from Gliazui. The most celebrated of the other works of Asadi now extaut is his dispute between Day and Night, a transla- tion of which in English verse is to be found in the Rose Garden of Persia, by Louisa Stuart Costcllo, published, London, 1815. AsadKhan(Nawat))(( i\^ ^l^ S^\), entitled Asiif-ud-daula and Jumlat-ul-Mulk. was descended from an illustrious family of ASAD 80 ASAF Turkmans. His father, who fled from the oppressious of Shah Abbas, of Persia, into Hiudiistan, was raised to hinh rank by the emperor Jahilufflr with the title of Zultiqar Kliaii, and married to the dau;;liter of a uew relation to his empress Niir Jahan. Ilis son Asad K]iau (wliose former name was Ibrahim) was very early noticed by Shah Jahan, who married him to a dauj;-hter of his wazir 'Asaf IjOifm, and promoted him to the office of second Bakhshi, which he held till the loth year of 'Alamgir ^a.d. 1671), when he was raised to the rank of 4000, and a few years afterwards to the office of wazir and highest order of nobility, seven thousand. In the reign of Bahadur Shah he was appointed Wakil Mutlaq (an office superior to wazir), and his son Isma'il made Mir Bakhshi or chief paymaster, with the title of Amir-ul- 'Umra Znlfikar Khan ; but on the accession of Farrukhsiar. he was disgraced, his estates seized, and his son put to death. After that period, he lived upon a scanty pension in a sort of confinement, but much respected by all ranks. He died in the year a.d. 1717, a.h. 11-29, aged 90 lunar years, and was buried with great fimeral pomp at the expense of the emperor, in a mausoleum, erected by his father for the family. Asad-ullah al-Ghalib(i 4U11 ^U-.!), the conquering lion of God, an epithet of Ali the son-in-law of Muhammad. Asad-ullah Asad Yar Khan (Nawab) (^Irs- jb S^\ i^^\ iX^\); he lived in the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah, and died in a.d. 1745, a.h. 1158. His poetical name was lusan, which see. Asad-ullah Khan (Mirza) i^^...]\ s^\ \\j^'^ 1^'^^)' Tide Asad and Ghiilib. Asaf (, i^\), a native of Qumm in Persia, who came to India in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan, and is the author of a Diwan. [The name conies from the legendary minister of Solomon, who appears to have been merely a musician ; vide I. Chron. c. xvi. 7.] Asafi (Khwaja) (a.:?-l^rL ^J.-s\), son of IChwaja Na'mat-ul-liih, was an elegant poet. Asafi is his poetical name, which he took on account of his father having served in the capacity of wazirto Sultan Abii Sa'id Mirza ; for, they say, Asaf or Asaph of the Scriptures, was wazir to king Solomon. He was one of the contemporaries and com- panions of Jami, and took instructions from hinV in the art of poetry. He died about the month of August, a.d. 1520, 16th Sliaban, a.h. 926, aged more than 70, and was buried at Herat ; but according to the work called Khuhlsat-ul-Asha'dr, he died in a.h. 920. He is author of a Diwan or book of Od s called jD'ncdn Asafi, and a Masnawi in the measure of Mahlr.an-ul- Asrdr . Asaf Jah (ilr^ i^JiJ\), the title of the celebrated Nizam-ul-Mulk of Haidarabad. Asaf Khan I. (^l^ L_i-^T), surnamcd Abdul ]\Iajid, was a noblemau in the time of the emperor Akbar, who in a.d. 1565, a.h. 973, distinguished himself by the conquest of Garrakuta, a princi])ality on the Narbada, bordering on Ijundelkhand. It was governed by a Queen or Hani named Durgawati, who opposed the Muhammadan general in an rm- successful action, and when seeing her army routed and herself severely wounded, she avoided falling into the hands of the enemy by stabbing herself with a dagger. Her treasures, which were of great value, fell into the hands of Asaf Kliiin ; he secreted a great part, and the detection of this embezzle- ment was the immediate cause of his revolt. He was, however, subsequently pardoned, and after the conquest of Chittour, that country was given to 'Asaf Klian in jagir. Asaf Khan II. {J,:^ ^J\), title of K_hraj-Gliayas-ud-din Ali Qaiwani, the son of Aqa Mullaud, uncle to Asaf Klian Jafar Beg. He held the Bakhshigari in the time of the emperor Akbar, and after the couquest of Gujrut in a.d. 1573, a.h. 981, in which he distinguished himself, the title Abbiis Klian was conferred on him. He died at Gujrat in a.d. 1581, a.h. 989, and after his death his nephew Mirza Jafar Beg was buried with the title of Asaf Klian. Asaf Khan III. (jJLr.^ Xz L-Si^i), commonly called Mirza Ja far Beg, was the son of Mirza Badi-uz-Zamiin and grandson of Aqil Mulla Qazwiui. He ■\vas born at Qazwiu, and came to India in his youth, a.d. 1577, a.h. 985. At the recommendation of his uncle Mirzii Gliaias- ud-din, who was a nobleman at the coiu't of the emperor Akbar, and bore then the title of Asaf Khan, was received with honour, and after the death of his uncle the office of Bakhshigari was conferred on him with the title of Asaf Klian, a.d. 1581, a.h. 989. He was an excellent poet, and was one of the many that were employed by the em- peror in compiling the Tfirlkh Alft, and after the assassination of Mulla Ahmad in A.D. 1588, A.H. 996, the remainder of the work was written by him up to the year a.h. 997. He is also called Asaf Klian Mirza Ja'far Bakhshi Begi, and is the author of a poem called Slurln iva Khusro. The ofiice of chief Diwan was conferred on him by the emperor in a.d. 1598, a.h. 1007, and in the I'eign of Jahangir he was raised to the high post of wazilrat. He died in the yiar a.d. 1612, A.H. 1021. In his poetical composi- tiims he used the name of Ja'far. One of his sous, who also bore the name of Ja'far, became an excellent poet and cUed in the time of 'Alamgir, a.d. 1682, a.h. 1094. ASAF 81 ASHK Asaf Khan IV. (^l^ uJ^T), the title of 'Abul Hasan, who had several other titles conferred on him at different times, such as Ya'tqad Ivhan, Yemiu-iid-daula, etc., was the son of the celebrated wazir Ya'tmad-ud-daula, and brother to Xiir Jahan Begam. After his father's death in a.d. 1621, a.h. 1030, he was appointed wazir by the emperor Jahangir. His daughter Arjumaud Bano Begam, also called Mumtaz Mahal, was married to the prince Shah Jahan. 'Asaf Klian died at Lahore in the loth year of Shah Jahan on the lOtli November, o.s. 1641, 17th Sha'ban, a.h. Idol, aged 72 lunar years, and was buried there on the banks of the Rawi opposite to the city of Lahore. Besides Mumtaz Mahal, he had foiu' sons, viz., Shaista Khan ; Mirza Masih, who was drowned in a drunken frolic in the river Behat in Kashmir ; Mirza Hu- sain, of moderate abilities and little note ; and Shahnawaz Ivhan, who rose to much reputation and distinction. Asaf-Tid-daula (- l::-JLs^), title of Mir Abdul Hadi, son of Mir Jliran Yezdi, was a nobleman in the service of the emperor Shah Jahan. He died in the year a.d. 1647, A.H. 1057. Asalat Khan ( l- •Ji\^\), title of Mirza ^luhammad, son of ]\Iirza Badia' of Mashhad. He came to India in the 19th year of Shah Jahan, a.d. 1645, a.h. 1055, and was raised to the rank of 5,000 by the emperor 'Alam^ir, in whose time he died, A.D. 1666, a.h.' 1076. Asam or Atham (Ji\), poetical name of Hafiz-ullah, which see. Asar (yl), i)oetical name of Akhund Shafa'i or Shafia'ai of Shiraz, who died at Lar in the year a.d. 1701, a.h. 1113, and left a Diwan containing 10,000 verses. Asar (jj\), poetical name of j^awab Husain Ali Khfrn, son of Arair-ud-daula Haidar Beg Khan. He is the author of a Diwan. Asghar (^U. ^), Husain Khan (Nawab) of Furrukhabad, in 1874, went to Bombay, intending to proceed to Mecca on a pilgrimage. Asha'ri {^^ t.^\), the surname of one of the most celebrated doctors among the Musul- mans, named Abul Hasan Ali bin-Isma'il. Originally a resident of Bassora and a teacher of the sect which flomished there in the tenth centiu"y a.d. ; he publicly renounced their doctrines and finallv removed to Bagh- dad, where he died in his 70th year, after writing more than half a hundred works on the side of orthodoxy. He died about 952. [ Vide Mu'tazila.] 'Ashiq (^JLU), poetical name of Mahdl All Khan, grandson of Nawab Ali ^Mardan Klian. He is the author of three Diwans in Urdu, two in Persian, a book called Mainla Haidari, and several works. 'Ashiq (j;^U), poetical name of Shaikh Nur-ud-diu Muhammad, the author of the Masuawi called Aish ica Tarnh (Enjoyment and Merriment), composed in a.d. 1668, A.H. 1079. 'Ashiq Pasha (lib ^iU), a Turkish poet, who was born at Hirshari, in the reigu of Sultan Orkhan, the successor of Othman, and died at no very advanced age, in the reign of Murad I. He was, says You Hammer, one of the richest Shaikhs of his time, but lived nevertheless the life of a simple darvesh, from conscientious motives. His Diwan or great work, in imitation of Jalal-rul-din Riimi's, is a collection of mystical poetry, exceeding ten thousand distichs, and divided into ten books, each book into ten parts. 'Ashiq (^ilr), poetical name of Mau- laua Abiil Ivhair of Kliwarizm, which see. Ashir-ud-din (^j jJ^ j^^^t pronounced by the ludiaus Asir-ud-din, which see. Ashk (i_jC-ijU, poetical name of Mu- hammad Kludil-ullah Kluiu, which see. ASHN 82 ASIR Ashna (li^l), poetical name of Mirza Muhammad Tahir, who had the title of Inait Kliau. He was a i3on of Nawab Zafar Khan Ihsfm, and died in a.d. 1666, a.h. 1u77. His complete work is called Kulliat ^ Ashna, in which Kasidas are to be found in praise of Shah Jahau and Dara Shikoh. Ashna (L^l ), poetical name of Ghai'is- ud-dln, Avho died in a.d. 1662, a.h. 1073. Ashob {l^^^\), poetical name of Mu- hammad Bakhsh, a poet who flouri.shod in Audh during- the reign of Asaf-ud-daula and his father Shujaa'-ud-daiUa. He is the author of a Diwiin. Ashraf (i_J^^O, or Darwcsh Ashraf. He flourislied under Eaisaughar's son, and has left a Diwan. Ashraf Ali Khan Koka ( ^Ix i_j^JLl ^/ ^Ir^). Tide Fighan. Ashraf (uJ^-- i^), poetical name of Mirza Muhammad Sa'Td of Mazandaran, son of Mulla Muhammad Qana'. He came to India and was appointed to instruct Zebuu Nisa Begam, the daughter of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died at Mungair. He is the author of a Diwan and several Masnawis. Ashraf (i_J^O, poetical name of Mu- hammad Hasan, son of Shah Muhammad Zaman of Allahabad. He was probably alive in a.d. 1852, and is the author of a Masnawi called Ma'- dan Faiz. Ashraf (, J^-i^;, a cliief of the Afghans of the tribe of Ghilzai, who was elected on the 22ud April, o.s. 1725, by the Afghans as successor of his cousin or uncle Mahniud, another chief of the same tribe, who had usurjH'd the throne of Persia in the time of Sultan Husaiu Safwi, whom he kept in con- lineuient. Ashraf on his accession murdered the latter, and sent his corpse to be interred in Qunim. He was defeated by Nadir Qiili (afterwards Nadir Shah) in A.D. 1729, a.h. 1142, who ])lac('d Shah Tahmasp II. son of Sultan Ilusain on the throne. Ashraf was afterwards seized and murdered bv a Billoch chief between Kirmau and Qandaliar in January, a.d. 1730, a.h. 1143, aud his head sent to Shah Tahmasp. Ashraf Khan (,^l_>- < f^-iO, title of Mirza Muhiimniad Asliraf, tlie sou of Islam Khan Mashhadi. In the reign of Sliali Jalian he held the rauk of 1500,' and the title of Ya'tmfid Klian. In tlic; linu' of 'Alamgir lie was raised to the rank of 3000 witli tlu; title of Ashraf ICjian, and died five days after the conqui st of Bliiipiir on the I7th September, A.D. 1686, yth'/Jil-qada, a.h. 1097. Ashraf Khan (^l^ u_J^-i^), whose proper name was jMuhammad Asghar, was a Sayyad of Mashhad, aud held the office of Mir Miinshi in the time of the emperor Akhar. He wrote a beautifid hand, and was an excellent poet. He composed a chronogram on the death of Muhammad Yiisaf in a.d. 1562, a.h. 970; another on the completion of the mosque of Shaikh SalTni Chishti at Fathapur SikrT in a.d. 1571, A.H. 979; and one on the conquest of Slirat by Akbar on the 1st January, a.d. 1573, 25tli Sha'ban, a.m. 980. He accom- panied ]\Iunaim Kliiiu Kliankhaniin to Bengal and died at Lakhnauti in the year a.d. 1575, A.H. 983. At the time of lus death he held the rauk of 2,000. 'Ashrat (cuylx). Vide Ishrat. 'Ashrati ( ^jL.z). Vide Ishratl. 'Ashrati (JJi.z.), the name of a poet. Vide Ishratl. 'Asi ( ^[.z), the poetical name of Gliulam Sarwar, author of the Q.af Nama, which consists of Gliazals, all the verses of which end in Qaf , hence the name ; another peculiarity is that the first letter of every verse of the first Ghazal is Alif, of the second Be, of tlie third Te, etc., a ghazal for every letter of the alphabet. 'Asif Khan. Vide Asaf Khan. 'Asimi ( ^^Ix), an Arabian poet who lived in the time of Khwaja Nizfim-ul-Mulk, aud wrote beautiful panegyrics iu his praise. Asir (j^^\), poetical name of Sayyid Giilzar All, the son of Nazir, a poet of Agra. He is the author of an Urdii Diwan, and is still living in Agra (1878). Asir (~^\), commonly called Mirza Jalal Asir, a celebrated poet of Persia and a relation of Shah Abbas the great. He flourished about the year a.d. 1600, never came to India, and is the author of a Diwan in Persian. He died in a.d. 1630, a.h. 1040. Asir-ud-din Akhsikati (^_) jj\ j.^k^\ jj: jL-.^ri- ^ \ a native of Akhsikat, a city in the province of Farghana, was an exc(>rient poet and contemporary with Klia- kfiuT. He died in ad. 1211, a.h. 608. He spent the greatest part of his life at tiie courts of the Atabaks, and stood in high favour with Arsalan Sliiih, the son of Tughral, Eldiguz and Qizil Arsalan. Asm 83 ATAB Asir-ud-din Aomani or Aamani (j^^\ ^yl^jl ij-jJkJl), a poet of Hamdan, Avlio was a jrapil of NasTr-iid-din Tusi. He is the author of a Diwan in Persian and Arabic. Asir - ud - din ibn - Umar al - Abhari (^hJ\ ,^£ ._)! ..tJAH ;^-5^), author of the Kashf, Zabda, and Hiddya, which is also caUed Hiddyet-uI-Hikmat, the Guide to I']iUosophij. He died in a.d. 1344, a.h. 745. 'Asjudi {^s^^), a powerful poet at the court, of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, was a native of Mary, and one of the scholars of 'Unsari. He evinced in his works much genius ; but they are scarce, and the greatest part of them are lost. Askaran (Raja) {i.7^\j ^^y^--!), brother of Eaja Bihari Mai Kachhwaha. He served under the emperor Akbar for several years, and died some time after the year a.d. 1588, A.H. 99fi. After his death, his son Raj Singh was raised to high rank and honours. 'Askari (Imam) {X^\ ^ L^z). Fide Hasan Askari. 'Askari (Mirza) {\j^^ ^J^z), third son of the emperor Babar Shah. On the accession of his eldest brother, Humayiiu, to the throne of Dehli, the district of Sarkar Sambhal was conferred on him as jagir. He Avas subsequently kept in confinement for some time on account of his rebellious conduct by Humayun on his return from Persia. He afterwards obtained permission to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca, but died on his way across the deserts of Arabia in the year a.d. 1554, A.H. 961. He left one daughter, who was married to Yusaf Klian, an inhabitant of Mashhad. Asmai (^xa^\), surname of Abu Said Abdul Malik bin Qureb, which see. 'Asrnat (> -z), or Ismat, poetical name of Kliwaja Asmat-ullah of Bukhara. He was descended from a noble family of Bukhara tracing his ancestry to Ja'far, the son of Abu Talib, the father of Ali. He was successful in all kinds of poetical composition ; and flourished in the time of prince Mirzii Khalil, the grandson of Amir Taimiir, whom he instructed in the art of poetry. He died in tlie year a.d. 1426, a.h. 829, and has left a Diwan consisting: of 20,000 verses. 'Asmat-ullali L\..}\ Asmat. Vide 'Asmat-ullah (Mulla) U..J]\ l::^^...^!^ L«), of Saharanpur, was the author of the work called Shurah Khiddsat ul-Hisah. He died in a.d. 162G, a.h. 1035. Asoka {dSj^\), the sou of Bindusara and grandson of Chandragupta, raja of Patali- putra in Magadha. He reigned for about forty years, imtil the year b.c. 223. His reign is most important. Numerous inscrip- tions made by his order have been discovered in various parts of India. In his edicts he styles himself " Piyadasi." 'Assar ( .Lui) (oil-presser), the poetical name of Shanis-ud-diu Muhammad. He was a native of Tabrez, and author of a romantic poem called Mehr tea Mush tar i, the Sun and Jupiter, which he completed on the 20th February, a.d. 1377, 10th Shawwal, a.h. 778, anil died in the year a.d. 1382, a.h. 783. Aswad (j»_„j^), or Al-Aswad. Vide Musailima. 'Ata (ll:ix), the poetical name of Shaikh Ata-ullali, a pupil of ilirzii Bedil. He died at Dehli in a.d. 1723, a.h. 1135. Atabak (( Cj'oI), or Atabeg. This is a Tm'kish title, formed from the word Ata, father or tutor, and Beg, lord ; and signifies a governor or tutor of a lord or prince. From the time of the decline of the dynasty of Saljiik to the conquest of Persia by Halakii Ivhan (which occupies a period of more than a ceutiu-y), that country was distracted by the contests of a number of petty princes, or governors, called Atabaks ; who, taking ad- vantage of the weakness of the last monarchs of the race of Saljiik, established theii- authority over some of the finest provinces of the empire. One of the most distinguished of these Atabegs was Eldiguz, a Turkisli slave, whose descendants reigned over 'Azur- bejan. The Atabegs of Pars were descended from Salghiu', a Tmkish general. [Vide Eldiguz and Salghur, also 'Imad- ud-din Zangi. There were foui- dynasties of these Atabaks.] Atabak Abu Bakr (^j ^\ LJCj\3\), the son of Atabak Muhammad, the son of Eldiguz, succeeded his uncle Qizal Arsalau as prime minister to Tughral III. Saljiiki, in A.D. 1191, A.H. 587. He appears to have con- tented himself with the principality of 'Azur- bejan, and fixed his residence at Tabrez. His louf reign was only distui-bed by one war with his brother Qutalaq. in which he Avas victorious. Qutlaq lied into Klnvariziu and eucom-ag-ed ^Ua-ud-din Takash to advance ATAB 84 ATSI afrainst Tiigliral III. whom ho defeated and slew iu A.D. 1194, a.h. 590. Abu Bakr died in a.d. 1210, a.h. 607, aud was suc- ceeded by his brother Atabak Muzaffar. Atal)ak Abu Bakr bin-Sa'd bin-Zangi ^^'j cH '^^-" c;-^ J^. ^^} (— 5^l-'U. Vide Sunqar. Atabak 'Ala-ud-daula ('\_z < - r-v-^\ the son of Amir Nizam-ud-din Razwi ; he was a native of Bukhara, and came to India in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, where he collected his poems into a Diwau. Atma' (iU/4>L\), a poet ■whose proj)er name is Abii Is-haq Hallaj, which see. Atsiz iy,^\), one of the Sultans of Ivhwarizm called Atsiz ibn - Auk by Ibn Klialiikan. Tutush or Turtush, son of Alp Arsalfiu, who was lord of the coiuitries to the east of Syria, caused him to be arrested, and having put him to death on the 21st October, A.D. 1078, 11th Eabi II. a.h. 471, took possession of his kingdom. Atsiz {'^j\), a Sultan of Ivlnvurizm called by ibn-Kliallikan, Atsiz, the son of Qutb-ud-din Muhammad, the son of Anush- takiu. He was contemporary with Sultau ATSr 85 AYAZ Sanjnr S;iljukl, with wliom he had several battles. He died in a.d. 1166, 6th Jamad II. A.H. 551, and was succeeded to the throne by his son Alp Arsalan, who is also called Apa Arsalan. He died in a.d. 1162, 19th Rajab, a.h. 557. Atsiz ij^'A), son of Ala-ud-dla Hasan Jahan Soz, kin£^ of Glior. He reigned after Baha-ud-din Siim, and was killed in a battle against Taj-ud-din Eldiiz, prince of Ghazni, some time about the year a.d. 1211, a.h. 608. lie was the last of the kings of Ghor of this branch. 'Attar (^Lk-c), poetical name of Faiid- ud-din Attar, which see. Aurang (l»jC ,.^), name of a lover Avhose mistress was Gulchehra. Aurangabadi Begani(^Cj ^jLUo .^^), one of the wives of the emperor Aiu'angzeb 'Alamgir. Aurangzeb (t .)\Cjj»\), the son of Shiih Jahan, emperor of DehlT. On his accession to the throne, he took the title of 'Alamgir, agreeably to the custom of the Eastern princes, who always assume a new one on that occasion. [^Vide 'Alamgir.] Aurangzeb (l_--jjJ^J .^0, private name of the emperor 'Alamgir I. which see. The Mughil Emperors changed their names on accession, like the Popes of modern times. Avank Klian (^l~- i«JCjJ), or Ung Klian, a prince of the tribe of Karit or Kirit, a tribe of Mugbals or Oriental Tartars, who made profession of the Christian religion. He was surnamed Malik Yiihanna, or king John. From the name of this prince we have made John the Priest, who was stripped of his dominions by Changez Khan in a.d. 1202, a.h. 599. They have since applied the name of John the Priest or Prestre John to the king of Ethiopia, because he was a Christian. Avank K]ian is by some authors called Avant Khan. He was a very power- ful sovereign, and the greatest part of Tartary was tributaiy to him ; but he was defeated and put to death by Changez Kliau. Aven Roscli. Vide Il)n TvasliTd. Avenzur. Vide Abdul ^lalik biu-Zulir Averroes. J'lde Ibn Ku.slnd. Avicenna. Vide Abu Sina, Aweis Qarani (Khwaja) (^Jy ^J^\J\), an upright Jlusalman of the Siifi sect, who had given up the world, used to say to those that sought him, "Do you seek God? If you do, why do you come to me ? And if you do not seek God, what business can I iiavc with you?" He was an inhabitant of Yeman and of the tribe of Qaran. He was slain in a battle fought by Ali against Mu'awia I. in A.D. 657, 17th Shawwal, a.h. 37. This man had never seen Muhammad, and yet the Musalmaus say, that when he heard that Muhammad had lost a tooth in battle, and not knowing which, he broke all his teeth. Aweis Jalayer (Sultan) (,jL?- (j-^-'jl i^l-Ll^j) succeeded his father, Amir Hasan Buzurg, as king of Baghdad in July, a.d. 1356, Rajab, a.h. 757, and after a reign of nearlv nineteen lunar years died on Tuu.sday the ioth October, a.d. 1374, 2ud Jamad I. a.h. 776. He was succeeded by his son Sultan Husaiu Jalayer. Aweis Mirza {\j^ ij^-i*^), a prince nearly related to Baiqara Bahadiu', was nephew to Abiil Gliazi Sultan Husain Baha- dur. He was miu'dered by Sultan Abii Said Mirza, between the years a.d. 1451 and 1457. 'Ayani ( ^jUx), whose proper name was Abii Is-haq Ibrahim, probably flourished previous to the 8th centiu-y of the Hijrat. He is the author of a Masnawi called Anbia JSTima, a history of the prophets who pre- ceded Muhammad. Ayaz (jM), a slave of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni who, being a great favourite of his master, was envied by the courtiers ; they therefore informed tire Sultan that they frequently observed Ayaz go privately into the Jewel office, whence they pre.sumed he had purloined many valuable effects. The next time when the slave bad entered the treasury, the Sultan followed by a private door, and, unobserved, saw Ayaz di'aw from a large chest a suit of old dirty garments, Avith which having clothed himself, he prostrated himself on the ground and re- turned thanks to the Almighty for all the benefits conferred on him. The Sultan, being astonished, went to him, and demanded an explanation of bis conduct. He replied, "Most gracious Sire, when I first became your Majesty's servant, this was my dress, and till that period, humble had been my lot. Xow that, by the grace of God and vour majesty's favour, I am elevated above ail" the nobles of the laud, and am intrusted witii the treasures of the world, I am fearful that my heart shoidd be puffed uj) with vanity ; \ therefore daily practise tliis humiliation to remind me of my former iusiguitieauce." Tlie Sultan bt'ing mucli pleased, added to his rank, and severely rtprimanded his slanderers. 'ayaz 86 AZAL 'Ayaz (Qazi) (^-ili ^ja\^), son of Musa, and author of the Shnrah SaLlh Muslim, Mashdriq-ul-A)nvar, and several other works. He died in a.d. 1149, a.h. 544. 'Ayesha (^ILAjIx), daughter of Abu Bakr, and one of the most beloved wives of Muhammad, though she bore him no child. She was his third wife, and the only one that was a maid, beinjj then only seven years of age ; on which account (some say) her father, whose original name was Abd- ullah, was named Abii Bakr, that is to say, the father of the virgin. An Arabian author, cited by Maracci, says, that Abvi Bakr was very averse to giving him his daughter so young, but that Muhammad pretended a divine command for it ; whereupon he sent her to him with a basket of dates, and when the girl was alone with him, he stretched out his hand, and rudely took hold of her clothes ; upon which she looked fiercely at him, and said, "People call you the faithful man, but your behaviour to me shews you are a perfidious one." But this story is most pro- bably one of those calumnies against Muham- mad which were invented and found favoiu- in the ]\Iiddle Ages. After the death of her husband she opposed the succession of All, and had several bloody battles with him ; although violent, her character was respected, and when taken prisoner by AH she was dis- missed without injury. She was called prophetess and mother of the faithfiil. She died, aged 67, in the year a.d 678, a.h. 68. Her brother Abdur Rahman, one of the foiu- who stood out against Yezid's inaugura- tion, died the same year. There is a tradition that 'Avesha was murdered by the direction of Mu'awia I. and the following particulars are recorded : — 'Ayesha having resolutely and insultingly refused to engage her allegiance to Yezid, Mu'awia invited her to an enter- tainment, where he had prepared a very deep well or pit in that part of the chamber reserved for her reception, and had the mouth of it deceptively covered over with leaves and straw. A chair was then placed upon the fatal spot, and 'Ayesha, on being conducted to her seat, instantly sank into eternal night, and the mouth of the pit was immediately covered with stones and mortar. There is, however, no trustworthy authority in support of this story. 'Ayn-uddin (Shaikh) (^-L;>.), a distinguished nobleman in the court of Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughlaq and his successor Sultan Firoz Shah Barbak, kings of Dehli. He is the author of several works, one of which is called Tars'il 'Aijn-ul-Mu/ki. He also appears to be the author of another work called Fatlia Ndmn, containing an account of the conquests of Sultan 'Ala-uddin Sikan- dar Saul, who reigned from a.d. 1296 to A.D. 1316. 'Aysh ifjlt.^z), poetical name of Mu- hammad 'Askari, who lived in the reign of the emperor Shah 'Alam. 'Ayshi ( JL-x), a poet who is the author of a Masnawi called Haft ylkjdar, or the seven planets, which he wrote in A.D. 1675, A.H. 1086. Azad (jUl), poetical name of Mir Gluilam All of Bilgram, born about 1703. His father Sayyad Niih, who died in a.d. 1752, A.H. 1165, was the son of the cele- brated Mir Abdul Jalil Bilgrami. He was an excellent poet and is the author of several works in Persian and Arabic, among which are Qasdid '■JJzzd, Sab - lutt - ul - Mirjdn, K7iazd)in 'Amira, and Tazkira Sarv 'Azdd. He died in the year a.d. 1786, a.h. 1200. Azad (jUl), the poetical name of Captain Alexander Hiderley, in the service of the raja of Alwar. He was a good poet and has left a small Diwan in Urdii. His father's name was James Hiderley, and his brother's Thomas Hiderley. He died on the 7th July, 1861, Zilhij, a.h. 1277, at Alwar, aged 32 years. Azad Khan (^j\:>~ ^^)^), governor of Cashmere, of the Afghan tribe, succeeded his father, HajT Karim Dad, a domestic officer of Ahmad Shah Abdali, and who was at the death of that prince advanced to the govern- ment of Cashmere by Taimiir Shah, as a reward for quelling the rebellion of Amir Klian, the former governor. Azad Klian was only 18 years of age (in 1783) when he was governor of Cashmere, but his acts of ferocity exceeded common belief. 'Azaeri (^jr .«L-i£). Fide Uzaerl. Azal (J;U, poetical name of Mirza MuhamuKid Amin, who died in a.d. 1728, A.H. 1141. AZAM 87 'AZIM 'Azam Shah (iU) (*lir^), the third son of the emperor Alamgir, was boru on the 11th July, o.s. 1653, 25th Shaban, ah. 1063. After his father's death (his eldest brother Bahadiu- Shah beinr;; then at Kabul) he was crowned in the warden of Shalimar at Ahmadabad in the Deccan on the 4th March, o.s. 1707, 10th Zil-hijja, a.h. 1118, but was soon after slain, together with his two sons, Bedar Bakht and Waliljah, in a battle fought against his eldest brother at Jajowan between Agra and Dholpur. , This took place on Sunday the 8th June, o.s. 1707, 18th Rabr I. a.h. 1119, three lunar months and eighteen days after his father's death. His mother's name was Bauo Begam, the daughter of Shahnawaz Khan. He was buried in the mausoleum of Humayiin at Dehli. His two youngest sons who siu'vived him were 'All Tabar and Bedar Dil. Azdihak. Vide Zuhak. 'Azd-ud-daula (aj^jkll ^sAs.), a Sultan of the Boyites, succeeded his father, Rukn- ud-daula, in September, a.d. 976, Muharram, A.H. 366, to the government of Fars and 'Irak, as well as in the office of wazir or Amir-ul-Umra to the khalif Al-Taya Billab of Baghdad, in the room of his cousin Izz- ud-daula, the son of Maizz-ud-daula, whom he killed in battle in a.d. 978, a.h. 367. He biiilt the mausoleum of 'All at Najaf A.shraf, embelhshed Baghdad and other places by magnificent public buildings, and died on Monday the 27th March, a.d. 983, 8th Shaw- wal, A.H. 372, aged 47 lunar years. At his death the reigning kballf read the prayers at the fimeral of this good and great man. His name is still fondly cherished in a country over which he endeavoured dming the reign of his father and his own, being a space of 34 years, to diffuse prosperity and joy. His power and possessions became from the moment of his death a subject of contest between his brothers and nephews. *Azd-uddin (Qazi) (^-^Ij ^^„^'^ SAs), of Shiriiz, author of several works, one of which is called the Mnicdqif '■Azdia, a cele- brated work in Arabic on Jm'isprudence. He flourished in the time of Shah Abii Is-haq, governor of Shiraz, to whom he dedicated the above work. He died a.d. 1355, a.h. 756. 'Azid la din-aUah-bin-Yusaf-bin- Hafiz ( .J I— tt-V ^.^J <^^ ^Jl^^ Juilc lijl>-), the eleventh and last khalif of Egypt of the Fatimite djTiasty, succeeded his father, Faez-bi-nasr-allah Isilbiu-Zafir, inthe year a.d. 1158, a.h. 553. But the state of affairs in Eg}-pt was now tottering to its fall. The descendants of 'All from the death of Al- Musta'ali BiUah, a.d. 1101, had become puppets in the hands of their wazir or Amir- ul-Jayiish (generalissimo), who wielded all the regal authority of the state : two Amirs, Dargam and Shawar, had contested in arms this high dignity ; and the latter, defeated and expelled from Egypt, sought refuge and aid from Niir-uddin, styled Mrdik-ul-'Achl Nur-uddin Mahmud, the celebrated ruler of Syria. The sovereign of Damascus eagerly embraced the opportunity of obtaining a footing in Egyqjt, and in a.d. 1163, a.h. 658, despatched a force under Asad-ud-dln Shirakoh (the brother of Aiyiib) and his nephew Salah-uddTn to reinstate Shawar, whose rival called in the Christians of Pales- tine to his support ; but ere Amamy (the brother and successor of Baldwin III.) could enter Egy^rt, Dargam had been overpowered and slain by Shirakoh, who replaced Shawar in his former power. But Shawar, faithless alike to friend and foe, now entered into aiTangements with the Franks in order to elude the fidfilment of his engagements with Niu'-uddln ; and Shirakoh, after maintaining himself for some time in Belbes against the joint forces of Jerusalem and Egypt, was compelled to enter into a convention with Amaury and evacuate the country. But he was soon recalled by Shawar to deliver him from the vengeance of his new allies, to whom he had proved as perficUous as to those of his own faith ; Cairo was closely besieged by the Franks, and the Fatimite khalif , 'Azid le-dln-allah, sent the hair of his women, the extreme symbol of Oriental distress, to im- plore the succour of Nur-uddin (a.d. 1168). Shirakoh again entered Egj-pt with an army, forced Amaury to retreat, and after beheading the double traitor Shawar, installed himself in the twofold office of wazir to the Fatimite khalif and lieutenant of Egypt in the name of Niir-uddin ; but dying the same year, was succeeded in his dignities by his famous nephew Salah-uddin, who, after the death of Niir-uddin in May, a.d. 1173, Shawwal, a.h. 569, became the sole master of Egypt and Syria. The khalif 'Azid died in a.d. 1171, a.h. 567, and the name of the Abba- side khalif Mustazi was substituted in the public prayers till the death of Niir-uddin. 'Azim (*-iic), the son of Mulla QaidI, and a nephew of Mulla Naziri, was a Persian poet of Naishapur. He floiu'ished aboiit the year a.d. 1663, a.h. 1074, and is the author of a Diwan, and a Masuawi caUed Fauz Azhn. \_Vide Azim Naishapiiri.] 'Azim {j^]h.z\), poetical name of Siraj- ud-daula ^luhammad Gliaus Khan, Nawab of the Karnatic. ]h.A), poetical name of Sayyad Azim 'All of Allahiibad, author of a Diwau osid iu A 11 1 K.!.! 'Azim (J .zim 'An ui ii.uini;u Urdu, composed in a.d. 1855. in 'azim 88 AZIM 'Azim Ali (Mir) (^^ J^ ^A), of Agra, author of a Sikaudiir Xama in Urdu Terse, translated from the one in Persian, iu A.D. 1844. 'Azim Humayun (^,»_.l.^i, J^.s:\). Vide Adil Khan Fariiqi II. 'Azim Humayun Shirwani ( ^^ U r\ O -V"' U^^^' ^ nobleman of the court of Saltan Sikandar Shah L5di. He ■was imprisoned hy Sultan Ibrahim and died in prison. 'Azim Jah (il^ ^-r^ii-^), Nawab of Arkat, died 14th January, 1874, aged 74. He was the second son of Azim Jah, one of the Nawabs of the Carnatic, and the uncle of the late Nawab Ghulam Muhammad Gliaus Wiau- He received a pension of 2500 rupees from the Government. *Azim Jah (Nawab) (c )\=>- Siraj-ul-Umra, the son of Azim-ud-daula, Nawab of the Karnatic, was installed by the British Government as Nawab on the 3rd February, 1820. He died ou the 12th November, 1825, aged 34 years. Khan 'Azim Khan (^l^ ^^^), or 'Azim, an officer of state in the time of Humayuu and Akbar, emperor of Dehli. He was commonly called Anka Khan, sur- named Shams-udd'in Muhammad, and was the father of Mirza Aziz Kuka, who also after- wards held the title of 'Azim Kliau. He was a native of GliaznT, and formerly served under Prince Kamran Jlirza. It is said that he saved the life of Humayiin, or had been of some service to him after his defeat by Sher Shah at Kanauj ; for which service he was handsomely rewarded by that emperor after his having recovered the kingdom. He accompanied the emperor to Persia, and as his wife, Jiji Begam, became the wet- niirse of Akbar, the emperor's son, he was consequently called Atyak Khiin. He was the first person that was honoured with the rank of " Haft HazarT," or Seven Thousaud, by Akbar. The office of Wakil Mutlaq, which was taken away from Maham Anka, was also conferred on him ; on which account, Adliam Isjian Kokaltash {q.v.), the sou of Maham Anka, took ofPence, and assassinated ~K\\in\ 'Azim on Monday the 18th May, a.d. loG2, 12th Ramzan, A.ir. 969, iu a room adjoining to that occupied by the enqxrcn-. Adlmm Iviian was immediately bound hand and foot by order of the eni])eror, and thrown down headlong from a window of the court at Agra, where this circumstance had taken place, and crushed to death. The remains of Khan 'Azim were sent to Dehli, and buried in the vicinity of the Dargah of Nizaui-uddin Aulia, where a mausoleum was erected over his grave by his son Mu'za Aziz Knka, which is .still to be seen at Dehli. ]\Iaham Anka died with grief one month after the death of his sou Adham Klian. The tomb of Adham Klian, who is also biu-icd at Dehli, is called Bhiil Bhulian. 'Azim Khan (^L^ ^Ji-^^). The in- habitants of the town of Azimgarh, which is near Jaunpiii', say that the fortress and town of Azimgarh was founded by a person who belonged to the family of "the Eajas of that place, and who was forced by the em]ieror Jahangir to become a Midiammadan, and received the title of Azim Khun. 'Azim Khan (^_jU>- Jirl), commonly called Mirza Aziz Kokii or Kokaltash, was the son of 'Azim Kliau or KJian 'Azim. He was called Kokii or Kokaltash on account of his being foster-brother and playmate of Akbar ; for his mother, whose name was Jiji Begam, was Akbar' s wet-uurse. He was one of the best generals of the emperor, who, in the 16tli year of his reign, conferred on him the title of 'Azim Klian. He held the government of Gujrat for several years to- gether, and being absent from the presence for a long period, was summoned to court by Akbar in a.d. 1592, a.h. 1001, but as that chief had always entei-tained the wish to proceed ou a pilgrimage to Mecca, and his friends representing to him that the king was displeased with him, and merely sought an opportunity to imprison him, he placed his family and treasm-e on board a vessel, and on the 13th March, o.s 1594, 1st Enjab, a.h. 1002, set sail for Hejaz without leave or notice. In a short time, however, he found his situation irksome in that country, and returned to India, where he made his submission, and was restored at once to his former place in the emperor's favour and confidence. He died at Ahmadabad Gujrat in the 19th j-ear of the reign of Jahangir, a.d. 1624, A.H. 1033. His remains were transported to Dehli and buried close to his father's mausoleum, where a splendid monu- ment was erected over his tomb all of marble. It consists of sixty-four pillars, and is called by the people " Chaunsa'th Khambh." 'Azim Khan (^l:^ ^A), title of Mir Muhammad Biiqir, the brother of 'Asaf Klian Jafar Beg. In the second year of the reign of the emperor Jahangir, a.d. 1606, a.h. 1015, he was honoui-ed with the mausab of 1000 and title of Iradat Khan. In the first year of Shiih Jah.au, a.d. 1628, a.h. 1037, the rank of 2000 was conferred on him Avith the office of "Wizarat Kull ; iu the third vear of his reign he received the title of 'Azim Klian. He was appointed at different times governor of Bengal, Allahabad, Gujrat and latterly of Jauupvir, where he died in A.D. 1649, A.H. 1059, aged 76 lunar years, and was buried there. After his death the title of 'Azim Khan was conferred on his 'azim 89 AZRA eldest sou, "who was slaiu iu the battle which took place between Dara Shikoh and his brother Alamgir in a.d. 1658, a.h. 1068, at Agra. His second son, Mir Khalil, was honoured with the title of Ivhilu Zamau. Dm-ing the government of this viceroy iu A.D. 1634, the English obtained permission to trade with their ships in Bengal by the emperor Shah Jahan, but were restricted to the port of Pipley, where they established their factory. 'Aziin Khan (^Ir^ f^^), ex-amir aud a brother of Sher All Khan, Amir of Kabul, died at Shah Eiid on the 6th October, 1869. 'Azim Khan Koka {d^^ ^l:^ (Ji^O, the title of Muzaffar Hu,sain, commonly known by the appellation of FidaT I\han, a title conferred on him bv the emperor Shah Jaliau. His elder brother held the title of KJiau Jaliau Bahadiu- Kokaltash, and were both foster-brothers to the emperor Alamgir. Fidiii Kliau wa s honoured with the title of 'Azim Kluin by Alamgir about the year a.d. 1676, A.H. 1086, and appointed governor of Bengal in a.d. 1676, a.h. 1087, which sitiwtion he held for a whole year, and died on his wav to Behar on the 21st April, o.s. 1678, "9th Eabi I. a.h. 1089. 'Azim Naishapuri (^',»_)l.^^j ^lirl) author of a Diwau foimd iu the Library of Tipii Sultan. 'Azim-ud-daula (Nawab) (d!iw\- r t_-?'y), of the Caruatic, was the son of Xawab Amir-ul-Umra, the brother of Umdat-ul-Umra. On the death of Umdat- ul-Umra, the English resolved to take the functions of government into their own hands. 'All Husaiu, the next heir, refused to comply, consequently Ayim-ud-daula, the nephew of the deceased, was placed on the masnad by the British Goverumeut on the 31st August, a.d. 1801. He died on the 2ud August, a.d. 1819. His son 'Azim Jali was installed as Nawab of the Camatic on the 3rd February, A.D. 1820. 'Azim-ul-Umra {\^.J\ ♦-lie), minister of the Xizam of Hydars'ibad. He succeeded Rukn-ud-daula about the year a.d. 1794. 'Azim-ullali Khan (^Ir^ AW J^z), says Mr. Sheppard in his Narrative of the Mutiny, was a charity boy, having been picked up, together with his mother, dui'ing the famine'of 1837-1838, when they were both in a djing state from starvation. The mother being a .staunch heathen, she woidd not con- sent to her son being christened. He was adopted in the Cawnpore Free School under Mr. Patau, schoolmaster. After ten years he was raised to he a teacher. After some years he attached himself to the Nana, who sent him to England for the purpose of bringing his case before the Home Govern- ment. He became a favourite in English society, aud visited the camp before Sevas- topol, rt'turuiug to India iu 1856. He iutrigued with Dehli, and persuaded the Xana to join the mutinous Sepoys in 1857. He is believed to have instigated the Cawn- pore massacre. He fled on the re-occiipation of the place, and his further fate is imknown. 'Azimnsh Shan (^.\jij\ *-li.2), second son of the emperor Bahadur Shah of Dehli. He was appointed by his graudfather, the emperor 'Alamgir, governor of Bengal ; he made Patna the seat of his government aud named it Azimabad. On the news of his grandfather's death, leaving his own son Farrnldisiar (afterwards emperor) to super- intend the affairs of that country, he came to Agra, and was present in the battle which took place between his father and his uncle 'Azam Shah, iu June, a.d. 1707, a.h. 1119. He was slaiu in the battle which ensued after his father's death between Jahiindar Shah and his other brothers, iu the month of February, o.s. 1712, Muharram, ah. 1124. His second son, Muhammad Karim, was taken prisoner after the battle and murdered by order of Jahandar Shah, who ascended the throne. 'Aziz ('}'£.), whose proper name was Abdiil Aziz Kliiin, was a native of Deccan. He is the author of a Diwan, also of a prose composition called Gulshan Rang. 'Aziz Koka (Mirza) (^,_^ d^S ]y,^), the foster-brother of the emperor Akbar. Vide 'Azim Klian, the sou of I\han 'Azim, commonly called Anka K]ian. 'Aziz-ullah Zahidi (^- J^J^\ • d^\ •.•,£) author of a Masnawi, which he composed in the year a.d. 1407, a.h. 810. He is com- mouiv called Aziz. 'Azmat-ullah (Shah) (^Ul ^\ author of the Mozliar-ul- Asrdr , being a long dissertation on the nature of the divinity, the soul, and other abstruse subjects on Siif iisra. 'Azra (\jjkx), name of the celebrated mistress of "VTamiq. Azraqi (^:>- ^ijj^), commonly called Hakim Arzaqi or Azraqi, was a physician aud a poet. He was a native of ]\Iars, and flourished in the reign of Tughral III. Saljuki, king of Per.sia, iu whose name ho wrote several books. Arzaqi died in a.d. 1189, A.H. 585. His Diwan contains nearly 2000 verses. He is also said to be the author of a work called Kitdb Siiulhad. His proper name is Ahii'l ^fahasin Aliu Bakr Zaiii-ud- diii, sou of Isiua'il AVarra(|. He introduced himself into the society and coufuleiice of the Saljiiki prince Tughan Shfdi I. the seat of AZUR 90 'k'LZ^S whose government was Naishapur, by the composition of a most obscene book, which he called Alfia Shaljia, illustrated with pictures. This book appears to be a version of the Kok Shashtar. He is called Azraqi in the Jour. As. Soc. of Bengal for 1844, vol. xiii. part ii. p. 620, and stated to be the author of a history of Mecca, of which ancient work several MSS. are in Europe, especially one at Cambridge, formerly the property of Dr. Burckhardt, who in the preface to his Travels in Arabia professes to have largely made use of it. Azur (.(iO, the poetical name of Lutf 'All Beg, author of the Tazkira called Ataishkada Azur. He was engaged in the compilation of this work in a.d. 176o, a.h. 1179, and was alive in a.d. 1782, a.h. 1196. He never came to India. Azuri Razi (^5]^ lJj'^^X ^ native of Eei in Persia, was a celebrated poet who lived at the court of Sultan Mahmiid of Ghazni. On one occasion he received a present of 14,000 dirhams from the Sultan for a short panegyric. Azuri (Shaikh) {-^'^ cJ;*^ ' )> Isfaraem, whose original name was Jalal-uddm Hamza, was a pious Musalman and an excellent poet. He came to the Deccan from Persia in the reign of Sultan Ahmad Shah Wall Bah- mani, a.d. 1432, a.h. 835, and returned again to KJiurasan, his native country, where he died in the year a.d. 1462, a.d. 866, aged 82 lunar years. He is the author of several works, among which are Jaivdhir-ul- Asrdr, Tughrde Humdyun, and Samrdt Fruits, which consists of four books, viz., Almakri Tama, AJdeb-nd-dunia, Ajdeh-nl- 'A/a and Sa'i-us-Safd. He also left a Diwan of 30,000 verses. He adopted the poetical name of 'Azuri, because he was born in the Persian month of Azur. His tomb is at Isfaraen, and was at the time of Daulat Shah so sacred, that convicts found an asylum there from the hands of justice. He is also the aiithor of another poetical work, called Bahman Ndina. \_Vide All Hamza.] 'Azz-uddin Abdul Aziz {s^z ,.,.'-xll ]s. Ijj*,!'). Vide Izz-uddln. -.^^.^1^. B BABA BABA Baba (1-jIj), a Tuvkish imposter, who announced himself in a.d. 1260 as the messenger of God ; and collected a number of adherents, at whose head he laid waste Anatolia. He was at last overpowered and his sect dispersed. Baba Afzal Kashi (^1^ J-»i-J^ Ij^), an author. Baba Fighani (^^Ui bb), a poet of Persia who served under Sultan Ya'qiih, the son of Uzzau Hasan, and died in the year A.D. 1519, A.H. 92o, at Khurasan. He has left a Diwan containing 6U00 verses. Baba 'Isa ( *u._^_£ W^')) ^v 'isa Langotesband. His tomb is in Tatta in Sindli. The inscription gives the year a.d. 1514, A.H. 920. Babak (ujCjb), the father of Ardsher Babakau, which see. Babak ((_iolj), an impostor, who first appeared in a.d. 816, a.h. 201, when he began to take upon him the title of a prophet. What his particidar doctrine was, is now unknown ; but his religion is said to have diifered from all others then known in Asia. He gained a great number of proselytes in 'Azarbaijan and Persian 'Iraq, where he soon grew powerful enough to wage war with the khalif Al-Atamiin, whose troops he often beat, so that he was become ex- tremely formidable in the beginning of the khalif Al-Mu'ta'sim's reign. The general sent by the khalif to reduce him was Haidar- ibn-Kaus, surnamed Afshin {q.v.), a Turk by birth. By him Babak was defeated with prodigious slaughter, no fewer than 60,000 men being killed in the first engagement. The next year, a.d. 835, a.h. 220, he received a still greater overthrow, losing 100,000 men either killed or taken prisoners. By this defeat he was obliged to retire into tbe Gordian moimtaius, where he fortified himself in such a manner that Afshiu found it impossible to reduce him till the year a.d. 837, A.H. 222, when he was forced to sur- render to Afshiu upon that genei-al promis- ing him ])ardon. But Atshin no sooner bad him in his power, than he first caused his hands and feet, and afterwards his head to be cut off. Babak had supported himself against the power of the kbalifs for upwards of 20 years, during which time he had cruelly massacred 250,000 people, it being his custom to spare neither man, woman, nor child of the Muhammadans or their allies. Baba Kaikhusiz {:^^.^ Ijb) (Father without Anxiety), a dervish who flom-ished in the reign of Miirad III. and was author of the '■Ahditllah-Numa. Baba Lai Guru {^^ Ji! IjL), a Hindu of the tribe of K]iattris, who was a Hindi poet, and flourished in the time of Jahangir. He was an inhabitant of Malwa. Baba Ratan (Ij. ^\ J. bL), sur- named Abii Raza, a pious Musalman, who is said, by Daulat Shah, to be one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, and that he lived to the advanced age of 1400 years, and died about the beginning of the 13th century of the Christian era. Babar Shah {^sl\ .~^j^ iL-l^jlj Jc.isS'*), surnamed Zahlr-uddln Mu- hammad, the ancestor of the Mu gh al emperors of Dehli, was the sixth in descent from Amir Taimur (Tamerlane). His father 'Umar Shaikh Mu'za, was the son of Abu Sa'id Mirza, the son of Muhammad Mirza, the sou of Miranshah, the son of Amir Taimiir. His mother's name was Kutlngh Nigar Klianam, daughter of Yiinas Klian, king of Mughalistan and sister to Mahmiid Khan, a descendant of the famous Changez or Jenghiz Kliau. He was born on the 15th February, a.d. 1483, 6th Muharram, a.h. 888, and succeeded his father in the govern- ment of Farghana, the capital of which is Andjan, in June, a.d. 1494, Ramazan, a.h. 899. During eleven years he fought several battles with the Tartar and Uzbak princes, but was at last obliged to leave his country and fly towards Kabul, which place he con- quered, without opposition, together with Qandahar and Badakhshan. He reigned for 22 vears over those countries before his con- quest of India. He then proceeded to Ilindii- stiin, slew Ibrahim Husain Lodi, tlie Pathau king of Dehli, iu a battle at Pauipat on Friday the 20th April, a.d. 1526, 7tli Uijuh, a.h. 932, and became the founder of tlio Mughal dynasty of India, which ended iu 1867. Babar wrote liis own life — Tuzak- BAEA 92 BADI i-Bdhari — in the Turkisli Iniiijunce, with siicli I'lt'U'iuice and truth, tlmt the pertdnnance is uuiversally admired. It Mas traushited in the rei<;u of his graudsou Akbar, by Ahdiil Eahim Kliau Ishaukiluau iuto Persian, and recently iuto English from the Jaghatai TurkI, by Dr. Leyden and Mr. W. Erskine. This monarch ascended tlie throne in his 12th year, and reigned 38 Innar years, viz. : at And- jan 11 year's, at Kabul 22, and nearly o years in India, and died in Agra on Monday the 26th December, a.d. 1530, 6th Jamad I. a.h. 937. He was at first buried in a garden on the left bank of the Jamna, then called the Niir Afshan, and now Eambagh, fi-om which place his remains were transported after six months to Kabul, where a splendid mansuleum ■was built over his tomb by his great-great- grandson, the emperor Shah Jahaa, in a.d. 1646. His tomb on a hill near the city, surrounded by large beds of flowers, com- mands a noble prospect. The chronogram of the year of his death was found to consist in the words " Bahisht-rozibad," or "May heaven be his lot." After his death, he received the title of " Firdaus-Makani." He was succeeded on the throne of Dehli by his eldest son, the emperor Humayuu. His three other sous were Mirza Kanu-an, Mirza 'Askarl, and Mirza Ilandal. Fii-ishta says that Babar, who was much addicted to women and wine, on occasions when he was inclined to make merry, used to till a reservoir in a garden in the neighbourhood of Kabul with wine, over which was inscribed a verse to this purpose : Bright Spring blooms here, from day to day. Young girls stand by, old wine to pour ; Enjoy them, Babar, while you may — Your Spring, once gone, retm'us no more. Babar (Sultan) (^LkL^ ^jLj), sur- named Abiil Qasim, was the son of Mirza Baisanghnr aud grandson of Shahrukh Mirza. After the death of Mirza Ulagh Beg aud his son 'Abdiil Latif, he succeeded in January, A.D. 1452, Zil-hijja, a.h. 855, in murdering his own brother Sultan Muhammad and establishing himself in the government of Khurasan and the neighbouring countries. A few months before his death, the comet of A.D. 1456, A.H. 860, made its appearance and alarmed the inhabitants of Kliurasau. He died at Mashhad on Tuesday the 22nd March, a.d. 1457, 25th Eabi II. a.m. 861. After his death Khurasan was taken posses- sion of by Mirza Abii Sa'id, the grandfather of the emperor Babar Shfih of Dehli. Baba Soudai. Vide Souclal (Baba) Babawia (<*>jylj), or Bin Babawia, father of Ibn Babawia. Ilde Abii'l Hasan All Bin-al-Husdin at Knmarl. Badakhshi ( ^jL6^Si), a Persian poet who was a native of the province of Badiikh- shan. He flourished in the r. igu of the khallf Al-Muktafi, about the year a.d. 905, A.H. 294. His Diwun or collection of poems is written upon the fortuues of the great men of the court ; and he says that the varied scene in human affairs ought not to create surprise as we see that life is measured by an hour-glass, and that an hoiu* is always above and the other below in alternate succession. Badakhshi (Maulana) (lj\'j,* JL^Si ^_\ii' /♦.-j), of Samarqand, flourished in the reign of Ulagh Beg Mirza, the son of Shahrukh Mirza, and is the author of a diwiin. Badan Singh Jat {(JLiXp^ i^t^^ ^■^^), the son of Chiiraman Jat, a raja of Bhartpur and the founder of the fort at Dig. He was living at the time of Nfulir Shah's invasion of India in a.d. 1739, a.h. 1152. After his death his .son Siii-ajmal Jiit succeeded him. [ ]'ide Chiiraman Jat.] Badaoni (^JjU.j). Abdul Kadlr of Badaon {q.v.). Badi-uddin (,.,:> j>!^ p j^j). Vide Shah Madar. K^lSi\ cj Badi-uddin (Shaikh) {'^^ ,j j^H cX>) C *^" C. • ' of Saharanpur, was a disciple of Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi. He died in the year a.d. 1632, A.H. 1042, and lies buried in the yard of the masjid erected by him at Saharanpiir. Badi'-Uzzaman Mirza {^\^'\\ «_._.^\ jS:), ruler of Mausal, who was living in the reign of Halakii Khan, the Tartar, in a.d. 1258, and was in his 90th year. Badr-uddin Malimud ( c?-:'. .W j.\^ J.^.s''*), known by the name of Ibn-al-(lazi Simawana, is the author of the Jdina^-al- h'usiilai)!, a collection of decisions on mercantile matters. He died a.d. 1420, A.H. 823. Badr-uddin Mahmud Bin Ahmad-al- 'Aini (j^-^\ ^ L>^.^.s'* ^i^W j^^ z.^!^\), author of a commentary on the Kanz - ul - Daqdeq, called Jiamz - nl - Haqdeq. He died in a.d. 1451, a.h. 855. He is also the author of a collection of decisions entitled the Masael-al-Badria. Badr-uddin Muhammad Bin Abdur Rahman-al-Dairi i:^^^'* (^^-3^^ i-5o ^..;jJ^ i^U.=- JLu£ ^0, author of a commentarv on the Kanz-id- Daqdeq, entitled Matlab-ul-Fdeq, which is much esteemed in India. Badr-uddin Shashi Shirwani (,jk_j 754 or 854. l^ ^^.>-^^^), tlied in a.h. Badr-uddin Sufi ( i»^ ,.ii'^\ ,J^), author of the Bahr-ul-ITa)jdt (the sea of life), containing manv good miles for moral conduct. Badr-uddin (,.JJ^11 iJ^j), of Sarhind, author of a Persian work called Hazrat-ul- Quds, containing the miracles performed by Ahmad Sarhindi. Badr-un-nisa Begam (L^.iJl iA-j ♦^-.j), the daughter of 'Alamglr, died in March, a.d. 1670, Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1080. Badshah Bano Begam {y\j iLljlj ♦-x.-j), one of the wives of the emperor Jahangir. She died in a.d. 1620, A.H. 1029. Badshah Begam (^^ il.^ jlj^ij), a daughter of Amir Chobfin or Jovian, who governed the empire of the Tartars in the riign of Sultan Abii Sa'Id, the son of Aljaitii. Her father refusing to give her in marriage to that prince, because she had been betrothed to Shaika Hasan Jalaiar, was the occasion of the Amir's disgrace and death. Hasan, who had married her, afterwards repudiated her and gave her into the hands of Abu Sa'id. The prince publicly married her, and for some time was entirely governed by her ; but being at last disturbed', and dying a short time after in A.D. 1335, A.H. 73G", she was suspected to have poisoned him, and IJiiidu Khan, the successor of Abii Sa'id, put her to death. BAGH 94 BAHA Baghuri (^.k;), or Baglishurl, sur- name of Muliamraad Lin Is-liaq, au Arabian author who wrote on moral subjects, died in the year a.d. 1280, a.u. 679. Bagliwi (,c.Aj). Vide Abu Muhammad FaraI-il)u-^Iasa'ud al-Bagbwi. Bahadur Ali Husaini (Mir) ( , jL.„j .^ ^i.-,A**=- X-^), chief Muush! of the college of Fort William, author of the Alci Uq U'nicU, or Indian Ethics^ translated from a Persian version, also of the Ka-sir Benazir, a prose translation of the enchanting- fairy tale entitled Sehr-ul-Baydn, commonly called Mir Hasan''s Jfasnawt. This latter work was written by the request of Dr. Gilchrist in a.d. 1802, a.h. 1217, and pub- lished at Calcutta in 1803. Bahadur Khan Faruqi i^^-si- i^-^l-W ^..li), succeeded his father, Raja All Klian, in the government of IChandesh in A.D. 1596, A.H. 1005. When the emperor Akbar a few years afterwards arrived at Mando, Avith the avowed intention of in- vading the Deccan, Bahadur Klian instead of adopting the policy of his father in relying on the honour of Akbar, and going with au army to co-operate with him, shut himself up in the fort of Asir, and commenced preparations to withstand a siege. When Akbar heard of these proceedings he sent orders to the Ivhaukhauan 'Abdur Eahim Kliau aud the prince Dauial Mirza to con- tinue the siege of Ahniadnagar, while he himself marched to the south and occupied Burhanpur, leaving one of his generals to besiege Asir. The blockade of this fortress continued for a length of time, till it sur- rendered, and Bahadur Klian, the last of the Fariiqi dynasty, humbled himself before the throne of Akbar in the year a.d. 1599, a.h. 1008, while the impregnable fortress of Asir Avith ten years' provisions and countless treasures fell into the hands of the conqueror. a\..J&jj), son of Daria Klian, was an amir of high rank in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahfin. He accompanied prince Aui-ang- zib to Qandahar, aud died there during the siege, on the 19th July, a.d. 1649, 19th Rajab, a.h. 1059. Bahadur Nizam Shah (*\li; ^i^-^^J iLi)), the last of the Nizam ShaliT kings of Ahniadnagar in the Deccau. On the death of his father, Ibrahim Nizam Shah, which took place in August, a.d. 1595, Zil- hijja, A.H. 1003, several factions arose in Ah'maduagar, each setting up a nominal sovereign. Mian Manju who possessed the city, and acknowledged the title of Bahadur Nizam Shah, then an infant, being besieged by his competitors, invited Sultan Miirad, sou of the emperor Akbar, then governor of Gujrat, to his assistance, for which he offered to become tributary to the jMughal power. Sultan jVIurad embraced the pro- posal, and arrived before Ahmaduagar with a considerable army. Mian Manjii by this time, having overcome his rivals, repented of his offers, and prepared to oppose the prince. Having committed the city to the charge of Nasir K]ian, his deputy, under the care of Chand Bibi, great aunt to Sultan Bahadur, he departed to raise levies and implore the assistance of Qutb Shah of Gol- kanda and 'Adil Shah of Bijapiir. Sultan Miirad besieged Ahmaduagar, on the 16th December, o.s. 1595, 23rd Rabi II. a.h. 1 004, which was gallantly defended. Broaches were made, but were immediately repaired by the heroic conduct of Chiiud Bibi, who, covering herself with a veil, headed the troops. At length in the month of March, A.D. 1596, Rajab, a.h. 1004, supplies grow- ing scarce in the camp, and the allies of Bijapiir and Golkauda approaching. Sultan INIurad thought proper to accept of some offers of tribute from Chand Bibi, and raise the siege. Some money was paid, and the districts in Berar belonging to the Nizam Shahi government were ceded to the Mu glials. In the year a.d. 1600, beginning of a.h. 1009, Ahmaduagar was taken by the Mnghals, and Bahfidnr Shiih with all the children of both sexes of the royal family were taken prisoners and sent to perpetual confinement in the fortress of Gwaliar. Bahadur Shah (^Ui^ il-H uddin Shah 'Alam, formerly called prince Mu'azzim, was the second son of the emperor 'Alamgir I. born at Burhanpiir in the Deccan on the 4th October, o.s. 1643, 30th Rajab, A.H. 1053. At the time of his father's death, which took place at Ahmadiibad, on the 21st February, o.s. 1707, 2Sth Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1118, he being then at Kabul, his younger brother, prince 'Azim, was proclaimed sovereign of all India in perfect disregard of the late emperor's will. Prince Mu'azzim, with better reason, assumed the crown at Kabul with the title of Bahadur Sliiih ; and both brothers prepared to assert their pre- tensions by force of arms. They assembled very large armies, and met at length between Dhaulpur and Agra. A bloody battle ensued on Sunday the 8th June, o.s. 1707, IStli Rabi' I. a.h. 1119, in which prince 'Azim and his two grown-up sons, Bedar Bnklit and Walajah, were killed. Bahadur Slifdi reigned nearly five lunar years, and died at Lahore on Monday the 18th February, o.s. 1712, 21st Mubarram, a.h. 1124, in the 71st lunar year of his age. He was buried in the environs of Dehli, near the tomb of Khwaja Qutb-uddin, where he had built dm-iug his life a mosque entirely of white marble named Moti Masjid. His tomb is also biult of the same stone. He received the title of " Khuld Manzil," i.e., "May his mansion be in paradise," after his death. He left four sons, viz., Ma'iz-uddin Jahandar Shah, Azim-ush-Shan, Rafi-ush-Shan, and Jahan Shah, among whom a battle ensued, ■wherein the three latter brothers were killed, and Jahandar Shuli ascended the throne. Bahadur Shah II. ( Jii/«.!..l iLi ,jLj iS^.s:^ iji-^^ — V*^)) the last king of Dehli, wliose title in full was Abu'l Muzaffar Siraj-uddin IMuliammad Bahadur Slifih, a lineal descendant from Amir Taimiir, the son of Akbar Shah II. on whose death he suc- ceeded him on the 28th September, a.d. 1837, 28th Jumada II. a.h. 1253. He was born on Tuesday the 24th October, a.d. 1775, 28th Shaban, a.h. 1189; and Abii'l ISIuzafPar is the chronogram of his birth. His mother's name was Lai Bai. A stipend or pension of one lakh of rupees monthly was allowed him by the British Government. He was an excellent Persian scholar and an elegant Urdii poet, and Zafar was his poetical name. His Diwan or Book of Odes was printed some years ago at Dehli. He was supposed to be the principal instigator of the mutiny of the native troops throughout India in a.d. 1857, and was deposed and tried, but his life was spared. In October, A.D. 1858, he was sent down to Calcutta, from which place he embarked on board H.M. ship Megara on Saturday the 4th December, a.d. 1858, tor Rangoon, accom- panied by two of his wives, a son and a grandson. He died there a few years later, and thus ended the royal race of Taimiir in India. His sons Mirza Mughal and Mirza Khwaja Siiltan, and a grandson named Mirza •Abii Bakr, who were known to have taken a prominent part in the atrocities attending the insurrection, were captured on the 22nd September, a.d. 1857, at the tomb of Huma- yiin, and shot on the spot by Major Hodson. During the mutiny in a.d. 1857, Bahadur Shah had stnick a new coin with the following inscription : — ^j'> iS-^ i^ 'jjy. ^j li iL "J" i) .jl^,J ^l^\ r-)/-* Siriij-ud-dln, that hero bold. Adorned his triumph with this gold. Bahadur Singh (j.C:^^jl^j), the only- surviving son of Raja Man Singh Kachwaha. Bahadur Singh Kuchwaha ( .jL^ ljfc^»^ (Ui^), brother to Sakat Singh, died of hard drinking in the year a.d. 1621, A.H. 1030. Bahadur Singh (Rao). Tide Rao Bahadm* Singh. Bahai (jL^,_j). Vide Baha-uddin 'Amili. Bahar (i^j), poetical name of Tek Chand, which see. Bahar Bano (^Ij .L^-j), Daulat-im Jsisa, and Begam Sultan, daughters of the emperor Jahaugir. All of them died in their childliood. BAHA 96 BAHA Baliar Bano (^.jb jl^^), daugliter of the emperor Jaliauoir ; married to Priuce Taliiiiuras, the sou of Prince Danial, iu their childhood. Bahar Bano Begam (^L.J yb ^l^^), aiidtliir daui;-hter of Jahaiinlr, was married to Talimur, a sou of priuce Dauial. Baha-uddin (,,,jj,n *Lj), a learned Arabian, known as a favourite of Sultan Salah-uddin (Saladdin) and the historian of that prince's life. He flourished about the year a.d. 1190, a.h. 586. An edition of his work appeared at Leyden in a.d. 1755. Baha-uddin (^^^^J:> ^) ;j^t-.;-0^ H^^ ^^.;^1), the son of Shams-uddln, the son of Fakhr-uddin. His father was the first king of the second branch of the Sultans of Ghor. Baha-uddTn was the second king, and is said to have reigued 14 years. Imam Faklir-uddm RazI, who flourished in his time and died iu a.d. 1210, a.h. 606, dedi- cated the work called Risala Ha'njat or book of geometry to him. After the death of Baha-uddiu, his son Jalal-uddin succeeded him. He was slain by Sultan Muhammad of Khwarizm, and appears to have been the last of this branch. -uddin (^l^i..-! ^\^ ^i^W .\,), governor of Isfahan, and author of the Mun- takhab-ul-Akhbdr, an abridged history of the patriarchs and prophets, also of IMuhammad and his descendants, with a good description of the cities of Mecca and Madiua. He flourished about the year a.d. 1271, a.h. 670. Baha-uddin 'Amili (Shaikh) ('L^.J ^-i) ^c^*^-^ e;:'.-'*^^)' ^ native of Amul in Persia, and son of Shaikh Husain. His poetical name is Bahai. He is the author of several works, one of which is a Masuawi or poem called Ntln-wa-llidwa (bread and pud(hug). He flourished in the time of Shah 'Abbas the Great, king of Persia ; died at Isfahan on Tuesday the 21st August, o.s. 1621, 12th Shawwal, a.h. 1030, and was buried agreeably to his request at Mashhad. Imad-ud-daula Abii Talib, the prime minister of Shah 'Abbas, ftuuid the chronogram of the year of his death in the words "Shaikh Paha-uddTn AVae." Besides the above-men- tiiiued Masuawi and many Arabic works, he has left a Diwan and a Kashknl, or Adversaria. Baha-uddin Muhammad ( .j jiJl L,.) ir*'*' J^l.:^ ^A-sr^), Jalal or Jalll (Shaikh) of 'Amil. This person is mentioned by H. M. Elliot, Esq., in his ITistorinns of India, and appears to be the same with the Baha preceding. He was a Persian mathematician, says he, and lived in the reign of Shah 'Abbas the Great. He was celebrated among his countrymen for a supposed peculiar power which he possessed over the magi and writers of talismans, and was one of the most pious devotees of his time. His works on various subjects are much read in Persia, particularly one entitled Kashkol, or the Beggar's AVallet, being an universal miscellany of literature. The Ja'ma^-ul-Abhilsi, a concise aud com- prehensive treatise on Shia law iu twenty books, is generally considered as the work of Baha-uddin Muhammad 'Amili, but that lawyer only lived to complete the first Ave books, dedicating his work to Shiih 'Abbas. The remaining fifteen books were subsequently added by Nizam Ibn-Husain-al-SawaT. Baha-uddin Nac[shband (Khwaja) iAs>'\^:>^ S:^^AJ fjl^\ ^^), a famous learned Musalman, who died on Monday the 1st March, a.d. 1389, 2nd llabi I. a.h. "791, and was buried at Bukhara. Baha - uddin Naqshband (Shaikh) (i;-:?*^ ;SU^J3J (^.|J*j1 L.J ), a celebrated saint and the founder of an Order of Siifis, distinguished by the title of Naqshbandi. He is the author of the Haiat JS'ania, au esteemed moral poem. He died at Ilarafa in Persia, a.d. 1453, a.h. 857. He appears also to be the author of a work on Siifiism called Dalil-ul-^Ashi(p)i. Baha-uddin Sam (^L ^Ja!1 \^i), son of Ghayas-ttddin Mahmiul, king of GluJr aud Ghazni. He succeeded his father in a.d. 1210, A.H. 607, at the age of fourteen years, but was, after three months, defeated by Ala- uddin Atsiz, son of Jahau Soz, who reigned four years iu Glior aud Ghazni, aud fell in battle against Taj -uddin Elduz in a.d. 1214. Baha-uddin Sam was, after his defeat, taken captive by the governor of Hiriit, and sent to Khwarizm Shah, who at the time of the invasion of Chingiz ]0 cT""^-^^''' ^ Muhammatlan saint of Multan, was the son of Qutb-uddiu Muhammad, the son of Kamal-uddin QureshT. He was born at Kotkaror in Multan in a.d. 1 1 7 , A . H . 5 6 5 . After his studies he j oiu-neyed to Baghdad and became a disciple of Shaikh Shahab-uddln Suharwardi. He afterwards returned to Multan, where he became intimate with Farid-uddin Shakarganj. He died at Multan on the 7th November, a.d. 1266, 7th Safar, a.h. 665, aged 100 lunar years, and is still considered one of the most revered saints of India. He left enormous wealth to his heirs. His sou Shaikh Sadr-uddin died at Multan in a.d. 1309, a.m. 709. Baha-uddin (^s\\ l^,j) (Badi'-uddin or Bogo-neddin), a Muhammadan saint whose tomb is in the neighbourhood of Bukhara, called Mazari Bogo-neddin. During the invasion of the Eussians at that place, it is said that a book, written in verse in the Persian language, was found in the tomb of this saint. It is said in this book that in the 82nd year of the Hijrah, a.d. is 65, the Christians will rush upon Tashkand like a river. In the 84th year, a.d. 1867, they will occupy Samarkand, and sweep it away like a prickly thorn. In the 88th year, a.d. 1871, the Christians will take Bokhara, and con- vert it into a level like the steppe. In the year 90th but one, a.d. 1872, the Khwariz- mians will run out of their own accord to meet them like childi'en. Bahishti (^A^^j), poetical name of Shaikh Bamzan, the son of 'Abdul IMuhsiu, an author, who died a.d. 1571, a.h. 979. Bahjat (c:^.^:-';':'), or Behjat, author of a Diwan which contains chicily Ghazals, and at the end a very silly Qaseada in praise of Europeans. He was living in Lucknow in a.d. 1797, A.H. 1212. Bahlol ( J^^j), who lived during the reign of the khalif Hariin-al-Eashid, was one of those people who pass amongst the ^Musalmans either for saints or madmen. Although surnamed Al-Majniin, or the Fool, he was possessed of a great deal of wit. Bahloli (^SjL^j), a poet, whose Dlwan was foimd in the Library of Tipii Sultan. Bahlol Lodi (Sultan) (^-jJ , 1..L-J jjlbl-j), a king of DchlT of the tribe of Afghans called Ludi. His father, Mfdik Kalii, was the son of Ibrahim Kliau or Malik Bahram, governor of Multan. In the year A.D. 1450, A.H. 854, Bahlol, during the absence at Badilon of Sultan Ala-uddin, son of Muhammad Shah, took possession of Dehli. He, however, gave place to the name of the Sultan for some time in the khutba ; but when that prince promised to cede to him the empire, upon condition that he wotdd permit him to live quietly in the possession of Badaon, Sultan Bahlol im- mediately threw the name of 'Ala-uddin out of the khutba and caused himself to be crowned on the 18th January, a.d. 1452, 25th Zil- hijja, a.h. 855. Bahldl reigned 38 lunar years, 7 months and 7 days, and died on the 1st July, A.D. 1489, 2nd Sha'ban, a.h. 894. He is buried at Dehli near the tomb of Nasir-uddin Mahmiid, surnamed Chiragh Dehli, a Musalman saint, and was succeeded by his sou Nizam I£han, who assumed the title of Sikandar Shah. The folloiving is a list of the hiugs of Behll of the tribe of Lodl A fgh ans : Bahlol Lodi. Sikandar Shah, son of Bahlol. Ibrahim Husain, son of Sikandar, who was the last of this race, and was defeated and slain by Babar Shfdi. Bahman ( .^^), an ancient king of Persia, better known in history by his title of Ardisher Darazdast, which see. Bahmani, name of a dynasty in the Deccan, founded by an Afghan adventurer, 'Ala-ud-din Hasan Gango, {q.v.), a.d. 1347, a.h. 748. Bahman Yar Khan (^l>- .b ^^^^.j), son of Shaista Khan and grandson of Asaf Khan, a nobleman of the coiu-t of the emperor 'Alamgir. Bahram I. (^^^j) (Yarancs of the Greeks), the fourth king of the Sasanian race, was the son of Iliu'niuz (Horraisdas), whom he succeeded to the Persian throne in the year a.d. 273. He was a mild and munificent prince, and much beloved by his subjects. The most remarkable act of his reign was the execution of the celebrated Mani (Manes), the toimder of the sect of the Manichccans. [ Vide Mani. Bahram reigned only three years and three months, after which he died and left the crown to his son Bahram II. ■ about the year a.d. 270.] Bahram II. (a|.^,j), (some authors term him the fourth of that name), was the son of Bahram I. whom lie .succeeded to the crown of Persia in a.d. 276. He reigned 17 years, and after his demise was succeeded by ivis son Bahram III. about the year a.d. 293. BAHR 98 BAIA Bahrain III. {^\j^,i) succeeded his father, Bahram II. to the Persian throne about the year a.d. 293, reigned only four months, and was succeeded by his brother, Narsi or Narses. Bahrain IV. {^\j^j), the twelfth king of Persia of the Sasanian race, succeeded his brother Shahpiir (Sapores) (q.v.) about the year a.d. 390, and is clistiuguished from other princes of the same name by liis title of Kirraan- shah, which he received "from having, diu'ing the reign of his brother, filled the station of ruler of tlie province of Kirmau ; and he has perpetuated it by founding the city of Kirman- sliah. He reigned, according to some accounts, eleven years ; and to others fifteen. He was killed Ijy an arrow when endeavouring to quell a tumult in his army, and was succeeded by Yezdijard I. who is called Isdigerdes by the Greek authors. Bahram V. i^^j.^,:) (or Yaranes V.), the fourteenth king of Persia of the Sasanian dynasty, who is known, in Persian history, by the name of Bahram G5r. He was the son of Yezdijard I. whom he succeeded to the throne of Persia in a.d. 420. The word Gor signifies a wild ass : an animal to the chase of which this monarch was devoted ; and it was in pursuit of one of these that he lost his life ; having suddenly come upon a deep pool, into which his horse plunged, and neither the aniinal nor his royal rider were ever seen again. The first rhythmical com- position in the Persian language is recorded to have been the prodiiction of Bahram and his mistress Dilaram. Bahram visited India, was contemporary with Theodosius the emperor of Constantinople, and ruled Persia eighteen years. He died in a.d. 438, and was succeeded by his son Yezdijard II. Bahram (^L^j), an author who wrote the History of the Parsis of Bombay in a.d. 1599, entitled Qis.sai SuiijilH. Bahram Chobin (^-.^'^^ f*l;-WX or Jovian, a general of Ilnrmuz III. king of Persia, whom he deposed ; he reigned eight months, about the year a.d. 590. \_Vidv Ilurmuz III.] Bahram Mirza (\j^ (♦Ia'-^' ^°^ °^ Shah Sama'il Safawl. He was a good poet and died in the prime of youth in a.d. 1550, A.H. 957. Bahram Saqqa {i^'i^ c\-^^)^ ^ poct, was of Turkish extraction and belonged to the Bayat tribe. It is said that tlu; prophet Kliizr appeared to him, and a divine light filled him. He renounced the world and became a water-carrier. \\i(ic Ahi Translation, i. p. 581.] Bahram Sarakhsi ( V*^ f*y1'^ ' ^ Prosodian of Sarakhs, a town between Naishapui' and Marv. of Bahram Shah (i'ji) /♦U^.-j), son Sultan Masa' lid III. ascended the throne of GhaznT by the assistance of Sultan Saujar liis uncle, after his brother Arsalan Shah, who was put to death in a.d. 1118, a.h. 512. Bahram Shah, after a prosperous reign of 35 hmar years, w^as defeated in a.d. 1152, A.H. 547, by 'Ala-uddin Hasan Ghoi-i, and fled to Lahore, where he died the same year, and his son Khusro Shah succeeded him in the government of Labor.;. The poets Shaikh Sa'nai and Abii'l Majd-bin-'Adam-al-Ghaz- nawl flouiished in the time of Bahram Shah. cd Bahram Shah (^1,^ /♦^.^.-O, surnam ]\ra'iz-uddin,wasthesonof Sultan II ukn-uddin Fn-riz. He was raised to the tlirimc of Hehli after the murder of Sultana Razia the queen, on Monday the 21st April, a.d. 1240. He reigned little more than two years, and_ was slain by the instigation of Mahzab-uddin wazir, aboiit the 15th May, a.d. 1242, when Siiltau 'Ala-uddin Masa'iid, another son of Siiltfin Altimsh, was raised to the throne. I'irishta erroneously says tli;it Bahram was the sou of Altimsh and brother of Sultana Razia. Bahramand Khan (^,l>. i.\:»,«i-^j), son of Mirza Bahram, and one of the emperor 'Alamgir's oldest nobility and his friend. After the death of Riih-ullah-Khau, he was raised to the post of Mir BakhsliI or chief paymaster by the emperor in a.d. 1692, a.h. 1103, and died in the Deccan on the 17ih October, o.s. 1702, 5th Jumada II. a.h. 1114. He was buried at his own request in a small tomb at Bahadiu'gurh. He was succeeded in his office by Zulfiqar Kliiin Nasrat Jang, who notwithstanding this appointment con- tinued in the command of the army against the Mai'hattas in the Deccan. Bahr-ul Hifz (lii.J\ ^c^), (or the Sea of IMemory,) is the title of Abii L^sman-bin- 'Amru, who wrote a book on the mann(rs and qualities of princes. He died a.d. 869, a.h. 255. other Bahu Beg-am (^>..^j »j^j), the m of Nawah Asf-ud-daula of Lucknow. She died on the 28th December, 1815. She was one of the " Begams " on who.se ill-treat- m;nt was based a charge in the impeach- ment of Warren Hastings. Baian {\.^S), the poetical name of Khwaja Ahsan-nddin or Ahsan-ullah Khan of Agra, wlio was living at Dehli in a.d. 17G0J A.H. 1174. BAIA 99 BAIA Baiazid I. (Sultan) (^ILL- A.j j. jIj), whom vre call B.ijazet, siu'uamed Iklerim, or Lightning, succeeded his father, Miirad I. (Aniurath) in a.d. 1389, A.n. 791, as Sultan of tlie Turks. He caused his ekler brother Ya'kiib, his rival for the throne, to be strangled, an act of barbarity which since his time prevailed as a custom at the Turkish court. He conquered Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Thessaly ; and after he had made the emperor of Constantinople tributary to his power, he marched to attack Tamerlane in the east. He was, however, totally defeated near Angora on Friday the 21st July, a.d. 1402, 19th Zil-bijja,"A.H. 804, and taken prisoner ; and when the proud conqieror asked him what he would have done with him if he had obtained the victory, Baiazid answered that he would have confined him in an iron cage. " Such then shall be thy fate," rejoined Tamerlane, and ordered him to be carried about with his camp in an iron cage. Baiazid died on the 8th March, a.d. 1403, 13th Sha'ban, a.h. 805, at Antioch in Pisidia during his coniiucmeut in Taimur's camp. His son Miisa, who was with his father at the time of his death, brought his remains to Brusa and buried them there. During his (Miisa' s) absence in the camp, his brother Sulaiman had ascended the throne. Baiazid II. (Sultan) (^IkU wV.olj), emperor of Tiu'key, succeeded his father Muhammad II. to the throne of Constanti- nople in May, a.d. 1481, Eabi I. a.h. 886. He extended the bormdaries of his kingdom ; and obliged the Venetians to sue for peace. His reign was distracted by intestine discord, and he fell by the perfidy of his son Sallm I. who caused him to be poisoned in a.d. 1512, a.h. 918, in the 60th year of his age and 31st of his reign. He was a man of un- common talents, and did much for the improvement of his empire and the promotion of the sciences. Baiazid Ansari (^j[^\ J^j jA'), the Afghan Apostle, called Pir Roshan, founder of the Suli sect called " Roshauia," or "the enlightened." He had established amid the mountains of Afghanistan a temporal power upon the authority of his .spiritual character, which enabled him and his successors to disturb the trauqidlity of the empire of DehlT, when, under the celebrated Akbar, it had reached the very zenith of its power. Baiazid Bustami (Khwaja) (j^j* -L) t)v:s-'^d>. ^,-«lkA**j), the famous ascetic of Bustam, whose original name was Taifuri ; he is therefore sometimes called Baiazid Taifuri-al-Bustami. His father's name was ' Isa - ibn - Adam - ibn - ' Isa - ibn - 'All. His grandfather was a Gabr or magian, but became a convert to Islamism. These two brothers, Adam and 'All, were, like himself, devout ascetics, but in an inferior degree. He was born in the year a.d. 777, a.h. 160, lived to a great age, and died between the years A.D. 845 or 848, a.h. 231 or 234," but according to Ibn-l\halikan his death took place in a.d. 875 or 878, a.h. 261 or 264. lie is saiil to have been a contemporary of Ahmad Kliizroya, who died a.h. 240. Baiazid Khan (^U- '^jU}^), Faujdar of Sarhiud, who was commanded by, the emperor Farrukb-siyar to punish the Sikhs, who had risen in rebellion ; he took the field, but was assassinated in his tent when alone at evening prayers, by a Sikh commissioned for that purpose by 13auda their chief, and the murderer escaped unhurt. This circum- stance took place about the year a.d. 1714, a.h. 1126. Baiazid (Sultan) (,^1.1-1.^ jk.jJjL>). There is a cenotaph at Chatigaon (Chitta- gong), called the liauza of Sultan liaiazid. It is related that he was born at Bustam in Klaurasan, of which coiuitry he was king ; but abandoning regal pomp and cares for the tranquility of the ascetic life, he came with twelve attending disciples to Chatigaon. Their arrival was promptly opposed by the king of the fairies and the attendant genii, who desired them forthwith to depart. Sultan Baiazid, with feigned humility, entreated to be allowed to remain that night and to occupy only as much ground as could be illumined by a single lamp, called in Bengali chati or chat ; on obtaining their consent, he kindled from his tu'ine a lamp of such ratUance, that its light extended to Tik Naof, a distance of 120 miles, and scorched the temfied genii, who fled from its flame in dismay. In commemoration of this event, the place was named Chatigram, in conamon parlance, Chatgaon, signifying the village of the lamp. This insidt and breach of confidence led to implacable war on the part of the genii, whom Sultan Baiazid, in various conflicts, ch'ove from the field ; and in his strenuous exertions dropped a ring where the cenotaph now stands — his Karanphiil, or ear-ring, fell in the river, which thence was named the " Karanphuli " ; and a saukh, or shell, di'opped from his hand into the other stream, from which it derived the name of Sankhautl. Sultan Baiazid then became a Gorchela {i.e. did penance in the tomb) for 12 years : after endowing it with lands to keep it in repair and defray the expenses of pilgrims and the twelve disciples, he proceeded to Makanpiii', and was succeeded by his disciple Shah, M'ho, in the hope of an eternal reward, performed the penance of .standing for 12 years on one leg, after which he also proceeded to Makan- piir ; leaving the cenotaph under the charge of Shah Pir, an attenchng discijde of Baiazid. This place was therefore in after ages held iu great repute, andvi.sited by numerous pilgrims from distant parts. It is situated on a hill, ascended by a flight of steps, inclosed by a wall about 30 feet square and 15 high, with mitred battlements, and a pillar rising two feet above them at each angle, similar to the BAIA 100 BAJA biiildinj^s of the time of Akbar. The toml), about 12 feet by 9, is in the centre of tlie area, with some shells and corals deposited at its head. Baiazid Taifuri-al-Bustami (j..jj_)lj ^li2Au.Jl f_f^^kJc), Vide ErdazTtl Bustami. Baidu Khan (^l^ ^'^-.^X the son of Turaghiii and .trrandson of Ilalaku Kliau, succeeded Kaikhatii or Kaijaptii Klifm in January, a.d. 1295, Safar, a.h. 694, and enjoyed the crown of Persia only seven months : he was dethroned and slain by his nephew, Ghazan Klian, the son of Arghiin Klian ; who was compelled to attack his uncle and sovereign to preserve himself from destruction. This event took place in October the same year, Zil-hijja, a.h. 694. In English Histories he is called Batii. In 1235, at the head of half a million of Keptchak Mongols, he conquered tlie east of Russia, destropng Riazan, Moscow, yiaudimir and other towns. Baihaqi ( L^,^), siirnamed Abu'l Fazl, and whose proper name is Abii Bakr Ahmad, was the son of Husaiu Baihaqi. He is the author of the works in Arabic called Sunaii Kubra and Siighra and of one entitled Sha^h-ul-Imfm, He died in the year a.d. 1066, a.h. 458. His collection of Traditions is also of the highest authority. Baiju (^.sa„<), one of the most cele- l)rated songsters of India, besides Naek, Gopal, and Fansin. Baiqara Mirza (Sultan) (^:,-« l^.iL'l.j (jjlLLc), the son of Umar Shaikh Mirza, the second son of Amir TaimHr. Baiqara succeeded his brother as governor of Persia in a.d. 1394, a.h. 79(5. His eldest brother, PTr ]\Iuhammad Jaliangir, was slain in a.d. 1405, a.h. 808. Baiqara, Mirza was slain by his uncle Shahrukh Mirza in a.d. 1416, a.h. 819 ; he left a son named Jlansur, who became the f:ither of Sultan Husaiu Mirza, surnamed Abii'l Ghazi Bahadur. Bairam (^L-.j), sometimes erroneously written by us for Bahram. It is the T. name of the planet Mars. Bairam Beg (< t^_ J ^) was father of Munim Klian. Tlie latter was a grandee in Humayun's Court. [Vide Aln Translation, vol. i. p. 317.] Bairam Khan {^j>. ,^^j-^-(), styled Khan Klianan, or Lord of lords, was one of the most distinguished olhcers of the Mu gh il court. He was a Turkman and descended from a line of ancestors who served for many generations in the family of Taimiir. Bairam accompanied the emperor Humayun from I'crsia to India, and on the accession of his sou Akbar, he was honoured with the title of Kliiln Kjianan and the othce of prime minister ; and had the whole civil and mili- tary powers vested in his hands. When Akbar in a.d. 1558, a.h. 965, thought he was capable of acting for himself, he dismissed Bairam Klian from the wizarat. Bairam at first had recourse to rebellion, but being un- successful, was compelled to throw himself on the clemency of his sovereign, who not only pardoned him but assigned to him a pension of 50,000 rupees annually for his support. Bairam soon after took leave of the emperor with the design of making a pilgrimage to Mecca, and had proceeded to Gujrat in order to embark for Mecca, but was slain by one Mubiirik Klian Lohani, whose father Bairam Klian had slain in battle with his own hand during the reign of the emperor Humayun. This event took place on Friday the 31st January, a.d. 1561, 14th Juuiada I. A.H. 968. He was at first buried near the tomb of Shaikh Ilisam at Gujrat, but after- wards his remains were transported to Mashhad and bmied there. He is the author of a Diwau. Baizawi (Qazi) ( ,JIj ^^VaS), the surname of Nasir-uddin Abu'l Kliair Abd- ullali-ibu-Umar al Baizawi. He was a native of Baiza, a village of Shiraz, on wliieh account he is styled Baizawi. He held the office of Qazi or Judge of the city of Shiraz for a considerable time, and died at Tabriz or Tauris in the year a.d. 1286, A.H. 685, or as others say in a.d. 1292, A.H. 691. He is the author of the well- known Commeutary on the (iuriin called TdJ'slr Baizawi, wliich is also called Anwdr- til-Tanzil, and Asrdr-ul-Tcnvll. Some say that he is also the author of a history entitled Nizdmut Tawarlkh, but the author of this work is said by others to be Abu Sa'id Baizawi, which see. Baisanghar (Mirza) {^\j-* j«--^. son of Mirza Shahrukh, the son of Amir Taimiir. He was a learned and noble prince, a great protector of letters and learned men. He himself wrote six different hands, com- posed verses in the Persian and Turkish languages, and constantly had in his employ- ment forty copyists for transcribing MSS. He was born in the year a.d. 1399, a.h. 802, and died before his father in a.d. 1434, A.u. 837, at Herat, aged 35 lunar years. Baisanghar (Mirza) (1; .^ .k^}^), son of Sultau Husaiu Mirza of Herat. He Avas killed by Kliusro Shah, king of Qundaz. Bajazet, name of several Turkish emjierois spelt so in English, being a cor- ruption of Baiazid, which see. >k\ BAJI 101" BKiK Baji Bai ( Jb js^r^). also called Bija Bai, which see. Baji Rao I. (Peshwa) 0^j!L^j L\j j>'[:), the sou of Bahxji Eao Bishwauath Peshwa, whom he succeeded iu October, a.d. 1720. He was the ablest of all the Brahman dynasty, and perhaps of all the Marhatta nation, except Sewaji. He died on the 28tli April, o.s. 1740, 12th Safar, a.h. 1153, and left three sons, I'h. Balaji Baji Rao, who succeeded him as I'eshwa ; Raghnuath Eao, commonly called Efighoba, who was at one time much con- nected with the Ena^lish, and was the father of the last Peshwa Baji Eao II. ; and Sham- sher Bahadur, to whom (though an illegitimate son by a ]\Iuhammadan woman, and brought up iu his mother's religion), he left all his possessions and pretensions iu Buudelkhaud. Baji Rao II. O^jL^ '^\j ,c=r^^X the last Peshwa, was the eldest son of Eaghoba or Eaghuuath Eao of ambiguous memory. He succeeded Madho Eao, the infant Peshwa. who died suddenly iu October, a.d. 1795, During the reign of Madho Eao he aud his brother Chimnaji were coufiued in the fort of Juneir, near Piiua, aud after his death Chimnaji was fiu'tively invested, but he was soon after deposed and Baji Eao was pub- licly proclaimed Peshwa by Daidat Eao Sciudhia on the 4th December, a.h. 1796. In May, a.d. 1818, a proclamation was issued by Government deposing him for re- bellion ; and the Eaja of Sitara, Partap Singh Narayan released from confinement, had a part of the Piina territories assigned for his support, and was vested with the reality of that power of which his ancestors in latter times had enjoyed only the name. Baji Eao was compelled to surrender himself to the English, and was pensioned on the 3rd June, a.d. 1818. The pension allowed him by Government was 800,000 iiipees per annum. He died at Bithiir, near Cawnpore, in December, a.d. 1852, and was succeided by his adopted son Dhondii Pant, commonly called Nana Sahib {q.v.), who became a rebel in the distm-bances of 1857. [See Colebrooke's Mountstuart Elphinstone.'] Bakhat Singh {iS-:^ ci^s:^), or Baklit Singh Eathor, son of Ajit Singh and brother of Abhai Singh, Eaja of Jodhpiir. He was poisoned in a.d. 1752. Bakhshi 'Ali Khan (^,1^ ^^ ^^'^)' whose poetical name was Ilashmat, nourished in the time of Xawab Salabat Jang of Hydera- bad, about the year a.d. 1751, a.ii. 1104. Baklishi Bano Eegam (^jl.j .L.b^^ (f^-S), a sister of the emperor Akbar the Great. Bakhtaiar Beg Gurdi Shah Mansur {AJli i^jS ^"S^i (Lixrsr), Turkman, was an Amir, and governed (1001) Siwistan. [Vide Am Translatioit, vol. i. p. 474.] Bakhtaiar Khilji ( I— •.;.i^). Vide Muhammad Bakhtaiar Khilji. Bakhtari {^•:.bs^\ one of the most celebrated Arabian poets, who died in the year a.d. 823. According to some writers, he was born in a.d. 821, a.ii. 208. flourished iu the time of the khalif Al-:Musta'in Bill5h, aud died in his 63rd year at Baghdad. He is also called Ein-Baklitari. Bakhtawar Khan (, ,l:>- jXub^r), an amir who served under the emperor Alnmgir. The Sarae of Bakhtawaruagar, near Dehli, was constructed by him in a.d. 1671, a.h. 1082. He is the author of the work called Mirat-ul-'Alam, a history of the first part of the reign of 'Alamgir. He died in a.d. 1684, A.H. 1095. \_Vicle Xazir Bakhtaiar Klian.] Bakhtishu { c. ^JL.*--i.J:^) , name of a Christian physician iu the service of Haruu- al-Eashid. Bakshu (»A=sr), a singer, lived at the Court of Eaja Bikramajit Mansur ; but when his patron lost his throne he went to Eaja Kirat of Kalinjar. Not long afterwards he accepted a call to Gujrat, where he remained at the Court of Sultau Bahadur, a.d. 1526 to 1536. [Vide A'ui Translation, vol. i. p. 611.] Baktash Quli ( ^jj J^jLii-^-J ), a Musalmau wTiter of the Persian sect, who wrote a book called Bostdn-al-Khaydl, or the Garden of Thoughts. (Watkin's Biographical Dictionary.) See also Aniiri, who also wrote a book of that name. Balaji Rao Bishwa Nath Peshwa (^^-l-.j i^j\j ^J!L.i '^j ^^^\i)y the founder of the Brahman dynasty of Peshwa, was the hereditary accountant of a village in the Kokau. He afterwards entered into the service of a chief of the Jado family, whence he was transferred to that of the Eaja Sahu, son of Sambhaji, chief of the Marhattas. His merits were at leugtli re- warded with the othce of I'eshwfi, at tliat time second in the State. He died in October, A.D. 1720, and was succeeded by his son Buji Rao Peshwa. List of Hereditary Tesliwds of rftna. Balaji Eao Bishwauath Peshwa. Baji Eao Peshwa, son of Balaji. sala: 102 BAXA Balaji Bfiji Riio, son of Baji Eao. Madho Kilo Bilal, son of BfilrijI, succeeded under the regency of his uncle Eaghunath Eao. Kara van Eiio Peshwa, brother of Madho Eao. Eaghunath Eao, son of BajT Eao Peshwa I. Madho Eao II. posthiimous son of Narayan Rao. BajT Eao II. sou of Eagliunath Eao, pro- chiimed himself, and was taken by Sindhia. Cliimnaji, furtively invested at Puna, 26th May/ 1796. Baji Eao II. jnihliely proclaimed, 4th Decem- ber, 1796. Surrendered to and peusioned by the English, 3rd June, 1818, and Partap Singh Nfiraj-an, the Eaja of Sitara, released from confinement. Balaji Baji Rao (l\, ^^b ,z -^'b), also called Biila Eao Pandit Pradhan, was the son of Baji Eao Peshwa I. and succeeded his father in A])ril, a.d. 1740. He was at Puna when the battle between the Marhattas and Ahmad Shilh AbdalT took place in Januarv, A.D. 1761, but died in the month of June of the same year, leaving three sons, viz., Biswas Rao, who was killed in the battle of Panipat, Madho Eao, and Narayan Eao. Baland Akhtar ( 1 S:>1j), a brother Vide of the emperor Muhammad Shah Achchhe. Balash (^J-^'lj). Fide Tairish or Palas. Balban (^_^_Lj), a kiug of Lelili. Vide Ghayas-uddin Balbau. Balbhaddar Singh (aL.^ j\t^-:\ a Raja lineally descended from the ancient Hindu monarchs of Audh, who, havinu' 100,000 Rajputs at his command, considered bimself as equal to the Nawab Wazir of Luck- now, whose autlu)rity he disclaimed. To reduce this Raja an army was sent about the year a.d. 1780, composed partly of tlie Nawab's troops, and partly of the Company's sepoys ; but owiug to the intrigues of Ilaidar Beg Klian, the minister of the Nawab Wazir Asaf-uddaula, and the native collectors, who extorted large sums from the zamindars, this expedition failed of success. During two years be was frequently defeated and piu-sued ; and at length being surprised in his camp, he was killed in endeavouring to make his escape. Baldeo Singh {i.tu^ ):\-^^-;)> tlic Jat Raja of Bli!irtpur, was the second son of Ranjit Singh. He succeeded to the Ruj after the death of his eldest brother, Randlnr Siudh. Baligh (J..L), author of the Dahlel Zdliira, Talamvan Qndrat, and MnliVima. He was a native of India and was living in A.D. 1772, A.H. 1186, Balin, erroneously -written by some for Balban, which see. Balqini ( ^i-iij), 77r/e Blbpinl. Balti (^-!l,0 {tide Jodh Ba!), the daughter of Raja ITdaia Singh Rathor, commonly called Motba Raja ; she was married to the emperor Jahaugir and became the mother of Shah Jahan. She died in a.d. 1619, A.H. 1028. Balwan Singh {dxu^ u'i^^^ {\\h.o was always called by the natives of Agra as the Kashi-wala Raja) was the son of the celebrated Chait Singh, Raja of Bauaras. Balwan Sinj^li was born at Gwaliar, and after his fatlnr's death, he and his family lived in the city of Agra for many years on a monthly ])ension of 2000 rupees. He lost his only son, Kuwar Ciiakarbati Singh, on the 17th December, 1871, and after a few days, on the 2()th of the same month, he resigned his unusually prolonged life. The only surviving members of this family were the widow of ChakarbatI Singh and his cbikken, a boy aged nine and a girl aged 11 years. Balwan Singh was the author of a Diwiiu in Urdii. Balwant Singh {xiu^ ui^J^L), a Raja or zamindar of Bauaras. He was the father or brother of the famous Chait Singh who rebelled against the British, and was arrested and di'iKised by Mr. Hastings in 1781. Balwant Singh succeeded his father Mausa Ram in a.d. 1740, reigned 30 years, died in 1770, and was succeeded by Raja Chait Singh. Balwant Singh ((a.^i^ li— 3^1j\ E,aja of Bhartpiir, succeeded bis father, Baldeo Siugh, in August, 1824 ; was displaced by one of his cousins, named Durjan Sal, in March, 1825 ; but reinstated by the British Govern- ment on the 19th January, 1826. Bhartpiir was stormed and taken by the Bengal troops under T>Mrd Combermere, on the 18th January. Tlio British lost during the siege 45 officers killed and wounded, and 1500 men; the enemy lost some thousands, and the usurper Durjan Sal was seized and sent to Allahabad. His father, Baldeo Singh, was the second brother of EaudliTr Singh, the eldest of the four sons of Eanjit Singh the son of Kehri Siiiu'li, the brother of Ratan Sinjib, the l)n)tlier of Jawahir Singh, the sou of Surajmal, the son of Churaman Jat, the founder of tlie principality. Balwant Singh died aged 34 years on "the 16th March, 1853, and was succeeded by his infant son Jaswant Siugh. Banana (a,jL.«), an Arabian poet whose full name is Abii Bakr-bin-Muhammad bin- liauaua. There has been anotlier Bin- Banana, r«3., Abii Nasr-ibn-ul-'Aziz-bin Banana, who was a poet also, and died at Baghdad in a.d. 1009, a.h. 400. BAND 103 BAQI Banda (i.\:j). Vide EazI (Maulana). Banda (i.Uj), a guru or chief of the Sikhs, and successor of Gviru Gobind. This man obtained great power, and committed great depredations in the province of Lahore, in the reign of Bahadur Shah I. and while the emperor was in Deccan against his brother Kam Bakhsh, Banda collected his followers, to revenge the death of his predecessor's sons, who were taken prisoners and had been put to death some time before. He committed the greatest cruelties on the Musulmans, in every advantage shewing no quarter to age or sex, and even ripping up women with child. The emperor found it necessary to march in person against him, and he was besieged in the fortress of Lohgarh, which was taken, but Banda found means to escape, and raise new insurrections. In tiio reign of the emperor Farrukhsiar, 'Abdus Samad I\han, governor of Kashmir, was sent against the rebels with a great army. After many severe engagements, he forced Banda to take refuge in a fortress, which was blockaded so effectually as to cut off every supply. The garrison was reduced to the necessity of eating cows, horses, asses, and other animals forbidden by their laws ; when at length, having no provision of any sort left, and being reduced to the extremity of famine and disease, they begged for quarter. 'Abdus Samad Klian, having planted a standard on the plain, commanded them to come out and lay their arms under it, which they did. He then divided the meaner sort among his chiefs, who cut off their heads; and threw their bodies into a river near the fortress. Banda and many other captives were sent to Dehli, through which he was carried in an iron cage upon an elephant, dressed in a robe of gold brocade. The Sikhs bore the insults of the populace with the greatest firmness, and steadily refused the emperor's offers of life if they would embrace the Muhammadan faith. They were put to death, a huncked each day, on the ensuing seven days. On the eighth day Banda and his son were put to death without the city. A dagger was put into his hands, and he was commanded to kill his infant son ; but refusing, the child was slain by the executioner, his heart torn out, and forced into the father's mouth. Banda was then put to death by the tearing of his flesh with red hot pincers and other tortirres, which he bore with the greatest constancy. This event took place in the year a.d. 1715, a.k. 1127. Bano Begam {J^ yb), the daughter of Shahnawaz Khan, the son of the Wazir Asaf Klian, wife of the emperor AlamgTr, and mother of 'Azim Shah. Baqai (^jLiLj), surname of Ibrahim- bin- 'Fmar, a learned Musalman, who is the author of several treatises on ancient philosophers, on di^-ination by numbers, a commentarv on the Quran, etc. He died in the year a.d. 1480, a.h. 885. Baqai (Mulla) (1« JUj), a poet who lived in the time of the emperor Babar Shfih. He is the author of a poem or Masnawi, which he dedicated to the emperor. Baqalani (^3L'Ij), the author of a work called Ai'Jaz-xl-Qnrdn, or of the diffi- cidt things in the Qm'au. See Abii Bakr Baqalani. Baii Khan (j^,l>- i^-'M, a nobleman of the court of the emperor Shah Jahan, by whom he was appointed governor of the fort of Agra. In the 24th year of the reign of the emperor he was raised to the rank of 1500. In the 49th year of the emperor's reign, he still held the governorship of the fort of Agra, and was raised to the rank of 2000 the following year. He had bidlt in the front of the gate called Hathiapol, which is sitxiated towards the Chauk and the Jama Misjid, a fine bungalow, which was still standing about the year a.d. 1830. Baqili ( iii.'), surname of Abu'l Fazl Muhammad - bin-Qfisim-al - Khwarizmi, who from his learning has the title of Zain-uddin and Zain-id-Mashuekh, or the ornament of the doctors. He wTote a book on the prayers of the Miisalmans, on the glory and excellence of the Arabs, called Salot-id-Baqill. He died in a.d. 1167, a.h. 562, but according to Haji Khalfa in a.d. 1170, a.h. 566. There was another Baqili, also a Muham- madan doctor, who died in a.h. 982. Baqi Muhammad Khan Koka ( ^jlj i^S ^J^s>~ j»/«>^-*), eldest brother of Adham Khan, the son of Maham Anka, was an officer of 3000 in the time of the emperor Akbar. He died at Garb Katka, where he had a jagir, in a.d. 1585, a.h. 993. Baqir ( ..jLO, the poetical name of Muhammad Baqir All I\han, -who flourished in the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah and wrote a Masnawi or poem called Jiain/lz- t(t-Tdhir'm, composed in a.d. 1726, a.h. 1139, also another work entitled Guhhani Asrar, which he wrote in a.d. 1732, a.h. 1145. He is also the author of a Diwan, and another poem called Mirat-ul-JamCd. Baqir Ali Khan {. ,L>^ , .i-z JLO. Tide Bacjir. Baqir (Imam) (*L-«1 j^\S). Vide Muhammad Baqir (Imam). BAQI 104 BAEQ Baqir Kashi (^_-il^ j-i^->X '"'liose poetical name is Kliirad, was a contemporary of Zaluirl who Hourislied about the year a.d". 1600, and is the athor of a Dhvan. Baqir Khan (^l^ yl.,), a nobleman in the service of the emperor Shah Jahan. In the latter part of his life, he was appointed governor of Allalial)ad, where he died in ad. 1637, A.n. 1047, in which vcar died also Klian Zaman Eahadur, in Daulatabad. Baqir Khan (^^jlj ^sc^ ^^l^^-Lj), siu-named Najm Saul, an amir of the reign of Shsih Jahan. lie was a very liberal man, fond of literature, and was himself a poet. He died inA.i). 16t0, a.h. 1050, but, accord- ing to the work Mdzir-ul-JJmrd, in a.d. 1637, A.H. 1047. He is the author of a Diwan or Book of Odes. Barahman (^^y), poetical title of a Brahman whose name was Chandar Bhan, "which see. BarlDak (lL^j^Ij), the son of Balilol Tide Ilusain Shah "J' Lodi, king of Dehli. SharqT. Barhak Shah (^l^ t-^Jj^:'), Purbi, the son of Nasir Shah, whom he succeeded to the throne of Bengal in a.d. 1458. He reigned for a period ot' 17 years and died in A.D. 1474, A.H. 879. Barbarassa (a-I^U^U), the famous Corsair. Sulaiman, emperor of the Turks, gave him the title of Khair-uddin, and made him afterwards Pasha of the sea. He suc- ceeded his brother Aruch, who conquered the kingdom of Algiers, after having killed Sallm the Arabian king. He took Tunis A.D. 1533, A.H. 940, after having driven out the Venetians, but Andrea Doria retook it again a.d. 1536, a.h. 943. After this, he ravaged several parts of Italy, and reduced Yemin, in Arabia Felix, to" the Turkish government. Khair-uddln died at Constanti- nople in A.D. 1516, A.H. 953, aged 80. Barbarassa (Aruch) (ti;_2-.U .l_j), a famous pirate. Being called in to assist Salim, ])riuce of Algiers, against the Spaniards, he murdered that monarch, and took posses- sion of his throne. He afterwards laid si(>ge to Tunis, whiili be took, and caused himself to be ])riiclaiiiicd sovereign. He was besieged by the Manjiiis of Gomarez and reduced to the greatest distress. He escaped by a sul)- terraneous passage, but was overtaken witli asmall mimber of Turks, the wliole of wlmni died sword in hand in a.d. 1518. Barbud (j^_j^Lj), a famous Persian nmsician, master of music to I^iusro Parwez, king of Persia. He composed an air called Aorangi, and invented a musical instrument (a sort of lyre) which bears his name : i.e. Bfirbud or Bfirbut. Barizi (^^j.Lj), the son of 'Abdul Eahlm, an Aral)ian author who ■WTote a CdUimentary on the work called Asrar-ul- 'Tiinzil. He died in a.d. 1337, a.h. 738. This author appears to be the same with Bazirl, which see. Barkali i^ji), the name of two Mu- hammadan doctors; the one died in a.d. 1553, A.H. 960, and the other in a.d. 1573, A.H. 982. They are sometimes called Birgili, ■\vliicli see. Barkat-nllah (Sayyad) (a..lJl i.::^.^'^ uV.-..^'), styled Suhih-ul-Barhut, was the son of Savyad Aweis, the son of Mir 'Abdul Jalil, the son of Mir 'Abdul Wfihid Shahidi of Bilgaram. His poetical name was 'Is]it|T, and as bis grandfather's tomb was in Jlfiliara in the district of Agra, he went and lived in that ■village till the day of his death, whicli happened on the 25th Jidy, A.D. 1729, 10th Muharram, a.h. 1142. Barkayaraq (Sultan) (^^ILl-j j^,L^.'), the eldest son of Sultan Malikshah Saljuqi, whom be succeeded in a.d. 1092, a.h. 485. His usual residence was Baghdad. His brother Muliammad ruled over Azur-baijan; while Sanjar, his third brother, established a kingdom in Klnirasau and Transoxiana, from whence lie extended his conquests over the fallen princes of Ghazni. Barkayaraq reigned twelve years and died in December, a.d. 1104, A.H. 498. His brother Sultan Muhammad succeeded him. Barmak (uJ^^y), the name of a noble family, originally from Balkh in Khurasan, and highly celel)rated all over the East for their generosity, magnificence, and dis- tinguished patronage of men of genius. One of the most illustrious was governor to the kbalif Harun-al-Rashid, and his son Ja'far, a tterwa rds minister to that prince ; but having incurred his displeasiu'e, he with several of the heads of the family was put to death. Vide Ja'far-al-Barmaki. (The "Barmecide" is familiar to readers of Galland's Arabian Nifjhts.) Baroda {\j>»y), Ptaja of. Vide Pclajl. Barq (j^-j), poetical name of Mu- hammad ilaza {q.c). BASA 105 BAZM Basasiri j_5 .^Lyj ("Glutton") was the nickname, and afterwards the surname of Arsahiu, who from a slave became Com- mander-in-Chief of the armies of Baha-iid- daula, the wazir of the khalTf of Baghdad. Having quarrelled with him he fled to Egypt and put himself rmder the protection of Al- Mustanasir Billa, the fifth khalif of Egypt of the Fatimite dynasty. After some time he came to Baghdad. He took Qiiem, the 26th khalif of the Abbasides, prisoner in Baghdad, deposed him, and caused Mustanasir to be acknowledged the only and legitimate chief of all the Musalmans. He maintained Mustanasir in the kliilafat for one year and a half, after which Tughral Beg, Sidtan of the Saljiiqides, put Qaem on the throne of Baghdad again, defeated and killed Basasiri A.D. 1059, A.H. 451, and sent his head to Qfiom, who caused it to be carried on a pike through the streets of Baghdad. BasMr-ibn-ul-Lais ((.j^^lll , ,A -»Aj), the brother of the arch-rebel Rafa-ibn-ul- Lais, who had revolted against Haruu-al- Eashid the khalif of Baghdad in the year A.D. 80G, A.H. 190, at Samarcjand, and assembled a considerable force to support him in his defection ; notwithstanding all Hariiu's care, the rebels made in a.d. 807, a.h. 191, great progress in the conq^lest of Khurasan. According to Abul Faraj, in the year a.d. 809, A.H. 193, Bashir was brought in chains to Hariin, who was then at the point of death. At the sight of him the khalif declared, that if he could speak only two words he would say kill him ; and iiumediately ordered him to be cut to pieces in his presence. Basiti ( L-ib), poetical name of a person who is the author of the biography of poets called Tazkira Basitl. Basus (^^»..^lj), an Arabian woman, from whom originated a war, called Harb-i- Basiis, which has since become a proverb to express, "Great events from little causes.'' Two Arabian tribes fought about 40 years because a camel belonging to this woman broke a hen's egg ; the owner of the &^f]; "Wounded the camel with an arrow, and the two tribes were instantly in arms. Batalmiyusi (^^^^kj), an Arabian author, who died in a.d. 1030, a.h. 421. He wrote a treatise on the qualities requisite in a secretary and good writer, and another on genealogies. Batu Khan (^l>- ^i'b), the son of JujI Khan, and grandson of Changez Klian. He ruled at Kipchak and was contemporary with Pope Innocent IV. Bauwab (c_;^tO (or Bouwab), surname of Abii'l Hasan 'All Kala, who is better known under the name of ibn-Bouwrib. It is he who improved the form of the Arabic Alphabet after Ibn-Maqla. He died in a.d. Io22, A.H. 413, or as some say in a.d. 1032, A.H. 423. After him Ya'kub, surnamed Mustaa'simi, reduced it to its present form. Baz Bahadur (.jl_^_j jl_j) whose original name was Miilik Baiazid, succeeded his father Shujaa' Klian to the government of Malwa in a.d. 1554, a.h. 962, and having taken possession of many towns in Miihva which were previously almost indepeudent, he ascended the throne under the title of Sultan Baz Bahadiu-. His attachment to Rupmati, a celebrated courtezan of that age, became so notorious, that the loves of Baz Bahadur and Riipmati have been handed down to posterity in song. He reigned about 17 years, after which the kingdom of Malwa was taken, and included among the provinces of the empii-e of Dehll, by the emperor Akbar in the year a.d. 1570, a.h. 978. Baz Bahadur afterwards joined Akbar at Dehli and received a commission as an officer of 2000 cavalry. Baz Bahadur and Rupmati are both buried in the centre of the tank at Ujjain. \_Vide Rupmati.] Baz Khan (^^l.>- jb), an amir in the service of the emperor Bahadur Shah. lie Avas killed in the battle against Azim Shah [q.v.) on the 8th June, o.s. 1707, 18th Rabi' I. A.H. 1U8, near Dhaulpur. Bazil ( J JM. Vide Bafi Khan Bazil. Bazil (Jjb), tbo poetical name of Bach--uddin, Ismail-al-Tabrizi, an Arabian author. Baziri (^'mLj), author of a poem entitled Koulab-cd-Barriat or the Brilliant Star, in praise of Muhammad, who cured him, as he said, of the palsy in a dream. Every line of the poem ends with an M., the initial of the prophet's name, and it is so highly valued that many of the Muham- madans learnt it by heart, on accoimt of its maxims. (Lempriere's Unirersal Bict'ionary under Bausirri.) Barizi and Baziri appear to be the same person. Bazmi ( ^-^'S), author of the Padmdwat in Persian verse. He was a native of Karkh and resided for .some time at Shiriiz. He came to Gujrat during the reign of the emperor Jahangir, and composed the abovc- nuutioned poem in a.d. 1619, a.h. 1028. lie was living at Delili in tlie time of Shah Jahau about the year 1631. His proper name was 'Abdul Shakiir BAZZ 106 BHAT^ Bazzaz (j^J— •), the author of the ^drih-aI-Mi(fri(h'(t ox a treatise on tlie par- ticular tonditious aud properties of traditions, and some other works on tlie Muliammadau theolog}'. BeTjadal Khan {^\:>. J-J^^^^j), a poet of Persia who came to India in the rei^-n of the emperor Jahangir, and llourished in the time of Shah Jahan, who conferred on him the title of Bebadal Klian. Under his sup;r- iutendence the Peacock throne was constructed. Lehadal KJiau appears to be the former title of Abii Talib Kallm. Bedar (.L\«j), the poetical name of Sanath Sinf;h, a Iliudii, who was living in A. 13. 1753, A.}i. 1166. Bedar ( .^ji^j), an author whose proper name was Imam Bakhsh, a native of Ambala. He is the author of the work called Tiirikh SaUldat, being an account of the progress of the dynasty which ruled over Audli from Shujaa'-uddaula to Sa'adat 'AlT Hian, to whose name the title is an allusion. It was composed in a.d. 1812, a.h. 1227. He is also the author of several Masnawis, one of which contains the praises of Nawab Sa'adat 'All Khan, called Giihh/ln-i-Sa'ridat. He was living in the time of Nasir-uddm Ilaidar, kins: of Audh. Bedar Bakht (Prince) (> ,^.v..). son of 'Azim Shah. He was killed in the battle fought by his father against the emperor Bahadur Shah on the 8th June, o.s. 1707, A.H. 1119. Bedar Bakht (ci^sT^ j^'^r^rX ^on of Ahmad Shah, king of Deldl. lie was elevated to the throne of Dehli on the 1st September, a.d. 1788, 27th Zi-Ka'da, a.h. 1202, when Ghnlara Qadir imprisoned Shah Alara. Bedar Bakht continued to reign until the approach of theMarhattas towai-ds Dehli, -when he fled upon the Tith October, 1788, but was subsequently apprehended and put to death by the orders of Shah Alam. Bedil (Mirza) Ojj--^ Jw\_->_j), the poetical name of Saidai Gilani, which sec. Begam Sultan (j^lkL-j *x*j), a lady of rank, whose tomb is to be seen to this day, outside of the gate of Ya'tmad-uddaula's mausoleum in Agra. From the inscrii)tion that is on her tomb, it appears that slu; died in the time of the emperor Ilumayun in a.d. 1538, A.H. 945, aud that she was the daughter of Shaikh Kamal. Begana (ajU1-j), the poetical name of AbCi'l Hasan. Bekasi (Maulana) (lJ^y,« ^.^.Cj), a ])(>et who lived in the time of the emperor Akbar. Bekasi (Maulana) (Ij^^^ ^.>uu.L-..j), a jioet of SliTraz who was contemporary with (_il^iizalT, who died in the year a.d. 1111, A.H. 505. Bekhabar (^^.in-)), the poetical name of Mir'Azmat-ullah, son of Lxitf-ullah of Bilj;ram. He died in a.d. 1729, a.h. 1142, at Dehli. He is the author of the work called Saf 'iliac Bckhahar. Bekhud (j^.in.j), poetical name of Mulla Jami Lahaiul Xamdar Khani, which see. Bekhud (j^.i^.j), poetical name of Sayyad Iladi 'All, son of Saj-yad Nasir 'Ali Sehr, and author of a Diwan. Bengal, Sultans and Governors of. Tide Muhammad Baghtaiiir IvhiljT, andKliiin Jahan. Beni Narayan. A Hindu by birth, but follower of the warlike teacher Savyad Ahmad {q.v.). He wrote a sort of bio.t;Ta])liic anthology called Tazkira-i-Jnhdn (published 18121 and many other works in prose and verse. (De Tassy, Ilist. de la Hit. hind. 115.) Berar (cL=>-\j j\jj), Eaja of. Vide Raghoji Bhosla. Betab (l__>1:i-.j), whose proper name is Abbas 'All Khan, which see. Bhagwan Das (Raja) (^^Lv.J ^59- ^ ,), called by Abu 1 Fazl Bhagwant Daswastheson of Raja Bihara ilal Kaclihwaha Ambhar or Amer, now Jai])iir. His daughter was married to the prince Mirzii Salim (after- wards Jahangir) iu the j^ear a.d. 1585, a.h. 993, by whom he had a daughter named Sultan-uu-nisa Begam, and then a son Avho became Sultan Khusro {q.v.\. Bhagwan Das died live days after the death of Eaja Todar Mai, i e. on the 15th November, a.d. 1589, 19th Mnbarram, a.h. 998, at Lahore. After his deatli, the emperor Akbar, wlio was then at Kabul, conferred the title of Raja on his son Man Sinii-li with the rank of 5000. He died ou the Bhagwant Singh {i^^ riiua of DhanlpTir (1857). 14th Februarv, 1873. Bhanbu Khan i^\<^ ^r^-:'); the son of Zabita Khau, which see. BHAR 107 BIBI Bhartrihari, brother of Baja Vikram (Bikramjit). His Century of Sentences has been translated iuto English by Prof. Tawney, of Calcutta. Bhara Mai (Raja) (J,* ^j\0' ^^^^^ Eihari Mai. Bhartpur U^-]. ^yc:^.^,:), Eaja of. Vide Churaman Jat. Bhaskar Acliarya (Ij ,l.>-^ <1.«^„'), a most celebrated astronomer of the Hindiis, who was born at Bidae, a city in the Deccan, in the year of Salivahana, 1036, corresponding with the year A. D. 1114, a. it. 508. He was the author of several treatises, of which the Llldivutl and the BlJd Ganita, relating to arithmetic, geometery and algebra, and the Sironianl, an astronomical treatise, are ac- counted the most valuable authorities in those sciences which IncUa possesses. The Sirninain is delivered in two sections, the Gola- Adliyayn , or the Lectiu-e on the Globe, and the Ganita Adhyaya, or the Lecture on Numbers, as applied to Astronomy. The Llldwntl was translated into Persian by Faizi in the reign of Akbar, and an English translation has also been lately made by Dr. Taylor and published at Bombay. Bhaskar died at an advanced age, being upwards of 70 years. Lilawati was the name of his only daughter who died unmarried. death by defeat of Zalim Singh, and died in 1S03. lie was succeeded by Man Singh. Bhau (jL^^), a Maliratta chief. Sadasheo Bhau. Vic Bhau Singh (a.iu-j »\j^S), also called Mirza Eaja, was the second son of Eaja Bhagwan i)as Kachhwaha, Raja of Amber (now Jaipur) . He succeeded to the raj after his father's death in a.d. 1G14, a.h. 1023, was raised to the rank of oOOO by the emperor Jahangir, and died of drinking a.d. 1621, a.h. 1U30. Two of his wives and eight con- cubines burnt themselves on his funeral pyre. Among Jahangir's courtiers the llSjas of Amber were the most addicted to drinking. His eldest brother Jagat Singh, and Jlaka Singh his nephew, had likewise paid with their hves for their ckunken habits, but their fate was no lesson for Eaja Bhilii. Bhim Singh (aX:..^ (*— -y-^X i'''»iiii of Udaipiii-, was living in a.d. 17-50. Bhim {&.:>-\^ ♦-uj). Raja of Giijrat, in whose time Sultan Malimud Gliaznawi took the famous temple of Somnuth in a.d. 1027. Bhim Singh Rathour (ajl:,.^ ♦--^..J .»yl.). He usurped tlie throne of Jodhpiir in a.d. 1793, on his gTaudfather's Bhoj (Raja) (<>.^^ --^^j). n«'e Raja BhCj. Bhori Rani ( J^. ^,»^,j), the last of the wives of Maharaja Eaujit Singh; she died childless at Lahore on the 5th April, 1872. Her adopted son Kiiwar Bhup Singh distributed large sums of money before and after her death as alms to the poor. The funeral was very grand. Her remains were burnt near the sainddh of the late Maharaja, and the ashes were sent to be thrown into the Ganges at Hardwar. She ch'ew a pension of 800 rupees per mensem from our Go\eru- ment and held jagirs of upwards of 60,000 rupees per annum. Bhuchchu (^M-^). Vide Zarra. Bhuya {^\^t ^I'^^'X ^ nobleman of the court of Sultan Sikandar Lodi, who built the masjid Math in Delhi, but was afterwards assassinated by that prince without any crime, only because people used to assemble at his place. Bibi Bai ( ..jLj ^.j --j), the sister of Muhammad Shah 'Adil, king of Dehli, married to Salim Shah Siir, by whom she had a son named Firdz. After the death of Salim Shah, when Firoz, then an infant, was beingmm-dered by his imcle Muhammad Shah, she defended her sou for some time in her arms, presenting her body to the dagger, but her cruel brother tore the young prince from her embrace, and in her presence severed his head from his bodv. This event took place in May, a.d. lo54. Bibi Daulat Shad Begam ( 5-^L5-^ r j»j), one of the wives of the emperor Akbar, and the mother of Shakrunnisa Begam, who survived her father, and died in the time of Jahangir. Bibi Marwarid {^jj\^^ j ^j), wife of the late Amir Af zal I\hrin, died in September, A.D. 1874. Bibi Zinda Abadi (^Jol sSj\ J ^j), commonly called Bibi Jind "NVadi by the people of Uchcha, was one of the descendants of Sajwad Jalal. She is buried at Uchcha in Multan. The dome in which she rests is erected of burnt bricks and cemented by mortar. The whole of the edifice is ornamented by various hues, and hipis liizuli of tlie celebrated mines of Badakhshan. The size of this grand building may be estimated at 50 feet high, and the circumference 25. BIHA 108 BIKR Bihari Lai (J/tl ijj\^), a celebrated Hindi poet, called by Gilchrist the Thomson of the Hiudiis, and much admired ainonu- them ; he appears to have flourished aliout the beg'inuing- of the 16th centiu'y. Beini;- informed that liis prince Jaisah of Jaipiir was so infatuated with the beauty of a very yoimg girl he had married (so as to neglect entirely the affairs of his country, for he never came abroad, having shut himself up to contemplate the fascinating charms of his beauteous, though immatiu-e bride), Bihari boldly ventured to admonish him by bribing a slave girl to convey a couplet, Avhich he had composed, under his pillow ; the translation of which is thus given by Gilchrist, ' ' When the flower blooms, what will be the situation of the tree, that is now captivated Avith a bxd, in which there is neither fragrance, sweets, or coloiir." This had not only the desired effect of rousing the prince from his lethargy, but excited in his breast a generous regard for the man, whose advice came so Reasonably and elegantly disguised. Bihari received, ever after, a pension from court, with a present of more than one thousand pounds, for a work he published under the name of Satsai, from its consisting of seven liuufh-ed couplets. Bihari Mai (J^ lJj\^^), also called Bharamnl and Piiranmal, a Raja of Amber or Ameir, now Jaipiir, was a rajpiit of the tribe of Kachhwaha. He paid homage to Babar about the year a.d. 1527, and was on friendly ' terms with the emperor Akbar, and had at an early period given his daughter in marriage to him, of whom was born the emperor Jahangir. Both he and his son Raja Bhagwan Das were admitted at the same time to a high rank in the imperial army by the emperor. Bhagwan Das gave his daughter in marriage to Jahangir in a.d. 1585, who was married next year (1586') to the daughter of Raja Udai Singh, son of Rao Maldeo Rathor. Bija Bai (^b l^saj), or Biza Bal, the wife of Maharaja Daulat Rao Scindhia of Gwaliar. After the death of her husband, who died without issue, she elected Jhanko Rao Scindhia as his successor on the; 18th June, 1827. She was expelled by him in 1833, and went over to Jhansi, where she had a large estate. She died at Gwaliar about the middle of the year 1863. Bijaipal (JLj^^st), a famous or ial)uluus Raja of Bayana, regarding whose power, riches, and extent of dominion, many curious tales are still current among the Bhartpur Jats, who assert their (spurious) descent from him. In the Jiijidpdl Easn, a metrical romance or ballad (written in the Birj Bhakha) the Hindu scholar will iiiid a full and ])articular account of this great Hindu monarch, who is fabled to have con- quered Raja Jumeswar, the father of I'irthi Raj, the celebrated chauhan king of DehlT, and to have ruled despotically over the whole of India. The Karauli Raja too boasts bis drscent from Bijaipiil, and if any faith can be placed in a " Bansiioli or genealogical tree," he has a fair claim to the benefits, real or imaginary, resulting therefrom. Bijai Singh (a^^ ^), son of Raja Abhai Singh, the son of Maharaja Ajit, Singh, Rathor of Jodhpiir, succeeded to the raj in a.d. 1752, a.h. 1167. He became in- fatuated with fondness for a young concubine ; after having fought the Mughols for 40 years he organised a confederacy against them in 1787 and was defeated by de ]3oigne {q.v.) at Patau and Xirta in 1790 ; his chiefs rebelled, his family were in hostility with each other, and he left at his death the throne itself in dis]nite. Raja Man Singh at length suc- ccided, in 1804, to the honours and the feuds of Bijai Singh. Bijai Singh (d.>Owo ^c=^)y son of Eaja Bhagwan Diis. Vide Ramji. Bikramajit (o--«^^U^.C), or more properly Yikramaditya, a mythical sovereign of Maiwa and Gujrat, whose capital was Ujain. His era called the Sambat is still used in the north of India. Bikramajit died (or ascended the throne) in the Kali Jug year, 3044, according to Wilford, whose essays in the 9th and 10th volumes of the Asiatic Researches contain information on the history of the three supposed princes of this name and of their common rival Saliviihana. The first Sambat year, therefore, concurs with the year 3045 of the Kali Jug year, or 57 years before the birth of C!hrist. This prince was a great patron of learned men ; nine of whom at his coiu't are called nine gems, and are said to have been Dhanwantari, Kshapanaka, Amera Siiiha, Sanku, Yetfilabhatta, Ghata- karpara, Kalidasa, Yirahamihira, and Vira- ruchi. His real date is still an open question. " To assign him to the first year of his era might be quite as great a mistake as placing Pope Gregory XIII. in the year one of the Gregorian Calendar." — Holtzmann. [Vide Weber's Sansk-Liter. Eng. tr., 1882, p. 202.] Bikramajit (Rajah)(A^r i.j:^5>-l«^G), Vide Rae Patr Das. A I\hatre. Bikrami ( ^^\J>S), the poetical name of Mir 'Alidur Rahman Wizarat Ivhan, brother of (iusim l\]iau, the grandfather of Samsam-uddaula Shahnawaz Klian. He was jiromoted in the reign of the emperor '.Mamgir to the Diwani of Miihva and Bijapfir. He was an excellent poet, and has left a Diwan composed in a nu)st beautiful style. BILA 109 BIR Bilal (Jlllj), tlie name of the crier, who used to anuoiince to the p8oi)le ■when Muhammad prayed. He was an African, a id a freed slave of Muhammad. He died in the time of Umar, the second Khalif after Muhammad, in the year a.d. 641, a.h. 20. Bilal Kunwar {^y,^ JL), the wife of the emperor 'Ahxmgir II. and mother of Shah 'Alam, king of Denli. Her title was Ziuat Mahal. Bilqaini ( iJib), whose proper name was Abii Ilafs, is the aiithor of the works called Mahasin-id-Istilah, Sharah Bnkhdri, and Tarand'i. He died in a.d. 1402, a h. 805. See Siraj-uddin, son of JS^ur-uddiu, and Abii Hafs-al-Biikhari. Binai (Maulana) (^-lij). His father was a respectable architect at HerJit, the birth- place of the poet, and his takhallus or poetical name is derived from Bina or Banna, a builder. He is the author of a work called Bahrdtnwa - Bahroz, a story which he dedicated to the Sultan Ya'qub the son of Uzzan Hasan. His conceit had roused the jealousy of Amir Alisher ; Binai tried to con- ciliate his favour by writing a Qasida in his praise, but receiving no reward, he therefore substituted the name of Sultan Ahmad Mirza for that of Alisher, saying that he would not give away his daughters without dowry. Alisher was so enraged at this, that he obtained a death-warrant against him. Binai fled to Mawarunuahr. lie was killed in the massacre of Shah Isma'il in a.d. 1512, a.h. 918. He has also left a Diwau consisting of 6,000 verses. Bin Ahmad (_v*.^^ ^i). Vide Abu'l Faiz Muhammad. Binakiti ( ^_:x_iL:^.0. Vide Abu Sulaiman Daiid. Binayek Rao (Raja) (a.:>-L^l, (»_^.>l:j), the son of Ainrit Rao, a Marhatta chief. He died in July, 1853, aged 50 years. Bin Banana (.OLj .,j), surname of Abu Nasr-ibn-ul-'Aziz bin-'Amrii, an Arabian poet who died at Baghdad in a.d. 1U09, A.H. 400. Bindraban (^j1 ja.-), a Hindu author who flourished in the reign of the emperor 'Alaragir, and wrote a work called Lubbut- Taivarlkh, a summary history of Hindustan. Birbal (J_.^_^_j), or Blrbal, was a Brahman of tlie tril)c of Bhiit. His proper name was JNIahes Das. He was a man of very lively conversation, on which account he became one of the greatest personal i'avoui-ites of the emperor Akbar, who conferred on him the title of Bftja and the rank of 5000. He was also an excellent Hindi poet, and was honored with the title of Kabrae or the royal poet. He was slain, together with Mulla Sheri and other officers of note, in a battle fought against the Yusafzai Afghans of Sawad and Bijor (places between Kabul and Hindiistan) in February, a.d. 1586, Babi I. A.H. 994. Akbar was tor a long time incon- solable for the death of Birbal, and as the Kaja's body was never found, a report gained currency that he was still alive among the prisoners, and it was so much eucoiu-aged by Akbar, that a long time afterwards an impostor appeared in his name ; and as this second Birbal died before he reached the com-t, Akbar again wore mom'uing as for his friend. Many of Birbal' s witty sayings are still current in India. Birbhan, founder of the sect of Sadhs (Hindust. "Quakers") born near Naruaul at a.d. 1040. Date and place of death unknown. Bir Singh {d^\j iS.-^^ j^i), a Eaja of the Bundela tribe of Rajpiits. He was the founder of this family, and from him the family of the Urcha chief is descended. The greater part of liis dominions was wrested from him by Raja Chatar Sal, who was the last sole possessor of the Bundelkhand province. At that period its capital was Kalanger, but the residence of the Raja was Banna, celebrated for its diamond mines. Birgili (^^iS^j), surname of Mulla Muhammad-biu-Pir 'Ali, acelebrated Arabi in author, who wrote the Sharah Arba,in, and died a.d. 1573, a.h. 981. He is by some called Barkali. Birjis Qadar (^j.i ^j^^=>-jS), whose original name was Ramzan 'All, was son of Wajid 'All, the ex-king of Lucknow. His mother's name was Ma'shiik Begam. At the outbreak, he was created king with the unani- mous consent of the rebel soldiery in 1857 at the instance of Barkat Ahmad, Risaladar, late 15tli Regiment Irregular Cavalrv, who subsequently fell in battle. BirjTs Qadar was then 10 years of age. Before his accession, his imcle Sulaiman Shikoli was much per- suaded by the rebels to accept the crown, but refused. Birjis Qadar was driven out of India and took refuge with his mother at Katmandii in Nepal. Bir Singh Rao {^\j iXj^^), other- wise written Nar Singh, a Bundela chief suborned by Sultan Saliin, eldest son of Akbar, to slay Abiil Fazl, the emperor's favourite minister. The Rao was hotly pur- sued for his crime but escaped. On Saliui's accession he was rewarded. [ Vide Jahaugir.] EISA 110 BURH Bisati Samarqandi (^s:.'i^^ Jb\.^^), a poet of Sauifin]niKl who Hourislied in llie time of Siilncu Khalil-tillah, gTandsoii of Amir Taimdr. He was formerly a weaver of carpets, and had assumed for his poetical title " IlasTri," but he ehau<;-ed it afterwards to Bisali, lie was coutemporary with 'Asmat- ullah Bulduiri. Bishr Hafi (^.iL^^..) {le. Bishrthe barefoot), a Muhammadan doctor who was born at Marv, aud brought up at liaghdad, where he died ou AVeduesday the 10th iXo- vember, ad. 840, 10th Muharram, a.h. 226. Different dates are giveu of his death ; but it is certain that he died several years before Ahmad Hanbal, aud the one given here appears to be very correct. Bishun Singh (Kacliwaha) ( ,,.^.j d^jwi), Eaja of Ambhar or Ameir, was the son of Riim Singh and the father of Mii'za Raja Jaisiugh Sewai. He died about the year A. D. 1693, a.h llOo. Bismil (J.^,v-.j), the poetical name of ]\rirza IMuliammad Sha'fi of Naishupiir, uncle of Nawab Safdar Jaug. Bismil ( J^^;), tlie poetical name of Aniir Hasan Klifm of Calcutta, who was living in a.d. lS4o, a.h 1261. Biswas Rao i,\ , j^^^^^j), the eldest son of Bfila Eiio Peshwa, the Marhatta chief. He was killed in the battle against Ahmad Shiih Abdali on the 14th January, n.s. 17(il, together with Sadasheo Bliaii aud other Marhatta chiefs. Bithal Das Gaur ( ,^f ^^b J^,--j), son of Gopfil Das, llaja of Sheopiir. On a spot of 10 bhigas towards Tajganj on the hanks of the river Jamua he had built his house and a garden. In the town of Shali- ghin he was raised to 3000, aud was appointed Kiladiir of the fort of Agra. He was after- wards raised to the rank of 5000, and in the year a.h. 1062 went home and there died. Bo 'Ali Qalanclar (.S-u.\Ji ^■^£- _j-j). [Vide Ahu 'All (ialaudar.] Boigne(orleBorg'ne)Benoit,Countde, a Savoyard who, after holding commissions in the P'rench and Russian arinies, came to India and entered the East India Company's ser- vice at Madras, 1778. Alter some adventures he entered Siudhia'sserviceiu 1784, andlrained four regular brigades. In 1796 he returned to Eui'ope with a large fortime, much of which he devoted to public purposes aud cliaritv at Chamberi, his native town. He died there on the 21st June, 1830. [Vide Keeu's Fall of the Muyhol Fnipire.] Bug'hra Khan (^\<^ \^kj), siiniame of Nasir-uddTn Mahmud, the second son of Sultau Ghayas-uddiu Ealban, kiug of Dihli. He was made governor of Lakhnauti in Bengal by his father, at whose death in a.d. 1286, he being then in that province, his son Kaiqubad was raised to the throne of Dehll. [ fide Nasir-uddln Mahmiid.] Bukhari (^>J^=^). Vide Al-Biikhari. Bulhnl (J-.L)- ^Vi/^Mirza Muhammad surnamed Bulbul. Burandaq ( jj^j^.-), the poetical name of Maulana Baha-uddlu. lie was a native of Samarqand, aud a sprightly satirical poet ; much (h'eaded by his coutmiporaries, ou account of his wit and caustic humour. He Avas the especial panegyrist of Sultan Baiqara Mirza, the son of 'Umar Shaikh andgraudsou of Amir Taimiir. Wheu Prince Baiqara ascended the throne in a.d. 1394, he ordered that the sum of five hundred ducats (in Turki bish yiiz altuu) should be paid to Biiraiidaq. By a mistake of the Secretary, he received only two hundred ; aud therefore addressed the following lines to the Sultau : — " The Shiih, the teiTor of his foes, AVho well the sound of flatt'ry knows, The conqueror of the world, the lord t)f natious vauquish'd by his sword, Gave, while he prais'd my verse, to me Five hundred ducats as a fee. Great was the Sultan's generous mood, Great is his servant's gratitude, Aud great the sum ; but strange to say ! Perhaps the words in Tm'kish tongue Convenient meaning may derive ; Or else my greedy ear was wrong. That turn'd two hundred into five." The Sidtau was extremely entertained at the readiness of the poet ; and sending for him, assured him that the words " Ms/i i/ilz altihi " signified in Turkish a thousand ducats, which he ordered to be immediately paid [I)i(hlin Univcrsitji Magazine for 1840). The year of Buraudaq's death is unknown. He was contemporary with Khwiija 'Asmat-ullah Bukhari who died in a.d. 1426, a.h. 829. Burhan ( ,lJ^ 0, a poet of Mazindaran, came to Dehli and died there shortly after Kaelir Shah had pillaged that city. He is the author of a Diwau. Burhan (^l>.j), the poetical name of Muhammad Hasan, the autluir of the Persian Dictionary called Biirhun Qfita. [Vide Muhammad Hasan.] BrRH 11 BURH Burhan 'Imad Sliah. (^Ij;, ui^^z ^^lJ^y ), oue of the princes of the 'Imad Shahi dynasty. lie succeeded his father, Daria 'Imad Sliah, in the o-overnment of Herar when but a child. His minister Taufal Khiiu became regent ; and before the prince was of an age to assume the reigns of his empire, Taufal Klian, assisted bv the ruler of Khandesh and by the Nizam Shahl court, usurped the government. He eventually confined his sovereign in irons in the fort of Parnala, and assumed the title of king. In the year a.d. 1568, a.h. 980, Nizam Shah marched against Taufal Khan, under the pretence of releasing the imprisoned prince from his confinement. He took the fort of Gawal by capitulation, defeated Taufal Kliau and made him prisoner with his son ; but instead of placing the captive monarch on the throne of Bei-iir, sent him with the usurper and his son to be confined in one of the Nizam Shahl forts, where they were all subsequently strangled by the king's order. Thus the family of 'Imad Shiih and that of the usurper Taufal Ivlian became extinct. Burhan Naqid {Si\} ^^>/)y ^ Poet ■who is the author of the poem entitled Dil Ashob, dedicated to the emperor Shah Jahan. Burhan Nizam Shah I. (^llij ^^.i iLl) ascended the throne of Ahmad- nagar in the Deccau after the death of Ms father, Ahmad Nizam Shah, in a.d. 1508, a.h. 914, in the seventh year of his age. He reigned 47 lunar years and died at the age of 54 in A.D. 1554, a.h. 961, and was buried in the same tomb with his father. Burhan Nizam Shah II. (^llij u^-^r^ il-i), brother of Murtaza JSTizam II. ascended the throne of Ahmadnagar in the Deccan on the loth May, o.s. 1591, 1st Sha'ban, a.h. 999, after deposing and con- fining his own son Isma'il Nizam Shrdi, who had been placed on the throne diuing his absence at the coiut of the emperor Akbar. He was advanced iu years ; but notwith- standing his age, gave liimself up to pleasures unbecoming his dignity. His reign was marked by an unsuccessful war with the king of Bijapiir, and a disgraceful defeat from the Portuguese, who had seized the sea coasts of his dominions. He died after a reign of foiu- years and si.x^teen davs, on the 18th April, A.D. 1595, 18th Sha'baii, a.h. 1003, in the 40th year of the reign of Akbar, and was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Nizam Shah. Maulana Zahuri dedicated his Sruiiiiama to Burhan Nizam Shiih, containing nearly 4,000 versi's. Burhan-uddin Ahu Is-haq[-al-Fazari (j^.s-'l ^\ ^.tJjJl (j;^;^)> commonly called Ibn-Firkah, author of the Furdez-ul- Faz'lrl, a treatise on the law of Inheritance according to Shafa'i's doctrine. He died in A.D. lo28, A.H. 729. Burhan - uddin Bin Mazah - al - Bu- khari (^_j_\J\ |^l_jb^_j), author of the Zxkhlrat-ul-Fiitihca, sometimes called Za'sliiyat ul-Burhaiiia, and of the Muliect-al- Burhani. Burhan-uddin Ali Bin Abu-Bakr-al- Marghinani (Shaikh) ( .^jjvl^ lO^-'^r' '^'!^ y^^^, author of the HidCiija Sharah Badlya, or the Lawyer'' s Guide, a very celebrated book of Muhammadan Juris- prudence, which during the peiiod that Mr. Hastings governed the British dominions in India, was by his orders most ably translated by Charles Hamiltou, Esq., and published in Loudon, in the year a.d. 1791. Btu'han- uddin was bornat Marghinan, in Transoxania in a.d. 1135, A.H. 529, and died in a.d. 1197, A.H. 593. The Ilul'nja, which is a commentary on the Badaya-al-Mubtada, is the most celebrated law treatise according to the doctrines of Abii Hanlfa, and his disciples Abu Yiisaf and the Imam Muhammad. A Persian version of the Ilidrnja was made by Maulwi Ghulam Yehia IClian and others and published at Calcutta iu 1807. He also wrote a work on inheritance entitled the Fardez-ul-Usmdni, which has been illustrated by several comments. Burhan-uddin Gharih Shaikh) (iU ^^j .i C-': (Shah or a celebrated Musalman saint much venerated in the Deccan. He died in a.d. 1331, a.h. 731, and his tomb is at B u'haupiir iu Daula- tiibad, and is resorted to in a pilgrimage by the Muhammadaas. He was a disciple of Shaikh Nizam-uddin Aulia, who died in a.d. 1325, A.H. 725, Burhan-uddin Haidar Bin Muham- mad-al-Hirwi ( ..j ^j.^Ji \-^r-i d^A^s.-^), author of a commentary on the Sirajia of Sajawaudi. He died in a.d. 1426, A.H. 830. Burhan-uddin Ibrahim Bin Ali Bin Farhun {^z ^; *-^Vr?^ iji^'^ J^^^. ^i»i'.i ,j), chief biographer of the Maliki lawvers, and author of the Dlbdj-ul- Jlicii/i/nb.' HecHediuA.D. 1396, A. u. 799. Burhan-uddin (Qazi) ( .^.«j.Jl ^.\.>< li), Lord of tlic city of Sivas in Cappadocia or Caranienia, who died in a.d. 1395, A.H. 798. After his death Bayezld I. Sultan of the Tiu-ks, took possession of his States. ^s- BURH 112 BUZU Burhan-uddin Malimud Bin Ahmad author of a MuhU, wliicli, thouo-h kiuiwn in India, is not so greatly esteemed as the Mnhlt-as-Sarakh^l. The work of Burhan- uddin is commonly known as the Muhit-nl- Burhanl. Burhan - uddin Muhammad Baqir (Mir) (^^ ^:«lj x*^« i^jjl ^J;^^-^ ^^'>i\ QazI of Qashan. He wrote a Dlwiin containing about 5,000 verses. He was living about the year A. D. 1585, A.n. 993. Burhan-uddin (Shaikh) ( .,.'a!I u^j^ ir:^-^), or Savyud. Vide Ivwih Alam. Burhan-uddin (Sayyad) ( .,jjk!\ .,Uj (X-—'), surnamcd Muhaqqiq. He died in the year ad. 1247, a.h. 645, and was buried at Ctesarea. Burhan - ul - Mulk Sa'adat Khan (^,U- ^Ji\x^ t_
    ^^^ daughter of Saif Iilian, by Malika Bilno Begam, the daughter of Asaf Kl\an "NYazir, and wife of Zafar Khan, a nobleman of the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. She died before her husband in the mouth of May, A.D. 1659, Shawwal, a.h. 1069. Buzurg Umaid Khan (jk.-), Eaja, son of Balwant Singh, zamindar of Banaras. He succeeded his father in a.d. 1770. In August, 1781, demands were made upon him, by the Governor-General, for additional tribute to be paid to the Company, as the sovereign power now requiring assistance in its exigency. The Eaja declined, pleading willingness, but inability. He was an-ested by Mr. Hastings' order, at Banaras ; a revolt took place in his behalf on the 20th August ; nearly two companies of Sepoys and their officers were destroyed, — and the Eaja escaped in the con- fusion. The Governor-Genei'al immediately assumed control of the province ; and troops were called in to oppose the Raja, who now headed the nvmibers flocking to his support. He was defeated at Latifpur, in Bundelkhand, where he had taken refuge ; and lastly, his stronghold of Bijaigurh was seized, and his family plundered by a force imder Major Popliam. His post was declared vacant, and the zaraindarl bestowed on the next heir, a nephew of the Raja, a minor. After these transactions at Banaras, the Governor- General proceeded to Audh, to obtain an adjustment of the heavy debts due to the Comi)auy by the Wazir 'Asaf-ud-daida. The territories of the Begams (one, the mother of Shuja'-ud- daula, the late Nawab — the other, the mother of the Wazir) were seized, on a charge of aiding the insuiTCction of Chait Singh. The Raja found an asylum in Gwaliar for 29 years, and died there on the 29th March, a.d. 1810. See Balwant Singh. His estates, with title of Raja, were presented to his nephew Babu jMuhip Narain, grandson of Raja Balwant Singh. [Vide TTarren Hastings ; by Sir A. LyaU, K.C.B.] Chand (j^jl.^-), or Chand, called also Trikala, from his supposed prophetic spirit, was a celebrated Hindu poet or bard. He flom'ished towards the close of the twelfth centiu-y of the Christian era. He may be called the poet laureate of Prithii-aj, the Chauhan emperor of Dehli who, in his last battle with Shahab-uddin GliorT, was taken prisoner and conveyed to Ghazni, where his bard, Chand, followed him. Both perished by their own hands, after the death of their implacable foe, Shahab-uddin. Like the Greek bard. Homer, countries and cities have contended for the honour of having been the place of birth of this the most popular poet of the Hindiis. Dehli, Qanauj, Mahoba, and the Panjab, assert their respective claims, but his own testimony is decisive, whence it appears that he was a native of Lahore. In his Piithin'ij Chauhan R'isa, when enumerat- ing some of the heroes, friends and partizans of his hero, he says, " Niddar was born in Qanauj, Siluk and Jait, the father and son, at Abu ; in Muudava the Parihur, and in Kurrik Kangra the Haoli Rao, in Niigor, Balbhaddar, "and Chand, the bard, at Lahore." Chand Saudagar (^^t)*^ J^jU-), a Bangali merchant. Chand (jjl^). Vide Teik Chand. Chanda Kunwar (,»_;._$' \s.u-=^), also called Jindan Kour ; the wife of Maha- raja Ranjit Singh, of Lahore, and mother of Maharaja Dilip Singh {q.v.). She died at Kensington, 1863. [Fif/e Griffin's i?rt«yF^ Singh, "Rulers of India," also Lady Login's Sir John login and Duleep Singh.'] Chanda i\jS iL-« L\_i-j^), also called Mah-liqa, a dancing girl, or ipieen of Haidara- bud, was a poetess of nincli taste aud merit. She is the author of a Diwan, which was revised by Sher i\IuliamTnad Khan Iinan. In the year a.d. 1799, in the midst of a dance, in CHAN 114 CHAN •which she bore the chief part, she presented a British officer with a copy of her poems, accompauied with the following complimeutarv observations, in the form of the usual gazal: — Since my heart drank from the cup of a fascinating eye, I wonder beside myself, like one whom \\-iue bewilders. Thy searching glances leave nothing unseated ; Thy face, bright as flame, consumes my heart. Thou soughtest a Nazar : I oiier thee my head; Albeit thy heart is not unveiled to me. My eyes fixed on thy lineaments — emotion agitates my soul. Fresh excitement beats impatient in my heart. All that Chanda asks is, that, in either world, Thou wouldst preserve the ashes of her heart by thy side. [Garcin de Tassin informs us that there is a copy of her Diwan in the East India House Library, which she herself presented to Captain Malcolm on the 1st October, a.d. 1799.] Chanda Sahib ( k_^-. U \ \u:>- ) , siirnam e of Husain Dost Klian, a relation of Dost 'Ali Khan, Nawab of Arcot, whose daughter he had married. lie had made his way to the highest offices of the government by the services of his sword, and was esteemed the ablest soldier that had of late years appeared in the Carnatic. He cajoled the queen of Trichi- nopoly, and got possession of the city in a.d. 1736. He was taken prisoner by the Mahrattas on the 26th March, a.d. "l741, and imprisoned in the fort of Sitara, but was released by the intervention of Dupleix in 1748, and appointed Nawab of the Carnatic by Muzaffar Jang. He was put to death in A.D. 1752, 1st Sha'ban, a.h. 1165, by the Mahrattas, and his head sent to ]\[uhammad 'All Khan, made Nawab of Arcot by the English, who reigned for over 40 years. Chandar Bhan {^^i>j J^j j^^), a Brahman of Patifila, well-versed in the Persian language, was employed as a MuushT in the service of the prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of the emperor Shah Jahan. He is the author of several Persian works, i.e., Guldasta, Tuhfat-id- Anwar, Tuhfat-ul- Fus-ha, Majma^-ul-FnqrS, one entitled Char Chaman, another called Manshat Brah- man being a collection of his own letters written to different persons, and also of a Diwan in which he uses the title of Brfilmian for his poetical name. After the tragical death of his employer, he retired to Bauaras where he died in the year a.d. 1662, a.h. 1073. He had also built a house at Agra, of Avhich no traces now remain. Cliand Bibi (Sultana) ( t _j j^JLs-) was the daughter of Ilusain Nizam Shiih I. of Ahmadnagar in the Deccau, sister to Murtaza Nizam Shah, and wife of 'Ali 'Adil Shah I. of Bijapiir. After the death of her husband in a.d. 1580, A.n. 98f<, she had been queen and dowager-regent of the neigh- bouring kingdom of Bijapiir during the minority of her nephew Ibrahim 'Adil Sliiih II. and was one of the most able politicians of her day. The Mughols under prince Mirrad, the son of Akbar, proceeded in November, a.d. 1595, Rabi' II. a.h. 1004, and besieged Ahmadnagar for some months, ■while Chand Sultana defended the place with masculine resolution. At the same time, there being a scarcity of provisions in the Mughol camp, the prince and Ivhan-Klianan thought it advisable to enter into a treaty with the besieged. It was stipulated by Chand BIbi that the prince should keep possession of Berar, and that Ahmadnagar and its dependencies, should remain with her in the name of Bahadur, the grandson of Burhan Shah. She was put to death by a faction in the year a.d. 1599, a.h. 1008. Chandragupta (b^j^ij-), called by the Greeks Sandi'acottus. He seized the kingdom of Magadha, after the massacre of the survivors of the Naida dynasty, whose capital was the celebrated city Pataliputra, called by the Greeks Palibotlira. Married a Greek Princess, daughter of Seleucus Nikator, and was grandfather to Asoka (s'.t'.). ChanduLal {^\^ J!^.Aijs^), a Hindu, who was appointed Diwan to the Nizam of Haidarabad in a.d. 1808. His poetical name is Shadan. He died iu the year a.d. 1863. Changez Khan {^:>~ y^S^^), also called by us Gengis, Jengis, and Zingis, sxii'nameci Tamiijiu, was the son of Yesuki a Ivhan or chief of the tribe of Mughols. He was born in a.d. 1154, a.h. 649, and at the age of 13 he began to reign, but the consjnracies of his subjects obliged him to fly for safety to Avant K]ian, a Tartar prince, whom he supported on his throne, and whose daughter he married. These ties were not binding. Avant Klian joined against Changez, who took signal vengeance on his enemies, and after almost xmexampled vicissitudes he obtained, at the age of 49, a complete victory over all those who had endeavoiu'cd to effect his ruin, and received from the Klians of Tartary the title of K|iriqan in a.d. 1206, a.h. 602, and was declared emperor of Tartary. His capital was Qaraqiu-m. In the space of 22 years he conquered Corea, Cathay (part of China) and the noblest provinces of Asia, and became as renowned a conqueror as Alexander the Great. He died on Sunday the 29th August, a.d. 1227, llamazan, a.h. 624, aged 75 lunar years, leaving his dominions (which extended 1800 leagues from east to west, and 1000 from north to south) properly divided among liis four sons, Jiiji, Oqtai, Chaghtai and Tiili Khiiu. Lui of the Mughol emperors of Tarianj. CHiangcz Klian, 1206. Tuli K[ian, his son, 1227. Oqtai, brother of Tiili, 1241. Tui'kina Kliatun, his wife, regent for 4 years. CHAE 115 CHUE Kayuk Khan, son of Oqtai, 1246. Ogulgan-misli, his wife, regent on his death, 1248. Mangii Khan, son of Tuli Kluin, 1258, clied 1259. After tlie death of Mangfi, the empire of the Mughals was divided into different hranfhes, in China, Persia, in Qapchaq, etc. Khnbhii I\han, the brother of iNIangu Klian, succeeded in China, and founded the Yuen dynasty, 1260. Chaghtai Khan, son of Changez Klian, founded the Chaghtai branch in Trans - oxiana, 1240. Jiiji, son of Changez Khan, founded the Qapchaq d}Tiasty, 1226. [ T'ij^/e Halakii Kjian, I\hubhii Khan, etc.] Char Bagh (iL jl-^), name of a garden constructed by the emperor Babar on the bank of the Jamna, which it is said was also called Hasht Bahisht ; it bore all sorts of fruits ; no traces of this famous garden are left now. Chatrapati Appa Saliib ([j\ •xi\ ::.:>- i-_^=^l-.?), Eaja of Sitae, ■who died in, or a year before, a.d. 1874, whose adopted son was Eaja Ram. Chatr Sal ( JL y-^^), or, according to the author of the Musir-til-Umrd, Satar Sal, was the son of Chait Singh, chief of the Buudelas or inhabitants of Bundel- khand, of which province he was Raja. To secure the independence of his posterity against the encroaching power of the Marhattas, he entered into a close alliance with the Peshwa Baj! Rao I. about the year A.D. 1733, A.H. 1146, and at his demise he bequeathed him a third of his dominions, under an express stipulation that his posterity shoidd be protected by the Peshwa and his heirs. Chatr Sal died a.d. 1735, leaving two sons, Hirde Sah and Jagat Raj. The division of the dominions of Bimdel- khand, bequeathed to the Peshwa, comprised the Mahals of KalpT, Sirounj, Kuuch, Garra Kota, and Hirdaiuagar. Gaugadhar Bala was nominated by the Peshwa as his naib to superintend the collections. Afterwards the principal leaders in Bundelkhaud having fallen in battles, and the ruin of the coimtry having been completed by the subsequent conquest of the Raja of Pauna by Nana Arjiin, the grandson of Bakhat Singh, a descendant of Chatr Sal, it hence became the object of Nana Farnawls, the Piina minister, notwithstanding the stipulations by which the former Peshwa obtained from Chatr Sal one-third of his dominions, to annex the whole of Bundelkhaud to the Marhatta States. For this purpose he gave the investiture of it to 'All Bahadur, son of Shamsher Bahadm-, an illegitimate son of the Peshwa Biiji Rao, whose descendants became Nawabs of Banda. [ Vide Muhammad Klian Bangash.] Chatur Mahal ( J^^ ^-^-=")j ^^^ of the Begams of the ex-king of Oudh. One Qurban 'All, who had held a subordinate position, and was latterly a Sliaristadar under the British Government, suddenly became a rich man by marrying her. lie formed the acquaintance of this young and beautiful woman, and they resolved to be married. But the Begara did not wish the union with a man so inferior to herself to take place where she was known, and so obtained the permission of the Chief Commissioner to leave Oudh on the pretence of making a pilgrimage to Mecca. Once clear of Luckuow, she was joined by Qurban 'All, and made for his home at Bijnaur in Bundelkhaud. Chimnaji 'Apa (LjT ^^1^^.^^), the younger son of the Mahratta chief Raghunath Rao (Raghoba) Avas furtively raised to the masuad at Pima some time after the death of Madho Rao II. the son of Narayan Rayo II. on the 26th May, a.d. 1796; but was deposed afterwards, and succeeded by his elder brother Baji Rao II. who was publicly pro- claimed on the 4th December following. Chin Qalich Khan ( ,l::k ^« ^*^-). C-' (V- cy-v Vide Qulich Kliau. Chin Qalich Khan {^S^ *^l.j .t-j>-), former name of Nizam - ul - Mulk Asaf Jab {q.v.). Churaman (^^j^^), an enterprising Jat who having enriched himself by phm- dering the baggage of tlie emperor 'Alamgir's army on his last march to the Deccan, built the fortress of Bliartpur, fom-teen kos from Agra, with part of the spoil, and became the chief of that tribe. The present Rajas of Bhartpvir are his descendants. He was killed by the Imperial army in the battle which took place between the emperor Muhammad Shah and Qutb-ul-Midk Sayyad 'Abd-ullah Kliau in November, a.d. 1720, MuhaiTam, a.h. 1133. His sou Badau Singh succeeded him. The following is a list of the Rdjas of Bliartpur : — Churaman Jat. Badan Singh, son of Churaman. Surajmal Jat, the son of Badan Singh. Jawahir Singh, the son of Surajmal. Rao Ratan Singh, bi'other of Jawahir Singh. Kehri Singh, the son of Ratan Singh. Nawal Singh, the brother of Ratan Singh. RaujTt Singh, the nephew of Nawal Singh and son of Kehri Singli. Raudhir Singh, the son of Rnnjit Singh. Baldeo Singli, the hrotiu'r of lianillilr Singh. ]]ahvant Singh, the son of Baldeo Singh. Jaswant Singli, the sou of Bahvant Singh aud present Raja of Bhartpiir. D DABI DANI Dabir-ud-daula Amin-ul-Mulk (Na- wab)(c_;^y u_), the first Gacqwar of Baroda. Ilis successor was Pelaji. Damishqi (^^^JLi*-^j), an illustrious Persian poet, named Muhammad Damishqi, who flourished in the time of Fazl, the son of Ahia or Yahia, the Barmecide or Barmaki. Danial Mirza (Sultan) (l;--* JL-jlj (^IULj), the third son of the emperor Akbar. He was born at Ajmir on Wednes- day the loth September, a.d. 1572, and received the name of Danial on accoimt of his having been born in the house of a celebrated Darwesh named Shaikh Danial. His mother was a daughter of Raja Bihari INIal Kachhwaha. After the death of his brother, prince Sultan Murad, he was sent to the Deccan by his father, accompanied by a well appointed army, with orders to occupy all the Nizam Shahi territories. Ahmadnagar was taken in the beginning of the year a.h. 1009, or a.d. 1600'; Sultan Danial died on the 8th April, a.d. 1605, 1st Zil-hijja, a.h. 1013, in the city of Burhiinpiir, aged 33 years and some mouths, owing to excess in drinking. His death and the circumstances connected with it so much affected the king his father, who was in a declining state of health, that he became every day worse, and died not long after. From the chronogram it would seem that the prince Danial died in the year a.h. 1012, or a.d. 1604, a year and six months before his father. Danish ((ji^jlj), poetical name of Mir RazT who died in a.d. 1665, a.h. 1076. Danishmand Khan (^l:>- Su^JL'AS), wlinso ]ir()pcr name was ]\Iuliammad ShafT or Mulla Shafi, was a Persian merchant who came to Surat about the year a.d. 1646, a.h. 1056, from which place he Avas sent for by tlie emperor Shall Jahan. He was soon after raised to the mansab of 3000 and DANI 117 DAEA paymastersliip of the army, with the title of Danishmaud K]iau. In the reign of 'Alamgir he was honored with the mansab of 4000, and after some time to that of 5000, and appointed governor of Shah Jahanabad, where he died in the month of July, a.d. 1670, 10th Rabi I. a.h. 1081. He nsed to speak much about the Christian religion. Bernier, the French Traveller, who accompanied 'Alamgir to Kashmir in 1664, was attached to his suite, and has mentioned him in his Travels. Danishmand Klian (^lr>. J.i,4-^lj), whose original name was Mirza Muhammad, and poetical, Ali, was a native of Shiraz. In the year a.d. 1693, he was honored with the title of Xa'mat Khan, and the superinten- dence of the royal kitchen by the emperor 'Alamgir. After the death of that monarch, the title of Nawab Danishmand Khan Ali was conferred on him by Bahadur Shah, by whose order he had commenced writing a Shahnama or history of the reign of that emperor, but died soon after in the year a.d. 1708, A.H. 1120. [ Vide Xa'mat Klian Ali.] Dara or Darab II. (i^\j\j) ^^Ij), the eighth king of the second or Kaiiinian djmasty of the kings of Persia, was the son of Queen Ilumai, whom he succeeded on the Persian throne. His reign was distinguished by several wars ; particularly one against Philip of Macedon. He reigned 12 years, and was succeeded by his son Dara, or Darab II. Dara or Darab III. ((^\.\j U j) is the celebrated Darius Codomanus of the Greeks. He succeeded his father Dara II. as king of Persia, and was slain in battle against Alex- ander the Great in the year b.c. 331. He was the ninth and last king of the 2nd or Kaianian dynasty of the kings of Persia. [ Vide Achaemenes.] Dara Bakht (Mirza) (1-^ son of Bahadiir Shah, the ex-king of DehlT. His poetical title is Dara, and he is the author of a Diwan. DarabBeg (Mirza) (!j^C--Cj c_?Uj). J'ide Juva. Darab Khan (^U- c-j^J,) commonly called Mirza Darab, was the second son of Abdul Rahim Klian, Khan Klianan. After the death of his eldest brother Shahnawaz Khan in a.d. 1618, a.h. 1027, he was honored with the rank of 5000 by the emperor Jahangir and was appointed governor of Berar and Ahmadnagar in the Deccan. He was also governor of Ikngal for some time, and on his retm-n to ithe Deccan the emperor, being displeased with him on some accoimt, ordered Mahabat I\han to strike off his head, which he did, and sent it to the king. This circumstance took place A.D. 1625, a.h. 1034. Darab Khan (^lU- (^\j\j), son of Muklitar Khan Subzwarl, a nobleman in the service of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died on the 24th June, a.d. 1679, 25th Jumada I. A.H. 1090. Dara Shikoh (^-^.i l^^j), the eldest and favourite sou of the emperor Shah Jahan, was born on the 20th March, o.s. 1615, 29th Safar, a.h. 1024. His mother, Mumtaz Mahal (v. Arjumand), was the daughter of 'Asaf Khiin, wazir, the brother of Nur Jahan Begam. In the 20th year of his age, i.e., in the year a.d. 1633, a.h. 1043, he was married to the princess Xadira, the daughter of his uncle Sultan Parwez, by whom he had two sons, viz., Sulaiman Shikoh and Sipahr Shikoh. In a.d. 1658, during the illness of his father, a great battle took place between him and his brother Am-angzib 'Alamgir for the throne, in which Dara being defeated, was at last obliged to fly towards Sindh, where he was captured by the chief of that country and brought to the presence of Aurangzib, loaded with chains, on a soiTy elephant without housings ; was exposed through all the principal places and then led off to a prison in okl Dehli, where after a few days, in the night of the 29th August, o.s. 1659, 21st Zil-bijja, a.h. 1069, he was mm'dered by the order of Aiu'augzib ; his body exhibited next morning to the populace on an elephant, and his head cut off and carried to the emperor, who ordered it to be placed on a platter, and to be wiped and washed in his presence. When he had satisfied himself that it was the real head of Dara, he began to weep, and with many expressions of sorrow directed it with its corpse to be interred in the tomb of the emperor Humav-un. Sipahr Shikoh, his son, who was also taken captive and brought witli his father, was sent away in confinement to Gwaliar. Sulaiman Shikoh, his eldest son, M-ho, after the defeat of his father had taken refuge in Srinagar for some time, was subsequently, in a.d. 1670, a.h. 1071, given up by the Raja of that place to the officers of Aurangzib and conveyed to Dehli. He was then sent to Gwaliar, where he and his brother Sipahr Shikoh both died within a short space. Dara Shikuli is the author of the work called Safhiat-Hl-Aitlia, an abridg- ment of the Life of Muliammad, with a circumstantial detail of his wives, children, and companions, etc., also of a work entitled Majma^ - ul - Bahrain {i.e., the uniting of both seas), in which he endeavours to reconcile the Brahman religion with tlie Muhammadan, citing passages from the Quran to prove the several points. In 1656 he likewise, with the same intent, caused a Persian translation to be made by the Bralimans of Banaras, of the Apnilvhat, a ^\•ork in the Sanskrit language, of which the DAED 118 DATJD title sinjnifies " the word tlmt is not to be said ;" meanini;^ the secret that is not to be revealed. This book he named Sarr-i-Asrdr, or Secret of Secrets ; but his enemies took advantaive of it to traduce him in the esteem of his father's ]\luhammadan soldiers, and to stitrmatize him with the epithets of Kafir and lififizl (unbeliever and blasphemer), and fiuallv effeoted his ruin ; for Am-an.nzib his brother made a pretence of that, and con- sequently had all his bigoted jSIuhammadaus to join him. Auquetil du Perron has a^iven a translation of this work, in two larije volumes in quarto, on wliich a very good critique may be foimd in the Second Number of the Edinhnrgh Revieiv. There is also a copy of the Persian version of this work in i^e' British Mnseiim, with a IMS. translation, made by N. B. Halhed. The authorship of other works has been ascribed to this prince. His poetical name was Qadiri. Catrou says that Darii died a Christian. \_Turlis in India. Chap, v.] Dard (Mir) ( ^ ji.j) is tlie poetical name of K}iwaja Muhammad Mir of Dehli, a son of Khwaja Nasir who was one of the greatest Shaikhs of the age. Dard was the greatest poet of his time. He was formerly in the army, but he gave xip that profession on the advice of his father and led the life of a devotee. When during the fall of Dehli everybody fled from the city, Dard remained in poverty contented with his lot. He was a Sufi and "a good singer. A crowd of musicians used to assemble at his house on the 22nd of every month. Some biographers say that he was a disciple of Shah Gulshan, meaning Shaikh Sa'd-ullah. Besides a Diwau in Persian and one in Eekhta, he has written a treatise on Siifiism called Risala TFih-id'it. He died on Thursday the 3rd January, a.d. 1785, 2tth Safar, a.h. 1199. List of his Works. All Nala-wa-Dard. All Sard. Dard Dil. Ilm-ul-Kitab. Dlwan in Persian. Dlwan in Urdu. Dardmand (j,.:^.^^^^), poetical name of Muhammad Taqih of Dehli, who was a pupil of Mirza Jan Jauan Mazhar, aud the author of a Saciiuama and of a Diwan. He died at Murshidabad in the year a.d. 1762, A.H. 1176. Daria Iliniad Shall (il.^ j ^^ . Ij'LO, a poet who wrote beautiful Persian verses. Dattaji Sindhia (tUiA:.-.-: ^:5-lj!_^), son of Rauaji and brother of Jaiapa Sindhia, a Mabrntta chief who had a cavalry of 80,000 horse under him, and was slain in battle against Ahmad Shah Abdali in the month of January, A.D. 1760, Jumada II. a.h. 1173, a year before the death of Bhaii, the famous Mahratta chief. [Vide Ranaji Siudhia.] Daud Bidari (Mulla) (^.jk.->j t3jL>), a native of Bidar in the Deccan. When twelve years of age, he held the oflice of i)age and seal-bearer to Sultan Muhammad Shah Bahmani I. king of Deccan about the year A.D. 1368, A.H. 770. He is the author of the 'TaJi fat-US- Saldtin Bahmani. Daud Khan Faruqi ( ^JJi.li ^)l^ c>j^^O succucdod his brother Mirfiu GhanI to the throne of Khandesh in September, a.d. 1503, DAUD 119 DAWA 1st Jumada I. a.h. 916, reigned seven years and died on Wednesday the 6th August, a.d. 1510. He was succeeded by 'Ailil Khan FarquI II. Daud Khan QuresM ( JLt Jj^lr^ JiLO son of Bhikan Khan, was an officer of 5000 in the reign of the emperor 'Ahimglr. In the year a.d. 1670, a.h. 1081, he was appointed governor of Allahabad. Daud Khan Panni ( x> jo^^ '^j^'-^X son of Kjiizir Ivhan PanuT, a Pathiin officer, was renowned throughout India for his reckless courage, and his memory still survives in the tales and proverbs of the Deccan. He served several years imder 'Alamglr, and when Bahadur Shah, on his departure from the Deccan, gave the viceroyalty of that kingdom to the Amir-al-Umi'a, Zulfikar Klian, as that chief could not be spared from court, he left the admiuistratiou of the governmeut to Daiid Khau, who was to act as his lieutenant. In the reign of FaiTukh-siyar, when the Amir-ul-Umra Husaiu 'Ali Khiin marched towards Deccan, Daiid Khan received secret orders from the emperor to oppose and cut him off. Accordingly when the Amir-ul- Umra arrived at Burhaupiir, Daiid Khan, who regarded himself as the hero of his age, prepared to receive him. The engagement was very bloody ou both sides ; a matchlock ball struck Daiid Khau, and he fell down dead on the seat of his elephant. This event took place in the year a.d. 1715, a.h. 1127. Daud Qaisari (Shaikh) {^j^^ (.".^J i:"^*^), author of another commentary called Sharah HadJs-iil-Arba'hi, besides the one written by Birgili. He died a.d. 1530, A.H. 751. Daud Shah Bahmani (Sultan) (jj^j jjILLj i^-^^, i^), the son of Sultan 'Alii-uddin Hasan, ascended the throne of Deccan, after assassinating his nephew Mujahid Shah on the 14th April, a.d. 1378, 21st Muharram, a.h. 780. He reigned one month and five days, and was murdered on the 19th May, the same year in the mosque at Kulbarga where he went to say his prayers. He was succeeded by his brother Mahmiid Shah I. Daud Shah (^\j^ *l-w tJ^jL^), a king of Gujrat, who was placed on the throne after the death of his nephew Qutb Shah in a.d. 1-139, and was deposed after seveu days, when Mahmiid Shah, another nephew of his, a youth of only 14 years of age, was raised to the throne. Daud Shah (il^ ^^j^^), the youngest son of Sulaimau Qiraiii, succeeded to the kiugdnm of Bun«'al after the death of his eldest brother Baiazul in the year a.d. 1573, a.h. 981. This prince was much addicted to sensual excesses ; and the propensity was rendered more degrading by his inclination to associate with persons of low origin and mean connections, by whom he was induced to attack the frontiers of the kingdom of Dehli, He had several skirmishes with Munaim Klian, Khan Kjianan, governor of Jaimpiir, who was subsequently joined by his master, the emperor Akbar, when an obstinate battle took place ou the 30th July, a.d. 1575, 21st Kabi II. a.h. 983, in which Daiid Shah was defeated and obliged to retire to a fort on the borders of Katak. After this a peace was concluded, by which Daud Shah was invested with the government of Orisa and Katak, and the other provinces of Bengal were occupied by Mimaim Kliiin in the name of the emperor. The year of this event is commemorated in a Persian Hemistich. After the death of Muuaim Kb an, which took place the same year at Lakhnauti, Daud Khan re-took the pi'ovinces of Bengal, but was soon attacked by Ivhan Jahan Turkman, who was appointed governor, when after a severe engagement Daiid Klian was taken prisoner, and suffered death as a rebel. From that period, the kiugdom of Bengal was subdued, aud feU under the subjection of the emperor Akbar. Thus ended the rule of the Piii-bi or independent eastern kings of Bengal. Daud Tai (^-Ll? <-^^j), a Musalman doctor who was master of several sciences. He had served Abii Hanifa for 20 years, and was one of the disciples of Habib RaT. He was contemporary with Fazail Aiaz, Ibrahim Adham and Ma'riif Karkhi, and died in the reign of the khalif Al-Mahdi, the son of Al-Mansiir, about the year A.D. 781 or 782, a.h. 164 or 165. Daulat Rao Sindhia (^\j cl^J^J A_^_i>A_:^_-_~;), son of Anandi Rao, nephew to Madhoji, by whom he was adopted. Made war against the British, 1803, but was beaten in one campaign ; died A.D. 1827. iVide Doulat Rfio.] Dawal Devi (i_^Vt^ Jj^'^X or Dewal Devi. [ Vide Kaula Devi.] Dawani ( ^_j1,j), the philosopher, whose proper name is Jalal-uddin Muham- mad Asa'd Aldawiini, the son of Sa'd-uddin Asa'd Dawani. He lioiu-ished in the reign of Sultan Abii Sa'id and died, according to Haji Klialfa, in the year a.h. 908 (correspondiug with a.d. 1502.) He is the author of the S/mrah Eawkal, AW), the ancestor of the Kachhwaha Rajas of Ambir or Jaipur ; he lived about the year a.d. 967. Dhundia Wagh (i^^^j Aj JJ^J^J), the free-booter, who had for several years with a formidable baud, pillaged and laid waste the frontiers of Mysore. This robber assumed the lofty title of king of the two worlds, and aimed, doubtless, at carving out for himself some independent principality, after the example of Haidar 'Ali, in whose service he originally commenced his adventurous career. Subsequently he incurred the displeasure of TTpii Sultan, who chained him like a wild beast to the walls of his dungeons in Serang- apatam, from which "durance vile" he was liberated by the English soldiers after the taking of Serangapatam. He proceeded to threaten Mysore with 5,000 cavalry. The Govern- ment of Mackas instructed Colonel Wellesley to piu'sue him wherever he could be found and to hang him on the first tree. His sub- jugation and subsequent death (in 1800) with the extirpation of his formidable band of free- booters, relieved the English Government from an enemy who, though by no means equal to Haidar and Tipii, might eventually have afforded considerable annoyance. Dil (Jo), poetical name of Zorawar Kjuiu of Sirkar Kol. He is the author of a Diwiin aud a few Masnawis. Dilami (^^I'o) and SamanI were two dpiasties which divided between them the kingdom of Persia towards the beginning of the 10th centiu'y. They both rose to power tlirough the favour of the Khallfs of Ba gh dad, but they speedily threw off the yoke. The DILA. 121 DILR Dilami divided into two branches, exercised sovereign authority in Kirmiiu, Iraq, Fiiris, Khuzistan, and Laristan, always acknowledg- ing their nominal dependence on the l\lialTli, and during the whole period of their rule, one of the southern branch of this family was vested with the dignity of Amir-ul-Umra, or vizir, and managed the affairs of the Ivhalif ate. Several of the Dilami were able and wise riders, but Mahmiid of Gliazui put an end to the rule of the northern branch in a.d. 1029, and the Saljuqs subjugated the southern one in A.D. 1056, by the capture of Baghdad, their last stronghold. Their more powerful rivals, the Samani, had obtained from the Klialif the government of Transoxiana in a.d. 874 ; and to this, Isma'il the most celebrated prince of the family, speedily added Ivhwarizni, Ealkh, Kliurasan, Sistan, and many portions of northern Turkistan. Rebellions of pro- vincial governors distracted the Samauida monarchy towards the end of the 10th ceutiu-y; and in a.d. 999 their dominions north of Persia were taken possession of by the Klian of Kiislighar, the Persian provinces being added by Mahmud of Gliazui to his dominions. See Samani. Dilawar Khan C^U- j^'^'^^' founder of the d\Tiasty of the Muhammadan kings of Malwa. The Hindu histories of tJie kingdom of Malwa go back as far as the reign of Eaja Bikarmajit, whose accession to that kingdom has given rise to an era which commences 57 years before Christ. After him reigned Raja Bhoj and many others who are all mentioned among the Rajas of Hindiistan. During the reign of Ghayas- uddin Balban, king of Dehli in the year a.d. 1310, A.H. 710, the Muhammadaus first invaded and conquered the provinces of Malwa ; after which it acknowledged allegi- ance to that crown until the reign of Muhammad Shah Tug|ilaq II. a.d. 1387, A.H. 789. At this period Dilawar Klian, a descendant on his mother's side from Sultan Shahilb-uddin Ghori, was appointed governor of Malwa, previously to the accession of Muhammad Takhlaq, and he subsequently established his independence. In the year A.D. 1398 A.H. 801, MahmM Shah, king of Dehli, being driven from his throne by Amir Taimur (Tamerlane), made his escape to Gujrat, and then to Malwa, where he remained three years, after which, in a.d. 1401, A.H. 804, he, at the instance of the Dehli nobles, quitted Malwa, in order to resume the reins of his own government. Dilawar Khan shortly afterwards assumed royalty and divided his kingdom into estates among his officers whom he ennobled. Dilawar Khiin on assuming independence, took up his residence in Dhar, which place he considered as the seat of his government, but he fre- quently visited the city of Mando, remaining there sometimes for months together. He only survived his assumption of the royal titles a few years ; for in the year a.d. 1405, A.H. 808, he died suddenly, and his son Alp Khan ascended the tlirone under the title of Sultan llushau": Shah. Includinir Dilawar Khan eleven princes reigned in Malwa till the time of the emperor Ilumayim, whose son Akbar eventually subdued and attached it to the Dehli government. Their names are as follow : 1. Dilawar Khan Ghori. 2. Hushang Shah, son of Dilawar. 3. Sultan Muhammad Shah. 4. Sultan Mahmud I. Khilji, styled the Great, son of Malik Mughis. 5. Ghayas-uddin Kliilji. 6. Xasir-uddin. 7. Mahnmd II. 8. Bahadur Shah, king of Gujrat. 9. Qadar Shah. 10. Shujaa' Khan, and 11. Baz Bahadur, son of Shujaa' Khan. Dilawar Klian {^J.:^ j^^^)) a noble- man of the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan, was the son of Bahadur Khan Rohila. He died at Kabul in the year a.d. 1658, a.h. 1068. Dildar Aga (liT j^j»!j\ one of the wives of the emperor Babar, and mother of Mirza Handul. Diler Himmat Khan {^Jd>~. ^ji-^AJb J j), original name of Xawab Muzaffar Jang of Farrukhabad, which see. Diler Khan (^l^ JS), a Daudzal Afghan, whose proper name was Jalal Klian. He was the younger brother of Bahadur Khan Rohila, and one of the best and bravest generals of the emperor 'Alamgir. He held the rank of 5,000, and died in'the year a.d. 1683, A.H. 1094, in the Deccan. Diler Khan (^A_rL y---!^), title of 'Abdul Raiif , the son of ' Abdid Karim, formerly in the service of the king of Bijapiir. After the conquest of that country, he joined 'Alamgir and received the title of Diler Khan and the mansab of 7,000. He died in the reign of Bahadiu- Shah in the Deceau, where he held a jagir. Dilip Singh U^:^ '-rr^'^^^ Maharaja, often miscalled by Eiu'opeans " Dhideep Sing," the son of Rani Chanda Kunwar [q.v.). He became titular ruler of the Panjab a.d. 1843, but was deposed by Dalhousie 1848; became a Christian and .settled for some years in England. Married an Egj-j^tian lady, by whom he had issue. Went to India, alleging grievances against the Government, but was not allowed to land. Abjured Christianity and declared himself a foe to the British race. "Was living on the Continent in 1890. [ Vide Lady Login's book cited above.] Dilras Bano Begam (*^ ylj jj*.Jj), daughter of Shahnawaz Klifm Safwl, the sou of Mirza Rustam Kandhari, and wife of tlio emperor 'Alamgir. Slie had anotiu'r sister who was married to Murad Bakhsh, brother of 'Alamgir. DILS 122 DOUL Dilshad Khatun (^^jL>. jLaJl)), daun-hter of Aniir Damisliq, the sou of Amir Jiil)au or Jovian, ami wife of Sultau Abii Sa'id Ivl^ifm. Ainlr llasaii Biizurg-, after the death of the Sultan iu a.d. 1335, took possession of Baghdad and married her, but the reigns of goveruuieut remaiued iu her hands. Dilsoz (j._-^Jj), poetical title of KhairatI Kjiuu, a poet who lived about the year 1800. Din Muhammad Klian (a.4^-^'* ^J (^Iri-), the son of Jam Beg Sultan, and 'Abd-uUah I\han Uzbak's sister, was raised to the throue of Samarqaud after the death of 'Abdul Momiu K]ian, the sou of 'Abd-ullah Kliau, iuA.D. 1598, a.h. lOOG. He was wounded in a battle fought agaiust Shah 'Abbas the Great, king of Persia, and died shortly after. Diwan (^U_o), a collection of odes. The word is of frequent occurrence in Persian literature. Diwana ( ruler of Kaljul and (iaudabfir, was one of the brothers of Fatha Klian, the celebrated wazir of Mahuiiid, ruler of Hlrat and chief of the Barakzal clan. He was the most powerful chief in Alghrmistan, and had for some years previous to the restoration of Shah Shujaa'-ul-Mulk by the British in 1838, ruled that country. He was taken to Calcutta during the war, as related below ; but his son Akbar Khan (q.v.) defeated and for a time expelled the invaders and killed Shujaa' (q.v.). The following is a summary of the Dost's career : — • Ou the death of this prince. Dost Muham- mad again assumed the reins of government. On the base and cruel murder of Fatha Khan by Mahmiid, at the instigation of I'riuce Kamrau, his brothers revolted from their allegiance imder the guidance of Azim Klian, the governor of Kashmir, and di'ove Mahmud and his sou Kamrau from Kabul. Azim Khan in the first instance offered the vacant throue to Shah Shujaa', but offended by some personal slight withcbew his support, and placed iu his room, Aiyiib, a brother of Shah Shujaa', who was content to take the trappings with the power of royalty. On Azim KJiau's death, his brothers dissatisfied with their position conspired against his son, Habib- ullfili Kliau, and seizing his person, by threats of blowing him from a gun, induced his mother to deliver up the residue of Azim Kliau's immense wealth. Aiyiib's sou was killed in these disputes, and he himself, alarmed by these scenes of violence, fled to Lahore. Dost Muhammad Khan, the most talented of the brothers, then took possession of the throne and became de facto kiug of Kabul. Sher Dil Kjian, accompanied by four brothers, carried oli about half a uiilliou sterling of Azim Khan's money, and seated himself in Kandahar as an independent chieftain. He and one of his brothers died some years ago ; and Kandahar was until lately ruled by Kohan Dil I\han, assisted by his two surviving brothers llahira Dil and Mir Dil. In the year 1839 the British army entered Kabul and placed Sh;ih Shujaa'-ul- Mulk on the throne on the 8th May, and Dost Muhammad Kliiiu surrendered to the Britisli Envoy and Minister in Kabul on the 4tli November, after having defeated the 2nd Bengal Cavalry, who were disbanded for their behaviour in the action of Parwan Darra. He was subsequently sent down to Calcutta, where he arrived, accompanied by one of his sous, ou the 23rd May, 1841. lie was set free iu November, 1842, and retm'ued to Kabul , where he reigned as before till his death, which took place on the 9th June, a.d. 1863, 31st Zil-hijja, a.h. 1279 ; his youngest son Amir Sher Ali succeeded him. Doulat Khan Lodi (^4> J li;^ LT-JiJ), who, according to J^irishti, was an Af gh an by birth, originally a private Secretary, who after passing through various offices was raised by Sultan Mahmud Tughhuj, and attained the title of 'Aziz Mumalik. After the death of Mahmud, the nobles raised him to the throne of Dehll in April, a.d. 1413, Mubarram, a.m. 816. In March, 1414, loth DOUL 123 DURG J,^^), Eabi I. A.H. 817, Ivhizir Khan, governor oi Multiin, invaded Dehli, and after a siege of four months obliged Doulat KliJin on the 4th June, U14, Jamada I. a.h. 817, to sur- reudur. He was instantly confined in the fort of Firozabad, where he died after two months. Doulat Klian Lodi (j^J.l ^lU who invited Babar Shah to India, was a descendant of the race of that name, who heretofore reigned at Dehli. He was a poet and a man of learning. He died a short time before Babar conqured Dehli, i.e. iu the year a.d. 1526, a.h. 923. Doulat Khan Lodi Shahu Khail (J-.:5- ^jtl-i i^JjS ^1:5- LI— Ijj) was the father of the rebel Khan Jahan Lodi. He served under Mirza 'Aziz Koka, 'Abdul Eahim Khan Khauan, and Prince Danial for several vears, and was raised to the rank of 2,000. He died in the Deccan a.d. 1600, A.H. 1009. Doulat Rao SindMa (Maharaja) (i).==-^.L^ i'^su^ ^\j a Rohila chief, and son of Ali Muhammad Klian, the founder of the Rohila Government. In the partition of lands which were assigned to the chiefs, in the time of Hafiz Rahmat Kjian, Dundey Klian ol)tained the districts of Bisanii, Muradabiid, Chandpur and Sambhal in Rohilkhand. He cUed previous to the Rohila war which took place in a.d. 1774, leaving three sous, the eldest of whom, Muhib- ullah Khiin, succeeded to the largest portion of his territories. Dunyapat Singh (Raja) ), Durgawati (Rani) (^-"i 15-*;^ the daughter of the Goud Raja of l\[ahnlia, who was much celebrated for her siugidar DURG 124 DUEG beauty. Overtures had been made for an union with Dalpat Sah, Raja of Sinjralgurh (which is situated on the brow of a hill that commands a pass on the road about halfway between Garda and Sang-ar) ; but the proposal was rejected on the ground of a previous engagement, and some inferiority of caste on the part of the Garha family, who M'ere of the race of the Chandeil rajpiits. Dalpat Sab was a man of uucommouly fine appearance, and this, added to the celebrity of his father's name and extent of his dominions, made DurgawatI as desirous as himself for the union, but he was by her given to understand, that she miist be relinquished or taken by force, since the difference of caste would of itself be otherwise an insurmountable obstacle. He marched with all his troops he could assemble, met those of her father and his rival, — gained a victory and brought off Dm'gawati as the prize to the fort of Singalgurh. Dalpat Sah died four years after their marriage, leaving a son named Bir Narayan about three yeai'S of age, and his widow as regent during his minority. Asaf l\han, the imperial viceroy at Kara Mfioikpur on the Ganges in the province of Allahriljad, invited by the prospect of appropriating so fine a country and so much wealth as she was reputed to possess, invaded her dominions in the year a.d. 1564, at the head of 6,000 cavalry and 12,000 well disciplined infantry, with a train of ai'tillery. He was met by the EanI at the head of her troops, and an action took place in which she was defeated. She received a wound from an arrow in the eye ; and her only son, then about 18 years of age, was severely wounded and taken to the rear. At this moment she received another arrow in the neck ; and seeing her troops give way and the enemy closing roimd her, she snatched a dagger from the driver of her elephant, and plunged it in her own bosom. Her son was taken off the field and was, unperceived by the enemy, conveyed back to the palace at Churagarh, to which Asaf Klian returned immediately after his victory and laid siege. The yormg prince was killed in the siege; and the women set fire to the palace under the apprehension of suffering dishonour if they fell alive into the hands of the enemy. Two females are said to have escaped, the sister of the queen, and a young princess, who had been betrothed to the young prince Bir Karayan ; and these two are said to have been sent to the emperor Akbar. In this district of Jabbalpur the marble rocks and the palace called Madan Mahal are worth seeing. There is some doggrel rhyme about this palace which is not generally known, though of some interest. This building stands on a single granite boulder, and was constructed by the Goud princess Bani Duragawati at the time of the jMulunnmadan invasion of Central India. Years after the cession of the country to the British, a wag of a Pandit wrote on the entrance door of the palace the following lines : Madan Mahal ke chhaiu me, Do tangon ke bich, Garsi nan lakh rupl, Aur sone ka do int. Translation — In the shade of Madan Mahal, Between two boulders. There are buried nine lakhs of rupees And two bricks of gold. It did not take long for the news of the appearance of this ^vTiting on the door to spread abroad, and the very person to fall a dupe to the Pandit's trick was Captain Wheatley, at that time a Political Assistant at Jabalpiir. lie nuistered some peons and labourers, and having proceeded to the spot commenced digging for the treasm-e on the part of Government. The native lady, in whose possession were the village lands on which the palace stood, came rushing down to the Agent to the Governor- General and represented that she was being plundered of her treasure by Captain Wheatley. "Pagli" replied Sir AVm. Sleeman, " he is as mad as you are ; the Pandit would not have divulged the secret were it of much value." Many years have since elapsed, and many others not possessed of Sir "William's wisdom have fallen dupes to the Pandit's poetical trick ; and, but for the very dm'able nature of the martas, there have been enough excavations made in and about the building to raze it to the ground. E EGYP EKKO Egypt, Kings of. Vide Moizz-li-diii- allah Abi Tamim Ma'd. Ekkoji (5^X0, the founder of the Tanjore family, was the son of Shahji Bhosla, the brother of Siwajl, but from another . consort. The principality of Tanjore was one of the oldest in the Mahratta confederacy, of which province Ekkoji obtained possession in A.D. 1678. [ 1lde Letter Y.] F FAGH FAIZ Faghfur ( ,^iAj), the general name of the kings of China. Faghfur Yezdi (>-io^ ^^JJj jjAki), (Hakira), a physician and poet of Persia, born at Yezd. He is the author of a Dlwan or Book of Odes, and has written several panegjTics in praise of the kings of Persia. He came to India in a.d. 1603, a.h. 1012, and was employed by prince Parwez, and died at Allahabad about the year a.d. 1619, A.H. 1028. Fahmi Kirmani (Maulana Sadr-uddin Muhammad) (Ijjj^ ^L#^.^ Li-^-l-* iX^.s'* ^_Jk!i . Jk*fl), a poet "who is the author of a Masnawi called Surat-wa-Ma'am, and also of some Qasidas, Gliazals, Satires, etc. He died in the year a.d. 1584, a.h. 993, in the fort of Tabrez, dming the time it was besieged by the Tiu'ks. Faiq i^\\i), or Payeq, poetical name of Moulwi Muhammad Faiq, author of the work called JUakhzan-ul-Fawatd. Faiz (j_^_li), or Fayez, poetical name of Shaikh Muhammad Faiz, a pupil of Muhammad Sa'id Ayaz. He is the author of a short Diwan, and was probably living in a.d. 1724, a.h. 1136. Faiz (^^^), the distinguished mystical philosopher and theologist, Mulla Mulisin of Kashau, commonly called Akhiiud P^aiz. He flourished under Shah 'Abbas II. of Persia, who treated him with great respect. He has written a great number of books, of which Kitdb 'Asafi, and Kitdb Safl are two Commentaries on the Quran. He died at Kashan in the time of Sliah Sulaiman of Persia, and his tomb is a place of pilgrimage. Faiz (^_^^i-j), poetical title of Mir Faiz 'All, an Urdu poet of Delili. His father, Mir Muhammad Taqi, was also an elegant poet, and had assumed the title of Mir for his poetical name. Both Faiz 'All and his father were living at Dehli in the year a.d. 1785, A.H. 1196. Faiz i^^i), a pupil of Mirza QatTl, and author of a poetical work contaiuing amorous songs in Persia, called DhcCoi Faiz. He was living in the time of Muhammad 'Ali Shah, king of Luckuow, about the year a.d. 1840, A.H. 1256. Faiz (^jaJ), poetical title of Faiz-ul- Hasan of Saharaupiir, author of the Hauzat- nl-Faiz, a poem composed in a.d. 1847, A.H. 1263. Faizi ( ^_^_<._i), of Sarhind. Vide Alahdad. Faizi Kirmani ( jL^^ ^^^jL-), a poet who rendered the Tazkira of Doulat Shah in Persian verses iu the time of the emperor Akbar, and altered the division of the original, making ten periods instead of seven. \_Vide Lutfullah Muhammad Muhaddis.] Faizi (Shaikh) {-^-^ ^-^i^^, whose proper name was Abii'l Faiz, was the son of Shaikh ]\Iubarik of Nagor, and eldest brother or Shaikh Abii'l FazI, prime-minister and secretary to the emperor Akbar Shah. He was born on the 16th September, a.d. 1547, 1st Shaban, a.h. 954, and was first presented to Akbar in the 12th year of his reign, and introduced his brother Abu'l Fazl six years later. After the death of the poet laureate Ghizali of Mashhad, about the year a.d. 1572, or some years after, or, according to the Mdsir-ul- Umrd, in the 33rd year of the emperor, Faizi was honoured with the title of Malik-ush-Shua'rd, or king of poets. In history, philosophy, in medicine, in letter writing, and in composition, he was without a rival. His earlier compositions in verse bear his titular name of Faizi, which he subsequently dignified into Fuiyazi, but he survived to enjoy his last title only one or two months, and then met liis death. Being desirous of rivalling the Kliamsa or the five poems of Nizami, he wrote iu imitation of them his Markaz Adwdr, Sidniinan and Bilkais, Nal Daman, Haft Kiskicdr, and Akbar ISama. The story of Nal Daman is an episode of the Mahabharat, which he translated into Persian verse at the command of the emperor Akbar. He was the first Musalmau that applied himself to a diligent FAIZ 126 FAKH study of Hindu, literature and science. Besides Sanskrit works in poetry and philo- sophy, he made a version of the Blja (Jaiiitd and L'lldwatl of Bhaskar Acharya, the best Hebrew works on Algebra and Arithinetic. He was likewise author of a great deal of original poetry, and of other works in Persian. He composed an elaborate Commentary upon the Qiu'au, making use of only those 13 out of the 28 letters of the Alphabet which have no dots, and which he named Saicdta^-td- llhdm ; a copy of this extraordinary monument of wasted laboiu- (says Elliot) is to seen in the Library of the East India House. There is also another book of the same description which he wrote and called Mawarid-ul- Ealam._ FaizI suffered from asthma and died at Agra on Saturday the 4th October, o.s. 1595, 10th Safar, a.h. 1004, aged 49 lunar years and some months ; and, as many supposed him to have been a deist, several abusive chronograms were written on the occasion, of which the follow- ing is one — " The Shaikh was an infidel." There is also an Insha or collection of Letters which goes after liis name. His mother cbed in January, a.d. 1590, a.h. 998, and his father in August, a.d. 1593, Zeqa'd, a.h. 1001. He was a profound scholar, well versed in Arabic literatm-e, the art of poetry and medicine. He was also one of the most Toluminous writers that India has produced and is said to have composed 101 books. Faizi had been likewise employed as teacher to the princes ; he also acted as ambassador. Thus in a.h. 1000 he was in the Deccan, from whence he wrote the letter to the historian Budaoni, who had been in temporary disgrace at Court. [Vide Ai)i Translalio)i, i. 490.] Faiz-ullah Anju (Mir) (.sT^^ dIS\ j_^^ j^), a QazI who presided on the seat of justice in the reign of Sultan Mahmud Bahmani, king of Deccan, who reigned from a.d. 1378 to 1397, a.h. 780 to 799. He was a good poet, and a contem- porary of the celebrated Kliwaja Ilafiz. Once presenting the Sultan with an ode of his own composition, he was rewarded with a thousand pieces of gold, and permitted to retire, covered with honours, to his own country. Faiz-ullah Khan (^l-i- aill j^-i), chief of the Eohelas and Jagirdar of Efunpur, was the son of 'All Muhammad K]ian Eohela. After the battle of Kutra in a.d. 1774, he retired to the Kamaon hills. By the treaty under Colonel Champion, he had. a territory allotted to him of the annual value of 14 lakhs of rupees. He chose the city of Rampur as the place of his residence, and after an un- interrupted and prosperous administration of 20 years, he died in September, a.d. 1794, Safar, a.h. 1209, and was succeeded by his eldest sou Muhammad 'All l\han. This prince, in the course of a few days, in 1794 was imprisoned and assassinated by his younger brother Glmlam Muhammad, who forcibly took possession of the government. The English, having espoused the cause of Ahmad All, the infant son of the murdered prince, defeated and took Ghulam Muhammad prisoner at Bithom-a. He was conveyed to Calcutta, where, under pretence of going on a pilgrim- age to Mecca, he embarked on board a ship, probably lauded at one of the ports in Tipii Sultan's dominions, and thence made his way to the court of Kabul in a.d. 1797, a.h. 1212, where, united with the agents of Tipii in clamours against the English, he urged Zaman Shah, the son of Taimiir Shah, to invade Hindustan, promising that, on his approach to DehlT, he should be joined by the whole tribe of Eohelas. The Nawab Ahmad All Khan died about the year a.d. 1839, A.H. 1255. After the death of Ahmad All Klian, Muhammad Said Khan ascended the Masnad in 1840 ; after him Muhammad Yusuf All Kjian succeeded in 1855, who was living iu 1872. Fakhri (|_j .s*), son of j^Iaulana Sultan Muhammad Amiri of Herat. He is the author of the Jawdhir-ul-^ Jjdeb, Gems of Curiosities, being a biography of poetesses. He informs us that with the intention to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca, he came during the reign of Shah Tahmasp Iliisaini to Siadh ; the ruler of that country was then Isa TLirkhan (who died about the year a.d. 1566, A.H. 974). Ilahi the poet calls the above-mentioned work Tazkirat-ul-Nisd. He is also the author of the Tahfat-ul-Eahib, a collection of Glmzals from the best authors. Fakhri (^ .s'*), a Persian poet who wrote a Dlwan of 10,000 verses in which he imitated most of the ancient masters, but as he had not much education he was not acknow- ledged by other poets. He dug a grave for himself outside the Isfahan Gate and made himself a tombstone, and visited his grave every Friday. He was living in a.d. 1585, a.h. 993. Fakhr-ud-daula (A!jjv!V^.sr), title of Abii'l Hasan 'All, a Sultan of the race of Buya, was the son of Sultan Kuku-ud-daula. He was born in a.d. 952, a.h. 341, and succeeded his brother Mowaiyad-ud-daula to the throne of Fersia in January, a.d. 984, Sha'bau, a.h. 373. He was a cruel prince, reigned 14 years, and died in August, a.d. 997, Sha'bau, a.h. 387. He was succeeded by his son Majd-ud-daida. Fakhr-ud-danla (a!^a!1^.s:-'), a noble- man who was governor of Patna in the reign of Muhammad Shah, emperor of Dehli ; he held that situation till the year a.d. 1735, A. II. 1148, when it Avas taken away from him and confi'rred upon Shujaa'-uddin Nawab of Bengal, in addition to that government, and of the province of Urissa. PAKH 127 FAKH Fakhr-uddin (^,jjjt i:*), one of the princes of the Druses, who, eiirly in the 17th ceutiu-y, conceived the idea of rendering him- self independent of the Porte. He was betrayed, carried a prisoner to Constantinople, ■where he was strangled by order of Sultan Miu-ild IV. in a.d. 1631, a.h. 1011. Faklir-uddin Abu Mtihammad-bin- Ali az-Zailai (_\.^.^'« ^A ^jkJL.s-' *l1 "3 ljS Lif'^' ^^t^^or of a Com- mentary on the Kanz-nl-Baqiieq entitled Ta'ba'in-ul-Haqdeq, which is in great repute in India, on account of its upholding the doctrines of the Hanafi sect against those of the followers of Shafa'i. He died in a.d. 1342, A.H. 743. Fakhr-uddin Bahman (Malik) { sr t—xL* ^j^ (.til-^^^^ third Sultan of the djTiasty of Kart or Kard, was the son of Malik Shams-uddiu Kart II. whom he succeeded to the throne of Herat, Balkh and Ghaznl in September, a.d. 1305, a.h. 705. He was contemporary with Sultan Aljaitii, surnamed Muhammad Kliuda Banda, king of Persia, who sent an army against him which he defeated. He died about the beginning of the year a.d. 1307, a.h. 706, and was succeeded by his brother Malik Ghayas-uddiu Kart I. who died in a.d. 1329. ^.::^1,-') Bukhari He Fakhr-uddin Ismat-ullah died in a.d. 1426, a.h. 829 [ Vide Asmat.] Fakhr - uddin Junan (Malik) ( .sr* C_isL« jjw*i>- mJ:1>^')> eldest son of Sultan Ghayas-uddin Tugblaq Shall I. On the accession of his father to the throne of Dehli, he was declared heir-apparent, with the title of Ulagh Khan, and all the royal ensigns conferred upon him. The names of his other brothers were Baliram Klian, Zafar Khan, Mahmud Klian and Nasrat Klian. After the death of his father in a.d. 1325, a.h. 725, he succeeded him with the title of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq I. Fakhr - uddin Kha'lidi (Maulana) (Ij^^^ ^5A!l^^ i^tJw\ll^.s-), -who was commonly called " Bihishfi," is the author of a work called SJiarah-Fardez. He was the master of Maulana Mo 'in -uddin JawTni. Fakhr-uddin Mahmud Amir { j^' _--^' J»./*>.^'* -jwOi), son of Amir Temin-uddin Muhammad jMustiifi. He is generally known by his Takhalhis or poetical name, Ibu Yemiu, i.e. the son of Yemin- uddin. According to Dr. Sprenger's Cata- logue, he died in a.d. 1344, a.h. 745, and left panegjTics on the Sarabdal princes and some gbazals, but it is particularly his Qita's which are celebrated. [Vide Amir Mahmiid.] Fakhr-uddin Malik (t_^l„ ^a!|^^'). [ Vide Malik Fakhr-uddin, king of Bengal.] Fakhr-uddin Mirza (1 ; ^s}\^), the eldest son of Bahadm- Shah II. ex-king of Dehli. He died before the rebellion, on 10th Jidy, 1856. Fakhr-uddin (Maulana) ( ..jjJL.^' \jl^^), son of Mzam-ul-Haq, was styled Saiyad-ush-Shua'ra, or chief of the poets. He is the author of several works, among which are the following : Kizdm-ul- ^ Aqdcd, Risdla Marjia and Fakhr -ul-Hasn. He died in the year a.d. 1785, a.h. 1199, aged 73 years, and lies buried close to the gate of the Dargah of Qutb-uddin Bakhtyar Kaki in old Dehli. His tomb is of white marble and has an inscription mentiouing his name and the year of his demise. His grand- sou Gliulam Nasir-uddiu, surnamed Kali Sahib, was a very pious and learned Musalman ; he too was a good poet and died in the year A.D. 1852, A.H. 1268. Fakhr - uddin Muhammad Razi (Imam) (^U^ ^cj|^ j.^^-* ^^j^ll^i:-*) was a doctor of the Shafa'i sect. He sur- passed all his contemporaries in scholastic theology, metaphysics and philosophy. He is the author of several instructive works, among which is one called E.addije'k-ul- Anuar , a book on different subjects which he dedicated to Sultan 'Ala-uddiu Takash, ruler of Khwarizm ; and another called Risdla Haiyat, or Geometry, dedicated to Sultan Balui-uddln Gliori. He was born at Kei on tlie 26th Januarj', a.d. 1150, 25th Kamazan, a.h. 644, and died at Herat on Monday the 29th March, a.d. 1210, 1st Shawwal,'A.H. 6C6, aged 62 lunar years. His father's name was Ziya-uddin-bin-Umar. The title of Eazi attached to his name is because he was bom at Eei in Tabristan. He is the father of Kliwuja Nasir-uddiu Tiisi. Fakhr-uddin Sultan(^lLLj ^j j,n^ ), also called Fakhra, was the king of Sonargaon in Bengal, which adjoins the district of Pandiia. He was put to death by Shams- luldin, king of Lakhnauti, about the year a.d. 1356, A.H. 757, who took possession of his country. Fakhr-ul Islam i^d^ji AJt\j^'), of Barod, the son of 'Ali. He is the author of the works called Usfd-ud din and Usui llqlia, and several other works. He died in A.D. 1089, A.H. 482. PAKE 123 FAllG Fakhr-ullah Asad Jurjani (<)l_,J^ _i^ ^-3l->-.-5f- Ju*.«ji). He flourished under the Saljuq princes, and is the author of the love adventures of Wais and king Efimin, originally in the Pahlawi language, called Jf^ais- ica-Jiaiiun . Fakhr-un-nissa Begam (l.wt^:J^ -s-* *,X-..j), the wife of jS'awab Shi;ja'at Khan. She is the founder of the mosque called " Fakhr-ul-Masajid," situated in the Kashmiri Bazar at Dehli, which she erected in memorv of her late husband in the year A.D. 1728^ A.H. 1141. Falaki ( iii), takhullus of a Persian poet whose proper name was Abu'l Nizam Muhammad Jalal-uddiu Shirwani. He is also commonly styled Shams-ush-Shua'ra, the Sim of the poets, and Malik-ul-Fuzla, king of the learned. His poems are preferred to those of Kliaqani and Zakir. Hamd-ullah Mustaufi calls him the master of Khaqani, but Shaikh 'Azuri makes mention in his Jawahir-ul-Asrar that Kliaqani and Falaki both were the pupils of Abii'l 'Ala of Ganja. There has been also another Falaki surnamed Abu'l Fazl, who was an author. Falaki died in A.D. 1181, A.H. 577. His patron was Manochehr Shirwani. Fanai (^ui), poetical name of Shams- uddin Muhammad-bin-Hamza. He was an author and died in the year a. d. 1430, a. h. 834. Fani ( Jlj) (perishable), the poetical name of Muhsin Fani, which see. Fani (^li), the Takhullus of Khwaja Muhammad Mo'in - uddin - bin - Muhammad- bin-MahmM Dihdar Fani. He came to India and stood in high favour with Abdul E.ahim Khan the Ivhau Khauau. He died in A.D. 1607, A.H. 1016, and left several works on Sufiism, as Shnrah Khutba, Hdihia Rdsha- hdt, Hi'iah ia Knflidt, JL'i/i/i ia bar- Gidshan Edz, and Albayan. He is also the author of a Diwfin in Persian, and a Masnawi or poem caWed ITaft Dilbar, i.e., the seven sweethearts, dedicated to the emperor Akbar. Faqir ( .^i), poetical name of Mir Nawazish 'Ali of Bilgaram. He died in the year a.d. 1754, a.ii. 11G7. Faiqr (Mir Shams-uddin) (^,« ^^.Li j^JwVjl ^jM.y*.J:i), of Dehll, wlio had also the poetical name of ]\Iaftun. From Dehli he went to Lucknow in a.d. 1765, A.H. 1179, and is said to have been drowned about the year 1767. He is the author of a Diwiiu and also of a Masnawi called Taswi)- Jll/ihabbat, containing the story of Earn C'hand, the son of a betel-vendor, composed iu a.d. 1743, A.H. 1156, and of several other poems. Farabi (j^ ^A j^^li), commonly called so because he was a native of Farab, a tovra in Turkey. His proper name is Abu Nasr. He was one of the greatest Musalman philosophers, remarkable for his generosity and greatness of talents, whom we call Alfarabixs. He was murdered by robbers in Syria in a.d. 954, a.h. 313, "thirty years before the birth of Abii STua. Imad-uddin Mahmiid and Ahmad-bin-Midiammad were two authors who were also called Farabi. Faraburz (jjAji), the son of Kaikaus (Darius the Mede), king of Persia. Faraghi (Mir) {.^.^ ^s.\j^), the brother of Hakim Fath-ullah Shirazi. He was living in a.d. 1563, a.h. 971, in which year the fort of Ranthanbiir was conquered by the emperor Akbar, on Avhich occasion he wrote a chronogram. Farai ('i^i), whose proper name was Abii Zikaria Yehia, was an excellent Arabic grammarian w'ho died in the year a.d. 822, A.H. 207. Faramurz ( • ^|^_i), son of Rustam, the Hercules of the Persians. He was assas- sinated by the order of Bahman, also called Ardisher Darazdast, king of Persia. There is said to have also been an author, named Muhammad bin- Faramurz, styled Shadid. Farasquri (^cj^_ii_^^_i), surname of Muhammad bin - Muhammad - al - Hanifa, Imam of the mosque named Gouride, at Grand Cairo, who floirrished about the year A.D. 1556, A.H. 964, and was an author. Fard (j.i), poetical name of Abii 1 Hasan, the sou of Shah Na'mat-ullah. He died in the year a.d. 1848, a.h. 1265, and left a Diwau. Farghani ( jli^j), commonly called so liocause he was a native of Farghana, but his full uauKus Ahmad or Mnhamraad-ibn-Kasir- al-Farghaui, a famous Arabian astronomer whom we know under the name of Alfragan or Alfraganius. He flourished in the time of the Klialif-al-Mamiin, about the year A.D. 833, A.H. 218, and is the author of an introduction to Astronomy, which was printed by Golius, at Amsterdam, in 1669, with notes. FAEH 129 PARI Farliad (jLjS;_j), the lover of the celebrated Sliirin, the wife of Kluisro Parwez, kinj^ of Persia. The whole of the sculpture at Behstun in Persia is ascribed to the chisel of Farhad. He was promised, we are told in Persian Romance, that if he cut through the rock, and brought a stream that flowed on the other side of the hill to the valley, the lovely Shirin (with whom he had fallen distractedlv in love) should be his reward ; he was on the point of completing his labour, when Khusro Parwez, fearing to lose his mistress, sent an old woman to inform Farhad that the fair object of his desire was dead. He was at work on one of the highest parts of the rock when he heard the mom-nful intelligence. He immediately cast himself headlong, and was dashed in pieces. Vide Shirin. Farhat (. J), poetical name of Shaikh Farhat-ull&h, son of Shaikh Asad- ulliih. He wi-ote a Diwan in Urdu and died in the year a.d. 1777, a.h. 1191, at Murshidabad. Farhat Kashmiri {^j^^aJ^S \.jL^s^Ji), a poet who was li\ing in a.d. 1724:, a.h. 1136. Farid Bukhari (Shaikh) (^.Ibir ^>j y t: ti), commander of the Agra city guards when Akbar died. Great honoiu-s were conferred on him by the emperor Jahangir, on account of his services. He received the title of Murtaza Khan, and managed the affairs of the empire till he was rtiidt-red unfit for business by a stroke of the palsv, which opened the way for the promotion of Ya'timad-uddaula, the father of the empress Niir Jahau. He died a.d. 1616, a.h. 1025. Farid Katib (s uddin Katib. ^■1< Jc' j). Vide Farld- Farid or Farid-nddin Ahwal (jk_j ._• J»=^^ i^.'^^) (tli6 squinting), a poet of Persia who was a native of Asfaraen in Kliurasan and contemporary wilh Imami HirwT. Kliwaja Xizam-uddin Abii Bakr the Wazir of Azd-uddin Sa'd was his patron. He died at Isfahan and left a Diwan contain- ing 5,000 verses. Farid or Farid-uddin (Shaikh) (-\.v .L^ t-'^^), a cele- brated Muhammadan saint, who is styled Shakar Gauj, on account of his having, it is said, mii'acidously transmuted dust or salt into sugar. His father's name was Shaikh Jalal-uddin Sulaiman, a descendant of Farrukh Shah of Kfibul. He was a disciple of Khwaja Qutb-uddin Bakhtyar Kaki, and was contemporarv with Shaikh Sa'd-uddin Hamwia, Saif -uddin Makharzi, and Baha- uddin Zikaria, all of whom died successively a short time after one another. He was born in A.D. 1173, A.H. oG9, died on Saturday the 17th October, a.d. 1265, 5th Muharram, A.H. 664, aged 95 lunar years, and is buried at Ajiidhan, a place commonly called Patau or Pak Patau in Midtan. The anniversary of his death is celebrated every year on the 5th of Muharram, when a great crowd of Muhammadans assemble together to pray at his tomb. Farid-uddin (( j'l^ ^^-J^lj^j ,i), com- monly called Farid Katib, was a pupil of AuwarT, a good poet and secretary to Sidtan Sanjar. When that prince was defeated by the monarch of Qara Ivhatai in a.d. 1140, A.H. 535, and fled with a few followers to Kjuu-asan, Farid consoled him by composing an ode upon the occasion, in which he says, " that every thing must change, but that the condition of God alone was not liable to vary." Farid-uddin Attar (Shaikh) {s.}j^ ^.-i) jl.Li_c |^_Jk.I\), surnamed Mu- hammad Ibrahim, was a dealer in perfumes, from which he took his poetical name " 'Attar." He afterwards retired from the world, became a disciple of Shaikh Majd-uddin Baghdad!, and lived to a great age, namely, that of 114 lunar years. He was bom at Shadyakh, a village in Naishapiir in the reign of Sultan Sanjar in November, a.d. 1119, Sha'ban, A.H. 513, and, whenatthe siege of Naishapur, the son-in-law of Changez Khan, the Tartar, was killed, a general massacre of the inhabi- tants of that place was made by the Mughals, among the number that were slaiu being Farid-uddin. This circumstance took place on the 26th April, a.d. 1230, 10th Jamad II. A.H. 627. He is the author of 40 poems and several prose works, amongst the latter Tazkirat-uI-AuUa. The following are his poems: — Asrar Nama. Ilahi Xama Ashtiu- Xama. K]iayat Xama. Ausat Xama. Kanz-ul-Haqaeq. Besar Xama. Lisan-ul-Gliaib. Bulbul X^'ama. Mansiir X^'ama. Gul-wa-Ivliusro or Miftah-ul-Fatuh. Hurmuz. Mazhar-ul- ' Ajaeb. Haidar Xama. Mantiq-ul-Tair. Haft Wadi. Mukhtar Xama. Haqaeq-ul-Jawahir Musibat Xama. Ilallaj Xama. Pand Xama. Jawahir-ul-zat. Sipah Xama. Kluisro Xiima. "Wald Xama. Kanzan Makhfia. "Wasiat Xama. Kiint Kauz Makhafia. Besides the above, he is also the author of a Diwan containing 40,000 verses. Faridun (^ji^ju -i), an ancient king of Persia, the son of Abtin, an immediate FAHI 130 FAUR descendant of Talmuirs, king of Persia. He had escaped, it is said in a miraculous manner, from Zuliaq, when that prince had seized and murdered his father. At the age of 16 he joined Kawa or Gawa, a blacksmith, who had collected a large body of his countrymen ; these fought with enthusiasm under the standard of the blacksmith's apron, which was afterwards converted into the royal standard of Persia, called the Durafsh Kawani. Zuhiiq, after numerous defeats, was made prisoner, and put to a slow and painful death. Faridun, who was a very just and virtuous king, had three sons, viz., Salm, Tur, and Iraj, among whom he divided his kingdom ; but the two elder, displeased that Persia, the fairest of lands and the seat of royalty, shoidd have been given to Iraj their junior, combined to effect his ruin, and at last slew him, and sent his head to Faridiin. The old man fainted at the sight, and when he recovered he called upon Heaven to pimisli the base penetrators of so unnatural and cruel a deed. The daughter of Iraj was married to the nephew of Faridun, and their yoimg son Manucliehr proved the image of his grandfather. "When he attained manhood, the old king made every preparation to enable him to revenge the blood of Iraj. A war commenced ; and in the first battle Salm and Tiir were both slain. Faridun soon after- wards died, and was succeeded by Manuchehr. Persian authors assure us that Faridun reigned 500 years. Faridun (^jS.}^.j), a Turk who wrote a Commentary in the Turkish language on the Gliazals of Hafiz. Farigh (i l_j), author of the C_' poem called Masiiawl Fdricjh, which he composed in A.D. lo92, A.H. lOUO, in which year, he says, Shah 'Abbas conquered Gilan, and to whom it was dedicated. Faris Ecchidiak(^^ ,li), an Arabic poet and litterateur, born about the year a.d. 179G . In religion he was a Syrian Christian. He is the author of st^veral works. AVhen in London he published his revised text of the New Testament in Arabic. His Diwan in Arabic is highly spoken of by whose who have seen it. He was living in 1860. Fariz {^^ {.'s), or Ibn Fariz, surname of Aim Ilafs Sliaraf-uddin ITmar bin-al- Asa'di, bin-al-Mursliid, l)in-Ahmad al Asa'di, a very illustrious Arabian poet. Ho was born at Cairo a.d. 1181, a.h. 577, and died there in the year a.d. 1234, a.h. 632. Farkhari (^c^lrL^), a poet who was in the service of Amir Kaikaus, and is the author of the story of WCimiq-iva-Uzra, in verse. Farkliunda Ali Khan (Mir) {iSui^jS .-.^ c^^^ ij^^^f Nizam of Deccan, He succeeded his father Sikandar Jah in the government of Haidarabad in a.d. 1829. [ Vide Afzal-uddaula.] Faroghi Kashmiri (^^.^tJ^J <^ij-\ a poet Avho died in a.d. 1666, a.h. 1077. Faroghi (Maulana) (IjL^ i_s^ij'^^ ^^ Qazwln in Isfahan ; he was a dealer in perfumes, but an excellent poet, and lived in the time of 'Abbas the Great. Farrukhi (^>-y), or Faikhi, a poet who flourished in the time of Sultan ]Mahmud of Cxliuzni, was a pupil of Unsari the poet, and a descendant of the royal race of the kings of Sistan. He is the author of a work called Turjumdn - ul - Bahlghtt, and of a Diwan in Persian. He wrote several pane- gyrics in praise of Abu'l Muzaffar, the son of Amir Nasr and grandson of Nasir-iuldin, ruler of Balkh. the Farrukh Fa'l ( Jli ^i^j), a son of emperor Ilumayun by Mah Chiichak Begam, born at Kabul in a.d. 1555, a.h. 962. Farrukh-siyar (Muhammad) {^^ _: j S^s.''*), emperor of Dehll, born on the 18th July, o.s. 1687, 18th llamazau, A.H. 1098, was the son of Azim-ush-Shan, the second son of Bahadur Shah I. and great- grandson of the emperor Alamglr. His father was killed in the battle fought against Jahandar Shiih, his uncle and pi'edecessor. One of Jahandar Shah's first acts on his accession to the throne had been to pxit all the princes of the blood within his reach to death ; among those whom he could not get into his power was Farrukh-siyar, who was in Bengal at the time ot his grandfather Bahadiu- Shah's death. But when the information of his father's death reached him, he threw himself on the compassion and fidelity of Saiyad Husain Ali KJnTn, tlie governor of Behar, who warmly espoused his cause, and prevailed on his brother, Saiyad Abdullah K]ian, governor af Allahabad, to adopt the same course. By the aid of these noblemen, Farrukh-siyar assembled an army at Allahfdjad, marched towards Agra, defeated Jahandar Slifdi, took him prisoner, and having murdered him, ascended the llironc in the fort of Delili on Friday the 9th Jauuai'y, o.s. 1713, 23rd Zil-hijja, a.h. 112t. The former Amir-ul-Umra Zulfiqar Kiuin and many other nobles and dependants of the late emperor were put to death by the bow-string and other ])imishments. Raja Sabhchand, Diwan to the late Amir-ul-Umra, had his tongue cut out : Aziz-uddin, son of JahaudiTr Shah, 'Ali Tabar, the sou of 'Azim FARR 131 PATH Shah, and Humapiu Bakht, younger brother to Farrukh-siyar were deprived of their sight by a red hot iron ckawu over their eyes. On Farrukh-siyar's accession, Abdullah Klian, the eldest brother, was made Wazir with the title of Qutb-ul-Mulk, and Husaiu All Klian raised to the rank of Aniir-ul- Umni (Commander-in-Chief) which was the second in the State. The emperor's nuptials with the daughter of Eaja Ajit Singh of Marwar were celebrated with unprecedented splendour in the year a.d. 1716, a.h. 1128. Farrukh- siyar had not long enjoyed the throne, when a jealousy arose between him and the Wazir Qutb - ul - Mulk ; and upon the emperor trving to form schemes for the recovery of his independence, he was deposed, blinded and imprisoned by the two brothei-s. This event took place on the 18th February, o.s. 1719, 8th Rabi' II. a.h. 1131, and not" long after he was murdered on the 16th May, a.d. 1719, 9th Rajab, a.h. 1131, following, and buried in the court of the mausoleima of the emperor Humayun at Dehli. He had reigned 6 years 3 months and 15 days. After his deposal the Saiyads set up a prince of the blood to whom they gave the title of Rafl- ud-Darjat. It was from FaiTukh-siyar that the East India Company obtained their Farman of free trade, with leave to purchase thirty-seven districts in Bengal, besides various privileges ; little attention was how- ever paid to it by the Subahdar till the English acquired force to give it weight. Farrukhzad (j\--^), a prince of Persia of the Sasanian race. [rwfeTiiranDukht.] Farrukhzad (jV,.j.,i), son of Sultan IMasa'iul I. of Gliazui, began to reign after the death of his brother Sidtan Abdul Rashid, in Jlarch, a.d. 10o3, a.h. 444. He reigned 6 years and died in the latter part of the year a.d. 1058. when his brother Sultan Ibrahim succeeded him. Farsi (^--i^i V. (C-y\ or FarasT, sur- name of Abii'l Fawaris Ibrahim, a Persian author. Farsi ( ^ i), poetical name of Sharif Klian Amir-ul-Umra, which see. Faryabi. Vide ZaliTr-iuldm Faryabl. Faryad (jljy), the poetical name of Lala Sahib Rae, a Kayeth of Lucknow. He originally had assumed Qurlian, for his poetical name, but latterly changed it to Faryad. He was living in a.d. 1782, a.h. 1196. Farzada Quli (^Ij ^Jj/), author of a Catalogue of books in the Arabic, Persian, and Hindi lansruages, amountiuir, on a rounh estimate, to upwards of 2,000 volumes. From its mentioning the Diwan of Sanda, it appears that it was written within the last fifty or sixty years. It also mentions the Mustafa, Ndma, in the metre of the Shah Nilma, embracing the history of Persia from Muham- mad to Tahmasp Shah Safwl, amounting to 104,000 couplets; also of a Persian trans- lation of the Muqamat of Harizi. Jour, of the Roy. As. Soc. No. XI. Farzadaq ( vJ; ,«), the son of Ghalib, called the master of Arabian poets, was an author, and had the whole Qiu-an by heart.. He died in a.d. 728, a.h. 110, aged upwards of 70 years. He flourished in the reign of Abdul Malik, the son of Marwan I. who imprisoned him because he wrote a panegjTic in praise of Imam 'All Zain-ul-'AbidTn, son of Imam Husaiu, but was released, after the death of the khalif, by his son "NValid. His Diwan in Arabic is much esteemed in Hajjaz and Iraq. Fasihi Ansari (o*;-* i^J^\ ,js:\-^i), of Herat, a Persian poet, who flourished about the year a.d. 1595, a.m. 1004. He never came to India. He died in a.d. 1636, A.H. 1046. Fasih - uddin Muhammad Nizami Maulana ( ^.^Uij sa^'^ ,.t-'-^^ -s^-^^ L!l!y«), author of the Sharah Ju gh mini. Fassi ( M^), surname of Faqih-uddlii Muhammad-ibn-Ahmad 'Ali-al-HusainT ; he was a native of Fass (Fez), on which account he was called Fassi. He was an author and Qilzl of the city of Mecca, and died a.d. 1429. A.H. 833. Fatha All Husaini ( J^f^i), author of the biography called Tazlcirat-ush- Sliua'rde Hindi." It contains the Memoirs of 108 Hindi and Deccaui authors, with numerous extracts from their works. Fatha 'All Shah (iLi l^ ^i), king of Persia, was a Turkman of the tribe of Kajar. He succeeded his rmcle 'Aka Muhammad Khan to the throne of Persia in A.D. 1797, A.H. 1212. He had received an excellent education, and possessed some literary accomplishments ; was a tolerable poet, and fond of the society of the learned, whom he generously patronized. He reigned nearly 40 years and died in the year a.d. 1834, A.H.' 1250. After him Muhammad Shah, the son of 'Abbas Wnv.a. and grand- son of Fatha 'Ali Shiih, mounted the throne and died in a.d. 1847, when his son Naslr- uddln Ahmad Shah, the jiresent king, suc- ceeded him. It was to the court of Fatha 'All Shfih that Sir John Malcolm in 1800 led the magnificent embassy which Lord PATH 132 FATE "Wellesley liad despatched from Calcutta, with the ^•ie^v of trunipiug Bonaparte's cards in the East, and of phiying off a Persian ally on our Indian frontiers against an Af gh an ill-wisher, the ambitious Zaman Shah. Fatha Haidar {jS^>- ^i), the eldest son of Tippii Sultan. Fatha Khan (^l-r^ ^J), the son of Sultan Firoz Shah Barbak, king of Dehll, and brother of Zafar Klian. [^Vide Firoz Shah Barbak.] Fatha Khan (^\:>~ ^i), Nawab of Bhilwalpiir. Fatha Khan (^l>- Jii), brother of Dost Muhammad Klian, ruler of Kabul. The celebrated Wazir of Mahmud, ruler of Herat and chief of the Barakzai clan, whose family drove away the descendants of Ahmad Shah Abdali from Kabul. Fatha Khan (^l^L ^.), the son of Malik 'Ambar, the Abyssinian chief of Ahmnd- nagar in tlie Deccan, who had the Nizam Shall! dominions imder his control for some years. After his father's death in a.d. 1626, A.H. 1035, he succeeded to his authority ; but Murtaza Nizam Shah II. being weary of his control, took him prisoner by treachery, and confined him in the fort of Kliyba'r. Having made his escape, he rebelled, but was again taken, and confined in Daulat- abad. He was released in time, and appointed generalissimo by the influence of his sister, mother to Nizam Shah. He shortlv, to prevent another removal from office, confined the Sultan under pretence of insanity, and put to death twenty -five of the principal nobility in one day, writing to the emperor Shah Jahan that he had thus acted to prevent them from rebelling against him. The emperor in reply commended his attach- ment, and ordered him to put the captive prince to death, which he did aliout the year AD. 1628, A.H. 1038, and placed his son Husaiu, an infant of ten years, on the throne. Fatha Khan, by offering a present of eight lacs of rupees, and agreeing to pay tribute, was allowed to keep what territory yet remained to the Nizam Shahi sovereignty. In the year a.d. 1634, a.h. 1044, Fatha Khan was forced to sin-render ; and the fall of this place put a final period to the Nizam Shahi dj'uasty, which had swayed the sceptre for 150 years. Husain Nizam Shah was confined for life in the fortress of Gwfilinr, but Fatlia Kliau was received into favour, and was allowed to retire to Lahore on a pension of two lacs of rupees, which he enjoyed till his death. Fatha Naek (lLCIS J^i), the father of Haidar 'Ali Khan, the usurper of Mysore and Seringapatam. He died in a.d. 1738, and was buried at Kolar, a capital of seven parganas, about 35 miles east of Bangalore. Fatha-puri Mahal (J..s'* i_5,»J ^i), or Begam, one of the wives of the emperor Shah Jahan. She was the founder of the Fathai)firi Masjid in Dehli. Fatha Shah ( ^ .y ili, ^i), Purbl, succeeded Yiisaf Shah to the throne of Bengal in a.d. 1482, a.h. 887, and after a reign of about eight years was murdered in A.D. 1491, A.H. 896, by the euuucli Sultan Shahzada, who succeeded him. Fatha-uHah Imad Shah (a..iJl ,^.3 iL-i) jl./»,.c), originally in the service of Sultan Mahmiid Shah II. Bahmani, king of Deccan, was made governor of Berar. He became independent about the year a.d. 1484, and died about the year a.h. 1513. His son 'Ala-uddln 'Imiid Shah succeeded him. [Vide 'Iraad-ul-Mulk.] Fatha-ullah Mustaufi (cuLll ,*A-3 J»^.AM.^), surnamed Faldir-uddln, M'as a good poet and served imder Kliwaja Rashid-uddin, Fazl-ullah and his son Gliayas- uddin Muhammad, as secretary. He is the brother of Khwaja Hamd-ullah Mustaufi, who died in a.d. 1349. Fatha-nllah Shirazi Amir (a1.]\ ^ J ,^-*\ ^-.^.-Jb), one of the most learned men of his time. He came from Shiraz to Deccan and passed a few years in the service of Sultan Ali Adil Shah of Bijapiii-. After the death of that king, he left Deccan and came to Dehli in the year a.d. 1582, a.h. 990, and had an houourable office assigned to him bv the emperor Akbar, near his person, with the title of Azd-ud-daula. He died on Wednesdav, the 3rd Shawwal, 997 Hijri, the 24th Amardad Mah Ilahi, in the 34th 'year of Akbar' s reign, corresponding with the 6th Augu-st, o.s. 1589, at Sirinagar the capital of Kashmir, where he had proceeded with his royal master. The emperor was much grievinl at his loss ; and Sliaikh Faizi wrote an appropriate epitaph on the occasion. Fifteen days after his death died also the Hakim Abii'l Fatha (Jilani, the brother of Hakim Hamau, who was then with the king proceeding to Kabul. Sarii Sawaji wrote the chronogram of their death. PATH 133 FAZL Fathi ( .sLi), a poet of Ardastau, who died iu a.d. 1635, a.h. 1045. Fathi 'Ali Husaini Gurdezi. Vide Ilusaiui. Fatima (cul?li), the claughter of Mu- hammad and his wife Kliudija. She was born at Mecca five years before her father gave himself out for a prophet, i.e., about the year a.d. 606, and died about six months after him, in the city of Medina on the night of Monday the 23rd November, a.d. 632, 3rd llamazan, a.h. 11. She was married to Ali, Muhammad's cousin - german, and became the mother of the Imams Hasan and Husain. She passes for a very holy woman amongst the Miisalmans, and is also called by them Batiil, Tahira, Mathara, and Zahra. Fatima "bint Asad {sJ\ ^^:^Ui d.A^\i), the daughter of Asah, the son of Hashim. Slie was the wife of Abu Tiilib and mother of 'All. Fatima Sultan (^Ikl^ .l:ii lj^»^* ,4jLl-.j), an autlior -^'lao died A.D. 1448, A.H. 852. [FiV/e Yahia (Mulla).] Fauji (jc^y), poetical name of Mirza j\Iuhammad Muqim ; he was born at Shiraz but came to India in the time of Shah Jahan, and was attached to the service of his son Shah Shujii'a in Bengal. After a long residence in India he retm-ned to his father- land, but died in a short time after his arrival there. He was living in a.d. 1649, A.H. 1059, and has left a Diwan iu Persian verse. As he was employed in the army he derived his poetical title from Faitj, i.e. army. Faulad Khan (Shidi) (^Lri. S^l^i ^_sJk-»-l), an Abyssinian ■who was at Kotwal iu tlie time of the emperor Muham- mad Shrdi, about the year a.d. 1737, a.h. 1150, and on whom a satire was written by file poet Sauda. He had built a fine garden in Agrali, of which no traces are to be seen now. Fauraq^ i/ij^^), surname of Abu Bakr Muhammad, bin-Hasan, bin-Fauraq, com- monly called ibn-Fanraq, was a great Metaphysician and Schoolman, for which reason lie is styled Mutkallim. He was born at Isfahan, and died in the city of Naishapiir, in K]iurasau, a.d. 1015, a.h. 406. Fawad Muhammad Pasha (j^»-i l^L) J^js'*), a Turkish statesman and litteratem- of Constantinople, son of Izzat Mulla, and nephew of Laila Khatiin, a Turkish poetess. He is the author of several works. He was living in a.d. 1870, and has been loaded with distinctions by European sovereio-ns. Fayyaz (^Li). of Lahijan. Vide 'Abdul-Eazzaq Fayyazi ( ^^J). Vide Faizi (Shaikh). Fazal Khan (^l:>- (_MJ)> governor or kiladar of the fort of Agra, was turned out by Siirajmal Jat, who took possession of the fort and plundered everything he could lay his hands upon. Fazil (J.«,iLj), a poet "who flourished about the year a.d. 489. Fazl Ali Khan {^6- ^J^^ t^.'^.i), a poet who flourished iu the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah of Dehli, and was living in a.d. 1739, a.h. 1152. Fazl Ali Khan (^l.^ («-^ J-^)> whose entire title was Nawab Ta'timad-ud- daula Zaya-ul-Midk Saiyad Fazl 'Ali Khiin Bahadm- " Solirab Jang^ was the prime minister of the king of Audh Ghazi-ud-din Haidar, and was li\ing in a.d. 1829. Fazl Barmaki {S i*j J-iJ), brother of 'Jafar-al-Barmaki, the minister of Hariin" al-Rashid Khalifa of Baghdad. [ Vide Jafar-al-Barmaki.] Fazl Haq (^s- J<.ii), the son of Fazl Imam. He wrote prose and poetry as did also his father. His Qasldas are much esteemed. At the oiitbrcak of 1857, he joined the rebel Xawab of Bauda and others, and was said to have been killed at Narod in an attack made bv General Napier on the 1 7th December, A.D. 1858. A.H. 1274. 'n\c iJchn Gazcttc,^Uy 17th, 1859, mentions, however, that sentence of transportation was ))assed on the rebels Loui Singh, ex-Raja of Mitauli, and the Maulwi Fazl Haq. FAZL 134 FIHD Fazli ( l^i), a poet and author of the Loves of Shdh-iva-Muh, a poem containinn- 12,260 Persiiin verses, which he completed iu the year a.d. 1C41. Fazl Imam {A^\ J^), an inhabitant of KJiairabad, who wrote prose and poetry, and died iu the year a.d. 1828, a.h. 12-14. Fazl Rasul Moulvi (^cjy« J.^. J^i ^Jii-\j), of Eadaon, son of Maulvi Abdu] ]MajId, aud author of the works called Bawdrik aud Tashih-nl-2Iasuel. He was liviug in a.d. 1854, a.h. 1271. Fazl-ullala (d-LH J-.d-J), suruamcd Khwaja Eashid-iuldin, a native of Qnzwiu or Hamdan aud a Persian historian, who wrote at the desire of his master, the Sultan of Persia, a history of the Mughals, finished iu a.d. 1294, to which he afterwards added a supplement. He was beheaded in July, a.d. 1318. His name is spelt iu some "of our Biographical Dictionaries, Fadl-allah. From the work of Rashid-uddiu, called Jama^-ut- Taivdnkh, aud from other materials, Abii'l Ghiizi, king of Khwarizm, composed iu the Mughal language his Genealogical History. {^Vide Eashid-uddiu.] Fazl-ullali Khan Nawab {^\\ J.^-.i j^l:i^), an Amir of the court of the emperor Babar, who built a mosque iu Dehli in the year a.d. 1529, a.h. 936, which is still standing. Fazl-ullah Maulana (IjAJ^^ ^^ J^;)^ Physician to Amir Taimiir, and the most celebrated aud skilful practitioner of the age iu which he lived. Fazuli Baghdadi (^-jL\..^j J»-c2.i), an author who was a native of Baghdad, and died in the year a.d. 1562, a.h. 970, aud left us a Diwan in the Persian and Turkish Fidai Khan (^l^ ^jUJ), former title of 'Azim Khan Koka, which see. Fidai Mirza (tj^^ ^\^), name of a poet. Fidwi i^^Si), of Lahore, the poetical name of a poet of the end of the 18th centiuy ; was son of a Hindu cbaudler but converted "to Islam by Sfibir 'Ail Shah ; became a client of Zabita Ixlifin (q.v.J aud died at Moradabad about 1780. He is the author of a poem iu Urdu entitled Y/'isaf-iva-Za'eikJid (the Loves of Joseph aud Potiphar's wife). Mir Fatha All Shaida has satirized him in his story of the Hum and Baqqdl. Fidwi (^-..v.j), author of a Tersian Diwan. He flourished in the year a.d. 1649, A.H. 1059. Fig-han (^Ui), the poetical title of Ashraf 'Ali Klian, the son of Mirza 'Ali Khan, and the Koka or foster-brother of the emperor Ahmad Shah of Dehli. He is the author of a Diwan iu the Urdii language, containing about 2,000 verses. He (bed at Patna iu a.d. 1772, a.h. 1186, and was buried there. Fighani ( jUi). Tide Biiba Fighani. Fikrat (cu'^.C*), poetical title of Mirza Gliaias-uddiu. Fikri (^y.Ci), poetical title of Sa'ld Muhammad of Heriit. He was a weaver and is therefore called Jamabaf. He came to IncUa in a.d. 1561, a.h. 969, aud gained, through his great talents for making epigrams, the favoru' of the emperor Akbar. He com- posed only Jiiiba'is, and died in a.d. 1565, A.H. 973. Firaqi ( ^\j.:), poetical title of an author named Abii'l Barkat, who died in the year a.d. 1507, a.h. 913. Firdausi or Firdausi Tusi (Ij ,^»^^i Li"^^ L_S'^-?'v'^' ^^^ poetical title of Abii'l Kasim Hasan - bin - Sharaf Shah, a famous Persian poet, sometimes called the Homer of Persia, whose epic poem, called Shabuama, written by order of Sultan i\Ialmiud of Ghazni, is justly celebrated. It contains the legendary annals of the ancient kings of Persia, from the reign of the first king, Kaiomiu's, to the death of Yezdijard III. the Last monarch of the Sasiinian race, who was deprived of his kingdom a.d. 641, by the invasion of the Arabs chu-ing the Kliilafat of 'Umar, the second Khalif after Muhammad. It was the labour of 30 years, aud consists of 60,000 verses, each of ■\vhich is a distich. The following circumstances respecting the origin of the poem aud the life of the poet are chiefly derived from the preface to the copy of the Shdhndma, which was collated A.D. 1426, A.H. 829, by order of Baisaughur Mirza the grandson of Amir Taiiuiir. It appears from that preface, that Yezdijard, the last king of the Sasanian race, took considerable pains in collecting all the chronicles, histoi'ies, and traditions connected with I'ersia aud the sovereisrus of that FIRD 13o FIRD country, from the time of Kaiomurs to the accession of the Khusros, which by his direction were chgested and brought into one view, and formed the hook known by the name of Siar-ul-3Ialnk, or the Bdstdii Ndma. "When the followers of Muhammad overturned the Persian monarchy, this work was found in the plundered library of Yezdijard. In the tenth century one of the kings of the then dynasty, directed Daqiqi {q-v-) the poet to versify that extensive work, but the poet only lived to finish a thousand distichs, having been assassinated by his own slave. Nothing further was done till the reign of Sultan Mahmiid, when a romantic accident furnished the Sultan with a copy of the Bdstfoi Noma, the existence of which was till then imknown to him. P'rom this work, he selected seven stories which he delivered to seven poets to be composed in verse, that he might be able to ascertain the merits of each competitor. The poet TJusari gained the palm, and he was accordingly engaged to arrange the whole in verse. Firdausi was at this time at Tus, his native city, where he cultivated his poetical talents with assiduity and success. He had heard of the attempt of DaqiqT, and of the determination of the reigning king Mahmiid, to patronize an imdertaking which promised to add lustre to the age in which he lived. Having fortimately succeeded in procuring a copy of the Bdstdn Ndma, he pm'sued his studies with unremitting zeal, and soon produced that part of the poem in which the battles of Zuhaq and Faridiin are described. The performance was universally read and admired, and it was not long before his fame reached the ears of the Sidtan, who immediately invited him to his court. It is related that when Firdausi, on the invitation of the Sultan, reached the capital Gliazni, he happened to pass a public garden where the three royal poets, Unsari, Asjadi and Farrukhi were enjojing themselves. The poets observed him approach and at once agreed that if the stranger chanced to have any taste for poetry, which they intended to put to test, he should be admitted to their friendship, and in order to decide as to his merits they settled among themselves to repeat each in tru-n a hemistich, and leave to Firdausi to complete the fomth, but at the same time satisfied in their own minds that there was no other word in the Persian language that would rhyme with the three which they had taken care to pre-occupy. Firdausi joining them and hearing the proposal, promised to exert his powers. They then commenced each with an extem- poraneous line : — Unsari ... The light of the moon to thy splendour is weak, Asjadi . . . The rose is eclipsed by the bloom of thy cheek ; Farrukhi ... Thine eyelashes dart through the folds of the Joshan, Firdausi ... Like the javelin of Geo in the battle with Pushau. The poets were astonished at the readiness of the stranger, and ashamed at being totally ignorant of the story of Geo and Push an, which Firdausi related as described iu Bdstdn Kama. They immediately treated him with the gi-eatest kindness and respect, and after- wards introduced him to Mahmiid, as a poet capable of undertaking the Shuhndma. Mahmud considered himself never so much honoured as when Firdausi set his foot at Gliazni ; he was never more proud than that Firdausi was by his command, composing, in his faultless verse, a history of the monarchs of Persia, his predecessors. No reward then appeared to him too great to offer, to induce the poet to undertake the task, no promise too splendid to excite him. "Write, unequalled one," cried he, "and for every thousand couplets a thousand pieces of gold" shall be thine." Firdausi obeyed, but resolved to accept no reward till he had completed the work he had undertaken, and for thirty years he studied and laboirred that his poem might be worthy of eternal fame. In this he succeeded, and presented an elegant copy of his book to Mahmud, but the patience of the Sultan was exhausted, his enthusiasm was gone, his liberality had faded away, and when the 60,000 couplets of the Shdhndma were ended, there was a pause, which brought to the poet disappointment and to the monarch such everlasting disgrace as has obliterated all his triumphs. Mahmiid received the book, coldly applauded his diligence and dismissed him. Many months elapsed, and Firdausi heard no more of his work ; he then took occasion to remind the king of it by the following epigram : 'Tis said our monarch's liberal mind Is like the ocean unconfined, Happy are they who prove it so, 'Tis not for me that truth to know. I've plunged within its waves, 'tis true, But not a single pearl cotdd view. Shamed, picqued, and offended at this freedom, the Sidtan ordered 60,000 pieces of silver dirhams ito be sent to the author, instead of the gold which he had promised. Firdausi was "in the bath at the time the money arrived, and his rage and amazement exceeded all bounds when he fouud himself thus insulted. He immediately (hstributed the paltry sum amongst the attendants of the bath and the slave' who brought it. The excited poet then relieved his mind by a satire full of stinging invective, and caused it to be transmitted to the favomite Wazir who had instigated the Sultan against him ; it was carefully sealed up, with directions that it shoidd be read to Mahmiid on some occasioii when his mind was perturbed with affairs of State, as it was a poem likely to afford him entertainment. Firdausi having thus prepared his vengeance, quitted the court and was safely arrived iu IMazandarfiu, where news reached him that his lines had fully answered the purpose ho had intended tli(>y should do. Mahmud had heard and trembled, and too late discovered that he had ruined his own reputation for ever. After his satire had been read by Mahmud, the poet feared to remain too long in one place ; he sought riRD 136 FIRO shelter in the com-t of the kh;ilif of B;igh'lad, in whose honour he added a 1000 couplets to iheShd/uK'nna, aud who rewarded him with the 60,000 gokl pieces which had heen withhehl by Mahmud. Mahmud pretended to have discovered that his "NVazIr h;ul deceived liiui in attributing impiety to FirdausI, and he at once sacrificed that favourite, dismissing him with disgrace. Thinking, by a tardy act of liberality, to repair his former meanness, Mahmud dispatched to Firdausi the 60,000 pieces he had promised, a robe of State, and many apologies and expressions of friendship ; but the poet was dead, having expired in his native town full of years and honoiu-s, sur- rounded by his friends and kindred. Firdausi died at Tiis (now called Mashhad) his native country in a.d. 1020, a.h. 411, aged 89 years, but Ilaji Ivhalfa says he died in a.d. 1025, A.H. 416. Besides the ShdJoidma, he was the author of other poems called Abult Firdausi. Firdausi-al-Thihal (J^^^^ -j^tiy), a Turkish historian, and author of the Turkish work called l^hdlnidma, which com- prises the history of all the ancient kings of the East. Baj'azid or Bajazet II. to whom the book was dedicated, ordered the author to reduce it from its original bulk of 300 volumes to 80. Firdausi however, felt so mortified at this proposal, that he preferred leaving the country altogether, and emignited to Kliiu-asau, in Persia. Firdausi lioiuislied in A.u. 1500. FirisMa (^:i^ j)^ whose proper name was Muhammad Qasim, and who was the author of the history called Tnrikh-i-Firishta, was born at Astrabad on the borders of the Caspian Sea, between the years a.d. 1570 or 1650, A.H. 978 or 958. His father, a learned man, by name Ghulam 'Ali Ilindii Shah, left his native country when our author was very young and travelled into India. He even- tually reached Ahmadnagar in the Deccan during the reign of Murtaza Nizam Shah I. and was appointed by the Sultan to instruct his sou Miran Ilusain in the Persian language, but he soon died after his selection, and Firishta was left an orphan in early youth. After the death of Mm-taza Nizam Shah, in A.D. 1589, A.H. 996, he proceeded to Bijapur, and was presented by Dilawar Klian, minister to Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II. by whose request he wrote the hi.story which goes by his name, in the year 1023 Hijri (a.d. 1614). The year of his death is altogether unknown. Briggs supposes that it occurred in a.d. 1612, a.h. 1021, making him only 41 years of age. M. Jules Mohl supposes him to have revised his work up to at least a.d. 1623, a.h. 1033, making his age not less than 73, as he supposes him to have been born in a.d. 15i0. Firishta styles his work GxIshan-i-Ihrdhlml and Naitras Ndina. Its former name is derived from the king to whom it was dedicated ; and hence it is frequently quoted under the name of Tiirikh Ihrdhlml. The latter name was given to it in commemoration of the new capital, N auras, which his patron Ibrahim 'Adil Shah, commenced building in the 3-ear a.d. 1599. The first and second books, giving an accoimt of the Dehli emperors down to Akbar, were translated into English by Colonel Dow in 1768 ; the history of the Deccan by Captain Jonathan Scott. But the translation of the entire work by General Briggs in four volumes 8vo., 1829, has (according to Elliot) thrown others into the shade, and is by far the most valuable store- house of facts connected with Mnhammadan dynasties of India. YVide Dowsou's EUlot, vi. 207.] Firoz (j. ^^i), a celebrated Sufi of Agra, author of a Persian work on Theology called 'Aqded St/Jia, written in a.d. 1626, A.H. 1036. Firoz I. (j.^.-..i) (the Poroses of the Greeks), a king of Persia of the Sasanian race, was the eldest sou of Yezdijard II. He succeeded his younger brother Ilurmuz, whom he dethroned and put to death iu a.d. 458. He lost his life in a battle against the king of Transoxiana, after a reign of 26 years, in a.d. 484. Balas or Palas or Balasus, his son, succeeded him ; and after his death his brother Qubad mounted the throne. Firozabadi (^-jLjI ^_->J), surname of Majd-uddin Muhammad - bin - 'Yaqiib bin- Muhammad, a learned Persian, so called from his birth-place Firozabad, a village in Shiriiz. The stupendous work called Qdmi/s or Qdint/s- vI-Liighat, renowned as the most perfect Arabic Dictionary, was written by him. Those who are acquainted with the pecidiarities of the Arabic language cannot open this work without feeling amazed at the literary services rendered by this learned man. He died a.d. 1414, A.H." 817. \^Vide Majd-uddin Muhammad-bin- 'Yaqiib.] Firozabadi (^-j'o^J5^-..i), a learned Musalman, author of Al Tanhidh, or Tanlnz^ or general information on the IMuhannuadan law in the 11th ceutiny. Lempriere's Uni- versal Dictionary . Firoz Jang Khan (^1:5- L-Xljs- j,^^), the inscription on the gate of the old fort of Patna, dated in the Ilijra year 1042 (a.d. 1633), attributes its erection to Firoz Jang Kjian. Firoz Khan Khwaja Sara (A^L j.^i '1..^ ^ _.W). Tlie district of Harriana was once the field of the exploits of this famous adventurer. The Jats are a stalwart aud brave race, and showed what they coidd do under his leadership, though when left to themselves they were so divided by factions, that Harriana has always yielded to every adventurer who had been able to attack them. Thus it was over- run by the Mahrattas, under Messrs. Bourquin and Perron, by the Rohillas under Amir Khan, and another leader, aud finally by the British. George Thomas came out to India as a common seaman, and having deserted his ship first took service with Madho Rao Siudhia about the year a.d. 1782. The famous Begam Samru of Sirdhana was then iu the zenith of her power, and he left Sindhia to serve her. Shortly after, having collected a body of men, he left her, and marched down to Harriana, and in no time carved out a kingdom for himself. He made the city of Hansi his capital and built a strong "fort in it. He built another fort about 20 miles to the south of the town of Rohtak, and called it after his o\vn Christian name Georgegarh, wliich (perhaps from his maritime origin) the natives call Jahajgarh, or "ship-castle." After a few years the Mahrattas under Louis Bourquin invaded his territories. He hastened to give them battle, and throwing himself into the small fort of Jahajgarh, he fought them for three daj-s, though iiis force was infinitely smaller than theirs. His cavalrv, Avhich was composed priucipalh of Rfiughars, having gone over to the enemy, and his Lieutenant, an English- man of the name of Hopkins, being killed, his troops at length gave way, and he fled on a favoiu-ite Arab horse to Hansi, a distance of about 60 miles. Bourquin assaulted the city aud Thomas, after a defence of some weeks, gave himself up, aud was allowed to join the British Brigade at Auupshalir. l)e- partiug thence, iu charge of a Capt. Fraucklin, he died on his way down the river, as he was seeking to return to Europe by way of Calcutta. His great-granddaughter was the wife of a writer on a humble salary (1867) in one of the Goverun\eut offices in Agra. GESU 140 GHAU There is a Life of George Thomas, written by Franckliu, of wliicli a copy is to be seen in the Dehll Institute Library. [See Keeue's Fall of the Jlii^al Empire, part iii. ch. ii. iii.] Gesu Daraz (jl^j ^■^)- ^^'(^^ Mu- hammad Gesu Daraz. Ghaeb (^^jli), a poet wlio died in A.D. 1750, A.H. 1163. Ghafil (^-^[,\^J\ Jili), a poet of A-rah. J ,-.i), title of Ghairat Khan ( Ad Khwaja Kangar, the nephew of 'AbdiiUah Klian, Firoz Jang and son of Sardar Kliau. In the year a.o. 1631, lie brought the head of Klian Jahan Jodi to Shah Jahan, and was raised to the rank of 2000 with the title of Ghairat Khan. He died in a.d. 1640, a.h. 1050, at Thatta of which place he was governor. lie is the author of the Jahanglr Ndma. Ghalib (c^JLi), the poetical title assuined by Muhammad Sa'd, author of a Diwiin which he completed in the year a.d. 1690, A.H. 1101. Ghalib (» U_i), the poetical name of Mir Faklir-uddin, author of a book of Qasidas which he finished in the 6th year of Muhammad Shfih the emperor of DehlT, a.d. 1734, a.h. 1136. Ghalib (e^lli), poetical title of Shaildi Asad-ullah, son of the sister of Shaikli Muhammad Afzal of Allahabad. He died in A.D. 1750, A.H. 1163. Ghalib (L__^!li.), poetical name of Mirza Asad-ullah Khan, author of a Dlwan, and a history of the Miighil cnijxTors of India. He was the son of 'All IJakhsh Klian, the brother of Nawab Ahmad Bakhsh Kliiiu of Flrozpur and Loharl. He died at Delili in the month of February or March, a.d. 1S69, a.d. 1285. Ghani ( ,-:.—=■), the poetical name of Mirzii Muhammad Taliir. He is commonly called (ihani Kashuihi on account of his being a native of Kashmir. He was a pupil of Shaikh Muhsin-Faiii, whom he excelled in his learning and became an elegant poet. He wrote a book of Odes called I)iwan Glianl, and died in Kashmir two years before his master a.d. 1668, a.h. 1079. It is said that the emperor 'Alamgir wrote to Sail' l<2iriii tiie governor of Kasliinir to send Gliaui to his jircsence. GlianI refused to go, telling him at the same time to inform the emperor that Gliani had become insane and was not worthy to be sent to his presence. Saif Kjian said that he could not call a wise man like him mad ; upon which Gliani immediately really went mad, tore liis clothes, and died after three days. He was a young man at tlie time of his death, having "enjoyed a brilliant reputation for poetical excellence for about eighteen years. He sometimes uses Talilr for his poetical name. Ghani Bahadur (^,l>1^j lj^^X son of Sliamsher Bahadur I. and younger brother of 'Ali Bahiidur, the Xawab of Banda. [ Vide 'All Bahadur.] Ghanimat (l::^.^^:.^), poetical name of Muhammad Akram, author of a short Diwan and a Masnawi containing an account of the Loves of Aziz and Shiihid, called Nairang Isliq, composed in the reign of 'Alamgir Gharib (i._^_) i), poetical name of Shaikh Nasir-uddin of Dehll. He is the author of a Diwan in Persian. Gharib (k >-^ r-i), poetical name of Sayyad Karim-ullah of Bilgram. Ghasiti Begam U-^,^\ ^ ^Cj iL-^u.^ ^-L--.'), the wife of Shahamat Jang, and Aiiiina Begam, the mother of Nawiib Siraj-uddaula, were daughters of Nawab Mahabat Jang of Bengal ; they were drowned in the river, close to Jahangirnagar, by order of ]Mirau the son of Nawab Ja'far 'Ali Khan, in June, a.d. 1760. Ghaus Muhammad Khan (»J:_?4_i A,\6- Sa.^'"*), whose title is Mohta- shim-uddaula, was (1870) Nawiib of Jiiwara. Ghaus-ul-'Alam (^JL>tJl lLj^-z), a famous SiifT. Gwaliar. Vide Muhammad Ghaus of Ghaus-ul-'Azim (*.l2.rl!!l lIj^^), a title of the Muhammadan saint 'Abdid Qiidir Gliani. Ghauwasi (^-j;j , ^-^^.i), of Yezd, a poet, whose proper name is Izz-nddin. He is said to have composed 100,000 verses. This fertile poet, in a work which he wrote in A. P. 1543, a.h. 950, says: "The poetry which I have written amounts to 1,950 books." He made 500 verses a day, and it would appear that he put the Raiizat-tish-Shohada, the history of TabarT, the legends of the rrii])licts, Kaleila-wa-Damua,and the Medical work called Zakjiira Ehuarizm Shdh'i, and many other works into verse. He died in a.d. 1553, a.h. 960, at an age of more than one hundi'ed years. GHAY 141 GHAY Ghayas Halwai (|__c^Pw»- C>?l.--i), of Sliiraz, was bliud aud died by a fall from the terrace of a house in the time of Shah Saft. He is the author of a Diwiin. Ghayas-uddin ( ,^^s]\ ;Li), author of a Persian Dictionary called G/iai/ils-ul- L ugM t. Tide Muhammad Ghayas-uddlu. Ghayas - uddin Bahmani (Sultan) {J}A^ ^^A.^i ^rld^\ V±.A^r), the eldest son of Sultan Mahmud Shah I. He ascended the throne of the Deccau in his seventeenth year, after the death of his father in April, a.d. 1397. He had reii^ned only one month and twenty days, when Lalchiu, one of the Tiu-kish slaves, not being appointed prime minister — to which ofhce he had aspired — put out his eyes with the point of his dagger, and having sent him in confinement to the fortress of Sagar, placed Shams-uddm, the late king's brother, on the throne. This circumstance took place (m the 14th June, a.d. 1397, 17tli Ramaziiu, A.H. 799. Ghayas-uddin Balban (Sultan)(t.^A*i j^lkl-j |^.-*J_J ,.j JkJ^), king of Dehli. In his youth he was sold as a slave to Sultan Altimsh, who raised him by degrees to the rank of a noble, and gave him his daughter in marriage. On the accession of his son Nasir-uddin Mahmud to the throne of Dehli, Ghayas-uddin was appointed his wazTr. After the king's deposal or death in February, a.d. 1266, A.H. 664, he ascended the throne and reigned 20 years. He died in a.d. 12.S6, A.H. 685, aged 80 years, and was succeeded by his grands(m Mniz-nddiu Kaiqubiid, the son of Nasir-uddin Ba gli ra K]ian, governor of Bengal, who was then absent in that province. Ghayas-uddin Kart I. (Malik) (i.ijLi I <^L# lzJjS ,.j_vJO, fourth king of the race of Kart or Kard. He succeeded his brother Malik Fakhr-uddm Kart in a.d. 1307. A.H. 706, reigned more than 21 years over Herat, Balgh, aud Ghazni, and died in the year a.d. i3'29, a.h. 729. He was suc- ceeded by his son Malik Shams-uddin Kart. Ghayas - uddin Kart II. (Malik) (t_^L« ij:^S ijj-^,-^^ d^Li.), the eighth and last king of the dniasty of Kart or Kard. He succeeded his father or grandfather Moiz- uddTn Hu.sain Kart in a.d. 1370, a.h. 771, and reigned 12 years over Herat, rrliur, Sarakhsh, and Xaishapur, and conquered Tas and Jam. He was a great tyrant, and had several battles with the Sarbadiils of Sabzwar and the chiefs of Jaui Qurbilni. In the year A.D. 1381, a.h. 783, Amir Taimiir (Tamerlane) con uered Herat, when G|iayas-uddln, together with his son and brother, were taken prisoners and put to death. This dynasty lasted one hundred and nineteen lunar years and two months. Ghayas-uddin Khilji (Sultan) (t^^Li. ^^M~ ^^^^ ...J-jJO succeeded his lS • ^•• father Sultan Mahmud Kliilji on the throne of Gujrat in May, a.d. 1469," Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 873. When he had reigned 33 years and arrived at an advanced age, his two sons anxiously looked for his death as an event which would secure to one of them the throne of Malwa ; a jealousy arose between the two brothers, who con.spired against each other, till Nasu'-uddin, the eldest, having put his brother, Shuja'at I\hauto death on the 22nd October, a.d. 1500, 24th RabI II. a.h. 906, assumed the reins of government. A few days after, his father was found dead in the Seraglio ; and it was supposed that poison had been administered to him by his son. Ghayas-uddin Mahmud (, .;_\!1 ;U Js^A,^'*), the son of Ghayas-uddin JIuhammad GliorT, succeeded his uncle Shahab-uddin in the kingdom of Ghor and GliaznT in a.d. 1205, a.h. 602. He reigned about four years, and was assassinated by the people of Mahmud All Shah on Satiu-day night, the 31st July, a.d. 1210, 7th Safar, a.h. 607. He was at first buried at Firoc K5h, but was afterwards transported to Herat and buried there. He was succeeded by his son Baha-uddin Sam, who was after tliree months defeated by 'Ala-uddin Atsiz (son of Ala-uddin Hasan surnamed Jahan Soz) who reigned in Glior and Gliazni for four years, and fell in battle against Malik Nasir-uddin Husain Amir Shikar in the year A.D. 1214, A.H. 611. After his death Ala- uddin ^[uhammad, son of Abii Ali, cousin of Miilik Ghayas-uddin Muhammad, was raised to the throne by Taj -uddin Eldiiz. Ghayas-uddin Mahmud Ghori (cl,'Li ^,^.i J>.-i..^'* |^,_!,_\J^), the son of Gliayas-uddin Muhammad Ghori, and nephew of Shahab-uddin Muhammad Gliori, whom he succeeded to the throne of Glior and Ghazni in A.D. 1206. Mahnmd being naturally indolent, remained satisfied with the throne of Gl^or, and proclaimed Taj -uddin Elduz, king of Gliazni. He died in a.d. 1210. Ghayas - uddin Muhammad Ghori (^_^,»i wV/«.js"« v^J^!^ CLjLi), king of (j\h)V and Gliazni, was the s. ^_^V..i), seventh king of Persia of the Tartar tribe and fourth in descent from Halaku Khan, was the son of Arghiin Ivhan. He succeeded to the crown of Persia after the dethronement of Baidii Khan his imcle in October, a.d. 1295, Zil-bijja, A.H. 694. He was the second emperor of the race of Changez Klian who embraced the religion of Muhammad, and with him near one hundred thousand of his followers followed their leader into the pale of Islam. He was the first of this race of kings who threw off all allegiance to the K^iaqan of Tartary, by directing that the name of that monarch (whom he now deemed to be an infidel) should not in futm-e be struck on the coins of Persia. After embracing Muhammadanism, he took the title of Sultan Mahmiid. He reigned nearly nine years and died on Sunday the 17th May, A.D. 1304, 11th Sha-w^val, A.n. 703, at Qazwin ; he was interred in a superb mosque which he had constnicted near Taiu'is or Tabrcz. He was succeeded hy his brother Aljiutii, who took the title of Muhammad K[iuda Banda. Ghazanfar Khan {^.:>~ .ku^i.), son of Alawardi Kliiin I. and brother of Alawardi Klian II. a nobleman of the reign of Shah Jahan and 'Alamgir. He was three times at different periods appointed governor of Saharanpiir and afterwards of Thatta iu Sindh, where he died on the 1st May, a.d. 1666, 17th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1077. His remains were brought to Dehli and buried there. Ghazi (^jli), the poetical title of a person who served as Kiirhegi under the prince Sultan Muhammad Muilzzim the son of the emperor 'Alamgir. Ghazi (t_f jli), or Al-Ghazi, the son of Ortak, the first of the Turkman Ortakite jnincts who seized Jerusalem and reigned in GHAZ 143 GHAZ Mardin and Miafarkin in Syria. The follow- ing were his descendants : — A.D. A.H. Hnsam-uddin Taimiirtash, son of Alghazi, beo^an to reign . . 1122 516 Kajm-uddin Abu'l Muzaffar Alhi or Alpi, son of Taimurtash . 1152 547 Qutb-iiddin Alghazi, son of Albi. 1176 572 Husam-iiddin Yulak Arsalan, the son of Qutb-uddin . . . .1184 580 Malik Almansur Nasir-nddln Ortak Arsalan, son of Uiitb- uddln 1201 597 Malik-US- Said Najm-nddin Ghazi, son of Nasir-uddin Ortak 1239 637 Malik-ul-Mazatlar Qara Arsalan, son of Xajm-nddiu .... 1255 653 Shams-uddm Daiid TiUl 691 Malik - a 1 - Mansiir Naj m - iiddin Ghazi 1293 693 Albi Malik-iil-Adil 'Imad-uddin 'Ali 1312 712 Malik -lis - Salah Shams -iiddiu Salah, the last prince of this race 1312 712 Ghazi-uddin Haidar ( ,.„'jJl lS'X-^ .Jk-.;^-), the eldest of the ten sons of Nawab Sa'adat 'Ali Khan of Audli. On his father's death, which took place on the nth July, A.D. 1814, 22ud Rajab, a.h. 1229, he succeeded to his dominions as Nawab AYazir, and five years after, assumed, with the concurrence of the British Govern- ment, the regal dignity. His coronation took place on Saturday the 9th October, a.d. 1819, 18th Zil-hijja, a.h. 1234, at Lucknow, when he took the title of Abii'l Muzaffar Maiz-uddin Shah Zaman Ghazi-uddiu Ilaidar Padshah. On ascending the first step of tlie throne, the minister delivered to him a crown, studded with diamonds and jewels of great value. He then put it on his head and was congratulated on the occasion by the Resident, who saluted him as king of Audh. Jewels and pearls to the value of 30,000 rupees were then scattered over the heads of the spectators, many of which were picked up by English ladies. Ghazi-uddTn Haidar died after a reign of more than 13 years, on the 19tli October, A.D. 1827, 27th Rabi' I. a.h. 1243, aged 58 lunar years, and was succeeded by his son Sulaiman Jah Nasir-uddin Haidar. Gliazi-uddin Khan I. ( ,„«jJl , c;l.i. rj e; L^), styled Firoz Jang, whose original name was IMir Shahab- uddm, was the son of Kulich ]\han Sadr-us- Sudur, and was raised to the rank of an Amir with the title of Firoz Jang, after his father's death, by the emperor 'Alamgir in a.d. 1687, a.h. 1098. His son was the famous Nizam- ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah whose descendants are known to Europeans as Xizams of the Dcccan. In the reign of Bahadur Shah he was appointed governor of Gujrat, and died at Ahmadabad in a.d. 1710, ah. 1122. His remains were transported to Dehli, and interred in the yard of the college built by him outside the Ajmiri Gate. G-hazi-uddin Khan II. ( ^.iS^\ icA-i y* ^J^ •«' i^jl-:::^), Amli'-ul-Umra, also styled Firoz Jang, was the eldest son of the celebrated Kizam-iil-Mulk 'Asaf Jiih. He was elevated to the rank of Amir-ul- Umra after the death of Klian Dauran, and departure of Nadir Shiih to Persia, in a.d. 1739, a.h. 1152, by the emperor Muhammad Shiih. Some years after the death of his father, when his brother Nasir Jang, who had succeeded him, died in the Deccan, he proceeded from Dehli to regain his possessions in that country, but died on his way at Aorangabad on the 16th October, a.d. 1752, 7th Zil-hijja, a.h. 1165 (new style). His remains were brought to Dehli and biu-ied there. After his death the office of Amir-ul- Umra was conferred on his son Shahab-uddin with the title of 'Imad-ul-Mulk Ghazi-uddin IChan. Ghazi-uddin Khan III. ( .,..a!1 ^-jU j^y\ j.-->-'<' |^L>-), Amir-ul-Umra, styled 'Imad-ul-Mulk, was the son of Ghazi- uddin Klian Firoz Jang, the son of INizam- ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah. His original name was Shahab-uddin, but after the death of his father in a.d. 1752, a.h. 1165, he was, by the recommendation of Xawab Safdar Jang, wazir, appointed Amir-id- Umra, by the emperor Ahmad Shah of Dehli with tlie title of 'Imad-id-Mulk GliazT-uddin Iv[ian. This is that Ghazi-uddin Ivhan, who afterwards became wazir, imprisoned and blinded his master the emperor Ahmad Shiih, and assassinated 'Alamgir II. His wife was the celebrated Ganna, or Gunna [q.v.), Begam, who died in the year a.d. 1775, a.h. 1189. The year of Ghazi-uddin Klian's death is unknown, but according to the biography of the poet called Gidziir Ibriihim, he was livino- in A.D. 1780, A.H. 1194, in straitened circum- stances. His poetical name was Xizam. Ac- cording to the work called Mdsir-ul-Umrd, he went to the Deccan a.d. 1773, a.h. 1187, and received a jiigir in Miilwa ; .subsequently he proceeded to Surat and pa.ssed a few years with the English, and thence on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He composed Persian and Raikhta poetry, and left Arabic and Turkish Ghazals and a thick Pursian Diwiin and a Masuawi in wliich the mii-acles of Maulana Fakhr-uddiu are related. Some say he died at Kalpi, a.d. 1800. [Vide Jour. As. Soc. Bcng. 1879.] Ghaznawi (^-J:i). Khiin (Mir). Vide Muhammad Ghazni ( \ Subakta"in. z), Kiii"'s of. Viile GHAZ 144 GHUL G-hazzal (J^^jJ.) (a seller of thread), title of AVasil-biu-'Ata, a celebrated Musal- uifm doctor who was thus suruamed. Ghazzal ( J|^i). Vide Wasil. Ghazzali (j,^^l A.J ^^j-^), or Ghazal! (Imam Ahmad), younger brother of Imam Muhammad Ghazzali. He was a doctor of the sect of Shiifa'T, and died at Qazwin in the year a.d. 1123, a.h. 517, but according to Ibn Kliallikan in a.h. 520, corresponding with a.b. 1126. Grhazzali (s.A.-si-'* ^\^\ ^]\j-z), or Ghazali (Imam Muhammad), Avho is also entitled Hujjat-ul-Islam, is the surname of Abu Hiimid Muhammad Zain-uddin-al-TusI, one of the greatest and most celebrated Musalman doctors, and author of a treatise on the different classes of science which concern religion, called, Klmide Sa'ddat, and many other works such as the Ycikat-ut- Tawib, also called Tafs'r Jawdhir-ul-Qnrdn , AkdcdfThazzdll, Ahia-ul-' JJltim, and Tuhfat- -uI-Filasafa. He was born in the year a.d. 1058, A.H. 450, in a village called Ghazzfila or Ghazali, in Tus, whence he and his brother derived their names of Gliazzali. He died on the 18th December, a.d. 1111, 4th Jumada II. a.h. 505, aged 55 lunar years. Some authors say that his name should be spelt Gjiazali and not - ,jlJ! >^Ii\ son of Zabita Khan, and gi-andson of Najib- uddaula, the llohila chief. This is that traitor who, after extorting as much mouey as he could from his royal master, the emperor Shah 'Alam of Dehli, ordered his Rohilas to pluck out his eyes from their sockets and placed Bedar Bakht, son of Ahmad Shah and grandson of Muhammad Shah, ou the throne. This tragic scene happened on the 10th August, A.D. 1788, 7th Zil-Qa'da, A.H. 1202. After this, the traitor endeavoured to make his retreat to his owu territory Ghousgarh, but was pursued by the Mahrattas ■who took him prisoner, cut off his ears, nose, arms, and legs, and in this mutilated state he was sent to Dehli ; but died on the road in the month of December the same year, Rabi I. A.H. 1203. His tomb is in Aul, Parganua Furrah, Zila Agra. [ Vide Keene's Fall of the MughZil Umpire.'] Ghulam Qutb-uddin Shah (^ r \u ^AA <^\ ili'^Al^), of Allahabad, whose poetical name is Muslbat, was the son of Shah Muhammad Fakhir. He was an elegant poet eminently learued and accom- plished, and is the author of a work called JV^ilH Qalia (Cakes and Steaks) which he wrote in answer to a work eutited Xdn Hahcd (Cakes and Pudding). He was born ou the 29th August, o.s. 1725, 1st Maharram, a.d. 1138, went ou a pilgrimage to Mecca, and died there in the year a.d. 1773-4, a.h. 1187-8. Ghunchacha-i-Umaid (ju^l i^.-.J rj^^f ^ daughter of the emperor Babar, who was married to Mirzii Nur-uddin Muhammad, a person of respectable family, by whom she had a daughter named Salima Sultana Begam, who was married in the beginning of the reign of the emperor Akbar, to Balram Klian, Kliankhanan, after whose death in a.d. 1561, A.H. 9(iS, the emperor married her himself. Gulrnkli Begam is called in the 3Iosir-ul- U/nrd GuJbarg Begam, and by some GuLraug Begam. Gulrukh Begam (^.^ -r-j^), a daughter of Kamran Mu'za, the brother of the emperor Humayun and first cousin to Akbar. She was married to Ibrahim Husain Mirz.i, the son of Muhammad Sultan Mirza, a descendant of Amir Taimiir. Ibrahim Husain, who together Avith his other brothers had created great disturbances in the country, was taken prisoner in a.d. 1573, a.h. 981, and shortly alter put to death and his head sent to Akbar, who ordered it to be placed over one of the gates of Agra. Gulrukh Begam siu'nved him for several years and was Hviug at Agra in a.d. 1614, a.h. 1023. Gulshan (^iS'), the poetical name of Shaikh Sa'd-uUah, a mystical poet, who resided for some years at Dehli, and left nearly 100,000 verses of Gliazals. He was a disciple of Shah 'Abdul Ahad SarhindT, and made with him a pilgrimage to Mecca. He died A.D. 1728, a.h. 1141. Gulshani ( ^a1^), the poetical title of Shaikh Sa'd-ullah, which see. Gunna or Ganna Begam (^Ji^: LS^), a princess, celebrated for her personal accom- plishments, as well as for the vivacity of her wit, and the fire of her poetical genius. Several of her lyric compositions in the Hindustani language are still sung and admired, one of which is to be seen in the first volume of the Asiatic Itcscarchcs, p. 55. She was the daughter of IS'awab '^Ui Quli Khan, commonly called Chhanga or Shash Augushti (from having six fingers on each hand), a mansabdar of 5000 horse. Ganna Begam was betrothed to Shuja'-uddaula, the son of Nawab Safdar Jang of Audh, but afterwards married to 'Imiid-ul-Mulk Gliazi- uddlu Kliau, wazir of the empire, and this rivalship is said to have iu part laid the fouudatiou of the mortal enmity which after- wards subsisted between that wazir aud Safdar Jang. Adjoining to the village of NUrabad near Dholpiir, two miles from Chola Sarae, is a pretty large garden, the work of the emperor Alamglr, bidlt in the year a.d. 1688, a.h. 1160, over the gate of which is an inscription bearing the chronogram of the year of its erection, viz. " Dida Ba gh Jamal." Within this garden is the monument of Guunil Begam. Her shrine bears the followiug inscription: "Ah gham Gunna Begam," which is the chronogram of the year of her death, viz. a.d. 1775, a.h. 1189. The poets Soz, Souda, and Minnat corrected her verses. GURD 147 GTJUU Giirdezi Fathi Ali Husaini. Tide llusaini. Guru Gobind (jcj,^ •.$), the son of Ti'gh Bahadur, a famous chief of the Sikhs. After the death of his father, who was executed hy order of the emperor 'Alamgir in the year a.d. 1673, havin"; collected his followers, he gave them arms and horses, which till this time they had never used, and hegan to commit depredations, but he was soon obliged to fly, and two of his sons being taken prisoners, were put to death. Being desirous of retiu-ning to his home, he prevailed on some Afghans to conduct him, disguised as one of their devotees, through the army stationed at Sarhind ; and for the remainder of his life kept himself retired, having lost his faculties in grief for his sons. He ordered Ms disciples to wear blue, and leave their beards and the hairs of their heads unshaved, which they do to this day. He was succeeded by Banda, one of his followers. [ Vide Hughes, Diet, of Islam, in voc. "Sikhism."] H HABI HAFI Habib Ajmi, Khwaja ( ^a^ c:-^-s:s- ^,p^\^:>~). He was called Ajmiorthe Persian, on accoimt of his not being able to read the Quran, or that he could not pronounce the words of it dis'inctly. He was a pious Musalman and disciple of Ivhwaja Hasan Basri. He died on the 28th August, A.D. 738, 7th Eamazau, a.h. 120. Habib-ullah (AW i ---=-), author of an Arabic work on philosophy called Buhr-ul- Mantiq, or the Sea of Logic. Habib-ullah, Shaikh (aJJ^ l_^_*-»-5^ ^""'^), a celebrated poet of Agra. Habib-ullah, Shah or Mir (i^^-k.<^>. i\.J:i ^1\), a descendant of Shah Ki'mat-xdlah "Wali, and an Amir in the service of the Bahmani kings of the Deccan. He was imprisoned, and afterwards put to death in Jime, a.d. 1460, Sha'ban, a.h. 864, by Sultan Ilumayun Shah II. Bahmani, a tyrant, who at the same time cast his brolher Hasan Klian, who had rebelled against him, before a voracious tiger, that soon tore the wretched prince to pieces. Habshi or Habashi ( -), a poet who having lost an eye in a scuffle, was asked by Ibrahim Pasha, " Where is thine other eye ? ' ' and making answer, ' ' It grew tired of stopping at home iu the socket, and flew oiit to see the Avorld f ' ' was imprisoned ten years for his wit in the tower of Hero and Leander, where he daily gave vent to his feelings in such verses as "the following : — I will groan, till everj- stone in this cold prison-tower shall weep, I will cry, till earth and sky, and each dark rolling hour shall weep, I will make, that hearts shall break, and even the dewless flower shall weep. Yea, for me, the wronged Habshi, both Musiilman and Gabr shall weep ! [So Mr. Beale : "We shall perhaps run no great risk of error if we suppose Habshi to have been an Abyssinian domiciled in Egj-pt.-ED.] Hadi (^L>lj&), a khalif of Ba gh dad. Vide Al-Hadi. Hadi (^'jW), poetical name of Mir Muhammad Jawad 'Ali Klian, who died in the year a.d. 1800, a.h. 1215, and left a Diwan in Urdu. Hafi ( ^jl=-), which means barefoot, is the surname of Zain-uddin Muhammad, an author, who led an austere life, and who always walking barefoot, was thus suruamed. Hafiz Abru {»j.i} liil-j^), surnamcd Xur-uddin-bin-Lutf-ullrih, author of the history called Tdrikh lidjlz Abri'e. He was HAFI 148 HAFI born in the city of Herat, but pnssed his infancy in Ilanulan, where he received his education. lie was fortunate enough to secure the esteem of Amir Taimur, who sought every occasion to do him service. After the death of that tyrant, he attended the court of his son Shalirukh Mirza, and received from the young prince Mirza Bfiisan- ghar every demonstration of kindness and regard. To him he dedicated his works imder the name oi Zuhdat-td-Tawdrikh Bfiisaucihar, which contains a complete history of the world, and an account of the institutions and religions of different people do\vn to a.d. 1425, A.H. 829. He died five years after- wards in the city of Zanjan, about the year A.D. 1430, A.H. 834. Hafiz Adam (^jT liil^), a Musalman devotee and disciple of Shaikh Ahmad Sar- hindi, who about the year a.d. 1673, in conjunction with the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur, having collected his followers, levied con- tributions with the greatest oppression fnim the inhabitants of his neighbourhood and pretended to royalty. He was banished from the kingdom across the Indus by order of the emperor 'Alamgir. Hafiz Halwai {^\^ liiU), a con- fectioner and poet of Herat, who floiu-ished in the reign of Shiihrukh Mirza, the son of Amir Taimur, about the year a.d. 1430, A.H. 834. Hafiz, Khwaja (^l^^i. kil^^), wliose proper name is Shams-uddln Muhammad, was the most elegant Xyxic poet of Persia. He was born at ShTraz in the reign of Muzaffarians, and was living at the time when Amir Taimur (Tamerlane) defeated Shah Mansiir, the last Sultan of that d)-nasty. The language of Hafiz has been styled among the Musalmans " Lisan-ul-Ghaib," the language of mystery. From his frequent celebration of love and "wine in his odes he has very appi-opriatelv been denominated, by some Orientalists, the Anacreon of Persia. He died in a.d. 1389, A.H. 791, at Shlraz, where his tomb is yet to be seen at a place called Musalla, and' is •Ndsited as a sacred spot by pilgrims of all ages. After his death a collection of 569 of his odes was made by Sayyad Qasim Anwar, entitled Diivdn Hafiz. A" few of his poems may be understood in a literal sense ; but in general they are figurative, and allude to the Siifl doctrines; most of them have been at different times translated into some of the European languages. At the head of the English translators stand Sir W. Jones, Messrs. Ilichardson and Carlyle. [There have been two other Persian poets of the name of Hafiz, one of them suruamed Halwai, that is to say, the confectioner, who lived in the reign of Sultan Shahnikh, the son of Tamerlane, and the other was named Ajfin Ruml.] Many zealous admirers of Hafiz insist that by wine he invariably means devotion; and they have gone so far as to compose a dictionary of words in the lanr/Kafje, as they call it, of the SiifTs ; in that vocabulary sleej} is explained by meditation on the cHvine perfections, anii perfume by liope of the divine favour ; gales are illapses of grace ; kisses and embraces, the raptm-e of piety ; idolators, infidels, and lihertincs, are men of the purest religion, and their idol is the Creator himself ; the tavern is a retired oratory, and its keeper, a sage instructor ; heauty denotes the per- fection of the Supreme Being ; tresses are the expansion of his glory ; lips the hidden mysteries of his essence ; down on the cheek, the world of spirits who encircle his throne : and a hlach mole, the point of indivisible unity; lastly, wantonness, mirth ,ii\iAinebriety , mean religious ardour and abstraction from all terrestrial thoughts. Hafiz Muhammad, autlior of the Hawl S agh lr. Hafiz Rahmat Khan (i. ^u ■), a celebrated chief. He joined his countrymen during theadmiuis- trationof 'Ali Muhammad Khan, who advanced him to an important station, and Pilibhit and Bareily were given to him and Muradiibad to another chief named Diiude Khan. Having attained his office, by military ability and genius, he at length v,-holly superseded the authority of Sa'd-ullah-K]iau, the son of 'All Muhammad K[ian, and was advanced to the supreme administration of affairs. He failed in his engagement to pay forty lacs of rupees to Nawab Shuja-uddaula of Audh for the protection of his country from the ravages of the Marhattas, was killed in a battle fought by the Nawab by the assistance of theEiii^-lish on the 23rd April, a.d. 1774, 10th Saiar, A.H. 1188. His Life has been translated by Elliot. [Vide Strachey ; Hastings and the Boh da war.'] Hafiz Rakhna {d,u:>~. liiW) is the name of the person who planted a large garden at Sirhiud in the reign of the Emperor Akbar and called it " Bagh Noulakh." He died in a.d. 1592, A.n. 1000, and a beautiful chrouo"-ram was written on the occasion. Hafiz-uddin Ahmad, Moulwi (li^jir*. (jj^ll), author of the t\^.?^i Khirad Afroz, an Urdu translation of the Agar Banish, or Pilpay's Fables, which he translated for the use of the College of P'ort William in a.d. 1803, a.h. 1218. Hafiz - uddin Nasafi - bin - Ahmad author of the commentaries called Jfrtv/ff/jA-- ^tt-Tanzil?a\(\. Hakdeq-ut- Tanawll, in Arabic. He died in the year a.d. 1310, a.h. 710. \_Vide Nasafi or Al-Nasafa.], HAFI 149 HAID Haflz-ullah, Shaikh (^-^^ aJJ\ \hA=^), a relation of Siraj-uddm 'All Khan Arzii. His poetical name was Asam. He died in the 21st year of the emperor Mnhammad Shah of DehlT, a.d. 1767, a.h. 1181. Hafs (^.A.-.). T^ide Abu Hafs-ul- Bukhari. Hafsa (ti>.^.i.^), a daughter of the IChalif Umar, and wife of Muhammad, in whose hands Abu Baki", the successor of the prophet, deposited the original Quran. Slie outlived her husband 33 years and ched in A.D. 665, A.H. 45. Haihat Jang (,_Clj: .^.^!i>), title of Zain-uddln Ahmad, the youugest sou of Haji Ahmnd, aud nephew and son-in-law of Alahwardi Kliau Mahabat Jang, governor of Bengal. He was the father of Nawab Siraj -uddaula, who succeeded Mahabat Jang in the government of Bengal in a.d. 1756. Haibat Khan (^l ^). He the author of the Tin'ihh Khun Jahdn Lod'i, Makhzan-i- Afghani, containing the history of Khan Jahan Lodi and of the Afghans. Klian Jahan was a general of great reputation during the reign of the emperor Jalianglr, but rebelling against Shah Jahan, was killed in an engagement with the royal troops, a.d. 1631, A.H. 1087. The above work was written in a.d. 1676. There is also an abridgment of this work, by the same author, called Majiiiua' A fcjh ln'i. Haidar (jJ^-,^), a title of 'All, the son- iu-law of Muhammad. Haidar {^^\<, jS^=^ L» i^S jS^:^), also called Haidar Kuluj or Haidar Kulicha, because he was by profession a baker. He was a native of Herat, and is the author of a Diwau in Persian and one in Urdu. Haidar (^j^^-^), or Mir Haidar Shah, a gallant soldier in the service of Nawab Sarfaraz Kliau, governor of Bengal. He put the Diwau of AVali the Deccani into Mu- khammas and interspersed that of Hafiz with verses of his own. He died at Hugli in the reign of the emperor Ahmad Shah, a year or two before or after a.d. 1750, a.h. 1164, aged 100 years. Garcin-de-Tassy thinks that he is the author of a Masuawi entitled Ktssai Chandar Badun and Mdhi/dr. Haidar Ali, known to contemporary Europeans as " Hydor Naik," son of a Punjabi adventurer, born in the Deccan about A.D. 1702 ; distinguished himself in the service of the Maisur (Mysore) State about 1740. Deposed the Raja and assumed the power of the State twelve years later and ruled for 20 years. His extraordinary efforts and occasional successes against the British are matter of history. Defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo 1781, he died 7th December, 1782. He was succeeded by his son Tipu (Tippoo). Haidar Ali Moulwi (t_sJ»^ ^s. jS..j>- j_5'JIji ij^^i), of Faizabad, author of the Mtintnhl-iil- Kaldm and several other works. He was living in Dehli a.d. 1854, A.H. 1270. Haidar Mir {^,t ,^-.>.). Vide Haidar Mirza. Haidar Mirza (h...« .lX.-..£-), who is also called Mir Haidar and Mirza Haidar Doghlat, was the son of Muhammad Husaiu, and his wife was the aunt of Babar Shah. He was formerly in the service of Kamran Mirza, brother of the emperor Humayiin, but being disgusted with his conduct abandoned his standard about the year a.d. 1539, a.h, 946, and joined the emperor, to whom he was afterwards of great service. In a.d. 1540, A.H. 947, he was deputed by the emperor to conquer Kashmir, which he took in a short time ; but as that emperor was soon after expelled from India by Sher Shall, Haidar became the king of that coimtry. In the year a.d. 1548, a.h. 955, he invaded Little Thibet, and not only succeeded in con- quering that country, but subsequently added Great Thibet, Eajora and Pogla to his dominions. He reigned nearly ten years, and was killed by an arrow in a night-attack made upon his camp in a.d. 1551, a.h. 958. Haidar Khan, Mir (^^ (^A:>- iJ»->»-), the grandson of jMir Haidar, who was the author of the Tarikh liashidi. This person, on plea of presenting a petition, killed Husaiu 'Ali Ivhan Amir-ul-Umra, at the instigation of the emperor Muhammad Shah, ou the 18th September, o.s. 1720, 27th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1132, aud was himself cut to pieces. Haidar Malik (L_XJl« .wUr^), entitled RaTs-ul-Mulk Chughtai, author of the most authentic history of Kashmere down to his own time. He was a nobleman in the service of the emperor Jahaugir, aud was living about the year a.d. 1619, a.h. 1028, in which year he accompanied that emperor to Kashmere. Haidar Muammai, Mir (^jl^r,* j^u^- ..-^), surnamed Eafisgi Kashl, a punster who flourished in the time of Shah IsnnxTl II. king of Persia, aud wrote a chrouo- HAID 150 HAJI gram at his death, which took phice in a.d. 1577, A.H. 985. He was distinguished by his skill in making chronograms and enigmas. He came to India in the time of Akl)ar, and was drowned when returning by sea to Persia. He was in charge of copies of Faizi's works for distribution in Persia, and they were also lost. Tide Mir Haidar. Haidar Razi (i_>".\; j-V^'X ^ Persian historian who wrote in the 17th century of the Christian Era. Haidar, Shaikh or Sultan ( ..v.^^^ (.Ll2_l_-j), father of Shah Ismail I. SafwI. He was the son of Sultan or Shaikh Junaid, the son of Shaikh Ibrahim, the son of Shaikh or Khwaja AlT, the son of the celebrated Shaikh Sadar-uddin Miisa, the son of Shaikh Safi or Sat'i-uddm ArdibelT, who was the 21st in a direct line from MiisT Qazini, the seventh Iraiini, He was killed in a battle against Ya'kiib Beg the son of Uzzan Husan, at Shirwau in the month of Jidy, A.D. 1488, Sha'ban, a.h. 893. Hairan (|^^^-.s-), poetical name of Mir Haidar 'Ali. He was killed in zillah Bihar, but had the assassin put to death before he expired. Hairani, Maulana (Ij^L.^ ^jl..*.=^ JlA,*J&), of Hamdan. He is the author of several Masnawis or poems, viz. Bahn'on-ica- Xahld. Dispute between Heaven and Earth, e^i'iileA Mamzira Arz-iva-Samd ; Dispute between the Candle and the Moth, called Manazira Shama''-^ca- I'aru-nna ; and Dispute between the Eoasting Spit and the Fowl, named Manazira Sikh-ua-Murgh. He died in a.d. 1497-8, a.h. 903. Hairat (^JjJl ^Ui c:j^-.=^), poetical name of Qayam-uddln, the author of the biography called Tazlcira Maqdldt - ush - IShtia'rd, which he com2)leted in a.d. 1760, A.H. 1174. Hairat {cLij.^.=^), poetical title of Pandit Ajuddhia Parshad, a native of Kash- mere, who resided at Lncknow. He is the author of a small Dlwan and a few Masnawis. He died a.h. 1234, in the 35th year of his age. Hairati ( V" ), a poet of Marv. In reAvard of a Qasida which he com])os(d in praise of Slifih Tiiliiiias]) I. Satwl, he <)l)taini'd the title of Malik-ush-Shua'rfi or king of poets. Besides the work called Baljat-ul- Mub'ihij, he is the author of a Masuawl to which he gave the title of Gulzur. All his verses amount to about 40,000. He was murdered at Kashan a.d. 1554, a.h. 9G2. Hairati (^J^_*.^-) was the greatest poet of his time. He had studied at Isfahan, and was alive when Taqi KiishanT wrote his Tazkira a.d. 1585. Though he received a liberal allowance from the Persian Govern- ment, owing to his extravagance, it was quite iusutficient i'or his support, and in a.d. 1581, a.h. 989, he came to India being attra(,'ted by the prodigaUty of the Qutb-Sliahi kings of Golkanda. Hajar ( js.^^), a very gi'eat man among the followers of 'AlT, and remarkable for his singular abstinence, piety and strictness of life, his constant purifications according to Muhammadan law, and exactness in observing the hoiu's of devotion. He was put to death in A.D. 666, by order of Mu'awia I. for speaking reproachfully of him, affronting his brother Zayad, governor of Kiifa, and afhrming that the government did not, of right, belong to any but the family of 'Ali. Hajari. Vide Hijrl. Haji Begam (*-x.-_j ^^:>-L^), wife of the emperor Humayiin. [_Vide Ilamida Bauo Bcgam.] Haji Khalfa (-l:>-). He was at first in the service of Bairam Khan I£liaukbanan, after whose dismissal he was honoured with the rank of 3000 by the emperor Akbar. He accompanied Muuaim Klian Kliankbauiin to Bengal and died at Gout in a.d. 1575, a.h. 983. Haji Muhammad Qandahari ( ,^1^^ tjr^UbJu.Ji Jv/»^'*). He is the author of a history which goes by his name, viz. Tarlkh lidji Muhammad Qandahari. Haj j aj -bin- Yusaf-al-Saqafi or Thaqafl ^^. ^-'. -^- t ■), one of the most valiant Arabian captains, who was made governor of Arabia and Arabian Iraq, by Abdulmalik the fifth Klialif of the Ommaides, after he had defeated and killed Abdullah -bin-Zubeir, who had taken the title of Klialifa at Mecca. In the year a.d. 693, a.h. 74, he pulled down the temple of Mecca, which Abdullah had repaired, placing the black stone on the outside of it again and restoring it to the very form it had before Muhammad's time. He was a great tyrant; it is said of him, that in his lifetime he had put to death a hundred and twenty thousand persons, and when he cUcd had 50,000 in his prisons. He died in the reign of the Khalif Walif I. in the year a.d. 714, a.h. 85, aged 54 years. Hakim I. (,^~-), the poetical title of a person who was a native of IMashbad, and was living about the year a.d. 1688, a.h. 1100. He was an Arabic and Persian scholar, and is the author of a Diwan and a Masnawi. Hakim II. (j^C:^), the poetical name of Shah Abdul Hakim of Lahore. He is the author of a work called Mard/im Dida, compiled at Aurangabad in a.d. 1761, a.h. 1175. It contains an accoimt of those poets with whom the author was acquainted. Hakim-Ain-ul-Mulk (^-->-£ ♦---^s>- ( CL^JO, of Shiraz. He was a learned man and a clever writer. He traced his origin, on his mother's side, to the renowned logician Muhaqqiq-i-Dawani. The Historian Badaoni was a friend of his. Akbar also liked him very much. Hakim was a poet and -wi-ote under the Lakhalus of Dnwani. He died at Handiah on the 27th Zil-hijja, a.h. 1003. [Vide Am Translation, i. p. 481.] Hakim Ali ( ji_-,.s' ^s. *.->.x.c^), of Gilan, came to India in indigent circum- stances, but was fortunate enough to become in course of time a personal attendant and friend of Akbar. In the 39th year of Akbar' s reign, he constructed the wonderful reservoir which is so often mentioned by Mughal historians. In the 40th year Ali was a commander of 700 and hkl the title of JaHnus Uzzamani the ' Galinus of the Age.' He died on the 5th Muharram, a.h. 1018. [Vide A'in Translation, i. p. 466.] Hakim Muhammad (jk.y*..s'* ♦-^JLs^). He was half-brother to the emperor Akbar, being born of a diii'erent mother. [_]'ide Muhammad Hakim.] nAKi lo2 HAMD Hakim Nur-uddin SMrazi ( ,»j *-i^J^ ^■.\.^ ^.\J^\), who appears to have been either grandson or sister's son of Ahii'l Fazl, asserts in his preface to the Hajat Dara Shikohi, that he comineuced his work in the l-lth year of tlie reign of Shah Jahan, a.d. 1042, A.H. 10-52, tlie ahove name of the book gives the year of tlie Ilijra, and brought it to a conclusion iu a.h. lUoG. Hakim-ul-Mumalik(( ClU^'l /♦rr-^)> title of MTr ]\Iuhammad Mahdi, a physician who held the rank of 4000 in the reign of the emperor '^Vlamgir. Halaki ( jljc^Jfc ^S'^^'^, of Hamclan, a Persian poet, though illiterate, wrote a paneg}Tic on the accession of Shah Isma'il Safwi II. to the throne of Persia, iu the year A.D. 1576, A.H. 984, for which he received a handsome present from the king, while other poets who wrote on the same occasion received nothing. Halaku Qaan or Khan (^1 Ijj ^\:b), also called Ilklian, was the son of Tuli Kl^an, and the fourth successor and grandson of Changez Khau the Tartar. In the reign of his brother Maugu Qaan, king of Tartary, he was detached, in May, a.d. 1253, Eabi' I. A.H. 651, attended by one hundred and fifty thousand horse to subdue Persia, which he soon conquered, after which he extirpated the power of the Isma'ilis, tlie descendants of Hasan Sabbiih [q.v.), the founder of the sect, and destroyed their strongholds in November, a.d. 1256, ^il-qada, a.h. 6)4. He next intended to march direct to Constan- tinople, but was persuaded by Nasir-uddiu Tiisi (whom he had made his prime minister) to turn his arms against Baghdad. He marched against that capital, aud after a siege of some months took it in February, A.D. 1258, 4th Safar, a.h. 656. The Kiialiia Mustaa'sim Billah aud his son were seized, and with 800,000 of its inhabitants were put to death. After these successes Halakii was desirous of retiu'ning to Tartary to take possession of the government of his native country, which had become vacant by the death of his brother Maugii Qafiu ; but the great defeat which the geueral whom he had left in S}Tia suffered from Saif-uddin Firoz, the prince of the Mamluks of Egypt, com- pelled him to abandon his design ; aud after he had restored his affairs in Syria, he fixed his residence at Marfigha, in Azurbaijan, where he died on Sunday the 8th February, A.D. 1265, 19th Rabi' ll. a.h. 663, after"a reign of twelve yciirs from his iirst coming to Persia, and eight years from the death of his brother. During his prosperous reign, the literature of I'ersia resumed its fdrmer flourishing state ; and the illustrious Persian Bard Sa'di of Shiraz was living in his time. Iltilaku was succeeded by his son Aba Qaan iu the kingdom of Persia. List of Mughal -Tartar or Ilkhdln di/iiastt/ of Femia. Halakii Khan, the son of Tiili Ivhan, suc- ceeded his brother Mangii Qaan iu the kingdom of Persia. Aba Qaan, the son of Halakii. Nikodar or Ahmad Khan, brother of Aba Qaan. Arghuu Klian, son of Aba Qaan. Kaikbatii I\han, son of Aba Qaan. Baidfi, grandson of Halakii. Ghazan Khan, son of Arghiin IChiln. Aljaita, the son of Arghuu ]\luiu. Abii Said Bahadiu- Klulu, son of Aljaptii, after whose death the dynasty became dependent. Halati (^x]';:s^), poetical title of Kasini Beg, wlio was born and brought up in Teheran, and spent the greater part of his life at Qazwin. He flourished iu the reign of Shah Tahmasp Safwi, and wrote the chronogram of the accession of Shah Ismail II. in a.d. 1576, a.h. 984. He is the author of a Diwan iu Persian. Halima (a.,*..-.!.;^), the name of Mu- hammad's nurse, who, it is said, had formerly no nulk in her breasts, but immediately obtained some when she presented them to the new born prophet to suck. HaHaj (_1^). This word, which properly signifies the person that prepares cotton before it is mauufactiu-ed, was the surname of Abii MugbTs Husaiu-bin-Mansiir. {Vide Mansiir Hallaj.] Hamd-uUahMustoufi-lDin-Abu-Bakr- al-Qazwini, Khwaja (), poetical name of Shaikh Aohad - uddiu Kurmani. Hamid-uddin Ali-al-Bukhari {s^a^£>^ ^.Isal^ ^Iji ^jJvll), author of a short Commentary on the Hidaya, entitled the I'awded. He died in a.d. 1268, a.h. 667. Hamid-ullah Khan (j^lri- tdH S^a.s^), author of the Ahadis-ul-Khaicdnhi, also called Tdrikk-i - Hamid, which contains a history of Chatgawu (Chittagoug). I'riuted at Calcutta in 1871. Hamid - uddin Mustoufi, Khwaja \_Vide Ilamd-idlah Mustoufi.] Hamid-uddin Nagori, Qazi {^.^.a,.o- ^iJ ^,^\J ^^_!j»J\), a native of Nagor who held the appointment of QazT, and died on the 11th July, a.d. 1296, 11th Ramazan, a.h. 69o, and is bm-ied at Dehli close to the tomb of I\liwaja Qutb-uddln Bakhtiar, commonly called Uutb Shah. He is the author of the book called Tawdla-iish- IShamus, containing religious contemplations and speculative opinions of the essence and natirre of the divinity, etc., etc. The year of his death is taken from an inscription over his tomb. Hamid-uddin Qazi ( ^\i ^;>a!^ '■^r*'^- ^■jJ..J6j), of Dehli, -was the author of the Sharah Hiddyat-td-Fiqah and several other works. He died in a.d. 1363, a.h. 764. Hamid-uddin Umar, Qazi (jk.^w*_=^ ^^lJ5 y^z jjJ^O flourished in the time of Sultan Saujar, the Saljuki king of Persia, was a contemporary of the poet AnwarT, and is the author of a Commentary on the Qm-an called Muqdmdt. Hammad (jL.*._.5-), the son of Abu Hanifa, who was a learned man, and died in the year a.d. 792, a.h. 176. Hamza, Amir ( .-.^^ ij.^5- ), the son of Abdul Muttalib, and uucle of Muhammad, who gave him the title of Asad-ullah, or the lion of God, because of his courage and valour, and put into his hands the first standard he ordered to be made, which was called " Raet- ul-Islam," the standard of the faith. Hamza, who was also called Abii 'Umar, was killed in the battle of Ohad which Muhammad fought with the Qureshites, of whom Abii Sufian was chief. After the battle Hinda, the wife of Abii Sufian, pulled Hamza's liver out of his body and chewed aud swallowed some of it. This battle took place in the month of March, a.d. 625, Shawwal, A.H. 3. Hamza Bano Begam (^il.^ y b iU.5-), daughter of Shah Jahan by Kandahari Begam, daughter of Muzaffar Husain Mirza of the royal race of Shah Isma'il Safwi. She was born in the year a.h. 1019. Hamza Mirza (U^ *Uj>-), the eldest son of Sultan Muhammad Kjuida Banda, aud the grandson of Sliali Talunfisp I. of the Safwi family of I'ersia. His father, on account of a natural weakness in his eyes, which rendered him almost blind, had at HANB 154 HARI first cntnisted tlio cliar<;-c of the empire to his ■\vazir, Mirzii Sulaimiin ; wlien that nobleman was slain, he created his own son, Hamza Mirza, regent of the empire. This prince, by his valonr, extricated his weak father from all his difficulties with which be was snrronndfd. Ent this gleam of good fortime soon vanished. This gallant prince was stabbed by a barber, in his own private apartments on the 24th November, a.d. 1586, 22nd Zil-hijja, a.h. 99-t. Hanbal, Imam(^Ul J^-s-), or Ahmad Ihn Ilanbal, the son of Muhammad- ibn - Ilanbal, was the fourth Imam or foimder of one of the four orthodox sects of the Suunis called Ilanbalites. This sect made a great noise in Baghdad in the reign of the Khallf Al-Muqtadir in a.d. 929, "a.h. 317. Meranzi, chief of the sect, had asserted that God had placed Muhammad on bis throne, which assertion be founded upon the passage of the Quran ; ' ' Thy Lord shall soon give thee a considerable place or station." All the other sects of the Musalraans regard the explication of the Ilanbalites as a shocking impiety. They maintain that this consider- able place or station was the post or quality of a mediator, which they affirm to belong to their prophet. This dispute passed from the schools to the public assemblies. At length they came from words to blows which cost the lives of several thousands. In the year A.D. 935, A.H. 323, the Ilanbalites became so insolent, that they marched in arms on the city of Baghdad, and plundered the shops on pretence that wine was drunk in them. Ahmad was a traditionist of the first class, and composed a collection of authenticated traditions called Ilasnad, more copious than those any other person had, till then, been able to form : it is said that he knew by heart one million of those traditions. He was born in the year a.d. 780, a.h. 164, and died on the 31st' July, a.d. 855, 12th Eahi' I. a.h. 241, in the reign of the KlialTf Al-Mutwakkil, and was buried at Baghdad. It was estimated that the number of men present at his fimeral was 800,000, and 60,000 women; and it is said that 20,000 Christians, Jews and Magians became Moslems on the day of his death. In the year a.d. 835, Ramazan, A.H. 220, some time in the month September, he was required by Klialif Al-Motasim Billah to declare that the Quran was created, but would not, and although beaten and imprisoned persisted in his refusal. The eternity of the Quran, considered as the word of God, is the orthodox Moslem doctrine. [The mddriii "NVahhabis are believed to be partly followers of this teacher. See Hughes' Dictionary of Islam, in voc. " Ibn Ilanbal."] Handal Mirza {\\j.^ JU.:_>-), son of the emperor Babar Shah and brother of Humilyun, was born in the year a.d. 1518, A.H. 924. IIo lo.st his life in a night attack made by his brother Kamran Mirza on the emperor Ilumilyiin near Khaihar in the province of Kabul, on the 19th November, A.D. 1551, 21st Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 958. lie is buried at Kabul close to the tomb of the emperor Babar Shah. Ilumayun, out of affection to the memory of Handal Mirza, in the same year gave the daughter of that priuce, Ilaqia Sidtana, to his son Akbar in marriage. Hani ( u>-), surname of Muhammad- bin- 'All, a poet who died in the year a.d. 1333, a.h. 733. Hanifa Imam (^Ul Ak^us^ ), also called Abii Hanifa and Imam 'Azim, was one of the four Jurisconsiilts of Mecca, viz. Imam Hanifa, Imam Hanbal, Imam Shafa'I and Imam Malik, from whom are derived the various Codes of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. He was one of the most celebrated doctors of the Musalmans, and chief of the sect of Hanlfites ; and though his sect is the principal of the four which they now indifferently follow, he was ill-used during his lifetime. His principal works are : the Masnad, i.e. the foundation or support, wherein he establi.shed all the points of the Musalman faith ; a treatise entitled Filkaldm or Scholastic Divinity ; and a catechism called Mua'lUm.-iil-Islfnn, i.e. the Instructor. Another of his books is entitled the Fiqh- ul- Akbar ; it treats of the Ilm-ul-Kalam, and has been commented upon by varioiis writers, many of whom are mentioned by Haji Khalfa. Some .say that the Masnad was written by Imam Hanbal. By the Shias he is as much detested and censiu'ed as by their antagonists he is admired and exalted. For allowing his clisciples to drink nablz, which is a wine made of dates, he is accused by the Persians of departing ifrom the clear injunction of the Prophet against all intoxi- cating beverages. [At the time of his birth some of the "companions" of the Projihot were still living, which adds to bis authority among the Sunn! denomination.] Haqiqat (Liz^Ji^X^-), poetical title of Saiyad Ilusain Shah, son of Saiyad Arab Shah. He accompanied Col. Kydd to Chin.apatan in Madras as head Muushi and died there. He is the author of an Urdii Diwan and seven other works, some of which are named Tahfat-iil-'jijam, Khaz'inat-td- AmsCtl, Sanamhada Chin and Hashf Gulgusht. [ Mdc Ilusain Shilh.] Haqiri (^_*.ii.»-), poetical name of Maulana Shahab-uddin Mua'mmaT. Harindar Narain Bhup, Maharaja (cLp-ljl^,^ i-Jy^^, ^j.Aj6 jdJij-n), the Rfija of Kfich Behar, who died at Benares on the 30th IMay, 1839, and was aged 70 years. IIo was of tbellajhansi caste, and a follower of Siva, but bis style of living was very HAPJ 155 HASA unlike that of a Hindu. He used to marry ■without any regard to caste, and entered into the connubial relation with any women he took a fancy to. He did not even spare married women. The number of his wives or ranis was no less than 1200 ! Hari Rao Holkar (^JLLji jV, ^j^), E,aja of Indor, was the cousin and successor of Malhar Eao III. the adopted son and successor of Jaswant Eao Holkar. He died on the 24:th October, a.d. 1843. Hariri (^. -J ,-»-), whose full name is Abii Muhammad Qisim - b i n - ' A 1 i - bin - Usman-al-Hariri-al-Basri, was a native of Basra. He was one of the ablest writers of his time, and is the author of the Miiqdmdt Hariri, a work consisting of fifty Oratorical, Poetical, Moral, Ecomiastic, and Satirical discourses, supposed to have been spoken or read in public assemblies ; but which were composed by the author at the desire of Anusherwan- ibn - Khrdid, wazir to Sultan Muhammad Saljiiqi. He died at Basra in the year a.d. 1122, a.h. 516. Poets, historians, grammarians and lexicographers look upon the M/iqfimat as the highest authority, and next to the Quran, as far at least as language is concerned. His book has been translated either entirely or partially into nearly every Eastern and Eiu-opean tongue. Harkaran ( .^^a), the son of Mathura Das, a Kamboh of Multan, was a Munshi in the service of Nawab Ya'tbar Khan, and is the author of a collection of letters called Inshde Harkaran, or the Furms of Harka- ran, translated into English by D. Francis Balfour, M.D. The second edition of this work was printed in 1804. Harun-al-Rashid {s. Vide Al-Pvashid. ^^j^\ ^^j U). Hasan (J.-^.~j ^J ^^us^), son of Suhail or Sahl, was governor of Chaldea about the year a.d. 830, under the Klialif Al-Mrnnfui, who married Turan Dukht his daughter. Some attribute to this Hasan the translation of the Persian book entitled Jdweddn Kliirad into Arabic. Hasan ( ...w*.*-), poetical name of Mu- hammad Hasan, who flourished in the reign of the emperor Shiih 'Alam of Dehli. Hasan Abdal ( Jljk_*r j^^uas*-), or Baba Hasan Abdal, a famous saint who was a Sayyad at Sabzwar in K[iurasan. He came to India with Mirza Shahrukli, son of Anser Taimur, and died at Qaudahar, where his tomb is resorted to by pilgrims. Jahaugir says in the Tilzak that the place Hurasadak is 75 kos from Kashmere. Hasan 'All (^-l-^ (j-^-s^), the poet laiu-eate in the service of Tipu Sultan of Mysore. He is the author of a book called Bhoghal, or the Kok Shdstar. It is a curious but obscene satire on women, said to be a translation or paraphrase from the Sanskrit in Hindi verse. There is another translation of the same book in Persian prose called Lazzat-un-Xisa, by Ziya-uddin Xakhshabl. Hasan Askari, Imam {^.L^£. ..*^=» ), or Abii'l Hasan 'All-al- 'Askari, was the eleventh Imam of the race of 'Ali, and the eldest son of Imam 'All Na(ii who was the tenth. He was born at Madina in the year A.D. 846, A.H. 232, and died on the 6th November, a.d. 874, 22nd Muharram, a.h. 261, aged 28 years. He is buried at Sar- manrai in Baghdad close to the tomb of his father. Hasan Basri, Khwaja (^_s-.w^.j ^j^=>- i,:>-\^6>-), a native of Basra and a very pious Musalman, who is said to have possessed all the branches of science, and was noted for self-mortification, fear of God and devotion. He is the author of a Diwau or book of Odes in Arabic. He was born in a.d. 642, a.h. 21, and died on the 11th October, a.d. 728, 1st Eajab, a.h. 110, aged 89 lunar years, and was buried at Basra. Hasan Beg (Khani, Badakhslii) d^SJ g.i\.:>- l_-.N-»-J -Aw-=-), Shaikh Umari was a good soltlier. He was made a commander of 2,500 for his services in Bangash, and was put, towards the end of Akbar's reign, in charge of Kabul, receiving Fort Rohtas in the Panjab as jagir. Hasan Beg, after making a useless attempt to in- criminate others, was put into a cow-hide and in this state he was tied to donkeys and carried through the bazaar. He died after a few hours from suffocation. [Vide Aln Translation, i. p. 454.] Hasan - bin - Muhammad Khaki - al - Shirazi ( ^£\.d>. S-a^.^"^ ^jJ ^^^^=^ ^j\^^\\), -who came to India in the time of the emperor Akbar and obtained different offices under the governnu'ut. He is the author of a history also called Munfakh'di- iit-Tan-drikh, besides the one written l)y Abdu (ifulir Badaoni. He commenced the work before the close of Akbar's reign, i.e. A.D. 1010, A.H. 1019, in which year, he tells us, he was appointed Diwau of Patua. HASA 156 HASA H asan-bin-Muhammad Sliarif( .fA«.»- i jk-.^.js:'* llj-'^ author of the Ams-nl-^Ushshdq, the lover's compauion, coutaining an explanation of all the metaphors and phrases used by the poets ; with numerous quotations from those held in the greatest estimation. \_Vide Qhadim.] Hasan-bin-Sabah (_L^ Vid^ Hasan Sabhah. ti;-^ cT^' ). Hasan Buzurg (i— J^^J ^.^.=^), also called Sheikh Hasan, Amir Hasan Ilqaui, and Aran- Hasan Naviiin, Kayukai, the son of Amir Ilqan Jahiyer. He was an immediate descendant of Sultan Arghuu Khan, king of Persia (whose sister was his mother), and one of the principal chiefs of the Mughals in the reign of Sultan Abu Sa'id. He married liaghdad Ixhatiin, daughter of Amir Chobau or JoWau, but the prince being deeply enamoured of her charms, Amir Hasan, after the death of her father, Avas forced to resign his consent to him in a.u. 1327, a.h. 728. A few years after the death of Abu Sa'id, Amir Hasan married his widow Dilshad Ivhiitiin, went to Baghdad, seized that city, and became the founder of a petty dj-nasty of princes. His life was passed in contests to establish his authority over the territories of Baghdad, and he died before this object of his ambition was accomplished, in July, A.D. 1356, iiajab, a.h. 757. His sou Sultan Owes Jalayer was more fortunate ; he not onlv succeeded in completing the conquest his father had commenced, but carried his arms into Azm'hejan and Kliurasan. Sultan Owes died in October, a.d. 1374, a.h. 776, and left his government to his second son Sultan Husain Jalayer. This excellent priuce, who is also alike celebrated for his benevo- lence and love of justice, lost his life in an action in a.d. 1382, a.h. 784, with his brother Ahmad, surnamed Ilqaui, acriiel and unjust ruler, whose enormities compelled his subjects to invite Amir Taimur (Tamerlane) to their relief in a.d. 1393, and almost the whole of the futiu'e life of Ahmad passed in an ineffectual struggle with that conqueror. He fled to Egj-pt for safety, and when, after the death of Taimiir, he returned to recover his dominions, he was taken and put to death hy Qara Yiisaf, a Tm"kman chief, in a.d. 1410, A.H. 813. Hasan Ganga. Vide Ah'i-ad-din I. Hasan Imam {Ay*\ ^^?-), the eldest son of 'All, the son of Abu Talib, and Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad ; was born on the Lst March, a.d. 625, 15th Ramazan, a.h. 3. After the death of his father in January, a.d. 661, Ramazan, a.h. 40, he succeeded him as second Imiim, and was proclaimed Ivhalif by the Arabians, but perceiving the people cUvided and liimself ill-used, he after six months resigned the Kliiliifat to Mu'awia, who assigned to him about 15,000 pounds a year, besides large presents. After this Hasan and his brother Husain retired and lived privately at Madina, where after a few years he died of poison, administered to him by one of his wives, whom Yazid, the son of Mu'awia, suborned to commit that wickedness, on the promise of marrying her afterwards ; though instead of a new husband, she was forced to be con- tented with a good sum of money which Mu'awia gave her for her pains; for Yazid was not so mad as to trust himself to her embraces. Hasan's murder took place on the night of the 17th March, a.d. 669 or 670, 7th Safar, ah. 49. He was buried in Madina at a place called Baqia. Hasan is said to have been in person very like his grandfather Muhammad, who, when he was born, spit in his mouth and named him Hasan. He had twenty chikh-en — tifteen sons and five daughters. Though his wi\'es were remarkably foud of him, yet he was apt very frequently to divorce them and marry new ones. Hasan Kashi, Maulana ( ^IS ^j*^i L'l'.^), a poet who was a native of Kashan. He is the author of many Qasldas and Ghazals. The year of his death is not known, but he appears to have flourished about the 8th century of the Hijri era. Hasan Khwaja (cL Vide Hasan Sanjari. ';-- j—fcU.; -). Hasan Khwaja {i^s>-\^.:>, ^j.jj^=:^), a darwesh, the son of Khwaja Ibrahim. He is the author of a Diwau of G^iazals, in the last verses of each of which he has mentioned the name of his beloved. Hasan Kochak, Shaikh ( ._«^_:5- ^:^*^ i^-\j=-»i), a grandson of Amir Chouban or Jovian. He was one of the chiefs aaIio, during the period of trouble and confusion which took place after the death of Sultan Abu Sa'id, king of Persia, in a.d. 1335, rose to eminence. He fought several battles with Amir Hasan Buzurg [q.v.), and met his death accidentally by the hands of a quarrelsome wife, in December, a.d. 1343, Rajah, a.h. 741. Hasan Maimandi d^jc^*-*.^ ^*^»-). It is asserted by some that he was one of the ministers of Sultan Mahnmd of Ghazni. This statement is altogether incorrect and uniiiunded, says Sir H. Elliot, as it is not mentioned by any great liistoriau. But his HASA 157 HASA son who is commonly called Ahmnd-biu-IIasan Mainiandi was a minister of that monarch. Hasan MaimaudT was, during the lifetime of Sultan Nasir-uddin iSubaktagin, employed as Diwan or Collector of Revenues at Qasba Bust ; hut Nasir-uddin was led hy the secret machinations of his enemies to entertain an unfavom-able opinion of him, till he was at last, in consequence of his having been con- victed of extortion and fraud to a large amount, hanged by order of that Sultan ; so that the general notion which prevails that he was the wazir of Sultan Mahmud, is erroneous. Hasan, Mir ( ^< .^z -), a HiiKlustrinl poet of Lucknow, and author of the novel called Mamawl Mir Hasan, containing the loves of Badr-i-Mimir and Benazir in tJrdii verse, which he completed and dedicated to Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula in the year a d. 1785, A.H. 1199. It is also called Sahr-ul-Bai/dn. His ancestors were of Herat, but he was horn at Delili and went early in life to Lucknow, where he was supported by Nawab Safdar Jang and his son Mirza Nawazish All Klian. He is also the author of a Diwan of about 8000 verses, and of a Tazkira of Urdu poets. He died in a.d. 1790, a.h. 120i. His father's name was Mir Gjulam Husain Zahik. Hasan Mirza Ojj-^ ^^.j^=>-), son of IMulla Ahdiu' Razzaq of Lahijau. He has left some noble compositions, such as T/ie True Light on the articles of Faith, The Beauty of good Men in their Works, a pious treatise, and some others. He died in the beginning of the 18th centiu-y. Hasan, Maulana (Lj^..^ , ), a learned Musalman who lived in the time of the emperor Jahangir and wrote a chronogram on the sudden death of Shaikh *AlT Ahmad, son of Shaikh Husain Xaqshi, in the year A.D. 1609, A.H. 1018. Hasan MutkaUim, Maulana ( ,_u^r^ \.ji^^ >J,X.-.,-«), a poet and pupil of Maulana Muzaffar of Herat. He ilonrislicd in the reign of Malik Ghayas-uddin Kart II. in whose name he composed a book on the art of poetry. Hasan Rafi (, poet. J, j.^.u.5^), a Persian Hasan Sabbah (^l.^.^ ,wu*.:^) the founder of the dynasty of the Isma'ilTs in Bersia. He was styled Shaikh-ul-Jabal, an Arabic title, which signifies "the chief of the mountains." The name by which this ruler and his descendants are indiscriminately known in Eiu'opean history is, " The Old Man of the Mountain." His followers or descendants were also called HasanT, and the English word " assassin," is supposed to have been formed from a corruption of this term. Hasan Sabbah was at first a mace- bearer to Sultan Alp Arsaliiu ; but in con- sequence of a quarrel with Nizam-ul-Mulk, the minister of that prince, he retired to Rai, his native country, and from thence, to SvTia, where he entered into the service of a chief of the family of Isma'il the son of Ja'far Sadiq, and adopted the tenets of that sect. The fii'st object of Hasan was to possess himself of a stronghold ; and he succeeded in gaining by stratagem the morm- taiu fort of Alahmiit, situated between Qazwin and Gllau. The fort was built by Hasan-bin-Zaid in the year a.d. 860, a.h. 246, and Hasan Sabbah took it in a.d. 1089, A.H. 482. From this fortress he commenced depredations on the surrounding country, and added several other hill forts to the one he had already seized. That of R5dbar, which is also near Qazwin, was next to Alahmut in consequence. Malik Shah Saljiiki, the reign- ing Sultan, had sent a force to reduce him, but without any success. In the month of October, a.d. 1092, Raraazan, a.h. 485, Xizam-ul-Mulk, who was then following the royal camp from Isfahan to Baghdad, was stabbed by one of the followers of Hasan Sabbah who was his personal enemy. Hasan Sabbah died in a.d. 1124, 26th Rabi II. a.h. 518. Rukn-uddin, who was the la.st of this family, and who is better known under the name of Qahir Shah or K['ur Shah, after a weak and ineffectual struggle fell before Halakii. That conqueror not only made him prisoner, but took and dismantled all his strongholds. This event took place in the month of November, A.D. 1256, Zi-Qada' a.h. 654. It was his father Alii-uddin Muhammad who forced Nasir-uddiu Tiisi to remain with him for some years, till he was released by Halakii Khan. Vide Ismail and Ismailis. The successor of Hasan was Buzurg Umaid. [Hasan Sabbah and the minister had both been schoolfellows at Umar Kliayyani {q.v.).'\ Hasan Salimi ( ^^^Lj ^^ Salimi. • ) . Vide Hasan Sanjari, Kliwaja ( .,_^_r>. \jb), a poet who flourished at Burhfinpur in the Deccan in the reign of the emperor Jahangir and was a disciple of Shaikh Ahmad Fariiqi, commonly called Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi. He is the author of a Diwan and several other books, and was alive in a.d. 1646, a.h. 1056. Hashim (^.^l.j^\ the son of Abdul Manaf, was the father of Ahdiil Muttalib, who was the father of Abdullah and grand- father of Muhammad the prophet of the Musulmaus. Ho succeeded his father as president of the Ka'ha, and raised the glory of his people to tlie highest pitch ; insomuch that the ueiglibouring great men and heads of tribes made their court to him. Nay, so great veneration is the memory of Hashim held in by the Arabs, that from him the family of Muhammad among them are called Hashimites. lie died at Gliaza in Syria, and was succeeded by liis son Alidid Muttalib, who became president of the Ka'ba. Hashmat (, ^-^^x Hashimi Kirmani ( jl^,^ .U), author of a poem or Masnawi called J\[az]iar- ul-Asar. He died iu a.d. 1541, a.h. 948. ), tlic poetical name of Mir ^luhtashim Ali KJiun, whose ancestors were of liadiikhslian, but ho was boru in DehlJ. He died about the vear a.d. 1748, A.H. 1161, and lelt a Diwaii of 700 verses. Hashmat (c:-wkA.=-), the poetical name of Bakhshi Ali Khan, which see. Hasrat (^ ), the poetical name of Sayyad Muhammad, who died in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shiih. Hasrat (^, -y- ■ ), poetical name of Mir Muhammad Hayat of Patua who had the title of Ilaibat Quli Khan. He was for some time attached to the service of Nawab Shaukat Jang at Purania, and for some time to that of Siraj-uddaala of Mursliidabad. He died in a.d. 1800, a.h. 1215, and left a Diwan of 20u0 verses. Hasrat (^ ^ MJ,' ■ ), poetical appellation of Mirza Ja'far 'Ali, an Urdii poet who flourished in the latter part of the ISlh century, and gave iustrnctions in the art of poetry to Nawab Muhabbat Klian at Lucknow. Hasrati ( ^j' ^s^). Vide Shefta. Hatifi, Maulana {\Siy^ .i-J'Ljt), the poetical name of Abd-ullah, the sou of Maulana Abdiu- Eahman Jami's sister. He was born in Jam, a city of Herat, and died there in the year a.d. 1521, a.h. 927, and was buried in the village of Ivharjard. He was a good poet, and author of several works. Having finished his .studies, under the patron- age and instruction of his uncle Hiitiii, with his permission, secluded himself from the world. AVhen Shah Isma'il Safwi fought the Uzhak Tartars iu Kliurasan, aud slew Shahibeg Klian their chief in a.d. 1508, a.h. 914, he prevailed on our poet to quit his cell, and come to court. Solely ambitious of rivalling the Kliamsa or five poems of Nizami, he wrote in imitation of them his LniU atid Ildjiifm, Khusro (vid S/iirln, Haft Mai/zar, the Taimiir Kama, which is also called Zafarnama, and in imitation of the Sikaudar Kama, he undertook a heroic poem in praise of his patron, called FattiJuit S/ui/il, which he did not live to finish. Among the uunurous Persian poems on the story of Laili and Majnun, that of Hatifi seems universally tsteenicd the simplest aud mo.st pathetic. Hatim ( Jlir -»3ls^), commonly called Haliiii 'ITii, a famous Arabian Chief of the tribe of Tai, celebrated for his liberality, wisdom and valour. He flourished before the birlh of Muhammad, and his sepulchre may still be seen at a little village called HATI 159 HIDl Anwarz in Arabia. There is an account of his adwulurcs ia the romance entitled lliiLim Tdl in I'ersiau, which has also beeu translated into Urdii. An English translation of this romance was made by Duncan Forbes, A.M., from the Persian. Hatim {f,^\ ^jl.*-), surnamed Al- \ r Asamni, that is to say, the deaf, was a great Musulmau doctor, much esteemed for his piety and doctrine. He was a disciple of Shaqiq Balklii and master of Ahmad Ivhizroya. He died A.D. 861, a.h. 237, in the reign of Mutwakkil the I\halif of Baghdad, and was buried at Balkh in Ivhiuasan, his native country. Hatim Kashi, Maulana ( ,-ijli *I'ls- \jiy»), a poet of Kashan in Persia, ■who flourished in the reign of Shah Abbas the Great. Hatim (^_jLr^), or Shah Hatim, poetical name of ShailA Zahir-uddln, a poet who was a contemporary of AVali [q-v-)- He was born at Dehli in a.d. 1699, a.h. 1111, and was a soldier by profession. He gave the first impulse to Urdii poetry in Dehli. In A.D. 1720, A.H. 1132, the Diwau of Wali was brought to Dehli and verses of it were on everybody's lips ; this induced him and three friends of his, Xaji, Mazmiin, and 'Abru to apply themselves to Rekhta poetry. Up to the time of Hatim, it would appear that the Dehli poets wrote iu Persian. He is the author of two Diwans in Urdii, one in imitation of Wali, and the other iu imitation of Sauda and Mir Tac[i. The date of Hatim's death is unknown. His D/iccin Znda appeared iu 1750. Hatim Ali Beg-, Mirza ( ^X-z *-'l->- \\j^ i^J^)- Vide Mehr. Hawas (^^y^), poetical title of Nawab Mirza Taqi, son of Xawab Mirza Ali Klian. He is the author of the story of Laili and Majnuu iu Urdu, aud of a Diwau in which every Ghazal contains the name of Laili and Majnuu. Haya (L*.--), poetical title of Shio Eamdas, a Hindii, and brother of Raja Daya Mai Imtiyaz. He was a pupil of Mirza Abdiil Qadir Bcdil, and is the author of a Diwau of about 5000 verses. Hayat-ullah Alirari (tUJ^ l , ;^ ; L^=>. i^j^j\), author of the Avork called Hahata Alarjin, which contains the life of Abrsala. He died iu a.h. 1061, and his tomb is in Agra. Hayati Mulla (\\^^ jL::^), of Gilan, a poet. Hazin ( A^ X+^sr* i^wl L^'^^ ^^J;:^), the poetical name of Maulana Shaikh Muham- mad 'Ali, a Persian of distinction, eminently learned, aud accomplished. He fled into Hindiistau from his native country to avoid the persecution of Nadir Shah iu a.d. 1733, a.h. 1146. He was a voluminous author both in prose and verse. He wrote his Memoirs in 1741, eight years after his settle- ment for life iu lucUa, and it contains a variety of personal and historical anecdotes, excellent observations on men and manners, besides an interesting account of his travels, and remarks on mauy modern literary productions. A translation of this work, entitled The Life of Shaikh 3Iuhammad All Hazin, was made by F. C. Belfour, F.R.A.S., and published iu 1830. His father's name was Shaikh Abii Talib of Gilan, a descendant of Shaikh Tajuddin Ibrahim, commonly called Shaikh Zfdiid Gilani, who was the spiritual guide of Shaikh Safi-uddiu Ardibeli. He was born at Isfahan on the 7th January, 1692, O.S., 27th Rabi' II. a.h. 1103, was in Dehli at the time of Nadir Shah's invasion, and died in 1766, according to Sir Wm. Ouseley, a.d. 1779, a.h. 1180, aged 77 lunar years, "at Bauaras (where he had built his own tomb some time before his death) ecpially admired and esteemed by the Musalman, Hindii and English inhabitants of that place. He is the author of several works iu Persian and Arabic. Hazuq, Hakim (*^s». v^jl*-), son of Hakim Humam, the brother of Abii'l Fatha Gilani. He was a noble of the reign of the emperor Shah Jahau, a physician and a poet, and is the author of a Diwau in Persian. He died A.D. 1658, a.h. 1068. Hessing, Colonel John William, of Holland. He came to India and was at first employed by the Nawab Nizam Ali Kluin of the Deccan in the year a.d. 1763, a.h. 1177, and afterwards by Madho Rao Siudhia iu 1784, after whose death iu 1794, he continued iu the service of his nephew Daulat Rao Sindhia, by whom he was appointed a Colonel in 1795, with the command of the fortress and city of Agra. He died on the 21st July, 1803, aud was bui-ied in the Roman Catholic Biu'ial- ground at Agra, where a splendid mausoleum of red stone was built by his children, with an English inscription on his tomb which is of wiiite marble. Hidayat (c:.-^'_L^.-J^), poetical name of Hidavat Klian, the uncle of Nisar-nllah Ivlifm Firak. He died iu the year a.h. 1215, and left a Diwan. HIDA IGO HIXD Hidayat-ullah UU\ c:_..;U->>), author of a work on arts and sciences called Iliddi/nt- ul-Jiamal, written in a.d. 1601. Hidayat-ullali Khan (clL\\ c:-^j L\.-..Ji (j;l;>-), great grandson of Khan 'Azim Mirza Koka. He is the author of a history called Tankh Hidayat-ullcih Khan written in the year a.h. 1659. Hijri {^j.s^)^ the poetical title of a poet who was a native of Konban but lived in Bengal. He is the author of a Diwan in which there is a Qasida of a most wonderful composition. If you read the first letter of every Misra', you have a Qita' in praise of Nawab Sayyad Muhammad Eiza Khau Muzaffar Jang. Some letters in the Qasida are written in red, if you read them by them- selves, you have a Gjiazal, and certain letters in the Ghazal form a Ruba'i, and certain letters in the Ruba'i form a Misra'. He was living in A.D. 1766, a.h. 1180. Hilal Qazwini { u^,,yi JLj^), an author who died in a.d. 1o27, a.h. 934. Hilali {^J\i\j:J\ JW, of Astarabad, was a Tartar of the tribe of Jughtai or Chughtai, and author of a Dlwan consisting of amorous odes. In his youth he travelled to Khurasan, and resided at Herat, where the illustrious Amir 'Alisheir conferred on him many favom's. He was a Sunni by religion, and was, by the contrivance of his enemies, who were Shias, put to death by order of one of the Uzbak chiefs in the year a.d. 1530, A.H. 936, but according to a book called Talifa Shdlii, in a.d. 1533, a.h. 939. He is the author of the following works, viz., Hhdh-iva- Danvcs/i, Lai/i -iva-MaJniln, Sifat- ul-^Ashiquii, and a Diwan. Hilm (^L?-), poetical name of Prince Mirza Said-uddin, commonly called Mirza Faiyaz-uddin, son of Mirza Rayaz-uddin alias Mirza Mulianimad Jau, sou of Mirza Klun'raui Eakht, sou of Mirza Jabaudar Shrdi, son of Shah Alam, king of Dehli. He is the author of a Diwan. Himmat Bahadur Gushain (v.::,-w4^ ^A/lS .jL..'), Diwan of Ghan! Baha- dur, Nawab of Bauda, and one of the Peshwa's (Briji Rao II.) principal officers in Bundelkhand. He joined the; British troops under the command of Lieuteuant-Colonel Powell in Septenilx-r, 1803, and gave batth^ to Shamsb(!r Bahadur, Nawab of Buiida, who was defeated and compelled to retreat with loss. Ilimmat Bahadur was a powerful commander of a large body of horse, and of a numerous party of Gushains or Nagas, a peculiar class of armed beggars and religious devotees of whom he was not only the military leader, but also the spiritual guide. He died at Kalpi in 1804, and his family was pro- vided for by the British Government. [ Vide Huuter's Imperial Gazetteer, in voc. Kalpi.] Himmat Khan (^'ri- L::-^Jb), was the son of Klian Jahan Shayasta Khan, the son of the wazir Asaf Khan. He built his house on the banks of the river Jamna in a j'ear with raauy other buildiugs such as gardens, reservoirs, baths, etc., etc., of which a bath, a reservoir, a Baoli, etc., etc., are still to be seen. His proper name was Sayyad Muzaffar. Shah Jahan conferi'ed on him the name of Himmat Klian. In the 19tli year of Alamgir he was appointed governor of Allahabad. In the 24th year of Alamgir, the appointment of Bakbigani was conferred on him ; and in the 30th year of Alamgir, he was again appointed governor of Allahabad. Himu (4^*^), a banian or Indian shop- keeper of the caste of Dhiisar, whom Salim Shah, king of Dehli, had made superintendent of the markets. In the reign of Muhammad Shah 'Adil, he was appointed his M'azir, and intrusted with the whole administration of affairs. This person in the beginning of the reign of the emperor Akbar laid siege to Agra, and having reduced it proceeded to Dehli which also surrendered, and Tardi Beg, governor of that place, who fled to Sarhind, was seized by Bairam Ivban [q.v.), the minister of Akbar, aud beheaded for abandon- ing Dehli, where he might have defended himself. Himu was afterwards defeated and made prisoner in a battle fought at Panipat on Thui-sday the 5th November, a.d. 1556, 2nd Muharram, a.h. 964, and brought into the presence of the king by Bairum Klian, who begged him to kill the infidel with his own baud. Akbar (who was then in his fifteenth year) in order to fidfil the wish of his minister, drew his sword and touched the head of the captive, while Bairam Khan, drawing his own sabre, at a single blow severed the head of Himu from his body. Hinda (i^xi^jb), the daughter of Utba and wife of Abii Sufiiin. \_Vide Hamza (Amir).] Hindal Mirza (h^--* JLv:^.Jb). Vide Ilandal Mirza. Hindu Rao (,U ^Si-ia), the brother of Biiil Bai [q.v.), the wife of Maharaja Daulat Rao Siudbia. His Kothi or Rekka House on a hillock is well-known at Dehli. He died in A.D. 1855. [He was fond of the society of Englishmen in India, among whom he was very popular.] HIRA 161 HUM A. Hira Singh (C— X.i.-— o Ua), a Sikli Chief and minister of Maharaja Dilip Singh ot Lahore. He was murdered with many others about the beginning of January, 1845. Hirpaldeo (».^jjb Jb), the son-in-law of Ramdeo, Raja of Deoglr, who by the assistance of the other Rajas of the Deccan, had recovered his country from the Musal- mans, but Mubarik Shah, the son of Ahi- uddin Kliilji, in the second year of his reign, A.D. 1318, AH. 718, marched towards the Deccan, took Ilirpaldeo prisoner, flayed him alive, and hung his body at the gate of Deogir which is now called Daulatabad. Hisam-hin- Jamil ( J.^=>- ,j ^L^^j-), surname of Abu Sahl-al- Baghdad!, who passed for one of the best traditionists of Musalmanism. He died in a.d. 722, a.h. 104. Hissan (c:^jU ^j ^Lu^), the son of Sabit, was a poet and companion of Muliam- mad. He is the author of a Diwan in Arabic. When Muhammad overcame his enemies at the battle of Khandaq, Hissan wrote a few verses on that occasion ; the prophet was so much delighted, that he gave him Shirln the sister of Maria Qabti, for wife. Hissan-al-Hind (j^:._,^Jl ^[^^), that is, the Hissan of India, a title wliich Mir Gulam 'All Azad assumed. Holkar. Vide Malhar Eao I. The word means " Ploughman." Hormisdas. Vide Hurmuz. Hoshang (t_X.:wi)^.ib), second king of the first or Pishdadian djTiasty of Persia, was the son of Sayamak, and grandson of Kyoimu's whom he succeeded. He reigned 40 years and was succeeded by his son Tahmurs, commonly called Deoband, or the Magician binder, a title he derived from the success with which he warred against the enemies of his family. Hoshang Shah (^L^ cS--^--^}-^) (for- merly called Alp Khan), was the first Muham- madan king of Malwa, and the son of Dila- war Khan Ghori who was governor of that place from the time of Muhammad Shah, a.d. 1401, son of Flroz Shah Tughlaq, king of Dehli. After hisfather'sdeath. whichhappeued about the year a.d. 1405, a.h. 808, taking advantage of the times, he became entirely independent and assumed the title of Sultfiii Hoshang Shah. He reigned 30 lunar years, and died on the 17th July, a.d. 1434, 9th Zil-bijja, A.H. 837. Ho was buried in a stone vault, and a splendid mausoleum of white marble was built over it which is still to be seen at Mando. The date of his death is to be found in the three last words of a tetrastich translated thus by General Briggs. When death had sealed the Hoshang' s fate, Aud he prepared to tread on Lethe's shore, I asked a poet to record the date. Who briefly said, " Shiih Hoshang is no more." He was succeeded by his son Sultan Muhammad Shah, who was poisoned after a reign of one year and nine months by Maiimiid Khan (the son of his Wazir), who took the title of Mahmiid Shah and ascended tlie throne of Mfilwa on Tuesday the loth May, A.D. 1436, 29th Shawwil, a.h. 839. Zist of the kings of Mfdiva, whose capitals were Bhdr, Mando or Shddidbdd. Dilawar Khan Ghori, governor. Hoshang Shah Glioii. Muhammad Shah Gliori (also called Ghazni I£han). Mahmud Shah Kliilji. Sultan Gliayas-uddiu KhiljT. Sultan Nasir-uddiu Kliilji. Sultan Mahmiid II. the tast of the Klriljis. In his time Malwa was incorporated with the kingdom of Gujrat by Bahadur Shah (about A.D. 1523). Hoshdar Khan (|^l>- SsJ^i^lb), a title of Hidayat-ullah Klian, the son of Iradat Khan Wazah. He was honoured with this title by the emperor Farmkh-siyar, and after liis father's death with that of Iradat Khan and the Faujdari of Diihipereya in the province of Malwa. In the sixth year of iMuhammad Shah, a.d. 1724, a.h. 1136, he attended Nizam-ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah to the Decean, and after the victory over Mubariz Kli:iu, was appointed Diwan of the Deccan with the rank of 4000. He was afterwards appointed governor of Kulburga in the Deccan aud died in the year a.d. 1744, a.h. 1157. He had many sons, most of whom died in his lifetime. His eldest surviving son, Hafez Kjifui, succeeded him in the government of Kulltarga which he held at that time. Shiih- uawaz Klian wrote the Mdsir-ul-Uinra, or Biography of Nobility. Hoshmand Begam (>.5^-».J Jo-^Jj^fc), daughter of Sultan Khusro, married to Prince Hushang, the son of prince Diinial in the year a.h. 1035. Hujjat (cj^js^), poetical name of Nasir Khusro, which see. Hujjat-ul-Islam (^AJ'1\ c: title of Muhammad Gliazzali, a celebrated doctor of the Musalman law. [ Vide Gliazzali.] Huma (Ujb), poetical name of Sayyad Imtivfiz Klian, a son of IMo'tmid Klifiu, aud a brother of Savwad Ahmad whose takballus was Zamir. He is the author of a Diwiiu. ■), 11 HTJMA 162 HUMA Humai, Queen (^'l_^_Ji>), was the daughter of Bahman, wlio is also called Ardisher Darazdast (Artaxerxes Longimanus of the Greeks). She succeeded her father as queen of Persia, in the fourth century before Christ. She built the city called "Simrah, ■which the author of the La'bb TauarJkh says, bore also the name of Simirem, and is the same which is at this day called Jarbadakan. The Persian authors state, that when she ascended the throne, she was pregnant by her own father. Shame led her to conceal this circumstance ; and the child, of which she was delivered, was given over to a nurse to be put to death. The life of the child, however, was miraculously preserved ; and the iinnatural mother first recognised her son when his fortune and valour had advanced him to the rank of a victorious general in her array. Humai immediately resigned the crown to him, and retired to a private life after she had reigned 32 years. Her son reigned about 12 years, and is called by the Persians Dara or biirab I. Humam, Hakim (*,^C ► L*Ji)), brother of Hakim Al)u'l Fatha Gilanl, a well educated and learned man in the service of the emperor Akbar. He was sent by that monarch on an embassy, in company with Sayyad Sadr Jahan, to Abdullah " I\han Uzbak, ruler of Ivhurasan, about the year A.D. 1589, A. II. 997. He died in a.d. 1595, A.H. loot', and left two sons, Hakim Sadiq and Hakim Kliiishhal. Humam (^l_^_ji.), poetical name of Eamiil-uddin Muliammad bin - Abdul -Wah- hab, styled by Arabshfih, " One of the most illustrious doctors of the member of the Sadat," that is to say, of the race of Ali. He lived in the time of Amir Taimur (Tamerlane) and died in a.d. 1457, a.h. 861. He is author of a Commentary on the Hidava His proper name is Kamal-uddiu Muhammad- al-Siwasi, which see. Humam Tabrezi, Khwaja (^L^^^^. 4_Oj.-J), a celebrated Persian poet of Tairris or Tabrez, and author of a collection of Eubais or quatrain verses called liubili/dt Mh- Hunulm. He was a contemporary and rival wit of Shaikh Sa'di. Meeting Sa'di one day in a bath, Ilumum, observing Sa'di to be very bald, presented to liiin a basin with the bottom upwards ; asked him ' ' Why do the heads of the people of Shiraz resemble this ?" Sa'di, having turned the basin with the empty side upwards, replied, " First tell me, why do the heads of the people of Tabrez resemble this 'r" Many other anecdotes are related of tliem. Humam died in the reign of Aljaitu, emperor of the Mughals, in A.n. 1313, A.H. 713, and was buried at Tabrez. He is also called K]nvaja Humam- uddin TabrezT. Humam-uddin Tabrezi ((^'jJ\ ^Uj5 \}^). Vide Humam Tabrczl. •.ij^ Humayun {sajs."* ,,,:S^\ ,, emperor of Hindiistan, snrnamed Xasir-uddin Muhammad, was the eldest son of the emperor Biibar Shah, was born at Kiibul on the night of Tuesday the 7th March, a.d. 1508, 4th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 913, and his mother's name was Maham Begam. He succeeded his father on the throne at Agra on the 2Gth December, a.d. 1530, Gth'^Jumada I. A.H. 937, and conferred the government of Kabul, Qandahar, Ghazni, and the Panjab on his brother Mirza Kamiran ; to IMirza Askari he gave the government of Sarkar Sambhal, to Mirza Handfil, Sarkar Alwal, and the government of Badakhshan to Mirza Sulaiman, the son of Klian Mirza, the son of Sultan Muhammad, the son of Sultan Abii Said. Humayiin was defeated the first time by Sher Klian (afterwards Sher Shivh) in a battle fought on the banks of the Chaunsa in Beliar on the 26th June, a.d. 1539, 9th Safar, a.h. 946, and the second time at Qanuoj on the 17th May, a.d. 1540, 10th Muharram, a.h. 967. The capital no longer afforded him a place of refuge ; even his brothers became his enemies, and would not grant him shelter in their provinces. He fied from one place to another, subject at times to the greatest hardships ; and was at last obliged to quit the kingdom and seek an asylum in Persia, where he arrived in July, a.d. 1544, a.h. 951, and was hospitably and honorably enter- tained for some time "by Shah Tahmasp of Persia, who assisted him with troops. During the absence of Humaviin, which extended to a period of fifteen years, five kings ascended the throne of Dehli, riz. Sher Shah, his son SalTm Shah, Muhammad Shah Adili, Ibrahim Khan, and Sikandar Shah. Humayun liaving overcome his brothers at Kabul and ( jandahilr, commenced his march from the former city in the month of January, a.d. 1555, Safar, a.h. 962, towards India. He took the Panjab, and advancing towards Dehli defeated Sikandar Shah on the 22nd June, a.d. 1555, 2nd Shabau, a.h. 962, in a battle fought at Sarhind. Sikandar, after his defeat, fled to the mountains of Sewalik, and Humayiin having reached Dehli in triumph, became a second time emperor of Hindiistan. Bairam Klian (q.v.), to whose valour and talent the king was principally indebted for his restor- ation, was rewarded with the first offices in the state with the title of Kliau Kliauan. The year of tliis victory was found by Bairam Klian to be contained in the words, " The sword of Humayiin." Seven months after this victory, on the 21st January, a.d. 1556, as Humaj-un was coming down at the time of evening prayers from the terrace of the liibrary at Dehli, he fell headlong down the steps, and died on the 25th January, a.d. 1556. 11th Rabi I. a.h. 963. The words "Alas ! my sovereign fell from the terrace," are the English of the line recording the year of his demise. He was buried at Kiloghari, HUMA 163 huem: a distance of four kos from the city of Shiihjanabad on the banks of the river Jumna ; and a splendid monument was erected over his remains some years after by his son Akbar, who succeeded him. Humayun died at the age of 49, after a reign of 25 years, including the fifteen years of his banish- ment from his capital. The foundation of his mausoleum was laid in a.d. 1565, a.h. 973, was superintended by Haji Begam, mother of Akbar, and was finished in 16 years at a cost of 15 lakhs of iiipees. Farrukh- siyar, 'Alamgir II. Dara Shik5h and other princes are also bmied in this mausoleum, where the last of the dynasty took refuge in 1857 (see above, in roc. Baliadui- Shah II). Huma}"un, after his death, received the title of Jannat 'Ashiani. [For Huma\iin's character vide Keene's Sketch of the History of Hindustdn.'] Humayun, Amir {^.^\ ^»jL«w-a>), of Isfaraen, a poet who went early in life to Tabrez, and was supported by Qazi 'Isa, and SiJtan Ta'qub, who called him Khusro Sani, that is, the second Khusro and Khusro Kochak. After the death of his patron, he went to Kashan and died there in a.d. 1496, A.H. 902. He is the author of a Diwan. Humayun Shah, Bahmani, Sultan (j^l.la.J-~j j»/».^^j iw i^sy^y^Jb), sur- named Zalim, or the Cruel, was the eleventh king of the Bahmani dynasty. He succeeded his father Sultan 'Ala-uddin II. Bahmani in the year a.d. 1458, a.h. 862, and causing his brother Hasan Klian's eyes to be put out, ascended the throne of the Deccan. According to the will of his father, he conferred the office of Wakil - us - Saltanat on Kliwaja Mahmud Gawan, with the title of Malik-ut- Tajjar and the government of Bijapur. He was an unjust prince and a great t}Tant, on which account he was sumamed "the Cruel." He reigned 3 years 6 months and 6 days, and was miudered with one stroke of a heavy club on the 1st September, a.d. 1461, 28th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 865, during a fit of intoxica- tion, by his own servants, who were wearied out with his inhuman cmelties. He was suc- ceeded by his son Sultan Xizam Shah, then only eight years of age. See above in voc. Bahmani. Hunain surname of Abii Zaid 'Abdur Rahman Hunain, son of Is-haq, son of Hunain, was a celebrated Christian physician who translated many books out of the Greek into Syriac and Arabic. Hurmuz or Hurmuzd I. (L) \.^jJb o:.^._i>), the third king of Persia, of the Sasanian race, was the son of Shahpur I. whom he succeeded in a.d. 272. He is the Hormisdas of the Greek authors, and is said to have resembled, both in person and cha- racter, his gnmdlather(r. Ardisher Babegfin). The mother of this monarch was the daughter of Mahrukh, a petty prince, whom Ardisher had put to death, and whose family he had persecuted, because an astrologer had pre- dicted that a descendant of Mahrukh should attain the throne of Persia. This lady had fled to the tents of a shepherd, where she was seen by Shahpiir when hunting. This prince became enamoured, and married her privately. His father Ardisher, goiug one day unexpectedly to his son's house, saw young Hurmuz. He was greatly pleased with the appearance of the child and made inquiries, which compelled Shahpiii- to confess all that had happened. The joy of the old king was excessive. " The prediction of the astrologers," he exclaimed, "which gave me such alarm is, thank God, confirmed, and a descendant of Mahnikh shall succeed to my crown." Hurmuz was a ^-ii'tuous prince, but reigned only one year and ten days. He died about the year a d. 273, and was succeeded by his sou Bahram I. Hurmuz or Hurmuzd II. ( ^jU SytJk), the eighth king of Persia of the Sasanian race. He succeeded his father Xarsi about the year a.d. 303, rtiled Persia seven years and five months and died a.d. 310. No events of any consequence occurred during the reign of this prince. At his death he left no son ; and the kingdom was on the point of being thrown iuto confusion, when it was declared that one of the ladies in the harem was pregnant, and that there were certain indications of the embryo being a male. "VMien the child was brought forth, it was named Shahpur, and every care was taken to give the young sovereign an education suited to his high duties. Hurmuz or Hurmuzd III. (j"„^,J!> 1.^:— !lj), the second son of Yezdijard II. succeeded his father, of whom he was always the favourite, a.d. 456. His elder brother Firoz, though at first compelled to fly across the Oxus, soon returned to assert his right at the head of a large army, which aided by a general defection of the Persians, who deserted his weak brother, obtained an easy -^-ictorv, and the unfortimate Hiu-muz was, after a short reign of little more than one year, dethroned and put to death a.d. 457. Hurmuz or Hurmuzd IV. («_'^ , "-S-^) (the Hormisdas III. of the Greeks) was declared successor to his father the great Chosroes, sumamed Nausherwan the Just, and ascended the throne of Persia a.d. 579. His subjects revolted against him at the instigation of Bahram Chobln or Yarnnes, his general, whom he had offendtd by sending him a female dress because he had been defeated by the Romans. They confined Hurmuz and put out his eyes to disqualify him from ascending the throne, and soon after put him to death a.d. 590. His son Kliusro Purvez having colkctcd a force to oppose Bahram, who with the intention of taking the government into his own hands was advancing towards Madain, was defeated, HUSA 164 nusA and with great clifReulty effected his escape to tlie territories of the Romans (Greeks), from whose emperor, Maurice, he met with the most friendly and hospitable reception. Bahram Chobiu took possession of the vacant governm(mt, but his rule was short, for within eight mouths from the period of his taking possession of Madain, he was defeated by an army of Romans and Persians com- manded by Khusro, aud tied to Tartary. Husain ( ..^.u.), poetical name of Muzaffar Ilusain, an author who is also called Shahid or Martyr. He is the author of the work called Kai/iiz-us-Sflli/cim. Husain Ali Khan Bahadur ( ,.^^.>. .jL^^j (^l_>- |^.l_c), second son of Alahwirdl Ivlian, a nobleman of high rank who served under the emperor 'Alamgir, and died on the 3rd October, a.d. 1686, 2oth Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1097, a day after the fort of Bijapiir was taken. See above i>i voc. Alah- wirdT. Husain Ali Khan, Sayyad ( CT^-* gj-c), Amir-ul-Umrii. Vide Abdullah Khau (Sayyad). Husain-bin-Alim (^j: j ,^ ■), author of the Nuzhat-ul- Arivdh , containing interesting anecdotes of the most celebrated Siifis. [ Vide nusain-bin-Hasan-al-Hasani.] Husain - bin - Hasan - al - Husaini ( ;w»-^u..s:^ 1 _WA^- ^ ^^M*s-), a native of Ghor and author of several works, viz. Ka)iz- ul-Eamiiz, Si Nania, Nuzhat-ul- Arwdh, Zdd-'ul-Musafartn, Tar ah -ul- Majdlis, Rnh-ul- Arivah, Sirat-ul- Mustagim, and of a DTwan in Arabic aud Persian. He died, says Jami, in the year a.d. 1317, a.h. 717, aud is buried at Herat. Firishta calls him Amir Husaini Sadat and says that he with his father Sayyad Xajm-uddin came to India as merchants and became the disciples of Shaikh Baha-uddin Zikaria at Multan, and died at Herat on 1st December, a.d. 1318, 6th Shawwal, a.h. 718. Husain - bin - Muhammad, as - Sa - ma'ani ( ^U^^H j.^.s'« ^j ^->*«r^), author of the Khazcinat-al Muftiln, which contains a large quantity of decisions, and is a book of some authority in India. It was completed in a.d. 1339, a.h. 740. Husain Dost Sambhali, Mir ( ,,*^=y. _».^ \^^^ L:^«i^t>), son of Abii Talib of Sambhal. He is the author of a biography of poets called Taz/rira Husaini, which appears to have been compiled a few years after the death of Muhammad Shah the empsror of Djhli, who died in a.d. 17-18, A.H. 1161. Husain Ghaznawi (j_^».j* i , ^. ......_> )^ author of the story of Padmiiwat in Persian poetry called Qissal Fadmdwat. Husain Hallaj , Shaikh (^^l^i- .^^s>~ 4i""^), the son of Mansur Hallaj. Many fables have been invented to account for the imprudence of this wise teacher. One of these states, that he observed his sister go out every evening ; he followed her ; having seen her commimicate with the H dries, and receive from these celestial nymphs a cup of nectar, he insisted on drinking one or two drops that remained of this celestial liquor. His sister told him he could not contain it, and that it would cause his death. He per- sisted ; from the moment that he swallowed it he kept exclaiming "Au-ul-Haq!" thatis, " I am the truth ! " till he was put to death. \_Vide Mansur Hallaj.] Husaini ( ^S^ S-), author of the Asmdl Husaini and Maktubdt Husaini. Husain - ibn - Muin - uddin Maibadi author of a work on religion, entitled I'awdtah. Husaini Fathi-Ali, a Sufi of Dehll, author of a biographical dictionary published 1750-1. Mentioned as stiU living iu 1806 by Qasim of Agra (q.v.). Husain, Imam {A^\ ^.^^.^j^^s^), the second son of 'Ali, the son-in-law of Mu- hammad. He was born at Medina in January, A.D. 626, Sliaban, ah. 4, aud was the third Imam of the race of 'AlT. Having refused to acknowledge Yazid the son of Mu'a'n'ia for the lawful KliiilTf, he was obliged to leave MecUna and to Hy to Mecca, but was overtaken on his way and killed by order of Ubaidullah-ibu-Zaviid, oue of Yazid's captains, on the 10th October, a.d. 680, 10th Muharram, a.h. 61. When his head was brought to Ubaidullah at Kufa, he struck it over the mouth with a stick, and treated it with great contempt. He then sent it along with his family, who were made captives, to Damascus, where Yazid then reigned. The day on which he was killed is still a great day amongst the Musalmans. He is buried at a place called Karbala iu Babylonian Iraq or Chaldea near Kufa. Some pretend to show that Ilusain's head was buried near the river of Karbala ; others say that there are HTJSA 165 HUSA no other traces of it remaining. However, the first Sultan of the race of Boyaides huilt on that spot a sumptuous monument, which is visited to this very day with great devotiou hy the Musuhuans. It is called " Gunhaz Faiz," or the dome of grace. Husain Jalayer, Sultan (,.>^Ij»- ^-»-was^ i^l-k-L-j), grandson of Amir Hasan Buzurg, succeeded his father Sultan Awes Jalayer to the thi'one of Baghdad in Octoher, A.D. 1374, A.H. 776, and lost his life in an action with his brother Sultan Ahmad, iuA.D. 1382, A.H. 784. IJ'idc Hasan Buzurg.] Husain Kashi ( ^^1^ ^.*-*a*.»-), an author, who died in a.d. 1544, a.h. 951. Husain, Kashmiri (^^^.t^ .-,*u>.), author of the Persian work entitled H'uldjiat- ul-'Ainl, the Guide to the Blind, containing essays on various religious subjects, SMi doctrines, etc. Husain Khonsari (^,[jm.:^ ^^yjj.s^) was one of the celebrated philosophers of Persia , smmamed from his birth-place Khonsar , a town between Teheran and Kashau. He flourished in the latter part of the 17th century. Husain Langa I. (l^J ^^s^), third king of Multan, succeeded his father Qutb- uddln Mahmiid Langa in a.d. 1469, a.h. 874. He entered into a treaty of alliance with Sikandar Lodi, king of Dehli, and died about the year a.d. 904, or according to some, on Sunday the 28th August, a.d. 1502, 26th Safar, a.h. 908, after a reign of 30 or 34 years. He was succeeded by his grandson Mahmud Kliiin Langa. Firishta says that the Tawdrlkh Bahadur Shahi, which contains the history of this prince, is full of errors, and the author of the Mirat-SiJcandarl declares it to be absolutely unintelligible. Husain Langa II. {\^■^ .^;u»s-), fifth and last king of Multan, was, after the death of liis father MahmM Khan Langa in 1524, raised to the throne, although a minor. He was only a pageant in the hands of his sister's husband, Shujaa'-ul-Mulk, who assimied the office of protector. Shah Husain Arghun, king of Thatta, under the orders of the emperor Babar Shah, soon after besiiged the place, which was at length, in the year A.D. 1526, a.h. 932, carried by escalade, alter a siege of fifteen mouths. Husain Ar gh un having nominated one Lashkar Klian his deputy, returned to Thatta. When Bfibar Shah, diu'ing his illness, abdicated the throne in favour of his son Humayim, the latter prince gave the Panjab in jaglr to Mirzii Kamran his brother, who on his arrival at Lahore sent for Lashkar Klian and made over the district of Kabul to him, in lieu of that of Multan, since which time the kingdom of Multan has continued a province of the empire of Dehli. Husain Marwi ^^ty Khwaja Husain Marwi. .). Vide Husain Maibazi, Muin-uddin ( .^»juus^ ^jj\ ^J;r^*^ 0'^r:f"*X author of the Sajanjal-iil-Anvdh, or Mirror of Spirits, a selection from the Persian and Turki poets. He floiu'ished in the tenth centirry of the Hijra. Husain Maslihadi {^Sj^j!l.a ^. a Persian poet. ), Husain Mirza (^j.-^ Sultan Husain Mirza. c;- .). Vide Husain Muammai, Mir ( ._^_^_.=!- ^^.•» ^'l^-r..-*), a celebrated punster who died in the year a.d. 1498, a.h. 904. Husain Muin-uddin (^^.^»jt^ i^ir'^^-^ ^.jaJO, author of the Faivutah Saba on Theology. Husain Naqshi, Mulla ( AiiJ .-.-u*?- \^), a learned Musalman of Dehli. who was a good poet and an excellent engraver in the time of the emperor Akbar. He ched on the 16th July, a.d. 1581, 14th Jumada II. a.h. 989. Husain Nizam Shah I. (^lli) ^^t-'^s^ il^) ascended the throne of Ahmad- nagar in the Deccan in the 30th year of his age, after the death of his father Burhau Nizam Shah I. in the year a.d. 1554, a.h. 961. In A.D. 1565, a.h. 972, an alliance was formed between him and the three Sultans, viz. 'AH 'Adil Shah of Biji'ipiir, Ibrahim Qutb Shah of GSlkanda and Amir Barid of Admadabad Bidar, against Eamraj, Raja of Bijanagar, who was defeated and slain. Husain Nizam Shah died eleven days after his return from this expedition, on Wednesday the 6th June, a.d. 1565, 7th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 972, and his son Murtaza is'izam Shah succeeded him. The death of Nizam Shah has been couimenuirated in the following chronogram: " The sun of the Deccan has become obscured." HUSA IGG HUZU Husain Nizam Shah II. (^llij ,^^s-~ ^JIJ ilwi)), a nominal prince of the Nizam Sliahi djiiasty. [ Vide Fatlia Ixhfin, the son of Malik 'Ambar.] Husain Sabzwari (. c,U;-^~j ,.,^^^), a native of Sabzwar, and aiithor of the works entitled Lntdef Wazaef and Rdhat -ul- Arwnh, books on Siifiism, containing the best means of obtaining salvation and rules for moral conduct. Husain Sadat, Mir (.ji.;^jLj ._-»_••). Vide Husain-bin-Hasan-al- Husaini. Husain Shah (iljij ,.^<^>.), of Bengal. ^■ Vide 'Ala-uddiu Husain Shah. Husain Shah Lohani, Pir {,.^mj^:>- _»_) ^JL*»J iL-l), a Muhammadan saint whose tomb is in MiingliTr, where both Hindus and Muliammadans make offerings especially on their marriages and other special occasions. Husain Shah Sharqi, Sultan ( .^^~^ ^LL-i^ iS-V"^ i^-i), ascended the throne of Jaunpiir after his brother Muham- mad Shah, who was slain in battle about the year a.d. 1452, a.h. 856. He fought several battles with Bahlol Lodi, the king of Dehli, and was at last defeated, and so closely piu'sued that he left his horse and escaped on foot. The army of Dehli advanced without any other check to Jaunpiir, which fell to the arms of Bahlol, while Husain Shah, abandon- ing his capital, was obliged to content himself with a small tract of country pelding only a revenue of five lakhs of rupees. Bahlol having delivered over Jauupur and its kingdom to his own son Barbak, enjoined him not to de})rive Husain Shah of the small tract to which he was confined, terming it his family estate. This event took place about the year a.d. 1476, a.h. 881, and the subversion of the Sharcp dynasty may be dated from that year. The reign of Husain Shah lasted for a period of 19 lunar years. Some years after the death of Bahlol Lodi (which happened in a.d. 1489, a.h. 894) Husain Shfdi incited the prince Barbak to rise up against his brother Sikandar Lodi, king of Dehli, and wrest the government out of his hands ; but Barbak was defeated in the first action and retired to Jaunpiir, to which place he was ])ursued by the king. Jauupur fell slun'tly after, and was added to the kingdom of Dehli. Husain Shah was now induced to seek refuge with 'Ala-uddin Purbi, king of Bengal, by whom he was treated with the respect due to his station till his death, which took place in a.d. 1499, a.h. 905. With him the royal line of Jaunpiir was extinguished. Husain Shah, Sayyad (iLi, ^^^..«^r>- wV.--j), author of the story of Bahrani Gor, entitled Hasht Gulgasht, which he made into prose from the Hasht Bahisht of Amir Khusro in the year a.d. 1800, a.h. 1215, on the requisition of M. Charles Perron, who served under Daulat Eao Sindhia. \_Vide Hak-ik-at.] Husain - uddin (A. c^ ^t Husain ^i.^ c;^ bin - Ali •MS-), who is said to have been a pupil of Burhfin-uddln 'Ali, was the first who wrote a commentary on the Hidaya, entitled ihQ Kilidya. Husain Waez, Maulana (lirL f^^>- \jty), surnamed Kashifl, was a man of consequence in the time of Sultan Husain Mirza, surnamed Abii'l Ghazi Bahadur of Kjinrasan, and held the office of sacred herald in the city of Herat till the Hijri year 910, on the last day of which he expired, i.e. on the 3rd Jime, a.d. 1505, 30th Zil-hijja, A. h . 9 1 . He is the author of a commentary on the Quran, commonly called Tafotr Bnsaini, which he entitled Mawahih ' Ulidt, also of one entitled Jawdhir-ut-Tafdslr. Besides these, he wrote several other works, amongst which are the Rouzat -ush- Shuhadd, an excellent history of Muhammad with a minute detail of the battle of Karbala, dedicated to Sultan Husain Mirza in a.d. 1501, an abridg- \i ment of which is called Duh Jfa/lis. His AkhJdq Iluhsinl is a very valuable system of Ethics, treating upon worship, prayer, patience, hope, chastity, etc., dedicated to the same Sultan a.d. 1494, a.h. 900, the title of which gives the year of its completion. The Anwar Suheli, Rays of the star Canopus, is a translation of Pilpay's Fables in Persian, dedicated to Amir Shaikh Ahmad Suheli, seal-bearer to the Sultan. He calls himself in tliis book Maulana Husain- bin- 'Ali-al-Waez sm-named Kashifi. He also made an abridgment of Moulwi Riimi's Masnawi which he called Liihb-i-Labdb. He is also the author of the works called Makh~an- ul-Inshd, Saba Kdshifia (on astrology), Asrdr Qdsiml, Matla-^ul-Amvdr, and of a collection of Anecdotes called Latdif-ut-Tawdef. This author is by some writers called Kamiil-iiddin Husain-al-Waez-al-Kashifi-us-Subzwari. Huzuri, Mir {j-^^ ^_jj^^.:f), son of Amir Sayyid 'Ali Muhtasib. He lived in the time of Shah Isma'il Safwi, and wrote a chronogram on his accession to the throne of Persia in the year a.d. 1576, a.h. 984. He is the author of a Diwan. IBX-A ib:n^-d Ibn-Abi Tai ( J^ ^\ ^A), author of the work called Xitab Ar Rauzatain. Ibn-Abu Usaiba, MuwaflB.q-ud.din Abu'l Abbas Ahmad. (L«-u*i»j^ ^\ Sa,^\ ^jwLxlljjl ^^^Jy\ fjiy^), author of the Arabic work called Aymi-al-Anba-fi- Tabqdt-ul-Atibba , i.e. Fountains of informa- tion respecting the classes of Physicians. This book was translated by the author into Arabic from the Sanskrit at the commence- ment of the 13th century of our era. In the 12th chapter of this work, he gives an account of all the Physicians who were from India. Of one, whom he calls Kanka-al-Hindi, he says : He was skilful as a philosopher amongst ancient philosophers of India, and one of the greatest of men. He investigated the art of physic, the power of medicines, the nature of compound substances, and the properties of simple substances. He was the most learned of all men in the form of the universe, the composition of the heavenly bodies, and the motions of the planets. An extract from the above work is given in the Jour, of the Royal As. Sec. No. 11, by the Eev W. Cureton with remarks by Professor H. H. Wilson. Ibn-Abu Usaiba died in a.d. 1269, A.H. 668. Ibn-Amin (^^^.^l ^\). Vide Ibn- Yamin or Amir Mahmud. Ibn-'Arabi (^j-£ ^^0, surname of Shaikh Muhi-uddin Abu 'Abdullah- bin- Muhammad-bin -'Ali-al-Tai-al - Ilatimi - al- AndalusT, a celebrated doctor of Damascus to whom, the Muhammandans pretend, was dictated or inspu-ed, or sent from heaven, by their prophet in the year a.d. 1229, a book of mystical divinity, called Fasus-id-Hakam. It contains 27 Hnkams or Instructions ; each of which is attributed to one of the ancient patriarchs or prophets, excepting the last, which belongs to Muhammad, and is entitled Hakam Fard'ujat Muhammad iaf. The Musal- man doctors are very much divided as to the merit of this work ; for some praise it, and others absolutely reject it as being full of superstition and falsehood. He is also the author of several other works, one of which is called Fatuhdt Makkia. He died in a.u. 1240, A.H. 638. — There appears to be another Ibn - 'Arabi, who died in Sarmam-ae, in Baghdad, in the year a.d. 1040, or a.h. 431, and who was also an author of several works. Ibn-Arabshah (iLlj_c ^}X surname of Ahmad -bin- Muhammad, a native of Damascus, who besides a collection of Tales, wrote several other works in a very polished stvle, the most celebrated of which is a liistorv of the Life of Amir Taimiir (Tamerlane) entitled Ajdcb-ul- ^laqdur . He died at Damascus in the year a.d. 1450, a.h. 854. [Also called Arab Shah {q.v.)']. Ibn-'Asir(^^ ^A), al-Shaibani Majd- uddin, also called Jazari, a most celebrated Arabian author, of whom we have several works. He is the author of the Arabian work on Jurisprudence entitled Jdma^-ul- Ustd, a work having great authority. Another of his works is called Kamil-ut- Tawarl^. He is also known as Abu'l Sa'adat, Miibarik-bin-Asir-al-Jazari, com- monly called Ibu-Asir. He died a.d. 1209, A.H. 606. [ Vide Jazari.] Ibn-'Askar( JLu£ f^}), an author who wrote the history of Damascus. Ibn-Babawia (^vIj ^>})- ^'(^^ Abu Ja'far Muhammad bin-'Ali-bin-Babawia. Ibn-Batuta (jlJ^-ix-J io-^^X the Arab traveller whom Muhammad Tughlaq {q.v.) made Judge of Dehli, was the author of the work called Travels of Ibn-Batuta, which has been translated from the Arabic by the Rev. S. Lee, B.D. London, 1829. Ibn- Batuta performed his pilgrimage to Mecca in A.D. 1332, A.H. 732. His work contains few facts concerning Arabia. His whole account of Mecca is, " May God ennoble it." Ibn - Bauwab (< ?1 1 cr: \). Vide Bauwab. Ibn-Dahan (.oUj ^\). Vide Dahan. IBX-D 168 IB'N-l Ibn-Darastuya (tL.t..'i.>c,L) ^-J^), com- monly called so, but his proper narae is Abu Muhammid 'AbcluUuh, the son of Ja'far, a very learned Mnsalinan who died a.d. 9.38, A.H. 347, at Baghtlfid. Ibn-Dured (jk.j.J rj~>^X author of a dictionary and of a work entitled GJiarlb-ul- Qumii, which is also called Jamhira. He died at Baghdad in a.d. 933, a.h. 321. Ibn-Faklir-uddin Anju ( ,ja1\ i:^ ^.j' *=f^\), author of the Farhang Jahdn- g'lrl. Vide Jamal-uddTu Ilusain Anju. Ibn-Farat {cl:\j! ^^^), author of the Geographical Jlriiioirs of Ef/ijpt. Ibn-Fargliani (^jlirJ ^j^^X Shaikh Abii 'Bakr Wasiti, a saint, who died about A.H. 320. Ibn-Fouraq ( v,.i^j^), Vide'F ovir-A<\. Ibn-Grhayas (ci_>l_^_i. (.t— jO. ^'^'V/e Kamiil-uddm Muhammad (Kliwaja). Ibn-Hajar, Shahab-uddin { sr U'. ^;jJl t__>lif^), son of All UsqahinI, an Arabian author who wrote more than a hundred books, among' which are Lisdn-ul- Mizdn and Asdba. He died in a.d. 1449, A.H. 853. {Vide Shalmb-uddm Abii'l Fazl-al- 'Usqalani.] Ibn - Hajar Yehsami or Yehthami ( ^>a*hJ_ rsr^ ijT-'^X son of Badr-uddin, author of the work called Sawdiq Nidiriqa, and several other books. He died in a.d. 1566, A.H. 974. Ibn-Hajib (i„.->^W (^-'^), an Arabian author of several works. He died at Alexandria in the year a.d. 1248, a.h. 646. He is the author of the two commentaries called Kdfia and Shajia. Ibn-Hanbali ( A, ^jO, surname of Muhammad-bin-Ibrahim Hanbali, author of the JJddat -ul - lldsib - wa - Umdat - ul- Masdhib, a book of Arithmetic. He died a.d. 1563, A.H. 971, and is the author of several other works. Ibn-Hasham (A^Sb i^}), the author of the Slraf-ul-Easul or Biography of the Prophet. His native place was Old Cairo, where he died in a.d. 828, a.h. 213. An abridgment of his work was made at Damascus in a.d. 1307, a.h. 707, by one Ahmad Ibn- Ibrahlm. Ibn-Hasham (( d^.j .j *l/l> ^j^}), son of Yusaf, author of several Arabic works, among which are Touzlh, Sharah Aljia, etc. He died a.d. 1361, a.h. 762. Ibn-Hibban {^J^:>- ^Ji\), whose proper name was Asir-uddin Muhammad, the son of Yusaf. Was the author of several works. He died at Damascus in the year a.d. 1344, A.H. 745. Ibn-Hilal ( J1& ^i\), also called i\.lal, is the author of a work entitled Minhdj-ul- Talibhi, which is also called Tdrlkh 'Aldi, and is dedicated to Shah Shnjaa' Kirmani. Ibn-Houbal (J..'»ib ^^^X ^ celebrated physician and author, who died in the year A.D. 1213. Ibn-Houkal (J.^»J^ ^J^), an Arabian, and author of the work entitled Jshkdl-iil- Bildd, containing maps and geographical description of several countries which he wrote in the year a.d. 977, a.h. 367. Ibn-Humam {AaJh ^\), author of a Commentary on the Hidaya, entitled Fath- ul-Qadlr, which is also called Sharah Hiddi/a. He died in the year a.d. 1457, a.h. 861. He is also called Humam, which see. ^\), of Khawaf, Ibn-Husam (^L surname of Shams-uddin Muhammad, author of an heroic poem in praise of 'Ali, containing the principal events of his life, his disputes, wars, etc., entitled Khdwar Ndma. He died A.D. 1470, A.H. 875. Ibn-Ibad (jLi ^.jl), surname of Abul Qasim Isma'Il, Kfifi, who was wazir and first minister of state to the Sultans ]\Iuwaiyad- uddaula and Fakhr-uddaula of the race of Boya. He died a.d. 995, a.h. 385, and is said to have left a library consisting of 112,000 volumes, and to have passed for the most generous and most liberal man of his time. He was also styled Kafi-ul-Kafat. IBN"-I 169 IBX-M Ibn-Imad (ol_^_x m-^^X ^ po^t of Khurasiiu who flourished iu the latter eud of the 14th century of the Christain Era. He resided iu Shiraz, and is author of a Diwau or a love story, called Bah Nama, in Persian. Ibn-Jinni ( ^^ ^}\ whose proper name was Ahii'l Fatha 'Usmam, a learned Musalnian, but blind of one eye. He died at Baghdad a.d. 1002, a.h. 392. Ibn-Jouzi (^j»;5- iM-'^)' ^^^"'^ ^^^^ ^ Farah-ibn-Jouzi. Ibn-Kamal Paslia (Lllj_ JU.^ ^i}), surname of Jlufti Shams-uddin Ahmad-bin- Sulaimau, author of the S/iarah Hadts-al- ^Arhahi. He died a.d. 1533, a.h. 940. Ibn-Khaldun (^,.j>_Lri- ^j-^}), the African pliilosopher. His name and titles are in Arabic: " Wali-uddin Abu Zaid 'Abdur- rahman - bin - Muhammad - al - Hazrami - al- Islibili," but he is better known by the single patronymic name of Ibn - KliakKm. His lather surnamed Klialdiin was a native of Amazirg or Berber (\n Africa), but his wife, descending from a family of the Arabian province Hazramat, made her son adopt the surname of Al-Hazrami. He was born iu Tunis iu the year a.d. 1332, and passed his youth iu Egypt. He then served a short time imder Taimur, as chief justice at Damascus. He returned to Egypt, where he became Supreme Judge, and died iu the year A.D. 1406. His principal and most remarkable work is the history of the Arabs, the Persians, and the Berbers. The whole composition is commonly called Tankh-ibn-KhalduH. Ibn-Khallikan {^iA:>. ^\), whose full name is Shams-uddin Abu'l Abbas Ahmad-ibn - Muliammad - ibn- Abu Bakr -ibn Kkillikan, drrw his descent from a family of Balkh. This very eminent scholar and follower of Shfifa'i doctrines, was born at Arbela, but resided at Damascus, where he had tilled the place of chief Qazi till the year A.D. 1281, A.H. 6S0, when he was dismissed, and from that time till the day of his death he never weut out of doors. He was a man of the greatest reputation for learning, versed in various sciences, and highly accomplished ; he was a scholar, a port, a compiler, and an histoi'ian. By his talents and writings, he merited the honourable title of " the most learned man," and was an able historian. His celebrated biographical work called the WaJidt-ul-Aiyfnt, or deaths of eminent men, is considered the acme of perfection. This work was translated from the Arabic by Baron McGuckin De Slane, Member of the Council of the Asiatic Society of Paris, etc., and published iu a.d. 1842. The work is in four volumes 4to. and in English. It was printed in Paris for the Oriental Translation Fund of London. This translation is a most valuable work to those who wish to gain a knowledge of the legal Uteratiure of the Muhammadans, as the translator has added to the text numerous learned notes, replete with cmious and interesting informa- tion relating to the Muhammadan law and lawyers. Ibn-Khallikan was born on Thursday the 22nd September, a.d. 1211, 11th RabI' II. A.H. 608, and died on Thursday the 31st October, a.d. 1282, 26th Rajah, A.H. 681, aged 73 lunar years, in the Najibia College at Damascus and was interred at Mount Kusiyun. Ibn-Khurdadbih (oj^j>..ri- ^^^), an historian, who died about the year a.d. 912. [Vide Khurdaziba.] Ibn-Maja (<^>-l.« j^-'O, whose proper name is Abu Abdullah Muhammad -bin - Yezid-bin-Maja-al-Q,azwini, was the author of a collection of traditions, and of a com- mentary on the Quran. The first, which is entitled Kitab-i(s-Si(iian, is the sixth book of the Simna, and is commonly called Sunan Ihn-Maja. Ibn-Maja was born in the year A.D. 824, A.H. 209, and died in a.d. 886, A.H. 273. Ibn-Malik ((_<]U ,.,j^). Abdullah-ibu-Malik. Vide Ahii Ibn-Maqla (^il* (^J^), wazir of the khalif al-Qahir Billah of Baghdad, whom, with the consent of other Umras, he deposed and having deprived him of sight raised Al-Razi Billah to the throne. Not long after, his hands and tongue were cut off by the order of Razi, because he had written a letter to the KhalTf's enemy without his knowledge, and he died from the injm-ies in the year a.d. 939, a.h. 327. Ibn-Maqla is the inventor of the present Arabic character which was afterwards improved by Ibn- Bauwab. Ibn-Marduya (tu.t).^ [j^}^y commonly called so, but his proper name is Abu Bakr. He is the author of the work Mustakharij Blklidn and of a commentary and history. He died A.H. 410. Ibn-Muallim (*_L.'«_.* ,,t— '^). Jlde Sliaikh Mufid. IBN-Q 170 IBN-Z Ibn-Qattaa (^i*rs- ^} ^^ cILj ^^1 &.*jy^.^^] ^\JLs), surname of 'AU- bin-Ja'far Si(|illi, an Arabian autlior, who died A. D. 1121, a.h. 615. Ibn-Qutaiba (d-»-J ^\), surname of Shaikh al-Imam Abu Muhammad Ahdullah- biu-Muslim Diuwari, author of the Ayun- zil-Akhbilr, and many other works. He died A.D. 889, A.H. 267. Ibn - Raj ab. Vule Zain - uddin - bin- Ahmad. Ibn-Rashid {s~^j ^J-^}), surname of Abu'l "NValid Muhanimad-bin-Ahmad, whom the Europeans call Averroes and Aven Rosch, was one of the most subtile philosophers that ever appeared among the Arabians. He was born at Cordova in Spain (a.d. 1149), Avhere his father held the office of high priest and chief judge, rmder the emperor of the Moors. His knowledge of law, divinity, mathematics, and astrology was very extensive, and to this was added the theory rather than the practice of medicine. On the death of his father, he was appointed to succeed him. Falling under the suspicion of heresy, he was deprived of his posts and thrown into prison, from whence he was at last delivered and reinstated in his office of judge. He wrote a treatise on the art of physic, an epitome of Ptolemy's Almagest, a treatise on astrology, and many amcn'ous verses ; but when he grew old, he threw the three last into the fire. He is best known as a translator and expositor of Aristotle ; his commentaries were published at Venice a.d. 1489-1560. He was a pantheist, and a despiser of all supposed revelations, as to which his opinions were : that Christianity is absurd ; Judaism, the religion of children ; and Muhammadanism, the religion of swine. A further edition of his works is that published at Venice 1608. He is said to have died at Morocco in a.h. 595, corresponding with a.d. 1199, though Lempriere in his Universal Biography says that he died in a.h. 1206. Ibn-S'abbagh-al-Shafaj (cl^..^ ^\ ^.x-'LAJi), surname of AbQ Nasr 'Abdul Sald-l)in-^ruhammad, author of the Uddat-itl-''Alim 11 at Turiq-til-Sdlim. He died A.D. 1084, a.h. 477. Ibn-'Sad {sjt..^ m-^^X author of the Tabaqat. Ibn-Shaliab-uz-Zoliri (t_jL^^ ^S\ ^ ^^-W ), an Arabian author who flourished during the Kliilafat of 'Umar-ibn- 'Abdul 'Aziz. Ibn-Sina (I; ij-. \). Vide Abu Sina. Ibn-Siraj (J^^ ^,jt), whose proper name is Abii Bakr Muhammad, was an Arabian author, and died in a.d. 928, a.h. 316. Ibn-ul-'Arabi( ^j,.rl\ ,..:!). Fidelhn- ^-ij^' ' c;: Arabi. ,.,jO. Vide Ibn- Ibn-ul-Hajar ( xs Hajar. Ibn-ul-Jazari-bin-Muhammad ( , A 1^ ,jj^\), an Arabian author who died in the year a.d. 1430, a.h. 833. Ibn-ul-Khashab (^_>l.^sil ^j1), whose proper name is Abii Muhammad 'Abdullah, Avas an excellent penman. He died at Baghdad in a.d. 1172, a.h. 567. Ibn-Uqba {-.>|..m), an emperor of the Moors of Africa iu the 12th century, who was dethroned by his subjects, aud his crown usurped by 'Abdul Mumiu. Ibrahim {j^\j\), the son of Alashtar, killed iu a.d. 690, a.h. 71, in a battle fought between the khalif 'Abdul Malik and Misaa'b the brother of 'Abdullah, the sou of Zabair, whose faithful friend he was. Ibrahim {j^^\y\), the son of Ibrahim Mahran, a very famous doctor of the sect of Shafa'i, and author of several works. Ibrahim Adham (j^j>\ *^Uj^), a king of Balkh, who retii-ed from the world, became a Dervish aud died between the years 875 and 880, aged 110 years. It is said that he saw in a dream a man on the top of a house looking for something. He asked him what he was looking for. The man replied that he had lost his camel. " What a fool you must be" said the king, "to be looking for your camel on the roof of a house ! " The man rejoined " and what a fool you must be to look for God in the cares aud troubles of a crown ! " Ibrahim from that day abdicated his throne, and became a wandering Dervish. Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I. ( JjU f^^'\jj\ i\j^), Sultan of Bljapiir, surnamed Abii'l Nasr, son of Ismail 'Adil Shah, succeeded his brother Mallii Adil Shah on the throne of Bijapiir in the Deccan iu a.d. 1535, A.n. 941. He married the daughter of 'Ala-uddin 'Imad Shah, named Kabia Sultana, in a.d. 1543, a.h. 950, reigned 24 lunar years and some months, and died in a.d. 1558, A.H. 965. He was buried at Kuki near the tombs of his father and grand- father, and was succeeded by Ids son 'Ali 'Adil Shah. Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II. (Jjlc ^i,\.A iLi), of Bijapiir, surnamed Abii'l Muzaffar, was the son of Tahmasp the brother of 'Ali 'Adil Shah, whom he succeeded in April, a.d. 1580, Safar, a.h. 988, beiug then only iu his ninth year. The management of public affairs was given to Kamal Khiin Dakhani, and Chaud Bibi Sultana, widow of the late king, was entrusted with the care of the education of the miuor monarch. For some time Kamftl Khan behaved with due moderation in his othce ; but at length was guilty of some violence towards Chand Sultana, who turned her thoughts to means for his destruction. She secretly sent a message to Haji Kishwar Klian, an officer of high rank, who caused him to be murdered. After this eveut Kishwar Khan, by the support and patronage of Cliand Bibi, grasped the authority of the State, and ruled with uncontrolled sway till he was assassinated. Akhlas Klian next assumed the regency ; but after some time he was seized by Dilawar Kjian, who put out his eyes, and became regent of the empire. He was expelled by the king in a.d. 1590, and his eyes put out aud himself confined in A.D. 1592. Ibrahim 'Adil Shah died after a reign of more than 38 years in a.d. 1626, A.H. 1036, and was succeeded by his son Muhammad 'Adil Shah. The first building of any importance we meet at Bijapiir is the Ibrahim Rauza, the tomb of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II. On a high -raised platform of stone, separated by a square, in the midst of which is a hauz or fountain, stand the rai(2a aud mosque opposite each other, and corre- sponding in size and contoiu*. The tomb is most elaborately ornamented, the walls being covered with inscriptions from the Quran in raised stone Arabic letters, which formerly were gilt, on a blue ground, though now the colotu'ing has worn away. The mosqtie also is a beautiful building. Ibrahim Ali Khan (^l^ ^Lc *»»J^^.Jl), the chief of Malair Kotla, was a minor of about 15 years of age (1872), and was re- ceiving his education in the Wards' School at Umballa. Ibrahim Ali Khan (^l^;. Lc *,-.Ji)^jl), Nawab of Tonk, grandson of the famous Pindari chief Amir Klian. His father Mu- hammad 'Ali Kjian was deposed by the British GovernniL-ut on account of the Lowa massacre in 1867. He was installed as Nawab of Tonk on the 19tli January, 1871, by the British Government. Ibrahim Astarabadi(^- jb Lu^l f^^r. ^ \ an author who translated the Kisala or Kitdb Ilasania of Abii'l Fatuh Razi Makki from the Ai'abic into Persian in A.D. 1551, a.h. 958. Ibrahim Barid Shah {Al) >sj J M^i>\j\) succeeded his father 'Ali Barid in the govern- ment of Ahmadabad Bidar about the year A.D. 1562, A.H. 970. He reigned seven years and died about the year a.d. 1569, a.h. 977. His brother Qasiin 13arid II. succeeded him. Ibrahim Bayu, Malik (^^ ^.^j&Lj\ t__CL^). In the province of Behar there is a hillock called Pir Pahari, on the top of which there is a tomb with Persian inscriptions in verse, intimating that Malik Ibrahim Bavu ilied in the reign of Sultau IBRA 172 IBRA Firoz Shah on a Sunday in the month of Zil-liijja, A.H. 753, which corresponds witli Januiirv, a.d. 1353, but who he was we are not informed. Ibrahim - bin - Aghlab (o-^ i—^Ajil), an Arabian captain who was appointed governor of Egypt and Africa by the Khalif Harun-al-RaVhid in a.d. 800, A.H. 184. Tlie descendants of this governor, who settk'd in Africa, bore the name of Aghlabia or Aghlabites, and formed a dynasty of princes who reigned there till the year A.D. 90S, A.H. 296, when they were driven out by the Fatimites. Ibrahim-bin-Ali ( 1.C , .j *.-^J^^ '1), author of the wort called Majma^-ul-Ansdh, or the Genealogy of the different dynasties of Persia, till a.d. "l233, a.h. 630. Ibrahim - bin - Hariri ( .j ^_^1 .j1 ,__f_j ,_=►), author of the Tdrlkh Ibrdhiml, an abridged history of India from the earliest times to the conquest of that country by the emperor Babar Shah, who defeated Sultan Ibrahim Hussain Lodi, king of Dehli, and became the founder of the Mughal dj-nastv. It was dedicated to Biibar ShraTin a.d. 1528, a.h. 934. Ibrahim -bin -Muhammad-al-Halabi, Shaikh ( ^J^^l S^^^ ^ (*r^^l^:'^ ^.-i), author of a Persian work on Theology called Aqded Simnia and of the MnJtdqd-al-Abhdr . This work, which is an universal code of Muharamadan law, contains the opinions of the four chief Mujtahid Imams, and ilhistrates them by those of the principal jurisconsults of the school of Abu Ilanifa. He died a.d. 1549, a.h. 956. \_l'ule Imam 'Alam-bin-'Ata.] Ibrahim-bin-Nayal ( JLj ^J ^h\ji\), brother of Tughral Beg's mother, a chief who d(d\ated Tugljau Shah I. a prince of the Salifniian family, in battle, took liim prisoner and blinded him. Ibrahim was murdered after some time in a.d. 952, a.h. 451, by Tughral Beg, the uncle of Tughan Shah. Ibrahim-bin-Saleh (JLs ^ *-.A.^l), cousin of Harun-al-llashid. A curicms story is given of him in the Jour. As. Sue. No. 11, that when he died Mauka-al- Hindi, the philosopher, restored him to life, and that Ibrahim lived long after this circumstance, and married the princess 'All 'Abbasa, daughter of Al-Mahdi, and obtained the governmeoit of Egypt and Palestine, and died in Egypt. Ibrahim-bin-Walid II. ( .^j ^-,„i'^._'1 c, . ^ .. J ■ ^.JlJ S-^t), a KlialTf of the race of Umaiya, succeeded his brother Yazid III. in A.D. 744, a.h. 126, and had reigned but seventy days when he was deposed and slain by Mu'awia II. who ascended the throne in Syria. Ibrahim Husain, Khwaja (^.,»j&^_j1 ^.p-'«.rs- ^*.*u.=-), a celebrated cali- grapher in the service of the emperor 'Akbar, Avho wrote a beautiful Xastaliq hand. He died in the year a.d. 1593, a.h. 1001, and 'Abdul Qadir Badaoni found the chronogram of his death to be contained in his very name Avith the exception of the first letter in Ibrahim, viz. Alii. Ibrahim Husain Lodi, Sultan C^-Jb^ jl A-c^), ascended the throne of Agra after the death of his father Sikandar Shah Lodi in February, a.d. 1510, Zi-qa'da, a.h. 915. He reigned 16 years, and was defeated and slain in a battle fought at Panipat with the emperor Babar Shah on Friday the 20th April, a.d. 1526, 7th Eajab, A.H. 932, an event which transferred the empire of Dehli and Agra to the family of Amir Taimur. From this battle we may date the fall of the Pathan empire, though that race afterwards made many efforts, and recovered it for a few years in the time of the emperor Humayiin. ^i:^^y} Ibrahim Husain Mirza ( .^ ^;..-_^), a son-in-law of the emperor Humayim, and the second son of Muhammad Sultan Mirza, who had four other sons besides him, viz. 1st, Muhammad Husain Mirza, 2ud, Ibrahim Husain Mirza, 3rd, Masa'iid Husain Mirza, 4th, ITlogh Mirza, who died in A.D. 1567, A.H. 975, and 5th, Shah Mirza. They were styled "The Mirzas," and were, on accoimt of their ill-conduct, confined in the Fort of Sambhal by order of the emperor Akbar. When that monarch marched in the year a.d. 1567, a.h. 975, for the purpose of subduing Mahva, they made their escape and sought an asylum with Chingiz Khan, a noble- man at Baroch. They took Champaner and Sfirat and also Baroch in a.d. 1569, a.h. 977, and created a great disturbance in the surrounding countries. Ibrahim Husain was taken ])risoner in a.d. 1573, a.h. 981, and shortly after put to death by Makhsus I\han, governor of Midtan, and his head sent to the emperor, who ordered it to be placed over one of the gates of Agra {vide Gulnikh Begam) and caused his brother Masa'iid Husain Mirza to be confined in the fort of Gwaliar, where I he soon afterwards died. IBEA 173 IBRA Ibrahim - ibn - Aghlab ( .j1 »-»jfcl^j^ (._^Li.O, a king of Barbary. This country was reduced by the Saracens in the Khilatat of 'Umar, and continued subject to the Khalif of Arabia and Baghdad till th'e reign of Harun-al-Rashid, who having appointed Ibrahim -ibn-Aghlib governor of the western parts of his empire, that prefect took the opportunity, first of assuming greater powers to himself than had been granted by the Khalifs. The race of Ag]ilab continued to enjoy their new principality peaceably till the year a.d. 910, a.h. 298, during which timethev made several descents on the island of Sicily", and conquered a part of it. About this tinie, however, one Obedullah sm-named 'Al-Mahdi rebelled against the house of Aghlab, and assumed the title of Klialif of Qairwiin. Ibraliim, Imam (*t«^ *-.>^ _>^). This Ibrahim, who bears the title of Imam, or chief of the religiim of Muhammad, is not of the number of the twelve Imams of the posterity of 'All. He was a son of Mu- hammad, the son of 'AH, the son of 'Abdullah, the son of 'Abbas, the uncle of the prophet, and eldest brother of the two first KJialifs of the house of 'Abbas ; but was himself never acknowledged as a Khalif. He was put to death by order of Marwan II. surnamed Himiir, last Klialif of the house of Umayya, in the month of October, a.d. 749, Safar, A.H. 132. Ibrahim Khan ( ^\^ j^^\>\), the son of the celebrated Amir-ul-Umrii 'Ali Mardan Khan. He was honoiu'ed with the rank of 5i)00 in the second year of the emperor 'Alaragir, a.d. 1659, and appointed governor, at different periods, of Kashmere, Lahore, Bihar, Bengal and other places, and died in the reign of Bahadur Shah. Ibrahim Khan Fatha Jang (,».,.jb^ '\ L_X:.:5- ,^-i .\s^) was a rehition of the celebrated Xur Jahan Begam, whose mother's sister he had married. When Qasim Klian the grandson of Shaikh SalTm Chishti was recalled to court from the government of Bihiir in the twelfth year of the emperor Jaliangir, a.d. 1616, a.h. 1025, Ibrahim Kjian was appointed governor of that province with the rank of 4000. He was killed at Dacca, a d. 1623, a.h. 1032, in battle against prince Kjumam (afterwards Shah Jahan) who had rebelled against his father Jahanglr. His wife Huh I'arwez Kliauam lived to a great age, and died in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. Ibrahim Khan Siir ( ,^^ ^l:>- j^^^ A), son of GliazI Khan, governor of Bayana, was the brother-in-law ol Muhammad Shah 'Adill, whose sister he had married. He raised a considerable army and took possession of Dehll and Agra on the 28th February, a.d. 1555, 6th Jumada' I. a.h. 962. He had no sooner ascended the throne than another competitor arose in the province of the Paujab, in the person of Ahmad Khan, a nephew of the late Sher Shah. He defeated Ibrahim Khan in a battle, and the latter retreated to Sambhal, while Ahmad Ivhan took possession of Agra and Dehll, and assumed the title of Sikandar Shah in May the same year. Ibrahim Klian was killed by Sulaiman, king of Heugal, in Orissa in a battle fought in a.d. loii?, a.h. 975, and is bm-ied there. Amongst the incidents of the year a.d. 1555, a.h. 962, was the explosion of the fort of Agra, when enormous stones and columns were sent flying several /los to the other side of the Jamna, and manv people were destroyed. As the whole Fort was called Badalgarh, the dite was found in the words " The fire of Badalgarh." Ibrahim Khawas i^\^.s>- ^^JsLjl), a pupil of Abu 'Abdullah Maghrabi, who died A.D. 911. He was called Khawas, which means a basket-maker. Ibrahim Qntb Shah (^l^ was the son of Quli Qutb Shah I. sovereign of Golkanda. On the death of his brother Jamshid (iutb Shah, the nobles of the court elevated his son Siibhau Quli, a child seven years of age, to the throne ; but as he was unable to wield the sceptre Ibrahim was sent for from Bijanagar, where he then resided, and was crowned on Mondav the 28th July, A.D. 1550, 12th Rajab, a.h. 9o7. In the year a.d. 15h5, a.h. 972, he, in conjunction with the other Muharamadan monarchs of the Dcccan, marched against Ramraj, the Raja of Bijanagar, who was defeated and slain, and his territories occupied by the con- querors. In A.D. 1571, A.H. 979, the fort of Rajamanchi was taken from the Hindiis by Rafa't Kjjan, the general of Ibrahim ; the following chronogram commemorates the date of its occiuTcnce : ' ' The temple of the infidels has fallen into our hands." Ibrahim Qutb Shah, after a prosperous reign of 32 years, died suddenlvon Thursdav the 5th June, a.d. 1581, 21st Rabi' II. a.h. 989, in the 51st year of his age, and was succeeded by liis son Muhammad Qutb Shah. Ibrahim Mirza (^j^-* ^>^jl), the son of Bahram Mirza and grandson of Shah Ismai'l Safwi. His poetical name was Jiihi. He was murdered by order of his grandfather. Ibrahim Mirza, Sultan (^:_.« »-.iL.j^ jj I ■• > • ij;l.l2-i--j), was the son of Shahrukh Mirza and grandson of Amir Tairaiir. He was governor of Fars during the life of his father, and died a few years before him in IBRA. 174 IBRA. A.D. 1435, A.H. 839. After his death, his son 'Abdullah Mirza succeeded him, and was killed iu battle ao-ainst Mirza Abu Sa'id his cousiu-german iu x.u. l-t^Jl, a.u. 855. Ibrahim Mirza (} \yt *-JS'l j\),a Saffavi of literary tastes; fcDip. Shilh Jahau ; his poetical name was Adham, which see. Ibrahim Mirza O',,--* f^i^^j-- \), the son of Mirza Sulaimfiu of Badakhshan, was born in the year .4. n. lo3-l, a.h. 941. "When his father,"with the intention of conquering Balkh, weut to that country, prince Ibrahim accoiii- panied him, and was taken prisoner in battle and put to death by order of Pir Muhammad K]ian, ruler of Balkh, iu the month of September, a.d. loGO, Zil-bijja, a.h. 967. Ibrahim Nayal ( JlJ j^^i>\-j\). Ibrahim -biu-Xa val . Vide Ibrahim Nizam Shah (A \^ '< ^ ^ ^V A il_-i) succeeded his father Biirhan Nizam Shah II. in the kingdom of Ahmad- nagar Deccan iu the month of April, a.d. 1595, Sha'ban, a.h. 1003, and was slain in action against the troops of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II. .of Bijapiir, after a reign of only four months, in the month of August, a.d. 1595, Zil-bijja, a.h. 1003. Mian Manjii, his wazir, raised to the throne one Ahmad a boy, said to be of the Nizam Shahi family. Ibrahim Pasha (a^Lt ♦.^Jb^-j^), an adopted son of Muhammad 'Ali Pasha of Egy|)t, was born in a.d. 1789, and gave the first proofs of his gallantry and generalship in a.d. 1819 in quelling the insurrection of Wahabis. He afterwards made several con- quests. In A.D. 1848, when Muhammad 'Ali had sunk into absolute dotage, Ibrahim ■went to Constantinople, and was recognized by the Porte as Viceroy of Egypt ; after a short visit to England, on the 9th November, a.d. 1848, he died at Cairo. Ibrahim Shah Sultan (il^ >_^Jb^.jl l^l.LiJ_~j ^j^Ji), called Sharaqi, or " Eastern," ascended the throne of Jauupiir, after the death of his brother Muburik Shah in A.D. 1402, A.n. 804. lie was famous during his reign for the encouragement he afforded to literature ; and we find that in those times of anarchy and confusion which prevailed in Hindustan, Jauupiir became the seat of learning ; as appears (says Firishta) from several works now extant, dedicated to Ibrahim Shah. He died in a.d. 1440, a.h. 844, after a long reign of upwards of 40 years. He was beloved iu life, and ho was regretted by all his subjects. His eldest son Mahmiid Shah Sharqi succeeded him. Ibrahim Shah Pir {^^ il^ *.^a.1^j1), a Miihammadan saint whose tomb is in the district of Kach thirty miles above Lakpat. Vide Trans. Roy. As. Soc, vol. iii. p. 588. ,.-..JtV.jU, the Ibrahim Shaikh (^:-r son of Shaikh Musa, the brother of Shaikh Salira Chishti. He served Akbar for several years in the military profession ; and, when that emperor was proceeding to Kabul after the death of his brother, Muhammad Hakim, Shaikh Ibrahim accompanied him as tar as Thanesar, where he fell sick through excess of ckiuking and cUed on the 16th Mehr, iu the 30th year of Akbar' s reign, correspond- ing with September, a.d. 1585, Shawwal, A.H. 992. According, however, to a later work, the Mdsir-ul- Uiiird, he was left behind by the emperor and ordered to take charge of the fortress of Agra, where he died a.d. 1591, a.h. 999. Ibrahim, Shaikh, ibn-Mufrij-us-Suri (. ^\ Z^'^ ^A ^- ^^^\y\), author of the history of Alexander the Great and of Kliizir in Arabic, called Kitdb Tarlkh al - Isl-tntd(ir Zidkurnam - ul - liilnu - iva - Waz'rrut - al - Khizr. This is one of those substructxu-es of nij-th upon which Eastern nations have erected a large and romantic edifice of fable, much in the same manner as the tales of chivalry of the Middle Ages, which, though fictitious, were partly attri- buted to real characters, as in the romances of the Knights of the Kound Table and the Peers of Charlemagne. Ibrahim Shaibani ( jL.*^ *-Jb^ j1), of Kinnan Shah, a pupil of Abii 'Abdullah Maghrabi. He lived about the year a.d. 900. Ibrahim Shirwani, Shaikh (^_^.jb^_j\ '^'"'^ J^iy-l), ruler of Shir\Yan, who reigued about the beginning of the ninth century of the Hijra. Maulana Kiltibi flourished in his time and died in a.d. 1435. Ibrahim, Sultan (^ILLj ♦-.JbKjU, the son of Sultan Masa'iid I. of Ghazni, succeeded his brother Farrukhzad in a.d. 1059, a.h. 450. He was a pious, liberal and just prince. In the first year of his reign he concluded a treaty of peace with Sultan Sanjar the Saljiikidc, at the same time his son Masa'iul espoused the daughter of Malikshah, sister to Sultan Sanjar, and a channel of friendship and intercourse was opeued between the two nations. He afterwards came to India and took several forts and obtained the title of conqueror by the extent of his victories. Sultan Il)rahim had 36 sons and 40 daughters by a variety of women, the latter of whom he gave in marriage to learned and religious IBRA. 175 IKHL men. He died after a reign of more than forty years in a.d. 1098, a.h. 492, aged 76 lunar years, and was succeeded by his son Sultan Masa'ud II. or III. According to the work called Tankh Guzula he reigned 30 years and died in the year a.d. lOaS, a.h. 481. Ibrahim, Sultan (^IkL-j ♦.-.J6|^.jl), emperor of the Turks, was the son of Ahmad (Achmat). He succeeded his brother Miu'ad IV (Amarath) in February, a.d. 1640, A.H. 1049, and spent a great part of his reign in the war of Crete against the Venetians, but without any great success. He was assassinated for his debaucheries and repeated cruelties in a.d. 1649, a.h. 1059. His son, Muhammad IV. succeeded him. 'Ibrat (k^i^ -.j:), the poetical name of Ahmad 'AlT Ivhan, cousin of Nawilb Sa'adat Khan Zultiqar Jang. 'Ibrat (c:j^-r), the poetical title of Mir Zaya-uddin, a poet, who wrote the first part of the story of Fadindwat in Urdii verse, and died ; consequently the second part was written by Ghulam 'Ali 'Ishrat, and finished in the year a.d. 1796, a.h. 1211, the chrono- gram of which he foimd to contain the words " Tasnif Dosha 'ir." 'Ibrat {^SJj^s), the poetical name of 'Abdul Mannan, which see. 'Ibrat {cu^z), the poetical name of Ahmad, a musician of Delili, who from the instructions that he received from Mirza 'Abdul Qadir Bedil, became an excellent poet. He at first had assumed "Maftiin" for his poetical name, but afterwards changed it for '•Ibrat." He was a contemporary of Nasir 'All the poet, and was living about the year a.d. 1688, A.H. IIUO. 'Ibrat (o-y-), the poetical title of Mir Ziya-uddin, author of the first portion of the story of Fadnidicat in Urdii verse. He died about the year a.d. 1795. [ Vide Padmawat.] Idris or Adris - bin - Hisam - uddin, MuHa il^ ^,,j,!l ^L.; author of the history called Tarikh Hasht J}a/nsht, or the Eighth Paradise, containing the Memoirs of the most illustrious characters of the Muhammadau religion, who flourished from a.d. 1451 to 1506. 'Idrisi (^.^.j^,jl) (Abu 'Abdulhili Muhammad-ibn- 'Abdullah Idris), also called Sharif-al-Idiisi-al-iSiqili, author of a system of Arabian geography, composed in a.d. 1153. He is said to be one of the most eminent Arabic geographers and to have belonged to the royal family of the Idrisites. He was born at Ceuta or Sibta {nd sepfem) in the year a.d. 1090. The title of his work is Xnzliat-al-Miishfaq, and it has been trans- lated into Latin by several authors. 'Iffat Bano (ylj c:^ic), daughter of the emperor Jahauglr. Her mother was the daughter of Said Khan of Kashghar. She died at the age of 3 years. Iftikbar Khan (^U jl:k\i^), title of Sultan Husain, the eldest son of Mir 'Abdiil Hadi, entitled Asalat Khan ]Mir Bakhshi, who died at Balkh iu the "iOth year of the emperor Shah Jahiiu a.d. 1647, a.h. 1057. In the first year of 'Alamgir, Sult.au Husain was honoiu-ed with the title of Iftikhar Khan (fr. Arab^iJ = " glory "). Some time before his death he was appointed Faujdiir of Jaun- piir, where he died in a.d. 1681, a.h. 1092. Ihsan (^Lw.5^'), the poetical name of Mirza Ihsanullah, commonly known by the title of Xawab Zafar Kiian, who at one time was governor of Kabul Avhen the poet Muhammad 'Ali Saeb of Persia came to see him there. He died in a.d. 1662, a.h. 1073, and was the author of a Diwaii in Persian. Ihsan i^^s>'\), the poetical name of 'Abdur Rahman Klian of Dehli, who wrote excellent poetry iu Urdii, and died some time after the year a.d. 18 i4, a.h. 1260. Ihsan (^l.u^:^0, the poetical title of a Hindii named Chunni Lai, who flourished at Agra in a.d. 1760, a.h. 1171. Ihtisham Khan (^l:>- ^lA:i=-l), title of Shaikh Farid of Fathapiir Sikri, the son of Qutb-uddin Shaikh Khubau {q.v.). He served under the emperors Jahfrngir, Shah Jahan and 'Alamgir ; and was raised to the rank of 3000. He died in a.d. 1664, a.h. 1075. Ijad {S^sr\), the poetical name of ]\[lr Muhammad Ihsan, who died in the year a.d. 1721, A.H. 1133. Ijtihad (jL;:js-0, inspired interpreta- tion ; authoritative application of texts. \_ride Mujtahid.] Ikhlas Khan Husain Beg ( j;^!.;^! L-Js-u ^^AM.>- ^l.>.), a nobleman of the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan who died in the year a.d. 1639, a.h. 1049. IKUL 17G 'im:ad Ikhlas Khan Iklilas Kesh (^Lri-l {j^^ ^^ri-1 (j;l.>-) was a Hindu of the tribe called Khattri of Lahore. lie was Well-versed in Persian, and served under the emperor 'Alamgir, who conferred on him the above title. In the time of Farrnkb-siyar icirc. 171'i) he was raised to the rank of 7,000. He wrote the history of that emperor and called it Bfidshdh Xdma. [ Vide Kishnn Chand.] Ikhwan-us-Safa (UJ^ J^^O, "The Brothers of Purity." A society of thinkers and writers about a.d. 990, who lived together in Basra, and produced 51 treatises on science and religion ; of which the one best known is on the relations between men and beasts. They arose on the decay of the Mu'tuzilas [q.v.)'. Ikram Ali {^z *^J>\), author of the Urdu Akhivnn-us-Safd, which he translated from the Persian in the year a.d. 1810, A.H. 1225. Ikram Khan {^\^ (♦y^^^' *^^^ ^'^^ of Lslam Klian and Ladll Begam, the sister of Abii'l Fazl, prime minister of the emperor Akbar. \_Vide Islam Khan.] Ikram Khan (^l.^ A-^^' ^'^^'^^ °^ Sayyad Hasan, an amir, who served under the emperor 'Alamgir, and died in a.d. 1661, A.H. 1072. Ikram-uddaula (a.Jjj>Jl i*V~^^' ^^^^ brother of 'Ali Naki Khan, the prime minister of Wajid 'Ali Shah, king of Luckuow, died August, a.d. 1869. 'Ikrima (. ^V^'V^ ^1^ >A^£.), a Mu- hammad doctor who lived in the time of Shah Sliujaa' of Shiraz. His death is mentioned in the Jaicdhir-ul-Asha'dr to have happened in a.u. 1391, ah. 793, but according to the poets Ilahi and Daulat Shidi he died in the year a.d. 1371, a.h. 773, which appears to be correct. Ilahi also mentions having seen 12,000 verses of his composition, adcUng that he is the author of the works called Mahabbat Ndnia and 2Li:lnuU Ndina, and also that he wrote in all a Fanj Ganj, that is to say, five Masnawis or Poems. It is mentioned in the Eabib-us-Siar, that Kliwaja 'Imad had a cat that would stand up to prayers with him, and do what he did. This was believed by Shah Shujaa' to be a miracle of the Khwaja ; but Kliwaja Hatiz, who was his contemporary, and would not take it for a miracle, but a trick played by the doctor, wrote a ghazal on that occasion ; the following is the translation of a couplet from the same : "0 thou charming bird, where art thou going ; stand still, and be not proud (or thiuk thyself to be safe) because the cat of the saint says prayers." 'Imad Kliwaja was bm'ied at Kirmau, the place of his nativity. 'Iinadi (^_^jl^£), surname of Jamiil- uddin-bin-Imad-uddin Hanafi, author of the Arabic work called Fiisdl-ul-'Imddl. 'Imad Khwaja (j;j=-Lr^ jl^r). Vide luiful Faqih. 'Imad Shah (iLi jU.^). Vide Imuclul Mulk, commonly caUed Fatha-uUah. 'Imad-uddin (,.,jjk!l jUr), surname of Qara Arsalan - bin - Daiid - bin -Sukman-bin- Artaq. Niir-uddin Mahmiid was his son, to whom Salah-uddin (Saladiu) the Sultan of Egjqot gave the city of 'Amid or Qara Auiid, A.D. 1183, a.h. 579. 'Imad-uddin Katih(t I'iih- 'Imad-al-Kiitib. 'Imad-uddin ( .,j»j,!l l^U^), author of the history of the Saljiikides. 'Imad-uddin Zangi ( ^SC' : ,J ^IL^l^r), the son of Afsaqar, was one of the Atabaks or ruling ministers under the latter princes of the Saljiikian race. He was the first of that branch that had the government of Musal. He received the governorship of that province in A.D. ir27, A.H. 521, from Sultan Muham- mad, the son of Sultan Malikshah Saljiiki, reigned 19 years, and was nnuxlered by one of his slaves ill A.D. 1145, a.h. 540. The foUo>ci>ig is a list of the princes of thin race : — A.D. 'Imad-uddin Zangi began to rule . . 1127 Saif-uddin Ghazi-bin-Zangi, who de- feated the French at Damascus . .1145 Qutb-uddm Maudiid, sou of Zangi, A.H. 569 1149 Kur-uddin Mahmud, son of Zangi ; he reigned at Aleppo and formed another branch: died a.h. 5 9 Malik Salah, son of Niir-uddin, suc- ceeded his father and reigned at Aleppo; died 1174 Al-Miuzz Saif - uddin Ghazi - biu - Maudad 1170 Azz-uddiu Masa'ud-bin-Maudiul . . 1180 Niir-uddin Arsalan Shah-biu-Masa'iid 1193 Malik-ul-Qahir Azz- uddin Masa'iid- bin- Niir-uddin 1210 Niir-uddin Arsalan Shah- bin-Qahir . 1218 Nasir-uddiu Mahmvid-biu-Qahir . . 1219 Al-Malik-al-Rahim Badr-uddiu Liilii . 1222 Al-Malik-us- salah Isma'il-bin -Liilii . 1259 'Imad-uddin (^.yW u>Ux), author of a poem called the Giddasta or tlie Xoscf/ai/, which he composed in a.d. 16G4, a.m. 1075. He was a native of India. Halab or uileppo brtoich. 'Imad-uddin Zangi 1127 Nur-nddin Mahmi!id-bin-Zangi . . . 1145 Al- Malik-US- Siilah Isma'il - bin - Niir- uddiu 1174 'Imad-uddin Zangi -bin - Qutb - uddin- bin-Maudiid, delivered Aleppo to Salah-uddin (died A.D. 1197) . . .1181 His son Muhammad reigued at Singara. 'Imad-uddaula (a.\^j J,£ d]»x\ JuVijyl, sm-named 'Ali Buya. Vide 'Ali Buya. 'Imad-ul Mulk ((_XL/«>J1 jL^i) com- monly called Fath-uUah 'Imad Shah, founder of the 'Imad Shahi d\-nasty in the Deccan, was descended from the Kanarcse infidels of Bijanagar. Having been taken prisoner iu the wars with that country when a boy, he was admitted among the bodyguards of Khau Jahan, cominandcu--in-chief and governor of Berar. In the reign of Muhammad Shfdi Bahmani, through the influence of l\2iwaja ]Mahnuul Grnviin, he reciived tlie title of 'luuid-ul-Mulk, and was subsequently raised to the office of commander of the forces in 12 IMAD 178 IMAM Berar. After the murder of his patron Khwaja Mahmud Gfnvuu iu a.d. 1481, a.h. 88d, he retired to his govenimeut of Berar. On the accession of Sultan Mahmud Bahmani, he was honoured witli the office of wizarat, which he held for some time, but being soon after disgusted with the court, he left it and declared his independence in the year a.d. 1485, A.n. 890. Elichpur was his capital. He died about tlie year a.d. 1513, a.h. 919, and was succeeded by his eldest son 'Ala- uddin 'Imad Shah. List of the kings of the '■Imad Shdhi di/i/asfi/ of Berdr. Fath-ullfih 'Imad Shah. 'Ala-uddin 'Imad Shah, son of Fath-uUiih. Daria 'Imad Shah, son of 'Ala-uddin. Btu'liau 'Imad Shah. Tufal Klian, prime minister of Burlian 'Imad Shah, who usurped the throne, but was opposed from Ahmadnagar ; and the family of 'Imad Shilh and Tufal became extin- guished in a.d. 1568. •Imad-ul-Mulk (^l^Jl jUr), title of the Gliazi-uddin Klian who murdered his master 'Alamgir II. emperor of Dehli. [_Vide Ghazi-uddin Khan III.] 'Imad Zangi {,^^j jl-^.r). Vide 'Imad-uddiu Zangi. Imam (^UO (lit. " pattern" or " ex- ample"), a high priest or head or chief in religious matters, whether he be the head of all Muhammadans, as the Khalifa or the priest of a mosque, or the leader in the prayers of a congregation. This sacred title is given by the Shias only to the immediate descendants of 'Ali the son-in-law of the prophet, who are twelve, 'Ali being the fii'st. The last of these, Imam Mahdi, is supposed by them to be concealed (not dead) , and the title which belongs to him cannot, they conceive, be given to another. Their doctrine is somewhat mystic ; but among the Suunis it is a dogma that there must be always a visible Imam or " father of the church." Tlie title is given by tliem to the fom* learned doctors who are the founders of their faith, viz. : Imams Ilanifa, Malik, Shafa'i, and Hanbal. Of these four sects, the Ilanbalite and Malikite may be considered as the most rigid, the Shafa'ite as the most conformable to the spirit of Islamism, and the Hanifite as the freest and most phi]osoj)liical of them all. Two other Imams, 7Vbu Daiid-uz-Zahiri and Sufian-us - Sauri, were also cliiefs of the orthodox sects, but tluar opinions had not many followers, and after some time were totally abandoned. Ibn - Jarir - ut - Tabarl, whose reputation as an historian is so familiar to Europeans, founded also a particular sect, which disappeared soon after his death. The following are the names of the twelve Sh'a Imams of the race of 'Ali : — Imam 'Ali, the son-in-law of the prophet. ,, Hasan. ,, Husain. ,, Zain-ul 'Abidin. ,, Baqir or Muhammad Bfupr. ,, Jafar Sadiq. ,, Miisi Kazim. ,, 'Ali Miisi Raza. ,, Taqi or Muhammad Taqi. ,, 'Ali Naqi. ,, Hasan Askari. ,, Mahdi. \_J'ide Hughes' Dicfionarij of Islam in roc.'\ Imam 'Alam - bin - 'Ala - al - Hanafi, (<-i^.sM \^ ^j JU /•t«0, author of a large collection of Fatwas in several volumes, entitled Fatc'iwd Tdtdrkhdnia, taken from the Muhit-al-Burhdni, the Zakhtrat, the Khdnia and Zahiria. Afterwards, however, a selec- tion was made from these decisions by the Imilm Ibrahim- bin - Muhammad - al-Halabi, and an epitome was thus formed, which is in one volume, and still retains the title of Tdtdr'khdnia. Imam Bakhsh, Shaikh (^^.isr^ f,\-^ -^t^). Tide Sahabl. *^ Imam Bakhsh, Shaikh (^^.s:^ X^ ^_-^). Vide Nasikh. Imam Bakhsh, Moulvi (^.is:^ aL«1 ^i^yt). Vide Salibal. Imam 'Azim, title of Abu Hanifa, Imami Hirwi, Maulana i^^tji) ^^\^\ lj^»^). He is called Hirwl, because he was a native of Herat. He was an excellent poet and contemporary with the celebrated Shaikh Sa'di of Shiraz, whom, in the opinion of some writers, he surpassed in the (iasida. He died ab(uit the year a.d. 1281, a.h. G80, and has left a Diwan. Imam Malik i^j^'A ^^\ t_XlU j*Ul), son of Anas, one of the four Imiims or Jurisconsults of Mecca. He died on the '28th June, A.D. 79o, 7th Bab'i II. a.h. 179, in the time of the I\lialif Harun-al-llaslud. [ T'idc Millik-ibn-Auas.] Imam Muhammad {^L* S^.sr^ i*^''*^), a Mufti in the reign of Ilariiu-al-Ilasliid the Kiialifa. He died at Baghdad in a.d. 802, lilAM 179 IlJ^TI A.H. 186, and is said to have -nTitten 999 works. He was a pupil of Imam Abu Yusaf, who committed his notes to him, and lie (Muhammad) made great use of them iu the composition of his works. \_Vide Abu 'AbduUad Muhummad-biu- Husain.] Imam-uddin Amir Katib-bin-Amir Umar (^^,«\ ^_ Jl^ .,.'^11 A.t\ jy*^), author of a Commentary on the Hidaya entitled Kifdija, which he finished in A.D. 1346, A.H. 747. He had previously written another explanatory gloss of the same work, and entitled it the Ghfujat-ul-Baydn. Imdad Ali (^-i-£ jluJ...*^, the rehel Deputy Collector, who was hanged at Bauda, together •ni.th the rebel Tahsildar of I'ailaui, Muhammad Muhsin on the 24th April, 1868. Imtihani ( Jlsa,«^), poetical name of Imam-uddin Beg. Imtiyaz ( ;L-;^\), the poetical name of Raja Daya Mai, whose father was Dlwan of Asad Khan, the Wazir of 'Alamgir, and he of Ghazi-uddin Khan, styled 'Imad-ul-Mulk. Imtiyaz Khan, Sayyad (^l:>- jV-*'*^ ^.l>- '^--j), whose poetical name is Klifilis, was a native either of Isfahan or of Mashhad. He came to India iu the time of the empi-ror 'Alamgir, was appointed governor of Giijrat for some time, and was slain by Khuda Yar Klian in a.d. 1710, a.h. 1122, in Sindh. It is said that Qasim All Khan, the iVawab of Bengal, was his grandson. He is the author of a Diwan. Ina'amullah Khan {^.6>- al!l ^lx)\). Vide Yeqin. Inayet Khan (l.:^.^ r u^ whose poetical title is 'Ashna or Ahsan, and proper name Muhammad Tahir, was the son of Zafar Klian. He was an excellent poet, and is the author of the work called Shilh Jahdn Ndma, a history of the emperor Shah Jahan. Besides the above-mentioned work, he is the author of a Diwan and a Masnawi. He died in a.d. 166u, a.h. 1077. 'Inayet-ullah, Shaikh {i^\ l::^_.U^ ^^.i)J ^,-^), of Dulili, author of the work called Bahar Danish, a collection of amusing tales, principally satires on women. Several of these tales were published by Colonel Dow, under the title of The Tales of ^Indyet-uUah, and the whole work was translated in the year a.d. 1799, by Jonathan Scott, in three volumes, octavo. 'Inayet-ullah Khan (dA-H k»:^-)l-:s_c j^ld-), the son of Shukr-uUah Khan, a descendant of Sayyad Jamal of Naishapiir. His mother Hatiz Mariara was tutor of the princess Zeebun Nisa Begam, the daughter of the emperor 'Alamgir ; by her inliuence her son 'Iniij-et-ullah Khfiu was raised by degrees to the rank of 2oOU. In the reign of FaiTukh- siyar the rank of 4000 was conferred on him, aiid in that of Muhammad Shah, of 7000. He was the author of the work called Ah/uou ^Alamglri and compiler of the Kahndt Taiyabdt. He died a.d. 1726, a.h. 1139. Indarman Bundela, Raja {^^tjSj\ i.=^\j dLAij), the brother of Raja Sujau Sindh. He died in the Deccan about the year a.d. 1675, and his zamindari of Urcha and the title of Raja were conferred upon his son Jaswant Siugb by the emperor 'Alamgir. Insaf (; jl^JO, the poetical name of Muhammad Ibrahim. His father was a native of Khm-asan, hut he was horn in India. He was a contemporary of Sarkhush, the poet, was living about the year a.d. 1688, A.H. HOC, and died young. Insan (^Lj^), the poetical title of Nawiib Asad-idlah Asad Yar Khan. He held the mansab of Haft Hazari ,7000), in the reign of Muhammad Shah, and died in April, A.D. 1745, Rabi' I^ a.h. 1158. His remains were brought to Agra and buried there in the cemetery of his aucestors. Insha or Insha AHah Khan (l.j \Jlj\ ,y<^ A.\,JL.i»JO, a poet and son of Masha Allah Klian. He is the author of tour Diwans of different kinds. Intikhabi ( 'linj^), a poet who was a native of Khurasan, but was brought up iu India. He is the author of a Diwan. Intizam-uddaula Khan Khankhanan (,.,IJL^ a. 4jJ1 ^l-ii 3^), the second son of Nawab Qamar-uddin Kliau Wazir. He was appointed to the rank of second Baklishi on the accession of Ahuuid Shah to the throue of Dchli in a.d. 1748, A.H. 1161, and was honoured with the appointment of Wazir iu a.d. 1753, a.h. IQA 180 ISA 1165, after the dismissal of Nawfib Safdar Jana: from the oflice. He was murdered b\ 'Imad-iil-Miilk GJiazi-uddin Khau on the 26th November, a.d. 1759, 5th Eabi' II. A.H. 1173, three days before the assassination of the emperor 'Alamgir II. laa Pandit (cijA:.^ \j\), a Marhatta Brahman who, in the time of Shah Ahim and Madho Eao Siudhia, liekl the appointment of the Subadarship of the fort of Agra. Iqbal Khan (J^^ J^-'O was the son of Zafar Khan, the son of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. He defeated Nasrat Khan and ascended the throne of Dehll about the beginning of the year a.d. 1400, a.h. 802, and was slain in a battle against Khizr Kluln, the governor of Multau, in November, a.d. 1405, 19th Jumfida I. a.h. 808. After liis death Sultan Mahmiid Shiih, who was defeated by Amir Tainmr and had fled to Gujrat and then to Qauauj, returned on the invitation of Daula Khun Lodi, who com- manded at Dehll, and took possession of tlie empire. Ilbal - uddaula Muhsin Ali Khan (..A- , X^ 'cJ U' a!.jJ\ JL:-1), the son of Shams-uddaula Ahmad 'Ali Khan, the son of Nawab Sa'adat 'All Klidn of Lucknow. He sailed for England to claim the throne of Audh in January, a.d. 1838, and after trying in vain to obtain the recognition of his claim from England, determined upon passing the remainder of his days in a life of sanctity in Turkish Arabia. He is the author of the work cahed Iqbal Fira>iff. Iradat Khan (^U. Ci^^l^l), the title of Mir Ishaq or Ishaq Klian, the son of Nawab 'Azim Khan, who held a high rank in the reign of the emperor Jahangir. Iradat Kliau held various offices under Shah Jahan, and in the first year of 'AlamgTr's reign he was appointed governor of Audh, but died after two months in October, a.d. 1658, >^il-bijja, A.H. 1068. Iradat Khan (^-^ t '■? ^' ::_.-^^j^), the title of Mirza Mubarik-ullah, whose poetical name was Wazah. His father Is-hak Khan (who afterwards held the title of Kifayet Klian) was the son of Nawab 'Azim ^lan. Both his grandfather and father were noble- men of high rank. The former was ]\lir Bakhshi to the emperor Jahangir, and was afterwards appointed Faiijdar of Jauupiir, ■where he died in a.d. 1649, a.h. 1059. The latter was the subject of the last article ; and his title of Iradat Klian was conferred on his son after his death. In the 33rd year of 'Alamgir our present subject was appointed Faujdar of Jagna, and at other periods of Aurangabad and Mando in Malwa. Was equerry to Prince Bedar Bakht {q.v.) in the short war of 1707, of which he \vi-ote an account. In the reign of Shah 'Alam or Bahadur Shah I. he was governor of the Doab, and the intimate friend of Mua'zzim Khan, Wazlr. In the latter part of his days he led a retired life, became a Kalandar, "and died in a.d. 1716, A.H. 1128. His abilities as a poet were great, and he left a volume of poems behind him. He is the author of the Kalmdt Altat, (Sublime discourses), Mina Bazar and of a history of Aurangzeb's Successors, which latter was translated into English by Jonathan Scott, Esq., in a.d. 1786. After "his death, which happened in the time of Farrukh- siyar, his son Mir Hidaet-ullah received the title of Hoshdar Klian, held the rank of 4000, and died at Aiu-angabad a.d. 1744, A.H. 1157. 'Iraqi (^-r r), whose proper name is Fakhr-uddin Ibrahim-bin- Shahryar, was a native of Hamdau in 'Iraq, and a pupil and grandson by the mother's side of the great Shaikh Shahab-uddln SuharwardI, author of a host of mystical works highly esteemed by the Sufis. 'Iraqi offended his parent and master, in consequence of a love affair, and went to India, where he remained some time, regretting his native country, and uttering his comphiints in moving verse. He lived in company with the Shaikh Baha-uddlnZikaria of Multan, whom he accompanied on his journey and became his disciple. 'Iraqi, after a long sojourn in India, proposed return- ing to his own master, Shahab-uddln ; but the latter had died, and oiu' poet continued his wanderings to Spia, where he expired after a long life of eightv-two years on the 23rd November, a.d. 1289, 8th Zi-Qa'da, A.H. 688, and was buried at Salalil in Damascus close to the tomb of Shaikh Muhi- uddln Ibn-ul- 'Arabl. His son Shaikh Kablr- uddln is also buried there. 'Iraqi is the author of a work called Lama^dt. [ Vide Fakhr-uddin 'Iraqi.] 'Irfan (^^Li_i;), poetical name of Mu- hammad Eiza, the son of Muhammad Jan Irfan, author of the lulr Nilma, containing the praises of 'AH Mardan Klian, the Amir- ul-Umra of the emperor Shah Jahan. Irtiza 'Ali Khan Bahadur ( V^ Li.j .1 ,jl_.^j j^l.:>-), author of the Faruiz Irtizia, a concise treatise in Persian on the law of Inheritance, which appears to be the principal authority of that law in the Deccan. It was printed in Matbas, but without a date. 'ISAM 181 IS-HA. 'Isa Masili (,^^^\ ^^^c), Jesus Christ. e ^- ' For Arabic titles of and doctrines regarding, vide Hughes' Bictionarij of Islam in voc. Jesus. 'Isarn - uddin Ibrahim - bin - Mu- hammad Isfaraeni (^^_A.n *\..^.c ij^.kJ\ S^.s.''* 1^ Jt^i,\jj\), an Arabian author who died a.d. 1o36, a.h. 9-13 ; ho is the author of the Arabic note-book called Hdshia Isdm-uddin. 'Isa-ibn-Musa ( L^^^* ^j\ L^u-^c), the cousin-germau of the Ivhalif Abu Ja'far Mansiir, after whose death in a.d. 775, a.h. 158, he entertained thoughts of setting up for himself at Kiifa, where he then resided ; and in order to facilitate the execution of his scheme, fortified himself in that city. But al-Mahdi, the sou of Mansur, being apprised of his defection, sent a detachment of 1,000 horse to bring him to Baghdad; which being done, al-Mahdi not only pre- vailed upon him to own allegiance to him, but also to give up his right to the succession (he being the next apparent heir to the crown) for 10,000 according to some, and accortling to others 10,000,000 dinars. 'Isa Sawaji (^^^r^L J^-u*-,^), a poet of Sawa who was a Kazi. lie died in a.d. 896, A.H. 291. *Isi Turkhan, Mirza (^^Lri.^' J^->u.^j: ) ; j.^*), was a Turkman and commander- in-chief of Shah Beg Arghiin, king of Sindh's army, after whose death he took possession of Thatta, of which he was then governor, and assumed the title of king. He reigned 13 years and died in a.d. 1567, a.h. 975, when he was succeeded by his eldest son Mirz.a Muhammad BaqI Turkhan, who during his rule always maintained a friendly inter- course with the emperor Akbar of' Dehli, frequently sending presents, and acknowledg- ing fealty to that monarch. He died after a reign of 18 years in a.d. 1585, a.h. 993, and was succeeded by his grandson Mirza Jani Beg. Isdigertes (J^^^^j_)_). Vide Yczdijard. Isfahani {^\^Ji^\), author of the Danish JVdma, a system of natural philosophy. Isfan or Stephen (^^li^l) is the name and takhallus of a Christian poet born at Dehli. His father was a European. He was alive in a.d. 1800, a.h. 1215. Isfandiyar ( .b.Xi.i..jl), the son of Kish- tasp or Gashtasp (Hytaspes), the fifth king of the Kayanian dynasty of Persia, was a great warrior, the son of Darius I. and great- grandson of Achaemenes. Isfandiyar answers, in some respects to the Xerxes (Slier Shah) of the Greeks, and Ahasuerus of the Jews. He is the Kihayarsha of the Cuneiform inscrip- tions. [But vide Malcolm's Persia, where it is shown that, according to native historians, Isfandiyar was never king, but only com- mander-in-chief of his father's armies. He is said to have been killed by the hero Eustam (?...).] Is-hacL ( •;\..s:-'l), the poetical title of Jamal-uddju, a cotton-carder of Shiraz. He was an elegant poet, and has left us a Diwan called Akslr-ul-Mitiha, the Elixir of Hunger, full of amorous soags and parodies on the odes of Khwaja Hiiiiz, each verse of which contains either' the name of a sweetmeat or a dish. He lived in the time of Prince Sultan Sikandar, the sou of Umar Shaikh, who much esteemed him. His proper name is Abii-Is- haq, which he uses in poetry by abbreviating it into Bus-haq. Is-haq - bin - 'Ali ( 1^ i^,j j;l.s*"'0, author of a Diwan in Arabic, and of a work ca\\eAZi(hr-nl-'Adah. HediedinA.D. 1022, a.h. 413. Is-haq-bin-Husain or Hunain ( ■iXsr'S ^.-^-.s- b ^.-w.u.s>- (^-j), an Arabian author who translated the Almagest of Ptolemy from the Greek into Arabic under the title of Tahrir-al-MaJastl. This book is to be found in the French National Library. ShTriizi has written a commentary on this work, and entitled it Hfcl Mushkildt-al- Majastl. Is-haq Khan (^J^^ ^\..s'^\), styled Mo'tamin-iiddaula, whose original name was Mirza Ghulam 'Ali, was a nobleman of high rank, and a great favourite of the emperor Muhammad Shah of Dehli. He was a good poet, and used for his political name Is-haq. He died in the 22nd year of the emperor, A.D. 1740, a.h. 1153, a'nd after his death his daughter was married to Shuja-uddaula, the son of Nawab Safdar Jang, and the nuptials were celebrated with luicommon splendour, A.D. 1746, A.H. 1159. Is - haq Maulana (Ljl^^ jLs*-'\), a learned Musalman who was bom at Uchcha in Multan. In his youth he dedicated himself under the guidance of bis uncle Sayyad Sadr- uddiu Raju Qattal, whose; sistir was his mother. He died in a.d. 1456, a.h. 860, and was buried in the compound of his oAvn bouse at Saharanpfir. IS-HA 182 ISLA. Is-haq Mousali (JL^^ vLs'^1), a celebrated Arabian author, born at Musal. It is related in the Kitdb Alaghcim that when he was on a journey he carried with him eighteen coifers full of books, though he declared that if he had not been anxious to make bis lugg-an-e as light as possible, he would have brought double the quautity. 'Ishq {J.JL.Z), poetical title of Shall Eukn-uddiu, who flourished in the reign of the emperor Shah 'Alam. 'Ishqi {^iJLs), the title of a poet who flourished in the reign of the emperor Mu- hammad Shah, and is the author of a Diwan. He ilied in a.d. 1729, a.h. 1142. 'Ishqi (^jiAx), poetical title of Shaikh Muhammad Wajih, son of Ghulam Husain Mujrim of Patna. lie was for ten years under the English government Tahsildar of Ivliarwar ; was living in a.d. ISOf, a.h. 1224, and is the author of a Dlwan. Ishrat {<::jjJi..z) , poetical name of Mirza 'All Eiza, who collected his poems into a Diwan uuder Muhammad Shah in a.d, 1747, a.h. IIGO, and died shortly after. 'Ishrat (ci^y^^), author of the last part of the story of radmawat in Urdii verse, which was completed by him a.d. 1796. [ Vide Padmawat and Ibrat.] 'Ishrati {Ji^jL-c), poetical name of a poet who is the author of a small Diwan. His name is Aka 'Ali of Isfahan ; he came to India, and on his retiu-n died at Mashhad. Ishtiyaq ( ;L».::^1), poetical name as- sumed by Shah Wall Ull-ih of Sarhind, who was the graudson of Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi. He was a distinguished theologian and Siili. He died in a.d. 1748, a.h. 1161, and left several works. Shfdi 'Abdul 'Aziz of Dehli, the most celebrated Indian theologian in modern times, was one of his sous. Ishurior Ishwari Singh (a^^ ^j^i}), the son of Eaja Jai Singh Sawai, whom he succeeded to the Eaj of Jaipiir in a.d. 1743. He ched in a.d. 1760, aud was succeeded by his son Madho Siugli. Ishuri Parshad Narain Sing-h Ba- hadur (^ jl^^ aL-, ^; \y jU^ ^^JlA ), Eaja of Benares (1869). Iskandar (^j».:^.<_^0, Alexander the Great. Vide Sikaudar Zulkaruaiu. Iskandar Manishi ( ^JL^^ jd.J^J\), whom Stewart in his Cutuhtjue of Tippil Siiltrin''s Library calls Sikaudar IlamuashiuT, is the author of the 'fdr'ikh '■Alain ^Arde 'Abhilsi, a history of the Persian kings of tlie Safwl dvnasty, from Shah Isma'il to Shah 'Abbas the Great, to whom it was dedicated in A.D. 1616, a.h. 1025. Islam Khan (^l:>~ /*^1-j'), title of Mir Ziva-uddiu Ilusain Badakhshi, whose poetical name was "NVala. He served under the emperor 'AlamgTr, and was raised to the rank of 5000 with the title of Islam Ivhan. lie died in the year a.d. 1663, a.h. 1074, at Agra, and the chronogram of his death was written by Ghani Kashmiri. He Avas the father of jVawabs Himmat Klian, Saif Ivhau and 'Abdur Eahim K]ian. Islam Khan (^\.s>~ z*^— .-1), the son of SafT Ivhan and grandson of Islam Klian Mash- hadi, was Siibadar of Lahore in the time of the emperor Farrukh-siyar, and was raised to the rank of 7000 in the reign of Muhammad Shah. Islam Khan Mashhadi, Nawah {A^\ c_:^»J i^^^,jL.* ^y^-) (he is by some called Islam Kjiau Runii, but that is a mistake). He was a native of Mashhad, and his original name was Mir 'Abdus Salam. In the time of Jahaugir he held the mansab of 5000, aud the Siibadari of Bengal ; and in the lime of Shah Jahau was raised to the rank of 6000 with the title of Motam-uddaula and held the appointment of second Bakhshigiiri and governorship of the Deccan. He afterwards was again appointed governor of Bengal. In the 13th year of Shah Jahan he was raised to the rank of Wizarat with the title of Junidat- ul-Mulk. Shortly after he was raised to the i-ankof 7000, aud the Subadariof the Deccan. He was wazTr to Shah Jahan and hchl the mansab of 7000, with the title of Islam Ivhfxn. He was some time before his death appointed governor of ihe Deccan, where he died in the 21st year of the emjjeror, on the 2ud November, A.D. 1647, 14tli Shawwal, a.h. 1057, aud was buried at Aurangabad. Islam Khan Rnmi, "Turk," (^1^.^ I lir^V ijJ^-^^> ^^^^® °^ Husain Pasha, sou of 'All Pasha. He was governor of Basra, but being deprived of that situation by his uncle Muhammad, he left tliat country and came to India in a.d. 1689, a.h. 1080, where he was received by the emperor 'Alamglr with the greatest respect, aud honoured with the rank of 5000 and title of Islam Klian. He was killed in the battle of Bljapiir in the Deccan on the loth June, ISLi 183 ISMA A.D. 1676, nth Rabi' II. a.h. 1087. He had built bis house at Agra on a piece of groimd consisting of foiu- bigas and seven eottas, and a garden on a spot of three bigas and nine eottas, on the banks of the river Jamna near the Ghat called Tajara close to the fort of Agra. Byzantine Turks were called Eumi in medi;eval India ; and officers of that race were often employed in the artiUery. Islam Khan, Shaikh (;-'w i^lr^ /•^^), styled Xawab Ya'tzad-uddaula, was a grand- son of Shaikh Salira Cbishtl, and son-in-law of Shaikh Mubarik, the father of the cele- brated 'Abii'l Fazl, whose sister, named Ladii Begam, he had married. He was appointed governor of Bengal by the emperor Jahaugir in A.D. 1608, A.H. 1017. Nawab Ikram Khan was his son, and Qasim Khan his brother. The latter succeeded him in the government of Bengal in a.d. 1613, a.h. 1022, in which year Islam Klian died. His remains were transported to Fathapur Sikri, where his monument is still to be seen. Islam Shah {A^ a,\.^\). Shah. Vide Salim Isma'il (j_l^^^-1), or Ishmael, the son of the patriarch Abraham. Isma'il {^A^ jLkp^ A^'^ ^. J-*'*-;^), the eldest son of Imam Ja'far Sadiq, from Avhom the sect of Isma'ilis or Isma'ilias take their name. They maintain that Isma'il Ibn Ja'far, who was the eldest son, but died during his father's life, should have succeeded to the dignity of Imam, and not Miisi Kazim, who was his younger brother, and became the seventh Imam. For their other opinions see Hughes in voc. IsmdiUyah. Hasan Sabbah was of this sect. [ Vide Isma'ilis.] Isma'il I. Safavi, Shah {^^La J}^%a.J\ il-i), the son of Sultan Haidar, was the first monarch of the Safavi d}Tiasty of kings who reigned in Persia (a.d. 1500). He traced his descent from Miisi Kazim the seventh Imam, who was descended in a direct line from 'Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad. Almost all his ancestors were regarded as holy men, and some of them as saints. The first of this family who acquired any considerable reputation was Shaikh Safi-uddin, who had settled at Ardible, and from whom this dynasty takes its name of Safwia or Safavi. His son Sadr-uddin Musa, as well as his immediate descendants, Ivbwaja Ali, Shaikh Ibrfdiim, Sultan Junaid, and Haidar, acquired the greatest reputation for sanctity. Contemporary monarchs, m'c are informed, visited the cell of Sadr-uddin. The great Taimiir (Tamerlane) , when he went to see this holy man, demanded to know what favour he should confer upon him. " Eelease those prisoners you have brought from Turkistan," was the noble and pious request of the saint. The conqueror complied ; and the grateful tribes, when they gained their liberty, declared themselves the devoted disciples of him to whom they owed it. Their children preserved sacred the obli- gation of their fathers ; and the descendants of the captives of Taimur became the sup- porters of the family of Safi, and enabled the son of a devotee to ascend one of the most splendid thrones in the world. Khwaja 'Ali, after visiting Mecca, went on a pilgrim- age to Jerusalem, and died at that city. His grandson Junaid, sat on the masnad as a spii-itual guide after the death of his father Shaikh Ibrahim ; and so great a crowd of disciples attended this holy mau that Jahan Shah, the chief of the tribe of the Black Sheep, who at that time ruled Aziu-baijan, became alarmed at their numbers and banished him from Ardibel. Junaid went to Dayar- bikar, whose ruler, the celebrated Uzzan Hasan, received him kindly, and gave him his sister in marriage. He afterwards went with his disciples to Shirwan, where he was slain in a conflict with the troops of the king of that province in a.d. 1456, a.h. 860. His son Sultun Haidar succeeded him, and his uncle Uzzan Hasan, who had now by his overthrow of Jahan Shah and Sultan Abii Said become powerful in Persia, gave him his daughter in marriage. The name of this princess, according to Muhammadan atithors, was 'Alam Shao', but we are informed by a contemporary European writer that she was called Martha, and was the daughter of Uzzan Hasan by the Christian lady Despina, who was a daughter of Calo Joannes, king of Trebizond. Sultan Haidar also lost his life from the wound of an arrow which he received in a battle with the troops of Shirwan Shah and Ya'qub Beg in Julv, a.d. 1488, Shaban, a.h. 893. Sultan Haidar had three sons by this princess — Suit an 'Ali, Ibrahim Mirza "and Shah Isma'il. ^lien Isma'il attained the age of fourteen (liis elder brothers having died some years before), he put himself at the head of his adherents, and marched against the great enemy of his family the ruler of Shirwan, called Sliirwan Shah, whom he defeated a.d. 1500, a.h. 906 ; and soon after, by another victory gained over Alwand Beg, the son of Ya'qiib Beg, a prince of the dynasty of the White Sheep, he became the master of the produce of Azurbaijan, and established his residence at the city of Tabrez ; and in less than four years became the acknowledged sovereign of the kingdom of Persia. He was bom on the 17th July, A.D. 1487, 25th Eajab, a.h. 892, died after a reion of 24 lunar vears on Monday the 23rd May. a.d. 1524, 19th Eajab a.h. 930, aged" 38 years, and was buried at Ardibel. Muhammadan historians fix the commencement of his reign from the year a.d. 1500. He left four sons — Tahmasp, wlio succeeded his father, Sam ]\Iirza, Bahram, and Ikhbis Mirza, and five daughtt rs. He composed a Turkish Diwan in which he uses the Takhallus of Kitabi. ISM\ 184 ISilA The folio win J is a list of the S.ifavi kinr/s of Pei-sia : — 1. Sliih Ismi'Il Suf.ivl, first sou of Siilrau IliiiJar. 2. Shfih Tiiliniisp Safavl I. son of Isiua'il Safavi. 3. Slulh Isiui'il II 4. Muhammad Kluida Binla. 5. Haraza, sou of Ivliuda Bmda. 6. Shah Isma'il III. son of Kliuda Bauda. 7. Shah 'Ahbas I. sou of Khuda Bauda. 8. Shah Safi, the son of Safi Mh-za, the son of 'Ahbiis. 9. Shah 'Abbas II. son of Shah Safi. 10. Shah SuUiiiuan, sou of 'Abbas II. 11. Shah Husain, son of Sulaiuian. 12. Shfih Tahuiasp II. last of the Safavl dynasty. Mahmud, an Afghan. Ashraf, an Afghan. 13. Shah 'Abbas III. Vide Nadir Shfih. Isma'il II. Safavi, Shah ( J,.<_.t.^.vo^ i[^ . Jli j), soGond son of Shah Tahmasp I. Safavl, 'whon; lie succeeded on the tlirone of Persia in May, a.d. 1576, Safar, a.h. 981, by the aid of liis sister Pari Khauam, who sent for him from the fort of Qaliqah, where he had been couftued by his father for 18 years. The short reign of this unworthy prince was marked by debauchery and crime. ImujecUately on his accession, he directed the massacre of all the princes of the blood - royal that were at Qazwin, except 'Ali Mirza, whose life was spared ; but even he was deprived of sight. His eldest brother Muhaminad Mirza, who had a natural weakness in his eyes, which rendered him almost blind, and was during his father's life employed as governor of Khurasan, was theu at Shiraz. Orders were sent to murder him and his son 'Abbas, but before they could be executed Isma'il was found dead one morning in a confectioner's house, supposed to have been poisoned by his sister. His death happened at Qazwiu on Sunday the 24th November, a.d. 1577, 13th Eamazau, a.h. 985, after a short reign of one year and six months. He was succeeded by his eldest brother Muhammad Mirza, who, on his accession to the throne, took the title of Muluimmad Khuda Bauda. Isma'il ( J.^.*,*^^^), suruamed al-Mansiir, third or fourth KJuilif of Barbary of the race of the riitimites, succeeded his father al- Qaem A.u. 945, a.h. 334, and having defeated and slain Yezid-ibn-Kondat, who had rebelled against his father, caused his body to be flayed, and his skin stuffed and exposed to public view. Al-Mausiir died after a reign of seven years and sixteen days in A.D. 952, 30th Shawwal, a.h. 341, aiid ■was succeeded by his son Abu Tamim Ma'd, surnamed Mo'izz-uddlu-allah. Isma'il 'Adil Shah, Sultan (J^x^^^ iL^ jJjLc), of Bijapur, surnamed Abii'l Fatha, succeeded his father Yiisaf 'Adil Shrdi on the throne of Bijapiir in the Deccan in a.d. 1510, a.h. 915, and died after a glorious reign of 25 lunar years on Wednes- day the 27th August, a.d. 1534, the 16th Safar, a.h. 941, and was buried at Kiiki near the tomb of his father. He was succeeded by his son Mallii 'Adil Shah. Isma'il-hin-Hasan( .^?- .J J.->x^-jl), author of the work called Zakhlra Khwdrism Sh'ih. He flourished in the reign of Ala- uddin Takash, SiilUui of Kjnvarizra, who died jn a.d. 1200, A.H. 596, and was a contem- porary of Kliaqani the poet. Isma'ili or Isma'ilia ( l_-.^.'^_^_.^l <);,J-jx^-j1 ), sect of Ismall-ibn- Ja far {q.v.). Their tenets were held by a man who had through the means of superstition established an influence over the miuds of his followers, that enabled them to strike awe into the bosoms of the most powerful sovereigns, and to fill kingdoms with horror and dismay for a period of nearly two centuries. Their rider, who became the chief of the Assassins, resided on a lofty mountain called Alahmiit, and fate was in his hands ; for there was no shape wliich his followers could not assume, no daug(!r that they could not brave, to fulHl his mandates. These were the Isma'ilTs or Assassins, well-known by the Crusaders, as subjects of the Old Man of the mouutaiii. They were completely extirpated by Halakii, the Tartar king of Persia, in the year a.d. 1256. [Vide Hasan Sabbah.] Isma'il Haqqi, Shaikh ( ^-^ J..».v««^l ir^*"), author of a commentary on the Quran called Riih-ul-Baijdii, and of the Ilddla-ul-A rba'hi . Isma'il Mirza (1- ^..< J..^-*.^-^^, of Isfahan, an author. Isma'il Nizam Shah (*llij Ji--,..i..*.--jl il.-l). His father, prince Burhan Shah, having been defeated in an attempt to dethrone his brother Murta'za Nizam Shah, had fled for protection to the court of the emperor Akbar. On his departure he left behind him two sons, named Ibrahim and Isma'il, who were kept confined in tiie fortress of Lahagm'h. On the death of Mirau Husain Shah, the younger being raised to the throne of Ahmadnagar by Jamal Ivhan in the mouth of March, a.d. 1589, ism:a 185 IT^A. J-^- Jumada I. a.h. 997, took the title of Isma'il Nizam Shah. His father Biirhau Shah, having received assistance from the emperor Akbar, marched against his son, hut was defeated. However, in a short time after this, he renewed his attempts, and being joined by a great majority of the chiefs and people, attacked Jamfil KliSn the king's minister, who was killed in tlie action on the 27th April, o.s. 1591, 13th Rajab, a.h. 999. Isma'il, who had reigned little more than two years, was taken prisoner and confined by his father, who ascended the throne of Ahmadnagar with the title of Bm-han Nizam Shah II. Isma'il Pasha (l..ilj J.^xw4w-;\), a recent Viceroy of Egypt, the successor of Muhammad 'All Pasha, who died in August, A.D. 1849. Isma'il Samani, Amir( ^jL-«l^- ^1-jt.K-j^ 1), the first King of Amir of the race of Saman, called Samani, traced his descent from Bahrain Chobin, the warrior who contended for the crown of Persia with Khusro Parvez. Siimau the great-graudfather of Isma'il, is termed, by the European writers, a keeper of herds, and a robber ; but this merely designates the ordinary occupations of a Tartar chief. His father Nasr Ahmad, the son of Asad, the sou of Saman, was appointed governor of Mawaruu ISahr by the KlialTf Mo'tamid in the year a.d. 875, a.h. 261. On his death his son Isma'il succeeded him. Isma'il, after his conquest over Amrii - bin - Lais, whom he seized and sent to Baghdad, in A.D. 900, became independent. The power of the dynasty of the Samauis extended over Kjiurasau, Seistan, Balkh and the countries of Transoxania, including the cities of Bukhara and Samarqand. This justly celebrated prince (hed after a reign of twenty years in a.d. 907, Safar, a.h. 295, aged 60 years, and was succeeded hy his son Amir Ahmad Saraani. The names of the kings of this family, who were called Amirs, and who continued to reign for a period of 128 limar years, are as follow: — 1. Amir Isma'il Samani. 2. ,, Ahmad Samani. 3. ,, Nasr-bin- Ahmad. 4. ,, Niih I. son of Nasr. 5. ,, Abdul Malik. 6. ,, Mausur I. 7. ,, Xuh II. 8. ,, Mausiir II. 9. ,, 'Abdul Malik II. the last of this race. Isma'il, Sayyad-bin-Husain Jurjani ( ^lr>-.=»- ^.^mss- ^ '^'r^-' J^-..'«'*>~j I ), author of two medical works in Persian, called Aghrdz-ut- Tihh and Kiiiff-i-'-Alai, wliich he dedicated to Alp Arsalan, Sultan of Khwarizm. 'Ismat (c:^^^ji). Vide Asmat. Istaghana (\^J^-:^J\), poetical title of 'Abdul Easiil. 'Istarushi ( ^.Jly;..^*.^). Vide Mu- hammad-biu-MahuuiJ. I'tabi ( jIus), a poet, who died in the year a.d. 1614, a.h. 1023. I'tmad Khan Khwaja Sara (jU:;.c^ y-; Ars-i^rs^ c;'>->-)> an eunuch and officer in the service of the emperor Akbar. He was stabbed by his servant Maqsiid 'Ali in A.D. 1578, a.h. 916, and was buried at a place called I'traadpur, twelve miles from Agra, which he had founded in his lifetime. I'tmad Khan (^l^ jUixr^, title of Shaikh 'Abdiil Qawi, an Amir of the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. He was miu'dered by a Qalandar in a.d."1666. a.h. 1077. I'tmad-uddaula (^!^j,l\ jl,*:xc^), title of Khwaja Ayas or G[iayas the father of the celebrated Niir Jahiln Begam, the favourite wife of the emperor Jahaugir. He was a Tartar and came from Persia to India in the reign of the emperor Akbar. In the time of Jahangir, he was raised to the high rank of I'tmad-uddaula, and his two sons to the first rank of 'XJmra with the titles of 'Asaf Khan and I'tqiid Ishan. He died near Kot Kangra, Avhere he had accompaniedJahangir on his way to Kashmere in February, o.s. 1621, Eabi' I. A.H. 1030. His remains were transported to Agra and buried on the left bank of the Jamna, where a splendid mausoleum was built over liis relics by his daughter Xiir Jahan. It was completed in a.d. 1628, and is still in a high state of preservation. It is said, but it seems not to be true, that she intended to raise a monument of silver to his memory, but was reminded by her architect that one of less covetable material stood a fairer chance of diu'ation. After his death his son 'Abu'l Hasan was appointed Wazir M'ith the title of 'Asaf Kliiin. No private family ever made such alliances with roval blood" as this Tartar ; for his own daugliter, his son's daughter and the daughter of his grandson, were married to three successive emperors of Hindiistan ; and another daughter of his grandson, to prince Murad Bakhsh, who disputed tlu' throne with 'Alamgir. and for some days tliouglit himself in pos.session of it. The place where he is buried was a garden planned by I 'tmad-uddaula during his lifetime. There are two tombs of yellow stone tinder the Ilauza, or tomb ; one of wliich is that of I't- mad-uddaula, while the other is said to be his i'tma 186 IZZ-U ■wife's. It has a verj- large gate towards the east, built of red stone. It has two miliars on both sidi's in the same number as there are two on the side of the Jamua towards the west. There is on the chabiitra towards the Jamna a fisli made of stone ; if the water runs in and rises as far as its mouth, the Avhole of Allaliabad will be inundated. I'tmad-uddaula (^J^.jJ^ jUu.^^, title of Muhammad Amir Khan, the prime minister of the emperor Muhammad Sliiih. l^T'idc Muhammad Amir Kjian.] I'tmad-uddaula (^tj^jj^ jUo^O, son of Muhammad Amin Ivhan, AVazIr. {_Vide Qamar-uddin Khan.] I'tqad Khan (^l.^ ^^lL-x.^\), the brother of 'Asaf Klian, WazTr, and sou of I't- mad-uddaula. lie was appointed governor of Kashmere by the emperor Shah Jahan, which situation he held for several years. He died at Agra in a.d. 1650, a.ii. 1060. I'tciad Khan (^Lri- jlJL'i_cO, the title of Mirza Bahman Yar, the sou of 'Asaf Klian and grandson of I'tmad-uddaula. He was raised to the rank of 4000 in the 25th year of Shah Jahan, a.d. IGol, a.h. 1061, with the title of I'tqad Klian, which his father held for some time as well as his uncle the brother of 'Asaf Khan. In the 5th year of 'Alamgir, A.D. 1662, A.H. 1072, the rank of 5,000 was conferred on him. In a.d. 1667, a.h. 1077, he proceeded to Dacca in Bengal, to visit his brother Shaista Ivhan, who was then gov^ernor of that province, and died there in the year A.D. 1671, A.II. 1082. I'tqad Khan ((^Lri. u>Lii-U^.c\), former title of Zulfiqar I\han Nasrat Jang. I'tsam-uddin, Shaikh C t^w\l^ ^l^:i£^ IT""**'), author of the Shagarf Numa- i- Wihlrf, being the travels of the author in Great Britain and France, some time before or after the year a.d. 1766, a.h. 1180. This work has been translated into English. Izid Bakhsh, Mirza {\\j^^ {j^=^. '^j:}^ His poetical name was Rasa ; he was the grandson of 'Asaf Klian Ja'far Beg, who was AVazir to Jahangir. Izid Bakhsh was at first employed by the prince 'Azim Shah, and then by his father the emperor 'Alamgir in the capacity of Munshi. ()n the accession of Farrukh-siyar, he was disgraced by that emperor for having cast some reflections on his father Azira-ush-Shan on account of the battle which took place between 'Azim Shah and his brother Bahadur Shah. By the order of the emperor, the hairs of his mustaches were plucked out one by one, and afterwards he was cruelly murdered. This event took place about the beginning of the year a.d. 1713, a.h. 1125. His tomb is still to be seen in the compound of the Agra College. 'Izzat {^U!'^), poetical name of (Shaikh) 'Abdul 'Aziz, which see. 'Izzat (ci^:.r), poetical name of San- gham Lai, which see. 'Izzat (cu'z), poetical title of Jaild- shun, which see. 'Izzat (cULr), poetical appellation of Shaikh Wajih-uddin. 'Izzat-uddaula Mirza Muhsin (^^'Li: j^-u».s'* \jj.'* aI^j»!0, brother of ISTawab Safdar Jang. He was sent to Persia on an embassy to Nadir Shah after his invasion of Hindustan, by the emperor Muhammad Shah. [ fide Najaf Kliau and Muhammad Quli Khan.] 'Izz - uddaula Bakhtyar (dJ.A-H'j: iL-=sr), the son of Mu izz-uddaula- ibn-Buya. He succeeded to the kingdom of 'Iraq the same day on which his father died, viz. Monday the 1st April, a.d. 967, 17th Rabi' II. A.H. 356. The Klialif-al-Taya Billah in the year a.d. 974, gave him his daughter in marriage, on whom a dowry of one hundred thousand dinars was settled by her husband. He was a noble prince, and possessed such bodily strength that he could take an enormous bull by the horns and throw him to the ground. A contest which arose between him and his cousin 'Azd- uddaula relative to their resjicctive jiossessious, caused a breach between tlicm which led to a war, and on Wednesday the 29th May, a.d. 978, they met and fought a battle, in which 'Izz- uddaula was slain, aged 36 years. His head was jilaced on a tray and presented to 'Azd- uddaula, who is said, on seeing it, to have covered his eyes with his handkerchief and wept, 'Izz - uddin Abdul Aziz - bin - Abdus- Salam Damishqi, Shaikh (.^j>,\\'^ author of the Shajrat-ul-3[a'ftrif. He died in the year a.d. 1261, a.h. 660. 'IZZ-U 187 IZZ-TJ 'Izz-uddin Husain ( cJ^' crf.^>)- He was created by Sultau Ibrahim of Gbazni, Amir Hajib (Lord Chamberlain), iu which station he conducted himself so well, that the kinjj p;ave him a princess of the house of (Jhazni iu marria.o-e. lie rose daily in favoiu: and estiniatiuu, till Sultan Masa'ud, the sou of Ibrahim, put him in possession of the principality of Glior. By the princess of Ghazni he had seven sons entitled the seven stars. One of them, Fakhr-uddin Masa'iid, became king of Bfimyan. The second was Qutb-uddin Muhammad, who married his cousin, a princess of Gliazni, the daughter of Sultan Bahram Shah. The third was 'Ala- uddln Hasan, pi'ince of Gh")r, who destroyed Crliazni circ. ad. 1152). Izz-uddin diu'ing his lite-time paid tribute to the Saljiiqs as well as to the GjaznavidL-s. 'Izz-uddin Khalid Khani ( .„'jj^* c ilr .v!l: ^Vri> k.vv>-), autlior of the work called Daldil Firoz Sh'ih J, which he translated into Persian by order of Firoz Shah, from a Hindi book which treated on philosophy, astrology aud divination. JABA JAFA Jabali ( JL:>-), the son of Ayham, last king of the tribe of Gbassan, who were Christian Arabs. He became a Muhammadan, aud afterwards attempted to assassinate Umar, the second Khalif after Muhammad. He died a.d. 673, a.h. 53. JalDali ( JLs-), surname of Abu All Mtdiammad-bin- 'Abdul "^^ahab, who was the master of the celebrated Abii'l Hasan al- Asha'ri, chief of the sect of the Asharians, aud one of the four Imams of Musalmauism. Jabali ( L:s-), poetical name of Abdul "Wasa, who was bora in the mountains of Ghurjistan, hence his takhallus which means moxmtaineer. He found a patron in Bahram Shah of Gliazni, and served Sultau Sanjar Saljiiki fourteen years. He died in a.d. 1160, A.H. 555, aud left a Diwan of Kasidas. [Vide 'Abdul Wasa.] Jabar ( .^-s^), poetical name of Abia Musa Ja'far-al-Safi, which see. Jabila Ram Nagar ( io ^U aL-.>), a Hindu chief who was governor of Allahahad, and died there in the commencement of the reign of IMuhammad Sluih in a.d. 1720, a.h. 1132. His nephew Girdhar was appointed governor of Audh after his death, and in A.D. 1724, A.H. 1136, the government of Malwa was conferred on him, and the Siibadari of Audh was given to Burhan-ul- Mulk Sa'adat Ivban. Kaja Girdhar died in Malwa diu-iug the invasion of Baji Rao Peshwa of the Mahrattas, actiug in the name of the Raja Sahii, about the year a.d. 1729, A.H. 1142 ; be was succeeded by Daya Baha- dur his relation, who cimtimied gallantly to resist the enemy, aud fell iu battle about the year a.d. 1730, a.h. 1143, when Muhammad Khan Bangash was appointed goveinior of that province. JaWr (ti>Ulj.^£ J r'W^) the son of 'Abdullah, was a companion of Muhammad and a traditionist. He was present in nine- teen battles which Muhammad fought, and died iu the year a.d. 692, a.h. 73, aged 94 years. Ja'far ( Lk:>'), poetical title of Asaf Klian, commonly called Mirzii Ja'far Beg. Ja'far (.ix.^), a soldier by profession. He is the author of a INIasnawi, which he dedicated to the emperor Shah Jahan. Ja'far-al-Barmaki ( ,,;, X«.J1 ,ix^ JjsT^), son of Ahia or Yaliia and grandson of Ivhalid, the son of Barmak who was originally a tire-worshipper. He suc- ceeded his father Ja'far as wazir to the J A 'fa 188 ja'fa. Klialif Ilarun - al - Raslild ; his grandfather haviug beeu wazir to Abdu'l 'Abbas Saffah, who was the first of all the Kjialifs who had a wazir. This wazir Ja'far, was a great favourite of Iliirim-al-llashid who gave him 'Abbasa, his sister, in marriage, imder the couditiou that he was to have uo carnal con- nection with her, but he transgressed the command, for which the Klialif ordered his head to be struck off. He also threw his brother Al-Fazl and his father Ahia into prison, and there left them to die. Ja'far was only 28 years old when he was executed, having been in the favour of Hariiu-al- Eashld for the space of seventeen years. Ja'far was beheaded on Sunday the 29th January, a.d. 803, 1st Safar a.h. 187, his body was gibbetted on one side of the bridge of Bagljdad, and his head stuck up on the other. He was the ancestor of the " Barmecides." Ja'far Ali Khan (,^1=^ ^1^ j^'^X commonly called Mir Ja'far, whom the English placed on the masnad as Nawab of Bengal, Behar and Orissa, after the defeat and death of Nawab Siraj-udduila, in June, a.d. 1757, Shawwal a.h. 1170. He was, however, deposed in a.d. 1760, a.h. 1174, on account of alleged negligence in the affaii's of his government, and was obliged to retire on an ample pension, when his son-in-law, Mir Qasim 'Ali Kjian was raised to the masnad. This man after his elevation, intending to drive out the English from Calcutta, was defeated in a battle fought at Udwa Nala on the 2ud of August, a.d. 1763, 22nd Muhar- ram, a.h. 1177, and expelled, and Mir Ja'far was again placed on the masnad by the English. He died on Tuesday the 5th Febniary, a.d. 1765, 14th Sliaban, a.h. 1178, and his son Mir Phiilwari, wdio assumed the title of Najm-uddaula, was elevated to the masnad. Ja'far Ali's cemetery is at Murshidabad, where his Begam and his son Miran are also buried. Ja'far Barmaki ( C-« j r-^-"«^), see the Khalif of Baghdad. His daughter Zubeda was married to Hariin-al-Ilashid. He died in the year a.d. 802, a.h. 186. Ja'far-bin-Abu Talib (»j^ .j jh.x.>' L_--lir) was the brother of 'All the son-in-law of the prophet. He was killed in a battle fought at IMuta in Syria against the Eoman arpiy in a.d. 629, a.h. 8. Ja'far - bin - Muhammad Husaini (j^-.AM=.- Sa^s:.'^ i^j _£«5-), author of the Muntdkhib-nt-'TiHcdrilyh, a very judicious abridgment of Oriental history from Adam down to Shahrukh Mirza, son of Amir Taimiir. This work was dedicated to Baisaughar Hahadur, third son of Shahrukh, in A.D. 1417, a.h. 820. Many authors have compiled works vmder this title, one of which was written by Shaikh 'Abdul Qadir Badaoul. Ja'far-bin-Tufail (J,.*A!5 ,^j .. an Arabian philosopher in the 12th centurv, author of a romance, called the history of Uai-il/H- Yokd/icm, in which he asserts that by the light of nature, a man may acqiure a knowledge of things and of God. \_Vide Lempriere's JJnircrsal Lictionary, under Jaaphar.] Ja'far Khan (A. J~ -), entitled " Unidat-ul-Mulk," was the sou of Siiiliq Klian Mir Bakhshi, and sister's son and son- in-law of Yemin-uddaula 'Asaf Klian, wazir. He held the rank of 5000 imder the emperor Sliah Jahan, was appointed prime minister by 'Alamgir about the year a.d. 1662, a.h. 1073, and died in the 13th year of that emperor, a.d. 1670, a.h. 1081, at DehlT. After his death the office of wizarat was conferred upon Asad Khan with the title of Asad-uddaula. It seems that after the death of Ja'far Khan his remains were transferred to Agra, where his tomb is to be seen still standHug ou the right bank of the Jamna. Ja'far Khan (^^Iri- jS.x:>-), whose first title had been Murshid Qidi Klian, was appointed governor of Bengal by the emperor 'Alamgir in a.d. 1704, a.h. 1116. He founded the capital of Murshidabad and named it after his original title. He w\as the son of a Brahman, converted to Muham- madanism by HiijT Shafia' Isfahani. He died in the reigu of the emperor Muhammad Shah about the year a.d. 1726, a.h. 1138, and w\as succeeded by his son-in-law Shnja- uddin (also called Shuja-uddaula). The following is a list of his dynasty : — A.D. Murshid Quli Ja'far Klian . . . .1704 Shuja-uddin, son-in-law of Ja'far Klian 1726 'Ala-uddauln Sarfaraz Klian .... 1739 Alahwardi Kjifiu Mahabat Jang . . . 1740 Siraj-uddiiula, graiidsou of ditto . . 1756 Ja'far 'Ali Ishaii (dethroned in 1760) . 1757 (iasini 'All Mian, son-in-law of ditto . 1760 Ja'far 'AlT K[ian, restored in ... 1763 Najm-uddaula, son of (Utto . . . .1764 Saif-uddavila, brother of Najm-uddaula 1766 IMubarik-uddaula . . . ' . . . .1769 Niizim-ul-jMulk Wazlr-uddanla, (died April 28th, 1810) 1796 Savvad Zain-nddin 'Ali Klian, sou of ditto 1810 Savvad Ahmad 'Ali Khan .... Ilumayun J.ih 1824 Mausiir 'Ali Kjian, Nasrat Jang . . 1858 JA FA 189 JAHA Ja'far Khan ( -iA.^ ^ ^\.:^ jJ... ijl^), son of Sadiq Khan, king of Persia of the House of Zend. He was recog- nised by the principal uoblemeu in Fars, after the death of 'All Murad Klian in 1785, and the people were forward in acknowledging his authority, but unable to resist his enemy 'Aqa Muhauimad Khan, who now ventured to embrace a more extensive field for the exer- tion of his talents, and commenced his march against Isfahan. Ja'far Klian was treacher- ously miu'dered in 1788 ; his head was severed from his bodv, and east before the citadel, the sport of chilcii'en, aud the outcasts of the city. Ja'far Klian (,.,l ^^=^j> ■), a nobleman who in the first year of the emperor Eahadiu* Shah was appointed governor of Kashmere in the room of Nawazish Ivlian a.d. 1707, A.H. 1119. He proved to be a bad governor and a mob set fire to his residence. He died in Kashmere of drink and excess a.d. 1709, A.H. 1121, and according to the record of his death, must be faring badly at present. Ja'far Nasiri ( r-^-^-^rX author, who completed the work called Latdif Khayal, in a.d. 1742, A.H. 1155, which was commenced by Mirza Muhammad Salah. Ja'far Sadiq ( -^jU jix^-), or Ja'far the Just. He was the eldest son of Mu- hammad Baqir, the grandson of Imam Husain. He is reckoned the sixth Imam ; was born at Madina about the year a.d. 702, a.h. 83, and died in the same city under the khilafat of Abu Ja'far Al-Mansiir, in a.d. 765, a.h. 148. He was very famous for his doctrine amongst the Musalmans, was invited to court by Al-Mansiir, that he might profit by his counsel: Ja'far returned for answer, " Who- ever has a view didy to this world, will not give you sincere advice, and he who regards the next, will not keep your company." He was buried in the cemetery of Al-Baqia at Madina. The same tomb contains the bodies of his father. Imam Bfikir, his grandfather 'All Zain-ul 'Abidin, and his grandfather's uncle, Hasan, son of 'Ali. His mother's name was Umm Farwah, daughter of Kisim, the son of Muhammad, the sou of Abii Bakr Sadiq, the first Kiialif after Muhammad. He is said to be the author of a book of fate called Fdl Xama. Ja'far ZataHi, Mir ( <^-« ili- Jcrs^). a Sa\-)^ad of Narnoul, contemporary with Mirza Bedil. He served under prince 'Azim Shiili, the son of the emperor 'Alamgir, who was slain in battle in a.d. 1707, a.h. 1019, Ja'far was the most celebrated humouristic poet of Hindiistau : his compositions are a mixture of Persian and Urdii. He is the author of a Sliahnama in Eckhta. He was put to death in A.D. 1713, A.H. 1225, by order of the emperor Farrukh-siyar, on account of a satirical verse he had written on the accession of that emperor to the throne of Dehli. <^4- '-^^^)» Jagat Goshaini Vide Jodh Bai. Jagat Narayan Hindii poet who wrote some kasulas in praise of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula of Lucknow, who died in A.D. 1797, a.h. 1212. Jagannath, Raja (U-^. i^KjS.^'), the son of Bhara Mai. He held the rank of 5000 in the time of the emperor Jahangir, about the year a.d. 1605, a.h. 1014. Jagat Singh (ciCi.^ l::.-^;?-), the son of Makund Singh Hara, lived in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, a.d. 1659. Jagat Singh {^itx^ l::-^=>-), Eaja of Jaipur or Jainagar, was the son of Raja Partap Singh, the son of Madho Singh, the son of Ishuri Singh, the son of the celebrated Raja Jai Singh Sawai, who lived in the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah. Jagat Singh succeeded his father in a.d. 1803, and is said to have been an effeminate prince ; though he died without issue, he was succeeded by Raja Jai Singh, a posthumous son, believed supposititious. Jagnath Kalanwat (i.::^^!lll^ 4^,jI:.(.p-), a musician who was employed by Shah Jahan, who conferred on him the title of Malia Kabraj . Jaghtai {^\^k^). Vide Chaghtai Khan. Jagnath {i.J^^\:^^), brother of Raja Bhagwan Das. He distinguished himself in the war with Raja Partap Singh. He slew the renowned champion Ram Das, son of Jahmah. Jahan. Vide BenI Narayan. Jahan Ara Begam (*Cj ^.1 ^^.:>-), daughter of the emperor Shiih Jahan, by Mumtaz Mahal, daughter of 'Asaf Klian, wazir ; was born on Wednesday the 23rd March, a.d. 1614, 21st Safar, a.h. 1023. One of the most beautiful examples of female modesty to be found in the annals of woman is recorded of tliis princess, celebrated in song and history as the heroic, the witty, the generous, the elegant, the accomplished, and JAHA 190 JAHA. the beautiful Jalmu Ara Begam. One niglit (26tli March, a.d. 1644, 27th Muharram, A.H. 1054), as she was retui'uing from her father's apartments to the liarem, in one of the passages which connect the hitter huikhug with the body of the pahice, her tiowing drapery was unhappily ignited by the flame of a lamp. Her whole cbess, which was of the finest musliu, was instantly in flames, and of course her life was in imminent pei'il ; but, knowing that she was then within liearing of many young uobles of the court, she would not raise an alarm, lest they should run to her assistance, and behold her unveiled, or lay their hands upon her in order to extinguish the flames. Heroically enduring all the agonies which fire could inflict, she withheld her cries, and rushed forward until she reached the women's apartments, and there sunk upon the floor, almost lifeless. For a long period, no hopes were entertained of her recoveiy, but she was ultimately restored to health by an English physician named Gabriel Boughton who was then at Surat, and had been sent for by the emperor her father then in the Deccan, although her beauty was cruelly impaii-ed. The emperor, in reward for Dr. Boughton' s services, besides other favours, granted him, at his disinterested request, a patent for his countrymen to trade free of customs throughout his dominions. The large niasjid of red stone adjoining the foi't of Agra near the Tripolia (now demolished) was built by her (or in her honour) in the year A.D. 1648, A.H. 1058, at a cost of five lacs of rupees. She died in the reign of her brother the emperor 'Alamgir on the 5th September, a.d. 1680, 3rd Eamazau, a.h. 1092, and lies buried in the yard of the mausoleum of Nizam-iiddin Aulia at Dehli. The name of Jahan Ara will ever adorn the pages of history as a bright example of filial attachment and heroic self-devotion to the dictates of duty, more especially when we view it in contrast with the behavioiir of her sister Roshan Ara, who, by aiding the ambitious designs of Aurangzib, enabled him to dethrone Sliah Jahan. The amiable and accomplished Jahan Ara not only supported her aged father in his adversity, but voluntarily resigned her liberty and resided with_ him during his imprisonment in the fort of Agra. Her tomb is of white marble, open at the top, and at the head is a tablet with a Persian inscription inlaid in black marble letters, to the following effect : " Let no one scatter over ray grave anything but verdure, for such best becomes the sepulchi-e of one who had a humble mind." On the margin is wiitten, "The perishable faqlr Jahan Ara Begam, daughter of Shah Jahan, and the disciple of the saints of Chisht, died in the year of the Hijra, a.h. 1092." Jahan Bano Begam (*.^-.j y b ij^'W^^' the daughter of Prince Murad, the son of the emperor Akbar. She was married to Prince Parwez, the son of Jahangir, by whom she had Nadira Begam, who was married to Dara Sheko, the eldest sou of Shah Jahan. Jahan dar Sliah (il^ j\sj\^^), sur- uamed Muhammad Mui'zz-uddin, was the eldest son of the emperor Bahadur Shah, and grandson of 'Alamgir. He was born in the Deccan on Wednesday the 8th April, a.d. 1663, 10th Ramazau, a.h. 1073. The death of his father, which took place in February, A.D. 1712, Muharram, a.h. 1124, was followed by the usual struggle among his sous tor the crown. The incapacity of Jahandar Shah, the eldest, had given a great ascendancy to the second whose name was Azun-ush-Sfmn. He was supported by most of the nobility and of the army, but his other brothers joined their interests, and were kept together by the persuasions and false promises of Zulfikar Khan, the AmTr-ul-'Umra. Their concord was of short dm-atiou, and lasted only until the defeat and death of Azim-ush-Shan ; after which a bloody bat;le ensued between the three surviving brothers, two of whom, viz., Jahan Shah with his son Farklumda Akhtar, and EafT-ush-Shan, being killed. The subject of this notice, by the intrigues and support of the Am!r-ul-'Umra, remained im- disputed master of the throne, and was crowned at Lahore on Thiu-sdav the 10th April, a.d. 1712, 14th Eabi' I., "a.h. 1124, with the title of Jahandar Shah. He was in himself a weak man, effeminately careful of his person, fond of ease, indolent, and totally ignorant of the art of government. He made the vast empire of Hiudiistan an offering to the foolish whims of a public courtezan, named Lai Kimwar, thus vexing the minds of worthy subjects loyal to his family. He reigned only nine months, being defeated in a battle fought near Agra, and afterwards taken prisoner and murdered in the month of January, a.d. 1713, Zil-hijja, a.h. 1124, by order of his nephew Farrukli-siyar (the son of the late Azim-ush-Shan), who became emperor. His corpse was exposed to public view, and then interred in the platform before the mausoleum of the emperor Humayun at Dehll. His mother's name was Nizam Bai. Jahandar Shah, Prince ( .L\_J L,,.::»- i(j'j^,-i il-i), the eldest son of the emperor Shah 'Alam. Born about a.d. 1749. Appointed Eegent by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761, after the overthrow of the Mahrattiis at I'iiuipat, he administered the remains of the Empire until his father's restoration in 1771. His private appellation was Jawan Bakht (Mirza). In April, a.d. 1784, on account of the unsettled affairs of liis father, he uiade his escape from Dehli and repaired to Lucknow, where the British Governor of Bengal, "Warren Hastings, had arrived to regulate the con- cerns between the wazir, Asaf-uddaula, and the Company. He accompanied Mr. Hastings to Benares, which place he chose for his residence. He had an allowance of five lacs of rupees per annum from the Xawfib wazir at the earnest request of Mr. Hastings. He (hed in Benares on the 31st May, a.d. 1788, 25th Shaban, a.h. 1202, after an illness JAHA. 191 JAHA of little more than twenty-four hours ; aged about 39 years, and was biu'ied with every honour due to his rank near the tomb of a venerated Muhammadan in Benares. The English Resident and principal people of the city attended his funeral. lie left behind him three sons, whom, with the rest of his family, he recommended to the care of the English, xmder whom they still enjoy a comfortable asylum and allowance at Benares. Gar(,'in de Tassy informs us, that there is a work of his in the Indian House, which has the title of Baijaz Iniiijet Mnrshidznda. The narrative written by this prince, was translated by Col. Scott, and published in the appendix to Mr. Hastings' Review of the state of Bengal. [Vide Fall of the Moghul Einpire.'\ Jahangir ( ..^xjL..=^), a cousin and husband of Sikandar [q.v.) Begam of Bhopal. His ancestor, Dost Muhammad, about the time of Aurangzib's death, declared himself inde- pendent at Bhopal. Jahangir's uncle was the third jVawab, on whose death his widow was declared Regent by the anny, and his daughter Sikandar Begam, heir. She married Jahaugir who died in the year a.d. 1845. Jahangir (emperor) {^.iW.^ jSj\^:>- Sa-st^), surnamed Xiar-uddm Mu- hammad, was the eldest son of the emperor Akbar the Great ; was born in the village of Sikri on Wednesday the 31st August, a.d. 1569, 17th Rabi' I. a.h. 977, and was named Mirza Salim on account of his coming into the world, as supposed, by the prayers of Shaikh Salim Chishti, a venerable Shaikh and dervish who resided in the village of Sikri, now called Fathapiii- Sikri in the province of Agra. His mother, who received the title of Mariam Zaramam, was the daughter of Raja Bihari Mai Kachhwaha. After the death of his father, which took place on the 16th October, a.d. 16lIo. he succeeded him by the title of Niir-iiddiu Muhammad Jahangir. He reigned 22 lunar years, 8 months and 15 days from the day of his father's demise ; and died in camp on Sunday the 28th October, A.D. 1627, 28th Safar, a.h. 1037, on his way to Lahore from Kashmere, aged 59 lunar years, 11 mouths and 12 days ; and was interred in the suburbs of Lahore in the garden of his favourite wife Xiir Jahan Begam. He was succeeded by his son Mirza Khurram, who took the title of Shiih Jahan. His favourite Sultana Xiir Jahan, who survived him 18 years, is also buried in the mausoleum. Jahangir, after his death, received the title of " Jaunat MakauT." It was to this prince that Sir Thomas Roe was sent as ambassador by King James I. Sir Thomas has given a good description of the grandeur of the court of Hindustan ; but very little notice is taken of this embassy in the chronicles of the East. In 1612, Jahangir permitted the Company to establish factories at SHrat, Ahmadabad, and Cambay. Jahangir wrote his own memoir iu Persian, called Tazak Jahditgln, which has been translated by Major David Price, London, 1829, 184 pages 4to. It is also called Jahangir JVdma. Jahangir Mirza (^,^..•# -^L^), the eldest son of Akbar Shah II. king of Dehll. He was, in consequence of having fired a pistol at Mr. Seton, the Resident at DehlT, sent as a State prisoner to Allahabad, where he resided in the garden at Sultan Kliusro for several years, and died there in a.d. 1821, A.H. 1236, aged 31 years; a salute of 31 guns was tired from the ramparts of the fort of Allahabad at the time of his burial. He was at first interred in the same garden, and subsequently his remains were transferred to Dehll, and" bmied in the coiu-t-yard of the mausoleum of Nizam-uddin Aulia. Jahangir Mirza (U^^ .-.>oL^), tlie eldest son of Amir Taimiir. He died before liis father a.d. 1574, a.h. 776. His son's name was Pir Muhammad, which see. Jahangir Quli Khan ( ij ^^L^,5=- (o^->-), son of Khan Azim Mirza 'Aziz Koka, served under the emperors Akbar and Jahangir, and died in the fifth year of Shc\h Jahan a.d. 1631, a.h. 1041. Jahangir Quli Khan,Kabuli L»^'L,^ A:-^ J. ^j), an amir of the rank of 5000, who was appointed governor of Bengal by the emperor Jahangir, in a.d. 1607, a"h. 1016, and died there in a.d. 160S, A.H. 1U17. Jahanian Jahan Gasht, Makhdum [ Tide Shaikh Jalal.] -), a title of Sultan 'Ala-uddin Hasan Ghorl. Jahi ( j^Ij>-), the poetical name of Ibrahim Mirza (Sultan), which see. Jahiz or Aljahiz (li=!-ljs.'^ Ij li=^l:?-), the surname of Abu 'Usman 'Umar bin- Mahbiib Kana'aua, a man of great learning, but of a very eccentric tendency of mind. He wrote a book on the Commerce of the Arabians early in the third century of the Hijra entitled Kitab-al-Nazrat Jil Tajarat, which is frequently quoted by Nawari. Jahiz died a.d. 868, a.h. 255, at the age of 96 years. Jaiapa (LjbA:^-^ IjLj^), Sindhia, suc- ceeded his father Ranoji Sindhia, the founder of the Sindhia family, in a.d. 1750, a.h. 1163, and was murdered in his tent in a.d. 1759, A.H. 1172. He was succeeded by his brother Madhoji Sindhia. Jai Chand ( .^^'.'\; t^x=- ts^^' ^^^^ ^^^^ Eathor monarch of Kauauj. He ruled the country from Buxar to Kanauj and reigned about the Sambat year a.d. 1400, a.h. 1343. His favourite residence was near the city of Jounpiir which he had built in a.d. l.'ioO, Sambat 1416. The present city of Jannpiir was built by FiriJz Shah in the year a.d. 1370, A.H. 772, in honour of his uncle Fakhr-uddin Muhammad Junan, the date of Avliich is found in the words ' ' Shahr Jannpiir." According to Colonel Tod, Jaichand reigned about the 12th century of the Christian era, and one of his grandsons named Seoji, with a few retainers, planted the Rathor standard in Marwar in the year A.D. 1212. Jai Chand {s.:,-:>- , c-^), a Itaja of Nagarkot or Kaugra, who lived in the time of the emperor Akbar. Jaikishun {^jJLA^^t^), a Kashmir! Brahman whoso poetical name was 'Izzat, was the agent of Nawab Is-haq Klian. Jaimal (J.^^.r>-), a Ivfija, famous in history as "the bravest of the brave." In A.D. 1568 Udai Singh, the son of Raua Sanka or Sanga, and the founder of the capital Udaipiii' in Chittor, came under the cUspleasiu-e of the emperor Akbar. The recreant chief fled and left the defence of his capital Chittdr to Rfija Jaimal, who was killed by Akbar himself in the course of the siege, A.D. 1568. Jaipal I. (J^^ JW^)) son of Hitpal, Raja of Lahore of the Brahman tribe, who reigned over the country e.xtending in length from Sarhiud to Laughan, and in breath from the kingdom of Kashmere to Multan. He was once defeated by Subaktagin, the Sultan of Ghazni, with great slaughter, and again on Monday the 27th November, a.d. 1001, by his son Sultan Mahmiid, when Jaipal with fifteen of his principal chiefs, being his sons and brethren, were taken prisonei's, and 5000 of his troops were slain on the field of battle. He was afterwards released by Mahmiid, but in compliance with a custom which prevailed among the Hindiis, that whatever Raja was twice overpowered by strangers became disqualified to reign, he ordered a funeral pile to be prepared, and having set fire to it with his own hands, perished therein. He was succeeded by his son Anandpal. Jaipal II. {cK:>'\j jlj JW=r)) ^^^jil of Lahore, son of Anandpal, whom he suc- ceeded in A.D. 1013. He was routed in a great battle by Sultan Mahmiid in a.d. 1022, on the banks of the river Ravi ; the result was the permanent occupation of Lahore by a Muhammadan governor, and the appoint- ment of a Viceroy of Lahore by Mahmiid. Jaipal fled to Ajmir. This has been con- sidered the foundation of the Muhammadan empire in India. Jai Singh I. (Raja) (J^^ i^^.^ .>- ^:>-\j), of the tribe of Kachhwaha, commonly called Mirza Raja, was the son of Riija Maha Singh, the son of Partap Singh, the son of Raja Man Singh. He served under the emperor Shah Jahan, and was made governor over the conquered provinces of the Deccan about the year a.d. 1664, by the emperor 'Alamgir. He was recalled to court in a.d. 1666, but died on the road, soon after his arrival at Bm-hanpur, 28th Mubarrani, a.h. 1078. According to Orme's Historical Fragments of the Miitihiil Empire, Jai Singh died at Burhanpiir soon after the pretended revolt of Sultan Muazzim, the son JAI 193 JALA of the emperor, and was said to have been poisoned by the procurement of 'Alamgir. There never was a prince among the Rajpiits equal to him in accomplishments. He was competely learned in Hindi, and understood the Turkish, Persian, and Arabic languages. He left two sons, Eiim Singh his eldest, and Kirat Singh. The former was honoured after his father's death with the title of Eaja, and put in possession of his father's territories. _ Jai Singh had built several fine edifices at Agra, of which no sigu remain now, but the name and place on which the buildings stood is still called Jaisinghpura. Jai Singh II. Sawai ((J^^ iSi:^ ^^>- ^Ij), a Raja of the tribe of Kachh- waha rajpiits, was the son of Bishn Singh, the son of Kislnin Singh, the son of Earn Singh, the son of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. He is commonly called Mirza Eaja Jai Singh Sawai. He was the zamindiir or Eaja of a considerable territory in the province of Ajniir named Amer, but since the prince founded a new city called Jaipiir the Rajaship has also taken that name. Bishn Singh, the father of Jai Singh aud Bijai Singh, died about the year a.d. 1693, Sambat 1750, and after his death the title of Eaja was bestowed on Jai Singh by the emperor 'Alamgir with the rank of 1500, aud subsequently with that of 2000. After the death of that emperor he espoused the cause of 'Azim Shah, the son of 'Alamgir, whilst his brother Bijai Singh aided Bahadiii" Shah, who on his accession to the throne conferred the rank of 3000 on the latter. Bijai Singh quarrelled with his brother for the Eaj ; and the emperor, not willing to displease either, confiscated their estate, and appointed Saj-yad Husain All Khan of Barha, as Faujdar of that place. "When the emperor marchecl to the Deccan to punish his brother Kambakhsh, a.d. 1708, A.H. 1120, Jai Siugh, with the aid of Eaja Ajit Singh Eathor, engaged the Faujdar in battle and having killed him took possession of the province. In the reign of Farrukh- siyar he was honoured with the title of Dhiraj Eaja Jai Singh, and in the time of Muhammad Shah with that of Sawai {q.d. "exceptional"). In the year a.d. 1732, a.h. 1145, he was appointed governor of Malwa. His love of science makes him one of the most remarkable persons of his nation. He built five observatories for astronomical studies, namely, at DehlT, Banaras, Mathra, Ujain and Jaipur, and published a work on astronomy called ZlJ Muhammad Shaht. He also erected a Karaviinsarai and market in every province of Hindustan for the conveni- ence of travellers at his own expense. After his death, which took place in September, a.d. 1743, 9th Shabiin, a.h. UoO, three of his wives, with many concubines, burned themselves on his funeral pile. He M'as succeeded by his son Ishnri Singh, after whose death in a.d. 1760 Madho Siugh his son succeeded him. List of KachJnvahd Rajas of Amer or Jaipur. Bhara Mai. Jai Singh Sawai. Bhagwan Das. Ishuri Singh. Man Singh. Madho Singh. Bhao Siugh. Pirthi Singh. Mahii Siugh. Partilb Singh. Jai Singh Mirza Eaja. Jagat Singh. Ram Siugh. Jai Singh. Bishun Singh. Ram Singh. Jai Singh III. (Raja) (7ad Ahmad Kabir, who succeeded his father as S]nritual guide, had two sons, Makhdum Jahanian, also called Shaikh Jahal and Sluiikh Sadar-uddin, commonly called Eajii Qattal. N.B. — There is some confusion between this man and Shaikh Jalal. [Fi^e Shaikh Jalal.] Jalal Bukhari, Sayyad {^\bsr^ J^5>- S^J), a descendant of Sayyad Ahmad Kabir and son of Sayyad Muhammad Bukhari. He was born in the year a.d. 1594, 5th Jumada II. a.h. 1003, aud was highly respectrd by the emperor Shah Jahan, who conferred on" hiiu the office of Sadarat (chief justiceship) of all India with tlie mansab of 6000. He sometimes amused himself in writing poetry, and had adopted 13 JALA 194 JALA the word Raza for his poetical title. He died on the 2oth May, 1647, o.s. 1st Jumada I. A.H. 1057, and is buried at Tajsanj in Agra. His griuidfather Sayvad Ahmad Kabir lies buried at a place iu Dehli called Bijai Mandil. Jalfil Biikhari left three sons, viz. Sayyad Ja'far, Sayyad All styled Razwi Khan, and SajTad Mnsn, on M-hom high titles were conferred by Shabjahan, and his eldest son Ja'far obtained the place of his father. Jalal (Hakim) (j^Cz ^ J^-^=r), a physician and poet, who was a native of Slilrwan. He flourished in the reign of Muhammad Muzaffar and his son Shah Shujaa', rulers of Shiraz, both of whom reigned from a.d. 1353 to 1384. He is the author of a poem entitled Gul-iva-Nauroz, ■which he wrote in a.d. 1334, a.h. 734. He is also called Jalal-uddm Tabib. Jalali or Jalal ( J^^*- Lj ^'^^), com- monly called Sayyad-i-'Alam Jalal or Jaliili, was a native of Ahmadabad, and his father and spiritual guide was INlir Sayyad Jalal bin-Hasan. He is the author of a Dlwan. Jalali {\\:>-), poetical name of Badr- uddiu. Jalal, Shaikh {-^ J^-is^)- Vide Shaildi Jalal, commonly called Makhdum Jahanian. He was the son of Sayyad Ahmad Kabir, and grandson of Sajyad Jalal Bukhari the first. Jalal, Shaikh (^^jl^J -^-^ J^J-^), of Thanesar. \_Vide Shaikh Jalal of Thanesar.] Jalal - uddin Ahmad Afzal - bin - Muwaiyad {^yjii\ Sa.:>.\ ^iJ^\ JliU- tXj»^ i^j), an author. Jalal-uddin Aldawani ( ,_»jJl , W.^ ^J^^jJl), author of several works. \_Tide Dawaui.] Jalal-uddin Farahani ( _«jc!l , W.^^ jl>^), a poet. Jalal-uddin Firoz Khilji (^jj*!^ JL-=- ^.^^^ j*j.fS). Vide Firoz Shah liliilji. Jalal-uddin Mahalli (^_>jkj^ J^-'-^ Xsr»), see Jalal-uddin Sayutl. He is sometimes called Jalal-uddin Muhammad bin-Ahmad-al-Mahli. Jalal-uddin Malikshah (^,>xl^ J^ ilAxL*). Vide Malikshah. Jalal-uddin Khan (;jld- ^^.,^^ J^^X the brother of Mahmud Klian, nawab of Eijuur, a rebel of 1857. \_Vide Sa'd-uUah Klian.] Jalal - uddin Muhammad Akbar {^\ s.A.^^ ^.isl\ JL^). Vide Akbar. Jalal - uddin Muhammad - bin - Asa'd Aldawani (^ s.y%.-^:r* ^l.jJ^ A*-j1). Vide Dawani crrl-^-i^ JL^ Jalal-uddin Purbi(jjy ^^-.^^ J^-'^^X king of Bengal, whose oi-iginal name was Jitmal, ascended the throne of Bengal on the death of his father Raja Kans in a.d. 1392, A.H. 794. He became a convert to the Midiammadan faith and received the name of Jalrd- uddin. He ruled with such justice that he became entitled to the appellation of the Nausherwan of the age. He reigned 17 years and died in a.d. 1410, a.h. 812, when ills son Ahmad succeeded him. Jalal-uddin Rumi, Maulana (JL^^- l3^' Y» le-^ij rvjrl'^^X commonly called Maulana or Maulwi Rumi, was the son of Baha-uddln Wald Balkhi, He is not le.ss esteemed as a poet than as a metaphysician, and is the author of the astonishing work entitled the Mapiaui Maitlwl Rfanl. He founded an order of Derwishcs or Siifis in the city of Conia (Icouium) in Asiatic Turkey. He was born at Balkh on the 30th SeptcTuber, A.D. 1207, 6th Rabi' I. a.h. 604, and died in the time of Abka Khan on the 17th December, A.D. 1273, 5th Jumada II. a.h. 672. He was buried in a monastery at Conia, and his tomb was visited for many centuries by his devout countrymen, who considered his works as the effect of inspiration and only inferior to the Quran. His Dlwan contains 30,000 verses, and his Masnawi more than 47,000. In his Dlwan, instead of his own title, he has inserted the name of Shams Tabrezi his master. JALA 195 JAMA Jalal-uddin Sayuti ( ._>jk.n J^I-^ jjr»--*s), son of AbcTur Rahman bin- Abi Bakr, an Egyptian author of some merit, who died in a.d. 1505, a.h. 911. He is said to be the author of 400 works, amongst which are the commentary on t\ieI)arr-AI-MiiiisJiiir, and the last half of the Tafsir Jaldlaiii ; the author of the other half was Jalal-uddin Mahali, who died in a.d. 1450, a.h. 854. Another work of Sayuti is called Liihh-ul- Lubfib. It is a dictionary of patronymic names, and of othei's under which the Arabic authors are much more frequently quoted than under their proper names. The con- fusion under which the Arabs labour to identify men known under different names, has induced them to prepare dictionaries for obviating this difficulty. SamanI (or Sam- nani) in the sixth century of the Hijra published one, entitled Fil Ansdh, in which he does not only explain the sense and origin of these names, but also mentions with regard to every word the true names of the authors who have had them. This work was abbre- viated in the succeeding century by Ibn-ul- Asir, and this extract shortened by Sayiiti. There is another work of Sayuti called Kashf us- Salsa! a-un- Wasfuz Zalzala, contain- ing an account of all the earthquakes which took place from the year a.d. 713, a.h. 94, to his time. He wrote this work on the occasion of an earthquake in Egypt, with a view of shewing to his countrymen tliat earthquakes are ordained by God to punish men for their sins. This work was translated from the Arabic by Dr. A. Sprenger. Vide Jour. As. Soc. vol. xvii. part ii. p. 741. Sayiiti was also the author of the Jama'--ul- Jaimma, containing a collection of Traditions, of which he afterwards made an abridgment and called it Jdma'-iis-S^ghtr. Jalal-uddin, Sultan ( .jj^Jl JL?- (^l.LJ»^), the son of Sultan Mu- hammad, surnamed Qutb-uddin, SultJln of Khwarizm. l_Vide Muhammad (Sultan).] Jalayer (^_L:>-), the name given to a race of kings of Baghdad, the first of whom was Hasan Buzurg, commonly called Hasan Jalayer (q.v.). Jalinus (^^.^JL^), " Galen," or Galenus, prince of the Greek physicians after Hippocrates. Jam Afra (\^i| aI^). J^nle Nasir- uddhi Qabbacha. Jama Baf (^L« L*l^). Fide llTr SaATad Jama Buf. Jamal ( JL*,^), the name assumed by Abii'l Fazl Muhammad, the son of 'Umar, the son of Klialid. He is the author of the Sarah, a dictionary of Arabic words explained in Persian by him, being a translation of a very celebrated Arabic dictionary, entitled the Suhdh. Jamal Faqih, Khwaja (^L-JLJ JU«5^ 4^.5- uri-), a poet. Jamali Khalifa (diLlri- , jUs^), sur- name of Is-haq Karamuni, another author of the commentary called Sharah Hadis-ul- Arba^ln. He died a.d. 1526, a.h. 933. Jamali, Shaikh {:^r^ ^Us^). Vide Shaikh Jamali. Jamal Kill, Shaikh (ir?*' .L^ Jl/»^), an inhabitant of Qazwin in Isfahan. He lived in the time of Sultan 'Ala-uddin the Isma'ili, ruler of the fort of Alahmut, who highly respected him. It is said that he secretly followed the tenets of the Isma'ilis, biit the people thought otherwise. He died on Monday the 29th September, a.d. 1253, 4th Shawwal, a.h. 651. Jamal Khan {^J^ J^^)j a man- sabdar, or commander of 5000 horse, in the reign of Shah Jahan. It is related that the emperor had ordered that all the ladies at court should provide precious stones and bring them to a market-place that he had erected, and there shew their wares publicly to all the noblemen at court, who were ordered to buy them at whatever prices the ladies put upon them ; and that the king himself was to be a buyer, to put the greater houoiu- on the new erected market. The ladies obeyed, and took their booths as they thought fit. On the market day the king and the noblemen came to market, and bought the jewels and other trifles the ladies had to dispose of. The king, coming to the booth of a very pretty lady, asked her what she had to sell. She told h'im she had one large fine rough diamond still to dispose of. He desired to see it, and he foimd it to be a piece of fine transparent sugar-candy of a tolerable diamond flgiu-e. He demanded to know what jjrice she set on it, and she told him with a pleasant air that it was worth a lakh of rupees, or £12,500 sterling. He ordered the money to be paid, and falling into discourse with her found her wit was as exquisite as her beauty, and ordered her to sup with him that night in his palace. She accordingly went and stayed with him three nights aiid days, and then went back to her husband, whose name was Jamal Ivlian. The husband received her very coldly, and told her that he would continue civil to her, but would never live JAMA 196 JAMI with her again but in the same manner as if she was his sister. Upon which she went to the palace, fell at the emperor's feet, and told him Avhat her hnsband had said. The king, in a rage, gave orders to carry her husband to the elephant garden, and there have him put to death by an elephant. The poor man was soon apprehended, and as they dragged him from his house he begged to have leave to speak to the king. A friend of his ordered the messengers of death to stop awhile, till he had acquainted the king with the request, which was accordingly done, and he was ordered to be carried into the court of the palace, that the king might hear what he had to say : and being carried thither, the king demanded what he would have. He answered that what he had said to his wife was the greatest honour which he was capable of doing his king, because, after he had honoured his wife with his embraces, he thought himself unworthy ever after to cohabit with her. The king, after pausing a little, ordered him to be unbound, and brought to his own room, where, as soon as he came, the king embraced him, and ordered a royal suit to be put upon him, and gave him command of five thousand horse more, but took his wife into his own harem. — As. Jour. vol. xxx. p. 215. Jamal-uddin Ahmad, Shaikh (JU.?- kr^^ J^»-l (j:'.'^^^)* ^ celebrated Mu- hammadan saint of Hansi, and grandfather of Shaikh Qutb-uddiu Manawwar. Jamal-uddin- AtauUah, 'Amir (J U::;- j-^^\ ^SW LL.£ ^jJl), nephew of Sa}Tad Asil-uddin 'Abdullah. He is the author of the work called Hauzat-ul-Ahbiib. [ Vide Ataullah bin -Muhammad al-Husaini Nishapuri.] Jamal - uddin - bin - 'Abdul Razzaq ^J^jJ^'^t^ l:;. (J"*^'^ J^-*^)j a cele- brated poet of Isfahan, and author of a Diwan. He is the father of Kamal-nddin Isma'Tl and Mu'In-uddin 'Abdul Karim, both of whom were also poets. Jamal-uddin died in A.D. 1192, A.H. 588. Jamal-uddin Hasan bin Yusaf bin- al-Matahhir al-Hilli ( ,,;a!1 JU::^ >" C^ (j;***^X entitled Shaikh al-'Allama, is called the chief of the lawyers of Hilla. He is the author of the Klndasat- ul-Aqudl. His legal works are very numerous and frequently referred to as authorities of undisputed merit. The most famous of these are — the Talkhls-ul -Mmdm, the Ghdet-ul- Ahlxilm and the Tahrlr-id-Ahlcdm, which last is a justly celebrated work. The Mukh- talif-ush-Shiq is also a M'ell-knowu composi- tion of this great lawyer ; and his Irshud-al- Azhan is constantly quoted as an authority, under the name of the Irs/uld-i-^Alldma. [Vide AWama al-Hilli.] Jamal-uddin Husain Anju (Jl. »sc^i ^-*u3»- ^JOi), son of Fukhr- uddin Kashmiri, author of the Persian Dictionary called Farhaiig Jahdncfiri, which he dechcated to the emperor Jahaugir in a.d. 1605, A.H. 1014. The author of the Md&ir- nl-^Vmra calls him Mir Jamrd-uddln Anjii, and says that he is a descendant of the Saj'yads of Shiraz, and came to the Deccan and thence to Agra a.d. 1585, a.h. 993, in the time of Akbar, who raised him bv degrees to the rank of 3000. In the reign of Jahangir the rank of 4000 was conferred on him with the title of 'Azd-uddaula. Jamal-uddin-ibn-Malik ( _,.tjJl JUj>- (— ^l^ ,.,jl) author of an Arabic work on philosophy, called Aljia. Jami (j^U>.^U-£ ^i:^\ j^ ^"•^^), the poetical name of Niir-uddin 'Abdur Rahman, a celebrated Persian poet, the son of Maulana Muhammad or Ahmad IsfahanI ; was born on the 7th November, a.d. 1414, 23rd Shabau, a.h. 817, at a village in Herat called Jam, from which he derived his poetical name " Jami." He was remarkably polite, of a very gentle disposition, and endued with such extensive learning that it was supposed there was not throughout the empire of Persia so complete a master of the language as himself. Even princes who were them- selves men of erudition and exalted talents have lavished upon him the most unbounded praises and the highest honours. He was very intimate with Sultan Abii Sa'id Mirza of Herat, who continued the friend of Jam! so long as he lived. After his death, our poet enjoyed the same favours from his son and successor Sultan Husain Mirza. He was a contemporary of the esteemed biographer Daulat Shah, who recorded his fame in the Lives of the Persian poets, called Tazkira JJaulat Shdhl. Jami was the author of more than 44 works. His poem on the Loves of Joseph and Zalikha is one of the finest comjjositions iu the language ; it contains about 4000 couplets. He is also the author of the book called Nafuhdt-ul-Ins, a very celebrated abridgment of the Lives of the Sufi Shaikhs, translated from the Arabic 2\(hkat -us- Sdfta, and dedicated to the celebrated wazir 'Alisher in a.d. 1476, a.h. 881. It may be here observed that the celebrated poets, as Hafiz, Sadi, Jami, etc., JAMI 197 JAN were professed Suits. The following are the works commouly known composed by Janii : — ^1. Silsilat-uz-Zahab, dedicated to Bayazid II. 2. Salaraan-wa-Absal. 3. Tnhfat-ul-Ahrar. 4. Sabhat-ul-Abrar. 0. Yusaf-wa-Zalikha. 6. Laili-wa-Majnun. .7. Khirad-nama. Sikaudar-nama. Nafahat-iil-Ins. Baharistan Fatiih-ul-IIaramain. Khnrshed-wa-Mah. Lawaeh JamT. Shawahid-ul-Nabuat. Jam! died at the advanced age of 81 lunar years, on Friday the 9th Xovember, a.d. 1492, 18th Muharram, a.h. 898, mourned by the whole city of Herat ; his funeral expenses were defrayed by Sultan Husain, and a magnificent train of the most illustrious nobles accompanied his body to the tomb. 'AlTsher his friend laid the first stone of a monument which he caused to be raised to his memory, and his fame became immortal in the minds of his countrymen. He was also the author of a TafsTr or commentary of some note. \_Sald)nan and Absdl has been translated into English verse by the late Mr. Edward Fitzgerald.] Jamila (ai-.^K?-), the poetical name of a Persian Poet. Jamil-ibn-Mi'mar (^U*-« ^\ J-'*.:*-), a celebrated Arabian poet who lived in the time of the khallf 'Abdulmalik, and died in the year a.d. 701, a.h. 82. He was contem- porary with two other famous poets named 'Umar the sou of 'Abdullah aud Kathir Azza. Jamil was the lover of Shanha, one of those pairs of lovers M'hose constancy and fidelity the orientals praise in theii- histories and poems. Jamil-uddin Kashi ( ._jj^J\ Jl_^_->- ^-i^), author of the history called Zubdat-ut-Tawdrikh. A work of the same title is mentioned under Shaikh Niir-ul-Haq of Dehll. Jamil - uddin Muliaramad Abdul Razzaq (^_j j,J^ J*_*wS- ^ •yjjAS^). Vide Jamal-uddlu bin- 'Abdul Eazzak. Jamshed {xJL^^) (also called Jam) was one of the ancient mythic kings of Persia, and the fourth of the First or Pishdadian dynasty. He is celebrated as the founder of Persepolis, which is to this day called Istakhr and Takht Jamshed. He is said to have introduced the solar year and ordered the first day of it, when the sun entered Aries, to be celebrated by a splendid festival. His country was invaded by Zuhak, a Tm'anian king, and the unfortunate Jamshed was obliged to fly before the emperor. He was piu'sued by the agents of Zuhak, through Sistan, India, and China, and was at last seized and earned like a common malefactor before his cruel enemy, who ordered him to be placed between two boards and sawn asunder with the bone of a fish. "NYe are told by Fii-dausi that his reign lasted 700 years. He is supposed to have flourished 800 years before the Christian era. His goblet, called Jam Jamshed and Jam Jam, was wondi'ous. A hunch-ed marvellous tales are told of this celebrated cup, which used to dazzle all who looked in it, and has often been employed by the poets to furnish a simile for a bright eye. Jamshed {s.Jl^>'), this title is some- times given by the Musalmans to king Solomon the son of David, and they say that his magic ring and throne possessed extra- ordiaary powers, and his control was absolute over genii and men. Jamshed Qutb Shah (c_^,kji jk^/*,5>- iLl), son of Quli Qutb Shah I. ascended the throne of Golkonda in the Deccan after the death of his father in September, a.d. 1543, Jumuda II. a.h. 950. He reigned seven years and some months, aud was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim Qutb Shah in a.d. 1550, a.h. 957. Jan (( .s^U ^jl^), or Jan Sahib, poetical name of Mir Yar 'All, who is the author of a Diwan. Janabi [j\us^), the surname of Abu Muhammad Mustafa bin-Sajyad Hasau-al- Husaini, a celebrated historian and author of a work called Tdnkh-al-Jandbl, of which the correct name is supposed to be Bahr-nz- Zakhkhdr, the Swelling of the Sea ; it com- prises a general history from the beginning of the world to a.d. loti9, a.h. 997. It was originally written in Arabic, and translated by the author into Turkish. Janabi died in A.D. 1591, A.H. 999. Jan Fishan Khan Bahadur (^\-s^ i—j^^'j .t)^J ic^^- i^lAJ), Nawab of Sardhana. A Cabuli of Persian extraction who for his conspicious loyalty during the mutiny of 1857, was ordered by Government to be rewarded with a pension of 1000 rupees a mouth in perpetuity to his male heirs, and a JANG 198 JAN grant of eonfiscatod villajips of 10,000 rupees per annum to be conferred upon him with remission of one half of revenue for his life, and a quarter for two generations. Jangez Khan (^l:>- Chauo-ez Khfiu. \1:^). Vide Jani ( JIp-), There have been three authors of this name. The first, 'Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn - Malik Atai, a native of Damascus ; the second, Basar Jam ; and the third, Mausur-bin'Umar-al - Adib, a native of Isfahan, who died a.d. 1025. Jani ( gjW), the poetical name of Mirza Jan, the father of Mirza Jan Janan. Jani Begam (*li^-J 15^ ^^X daughter of 'Abdul Eahim Klian, Klian-Khanan, who was married to prince Danial, the son of the emperor Akbar in a.d. 1599, a.h. 1007. Jani Beg Sultan (i^lkLj t— JC»j ^ W), son of 'Abdidlah Khan TJzbak's sister. His son. Din Muhammad Khan, was raised to the throne of Samanjand after the death of 'Abdul Momim Kjiau, the son of 'Abdullah Khan Uzbak. Jani Beg Turkhan, Mirza ( ~j\-!:>- \:j^ i^l:>- J L-C.j), ruler of Thatta, succeeded his grandfather Mirza Muhammad Baqi, in the government of Thatta, the remain- ing province of Sindh, in a.d. 1584, a.h. 993. Akbar Shah who before the death of Muhammad Baqi had gone to Lahore, and had remained there for some years, expected a personal visit from Jaul Beg ; but being disappointed he proceeded to take measures for the subjugation of that country. He therefore in the year a.d. 1591, a.h. 999. directed his commander-in-chief 'Abdul Eahim Khan, the son of Bairam fflian, to proceed and occupy the place in his name. The first action took place on the 3i-d Novem- ber, A.D. 1591, 26th Muharram a.h. 1000, when the SindhTs were totally defeated. Notwithstanding, daily skirmishes took place between the two armies ; at last Mirza Jani Beg offered to acknowledge fealty to the emperor and to proceed to the presence. Shortly after 'Abdul Rahim Klian .celebrated the nuptials of his son Mirza Irich with the daughter of Jani Beg, and after the rainy season of the year a.d. 1592, a.h. 1001, accompanied Mirza Jilni Beg to the presence of Akbar, who created the latter a noble of the realm ; and from that date the whole kingdom of Sindh reverted to the sovereignty of the empire of Dehli. Mirzil Jani Beg died at Burhanpiir in a.d. 1599, a.h. 1008, and the government of Thatta was conferred on his son Mirzii Ghazi. Jan Janan, Mirza {]• ^ i^\j\: h\ son of Mirza Jiin, a learned Musalman and a good poet, distingiushed no less for the grace and s])irit of his compositions than for the independent spirituality and anti-idolatrous nature of his sentiments. His poetical name was Mazhar ; was born at Agra about the year a.d. 1698, a.h. 1110, but resided at behli. In the month of IMubarram or 3rd January, a.d. 1781, 7th Muharram a.h. 1195, having expressed his contempt for a superstitious ceremony — the commemoration of the death of Husain — he was shot on the terrace of his own honse, by a vindictive partizan of that martyr, and died on the 6th of that month, 10th Muharram, a.h. 1195. He was the author of a Diwan. Jan Muhammad, Munshi (j^^i^s-^ ^. ^JL'^, author of an Insha or C( lection of letters which goes by his name. Jannat Ashani ( -), the title given to the emperor Humayiin after his death. Jannati (^_:x_i_5»-), a poetical name. [From Jannat = " Paradise."] Jan Nisar Khan (^l:>- .ll) \,J^), title of Kamal-nddin Husain, an Amir of 3000 imder the emperor Shah Jahan. At the time of his death he was governor of Sistan, and died there a.d. 1639, a.h. 1049. [The word is the same as Janisary.] Jan Nisar Khan, Nawab (jliJ ^^l^s- C—jLj ijl^), "was brother-in-law to the wazir Qamar-uddin Khan who had married his sister. He was appointed Chakladar of the districts of KorQ Jahanabad in the province of Allahrilnul, and was assassinated by Aram Bhagwant Singh, a zamindar of that place in a.d. 1731, a.h. 1144. Jan Nisar Khan, Sayyad (^lij ^p-- ^^^ iv)^^)j son-in-law of the wazir Qamar-uddin Khan, was put to death, together with several others, by Nadir Shah, on account of the re.sistance shewn by them in endeavouring to protect their family in the general massacre. This event took place in March, a.d. 1739, Zil-hijja a.h. 1151. JANO 199 JASW Janoji Bhosla {A^^j ^yU-), the second Riija of Berar, succeeded his fatliei' Raghoji Bhosla in a.d. 1749, and died in A.D. 1772. He was succeeded by his younger brother iladhuji Bhosla. \_Vide Raghoji Bhosla the first Raja of Berar.] Jansipar Khan Turkman {X^^^^^^ (^l^.j ^:>~), an Amir of 4000 in the reign of the emperor Jahanglr. He was appointed governor of Allahabad in the first year of Shah Jahan a.d. 1628, a.h. 1037, and died there the same year. Jansipar Khan (^l- l-^W), jT*~c; second son of Mukhtar Khan Sabzwari, an amir of the reign of the emperor 'AlamgTr. At the time of his death he held the siibadari of Haidarabad, and died there in a.d. 1701, A.H. 1113. Janubi {^JjLs>.\i ^^y^), of Badakh- shan, a poet and punster who flourished about the year a.d. 1521, a.h. 927. Jannni (^^'y->-^• ^'^^ Jununi. Jarbardi (^j^_ji^,L5»-), surname of Fakhr-uddTu Ahmad bin-Hnsan, an author who Avrote the Sharah Shajio, and the marginal notes on the Eashshdf. He died A.D. 1345, A.H. 746. Jarir ( j -p-). Vide Jurir which is the correct pronunciation. Jarjis (^jjg._^_rs-^_:s"), George, and in particular St. George the martjT, very well known in the East, and even by the Muham- madans, who put him amongst the number of the prophets, and confound him with Elias. Jarj Tamas {^jj^^ -V^^)- ^i^« George Thomas. Jarraz (j^^^), the surname of Ahmad bin - Ibrahim - al - Tabid - al - Afriki, who is often cited imder the name of Ibn-JaiTaz. He was a physician and an author, and a native of Africa. He died a.d. 1009, a.h. 400. Jarullah Zamakhshari (iii_i.JUl_:>- t^A.s'^j), surname of Mahmiid bin- 'Umar-al - Zamakhshari, the Ma'tzalite of Zamakhshar, a village in Khwarizm. He wag the author of an excellent commentaiy on the Quran called Eashshdf, which he wrote in the name of one of the princes of Mecca. He obtained the surname of Jarullah (or neigh- bour of God) on accoimt of his residing for a long period at Mecca. He was born in a.d. 1074, A.H. 467, and died in the place of his natiAaty in the year a.d. 1142 or 1144, a.h. 537 or 539. He was also the author of many other works, such as — Kitab Fasl-dar-Xahr. Asas-ul-Balaghat-dar-Lo gh at. Rabi-id-Abrar. Fasiis - ul - Akhbar - wal - Faraez - dar - Ilm Faraez. Raus-ul-Masael-diu'-Fiqa. Sharah Abiat Sebiiya. Mustaqazi-diH-Amsal 'Arab. Himam-nl-Arbia. Sawaer-ul- Islam. Shakaek-ul-Xa'mam-wal-Kistas-dar-uruz. Mu'ajjam-ul-Hadiid. Mauhaj -dar-Usul. Muqaddima-al-Adab. Diwan-uI-Tamsil. Diwan-ul-Rasael. Diwan-ush-Shua'ra. Jassas (|^l^^), surname of Shaikh Ahmad bin- 'All Razi, which see. Jaswant Rae (^_s\. l::^-J Hindi! who was a poet and the author of a Diwan, a copy of which was found in the Librarj' of Tipu Sultan. rX a Jaswant Rao Holkar (.b -'r SXib), the son of Takoji Holkar, and brother of Kashi Rao, whom he succeeded as chieftain of Indor about the year 1802. He made a rapid incursion into the Doab and committed some ravages, but was defeated and pursued by Lord Lake to the Sikh coxmti-y as far as the Bias in 1803, and all his territories occupied by a British force. The whole was restored to him at the peace. He became insame in 1806, and Tulshi Bai, his wife, was acknowledged regent. He died on 20th October, 1811, and was succeeded by Malhar Rao III. his son, by a woman of low birth. Tulshi BaT, however, continued to act as regent. On the 20th December, 1816, a company of armed men .seized Tulshi Bai, conveyed her forcibly to the neighbouring river of Sipra, and cutting off her head on the bank, threw the lifeless trunk into the water. Jaswant Singh (aJIu^ L::->J».*u-r>-), Raja (if Jodhpur JTrirwar, .succeeded to the gaddi after the death of his father Takhat Singh in February, a.d. 1873, a.h. 1289. JASW 200 JAWA Jaswant Singh (^^ l::^3^**.^), son of Bahvant Singh Maharaja of Bhartpur. He was born on the 28th Februaiy, 1851, and succeeded his father on the 16th March, 1853, when he was but two years old. Jaswant Singh Bundela (^s^yM.:>- -\j\^ s^^^j the celebrated Eaja of Jodhpiir or Marwar, of the tribe of Eathor Eajputs, who acted so capital a part in the competitions of 'Alanigir and his brother Dara Sliikoh whose cause he espoused, and was guilty of great impropriety. He was the son of Eaja Gaj Singh and a descendant of Eao Maldeo. Jaswant Singh, subsequently became one of the best generals of 'Alamgir, and held the rank of 7000 for several years. He died near Kabul about the 1 1th December, A.D. 1678, 6th Zil-qada a.h. 1089. He had built a fine house at Agra on the banks of the Jamna, the surrounding walls of which are still standing, and his followers brought his infant children and his women who did not burn with him, towards their native country. Orders were sent by the emperor 'Alamgir to conduct them to court, where, on their arrival, he insisted on the children being made Musalmans. Upon this the riijput attendants determined to die rather tliau submit to this order, fled with their charge towards the Eaja's territories, and being pursued by the emperor's troops fought valiantly, and were mostly cut to pieces, but the women and infants arrived safe at Jodhpiii-; they were, however, compelled to take refuge in the hills and the woods, and on tlie death of 'Alamgir in a.d. 1707, regained their former possession. Ajit Singh, his son {q.v.), was restored to the throne of his ancestors in the year A.n. 1711, by the emperor Farrukh - siyar who married his daughter. Jat (i^\f>-), a tribe of HindQ labourers who made no figure in the Mughul empire, as a nation, till the reign of 'Alamgir, in whose expedition to the Deccan, they Avere first heard of as a gang of banditti, under an intrepid leader Chiiraman. They were then so daring as to harass the rear of the imperial army. After the death of that monarch they took advantage of the growing imijecility of the empire, and fortifying themselves, spread their depredations to the gates of Agra. Mukham Singh, who after the death of Chiiraman commanded the Jats and took upon himself the title of Raja, but their power increased under Badan Singh and Surajmal (-). Jouhar. Vide Jawahir Singh (a^:^ .J&Ls^), the Jat Eaja of Dig and Bhartpiir, was the son of Siirajmal Jat. He succeeded to the Eaj after his father's death in December, a.d. 1763, A.H. 1177, was secretly murdered in 1768, and was succeeded by his brother Eao Ratan Singh, who chd not escape suspicion of having been accessory to his brother's murder. Ratan Singh reigned ten months and thirteen days and was stabbed by a faqir named Rfipanand, who pretended to transmute copper into gold. [ Vide Ratan Singh.] Jawahir Singh {- i.>-\j[Y* ii^^si^), son of Dliyan Singh and nephew of Maharaja Gulab Singh, ruler of Kashmere. JAWA 201 JIJI Jawan (J *>-), the poetical appellation of Mirza Qazini 'Ali, a Hindustani lyric poet, attached to the college of Fort William. He is the author of an Urdii Diwan and also of a Barah Masa, which he composed in a.d. 1802, A.H. 1217. He was alive in 1812. Jawan Bakht, son of Shah Alam. [fide Jahanda Shah II.] Jawan Bakht, Mirza {i,j:^s:r j^U^ 1:.^), the youngest son of Bahadur Shah, the ex-king of DehlT, who accom- panied his father to Rangoon in 1858, where he resided under surveillance at that place till his death in September, a.d. 1884. The British Government sanctioned the grant of a separate pension and an allowance of 250 rupees to his wife Zamani Begam in a.d. 1873. Jaweni ( J,J»r^-), -nhose proper name was Abu'l Ma'ali 'Abdulmalik bin- 'Abdullah, was a doctor and a very celebrated meta- physician, who bore the title of " Imam-ul- Haramain." He flourished in the reign of Malik Shah the Saljiikide, and professed the doctrine of Shiifa'i at Naishapiir, where the famous Ghazzall (q.v.) was his disciple. He was the author of several works, amongst which are the two following : Tdrlkh J alum Kushde and Aqidat-ul-Nizdniiat. He died in A.D. 1085, A.H. 478. Jawera {i^^^s^), one of the •wives of Muhammad whom he married in the sixth year of the Hijra a.d. 627. She is said to have been a woman of great beauty, and was brought among the captives after a fight. She died about the year a.d. 670, a.h. 56. Jawid Khan (^^U- cy^lj^), an eunuch and a great favourite of the emperor Ahmad Shah and his mother, who raised him to the rank of an Amir with the title of Nawab Bahadur. Nawab Safdar Jang, who was much digusted at the influence he had over the emperor, invited him to an entertainment, and murdered him during the banquet. This event took place on the 28th August, o.s. 1752, 28th Shawwal, a.h. 1165. Jawini ( Jawinl. ^s^:-3-^ ). Vide Moln-uddin Jazari (i_? ,!::>-), surname of those who were born at a city called Jazarat-ul-'Umar, situated on the Tigris, to the northward of Nineveh and Mausal. One of the most illustrious amongst the men of letters this city has produced, was Ibn-Asir ul-Shaibani Majd-uddin, who died a.d. 1209, a.h. 606, and of whom we have several works. [Vide Ibn-Asir.] Jenghis Khan (^Iri- j^Cjs>-). Changez Khan. Ftde Jayesi ( ^^A:>-). Vide Malik Mu- hammad Jayesi. Jent Parkas, Lala (f^^ j L:^i.-^5>-), author of a poem called Dnstilr Ishq, contain- ing the story of Sassi and Panun in Persian verse. It is believed that his correct name is Jot Parkash. Jhankoji Sindhia ( ^_js-»_- i^S'^J), son of Jiapa or Jyapa Sindhia, was killed in the great battle which took place between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marhattas on the 14th January, n.s. 1761, at Panlpat. Jhanko Rao Sindhia {.\. »_^:._^_5>- -j), also called Mukk! Eao, on the death of Daulat Rao Sindhia, was elected by his widow Baji Bai as Raja of Gwaliar, and was put on the masnad on the 18th Jime, A.D. 1827 ; but being then only nine years of age, Baji Bai acted as regent. He assumed the reins of government in a.d. 1828, reigned 15 years and some months, and died on the 4th February, a.d. 1843, aged 24 years. He was succeeded by his adopted sou Jiaji Sindhia the late Raja of Gwaliar, with whom Bija Bai appears to have resided until the time of the mutiny. Jiaji Rao Sindhia (.1. _:>-L-._:>- i^X^S), the late Raja of Gwaliar, whose name in full is, Maharaja 'Ali Jah Jiaji Rao Sindhia, was the adopted son of Jhanko Rao Sindhia, on whose death he succeeded to the government on the 4th February, a.d. 1843. His installation took place on the 20th January, a.d. 1844, when Lord Ellenborough visited the fort. He was made G.C.B. and a British General, and died in A.D. 1888. Jiji Begam (Xo ^^s^^), the wet- nurse of the Emperor Akbar, and the mother of Mirza 'Aziz Kuka, who was raised to a high rank by the emperor with the title of Khan 'Azim. She (lied in the year a.d. 1599, A.H. 1008. The emperor carried her coffin on his shoulders and shaved his beard and moustache. JIWA 202 JIJJI Jiwan, Mulla 0-L^ ^_^i._-_r^). Vide ^[ulhi Jhvau. Jodha Rao {^\. UjJ.-j^), Eaja of Marwar, and a descendant of SeoiT, the grandson of the celebrated Jaichand, the hist Rathor monarch of Kauanj. He, in the year a.d. 1432 founded the modern capital of Jodhpur, to which he transferred the seat of the government trom Mandur. Jodh Bai (^Ij i^^=^) (whose maiden name appears to be Jagat Goshaini and also Biilmati), was the daughter of Raja XJdai Singh of Jodhpur or Marwar, the son of Raja Maldeo. She was called Jodh Bal, because she was a princess of Jodhpiir. She was married to Mirza Salim (afterwards Jahangir) in a.d. 1585, a.h. 994, and became the mother of the Emperor Shah Jahan, who was born in a.d. 1592, a.h. 1000, at Lahore. She poisoned herself at Agra in a.d. 1619, a.h. 1028, and was bm-ied in Sohagpura, a village founded by her, where her palace and tomb are still to be seen in a ruinous state. Jogi, Sultan (^Ikil-j (<^=r). V'ide Muhammad Jogi. Josh {L^:>-), poetical title of Ahmad Hasan Khan, who is familiarly called Achchhe Sahib. He was living in Lucknow in a.d. 1853, a.h. 1269, and was the author of an Urdii Diwau. He was the son of Nawab Muqim Klian, the son of Nawab Muhabbat Khan, the son of Hafiz Rahmat Khan {q.v.). Joshish ((^^^^5-), poetical title of Muhammad Hasan or Muhammad RSshan of Patna, who flourished in the time of the Emperor Shiih 'Alam. Jot Parkash, Lala (p} /^^y CJ»=^), a Hindu Kaycth and an author. This appears to be the correct for Jent Parkas, which see. Jouhar (J^ ,:>-), the poetical appella- tion of Jawahir Singh, a Hindii, who was the pupil of the poet Mulla Xatiq of Xaisha- pur. He was the author of a Dlwan in Persian and Urdii, and was living in a.d. 1851, A.H. 1267. Jouhar (_&.=>-), the poetical name of Munshi Sewa Ram of Shahjahanpur, who flourished in the time of Akbar Shah II. and was the author of several works in Persian, such as Jouhar-ul-TaUm, Jouhar- ul-Tarklh, etc. ; the last-named work he wrote in a.d. 1820, a.d. 1235. Jouhari Farabi {^}j\-i ^Jt^^-), sur- name of Abii Nasr Isma'il bin-Hammad. Although he was a Tiu-k, yet he made such progress in the Arabic language, which he studied in Mesopotamia and Egy|)t, that he was styled " Imam-ul-Lughat," or master of the language. He is the author of a very large Arabic Dictionary entitled Sahdh-ul- Liicjh'lt, the purity of the tongue. He is often called after this work, " Sahib-us- Sahah," or the author of the Sahah. He is commonly called Farabi or Fiirabi-al- Turki, because he was a native of Farab in Tiu-kistan. He died a.d. 1002, a.h. 393. Some authors say that his death took in A.D. 992, A.H. 382, Jouhari Zargar (^,j ^^ib^s»-), a poet who flourished in the time of Sulaiman Shah and Arsalan Shiih of the house of Saljuq. He is the author of a poem containing the story of "Amir Ahmad and Mahasti." Jounpur (^,J^r>-), kings of. Vide Khwaja Jahan. Jouzi i^j^^-). Vide Abul Faraj ibn-Jauzi. Juban Chohan or Jovian, Amir ij^\ u;y^^), the tutor and general of the armies of Sidtan Abu Sa'id Klian, son of Aljaitii, king of Persia. He was put to death by Malik Ghayas-uddin Kart in November, a.d. 1327, Muharram, a.h. 728, by order of the Sult.au, because he refused to give him his daughter Ba gh dad Kjiatiin in marriage. [ Vide Ba gh dad Khatiin.] Juber (._^_-._^), a companion of Mu- hammad. Judat (ci-JJu;^), a poetical appellation. Jugal Kishor ( ,^.A.^ J-^^), an in- habitant of Dehli whose poetical name was Sarwat. He was wakil to the Nazim of Bengal for several years. Jughtai (^lii.'i:?-). Vide Chaghtai. Juji Khan (^U- ^J>-^^^ "^^^ the eldest son of Chingiz Khan the Tartar, from Avhom he had received for his share the wide regions of Qapchaq ; but this prince died a few months before his father in a.d. 1226, and left his territories to his son Batii Klian, who conquered Russia and Bulgaria, ravaged the countries of Poland, ]\Ioravia, and Dalmatia, and had marched into Hun- gary in order to attack Constantinople, when death ended his victorious career. JUNA 203 JUYA Junaid Baghdad!, Shaikh {s-*-U-: t" ;j\t^)), a celebrated ascetic whose father was a glass-blower, of Nahil- wand. He was born and brought up at Baghdad, and became one of the best disciples of Shafa'i, but followed the system of Suf lan Souri. He made thirty pilgrimages to Mecca, alone and on toot. He died at Baghdad in the year a.d. 911, a.h. 298, and was buried near the tomb of his master and maternal uncle, Sari Saqti. Junaid, Shaikh or Sultan (a_-._:._5>- (^ILx-j), third in descent from the celebrated Shaikh Safi-uddin Ardibeli, and grandfather of Shah Isma'Tl I. of Persia, founder of the Safwi dynasty which was extirpated by Nadir Shah. He was a Siifi or mystic philosopher, but being expelled from Azurbejan by the Turkman riiler Jahan Shah, established himself in Dayarbikar. In the latter period of his life, he went to Shirwan with his disciples, and was killed in A.D. 1456, A.H. 860, in a conflict with the troops of Amir Khalil-ullah, ruler of that province. \_Vide Isma'il I. Safwi. The book called Nnkkdt Bedil, written by Mii'za Bedil, con- tains his Memoirs.] Juna Shah {^{J:, lj^=r), a brother of Muhammad Tughlaq Shah, king of Dehli, who bmlt the city of Joimpur, which goes after his name. Jununi ( J^i5>-), author of a poem called Latdef Shoiiq, a collection of enter- taining and witty tales, which he composed in the year a.d. 1689, a.h. 1100, and dedicated to the emperor 'Alamgir, but many were rather obscene. Jununi, Maulana (Ij^!^^ 3^:.ri.), a sprightly satirical poet of Herat who flourished in the time of Amir Ghayas-uddln Sultan Husain, sou of Firoz Shah, about the 9th centm-y of the Hijri era. Jurat (tc^l^_p-), poetical title of Kalandar Bakhsh, a son of Tehia Aman and pupil of Hasrat. He was first supported by Nawab Muhabbat Klian, but in a.d. 1800, a.h. 1215, he was in the ser^'ice of prince Sulaiman Shikoh at Lucknow. While still in the prime of life he became blind, but became a good musician and an excellent player on the guitar. It appears that Jm^at and his family had the family name of Yehia Man, because they said that they were descended from Yehia Rai Miin, who resided in a street at Dehll which is close to the Chandni Chouk, and is still called the Rai Man Street. It is also stated that this Rai Man was executed by Nadir Shah. Jurat died in the year a.d. "iSlO, a.h. 1225. He was the author of an Urdii Diwan and two Masnawis. Jurir ( J -9-), or Abii Hazra Jarir ibn- Atiya, was one of the greatest and most celebrated poets. He flourished in the reign of the Klialif 'Abdulmalik of the house of Umayya, and received from him a handsome salary. He was once rewarded by the prince for a single panegyrical ode, with 100 camels, 18 slaves, and a silver jug. Abii'l Faraj ibn-ul-Jauzi places the death of Jurir in the year a.d. 729, a.h. Ill, aged 80 years. Jurir - ibn - 'Abdullah ( ._j \ j rs- -), a native of Jurjan or Georgia. Al-Sayyad-ush-Sharif Abu'l Hasan (^or Husain) 'Ali was thus surnamed because he was born in that coimtry. He was one of the most celebrated Musalman doctors ; was born in a.d. 1339, a.h. 740, and died at Shiraz a d. 1413, a.h. 816. There have been several other authors of this surname, as Al-Sharif-al-Husaini, a son of the first, who was a famous physician and lived in the time of Atsiz, Sultan of the Khwarizmians. Also Abu'l Wafa, a mathe- matican, Abii Bakr bin- 'Abdul Kiihir, a grammarian, and Muhammad Jirjani, a valiant captain of the Sultau of Kliwarizm, and governor of the city of Herat, who was killed in defending that place against Tiili Khan, son of Changez K]ian. Juya (I) »:»-), poetical appellation of Mirza Darab Beg, a poet whose native country was Kashmere. He died in a.d. 1706, A.H. 1118, and is the author of a Diwan. The poetical name of his brother Mirza Ktimran, was Guya. K Kl'B KAFU Ka'b (j.*AJ i^i\ c-^AXi), or Kaa b ibn- Zaliir of ilecca, was an Arabian poet, and author of the Qasaed Bauat Sa^dd, a poem in Arabic held in the highest estimation, containing a paneg3Tic on Muhammad. A translation of part of it may be found in Sir William Jones's second volume of the Asiatic Researches. The author was a Jewish Rabbi, contemporary and opponent of Mu- hammad, and had written some satirical verses upon him ; but afterwards being desirous of a reconciliation yd{\\ the prophet, he wrote the above poem, which had the desired effect. Some authors say that he died iu the first year of the Hijra, that is, A.D. 622, A.H. I. But, according to Ockley's History of the Saracens, " Kaa'b came in the ninth year of the Hijra, and made his peace with Muhammad with a poem in his praise." By this it appears that he was living in a.d. 631. He is said to have assisted Muhammad greatly in the compilation of the Qm-an. Vide Wilkin's Biographical Dictionary under Coab. Ka'b-al-'Ahbar L.^.^xW ^.^), famous traditionist of the tribe of Hamyar, who embraced Islamism in the reign of 'Umar, and died a.d. 652, a.h. 32, during the reign of 'Usman. Kabir (.-.-o), a celebrated Hindi poet, by trade a Musalman weaver, who, according to the Akbar-nama, was contemporary with Sikandar Shah Lodi, king of Dehli. Kabir was a Sufi or Deist of the most exalted senti- ments and of benevolence unbounded. His poems, which are still universally esteemed, inculcate the pm'est morality, good will and hospitality towards all men, and breathe so fine a spirit of toleration that both Hindus and Musalmans contend for the honour of his having been born of their religion. From the disinterested, yet alluriug, doctrines his poems contain a sect has sprung up iu Hindustan, under the name of Kabir PanthT, who are so imiversally esteemed for veracity and other virtues, among both Hindus and Musalmans, that they may be with propriety considered the Quakers of the country. The time of Kabir' s death seems involved in equal obscurity with the manner of his decease and burial. They relate that he lived a long time at Kasi (Benaras) and Gaya, and sojourned also at Jaganath, where he gave great offence to the Brahmans by his conduct and tolerant doctrine. When stricken in years, he departed this life among a concourse of his disciples, both Musalmans and Ilindiis. He is buried at Ratanpur, where his tomb is said to be seen to this dav. Kabir, Shaikh (;-rr-- ,^), surnamed Bala Pir, M-as the Shaikh Qasira Qadiri, whose tomb is at Chunar. Shaikh Kabir died at Qananj on Monday the 4th November, a.d. 1644, 12th Ramazan, a.h. 1054, where a splendid mausoleum was built on his tomb by one of his sons, named Shaikh Mahdi, who died A.D. 1677, a.h. 1088, and is also buried there. Kabir-uddin ( ,ja!1 — Ij ^^ ^^^\j^^ i^JjLc), son of Taj-uddln Iraqi, lived in the time of Sultan Ala-uddin, king of Dehli, and wrote a book on his conquests. Kabuli Mahal ( J^-* ^:'^), a wife of Shahzahan. Kachhwaha, the title of the Eajas of Amber or Jaipur. J'ide Bhara Mai. Kafi (^1^), surname of Taql-nddln 'All bin- 'All, an Arabian author who died in the year a.d. 1355, a.h. 756. His name is spelt in some of oiu- biographical dictionaries, Cafi. Kafl or Kami (^^), poetical name of Mirza 'Ala-uddaula, who flom-ished in the reign of the emperor Akbar. [ Vide Ala-uddaula (Mirza) and Kami.] Kafi ( Jl^), whose proper name was Kifayet 'All, was a poet of Muradabad, and author of the Bahdr Khuld, which is a trans- lation of the Shiimel. Kafi-ul-Kafat (cjU^\ ^5-*^^- ^^^^ Ibn-'Ibfid. Kafur, Malik (t_sl.^ i^^X a favourite eunuch of Sultan 'Ala-uddln Kliilji, king of Dehli, probably of Hiudii birth, who was raised to the high rank of wazlr. After the kings death the first step which the traitor took was to send a person to Gwaliar, to put out the eyes of Khizir Kluln and Shadi Khan, the two sons of the deceased Sultan. His KAHl 205 KAIQ orders were inhumanly executed. He then placed Shahab-uddin, the king's youngest son (a boy of seven years of age) on the throne, and began his administration ; but was assassinated thirty-five days after the king's death, in January, a.d. 1317, a.h. 716, when Mubarik, the third son of the king, was raised to the throne. Kahaj Tabrezi, Shaikh i^^j: —j ^ :^'^), a learned Musalman who held the office of Shaikh -ul - Islam at Tabrez during the reign of Sultan Awis and Sultan Husain of Baghdad. He was the author of a Diwan. Kahi (Jb^). Vide Qasim Kahl. Kaikaus (^^^IL-O, second king of the Kayauian djTiasty of Persia, was the son of Kaiqubiid. He was vain and proud ; and appears to have been in continual distress from the unfortunate result of schemes that his ambition led him to form, but which he wanted ability to execute. His life is con- nected with a thousand fables, which though improper in this place form excellent materials for FirdausI, who has given, in his history of this period, the extraordinary and affecting tale of the combat between Kustam and his unknown son, Suhrab, who is killed by his father. This part of the Shah-nama has been translated in English verse by J. Atkinson, Assistant Surgeon on the Bengal Establish- ment, and member of the Asiatic Society in 1814. Kaikaiis, when grown old, resigned his crown in favour of his grandson Kaikhusro, the son of Siawakhsh (corresponds to Cam- byses I. ; vide Achaemenis). Kaikaus, Amir (^ , tf.K-.O, grand- son of Qabiis, prince of Jurjan, and one of the noblemen who lived at the court of Sultan Maudiid, the grandson of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. He is the author of the work called Qabusnama. Kaikhusro (, .^^\'i), the third king of the Kayanian djuasty of Persia and the grandson of Kaikaus. He ascended the throne in the lifetime of his father, who resigned the crown in his favom\ He had several battles with Afrasiab the king of Turan, who was at last defeated, taken prisoner, and slain. Soon after these events Kaikhusro resolved to devote the remainder of his life to religious retirement : he delivered over Kabul, Ziibu- listiln and Ximroz to Rustam, as hereditary possessions ; and resigned his throne to Luhrasp, the son-in-law of Kaikaus and his own son by adoption and affection. After these arrangements, he went, accompanied by some nobles, to a spring which he had fixed upon as the place of his repose. Here he disappeared, and all those that went with him were destroyed on their return by a violent tempest. He lived 90 years and reigned 60. Kaikhusro (^^.^-irvJ'), the son of Sultan Muhammad Khan, governor of Multan, who was the eldest son of Sultan Ghayas- uddin Balban, king of Dehll. Alter his father's death in a.d. 1285 he was made governor of Multan by his grandfather, and after his decease in a.d. 1286 was murdered at Rohtak by Malik iS'izam-uddin, wazir of Kaicpibad, who ascended the throne as king of DehlT. Kaiomurs (^»^^^^), the first monarch of Persia, according to all Muhammadan writers. This king is stated to have re- claimed his subjects from a state of the most savage barbarity. They say he was the grand- son of Noah, and the founder of the first dynasty of Persian kings, called Pishdadian. His son Siamak was killed in one of the battles with the barbarians or Devs ; and when that monarch carried Hoshang, the infant son of Siawak, to share in the revenge he meant to take upon his enemies, his army was joined by all the lions, tigers and panthers in his dominions, and the Devs were routed and torn to pieces by the auxiliaries, who had left their native forest to aid the just king. After this victory, Kaiomtu's returned to his capital Balkh. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded by his grandson Hoshang. The following is a list of kings of the first or Pishdadian dynasty: — 1. Kaiomurs. 2. Hoshang. 3. Tuhmurs, surnamed Deoband. 4. Jamshed, reigned at PersipoKs. 5. Zuhak, sm-named Alwani. 6. Faridiiu, restored by Kawa. 7. Maniichchr. 8. Naudar or Nauzar. 9. Afrasiab, king of Turkistan. 10. Zab, brother of Xaudar. 11. Garshasp. Kaiqubad (jlJL^), the founder of the second or Kayanian dynasty of the kings of Persia, was a lineal descendant of Manuchchr, according to some accounts he was his great- grandson. This prince had retired to the mountain of Alburz, from which place he was brought by Rustam the son of Zal and pro- claimed king of Persia. He committed the administration of government into the hands of Zal, whose son Rustam was appointed to lead the Persians against the dreaded Afrasiab, who had again passed the Oxus and invaded Persia. In this battle Rustam overcame Afrasiab, and afterwards a peace was con- cluded, by which it was agreed that the Oxus should remain as it had been heretofore, the boundarv between the two kingdoms. Kai- qubad lived some time after this in peace : he is said to have reigned 120 years, and to have left four sons — Kaikaiis, Arish, Rum and Armen. To the former he becpiiathcd his throne, and enjoined all the others to obey him. KAIQ •206 KALI Legendary list of lings of the second or Kayanian dynasty. 1. Kniqiihad. 2. Kiiikfius. 3. Kailihusro. 4. Lulirfis]). 5. Guslitasp or Darius. 6. Islaiidiar. 7. BahiiiaiiorArilislierDarazdast(Xerxes). 8. Ilnmai, daun'htcr aud wife of Bahman. 9. Dariib or Dara, son of Bahman. 10. Dara, sou of Darab (Darius overcome by Alexander the Great). \_Tidc Achaemeues.] Kaiqubad (jljij.0, surnamed Mu izz- uddTn, the grandson of Sultan Ghayas-uddin Balban, whom he succeeded in a.d. 1286, A.H. 685, on the throne of Dehli in the absence of his lather Nasir-uddm Ba gli ra K^ian, who was then in Bengal. In the year A.D. 1287, A.H. 686, his father, having heard the state of affairs at Dehli, marched from Bengal to visit aud advise his son. They met on the banks of the Ghagra at Behar, and the whole scene was so affecting that almost all the court shed tears. On this occasion the celebrated poet Amir K}iwsro wrote the poem called the Kirnn-i- |.*>ao>-), Deputy Collector of Etiiwah, the sonof Ahtaram-uddaula Dabir- ul-Mulk Kalb 'Ali KJiiin Bahadm-. He is the author of four Diwans and a biography called Shaukat Nddirl. He was living in a.d. 1864, AM. 1281. Kalhana (£i..jL,^LO, a Brahman and author of a history of Kashmere, called Rffja- t(tr(uiyini. There arc four chronicles of the history of Kashmere written in Sanskrit verse ; the first by Kalhauii, bringing the history of Kashmere to about 1148 after Christ; the seciuid, a continuation of the former, by Jauaraja, to a.d. 1412 ; the third, a con- tinuation of the second, l)y Srivara, a pupil of Jauaraja, to a.d. 1477; and the fourth, by Prajyabhatta, from that date to the conquest of the valley by the emperor Akbar. The author of the work, the Pandit Kalhana, of whom we merely know that ho was the sou of Champaka, and lived about a.d. 1150, imder the reign of Siiilia Deva of Kashmere — - reports that before entering on his task he had studied eleven historical works written previously to his time, and also a history of Kashmere by the sage XTla, which seems to be the oldest of all. Kalhana begins his work with the mythological history of the country; the first king named by him is Gouarda, who, according to his chronology, would have reigned in the year b.c. 2448, and the last mentioned by him is Siiiha Deva, about 1150 after Christ. Kali Das (j^b ^__j^), a celebrated Hindii poet traditionally said to have lived towards the commencement of the Christian era, aud to have been one of the nine .splendid gems that adorned the court of Raja Bikar- majit (Yikramaditya) . Some sav that he flourished iu the time of Raja Bhu] (1040-90 A.D.). He wrote the Nalodia for the purpose of exhibiting his unbounded skill in alliter- ation. In four hooks, contaiuiug on the average fifty-four stanzas each, he has given such illustrations of tliis art as can never be surpassed. This work has been published in Europe, with a Latin translation by a con- tiueutal scholar, Ferdiuaudus Beuary. No reason can be imagined why Kali Das should again ■write the history of Nala aud Damayanti, after it had been so elegantly written in flo\ring verse by Vyasa Deva, except that he intended in this simple story to shew forth his ingenuity in alliteration. He is also the author of the poem called Kiimarn Sambhava, aud of another called JIa/id Xdtn/c. Kalim (*._^_i_^), the poetical name of Abii Talib Kalim, which see. Kalim-ullah (^l^^.^, a title of Moses the prophet. Kalim-ullah (dULAO, the last king of the Bahmani dynasty of Kulbarga or Ahmadabad Bidar in the Dcccan. He was expelled in a.d. 1527 by Amir Barid his Avazir, who mounted the throue and took possession of that kingdom. Kalim-ullah (a.U^*J,i), author of a work called Eashkol Tasaiiwaf an exposition of the mystical phrases of the Sufis. KALI 207 KAMA Kali Sahib (» -.5^ La ,J^), surname of ffluilfim Nasir-iiddin, the son of Maiilanfi Qiitli-iiddm, the son of Manlana Faklir- uddln. Although he was the Murshid or spiritual guide of the king of Dehli, he preferred the habit of a Derwish. He died in A.D. 1852, A.H. 1268. Kamal ( JUO, a poet of Isfahan. Kamal (JUO, poetical title of Mir Kamal 'Ali of Gaya Manpiir. He wrote Persian and Eeklita verses, and is the author of a large work called Kiniifd-iiI-Hikmat, on philosophy, and one called Clialtardah Bariid, i.e. the fourteen blessings, containing an account of the Imams. He died in a.d. 1800, A.H. 1215, and the chronogram of the Hijrl year of his death is contained in the word Daregha. Kamal Ghayas, Maulana (JL..4,_^ (_cji_»^ \j^ly» (^Li.), of Shiraz, a poet and physician who flourished in the time of Ibrahim Sultan. Kamal Khan, Gikhar (I, j^>^) prince of the Gikhars, was the son of Sultan Sarang, the son of Malik Kalan II. the son of Malik Kalan I. the son of Malik Khar, who was the founder of the principality of the Gikhars. Their country lies among the moimtains between Bhat and Sindh, which formerly belonged to the government of Kash- mere. Malik Kalan II. had several battles with Sher Shah, but was at last taken prisoner and put to death by that monarch, and his son or grandson Kamal Ivhan imprisoned in the fortress of Gwaliar. He was, however, after some years released by Salim Shah the son of Sher Shah, but during his confinement his uncle Sultan Adam had taken possession of the country. In the fii'st year of the reign of Akbar he was introduced to that monarch and was employed in his service. He by degrees rose to the rank of 5000, and was afterwards put in possession of his dominions by that emperor, and Sultan Adam his uncle taken prisoner and made over to Kamal Tv^ian, who put him in confinement, where he died. Kamal Klian, who became tributary to Akbar, died in a.d. 15G2, a.h. 970. Kamal Khujandi {^s.u..sr^ Jl-^-O. Vide Kamal -uddin Klmjandi. Kamal Qazi ( ^..jlj JU.O. Vide Abul-Fath Bil-rrimi. Kamal-uddin 'Abdul Razzaq, Shaikh {::^J^ ^\\)\s^z ^^jjJ^ JU^), is the author of several works, among which are the following : Tafslr Tdwllut, Kitdh Istildhdt Sfifln, Sharah FasuS'Ul-Hdcam, Shark Ma- nTizib-iil-Silhir'ni, etc. lie was a contemporary of Shaikji Rukn-uddiu 'Ala-uddaula. He died in a.d. 14S2, a.h. 887. [ Vide 'Abdul Razzaq.] Kamal-uddin Isma'il ( .^s\\A\^ J.^.'t^-jl), son of Jamal-iiddln Mu- hummad 'Abdul Razzaq, of Isfahan, a cele- brated poet of Persia, styled Malik-ush- Shu'ilra, that is to say, king of the poets, and is the author of a Diwan. In the year A.D. 1237, 2nd Jumada I. a.h. 635, on the 21st December, when (Jcj^tai Kliilu, the son of Changez Khan, invaded Isfahan and massacred the inhabitants of that city, he also fell a martyr. It is said that he was tortured to death by the Mugliuls, who expected to find hidden property in his house. Kamal - uddin Khujandi, Shaikh ti;: jjJ^jU.i), was a great Shaikh and IjTic poet, and a contemporary of Hafiz, who, though they never saw each other, much esteemed him, considering him and Salman Siiwaji as amongst the first poets of their time. He is commonly called Kamal Ivhujandi, born at Khujand, a town situated in one of the most beautiful and fertile districts of Persia. After having made the pilgrimage to Mecca he settled at Tabrez, a place which he foimd extremely agreeable during the reign of the princes of the family of Jalaj'er. The principal personages of Tabrez became his pupils, and he led a life of literary ease and enjoymeut; but when Tuqtamish Ivban sur- prised Tabrez, Shaikh Kamal was made prisoner, and was carried to Serai in Kajjjak by order of Mangd Ivhiin the grandson of Changez Klian, where lie remained four years, after which he was permitted to return to Tabrez, near which city the Sultan Awes Jalayer built him a house. Kamal did not sing the praise of princes in Qasida, nor did he write Masnawis, but only Gliazals and fragments. He died in the year a.d. 1390, a.h. 792, and was buried at Tabrez. A MS. of the Diwan of Kamal, which had been the property of a Sultan, is possessed by the Imperial Library at Vienna, and is a great treasm-e as a specimen of splendid writing, and also for the superbly executed miniatures which adorn it, illustrating the poems. These pictures are not more than a sipiare inch in size : there are two on each side of the con- cluding verse ; and though so small, represent with the greatest correctness, either alle- gorically or simply, the meaning of the poet. — Lublin University Magazine, 1810. KAMA. 208 KARA Kamal - uddin Masa'ud, Maulana of Shlrwan, a oelebrated logician and author of the marginal notes on the Sharah ilikmat Am. Kamal - uddin Muhammad-al-Siwasi ( ^-j'»aJ\ SA-Si'^ irj:! ^' ^ J ^'♦•- \ com- monly called Ilumam and Ibn - Ilumam, author of a commentary on the Hidaya entitled Fath-ul-Qudir HI ^Ajiz-al-Faqlr. It is the most comprehensive of all the comments on the Ilidili/a, and includes a collection of decisions which render it extremely useful. He died in a.d. 1457, a.h. 861. [ Vide Humam and Ibn-IIumam.] Kamal-uddin Muhammad bin-'Abdul Muna'im Jujari, Shaikh (^ jjl JU.^ an author who died in a.d. 1484, a.h. 889. Kamal-uddin Muhammad, Khwaja (^;»-l^^ J..^»-jsr* ^.i^sl\J)\.^), ibn- Ghayas-uddin Shirazi, was a physician and a poet, and flourished in the time of Sultan Ibrahim Mirza. For his poetical title he used Ibn-Ghayas. Kamal-uddin Musa bin-Yunas bin- Malik (jj^j^_ ^i J^-'r* CiJ.-'.'^'U^ « nLi» ^^i), name of an Imam, who ■was one of the most celebrated Musalraau doctors. Kamal-uddin Shah (il^ .,ja11 \\^). Vide Lutf-ullah. Kam Bakhsh (prince) (jil_sru^l^ }iS\j^), youngest son of the emperor 'Alamgir, a vain and violent young man, who had received from his father "the kingdom of the Deccan, but as he refused to acknow- ledge the sovereignty of the emperor Bahadur Shah, his eldest brother, and struck coin in his own name, that monarch, after attempting in vain to win him over by concessions, marched against him with a powerful army to the Deccan, and dcfcnted him in a battle near Ilaidarfibrwl, where K;lm Bakhsh died of his wounds on the same day in the month of February or March, a.d. 1708, Zil-hijja, A.H. 1119. His mother's name was Udaipurl Muhal, and he was born on the 25th February, a.d. 1667, 10th Itamazan, a.h. 1077. Kami ( ^IS), -whose proper name is Mirza Ala-uddaula Qazwini, was the son of Mir Yahya bin-'Abdul Lat.Tf, and is the author of the work called Nafdis-ul-Mdsir, a Biographical Dictionary of Persian poets. It contains notices of about 350 poets in alphabetical order. Most of them flourished in India during the reign of Akbar, to whom the book is dedicated. It was flnished in A.D. 1571, A H. 979, but there occur much later dates in it. He is supposed by some to have died in a.d. 1563, a.h. 97i", and by others in a.d. 15?3, a.h. 981, but the latter date appears to be correct. The discrepancy arises from the chronogram of his death, in which the number of the last word is con- sidered by some to be 60 and by others 70, a difference of ten years. [ Vide Yahya bin-'Abdul Latif.] Kamil (J,,l^), author of a poetical work, entitled Chirdghudma. It consists of Ghazals all of which rhyme in Chira gh (lamp), and the first letter of every verse of the first Ghazal is 1 or A, of the second <_> or B, and so on. Kamran Mirza {\-^ J^j^^), second son of the emperor Babar Shah, and brother to the emperor Humayiin, who, after his accession to the throne in a.d. 1530, a.h. 937, conferred on him the government of Kilbul, Qandahar, Gliazni and the Panjab. lie was deprived of bis sight by Humayiin when at Kabul in the year a.d. 1553, a.h. 960, on account of his repeated offences, and continually raising disturbances in the govern- ment. The operation was performed by piercing his eyes repeatedly with a lancet. Kamran bore the torture without a groan until lemon-juice and salt were squeezed into his eyes, when he called out "0 Lord my God ! whatever sins I have committed I have been amply punished in this world, have compassion on me in the next." Kamran eventually obtained permission to proceed to Mecca, where he resided three years and died a natural death in a.d. 1556, a.h. 964. He left three daughters and one son, named Abu'l Qasim Mirza, who was imprisoned in the fort of Gwaliar, and put to death by order of the emperor Akbar, his cousin, in the year a.d. 1565, a.h. 973. Kamran Shah (^.L^ ^^j-^"^), the present ruler of Herat, is the son of Mahmiid Shah, the son of Timiir Shah, the son of Ahmad Shah Abdali. On the death of his father, Mahmiid Shah (in a.d. 1829), he succeeded him on the throne of Herat. Kapurthala Rajah. Vide Nihal Singh, Karam (/♦i^), author of the Barhae Ilaidnrl, a history of .-\li and his son Ilusain in verse, composed in a.d. 1723, a.h. 1135. KAEI 209 KASH Karim (>J^0, poetical name of Mir Muhammad Kazim the son of Fikr. lie flourislied iu the time of Kiitljshah of the Deccan, and is the author of a Diwau. Karim Khan (^l_>- ♦.j^-O, tlie murderer of Mr. W. Fraser, Commissioner of Dehli. See Shams-iiddin Kliau (uawab). Karim Khan (^Id^ f^\J^^> ^ '^'^M'^^'^ chief, who surrendered himself to the British Government on the loth February, 1818, and received for his support the Tfdiiqa of Bui'hiapar iu the Gorakhpiir district, -which was held by his descendants up to the mutiny in 1857. Karim Khan Zand (jj • ^\z r--^ <). The history of Persia, from the death of Nadir Shah till the elevation of 'Aqa Muham- mad, though it occupies nearly half a centiu-y, presents no one striking feature, except the life of Karim Klian, a chief of the tribe of Zand. He collected an army chiefly composed of the different tribes of Zand and Mafi, defeated the Afghans in several engagements, finally drove them out of the country, and secured to himself the kingdom of Fars, or the southern division of Persia, while Khurasan partially remained in possession of the descendants of Nadir Shah ; and the countries bordering on the Caspian Sea were retained by Muhammad Hasan Khan Qajfir, ruler of Maziudariin, the great-grandfathn- of 'Aqa Muhammad Shah (jajar. Karim Kliau, after subduing his enemies, enjoj'ed inde- pendent power for twenty-six years; and during the last twenty, viz. from 17-59 to 1779, he had been, without a competitor, the acknowledged ruler of Persia. His capital was Shiraz. He died at an advanced period of life on the 2nd March, a.d. 1779, 13th Safar, a.h. 1193, being nearly 80 years of age. After his death ZakT Ivhan assumed the reins of government, and was assassinated two months after. Sadiq Khan, brother of Karim Khan, took possession of Shiraz after the death of Zaki Khan, and was put to death on the 14th March, a.d. 1781, 18th llabi' I. A.H. 1195, by 'All Miirad Klian, who now became the sovereign of Persia, and died on the nth January, a.d. 1785, 28th Safar, A.H. 1199. After his death Lutf 'Ali Klulu reigned for some years at Shiraz. He was defeated in 179'! and slain afterwards by 'Aqa Muhammad Klian Qajar, who took possession of the throne of Persia. Karim - uddin, Professor in Agra College, published in 1845 an Urdii Anthology which became very popidar. It is prefaced by a dissertation. Karshasp (( .vmjI^-^), or Garshasp, the son of Zii, and the last king of the first or Pishdadian dynasty of Persia. [Vide Zu.] Kart (lU^), kings of the dynasty of. Vide Shams-nddin Kart I. Kashfi ( iiAi), the poetical name of Shah Muhammad Salamat-ullah. He is the author of a Diwiin iu Persian, which was printed and published before his death in A.H. 1279. Kashfi ( ^i.A^), takhullus of Mir Mu- hammad Salah, who flourished iu the reign of the emperor Jahanglr, and is the author of a Tarjihband called 3Iajmua^ Riiz, which he composed in A.D. 1621, a.h. 1030, containing 270 verses. He died in the year a.d. 1650, A.H 1060, at Agra, and has buried there. Kashi, Mulla (L* ,<-i'^), surname of Kamal-uddin Abdii'l Ghanam 'Abdul Razzaq bin-Jamal-uddin, a celebrated doctor, placed amongst the Musalman saints, was author of several works. He died yoimg about the year a.d. 1320, a.h. 720. Kashi Rao Holkar {JXib ^j ^^^'^), the eldest of the four sous of Tukaji Holkar, after whose death in a.d. 1797 disputes arose between Kashi Rao and his brother Mulhar Pao, and both repaired to the court of the Peshwa at Puna, where, on their arrival, Daulat Eao Siudhia, with a view of usurijing the possessions of the family, espoused the cause of Kashi Rao, and macle a sudden and unexpected attack in the month of September on Mulhar Rao, whom he slew with most of his adherents. After this, Siudhia pretended to govern the possessions of the Holkar family in the name of Kashi Rao, whom he kept in a state of dependence and appropriated the revenue to his own use. A long contest ensued between Daulat Rao and Jaswant Rao Holkar, the brother of Kashi Riio, and con- tinued till the year a.d. 1802, when Jaswant Rao appears to have taken possession of Indor, the territory of his father. Kashifi ( Ji^^), the poetical name of Maulana Ilusain bin-All, also known by that of Waez or the preacher. He wrote a full commentary on the Quran in the Persian language. He M'as a preacher at the royal town of Herat in Kimrasan. He died in A.D. 1505, A.H. 910. \_Vide Ilusain Waez.] 14 KASH 210 KHAF Kashmere, kin"s of. Vide Shah Mir. Kasir {\'z f-ii), or Kathir Azza, one of the celebrated Arabian poets of the court of the Klialif 'Abdul Malik. Vide Jamil. Kathir {^^<). Vide Kasir. Katibi {^\^y et'^^), poetical name of ]\raulaua Sliams-uddin Muhammad bin- 'Abdullah-al-Xaishapiii'i and Tarshizi. He ■wrote a very beautiful hand, on wliich account he assumed the title of " Katibi." He came to Herat in the reign of Baisangliar Mirza, and afterwards became one of the best poets of the coiu"ts of the pi-ince Sultan Mirza Ibrahim of Shirwan, in whose praise he once ■wrote a panegyric, and received from that prince a present of 10,000 dinars. We have several of his works in the Persian language. In the latter period of his life he fixed his residence at Astrabad, and died there in a.d. 1435, A.n. 839. His works, which contain five poems, are called Majina'-til - Bahrain , the story of Nasir and Mansiir, which may be read in two different metres ; Dad Bab, JSusnwa IsJtq and Bahrain and Gulanddm. J»-.i), or Kayuk Kaus. Vide Kaikaus. Kayuk Qaan {^\\i u Kliiiu, was the son of Oqtai Qaan, the son of Changez Klian. He succeeded his father in January, a.d. 1242, a.h. 639, to the kingdom of Tartary, and his uncle Jaghtai or Chaghtai Qaan to the kingdom of Trans- oxiana, Badakhshan and Kashghar. He reigned one year, and died about the beginning of A.D. 1243, A. II. 640, when Mangii Qaan, the eldest son of Tiili Khiin, the son of Changez Khan, succeeded him and reigned nine years. Kazim Ali Khan (,^Li- Lc >J^1^ j«._*-x.s^). A physician of the Lodi period, who made a garden at Agra on the banks of the Janma opposite Ram Bagh. Some traces of this garden still remain called Hakim ka Bagh. It was made in the year A.D. 1551. Kazim, Hakim (^..»_.C_= r -l^l<), physician who had the title of Haziq-nl-Mulk and was the son of the Mujtahid Haidar Ali Tuslitari Najafi. He is the author of the work called Farah-n'nna I'dtima, which he composed iu A.I). 1737, a.h. 1150. Kazim, Hakim (^ Sahib. -C^ *.1^1^). Vide Kazim Zarbaya ( £i._.> l_j^, j ♦-Ijl^), a Persian poet ■who died at Isfahan iu the year A.D. 1541, A.H. 948. Kerat Singh {dL^^ c:-^-::^), second son of Mirza Eaja Jaisingli. Ho served under the emperor 'Alamgir, and after his father's death was honoured with the rank of 3000. He was living in the Deccau a.d. 1673, A.H. 1084. Kesari Singh (j.5ow-j ^j^S), Eiija of Jaipilir who lived in the time of Muhammad Shrdi, emperor of Dehli. Kesho Das Rather, Raja ( Jj ^t>^ i^\y i^fj'^j), who gave his daughter iu marriage to the emperor Jahangir, by whom he iiad Bahar Bano Begam. Khadija (jcsTArU), Muhammad's -wife. Although this is the correct pronunciation of the name, yet see under Khudyja. Khadim (^,^1^), the poetical name of Nazar Beg, a poet. He was a pupil of Muhammad Azfal Sabit, and died some time before the year a.d. 1760, a.h. 1174. Khadim (^u>ld-), the takhallus or poetical appellation of Shaikh Ahmad 'All of Sandila and son of Muhammad Hiiji. He is the author of several works, amongst ■which is one called A)ns-ul-^Ushshdq, an anthology. Ho flourished about the year A.D. 1752, A.H. 1165. \_Tidc Hasan bin-Muhammad Sharif.] Khaef Kashmiri, Maulana (cJ^lri- {^ly^ ^j^aJ^), a poet, Khafi (^il^), poetical title of Mir Abiil Hasan Klian, author of a poem called Chahdr Dervish. Khafi Khan (^^ -il^), whose original name is Muhammad Ilashim, was the author of the work called Tdrik/i Khafi Khan, which is also called Ilnntakhtb-ul- Lubdb, an excellent history of Iliudiistan, commeuciug with the invasion of the emperor Bahar Shah, a.d. 1519, a.h. 925, and continued to the accession of Muhammad Shiih ; compreheudiug the whole of the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir, also those of Bahadur Shah, Jahaudar Shah, Farrukh- siyar, and Rafi-ud-darjat ; all of which, except the first ten years of 'Alamglr's reign. KHAI 211 KHAL Colonel Dow was obliged to pass over, for Avant of documents. There are few works in the Persian language (says Stewart) so worthy of being translated. The author was a person of good family, who resided at Dehll during the latter part of the reign of 'Alamgir, where he compiled his history ; but in consequence of the well-known pro- hibition of that monarch he was obliged to conceal his intentions, and for some other causes did not publish it till the 14th year of the emperor IVIuhammad Shah, a.d. 1732, A.H. 1145. The work was well received, and the author was honoured with the title of Kliafi Khan, or the "concealed." [English extracts may be found in Dowsou's Elliot, vol. vii.] Khair - iiddin Muhammad, Maulvi ^LSyy* '-^'^-s'* i^j jJl .-.r^), author of the history of Jaunpur. Khair-un Nisa Khatun (L^.:..!! j.^^^- (jyl>-), a poetess, who was the daughter of the Qazi of Samarqand, and lived at Khvu-asau. KhajuCj^U.). F^i'(7e Khwaju. Khaki (^^l^), author of the Mimaqib- nl-'Arifui. This book contains the memoii-s of three very celebrated Siifi Shaikhs, riz. Khwaja Baha - uddiu, Burhan - uddin, and Jalal-uddin. The former of these was reputed a great saint, and was the founder of an Order of Sufis, distinguished by the title of Naqshbaudi. He died at Harafa in Persia, A.D. 1453, A.H. 857. The two others were authors of commentaries on the Quran, and were held in much veneration. The above- mentioned book was dedicated to Baha-uddin. Khaki Shirazi (^j|^_^.^ ^_^Ld-), author of a Persian Diwan. Khaksar (^l^^U.), poetical name of Shukr-ullah Xlian, who died in a.d. 1G96, A.H. 1108, and has left a Diwan. Khaldun (^,^[:^). Vide Khalidun. Khalid ihn-Barmak ( .,_j1 A_Il_d- I N— ■#._j) was the first of the Barmacides, who acted as wazir to Abu.'l 'Abbas Saffah. He was the grandfather of Ja'far, wazir to Harun-al-llashid. He died in the year a.d. 780 or 782, a.h. 163 or 165. Khalid ihn-Walid {s^\^ ^\ ^lU), who became a proselyte to j\Iuhammadauism in A.D. G30, and afterwards so terrible to the Greeks, was called from his courage, the Sword of God. In spreading the doctrines of the Quran, and the dominion of the prophet, he committed atrocious cruelties, and was at last cut off by the plague in a.d. 639, but according to Ockley's History of the Saracens AhvL Ubeda died that year, and Khalid survived him about three years, and then died. Khalid ibn - Yezid ihn - Mua'wia (jij Ij ^\ J^llz^). He is reported to have been the most learned of the tribe of Quresh iu all the different branches of know- ledge, and skilled in the art of alchemy. He died in a.d. 704, a.h. 85. Khalidi (t_5-\!lr^), surname of Abu'l Faraj, one of the first poets of the court of the Sultan Saif-uddaula Hamdani. He was a native of Ivhaldia or Clialdea, consequently he is called Khalidi. Khalidun (jj.j.ll~^), or 'Abdul Eahman bin - Muhammad bin - Klialidiin, smmamed Alhazrami, was an author and Qazi of the city of Aleppo when Amir Timnr took it, who carried him away to Samarqand as a slave, where he died a.d. 1405, a.h. 808. Khalif or Khalifa {l'siA^). This Arabic word (which signifies vicar or successor) , from which we have formed that of Klialif or Caliph, is the name of a sovereign dignity amongst the Musalmans, which comprehends an absolute power, and an independent authority over all that regards religion and political government. Not only the first four immediate successors of Muhammad, but the rulers of the house of Umayya (written by lis Ommaides), who reigned in Damascus, and the 'Abbasides, who reigned in Bagjidad, were also called Klialifas. There were in all 56 Khalifas, 4 of whom were of the house of the prophet, 15 of the house of Umayya, and 37 of the house of 'Abbas. Khalif or Khalifas (^i.A=^), of the house of Muhammad. See Abu Bakr Siddiq. Khalif or Khalifas (^^,*^ lL^:>-), of the race or Umayya, who reigned at Damascus. [Vide Mu'awia I.] Khalif or Khalifas {^\^z Aii^l>-), of the house of 'Abbus called 'Abbasi or Ablia- sides, who reigned at Baghdad. [r«/(-' Al-Safi'fih.] Khalil (J-i>.), the poetical title of All Ibr.lliim Til;. an, which see. KHAL 212 KHAN Khalil (Jj^), the poetical appella- tion of Mirza Muhammad Il)rrihTm, wliose title was A.salat Khun. He served imder the emperor 'Alamglr, and was living in Patna in A.D. 1690, A.n. 1102. He was a native of Klnirasan, but brought up in India. Khalil bin-Alimad (s^^] ^,^ JJ,^ o/^j), of Basra, a very learned man who is said to be the first that wrote on the art of writing poetry. He wrote several works and died about the year a.h. 175. Khalil ibn-Is-haq (jU--l ^\ JJ.=i.), author of a Mukhtasir which goes after his name. This is a work professedly treating of the law according to the Maliki doctrines, and has been translated into French by M. Perron and published in the year 1849. Khalil Khan (^l^ J-1^), a man- sabdar of 5000 of the court of Shah Jahan, but of a very bad temper. It was he who instigated 'Alamgir to confine his father Shah Jahan. He had built a fine house at Agra on the banks of the Jamna, of which some traces are still to be seen. Khalil, Maulana (U^J^ J-*-LrL), a poet of Persia, who fiourished in the time of Shah Tahmasp Safwi, and was living about the year a.d. 1539, A.n. 946. Khalil, Sultan (^ILL: J^i^), son of Shaikh Ibrahim Shirwani, ruler of ShTrwan. He reigned about the beginning of the 15th ccntiu-y of the Christian era. Khalil, Sultan (^IkL; J-»lr^ ), also called Mirza Ivhalil and Klialil-ullah, was the son of Miranshah, and grandson of Amir Timur, at whose death he, being present witli the army at Samarqaud, took possession of that country. This prince, who was a person of excellent temper and had many good qualities, might have preserved the power he had acquired, had not his violent love for Shad-ul-Mulk, a celebrated courtezan, whom he had secretly married, diverted him from the cares of government. He had scarcely reigned four years, when he was seized by the chiefs who had raised him to the throne, and sent a prisoner to the country of Kashghar in A.D. 1408, A.H. 811, where insteact of endeavoiu-ing to effect his release and recover his power, he spent the whole of his time in writing verses to his beloved mistress, who had been exposed, by the reverse of his fortune, to the most cruel indignities. He was at last released by Mirza Shahrukh his uncle, who had taken possession of his kingdom. and who not only gave him the government of Rei, Kum and Hamdan, but restored his l)eautit'nl mistress to his arms. After this lie lived two years and a half and died 0th November, a.d. 1411, 18th Rajab, a.h. 814, aged 28 years, and Shad-ul-Mulk, on the occurrence of this event, acted a part which has given fame to her memory — she struck a poniard to her breast : and the lovers were buried in one tomb in the city of Rei. Khalil-ullah (d\.\\ J^lcU), the Friend of God, a title of Abraham the patriarch. Khalil-ullah Hirwi, Mir (^]]\ JA:>~ j^ ^*^ib), a descendant of Shaikh Na'mat-ullah Wall. Khalil-uHah Khan (^l^ i^\ J-.U), entitled Umdat-ul-]\Iulk, brother of Asalat Kliau illr BakhshI, served under the emperor Shall Jahan, was appointed go^•ernor of Delill about the year a.d. 1653, a.h. 1063, and was raised to the rank of 6000 in the first year of 'Alamglr, a.d. 1058, a.h. 1068. He died on the nth February, a.d. 1662, 2ud Rajab, A.H. 1072. Khalil-ullah Mirza (Ij^.^ <^]J1 J-1^). Vide Klialll Sultan. Khalis {^\=>.), the poetical name of Imtiyaz Khan of Isfahan, which see. Khallikan (^lL-_Lr^). Vide Ibn- Kliallikau. Khamosh {^^^\s^), poetical name of Rile Sahib Rfim of Dehll. He was for some time Tahslldar under Mr. Jonathan Duncan in Beuaras. He has left a large Dlwan. Khan ((jLrJ-). This word, which appears to be a corruption of Qaan, is a Turkish title and means powerful lord. The most powerful kings of Turkistan, of Great Tartary and of the Kliatayans have borne this title. Changez, the great conqueror, had no other, and it makes even part of his naine, for he is called by the Orientals, Changez Klian. It means the same as Kliakan or Qaan. Khan {^^J^S-), the poetical name of Mirza Sharif. Khan 'Alam ( JU ^^U-), title of Mirza Barkhurdar, son of Mirza 'Abdul Rahman Dauldi, a nobleman who served imder the KHAN 213 KHAK emperor Shah Jahan aud was raised to the rauk of 5000 ; he was also in favour under 'Alamg'Tr (Aurangzeb). In the latter part of his life, he was pensioned by the emperor and received one lac of rupees annually. He had a house and garden in Agra on the banks of the river Janma built of red stone touching the northern Biu'j of the Rauza of Tajgauj in a spot consisting of 50 bighas. In tlie latter part of his life he was raised to 6000 aud appointed governor of Bihar. Khan 'Alam ( JU ^U^), title of Jkhlas Khan, the sou of Ivhcau Zaman Shaikh Nizam. He served uuder the emperor 'Alamgir aud was raised to the rank of 5000 iu a.d. 1689, A.H. 1100, with the title of Khiui 'Alam. In a.d. 1696 the rank of 6000 was conferred on him. After the death of that emperor he espoused the cause of 'Azira Shah aijainst his brother Bahadur Shah, aud fell iu battle A.D. 1707, a.h. 1119. After his death his son was honoured with the same title. Khanam Sultan (,^Lk.L^ >.jl.ri.), a daughter of the emperor Akbar, married to Muzaffar Husain Mirza, the sou of Ibrahim Husain Mirza, in a.d. 1593. [The word is the feminine of Kliau, as Begam is of Beg.] Khan 'Azim ( Ji^ ^U-). Vide 'AzTm Klian. Khanazad Begam (^x-j jUcOU-), the sister of the emperor Babar, was five years older than he. Another daughter of 'Umar Shaikh was Melir Biino, eight years younger than Babar. Another claughter was Yadgar Sultan Begam, whose mother name is Agha Sultan Ghunchichi ; the fourth daughter was named lluqia Sultan Begam, whose mother's name was Makhduma Sultan Begam, who was also called Qara Qur Begam ; the last two daughters were born after the death of their father. Khanazad Khan {\s>- t)ljAjL>-). Vide Ivhan Zaman Bahadur aud Eiih-ullah Klian. Khanazad Khan (ijl>- jU<*jlri-), son of Sarbulaud Kliau, was governor of Peshawar in A.D. 1723, A.H. 1135. When the govern- ment of Allahabad was conferred on his father by the emperor Muhammad Shah, iu a.d. 1732, A.H. 1145, he was deputed to act for him as governor of that province. Khan Bahadur LS^^ \J^^), ?on of Raja Mittra Jit of Patna. He is the com- piler of the Work called Jdma^ Bahadur Khaiii , an epitome of European Sciences in the Persian language, including treatises on astronomy, optics, and mathematics, and copious tables of logarithms for natural numbers, siues, tangents, etc., also of a small octavo volume of Perspective called '■Ilm-ul- Mamzarat, iu the Persian language, which he presented to the Asiatic Society in a.d. 1835, A.H. 1251. Khan Bahadur Khan. A descendant of Hafiz Rahmat {q-v.) who was sub-judge of Bareli in 1857, aud took advantage of the Sepov mutiny to assume power there. He committed many crimes, but was di-iven out at the end of the year. The date of his death is uncertain. Khan Bahadur Khan(|^lrk ,t^LJ .Irk.), the sou of Jalal-uddin Ivhau, the son of Hafiz Rahmat Klian. Vide Masruf. Khande Rao G-aeqwar (.^, j_j_\jl^.^ .^ JaS ), Eaja of Baroda. He died in A.D. 1870, and was succeeded by his brother Malhar Rao, the deposed (1875) Raja of Baroda. Khande Rao Holkar ( Cli^^^ lJ^^), the only son of Malhar Rao Holkar I. He was killed in a battle at Dig agaiust Siiraj Mai Jat in a.d. 1754, many years previous to his father's death, aud left an only son. Mall Rao, who succeeded his grandfather and died nine mouths after. \_Vide Malhar Rao I. aud Ahlia Bill.] Khan Duran I. {^^ ul;^^ c;^-^), whose proper name is Shah Beg Klian Kabuli, was an Amir iu the time of the emperor Akbar. He received the title of Kliau Dourau from Jahaugir iu the year a.d. 1607, a.h. 1016, aud was appointed governor of Kabid. He died iu Lahore in the year a.d. 1620, A.H. 1029, aged 90 years. Khan Duran Khan II. {^>*d j^l-ri. L-^.:^" c:.^.*2.J j'u(^lr5-), Nasrat Jang, title of Khwaja Sabir, sou of Kliwaja Hisari Naqshbaudi. He was an officer of state in the sernce of the emperor Shah Jaliau and held the rank of 7000. He was stabbed one uight whilst asleep by a young Kashmeriau Brahman whom he had converted to IMuhammadauism, aud died after a few davs on the 12th July, a.d. 1645, 27th Jumada 1. A.H. 1055, at Lah(U'e. His remains were transported to Gwaliar aud buried there in the cemetery of his ancestors. KHAN 214 KHAN Khan Duran III. ( r' ^\ ,.j,.,i u' ^^,l>. lUj.^.)), Nasrat Khan, son of Khfiu Dom-fm Xasrat Jang. lie held the rank of 5000 in the reign of the emperor 'Alamglr. In the Littvr'part of his life he was appointed governor of Orissa, which post ho held for several years and died there a.d. 1CG7, A.H. 1077. Khan Duran IV. {*j\>- J^j.d J.^). Vide Abdus Samad Khfiu Bahadur Jang. Khan Jahan (^L^==- J^-^), title of Ilusaiu Quli Peg, a inansahdar of 5000 in the reign of the emperor Akbar. He was appointed governor of Bengal after the death of Munai'ni Khan, about the year a.d. 1576, A.H. 984. lie defeated, took prisoner, and slew Daiid Khan, the ex-king of Bengal, who had attain rebelled against the emperor, and sent his head to Agra the same year. Khan Jahan died at Tanda in a.h. 1578, a.h. 986, and was sncceeded by Muzaffar Ivhan. Governors of Boif/al. a.d. Klifiu Jahan 1576 Muzaffar Khan 1,579 Kilja Todar Mai 1580 Klian 'Azira 1582 Shrdibaz Kiian 1.584 Raja Miiu Singh 1589 Qutb-uddin If, 06 Jahanglr Quli \mi Islam Klian 1G08 Qasim l\h;ui 1G13 Ibrahim Kliau 1618 Shah Jahan 1622 Kliauazad 1(;25 Mnkarram Khan 1626 Fidai KJiau ir,28 Qasim Klian Jobuu 1628 'Azim Jvban 1G32 Sultan Sliuja' 1G39 Mir Jurala 1660 Shaista Klian 1G64 Fidai Klifm 1G77 Sultan Muhammad 'Azim . . . 1678 Shaista l\iirin 1680 Ibrfdiim Klian 1G89 Mirza 'Azim-us-Shau .... 1697 Khan Jahan Barha (^L„::=- .,1.^ ljfc;lj), title of Sayyid Muzaffar Khan of Barha Zilla Muzafarnagar, au offieer of the rank of 6,000, who died in the time of tlie emperor Shfih Jahan at Lahore, a.d. 1645, A.D. 1055. Khan Jahan Kokaltash (j^iLp- .1:^ ^^-i~j_j-j ), whose proper name was ]\rir IMaJik Ilusain, the son of Mir Abu'l Ma'ali K]iwafi. lie Avas a nobleman of hinh dignity, and being the foster-brother of the emperor 'Alamgir, thought himself superior to all the other 'Umra. He was appointed governor of the Deccau in a.d. 1670, a.h. 1081, and promoted by that monarch about the year a.d 1674 from the rank of 700 to that" of 7000 horse, and the title of Khfin Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash Zafar Jaug. His former title was Bahadur Kliiiu. He died on the 24th November, a.d. 1697, 19th Jumada I. A.H. 1109. He seems to be identical with the author of the Turildk Asdm or the Iiivanioii of A sain. Khan Jahan Kokaltash Khan Zafar Jang- (^l^ J^cA^y<: ^L^,.5r cj^-^ L— C.x.js- ..iiJi'), a title of All Murad, a foster-brother of Jahandar Shah. In the time of Bahadur Shah he was honoured with the title of Kokaltash Khan, and when Jahandar Shiih ascended the throne, the rank of 9000 was conferred on him with the title of IChiln Jahan Zafar Jang and the office of Mir Bakhshigari. But he did not long enjoy this high station, for he soon after fell in the battle which took place between his master and Farrukh-siyar a.d. 1713, a.h. 1125. Khan Jahan Lodi (^J^! ij^^ sJ^^^^X an Afghan probably of obscure birth, but with all the pride and ambition of his nation in India. He is by some said to have been a descendant of Sultan Bahlol Lodi, and by others of Daulat Ivl_an Lodi Shahii Ivbail. He had held great military charges, was raised to the rank of 5000 in the reign of the emperor Jahangir, and comraauded in the Deccau under prince Parwez at the time of that prince's death. On the accession of Shah Jahau, he entered into a close intimacy with his late enemies, aud seemed to be aiming at independence. He was at last killed, to- gether with his son, in an engagement with the royal troops on the 28th January, a.d. 1631, "1st Rajah, a.h. 1040, and their heads sent as a most acceptable present to Shah Jahan. An affecting account of his death may be found in the third volume of Dow's History. The lYirikh Khiln Jahan Lodi, Avhich is also called Makh^an Alghanl, con- tains the memoirs of this chief, written by Ilaibat Ivhiin in a.d. 1676. [Tide Sketcli of History of Uindfistdn.'] Khan Jahan Maqbul, Malik (^^iLd-. L-nA.^ J».-..ii.^ i^L^^^:>-), entitled Kawam-ul-Mulk, was the prime minister of Sultan Firoz Shah Biirbak, Avho ascended the throne of Dehli in a.d. 1351. He was originally a Hindii by name Kattu. On his conversion to Muhammadanism in his youth, Sultan Muhammad, the predecessor of Firoz Shah, changed his name to Maqbiil, and appointed him to the government of Multan, He afterwards became Naib M-azir xmder the KHAN 215 KHAQ •wazlrsliip of Kjiwaja Jahau, whom he at first supported in his attempt to place a son of SuJtan Muhammad on the tliroue, but went over to Sultan Firoz on his approach to Dehli, and was appointed by him wazir of the kingdom. According to the historian Shamsi Siraj Afif, he died in the year a.d. 1374, A.H. 776, but by others in a.h. 772. After his death his son Jahau Shah was honoured with his place and title of Klian Jahau by the king, who placed as much con- fidence in him as he had done in his father. He filled the otfice of prime minister for twenty years. Khan Khanan (^LjL:>. i^^-^)- This word is a title of houour, and means Lord of Jjords. Bairam Khan and his son 'Abdnr llahim Kliau, both ministers to the emperor Akbar, aud several others were honom-ed with this title. Like the later title, Amir-ul- Amra, it originally implied military command of the highest raiik, but became an honorific title in later days. Khan Mirza (}\j-^ ^Jl_rs>.), ruler of Badalchshan, was the son of Snltau Mahmud Mirza, the son of Sultan Abu Said Mirza, a descendant of Amir Taimiir. He died in A.u. 1521, A.H. 927, leaving behind a son of seven years of age named Mirza Sulainiau. Khan Mirza was a cousin of the emperor Eabar, who on Mirza's death appointed his own son Humayiin to that government. Khan Mirza (U^ uJ^-^), surname of 'Abdur Rahim Khan (q.v.), Klian Khunan in the time of the emperor Akbar. Khan Zaman i^^\ u;^), title of 'Ali Quli Ivhan ; he and his brother Bahadur Khan were the sons of Haidar Sultan Uzbak, who was an ofllcer of state in the service of the emperor Humajnin. In the reign of Akbar Shah, these two brothers, for their good services, were raised to higher ranks and honoured with the post of jagirdar of Jauupiir and the lower provinces. They at last raised a rebellion in the name of the emperor's brother Mirzil Hakim, which induced the emperor to march against them with a large force ; a battle ensued wherein both brothers were slain. This event took place on Monday the 9th June, a.d. 1567, 1st Zil-hijja, a.h. 974, at a place some distance west of Alla- habad, which ou account of this victory was named Fathapur. The date of this transaction is commemorated in the words ' ' Fatha Akbar Mubarik," i.e. May this great victory be prosperous. Khan Zaman (,^L-), title of j\[ir Khalil, second son of 'Azim Khiln the brother of 'Asaf Khan Ja'far Beg, and son- in-law of Yemin-uddaula 'Asaf Kjiiin. He served imder the emperor Shah Jahan for several years, aud iu the reign of 'Alamgir was raised to the rank of 5000. At the time of his death he was governor of Malwa. where he died a.d. 1684, a.h. 1095. Khan Zaman Bahadur (^\^^•. (^^^ .jl_.^,_.0, whose former title was Khanaziid Kliau and ])roper name Mirza Aman-ullah, was the eldest son of Mahabat Klian, the smmame of Zamaua Beg. He was an ofiicer of state in the time of the emperor Jahangir, and was appointed governor of Bengal a.d. 1625, a.h. 1033. In the first year of Shah Jahan, the rank of 5000 was conferred on him Avith the title of Khan Zaman Bahadur. He was a good poet, and is the author of a work, called Majiiwa, con- taining the history of all the IMuhammadau kings who reignei in different parts of the world before his time, and of a Diwiin. He died in Daulatiibad in a.d. 1637, a.h. 1047, in which year Baqir Khan also died. His poetical name was Amani. Khan Zaman Fatha Jang ( .U ; ^^:>. L,S^^ ^:) was the title of Shaikh Kizam Haidarabadi. He at first served under Abii'l Hasan ruler of Haidarabad for several years, and then left him and was employed Ijy the emperor 'Alamgir. In the year a.d. 1689, a.h. 1100, he took prisoner Sambha, the IMarhatta chief, together with his wife and children ; on which account he was raised to the rank of 7000 with the above title. He died A.D. 1696, a.h. 1108. Khaq.an (^Ijslr^), the title of Changcz Khan and his descendants. It means an emperor in the Turkish dialect. Khaqani ( jliU^), a celebrated Persian poet surnamed Af zal - uddin Ibrahim bin - 'All Shirwaui. He was a native of Shirwan, aud the pupil of Falaki the poet. He flourished in the reign of K.haqan IMauuchchr, prince of Shirwan, who conferred on him the title of Khiiqaui. He is the author of the book called Tuhfdt-ul-Irdqhi, a poetical description of the two provinces of 'Iraq 'Ajam and 'Iraq 'Arab, composed by him wliile travelling through them on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He is considered the most learned of the hTic poets of Persia, and Avas called " Sultan -ush- Shu' ar a" or king of poets. He is also the author of a Diwan, according to Daulat Shah, and the book called Haft Aqllm. He ched at Tabrez in the year A.D. 1186, a.h. 582, and is buried at Surkhab, where, close to his tomb, Zahir- uddin Faryabi and Shah Ghafur Naishapiiri are also interred. The chronogram of the year of his death, given in the work MiiMhir- ul- Wasilin, shews that he died in a.d. 1199, A.H. 595. KHAR 21G KHAY Kharag Singh, Maharaja {d^iu^ ^j^ jI.£^), i.e. the lady of paradise, a title of Fiitima, the daughter of Muliamniad, and wife of 'Ali. Khatun Turkan {Jiy ^y^^)- This name or title means the " Turkisli lady," and was always given to princesses of Turkisli descent. The wife of Sultan Maliksliali SaljiikI bore the same title. She was the mother of Mahmiid, a boy of four years of age, whom slie raised to tlie throne after the death of her husband in a.d. 1092, a.h. 485, but he died soon after, and Larkayarak liis eldest brother mounted the throne. The wife of Sultan Saujar Avas also called Kliatun Turkan. She (lied in a.d. 1156. Khawari (^,^l.r^), poetical title of Mir 'Abu'l Fatha. Khawas Khan (^1=^ ^\^'), an amir in the service of Salim Shah, justly renowned for personal courage, strict honour, great abilities in war, and extensive generosity, was long driven about from place to place on account of his fighting against the king in favour of his brother 'Adil Shah. He at last took protection with Taj Klian, governor of Sambhal, who to ingratiate himself with Salim Shah basely assassinated him about the year a.d. 1551, a.h. 958. His body was carried to Dehli and there interred. His tomb is frequented to this day, by the devout who number him among their saiuts. Khawas Khan (^Iri- (^l^ri-), an amir in the service of the emperor Jahangir. He had a jagir in Kanauj, and cHed there in the year a.d. 1521. Khawind Shah or Khawand Shah (_->^«l AJii aJjI.:>.), also called Mir Khawand, and Amir Klian, and Shah, a celebrated Persian historian, known amongst us by the name of Mirkhond, as he calls himself in the preface of the life of Mu- hammad, but his true name at length is ]\[ulianimad biu-Khiiwand Shahbin-Mahmud. He is the author of the work called liauzat- ns-Safd, the Garden of Purity. He was born towards the close of the year a.d. 1433 or the beginning of 1434, a.h. 836 or 837. His father's name was Saywad Burhan- uddin Kliiiwaud Shah, a native of Mavarunnahr, after whose death he found means to be introduced to the excellent Amir 'Alisher, prime minister to Sultan Husain Mirza of Herat, from whom he experienced every mark of kindness and encouragement, and to whom he dedicated the above work. He died at Balkh after a lingering illness on the 23rd June, A.D. 1498, 2ud Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 903, aged 66 years. There is no Oriental work (says Sir H. M. Elliot) that stands higher in public estimation than the Rauzat-ns- Safd. This work is written in seven books. Tlie author had just completed the 6th book when he died, and his sou Klionda Mir wrote the 7th book, and finished it in a.d. 1523, A.H. 929. [The Itauzat-us-Safd was trans- lated by the late David Shea, and published with illustrative notes by the translator, for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland in 1832. It is little more than a prose epitome of the Shdhndnw.'] Khayal ( Jl^d-), the poetical title of j\Iir Muhammad Taqi, author of the work called liostdn Khai/dl, the Garden of Imagi- nation. He flourished about the year a.d. 1756, A.H. 1170. KHAY 217 KHON Kliayali (^jlisT SL^), of Bukhara, a pupil of Kliwaja 'Ismat-uUah, and tliougli he spent the gi'eater part of his life iu his native country he was two years at Herat in the service of Mirza Ulugh Beg, during whose reign he died and left a Uiwan. Kliazini (i an astronomer whose proper name was 'Abdul Eahmiiu. Khink Sawar (.'^ L-^^:^). Vide Sayyad Ilusaiu Kliiuk Sawar. Khirad {j>j.:^^, the poetical name of Efiqir Kashi, which see. KhitalDi {^Al:^), the poetical title of Shall Isma'il SafaAvI I. Kliizr Khan (A ^' J- .), king of DehlT. Firishta says that both the authors of the Tabkat Mahmild Shdhl and the Tawdrlkh Mubarik style him a Sayyad or descendant of the prophet. His father Malik Sulaiman was governor of Multau, and he succeeded him in that office. He defeated Daulat Klian Lodi iu a battle, and having taken him prisoner ascended the throne of Dehli on the 4th June, a.d. 1414r, loth Rabi' I. A.H. 817. He died after a reign of seven lunar years two mouths and two days on the 4th June, a.d. 1421, 17th Jumada I. a.h. 824, and was succeeded by his sou Mubarik Shah. Kliizr Klian did not assume the title of emperor, but professed to hold the empire for Shahrukh Miiza the son of Amir Taimiir, in whose name he struck coins. T/tc follow ill ff is a list of the kiiir/s of the ith or Sfii/i/ad Bi/iiaslij of Lchli. A.n. A.U. Khizr Ivhan, a Say3-ad . began 1414 !3l7 Mubarik Shah, son of Kliizr Khan 1421 824 Muhammad Shah, the son of Farid, the son of Khizr 1434 837 'Ala - iiddin, sou of Muhammad Shah, the last of the Sayyads, Avho abdicated iu favour of Bahlol LGdi 1446 819 Khizr Khan, (^^^ -), the son of Sultan 'Alii-uddin Kliilji. This prince fell in love with Dcwal Devi, the daughter of Eai Karau, Riija of Gujrat, and married her. The history of their love is written in a poem, entitled Ishqia, by Amir Khusro. [_Vide Kula Devi.] Khizr Khan Khwaja (^L^ ^.:>- is>-\^), a descendant of the kings of Kashghar. He served under the emperor Humayuu, who gave him his sister, named GiUbadan, in marriage, and appointed him governor of Lahore and afterwards of Behar, where he died about the year a.d. 1559, a.h. 966. Khizr, Khwaja {£^\y>. j.J.:>-), name of a prophet who, the Orientals say, is still living, and sometimes appears to travellers who have lost their way. He is said to have accompanied Alexander the Great to the dark regions of Zulmat, where he was told he would find the Water of Life. Khojam (*:?-»^), the poetical name of Khwaja Sultan, the author of a poem iu Urdu containing the story of Shamshad Shah, dedicated to Sa'adat 'Ali Klian, the Nawab of Lucknow, about a.d. 1798. Khondamir (^,,lj,j^ri.), the son of the celebrated Amir Khawand Shah (Mirkhoud). His full name is Ghayas-uddiu Muhammad bin-Hamid-uddin Khond Amir. He is the author of the history called KJiiddsat-uI- Akhbdr, which is considered to be an abridg- ment of the E(iuzat-us-Safd; this book he wrote in a.d. 1498, a.h. 904, and dedicated it to Amir ' Alisher his patron. He was born, says Sir H. M. Elliot, at Heriit about the year a.d. 1475, a.h. 880, for he states iu the preface to the Hablb-ns-Siar that when he commenced it in the year a.d. 1521, a.h. 927, he had advanced through seven or eight stages beyond the fortieth year of his life. It was after the name of his patron Karim-uddiu Habib-iillah, a native of Ardibel, that he entitled his work Habib-us-Siar. Besides the above mentioned works, he composed the Mdsir-ul-Maluk, the AMbdr-itl-Akhidr, the Dastur-ul-Wazra, the Mukdrim-ul-Akhldq, and the Miiiitakhib Tarlkh Wassdf. There are tAvo other works ascribed to him, called GJiardeb-ul-Asrdr and Jmcdhir-id-Akhbdr. lie was compelled to leave Herat on account of the distm-bed state of the country in a.d. 1527, a.h. 933, and afterwards took a jom-ney to Hindiistan iu company with Maulana Shahab-uddin the punster, and Mirza Ibrahim Qaniim, esteemed the most literary men of the age. On Satiu-day the 19th September, a.d. 1528, 4th Muharram, A.H. 935, they reached the metropolis of Agra, and were introduced to the emperor Babar Shah. They were loaded with presents and directed to remain iu futine about his person. Kliondamir accompanied tlie emperor on his expedition to Bengal, and after his death attached himself to his sou Humayuu, iu whose name he wrote the Qaiiuii Ilumdydm, which is quoted by Abii'l Fazl iu the Akbar- KHUB 218 ivHim iinma. He afterwnnls apro]n])auii'(l that monarch I'rom Khaudesli to Maudii in pursuit of Bahfulur Shah Gujrati, and in that expedition lie died. This event took place in A.i). 1535, A.H. 942, some time after the death of his friend Maulana Shahah- uddln, who died the same year. By his own request his body was conveyed to Dclili, and Avas buried by the side of Nizam-uddin Aidia and Amir K[uisro. The 7th and last book of the Rauzat-us-Safa was written by him. Kliub (, 'ts^), tlie poetical appellation of Ivamal-nddin Shistani, the author of a mystical niasuawi in the Gujrati dialect, composed in a.d. 1578, a.h. 98G. He also Avrote a Persian translation and commeutary on it in a.d. 1582, a.h. 990. Khuban or Khubu. Vide Qutb-iKldIn Kokaltfish. Kliiib-ullali, Sliaikli ( ^-^-^ i\\\ ■), of Allahabad, sru'uamed Shaikh Muhammad Yahia, was the nephew and son-in-law of Shaikh Afzal of that place, whom he succeeded ou the masnad of Irshad, that is to say, as a spiritual g'uide. He died at Allaha- bad on ]\Iouday the 1st November, a.d. 1731, a.h? 1144, and his son Shaikh Muhammad Kasir, whose poetical name was Fazll, succeeded him. Kliub-ullah is the author of several works. Khuda Banda U^ui \s:>~). Videlilxi- hammad KJiuda Eauda. Khuda Banda Khan {^s>. ifjkij Lvd-), son of Amir-ul-'Umra Shaista Khan. In the lifetime of his father he held the Fauj- darl of Bahraich with the rank of 1000, and after his father's death, in a.d. 1694, he was recalled to the presence, and was married to the daucfhter of Jumlat-iil-Mulk Asad Khiin. In the year a.d. 1700, a.h. 1112, he was appointed governor of Bidar in the Deccan by the emperor 'Alamgir, and subsequently of Karuatic Bijapur. After the death of Riih-ullah Khan II. in a.d. 1703, he was honoured with the post of grand steward of the household with the rank of 2500 horse. At the time of 'Alam- glr's death, he held the rank of 3000. He espoused the cause of 'Azim Shah against his brother Bahadur Shfdi, and died of his wounds a few days after the battle in June, A.D. 1707, A.H. 1119. Khudyja (^LsTA-^-), or Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad. She was a widow and dealt in merchandise. She had employed Muhammad for some time to drive her canu'ls, and afterwards married him. iMidiammad had several children by her, but all of them died young, excepting three daughters, one of them was Fatima, who was married to 'All. After her marriage with ^Muhammad she lived 22 years, and died at ]\Iecca three years before the commencement of the Ilijri era, and three days after the death of Abu Talib the father of 'All, and uncle of Muhammad, in August, a.d. 619, aged 62 lunar years. Biu'ckhardt informs us that the tomb of Kliudyja is still remaining, and is regularly visited by pilgrims. It is enclosed by a square wall, and presents no objects of curiosity except the tombstone, Mhich has a tine inscription in Kufic characters, contain- ing a passage from the Quran, from the chapter entitled Silrat-nl-Kursl. Khurdadbih {ijJ\Jijr-^^' ^^^'^ wife of Mirzii Sulaiman Badakhshi. Khurram, Mirza 0;^ rV^^' original name of the emperor Shah Jahan {q.v^ before he came to the throne. KHUR 219 KHUS Khurslied Mirza, Nawab ( jk.-,«i) ,^.ri~ c__jLJ \\j^), son-in-law to the late Nawiib Said-'iiddaiila, eldest snu of Nawab TMumtaz - uddaiila, Ealiadur, of Liicknow. He died on the 19tli Jauuary, a.d. 1875. He had a "Wasiqa of 1200 rupees per annum, ■which, it was understood, would be continued to his widow, then a young woman of 20. Kliiirsindi {^s.'^^j-:^), a poet of Bukhara, and author of the Kauz-nl-fihardeh, a commentary in verso on the MuMtasir of Ahmad Jlansixri, Avhich can be read in different metres. Khuslidil ( Jjk^»3>-), poetical name of Maulvi Mustafa 'Ali K_han. Khushgo (».^.^».ri-), poetical title of 'Amar Singh of Leuarcs, which see. Kliushgo (..^^»-r^), poetical name of Bindraban, a Bauia, who was a native of Benares. He is the author of a Tazkira called Safliiae Khusht/o; the title is a chronogram, and consequently contains the date when he completed it, i.e. in a.d. 1734, A.H. 1147. He was a piqjil of 'Arzii, who byKliushgo's request in a.d. 1742, a.h. 1155, made some glosses and added a preface to it. \_Vidc also Amar Singh of Benares.] Khushi ( ^j-^), poetical title of a poet. Khushtar (y;^»ri-), the poetical name of a poet who was the son of Mirza Muham- mad Afzal Sarkhush. Khushtar {yxJ^^6^), poetical name of Munshi Jaganuath, a Kayoth of Lucknow, and author of the Rdnnlyan in Urdu verse translated from the Bdhkhd of Tulshi Das, in the year a.d. 1852, a.h. 1268. IVidc Tulshi Das and Girdhar Das.] Khushwaqt Rai (. ,-^). He was for many years the agent and intelligencer of the British Government at Amritsar after the treaty with Maharaja Kanjit Singh, which was concluded in the year a.d. 1809. Date of death uncei-tain. Khusro, Amir ( _^^-«1 , ..Au.;i^ ), one of the most celebrated poets of Hindustan, who served under several emperors of Dehli, and wrote 99 poetical works. His father Anilr Mahmiid Saif-uddlu, a Turk of the tribe of Lachiu, came from Balkh to India and iixed his residence at Patiala, where Kliusro was born in the year a.d. 1253, a.h. 651. Kliusro died six months after the death of Nizam-nddin Aulia, who was his spiritual guide, and was buried close to his tomb at G]iayaspur in old Dehli. His death happened in September, a.d. 1325, Ramazan, a.h. 725. Kliusro unfortunately lived at a period, says Sir H. M. Elliot, when vice was triumphant throughout Hindustan. He, how- ever, had the happiness, during the last few years of his life, to see a just prince, Ghayas- iiddiu Tughlaq, on the throne, whose virtues he has commemorated in his history called Tughlaq-ndma, though he survived him but a few months. The following among his poems are particiUarly admired by his countrymen, and are thought to rival those of the most esteemed poets of Persia. 1. Tuhfat-ul-Saghir. 5. Hasht Bahisht. 2. Shatt-ul-Hayat. 6. Sikandar-uama. 3. Gliurrat-ul-Kamal. 7. Eisala Xasr. 4. Baqia Xacjia. Besides these there are several other poems, viz. Kuli Sipehr, or the nine spheres, a beautiful mystical poem ; the Qirdn-us- Sa'dvn, or the auspicious conjunction, a poem in praise of Sultan Mn'izz-uddin Kaiqubad, king of Dehli, and his father Nasir-nddin Baghra Khan, king of Bengal, who came to visit him. The Mnqdia, containing memoirs of the first four Khalifas, \iz. AKi Bakr, 'Umar, ir.sman and 'Ali, with a treatise on the Siifi tenets, written in a.d. 1324, the Ishqia, a collection of poems on love sub- jects; the Matla' -III- Anwar, on the Siifi doctrines, and his Diwan, which is held in great estimation in India, containing poems chiefly on mystical theology and divine love : many of them have been set to music, and are chanted by the devotees or Siifis ; frequently producing extravagant ecstasies, termed by them wajd, or spiritual delirium. The Kliamsa or the five celebrated books of Amir Kliusro, which contains about 18,000 verses, are the following : 1. Hasht Bahisht. 4. Lnili-wa-Majnim. 2. Sikandar-nama. 5. Sliirin-wa-Ivluisro. 3. Pauj Ganj. Included in the 09 books which Kliusro is said to have written, besides the above- mentioned, are the following : 1. Aijaz Klinsrowi. 4. lush ae Amir Ishusro. 2. Aina Sikandari 5. Jawahir-ul-Bahr. 3. Ivhizir Ivhani. Khusro Malik (L-XL* j^^>-), son of Ivliusro Shah, was the last Sultun of the race of Ghaznavides. He ascended the throne at Lahore after the death of his father iu a.d. 1160, A.H. 555, was defeated in a.d. 1184, A.H. 580, by Shahab-uddin Gliori, then governor of Ghazni, who took him prisoner and sent him to his brother (ihayas-uddin to Firuz Koh, where he died after some years. KHTJS 220 KHTJZ Khusro Malik. A converted Hiudu, Avlii) held possession of the throne onthedeatli of Mubarik Slifili I\lul ji (q.v.). lie called him- self Ivlmsro iSlifih ; but after a brief orgy ^yas ovcrtiuowu and slaiu by Ghazi Beg Tu gh laq A.D. 1321. [_Vi(k Gliayas-iiddm] Khusro Malik (i Cl.,* »j..>^:i^), the brother-iu-hnv of Sultan Muhammad Shah I. Tughlaq, whose sistta- named Kluidawandzada he had married. He had ouce formed the project of taking the life of Sultan Firoz Shah, the successor of Muhammad Shah, by concealing a number of persons in the rooms adjacent to where the king sat, but the king was saved by Dawar Malik, the son of Khusro Malik, who made a sign to him that danger was to be apprehended, upon which lie left the room and took refuge on the top of the house. Kliusro Parwez (j~i^^_ ^^-u..;;-), tlie son of Ilurmuz III. (or IV.) king of Persia of the Sassauian race. He, by the assistance of the Roman emperor Maurice, after defeating Bahram Chobiu, his father's general, who had taken possession of the kingdom, ascended the throne of Persia a.d. 591. The moment he was Hrmly established on the throne he fulfilled in a most faithful manner the engage- ments he had entered into with his ally, and publicly adopted the emperor Maurice as his father ; but when that emperor was slain in A.D. 603 he instantly declared war, on the grounds of avenging his benefactor. His generals invaded the Roman territories ; Dara, Edessa, and other strong places on the frontier, were soon subdued ; Syria was completely pillaged, Palestine overrun, Jeru- salem taken, and the true cross, which had been enclosed in a golden case and buried deep in the earth, is said to have been discovered, and borne in triumph to Persia. His reign of more than 30 years was marked by a success never surpassed by the most renowned of his ancestors. Persia was, how- ever, invaded by Ileraclius the Roman emperor, who defeated the troops of Kliusro Avherever he encountered them, and marched, in one direction, as far as the Caspian, in another to Isfahan ; destropng in his pro- gress all his splendid palaces, plundering his hoarded treasiu-es, and dispersing, in every dii'ection, the countless slaves of his pleasure. The subjects of Kliusro now lost all regard for a monarch whom they deemed the sole cause of the desolation of his country: a conspiracy was formed against him ; he was seized by his eldest son Sheroya or Siroes; his 18 sous were massacred before his face, and he was cast into a dungeon, and soon afterwards died or was put to death in A.D. 628, A.H. 7, after he had reigned 38 years. The glory of the house of Chosroes (Nausherwan) ended with the life of KJiusro ; his unnatural son enjoyed only eight months the fruit of his crime. The Muhammadan authors say that Kliusro had received an epistle from Muhammad, in- viting him to acknowledge Muhammad as the apostle of God. He rejected the invi- tation, and tore the epistle. "It is thus," exclaimed the Arabian prophet, "that God will tear the kingdom, and reject the sup- ])lications of Kluisro." The historians of IMuhammad, says Gibbon, date this embassy in the seventh year of the Hijra, which commenced the 11th May, a.d. 628. Their chronology is apparently erroneous, since Kliusro died in the month of February of the same year (Gibbon, vol. viii. p. 205). Khusro Shah (^l^j,^^^), a descendant of the ancient kings of Badakhshiin, whom Babar Shah defeated about the year a.d. 1505, and took possession of his country and made it over to his cousin Klian Mirza. Khusro Shah (il^ ^ ..u*.^), surnamed Xizam-uddm, was the son of Bahram Shah of GhaznT. He succeeded his father at Lahore in a.d. 1152, a.h. 547, and died there after a reign of seven years in a.d. 1160, A.H. 655. He was succeeded by his son Khusro Malik. Khusro Shah (iLi> .. Malik Khusro. O. Ftde Khusro, Sultan (\l2l^^j^:>~), the eldest son of the emperor Jahangir ; was born in the mouth of August, a.d. 1587, Raraazan, a.h. 995, at Lahore. His mother was the sister of Raja Man Singh, the sou of Raja Bhagwau Das, and after the birth of KJiusro she got the title of Shah Begam. He died in the Deccan on the 16tli January, A.D. 1622, 13th Rabi' I. a.h. 1031, aged 36 lunar years, and his remains are said to have been transported to Allahabad, where his monument is to be seen in a garden surrounded by masomy -walls, called the garden of Sultau Ivhusro, or " Kliusro -Bagli," and where his mother Shah Begam is also buried. The dome over his tomb has a pathetic iu- scription of several Persian verses, and contains the chronogram of the year of his death in the words " Faiz Laeq." It is related in the work called 3Iaasir Qutb Shdhl that Khusro was strangled by a man named Raza by the order of Shah Jahan his younger brother. Khuzai ( xljv~-), a celebrated author, descendant fnmi a tribe of Arabs called Kliuzaa [Vide Abii 'Abdullah Muhammad biu- Husaiu-al-Ivhuzal.] Khuzaima (cU*j ' rs-), a companion of Muhammad. KHWA 221 KHWA Khwaja Baqi Billah (^^l^ . dj^U:>-). Vide Saujari. Khwaja Hasan Basri {^^s>- As>-\^.d>- ^^). Vide Hasan Basrl. Khwaja Hasan Sadr Nizami (A;>-L^ ^^^l-iij .w\.«j ^-uj-.s^), author of the ■work entitled T('/J-Hl-Mafisir, wliicli he dedi- cated to Sultau Qutb-uddiu Aibak, kinsj of Dehli, about the year a.u. 1208, a.h. 605. Khwaja Hashim Kashmin {^^p^\^.:^ , (•k/i.^M^ r \sb), author of a Persian ■work eutitk^d Zuhdat-id-Miiqamat, contaiuiug the (pretended) miracles of Ahmad Sarhindi, a Muhammadan saint, and others. Khwaja Husain Marwi {d^:>-\^^:>~ ^jy* ^-.*ut:5-), a native of Marv in Persia, was an excellent poet. He flourished in the time of the emperor Akbar, and -n'rote chronograms at the birth of Sultan Shah Miirad, second son of the emperor, who was born in the year a.d. 1570, a.h. 978. He put the Sbirjhasan Battlnl into Persian verse, but did not complete it. He is the author of a Diwan. Khwaja Husain Sanai (^^juu»^ &.^\^:^ ^_jSj^^ ^j^S), of Mashhad. He and his father were proteges of Sultan Ibrahim Mirza. He flourished about the beginning of the 11th century of the Hijra, left Qasidas and a Masnawi called Sadde Sikandnr. Khwaja Husain Sanai {^^^^.s" ^^.r^ i^pliJ) a Persian poet, and son of Ghayas-uddln Muhammad. He came to India in the time of Akbar, died in a.d. 1588, A.H. 996, and left a thick Dnvun. Khwaja Ibrahim Husain (iL:?-^».:>. ^m:>- **J&UjO. Vide Ibrahim Hu- sain (Kh'waja). Khwaja 'Imad (jUj: ct.:s-^y>.). Vide 'Imad Faqlh. Khwaja Imami(-<1^^ i.:>-\^:i^), author of a story in Persian entitled 3IdH Dohafta. He was a contemporary of Mirza Qatil. Khwaja Jahan (^^L^rs- Jl;>-1».:^), honorific name of Malik Sarwar, foimder of the race of the kings of the East, or Sharqi dynasty of Jaunpur. The different rulers ■who have governed in the provinces of Jaunpiir and Antarbed (territories south of Dehli lying between the rivers Jamna and Ganges)' are styled by historians the Sliarqi kings. It appears from the Tawdrlkh Mil- bdrik SJifihl that Sultan Muhammad Sliah, son of Flroz Shah Tughlaq, king of Dehli, created one of his ermuchs, named Malik Sarwar, his prime minister, and honoured him with the title of Khwaja Jahan ; that upon the death of Muhammad Shah, and on the accession of his son Sultau Mahmixd Shah Tughlaq, a boy of ten years of age, iu A.D. 1394, A.H. 796, he ■was appointed governor of the Eastern provinces of the empire, viz. Qauaiij, Audh, Kara and Jaunpiir, the latter of which he made the seat of his government. The reign of MahmM Shah was interrupted by serious internal commotions ; and Khwaja Jahan taking advantage of these circumstances, and perceiving the weakness of the government arising out of the king's minority, assumed the title of Malik-ush- Sharq (king of the East), foimded an in- dependent kingdom at Jaunpiir, and died in the year a.d. "^1400, a.h. 802, after a short reign of six years. He was succeeded by his adopted son" Malik Wasil or Qaranfal, who assumed the title of Mubarik Shah Sharqi, and died in a.d. 1402, a.h. 804. After his death his brother Ibrahim Shah Sharqi succeeded liim, and died about the year a.d. 1441, A.H. 845, after a reign of more than forty years. He was succeeded by Sultan Malimud Shah Sharqi, who died in a.d. 1452, A.H. 856, and left the kingdom to his son Muhammad Shah, who was killed in battle about the year a.d. 1458, a.h. 861 or 862, when Husain Shah, his brother, succeeded lum. He had several battles with Bahlol Lodl, king of Dehli, and was at last obliged to seek refuge in the coiu't of Sultan 'Ala- uddin, king of Bengal, where he died in a.d. 1499, A.H.905. There are at Jaunpiir several fine specimens of Pathan architecture — chiefly Mosques — dating from this djTiasty. [For details vide Imperial Gazetteer, in voc. Jaunpiir.] Khwaja Jahan (^L,5p <^-l»^), an Amir or Mansabdar of 5000, who died in the time of Jahangir, in the year a.d. 1619, a.h. 1029, at Lahore. Khwaja Jahan (^^L;-.:*- d.^\y>.). Vide ]\Iahmiid Gawan. Khwaja Kamgar ( ,li^«l^ cLjj-I.^). Vide Ghairat Khan. KHWA 000 KHWA Khwaja Kirmani ( Jt«i' ii^\y>-), an excellent rersian poet of Kirmfuiia, ?ur- named l\Ialik-iil-Fuzl:l, or kini;- of the learned. He assumed for his poetical title Kliwaja and Kliwfiju ; was contemporary with Sa'di of iShiraz and a disciple of Shaikh 'Alii-uddin SaniuanI, whom he outlived, and died some years after a.d. 1345, a.d. 747, for he com- pleted liis Gauhar-nama in that year. He has Avritten ahout 20,000 verses, and one of his poetical compositions is called Bumfie Humrn/foi. Mir or Amir Kirmani and Ah mad Kirmani were also two Persian poets. [_Vi(lc Kirmrnii.] Khwaja Mansur Qarabuqa (j^^l^ri. ^^c ^^^}ji j^*^*'*), a poet of Tiis in Khurasan who flourished in the reign of Shahrukh Mirza, and Avas employed by the Prince 'Ala-ud-daula. He died a.d. 1450, A. II. 854. Khwaja Mansur SMrazi (d^l»-ri- t_j:L*-i) ,»^J...'«), also called Shah Mansiir, an excellent accountant who served under the emperor Akbar in the capacity of Dlwan, and afterwards as his wazir for four years. He was accused of embezzlement by Raja Todarmal, Birhal and others, as he said, on account of his being too strict with them ; and was imprisoned and afterwards impaled on the 27th February, a.d. 1581, 23rd Mu- harram, a.h. 989, on a supposition that he had been carrying on a correspondence with Mirza Muhammad Hakim {q.v.) half brother of Akbar, who had at that time invested Lahore. Khwaja Masa'ud {dyt.Mj^ ap-^_jri-), of Bak. rif^fc' Masa'iid (Khwaja). Khwaja Masa'ud (jyc.^^ l.:>-\y:>~), a poet who died in the year a.d. 1131, a.h. 525, and left three thick Diwaus, one in the Persian, one in the Arabic, and one in the Hindustani language of that day. He is the earliest Musalman poet who wrote in Hindu- stani of Avhora we have any account. Khwaja Masa'ud (^Vr-t^,* d^^\y<-), a poet of an illustrious family of Kun, and one of the most celebrated writers of Mas- nawis in the last cycle of the greater Persian poets. He chose the admired subject of Yiisuf and Zalekha for one of his poems. He was called to Herat in the time of the Sultan Husain Mirza, to celebrate the events of ills reign in verse, and appears to have devoted himself to the task in a somewhat voluminous manner, for he wrote 12,000 lines of a poem on the sul)ject dictated ; and would, perhaps, have added as many more, had not death put an end to his enthusiasm. He was the author of many admired poems, among others, A Dispute bcttcccii the Sun and the Moon, and Between the Fen and the Sivord. He flourished about the vear a.d. 1480, a.h. 885. Khwaja Mua'zzam {J^x^ ^j>'\t.:>-), a man of a very mischievous character, was the brother of Hamida Eauo Begam, and husband of Bibi Fatima, the emperor Akbar Shah's aunt. He was banished the kingdom several times for improper behavioiu", but he soon returned ; and when in the year a.d. 1564, A.H. 973, he killed his wife, he was thrown into prison, where, by the command of the emperor, he was put to death in a.d. 1565. Khwaja Muhammad Athim (tL:>-l4>- j^\ J*,^..s:*). Vide Abd-ul-Stimacl- IChan. Khwaja Muhammad Baqi (a.p-1*.^ Jl) uV*..sr*). Vide Muhammad Baqi (Ivhwaja). Khwaja Muhammad Muqim (Ar^^»ri- jf^'i-t SA-si'"*). Vide Nizam - uddin Ahmad. Khwaja Nasir ( .-.^j A:>-\^:>-), author of the works called Bustdn-uI-EirHm and Aost'if-nl-AiihrCif. Khwaja Nasir (^Ij A;>-1^:>.), a poet who was a contemporary of Salman Sawaji. Khwaja Nasir (.^li i^\^<^), whose poetical name is 'Andalib, was the father of Mir Dard the poet. Khwaja Nizam-ul-Mulk(>lliJ i,p^\^S^ CS-1^\), minister of Sultan Alp Arsaliin. Tide Nizani-nl-]\rulk. KhwajaParsa(L;.b Ji^Lri.), surname of Muhammad bin-Muhammad Hafiz Bu- khari, author of the book called FazI id- Kitdb fd Mitltuzardt, containing the memoirs of all the celebrated Sufi Shaikhs of the Na. .jIj'_>- ^-'^ >-'i). Ti(^<^ Rustam (ICliwaja). r KHWA 223 KEIS Kh-waja Sadr Nizami (.s^ <5.:p-1»ri-. ^^llij), author of the book called TdJ-iiI-JIdsir. He is also called Ivhwfija Hasan Saclr Nizami. Khwaja Sliakir Nasir-ucldin 'Abd- ullah (j^U Lye j^jaIJ^^Ij^I^ c'^\y^.), one of the greatest saints of Turkistan. Khwaja Wafa (\ij A:?"l_jd-), Khwaja Sara of Shah Jahau. Khwaja Zain-ul 'Abidin 'All 'Abdi Beg Nawedi ( jAjUH ,.^\ A^U^- i^'^j'j ^— ^ lJ^-t^ 15^ X of Shiraz, was for many years Mustaufi or Secretary of State in Persia. He was particularly distinguished as a writer of Masuawi, and composed two Khamsas in imitation of Nizami. He is also the author of several other works, one of which is called Jam Jamshed, and has left three Dlwans ; the first is caUed Ghurrai GJmrra; in this he uses his poetical name of Nawedi, in the second of 'Abdi. He died at Ardibel in a.d. 1580, A.H. 988. Khwaja Zikaria (Ij^.^'j i^^S^i^)^ son of Khwaja Muhammad Aliia, a nobleman of the time of the emperor Jahangir. Khwaju Kirmani ( J'^*^ »r;-l»rk). Vuh Khwaja Kirmaui. Khwansari or Khonsari (^ t^J^^), poetical name of Mir Abul Fatha. Khwansari (^LjI^^). /"WcHusain KliGusfiri. Khwarizm {^\j\^d>.), kings of. Tide Qutb-uddin Muhammad, son of Auvishtakim. Kirmani (^U_^), a native of Kir- mania. Tliis is the surname of several authors, and amongst others of Ya'kiib bin- Idiis, who died in the year a.d. 1430, a.h. 833. [Vide Khwaja Kirmani.] Kisai, Hakim {^S^ J^O, a cele- brated poet and physician of JIarv in Persia, who Avas born on Wednesdav the 23rd jMarch, A.D. 953, 27th ShawM-al, 'a.h. 341. The year of his death is not known. There was another Kisiii, whose proper name was Abiil Hasan, who was one of the seven eloquent readers of the Quran, and died a.d. 796, a.h. 180. Kishna Raja (i,>-\j L^O, of Mysore. J^idc Krishna Raja. Kishn Chand (a.:^.?- (J-^), whose poetical appellation was Ikhlas, was the son of Achal Dils Kliattri of Dehli, whose house was the resort of the learned. Klshu Chand, after his father's death, applied liimself to poetry, and became the author of a Tazkira or biography, entitled Hamesha Bahar, i.e. Eternal Spring, which he compiled in the year A.D. 1723, A.H. 1136. It contains, in alpha- betical order, an accormt of about 200 poets who flom'ished in ludia from the time of Jahangir to the accession of Muhammad Shah. [See Ikhlas Khan Ikhlas Kesh.] Kishn Singh, Kachwaha (^^io^ ^y^^ Eaja of Kislnuigarh, and eldest brother of Eaja Suraj Singh Ratnor, who served under the emperor Jahangir, to whom his sister was married. Ki.shn Singh was slain by his brother Sm-aj Singh, a.d. 1615, a.h. 1024, in the 10th year of the emperor Jahangir, who was married to his sister, by whom he had Shah Jahan. Kishtasp (, ^JcJlS). Vide Gashtasp. Koehak (L-Xr^^i'), poetical name of Prince Mirza "Wajih-uddin, who died in the East, though his remains were brought to Dehli and buried close to the Dargah of Sultan-ul-Mashaekh. which is about 6 or 8 miles distant from Dehli. Krishn {^jJ^J), a god of the Hindus, was in the world in the time of the Kam-as and Pandus, or the 7th centm-y after the commencement of the Kalijug, according to this sill 5k: "When something more than 650 years of the Kalijug were expired, then were the Kauras and Pandxis, in whose time the Great War took place." Krishna Raj Udawar ( i.^J.^ J^j l^^), the lineal descendant of the ancient family of Mysore, whose power Haidar 'AH Khan had usurped in the year a.d. 1761. But after the defeat and death of TipH Sidtan, and the departure of his sons from Seringapatam to Vellore, Mysore was divided between the Nizam and the English. The English took the southern portion and the city of Seringa- patam, by which accession their territory reached from sea to sea. The Nizam took an equal portion on the north-cast. Some cUstricts on tlie north-west, equal in vahie to more than half of eacli of their own portions, were offered by the allies to the IMahrattas, which they refused to take, and they were divided between Nizam and the English. The re- mainder was given to Krishna llaja, then a KUAR 224 KYJA child of three years of age, -who was raised to tlie throne of liis ancestors on the 30th June, A.D. 1799, and Purania, a Brahman of great aliility and reputation, who had been the chief iinancial minister of Tipii, was appointed Dhvan to the young prince by the British Government. lie was, in hiter days, created Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India. He died on Friday the 27th March, a.d. 1868, aged 72 years. His adopted son, Chamrajaindra Odawar, Avas recognized and proclaimed as Maharaja of Mysore. The young Maharaja being a minor, the government and ad- ministration of the territories of Mysore were, during his minority, conducted under the direction of the Commissioner. The state •was made over to Odawar dynasty a.d. 1881. Kuar Singh {a^:^ Ji'-^^' ^^ Kunwar Singh, of Jagdispur, a rebel of 1857, was killed in battle in May or June, 1858. Kublai Khan {^=>- A-^£), gi-eat- grandson of Chaugez Ivhfm. Vide Qablai Khan. Kudsia Begam. Tide Udliam Bai. Kukab (l_^.^.^), poetical name of Munshi Mahdi, in the service of Nadir Shah, author of I)nrr-i-Nddira, Tarikh i\^«fi?irF, and a poem entitled Nddir-nama. Kukab (k_^$'^.0, poetical name of a poet who died in the year a.d. 1840, a.h. 1256. Kula Devi or Kawaldah {i_s%ii^ ^5^), the beautiful wife of Rae Karan, Eaja of Gujrat, which place was taken by Sultan 'Ala-uddiu Khilji in the year a.d. 1297, a.h. 697, and among the captives was Knla Devi, M'hom the king married. Iler daughter Dewal Devi was also taken captive in the year a.d. 1306, A.H. 706. A few days after her arrival, her beauty inflamed the heart of the king's son, Kjiizr Hian, to whom she was eventually given in marriage. The history of the loves of this illustrious pair is written in an elegant poem called Ishkia, composed by Amir Kliusro of Dehli. Mubarik Shah, in the second year of his reign, put to death his brother Khizr K]ian, who was imprisoned at Gwalifir, and took Dewal Devi to be his wife. \_Vide Khizr.] Kura Mai, Chondhari (J. ^ ^jj— ^ i_5\..jfcj..>-), author of the story of Kamriip, a poem in Persian verse. He died on the 16th May, a.d. 1848. Kuthari Bukhari (^.lisr; ^p^), an author who died in the year a.d. 1475, A.H. 880. Kya Muhammad (a.a.<:"» \^). Vide Buzurg Umaid. Kyjaptu (^u-.saO, second son of Sultan Abqa Khan, the son of Halalii Klian, the Tartar king of Persia. He was raised to the throne by the voice of the majority of the Amirs on the death of his brother Ar gli iin Klian in March, a.d. 1291, Eabi' I. a.h. OUO. The resentment of a personal injury led Baidii Klian, a grandson of Ilalakii Khan, to rebel against him, and the unfor- tunate monarch was, after a short stnig<;-le, made prisoner, and jnit to death in January, A.D. 1295, Safar, a.h. 694. Baidii Klian succeeded him. L LABI LAL Labid (-vJ\ whose full name is Abu A'qil Labid bin-Eabiat, was one of the most distinguished Arabian poets, and one of the seven whose verses constituted the Mua'l- laqat, a series of ^Jrizes suspended in the Ka'ba. He was still an idolater when Muhammad commenced publishing his laws. One of his poems commenced with this verse : ' ' All praise is vain which does not refer to God: and all good which proceeds not from Him is but a shadow;" no other poet could be found to compete with it. At length the chapter of the Quran, entitled Bardt, was attached to a gate in the same temple, and Labid was so overcome by the verses at the commencement as to declare that they could only be produced by the inspiration of God, and he immediately embraced Islamism. When Muhammad was apprised of the con- version of Labid, the finest genius of his time, he was exceedingly delighted, and requested him to answer the invectives and satires of Amra-alkys and other infidel poets who wrote against the new religion and its followers. The following sentence, one of the finest which ever fell from the lips of an Arab, is also attributed to him. — "All is vain which is not of God." Labid is said to have lived to the age of 140 years, and died at the city of Kufa in 141 of the Hijra (a.d. 758) ; but there seems some mistake in the year of his death. Vide Ockley's History of the Saracens. Labid is supposed to be the friend and tutor of Amra-alqai, commonly called Kaisand Majniin, the lover of Laila. Laohhmi Bai (^U ^^aj^,A), the wife of Malhar Rao, Eaja of Baroda, who married her under suspicious ciiTumstances ; a child was born in 1874 and it has been recognised as legitimate. Lachhmi Narayan ( ..jKlj ^^^,.si), of Benares. He is the author of a biography or Tazkira called Gul-c-lia^nd. Lachhmi Ram {Aj ^^^), a Hindu who was a poet and had adopted the word "Suriir" (happiness) for his poetical appella- tion. Laddardeo (y j«^ .\!), a Euja of Telangana who became tributary to Sultan 'Alu-uddin Sikandar Sani in the year a.d. 1310, a.h. 710. Ladli Begam (^.^..^j Ji^J) was the daughter of Shaikh Mubfirik of Nagor, and sister to Abii'l Fazl the minister of the emperor Akbar. She was married to Nawab Islam Khan, who had been governor of Bengal about_ the year a.d. 1608, a.h. 1017. She died at Agra, and is supposed to have been buried there in the cemetery of her father, which is now called Rauza Ladli. Laila, or Laili (,^^L!), the name of the \^ " mistress of the celebrated Majniin, whose original name was Qais. These two lovers are very famous throughout the East. Laila was the daughter of a neighbouring Chief. She was equally accomplished with her lover ; and nothing seemed likely to disturb the happiness which their permitted attachment promised, till the avarice of her father destroyed at once all their hopes. Laila was commanded to think of Qais no more, as she was destined to be the bride of one more rich and powerful ; and in spite of the grief and remonstrances of the unfortunate pair, they were separated. Qais became insane from disappointment, and his name was therefore changed to Majniin (the distracted). Death at length put a period to his miseries, and his faithful mistress soon followed him, leaving her cruel parent to his late and vain remorse, and the memory of these victims of avarice to eternal honour and regret. Laiq, or Layiq (^Jj)), the poetical name of the author of the poem called Bastar Ilimmat, containing the story of Kamriip in Persian verses, which he dedicated to Himmat Klian Bahadur his patron. He completed this work in a.d. 1685, a.h. 1096, and found the chronogram of that year to be contained in Himmat Klian. Lais, or Laith ((.J-^-J) is the proper name of a brazier, who by his valour raised himself to the highest posts in the dominions of Darham, who then reigned in Sajistan. He left three sons, Ya'qiib, A'mru, and 'Ali, of whom the first, called Ya'qub bin-Lais, was founder of the dynasty of the Safarides. Lai (JB, a celebrated Hindu poet; Jl. temp. Aiurangzeb. He wrote a history of Cliatr Sal (-\j J.:.^ J!l!), a Sikh chief and paramour of Ranjit Singh's widow, Chand, or Jindan. After the death of Raja Jawahir Singh, the office of prime minister remained vacant for some time and was disposed of by lot to Lai Singh in November, 1845. tal Singh lived at Agra as a state prisoner for several years ; and died at Dehra about a.d. 1870. Laludln (^j J»!^'), the younger IS'awab of Najibabad, who turned rebel in 1857, and was hanged in April, 1858. Lama'i ( «;t^^) (also called Lama'l Bukhari, because he was a native of Bukhara). His proper name is Mahmud bin 'Usman, and he is the aiithor of the works called Sharaf- ul-Insdn, Ihrat-nama, and Shamn'iva-Far- ivdna, in the Turkish language. He died in a.d. 1533, A.H. 940. He was a pupil of SoznI. Largiran Gun i^^S ^.^SJ). Vide Ahlia Bai. Lashkar Khan (^lri~ .Ll.!), a noble- man of the court of the emperor Jahangir. Lashkar Khan (^;l:>- ^-ClJ), a noble- man of the court of Jahangir and Shah Jahan who held the mansab of 5000. He had built his house near Naiki Mandi on a spot of 20 bigas which had a large gate. Latafat Khan (^l^ ci—ilL!), favourite eunuch and general in service of Nawab Asaf- uddaula, viceroy of Audh, sent in command of contingent destined to assist Shah Alam {q.v.) in 1775. He was captured and blinded, byMirza Shafi, in 1783. Latif-unnisa Begam (l,w^jjl i cJJ *il«j), a widow of the late Nawab Shams- ul-' Umra and Wikar - ul - ' Umra ' s mother, died at Hydarabad Deccan on the 24th August, 1864," at the good old age of 74 lunar years, having survived her husband only sixteen mouths and thirteen days. She was buried with great pomp in the sepulchre of her husband. Law, the Mtishir Las of native his- torians, son (or nephew) of the famous financier of the French Regency. Served in Madras and Bengal against Clive, and taken prisoner by Carnac at the battle of Gaya, 15th January, 1761. His son was a distinguished French General under the First Empire ; the Marquis de Lauriston represents the family. Date of death unknown. Lilawati ( _OI.-J), Vide Bhaskar Ar chary a. Lisani (Maulana) (U^*.-* j^l-^J), poetical name of Wajlh-iuldin 'Abdullah Shirazi, a son of Mir Muhammad Mushk- farosh. He died at Tabrez according to Klnishgo in a.d. 1583, a.h. 991, and left a Diwan containing 4000 verses. Lodi {^^^\), a tribe of Pathans or Afghans in India. Vide Klian Jahan Lodl. Lonkaran (^.C-Ji ). Vide Eai Lonkaran. Luhrasp (t :U^J), the son- in-law of Kaikaiis, and successor of Kaikhusro, king of Persia. He was the fourth king of the Kavanian dynasty, and obliged both the rulers of Tartary and of China to do him homage, lu his time Bakht un-Nasar (Nebuchadnezzar) , the governor of 'Iraq, took Jerusalem, and carried away into bondage such of its iuliabi- tants as were not put to the sword. Luhrasp is fabled to have reigned 1 20 years, and was succeeded by his son Kishtasp or Gashtasp, wlio is believed to be the Darius Hystaspes of the Greeks. Luhrasp (i._^^\ jji), original name of Mahabat Klian, the second son of the cele- brated Mahabat Kliixn Jahangiri. He bad been governor of Kabul for several years in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, but was recalled to the court about the year a.d. 1670, and shortly after ordered to command the army of the Deccan in the room of Maharaja Jaswant Singh, who was recalled. A luythical writer, supposed to have written a thousaud years before the Cliristian era, and said to liave been contemporary with David the kinji; of Israel. lie is held to be the greatest of the Oriental moralists, and held in tlio highest esteem by the Orientals for his wisdoui and virtues ; even ]\Iuhammad speaks of him in the 31st chapter of the Quran, which is called Sura Lttqiiidn, with Luqman Hakim (*.-.JL LUTF 227 LUTF profound reverence. Luqman's msdom, like Solomon's, is supposed to have been of divine origin. One day as he was in his room, working at his trade (he was a carpenter) , several angels invisibly entered and saluted him. Luqman, hearing voices, looked around him, but not seeing anyone made no reply. The angels then said : We are messengers from God, thy Creator and ours, who hath sent us to thee to inform thee that He designs to make thee a monarch and his vicegerent on earth. Luqman answered : If it be the absolute will of God that I shall become a monarch, that will must be accom- plished ; and I trust that he will grant me grace to execute Ilis commands faithfully ; but if the liberty of choice be given me, I should prefer abifUng in my present con- dition ; the only favour that I ask from God being, that he would preserve me from offend- ing Him, for were I to offend Him all the dignities of the earth would be but a burden to me. This reply was so agreeable to God that he at once tjestowed on Luqman the gifts of Knowledge and "Wisdom to a degree hitherto unparalleled. The Maxims of Luqman are ten thousand in number ; and " any one of these," says an Arabian commentator, " is of much greater value than the whole world." His wisdom and the striking morality of his fables are so like those of ^sop that he is considered by some to have been the original author so called. Lutf. Literary name of Mirza Ali Khan {q.v.). Lutf (» dy), the poetical name of Mir Amman, a Hindustani UtIc poet, and one of the learned natives formerly attached to the College of Fort William. He is the author of the Bcigli-o-Bahnr, a simple version of the Naiititrz Miirassa in Urdu, completed in a.d. 1802, A. H. 1217. Lutf 'Ali Khan (^l=i. ^z i-jik! ), the eldest son of Ja'far Klian, king of Persia, whom he succeeded in the year a.d. 1788; had several battles with the troops of Aqa Muhammad I\han Kachar, by whom he was defeated, taken prisoner, and afterwards murdered in a.d. 1795. He was the last prince of the Zand family. Lutfullah {d]]\ » ak!), a Muhammadan gentleman, who was born in the ancient city of Dharanagar, in Malwa, on Thursday the 4th November, a.d. 1802, 7th Rajab, a.h. 1217. His father ilaulvi ]\Iuhammad Akram was a Muhammad of the sacred order, a descendant of Shah Kamal-uddin, who was a great saint of his time in the province of Malwa, being the spiritual guide as well as general preceptor of Sultan ]\[uhammad Khilji, during a period of 30 years. Alter his death the Sultan built a magnificent mausoleum at the western gate of the city, and endowed therein a shriue to the memory of the holy man ; opposite to it he caused to be raised another edifice, surmounted by a superb dome, which was intended as a resting- place for his own mortal remains, and there they still repose. LutfuUah proceeded to England as secretary to Mir Ja'far 'All the son-in-law of Mir Afzal-uddin, Nawab of Siirat in March 184-1, and after his retm-n from England he wrote his adventures in 1854, entitled the Autobiography of LutJuUah in English, and dedicated it to Colonel W. S. Svkes, F.R.S., London, and published in June 1857. Lutfullah Khan (^\^ tdH i^J-k!), son of Sa'duUah Khan, wazir of the emperor Shah Jahan. After his father's death in A.D. 1656, A.H. 1066, though he was then only eleven years of age, the mansab of 700 and 100 sawars were conferred on him. In the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir he was raised to a higher rank, and died at the time when that emperor was engaged in conquering the fort of Gandana in the Deccan. This event took place on the 28th December, a.d. 1702, 18th Shabau, a.h. 1114. Lutfullah Maulana (Ij^!^^ &^\ c-iU), a native of Xaishfipiir in Persia. He was an excellent poet and flourished in the time of Amir Timur. The poet Shaikh Azuri has mentioned him in his work called Jatvdhir ul-Asrdr. He is the author of the Tankh Shdhrukh, which is an abridgment of the history of Amir Timur, with memoirs of the first nine years of the reign of his son and successor Shahrukh Mirza, to whom he dedicated the work a.d. 1413, a.h. 816, and died the same year. Lutfullah Muharamad Muhaddis hin- Ahmad ( ,j ^A^^ i^\ L_cy author of the work called 'Asmdn SaMiXn, a rhymed abridgment of the Tazhira Da/thif Shft'/iL We are informed in the preface that Faezi Kirmani rendered the Tazkira of Daulat Shah in Persian verses in the reign of Akbar and altered the division of the original, making ten periods instead of seven ; Lutfullah, who was a contemporary of Am-angzeb 'Alamgir, remodelled this version and added two periods more to make the number correspond with the signs of the Zodiac ; and in allusion to it, he gave it the above title. It consists of 250 verses ; every verse contains the name of a poet. Lutfullah Sadik. An Ansari of good faniilv, wlio held high ollice under the Emperor Muhammad Shfdi (a.d. 1710-48). Lutf-unnisa Begam (,^^< \^\ i^J^), the wife of Siraj-uddaula, Nawab of Bengal. She was murdered in the time of Nawab Ja'far 'Ali IChau with several other women of the house of the late Nawab in June 1760. M MADA MADH Madaini (^uA^^^), a celebrated his- torian who was a native of Madein in Persia. Madan Pal, Maharaja (Jl.*Jjv_* ^s^\y^^), G.C.S.I., of Ivaraull, died of cholera on the 17th August, 1869. This event deprived Rajpiitana of one of the best of her native rulers. The Maharaja having died without a son, the Go^'ernment of India recognised Lachhman Pal, sou of his younger brother Birhan Pal, as successor to the Eaj of Karauli. Madari Mai (J.^ ^_c^U.,«), a Hindu and author of the work Badfri/a-iil- Fan/In, containing forms of letters on different subjects in Persian. Madar Shah (alt, J^^), a celebrated Muhammad saint whose tomb is at Makanpiir in Qanauj. iVide Shah Madar.] Madhava Rao (.1^ _j>jU), or Madhojl Sindhia, Raja of Gwaliar, was the son of Ranoji Sindhia. He succeeded his brother Jiapa Sindhia (a.d. 1759) in the management of his patrimonial inheritance, of which Ujjain was the capital ; and by a train of successful operations was enabled to appro- priate to himself a considerable part of the province of Malwa, belonging to the government of Piina, as well as to extend his domains over a great part of Hindustan ; and to obtain possession of the person and nominal authority of the emperor Shah 'Alam, of whom he was ostensible minister. He died on the 12th January, a.d. 1794, without male issue, and was succeeded by his grand-nephew and adopted son Daulat Rao Sindhia. He had built a small fort close to a place called Gazar Tijara in Agra, and named it Madhogarh, the ruins of which were still to be seen about the year a.d. 1830. [ Vide Monograph in Rulers of India series, Oxford, 1891.] Madhojl Bhosla (clL;^.^.* rs-^i>jU), the third Raja of Bcrar of the lihosla family, was the son of Baghnji lihosla I. lie succeeded his eldest brother Rfinuji or Jauojl Bhosla in a.d. 1772, and died at an advanced age on the 29th May, a.d. 1788. He was succeeded by his son Ragh(\jT Bhosla II. the fourth Raja of Berar of Xagpiir. Madho Ram (Aj ^jbjL<\ a learned Hindu who is the author of a book of letters which goes after his name, called Inslide Madhb Ram, containing forms of letters on different subjects in Persian. Madho Rao I. Bilal Peshwa (»J^Jt« l^. J^j J^l ^O, second son of Balaji Rao Peshwa, whom he succeeded as nominal Peshwa in a.d. 1761, under the regency of his uncle Raghunath Rilo. He died in November, a.d. 1770, and was succeeded by his brother Narayan Rao. Madho Rao II. Peshwa (J , »j&jl^ J cJl-0, of the Marhattas, also called Sewajl Madho Rao, was the posthu- mous son of Narayan Rao Peshwa, who was murdered in August, a.d. 1772, by his paternal uncle Raghunath Rao, also called Raghoba, who usurped the masnad. A few months after this event Narayan Rao's widow was delivered of a son, who was named SewajT Madh5 Rao, and was raised to the masnad, on which he continued until his death, which took place on the 27th October, A.D. 1795, by a fall (supposed to have been intentional) from the terrace of his palace. He was succeeded bv ChimnajT A])a, the younger son of the Marhatta chief Raghunath Riio. Madho Singh Kachhwaha (a^.^.>jL« l^\y^), the son of Eaja Ehagwan Das and brother-in-law of Jahangir. Madho Singh Kachhwaha (ax:^^- »> jL< &.ib\y^^), succeeded Ishurl Singh his father to the government of Jaipur in the year a.d. 1760. He died in a.d. 1778 and was succeeded by his son Pirtlii Singh, a minor, who was soon after deposed, and his brother Partap Singh succeeded to the gaddi the same year, and cUed in a.d. 1803. MAFT S29 MAH Maftun (^i^.u-i^»), poetical name of Momiu 'All, a poet. Maftun i^^-^^L^), the poetical title of Ghulam Mustafa, a brother of Eazi-iiddiu Saruii, who was usually called Gluilara Mur- taziv. He is the author of a Diwau. He died at the age of 30, about the year a.d. 1755, A.H. 1168. Maghmum (^^..^*), poetical name of Eamjas, a Hindu of Luckuow, aud author of an Urdu Diwau. He was employed by Mumtaz-uddaula (Mr. Johusou), aud was living iu a.d. 1785, a.h. 1199. Maghrabi Shaikh ( ^.-^ ^^^.A^), poetical appellation of j\Iuhammad ShirTu. He was a friend of Kamfil Ivhujaudi, and like him a profound Siifi. He died at Tabrez A.D. 1416, a.h. 819, aud is buried at Siirkhab. Having been given to the most disgusting vices during his lifetime, he is considered as a saint. He is the author of a Diwan called Qasded MuyhrabJ, and several other works. Mahahat Jang (l_C^.j> Vide 'All "NVardi Klian. Mahabat Khan {^\s^ ci^j^^), whose proper name was Zamana Beg, was the son of Ghor Beg, a native of Kabul. He had attained the rank of a commander of 500 under Akbar, and was raised to the highest dignities and employments bv the emperor Jaliangir. He enjoyed a hig-h place in the opinion of the people, and was considered as the most eminent of all the emperor's subjects. In the month of February, a.d. 1626, Jumiida II. A.H. 1035, he seized the emperor's person, because he (the emperor) never consulted him, but followed the advice of his wife Xur Jahfin in all affairs, and carried him to his own tents, where he remained a state prisoner for some time, but was soon released after a severe battle by his wife Niir Jahan. In the second year of the emperor Shah Jahan, the government of DehlT was conferred on him. He died in the Deccau in a.d. 1634, A.H. 1044, and his corpse was conveyed to Dehli and biu-ied there. After his death his eldest son Mirza Aman-ullah received the title of Klian Zaman, and his second sou Luhrasp was honoured with the same title of Mahabat Klian. (Vide infra.) Mahabat Khan had his house built on the bank of the river Jamna on a plot of land of 50 bigas in Agra ; though little of it now remains, there are some parts of its ruins still to be seen. Mahabat Khan (^Ari- c:--oL^*), whose original name is Luhrasp, was the second son of the celebrated Mahabat Khan of the reign of JahangTr, after whose death iu a.d. 1634, A.H. 1044, he received this title. He was twice made governor of Kabul, and had the command of the army in the Deccan. He died in a.d. 1674, a.h. 1085, in the reign of 'Alauigir, on his way from Kabul to the presence. Also mentioned under Luhrasp, q.v. Mah Afrid {s-iyA iL*), daughter of Firdz the son of Yezdijard, the last monarch of the Sasaniau dynasty of Persian kings, and mother of Yezid III. twelfth khalif of the house of Umayya. Maham Anka (d_Cjl /»u&U), mother of 'Azim Kjian. Vide 'Azim Klian. Maham Begam (^5l»j *ibl^), a grand- i '" \ daughter of Shaikh Ahmad Jam. She was married to the emperor Babar Shah, and became the mother of Humayiin. She was living about the year a.d. 1561, a.h. 969, as appears from an inscription on the gate of an old Macb-asa (or college) aud masjid con- structed by her iu that year near the fort of old Dehli called Din Pauah. The numerical words of the inscription, from which the year of the buildings is known, are Ivhair Mauazil, or the Mansions of Bliss. She must have been then more than 70 years of age. Maha Singh (tsXwJ \^^), the grandson of Eaja Man Singh Kachhwaha of Ameir (now Jaipur), and son of Partap Singh. He served under the emperor Jahangir, aud died iu A.D. 1617. He was the father of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. \_Vide Man Singh.] Maha Singh (aJo--j l^^-»), a Sikh Raja of Lahore, who was the father of Maharaja Ilanjit Singh. He extended his rule and died in a.d. 1792, when his wife became regent, with Lakhpat Singh minister. Mah Bano (Jlj it*\ sister of Khan 'Azim Koka. She was married to 'Abdul Rahim Klian, Khan Khauan, sou of Bairam Klian, about the year a.d. 1572, a.h. 980, and died a.d. 1597, a.h. 1005. Mahbub'AliKhan( .U. in .-). His Highness Asaf Jah IMuzaffar ul-Mulk Nizfini-uddaula Nawiib Mir Malihiib 'All Khan Bahadur Fatha Jang is the Xizam of Haidarabad Deccan. Mah Chuchak Begam ((_jCj >u *i^-j), one of the wIa'cs of the emperor Humayiin, and mother of the prince Farrulvh Fill, surnamed Muhammad llakim. MAHD 230 MAHM Mahdi (^x>,^), the first khalif of the Fatiniites in Africa. His son, Avho succeeded him, was named Kaem-bi-amr-ullali. Mahdi (^j^^»), the third khallf of the house of 'Ab'.jfis. [ Vide Al-MahdI.] Mahdi 'Ali Khan (j^U- ^Ls ^S^*), the grandson of Gliulam Husain Klian, the historian. He resided in Behar in a.d. 1801 . Mahdi 'Ali Khan, Hakim ( X ^S.„^ ff^=^ (0^)j prime minister of Nusir- uddin Haidar, king of Audh. The iron suspension bridge over the the Kalinadi at Khodaganj near Fathagarh, which was seven years in progress, was built at his expense for 70,000 rupees, and finishediu July, a.d. 1836. He was dismissed from his post in a.d. 1832, which was again restored to him on the acces- sion of Muhammad 'Ali Shah, in a.d. 1837. After this he lived only a few months and died in December, a.d. 1837. Mahdi, Imam (^Ul i^^-^'-^X surnamcd Abu'l Qasim Muhammad, the last of the twelve Imams, who are held in the highest veneration by the Muhnnnnadnns. The first of these was 'AlT, and the last Mahdi, the sou of Hasan 'Askarl, who was the eleventh Imam. He was born at Sarmanrai in Baghdad on Friday the 29th July, a.d. 869, 15th Sha'bau, A.H. 25o, and when he was about four or five years of age his father died. The ShT'as or ShT'ites say that at the age of 10 he entered into a cistern at his father's house, while his mother was looking on, and that he never came out again. This occurred in A.D. 879, A.H. 265. They believe him to be still alive, and concealed in some secret place, and that he will appear again with Elias the prophet at the second coming of Jesus Christ for the conversion of infidels to the Mu- hammadan religion. Mahdi Khan, Mirza {\',j.^ ^U- i_fS^-*), styled Munslu ul-Mumfilik, was the con- fidential Secretary to Niidir Shah, and is the author of the TCirikh Ndclirl, which is also called Nddir-ndma, or the history of Nadir Shah, and Tdrikh Jahdn Kushd. This work was translated into French by Sir WiUiam Jones. Mahdi, Mirza (U^ l^J^-^-^), author of the work called Majmilq Mirza Malid'i, a chronological table of the remarkable events of the house of Timur, commencing a.d. 1423, with Abii Sa'id MirzJi (thiixl in descent from Tiinur, and grandfather of the empcu-or Babar Shall) who reigned over Kliurasun and Transoxiaua ; and terniiniiting with the emperor Bahadur- Shah, a.d. 1708. Mahfuz d^.is'*), author of the 8lory of Shall Bcddr Bakhf, which is also called Riinhk-i-Chuman, in Urdii verse dedicated to Chazi-uddin Ilaidar, kiug of Audh, in a.d. 1823, A.H. 1238. Mahip Narayan {^}j\j \^^^^), Raja of Benares. A pottah was granted him by the English on the 14th September, a.d. 1781. Mahir (_&l^), the poetical name of Mirza IMuhammad 'Ali, a native of Agra. His father was a Hindu in the service of Mirza Ja'far Mua'mmai or the puuster, who having uo chikkeu converted the boy to the Muhammadan religion, adopted him as his own son, and gave him a good education. After the death of Mirza Ja'far he attached himself to Danishmand K]ian and remained with him till his death, when he retired from the world and died in a.d. 1678, a.h. 1089. He was an excellent poet, and is the author of several works, one of which is called Gnl-i-Anrang, which he wrote in praise of the emperor Auraugzeb 'Alamgir on his acces- sion to the throne. Malijur (.»..s-'v''*). Vide Muhammad Bakhsh. Mahmud ( ,1 iu -.Jl.i^* l^< V- W), surnamed Burhan-ush- Shariat, who lived in the .seventh century of the Hijra, is the author of the work on jurisprudence called Wiqdija, which he wrote as an introduction to the study of the Ilii/di/n. This work has been comparatively eclijised by its commentary, the Shark al- Wiqdtja, by 'Abaid-ullah "biu-Masa'ud ; this author's works combines the original text with a copious gloss explanatory and illustrative. Both the Wiqdya and the Shark al-lf'iqdj/a are used for elementary instruction in the Muhammadan Colleges. Other commentaries on the Wiqdya exist, but they are of uo great note. Mahmud (j»„Ksr^), an Afghan chief of Qandahilr of the tribe of Gliilzai, was the son of Mir Wais, after who.se death in a.d. 1715 he succeeded him. He besieged Isfahan in a.d. 1722, and compelled Sultan Husain Safwi, king of Persia, to surrender and resign his crown to him. The king went forth with all his principal courtiers iu deep mourning, surrendered himself to Mahmud, aud with his own hands placed the diadem on the head of the conqueror. The event took place on the 11th October of the same year, Uth Mu- burram, A.n. 1135. After Iavo years' posses- sion of the sovereign power, he gave orders for the death of the Safwian princes who were his prisoners, and thirty-nine of them, some grown up, others in their childhood, were barbarously slaughtered. It is said that MAHM 231 MAHM he became deranged the same night, and not only tore his own flesh, but ate it. Every person that approached him he overwhehned with abuse, and in this condition died in a.d. 1725. But before his death the Afghans, being threatened by an attack of the I'crsian prince, Talunasp Mirza, the son of Sultan Husain, who had fled from Isfahan, elected Ashraf, the cousin of Mahmiid, to be their ruler, who in April, a.d. 1725, 12th Sha'ban, A.H. 1137, murdered Mahmiid, and became the king of Persia. Mahmud (j,^.sr*), the son of Sultan Muhammad Saljuqi. He held the govern- ment of Iraq and Azurbej an for several years as deputy to his uncle iSuitau Saryar, who gave him his two daughters in marriage named SitI Khatuu and Mah Malik. He died in a.d. 1131, a.h. 525. son of 'Abdullah Qan FiruzT, is the author of the History entitled Maasir Qutb dhahl, and also of another work of the same descrip- tion called Tdrikh Jama iil-Hind. He served Quli Qutb Shah II. for 30 years, and was living at the time of that monarch's death, which happened in a.d. 1612, a.h. 1020. Mahmud {^j:J!i.^J:;> J^,Ksr«), of Sliustar (Shabishtarl) , author of a religious book called Bak-ul-Yekln, which is held in great estima- tion among the Persians. Mahmudl. Sultan (^ILLj J^l L>^,*,.sr*), emperor of Constantinople, was the son of Mustafa II. and nephew of Ahmad III. whom he succeeded in a.d. 1730, a.h. 1142. His janissaries expected from him the recovery of the conquered provinces, but he lost Georgia and Armenia, which were conquered by Nadir Shah. Mahmud died in a.d. 1754, a.h. 1 168, and was succeeded by his brother 'Usman II. Mahmud II. Sultan ( _j'J Jj-zK-s."* (j;ll2l.-j), emperor of Constantinople, was the son of Sultan 'Abdul Hamid, com- monly called Ahmad IV. the son of Mustafa III. He was born on the 20th July, a.d. 1785, and ascended the throne after the depo- sition of his imcle Salim III. and Mustafa IV. on the 28th July, a.d. 1808. He was of the eighteenth generation from 'Usman I. who founded the dynasty, and the thirtieth sovereign of that family. He died on the 30th June, a.d. 1839, a.h. 1255, and was succeeded by his son 'Abdid Majid. The reign of Mahmud has been full of important events. The Greeks, in a.d. 1821, threw off the Ottoman yoke, and after a sanguinary contest were declared independent ; and in A.D. 1828 a war with Russia took place, in which the armies of Mahmud were uniformly defeated, and the Russians were only pre- vented from advancing to Constantinople by large concessions on the part of the Ttirks, and the mediation of the Em'opean powers. He exterminated the mutinous guards or janis- saries at Constantinople ; and his fleet was destroved by the combined Russian, French, and British squadrons at Navarino ; whence it was said of him that the Turkish army was ruined by himself, and the Tui-kish navy by his allies. Mahmud hin-Faraj ( a famous impostor who gave himself out for Moses risen from the dead ; but was flogged to death by the order of the khalif Mutwakkil. Mahmud Boria, Pahlawan (j^.^'* {j\\-^J \\ !».'), a Muhammadan saint of Persia who followed the occupation of a boatman, and is the author of a work called Kitdb Kanz, Mahmud Gawan, Khwaja id^j^'"* i^:>-\ys>~ iJ\XS), styled Malik-ut- Tajjar Kliwaja Jahan, was the wazir of Nizam Shah Bahmani, king of the Deccan. In the reign of Muhammad II. the duties of WakTl-us - Sultanat were conferred on him. His enemies lost no opportunity of poisoning the king's mind, and at last they brought this great man to destruction by contriving an infamous forgery, upon which the king, without investigating the matter, ordered him to be put to death in the 78th year of his age. This event took place on the 5th April, A.D. 1481, 5th Safar, a.h. 886. Mahmiid had great learning and much judgment in composition of prose and verse. A little before his death he had written a poem in praise of his ungrateful master. He is the author of the Raiizat ul-Jitshd and some poems. Maulana 'Abdul Rahman Jam! corresponded with him, and some of his letters are to be seen in his works. Mahmud ibn-Masa'ud ( .,_>! j^^^-s-* ^^tmj^), author of a work called Zhiat-itz-Zamdn. Mahmud Khan (^^Ir^- Ji^^sr'*), nawab of Bijnor and a rebel of 1857. He was the great-grandson of Zabita Ivhan the son of Najib-uddaula Amir ul-Umra. [_Vide Sa'd-ullah Kiuiu.] Mahmud Khan Langa (^^1^5- J*.^^'* iJsil), the fourth king of Multun, son of prince Firoz, succeeded his grandfather Husain I^anga on the throne in August, A.D. 1502, Safar, a.h. 908. He reigned 23 years. In a.d. 1524, a.h. 931, some time before his death, the emperor Babar Shah having conquered the coimtry of the Pan jab MAHM 232 MAHM proceeded to Dulili, from wlieuce lie wrote an ordtT to Ilusain Argliun, governor of Thatta, informing liim that he intrusted him hence- forward with the directions of affiiirs in Multan. Tliat chieftain, in consequence, crossed the Indus and marched with a hirge armj- to Multiiu ; but before his arrival the king died and was succeeded by his sou Ilusuiu Lau- ^i^i give the year of his death. He was succeeded by his son (ihayas- uddin Kliilji, who reigned 33 years and left his kingdom to Ms son Sultan Nasir-uddin. He reigned 11 years and 4 months and was succeeded by his son Sultan Mahmud II. who was defeated and slain by Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujrat in a.d. 1531, A.H. 937, and Malwa incorporated with the kingdom of Gujrat. Mahmud Shah II. ( J.lj ilj;, J^^s-*), the third son of Sultan Nasir-uddin, after whose death he ascended the throne of Malwii ou the 3rd May, a.d. 1511, 3rd Safar, A.n. 917, Malwa was taken by Babadur Shah king of Gujrat ou the 26th February, a.d. 1531, 9th S'haban, a.h. 937, and Mahmud Sluih taken prisoner with his seven sons and ordered into confinement. He was sent to the fort of Champaner, but died or was murdered on his way to that place, and the kingdom of Malwa became incorporated with that of Gujrat. After the death of Bahadur Shah, one Qadir Klian and after him Shujaa Klian ruled over Miilwa for some years, and after the demise of the latter his son Baz Bahadur reigned till the year a.d. 1570, a.h. 978, when that kingdom was entirely subdued by the emperor Akbar. Mahmud Shah Purhi (^[.J^ J»./»,.jsr* ^-jj4.j) succeeded his father Firoz Shah to the thi'one of Bengal in a.d. 1494, A.H. 899. He reigned about one year and was then murdered by Siddi Badr, who succeeded him and assumed the title of Muzaffar Shiih in A.D. 1495, A.H. 900. Mahmud Shah Sharqi, Sultan l.-ij J^-^-.s.'"), ascended the throne of Jaunpur after the death of his father Sultan Ibrahim Shah Sharqi in a.d. 1440, A.H. 844. He reigned about 17 years and died in a.d. 1457, a.h. 862, when his eldest son Bhildian KJian succeeded him, and assumed the title of Muhammad Shah Sharqi. Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, Sultan (^Ikl-; fJlkJ il-i) ^^/♦..s:"'), surnamed Nasir-uddin, was the son of Muhammad Shah, the son of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. He was raised to the throne of Dehli after the death of his brother Humayiin Shah in April, a.d. 1394, Jumada II. a.h. 796, at the age of ten years. His minority and the cUssensious of the nobles encouraged many of the surrounding chiefs to revolt and become independent. In his time Amir Timur invaded lucUa, and defeated Mahnuid Shah in a battle fought, according to Firishta, on the 15th January, a.d. 1399, 7th Jumada I. a.h. 801, and according to Sharaf-uddin Yezdi, on Tuesday the 7th Eabi' II. a.h. 801, corresponding with the 17th December, A D. 1398, when Mahmud fled to Gujrat, and Timui- the next day took possession of Dehli. On the eighth of Rabi'-us-Saui, with the sun In Capricorn, Timur had Dehli v,-on. Timur, soon after his conquest of Dehli, returned to Persia with an immense treasure from India. After the departure of that conqueror Nasrat Khan, son of Fatha Khan, the son of Firoz Shah, took possession of Dehli, and ascended the throne with the title of Nasrat Sbah. He was succeeded in a.d. 1400 by Iqbal Klian, after whose death ISIahnmd Shah, who was then at Qanauj, returned and ascended the throne of Dehli the second time in December, a.d. 1405, 22nd Jumada II. a.h. 808. But the governors of provinces no longer acknow- ledged allegiance to the throne, having established their independence during the civil war. Mahmiid Shah died on the 4th March, a.d. 1413, 29th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 815, and was succeeded by Daulat Klian Lodi. "With Sultan Mahmiid the empire of Dehli was lost to the race of the Turks who wei-e adopted slaves of the House of Ghar. Mahmud,Sultan(^3ji ^ILU J^:s"»), the celebrated king of Gjiazni, was the eldest son of Sultan Nasir-uddin Sul)aktagin. His father at his death, a.d. 997, a.h. 3S7, uumiudful of the superior riglit of IMalimiid (wlio was then employed in tlie government of Ivliurasan), bequeathed Ins kingdom to Isma'il, a younger sou. Isma'il attempted to confirm MAHil 234 MAJD himself in the power to which he was raised, but ou the approach ot Mahnmd, after a vain attempt at resistance, he was compelled to throw himself upon the clemency of his offended brother. Mahmiid reiji-ued more than 33 lunar years, during which time he made twt'lve expeditions into India ; took Lahore, Dehll, Kauauj, and other parts of Hiudiistan ; many huucb'ed temples of the Hindiis he levelled with the ground ; many thousand idols he demolished, and broke to pieces the famous idol of Somnath, the fragments of which he cbstributed to Ghaznl, Mecca and Medina. He was born on the loth December, a.d. 967, 9th Muharram, A.H. 3o7, and died on Tluu'sday, the 23rd RabI' II. A.H. 421, which year and date is inscribed on his tomb at Gliazni, correspond- ing with the 30th April, a.d. 1030. On a tombstone of white marble lies the mace of Mahmiid, of such a weight that few men can wield it. He was succeeded by bis son Muhammad, who reigned only five months and was deposed and deprived of sight by his brother Masa'iid, who ascended the throne. Mahmud, Sultan (^Iki^ J^^si'^), the son of Muhammad (Sultan), the son of Malik Shah, which see. Mahmud, Sultan ((_5^,^i ^^^^^ ci^^s'*), of GhOr. \_Vide Gliayas-uddin Mahmiid Ghori.] Mahmud Tabrezi (^' .' ^" d^.A-^''*), author of the Miftclh ul-Ya'Jdz, or the Key to j\Iiracles, describing the happiness of those who have obtained the light of Sufiism and ■ other mysteries. Written in a.d. 1482, a.h. 887. Malimud Tistari, Shaikh (j..,«>_sl'* ^-r^-^ ^_:i.1^^L^ J.-.JL^.-=^ j*;-\-i:'0. J'Ulc Shaikh Jalal. Makhdum Sharqi ( ^'ij-J^ *^>Ai:'*), author of the Kitiib nn-Xincdfiz. Makhfi ( ^Isr^), the poetical title of the princess Zeb un-Nisa Begam, daughter of the emperor 'Alamgir. She is the author of a Diwan aud of a Tafsir or commentary on the Q,urau. Maldifi was also the takhallus of Niir Jahan Begam. \_Vide Zeb uu-Nisa Begam.] Makin ( -»C«), poetical name of Mirza Muhammad Fakbir, a native of Dehli, who came to Lucknow in a.d. 1759, a.h. 1173. He is the author of a Diwan. He died in the year a.d. 1806, a.h. 1221. Maktabi ( ^:S^), a school-master of Shiraz, who is the author of a poem called Laili tva-Majnun, composed in a.d. 1490, a.h. 895. Maktub Khan (,.,l:>- ,'^-:S.,t), super- intendent of the library of the emperor Shah Jahau. Makunda Bramhchari ( i< s.U-C^^ ^c,lsrV'■^), a famous Brahman ascetic. The Hindus insist that the emperor Akbar was a Hiudii in a former generation. The j)roximity of the time in which this famous emperor lived has forced them however, to account for this in the following manner : — "There was a holy Brahman of the above name, who wished very much to become emperor of India, and the only practicable way for him was to die first, and be born again. For this purpose he made a desperate Tapassia, wishing to remember then every thing he knew in the present generation. This could not be fully granted ; but he was indulged with writing upon a brass plate a few things which he wished more particularly to remember ; then he was directed to biu-y the plate, and promised that he should remember the place in the next generation. Makunda "went to Allahabad, bm'ied the plate aud then biu'ied himself. Nine months afterwards he was boru in the character of Akbar, who, as soon as he ascended the throne, went to Allahabad, and easily found the spot where the brass plate was bm-ied." — (Mill's British India, vol. ii. p. 152.) The translation of the inscription on the brass plate is as follows : "In the Sambat year 1598, on the 12th day of the 2nd fortnight of the month of Magh, I, ]\Iakuuda Bramhchari, whose food was nothing but milk, sacrificed myself at Parag (Allahabad) the grand place of worship, with the design that I should become ruler of the whole world." The above date correspouds with the 27th January, a.d. 1542, aud Akl)ar was born on Sunday the loth October the same year, being three or four days less than nine months after the above circumstance. Maldeo Rao (^1 . ^_>jJL-*), a Eaja of Marwar of the Rathor tribe of rajputs, and a descendant of Jodha Rao, who founded Judhpur. He acquired a pre-eminence in Rajpiitana in a.d. 1532, and is styled by Firishta " the most potent prince in Ilindii- stan." Powerful as he was, however, he was compelled to succumb to the emperor Akbar, and to pay reluctaut homage at the court of the Mughal. After his death his son Udai Sinjih succeeded him. MALE 237 MALI Malliar Rao Gaekowar L\. .L,.L,« j\y^S^\S), Eaja of Baroda, succeeded to the Raja, after the death of his brother Khande Rao, on the 29th November, 1870, aged 42. His father was called Maharaja Kjiande Rao Gaekowar, Sona Khaskjiail Shamsher Bahadur. G. C.S.I. He is tifth in descent from Pilaji the second Gaekowar, and sixth from Damaji the first Gaekowar. When Sir Seymom- Fitzgerald sent a peremptory message directing his brother Kliande Rao to replace his minion (Diwan) by some man of character, the Gaekowar fell into so violent a rage that the conflict of passion deprived him of life. At that time Malhar Rao the new rnler was a prisoner. He had been confined for years on suspicion of having attempted his brother's life, and from his captivity at Packa he was called to a throne by the British government. In Feb. 1873 he was tried for an alleged attempt to poison the British Resident, but the charge Avas not considered fully proved. He was, however, deposed tor obvious maladministra- tion, and interned in Fort St. George, Madras. Malhar Rao Holkar I. {i^Jb^. .l^.L«). The Holkar family are of the Dhimgar or Shepherd tribe. The derivation of the name Holkar, or more properly Halkar, is perhaps from Hal a plough, and Kar a labom-er ; so that it would mean "ploughman." Malhar Rao, who was the first prince of this family, was an officer in the service of the first Peshwa Biiji Rao, and was one of the earliest Marhatta adventurers in the expe- ditions to the northward ; he killed Girdhar Bahadur Siibadar of Malwa in a.d. 1726 or 1729. The time when he first obtained local authority was in a.d. 1728 ; the district of Indor was assigned to him by the Peshwa in jaglr about the year 1733. He was present at the battle of Panipat 14th January 1761, and died in a.d. 1768. The direct line being then extinct, Ahlia BaT, Khande Rsio's widow, elected Tukaji Holkar the nephew of Malhar Rao to the principality. He had four sons, Kashi Rao and Malhar Rao by his wife, and Jaswant Rao and Etoji by his mistress. The Holkar Family. 1. Malhar Rao Holkar I. 2. Mallhi Rao, grandson of ditto, succeeded imder regency of Ahlia Bai, his mother, and died in a.d. 1767. 3. Tukaji Holkar. 4. Kashi Rao. 5. Jaswant Rao. 6. Malhar Rao II. 7. Harl Rao Holkar. Malhar Rao Holkar (^.La, ^l^^l^X*), a son of Takoji Holkar, Raja of Indor, killed in battle against Daidat Rao Siudhia in SejDtember, a.d. 1797. [ Vide Kashi Rao.] Malhar Rao Holkar II. L\ , \. 1^ ^xLa), the adopted or illegitimate son and successor of Jaswant Rao Holkar the son of Takoji Holkar. He succeeded his father as Raja of Indor in a.d. 1811. After the battle of Mahadpiir, a peace was con- cluded by Government with Malhar Rao on the 6th January, a.d. 1818. He died in 1834 and was succeeded by Martand Rao his adopted son, who was soon after dispossessed by Khande Rao, who, dying without issue, the East India Company assumed the right of nominating Mulkerji Rao. Malika Bano Beg-am (JLj^Ij aiX*), the eldest daughter of 'i\saf Klian, wazir, and sister of Mimitaz Mahal. She was married to Saif Klian surnamed Mirza Safi, son of Amanat Klian ; he was an amir of 5000, and died in Bengal a.d. 1639, a.h. 1049. Malika Bano died in a.d. 1640, a.h. 1050, during the reign of Shah Jahan. Malika Jahan (^l^,:5- A^L«), a princess of Dehli married to Husain Shah SharqT, king of Jaimpiir. Malika Jahan (^^l^^^ aJLI.^), a wife of the emperor Jahangir and daughter of Rawal Bhim of Jisalmir, whose brother's name was Rawal Kalyiin. Malika Zamana {dJiV^\ A..CJ_^), the daughter of the emperor Farrukh - siyar, married to Muhammad Shiih, emperor of Dehli, in a.d. 1722, a.h. 1135. The yearof her death is not known, but she lies buried in a small tomb out of the Kabul gate of Dehli. Malik Alashtar {y:^V\ t_iCi_«), a Saracen chief who served under 'Abii 'Ubaida and subsequently under 'Ali. He was poisoned on his way to Eg)-])t by order of Muawia I. in a.d. 658, a.h. 38. Malik Amhar Habshi (^.-^^_c (_5CL« ^.^~^\ an Abyssinian who rose from the condition of a slave to great influence and command in the Deccan. ^Vhen Ahmad- nagar was taken by prince Daniiil in a.d. 1600, a.h. 1009, Malik Ambar and Rajii Miuu'iin, a Deccan chief, divided the remain- ing territories between them, leaving to a nominal Sultiin, Murtazii Nizam Siifih II. whom they had placed on the throne on the cajiture of Bahadur Nizfuu Shah, only the fortress of Onsa with a few villages for his support. About this pi'riod several com- motions happening in the Dehli (Jovernmout, owinu-totherebellionof Sultan Salim, thedeath of Akbar, and revolt of Suit. an IChusro. succes- sively, Ambar had leisure to regulate his MALI 238 MALI country and levy groat armies, and even dared to seize several of the imperial districts. "When the authority of the emperor Jahangir was established, he sent frequent armies to the Deccau, but Ambar was not to be subdued. He at lenji;th gayo up the places taken from tlie Mugh ils to the I'rince Shah Jahan, to whose interest he became attached, and continued loyal until his death, which took place in the year a.d. 1626, a.h. 103.5, in the 80th year of his age. He was buried in Daulatiibad, under a splendid dome which he had erected. After his death Fatha Khan his son succeeded him. Malik 'Aziz (j.^r ujl.^). Vide Malik ul-AzIz 'Usman, or 'Abu'l Fatha 'Usman. Malik Dinar {J^i^ L_^ the chief of those who refused to pay the Zakat (or that part of a man's substance which is consecrated to God, as tithes, alms, and the like, and the payment of which is strictly enjoined by the Muhammadan law). He was a person of considerable figure, being the chief of an eminent family among the Arabs, and celebrated for his skill in poetry, as well as his manly qualities and horseman- ship. He was murdered by order of Khalid ibn-Walid in the year a.d. 633, a.h. 12. Malik 'Imad ( jU- l_/U), a poet who was a contemporary of Imam ^Muhammad Gliazzali. ^: ^Ul L-JCIU Malik Imam ( ..jl ^j-uJi). Vide Imam Malik or Malik Ibn-Anas. Malik Jahir {j=^\:>- (-_^l«), also called Nath Bhanjan. In the well-known town of Mhow in Azimgarh, there is a place which obtains the distinguished title of " Nath Bhanjan " froTu the great exploits of a saint called Malik Jahir, who ejected the evil genius Deo Niith, together with the original Hindus, and colonized the place with Muhammadans. The true story is tlius related : During the reign of Jahangir, king of Dehli, about a.d. 1609, one Abhimau Singh, a Rajput of the Jatran tribe, having separated from his brethren, owing to the inadequacy of the share allotted to him in liis hereditary possessions, took service under that monarch, and on his having embraced the religion of Muhammad, Jahangir granted to him the whole Zamin- diiri of Azimgarh, under the title of Ilaja Abliimiln Singh 'All Muhammad Nazir- uddaula Khan. From that period up to the time the JMawab of Audh resumed the grant, the Muhammadans had the supremacy over the Hindus, but in a.d. 1801, when the district was ceded to the British, the Hindiis taking courage came and resided there ; since then there have always been feuds between the parties. Malik Mansur ( ^^^.u^ ( ^L«). Vide Niir-uddiu 'All. Malik Mansur Muhammad - bin - 'Usman ( ._; j^^ts^-" ,»..,- j^..« ^At.2.^, third Sultan of Egypt of the race of Aj^iib, succeeded his father in iNovember, a.d. 1198, and died in a.d. 1200, when Malik 'Adil Saif-uddin, the son of Ayyiib, succeeded him and reigned 18 years. MALI 239 MALI Malik Mo'lzz-uddin, Aibak (;_^J_< lL^-J^ ivt'.^^^ }'^-*X ^ Turkoman slave of the Ayyubite dyuasty, "who married the Queen Malika Shajrat ul-Dar, the last of the Ayyubite family, and reigned in Egji^t. lie began his reign in a.d. 12-50, a.h. 648, and was murdered in a.d. 1257, a.h. 655. His descendants ruled the country for nearly a hundred years. .List of the MamlTik Sultans ivho reigned in Egypt and Hninnth in Syria, after the SiiltfiHS of the Ayyubite family . A.D. A.H. Malik Moizz Azz-uddin Aibak Turkraani SahahT began to reign 1250 648 ,, Mansur Nur - nddm 'All bin -Moizz imprisoned by Muzaffar ....'. 655 ,, Muzaffar Ivut uz-Moizzi (11 mouths) .... 657 ,, Tahir Euku-iuldm . . . 658 ,, Sa'id Muhammad Nasir- \iddln 676 „ 'Adil Badr-iuldm (4 months) 678 ,, Mansiir Abul Ma'ali Qala- diin Salahi .... 678 ,, Ashraf Sahih-uddTu Khalil 689 ,, Nasir Muhammad biu-Qala- duu (reigned 44 years) . 693 ,, 'Adil Kutbagha Mansiiri . ,, Mansiir Hisam - uddin, reigned 2 years, died A.D. 698 ,, Muzaffar Euku - uddin, reigned 10th, died a.d. 709 ,, Mansiir Abii liakr (2 months) ,, Ashraf Kuchak (8 months) ,, Nasir Ahmad, died a.d. 745 ,, Salah Ismail 'Abii'l Fida, the author of an abridg- ment of Universal His- tory down to his time. He succeeded his brother Nasir Ahmad in a.d. 1344, A.H. 745 ... In process of time, the old Mamluks grew proud, insolent and lazy ; and the Borgites, a new Militia and slaves of the old Mamliiks, taking advantage of this, rose upon their masters, deprived them of the government and transferred it to themselves about the year a.d. 1382. The Borgites also assumed the name of Mamliiks ; and were famous for their valour and ferocity. Their dominion lasted till the year 1517, when they were invaded by Sallm I. the Turkish Sultan, who defeated them, took ])ossession of their obscure country, and beheaded Tuman Bey the last of the Borgites with 30,000 prisoners. Malik Muhammad Jaisi {^.^.s^ l!JX« ^^JM.A:>-), a poet who was a native of Jaes and the author of the story of Padmawat in Iliudii verse. He lived in the time of the emperor Jahangir. Malik Nasir Khan Faruqi (cliC.L « JI.,Li ^^l.ri- _-..^-J), sou of Malik Eaja, after whose death in April, a.d. 1399, A.H. 801, he also like his father assumed the ensigns of royalty at Khandesh, and built Burhanpiir. Learned men were invited from all parts, and literatiu-e was much promoted. He seized the fort of Asir from 'Asa Ahir, reiirned 40 lunar years, aud died on the 21st September, a.d. 1437, 20th Rabi' I. A.H. 841. He was buried in the family vault at Talner by the side of his father, and was succeeded bv "his son Miran 'Adil Fariiqi. Malik Qummi Mulla (L< c^ i^U), a native of Kumra in Persia. He was an excellent poet, and came to the Deccan in the year a.d. 1579, a.h. 987. He was at first employed by Murtaza Nizam Shah, and then by Biirhan Nizam Shah, kings of Ahmad- nagar. Subsequently he went to Bijiipiir where he was much respected, aud the highest honours conferred on him by the king of that place, Ibrahim 'Adil Shah "ll. He gave his daughter in marriage to Mulla Zahiiri a celebrated poet of that court. Mulla Malik died in a.d. 1616, a.h. 1025, aud Zahiiri one year after him. He was called Malik ul- kalam or the king of Poetry. He is the author of a Diwan and several Masnawis. Malik Raja FarucLi {^-^\j i_CL« ^.ii.li). The first person who as- sumed independence in the province of K]iaudesh was Malik Raja, the son of Khan Jahan Fariiqi, whose ancestors were among the most respectable nobles at the Delili court, in the reigns of Ala-uddiu Ivliilji and Muhammad Tughlaq. At the death of his father he was very young, and inherited only a small patrimony. About the year a.d. 1370, A.H. 772, he was appointed governor of Ivliandesh by Firoz Shah Tukhlaq, and had the jiigir of Talucr couferrcd on him. After the de;ith of that prince, when Dilawar Klian Ghori assumed iudependeuce in Malwa, an intimate connection took place between the latter and Malik Raja, so much so that Dilawar Klian gave his daughter in raan-iage to 3Ialik NasTr the son of Malik Raja. He reicned 29 lunar years and died on the 28th April, A.D. 1399, "22nd Shabau, a.h. 801. He was bm-ied at the town of Talner, and was succeeded by his son Malik Nasir Khan. The following are the names of the Icings of Khandesh : — 1. Malik Raja. 2. Malik Nasir Khan. 3. Miran 'Adil Ivliau. 4. Miran Mubfirik. 5. 'Adil Kluin I. or 'Ali Shah. 6. Daiul Khan. MALI 240 MALL 7. 'Adil Ivhfin II. ('Azira numfiyun 'A lam KliiTn). 8. MTraii ]\Iuhammad Shah. 9. Mirau :\[iil)arik II. 10. Miran iMuhaminacl. 11. Raja 'All liliau. 12. Bahfulur Sliali. Malik Sarwar ( ,,^ Khwaja Jahau. >.L^). Vtdc Malik Shall (^rrl-^-W ^]l.^ il.>l_Cl,.), surnaincd Jalal-iuldin, was the third Sultau of the first dynasty of the Saljuqis or Salju- kides. He succeeded his father Alp Arsalau in Deceraher, a.d. 1072, a.h. 465, and reigned twenty years. His right to the crown was disputed by his brother Qadir Beg, also called Qadard (which see) , prince of Kirman ; but that chief was defeated and taken prisoner, and afterwards poisoned or put to death. Malik Shah subdued almost the whole of Sp'ia and Egyjit ; and being more fortunate than his father, not only conquered Bukhara. Saraarqand and Kliwarizm, but received homage from the tribes beyond Jaxartes. Towards the end of his life he moved from Isfahan to Ba gh dad, with the design of trans- planting the lihalif Al-Muqtadi, and fixing his own residence in the capital of the Moslem world. The feeble successor of Mu- hammad obtained a respite of ten days ; and before the expiration of the term, the Sultan was summoned by the angel of death. He died in the 38th year of his age, in the month of November, a.d. 1092, Shawwal, a.h. 485, a few days after Nizam ul-Mulk his wazir, who was assassinated by a follower of Hasan Sabbah. The greatness and unity of the Saljiikian empire expired in the person of Malik Shah. He invented an era called Tarikh Malikshahi or Jalali (Jalalian Era). This Era, according to Dr. Hyde, commences 15th March, a.d. 1079, corresponding with the 1 1th Ilamazan, a. h. 47 1 . Malik Shah left four sous — Barkayilraq, Muhammad, Saujar and Mahmiid, all of whom attained power in their turns. Mahmud the youngest, was only four years of age when his father died : but the ambition of his mother, the Sultana Khatun Turkan, placed the crown upon his infant head. However, she was soon com- pelled to resign, and after some time they both died, and Sultau Barkayaraq succeeded him. Malik Sharqi Mirza ( ^Ji ..^ ( ^.L« U .^), an autlior. Malik ul-Afzal (^r^^^j^ J-^'^-!^ t—^i-" ^Ir), surnamed Nur-udcliu 'All, the eldest of the seventeen sons of Salah-uddin Yiisaf ibn-Ayyub. On the death of his father at Damascus in a.d. 1193, A.n. 589, he took possession of that kingdom, Avhilst his brother Malik ul-'Aziz 'Usman obtained thit of Egypt, and their brother Malik uz-Zahir continued to hold Aleppo. Damascus was afterwards besieged and taken by his uncle Malik ul-'Adil Saif-uddin Abu Bakr (the Saphadin of Christian writers). Ni'ir-uddiu 'All, in a poetical address to the khalif Nasir, lamented the similarity of his own fate to that of the khalif 'Ali ibn-Abii Talib (his namesake) in being thus excluded from his rights by Abii Bakr aud 'Usman : the khalif in his reply consoled him by the assurance that in him he should find the Nasir (pro- tector) whom 'All had sought in vain ; but the intercession of the khalif was unavailing to ju'ocTire the restitution of any part of his territories. In a.d. 1198, however, on the death of his brother, the Sultan of Egypt, Nur-uddln became Atabak, or guardian, to his infant nephew Malik ul-Mausiir, and attempted by the aid of his brother, the Sultan of Aleppo, to recover Damascus from his uncle ; but the expedition failed, and Saif- uddiu retaliated by invading Egypt, and expelled the yomig Sultan and his guardian, a.d. 1199. the unfortunate Niir-uddin now retired to Samosata, where he died apparently without issue. He was born in June, a.d. 1171, while his father was acting as wazir to the Egyptians. He died .suddenly in February, A.D. i225, Safar, a.h. 662, aud was biu'ied in Aleppo. [ r«V7^ Niir-iiddin 'Ali (Malik ul-Afzal).] Malik ul-'Aziz 'Usman i \.jj^\\ ( $^L* joUi-^). Vide 'Abu 1 Fatlia Usman. Malli or Malllii Rao Holkar ( JL* ..Cii. L\j fc\^* v."*' ^^^ of ludor, -was the son of Khande Rao, and grandson of Malhar Rao I. whom he succeeded in a.d. 1766, and died after a reign of nine mouths. After his death the original family being extinct, Ahlia Bai, the widow of Khande Rao, elected Takoji to the riij. Mallu 'Adil Shall (il^ J-^l-c ^I..^), of Bijapiir, succeeded his father Isma'il 'Adil Shah" in August, a.d. 1534, Safar, A.ii. 941, and was on account of his shameful vices, blinded and deposed after an inglorious reign of only six months by order of his grandmother, and his younger brother IbriihTm was raised to the throne of Bijapur in the beginning of the year a.d. 1535, a.h. 941. Mallu Khan (^l,^ ^U), entitled Qadir Shah, was the ruler of Malwa when Sher Shah took it about the year a.d. 1542, a.h. 949, aud made it over to one of his own officers named Shuja'at Ivlian or Shuja'a Klian Siir, which see, as also Qadir Shah. MALU 241 MAXI Maluk Shah (iljL i SJL^), the father of the liistoi-ian Shaikh 'Abdul Qadir of Biidaon. He died iu a.d. 15G1, a.h. 969. lie is the author of the work called Jildi ul- Khaicutir. Malul (, \»J,^«), the poetical name of Shiih Sharaf-uddin, a der\-i.sh of Muradribiid. lie wrote two Persian Diwans, in which he used the takhalhis of Ilhara. He is also the author of a poem called if tf/^ Mi/lshilna, which he composed iu a.d. 1777, a.h. 1191. Malwa (iJU), kings of. Vide Dihiwar Klian. Mamluk (< )ji^n). This word signifies, in Arabic, a slave in general ; but in par- ticular, it means the Turkish and Circassian slaves, whom the kings of the posterity of Salah-uddin (Saladin) had instructed in military exercises, and who at last made them- selves masters of Egypt, and are sufficiently known to us by the name of Mamliiks. These Mamliiks reigned in Eg}-|3t 275 lunar years, that is to say, from a.d. 1250 to 1517, a.h. 648 to 923, "when Salim I. emperor of the Tiu'ks, entirely subdued and exterminated them. The first king of this dynasty was Malik Moizz 'Azz-uddin Aibak, which see. Mamnun {^s^ua^), poetical title of Mir Nizam-uddin, a son of Qaraar-uddin Klifm Minnat. He flourished in the time of Akbar Shah II. king of Dehli, and is the author of two Persian and Urdii Diwans. His ancestors were of Sonpat, but he was a native of Dehli. He was employed by the English Govern- ment as a Saciar-us-Sadiir at Ajmer. He died iu the year a.d. 1844, a.h. 1260. Mamun (^.u.«L«), the son of Harun al- Eashid. Vide Al-Mumuu. Manbhaoti Begam (-.^^-j P'.l^J ivT*^' one of the concubines of the emperor Akbar. She built at Agra, on a spot of 40 bighas, a garden, of which no sign remains now. Mangu Qaan or Khan (Ij ^\s ^S^u-^ ^\d- ^^), emperor of Tartary, was the eldest son of Tuli Khan, the son of Changez Klian . He succeeded his cousin Kay uk Klian , the son of Oqtai Ivlian, over the kingdoms of Tartary and Persia, about the year a.d. 1243, A.H. 640. He died after a reign of sixteen years in a.d. 1258, a.h. 654, and was succeeded in the kingdom of Tartary by his son (iablai Khan ; his brother Halaku KJiau became the sole master of Persia. Mani ( ^jL«), whom we call Manes, was the founder of the sect of the Manichis or Manicheans. In the reign of Shahpur, the son of Ardisher, king of Persia, about the year a.d. 277, a painter, named Mani, having learnedfrom the conversation of some Christians that the Redeemer had promised to send a Com- forter after him, formed the wild design of passing for the Paraclete ; and, as no opinions are too absurd to be embraced, he soon drew together a multitude of proselj-tes. Shahpiir was enraged at this impostm-e, and wished to punish the author of it ; but Mani found means to escape, and fled as far as the borders of China, having first told his followers that he was going to heaven, and promised to meet them iu a "certain grot at the end of the year. In this retreat he amused himself with painting a number of strange figui-es and views, which at the year's end he shewed to his disciples, as a work given to him by angels. He was a very ingenious artist, and had a lively fancy, so that his pictnres, which were finely coloured, easily persuaded the credulous multitude, in the infancy of the art in Asia, that they were really divine ; they were bound together in a book called Artang, which is often alluded to by the Persian poets . Mingling the pm-e doctrines of Christianity with paganism he taught that there were two principles of all things, coeternal and coeval, that is, God and the Devil, that from the former all good, and from the latter all evil, proceeded. The good being he called the author of the New Testa- ment, the bad of the Old. God, he added, created the soul ; the devil, the body. He pretended also to work miracles, and was therefore sent for by Shahpur to cure his son, but his pretended power failed him, the child cUed in his arms, and the disappointed father ordered the prophet to be flayed alive, and his skin stuffed with chaff to be hung at the gates of the capital, where Epiphanius, who refuted his doctrines, saw it. Some say this impostor was put to death in the reign of Bahram, grandson of Shahpur. Mani ( jL^), a poet, who although called Kasagar Mazandarani, i.e. a porcelain manufacturer of Mazandaran, yet acquired the favour of Muhammad Muhsiu Mirza, a son of Sultan Husain Mirza, in whose service he was killed by the Uzbeks in a.d. 1507, A.H. 913. He was the author of a Diwan. Ma'ni ( ^.:^'t.^), the poetical name of Eai Bijai Mai, a brother of Imtiyiiz, was living 'in a.d. 1760, ah. 1174, and did military service under Nawab Sluija'-uddaula. Manila Begam (^; ct..sn,jU), sister of I Niir Jahan Begam. \_Yide Qasim Klifm Jaweni.] 16 MAM 242 MANS Manik Pal (JU cXjL*), Euja of Karaiili. He died iu a.d. 180o, and was succeeded by a boy then 13 yoars of age. In Dioeniber. a.d. 1817, the Karaull chief signed a treaty, and put liiniself under the protection of tlu! British Government. Manka al-Hindi (^x^W iSj..^). Ibn- Abu Usaibia, in his work entitled Ayun-ul- Ai/ha, on the physicians of India, says that Manka of India was one of the most dis- tinguislied phihisophers in the sciences of India, and was well acquainted both with the language of India and Persia. It was he who translated the book of Sh'inak the Indian, treating on poisons, from the Hindi to the Persian language. He lived in the days of Ilarun al-Rashid, and came diu-ing his reign from India to Iraq, and attached himself to him. Manni Ram Seith (^\ . •^,^), the sreat banker of Mathura, ilied in July, a.d. 1836. Mannu Lai ( J^! y^,^)^ a Hindu, who is the author of a work called Giihlasfdr JVashfit. Manohar Das (^J ^Jt^u^^). Fide Tousaui. Mansabdar (^U.^.,^j^^) (from mmisab "elevation" or "post"). The title of an office under the Mnghol Empire, the holder of which ranked according to the number of men he was supposed to lead. [ Fjs?e Blochmaun, AJti I'ranslaiioH.] Mansa Ram (A^ ^u.^.,*), father of Eaja Chait Singh of Banaras. He possessed originally but half the village of Gaugapiir, by additions to which, iu the usual modes of Ilindiistan, he laid the foundation of the great zamlndari of Banaras. He died in a.d. 1740, and was succeeded by his sou Balwant Singh. Man Singh {^.Lu.^ e;l-^\ a Eaja of Gwaliar who lived in the time of Sultan Sikandar I.odi and his son Sultan Ibrahim LodT, and died about the year a.d. 1518, a. it. 924. He was a prince of great vahmr and capacity. His son Bikarmajit succeeded him in the nijaship and was living at the time the emperor Babar concpiered India. Man Singh (j.^ ^U), son or nephew of Kfija Bhagwjin Diis Kachbwaha, ruler of Amer in Ajmer, now called Jaipur and Jainagar. He was appointed governor of Kabul by the emperor Akbar in a.d. 1587, a.h. 995, and in the next year of Behar, IlajTpur and Patna ; and after the death of his father in a.d. 1589, A.H. 998, he was honom-ed with the title of Raja and mansah of 7000, and made governor of Bengal. It is said that he had 1500 concu- bines, and every one of them had children ; but they all died before him. Man Singh died in the ninth year of the emperor Jahanglr, a.d. 1614, A.H. 1023, in the Deccan, and sixty of his concubines burnt themselves with his corpse. His second son Raja Bhao Singh succeeded liim and died of drinking. The eldest son of Man Singh was Raja Partap Singh, who died before his father and left a son named Maha Singh, who served under the emperor Jahangir, and after the death of his grandfather and uncle was honoured with the title of Raja. Man Singh had built a house on the banks of the river Janma, of which at present towards the river only two broken bastions are to be seen. The Muhalla Man- pauah close to the Jamna Masjid at Agra is still very well known. He died at Berar in a.d. 1617, A.H. 1026. His son Mirzii Raja Jai Singh served under Shah Jahanand 'Alamglr. He was poisoned by his son Kirat Singh about the year a.d. 1625. After him his son Ram Siugii was reduced to a mmisab of 4000 ; Bishuu Singh, reduced to a manmb of 3000, and after him came Jai Singh Sawai, son of Bishuu Singh, which see. Man Singh (d5o--j ^U), Eaja of Jodh- piir or Marwar, was a descendant of Raja Jaswant Singh Rathorl, the earliest Raja of this country on record. He succeeded Raja Bhim Singh in a.d. 1803 or 1804. Disasters or disappointments either soiu-ed the temper or afPected the reason of Man Singh, who became one of the most sanguinary monsters that ever disgraced the gaddi. His death was announced on the 20th September, a.d. 1843. The Marwar succession question was settled in favour of Ahmadnagar on the 7th November, 1843, the choice falling not on the young heir of that house, but on his father Takht Singh, who was unanimously elected, and whose son accompanied him as prince royal. Takht Singh is a descendant of the Herori Jaswant. Several of the Zauaua ladies and three or foiu" slave girls performed Sati. Man Singh, Raja {^^p^-'^j a..^> ^_^U), of Audh. His title was Maharaja Sir Man Singh Bahadur Kayam Jung, k.c.s.i. He died at Ajudhia on the 11th October, a.d. 1870. He was Vice-President of the British Indian Association, a post which he held with great success. Mansur (^,^:.,„), a ]i_halif of Eaglidad. I'idc Al-Mausiir. Mansur (^,^.^.:w<), the son of Baiqara IMirza, and father of Sultan Husaiu Mirza of Herat. MAXS 243 MANU Mansur ( ...o.:^*), a poet, who is the author of a Diwau in which are some Kasidas iu praise of Shah Ahhas II. who died in A.D. 1666, A.H. 1077, and of Ahhas Quli Beg. Mansur I. Samani, Amir ( ,».^Jw< j^t\ ^l«L:), a prince of the race of the Samauides, was the son of Amir Nuh I. and brother to Amir 'Ahdul Malik, whom he succeeded a.d. 961, a.d. 350. He compelled the Dilanii ruler of Fars and 'Iraq to pay him an annual tribute of 150,000 dinars of trold ; and the peace by which this tribute was fixed was cemented by his marriage with the daughter of Rukn-uddaula, the reigning prince of that family. Amir Mansiir died after a reign of 15 lunar years on the loth March, a.d. 976, 11th Eajab, ah. 365, and was succeeded by his son Amir Nuh II. His wazir Abii 'All bin-iluhammad translated into Persian the Tdnkh Tabarl. Mansur II. Samani, Amir ( ,..^j»^* j^\ jfiJ^O succeeded his father Amir Nuh II. in A.D. 997, a.h. 387, on the throne of Ivhm'asan. He occupied it for a short period i, little more than a year'), which was marked with disgrace and misfortune. He was obliged to fly before his rebellious nobles, who afterwards deprived him of his siijht and elevated his younger brother, 'Abdul Malik II. to the throne a.d. 998, A.H. 388. Mansur 'Ali Khan, ( ,lri- Xz y^^u,-*), Nawab of Audh. [ Vide Safdar Jang.] Mansur 'Ali Khan, Sayyacl ( ,».^:^« Jk-.^ i.A->- , A-=), Xawab of Murshi- dabad. He died iu 1884. Mansur Hallaj {Ji=^ j^^u^), the sur- name of Shaikh Husain Hallaj, a celebrated ascetic, who was a native of Baiza, and originally a cotton-carder. The Musal- mans differed in their opinions about the character of this person. Some took him to be a saint, and gave out that he performed miracles ; others believed him to be a sorcerer or a juggler, and that he only deceived people with his tricks. He wa<, however, condemned and sentenced by the khalif of Baghdad, Maqtadir, and was put to death because he used to proclaim " An-ul-luui," i.e. " I am the truth," or in other words, " I am God." When they had taken him to the place of execution, they first cut off botli bis hands and then his legs ; they plucked out his eyes, cut out his tongue, and separated his head from his body. They then burned his mangled corpse to ashes, and threw it into the Tigris. This circumstance took place in the year a.d. 919, a.h. 306, but according to Ibn-Khallikan on the 2-lth Zi-Qa'da, a.m. 309, corresponding with the 26th March, a.d. 922. Shaikh Husain is commonly called Mansiir Hallaj, though it is the name of his father. He is considered by the Sufis to be one of their most spiritual leaders, who, they believe, had attained the fom-fh or last stage of Siifiism. An inspired Siifi is said to have demanded of the Almighty why he permitted Mansiii- to suffer ? The reply was, " This is the punishment for the revealer of secrets." Mansur i"bn-Alqaem ibn - Almahdi, a prince of Africa who died on Friday the 19th March, a.d. 953, Friday 29th Shawwal, A.H. 341. Mansur, Khwaja (- ,^^.:.-^). Vide Khwaja Mansur. Mansur, Shah (il.^ ,^^.:u^). Vide Shah Mansur. Manu ( f,„;), the son of Brahma, the first male according to the Hindiis. Kapila was Mann's grandson, and the author of the Saiikh Shastar, in which he mentions the Gita, which relates transactions that took place at the end of the Dwapar and the beginning of the Kaljug. Manu is the supposed author of the work that goes by his name ; it is said that it existed in the Satjug according to this shlok : " "When 1010 years of the Satjug were expired, I ^fanu, at the full moon of the mouth Bhadr, by the command of Brahma, finished this S/iastar.^' So runs the legend. But the work known to us as the Institutes of Mauic is a Brahminical Utopia of comparatively modern date, probably a.d. 500. \_See Imp. Gazetteer of India, vol. ^-i. c. iv. where the evidence is summarised.] Manuchehr ( ^^,.j^».:^,-#), one of the legendary kings of Persia of the first or Pishdadian djTiasty, who succeeded Faridun. He was a good and pious monarch ; but the great prosperity which attended his reign was chiefly owing to the wisdom and courage of his prime minister, Sam, the son of Xariman, whose descendants Zal and llustam, even during this reign, obtained a celebrity which has led Persian historians and poets to speak only of those events that are connected with their biography. Manuchehr died after a reign of 120 years, and was succeeded by liis son Xauzar, in the latter part of whose reign died Sfim, the son of Nariman. After the death of Sam, Pashang the king of Turan invaded Persia with a force of 30,000 men, commanded by his son Afrasiab. Two engagements and MANU 244 ma'rtj two single combats took place. Nauzar himself was discomfited by Afrasiab, who soon afterwards took him prisoner and slew hira. This happened in the seventh year of the reigu of that unfortunate monarch. [Such is the record of Mirkhoud {f/.v.).'] Manuchehr (,^,-^»:^«). Fide Qahus. v-^-r-^' Manuchelir ( ^^z -»Jw«) (priucc). He was the son of Shaikh Ibrahim, ruler of Shirwan, who died in a.d. 1417, a.h. 820. His panegyi-ist was Katibi, who wrote a chronogram on his death, which happened iu the year a.d. 1412, a.h. 815, live years before his father. Manuchehr { j^^u^). Vide TousanT. Manuchelir, Malik or Kliac[an (.^^s^^^t j^IjI.:>. \j L-XL«), ruler of Slilrwau, whose panegyTist was Kh:lqani the poet. He was a descendant of Balirilm Chobin, and his title was KhaqanT, hence the talvhallus of Khaqani. Maniichehr reigned about the year A.D. 1180, A.H. 576, of the Christian era. Manuchehri (^^^^y^ ), wlio had the sobriquet of Sliast Galla. His name was Hakim Najm-uddiu Ahmad bin-Ya'qiib bin- Maniichehr. He lived at the coiu't of Sultan Mahmud of Gjiazui and of his two sous Masa'iid and Muhammad. He acquired nuu^h wealth, and hence his sobriquet of Shast Galla, i.e. sixty flocks of sheep. He died in a.d. 1090, A.H. 483, and left a Diwiln iu Persian. Manwi, Maulwi (^_5^J^.,« ^^.u^), an author. Manzari {^suSjAu^ ^_jjkiu.^), of Samar- qand, a poet who was in the service of Bairam Klian at Agra, and wrote a poem called Shillinmni Klia//fil, which cimtains an account of the war of Sikandar Shah Sur, etc. Maqanna' (^uii,«). Vide al-'Maqna' or Maqanua. Maqbul (J^.^iL.«), named Maqhul Ahmad. He is tlui author of Nuy-v'iDia and Qaf-nama, also of a MasnawT in Urdu called Burd XJlfat. He wa.s living at Luckuow in A.D. 1853, A.H. 1270. Maqna' (^..iJL «). Vide al-Ma(jna' or IMufpnina. Maqrizi (^s* iji-^), author of the work entitled Q^itiih ns-Sulnh. He lived about the year A.D. 1229, A.ii. G2G. Maqrizi (^-Ij^L*), whose proper name is Taqi-uddin Ahmad, was an eminent Arabic historian aud geographer, born in a.d. 1360, in Maqriz near Balbec. He early devoted himself to the study of history, astrology, etc. at Cairo, where also he afterwards held tlie offices of inspector of weights and Imam of different mosques. Some of bis works have been translated into French aud Latin. He died in A.D. 1442, aged 82 years. Marghinani ( jLi^i^^). His proper name was Burhan-uddln 'AlT bin-Muhammad, but he derived this title from bis native country Marghinan, a city in Mawarun-uahr. He is the author of the Ilidilya and several other works. His death happened in a.d. 1197, a.h. 593. [ Vide Biu-han-uddin 'Ali.] Maria (<)..j .L<), one of the wives of Muhammad, by whom he had a son named Ibrahim, who died when an infant. She was called Qabti or Egyptian, because she was sent as a present to Muhammad by Makoukas, king of Alexandria. She died in a.d. 637, a.h. 16. Mariam (^.j .^). This word in Arabic signifies Mary, and is only applied to the Virgin Mary. The Quran, in the chapter called Al-Amran, or the family of Araran, and in Sura Miriam, confounds Mary the mother of Jesus with Miriam the daughter of Amram and sister of Moses aud Aaron. In the book called Al- Sahib, there is a tradition that the Apostle of God said: " Among meu there have been many perfect ; but among women only four: — 'Asia, the wife of Pharaoh, IMary, the daughter of Amran, Ivhudyja, the daughter of Kliawailid, aud Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.'" Employed as an honorific title for Eastern ladies. Mariam Makani ( jl> Hakam, was the fourth khalif of the race of Umayya. He was proclaimed khalif at Damascus after the death of IMu'awia II. iu A.D. 68-1, A.H. 64. He was also called "Ibn- Tarid," the son of the expelled, because Muhammad had banished his father Hakam for divulging a secret. He died after a reign of 298 days on the 12th April, a.d. 685, 2nd Ramazan, a.h. 65. He is said by some authcu's to have been poisoned by his wife, Zaiuab, the widow of Mu'awia II. He had married her on condition that her son Klullid should succeed him, but afterwards altering the succession in favour of his own son 'Abdul Malik, young Klialid reproached him with his breach of promise ; upon this Marwan calling him bastard, the child com- plained to his mother, who, to be revenged for this affront, is said to have poisoned Marwan or smothered him with a pillow. Marwan II. ( .U.sM (j;^«p'«), surnamecl Himar or ' 'the ass," was the son of Muhammad the son of Hakam, and the fourteenth and last khalif of the house of UmavTa. He was nephew to Marwan I. After deposing Ibrahim the son of Walid II. he ascended the throne of Damascus in a.d. 745, 26th Zil-hijja, A.H. 132, and was defeated and slain on the 5th August, a.d. 750, in a battle fought against Abii'l Abbas al- Saffah, who was previously proclaimed khalif by the inhabitants of Kiifa on Friday the 29th November, a.d. 749, 13 Rabi' it. a.h. 132. Marwan, befoi-e his accession to the throne, had been governor of Mesopotamia, and had received, by his Georgian warfare, the honoiu'able epithet of the ass of Mesopotamia or Al-Himar, a warlike breed of asses that never fly from an enemy. Marwan ibn-Hafsa (a>^i; ^v-), CJ'Jy an eminent Arabian poet, on whom the khalif Mahdi, on one occasion, bestowed the sum of 70,000 dirhams (£1600) as a reward for merit. Masa'ud I. Sultan (^ILLj J^^ ^.^^x^^), son of Sultan Mahumd of GOiazni. After cruelly depriving his brother Muhammad of sight, he mounted the throne of Ghazni a.d. 1030, A.h. 421. He made several incursions into India to maintain the tranquillity of those possessions which his father had subdued. But he had no time to attack others ; all his means were required to defend himself from a formidable tribe of Tartars, called SaljiiqT, who had, for a considerable time past, made predatory incm-sions into Khurasan and other parts of his dominions. He carried on a petty war against different branches of this powerful tribe for some time, and with various success, till he was completely defeated in a great action fought iu Ivhm-asan with Tughral Beg SaljiiqT on Friday the 16th Jime, a.d. 1038, 9th Eamazan, a.h. 429, and was obliged to fly towards Lahore, which he had resolved to make the future capital of his government. On his march he was deposed by his mutinous army, and his brother Muhammad Makahiil the blind was again placed on the throne. Masa'ud remained in confinement for several years, and was afterwards assassinated by Ahmad the son of Muhammad Makahiil a.d. 1041, A.H. 433. Masa'ud II. Sultan(lL:Lj J Ijl>»*.*«^), sou of Stiltan Maudiid, a child of four years old, was raised to the throne of Gliazni after the death of his father in December, a.d. 1049, but was soon deposed after a nominal reign of six days, and Abii'l Hasan 'Ali, the son of Sultan Masa'iid I. was proclaimed emperor. '>-' Masa'ud III. Sultan ((_^ ...iJ-^), the son of Sultan Ibrahim, w ascended the throne of Ghazni after the death of his father in a.d. 1098, a.h. 492. He reigned over Ghazni and Lahore 16 years ; and had for his wife the sister of Sultan Sanjar the Saljukide, who had made peace with his father. Sultan ^Masa'iid died in a.d. 1114, a.h. 508, and was succeeded by his son Sherzad or Shernazad. Masa'ud IV. Sultan ( J^, U ILLj), the son of Sultau Muhammad Saljuqi, and brother of Tughral II. whom he succeeded to the throne of Ilamdau. He began to reign about the year a.d. 1134, A.H. 529, ami died a.d. 1152, 1st Rajah, A.H. 547. Atilbak Eldiguz was his minister. Masa'ud Ghazi, Salar {^-XS L>^„-\t.s>~ J^.-.r.Aju.«). Vide KJiwaja Masa'ud. Masa'ud Sa'd Salman (jL-j J»..*.-u^^« j^iUi-;), a poet and native of Jurjau. He flourished in the time of Mauuchehr, ruler of that country, about the year a.d. 1060, A.H. 452. lie is the author of a Diwan in Arabic and Persian. Masa'udi (j_ft>4_*.-uu^), the famous his- torian who visited India, Ceylon and the coast of China in the year a.d. 915. He is the author of the work entitled Ma'-dan ul- Jaivdhir, Mines of Gems, of which the first part has been well translated by Dr. A. Sprenger The first of his compositions is Akhbdr nz- Zamau, an enormous work of at least twenty volumes; the second is the Qitdb iil-Ausath, being the complement to the Akhbdr ; and the third Mines of Gems, or as some call it the Meadows of Gold, forming at the same time the extract and the supplement of the two others. He died a.d. 956, a.h. 345. In describing the early discoveries of his country- men inside the Great Pyramid in Egypt, he says that some of them found in the lower part of the Pyramid a vase containing a quantity of fluid of an unknown quality. They also discoverd in a large hall a (piautity of golden coins put up in columns, every piece of which was of the weight of 1000 dinars. In another place they found the image of an old man, made of green stone, sitting upon a sofa, and wrapped up in a garment. Before him were statues of little boys. Having proceeded further they met with the image of a cock made of precious stones and placed upon a green column. Continuing their researches they came to a female idol of white stone and lions of stone on each side. This he says, occurred in the time of Yarid bin- 'Abdullah, supposed, says Colonel Howard Yyse, to have been a king of EgyqDt. Mas-hafi ( ^.i.s^'*), an Urdu poet of Lncknow, whose proper name is Gliulam Hamdanl. His native country was Amroha in the district of Mm-adabad. He died about the year a.d. 1824, a.h. 1240. He is the author of several Diwans in Persian and Urdu, and also produced (1795) a Tazldra, or biography, of Urdii poets. He also wrote another Tazkira for Persian poets, and a historical work, in verse, which he called Shdhndma. Ma'shuq 'All, Maulana Muhammad {sa.s.''* UL.« . ^i j^A*^), of Jaun- pur, a learned Musalmiln and author of several works in prose and poetry. He died in the year a.d. 1852, a.h. 1268. Masha-ullah (^(,11', l^U), the surname of an author who is also styled Al-^Iisrl, or the Egyptian. It is also the name of a Jew, who was a great astronomer, and lived in the time of the khalifs Al-Mansur and Al-Mamiin. Masih (^^,«), the poetical name of Ilaklni Rukna Kashi, which see. Masili {^\j^^), whose proper name was JIatim, is the author of the poem called Qissaia 3fanuehehr, containing the story of Maniichehr, which he composed in a.d. 1660, a.h. 1070, and dedicated it to Shah Jahfin the emperor of Dehli. Masiha (Lsa.-uu.^), poetical title of Hakim Muhammad 'All Khan, who is the author of an Urdu Diwan. Masihai, Akhund (wVJ^rU^ ^-l_s:i^,-.), of Kashan, whose poetical name was Sahib, a man who possessed every ornament of learning and accomplisliment, liad been a pupil and son-in-law of Aqa Hnsain of Ivhwansar, and gained the admiration of all mankind by his good qualities and agreeable society. He composed much in verse, and has left elegant compositions in pro.se. He died at Isfahan in the beginning of the 18th centiuy. MA SI 247 MATI Masihi (^sn,««jw,*), a Turkish poet of great repute at Constantinople, who flourished in the reign of the emperor Sulairaan II. styled the Lawgiver. His works are pre- served in the archives of the Royal Society. Masihi died in a.d. 1512, a.h. 918. Masihi ( Masa'M Masihi. T'ide Rukn-uddin Masihi, Mulla (!L* -ci_^^), also called Masihai, was the poetical name of Sa'd- ullah, an adopted son of Muqarrab Khfin. He was a native of Panipat, and flourished in the time of the emperor Jahaugir. He trans- lated the Ramai/an, which contains the battle of Eam Chand with RJiwan the ten-headud monster, from Hindi into Persian verse. Masir ( ^^^u*^), poetical name of prince Mirza Hamajiin Kadr, the son of Mirza Kliui'shaid Kadr. Vide Taskhlr. Masjidi {^s.^"^), poetical title of a poet of Persia. Masjid Moth {<^^y^ jv_s^*), name of a mosque built by Mian Bhiiya at Dehll. IVide Bhiiya.] I Maslah-uddin (^j-OI f^'^*), proper name of the celebrated Shaikh Sa'dl of Shiraz. [J w/eSa'di.] Maslah-uddin al-Lari ( ,_)A.!1 ^"^^ t^j^), a native of Lar in Persia, and author of the work called Jlirat iil-Adwar, the Mirror of the "World. Masruf {^_i^^^), poetical title of Nawab Khan Bahadur Khan, the son of Jalal-uddin or Ziiltiqar Kjian, the son of Hiifiz Eahmat Klian of Barcli. He is the author of a Dlwan. He rebelled against the British in 1857, and consequently was obliged to leave his native country and go to Mecca. Masrur {s*j.^^^*^, the poetical title of AVall Muhammad Kliiln, who was governor of Liir under Shah Tahmusp II. of Persia. Mast (c:^-w.^), the poetical appellation of Zulii jar 'AH, which see. Ma'sum 'Ali Shah, Mir ( ,U ^4.^..*^ j-^^ AJli), a celebrated Sufi teacher, who was a disciple of Sayyad 'All Raza, a native of the Deccan. During the reign of Karim K]ian he went from India to Shiraz, where his followers soon amounted to more than tliirty thousand. The orthodox priests took alarm, and prevailed on the mild KarIm Khan to banish the saint from his capital, but his reputation was increased by the act of power which proclaimed him dangerous. After Karim Khan's death Mir ISIa'siim, who resided in a small village near Isfahan, deputed his first disciple, Fayaz 'All, to teach in that city. That holy person soon died, and was succeeded in his office by his son Xiir 'All Shrdi : who, though young in years, was (to us the phrase of his historian) , ' ' old in piety." The number and rank of Mir Ma'siim's followers excited alarm in the priests of Isfahan, who transmitted so exaggerated an account of the vile heresies of the Sufis to 'All Miu'ad Ivhiin the king, and recommended him so strongly to support the faith, by punishing those whose opinions were alike hostile to true religion and good government, that the monarch, the moment he received their representation, sent orders to cut off the noses and ears of some among the most zealous of the obnoxious sect ; and as a farther dis- grace, to shave the beards of all who had adopted their opinions. The ignorant soldiers intrusted with the execution of this mandate, were not very capable of discriminating between true believers and infidels ; and Ave are assured by a contemporary writer, that many orthodox Muhammadans had their noses and ears cut off and their beards shaved on this memorable occasion. Mir Ma'siira 'All and Niir 'All Shah, after wandering from one place to another, re- visited Kirman, where Mushtaq 'AH, the most pious of his disciples, was put to death. At Kirmanshah Niir 'All Shah was placed in confinement ; and Mir Ma'siim was miu-dered when at prayers in the midst of his followers. This sect, however, notwithstanding the efforts of their enemies, continued to increase in numbers ; and Niir 'All Shah, with all who adhered to him, were banished the kingdom. His avowed disciples were at this period about sixty thousand, but many more were sup- posed to be secretly devoted to him. He is said to have been poisoned at Mausal. It is related that two inhabitants of Kirmanshah, who were distinguished by an extraordinary appearance of zeal, dressed his dinner on the day that he was suddenly attacked by violent spasms, which in a few hours terminated his existence. Their flight led all to suspect them of having poisoned him. Nur All died at 9 o'clock on the morning of the 3rd June, A.D. 1800, 10th MubaiTam, a.h. 1215. He expired close to the grave of the prophet Jonas, within a league of Mausal. Matin ( ..^-.i.,*), the poetical name of Shaikh 'Abdul Raza bin- 'Abdullah Matin. He was a native of Isfahan, but of Araliic origin. lie came to India in the reign of the emperor ]\Iuhammad Shuh, and sub- sequently went to TiUcknow, where he assumed the garb of a dervisli and received a ])ensi(»n from Bm-haniil-Midk Sa'adatKhan. Having MATR 248 MAZE lost liis pension owing to the change of rulers, he proceeded to Bengal, where he died a.d. 1761, A.H. 1175, and left a Diwan of 5000 verses. Matrazi (^_5;^.l2_«), surname of Mii- wayyad, tlie grandfather of Shaikh Xizfimi of Gauja. He was a poet and an author. Maudud Chishti, Khwaja (w\l>»^ ^j^i^.r>- ^_u-A.r!-), son of Kliwaja Tusaf the son of Saraa'an. His father, who died in a.d. 1067, aged 84 Innar years, lies buried at Cliisht. Kliwaja Mandiid is the founder of a religions sect called Chishti, of which Khwaja Mo'in-uddin Chishti, whose tomb is at Ajmir, was a follower. Maudud died on the 8th May, a.d. 1153, 1st Rajab, A.H. 527. Maudud, Sultan ( A.ki-j J.J,,«), the son of Sultan Masa'ud I. of GhaznI. He was at Balkli when his father was mnrdered ])y Ahmad the son of the reigning Sultan, Mn'- haiuniad MakahQl ; he immediately proclaimed himself king and marched to revenge his father, and having defeated the Sultan's army on the banks of the Indus, made Muhammad and his sons prisoners, and put them all to death a.d. 1041, a.h. 433. The dynasty of Gliazni lost, during the reign of Maudud, all their possessions in Persia. Maudud died at Lahore on the 23rd December, a.d. 1049, 24th Eajab, a.h. 441, having reigned upwards of nine years. Mauji (^3L shan, whose proper name was Muhammad Qasim Khan, is the author of a Yusaf Zalekha, containing 6000 verses. He died at Agra in a.d. 1571, A.H. 979. Maulana 'Ali (^U Ij^^^), the son of Mahmiid Kirmani, commonly called Shahab. He is the author of a history entitled Madsir Ilahmudi, wliich he dedicated to Sultan MahmM Shah I. IChiljI, king of Malwa, who reigned from a.d. 1436 to 1469. Maulana Hasan {^^^^ U^^^), alearned Musalman who died in the time of Sultan Salim Shah of Dehli in the year a.d. 1549. His tomb, wliich has a Persian inscription in verse, is still to be seen in the Roman Catholic Burial-ground at Agra. Maulana Husain {^^^^:>~ \Jt^) was a disciple of Kliwaja Abii'l Wafa, who died in A.D. 1432, A.n. 836. Maulfuia Husain is the author of the work called Maqmd Aqsa and of the Sharah Qas'ula Bunla. Maulana Maghrabi ( j i.^ U!)!..,*). Vide Maglirabi. ■ A.J ^i^^'«), of Radakh- Maulana Majd (j^^-* Ijiy^). Vide Majd (MaulauaJ . Maulana Nasir (.,^1.3 L'\'»^-#). Vide Nasir Bukhari (Maulana). Maulanae Rum (^,, *lj\',^«). Vide Jalal-uddiu Rumi. Maulud Muhammad {\.y%..s.^ J J..,'«\ author of a Persian work on Physic, called Bahr ul-Miindfq, the Sea of Profit, dedicated to Tipii Sultan. Maulwi Rumi ( ^.^^. ^J_j.^). Vide Jaliil-uddiu Riimi. Mauzun (^J|,:^), poetical appellation of Raja Ram Narain of Patna, which see. Mawasi {^^J\yt'), a celebrated poet of Persia, who floui'ished at the court of Malik Shiih Saljiiql about the end of the eleventh century of the Christian era, and received the designation of Malik ush-Shu'arri, king of poets, and the dignity of an Amir. The poet Kliakani made him his model in versification ; and so renowned were his odes, that more than a hundred poets endeavoured to imitate his style. Mazani (^JjL*), whose proper name is Abu 'Usmiin, was an excellent Arabic Gram- marian. He died in a.d. 863, a.h. 249. Mazani ( J L^), or Al-Mazanl. Vide Abii Ibrahim Isma'il. Mazdak (< $JL^), name of a famous impostor, a native of Persia, surnamed Zandiq, that is to say, the Impious. He lived in the reign of Qubad the father of Nausherwiln the Just. He was imprisoned and afterwards put to death by order of the latter. Mazhar ( .^ia.«), author of a poem con- taining the story of Chandar Badan, which he dedicated to Aiu-angzib, emperor of Dehli. Mazhar ( j,li^), the poetical designation of (Mirzii.) Jan Jauan, which see. Mazhari, Maulana (lj\'».,« ._;Ji.^ t^j^^jL-Ji), a poet of Kashmere who fiuurished in the time of Akbar. MAZH 249 MIR Mazhar ul-Haqq (^jj\j^}a^), poetical name of Abii 'Ahclullah Muhammad Fazil, author of the Mukhbir ul- Wdsilln, a poem coutaiuino- the chronograms of the most celebrated persons among- the Mnhammadans. He flourished in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir and died in a.d. 1696, a.m. 1106. \_Vide Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad Fazil.] Mazmun (^ i), the poetical ap- pellation of Shaikh Sharaf-uddin, a descendant of Shaikh Farid-uddin Shakarganj. When he was past forty, he took up his abode in the raosque at Shahjahiinabad called Zinat nl- Masajid, and led the life of an ascetic. He was a pupil of Mazhar and 'Arzii ; the latter called him " Shai'r-i-Bedana," because he had lost all his teeth. He died about the year a.d. 1745, a.h. 1158. Mehr ( ^^.«), poetical title of Mirza Hatim 'All Beg of Agra, formerly a Munsif of Chunar. He is the author of a Dhvan and a book called Fanjae 3fehr. He was still living at Agra in a.d. 1873. Mehr ( ._,,.,«\ poetical name of Nawab Amiu-uddaula Sayyad 'Agha 'Ali Khan, a son of Mo'tmid-nddaula 'Agha Mir, the ex- Nawab of Luckuow. He was living at Cawnpore in 1856, and is the author of an Urdii Diwan. Mehri {^^„,a), poetical name of an author. Mehr Nasir ( Mehr Nasir. ^j^ ,«). Vide Mirza Mehrun-nisa Begam (♦^-.j H>ouJL^^«\ fifth daughter of 'Alamgir. Her mother's name was Aiu'angabadi jNIahal. She was born in August, A.D. 1661, 3rd Safar, a.h. 1072, and married to Prince Ezid Bakhsh, the sou of Svdtan Mnrad Bakhsh, and (lied in a.d. 1704, A.H. 1116. Mehrun-nisa ('LJ^^^,.-.), daughter of Nur Jahan by Slier Afgan Ivhan. She was married to Shahyar, the youngest son of Jahangir. Meli (^tji> -jjj>-), a native of Jurjan or Georgia, was an elegant poet and author of the Tabdqdt Ndsiri, which he wrote in a.d. 1252, and dedicated to Nasir-uddin ]Mahmiid, king of Dehli, who reigned from a.d. 1246 to 1266. He is al.so called Qazi Sadr Jahan ]\riuha j -nddin Jm'jani. [ Vide Abii 'Umar Minhaj.] Minnat (ei^.:.^), poetical name of Mir Qamar-uddin Minnat, a native of Dehli. Warren Hastings conferred on him the title of "Malik-ush-Shu'ara," or "the king of poets," at the recommendation of the Nawab of Murshidabad. He visited the Deccan and received 5,000 rupees for a Qasida or pane- gyric which he wrote in praise of the Nizam of Haidarabad. He died at Calcutta in a.d. 1793, a.h. 1208, and left 150,000 verses in Pei-sian and Urdii. Among his compositions is a Chamanistdn and a Shakaristdn. He was the preceptor of Gunna Begam {q.v.). Mir ij^). This word is an abbrevia- tion of Amir, which in Arabic signifies a chief, prince and commander. The Sayyads of India are also called Mir. Mir ( .^^<), the poetical designation of Mir Muhammad Taqi, a Hindiistani poet who fiourished in the time of the emperor Shah 'Alam, and whose poetry is mostly Rekhta. He was a native of Akbarabad and nephew to Siraj-uddin 'Ali K^ian 'Arzii. He is the author of six Diwiins and a Tazkira or biography of poets. He died at Lucknow, nearly 100 years old (lunar), in the year a.d. 1810, A.H. 'l22o. [ Vide Faiz.] Mir Akhund {sJ:y:>.\ j-^.^^). Vide Kliawand Shah. Mir 'Alam ( 'U ^..^), title of Mir Abii'l Qasim, the prime minister of the Nizam of Haidarabad. This nobleman for upwards of thirty years had taken a lead iu the administration of affairs iu the Deccan. He died iu the month of November, a.d. 1808, and was succeeded by ^lunir ul-]\Iulk. Mir 'Ali {^^s.j^^), surnamed Damad or "the bridegroom" (because he was married to a favoiu-ite sister of the great Shah 'Alibas), was the teacher of a system of philosophy much more pure and sublime than had hitherto been known. His immortal scholar Sadrau has, by his numerous works, ])roved himself independent of Aristotle in abstract science, though that great philosopher had been hitherto the master of his ])receptor and all his predecessors iu those branches of learuiug. MIR 250 MIRA Mir Amman ( ,,^\ ,.-.^), a Hindustan! lyric poet, whose poetical name was Lutf, ■which see. Miran (.„.»,-«), surname of Mir Sadiq, the sou of Nawfib Ja't'ar 'All Ivhau of Bengal. [ Vide Mir Sfuliq.] Miran 'Adil Khan Faruqi ( J jlr ^j^y--* , -!. ,L* i-^^), third king of Khandesh, succeeded his father Malik Nasir Kliini in September, a.d. 1437. He rei.oned more than three years, expelled the Deccanis from Kliandesh in ad. 1440, and was murdered in the city of Burlianpiir on Friday the 28th April, A.D. 1441, 8th Zil-hijja, a.h. 844. He was buried at Talucr by the side of his father, and was succeeded by his son Miran Mubarik Khan I. Miran Ghani {^^^ u^rr*\ commonly called 'Adil Kliau Fariiql I. succeeded his father Miran Mubarik IChan in May, a.d. 1457, Rajab, a.ii. 801, to the governmeut of Khandesh, which province under his rule attained a degree of prosperity which it had never known under any of its former rulers. This prince added considerably to the fortifica- tions of Asir, and constructed" the strong out- work called Malaigarh ; he also built the citadel of Bm-hanpiir, and raised many magnificent palaces in that town. He died after a reign of 48 lunar years on Friday the 8th September, a.d. 1503, 14th Rabi' I. a.h. 909, and was buried at his particular request near the palace of the Daulat Maidau in Burhanpiir. He was succeeded by his brother Daud Khan Fariiql. Miran Husain Nizam Shah (^' ^^ A- ^lliJ ^^.. -) ascended the throne of Ahmadnagar in the Deccan after the murder of his father Miirtaza Niziim Shah in June, a.d. 1588, Rajab, a.h. 996. Being of an impetuous and cruel disposi- tion, he began his reign by tyranny and oppression, and was deposed and murdered after a reign of ten months and three days on the 18th March, a.d. 1589, 11th Jumada I. a.h. 997, and his cousin Isma'il Nizam Shah, the son of his uncle prince Burhan Shah (who was then at tlie court of the emperor Akbar at Dchll), was raised to the throne. Miran Mubarik Khan Faruqi I. ( ^J. .li ijl:>- (__^A-.'< ^>\;r^'*^ succeeded his father Miran 'Adil Klifm Faruqi in the government of l. .-.^). Vide Haidar (Mir). Mir Haidar Raficii Mua'mmai L^^ ^-U..i^ ^-^'ij )-^rr-=^)- ^'"■''^ Haidar Mua'mmai and Rafi-uddiu Haidar Rafa'i. Mir Haji ( =>-lr-^-...«). The convict Mir Haji, the murderer of Captain Douglas and others during the mutiny at Dehli, was executed on Tuesday morning the 29th December, a.d. 1S68, in front of the Lahore Gate of the city of Dehli, facing the apart- ments which were the scene of the murders for which he suffered death. He was brought from jail to the place of execution under a strong Police Guard ; he mounted the scaffold with a firm step ; while the rope was being adjusted he muttered in a low voice, " Brethren, remember your Kalma," and then repeated in the same low tone two or three times, " La illah," etc., soon after which the trap fell, and all was over, almost without a struggle. After hanging the usual time, the body was made over to the friends of the convict. Mir Husaini ( V' -..<), author of Zdd ul-MusaJirJn. \_Vide Husaiu bin-Hasan al-Husaiui.] Mir Ja'far {^Lx.7>- ^), nawab of Bengal. Vide Ja'far 'Ali Khan Mir Jumla (d.U.^^.-^<), title of Mir Muhammad Amin of Shahristan in Persia, came to India in the time of Jahangir a.d. 1618, A.H. 1027, and served under him for several years. In the reign of Shfih Jahan, he was raised to the rank of oOOO with the title of Mir Jumla. He died on the 22nd August, o.s. 1G37, 10th Ilabi' II. a.m. 1047. Mir Jumla i^S.AS>' j^^), title of Mir Muhammad Said the prime minister of 'Abdullah Qutb Shah of Golkanda. He had formerly been a diamond merchant, and had been known and respected throughout the Deccan for his wealth and abilities long before he attained high station. His son Muhammad AmTu, a dissolute and violent young man, had drawn on himself tlie resentment of 'Abdullah Qutb Shah, and had involved his father in a dispute with tlie court at Dehli. Mir Jumla, in the year a.d. 1656, A.H. 1066, threw himself on the protection of the emperor Shah Jahan, in whose service he remained ; became the chosen counsellor of the priuce Aurangzib, and afterwards one of the most useful instruments of his ambitious designs. On the accession of Aurangzib 'Alamgir, he was sent in pursuit of Sultan Shujaa' and appointed governor of Bengal. The title conferred on him by 'Alamgir was Mu'azzam Khan Khan- khanan Sipah Salar. He held the rank of 7000. In the fourth year of the emperor, A.D. 1662, he went on an expedition against the kingdom of Asam. He marched from Dacca in Bengal about the month of February, and entered Asara by Ghorfighut ; from thence he proceeded with very little opposition to the capital Ghargaon which he took and plundered ; but the rainy season setting in soon after, inundating great part of the coimtry, his supplies were cut off by the Assamese, and his troops becoming sickly, it was with great difficulty the army effected its retreat. The imfortuuate general fell a victim to the climate a few days after his re-entering Bengal. He died at Kliizarpiir in Kuch Behar on the 31st March, A.D. 1663, 2ud Ramazan, a.h. 1073. The history of this expedition was written by Shahab-uddin Ahmad Talash in a.d. 1663, A.H. 1073. Mir Jumla (-^,<), title of 'Abd- ullah, a nobleman and private favourite of the emperor Farrukh-siyar, was promoted for some time to the Siibadari of Bihar. In the first year of the emperor Muhammad Shah, he was appointed to the rank of Sadr us- Sudur, and died in the 13th year of his reign, about the year a.d. 1731, a.h. 1141. Mir Khund (aJL.>. j-^-*)- ^'ide Kliawaud Shah. Mir Mannu (^u..^ j-t-'*)' ^'^^ Mu'in ul-Mulk. Mir Masum {^jL.^_ *y^jt^^^), of Bihkar, was au ofticer of the rank of 1000 in the time of Akbar and Jahangir, and an excellent poet. He is the author of a Dlwan, and a Masnawl called Jla'dmi nl-Afkdr, written in imitation of the Makhzan id-Axrilr, and of a history of Sindh, called Tdnkh Si/idh. He died at Bihkar iu a.d. 1606, A.H. 1015. MIR 252 MIRZ Mir Muhammad. Klian Talptir (^»,« i»-Jj (^Iri. Jk,*.^"), one of the ex- Amirs of Sind. lie wns lately one of the members of the Bomba}- Le^-islative Couocil. lie died at Haidarabad (Siud) on the 17th December, a.d. 1870. Much respected, his remains were followed to the family mausoleum by the Commissioner, the Jud^e, and the Collector, of the district. He lies in the place originally intended for his late father, Mir Murad 'Ali, who preferred hing out in the o])en air, where the sun and moon could shed their light on his grave. He died in his 60tli year. There now remain only three of the once numerous Talpiir faTuily at Haidar- abad, all aged men, at whose death in the course of time the once troublesome family will be e.xtinct. The conquest of their territory and the overthrow of their power, furnish one of the most remarkable and interesting episodes in British Indian history. Mir Muhammad Munshi (jk^.s'* ..*,* , — L.:-^.^), autlior of a collection of Letters. Mir Muhammad Sayyad (jk^js"* .^« tU-j), the great Mahdawi of Jauupur. Mir Mu'izzi (^_^.^< ^^.*). Vide Amir Moizzl. Mir Murtaza (^Uj ^r_v^l J^-^V* y--* ^aJI), surnamed Al-Mad'u bi-ilm il-Huda. He died on the 2-5th September, A.D. 1044, 30th Safar, a.h. 436. Mir Razi ( ^J,. .^), a poet who re- ceived a lakh of rupees from a prince of DelilT for a Gliazal he composed. Mir Sadiq ( ■ii^\.^ i), commonly called Miran, was the son of Mir Ja'far 'All Klian, nawab of Bengal. He was killed by lightning when asleep in his tent on the night of the 2nd July, a.d. 1760, 18th Zi-Qa'da, A.H. 1173. He had put to death the Nawab Siraj-ud-daula (q.r.) and killed several women of his harem with his own hand. Being re- proached by the British llesident with the murder of one of the women, he answered, "What, shall not I kill an old woman, who goes about in her litter to stir up people aarainst mv father?" Mir Said Ali. Fide Sabir. Mir Sayyad Jama Baf (a.*\s>- S^^ .^^ (__jl.j), the weaver, was an excellent poet of Persia who came to India in a.d. 1562, A.H. 969, in the time of the emperor Akljar, and died in the year a.d. 1.56o, A.H. 973. His compositions mostly were Rubais, consequently he is sometimes called Mir Ruba'i. Mir Sharaef 'Allama {^^Az i .• .^ rr-*)- Vide Sharif Jurjani. Mirza {\j^^^) is an abbreviation of Amirzada, which in Persian signifies the son of a prince or nobleman. It is also written Mirza, which has been adopted in this work. The descendants of Amir Taimiir were all called Mirzas till Babar Shah, who as.sumed the honourable title of Badshiih, and the princes were called Sultans and Salatin. When used to designate princely rank the word foUoirs the name ; when it precedes it is a mere prefix of social respect like Mr. or Monsieur. Mirza 'Ali Beg- (( C..j J^z \ ; _^). Vide 'Ali Beg (Mirza). L^ Mirza 'All Khan or Lutf. Author of a Tazhira, said to be the first ever written in Urdii. Published about 1801, it bears the name Gxlshdn-i-Hind, and contains only 66 articles, but is illustrated by copious extracts. A native of Dehli, he resided at Patna and liUcknow ; but he appears to have died at Haidarabad (De Tassy). Mirza 'All Nawab (<__J^»J He was executed at Dehli on Tuesday the 9th July, A.D. 1844, for the murder of two dancing-girls in that city. The Fatwii was given by Maulana Sadi'-uddln I\h an Bahadur, Sadr-us-Sudur. Mirza Haidar { ^\^^ \\j^-»). Vide Ilaidar (Jlirza), also called Haidar Doghlat. Mirza Hasan (^^^::^ ^JX*^- ^''^^ Hasan (Mirzi). Mirza 'Isa ( l-^-.r ^jy-*), and Mirza Inayat-ullah, governors of Tatta in the time of the emperor Shah Jahan, where they died. Their tombs are magnificent edifices built of yellow marble, beautifully carved, with flowers in bas-relief, and surpassing all the buildings of the place. The inscription gives the year of A.D. 1648, A.H. 1058. MIRZ 253 MISK Mir^a Jan (,^1^ hj'^^' wliose poetical name was Jam, was the father of Mirza Jau Janau. Mirza Jana (UU- \\ .^■«), and Mirza GjiazI, two wazirs who lived in the reign of the emperor 'Ahxmgir. Their tomhs are in Tatta, and the inscription shows the date to be A.D. 1683, a.h. 1u95. ^ Mirza Jangli ( ^Lx.; 'JJ-' >), Nawab Sa'adat 'Ali's second brother. Mirza Khan (^\:>~ ^)X*^> ^^^ithor of the Tuhfat ul-Hind, a work on Hindu music, etc., composed under the patronage of "Azim Shah. It contains a minute account of Hindu literature in all, or most of, its branches ; he professes to have extracted his elaborate chapter on music, with the assistance of Pandits, from the Ragarnarva or Sea of Passions, the Mdgdurpana or Mirror of Modes, etc. Mirza Mihr Nasir ( .--«aJ J'k^ ^JI -), a physician in the service of Kai-Ira Klian, king of Persia, and author of a Masnawl. Amongst the many poems which have celelirated the charms and delights of the Spring, his Masnawl holds the highest place. He flourished about the year a.d. 1770, a.h. 1184. Mirza Muhammad {s/^s.-'* 1;^-*), snr- named Bulbul, a celebrated lutanist of Persia. It is related by Sir AYilliam Jones, that an intelligent Persian repeated to him again and again that he had more than once been present when Mirza Muhammad was playing to a large company in a grove near Shiraz, where be distinctly saw the nightingales trying to vie with the musician, sometimes warbling on the trees, sometimes fluttering from branch to branch, as if they wished to approach the instrument whence the melody proceeded, and at length dropping on the groimd in a kind of courtesy, from which they were soon raised by the change of the mode. Mirza Muhsin ( .. j.^»), brother of Nawab Safdar Jang. His title was Nawab Izzaf-uddaula, which see. Mirza Najaf. Vide Najaf Khan. Mirza Nasir {^^^'^ 1 • <), the father of the maternal grandsire of Xawab Slnija- uddaula. Ho came into Hindustan in the beginning of the reign of the emperor liahridur Shah the son of 'Alanigir, bv whom he was appointed to an office of trust at Patua about the year a.d. 1708, a.h. 1120, where he died and where his tomb yet remains. He had two sons, the second of whom, Muhammad Aniin, on being apprised of the death of his father, left Persia, and about the year a.d. 1718, visited the comt of the emperor Farrukh- siyar. He was appointed by this prince governor of the fort of Agra ; and soon rising to greater honours, he ultimately became the viceroy of Audh, by the title of Burhan ul- Mulk Sa'adat Khan". Mirza Nasir {j^ ^;^\ a poet who came to India from Mazindaran in the reign of the emperor Shah 'Alam the blind. His son ]Malik Muhammad Khan received the title of Xawab Samsam-uddaula Malik Muhammad Kjiau Diler Jang, from Xawab Zulfikar- uddaula Najaf Klian and after some time died in Jaipiir in a.d. 1804, a.h. 1219. Mirza Rustam (*--— ^ ^)r'*^' ^ prince of Qandahar, being driven to difficulties by his own brothers and the Uzbaks, came to the court of Akbar in a.d. 1593, a.h. 1001, and presented the king with the fort of Qan- dahar, for which the government of Multan was conferred on him, and he was ranked among the Amirs of the empire. He was the son of Mirza Sultan Husain the grandson of Shah Ismii'il, king of Persia. Mirza Shafi' (^^ ^jj^y nephew of Mirza Najaf Khan (q.r.). He contested the succession to his imcle with Afrasyab {q.v.) on the great Minister's death, and was assas- sinated before the fort of Agra by Muhammad Beg Hamadani in September, 1783. Misa'ab (^..^x^.*), brother of 'Abd- ullah ibn-Zuber, on whose part he was governor of Basra in the time of the Khalifs Marwan I. and his son 'Abdul Malik. He was killed in a battle fought against the troops of the latter, about the year a.d. 690, a.h. 71, and while 'Abdul Malik was at Kufa during an entertainment, Misa'ab's head was presented to him ; upon which one of the company took occasion to say, " I saw Husaiu's head in this same castle presented to 'Ubaid-ullah ; 'Ubaid- uUah's to Almukhtar ; Almukhtar'sto Misa'ab; and now at last Misa'ab's to yom'self." This observation so affected the Khalif, that either to avert the ill omen, or from some other motive, he ordered the castle to be immediately demolished. Misa'ab had been 'Al)dul Malik's intimate friend before he was KlialTf, but marry- ing afterwards Saklua the daughti^ret' Ilusain, and 'Ayesha the daughter of Tallia, by these marriages he was engaged in the interest of two families who were at mortal enmity with the house of Umayya. Miskin (^,^.Cu^), the poetical name of several poets of India, MISK 254 MOIZ Miskin Shah {A^ ^,^JLa,«), a spiritual teacher of the chiefs of Karniil in the Bala- g-hat districts, Southern Hindustan, whose uuiusoleum stands a inile distant from the town of Karual. lie is the author of a Diwiln. Mitti ( j:^), a person of the tribe of Indians called Kalal, whose profession was to keep watch at the s^ate of the kings and noblemen of India, and to run before them in their retinue. Some of them were raised even to the rank of loOO. This man was employed by Niir Jahan Begam, was well educated and became a poet in the time of Jahangir. He is the author of a Diwan. Mohan Lai ( Jj ^y*), a Hindu who adopted "Anis" for his poetical name. He was the author of a Tazkira called AnJs nl- Ahbab, compiled in a.d. 1783, a.h. 1197. He informs us that when 'Asaf-uddaula the Nawab of Audh saw the Tazkira of the contemporary poet Hazin, he ordered him to compile a similar work on Indian poets. Mohan Lai Munshi ( ^Ai^ J^ i^^-^X the son of Pandit Budh Singh, the son of Eaja ManT Ram, of Kashmere descent. His father was a resident of Dehli. He was a student of DehlT College and accompanied Lieutenant Burues and Dr. J. G. Gerard in the capacity of a Persian Munshi to Persia in January, 1».^), son of Rao Qaran, murdered by one Muhammad SluTh about the year a.d. 1761. His women burned themselves alive with his corpse. Moi'zzi {^\x.t). Vide Amir Moi'zzT. Moi'zz-tid-din allah Abi Tamini Ma'cl (jW* r AW SiJK,t), the son of Ismail surnamed Al-Mausur. He was the 4th Kjialif of Barbary, and the first king of Egypt of the Fatimite dynasty who began to reign in the former country in a.d. 952, 3Uth Shawwal, a.h. 361. The greatest achievement performed by this Klialif was his conquest of Egy])t, and the removal of the Kliilafat from Qairwan to that country in A.D. 970, A.H. 361. He subdued all Africa and built the city Al-Qahira in Egypt, com- monly called Grand Cairo, and died after a reign of 24 years in a.d. 976, 19th Rabi' II. A.H. 365. [ Vide Muhammad Al-Mahdi. ] List of the kings of the Fatimite dynasty who reigned from a.h. 341 to 567 in Egypt. Moi'zz-ud-din aUah Abi Tamim a.d. a.h. Ma'd, reigned 24 years . . . 952 341 Al-'^Vziz Billah Abii Nasr Tarar, reigned 21 years 976 365 Hiikim-bi-amr allah Abii Mansur, reigned 25 years 996 3S6 Tahir U-azaz-din allah Abii'l Hasan bin- Hakim .... 1020 411 Mustanasir Billah Abii Tamim bin-Tahir 1036 427 Mustaa'lT Billah Abu'l Qasim Ahmad bin- Mustanasir . . . 1094 487 Amar be Ahkara allah Abii 'Ali Mansiir biu-Mustaa'li . . . 1100 495 Hafiz-li-diu allah 'Abdul Majid bin-^Iuhammad bin-Mustazehr 1130 524 Al-Zafir-bi-'Abdullah Isma'il biu-H5fiz . . 1117 542 Faez-bi-nasr allah Isa bin Zafir . 1152 547 'Azid-li-din allah bin-Yusaf bin- Hafiz, in whose time Egypt was taken bv Salah-uddiu (Azid died in a.d. "1173) 1158 553 Moi'zz-uddaula (d]_,jj^jit,*), the brother of 'Imad - uddaula 'Ali Boya. He was nominated wazir to the KJialif Al - Razi Billah in a.d. 936, and held that oflice during the reigns of Al-Muttaqi and Al-]Mustakfi, the latter of whom he afterwards dethroned, and continued through life to exercise absolute authority over Al-Mutia, the son of the Klialif Al-Muqtadir, whom he elevated to the throne. He was the youngest of the three brothers. He governed 'Iraq 21 years and 1 1 months and died at Baghdad on M(mday the 1st April, a.d. 9b7, 17th Rabi' II. A.H. 356. He was succeeded by his son 'Izz- uddaula Bakhtaiar, who was killed in battle in a.d. 968, a.h. 356, by Azd-uddaula, the son of Rukn-uddaula, who succeeded him in the office of wazir to the Klialif of Baghdad. Moi'zz-uddin (,.,_. A.! ^.r.^), title of the emperor Jahandiir Shah. Moi'zz-uddin (jj>!l :•«,«), surname of (iaiiiubful the grandson of Sultan GJiayas- uddiu Balban. Moi'zz-uddin Husain Kart, Malik (l_^L^ CZ^rJ ,.»--^*- ..r-'-^^ r*'«), the seventh king of the dynasty of Kart or Kard. He succeeded his brother Malik Hafiz in MOIZ 255 MU AZ A.D. 1322, reigned over Herat, Ghazul, etc., about 38 years (some say only 12), and com- pletely subdued the Sarbadals. He died about the year a.d. 1370, a.h. 771, and was suc- ceeded by his grandson Ghayas-uddlu the son of 'All. Mo'izz - uddin Muliammad Ghori Shahab-uddin Muliammad Ghori. ^.j _\J \ ;_«^< ) . Vide Moi'zz - uddin Muhammad, Mir ( -^< S^sr^ ^s\\'t^^). He was so exquisite a caligrapher that a thousand verses ^^■ritten by him sold for 10,000 dinars. He was living about the year a.d. 1585, A.H. 993. Momin (^^^^), Hakim Muliammad Mumin Klian, a physician and the best poet in his time in Dehli. He wrote Persian and Rekhta poetry, and has left a Diwan in Persian and several Masnawis. He fell from the roof of his house and broke his arm in A.D. 1852, A.H. 1268, and (lied after a few days. Momin 'Ali, Shaikh (;^a^ Is: ,-■«»-«), a poet whose poetical name was Maftiin. Momin, Mir (^AAj:.^\ j^* e/*^'«X oi Astarabad, an author. Mu'ajiz (J.P-U,*), poetical title of Mu- hammad Nizam Khan, an Afghan who was an author and died at Dehli in a.d. 1749, A.H. 1162. Mu'awia I. (a.^U,«), the son of Abu Sufian, the son of Harb, and general of the khalifs 'Umar and 'Usmiiu. After avenging his master's (Osman's) death, he seized his kingdom a.d. 644, and became the first khalif of the race of Umayya or Ommiades. He took Rhodes and after destropug the Colossus, he attacked Sicily, and carried devastation to the gates of Constantinople. After besieging in vain the capital for seven years, he purchased peace by an annual tribute. During this siege, the Greek fire is said to have been invented. He died on the 7th April, a.d. 6.s0, Xew Moon of Rajab, A.H. 60, after having reigned from Hasan's resignation 19 lunar years 3 months and 27 days, and was buried at Damascus his capital, which was made the residence of the khalifs as long as the house of Umayya continued on the throne. Mu'awia had embraced the Muhammadan religion at the same lime as his father, which was in the year of the victory. Muhammad made him his sccrotarv, and 'Umar gave him the lieutenancy of Syria, M'hich he held during foiu- years of that khalifs life. 'Usman continued him in that post during the whole space of his reign, which was about twelve years. For four years more he kept Syria in his own hands by force, whilst he held out against 'Ali. Taken altogether, therefore, he held possession of Syria, either as governor or khalif, for nearly 40 years. There are different reports about liis age ; some say 70 years and others 75. He was succeeded by his son Yezid I. Klialifs of the house of JJmaijija who reigned at Damascus. 1. Mu'awia I. 2. Yezid I. 3. Mu'awia II. 4. i\[arwau I. 5. 'Abdul Malik. 6. Walid I. 7. Sulaiman. 8. 'Umar, son of 'Abdul Aziz. 9. Yezid II. 10. Hashiim. 11. AValid, son of Yezid II. 12. Yezid III. 13. Ibrahim, son of "NValid. 14. Marwan II. the last of the Ommaides. Mu'awia II. (^^.U.«), son of Yezid I. and the third khalif of the race of Umayya. He succeeded his father in September, a.d. 683, A.H. 64, at Damascus, but being of a weakly constitution, and unable to bear the fatigues of government, resigned the crown six weeks after his inaugiiration, aud died soon after Avithout naming a successor. Therefore, as soon as he had made his abdication, the officers of the court proceeded to the election of a khalif and their choice fell upon Marwan, the son of Hakam. In the meantime 'Abdullah the son of Zuber had been declared khalif in Arabia, 'Irak, Khurasau, Egypt, and a great part of Sp'ia. \^Vide 'Umar al Maksiis.] Mu'azzam Khan ( .l_r r^ i^Ljl-isrLrs-), Khan Khanan, entitled Mir Jumla, which see. Mu'azzam Khwaja (d.^^»ri- Jix,*). Vide Khwaja Mu'azzam. ^^ ^K Mu'azzam, Muhammad (x*,^-* *lii*.«), Vide Bahadur Shah I. Mu'azzi, Amir(^*^ ^\x~*), a nobleman at the court of Sultfui Malikshfih Saljuki. He is the author of a Diwan in Persian. He was living at the time of the Sultan's duafh, which hajipened in a.d. 1092. \_Vide Amir Moizzi.] MUBA 256 MUBT Mubarik*AliKliaii(^l^ U ^,[^ c__>'»j), Nawab of Bengal, Behar and Urisa, placed on the luasuad ou the 23rd December, a.d. 1824. Mubarik Sliah (iLi , >,L-«), tlie son of Kliizir Khan, ascended the throne of Dehli after the death of his father on the 22nd May, A.D. 1421, 19th Juraada I. a.h. 824. He reijjned 13 lunar years 3 months and 16 days, and was mm-dered on the 18th April, a.d. 1434, 5th Ramazan, a.h. 837, in a masjid where he had g-one to say his ]3rayers, hy Qazi 'Ahdus Samad, Sadharan Kliattri and others, who raised Muhammad Shah, his nephew, to the throne. Mubarik Shah Khilji (ilji , ^,L-^,« jj—s ^^), surnamed Qutb-uddin, ascended the throne of Dehli (accordiu"^ to Firishta) on the 22nd March, a.d. 1317/ 7th Muharram, a.h. 717, after the death of his father Sultan 'Ala-uddin Khilji, and the murder of Kafur, a slave of the latter, who had aspired to the throne and had raised Shahab-uddin 'Umar Klian a boy of seven years of age, the youngest son of the late Sultan to the throne. Amir Ivhusro, the celebrated Persian poet who had served three kings before, wrote a book in his name, for which he was remunerated by the king with an elephant load of silver pieces. Mubarik Shah reio-ned four years, and was murdered on the 4'th April, a.d. 1321, ,5th RabT' I. a.h. 721, by his wazir, Ivhusro IMalik, a favoiu'ite slave to whom he had confided all the powers of the State. This man ascended the throne with the title of Kliusro Shah, but was assassinated five months after by GhazT Klian Tughlaq, governor of the Pan jab, who took the title of Ghayas-uddln Tughlaq Shah. The house of Khilji terminated with Mubarik Shah. Mubarik Shah Sharqi, (iLl < ^,1--^* j-i^.-i), whose former name was Malik Wazil or Karanfal, was the adopted son of Kluvaja Jahan Sharki, whom he suc- ceeded a.d. 1401, A.H. 803, to the govern- ment of Jaunpiir, and perceiving that the kingdom of Dehli was thrown into disorder and anarchy, he, with the consent of the officers of his government, as.sumed the royal canopy, and caused coin to be struck in his name under the above title. He died after a short reign of 18 months in the year A.D. 1402, A.H. 804, and was succeeded by his younger brother Ibrahim Shah Sharki. Mubarik, Shaikh. Tide Sliaikh Mu- barik. Mubarik-uddaula (iO.aJI < i,l.^«\ the youngest of the three sons of Mir Ja'far 'All Klian, Nawab of Bengal. He succeeded his brother Saif-uddaida in March, a.d. 1770, on the same terms as his brother, riz. to receive a pension of sixteen lacs of rupees, and the business of Nazim to be managed by deputy. He died at Mm-shidabad in Sejjteinber, A.D. 1793, and Avas succeeded by his son IVasir 111 - Mulk, Wazir-uddaula. Mubarik- uddaula is mentioned in Foster's Travch as the grandson of Mir .Ja'far and of Mirau. Hamilton savs Mubarik-uddaula died in a.d. 1796. Mubarik-ullah, Mirza (aU^ uJA-'* I j^*), a Persian poet. Mubariz - uddin. Vide Muliammad Muzalfar. Mubariz Khan (^Iri- j ,L.«), a noble- man who, in the commencement of the reign of Muhammad Shah of Dehli, was governor of Haidarabad, and was killed in a battle which he fought at the instigation of the emperor against Nizam ul - iltdk on the 1st October, o.s. 1724, 23rd Muharram, a.h. 1137, and his head sent to cotu-t with part of his spoils. Mubariz ul-Mulk (u_CL^.!\ } jW-'«X a title of Nawab Sarbalaud Klian. Mubid (a..^^«), the takhallus of Zinda Ram of Kashmere. He was a pupil of Mirza 'Abdul Ghaui Beg Qabiil, and is the author of a Diwan. He died in a.d. 1759, a.h. 1172. Mubid Shah (il^ s^y»), a Guebre who turned Musalmiin and wrote a history of the religions in the time of the emperor Akbar entitled Babistdn. The intention of the author appears to have been to furnish to Akbar a pretended historical basis of the religion which this emperor had invented, and which he was desirous to introduce. For this reason, the author commences with a very long chapter on the religion of the Mahaba- dians, which is a mere web of incoherent fables. Sir William Jones first mentioned this work. Gladwin published its first chapter in the Neic Asiatic MisceUany, together with an English translation. Leydeu in the 9th volume of the Asiatic Researches translated the chapter on the Illuminnti, and the text of the whole work was pnlilished at Calcutta in 1809. The Oriental Translation Society also published the whole in English. Mubtila (L-.,0, takhallus of Shaikh Gluilam j\Iuhi-uddiu Qureshi of Mirath. He is the author of several works. He was living in a.d. 1807, a.h. 1222., MUDK 257 MUHA Mudki Rao (i^ , J^S,^). Fide Jlianko Rao Siudhia. Mufid, Mulla (1« s^lt). Vide Mulla Miifid. Mufid, Shaikh (■^•^■^ S^Li). Vide Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad biu- Muhammad al-Na'maui. Mufrid (j..L^), poetical name of Mu- hammad 'All Beg. Mughal Beg ( c g C.>j J.i-«), a nobleman of the reigu of the emperor Akbar. lie is the author of the work entitled Samrdt ttl- Knds, commonly called Tazkira Mashdekh. Mughira (>w.A.«). Fide Al-Mughira. Mughis-uddin Qazi (,.^ja.!' (..i,,-*-^.^ ^\'i). He flourished in the reign of Sultan 'Ala-uddiu Kliilji. Muhabbat Khan, Nawab (,j:^^s"* ( j^J e-Ai>-), whose takhallus is Mu- habbat, was also called Muhabbat-ullah K]ian, one of the sons of Hatiz Kahniat Kliiiu. In composing Rekhta he was a pupil of Mirza Ja'far 'AIi Hasrat, and in Persian a pupil of Makin. He resided at Lucknow and received a handsome allowance from the British Government as well as from the nawab 'Asaf- uddaula. He has written a Masnawi called Asrdr Muhabbat, containing the loves of Sisl and Pdnu, at the request of Mr. Johnson, who had the title of Mumtiiz-uddnula, and is also the author of a Diwan. According to a chronogram of Jurat he ched in a.d. 1807, A.H. 1222. Muhammad {y.A-s.-'*) (or Mahomed), the Arabian prophet, author of the Qiirdii, was born on Monday the 20th April, a.d. 571, 10th Eabr I. at Mecca in Arabia, and was of the tribe of Quivsh, the noblest of the country. Arab writers make him to be descended in a right line from Ishmael the son of Abraham ; but do not pretend to any certainty in the remote part of his genealogy. He lost his father, 'Abdullah, before he was two years old, and his mother, 'Amina, before he was six ; but their attention was supplied by the care of his grandfather. 'Abdul jMuttalib, who, at his death, which happened two years afterwards, left him under the guarcUanship of his son Abii Talib, with whom he continued till he wa.< twenty-five, when he was placed in the service of a woman named K^iudyja, the widow of a rich merchant at Mecca, who sent merchandize into SjTia. This woman fell in love with ]\[uhammad, the driver of her camels, and married him. In his frequent jom-neys through Arabia, he had observed the various sects "which divided the opinions of the eastern Christians, and he considered that nothing could so lirmly secure to him the respect of the world as laying the foundation of a new religion. In his 40th year he assumed the title of the Apostle of God, and gradually increased his fame and his followers in- the aid of pretended visions. "When he found himself exposed to danger at Mecca he left the city, and retired to Madina, where his doctrines found a more friendly reception. This event, which happened in the year a.d. 622, forms the celebrated era of the Muham- nmdans, called the Hijra or Hijri, which signifies Separation. At Madina the prophet erected his standard, and as for thirteen years before he had endeavoured to spread his doctrines by persuasion, he now propagated them by the sword. In the eleventh year of the Hijra the prophet fell sick, and after a confinement of thirteen days he died on Monday the 8th June, a.d. 632", 12th EabI' I. A.H. 11, aged 63 lunar years. He was buried in the same place where he died, in the chamber of the most beloved of his wives, 'Ayesha, the daughter of Abu Bakr, at Madina, where his remains are still preserved. It is very remarkable that though Muhammad himself so often declared in the Quran that he wrought no miracles, yet his followers have ascribed a great many to him. For instance, they affirm that he caused water to flow from his "fingers, that he split the moon in two, that the stones, trees, and beasts acknow- ledged him to be the true prophet sent from God, and saluted him as such ; that he went one night from Mecca to Jerusalem, from whence" he ascended to heaven, where he saw and conversed with God, and came back again to Mecca before the next morning; with many more miracles equally incredible. jMuhammad permitted, by his law, foiu- wives to each of his toUowers, but did not limit himself to that number; for he observed that a prophet, being peculiarly gifted and privileged, was not bomid to restrict himself to the same laws as ordinary mortals. The authors who give him the smallest number of wives o\™ that he had fifteen, four of whom, however, never shared connubial rites. Their names and the year when they died, are as follows : — A.D. A.H. 1. K]uidija, the daughter of Kiuiwylid, died 3 years before" the Hijra era, aged 6-5 619 2. Siida, daughter of Zama'a, died 674 54 3. 'Avesha, daughter of Abu "Bakr, died aged 66 .677 57 4. Hafsa. dauuhter of 'Umar Kliattab', died . . . 665 45 5. Uuim Salma, daughter of Abu ruiayya. outlived all Muhanimad's wives, and died 670 59 17 MUHA 2o8 MUHA 6. I'mm Ilalnlia, tlaii<;:hter ad. a.ti. of Ahii Sutyaii, died . G64 44 7. Zainab, dau,i;litcT of Ja- hash, widow of Zaid, Muliaiumad'sslavCjdied 641 20 8. Zainab, dauuhtcr of Kliu- zyiiia, dit'd two months after the above ... 641 20 9. Maimiina, daughter of Harith, died \ . .671 ol 10. Jawvria, daughter of Harith . . . . . 670-5 50-50 11. Safyfi, daujrhter of Hai bin-Akhtah, died . . 670 50 12. Maria Copti, or the Efryp- tiau, of whom was born Ibrahim 637 16 Bv Kliudyja, his first wife, he had six chiUli-eu, two sons and four daughters, viz. Qasim and 'Abdullah who is also called Tahir ; and Zaiuab, Rukia, Umm Kulsiim and Fatima ; all of whom died before their father excepting Fatima, who was married to 'All and survived her father six months. Muhammad I. (J^l Sa.^:^) (or Ma- homet I.) Sultan of the Turks, was the son of Bayezld I. (Bajazet), whom he succeeded in A.D. 1413, A.H. 816, after an interregnum of eleven years, during which time his" brother Sulaiman liad taken possession of Brusa. He was a brave and politic monarch, conquered Cappndocia, Servia, Wallachia, and other provinces, and was at peace with Manuel Paloeologos, emperor of Constantinople, to Avhom he restored some of his jjrovinces, and died at Adrianople of a bloody-flux a.d. 1422, A.H. 825, aged 47 years. He was succeeded by his son Murad ll. (Amm-ath). Muhammad II. ( ^U X4.s"«) (Mahomet II.) emperor of the Turks, surnamed the Great, succeeded his father Mm-ad II. (Amurath) in February, a.d. 1451, Mubarram, a.h. 855. His reign was begun with preparations for war ; he besieged Constantinople, and conveyed over tlu^ land some of his gallies into the harbour, which the Greeks had shut up againt the invaders. Constantinople was taken by him on Tuesday the 2;ith May, a.d. 1453, 20th Juuiada I. a.h. 857, and 'in her fall poiu-ed fortli her fugitive philosophers and learned men to revive literature in the Western world. Mulianimad by his victories, deserved the name of Great; and the appel- lation of Grand Seignor, which he assumed, has descended to liis successors. After subduing two em])ires, twelve tributary kingdoms and two hundred towns, he was preparing for the subjugation of Italy, wlieu a colic proved fatal to liini, and lie died on Tluirsday the 3rd May, a.d. 1481, 3rd liabr I. A.H. 886, after a reign of 31 hmar years. His death was the cause of universal rejoicings over tlie Cliristiau world, wlioso religion he had sworn to exterminate for the tenets of Muhammad. He was of exceediun' courage and strength, of a sharp wit, and very fortunate ; but withal, ho was faithless and cruel ; and in his time occasioned the deatli of 80,000 Christians of both sexes. His son Bayezid II. succeeded him. Muhammad III. (o^JlJ s^.s.-^), emperor of the Turks, succeeded his father Murad III. in January, a.d. 1595, Jumada I. AH. 1003, to the throne of Constantinople. He began his reign by ordering nineteen of his brothers to be strangled, and ten of his father's wives to be drowned, whom he .supposed to be with child. He made war against Rodulphus II. emperor of Gei'many, and invaded Hungarv with an army of 200,000 men, but his progress was checked by MaximilHan the emperor's brother, who woiild have obtained a decisive victory had not his troops abandoned themselves to pillage. Muhammad, obliged to retire from Himgary, buried himself in the indolence of his seraglio. He died of the plague, after a reign of 9 years, in January, a.d. 1604, Shaban, a.h. 1012, aged 59 years, and was succeeded by his son Ahmad I. Muhammad IV. («_.'^ . Sa-s:-"*), cmj^eror of the Turks, was the son of Ibrahim, whom he succeeded on the throne of Constantinople in A.D. 1649, A.H. 1059. He pm'sued the war with the Yeuetians, and after reduciug Candia, with the loss of 200,000 men, he invaded Poland. His arms proved victorious, but the disgrace was wiped off by the valour of Sobeski, king of Poland, who the next year routed his enemies at the battle of Choezim. He was deposed in a.d. 1687, A.H. 1098, and sent to prison, where he died in A.D. 1691, A.H. 1102. He was succeeded by his brother Sulaiman II. Muhammad 'Abd (s^z A^.s'*), author of a Persian work on Jurisprudence called Ams ul-Islam, the Foundation of ]\[uham- madanism, and of one called Fiqha Suunatf iva-JamdaH. Muhammad 'Adil Shah (, 1 jU S^si^ i'jl)), king of Bijapur, succeeded his father Ibrahim 'Adil Shiih II. in the year A.D. 1626, AH. 1036. As the armies of the emperor of Dehli were daily extending their conquests in the Deccan, and he knew that should the country of Ahmadnagar be reduced his own would become the object of attack, he assisted Xizara Shah against the imperial arms ; and more than once suffered for his conduct, being obliged to purchase peace by large contributions. In the year a.d. 1634, A.H. 1014, the armies of the emperor Shah Jalian invaded the Deccan on three quarters and laid waste the coimtry of lUjapfir witliout mercy. After the reduction of Daulatfiljad and other forts, with most ]iart of the kingdom of Nizam Shah, ]\Iu]iammad 'Adil Shah agreed to pay a considerable tribute to MUHA S59 MUHA. the emperor. He was the last kiug ot Bijapur who struck coins in his own name. In the hitter part of his reign his vassal Sewajl, the son of Sahii Bh5sla, by stratagem and treachery obtained great power, and tliefouuda- tiou of the Bijapiir monarchy became weak- ened. Muhammad died in A'ovember, a.d. 1656, Muliarram, a.h. 1067, and was succeeded by his son 'All 'Adil Shah II. His tomb at Bijapur, called " Gol Gumbaz," has a dome which measures 130 feet in diameter and which can be seen from 30 miles distance. A beautiful view is seen from the roof ; the tomb being at the very end of the city, all the remarkable places present themselves to us, and the eye loses itself in the vast number of cupolas, domes, and minarets crowded together. Conspicuous among these are seen the fair proportions of the Rauza or tomb of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah. Muhammad Afzal (J.^.j^ s.as^), author of the work named Madinat-td-Aubia. It gives an account of the creation of the world, and a history of all the prophets pi-ior to the birth of Muhammad. Muhammad Afzal, Shaikh (s.^s-* '^■^ J-siJl), son of Shaikh 'Abdur Eahim, a pirzada and native of fthazipur, who by the command of his murshid or spiritual guide, Mir Syyid Muhammad of Kalpi, fixed his residence at Allahabad, where he held a school and passed the re- mainder of his life in teaching Arabic and Persian, and making proselytes. He is the author of several works ; was born on the 28th October, o.s. 16-28, 10th Rab'i I. a.h. 1038, and died aged 87 lunar years on Friday the 2ud January, o.s. 1713, loth Zil-hijja, AH. 1124. His descendants ai-e still at Allahabad. He used " Afzal " for his poetical name. Muhammad Akbar {.^J\ ^.♦^.s:'*), the emperor Akbar is sometimes so called. Muhammad Akbar { S\ s^sr*), the youngest son of the emperor Aurangzeb 'Alamgir. He rebelled against his father, went to Persia and died there in a.h. 1115. Muhammad Akbar { S\ J^.s'*), son of Muhammad Gesii Daraz of Kulbarga. He is the author of a Persian work on Theology entitled Akaed Akbarl, containing the principles of the Muhammadan faith. Muhammad 'Ala-uddin bin Shaikh 'Ali al-Hiskafi {^ ^^.jji 'l~ jk^^-* i^.C^sM Ir 'f"^), autlior of the work on Jiuisprudeuce called the Fatdwa Durr al Mukhtdr, which is a commentary on the Taniilr ul-Absdr, containing a multi- tude of decisions. Muhammad 'Ali ( ^U S^s:.-^), Viceroy of Egypt. Upwards of twelve centuries have passed since Egypt tell under the arms of the successiul General of the Khalif Omar ; for a little over five centuries it remained iu the possession of the successors of the conqueror ; their power was put to an end by the Turk- mans in A.D. 1171, and about eighty years afterwards the latter were in their turn e.xpelled by the Mamltiks. The Mamliiks raised one of their own number to the throne, %vith the title of Sultan, and the dynasty lasted till 1517, when the last of the Mamliik Sultans was put to death by the Turkish Sultan Salam, who appointed a Pasha to the government assisted by a council of twenty- four Mamluk beys or chiefs. This state of things lasted till 1798, when the French under Bonaparte landed in Egypt, and after destroy- ing the Mamliiks were themselves attacked and defeated by the British in 1801. After the departure of the British, the country fell into anarchy till it was restored by Muhammad 'All, who by the massacre of the remaining Mamliiks made himself master of the situation. The treaty of London in 1 84 1 made the govern- ment of Eg\i)t hereditary in the family of Muhammad 'Ali, and Isma'il Pasha was his grandson. Eg\']it has now ceased to be a province of Turkey. Its ruler has had all the powers of an independent sovereign con- ceded to him by the Farman, which dates from the 8th June, a.d. 1873. Muhammad was born iu 1769, entered the Turkish army, and in 1799 was sent to Egypt at the head of a contingent to co-operate with the British against the French invaders. Here his fine military qualities rapidly developed themselves, and he at length became the Commander of the Albanian Corps d'armee in Egypt. lie was soon afterwards involved in disputes ■nitli the Mamliiks, who practically had long ruled Egypt. He was soon after involved in disputes with the Mamliiks who had long practically ruled Egypt. They were at length entirely ex- terminated in 1820. He declared himself independent of the Porte in 1S38, and died on the 2nd August, a.d. 1849. He was succeeded by his son or grandson Isma'il Pasha. Muhammad 'Ali ( Ir A^.s'*), author of an Insha or collection of Letters. Muhammad 'Ali Hazin ( Ix jk.,*..„sr* ^■■■r •). Vide IlazTu. Muhammad 'Ali Khan ( .L; s.^.si'^ ^,l->-), oldest son of Faiz-ullah Kluui tlio llohela chief of llampiir. He succeeded his father in a.d. 1794. MFHA 200 MUHA Muhammad 'Ali Khan ( ^l^ A^.sr* ^Iri-), Nawab of the Caruatic, was the son of Anwar-uddin Klian. After his iathei-'s death he was confirmed to the govern- ment of the Cai-natie hy Xawab Xasir Jang in A.D. 1750, and placed on the niasnad by the assistance of the English. He died, aged 78 years, on the 13th"October, a.d. 1795, and his son 'Umdat ul-Umra succeeded him. Muhammad 'Ali Khan ( ^1- A^.s'* ^Iri-), Nawab of Tonk, son of the Pindari chief Amir Klian, succeeded his father to the GaddT of Tonk in 1831, and was deposed in 1867 on account of the Lawa massacre. His estate came under the immediate control of the Political Department in the end of 1870, when his son Ibrahim 'Ali Klifin was installed as Kawab of Tonk. Muhammad 'Ali Khan, Rohela i^\^ ^~ ;>^.s'*). He succeeded his father Faiz-ullah Khan in September, A.D. 1794, to his jagir of Rampiir. \_Tlde Faiz-ullah Klian.] Muhammad 'Ali Mahir ( U ju^^'* J jU\ Tide Mfdiir. Muhammad 'Ali, Mir (^^ ^ii j^.^.^'*), of Burhanpiir, author of the Miraf-us-Sufa. (See All the Year Itoand, vol. xviii. p. 1.57.) Muhammad 'Ali Shah ( U s^s.'* ilii), whose former title was Nawab NasTr-uddaula, was the son of Sa'adat 'AlT Klian, Nawiil) of Audh. He was placed on the throne of Luckuow by the British, after the death of his nephew Sulaiman Jah Naslr-uddin Ilaidar, on the 8th July, a.d. 1837, 4th Rain' II. a.h. 1253, at the aii-e of 70 years, and took the title of Abu'l Fatlia Moin-uddin Sultan Zaman Muhammad 'Ali Shah. He reigned exactly five lunar years, and died at I.ucknow on Tuesday the" 17th May, A.D. 1842, oth Rabi' II, a.h. 1'25S, when his son Suryya Jah Amjad 'Ali Shah succeeded him. Muhammad al-Mahdi(^-A.„/»>!^ S^^si"*), the first khalif or king of Barbary of the race of the Fatimites. He began to reign in a.d. 908, A.H. 296, and Avas supposed to be a descendant of Husain the sou of 'Ali and Fatima, whence the race is called F^itimite. His descendants conquered Egypt. He died in A.D. 933, A.H. 321, and was succeeded by his son Kaem Biamr-ullah, who died in a.d. 945, A.H. 334, and was succeeded bv his son Mausfir Billab in a.d. 952, a.h. 341. \_Vidc Maizli-ud-diu-Allah.J Muhammad Amin {^j^*\ s^sr^), of Daulat Muhammad al-Husaini al-Balkhi, is the author of the work called Aitfa^ ul- Akhbdr, or Useful Chronicle ; was in the service of Xawab Sipahdar Klian, who receives a long and laudatory notice at the close of the work. He concluded it in a.d. 1626, A.H. 1036, and styled it Anfa'- ul-AHhur because the Hijri year ah. I(i36, in which it was completed, is represented by the letters com])osing those words. He resided chiefly at Ahmadnagar. Muhammad Amin(^^^,^ Sa^-^), author of the work entitled '■Asrdr ul-MaWnil, a col- lection of poems on the conquests of the emperor 'Alamgir, and a panegyTic on several cities of the Deccan, which, previous to its being subdued by his arms, was esteemed the garden of Inilia. lie also wrote another work on Theology, entitled Haqiqat Ilin Ildhi. Muhammad Amin Khan ( .,.^,«^ x*^'* (^Iri-), son of Muhammad Said Mir Jumla. He served under the emperors Shah Jah an and 'Alamgir, and was raised to the rank of 5000. He died on the 6th May, o.s. 1682, 8th Jumada I. a.h. 1093, at Ahmadabad Gujrat. Muhammad Amin Khan ( .,^.«1 sa.js.'^ (^Ir^), entitled Ya tmad-uddaula, was the son of Mir Baha-uddin, the brother of Xizam ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah, and came to India in the reign of 'Alamgir under whom he served for several years. He was the chief conusallor of the emperor Muhammad Shah, and was appointed wazir with the above title after the death of Sayyad Husain 'Ali Khan and the imprisonment of his brother Sayyad 'Abdullah Kliiin in a.d. 1720, a.h. 1133, but he had scarcely entered on his office when he was taken ill and died suddenly on the 17th January, o.s. 1721, 29th Rabi' I. a.h. 1133. After his death the office of prime minister was only filled by a temporary sub- stitute, being ultimately designed for Nizam ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah, who was then in the Deccan. Muhammad Amin Razi {^^\ S^s-^ lJ'}^j)- ^^>(^^ Amin Ahmad, autlior of the Haft Aqllm. Muhammad Amir Khan ( .^,^\ j^^.s'* ;^l^), of Agra, author of the Maulud Ntldirl, continuing the history and miracles of 'Abdul Kadir Gilani in Urdii, written in A.D. 1847, AH. 1263. \_]'ide Muhammad Qasim.] MUHl 261 MUHA Muhammad Ansar ( ,l^jl Jk.^.^'*), author of the work called Malfuzut Shaikh Ahmad Jlaghrabi, or the Memoirs of Shaikh Ahmad Ivhattu, a very celebrated Siifi of Gujrat, whose tomb is at Ahraadabad nud who is still held in veneration. It was written in A.D. 144o, AH. 849. Muliammad 'Arif, Mirza (, f,^ j^^^s'* \jj^), a poet who was contemporary with Nasir 'Ali. Muhammad Aslam, Qazi (*.Lj^ >\^js'< ^.jIJ), wlio lived in the time of Shalydan. Muhammad Atabak (>.,.^.j\j\ Sa.^-*) Vide Atabak Muhammad. Muhammad 'Azim, ( » \^ ~\ j^.sr*), an historian who wrote a history of Kashmere in continuation of one written by Haidar Malik. It is amusing; to observe, says Sir H. M. Elliot, the extra vag-ant praises which this orthodox historian confers upon 'Alamgir, whom he infinitely prefers to the noble and enlightened Akbar, of whom he complains that he ' ' treated all his subjects alike!" not favom-iug the Muhammadans above the Hindus. Was ever a nobler tribute paid to a ruler ? Muhammad Azim Khan ij^z\ _\^.s'* (^li^), ex-am!r of Kabul. Ivhau. Muhammad Bakhsh (, Vide Azim whose poetical name is Mahjur, is the author of a work in Urdii called Nauratait or the nine jewels, containing numerous stories, which he completed in the first year of Nawab Ghazl-uddin Haidar of Lucknow or A.H. 1230. He is also the author of two other works of the same description, one called Gulshan Naubahar and the other Char Chaman. Muhammad Bakhtyar Khilji (j..^^'" ^^^■^ ,L-isr) was appointed governor of Bengal by Sultan Qutb-uddin Aibak about the year a.d. 1203, ah. 600. He made Lakhnauti the seat of his government. Governors of Bengal, down to conquest III/ Akbar. A.D. 1203 GOO Muhammad Bakhtyar Kl)ilji Muhammad Slu'ruu Azz-uddin, slain in liattle with the infidels 1205 602 'All Murdan 'Ala-uddin Khilji slain 120S 605 Husam-uddiu Ghausi slain . . 1212 009 A.D. A.H. Xasir-uddln bin-i-Shams-uddIn . 1227 024 MahmM bin- Shams- uddlu, be- came Sultan of Hindustan. . 1229 627 Tughan Klian, governor under Sultana Kizia 1237 634 Tiji or Taji 1243 641 Tainiur Khan Qiran .... 1244 642 Saif-uddin 1246 614 Ikhtiar-uddlu Malik Uzbak . .1253 651 Jalal-uddin Kliaui 1257 656 Taj-uddiu Arsalan 1258 657 Muhammad Tatar Khan . . .1260 659 Moi'zz-uddin Tughral . . . 1277 676 Nasir-uddin Bnghra Klian, son of Ghayas-uddin Balban, con- sidered "first sovereign of Bengal 1282 681 Qadar Kjiiiu , viceroy of Muhammad Shilh I. Tughlaq 1325 725 Fakhr-uddm Sikaudar, assumes independence 1340 741 'ALa-uddin Mubfirik .... 1342 743 Shams-uddiu Muhammad Shah . Ilias Bhangara 1343 744 Sikaudar Shah bin- Shanis-uddin. 1359 760 Gliayas-uddin 'Azim Shuh bin- Sikandar Sh.lh 1368 769 Saif-uddin Sultan us- Salatin bin- Gliayas-uddin 1374 775 Shams-uddiu bin-Saltan us- Salatin 1384 785 Kansa, a Hindu 1386 787 Jalal-uddin Muhammad Shah (Chitmalbin-Kausa). . . .1392 794 Ahmad Shah bin- Jalal-uddin. . 1409 812 Xasir Shah (descendant of Shams- uddiu Ilias) 1427 830 Barbak Shah bin-Xasir Shah. .1457 862 Yusaf Shah bin-Barbak Shah . 1474 879 Sikaudar Shah 1482 f-87 Fatha Shah 1482 887 Shclhzada Sultan, an eunuch . . 1491 896 Firoz Shah Habslu 1492 897 Mahnuid Shfdi bin-Flroz Shah . 1494 899 Muzaffar Shah Habshi . . . 1495 900 'Ala-uddin Husain Shah bin- SayyadAshraf 1498 903 Nasrat Shah bin- 'Ala-uddin Husain, defeated by ... . 1534 940 Farld-uddiu Sher Shah . . .1537 944 Huma-sun held court at Gaur also called Jannatfibad 1538 945 Sher Shah, again 1539 946 Muhammad Khan 1545 952 Khizir Kliiin Bahadur Shah bin- Muhammad J\han .... 1555 962 Jalal-uddin bin- Muhammad Khan 1561 "968 Sulaiman KirauT 1564 971 BayezTd bin-Sulaiman .... 1573 981 Daiid Khan bin-Sulaimfui, de- feated by Akbar' s forces under Munaim"lvhan 1573 981 Muhammad Baqi, Khwaja (A.,i_s'* - (S^VX ^ Muhammadan saint who died on the 20th October, a.d. 1603, 25th Jumada II. a.h. 1012, and is buried at Dfhli cliisi' to the (^adam llasid. Nizaui- uddin Ahmad has mentioned him in his work called Kardmdt ul-AuUa. MUHA 2G2 MUHA Muhammad Baqir(^uJ^'*'lj A^^'*), surnamed Majlisi (or the Oruaraent of Assemblies), the son of Muhammnd Taqi, was Shaikh ul-Islam or high priest of the city of Isfahan, and one of the most celebrated Shia lawyers and learned scholars that Persia ever produced in general literature, law and theology. Such was the esteem in which he was held, that Shah Sulaiman pressed upon him the hand of his daughter, Avhich, strange to say, he declined. One alone of this celebrated man's works, called Haqq id- Yvqxti, which he dedicated to Shah Husain, extends to fourteen folio volumes. It contains a body of the theology of the Shias, and quotes and refutes the arguments opposed to the opinions advanced, illustrating the whole with evidences of the truth of the Shia doctrines and with numerous traditions. Besides this, he wrote on many other subjects. One of his works, treating exclusively of Iladis, is called Bnhr ul-Amair. He died a.d. 1G98, a.h. 1110, aged 72 years. Muhammad Baqir Damad, Mir (.->,-. jU'o Jb J.,KS'*). His father Sayyad Mahmiid was styled Damad, because he was the son-in-law of Shaikh 'All 'Amili. He was a native of Astrabad in Persia. Muhammad Bakir his son was also styled Damad, because he married the daughter of Shall 'Abbas I. king of Persia. He resided for many years in Isfahan, and is the author of several compilations, one of which is called Utkil Mubun. He died a.d. 1030, A.H. lOiO. \_Vidc ilir Biiqir Damad.] Muhammad Baqir, Imam ( jjlj j^^^-* /♦l-^»'), the son of Imam Zain - ul 'Abidin, was the fifth Imam of the race of 'All. He was born on the 17th December, A.D. 676, 3rd Safar, a.h. 57, and died in the month of May or June, a.d. 731, Rabi' I. A.H. 113. His corpse was carried to Madiua and interred at the Baqia cemetery, in the vault wherein was dc])osited the bodies of his father and his fatlu'i's uncle; it is placed Tinder the same dome which covers the tomb of 'Abbas. Some authors have stated the day of his death to be 28th January, a.d. 733, which corresponds with the 7th Zil-bijja, a.h. 114. Muhammad Beg Khan (.^C^,j s^^^"* ij<:>-). Vide Hajl Muhammad Beg Klian. Muhammad hin-'Abdul 'Aziz (a^.s"' \i\xi\ S^r. ,.,.j), surnamed "v^TaiudT, author of the work in TiirkI called SJidhid u-a-Ma'iil. He died in the year a.d. 1612, A.H. 1021. Muhammad bin - 'Ahdur Rahman i^ytj^J] Jk--c 1^; ^^s.'*), surnamed biu-'Ali Laila, was a very celebrated jMusal- man doctor, and Qilzi of the city of Kufa, where he was born in a.d. 693, a.h. 74, and died in the year a.d. 765, a.h. 148. Muhammad bin-Ahu Bakr ( ..' j^^js'* Xj ».m), i.e. the son of Abu Bakr, the first khalif after Muhammad. He was made governor of Egypt by the khalif 'All, but was taken prisoner soon after in a battle fought against Amru ibn-ul-'As the deputy of Muawia I. who killed him, and, inclosing his dead body in the skin of an ass, bui-ned it to ashes in a.d. 657, a.h. 38. Muhammad bin-Ahmad C j Jk^.s:'* kJ*j^ J»^=- i), of Herat, author of the Tarjuma Fatuh 'Arabl, containing the con- quests of the Arabian Tribes and the domestic quarrels of the Muhammadans, commencing from the Kliilafat of 'Abii Bakr a.d. 632, a.h. 11, and continued till the murder of Husain at the battle of Karbala in a.d. 680, A.H. 61. This work is translated from the Arabic, and was written in a.d. 1199, a.h. 595. Muhammad bin-'Ali ( \z j A^.s'*), author of the Arabic work entitled Ahndi ul- Jcoitlv, containing the Life of Muhammad and Memoirs of his companions. Muhammad bin -'Amru at - Tamimi ( ^^-./♦.li!! t^£. ^J J^^.s'*), author of a biographical work on the lives of eminent Shias. Muhammad bin-Husain ( .,j j^^.s'* i^jM.:^), author of an Arabic work t)n Jurisprudence called Baddya-nl-Hiddi/a and of another in Arabic and Persia entitled Ilnildt nl-Faifdd. He died a.d. 1686, a.h. 1098. Muhammad bin-Ibrahim Sadr Shirazi Qazi ul-Quzat {j,^!i>\y\ ^ Jk^^s-* cul^ii!^ Lf**^^ oj^r?'-' j'-^-^X ■^lio is also called Mullil Sadr, is the author of Iho marginal notes on the Ulhyydt. Muhammad bin-Idris, Imam {sa-st"* A\.t\ (jj*J |0l .,^), the founder of the third orthodox sect, who is said to have been the first that reduced the science of Juris- ])ru(lence into a regular system, and made a discriminating collection of Traditions. He died a.d. 819, a.h. 204. MUHA 263 MUHA Muhammad bin-Is (^J,^£ ^jJ A^^-*), author of the liisdla Ab)iua''jjatn fee Anha'dr al-'AJdm. Muhammad hin-Isa Tirmizi (jk^^'* ^y,*j.'j ic-***--'^ ivT-^X fvuthor of the work called Jama' Tirmizi. It is also called Sunan Tirmizi aud likewise Al-'Ilal. He was a jHipil of al-Bukhari, and died in a.d. 892, A.H. 279. Muhammad bin - Ishaq. - un - Nadim (*,Ji^i ^l.s-*-i ^i Sa-s.'^), commonly called Abix Ya'qiib al Warraq, author of the Qitdb ul-Fehrist, the most ancient record of Arabian literature, written a.d. 987, a.h. 377. This work, though mentioned by Haji I\halfa, had hitherto escaped the industry of European explorers, but a portion of it (four books) has been foimd in the Royal Library of Paris, aud the remainder in Herr von Hammer Purgstall's collection. By a passage in the Fehrist, that learned gentleman has found that the Thousand and One Nights {Arabian Nights) had a Persian origin. In the eighth book, the author says that the first who composed tales and apologues were the kings of the first dynasty of the Persians ; then those of the Arsacides, the third of tlie foiu" ancient dj-nasties of Persia ; these tales were augmented and amplified by the Sasanides. The Arabs, he then proceeds to say, translated them into their tongue, composing others like them. The first book of this kind was the Hazdr Afsdna, or Thousand Tales, the subject of which the writers explain, mentioning Shahrzada and Dinarzada as the two females who practise the ruse upon the king. "It is said," continues the authors, " that this book was composed by Humae, the daughter of Bahman." The truth is, that the first who had these tales told him at night, was Alexander the Great, in order that he might keep awake aud be upon his guard. The kings who came after him made use, for the same purpose, of the Thousand Tales, which fill up a thousand nights, and two hundred conversations besides, in the light of the moon, which were related in a number of nights. [See Junr. As. Soc. vol. xxxi. p. 237.] Muhammad bin-Ismail ( j ^a-j^'^ jJ,-..'«-/»-«j^). Vide Muhammad Isma'll and Al-B;ikhari. Muhammad bin-Jarir Tabari (a^^'« ijr.J.? j-^y>- f.r--)> ''^^^thor of several works. He died in a.d. 941, a.ii. 330. Muhammad bin-Khawand ( j Sas.'* Jij^l:>-). Vide Khawand Shah. Muhammad bin-Mahmud ( .^ lA^.s'^ ^•y;-;^\ J»/».s:''*), commonly called Al- Isturushi, author of the Fusul al- Ixturdsht, a work principally restricted to drtisidU, respecting mercantile transactions. He died in a.d. 1227, a.h. ()25. Muhammad bin-Murtaza ( j i^as.'^ i^y^sr'* ^JJ .^), surnamed Muhsan, author of a Shia law-book called the Mufatih, on \\hich a commentary was written by his nephew, who was of the same name, but surnamed Hadl. Muhammad bin - Musa ( ,jj tX4.s'* ^.— •.,-•), of Khwarlzm, author of a work on Algebra called Aljabr tval- Jlluqabila. Tliis work was translated into English by Frederic Rosen. Muhammad bin - Qasim ( j jk^.s'* M^\.i) was a cousin of the khallf AValid I. and son ..in -law of Hajjaj bin Yusaf Saqali. By the command of the khalif in the year a.d. 711, a.h. 92, he marched with a large army to Sindh, and having defeated and killed the Raja of that country took possession of it on Thursday the 23rd. Jime, A.D. 712, 10th Ramazan, a.h. 93. From amongst the prisoners captured in the fort of Alor, two daughters of the Raja were sent to Damascus, aud the khalif sent them to his harem, consigning them to the care of his people until their grief shoidd be assuaged. Alter two months, they were brought to the presence of the khalif ; Avhen they raised the veils from their faces the khalif was smitten with theii" beauty, aud asked their names ; one was called Girpaldeo, the other Surajdeo. The khalif ordered one to his own bed ; she said, " my Lord, I am not fit for the king's service, we have both for three days been with Bin -Qasim, who after dishonouring us sent us here." The king was highly incensed, and directed that his servants shoidd sieze Biu-(iasiin, sew him up in a cow-hide, and send him to Syria. When Bin - Qasim received this order, he directed the messengers to do as they were directed. They obeyed the order, covered Bin-Qasim with a raw cow- hide ; after enduring the torture for three days he dii'd. Thev tinn put his body into a box, aud conveyed it to the khalif, who, opening it in the presence of the two women, said, " Behold how absolute is my power, and how I treat such servants as Biu- Qasim." The woman replied, "0 king, just men ought not to be precipitate iu great aH'airs, or be too MUIIA 264 MUHA. hasty to act, either u])on the roprcscntation of friends or foes." Tlie kh;)lit' asked their meaiiin;;-; they said, " We made tills aeeiisa- tion auaiust liin-Ciasim beeause of tlie haired we bore him, seeing that he slew our father, and throuo;h him we lost all our propt-rty and possessions, and became exiles from our own country ; but Bin-Qasim was like a father and brother to us, he looked not on us for any bad purpose, but when our object was revena'e for the blood of our father, we accused him ot this treachery ; this end attained, do with us as you will.^' The Kliallf on hearing;- this suffered great remorse; he ordered the two women to be tied to horses, and dragged to death, and they buried Bin-Qasim" in the burial place at Damascus. [See Jour. As. Soc. vol. vii. p. i. pp. 30o 307.] Muhammad bin - Qawam - uddin i^.isl\ ^^i ^j j>^.s'*), author of a Persian Dictionary called Bahr-id-Fazdel, the Sea of Excellence. Muhammad bin-Tahir II. ( « s^^-^ j^jlj^jfcl!;) succeeded Ins father in the government of Klaurasan and was the last of the race of Tahirians. He was taken prison( r in a battle about the year a.d. 874, a.h. 260, by Ya'qub bin-Lais, who took possession of Kliurasan. Thus ended the race of the Tahirians in Kliurasan, who governed that province for upwards ot 54 lunai^ years. Muhammad bin-Tunish al-Bukhari (^j^'ii^ J^ ^J A^:s:-»), author of the work called '■Ahdnllah-ndma, containing the history of the Uzbak Tartars originally from Dasht Qapchak, on the northern shored of the Caspian Sea. In a.d. It94, they invaded Transoxiana under Shah Beg Klian ; and having driven out the descendants of Taimiir, retained possession of that coxmtry. Tbe prince, whose memoirs are the chief subject of this work, was 'Abdullah Klifui ; he was a contemporary of the renowned Akbar, emperor of Hindustan, with whom he kept up constant correspondence and inter- change of ambassadors, and died a.d. 1595, A.H. 1005. Tliis book was dedicated t() Kizim-uddhi Kukaltash. Muhammad bin-Ya'qub ( .,j jk^^s-* (--JyAjt.^), author of the work called Qdmus. [Vide Firozabadi.] Muhammad bin Ya'qub al-Kalini ar-Razi {^uJS,\\ «— 'yi.^; ^^ A.*^'"), who is called tlie Eals ul-MuhaddisIn, or chief of tlie traditionists, is the author of the Jdma' ul-Iu'ifi, which is reckoned one of the books of the Qxtub Arba'. It is of vast extent, comprising no less than thirty hooks ; and its author is said to have been employed twenty years in its composition. He also wrote several other works of less note, and died at Baghdad in a.d. 939, a.h. 328. Muhammad bin - Yusaf ( » x*^'* *-^.=^ lJ^t^ ^ ^-^^iX ^ physician of Herat and author of an Arabic Dictionary called Bahr-ul-Jaivdhir, or the Sea of Jewels, said to be an Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Muhammad bin- Yusaf (i c^»j S^s:^ i^tj^ib), of Herat, author of the Tdrikh Hind. This work no doubt (savs Sir H. M. Elliot) is the same as Risdiae Ajdeb tva-Ghardeb-in-Hinddstan, since the author of that treatise also bears the name of Muhammad Yiisaf HirwT. This author appears to have been contemporary with, and to have conversed with, Kiiwaja Hasan of Dehli, who was a disciple of Xizam-uddin Aulia, who died in a.d. 1325. Muhammad Bukhari, Sayyad {Sy^^s"* ji^ ^,lis:^), father of Sayyad Ahmad Jalal Bukhari. He had many disciples in the time of Shah Jahan. Close by the western gate of the Ilauza of Tajganj is his shrine. He died in the year a.h. 1045. Muhammad Damishqi(jiA^ J ^^^'*), name of an illustrious Persian poet, who lived in the time of Fazil the son of Aliia the Barmaki or Barmecide. Muhammad Gesu Daraz, Sayyad (ju-j ;i .M »/.*<.-S Jk^*..s"*), of Kulbarga in Daulatabad, a famous Muhammadan saint, who was a discijile of Shaikh Xasir-iiddin Chiragh, Dehll. He was horn at Dehli on the 3Uth July, a.d. 1321, 4th llajab, a.h. 721. Ilis proper name is Sudar-iuldin "Shi- hamniad HusainT, but he was commonly called Muhammad Geisii Daraz, on account of his having long ringlets. He lived at Kulbarga in the reign of the Bahmani Sultans, and had the adckess to engage Prince Ahmad Shah to become his disciple, and build him a fine liouse and a superb ccmvent. When this prince ascended the throne, in a.d. 1422, A.H. 825, the credit of the saiiit became so great, that from the lord to the artificer all made it then glory to follow his instructions ; MUHA. ^65 MUHA so that his tomb became a pilfrrimante to all sects. IIo died iu the Deccuu in the hegiuuiug of the reigu of Ahmad Shah iu A.D. 1422, aud is buried at Hasauabad, commouly called Kulbarga. His tomb is a maguiticeut edifice covered with a dome, in the middle of au extensive court. During the reigns of the Deccan Sultiins, great sums of money were occasionally offered to his descendants who reposed near the saint, in vows aud presents, and many villages were assigned by the kings to defray the expenses of the tomb. He is said to be the author of several works, among which are the Ad'jh ul- Muriel, the JVaJfid /il-^As//iqhi, containing the whole duty of a Siifi disrii)K', etc., and also of a book of Fables in Persian entitled Asmdr ul-Asidr. His son, named Muhammad Akbar, is the author of the Aqded Akharl, containing the principles of the Muhammadan faith. Muhammad Ghaus Jilani, Hazrat Shaikh (c^^^^^JL; .j: wV^.S' I^-l), a celebrated Muhammadan saint whose tomb is at Uchcha of the Jilanis in Multiin, aud round whose shrine this town was built and after whom it was named. He was a descendant of Shaikh 'Abdul Kadir Jilani Baghdad!, and came to Uchcha about the year a.d. 1394. The Daiidputtras have continued to be his miu'id or disciples, and the murid of his successors from the time of their first leaving Shikarpur. Muhammad G-haus Khan (jk.^..s'* j^L:>- ijL;»_i). Vide Siraj -uddaula Muhammad Gliaus K]ian. Muhammad Ghaus, Shaikh (jk^js'* f^jy^^S LiJ^ iJlj^-z), of Gwaliar. His proper name is Haji Hamid-uddin, styled Gliaus-ul-'Alam, one of the greatest saints of India, who is said to have resided for twelve years iu the practice of asceticism in the jangal which lies at the foot of the Chunar hills, consuming the leaves and fruits of the forest as his sole food ; and so celebrated was he for the fulfilment of his blessings and predictions, that even powerful kings used to come and visit him aud pay their respects. He after- wards went to Gwaliar, where he engaged himself in the pursuits of his holy calling and in making proselytes ; and managed to cimtent himself with the pi'oceeds of a jagTr, which yielded a crore of taugas. He was the miu'shid or master of Shaikh Wajih-uddln 'Ahv of Gujrat, and died on the 14th September, o.s. 1562, HthMuharram, a.h. 970. The chrono- gram of the year of his death is " Shaikh AuliabM," i.e. Shaikh was a saint. He is the author of several works, among which are the Jawdhir ul-KJiamsa, and another entitled Gidzdr Ahrdr containing the memoirs of all the Sufi Sliaikjis of India with their places of burial and many other particulars. His brother Shaikh Phiil, who served under the emperor Humayiin, was killed at Agra, A.D. 1537, A.H. 945, by the adherents of Mirza Handal, who had rebelled against liis brother. His tomb is on a hill near the fort of Bayiiua. They were the descendants of Ivhwaja Farid-uddiu Muhammad 'Attrir iu the seventh generation. Their grandfather's name was Mo'in-uddin Qattal, whose tomb is in Jaunpur, and father's name Kiyam- uddiu. He lies buried in Zahiirabad, commonly called Kuubra, in Ghazipiir. A small work entitled Mmidkib Ghaniiia, containing the adventures of Muhammad Gliaus, was written by Sayyad Fazl-ullah in the year Hijri 941, 24 years before the death of the saint. Muhammad Ghaus Zarrin {sa.st'* i^-lj] ci_.*».i), of Bijnaur. He lived in the time of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula of Lucknow, and is the author of a Chahar Darwesh iu Persian. Muhammad Ghayas - uddin {sa-.s''* i^j JOi C_?Li.), the son of Jalal-uddin, the son of Sharaf-uddTu, author of the Persian Dictionary entitled Ghayds td-Liighdt, which he completed after foui-teen years' labour in the year a.d. 1826, a.h. 1242, also of the Miftdh id-Eiiniiz, Sharah Sikandar-ndma, Nuskha Bc Kjh o-Buhdr, and several poems aud Kasidas, etc. He was an inhabitant of Mustatabfid, commonly called Rampiir in the Pergunuah of Shahabad, Lucknow. Muhammad Ghazzali ( }\]-z wV^i-s."*). Vide Ghazzali. Muhammad Ghori (^ Vide Shahab -uddin (^liori ^ Jk.^t^jS'*). Muhammad Hadi (^-jL& Jk.^.js:'*), a nobleman of the Court of the emperor Jahangir, who wrote the last part of the Tdzak Jahdiigiii, during the last four years of that emperor's reign ; Jahangir wrote the first part up to the seventeenth year of his reign, and the second part was written by Matmid I\hrui. Muhammad Hakim, Mirza {s.A^sr^ \: -»,« *->x,s^), son of the emperor Hu- mayun and half-brother of Akbar, was born at Kabul on the 18th April, a.d. 1554, loth Jumada I. a.h. 961. In the reign of his brother, the emperor Akbar, he had the Government of Kabul, of which he remained during his life in undisturbed possession. He had twice invaded the Paujab ; once in a.d. MUHA 266 MUHA 1566, A.H. 974, ami the second time in Feb- niarj' A.D. 1581, Muharram, a.h. 989, when the "emperor found it ncciss-iry to proceid himself with an army, and ^lir/.a ^Iuhaiinua- js^^-*), also called Muhammad bin- 'AH, Avas the third son of 'Ali, and because he was not descended from his wife Fatima, as Hasan and Ilnsain were, is not reckoned amongst the Imams, notwitlistanding there were many who after Husain's death secretly acknow- ledged him to be the lawful khalif or Imam. He died in the year a.d. 700, a.h. 81. Muhammad Hasan ( ,.^.=w jk.^..s'* ^»l>j), of Delill, -who flourished about the year a.d. 1604, a.h. 1013, is the author of a ]\Iasnawi or poem containing the praises of the prophet, of his chaste wives and of great saints. Muhammad Hasan Burhan (jk.,4>_s'* ,-u.£s-), author of the Persian U^V Dictionary called Burhan Qafa', dedicated to 'Abdullah Qutb Shah of Haidarabad and Golkauda, a.d. 1651, a.h. 1061. Muhammad Hashim (♦^Us Sy^s.'*). Vide Kliafi Khan. Muhammad Husain ( .,^^2.. ^y^.^^), author of a Persian work on Theology called jLqdcd Husain. Muhammad Husain Khan (jk.^..s'* {^:>- rr^-^^^^X the present nawiib of Kalpi ; his title is 'Azim ul-Mulk. Muhammad Husain Mirza {^.a^s.'"* ■ ). Vide Ibrfililm Husain Muhammad Husain, Shaikh {sa.^'^ CLij^ ^'"^ ^.^uj^^sJ), whose poetical name is Shuhrat, was an excellent poet and a phy.sician. He was a native of Arabia, but completed his studies at ShTraz and came to India, where he was employed by the prince 'Azim Shah as a physician. In the r^ign ttf Farrukh-siyar the title of Ilakim-ul-Mumfdik was conferred on him. He went on a pil- grimage to Mecca in the time of the emperor JMuhamraad Shah, and after his return to India he died in the month of April, a.d. 1737, Zil-hijja, AH. IU9, at Dehli. He is the author of a Dlwan consisting of 50U0 Muhammad Ihn-Alahmar {.A sas.'^ ..^♦.-.==-lM), or more properly Ibn al- Ahmar, one of the Moorish kings of Granada in Spain and founder of the Alhambra, a celebrated fortress or palace which was regarded by the Moors of Granada as a miracle of art, and had a tradition that the king who foimded it dealt in magic, or at least was deeply versed in alchemy, by means of which he procured the immense sums of gold expended in its erection. The name of this monarch, as inscribed on the walls of some of the apartments of the Alhambra, was Abu 'Abdullah, but is commonly known in Moorish history as Muhammad Ibn-Alahmar. He was born in Arjona in a.d. 1195, a.h. 591, of the noble family of the Ban! Nasar ; when he arrived at manly years, he was appointed Alcayde or governor of Arjona and Jaen, and gained great popularity by his benignity and justice Some years afterwards, on the death of Ibn-IIud, when the Moorish power of Spain was broken into factions, many places declared for Muhammad Ibn- Alahmar ; he seized upon the occasion, made a circuit through the country, and was every- where received with acclamation. It was in the year a.d. 1238 that he entered Granada amidst the enthusiastic shouts of the multi- tude. He was proclaimed king with every demonstration of jov, and soon became the head of the Moslems in Spain, being the first of the illustrious line of Ban! Xasar that had sat \\])- ^^^ Jk^.s"*), the son of Jiirir, an Arabian author, -who died about the year a.d. 942, a.h. 330. Muhammad ibn - Zikaria al - Razi Muhammad 'Imad (jU^ Sa^-"*), who flourished about the year a.d. 1371, a.h. 773. He is the author of the followiug admired poems : Mlsbdh id-Hicluet, Mutiis ul-Abrdr, Mas/iaul Kattiai, and Muhahhat-ndina. \J'xde 'Imiid Faqih.] Muhammad 'Imam (*L»,j: j*w*,.^-*). Tide 'Imam Muhammad. Muhammad Ishaq ( ;l.s*-=l Jk.,*_s'*), author of the work called iS'tar ul-Xahi tca- 'A.sdr Sahulia. Muhammad Isma'il Bukhari (a.^^-* ^Xis::^^ (J-.£L*w-jl), who is also called Abi 'Abdullah bin-Isma'il al-Bukharl, is the author of the Sahih td-Bitkhnrl, a book held in the highest estimation, and considered, both in spiritual and temporary matters, as next in authority to the Qiuan. It contains 9,880 traditions, selected from 167,000, recording- not only all the revelations, inspira- tions, actions, and sayings of Muhammad, but also explaining many of the diflicult passages of the Qm'an. It relates besides many miracles and anecdotes of the ancient prophets and other inspired persons. He was born in the year a.d. 810, a.h. 194, and died in the month of Juue, a.d. 870, Rajab, a.h. 256. He is commonly called Al-Bukharl, which see. Muhammad Isma'il, Moulwi (jv.^.s:"* ^J»-« J.-rl,*-jO, author of the Sirdt td-Musfaqim or The True Path, containing an account of the peculiar tenets held by the followers of SajTad Ahmad the modern ISIuhammadan zealot and reformer, with whose name we have recently become familiar. This work is one of the most important of several treatises which have been composed by that sect. The main object of the author iu composing it was, in the first instance, probably to shew his own learning ; in the next, to justify the claims of Sayyad Ahmad (of whom he was a constant and confidential adherent) as a devotee, gifted with a sur- passing degree of religious capacity and illumiuation. It makes reference especially, in its explanations and allusions, to the peculiar divisions which prevail in India, among those who aspire to the honoiu-s of religious iuitiatiou. These are generally numbered as the followers of one or other, of three venerated Pirs, each of whom has given a name to a distinct school or sect ; the tirst, the " Tariqa- i -Qadiria," which traces its origin to 'Abdul Qadir Jilani. Another, the " Tariqa-i-Chishtia," so called from its founder Kliwaja Mo'in-uddm Chisliti, whose tomb is at Ajmer ; the third, the " Tariqa- i-Xaqshbandia, derived from a Khwaja Baha- uddiu Xaqshband, a native of Bukhara. It was one of the pecidiar pretensions of Sayyid Ahmad, that he held himself privileged to be the founder of a school of his own, to which he gave the name of the " Tariqa-i-Muham- madia." His book was written some time about the year a.d. 1822, and it is to be remarked, as a new feature in the history of efforts for the propagation of Muhammadauism, or for the refonn of its corruptions, how extensively the emissaries of this sect have availed themselves of the Press to disseminate their tenets. The Sirdt uJ- Mustaqhn, the Tuquiat ul-Iman, the Hiddvt ul-MominiH, and a little tract attached to it, named the Mdzih td- Kablr u-aH BidaaH, and two other tracts, entitled the Nas'ihat id-Muslimm, and Tambih id- Ghdjdln, have all been printed at private presses in Calcutta or at Hugli. \_See Saj-j-id Ahmad.] Muhammad Jani ( ^\.^ s^.s.-'*), author of the work called Asar A/imadl, a minute history of Muhammad and the twelve 'Imams, with various anecdotes respecting them. Muhammad Jogi Mirza ( X^:>- J^^^"* ) son of Shahrukli Mirza, the son of Amir Tainiiu-. He died a.d. 1444, a.h. 848, two years before his father, aged 43 lunar years. Muhammad Karim (^j .^ S,*^''*), the son of prince Azim-ush-Shan, the son of the emperor Bahadur Shah. He was murdered by order of the emperor Jahaudilr Shah his uncle, in April, a.d. 1712, a.h. 1124. Muhammad Kazim, Mirza (j^^'* ^\r^ (*j^\ the son and successor of Mirza Muhammad Amin, private MuushI or Secretary to 'AlamgTr, and author of the history called 'Alaiiujlr-uaina. It is a history of the first ten years of tlie reign of tiio emperor ' Alamgir, to whom it was dedicated iu the 32nd year of his reign, a.d. 1689, a.h. 1100. "When it was presented to him, ha forbade its being continued ; and prohibiteil all otiicr liistiiriins or authors from relating the events of his life, preferring (sa}s his MUHA. 268 MUHA panejrp-ist) the cultivation of inward piety to the ostentatious display of his actions. This monarch, whose reign is admired by the Jluhammadans and detested by tlie Hindus, after liaviuif imprisoned his t'atlu'r, mounted the throne id Delili in a.d. IGoH, a.ii. 1068. At this period the glory of the house of Babar may be said to have arrived at its zenith. The empire extended from the north-west mountains of Qabul to the southern limits of Chittag-ong ; and the kings of Golkaud i and Bijapiir paid tril)ute. He is also the author of a S/iil/i->/- ^\}i\ ^■^->- wV^.s'*), surnamed Ashk, is author of a history of Amir Ilamza, iincle of ^luhammad, which he professes to have ckawn from a compilation made by order of Sultan Mahmiid, the Gliaznavide ; and observes, "What renders this present history at all times interesting is this : that it informs us of the customs of various nations, and that it instructs us in the art of doing battle, and of taking towns and kingdoms. Accordingly JNIahmiid, to avoid the necessity of counsel from any one, had portions of it read to him as a daily observance." Muhammad Khan Bangash, Nawab ((_^x:j i^^ .^y^s^), styled Ghazanfar Jang, a Rohela chief of the tribe of Bangash. He founded the city of Farrukhabad in the name of his patron the emperor Farrukh- siyar. In the reign of Muhammad Shah, A.u. 1730, A.H. 1143, he was appointed governor of Malwa, but unable to cope with the Mahrattas on account of their repeated incursions, he was removed in a.d. 1732, ah. 1145, and appointed governor of Allahaliad. Muhammad Kjian having planned the reduc- tion of the Buudelas, of whom RajaChatursal was chief, entered that country in a d. 1733, A.H. 1146, with an army, and took several places ; but as he was little acquainted with the roads, Chatursal, with the assistance of Peshwa Biiji Rao, surrounded him suddenly with an army. The nawab, unable to combat a superior force, took refuge in the fortress of Jaitgarh, where he was closely blockaded hv tlie enemy for some time, when his son (\\vm Jang, having collected an army of the Afghans, marched to Jaitgarh and escorted his fatlier in .safety to .Allahabad. The imperial ministers, making a pretence of Muhammad Khan's ill-success, removed him from the Subadarl. He died in the month of June, A.D. 1743, Jumada I. a.h. 1156, and was succeedi'd in his jagir by his son Qacm Jang, commonly called Qaem Kjiau. The followinff is a list of the Xawdhs of Fdrrukli/f/iild. Muhammad Kliiin, Bangash. Qaem Jang, son of ditto. Ahmad Klian, brother of Qaem Jang. Muzaffar Jang, son of Ahmad Kliau. Tafazzul Uusain Khan. Muhammad Khan, Mir i^\:^ Jk^.e'^ j^^), commonly called Khan Kalan, was the eldest brother of Shams-uddin Mu- hammad Anka Kliau. He served under tlie emperors Humiiyun and Akbar, and was made governor of the Panjab by the latter, which office he held for several years, and died A.D. 1575, a.h. 983. He was au excellent poet, and has left a Diwan in Per.sian, and another in the Turkish language. He was native of Gliaznl, and therefore chose for his poetical name GhnzHawi. There is a work on Siiflism entitled Bitrhdn ul-lnulu, either written by him or some other Muham- mad Kliau. Muhammad Khan Shaibani (^..^-.s.-^ .jL-^-w-l ,.,1.^). Vide Shahl Bepr Li' Khan Uzbak Muhammad Khan, Sultan {c^.^sr'* ^J^A^ ^^S^ ), also called Muhammad Qiian and Kliau Shahid, was the eldest son of Sultan (i[iayas-ud(lui Ball)an, king of Dehli, who had appointed him viceroy of all the frontier provinces, viz. Midtau, Lahore, De- balpiir and other districts. This prince was blest with a bright and comprehensive geniu.s, taking great delight in learning and the company of learned men. He, with his own hand, made a choice collection of the beauties of poetry, selected from the most famous in that art. The work consisted of ■20,0i<0 couplets, and was esteemed the criterion of taste. Among the learned men in the prince's court, Amir Kliusro and Kliwaja Hasan bore the tlr.st rank in genius and in his esteem. The throne of Persia was at this time filled by Arghun ivhan, the son of Abqa Khan, and grandson of Halaku Klian. Timar Kjiiin Changezi, who was then au Amir of miglity renown in the empire of the race of Changez Khan, and governed Herat, Qaudahar and other districts, invaded Hindiistan with 20,000 chosen horse. Having ravaged all the villages about Debalpiir and Lahore, he turned towards Multan. The prince Muham- mad Sultan, hearing of his designs, hastened to the banks of the river of Lahore, where both armies drew up in order of battle, and engaged with great fury. The prince, unfor- tunately, received a fatal arrow in his breast, by which he fell to the ground, and in a few minutes expired. Very few of the unfortunate Muhammad's party escaped from this conflict. Among the fortunate few was Amir Khusro, the poet, who relates this event at large in his book called Khizir Khdni. This event took place on Friday the 9th of March, a.d. 1285, 30th Zil-bijja, a.h. 683. Muhammad Khan Talpur (^^(1:=- Sa.s:'* JJ.J.J). Vide Mir Muhammad Khan Trdi)ur. MUHA. 2G9 MUHA Muhammad Khuda Banda, Sultan (i_v:^; ^J>^ ^\^^'*), surnamcd Aljailu, a descendant of Changez Klian, sncceeded his brother Sultan Ghazan lv[ian, the son of Arghun Kiifm, to the throne of Persia in May, A.u. 1304, Sliawwrd, a.h. 703. He is said to have been a just prince, and was the first monarch of Persia who proclaimed himself of the sect of 'All. He gave a public proof of his attachment to this sect, by causing the names of the twelve Imams to be engraven on all the money which he coined. He built the celebrated city of Snltania in 'Azurbejan or Media, which he made the capital of his dominions, and where he afterwards was buried. The dome over his tomb is fifty-one feet in diameter and is covered with glazed tiles. He died on the 17th December, a.d. 1316, 1st Shawwiil, a.h. 716, after a reign of 13 kmar years, and was succeeded by his son Sultan Abii Sa'id Bahiidur Khan. Muhammad Kliuda Banda, Sultan (>j»;j L\.>- w\^.s'*), surnamed Sultau Sikandar Shah, was the eldest son of Shah Tahmasp I. ; was born in the year a.d. 1531, A.H. 938, and sncceeded to the throne of Persia on the death of his brother Shah Isma'Tl II. in November, a.d. 1677, a.h. 985. The fortunes of this monarch, who from a natural weakness in his eyes, was incapable of rule, had been for many years upheld bv the character of his eldest son, Hamza Mirza, and his power terminated at the death of that prince, who fell under the blow of an assassin in his own private apart- ments on the 24th November, a.d. 1586, 2'2nd Zil-hijja, a.h. 99-t. The chiefs of Klmrasan immediately proclaimed 'Abbas, the king's second son, as king of Persia, and in the year a.d. 1588, a.h. 996, marched with him to Qazwin, the capital of the empire, which thev took possession of without opposition, and the unfortunate Muhammad was deserted by every inhabitant of Qazwin and by his own army. Muhammad Khusro Khan (a.^k.s'* ^l:>. «.-u^=^), author of a medical, work called MaML~a)i uI-Adivia. Muhammad Lad (jl! A^^'*), author of the Dictionary called Mutciji/ad id-Fiizhl. Muhammad Lari, Mulla (^.ll! jk^^"*), author of a work which goes after his name. Viz. Tdllf Mullu Jluhainmad Ldrl. Muhammad Mag'hrabl, Maulana ( j-,.« _' .i.« _V^.s'*). r7(/ig Maiihrabi. Muhammad Makahul ( ' —^ Muhammad Ma'sum (^»ox^< Sa.^^). the son of Shaikh Ahmad SarhindT, was l)orn in the year a.d. 1598, a.h. 1007, and died in A.D. 1668, a.h. 1079, aged 72 lunar years. Muhammad Ma'sum Nami, Amir (^-.^♦1 is^^-' (*^'-^^--* •X^^'*), of Bakkar, was one of the nobles of the court of Akbar. He wrote five Masnawis or Poems, containing 10,000 verses ; one is in the metre of Haft Tai/car, one in the measvire of the Sikandar- ndina, one called Fari Si'irat is in the measure of Laill and Mnjittln, one called Hi(S)i ica-Ndz is in the metre of Yusaf Zitlfkhd, and one in the measiu'e of the Makhzan til- Asrdr. He also wrote two Diwaus of Ghazals and two SakT-nanias. He once paid a visit to Shah 'Abbas, king of Persia, accompanied with no less than one thousand followers. Muhammad Mir, Sayyad { j^,-* Jk^.s'*). His proper name is Kamiil-uddln Ilaidar. He was a native of lAicknow, and translated the History of Rassdas from English into Urdii for the Agra School Book Society, in the year A.D. 1839. Muhammad Mirza (V, .« s.,^s.-^), son of Miranshah and grandson of Amir Taimur, was a pious prince, and not being ambitious he remained, with his brother Mirza Ivhalil- ullali ruler of Samarqand ; and when that coimtry was taken by Mirza Shahrukh his uncle, and made over to his own son Mirza Ulagh Beg in a.d. 1408, a.h. 811, he pa.ssed the remainder of his life with the latter and died about the year a.d. 1441, a.h. 845, recommending his son Mirza Abii Sa'id to him. Muhammad Muhsin ( .^^.s'* s^s:^), the rebel Tahsildar of Pailani who joined the mutineers in the year a.d. 1857, and was, together with 'Imdad 'Ali the rebel Deputy Collector, hanged at Banda on the 24th April, a.d. 1858. Muhammad Muhsin of Kashan, Mulla (U ^Jl-i^ cJ**'^'^ S,^^-"), author of the Tafnir Sufi. Muhammad Muqim (^_JL* uV-k^-*). Tide Nizam-uddin Ahmad Kliwaja. Muhammad Muzaffar ( ,* wWs'*), I'ldc iluhauuuad i^Sull.an). ^Si-^' Sa-s."*}, suniamed IMubariz-uddin, was the founder of the dynasty of Muzafi'arians in Pars. He held a high .'station at the court of Sultau Abii Sa'id Kjian, king of Persia ; but alter his (bath, which hapijened in a.d. 133.), when trouble and confusion began to reiyn on all sides, he retii-ed to Yazd and took possession MUHA. 270 MUHA. r' of that country. In the yoar a.d. 1Ro3, ah. 7')4, 111' took Shlrfiz from Shfili Sliiiikh Abii Is-ha(j, and haviuif siizwl him alter some time put him to deatli, and became master ot Fars. His son Shah Shujaa' rebelled ajiaiust him in a.d. 1359, a.h. 760, deprived hira of his sijifht and ascended the throne at Shiraz. Muhammad jSIuzaffar died in the year a.d. 136 1, a.h. 76.5. This dynasty governed Fars 77 years, during which seven princes enjoyed power, viz. : 1. Mubariz-uddin Muhammad MuzaCPar or Muzaffar-uddin. 2. Shah Shujaa', son of ditto. 3. Shah Malimful, his brother. 4. Sultan Ahmad. 6. Shah Mansiir, son of JIuzaffar, in whose time Shiraz was taken by Amir Taimur. 6. Shah Aliia. 7. Shall Zaiu-ul 'AbidTu, the sou of Shah Shujaa'. The last two only reigned a few mouths. [ Vide Muzaffar.] Muhammad Nazir ( _^.li.j S.y^^'*). Vide Khwaja Nasir. Muhammad Nazir Ahmad (_\.^..s'* '), Deputy Collector of Settlements in Jalaiu, author of the work named Jliraf t/f Ur/'is or the Di ides Mirror, an admirable tale of domestic life among the Muhammadans of India, for which a reward of 1000 rupees was conferred on him by the Lieutenant-Governor in a.d. 1870. Muhammad Parizada {iJ\y j Sa.^-^), an author whose work is continually studied throughout the Othmanli empire, not only by all the ministers and statesmen of the Porte but likewise by the Greek princes and di-agomans. Muhammad Qasim (^^l* Sa-s.-'*), the original name of the celebrated historian, Firishta. Muhammad Qasim (»^l.J5 s.^.s.''*). Vide i^asir-uddin Qabbacha. Muhammad Qasim {^J^: s^^.^-^), son of Ilaji jSIuhammad Sururi Kashrmi, and author of the Vnrlmng Unruri, a dictionarv of the Persian language, dedicated to Shfdi 'Abbas Bahadur J\hau, king of Persia, a.d. 1599, A.n. 1008. [ Vide Sururi.] Muhammad Qasim Khan Badakh- shani {^.:^y.^ ^U- ^.J\^i s^.sr^), whose poetical name was Mauji, was an officer in the service of the emperors IIuma\T\n and Akbar. He died in a.d. lo71, a.h. 979, at Agra, and is the author of a Ynmf Zalckha, coutaiuiug the loves of Jo.seph and Potiphar's wife. [ Vide Mauji.] Muhammad Qasim, Mir (^^Ij _v^.s'* j^'*), author of the Ibrat-ndma, which he wrote after the invasion of Nadir Shiih, about the year a.d. 1739, a.h. 1152. Muhammad Qasim, Sayyad (a^.s'* A->~j *~;lj), of Danapur, author of the work entitled Aijaz Ghansia in Urdu, which he composed in the year a.d. 1855, a.h. 1271, containing the history and miracles of the celebrated saint of Baghdad, 'Abdul Qadk Gilani. Muhammad Quli Khan ( Li Jk-^.s-* (^A.:^), governor of Allahabad, was the son of Mirza Muhsin, the brother of Nawiib Safdar Jang of Audh. In the year A.D. 1759, A.H. 1172, he, under the roj-al standard of the prince 'Ali Gohar (afterwards Shah 'Alam), who had procured from his father, 'Alamgir II. grants of Bengal, Behar and Urysa, marched towards Patna, where, on his arrival, the place was besieged and the siege was carried on for some days with briskness ; but he was obliged to raise the siege and retreat on receiving intelligence that Shujaa '-uddaula (who was liis first cousin and the son of Safdar Jang) had treacherously seized Allahabad and possessed himself of that province. On his arrival at Allahabad in a.d. 1761, a.h. 1174, he was • seized and imprisoned, and ultimately put to death in the fort of Jalalabad by order of Shujaa' -iiddaula, who was jealous of his ambitious views in assisting the prince in the invasion of Bengal, and regarded Allahabad as his right, it having been given only in deputation by his father, Safdar Jang, to Muhammad Quli Khan, who had refused to surrender it to the son. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah {s.^s."* il^ e^L* ^3). Vide Qui! Qutb Shah II. Muhammad Quli Salim ( A-i S-Asr^ ♦*J,~j). Vide Saliiu. Muhammad Quresh, Mirza (jk.^.s'^ \\j^.'» tJL^ji), the second son of Baha- dur Shah. His title of succession to the throne of Dehli was acknowledged by the British Government in 1856, with this condition — that on the king's death he would receive the title of Shuhzada. MUHA 271 MUHA Muhammad Qutb Shall (i^^kJJ wV^^'* il-i), the fifth Sultan of the Qutb- shahi dynasty of Golkanda, and nephew oi' brother of Muhammad Qiili Shah, whom he succeeded in January, a.d. 1612, Zi-Qa'da, A.H. 1020. He was living in a.d. 1620, ah. 1029. After his death, 'Abdullah Qutb Shah was raised to the throne of Golkanda. Muhammad Rafia Waez («_-.«. x*,^'* lixl^), a celebrated preacher at Isfahan, was a contemporary of Mirza Saeb and Tahir Wahid. He is the author of a Diwan in Persian, as also of a poem containing the battle of Shall 'Abbas with Elam Khan, ruler of Tiiran, and one called Abicdb id-Jandu, a religious book. Muhammad Rafi - uddin Muhaddis 'J (iJL!-\..s'* ,.vJ-0^ *_i, SA^s.-'*). Vide Eafi-uddm. Muhammad Raza (U^ Sy%'^), author of the Arabic work on Theology called Ash- raqdt Ahcia, Heavenly Illuminations, and of another on Jurisprudence entitled Intikhdb iil- Ahkdm. Muhammad Raza Khan (Ij. jk.^.js'* ^^ )• He was selected for the office of chief minister by the English, after the death of Jafar 'All Khan, Nawab of Bengal, to the young Nawab Najra-uddaida, the son of the late Nawab, in a.d. 1765. Deposed 1772. Muhammad Sadr-uddin ( .j*^ j^-^js'* j^jjkJi), surnamed Abu 1 Ma'all, which see. Muhammad Salah Kambu (j*.^*..^"* ».,»./0 J\.S), author of the Amal Sdlah. Muhammad Salah, Mir {^\^ j^..i_s'* .*,«) lived in the time of the emperors Jahangir and Shiih Jahan about the year a.d. 1628, A.H. 1037. His poetical name wa Kashfl, which see. Muhammad Salah, Mirza (j».^..s"* 1 : .•• ^Ls). Vide Sipahdar Khan. Muhammad Salah, Mirza . (j,.^.s'* \\j^* ^'[^, author of the Latuef Khaydb, or the Beauties of Imagination. It contains extracts from all the poets of any celebrity, with memoirs of the authors; and ought to have been named the Beauties of Poetry, being of the nature of the English compilation of Select Extracts. It was com- menced by the author in a.d. 1731, a.h. 1144, and finished by Ja'far Nasir in a.d. 174i, A.H. 1155. Muhammad Salah, Shaikh (a^.s'* ^ ^U), Ke ir*-*" ^\-^}, Kamboh, brother to Shaikh Inayet-ullah, is the author of the book called Behar Chaman. Muhammad Salah, Shaikh (j^^.s'" ^.-i ^Ltf), author of the liahlr l: (^ Sakhiui and the Tdrikh Hhdhjahd>n, also of a poem called Ardm Jan, which he completed in A.D. 1616, A.H. 1056. Muhammad Saqi ( ^i\.^ S.a^s:'^). Vide Mustai'd Klian. Muhammad Sarbadal ( JLvj^.^ J^.^.^'*) was the chief of a kind of vagabonds called Sarhadals, who had made themselves master of the city of Sabzwar and of some others in Kliurasan. This personage was also called Sayyid Muhammad, and although he was head of a gang of highwaymen or robbers, yet he was much esteemed for his probity. Muhammad Shafia' (x ._a.i. A^.s'* gbsj), of Dehli, author of the work called Mil d> ul- irdriddf, or Mirror of Occur- rences, a compendious history of the Mnghil empire, from the death of Akbar to the invasion of Nadir Shah. He undertook this work at the request of a nobleman in the reign of Muhammad Shah. Muhammad Shah (^Li ^^s.^), the son of prince Farld-uddlu, the son of Klrizir Kjian, king of Dehll. He was placed on the throne after the assassination of his imcle Mubarik Shah in April, a.d. 1434, Eamazan, A.H. 837. He reigned 12 hmar years and died on the 20th January, a.d. 1446, 22nd Shawwal, a.h. 849. He was succeeded by his sou Sultan 'Ala-xiddin. Muhammad Shah (iLi A^.s"'), the son of Ahmad Shah, succeeded his father to the throne of Gujrat in July. a.i>. 1143, Rabi' I. AH. 847. He reigned eight lunar vears 9 months and 4 days, and was poisoned i)V his wife on the Pith February, a.d. 1451, ibth Mnharram, a.h. 855. He was succeeded by his son Qutb-Shuh also called (iutb- uddiu. MUHA 272 MUHA Muhammad Shall (il^ Sa^s:-^), the son of lloshuug Slifili, ascended the throne of Mfilwa alter the death of his father on the 17th July, A.D. 143i, 9th Zil-hijia, A.ii. 837. He rei.i^ned ahout nine mouths and was poisoned by Muhammad Kliau (the son of JIalik Mugliis his prime minister i, who ascended the throne under the title of Mahmud IShah l\liiljl in May, a.u. 1435. Muhammad Shah (i Li A^^'*), emperor of DehlT, surnamed Roshan Akhtar or the Brilliant Star, was the son of the prince Jahau Shall, one of the three brothers who perished in disputing the crown with their eldest brother Jahandar Shiih, the son of Bahadur Shfih. He was horn on Friday the 7th August, o.s. 1702, 2tth Rahi' I. a.h. 1114, and crowned by the two Sayyads after the death of Rafi-uddnula, on the 29th September, AD. 1719, 25th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1131 On his accession it was determined that the names of his two predecessors, viz. Rafi-uddarjat and Rali-uddaula, who reigned about three months each, shouhl be struck out of the list of kings, and that his reign should commence from the death of the emperor Farrukh-siyar. ]\Iuhunmad Shah reigned 30 hmar years 6 months and 10 days, and died one month after the battle of Sarhind, which his son fought against Ahmad Shah Abdali. His death took place on Thursday the 16th April, A.D. 1748, 27th Rabr II. a.h. 1161, at the age of 47 lunar years 1 month and 3 days. He was buried in the court before the mauso- leum of Nizam-uddin Aulia at Dehli, and was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah. This emperor may be termed the last of the race of Amir Taimiir who reigned in Dehli and enjoyed any power. The few princes of that sovereign's family who were raised to the throne after Muhammad Shah were mere pageants, whom the nobles of the coui-t elevated or cast down as it suited the purposes of their ambitions. Muhammad Shah (.vljL Sa~ss^), king of Persia, was the son of 'Abbas Mirzii, and grandson of Fatha Abii Shfdi, whom he suc- ceeded to the throne of Persia in a.d. 1834, and died in a.d. 1847. Muhammad Shah (il_^ j._^_.s:'*\ ruler of Badakhshan. He was placed in that high position by Amir Sher 'Ali of Qabul, to whom he was bound to pay tribute, the amount of which in a.d. 1870 was £8,100 and 500 horses. His predecessor was the intimate friend of 'Abdul Rahman Klian, Ihe ])retendcr lo the Afgbrni throne, who was opposed by Slier 'Ali in a.d. 1868, but afterwards became Amir. Muhammad Shah 'Adil or 'Adli ( Jjl^ iLl ^A.s."*), an Afghun of the tribe of Sur, whose original name was Mubariz Klian, was the son of Isizim Kliau Sur, the brother of Sher Shah, and brother-in-law of Salim Shfdi, after whose death in a d. 1554, A.H. 961, having murdered his son Firoz, a boy of twelve years of age who had been raised to the throne, he assumed royal dignity with the title of Muhammad Sh;ih 'Adil. He was illiterate, hated men of learning and kept company with illiterate persons like himself, ■\vhom he raised to the highest dignities in the State ; among whom, one Ilimii, a Bania or Indian shopkeeper, whom his predecessor Salim Shah had made superintendent of the markets, was intrusted with the whole adminis- tration of affairs. This naturally created him enemies among the Afghan chiefs, who, having conspired against his life, revolted from his authority. Ibrahim Klian Sur, who had the king's sister for his wife, soon afterwards raised a considerable army, and, getting possession of the city of Dehli, ascended the throne in a.d. 1555, A.H. 962, and assumed the ensigns of royalty, iluhammad Shah, finding himself betrayed, fled to Chunar, and contented him- self with the government of the eastern pro- vinces. He was slain in a battle fought at Munger with Bahadur Shah, king of Bengal, A.D. 1556, A.H. 963. The period of his reign at Dehli was only eleven months. Muhammad Shah Bahmani I. (sa-^"^ Jy ^-^^,.j il-l), the second king of the Bahmani dynasty, yvas the son of Sultan 'Ala-uddin Hasan Ivangoh Bahmani, whom he succeeded to the throne of the Deccan in February, a.d. 1358, 19th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 776. He reigned 17 lunar years and died on the 21st March, a.d. 1375. " His son Mujahid Shah succeeded him. Muhammad Shah Bahmani II. (^.jlJ ^^.^^^ i>\. J^.^..s'*), the thirteenth Sultan of the Bahmani dynasty, was the son of Huma}-un Shiih the Cruel, He succeeded his brother Nizam Shah to the throne of the Deccan in July, a.d. 1463, in his ninth year ; and the affairs of government were conducted, as in the reign of his late brother, by Kliwaja Jahan and Ivhwaja Mahmiid Gawan, under the direction of the Queen mother. The former was murdered after some time, and the title of I\hwaja Jahan was conferred on Mahmiid Gawan, adding the duties of AVakil-us-Saltanat to his other functions. Muhammad Shiih reigned nearly 20 lunar years, and died a year after he had caused his minister Mahmiid Gawiin to be put to death, i.e. on the 24th March, A.D. 1482, 1st Safar, a.h. 887. His son Mahnmd Shiih IL .succeeded him. The year of Muhammad Shah's death is comprised in a Persian verse, the translation of which runs thus : Sultan ]\Iuhanimad Shiih, ruler of kings. When suddenly summoned to yield up his breath. Abandoned the Deccan and all worldly things, And t/ie ruin of the Deccan recorded his death. MUHA 273 MTJHA Muhammad Shaliid (jk.-^,.-i Jw*.^"'), whose garden is still to be_ seen ou the left bauk of the Jainna at Agra, where the swimmers of Agra assemble after bathing in the Jamna in the rainy season. Muhammad Shah Sharqi (iljii s^^'^ .jf.^) succeeded to the tlirone of Jauupur after the death of his father Mahmud Shah Sharqi, in a.d. 1452, a.h. 856, and was killed after live months in a battle which he fought against his brother Husaiu Shah Sharqi, who succeeded him. Muhammad Shah, Sayyad (jv^.s'* S^ il-1), son of Sayyad ^"all of raudua, author of a collection of documents containing Forms of Letters, Parwanas, in- struments or Contracts of Law, etc., entitled Jama' uI-Bastilr, written about the year a.d. 18U0. Muhammad Shah Tughlaq I. (x*.<:'* . dij il-i), whose former name was jNIalik Fakhr-uddin Juuan, succeeded his father Gliayiis-uddiu Tiighlaq Shah ou the throne ot Dehli iu February, a.d. 1325, a.h. 725. He took the fort ofXagarkot iu a.d. 1337, and built several royal buildings and places in Dehli. It was in his reign that 'Ala-uddiu Hasan Kangoh raised the standard of royalty in the Deccan, a.d. 1347, a.h. 748, where his descendants reigned for several generations. Muhammad Shah died at Thatta on the banks ot the river Sindh on the 20th March, a.d. 1351, 21st Muharram, a.h. 752, after a reign of nearly 27 lunar years. He was succeeded by his cousin Sultan FirGz Shah Barbak, the sou of Sipah Salar Rajah. Muhammad Shah Tughlaq II. (»v^.s'* ^JU , »_LjLJ iL-ij), surnamed jS'asir- nddin, was the son of Firoz Shiih Tughlaq. He was born on the 3rd June, a.d. 1353, 3rd Jumada I. a.h. 754. He ascended the throne of Dehli in the lifetime of his father in the year a.d. 1387, but was soon after deposed and expelled by the chiefs. He re- mained at Nagarkot till the reign of Abii Bakr Shah, when he proceeded towards DehlT with a large army, and after some repulses proving victorious, ascended the throne in August, A.D. 1390, A.H. 792. He was the founder of a fortress in Jalesar, wliich he called Muhammadabad. He reigned 3 years and 7 months, and died on the 19th February, A.D. 1394, 17tli Rabi' II. a.h. 796, and his body was deposited at Dehli in the same vault with that of his father. He was succeeded bv his son Ilumavun, who, on ascending the tlirone, assumed the name of 'Ala-uddiu Sikaudar Shah, but died suddenly after a short reign of 45 days, and his brother Sultan Mahmiid succeeded him. Muhammad Sharif Haqqani {s^^sr* jlii^ <^ij^), author of a poem. called Ji/nak-e-Dil, which he completed in A.D. 1685, A.H. 1096. Muhammad Shaikh (i^-^ J>.^k-s:'^), author of the works called Jdmi Jah(l)i-ndmd and the Nafs Rahmdnl, containing meditation on the unity of God, and rules for solitary devotion. {^Vide Shaikli Muhammad.] Muhammad Sharif, Khwaja {s^sr'* ^_js-L_^ c_i_j._-i)), a nephew of Maulana Umaidi. He was wazTr to Shah Tahiuasp Safwl I. and governor of Yezd, Abarkoh and afterwards of Isfahan for several years, and died in a.d. 1538, a.h. 945. Muhammad Sharif, Mir (j^_^_jsr* ^^ i«_£j ,-i)), author of a Masnawi or poem containing felicitations on the accession to the throne "of Luckuow of Gliazi-uddin Haidar ; it was completed in a.d. 1814, a.h. 1229. Muhammad Shirin Maulana (^Sa^* l_j^'._^ ^-ij-^.J^), commonly called Maulana Maghrabi, which see. Muhammad Sufi, Maulana (^./♦...s'* \.'ji^ _s.-tf), author of the work called Maikhfaia ica-Butkhdna, or "the wine shop and idol house." He was a native of Miiziudarau, and was residing in a.d. 1725, A.H. 1038, at Ahmadabiul iu Giijrat, and afterwards for some time in Qashmir. Muhammad, Sultan (^^l.k.L--j X*s'*), the last king of the ancient race of the sovereigns of Badakhshan, was taken prisoner in battle by Sultan Abu Sa'id, a descendant of Amir Taimiir, and slain together with all his childi-en and relations in a.d. 1466, a.h. 871. Muhammad, Sultan (^l.kJ..-j Sa^-^), who was afterwards surnamed Makahiil or the Blind, was the second son of Sultan Mahmud of (jhazni. He succeeded his father in a.d. 1030, in the absence of his elder brother Masa'ud, who after five months deprived him of his sight and placed him iu close con- finement, where he remained till he was reinstated bv the army in a.d. 1038, and his brother Maisa'iid deposed. He reigned at Lahore for two years, after which he was defeated and put to death by Sultau Maudiid the son of Masa'ud a.d. 1044. 18 MIJHA 274 MUHA Muliammad, Sultan (j^Ll2j,.«j j.aj^''*), Avas the second son of Sultan Malikshiih Saljuki, after whose death he ruUd over Azurbeiau, but wlien liis eldest brother Barka- yarak (lied in a.d. 110 1, a.h. 498, he seized Baghdad also and assumed the title of Sultan. This prince died at Isfahan a.d. 1118, Zil-hijja, A.u. 511, and was succeeded by his son Mahmud, who, however, was soon reduced by his uncle. Sultan Sanjar, to the condition ot a dependent. Mahnmd died a.d. 1131, 15th Shawwal, a.h. 525, aged 27 years, at Hamdan after a reign of 14 years. Muhammad, Sultan (^LL-L^ Sa-s.-^), surnamed Qutb-uddiu, succeeded his father 'Ala-uddin Takasli as Sultan of Kliwiirizm in A.D. 1200, A.H. o',)6. He was defeated by the celebrated conqueror Changez Kliau, his country pillaged, and almost all his family made prisoners in a.d. 1218, a.h. 615. He died of a broken heart in March, a.d. 1221, Zil-hijja, A.H. 617. His son Jalal-uddin for a long time bore up against the torrent that had overwhelmed his father, but was at last subdued. He was slain in a.d. 1230, A.H. 627. [Vide Tiikash.] Muhammad, Sultan (j^Lki..-: J^^^'*), sou of Biiisaughar Mii'za. [ VideBaibar (Sultan) and SultanMuhammad.] Muhammad, Sultan ( il-Li ; Jk^.s"*), the eldest son of Jahangir Mirza. After his father's death, he was named by his grand- father heir of all his domiuious, but died before Mm in a.d. 1404, a.h. 805. Muhammad, Sultan Mirza (_\^_s:"* 1:.^ jjlkL<;), or Sultan Mirza, the son of Awais Mirza, the son of Baiqara, the son of Mansiir, a prince of the house of Amir Taimiir. He accompanied the emperor Babar Shah to India, and after his death rebelled against his son the emperor Humay uu, and though subdued and pardoned, his live sons, viz. Muhammad Husain Mirza, Ibrahim Husain Mirza, Masa'M Husain Mirza, Ulagh Mirza, and Shah Mirza, and three of his nephews took advantage of the general dis- turbance which took ])lace in a.d. 1566, a.h. 974, and revolted atSambhal, the government of which had been assigned to Sultan Mirza. At first they were overpowered without an effort and were confined in the fort of Samlihal by order of the emperor Akbar, but wlicn that monarch marched in the year a.d. 15G7, A.H. 975, for the purpose of subduing Malwa, they made their escape to Gujrat and sought an asylum with Changez Khan, governor of Baroach, where they sowed the seeds of future troubles, wliich only ended with the subjuga- tion of the kingdoms by Akbar in a.d. 1572, A.H. 980 {vide Ibrahim llusaiu Mirza). Mu- hammad Sultan Mirza was, on account of his sons' rebelKon, confined in the fort of Bayana about the year a.d. 1567, where he died some years after. Muhammad Tahir ( JilJ- S.a.-^''*). Vide Inayet Klian. Muhammad Tahir Nasirabadi {sa.^'* ^c>L'U.--^J _J^Ur), author of a bio- grajihy called Tazlira 2Luh(immad Tahir. He lived in the reign of 'Abbas Shah I. of Persia. Muhammad Taqi Imam ( Jij' Sa.s.'^ /♦l-^*^), also called Muhammad al Jawad, was the ninth Imam of the race of 'All, and the son of Imam 'Ali Miisi Raza, who was the eighth. He was born in the year a.d. 811, a.h. 195, and is said to have been poisoned in a.d. 83.5, a.h. 220. He was buried at Baghdad near the tomb of his grand- father Imam Miisi Kazira, the son of Ja'far Sadiq. His wife's name was Umm ul-Fazl, the daughter of the khalif Milmiin. Muhammad Taqi, Mir ( JiJ ^.y^s:^ j^,^). Vide Taqi (Mir). Muhammad Tughlaq. Shah (a.^-*?'^ il-1 ^ilij'). Vide Muhammad Shall Tughlaq. Muhammad Ufi ((,i;.c Xi.s:'*), author of a Tazkira or biography called Lnbub id- Albdh, and of another work entitled Jfona, ul-llikdtjdt. The latter he compiled in a.d. 1228, a.h. 625. He was a native of Marv, which, under the SaljUk princes, was the capital of Persia. \_Vide Nur-uddin Muliammad Ufi.] Muhammad Ufi (^-Jj--^ J^/*..s"»), who flourished in the 16th century of the Christian era, is the author of a biography called Taz/iira Mti/iammad Ufi- Muhammad Wala 0]. sa..s."*), author of the work called Xajm-ul-Uiduet, contain- ing much good advice, and written according to the Sifi faith. Muhammad Walah, Sayyad (_\..4-.s:'* ct.lD, author of the RisCtla Dastur ul-N(Xz)n, or the art of writing poetry, with specimens of the various measures. MUHA 275 MUHI Muliammad Yar Khan ( ,l.j a.^.^"* y[^), the son of AitraacI Khan, nobleman of the time of the emperor ' Ahimgir. Muhammad Yusaf (^ c— •»-^ A^^-*), a native of Qabul, who came to India and was employed in the service of the emperor Akliar. He was a good poet and died in the vear a.d. 1562, A.H. 970. Muhammad Yusaf 'Ali Khan Bahadur (j^iL^ 15-^-^ '^-^yl ^-^-^'*)) the late nawab of Rarapur (18o9-1872), who succeeded Muhammad Said Kliau in 18.35. Muhammad Zahid, Mir (j«Ji)l: Jk^^sr* .-.,■•), son of Muhammad Aslam, an author who flourished in the reign of Shah Jahan and 'Alamglr, and died in the year A.D. 1690, A.H. 1101. Muhammad Zaman (^A'<; s-a^^"*), a celebrated punster and poet of Persia, who came to India in the reign of Akbar, but after a few years retiu'ued to his native country, where he died some years before or after a.d. 1600. Muhammad Zaman (j^l.^: iX-A^sr^). Vide Qasim Khan, Siibadar of Qabul. Muhaqqiq Tusi (^^^ J-'^-^^), of Tiis, author of the Muiyar ul-Ashar, a liook on the art of poetry. He died in the year a.d. 1273, A.H. 672. \_Vide Nasir-uddin Tusi.] Muhi i^^"^), takhallus of a poet who flourished about the year A.D. 1592, a. h. 1001, and is the author of a Diwan. Muhib (^ '), poetical name of Saj-yad Ghuliim XabI of Bilgram, who was slain in a battle which took place between Nawab Safdar Jang and Ahmad Ivhan, Nawab of Farnikhabad, on the 5th February, a.d. 1752, 29th Safar, a.h. 1165. Muhib ((, '), poetical name of Shaikh '^''ali-ullah of Dehll, who was a pupil of Sauda, and is the author of a Diwan. Muhib-uddin Said Hasan al-Yaghawi Guz, an author who died in a.d. 1132, A.n. 526. Muhib-ullah,Qazi ( ^li' ^.^,,« \.s>-\j\->-^^ i^.'^.S), Eaja of Bhadawar (1870). Muhip Narayan (^L)\ .Ij Raja of Benai'es, who was living in a.d. 1789, was nephew of Raja Cheyt Singh and grandson of Raja Balwunt Singh. The Raja's daughter was wife of Babu Dirgbijai Siiigh, from whom the present Maharaja is descended. Muhit (k-^"^). Vide Eamjas Munshi. Muhi-uddin ( ...» j,l . iffi-s), the son of Sayyad Slifih Ilusiiin, tlie sou of Sayyad Arab Shah, was an excellent poet, and is the author of a Dlwan and a biography of Urdu poets called Sardpa Sixkhun. Muhsin Fani (^Jl-i ^^u^-^), an ex- cellent poet and author, whose proper name Avas Shaikh Muhammad Muhsin and poetical title Fani. He held the appointment of Sadarat of the province of Allahabad for several years in the time of the emperor Shall Jahan ; and wluu that monarch conquered Ealkb in a.d. 1646, a.h. 1056, amongst the spoil which fell into the hands of the emperor belonging to Nazar Muliammad Klian, the ruler of that province, was a Diwau composed by Muhsin Fani which he had sent as a present to tliat ruler with verses in his praise ; this annoyed the emperor, and Muhsin was forthwith dismissed from his office. He re- ceived, however, a small pension, and passed the remainder of his life at Kashmere, wliere he died in a.d. 1670, a.h. 1081. His Dlwau contains aljout 70U0 verses. Muhtadi Billah (^UL, ^dc^^,.^). Al-Muhtadi. ride Muhtashim 'Ali Khan 'o^' i^l>-). Vide Hixshm-At. Muhtashim, Maulana (UL^ ^w;.s'*), a poet of Kashan and teacher of Fakhri bin- Maulana Snltan Muhammad Arairi of Herat. He wrote three Diwans, viz. Sahrnja, Jaldlux, and Shahdhia, besides a Diwan of Qa.sidas in prai.se of the Imains and princes consisting of about 8,000 verses, and a Eisala of Mua'mmas or enigmas and chronograms. There is a Qasida cpioted on the accession of Shah Lsmail Safvi to the throne of Persia, of 66 misras, each of wliich contains a chrono- gram for the year a.d. 157(5, a.h. 984. Mu'in Jawini ( ^u:^ ,.^x,^). Vide Mo'in-nddin .Jawinl. M u'in-uddin {^jjW ^-..v«), eoiniiionly cnlled ]5]iaubii, the sou of Zfibita Klian, which see. Mu'in-uddin (^^_a!^ ^^>^^') author of Gdiii) Sa'ddaf, dedicated to the emperor 'Alamgir. Mu'in-uddin Chishti Khwaja ( ..-ot,« , c^'»r^ , jxj1.s>- ,.v)_\V) a celebrated Muhammad saint whose tomb is at Ajmir. He was born at Sistan in a.d. 1142, a.h. 587, came to India and was residing at Ajmir when Pithaura, llaja of that place, was taken prisoner and put to death by Shahab-uddln Gliori surnamed Moi'zz-uddin bin Sam in A.D. 1192, a.h. 633. Mii'in-uddin died in A.D. 1236, aged 97 lunar years. The inside of the mausoleum is both magnificent and solemn, the floor is paved with pure marble, the walls nicely latticed, the ceiling beauti- fully white and smooth. In the centre stands the tomb, covered with very valuable brocade. At the head of the tomb is placed a large silver censer, from which the smoke of the burning incense diffuses its fragrance all over the place night and day. Mu'in-uddin Isfaran, Maulana ( ,y^xy* [j'iy 4_fiiyi-j' i^JJJi), author of the Tdrlkh Mubdrik Shdhi. Muin-uddin Jawini, Maulana ( .^-i^« U-^- jj>-!^), a native of JawTn, and author of the Kigdristdn (the gallery of pictures), a miscellaneous work upon moral subjects, in pfose and verse, which he wrote in imitation of the Gulistan of Sa'di. There is a beautiful copy of this book, says Sir Wm. Jones, in the Bodleian library at Oxford. He was a contemporary of Shaikh Sa'ad-uddiu Ilamwia, who died in the year a.d. 1252, a.h. 650. Mu'in-uddin Muhammad (,..j-\1^ .r-^t'* ,^tj.ib Jk^.^'*), of Herat, an author of several works, among which are Tdr'ikh A/usawi, a history of the Jews, describing their origin, sufferings in Egypt, etc. The Hauzat td- Jannat, containing a minute description of the city of Herat, dedicated to Sultan Husain Abii'I Gliazi Bahadur in a.d. 1493, A.H. 900. The Jliu'rdj Hl-Xubdat, or the Ascent of the Prophet, details some of the grossest falsehoods that human invention ever suggested. Among many sliocking circumstances of his journey to heaven, it is r('l:it(Ml tliat he saw the souls of his father and mother swimming in the liquid fire of lifll ; and being about to interpose for them, he was told that if he then interceded for unbelievers, his intercession for the faithful on the Day of Judgment would not be admitted ; lie therefore k-ft them to their fate. This work was written in a.d. 1486, A.H. 891. He is also the author of th3 Itauzat ul- Jfaczui. MU IX 277 MUKH Mu'in ul-Mulk Rustam Hind (,.,-.*.• wUJb r*"-**") (— ^^'♦^^)> commonly called Mir Manuu, was the son of Ya'tmad-iiddaTila Qamar-xiddlu IChan, wazir. He was appointed governor of Lahore by the emperor Ahmad Shah of Dehll after the battle of Sarhiud against Ahmad Shah Abdall, in which his father was killed in a.d. 1748, a.h. 1161. He died suddenly in the year a.d. 1754, a.h. 1167. Mni'zzi {^'x.t). Vide Moi zzT. Mui'zz-li-din-allah {a^\ ^v'.-\'^ jx.-t). Vide Moi'zz-li-dlu-ullah. Mui'zz-uddaula (jj.j^jl Lx^). Vide Moi'zz-uddaula. Mui'zz-nddin ( ...»_\J^ J—t-^). Vide J- Moi'zz-uddm. MujaddidAlif Sani( ^U (_iJ\ Jjkjsr"). Vide Ahmad Sarhiudi (Shaikh). Mujahid Shah Bahmani (iLi jkji.l.sr* _:w*->.,._') succeeded his father Mu- hammad Shah I. Bahmani on the throne of the Deccan in March, a.d. 1375, Shawwal, a.h. 776. He was murdered after a reign of three years on the night of the 14th April, A.D. 1378, 17th Zil-iiijja, a.h. 779, by his uncle Daiid Klian, who ascended the throne by the title of David Shah. Mujib (iL f"*), or Shah Mujib, author of a history of the loyes of Joseph and Potiphar's wife called Yusaf wa-Zalekha, in Urdiiyerse, composed in a.d. 1824, a.h. 1240. Mujid (jk^4,«), the takhallus of a poet who is the author of a Diwan. Mujir ( ^liiLj jf^'*), poetical name of 'Abdul Mukarim i\Iujir-uddin of Bilqan, a town in Azurbejan. He was a pupil of KhakanI, and is the author of a Dlwan. He died in a.d. 1198, a.h. 594. He flourished in the time of Qizal Arsalau, and was a contemporary of Zahir-uddin Faryabl. Mujir-uddin Bilqani ( ._.>jkJ.^ jir^^ JlJiL»j). Vide Mujir. Mujrim ij,^sf*), poetical name of Eahmat-ullah, who is the author of an Urdii Diwan. Mujrim (* .s."*), poetical title of Ghulam Husain of Patna, the father of Ishqi, whose proper name was Shaikh Muhammad Wajlh. Mujtahid {s^^'*), an inspired jurist. The Sunnis do not recognize the possibility of such existing now, conceiving that inspiration ceased with the first generation after the prophet. The Shi'ahs and Mu'tazilas still believe in this kind of authority. [ Vide Hughes, in voc] Mukalil bin-Sulaiman (^j JJIC* ,^U-i«j), author of a Commentary on the Qiu-an. He died in the year a.d. 723, A.H. 105. Mukarram Khan, Nawab (^l:>- *.^« t__>^J), governor of Multan in the time of 'Alamgir. Mukhlis i^Jls'*), the poetical name of Rae 'Anaud Rae, a Kliattri, who was the father-in-law of Tansukh Rae, and a pupil of Mirza Bedil. He died in the fourth year of Ahmad Shah's reign, a.d. 1751, a.h. 1164. His works contain oO,000 verses. He is also called Mukhlis Hindi, to distinguish him from Mukhlis Kashi. Mukhlis (^li:'*), the poetical appel- lation of Mukhlis 'All Khan, commonly called Mir Baqir. He was Nawab Xawazish Khan, Shahamat Jang's sister's son, and is the author of a Diwan in Urda. Mukhlis Kashi (^-i^ ^ii:"*), a poet of Persia. Mukhtar bin-Mahmud bin-Muham- mad az-Zahidi Abuar - Rija al- Ghazmini (j^^^'* ^_ ^,1:^^'*), sur- named Najm-uddin, is the author of Quitiat ul- Jlioiiat, a collection of decisions of con- siderable authority. He died a.d. 1259, A.H. 658. Mukhtari i^X:^-'*), a Persian poet. Mukhtar-uddaula (.t.JjJ.Jl ^1---.^'*). Vide Miu-taza Kliau. MUKI 278 MULL Mukim Khan (^\s^ fr^"*) li«-'ltl tlie rank of 700 in the time of the emperor Akbar, and was raised to a liigh rank iu_ the time of Jahangir. He had a home at Agra on the banks of the Jamna at a place still called Mukini Klian ka Glult. Muktafi Billali (^i.CO. Vide Al- Mukfafi. MulMm (^^i^«), a poet who flourished about the year a.d. 1706, a.h. 1118, and is the author of a Dhvau. Mulla Ahmad (a_^_5-^ ^_.m). Fide Ahmad (Mulla). Mulla 'All al-Hafiz al - Qastamumi (^^■*y^':^MJi]\ liil^M glr. L«), author of a commentary on the Maclis ul-Arhahi of Shaikh IsnicVU Haqql. Mulla 'Ali Qusanji (^^^ J U L^)^ who also wrote a Hashia or marginal notes on the Easlisliaf, besides the one written by Tuftiizaui. He died about the year a.d. 1405, A.H. 808. Mulla Firoz {j^j^'i 1«), a Pars! priest. The Parsis of Bombay entertain the most liberal feelings in favour of science and literature ; they possess great wealth, and commercial relation with every part of Asia. The mission sent by them some years ago to Persia at the sole expense of Qans, the father of Mulla Firoz, the editor of the Dasatir, for the pm-pose of making inquiries relative to the remnant of the ParsTs in that country, the discovery by Qans while on that mission of a copy of the Dasatir in the Pahlawi language, and the English translation of that curious work, published by Mulla Firoz at Bombay in 1818, shew the spirit and perseverance w"ith which the Parsis of Bombay have instituted inquiries connected "with the history of their country. [Vide Transactions Roy. As. Soc. vol. iii. App. p. iv.] Mulla Furati (^j1y 1*), author of a work, entitled tlie Qaraq Sau'dl, containing forty questions with the answers of Muham- mad, according to tradition. Mulla Husain Waiz ( -.1. ,^^=^ l,^) Vide Husain Waiz (Maulana). Mulla 'Imad (jU^ L„), author of a work on SufTism in Persian, called EdsMa Mulla ^Imdd. Mulla Jami Lahouri Namdar Khani (^'^} .\.,-«L' ^jyis^^ ls'*^^ \.'^), whose poetical name is Bfldiud, was very well skilled in composing chronograms, and has left a thick Diwan of G^iazals, etc. He died in a.d. 167o, a.h. 1086. Mulla Jiwan {^y^x.^\ ^,^-.^5- 1«), of Amnithi, whose proper name was Shaikh Ahmad, was the tutor of the emperor 'Alamgir. He is the author of the com- mentary on the Quran called Tafoir Ahmadi. He is also called MuUii Jian Jaunpiirl, and is said to have died in a.d. 1718, a.h. 1130. Mulla Khusro (.^.u-o- L«), author of a law treatise, entitled GJuirar ul-Ahkiim, and a commentary on the same work called the Durar al-llukkdm. Mulla Ivhusro, who is one of the most renowned of the Turkish jnrisconsidts, completed his work in a.d. 1478, A.H. 883, and died in a.d. 1480, a.h. 88.5. Mulla Malik Qummi ( Xi ( $CL« \y%). Tide Malik Qummi. Mulla Mir {j.^^ l.«). He lived in the time of the emperor Akbar. In a.d. 1566, A.H. 974, he constructed a well at Agra, and Asliraf Klian Mir Mun.shi wrote the chrono- gram of the year of its construction. It is a subtractive one. Mulla Mufid Balkhi {^j^^. sJ.^^ 1*), a native of Balkh, was an excellent poet. He came to India and died at Multan in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, a.d. 1674, A.H. 1085. He is the author of a Diwan. A subtractive chronogram on his death w-as Avritten by Sarkhush. Mulla Muhsin ( .,_v^_.s'* l-^). Vide Faiz. Mulla Muqimai (^-l.^.^»JL< L«), an author who lived in the time of Shah Jahan. Mulla Qasim {^^^J^J:L^ ^^l« L«), of Mashhad, author of an Insha, or Collection of Letters. Mulla Shah (il^ 1«), a native of l>ad;ikhshan, was a learned and pious Musalman. He was a disciple of Mian Shall Mir of Lahore and Mnrshid or spiritual guide of the unfortunate prince Dara Sliikuli, the eldest son of the emperor Shah Jahan, who highly respected him and visited him on his tour to Kashmere, where he (Mulla Shah) MULL 279 MUM hnd built a place for his residence. He di"d at Kaslimere in the commencement of the reigu of the emperor 'Alamgir, ahont the year a.d. 1660, a.h. 1070. Mulla Sliarif (> d_j Jj L-«), author of a Diwan, on the loves of ShJrln and Khiisro, dedicated to Sultan Quli Qutb Shah of Gulkonda in a.d. lolo, a.h. 921. Mulla Sheri C^^- (Mullfi). 10. Vide Sheri Mulla Shikebi ( ^.-^^.L-l L^), an ex- cellent poet who served under 'Abdul Eahim Khan, Khan Klianan, and was living in a.d. 1592, A.H. 1000. MuUazada {iiS\\\,t), of Patna, author of an Urdii translation of the novel called Biihdr Danish, which he named Izlulr I)dnish. Mullazada (sj\jl.^), author of the marginal notes on the Mukhtasir Ma'^citv tva- Bayan. Multan (^^lj^l.Ji,Jl_J |^IJ.,«), kiugs of. Vide Yusaf (Shaikh). Mumtaz (jl:;^,«), the poetical name of two poets, one of whom is named Maulwi Ihsan-idlah. Mumtaz Mahal ( J.^:'* jLi.^^), the favoiu'ite wife of the emperor Shah Jahan, for whom he built the celebrated edifice at Agra called the Taj . \_Vide Arjumand Bano Begam.] Mumtaz Shikoh (af^.C-i jl:x^,«), second son of the emperor Shah Jahan. Mumtaz-uddaula, Nawab (:l_:iw«._^« L_.jl.J cl.!^JkJ^), the grandson of Mu- hammad 'All Shah, king of Audh. He was living in a.d. 1868. The Xawab, during the disorders consequent on the Mutiny of liUcknoAV, declared his opinions by entering into a contract to give his daughter in marriage to the nominee of the rebels, Birjis Kadr. For this conduct he was adjudged to suffer the loss of his pension, 700 rupees per mensem. Munai'm (**:..,), poetical name of Kur ul-Haq, QazI of Bareli, who was an excellent Persian poet, and has written upwards of 300,000 verses ; among his compositions is a commentary on the Quran in verse, and Arabic and Persian Qasidas, several Mas- nawis, and three Persian Dhvans. He was living at Dehli in a.d. 1786, a.h. 1200. Munai'm Khan {^^ ♦« 0, the of Sultan Beg Barlas, a nobleman who had been the emperor Bahadur Shah's principal officer at Qiibul, was, on the accession of that emperor to the throne of Dehli, appointed his wazir with the title of Khan Kjuiuan. He proved a capable civil administrator ; but, offending the emperor by his conduct in a campaign against the Sikhs in 1710, was disgraced. He died in the early part of the year a.d. 1711, a.h. 1123. He was the author of the work called Ilhamdt Mimai'mt. Munai'm Khan, Khan Khanan (j^x.:^^ ^,1.' lisT* Iri- i^A^), a nobleman who was raised to the dignity of prime minister by the emperor Akbar, after the dismissal of Bairam Khan, Khan Ivhanan in a.d. 1560, A.H. 967, was appointed governor of Jaunpiir after the death of Khan Zaman, where he built the famous bridge on the river Giimti in the year a.d. 1567, a.h. 975. He was latterly appointed governor of Bengal after the defeat of Daiid Shah, king of that country, in a.d. 1575, a.h. 983. From the period of Muhammad Bakhtyar KhiljT to that of Sher Shah the city of Gaur, which is also called Lakhnauti, had been the capital of Bengal, after which, owing to its insalubrity, it had been abandoned for Ivhawaspiir Tanda. Munai'm Ivhan, however, admiring the spot, gave orders for its repairs, and made it his residence ; but he soon fell a victim to its imhealthy climate, and died there on the 12th October the same year, 9th Eajab, A.H. 983. Munai m Shaikh i:^"^ *!C^^), a poet who served under prince Sultan Shujaa, governor of Bengal, and was present in the battle fought by that prince against his brother the emperor 'Alamgir in December, A.D. 1658, after which he was never heard of. For his poetical name, he used his own in his compositions. Munir Lahori, Mulla C^,^a\' y-r^■^'-^ L*), a poet of Lahore, was the son of Mulla 'Abdul Majid of Multan. He formerly took the words ' ' Sakhun Sanj ' ' for his poetical title, but afterwards used " Mnnir" in his compositions. His proper name was Abii'l Barkat. He died at Agra on Saturday the 31st August, a.d. 1644, 7th llajab, a.h. 1054, and left abcmt 30,000 verses and an Inshii which goes after his name, viz. lushd-i- Mituir. MUNI 280 MURA Munir - uddin, agent of the titular emperor, Shah 'Alam, at Caknitta, after the battle of Buxar. Died at Beuares, 1771. Munis, Haji ( ^X:?- ^jj^')yit), author of a Diwau, which he completed iu a.d. 1723, A.H. 1135. Munna Jan (,^.1:?- L,»). Vide jSTasir- uddiu Ilaidar. Munni Beffam (*x-.J ic*'*)) a concubine of !\llr Ja'far, Nawab of Ben<;al. After his death aud the death of his two sons Xajiu- uddaula aud Saif-uddaula, she was appointed guardian to Mubarik-uddaula, the infant son of the late Nawab, by Warren Hastings, iu preference to others whose claims were more plausible. The guardianship was taken away fi-om the Begam in a.d. 1776. She was the mother of Najm-uddaula. She died a.d. 1779, Sha'bclu, A.H. 1103. Munshi {JL:^), takhallus of Jaswant Eae Mimshi. He is the author of a Diwan, and was living iu a.d. 1712, a.h. 1124. Munshi ( A_:^^), poetical title of Munshi Mulchand, a Kayeth and native of Dehli. He was a pupil of the poet Xasir, and is the author of some fragments of the Shah-)idina in Urdii. He died about the year A.D. 1822. Munsif (k_i_.^_:._^), poetical title of Fazil Klian, who is the author of a Diwan, and was living in a.d. 1704, a.h. 1116. Muqanna (*_JL<). Vide Al-Makna or Muqanna . Muqarrab Khan {^J^~>~ L_.>.iL«). Vide Masihi (Mulla). Muqtadi Billah (^b ^JcL*). Vide Al-:\Iuqtadi. Muqtadir Billah (aHIj .A:Ji.<). Vide Al-]\Iuqtadir. Murad I. Sultan (^Ikl^- J^l j|^-*), •whom (lur English authors call Amurath I. and who is also called Murad Ishau (iliazi and Kliwawaudgar lliim, was the third Sultan of the race of Usuuin or Othiuau. He suc- ceeded his father Arkhan (Orchan) on the Tm-kish throne in a.d. 1359, a.h. 760, and was known for his cruelties towards his son aud those who espoused his cause. He advanced into Europe, and made Achianople his capital in A.D. 1360. He was a great warrior and obtained 37 victories, in the last of which he perished, a.d. 1389, a.h. 791, aged 71, by the hand of a sohlier. He (or as some say his father) was the first M'ho established the formidable force of the Janisaris. His son Bayezid I. succeeded him. Murad II. Sultan (^jUoLj -jU jU^) succeeded his father Muhammad I. as Ottoman emperor in a.d. 1422, a.h. 825, and was the first Turk who used cannon on the field of battle. Iu A.D. 1443, a.h. 847, he resigned the crown in favour of his son Muhammad II. but fiuchng him incapable to hold the reins of government, he abaudoned his retiremeut and defended the famous SikandarBeg (Scau- derbeg), aud routed the Hungarians. Accord- ing to Gibbon, he died on the 2nd February, a.d. 1451, Zil-hijja, a.h. 854, and was suc- ceeded by his son Muhammad II. who after- wards took Coustantinople. Murad III. Sultan (^IkL: - ^L* Ji>-i^«), a nobleman of the tiiue of the emperor Shah Jahan, who was Faujdar of Muthura, and was killed there in a.d. 1638, a.h. 1048. Murshid Quli Khan ( Kd- cJ J^ ^--y i^J^ j^t), Nawab of Bengal. Vide Ja'far Klian. Murshid Quli Khan (^l^ !• X Eustam Jang, son-in-law of Shuja-uddiu, governor of Bengal (q.v.), by whom he was appointed governor of Katak. Being defeated by Mahabat Jang, Nawab of Bengal, he fled to the Deccan in the year a.d. 1739, where he died. He was a good poet, and his poetical name was Sarshar. Murtaza Khan (j^^^ ^U-. U^.j"^<), a Sayyad, who on the accession of Xawab 'Asaf-uddaula to the masnad of Lucknow, was ap])()inted bv him his naib or deputv, with thr title I if Mukhtar-uddaula, but Basaiit 'Ali Klian, an old khwaja sara (eunuch) of the nawab' s father, being jealous of the influence he had over the nawab, resolved to remove him ; and for this pui'pose, haAing invited him to an entertainment, murdered him, and was himself slain the same day by order of the nawab. This circumstance took place in the month of March, a.d. 1776, Safar, a.h. 1190. Murtaza Khan ( L- l^_^_i- -.«), 'J- nephew and snn-iu-law of Dost 'Ali, the Xawab of Arkat, under whom the per- fidious seizure of Trichinopoly was perpe- trated by Chauda Sahib. The nawab was succeeded by his sou Safdar 'Ali, who, after overcoming the effects of poison pre- pared for him by Murtaza Khan, fell by the poignard of a Pathan assassin hired for the work by the same person. A storm was raised which he had not the courage to encounter, and, disguising himself in female attire, he escaped from Arkat to his own fort of Yellore. Two years afterwards, the youth- ful son and successor of Safdar 'Ali met the fate of his father, and common report attributed to iSIurtaza K]ian a principal share in the contrivance of this murder also. Such was the man to whom the patronage of Dupleix, who was at that time grievously at a loss for money, was extended, for Mmiaza Khan had the reputation of being extremely rich, and was selected by Dupleix as the new Nawab of Arkat. He was solemnly installed in his new dignity, but finding that his faculties were inadequate to the position, he abdicated and returned to VeUore. Murtaza Khan ( ,l.>. |-^j.^). Vide Shaikh Farid aud Farid Bukhari. ^^^ Murtaza Khan Anju ( ysr'U, a nobleman of the reign of the emperor Shah Jahiiu. At the time of his death, which took place a.d. 1629, a.h. 1038, he was governor of Thatta. Murtaza, Mir (^^ \^j:Sj^), surnamecl " Al-Madau bi-ilm ul-Huda. He died in September, a.d. 1046, Safar, a.h. 436. Murtaza Nizam Shah I. ( ^^_^_j' _,* AJ^ j}^) ascended the throne of Ahmadnagar in the Deccan after the death of his father Husain Nizam Shah I. in a.d. 1565, a.h. 972, and as he was then iu his minority, his mother Ivhunza Sultana became for six vears chief manager of affaii's, after which the Sultan took tlie affairs imder his own management. He reigned about 24 hmar years, and becoming mad, his son Miran Husain Nizam Shah shut him up in a warm bathing room, and, shutting fast the doors and windows to exclude all air, lighted a great fire imder the bath, so that tlie Sultfiu was sjieedilv suffocated by the steam ami heat. This circumstauce took place about the 15th JamuuT, A.D. 1589, 8th Rabi I. a.h. 997. But according to the work of Jama ul-Hind, he was poisoned by his son on the 5th Jnn(>, A.D. 1588, corresponding with 18th Kajab, A.H. 996. MURT 282 MUSL Murtaza Nizam Shah II. ( l^._^_i' « i[^ 1*^), a nominal prince and a desceuihiiit of the Xizfun Sliuhi kings of Alimad- uagar, wlio was raised to the lliroue by Malik Ambar the Abyssiuiau aud others after tlie capture of Baliiidur Nizfim Shiih iu a.d. 1600, A. II. 1009. He was put to death about the year a.d. 1628, a.h. 1038, by Fatha Khan, the son of Malik Ambar, who placed his son Ilusain, an infant of ten years, on the throne. Ilusain was afterwards eonfiucd for life by the emperor Shah Jahan in the fortress of GwaKar. [rt- A^'j>^uuw«), sur- named Muhammad Saqi, was employed as Munshi or secretary to 'Inayet-ullah Klian, wazir of Bahadur Shah, and "is the author of the 3Idsir-i-'Alamr/'in, the history of the emperor 'Alamglr. He had been a constant follower of the court for forty years, and an eye-witness of many of the transactions he records. He undertook the work by desire of his patron, and finished it in a.d. 1710, a.h. 1122, being only three years after the decease of 'Alamgir. Musta'in Billah (^.sx:x.^ Vide Al-Mustanjid. Mustarashid Billah (^lUIj J*-i Vide Al-Mustarshid. Mustazahar Billah (a.IJLj .^,li:i/^.«). Vide Al-Mustazhir. Mustazi Billah (aDU ^^-x^^). Fide Al-Mustazi. Muswi Khan (^l>- ^^^^^), an amir of high rank in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir. His proper name was Mirza Moi'zz or Moi'zz-uddiu Muhammad, a descendant of Imiim Musi Eaza. He was a good poet, and had at first assumed Fitrat for his poetical name, but afterwards changed it to Muswi, to which the title of Khan was added by the emperor. He died in the Deccau in a.d. 1690, a.h. 1101, aged 51 years. [Vide Fitrat.] His jagir at Agra extended from the Kacheri ghat to the Dargah of Sayyad near the Eajghat. The ground contained nearly 300 bi gh as. Mutalibi ( ^.-..LL^<), surname of Mu- hammad bin-Idrls al- Shafa'i, who was one of the four Imams, or chiefs of the four orthodox sects amongst the Musalmaus. Mu'tamid BiHah (aIIIj Sa.-:.x,^). Vide Al-Mo'tamid Billih. Mu'tamid Khan (^,L^ J^^jx^.^), a nobleman of the reign of the emperor Jahiiuglr, who wrote the second part (the first part was written by Jahanglr liimself) of the Ikbdl-ndma Jahdnyirl, a memoir of that mouarch from his accession to the throne in A.D. 1G0.5, A.n. 1014. After the death of Mir Jumla, a.d. 1637, A.n. 1047, he was appointed Mir Bakhshl by Shah Jahan. He died A.D. 1639, a.h. 1049 [vide Muhammad Hadi). There is an old nuisjid still standing in the city of Agra supposed to have been erected by him. Mu'tamid Khan {^\.:>~ S.^::..k^') , a nobleman who lived in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir and in the vear a.d. 1661, A.H. 1072, built the Masjid of Gwaliar, which is at the present time in perfectly good order. Mu'tamid-uddaula Bahadur Sardar Jang {J\J)^ jj\.^ji aJ^jJI J..^:.^.^ L^J<^:f^). He \\'as Diwan to Salabat Jang of Haidarabad, and died in a.d. 1774, A.n. 1188. Mu'taqid Khan {^\^ s's::^x.^), son of Iftikhar Ivhan, an otlicer of the rank of 4000 in the time of the emperor Shah Jahau. He died on the 17th October, o.s. 1651, r2th Zi-Qa'da, a.m. 1061, at Jauupur, of which place he was then governor. Mu'taqid-uddaula {d^.^^\ jJiji.*^), the title of Man Ivliau, the brother of Udham EaT, the mother of the emperor Ahmad Shall of Dehli, on whose accession to the throne in A.D. 1748, A.H. 1161, he was raised to the rank of 6,000 with the above title. Mu'tarazzi {^]y:.^r.^^), surname of Nasr bin-'Abdus Sa'id, also named Burhan- uddin bin- 'Abdul Mukarim. He was one of the most illustrious Arabian grammariaus. He died a.d. 1213, a.h. 610. Mu'tasim Billah (aI!1.- »^-xx,^), khalif of Baghdad. Vide Al-Mo'tasim Billah. Mu'tazid Billah (^jjlj s^-ux,^), khalif of Baghdad. Vide Al-Mo'tazid Billah. Mu'tazila (Jj^*.^), a sect of sepa- ratists founded by Wasil bin - Ala — called (rliazzal — who taught that the will was free, and tiiat the Quran was created and not eternal. They flourished at Basra iu the 3rd century of the Hijra, and continued to be influential in those parts till the conversion to the Suuni orthodoxy of Ashau (q.v.). Muti Begam {S^j ^y*), one of the wives of the emperor Shah Jahau, who built a garden called Muti Bagh on the banks of the Janina near the Eajghat at Agra; no traces of it are to be seen now, but the ground on which it was built is still called Muti Bagh, and some of its land is under cultivation. Mutia' Billah (^)Jl.. j_-.k*), khalifa of Baghdad. Vide Al-Mutia' Billah. Mutjali ( IrsrC^), poetical name of Savvad Qutb-uddiu. MUTX 28o MUZ A Mutnabbi ( ^^:^-»), or Al-Mutnabbi, suruame of Abu Tyyeb Ahmad bin-Hiisain, oue of the most celebrated of the Arabian poets, bora at Kufa iu a.d. 915, a.h. 303. He had acquired au extensive knowledge of pure Arabic, drawn from the best sources, and this he had handed down in his poetical compositions. He tltjurished about the year AD. 9oi), A.H. 3u9 ; his father was a water- carrier in Kufa. His principal patron was Saif-uddaula, prince of Damascus, of the family of Hamdan. The surname of Al- Mutnabbi (the pretended prophet) was giyeu him liecause he had set up for a prophet in the flat country near Sawama, where he was followed by a great multitude of the Banu Kalab and other tribes ; but Liilu, goyernor of Emessa, having marched against him took him prisoner and dispersed his partizans. He kept MutuabbI in confine- ment for a long period, and having at length brought him back to the Muslim faith, he set him at liberty. _ He was attacked by a chief of the tribe of Asad, at the head of a troop of partizans ; a combat took place, in which he was killed with his son Al-Muhassad and his slave Mdtlik. This event happened in the month of September, a.d. 965, a.h. 354. Muttaqi Billah U\]\j ^^i';^*), a kballf of Baghlad. Vide Al-Muttaqi. Mutwakkil Ali Allah (di! \ Ir , li .■;>.*), a khallf of Baghdad. Vide Al-Mutwakkil. Muwyyad al-Hulla, Shaikh (j._«j_.« i^^--' , ^LsiO. J'ide Abu'l Qasim of Hulla. Muwyyad-uddaula (td.jk!^ ^rlj-^X son of Rukn-uddaula, the son of Ali Boya the Bo\-ite. He succeeded to a part of his father's dominions iu Persia in September, A.D. 976, Muharram, a.h. 366. He was taken captive aud imprisoned by Hisam- uddaula at Jurjau in January, a.d. 984, Sha'ban, a.h. 373, aud his brother Fakhr- uddaula Abu'l Hasan All got possession of the empire. Muwyyad-uddaula (d!,^!^ J..'*.*), the son of Nizam ul-Mulk, the celebrated wazTr of Sultan Alp Arsalan and his son Malikshah. He served as minister to Barkayarak, the son of the latter for some time, and when dismissed by that monarch, he joined his brother Midiammad in an attack upon Barkayarak ; but was taken, and put to death by that prince. MuzafFar or MuzafFarian (. ,_i_li_.« ^^lj_ili-«), a dynasty of petty rulers of i'ars in Persia. From the period at which the fortimes of the house of Halakii began to decline, i.e. after the death of Sultan Abii Sa'id in a.d. 1335, till the conquest of Persia by Amir Taimiir, the province of Fars was governed by a dynasty of petty rulers, who took the name of Muzaffar from their founder, Mubariz-uddin Muhammad, whose title was Al -Muzaffar, or the Victorious, which title he received on his victory over Abii Ishaq, the governor of Shiraz, in a.d. 1353, A.H. 754. The capital of this family was Shiraz, which is said to have attained its great prosperity under their rule. \_J'ide Midiammad [Muzaffar.] Muzaffar ( ili^), the poetical name of a person who flourished about the year a.d. 1690. a.h. 1102. The name of his" Murshid or spiritTial guide was All Amjad, iu whose praise he has written some Ghazals. Muzaffar Husain Mirza (,.^A*;,:w .ali,* \\r^) was the son of Sultan Husain Mirzii, ruler of Kliurasan, after whose death in May, a.d. 15o6, Zil-hijja, a.h. 911, he conjointly with his brother Badi - uzzamau MirzS, ascended the throne at Herat ; hut thev did not enjoy it long, for Shiihi Beg Klian, the Uzbak, defeated them in May, A.D. 1507, Muharram, a.h. 913, and took possession of the country. Muzaffar Husain Mirza, who had gone to Astarabad, died there the same year. Muzaffar Husain Mirza ( ^^:>. ^ili,* !;„«), of the royal Safwi race of Persia, was the son of Sultan Husain Mirza, the son of Bahram Mirza, the son of Shah Isma'il Safwi. He left his jagir of Qaudahar, and proceeded to India ; and on his arrival at the court of the emperor Akbar in August, A.D. 1595, was appointed an amir of 5U00. The Sarkar of Sambhal was assigned to him in jagir, and Qandahiir (which was made over to the emperor) to Shah Beg Kabuli. About the year a.d. 1609, Mirza Klim-ram (atterwardsShah Jahan) was married to a daughter of Muzaffar Husain, who received the "title of Qandahiiri Begam. Muzaffar Husain Mirza ( .£l^« \\r^) was the son of Ibrahim Husain j\Iirza and Gulrukh Begam. He was married to K]ianam Sultan, "the daughter of the emperor Akbar, in a.d. 1593, and was living in A.D. 1600. Muzaffar Jang (t .G J- «li,«\ also called Muzaffar Husain Khan, Nawab of Fnrrukhabiid, whose original name was Diler Himinat lilian. He succeeded his father Ahmad Klian Bangash in the mouth of November, a.d. 1771, Sha'ban, ah. 1185, aud received the above title from the emperor MUZ A 2S6 MUZA Shfih 'Alam, who was tlien proceeding to Dehli from Allaliubful. lie ceded his terri- tory to the Eniilish on receipt of a peiisiim of "108,000 rupees on the 4th June, a.d. 1802. After liis death, his grandson Tafazzul llusain Khan succeeded him. Muzaffar Jang (i J^'^: J .«), whose original name was Hadaet Muhln-uddin, was the favourite grandson of the celebrated Nizjim ul-Mulk, tlie Sfibadur of Ilaidanibad. He was the son of tliat nobleman's daughter, and on his death he collected an army and gave out that his grandsire had in his will not only appointed him to inherit the greatest part of his treasures, but had likewise nominated him to succeed to the government of the southern provinces. Nasir Jang, his uncle, who had taken possession of his father's wealth, was enabled to keep his father's army in pay ; and this was so numerous, that the forces which Muzaffar Jang had collected were not sufficient to oppose him with any probability of success. Muzaffar Jang subsequently went to Arkat (Arcot), where he defeated and killed Anwar- uddiu Kliiin, the nawab of that place, by the assistance of the French, in a battle fought ou the 23rd July, a d. 1749, and was acknow- ledged the lawful Siibadar of the Deccan. He was, however, after some months obliged to surrender himself to Nasir Jang, who kept him in close confinement ; but after the murder of jVasir Jang in December, a.d. 1750, 17th Muhari'am, a.h. 11G4, he was again raised to the masnad by the assistance of the French. His reign was, however, of short duration, for he was not long afterwards assassinated by the same persons who had raised him to power. His death took place ou the 3rd February, a.d. 1751, 17th Rabi' I. A.H. 1164, when Salabat Jang, the third son of the old Nizam, was placed ou the masnad by the French. Muzaffar Klian, Nawab (,.,l:>. ,.AJi..« <-_^Lj) was the younger brother of Amir ul-Umra l\han Dauran Abdus Samad Klian, by whose interest he was appointed governor of Ajmir in the reign of Farrnkh- siyar, and was ordered to march with a numerous army agaiust the Mahratt.a chief Malhar Eilo Holkar, who had invaded the territories of the Maharaja Jaising Sawal of Amber (now called Jaipur). Muzaffar Klian was slain along with his brother in the battle which took place between the emperor Muhammad Slifih and Nfulir in the mouth of February, a.d. 1739, Zi-Qa'da, ah. 1151. Muzaffar Khan ( .U .i-i.«), a noble- man who was appointed governor of Agra by the emperor Jahiingir in the year a.d. 1621, A.H. 1030. He built the mosque in the city of Agra called "Kalinor Kali Masjid," iu the year a.d. 1631, a.h. 1041, which is still standing, but in a ruinous state. Muzaffar Khan Tirhati (^\.d>. klh--* :i.y), a nobleman who was ap- pointed governor of Bengal by the emperor Akbar iu a.d. 1579, a.h. 987! In his time Baba Ivliau QrKjshal rebelled agaiust the emperor, took Gaur, slew Muzaffar Kliau at Tanda iu Aiiril, a.d. 1580, llabi' I. a.h. 988, and became independent for some time. Muzaffar, Maulana (l. ,M. .), celebrated poet of Herat in Khurasan, who lived in the time of Sultan Gliayas- uddin Kart and Shah Shujiia' of Sliiriiz. Muzaffar Qawami, Maulana C;-"' 11 'r ^' lUi). Vide Qawami, Muzaffar Shah I. (^U ^i.li.<), whose original name was Muzaffar Klian, was the first kiug of Gujrat. He was boru at Dehli on the 30th June, a.d. 1342, 25th Muharram, a.h. 743. His family had been elevated from menial stations in the household of the kings of Dehli. He was, however, appointed governor of Gujrat in a.d. 1391, a.h. 794, by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq II. kiug of Dehli, in the room of Farhat ul- Mulk, who had rebelled agaiust the kiug ; a battle took place, iu which the latter lost his life. In the year a.d. 1396, a.h. 799, Muzaffar Ixliau caused himself to be proclaimed king under the title of Muzaffar Shah, and directed coin to be struck iu his name. He died after a reign of nearly 20 years, on the 27th Julv, A.D. 1411, 6th Rabi' II. a.h. 814, iu the 7 1st year of his age, and was succeeded by his grandson Ahmad Shah the son of Tatar Klian. Kings of Gujrat. 1. Muzaffar Shah I. 2. Ahmad Shah I. his grandson, the sou of Tatar Khau. 3. Muhammad Shah, suruamed Karim, the Merciful. 4. Qutb Shiih. 5. Daiid Shah, his uncle, deposed iu favour of 6. Mahmud Shah I. suruamed Baiqara, who made two expeditions to the Deccan. 7. Muzaffar Slmh II. 8. Sikandar Shah, assassinated. 9. Mahmiid Shah II. displaced by Bahadur and confined. 10. Bahrwlur Shah, who was murdered by the Portuguese. 11. Miran Muhammad Shah Fariiqi of Millwa. 12. ]\Iahmud II. released from prison. 13. Ahmad Shah II. a spurious heir, set u]) by the minister. 14. Muzaffar Shiih III. a suppostitious sou of Mahmiid, and the last king in whose time Gujrat was taken by Akbar. MUZA 2S7 MUZA Muzaffar Shalt II. (iLi) ..A.ii^«) was born on Thursday the 10th April, a.d. 1470, 20th Sha'biln, a.h. 875, and succeeded his father Sultan Mahmud Shah I. Baiqara on the throne of Gujrat, in the 41st year of his age, in November, a.d. 1511, Sha'ban, a.h. 917. He reigned nearly 15 years, and died on Saturday the 17th February, a.d. 1526, 3rd Jumada I. a.h. 932, aged 56 lunar years. He was buried at Sarkich. His son Sikandar Shah succeeded him. Muzaffar Shall III. (uLti suppostitious son of Mahmiid Shah III. named Nathii, was raised to the throne of Gujrat by Ya'tmad Klian, the prime minister, after the death of Ahmad Shah II. in a.d. 1561, a.h. 968. In tiie year a.d. 1572, a.h. 980, the emperor Akbar was incited by Ya'tmad Khan to occupy Gujrat as in former times ; upon which Akbar advanced on the capital of that kingdom, which he took possession of on the 2uth November of the same year, 14th Rajah, a.h. 980, and re-united it to Dehli as a province of Hindiistau. MuzafPar Shah, who had abdicated his throne in favoiu- of Akbar, was sent to Agra in the first instance, but was subsequently remanded into close confinement, from \\hich he not only made his escape but fl}-ing into Gujrat, collected a respectable force, attacked the viceroy of Qutb-uddiu Klian, and slew him in action ; and after an imprisonment of nearly nine years, re-ascendcd the thi'one of Gujrat. His reign was, how- ever, of short duration; for in the year a.d. 1583, A.H. 991, Akbar having deputed Mirza Kliau KhanKlianan, the son of Bairam K^^iau to re-take Gujrat, Muzaffar Klian was defeated in a pitched battle and fled to Jiinagarh ; and as he was pursued by Khan 'Azim, he cut his throat with a razor.' His head was then cut ofp and sent to coiu-t. His downfall terminated the dynasty of the ^luhamniadan kings of Gujrat ; ever since which period tliat kingdom has been considered as a province of Dehli. Muzaffar Shah Purbi (il.^ o 'a .^ ^,»j), whose former name was Siddi Badar, was an Abyssinian slave ; he murdered his sovereign Mahmiid Shah, and ascended the throne of Bengal in a.d. 14i)5, A.H. 900. He reigned three years, and was killed in a battle fought with his minister Sayyad Sharif, who succeeded him with the title" of 'Ala-uddin II. in a.d. 1498, a.h. 904. Muzaffar-uddin ( .^.'w\J^_i.li..«). Vide Sunqar. Muzaffar-uddin ("^...jJl^iU^*). Vide Muhammad ^[uzaifar. Muzaffar-uddin Zangi ( .■ \ W j U . ^ .xjj). Vide Sunqar. Li-^J N XABI NAFT Nabi-Effendi (^cjoil ^J), a Turkish poet, well acquainted with the classic writers of Greece aud Home. He flourished iu the 17th century. [ F«V4' Lempriere's Univ. ]]io(/.'] Nadim Gilani ( J'tS /•jlj), an author who came to India, and was a contemporary of Xaziri of Xaishapiir. Nadir ( ,jlj), poetical title of Mirza Kalb Ilusaiu, Deputy Collector of Etawah. IVide Kalb Hnsaiu.] Nadira Begam( jL.> i^jlj), daughter of Sultan Parwez, the son of the emperor Jahan- gir. She was married to prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of the emperor Shah Jahan, on the 23rd January, a.d. 1634, by whom she had two sous, viz. Sulaiman Shikoh and Sipehr Shikoh. She died of fatigue in May, A.D. 1659, llamazan, a.h. 1069, at Dawar, the country of M alik Jiwau, where her husband had fled along with her after his defeat at Ajmir. She was buried in the Ivhanqa of Mian Mir at Lahore. Nadir Shah (AJx, ^u>U), also called Niidir Quli Klian and Tahmasp Quli Khan, the greatest warrior that modern Persia has ever produced. He was the son of a shepherd, born in the province of Klim'asan, a.d. 1687, but by selling some of his father's sheep, he collected a number of desperate followers who shared his dangers and the booty gained in plundering caravans. By degrees he saw him- self at the head of 6,000 brave adherents, and his assistance was solicited by Shah Tahmasp II. king of Persia, whose throne was usurped by Ashraf, the chief of the Afghans. With impetuous valour. Nadir attacked and routed the enemy, and then seated his master on the throne of his ancestors at Isfahan, a.d. 1730. He then jiursued tlie (lying Afghans to Quan- dahfir, and on iiis return, taking advantage of the odium created by an imfavourable treaty made by Shah Tahmasp with the Turks during his absence, he deposed the king ; and his son, an infant of six months he proclaimed Shah, by the name of 'Abbas III. This event took place on the 16th August, a.d. 1732, A.H. 1145. luhisname, Nadir assumed to himself the sovereign power, aud after havino' recovered all that had been taken from Persia, he concluded a peace with the Ottoman Porte in a.d. 1736. On the death of the young Shah 'Abbas the same year, he signified his intention of resigning his honours ; but the nobles, excited by his private intrigues, invested him with the sovereign power. The historian of Nadir is carefid in informing us that the crown of Persia was placed upon the head of the conqueror exactly at 20 minutes past 8 in the morning of the 26th February, 1736, Shawwal, a.h. 1148. Nadir, now elevated to the height of his ambition, wisely saw that war was the only support of his greatness, and therefore with a numerous army he marched against India in 1739. Tiie Mughol empire was rapidly conquered, 200,000 men were put to the sword, and a booty esti- mated at one hundred and forty-five millions, in which was the imperial throne set with diamonds of an immense value, called the Peacock Throne, was brought away by him from Dehli. He latterly became capricious, proud, aud tyrannical, and was guilty of such cruelty that the nobles conspired against him and assassinated him on the night of Sunday the 10th May, a.d. 1747, 10th Jumada I. a.h. 1160, after he had reigned 20 years over one of the most extensive military monarchies of the time. He was buried at Mashhad nine days after his death. His nephew and murderer 'All Quli Klian, who took the title of 'Ali Shah or 'Aciil Shiih, succeeded him. On his accession, he put to death thirteen of the sons 'and grandsons of Nadir ; the only descendant of the conqueror that was sjiared was his grandson, Shahrukh, the son of Ilaza QulT, who was 14 years of age. He went to Europe and died at Vienna an officer in the Austrian service, known as "Baron von Semlin." 'Adil Shah was soon afterwards deprived of sight and imprisoned. After him Ibrfihim his brother reigned for some time in a.d. 1748, Shahrukh iu a.d. 1749, Sulaiman in A.D. 1750, Isma'il bin-Sajwad Mustafa from A.D. 1750 to 1759, and after him Karim Klian Zand and 'Aqa Muhammad Khan Qajar, ■which see. Nafis hin-'I-waz (^j-c- ^ ^j^^-^Ju), author of the Arabic work called Hall-i- JltlJiz-til-Qrlnfoi. He was a contemporary of Mii-za Ulagh Beg. Naftuya (^.L!.i.j), or Mftuya, was called so, because an offensive smell like naphtha issued from his body. He was an author, and died in a.d. 912, a.h. 300. His proper name is Abii 'Abdullah Ibrahim. NAIL 289 NAJI Naila (L.j), the mother of Firoz Shah aud the daughter of Eaja Mai Bhatti. Naishapuri (^,»jlA-j), or Naisaburi, an Arahiau author, who took his poetical name from Naishapur his birthplace ; he is called by Eiu'opean wi'iters Nisaburieusis. He has collected in a little book the grave and witty sayings of Muhammad and his successors, and some of the kings of Persia. Naiyar and Rakshan (^; '^j Ij jLj ) are the poetical titles of Nawab Ziya-uddin Ahmad Khan, the son of Nawab Ahmad Bakhsh Ivliau of Firozpur aud Lahore. Najabat Khan Khan Khanan Nawah (l_j^_jJ ,^ljl.isr"L>. ^1:=- L::-^JW), a nobleman of the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir, by whom he was much respected. His proper name was Mirza Shujaa; he was the son of Mirza Shahrukh. and the grandson of Mirza Sulaiman of Badakhshau. He was boru on the 25th November, a.d. 1603, aud died on the 13th December, a.d. 1664, 4th Jumfula I. A.H. 1075, at Ujjain. He held the rank of 5000 at the time of his death. Najahat, Mir ( I ««^ ■^A:^), author of a poem called Gulkushtl, on the art of wrestling, a Sharah of which has been written by Siraj-uddTn 'Ali Khan 'Arzii ; aud another by Mvmshi Ratau Singh of Lucknow. [Fif^eNajat (Mir).] Najaf Khan (^l_:>- i ^-^), styled Amir ul-Umra Zulfiqar-uddaula, was born iu Persia of a family said to be related to the Safavi sovereigns of that empire, aud iu his infancy was, with many of his relations, a prisoner to the usui-per Nadir Shah, who kept all the personages any way allied to the throne iu confinement for his o^vn security. At the request of Mirza Mnhsin Khan, the brother of Nawab Safdar Jang, who was sent on an embassy to Nadir Shah by Muhammad Shah the emperor, after his invasion of Hindiistan, Najaf K]ian aud a sister much older than himself were released. This lady married her deliverer, aud Najaf IChau accom- panied her and her husband to Dehli. He was treated with parental affection by Mirza Muhsiu, and at his death attached himself to Muhammad Quli Ivhan,his son, the governor of Allahabad, who was shortly afterwards seized and put to death by his first cousin Nawab Shuja-uddaula, the son of Safdar Jang. Najaf Kjiau, upon this event, retired with a few followers into Bengal, aud offered his services to the Nawab Mir Qasim 'Ali Iviiuu, then at war with the English, who gave him great encouragement. When Qasim 'Ali took refuge with Shuja-uddaula, Najaf Kliau, not choosing to trust himself in the power of the latter, repaired to Bnudclkhand, and served Gumau Singh, one of the chiefs of that country. Upon the flight of Shuja-uddaula, after the battle of Buxar, he offered his services to the English, representing himself as the rightful lord of the province of Allahabad, was re- ceived with respectful welcome, aud even put in possession of a part of it ; but when peace was concluded with the Nawab Wazir, the English, alleging the falsehood of his claim, set it aside, and rewarded his attachment with a pension of two lakhs of rupees and strong recommendations to the emperor Shilh 'Alam. The recompense was greater than his services to the English, as he had kept up a corre- spondence with Shuja-uddaula, whomhewoidd have joined had he been successful iu the battle of Kora. From Allahabad he accom- panied the emperor Shah 'Alam to Dehli in A.D. 1771, and having recovered the city of Agra, from the Jats, he was appointed Amir- ul-'Umra with thie title of Zulfiqar-uddaula. The Eajas of Jaipur and several other Hindu princes were his tributaries. He died on the 22nd April, a.d. 17S2, a.h. 1169, in the 49th year of his age, leaving no issue, when the succession was disputed by Mirza Shafi' aud Afrasyab Khan [q.v.). In spite of early intrigues Najaf Khan was an exceptionally efficient man, and gave the Empire some nine years of apparently renewed vigour. He was generally respected. [Vide Fall of the Moghul Empire.'] Najaf Kuli Khan, a follower of the preceding. Died at Kauauud, a.d. 1790. [Vide Fall of the Moghul Empire.] Najashi ( _^Lsr'). Husain Ahmad. Vide Abu 1 Najat, Mir {^\^.LJ\ j^i luW*), of Isfahan, whose proper name was ]\Iir 'Abdul Al, is the author of a Diwau. He was a coutemporary of Tahir "Wahid, who wrote a Preface to that work. He is also, it seems,_ the author of another poem on the art of wrestliug, called Gulkushtl. Some of the authors call him Mir Najabat. [r«fe Najabat (Mir.).] Naji ( j5-lj), poetical name of Mu- hammad Shakir, who lived iu the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah, aud was con- temporary with the poets Wali, Hatim, Mazumn, aud 'Ahrii. Najib Khan (^^A. Naiib-uddaula. .--s-^r). Vide Najib-uddaula (-^ ~ Iz ^jl^aju), author of a work called Shdh-ndma, contain- ing an account of the Muhammadan kings of India. Na'mat Khan ( Li v-5 .1. ^./♦...^.j), whose poetical name is 'All, and who after- wards received the title of Dauishmand Khan, Comptroller of the Kitchen to the emperor 'Alamgir, and a constant attendant on his person. He is the author of a number of excellent poems, one of which is called Husn wa-Ishq, hut that held in the greatest estimation is a satire on the conqiiest of Golkouda by 'Alamgir, a.d. 1687, in which the author lashes not only the generals, but even the emperor himself, whose conduct in destroj-ing the Muhammadan kings of Bijapiir and Golkouda, while the Mahrattas and other Hiudii chiefs had exalted the standard of defiance, was much cUsapproved of by many of the zealous Musalmnns. The . officers and soldiers were also much disgusted by incessant wars in the Deccan, aud the very great hardships they suffered during his campaigns in that country. This book goes by the name of the author, JSVniat Khan 'All, and has no other name. It is sometimes called IFaqdi/a JSfa'mat Khan '•All. He also compiled a very excellent book on Oriental Cookery. The whole of his work is called Khwdn Na'mat, or the Table of Delicacies. He died in the reign of the emperor Bahadur Shah, A.D. 1708, a.h. 1120. \_Vide Dauishmand Klian.] Na*mat--allah( Jy^U j^^^ ajjl t.::^^^j), a SajTad of Narnaul and a pious Musalman who is said to have performed miracles. He had reared a hawk by whose aid he procured his subsistence for several years. He after- wards proceeded to Akbarnagar, commonly called Rajmahal, in Bengal, where the prince Sultan Shujaa', the son of the emperor Shah Jahan, then governor of that province, with several of his 'Umra, became his disciples. He died in the year a.d. 1666, a.h. 1077, at a place called Firozpiir, east of Eajmahal, where he had received a jagir from the prince. He was a saint and a poet. Na'mat-ullah, Khwaja (aJ.J\ l::^/*..*j ^:>-\^:>~), author of the history of the Afghius or early AbdalTs, an account of which is given in the Jour, of the As. Sac. of Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 445. It is called Tdrlkh Affjhdni, translated by Bernhard Dorn, Ph. D., etc. Na'mat-ullah Wall, Sayyad Shah Nur-uddin (il^ s^^ J^ iMi\ Li^^tj ,ja!L»j), a descendant of Imam j\Iusi Qazim. He was a learned and pious Musalman, and an excellent poet. He is said to have performed miracles ; was the disciple of Shaikh 'Abdullah Yafa'i, but followed the tenets of Imam Shafa'i. He is the author of nearly 500 books and pamphlets. He died in the time of Shahrukh Mirza, the son of Amir Taimiir, a.d. 1424 or 1431, a.h. 827, aged 75 years, and is buried at Mahan, a village of Kirman in Persia. Sayyad was his poetical title. Nami ( _^l_j), a poet who died in a.d. 1533, A.H. 910. Nami ( ^l_j). Vide Muhammad Ma'siim Nami. Nami ul-Nami ( ^^\:S\ ,,-«lj), .surname of 'Abii'l 'Abbas ibn-Muhammad al-Dazami al-Massif, who was an excellent Arabic poet. He died a.d. 1008, a.h. 399, aged 90 years. cal Namkin (^\s>~ ^.-jli ^j^Caj), poeti title of Qazim Khan, who lived in the time of the emperor Jahangir. Namud (j».4J). fide Taskhir. Nana (IjU), a corruption of Nanha, or Nannha, is the appellation by which Balaji Rao Peshwa was commonly known in Hindustan, and is by most supposed to be a title of State ; but, as we are informed, it arose from the nickname given him wlien a child by his father, Nannha signifying a little man. Nana (^jM—i^-Jj-s LjLJ), or Nanha Farnawis or Pharnawls, was the Karkuu of Madho Rao Peshwa. His original name was Janardhau, and he rose by the aid of great ability and lack of scruple. "Was rival of Madhoji Sindliia, whose great-nephew Daulat Rao causid the Niiua's fall and ruin. Died about 1797. Nana (( ^--U Ulj), or Nana Sahib, the nickname of Dluuidliupant of Bithur near Cawnpore. This misereant was an adopted son of Baji Rao II. the ex-Peshwa NANA 292 NAQI of rrinii, who died ou the 28th January, a.d. 1853. The pension of the ex-l'eshwa, amounting to SS hikhs of rupees per annum, ■was not continued to the Xana, and this appears to have been his principal, if not sole grievance, though he iuvariably maintained friendly relations with the European residents and indeed ou many occasions treated them with apparently cordial hospitality. His residence was at Bithur, situated ten miles from C'awnpore, where he owned an estate left him by his patron the ex-Peshwa, and he was allowed a retinue of 600 infantry and cavalry, with three guns of small calibre, and these troops were of course entirely independent of European authority. On learning the general chararter of the out- break of the Bengal army in 1857 he attacked the garrison of Cawnpore, all of whom he destroyed by the help of the vilest treachery ; but fled before the avenging force of General Havelock. A proclamation was issued by the Governor-General in March, a.d. 1858, wherein a reward was offered of one lakh of rupees to any person who should deliver Nana Dhuudhupant of Bithiir to the district officer commanding in any military camp or at any military post ; and, iu addition to the pecuniary reward, a free pardon was guaranteed to any mutineer, deserter or rebel (excepting the Nawabs of Farrukh- abad, BarelT, Banda and Raja of Mainpiiri) who should so deliver up the Nana Sahib. The Nana was never afterwards heard of authentically, but probably perished iu the Nipal jungles. Kanak (iLi uJolj), or Nanak Shah, the founder of the sect called Sikhs, was boru in the year a.d. 1469. He was the son of a Hindu grain - merchant, and disciple of Sayyad Husain, or as some say of Kabir, and consequently a sort of Hindu deist, but his peculiar tenet was universal toleration. He maintained that demotion was due to God, that forms were immaterial, and that Hindu and ISIuhammadan worship were the same in the sight of the Deity. During his travels Nanak was introduced to the emperor Bilbar, before whom he is said to have defended his doctrine with great firmness and eloquence. Nanak died in the month of August, a.d. 1539, aged 70 years. After his sect had silently increased for more than a centiury, it excited the jealousy of the Musalmau government, and its spiritual chief, the Gurii Arjun, was put to death in a.d. 1606, within a year after the decease of the emperor Akbar. This tyranny changed the Sikhs from inoffensive quietists into fanatical warriors. They took up arms under Hargij- bind, the son of the martyred Arjun, who insjnred them with his own spirit of revenge and of hatred to their oppressors. Tlic fuUoivbif/ are the names of the Sikh Gurus from Nanak. a.d. Gurii Nanak Shah, the founder of the sect . . . died 1539 Gurii Angad, who Avrote a.d. some of the sacred books .... died 1552 Amardas ....,, 1574 Eauulas, who beauti- fied Amritsu' . . ,, 1581 Arjunmal, he compiled the 'Adi Granth . ,, 1G06 Hargobind, who was the first warlike leader ....,, 1644 Har Bae, grandson of HargSbind . . . ,, 1661 Har Krishan, son of Har Bae . . . ,, 1664 Teigh Bahadur, uncle of Har Krishan . ,, 1675 Gobind, son of Teigh^ Bahadur. He re- modelled the Sikh I ,, 1708 government. He was / assassinated by a Pathan soldier in . Banda, put to death by the Musalmans . ,, 1715 12 Misals of the Sikhs captured Lahore and occupied the Panjab Charat Singh of Su- kelpaka misal . . ,,1774 Maha Singh, his son, extended his rule, and his wife became regent, andLakhpat Singh her minister ,, 1792 Eanjit Singh estab- lished Lahore inde- pendency in 1805 . ,, 1839 27th \_Ykle Eanjit Singh.] June. Nandkumar {Jk^x^), a Brahman horn about 1720, iuthe district of Birbham, became Wauu Faujdar of Hugli under Siraj-ul-daula {q.v.) about 1756. All the power of the State had been committed to him without control, in the time of the Nawiib Ja'far 'All Klian. He was a treacherous enemy to the English. He was convicted of a forgery, condemned to suffer death, and hanged at the api)oiuted place of execution in Calcutta on the 5th August, A.D. 1775, 7th Jumada II. a.h. 1189. His treasure and effects were given up to his son Eaja Giirdiis. It is said there were fifty-two lakhs of rupees in money, and about the same amount in jewels and rich goods. In the Siijar-ul-Mutakharin, it is said that in his house were found counterfeit seals of several eminent persons which he had forged. [Wiirrcn Hastings was long charged with ini])roperly influencing the trial of Xanilkumfir, but his memory is generally thought to have been cleared by Sir J. F. Stephen, whose book on the subject should be consulted.] Naqil) Khan (^l>~ -iij), the grand- son of Yahia biu-'Abdul-Latif, which see. IsUQI 293 NASI died in a.d. 1622, a.h. 1031, and left a Naqi, Imam (^l«l ij^^- ^""^^ -^^^ Naqi (Imam). Naqi Kamara (i.^ ic-'^X ^ po^^ "^^o died in Dlwan. Naqshabi ( ^lAiJ), poetical name of a person who is the author of the Tutl-ndma, or Tales of a Parrot. When he flourished or when he died is not known. Narayan Rao Peshwa (.^. (jLj,IJ U_;lu^;), the third son of BahijI Rao Peshwa, succeeded his brother Madh5 Riio in November, a.d. 1770. He was assassinated by his paternal uncle Eaghunath Rao, better kuo^Ti by the name Raghoba, in August, a.d. 1772, and was succeeded by his infant son Sewaji Madho Rao. Eaghunath Rao, faiUng in his plans, joined the English at Siu-at. Nargisi ( ^^.ui J), an author who died at Qandahar, in a.d. 1533, a.h. 937, and has left a Diwan. Narsi (^^^_3), the Narses of the Greeks, a king of the Sasanian djTiasty, succeeded his brother Bahram III. a.d. 393, on the throne of Persia, and after a reign of nine years abdicated it in favoiu' of his son, Hurmuz II. and survived that act but a short period. Narsingh Deo Bundeila, Raja (a.$o^ J , a book in Arabic containing the fundamental and principal articles of the Muhammad religion. Tliis work is greatly esteemed by the Musalmans, who prefer it to many others of the same title. A commentary on tiie above work was written by Taftazani. Nasafi died in a.d. 1142, a.h. 537. Nasai (,JL.«J). Vide AbQ ^Abdul Rahman Nasal. He was a native of Nasa, a town in Khurasan. Nashat (l;lAJ), the poetical name of Rcle Phukni Mai, a Hindii, who was Diwan or Treasurer oi 'Alamgir-' s wazir. Nashati ( l^lAj), a poet who died A.D. 1508, A.H. 914. Nashwan bin-Said Himiri al-Yemani author of a work called Shams-ul-'- Uhlm, or the Sun of Science. He died a.d. 1177, a.h. 573. Nasibi, Baba (bb -_--».^j), of Gilan, was a court poet of Sultiin Ya'qiib. He died at Tabrez, in a.d. 1537, a.h. 944, and left a Diwan containing about 5,000 verses. Nasibi, Mirza Muhammad Khan Persia to Lucknow in the reign of Nasir- uddin Haidar ; and died in that of Amjad Ali Shah before or after the year a.d. 1845, a.h. 1261. He is the author of several poems. Nasikh (ir^lj), Shaikh, Imam Bakhsh, a poet of the present century. His complete works, comprising three Diwfins, or books of verse, besides chronograms on the deaths of earlier writers, appeared in a.h. 1232-47-54, under the title of Klldb-i-Xhik/i ; the collecti(m was to be found in tlie king of Audh's library. [See Catuluyuc by Sprenger, I. C28.] Died 1839. Iv'ASI S94 NASI Nasim (^*^), poetical appellation of Pandit Dayil Shiinkar, wlio is the author of a story called Giihdr Xiistm, iu Urdii verse, composed iu a.d. 1838, a.h. 1254. Nasim C*-^'), poetical title of Asgliar 'All Khan of Dehli. Nasim (^_^_^_3), poetical title of Lachhml Xarayau, Raja of Benares. Nasir ( ;»^), poetical name of Mir Nasir 'All of Lucknow. Nasir ( -^li), poetical name of Nawab Nasir Jang, son of Miizaffar Jang Bangash. He died in a.d. 1813, a.h. 1228, on a day ■when an eclipse of the sun had taken place. Nasir ( *^j), poetical name of Shah Nasir-iiddm, an Urdii poet, commonly called Mian Kallu. He was a native of Dehll and the son of Shah Gharlb. In the latter part of his life, he proceeded to Haidarabad and was employed by Maharaja Chandii Lai, in whose service he died about the year a.d. 1840. He has left an Urdu Diwan, containing more than 100,000 verses, which were collected together after his death by one of his pupils named Maharaj Singh. Nasir (^^\.j), poetical title of Saadat Klian, the sou of Rislat Khan. He is the author of five Diwans and a biography. Nasir (^«a3), takhallus of Nasir-uddin Hamdani, who flourished about the year a.d. 1606, A.H. 1015, in which year he visited Shiraz. He is the author of a Diwan. Nasir (^[^ ^.^[j s^.^^ ^^^^J), the takhallus of ^Muhammad Nasir Kjian, Avho is the author of a Diwan, and was living in a.d. 1807, A.M. 1222. Nasir 'Ali, Mulla (U ^ ^^\i), a poet of Shahjahanabad, whose poetical name was 'All. He was born at Sarhind, and died at Dehli in March, a.d. 1697, Ramaziin, A.H. 1108, and is buried near the mausoleum of Nizam-udtliu Aulia. He was a fertile poet and has left a Diwan and a Masuawi. Nasir Billah (^b j^\j), a khallf of Baghdad. Vide Al-Nfisir Billah. Nasir bin-Kliusro, Hakim C.r-J t^lj *^»~ fj^:>-), the author of the work called ZadJl Musafarm, from which book the compiler of the Hajat Barakoke Niir-tiddm Shlrdzi has so largely borrowed. He was a genuine Kuresh, and must have written under the short reign of al-Wasiq Billah, the ninth Kjialif of the house of Abbas, who reigned between the year a.d. 840 and 841. Vide Trans. Roy. As. Soc. vol. iii. p. 32. 'Ali Eaza the 8th Imam, and great-grandfather of Nasir bin-Khusro, died in the year a.d. 818, A.H. 204. Nasir Bukhari, Maulana (^- .lisr^ j^\j l3^»^), a learned Musalmiin who lived like a Dervish and wrote poetry on different subjects. He was a contemporary of Salman Sawaji, who died in a.d. 1377, a.h. 779. Nasir Jang, Nawab Nizam-uddaula (jjjj>!l aUI) ^-'U3 LmJs:^ j^\j) was the second son of Nizam-ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah, whom he succeeded in the government of the Deccan in May, a.d. 1748, Jumada II. a.h. 1161. He reigned two years and a half, and was slain on the 5th December, a.d. 1750, 17th Mubarram, a.h. 1164, by a conspiracy of his own servants, supposed to have been favoured by the French, who surprised his camp while he was engaged in quelling a rebellion raised by his nephew, Muzaffar Jang, who had been imprisoned by him. On his death Muzaffar Jang was placed on the masnad of the Deccan by the con- spirators ; but this young prince did not long enjoy his dignity, for he was assassinated almost immediately after his accession by the same persons Avho had raised him to power. This event took place on the 2nd February, A.D. 1751, 17th Rabi I. a.h. 1164. Nasir Jang was buried at Burhiinpiir near the tomb of his father. [See The French in India, by Colonel Malleson, C.S.I.] Nasir Khan {^i~ j-^r^-^^, ruler of Ilaidarabiid in Singh, succeeded his brother Mir Nur Muhammad Klian in a.d. 1842. He was imprisoned and sent down to Calcutta by the English in a.d. 1843, 6th Rabi' II. a.h. 1261. where he died on the 16th April, a.d. 1845. Nasir Khan Faruqi ( .L:>~ ._*_^_j "i^jS). Tide Malik Nasir Khan. Nasir Khusro (,, jIJ), a cele- brated physician and poet of Isfahan, whose poetical name was Hujjat. He is the author of several works, among which are the two following, viz. Ebstal - nama in verse, and NASI 295 NASI Ka>iz-ul-II((qacq in prose. He has also left a Diwau cousisting of 30,000 verses. He was a contemporary of Khwaja 'Abu'l Hasan Jurjani and the celebrated physician A vicenna. Some say that he was a Deist, and others considered him to be an Atheist, ou which account he was persecuted by the Muham- madaus, and fled from one city to another, till at last he was obliged to conceal himself among the hills of Badakhshan. Daulat Shah has given a very interesting account of Nasir Kluisro, in his Tazkira. In 1872 there was discovered among tlie Elliot papers an Arabic work by Nasir Khusro, on the buildings and water-woi'ks of Jerusalem. He is most precise in his information. It is said, that if this work had been found a little earlier, it might have saved the Pales- tine Exploration Committee some diggings and considerable outlay. There is also a work of the same kind in Persian, called The Travfh of Ndsir Khusro, which he wrote in A.D. 10o2, corresponding with a.h. 444. Nasir, Khwaja {d^\^:>. j-^^j), a poet who was contemporary with Salman Sawajl. [Vide Nasir Eukhari.] Nasir Shah Purbi (^-^ ty ^l-i .^Ij), a lineal descendant of Shams-uddin Bhangara, was placed on the throne of Bengal in a.d. 1427, A.H. 831, after the mui-der of Nasir- uddin GJiulam, who had usurped the throne for several days after the death of his master Ahmad Shah. General Briggs, in his trans- lation, says that he reigned only two years, M'hereas it appears from Major Stewart's Bengal history, which seems to be correct, that he reigned 32 years, consequently his death must have happened in the year a.d. 1458, A.H. 863. He was succeeded by his son Barbak. He is also called Nasir Husain Shah, as appears from an Arabic inscription on a mosque lately discovered in the district of Hughli in Bengal by the late H. Blochmann, Principal, Calcutta Madrasa. Nasir, Shaikh {^J^\^^\ -^-rA jAi), of Akbarabad, a IMusalman saint who is said to have performed a number of miracles, and was highly respected by the emperor Shah Jahan. He died on the 7th June, a.d. 1647, 13th Jumada I. a.h. 1057, and was buried at Agra. Nasir-uddaula {d^^d^Sj^), ISTizain of the Haidarabad State, .succeeded his father Sakandar Jah on the 23rd May, a.d. 1829, and died in May, a.d. 1857. His son ascended the masnad with the title of Nawab Afzal-uddaula. Nasir-uddin ( .,_)j>JL-..,-J, title of Ahmad Shah, the present king of Persia. \_Vide Ahmad Shah.] J Nasir-uddin ( .j jJ^.-.c2J), author of the Arabic work on Jurisprudence called Fatcnvl Ibrdhinn. Nasir-uddin (|^_)j.J^^.-..*-j), king of Persia. Vide Nasir-uddin Shuh. Nasir-uddin Haidar ( ._jiwvJ^^_^_j ^■f^), king of Audh, was the son of Ghazi-uddiu Haidar, whom he succeeded on the throne of Lucknow ou the 30th October, A.D. 1827, 28th Rabi' I. a.h. 1243, with the title of Sulainian Jah Nasir - uddin Haidar. He reigned ten years, and died, poisoned by his own familv, on the 7th July, A.D. 1837, 3rd Rabi' II. a.h. 1253, in which year ched also William IV. king of England, aud Akbar II. king of DehlT. Nasir-uddin Haidar was succeeded by his uncle Naslr-uddaula, who took the title of Abii Muzaffar Moi-uddTu Muhammad 'Ali Shah, and Muuna Jan the illegitimate son of Nasir-uddin Haidar was sent to the fort of Chunar, where he died on the 15th January, A.D. 1846, 16th Muharram, a.h. 1262. Nasir-uddin Khiiji, Sultan (^j; ji^ --sU ,lki.-j g^^^), was the son of Sultan Gliayas-uddin Khiiji, king of Malwa. He asceiided the throne of that kingdom a few days before the death of his father, which happened on the 25th October, a.d. 1500, 27th Rabi' II. a.h. 906. He reigned eleven years and four mouths ; and, having pre- viously declared his third sou Mahmiid as his successor, died about the year a.d. 1511, A.H. 917. Nasir-uddin Mahmud ( ^ ..^sl\^.^ J_>l) c^^.=- . ^yb), the famous philo- sopher and astronomer who was emploved by Halaku Klian, the grandson of Changez Klian, to form the Ilkhani Tables, etc. He was the son of Imam Fakhr-uddiu Muham- mad Eazi, was born at Tus in KJuirasan on Saturday the 3rd March, a.d. 1201, 11th Jumada I. a.h. 597, and though a somewhat over-zealous Shia, was one of the best, and certainly the most universal scholar that Persia ever produced. He wrote on all subjects, and some of his works are to this day standard books in Persian Universities. He was a fair Greek scholar, and made a new translation of Euclid into Arabic, wherein he proves most of the propositions, sometimes in two, three, and tmir ways, wholly difl'rnnt from the demonstrations of the Greek author. He likewise translated the Ahnajistl, and wrote a volume of learned explanatory notes upon it. He also wrote several works on geometry, astronomy, philosophy, theology, and dissertations on miscellaneous subjects. During the Mughal persecutions he wandered amoug the mouutains of Kliurasan, and was taken captive by Alauddin Muhammad, a descendant of Hasan Sabbah, who forced him to remain with him for several years and employed him as his wazir. It was during his captivity that he wrote the most celebrated of all his treatises, a well-known and excellent little work on moral philosophy, which he styled Akjilfiq Ndsirl, or the Morals of Xasir, in compliment to Nasir-uddin 'Abdul Eahim, governor of the fortress of Dez ; but the flattery did not pi'ocm'e him his liberty, he remained in that mountainous region till he was released by Halaku K]ian in November, A.D. 1256, A.H. 654. It was Nasir-uddin that persuaded Halaku to march against Baghdad, which was taken in a.d. 1258. The AkhJdq Xusirl is a translation in Persian of the Kitah-nt- Tahdrat fil Hil'tnat jLmall, an Arabic work by Abu Ali Muhammad of Mecca. There are two other works on Sufiism which he wi'ote, one called Aosdf-ul- Ashrdf, the Praises of the Virtuous, and the Bnhar-ul-3[aani, the Sea of Truth. He is also the author of a work entitled lOiiUdfat- ndma Jldhi, and another work on Prosody called 3Idsr-ush-shohra. Nasir-uddin diecl in the reign of AbakJian, the son of Halaku, on the 24th June, a.d. 1274, 18th Zil-hijja, A.H. 672, and was buried at Baghdad near the tomb of Imam Miisi Qiizim. His brutal severity towards Ibnllajib, a helpless captive, is an everlasting stain on the otherwise illus- trious character of this distinguished man. \_Vide Al-Mustaasim Bilhlh.] Nasr (._»2J), commonly called Xasr Badakhshi, is the poetical name of Mirza 'Abii Nasr of Badakhshan, who was an author, and died in a.d. 1668, a.h. 1078. Nasrabadi (^-jlj^^). The full name of this author was l\Iuhammad Tahir ; he was born at Nasrabad (which is in the district of Isfahan) about the year a.d. 1616, a.h. 1025, and is the author of the biography called Tazktra Nasraiddl, which he wrote in the year a.d. 1672, a.h. 1083, and added about nine biographies ten years after. Nasr Ahmad (j^^.r-1 r^'), a grandson of Sfunan. He was appointed governor of Bukhara by the Khallf Mo'tamid Billah in A.D. 875. \_J'ide Lsma'il Samani.] Nasr 'Asim (^Ic^j) was the first who introduced the diacritical marks in the Qiu-an, by order of the Klialif 'Usman. NASR 298 NASR Nasrat (ci^^^j ), the poetical title of Dilfnvar Kjifni, who is the author of a Dnvaii. He died iu A.D. 1726, a.h. 1139. Nasrati ( r I ), a celebrated poet of the Deccan, wlio is tlie nnthor of a lieroio poem iu Hindi aud tlio Dakhiui dialect, called '■All -nam a, which coutaius the conquests or ■wars of Sultan 'All 'Adil Shah of Bijapur. This prince, to whom the work was dedicated, was assassinated in a.d. 1580, a.h. 938. Nasrati is also the author of two other poems, called Guhhan Jshq and Giildastae 'Ishq ; the former is the tale of Raja Mauohar aud the princess ChiutawatI, and the latter con- tains a variety of odes and amatory poems, also dedicated to his patron the Sultan, and written between the year a.d. 1560 aud 1570. Nasrat Jang (L^:^^^ i. Khan Douran Xasrat Jang. v). Vide Nasrat Khan ( .jl. c;^ Kiian Douran Nasrat Jansr. LUj-^J). Vide Nasrat Shah (.\Ll CU'-.^J), the son of Fatha Klian, the son of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. The throne of Dehll, which was vacated by Sultan Mahmiid Shah on the in- vasion of Amu" Taimiir iu a.d. 1399, was taken possession of by Nasrat Shah on that conqueror' s return to Persia. He reigned eleven months, and was defeated in a battle by his cousin Eqbal Khan, the son of Zafar Khan, who succeeded him iu A.D. 1400. The Siibahs had rendered themselves independent in their own governments, during the misfortunes and coufusions of the empire. Gujrat was seized upon by Klian 'Azim Zafar Khan ; Malwa by Dilawar Khan ; Qauauj, Audh, Kara and Jaunpiir by Sultan - ush - Sharaq Khwaja Jahan; Lahore, Dibalpur, and Multan by Khizir Klian ; Sauiaua by Ivhalil Kliilu ; Eayana by Shams Kliau ; Mahuba by Mu- hammad Ivhau biu-MaUkzada Firoz, aud Nasrat Shah (il.^ cLJ_*^), who is called, by General Briggs, Nasib Shah, suc- ceeded his father 'Alauddiu iu the governnumt of Bengal in a.d. 1524, a.h. 930. When Ibrahim Lodi fell in battle with Babar {q.v.) the latter ascended the throne of Dehli in A.D. 1526, A.H. 932, when many of the adherents of the Lodi dynasty sought pro- tection at the court of Bengal. Among others the prince Mahmfid (brother to Ibrahim Lodi) also took refuge there, and his sister became the wife of the kiug. Nasrat Shfdi died in a.d. 1538, a.h. 945, and Mahmiid, who was then one of his ministers, succeeded in usur])ing his throne. About this period Sher IChiiu, who afterwards ascended the throneof Dehli, attacked and defeated ^1 ahmud in action, and eventually expelled him from Bengal, whence he fled to the coiu't of Dehli, where, representing his grievances, the emperor Ilumayiin marched with an army and took the kingdom of Bengal from Sher ]£han, whom he defeated in a general action. Sher Khan, rallying his defeated troops in the year a.d. 1542, a.h. 949, succeeded in re -conquering Bengal. On his death, aud after the accession of his son Salim Shah to the throue of Dehli, the province of Bengal was made over to Muhammad Khan Afghan, one of the officers of his court, on whose death his son declared his independence, and proclaimed himself king under the title of Bahadur Shah. Nasr hin-Ahmad Samani ^3l«L; Jk^r:-^). Vide Nasr Samam. Nasr Samani, Amir {j^\ JUL^*^), the third Sultan or Amir of the race of Siimau or Samanides, was eight years old when he succeeded his father Amir Ahmad on the throne of Bukhara and Kluirasan, a.d. 914, A.H. 301. He enjoyed a long and pros- perous reign, and died at Bukhara, a.d. 943, Rajab, a.h. 331, leaving all his territories in peace. He was succeeded by his son Amir Niih I. R5daki the poet lived in his time. Nasr-ullah (^j s^^^S^z ^) AWj^ JL^-^l is-:^^' ^^^® ^^^ °^ Abdul Ilamid bin-Abi ul-Ma'ali, a poet who flourished in the reign of Bahram Shah of Ghazni, iu whose name he wrote the book called Kallda Damna, or Pilpay's Fables, which he translated from the Arabic into Persian. [ Tide 'Abii'l Ma'ali, the son of 'Abdul Majid.] Nasr-ullah {i^\^), kiug of Bukhara, who died in the year a.d. 1800. He was a great t3Tant, a greater probably never ruled a people. When on his death-bed, and so weak as to be scarcely able to make himself understood, he directed one of his Avives to be brought into his room. The poor lady'.s brother had recently been in rebelliou, aud the news of his defeat and capture reached the tyrant when on his deathbed. Unable to glut his eyes with the sight of their execution, he wreaked his vengeance on his own wife, because she was sister to the rebel chief. She was beheaded before his eyes, now about to close in death. Laden with every crime that coidd burden the conscience of a responsible king, Nasr-iillah died, leaving the throne to his son and successor Muzaffar-uddin. Nasr-ullah bin-'Abdullah al-Akhmi Alazhari (^!lj>^ .j aH^^^^j), a cele- brated poet who died in the year a.d. 1173, A.H. 569. He is also called Qalakas and Alaaz al-Iskandari. NATI 299 NAZI Natiq (^^,^.jl.A_*J JlIjIj), a poet of Naishapiir, who came to India, and was the master of Jawahir Singh the i)oet. Natiq (^i?\j), the poetical name of Gill Muhammad Khan of Dehli. One of his works is called Jaichar ul-Muazzim. He died in A.D. 1848, A.H. 1264. Nawai (jjl^j), tlie poetical name of Amir Alisher. Nawai, Mulla ( jUl^r^^ l^ lJ^^), of Khurasan. He came to India and found a patron in prince Danial, the son of Akhar, ami died at Burhanpiir in a.d. 1610, a.h. 1019. He is the author of a Diwan. Nawai Rae, Raja U.>'\j ^\j J^), a Kayeth of the Saksena tribe in the service of Nawab Safdar Jang ; was by degrees raised to higher rank with the title of Raja, and was appointed liis deputy to settle the affairs of the province of Farrukhabad, which was seized by the Nawab after the death of its ruler, Nawab Qaem Jang. Nawai Eae was slain in a battle fought against Ahmad fflian, the brother of the late Nawab, on the 3rd August, A.D. 1750, 10th Ramazan, a.h. 1163. Nawai Singh {SJ ^U:?-), Nawab of Bhopal, succeeded his father "Wazir Muhammad in March, a.d. 1816. Nazim Hirwi {^j^Jb j^-bU), a poet of Herat, who is the author of a Diwan and a Yilanf Zalt'Mia, which he completed in the year a.d. 1648, a.h. 1058. Nazim - ul - Mulk, Nazir - ul - Mulk uddaula, the son of Mubarik-uddaula, the Nawab of Bengal, whom he succeeded 2sth September, a.d. 1793, and died in April, a.d. 1810. He was succeeded by his son Zain- uddin 'Al Khan. Nazir (^-iij), the poetical title of a poet of Agra, whose proper name was Shaikh Wall Muliammad. He was the author of a poem or Diwan containing Persian, Urdii, and Hindi verses on different subjects. He has besides composed a Tarjihhand in Frdii on the rand-ndma of Sa'di. He supported himself by teaching, and liis poetry is much esteemed by the bazar people of Agra. He died at Agra on Monday tlie 16th August, A.D. 1830, 26th Safar, a.h. 1246, and was buried at Tajganj. Nazir Bakhtyar Khan (.l^isr tij j^lri-), a man of letters who led a private life near Faridabad, witliin a few miles of Agra, and is the author of a work called Mil at ^Alam, or the Mirror of the "Worhl. This work contains tlie historv of the first ten years of tlie em])eror 'Alanigir. He is also called Bakhtuwar K[iau, which see. I^AZI 800 NIZA Naziri (^ ,.j LlJ ^.Jij), poetical title of MiihammiKl Ilusaiu of Naishapur. He caiuf to India, wlure he found a patron in 'Abdul Rahlui Kliiiu ]\h"iuKhauan. In a.d. 1603, A.H 1012, he made the inlgrimago to Mecca, and after his return he paid a visit to his patron and then settled in Ahmadaliad, Gujrat, where he died in a.d. 1613, a.h. 1022. lie is the author of a Persian Diwiiu. Nekodar ( .t^^*^), surname of Ahmad Ivhan, king of Persia, which see. Neko Siar, Sultan (^Lkl«i .--j ^Xj), son of Muhammad Akbar, the youngest son of 'Alamgir Aurangzeb. Nigahi ( -JbUo), of Aran, near Kashan, is the author of a poem or Masnawi called Mukhtdr-ndma, of about 30,000 verses in the metre of the Shah - ndma, and one called Mehr-wa-Mushtarl, in imitation of Assar's Masnawi. Nilial Singh {iSj^ J^.-J), Eaja of Kapurthala. He died in the year a.d. 1852, having made his last will and testament, in whicli he left the throne, with nearly the whole of his kingdom, to his eldest son, Randhir Singh, and to his two younger sons, Bikrama Singh and Suchait Singh, he as- sio-ned a jagir of one lakh each, in case they disagreed with their brother. The Govern- ment of India was made the executor of the will. After the Raja's death his eldest son, Randhir Singh, ascended the gaddi. His youngest brother, Suchait Singh, fell out with lum, and asked the British Government to execute his father's will in regard to him. Lord Dalhousie at once ordered the separation of a jagir of one lakh from the Kapiirthala Raj, according to the provisions of the will. The other brother, Bikrama Singh, was a worthy man, and much attached to the British rule. Like his royal brother, he performed important services to the English Government in 1857, and was rewarded for them with a jagir in Audh and titles besides. He received his jagir of one lakh in Kapiir- thala in 1868. Nirpat Rae {^\j l::^jJ), a Hindu who was in the service of Sarhindi Begam, the wife of Shahjahan. He also built a garden at Agra on a spot of 28 bigbas. Nirpat Singh (ax;.-o l::-^.j^), Raja of Panna. Nisar (^^l.JiJjljJ), of DelilT, a poet who is the author of a Persian Diwau. Nisari Cuf; w ), poetical name of a person who is the author of the work called Chahdr Gulzdr. Nisbati (^*u-.3l^,j ^^), of Thanc- sar, a poet who has left a Diwau in Persian. Nizam (*llij), the poetical name of 'Imad-ul-Mulk Ghazi-uddin Khan III. Nizam of Astrabad (^jIjL:x-j^ f*^), an extremely pious man, who died in a.d. 1515, A.H. 921, and left, besides a Diwan, a Masnawi, which bears the title of Bilqais and Stdhndn, and contains the story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Nizam Ahmad {x*^\ <»lli:3), author of the work called Rdhat-ul-Qiih'tb, Delight of Hearts, containing the sayings of Shaikh Farid-uddin Shakarganj, a Muhammadan saint who is bm'ied at Ajodhan, a place com- monly called Patau in Mult an. Nizam 'All Khan (,.,L. U^ j..^\^ c_>i»j), Nawab or Nizam of Haidar- abad in the Deccan, was the son of the famous Nizam-ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah. He de- posed and imprisoned his brother Salabat Jang on the 27th June, a.d. 1762, 4th Zil- hijja, A.H 1175, and assumed the government of the Deccan ; hut his power was much curtailed by the Marhattas, who obliged him to resign a great part of his territories and pay a tril)ute for the remainder. He made Haidarabad the seat of his government, reigned 42 lunar years, and died on the 17th August, A.D. 1802, 16th Rabi' II. A.H. 1217. He was succeeded by his son Nawab Sikandar Jah. Nizam Bai {^\) ^Uij), the mother of the emperor Jahaudar Shrdi, and wife of Bahadur Shah. Nizam Dast Ghaib ( » ^^ \j:^^d *lk) ), a poet. Nizam Haji Yemani ( :5-l~^ r LliJ ^^j), author of the Latuef Ashrafl, which explains the origin of the Sufis, their tenets, customs, di'ess, mystical phrases, moral obligations and every other particular of their sect. Dedicated to Sayj'ad A.shraf Jahangir Samaui, a.d. 1446, a.h 850. Nizami ( ^llij), the surname of 'Abu Majd bin-Yusaf Al-Mutrazi, was one of the most illustrious poets of Persia. NIZA 301 mzk Nizam ibn al - Husain al - Sawai (^Jr^luull |^M-u*^l ^jA |*Ui3), author of the three last portions of the Jniiia Ahbdsl. \_Vide Baha-uddiu Muhammad (Shaikh).] Nizami Ganjawi, Shaikh. ( ^^LiiJ '^"^ i^ySXS ), also called Nizam- uddlu Gaujawi, a very celebrated poet who was a native of Gauja. He is the author of the poem called Silcandar-ndma, the history of Alexander the Great, which is one of the most celebrated- Romances of the East, and is written in admirable poetry. The number of works attributed to Nizami amount to nine or ten, among which are the five following- poems called the Kliamsa, or the five books, viz. : — 1. Makhzan-ul - Asrdr, the Magazine of Mysteries, which he dedicated to Bah- ram Shah. 2. Zaill-wa-MaJm'cn, dedicated to Kliaqan Manuchehr, ruler of Shirwan. o r^, , decHcated to Qizal Arsalan, -T,, -,- I tor which he received irom A Tj 'JJ'^ -I I that chief foiu'teen villages 4. II aft I at/car } t- i: , ^ •' ' tree of rent. 5. SikcDidnr-ndma, which was his last work, and which he finished on the loth October, a.d. 1200, 4th Muharram, a.h. 597, and died the same year, aged 84. This book, it seems, he had dedicated to Tughral III. Saljiiqi, some years before his death, for Tughral died in a.d. 1194. Some authors say that Nizami died in A.D. 1209, A.H. 606. To Nizami is accorded the palm for the best poem on the loves of Khusro and Shirlu ; to Jami, for those of Yiisaf and Zalekha ; and to Hiitifi, for the ixost musical, most melancholy version of the sad tale of Laill and Majuiin. Nizami' s Diwan contains nearly 20,000 verses on all subjects. Nizami 'Uruzi ( ^ ^j-s- ^-^^-j f^Si^jAsJ), of Samart|and, was a pupil of Amir Mu'izzi, who lived in the time of Malikshah. He is the author of a poem entitled JFaisa-u-a- Rdiiiln, and of another work in verse called Chahdr Maqdla. Nizam Khan Ma'jiz ( i.s::'*"* A^^llij) > • c p ' a poet, who is the author of a Diwan in Persian. Nizam, Mirza (1- ,« /♦llij), a poet who died in a.d. 1629, a.h. 1039, and is the autlior of a Persian Diwfiu. Nizam Saqqa (aji-c ^l.liJ') is the name of a person who was a water-bearer, and saved the emperor Humaj'un from being drowned in the river Cbonnsa after his first defeat by Sher Shall, near Patna. It is said that the emperor, after his return to Agra, rewarded this man by allowing him to sit'on the throne for half a day and tlien honoured him with the dignity of an Amir. Nizam Shah Bahmani (i'^-ii ^UiJ ^^^^^), son of Humayun Shah the Cruel, whom he succeeded on the throne of the Deccau in September, a.d. 1461, a.h. 865, when only 8 years of age, the queen- mother acting as regent. Mahmiid Guwan, who now held the government of Berar, was appointed wazir, and Khwaja Jahiin as.sumed the oflice of "Wakil - us - Saltanat and was made governor of Tilaugana. By the happy co-operation and unanimity of these two personages and the queen-mother, a woman of great abilities, the injimes occasioned by the tyranny of the late king were soon repaired. Nizam Shah died suddenly on the night of his marriage, being the 29th July, a.h. 1463, 13th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 867, after a reign of two years and one month, and was succeeded by his brother Muhammad Shah ii. Nizam, Shaikh (;^^.^ Jlij)^ one of the authors of the Fafdwa 'Alamgirl, a work on juiisprudence. Of the collections of decisions now known in India, none is so constantly referred to, or so highly esteemed, as tliis work. It was compiled by Shaildi Nizam and other learned men, and commenced in the year a.d. 1656, a.h. 1067, by order of the emperor 'Alamgir, by whose name the collection is now designated. It was translated into Persian by order of 'Alamgir' s daughter, Zeib-un-Nisa. Nizam, Shaikh (^J;, ^lliJ). His poetical name was Zamiri, which see. Nizam-uddaula {c^^sW >»l-liJ), Kin\ab of Haidarabad. Vide Nasir Jang. Nizam-uddaula, Nawab (ttj,.\!^ f*^— j)> a variant of the name of Najm-ud-tlaula {q.v.), eldest son and successor of tlie un- fortunate Mir Ja'far, whom he succeeded as titular Nawab Nazim of the Eastern Provinces, or Bengal. Nizam-uddin Ahmad, Khwaja (*Ui) Aj^'^>~ Jk,*.:?-! i^,.jJkJ^), author of tlio Tdliqdt Akhan,\i\w\\ is also known as Tdrlk/i Xirdiin, a general history of India, dedicated to the emperor Akbar about the year a.d. NIZA 802 NIZA 1593, A.H. 1002. He was the son of Klnvfija Muliaraniad i\Iuqnii of Herat, who was oue of the depeudauts of the emperor Babar Shah, and who, at the latter part of that king-'s reii^n, was raised to the office of Diwan of the household. After the death of Bahar, when Gujrat was conquered by Humayuu, and the ])rovinces of Abniadabad was entrusted to Mirza 'Askari, Wiwaja Muqim was appointed wazir to tlie Mirza. He accompanied Humiiyun to Agra, after that monarch's defeat by Sher Shah at Chounsa. The Kliwaja subsequently served under Akbar. His son Nizam-uddin, in the 29th year of Akbar' s reign, was appointed Bakhshi of Gujrfit, to which office he continued for a long time. He died on the 28th October, a.d. 1594, 23rd Safar, a.h. 1003, on the banks of the Eawi, and was biu:ied in his own garden at Lahore. The following chronogram by 'Abdul Qiidir Badaoui, translated by Mr. H. M. Elliot, records the date of his death : ' ' Mirza Nizam- uddin has departed in haste ; but with honour has he gone to his final doom. His sublime soul has fled to the celestial regions, and Kadirl has found the date of his death in these words, ' A jewel without price has left this world.' " Nizam-Tiddin Ahmad (^^Jl ^UiJ «JU» J^^sr* J^ Jk.4.:5-1), son of Mu- hammad Salah, author of a work called Majmfia'-us- Sanai/q, or Collection of Arts, containing some beautiful poetical inventions, compiled in the year a.d. 1650, a.h. 1060, and published in the Lithographic Press at Lucknow in a.d. 1845, a.h. 1260. He is also the author of the work called Karamat- ul-Aulia, containing a minute detail of the (pretended) miracles performed by the twelve Imams and other saints of the Muhammadan faith, written in a.d. 1657, a.h. 1067. Nizam-uddin Aulia, Shaikh (*LliJ '^^ LJ_j^ ;:;-:: -^^), styled Sultan-ul- Mushael^. He was one of the noblest disciples of Shaikh Farld-uddin Shakarganj, and a most celebrated saint among the Musalmans. He was born at Badiion in October, a.d. 1236, Safar, a.h. 634, and died at Dehli on Wednesday the 3rd April, A.D. 1325, 18th Rabi' I. a.h. 725, where he lies bm-ied, and his tomb, which is in Ghayas- Sur, is visited by the Muhammadans to this ay. Amir Khusro, the poet, was one of his dis'ciples. Sayyid Ahmad, the father of Nizam-uddin, is buried at Badiion. Nizam-uddin Ganjawi (^^.J-O^ *UiJ ^^sx^). VideWv/AXxm GanjawT. Nizam-uddin, Mir (^^ i^,'^'^ (♦UiJ). Vide Mamuiin. Nizam - uddin Sihali, Maulana (lJl'_j^ J^,^ ^.,^\ (♦^-i^), son of Qutb-uddin, is the author of the Sharah or marginal notes on the Sadra, and S/ia/us Bazighd, etc., etc. He died in a.d. 1748, a.h. 1161. Nizam-uddin Sikham, Amir (^IJiJ j-^-*\ (*-s:*^ i^jjJO, a poet who was a contemporary of Amir Allsher, and a panegyrist of Mii-za Sultan Ahmad of Samarqaud. Nizam-ul-Mulk (lKLJI ^llij), a justly celebrated minister of Sultan Alp Ai'salan, second king of the Saljukides, and afterwards of his son Malikshah ; to his virtue and ability is attributed the success and prosperity of their reigns. After an administration of 30 years the fame of the wazir, his wealth and even his ser\-ices, were trausformed into crimes. This venerable statesman, at the age of 89 years, was dismissed by his master, accused by his enemies, and stabbed by an assassin, who was a follower of Hasan Sabbah, the Old Man of the Mountain, on Friday night the 15th October, a.d. 1092, Ramazan, a.h. 485, at a place called Naha- wand. His body was carried to Isfahan, where he was interred with great pomp. It is said that the assassin was suborned against hiin by Malikshah, who was fatigued to see him live so long. The Sultan survived him 35 days only. Nizam-ul-Mulk appears to be the author of the work entitled Siar-ul- Maluk. [Nizam and Hasan Sabbah had both been school-fellows of the poet Uman Khayyam {q.v.).^ Nizam-ul-Mulk (l^s-^T (»_<.U.11 j*LliJ iL:>-), entitled Asaf Jah, whose original name was Chin Kulich Kliiin, was the son of Giiazi-uddin Khan Jang, a favourite Turkman officer of the emperor 'vVlamgir, under which monarch he also distinguished himself. In the reign of the emperor Farrukh-siyar, he held the government of Moradabad and was afterwards appointed governor of Miilwa, which province he restored to a flourishing condition, but the reputation he acquired rendered him an object of jealousy to the two brothers, Sayyad 'Abdullah Klian and Husain 'Ali Khan, who wished to remove him to another quarter less favoiu-able to his interest than the frontier of the Deccan ; but Nizam-ul-Mulk, not willing to quit his post, excused himself, and resolved to seek an independent power in the Deccan. The disturbed state of that country gave him a pretence for raising troops, and turned his attention to the conquest of the Deccan. By intrigue and money he obtained possession of the fort of Asirgarh ahdut the year a.d. 1717, and procured the junction of several officers of the province. NIZA 303 NUH He waf? pursued from Hindustan by the force under Dilawar Khan and another under Alain 'All Ivhau, both of whom he defeated and slew in battle in April, a.d. 1720, and at last remained without a rival in the Deccan. In the reign of Muhammad Shah, after the death of the two Sayyads, he was invited to court by that emperor ; and on his arrival at Dehli, the high office of prime minister was conferred on him, but Nizam -ul-Mulk, being soon disgusted with the state of things at court, sent in his resignation, and marched off for the Deccan, and though he continued to send honorary presents on fixed occasions to the empei'or, he thenceforth conducted himself, in other respects, as an independent prince, and governed the pro- vinces of the Deccan for 30 j-ears with great ability and success. He was present in the battle which took place between Muhammad Shah and Nadir Shah, but soon returned to the Deccan ; and the present Nizams of Haidarabad are his descendants and successors. He died on the 22ud May, a.d. 1748, 4th Jumada II. a.h. 1161, thirty-seven days after the death of the emperor Muham- mad Shah, at a very advanced age, and was bm-ied at Burhaupiir near the tomb of Shah Burhan-uddin Gharib. He left behind him six sous, viz. Gli'izi - uddin, Nasir Jang, Salabat Jang, Nizam 'All, Basalat Jang and Mughal 'All, and was succeeded in the government of the Deccan by the second, Mir Ahmad surnamed Nasir Jang, who was present at Burhanpiir when his father died ; the eldest, Ghazi-uddin Khan, then residing at Dehli in the office of Amir-ul-'Umra. Nasir Jang was assassinated in December, a.d. 1750, and Muzaffar Jang, a grandson of Nizam-ul-Mulk, was placed on the throne and soon afterwards assassinated, in February, A.D. 1751. Salabat Jang, by the influence of the French, was then proclaimed and reigned until A.D. 1761, when he was imprisiuud, and in a.d. 1763 put to death by his brother Nizilm 'AH, who assumed the administration, and reigned till 6th August, a.d. 1803, when he died, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Mirza Sikandar Jah. Sikandar Jah died on the 23rd May, ad. 1829, and was succeeded by his son Mir Farldiuuda 'Ali Khan, the late Nizam (If-oS). Nizam-ul-Mulk appears to have been the author of a Diwan, which was found in the Library of Tipu Sultan, called B'lwdn '■Asaf Nizam-ul-Midk. [Vide Sketch of the Mist, of Hindustan.'] Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri (, ^L*J^ <»Ua-J ^jCst), the father of Ahmad Nizam Shah Bahri, who was the first king of the Nizam Shfilii dynasty. Nizam-ul-Mulk was originally a Brahman of Bijanagar, but, being taken prisoner in his infancy by the army of Sultan Ahmad Shah Bahmani, was made a Musalman, and was educated as one of the royal slaves. He finished his education under the same tutor with the king's eldest sou, Sultau Muhammad, and became eminently learned in Persian and Arabic literature. On the accession of Sultan Muhammad II. to the throne of the Deccan, in a.d. 1463, he was raised to the rank of a thousand and the charge of the royal falconry was entrusted to him, on which account he was called Bahri, i.e. a falconer. By degrees he rose to the highest honours aud was appointed governor of Tilangana. On the death of Muhammad Shah, in a.d. 1482, he by his will became first minister to his son Sultan INIahmM II. who added Bir and other districts to his jagir. This he committed to his son Malik Ahmad, who took up his residence at Khaibar and employed himself diligently in the affairs of his government, and after his father's death set up a separate djmasty in the Deccan called Nizam Shahi, the capital of which was Ahmadnagar. Nizam-ul-Mulk, who had the sole power of the administration in his hands, latterly paid little or no regard for the king's authority, and was murdered by the orders of the Sultau about the year a.d. 1486, a.h. 891, or some time afterwards. Nizam-ul-Mulk Mahmud (uJ^l^^ ^Ik} Sa.^^), the son of Abi Sa id Junaidi, a general aud wazir of Shams -uddin Altamsh, king of Dehli. He died in the reign of Sultana Razia, on the mountains of Sirmor, where he had taken refuge from his enemies about the year a.d. 1238. Nizam-ul-Mulk Muhammad (^Uij SA~si* L_i^L*.!l), the son of All Sayyad Juuaidi, to whom the Jdmq-iil-Hikayat is dedicated, was the general of Shams-uddin Altamsh, king of Dehli. He was living in A.H. 622. Nizari, Hakim ( jl:i^.^,' *-il>- oj^p)j of Qohistan, a man of talents, but given to gaieties and pleasiu-e, particularly to wine. He travelled much, aud during his travels he met Sa'di and other distinguished men. Towards the end of his life he retired from the world and lived by agriculture. He died in A.D. 1320, A.M. 720, and left, besides a Diwan, two Masnawis. Nudar or Nuzar ( ,jy), an ancient king of Persia of the Pishdadian d}'nasty. [^Vide Maniichchr.] Nuh I. Samani, Amir ( 3U<1.^« ^ .<....4,..S' Ji- N ^J^iA.0, a Sayyad of Badaon, was a learned and pious Musalman of the sect of Naqshband. He died on the 3rd August, A.D. 1723, nth Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1135. ur-uddin Ahmad, Shaikh ( .^'jJl.J ^.-i) Jk^:s-1), surnamed Qutb Alam, which see. Nur - uddin 'Ali, Malik Mansur (j^^-,* L_^L« ^Ir ^,i^\j^j), the second Sultan of the dpiasty of Tartar or Baharite Mamliiks in Egypt, Avas placed on the throne by the Amirs after the assassina- tion of his father Malik Moi'zz 'Azz-uddin Aibak, a.d. 1257, a.h. 655, at the age of 15. His short reign of two years was troubled by continual feuds among the Mamliik chieftains, and attempts on the part of the A}-)Tibite princes of Syria to recover the lost sway of NUR-U 305 NUR-TJ their family in Ejjypt ; and the appn^hension of an irruption of the Mughals under Ilalaku, who had taken Baghdad and destroyed the Kliihifat, showed the necessity of substituting a ruler of matiu'ed years and experience. The Amir Qutuz accordingly assumed the reigns of government, a.d. 1259, a.h. 657, and no more is heard of Xiir-ucUin. [J'ide Malik Moi'zz 'Azz-uddin.] Nur - uddin 'Ali, Malik - ul - Afzal (J^i'i\ uJ^U J.Z ^^.jJljy), the eldest of the seventeen sons of Salah-uddin ; horn A.D. 1170, a.h. 556. In the partition of his father's extensive dominions, which followed his death in a.d. 1193, Damascus and Southern Syria with Palestine fell to the lot of Niir-uddin ; but in the dissensions which soon followed, he was stripped of his kingdom by his uncle Saif-uddln 'Abu Bakr (the Saphadin of Christian writers), and his brother 'Usman made Sultan of Egvpt, a.d. 1196. [FiffeMalik-ul-Afzal.] Nur - uddin Arsalan Shah, Atahak (i_^jbi il-i) j_^^i-J.^ i^^a!^ j»3), a prince of Mousal and Mesopotamia, of the family of Zangi, and grand-nephew of the famous Niir-uddin, Sultan of Aleppo and Damascus. He succeeded his father, Azz-tuldin Masa'iid, a.d. 1193, a.h. 589 (the year of the death of Salah-uddin). Dming a reign of 18 years he established in some measure the declining power of his house, and compelled the minor princes of his family to acknowledge his supremacy as lord paramount. He died A.D. 1210, A.H. 607, regretted by his subjects as a mild and beneficent ruler. His son Azz- uddin, after a reign of between seven and eight years, was succeeded by an infant son bearing the title of Niir-uddin Arsalan II. who survived him only a few months. Nur-uddin bin-Lutf-ullah ( ,,jjk!l .J isual retreat of deposed princes; while Nur-uddin, the circuit of whose realms now encompassed on all sides by laud the Latin territories in. 20 NUR-U 306 NUR-U Palestine, and extended to the frontiers of the Fatiniite possessions in Egypt, fixed his capital at Damascus, wliich he raised from tlic ruinous state in which it had bieu h't't by an eartliquake, and adorned with mosques, fountains, colleges, and hospitals. The death of Baldwin III. in a.d. 1162, released Nur- uddin from the ablest of his antagonists, his brother and successor, Almaric, or Amaury, being far inferior to Bakhvin, both in prowess and al)ilities. Mesopotamia, ruled by the Sultan's nephews, acknowledged his supremacy as head of the family ; he was now, by his officers, absolute master of Egypt ; his name was recited with that of the Khalif Mustazi of Baghdad in all the mosques throughout his dominions, and even in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, which Tiirau Shah, brother of Salah-nddiu, had made dependencies of Egypt. But the power and glory of Niir-uddin had now attained their highest pitch, and the three remaining years of his life were unmarked by any memorable achievement, and disqiueted by the forebodings of the future downfall of his house by the ambition of Salah-uddin, who, though still ostensibly acting as his lieutenant, and making public professions of loyalty and obedience, had in fact become independent master of Egypt, and eluded or disregarded all the orders of his nominal sovereign. Nur-nddm was preparing to march into Egypt to reduce or expel his refractory vassal, when an attack of quinsy terminated his life at Damascus after a prosperous reign of 27 years on the 26th May, A.D. 1173, 21st Shawwiil, a.h. 569. His son Malik-US- Salah Isma'il, a youth 11 years old, succeeded to the titular sovereignty of his extensive dominions, but was speedily stripped by Salah -uddlu of Damascus and the greater part of Syria, and died 8 years afterwards, reduced to the sovereignty of Aleppo and its dependencies. Nur-uddin Muhammad, Mirza (,»j 1 : .^ J^/*jsr'' ^t:*.^!'), son of ^Ala-uddln Muhammad, the son of K]iwaja Ilusain. He was married to the daughter of the emperor Babar, named Gulrukli Begam, by whom he had Sallma Sultana Begam, who was married to Bairam Kliiin. Nur-uddin Muhammad Ufi (,,.'a1\,»j -i^.2 wV^jsr*), tlie author of the Jdma^ -ul-Iiikdi/dt , a collection of historical anecdotes. This work he wrote and dedicated to Nizani-ul-Mulk ]\Iahmud, a general of Shams-nddlu Altimsh, king of Delili, about A.D. 1230. \_Vide Muhammad Ufl and Sacb-uddln Ufl.] Nur-uddin Safaiduni, Mulla ( ,,.> jkll ,»j \^ ^^^S-^Ji^), entitled Nawab Tarkhan, was a native of Jam in Herat and brought up at Mashhad. He was a favourite com])aniou of the emperor Hnmayiin ; and as the Pargana of Safaidun had been conferred on him as jTigir, he was consequently called Safaiduni. lie cut a canal from the river Jamna to Karnal in the year a.d. 1569, a.h. 977, and named it " Shaikhii Nahr, in honour of the prince Sultan SalTm, who was born in that year and was nicknamed by his father the emperor Akbar, Shaikhu Babii. He was an excellent poet and has left a Dlwan or book of odes. His poetical title was Niiri. Nur-uddin, Shaikh (irr?--*' jjJU»j), an historian who wrote the history of Kashmere in Persian called Tdr'ikh luis/ni/Jr, which in after times was continued by Haidar Malik and Muhammad 'Azim. Nur-uddin Shirazi (^A^^ ^.'^^^ t^)- Vide Hakim Niir-uddlu Shirazi. Nur-ul-Haq ( i.j^ lJ}^ (J'^'\ji-'>X Qazi of Bareli. Vide Munai'm. Nur-ul-Haq, Shah or Shaikh (^l^M .J il_ii), surnamed Al-Mashi'aqi, Al- Dehlawi and Al-Bukhari, was the son of Shaikh 'Abdul Haq bin-Saif-nddlu of Dehli. He is the author of the Zuhdiit-Ht-Taicankh, which is an enlarged edition of his father's historv, and was composed in order that by improving the style and supplying omissions, he might render it worthy the acceptance of his patron. Shaikh Faiid-uddTu Bukhari, with whom he was connected by marriage, and who under the title of Murtaza' Ivhan managed for some time the affairs of the empire in the reign of the emperor JahaugTr. He has also written a Sharah on the Sahlh Hifkhfin and MuMm. He died in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir, a.d. 1662, a.h. 1073. Nur-ullah Shustari, Mir (dJ-Jl ,^_j ..-...« ^ „:i.<-j4.^ ), -who is sometimes called Niir-xillah bin-Sharif-ul-HusainT-nsh- Shustari, was a nobleman at the court of the emperor Akbar. He is the author of the work caWiiA JI(iJillis-i(l- 3Io»ri)nn . This great biographical work is a mine of valuable in- formation respecting the most notable persons who professed the Shia faith. The author bus given an entire book or section (the fifth Majillis) to the lives of the traditiouists and lawyers, and has specified the principal works by each learned doctor at the end of their respective histories. Niir-nllah was a zealous Shia and suffered in the year a.d. 1610, a.h. 1019, for his religions opinions in the reign of JahaugTr. [ru/t-'Siili.] NUR-TJ 307 NFZH Nur-un-Nisa Begam (,^^j l^t,»j) I ••• ^j the daughter of Ibrahim Husaiu Mirza, by Giih-ukh Begam. She was married to prince Mirza Sallm afterwards Jahangir. Nubat Khan, Nawab (^l-:>- c:,-wU.3 t_>laj), an officer of the reign of the emperor Akbar, whose mausoleum is in old Dehli close to the seraglio of Shah Jahau. It was built iu the year a.d. 1565, a.h. 973, and is called " Xili Chhatri " on account of its having a blue canopy at the top. It is now in a ruinous state. Nusherwan (Jjl.£ ^i^_j^-i^J), sur- named 'Adil or the Just (Chosroes of the Greeks), was the son of Qubad, king of Persia, at whose death, a.d. 531, he ascended the throne of that kingdom. The accounts given by Eastern and Western authors of the suc- cesses of this king in his invasions of the Roman empire, differ but very little. Some of the former have falsely asserted that he took an emperor of the Romans prisoner ; and they have all, with a partiality that, in national historians writing of this monarch, seems almost excusable, passed over the few reverses which his arms sustained. But the disgraceful peace which the emperor Justinian purchased at the commencement of the reign of Nusherwan, the subsequent war, the re- duction of all Syria, the captiu'e of Antioch, the unopposed progr^ess of the Persian monarch to the shores of the Mediterranean, his con- quest of Iberia, Calchos, and the temporary establishment of his power on the banks of the Phasis and on the shores of the Euxine, are facts not questioned by his enemies. They, however, assert, that his genius as a military leader, even when his fortune was at the highest, was checked by Belisarius, who was twice sent to oppose his progress ; and whose success, considering his want of means and the character of the com't he served, was certainly wonderful. In all the negotiations which took place between the emperor Justinian and Nusherwan, the latter assumed the tone of a superior. His lowest servants were treated, at the imperial coiu't, in a manner calculated to inflame the pride and raise the insolence of a vain and arrogant nation ; and the impressions which this C(mduct must have made were confirmed by the agreement of the Roman emperor to pay 30,000 pieces of gold, a sum which could have been of no importance to Nusherwan, but as it showed the monarch of the "Western woiid in the rank of one of his tributaries. In a second war with the Roman emperors Justiu and Tiberius, Nusherwan, who though 80 years of age, still led his armies, experienced some reverses of fortune ; but the perseverance and valour of the aged sovereign were ultimately rewarded by the conquest of Dara and the plunder of Syria, a.d. 572. He died after a , prosperous reign of 48 years about the year A.D. 579, and was succeeded by his son Hurmuz IV. Muhammad, who was born during the reign of Nusherwan, a.d. 571, used to boast of his fortune in being born when so just a king reigned. This is great praise, and from a source that cannot be suspected of flattery. Nusherwan Kirmani jL-«.i), an author who transhited the Ardai Tiraf-nama, originally -written in the Zend, into the modern Persian. Another translation was made by Zaratash Bairam in Pei'sian prose and one in verse. This work was translated into Engli.sh by Mr. J. A. Pope and published in London in 1816. \_See Ardai Yiraf.] Nuzar ( .j»3), an ancient king of Persia. Vide Mauuchehr. Nuzhat (^ji^j^Lj), poetical name of Muhammad 'Azim of DiJmghan, a poet, who is the author of a Diwan. He died a.d. 1724, AH. 1137. OQTA ORKH Oqtai Qaan or Khan (^1 1* 'liiil), the eldest surviving son of Changi'z Kliau, whom he succeeded to the dominions of Tartary and Northern China, being crowned as Ivliaqau or emperor a.d. 1227, a.h. 624. He died by excess of wine seven months after his brother Chughtai, about the month of January, a.d. 1242, a.h. 639. He was of a mild and generous disposition, and governed his concpiered subjects with impartiality and justice. As a warrior, he was brave but prudent, and as a sovereign, equitable and benevolent. He was succeeded by his son Kayiik Khan. List of the Khdqc'nis of Tartary. Oqtai Qian, eldest son of Changez a.d. Klian, began 1227 Kayiik Klian, son of Oqtai Qaan . Mangu Qaan, eldest son of Tuli Kliau Qablai Klian, son of Mangii Qaan, succeeded to the kingdom of Tartary in a.d. 1259, and died in a.d. 1294. His brother Halakii Klian, after the 1242 1243 death of his father, succeeded to the a.d. kinu'doni of Persia [vide Halakfi Khan) 1259 Oodham Bai (^_^l-J *-JfcJj^), a Hindu Lidv, married to the emperor Muhammad Shah. She was the mother of the emperor Ahmad Shah. On the accession of her son to the throne, she received the titles of IVawab Bai, Nawab Qudsia, and Saliiba Zamani, and her brother Man Kjian was raised to the rank of 6000 with the title of Mo'taqid-uddaula. Orkhan (,jlri-,^l), the son of Othman or Osman, the son of Amir Tu gh ral. After his father's death he made himself Sultan of the Turks at Brusa in a.d. 1327, a.h. 727, by the destruction of his elder brothers. He added largely to the territories of his father, and formed a body of infantry, after- wards formidable to Europe — the Yenicheri or Jannisaiis. He died about the year a.d. 1359, A.H. 760, aud was succeeded by his son Murad I. (Amarath). PAD^O: PART Padmawati ( J.Ujkj), daughter of the Raja of Ceylon, who was carried off forcibly by Ratau Sain, Raja of Chittor, and taken away from him by Sultan 'Ala-uddin, when he conquered Chittor about the year A.D. 1303, A.H. 703. Her story called Qissae Fadtndu-at has been written in Persian poetry by Husain of Ghnzni, and there is also a version in the Bhakha language in verse, by Malik Muhammad Jaesi. There is another in Persian prose by Rae Gobiud Munshi, who wrote it in a.d. 1652, a.h. 1062, and called it Tukfat-ul-Kuliih, which is also a chrono- gram for that year. In the year a.d. 1796, A.H. 1211, another translation into Urdii verse was written by two poets, the first part by Mir Ziya-uddin 'Ibrat, and the last by Ghidam 'Ali 'Ishrat. Palas or Palash (^llllj) (the Valens of Roman history) succeeded his father Firoz I. on the throne of Persia a.d. 484. He reigned four years, and was succeeded by his brother Qubad. Panahi ( i,ljlj), a celebrated poet and artist, who, says 'Ashik, "broke the jjeucil of the Frank painters, and by painting a single rose-leaf coiild metamorphose Winter into Spring." Parhez Bano Begam (♦Cj »3b }^j^), daughter of Shah Jaban by Kandhari Begam. She died in the year a.d. 1675, a.h. 1086. Parsaji ( _s»-l_^._j), also called Parsaran Bhosla, the son of Raghoji Bhosla, siicceeded his father in the government of Berar or Xagpur in March, a.d. 1816, but being an idiot, he was soon afterwnrds strangled by Miidhaji surnamed 'A])a Sahib, who was acknowledged by the English. Parsaram Bhao or Bhosla (^^L-.- _) jl^;). Vide Parsaji. Partab or Partap Pal ( ][: present Raja of Karuull. ^A J; Partap Sing-h (d^.^ c-jljy\ Pv-aja or Rana of Udaipur, was the son of Udai Singh, the son of Rana Sanga. Partap Singh, who is still idolized by his countrymen for the heroism with which he repelled the attacks of the MughUs, and preserved the germ of national independence in his wild fastnesses, reigned in a.d. 1614, and recovered the greater portion of his dominions before Akbar died. He founded the capital of Udaipur. Partap Singh {d^^ <-_?l;y), eldest son of Raja Man Singh, the son or nephew of Raja Bhagwan Das Kachhwulia of Amber. He died before his father, and left a son named Maha Singh, the father of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. Partap Singh (a^«j ^_;ljy), Eaja of Jaipiir. He succeeded his father Madho Singh in a.d. 1778, joined the confederacy organised by Bijai Singh, Rathore {q.v.), and shared his overthrow 1790 ; made peace in consequence, and died in a.d. 1803, when he was succeeded by his son Raja Jagat Singh. Don Pedro de Silva was employed by Partap Singh as a physician, at the time wlien Colonel Poller visited Jaipiir in search of the Vedas of the Hiudiis, about the year A.D. 1788. His son or grandson Augu.stine de Silva, who received a pension frt)m the Raja of Bhartpiir, died in the year a.d. 1856 ; his son Joseph de Silva settled at Agra, and the pension was continued to him. After the death of Jagat Singh, who died without issue, Raja Jai Siugh III. posthu- mous, believed supposititious, succeeded him A.D. 1818. Partap Singh Narayan {iS:^ ^-''^y ,.^^,lj), Eaia of Sitara, the son of Raja Sahii, commonly called Abba Sahib, and grandson of Raghoji Bhosla. He was closely confined by the Peslnva Bajl Rao. After the dethronement of Ai)a Sfiliib, he was released from confinement and forniallv enthroned by the English on the Uth Apiil, a.d. 1818, and a part of tlie Puna trrritoiiis assigned for his support. On the 2oth Si'pteml)er, a.d. 1819, a treaty was coucludrd between the British Government and the Raja, ceding to him the districts he subsequently jxissessid. He violated his treaty, was deposid in 1839, and dieil at Benares in a.d. 1847. He left PARW 310 PIAR only one daugliter, but was reported to have adopted Bahvant Singh Bhoshi as her son. His next brother having died without issue in 1821, the third brother, Shahji alias Appa Sahib, succeeded in a.d. 1839, and died 5th April, A.D. 1818, leaving no issue. Parwana (aj^.j), poetical name of Kunwar Jaswant Singh, a son of Raja Beni Bahadur. lie died in a.d. 1832, a.h. 1248. Parwiz, Sultan (^ILLj }-:,»r>), second son of the emperor Jahangir. His mother's name was Sahib Jamal, daughter of K]iwaja Hasan, uncle of Zain Klian Koka. lie was born at Kabul about the year a.d. 1590, A.H. 998, and died at Burhaupur in his ScSth year on the 28th October, a.d. 1626, 6th Safar, a.h._ 1035. At a place called Sultanpur near Agra, on a spot of 450 bighas, he had built many splendid buildings now in ruins. Pashang {i^S^L:), an ancient king of Tdran, and father of Afrasiab. Payam (*Lj), the poetical name of Mir Sharaf-uddm, who died at Agra in the year A.D. 1753, a.h. 1166. Payami ( ^,»Lj), tlie poetical name of 'Abdul- Salam. lie lived during the reign of Akbar. [Vide Ahi Translation, i. 601. ; and Sprenger, p. 119.] Pelaji or Belaji ( ^rs-^J^), the second Gaikowar and Raja of Baroda. In a.d. 1721, he laid the foundation of the future greatness of Baroda on the firm foundation of a most sagacious policy. lie was murdered by the Raja of Jaudpiir whiki engaged in the congenial occupation of lifting some of the Raja's property. He was sxicceeded by his son Damaji, who was an unworthy represen- tative of his illustrious sire. He had the audacity to declare open war against the Pesbwa while the Peshwa was unencumbered with any other quarrels, and as the result of this unequal contest he lost half of his possessions, and was forced to hold the other half himself as a fief from the Peshwa. Syaji, the son of Dauroji, was a fool, and Auaud Rao was a fool, that is, not fools in the conventional and uncomplimentary sense of the word, but literally fools— persons of weak intellect. But they' were the heirs to the throne, and it was sought to make tbc^m the victims of an usurpation. The British Government was horrified at this iniquity, and they ste]iped in to prevent it. Afterwards, when the iJritish were engaged in tlieir fresh struggle with the Peshwa, Baroda sided with us. The Marhatta confederacy was broken up, and in the final settlement the Gaikowar received a large accession of territory. Auand Rao died in a.d. 1819, and was succeeded by Saiaji Rao. Since then we have maintained what was called liy the term of the treaty our alliance with Baroda. Peroses i^^^^^^^), of the Greeks. Tide Firoz. Perron, General (Jj^:.;?- ^*j^), a French adventurer who came to India as a ship's carpenter, and was employed by isiziim 'All Klian of Haidarabad under the celebrated Rapnond. When on the 1st September, a.d. 1798, a treaty was concluded between the English and "the Xawab, PeiTon with his French troops were discharged from his service and employed by Daulat Rao Sindhia the GwtTliar Chief. "When M. de Boigne, who had the command of the districts of Koel, Aligurh etc., left India, Perron was appointed General and succeeded him, and continued in command till Lord Lake on the 29th August, a.d. 1803, took these places, and General Perron, being defeated, went over to Lake. He subsequently retiuned home to France. [Vide Fall of the Mughol Empire.'] Persia ( ^Aj). For ancient kings of Persia of the 1st or Pishdadian dynasty, vide Kaimurs. For ancient kings of the 2nd or Kayanian dynasty, vide Kaiqubiid. The ancient kings of the Greek djTiasties founded after the death of Alexander the Great by his generals, who were called by the Persians Ashkanians and Ash- giianians or Arsacidie of the Greeks, are not given in this work. For the ancient kings of Persia of the Sasanian race called by the Persians ]\[aluk-ut-Tawaef or Petty Kings, vide Ardisher Babagan and Sassan. The princes of the present dynasty are Kajar Turks ; it was founded by Aka ^lu- hammad iq.v.). Vide also Karini KJian Zand. For the Safani djTiasty, vide Ismail I. Peshwa (LA->j). Vide Balajl Rao Bishwanath Peshwa. Pliul, Shaikh (^^<1 Jn-^X ^ brother of the saint Muhammad Gliaus of Gwaliar, which see. He is also called Phiil Shahid. II is tomb is on a hill near the fort of Bayana. Piari Banu (»3l>,_f .Lj), the second Avife of Prince Slnijaa', son of the emperor Shah Jahan. She bore him three dauglitcrs and two sons. She was so famed for her wit PIXD 311 PUR aud beauty, that soug-s were made and suug in her praise in Bengal ; and the gracefulness of her person had even become proverbial. After her husband's melancholy death in Arracan she dashed her head against a stone and died, and two of her daughters poisoned themselves, while the third was married to the Eaja of that place. Pindar Razi (^J^. .Luj), a poet of Eei whose proper name is Kamfil-uddin, aud who Kved at the court of Sultan Mnjd-uddaula, son of Faklir-uddaula, about the year a.d. 1009, A.H. 400, and Avrote poetry in Arabic, Persian and the Dilami language. Pir Ali Hajwiri, Shaikh ( ^_l_c ..-^j ^-i) Ot*-?-"^)) a native of Hajwir, a village in Gliaznl, and author of the work called Kashf-nl-Mahjub. He died about the year a.d. 1064, a.h. 456, and is buried at Lahore. Pir Badar (^j^j ji:-^)> ^ celebrated Musalman saint, whose tomb is at Chitaganw in Bengal and is evidently of great antiquity. There is a stone scraped into fuiTows, on ■which, it is said, Pir Badar used to sit ; there is also another bearing an inscription, which from exposiu'e to the weather, and having on it numerous coats of Miiitewash, is illegible. There is a mosque near the tomb, with a slab of granite, bearing an illegible inscription, apparently from the Quran. At a short distance is the Masjid of Muhammad Yasiu with an inscription conveying the year of the Hijri 1136. (A.D. 1724). Pir Muhammad {.S'j\^,^ A^.sr* ^) was the eldest son of Jahangir Mirza and grandson of Amir Tainmr. He was sent to India some time before his grandfather, viz. in the year a.d. 1397, a.h. 799, and had already taken possession of Multan when his fraudfather invaded it. He was a brave prince and his grandfather had bequeathed his crown to him, but he was at Qandahar when his grandfather died ; and Khalil Saltan, another grandson, who was present with the army, obtained the support of several powerful chiefs, and the possession of Samarqand, the capital of the empire. A contest took place between these princes, which terminated unfavourably for Pir Muhammad, who was put to death by the treachery of his own minister six months after the death of his graudl'ather, a.d. 1405, a.h. 808. Pir Muhammad (jw*w^"* j-^). Vide Agh;ir Kl^ian. Pir Muhammad, Mulla, of Shirwan ( Jij>;.-i> ^ Jk/*..s'* r^), an officer who held the rank of 5000 in the time of the emperor Akbar. He was drowned in the river Xarbada in pursuit of Baz Bahadur, king of Malwa, a.d. 1561, a.h. 969. Pir Muhammad Shah (.vLl S^sr'* j^), a Pirzada or Mutwalli of the Dargfih at Saloun, who died in a.d. 1688, a.h. 1099. Pirthi Raj {^ . _.,J',j), the Chaulian Efija of Ajmere aud Dehli who, in his last battle with Shahilb-uddln Ghori in a.d. 1192, was taken prisoner and conveyed to Gliazni, where he stabbed himself, or was put to death. He is also called Pithoura. He was sung by the poet Chand {q.v.). Pirthi Raj Rather ( .^J\\ . ^\ , ...j ,j), a Hindii chief who held a high rank in the service of the emperor Shah Jahan, and died in the Deccan a.d. 1656, a.h. 1066. After his death his brother Ram Singh aud his son Keisi'i Singh were raised to suitable ranks. Pirthi Singh (ttjl:,^ ^^,.jyj). Vide Madho Singh Kachhwaha. Pithura i^j^). Vide Piitlii Pvaj the Chauhan Raja. Pran Sukh (i $^.^ ^S), a learned Hindu, of the Kayeth caste, who is the author of an Insha or specimens of letter writing, entitled I)ishde lidhat Jut, written in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah and completed in the year a.d. 1750, a.h. 1163. Prithi Raj {J\j ^'Jy). Vide Pirtlfi Raj. ^^ Puranmal (ds^\, J^^,»;), Eaja of Amber (now called Jaipur'). He is also called Bihfiri Mai, which see. Purbahae Jami ( ^.*[.:>- 'L.^j,»j), a poet, who was a native of Jam, a village in Herat. He flourished in the reign of Arghun Kjian and was contemporary with Humam Tabrezi. Purdil ( Jc> j), a poet who flourished in the time of 'Alamgir, and is mentioned in the Mirat-ul-Kliaijdl. Pur Hasan Asfaraini (^_*u^>. ,._j ^:jLi-j^), a very pious Musaliuau who was a native of Asfaraen. He was a disciple of Shaildi Jamfil-uddiu Zakir, a con- temporary of Shaikh Razi-uddin Ali Lalfi, and a good poet, and has left a Dlwau con- sisting of I'ersiau aud Turkish ghazals. In his Persian poems, lu; uses for his poi'tical ai)])ellation his own name, viz. Pur Hasan, aud in his Tuikish compositions, H;isan Ighli. Q QiAN QADI Qaan. Vide Khan. Qablai Quan ( J'L* 4J), or Klian, more properly Qawaila Qaan, Grand Klian of the Mongols aM Emperor of China, was the son of Maugu Klian, emperor of Tartary, and great - grandson of Chingiz Khan. He sncceeded his father about the year a.d. 1259, a.h. 655, and founded the Yueen dynasty in China. Being ordered by his father Mangu, then Kliakan of the Mongols, to subjugate Corea and China, he entered China with an immense army in a.d. 1290, drove out the Tartars of the Kin dynasty and took possession of North China. In 1279 he completed the ruin of the Song d^Tiasty by invading and subduing Southei'u China, so that his dominion now extended from the Frozen Occean to the Straits of Malacca and from Corea to Asia Minor — an extent of territory the like of which had never before, and has seldom since, been governed by any one monarch. The rule of the Mu gli uls. hitlierto severe and barbarous, changed its character in the reign of this prince, who adopted entirely the manners of the Chinese, and who is regarded, even by that people, as one of the best and most illustrious of their emperors. He died in a.d. 1294, A.H. 693. English readers will recognise the " Kluibla Klian" of S. T. Coleridge. [ Vide Tide's Marco Folo.'] Qabul ( J^-JJ), the poetical appellation of Mirza 'Abdul Gluini Beg of Kashniere, who was a Sufi and a pupil of Joya, the brother of Goya. He died in a.d. 1726, a.h. 1136. Qabus (jjyj^jlj), a prince of the house of Shamgir, or Dashmaglr, \vho.se capital was Eei, and afterwards jurjan in Khurasan. Shamgir was succeeded by his son Blstiin, of wliom nothing particular is related. But the next of this family, Qabus, whose title was Shama'-ul-Mulk, * or "the candle of the kingdom," is celebrated for his extraordinary wisdom and learning. He was, by the instigation of bis son Manuchehr, slain by his own mutinous officers a.d. Id 12, a.h. 403, whose excesses he had probably desired to restrain. He was succeeded l)v liis son Manuchehr, who submitted to tlie" power of Sultan Mall mud of Gliaznl ; but that mouarcli not only continued him in his family posses- sions, but gave him his daughter in liiarriaj'e. He died a.d. 1070, A.n. 463, and was succeeded in the government of Jurjan by his son Gilan Shah. Qabus is the author of several works, one of which is called KamCd- ul-Ba UHjlm t. Qadard (u>,jlJ!), the son of Ja'far Eeg Daiid, and brother of Alp Arsalan of the race of Saljiik. He was installed by Tughral Beg, his uncle, in a.d. 1041, a.h. 433, and became the first Sultan of the Saljiik dynasty of Kirman, where he reigned 32 years and died of poison in a.d. 1072, a.h. 465, by order of Malik Shah. The foUoicincj is a list of the Sidtdns of Kirman of the race of Saljtlk. Qadard, the son of Ja'far Beg a.d. a.h. Daiid began 1' 41 433 Sultau Shah, the son of Qadard . 1072 465 Tiiran Shah, brother of Sultau Shfih 1074 467 Iran Shah, son of Tiiran Shah, a tyrant who was slain in 1 1 00 . 1096 489 Arsalan Shah, son of Kirman Shah, reigned 42 years . . . 1100 494 MughTs - uddin Muhammad, son of Arsalan 1141 53 5 Tughral Shah, son of Muhammad 1156 551 Bahram Arsalan and Tiirau Shah, sons of Tughral, dispute suc- cession 1169 565 Muhammad Shah, son of Bahram Shrdi, who after the death of his father and tw^o uncles ascended the throne of Kirman, was dis- possessed by Malik Dinar, a Turk of the tribe of GJutz, in A.D. 1187, A.H. 583. Thus ended the Saljiik dynasty of Kirman of the race of Qadard. Qadar Khan (^Iri- .jlJ). Khan. Vide Qadr Qadir ( , jU), the poetical title of Shaikh Qadir. Abdul Qadir Badaoni. Vide 'Abdul Qadir (.jli), the poetical appellation of WazTr Klian, an inhabitant of Agra, who was in great favour with 'Alamglr and his two successors. He died in a.d. 1724, a.h. 1136, and is the author of a Diwan. QADI 313 QAMA Qadir ( .jlJ), the poetical name of Shaikli 'Abdul Qadir, who was employed as Muushi by Priuce Muhammad Akbar, son of 'Alamgir. He is the author of a Diwau. Qadir or Qadiri (^jj[.3 b jjU), the poetical name of 'Abdul Qadir of Badaon. Qadiri i^.Ji\^), the poetical title of Prince Dfira ShikiJh, the eldest sou of the emperor, Shah Jahfin. Qadir Billah (cL^Jb , jL«). Vide Al- Qadir Billah. -A'-WJ' Qadir Shah (iLi ^jU), of Malwa. After the occupation of Malwa by the emperor Humayun, that monarch had left his own officers in the government of that kingdom, but shortly after his retiu'u to Agra Mallu Kliau, one of the officers of the late Khilji government, retook all the country lying between the Narbada and the town of Bhilsa, after a struggle of twelve months against the Dehli officers ; whom having eventually subdued, he caused himself to be crowned in Mando, under the title of Qadir Shah of Malwa. He reigned till the year A.D. 1512, A.H. 949, when Sher Shah took Malwa, and conferred the government on Shujaa' Klian, his minister and relative. Qadr Khan (^U. . jJi), king of Khutan, who was a contemporary of Sultan Mahmud of GliazuT. He was living between the years A.D. 1005 and 1024. It is related of him that he was very fond of music, and that four bags were constantly placed round his sofa, and as he listened to the song he cast handfuls of gold and silver to the poets. Qael (Jjli), poetical name of Abdullah, a Persian poet. Qaeli or Qabili ( \j[i), of Sabzwar, is the author of a biography or Tazkira of poets. He died in a.d. 1548, a.h. 955. Qaem (^U), poetical appellation of Qaem Khan, who held the post of captain in the service of Wazir Muhammad Khan, Nawab of Tonk, the son of Amir Klian. He is the author of an Urdii Diwan, which he completed and published in a.d. 1853, a.h. 1270. Qaem-bi-amr-ullah (idll-^l) j^j^) was the son of Madhi, the first Khilif of tlie Fatimites in Africa. He rebuilt the city of Massilah in Africa in the year a.d. 927, A.H. 315, and called it Muhammadia. Qaem Billah ( j^!l ^ ji'.j ^:>-), whose original name was ^Ilr Midiamniad Fazil, was the son of Ya'tmad-nddauia Mubannnad AiiiTii Iviiau, wazir, aud was himsilf appointed to that QA^A. 314 QARM office, ■W'itli llie title of Ta'tmad - luUlaula Nawfib (iamar-iuldm Kliau ISaliatlur Na.srat JanS.:Ji), the first wife of the emperor Shah Jaluln. She ■was the daughter of Muzaffar Husain Mirza Safwi, of the royal house of Persia, who was the son of Sultan Husain Mirza, the son of Bahram Mirzii, the son of Shah Isuia'il I. of Persia. When Akbar Sliiih, in the third year of his reign, made over Qaudahar to Shah 'Abbas, king of Persia, the latter conferred the government of that province on his nephew Sultan Husain Mirza, after whose death his son Muzaffar Husain succeeded him. His three brothers came to India in the 38th year of Akbar (a.d. 1592), and Muzaffar Husain followed them afterwards, was received by the emperor with the greatest kindness, and honoured with the rank of 5000 and the iagir of Sambhal. His sister Qandaliari Begam was married in September, a.d. 1610, Eajab, a.h. 1019, to Prince Kjiurram (after- wards Shah Jahan), the son of the emperor Jahangir, and received the title of Qandaliari Begam, because she was born at Qandaliar. The year of her death is imknown. She lies buried at Agra, in the centre of a garden called Qandaliari Bagh. The building over her tomb, which is in the vault, is converted into a dwelling place ; it is a beautiful edifice, and now belongs to the Kaja of Bhartpur. Qaplan Beg (i.^Ji^ j^L-J), of the Quslichi familv, was born in India and served under Klian - Ivliaufui in the Deccan with great distinction, and was in high favour with Jahangir. He is the author of a Diwan and a Masnawi ; the latter is called Mdk Dost, which celebrates the loves of Eustam and Iliida,ba. Qara Arsalan {^\^.\ \ji) (which sig- nifies, in Turkish, a black lion), surnamed 'Imad-uddin, was the son of Daud, the son of Sukmiin bin-Artak. Niir-uddln Mahmud was his son, to whom Salah-uddln (Saladin) gave the city of 'Amid or (iara 'Amid in Mesopotamia A.D. 1183, a.h. 597. His name is to be found in some of our Biographical Dictionaries under Cara Arslan. Qarachar Nawian (^1-'}J .L:>-^_J), name of the wazir and son-in-law of Changez K]ian. Qara Ghuz {jj. \^), a Beglarheg of Natolia, whom our historians call Caragossa. He was impaled near Qara Hisar by Shah Qull in the reign of Bayazid II. emperor of the Turks. Qara Khan (^Iri- ^J). Vide Sadr- uddln bin-Ya'kiib. Qarak Shah {A^ Qarak. Sr^). Vide Shah Qara Muhammad Turkman (jk^^'"* \j ,.A_^^.J). The Turkmans of Asia Minor were divided into two great tribes, the Qara Koinlii and Aqa Koinlu, i.e. the tribes of "Black and "White Sheep," from their carrying the figures of these animals in their respective standards. Qara Muhammad, the founder of the first dynasty, left his small territories, of which the capital was Van, in Armenia, to his son, Qara Yusuf, who though possessed of considerable power Avas com- pelled to fly before the sword of Timur. When that conqueror died, he returned from Egypt, and was victorious in an action with Sultan Ahmad Jalayer Ilkani, the ruler of Ba gh dad, whom he made prisoner and put to death in a.d. 1410, a.h. 813. After this success he collected an army of 100,000, and was preparing to attack Sultan Shahrukh, the son of Amir Timur, when he was suddenly taken ill and died near Tabrez in a.d. 1411, A.H. 814. He was succeeded by his son Sikandar Turkman, who was defeated by Shahrukh in a.d. 1421, a.h. 824. Sikandar after this had several battles with Shahrukh. but was at last slain by. his son Qubad a.d. 1437, A.H. 841, when Shahruldi added Rei to his own possessions, and gave Tabrez to Jahan Shah, the brother of Sikandar. Jahan Shah, after a long reign of 30 lunar years, fell in one of the first actions he fought with Uzzan Hasan, chief of the Turkmans of the White Sheep, in November, a.d. 1467, Rabi' II. a.h. 872. poet. Vide Qarari {^^Js), a Persian Abul Path Gilani. Qara Yusuf (, 2— •»-;^ U-JJ). Tide Qara Muhammad. Qarmat (L^.«), or Qarmata, a famous impostor, named Abii Zar, who in the year a.d. 891 became the head of a sect called Qarmati or Karamatians, which overturned QAllM 315 QASI all the principles of MuhammacLinism. lie came from Ixhozistfiu to the villages near Kiifa, and there pretended great panctity and strictness of life, and that God had enjoined him to pray fifty times a day; pretending also to invite people to the obedience of a certain Imam of the family of Muhammad ; and this way of life he continued till he had made a very great party, out of whom he chose twelve apostles to govern the rest, and propagate his doctrines. Afterwards, his courage failing him, he retired to SjTia, and was never heard of any more. This sect began in the Khilafat of Al-Mo'tamid ; they multiplied greatly in Arabian Iraq or Chaldea, and maintained "perpetual wars against the KlialTf. lu the year A. D. 931, they besieged and took the city of Mecca, filled the well Zamzam with dead bodies, defiled and plun- dered the temple and carried away the black stone ; but they brought it again in a.d. 950, and fastened it to the seventh pillar of the portico, giving out that they had both taken it away, and brought it back again, by express order from heaven. This sect was dissipated by degrees, and at last became quite extinct. l_ride Abii-Zarr Qarmati.] Qarmati ( i), or Qaramatian, a follower of Qarmat, which see. Qasim (^-jLl j.^<\ >~jli), of Agra, author of the Zafar-nama Akharl, or book of the victory of Akbar Kiian, the son of Dost Muhammad Kliin, which he completed in A.D. 184i, A.H. 1260. It is a poem and contains an account of the late wars in Kabul by the British. Qasim (*^lJ), the poetical name of Hakim Mir Qudrat-ullah, who is the author of a Tazkira or Biography of poets. Qasim Ali Khan, Mir ( .,Lk\.l.i ^Ijj -».-«), commonly called Mir Qasim, was the son-in-law of Mir Ja'far 'Ali I\han, the Nawab of Bengal. The English, deceived by his elegance of manners ancl convinced of his skill in the finances of Bengal, raised him to the masnad in the room of his father-in- law in A.D. 1760, A.H. 1174. He, in the latter years of his government, retired to Munger, and, actuated by a keen resentment against the English for Iheir extensive en- croachments on his authority and the commerce of his country, foruud the plan ot throwing off their yoke and annihilating their infiucnce in Bengal ; but was deposed and defeated, in a battle fouglit on the Odwa Nfila on the 2nd August, A.D. 1763, 22ud Mubarram, A.n. 1177, and the deposed Xawab Ja'far 'Ali KJian was again placed on the Masnad. Qasim 'All, iiKTiiscd to madness at tliese reverses, lied from Munger to I'atna, and there cruelly ordered the massacre of the English in his power : there were fifty gentlemen, Messrs. Ellis, Hay, Lushington", and others, and 100 of lower 'rank. On the 5th October they were brought out in parties, and barbarously cut to pieces, or shot imder the direction of a German, named Samrii or Sombre. Munger fell to the English early in October. Patna was stormed on the 6th November, and the Ex-Nawab Qasim 'Ali fled to the wazir of Audh, with his treasures and the remnant of his army. On the 23rd October, a.d. 17 64, Major Carnac fought the celebrated battle of Buxar, completely routing the wazir Shuja- uddaula's army. The following day the Mughiil emperor Shah 'Alam threw himself on the protection of the British, and joined their camp with the imperial standard of Hindiistan. The British army advanced to overrun Audh. The wazir refused to deliver up Qasim 'Ali, though he had seized and plundered him. Qasim 'Ali made his escape at first into the Eohela country, with a few friends and some jewels, which he had saved from the fangs of 'his late ally, the wazir, and found a comt'ortable asylum in that country ; but his intrigues rendered him disagreeable to the chief under whose protection he resided, he was obliged to leave it, and took shelter with the Eana of Gohad. After some years' residence in his country he proceeded to Jodhpiir, and from thence came to try his fortune in the service of the emperor Shah 'Alam about the year a.d. 1774, a.h. 1188, but was disappointed, and died sliortly after- wards in A.D. 1777, A.H. 1191, at Kotwal, an obscure village near Dehli, unpitied even by his own family. AVith Qasim 'Ali ended, virtually, the powers of the Siibadars of Bengal. [Vide Full of the Mii^ol Empire; also Broome's History of the Bengal Ar»i>/.^ Qasim Ali Khan, Nawab (^lialr ^...^Ijj L-j\j-j), uncle to the Nawab of Eampvir. He was li^-ing in Eareli in 1869, and his daughter was murdered on the 22ikI December of that year. Qasim Anwar, Sayyad ( .^_j-J^ a— -^-J Jk-«j), surnamed Ma ln-udd!n All, a great mystical poet, called from his knowledge and writings the ' ' diver into the sea of truth," the "falcon of the transceudeut plains," the " profound knower of the world of spirits," the "key of the treasury of secrecy," etc. He was born at Tabrez ; and Avas a member of a considerable family of the tribe of Savvad, descinded from the same stock as the rrophet. In his youtli lie dedicated himself, under tlie guidance of Shaikh Sadr- uddin Miisa Ardibeli, to the contemplative life and deep study of the Siifis. He then journeved to Gilan, where he soon accpiired great fame ; and subsequently went into Kliurasan. During his resi(Uiice at Herat he obtained such celebritv, and was surrounded QASI 316 QASI by so many prinrcs and learned men, his followers, that Mirzfx Shfihrukh (the son of Amir Timur), moved by jealousy of the Sayyad, and attentive to the dansrer of the increase of the Siifl creed, commanded him to retire from the capital. In order to miticrate the harsh- ness of this command Baisanghar, the son of Shfihrnkh, a learned and noble prince, took upon himself to make it known to the Sayyad, ■whicli he did in the most humane manner, inquiring of him, in the course of conversation, why he did not follow the counsel contained in his own verse. Tiie Sayyad inquired in which verse, and Baisanghar immediately quoted the following : — ■ " Qasim, cease at once thy lay ; Kise and take thy onward way ; Other lands having waited long, "Worthy thy immortal song ; Give the bird of paradise "What the vulture cannot prize; Honey let thy friends receive. To thy foes the carrion leave." The Sayyad thanked him, and immediately set out for Balkh and Samarqand, where he remained for a time. He afterwards, how- ever, retiumed to Herat, where, as before, he was constantly followed by great and jiowerful men. His death occurrecl in the village of Kharjard in Jam, near Herat, where a garden had been bought for him by his disciples, in which he greatly delighted. This event took place in the year a.d. 1431, a.h. 835, and his tomb was erected in the very garden which he so much enj oyed . Amir Alisher afterwards piously endowed it. A book of (3des is the only work he has left behind, in which he uses Qasim for his poetical name. Qasim Arsalan (^s^.Ji.^ i^^J^-j i^ i^^'i), of Mashhad, a poet who was a descendant of Arsalan Jazib, a general of Sultan Mahmud of GhaznI. He flourished in the time of the emperor Akbar, and was in great favour with that monarch. He died in a.d. 1587, a.h. 995, and has left a Diwan. Qasim Barid Shah I. (il.^ a.-). Vide Halati. Qasim Diwana i^'A^^^ f^-^^), a poet who was probably alive in a.d. 1724, a.h. 1136, and is the author of a Dlwan. Qasimi ( ^^Ijj). His proper name is Maulanfi Majd-uddlu, a poet of Kjiwaf in Khurasan. He is the author of the work Rmizat-ul-Khuld, which he wrote in imitation of the Gulistdn of Sa'di. Qasimi (Dervish) (^J^ ^a^[J), of Tun in Persia, who went aliout like a dervish and wrote poetry. He lived in the 9th century of the Hijra. Qasim Kahi, Maulana ( ^1^ *-~;lJ u^y«), a Sayyad, whose proper name Avas Najm-uddin and surname Abu'l Qiisim. He was a pupil of 'Abdul Rahman JamI ; he accompanied Mirza Kamriin, the brother of tlie emperor Ilumayiin, on a pilgrimage to 3Iecca from Herat, and after the death of that prince in a.d. 1557, a.h. 964, he came to India in the reign of the emperor Akbar. For a long period he remained with Bahadur Klian, t\ie brother of 'All Qull Wian, at Beuaras, and after his demise he came to Agra, where he passed the remainder of his life, and died there on the 17th April, a.d. 1580, 2nd Kabl' II. a.h. 988, aged 110 lunar years. lie was buried at Agra at a place called Madar Darwaza. Maulana Qasim Arsalan, another poet, and Shaikh FaizI wrote the chronograms of his death. 'Abdul (iadir Badiioul calls him an atheist and a disgusting cynic. QASI 317 QAWA Qasim Khan (^Lri- *-^li), Subadar of Kabul in the reiijn of the emperor Akbar Shah. He was murdered by one Muhammad Zaman, who gave out that he was the son of Shahrukh Mirza. He had held possession of Badakshan for some years, but after his defeat by 'Abdullah Khkn Uzbak, he came to Kabul and was confined by Qasim Kliiin, whom he murdered about the year a.d. 1600, and was consequently put to death by Mu- hammad Hashini, the son of Qasim Klian. Qasim Khan Jawini, Nawab (*_^l_jj c__;iy cH)^ c'^^), was a nobleman of the court of the emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan, and held the rank of 5,000. He w'as a native of Sabzwar and was married to Manija Begam, the .sister of Niir Jahiin, consequently he was sometimes in jest called by the officers of the court " Qasim Klian Manija." He is the author of a Diwan, and his poetical name is Qasim. He succeeded Fidai Kliiin in the government of Bengal in the first year of Shah Jahan, a.d. 1628, A.H. 1037.' He slew about 10,0(iO Portuguese (men and women) and drove the rest from Hugli, of which place he took possession, but died three days afterwards, a.d. 1631, a.h. 1041. He had built a very grand house at Agra, on 10 bighas of land, and on 20 biglias of land the garden was built, of which no traces now remain. Qasim Khan, Shaikh (i;-*--' . ,1, C <^'^ r A'i <-_j^-j_srCJ), of Fathapiir Sikrl, en- titled Muhtashim Ivhan, brother of Islam Khan. He was a noble of the rank of 4,000 in the reign of the emperor Jahangir, who appointed him governor of Bengal after the death of his brother in a.d. 1613, a.h. 1022. He invaded Asilm, and his troops were mostlv killed in a night attack by the Asamis, oil which account he was recalled to court. He died not long afterwards. Qasim Qadiri, Shaikh (^-.jU ♦-jU ^*^), also called Shah Qasim Sulaimani, a Musalman saint whose tomb is at Chimar. His son Shaikh Qabir, commonly called Bala Pir, is buried at Qanauj , where he died in the year a.d. 1644, a.h. 1054. The shrine of Shah Qasim Sulaimani at Chunar is the only notable Muhammadan endowment in the Mirzapur District supported from the income of rent-free lands and a Ma'ash Eozina pension. Qasim Shah (il^ ^^[i). Vide Shah Qfisim. Qasim Shirazi (^_i■^^^ ♦— ;l-j), a native of SliinTz, and author of the TiiiiKr- tidma, a very beautiful poem ou the conquest of Amir Tiniur. Qasim Sulaimani (^U,_J_^ *--.lJ). Vide Qasim Qadiri. Qasim Tibbi (^_j-^-.-L ♦-.Iji), author of an Insha. Qassab (c_;l-j), the poetical name of an author. Qastalani ( J^Ik^), the surname of Ahmad bin-Ali al-Khatib. He is so called because he was born at Qastala. He is the author of several works, among which is the history called Maicdhib Ladxna or Mawdhib- ud-Dunm, an accm-ate history of the first forty years of Muhammad, being the period before his assuming the prophetic character. He died in the year a.d. 1517, a.h. 923. Besides him there were other authors of this sm-name, viz. Ahmad - bin - Muhammad al- Qastalani, who died a.d. 1527, a.h. 933, Ahmad bin-Ibrahim bin-Yahya-al-Yazdi-al- Qastalani, and Mulla Maslah-uddin Mustafa Qastalani, who died a.d. 1495, a.h. 901. They were aU born at Qastala, a city in Persia. Qatil, Mirza (^j^,* J---*), the poetical name of Mirza Muhammad Hasan. He was a native of Dehli, and a Hindu of the tribe of Ivhattri, but became a convert to Mu- haiiimadanism. He was an excellent Urdii and rcisian poet, and died at Lucknow in the time of GMiazi-uddin Haidar, then nawab of that country, a.d. 1817, a.h. 1232. He is the author of several works, amongst which are: — Nuskhu Shairat-uI-Anidnl, dedicated to Mir Aman 'Ali, Xahr-n' - Fasdhat, a Persian grammar, Chuhar Sharbdt, and a Diwiin. Qatran i^J^). Vide Qitran. Qawami Matarzi (^- l^,* ^«'».'), a great poet who was a native of Mutaraz, a city in Persia, and is an author. He was a brother of Shaikh Xizanii Ganjwi. Qawami Maulana Muzaffar ( g^^\s j'siji^ ^-•'■•X fi celebrated poet. Qawam-uddin Hasan, Haji (.♦^»_jj -U j^t-^jJO, wazir to Shah Shaikh Abii Is-haq, ruler of Shiraz. He was a man of great liberality, and one of the patrons of the celebrated Persian poet Kjiwaja Haiiz, who has praised him in many of his odes. Hi? died, during the siege of Shiraz by Mubariz-uddin Muhammad Zafar, ou Friday the 12th Aiu'il, a.d. 1353, 6th Kabi I. a.h. 754. QA.WA 313 QUDR Qawam-Tiddin Khwaja (.,_'jkj! a^»J -), surnaraed Sahib Ayar, was the wazir and favourite comjianinn of Shah Shiijiia', the son of Mubariz-uddiu ^luhammad Zufar, commonly called Muzaffar Shah, who took Shlraz in a.d. 1353. He was put to the rack and beheaded by Shah Shujaa' in August, A.D. 1363, Zi-Qa"'da, a.h. 764. Qawela Qaan (^TlJ Lui). Vide Kiblai Qaan. Qaza (LiJ), poetical name of Muham- mad HafTz-ullah Kl^ian. Qazib-ul-Banyjl l_^-.^), surname of Shaikli Mulun-uddln 'Abdul Qidir bin- Sayyad Muhammad, an Arabian author who died in A.D. 1630, a.h. 1040. Qazi Khan (^l^ ^.^\Ji). He is com- monly called by this name, but his full name is Imam Fakhr-nddin Hasan bin-Mansiir- al-'Uzjandi-al-Farghani. He died in a.d. 1195, A.H. 592. He is the author of a work entitled Fatdwa Qd:l Khan, a collection of decisi )ns which is held in the hii^hest estima- tion in India. Yusuf bin-Junaid, ijenerallv known by the name of Akhi Chalabi-at- Tukati, epitomised this work and compressed it into one volume. Qazwini (^:^.>^,jj), author of the AJ:leb-iil-^ffikh/fil-r/L Vide Zikaria bin-Mu- hammad biu-Mahmud. Qitran (^L:=r^jj^u^ ^j U^Li), or Qutran bin-Mansiir Ajli, a celebrated poet of Tabrez, was contemporary with the poet Rashid Watwat. He is the author of a poem called Qaus-ndma, which he dedicated to AmTr Ahmad or Muhammad bin Amir Qammaj, ruler of Balkh, who was contemporary with Sultan Saujar. Qizal Arsalan (^^J^^l JjJ) (which means the red lion), was the second son of Atabak Eldiguz. He succeeded his brother Atabak Muhammad in the office of prime minister to his nephew Sultan Tughral III. A.D. 1186, A.H. 582, and in combination with Nasir, the reigning khalif of Baghdad, seized and imprisoned Tuirliral, and resolved to usurp the name as well as the power of a monarch. But the day before that fixed for his coronation he fell by a blow of an assassin, a.d. 1191, a.h. 587, and was suc- ceeded by his nc'phew Atabak Abu Bakr, the son of Atabak Muhammad. Qizal BasM (^^iblj ^\y:). This is a Turkish word and means " red-headed." Qizal Bash Khan {J^.6>. *L> i^yi), an amir of 4000, who served under the emperor Shah Jahiin, and died in the year a.d. 16i8, A.H. 1058. Qizal Bash Khan (^^Lci- ^\j JjJ <_j' A.^*Jt), of Hamdan, whose proper name was Muhammad Eaza, came to India in the reign of the emperor Bahadur Shah, aud was honomred with the title of Qizalbash Khan. He subsequently served under ilubariz Khan, governor of Haidarabad, and after his death under A"izara-ul-Midk 'Asaf Jiih, and died at Dehli in the year a.d. 1746, a.h. 1159. He was a good musician and knew the Indian and Persian systems of Tuusical compositions. His poetical name is Umaid. Qubad (jlJ) (Cavades of the Greeks), was the son of Firoz I. king of Persia of the Sassanian race, and the successor of his brother Palash. We are told that when his brother Palasli came to the throne Qubad, who had aspired to it, fled towards the territories of the Kliaqan, or king of Transo.xiana ; and as he passed jS^aishapur he spent one night with a beautiful young lady of that city, who, when he returned tour years afterwards accom- panied by a large army, presented him with a fine boy, the fruit of their casual amour. He was delighted with the appearauce of the child ; and as he was contemplating him, he received accounts that his brother Palash was no more, aud that the crown of Persia awaited his acceptance. This intelligence reaching him at such a moment made him conclude that fortune already smiled on his son, whom he, from that day, treated with the greatest favour, and gave the infant prince the name of Nusherwan [q.v.). Qubad succeeded his brother in a.d. 488, and carried on a successful war against the Roman emperor Anastasius ; and died, after a long reign of 43 years, in a.d. 531. His son Nusherwan succeeded him. Quhadi (^cjL*), surname of Shis bin- Ibrahim, an Arabian author, who died in the year a.d. 1202, a.h. 599. Qudrat {^ZJ.si), the poetical name of Sliah Qudrat-ullah of Dehli, a Persian and Urdu lyric poet, and author of the work called Natnej ul-Afkdr and a Diwan. He was living at Murshidabad in a.d. 1782, a.h. 1191. He was one of the most fertile Persian poets ; his Diwan consists of 20,000 verses. He died in a.d. 1791, a.h. 1205, at Mur- shidabad. Qudrat (ijij).jj}), the poetical name of Shaikh Qudrat-ullah of Bhopal. QUDR 319 QULI Qudrat-ullah, Shaikh (xl.\\ lU.sJ ^^), Superintendent of Stamps at Bliopal, and author of several works iu Persian and Urdu, which were published hv him iu the year a.d. 1863, a.h. 1280, at Bliopal. List of Books composed by him. Foetnj. Of Ghazals, called . . . Diwau Qudrat. Of Paneg-jTicsorKasidas Agwan Qudrat. Poems Gulzar Qudrat. Ditto Izhar Qudrat. Malcolm's History . . . IMajrl (Judrat. Mutiny of 1857 Tamashfu' (Judrat. Promiscuous pieces . . . Kimiyue Quckat. Prose. On Miracles Ajaehat Qudrat. On Medicine Mujarrihat Qudrat. Letters Rukkfit Qudrat. Stories Hikayat Qudi-at. Qudsi ( ^-AJj), r«r/e HujI Muhammad Jail Qudsi. Qudsi Ansari (^^Lul -jwVI), of Isfa- han, whose proper name is Shaikh 'Abdul Karim, was a celebrated learned and pious . Musulman of Isfalian. He died on the 3rd February, a.d. 1615, l^th Muharraui, a.h. 1024. Qudsia Begam ( jlo ^^AJf), daughter of ' Asaf Kjian, wazir, the son of the celebrated Yatraad-iuldaula, wife of the emperor Shah Jahau, niece to the empress Nvir Jahan Begam, and mother of the emperor 'Alamgir. [ Vide Arjumand Bauo Begam and Mumtaz Mahal.] Qudsia Begam. Vide Udham Ba!. Quduri (^_>^,jk.j), surname of Abul Husain Ahmad bin-Muhammad, a celebrated Mnsalman doctor of Baghdad, of the Hanlfa sect, who died a.d. 1036, a.h. 428. He is the author of the Malditasir-id- Qud/h-J, which is one of the most esteemed of tlie works which follow the doctrines of Abii Hanifa, and is of high authority in India. It is a general treatise on law, and contains upwards of 12,000 cases. A well-known commentary on the Mi(khtasir ul-Quduri is entitled AI- Joharat ul-Naiyarat, and is sometimes called Al-Joharat ul-Munlrat. Qulich Khan (^Ui- -f^-Li), title of 'Abid Klifiu, who came to India in the reign of Shah Jahan, and was raised to the rank of 4,000. Ho was killed by a cannon ball at the -siege of Golkanda, on the 8th February, A.D. 1686, 24th Rabi I. a.h. 1097. He "is the father of Ghazi-uddm Klian Firoz J;ing I. and grandfather of the celebrated Niziim ul- Mulk 'Asaf Jah of Haidarabad {q.v.). Qulich Khan (^U- ^^^i), of Andjan, of tlie tribe of JiinT Kurbani, was an amir of 4000, wlio served under the emperors Akbar and Jahaugir from the years a.d. 1572 to 1611, A.H.'"980 to 1020. His poetical name was Ulfati. (V- Qulich Khan Turani ( .,L ^.ji .^O, an amir who served under the emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan ; was raised by the latter to the rank of 5000, and appointed governor of Kabul and Kandahar. He died a.d. 1654, a.h. 1064. Vide Muhammad bin- Qulini ijJ^). Ya'qub. Quli Qutb Shah I. Sultan (i_^Lj JJ (_^)lkl-j ^t\ iLi). This prince was the founder of the sovereignty of Golkanda (Golcouda). His father Qutb ul-Midk was originally a Turkish adventurer who came to try his fortune in the Deccan and embraced the service of Muhammad Shah Bahmani. By degrees he was promoted to high rank ; and in the reigu of Mahmiid Shah obtained the title of Qutb ul-Mulk and the Tarafdari or government of Telingana. In a.d. 1493, A.H. 899, he received orders to besiege the fortress of Jamkonda, and as he was recon- noitring was killed by an arrow from the walls. After his death his office and titles were conferred by the king on his son Sultan Quli with the territory of Golkanda, part of Telingana, in jagir. On the decline of Bah- mani authority, when 'Adil Shah and others assumed royalty, he also in the year a.d. 1512, A.H. 918, styled himself Stdtan of Telingana, under the title of Quli Qutb Shah. He was a chief of great abilities and ruled the country for a period of 50 years; 18 of which he governed Telingana in the name of Mahmiid Sliah, and reigned as king 32 lunar years, at the end of which he was assassinated by a Turkish slave supposed to have been bribed by his son and successor, Jamshed Qutb Shah. His death happened on Sunday the 2nd September, a.d. 1543, 2ud Jumada II. a.h. 950. The kings of the Qutb Shah dynasty who reigned at Golkanda, are as follows : — 1. Quli Qutb Shah. 2. Jamshed Qutb Shah. 3. Ibrahim Qutb Shah. 4. IMuhammad Quli (iutb Shah. 0. IMuhauunad (iiitb Sh:di. 6. 'Abdullah Qutb Shah. 7. Abii'l Hasan. Quli Qutb Shah II. Sultan ( .Jj ^lliLj il-i) t-^lsj), who is also called jMulianimad (iuli Qutb Sliah, was the son of Ibrrdiim Qutb Shah, upon whose death in June, A.D. 1581, Babi' II. a.h. 989, he ascended tlie throne of Golkaiul i iu his twelfth QUMM 320 QUTB year. In the hefrinninn^ of his reiijn he was enjragod in war with 'Adil Sliali of Bijapur, with whom he concluded peace in the year A.D. 1587, f;;iviuo; liini liis sister in niarria^'c. The air of Golkanda not ajjreein": with his constitution, he founded a city at about eight miles distance, which he called Bhagnagar, after his mistress Bhiigmati, a celebrated courtezan ; but being afterwards ashamed of his amour, he changed it to Haidarabad. Shall 'Aljbas, emperor of Persia, courted his alliance, by asking his daughter iu marriage for one of his sous ; and Qutb Shah, esteem- ing connection with so august a monarch as an honour, complied with the request. He was much esteemed tor his abilities and en- couraged literature ; he also is the author of the work called KuUidt Qutb Shah, a very copious volume, containing Hindi, Dakhani, and Persian Poems, on a variety of subjects. He was the fourth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty and reigned 31 years. He died on Saturday the 11th January, a.d. 1612, 17th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1020, and having no son was succeeded by his brother Muhammad Qutb Shah. Qummi {^i). Vide Malik QummT. Qumri (^-\.^i), poetical name of Siruj- uddiu. Qusi {^^^), poetical name of Majd- uddin 'All, an author. Qutb 'Alam (J I V' I >ki), a celebrated Jluhammadan saint, whose original name is Shaikh or Sayyid Burhan-uddiu, but he is commonly known by the former ; he was the grandson of Makbdiira Jahanian Sayyid Jalal Bukhari. He chose Gujrat for his place of residence, and died there on the 9tb December, A.D. 14-53, 8thZil-bijja, a.h. 857. His tomb is at Batuh, six miles from the city of Ahmada- bad in Gujrat. There is a slab kept at the door of his mausoleum, which some say is stone, others think it would be wood or iron. His son, named Shah 'Alam, was also a pious Musalman and is likewise buried at Gujrat. Qutb 'Alam ( JLs u--IiJ), another Musalman saint, whose proper name is Shaikh Nur-uddln Ahmad. He was born at Ijahore, and died in the year a.d. 1444, at Piudua in ]i(har, whore he is buried. Shaikh Hisiim- nddlu, whose tomb is at Kara IManikpiir, and who is also considered a saint, was one of his disciples. Qutb Shah (il^ ^^l'), a title of the kings of Golkanda. Vide Muhammad Qutb Shah and Quli Qutb Shah. Qutb Shah (^Li, ^^LJ), a king of Gujrat. Vule Qutb-uddin (Sultan.) Qutb Shah (il.^ ^_-.Ljj), a celebrated ]\[uhammadan saint of DehlT. l^'ule Qutb- uddTu Baklitiilr. Qutb-uddin {^}s\\ c_-L«), a graud.son of Shaikh Sallm Cliislitl. Qutb-uddin 'Abdul Karim ibn-'Abdul Nur (^ *_)_^U-i ^.-^^ c-^lai j^_uJljk.-.x) is the author of the work called Sharah Sahth Bukharl, and of a history Egypt entitled Turikh Misr. of the vear a.d. He died in 1333, A.H. 733. Qutb-uddin Aibak (.j_jjj\ ^.-^JaJ t_N-*Ji), king of Dehll, originally a slave of Shihab-uddin Muhammad GliGri, prince of GJior and Ghazui, who raised him to high rank in his army, and in the year A.D. 1192, A.H. 588, after his victory over Pithaura, the Ilaja of Ajmer, left him as his deputy in India. The same year Qutb-uddin conquered Mirath and Dehli and extended his conquest as far as Bengal. After the death of Shihab-uddiu in a.d. 1206, a.h. 602, his nephew Gliayas-nddTn Mahmiid, who suc- ceeded him, sent Qutb-uddin all the insignia of royalty, a canopy, a crown and a throne, and conferred on him the title of Sultan. On the 27th June the same year, 18th Zi-Qa'da, A.H. 602, Qutb-uddiu, having invested him- self with sovereign power, ascended the throne and made his residence the capital of Dehli. Ilis reign, properly speaking, lasted only four years, though he enjoyed all the state and dignities of a king for upwards of twenty years. He died at Lahore by a fall from his horse in a.d. 1210, a.h. 607, and was succeeded by his adopted son, Sultan 'Aram Shah. The Jiima' Masjid iu old Dehli, which is famous under the name of Qiiwat ul- Islam, and stands close to the Qutb Miuar, was formerly a Hindii temple. Qutb- nddin first converted it into a masjid, com- mencing the Miuar as its Maziiia, and afterwards Shams-uddin Altimsh and 'Ala- uddin Kliilji made some additions to it. The following is a list of the Sultans of the Slave Cor Turk) dynasty of Ghor who reigned at Dehli. A.D. A.H. 1 . Qutb-uddin Aibak, of the first Turk dymisty . . began 1206 602 2. 'Aram Shah, son of Qutb- uddiu 1210 607 3. Shams-uddin Altimsh . . . 1210 007 4. Iluku - uddiu Firuz, son of Altimsh 1236 633 5. Sultana Razia, daughter of Altimsh 1236 634 6. Bahrani ShSh, son of Altimsh 1240 637 7. 'Ala-uddin Masa'ud, son of Fir5z 1242 639 8. Nasir-uddin Mahmiid, son of Altimsh 1246 644 auTB 321 QUTB 9. Ghavas-ucldin Balban (a slave a.d. a.h. otAltimsh) 1266 664 10. Kaiqubad, grandson of Al- timsh (last of the branch) 1286 685 11. Jalal-uddin Firoz Shah KliiljT, first Sultan of the second branch of the Turk d\Tiasty called K]iilji, which see . . . .' . 1288 688 Qutb-uddin Allama, Maulana (, ^lijj i^jJl), a learned Mu- \:^}y, ^A^ haramadan poet who was contemporary with the celebrated Shaikh Sa'di of Shiraz, and is the author of several works, among which are the Tuhfa Shahl, Sharah Kidlidt Qdrn'oi and Sharah Miftdh id-' Uh'im. He died at Tabrez on Sunday the 7tb February, a.d. 1311, 17th Ramazau, a.h. 710. Qutb-uddin Baklitiar Kaki Khwaja U^ J'^ [,i ,.':'^i ^), a celebrated Muhammadan saint of Dehli, commonly called Qutb Shah, and sometimes called XJshi from his native country Ush near Andjan in Persia. He died at old Dehll on the 27th November, a.d. 1235, 14th Rabi' I. A.H. 633. His tomb is still conspicuous in that district, and is visited by devotees. He is the author of a Diwan. Shaikh Farid- uddin Shakar Ganj was one of his disciples. Qutb-uddin Malimud Langa (» Li' Qutb-uddin Kban ( U ll,T ■j\\ :•), brother of Shams-uddin Auka, entitled 'AzTm Khan. He was an amir of 5,000 in the reign of the emperor Akbar; was made governor of Bahroch, and was treacherously slain by Sultan Muzaffar, king of Gujrat, in a.d. 1583. Qutb-uddin Khan Kokaltasli (i ,1^3 i^\:;S^^ ii)^-^ cJil"^^)' whose original name was Shaikh Kliiibau or Khiibu, was the son of Shaikh Salim Chishti's sister, and foster-brother of the emperor Jahangir, who raised him to the rank of 5000. He was made governor of Bengal in a.d. 1606, a.h. 1015, and was killed at Bardwan by Sher Afkan Klian, the former husband of Nur Jahan Begam, in a.d. 1607, a.h. 1016. His remains were transported to Fathapur Sikri and buried there. Qutb-uddin Malimud bin-Muhammad Shirazi (,,^ j.^i..s'* ,.»..' jJl i -L* i^-^-^J^ lX-^-.s'*), author of the G/iurrat-ut- TdJ (Si)\cndonT of the Crown) and several other works. He died a.d. 1310, A.H. 710. iLj Jy*.i ^• Si\), second king of Multan of the tribe of Langa, who having secui-ed the person of Shaikh Yusuf, his pi'e- decessor and son-in-law, sent him to Dehli and ascended the throne of Multan in the reign of Sultan Bahlol Lodi. He reigned for a period of sixteen years and died much lamented in a.d. 1469, a.h. 874. He was succeeded by his sou Husaiu Langa. Qutb-uddin Muhammad (^jJ^ k^^LS jw/*w.sr^), the son of Aniishtakin, the cup-bearer of Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi. He was installed by the Sultan about the year A.D. 1140, and became the first king of Ixhwarizm of the race called Khwarizni Shahi. The following is a list of the kings of this race : — 1. Qutb-iuldTu Muhammad. 2 . Atsiz , the sou of Q,ut b - luldin Muhammad 3. Alp Arsalan, the son of Atsiz. 4. Sultan Shah, the son of Alp Arsalan. 5. 'Ala-uddiu Takash Klian, his brother. 6. Sultau Muhammad, sou of Takash. He was defeated by Changez Khan in A.D. 1218. 7. Jalal-uddiu, the son of Sultan Muham- mad, and last kiug of this race, slain A.D. 1230. Qutb-uddin Muhammad Ghori (^ L^J)' ,^ S-AS:" i^_>jJl) was the son of 'Izz-uddin G[iuri (Q.r.). He married the daughter of Sultan Bahram Shah, kiug of Ghaznl, and having founded the city of Firozkoh in Ghor, made it his capital, and assumed all the dignities of a sovereign. At length he was induced to attack Gliaznl, Sultau Bahram {q-v.), obtaining intimation of his intentions, contrived to get him into his power, and eventually put him to death. This is the origin of the feuds between the houses of Gli5r and Ghazni. Saif-uddin Suri, prince of Glior, brother of the deceased, raised an army to revenge his death, with which he marched direct to Ghazui, which was evacuated by Bahram, who lied to India. After some time Saif-uddin was betrayed into the hands of Sultan Bahram by the inhabitants of Ghazni. The unhappy prince had his forehead blackened, and was seated astride on a bullock with his face towards the tail. In this maimer ho was led round the whole city ; after which, being first put to torture, his head was cut off and sent to his uncle Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi, while his wazir, SajTad Majd-uddin, was impaled. This took place about a.d. 1159, soou after which Bahram was defeated and expelled bv Saif-uddiu's brother, Ala-uddin Hasan 21 QUTB 322 QUTY Qutb-uddin Munuwar, Shaikh (c^^Li ^J^ jy^.^ j-^jk-ll), a Muhammadan saint of IlfiusT, who was a grandson of Shaikh Jiiinal-uddui Ahmad. He lived iu the time of Saltfui Firuz Shall Barbak, king of Dehll. He was a coutemjiorarv of the celehrated saint Shaikh Xasir-iuldiu Chiragh Dehli, both of whom were disciples of Shaikh Nizam-uddiu Aiilia, and both of whom died the same year. NTisir-uddln died on the 16th September, A.i). 13.5(i, 18th Ramazan, a.h. 757, and Qutb-xiddin on the 22nd Xovember, a.d. 1356, 26th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 757. The former lies buried at Dehli and the latter at Hansi. Qutb-uddin Sultan ( ,j.jjJl i^^^-Lj i^iILImj), also called Qutb Shah, was the son of Muhammad Shah, king of Giijrat. After the death of his father iu February, A.D. 1451, Mubarram, a.h. 855, he ascended the throne of Gujrat, reigned more than eight years, and died on the 2oth May, a.d. 1459, 23rd Eajab, a.h. 863. He was buried in the vaidt of his father, Muhammad Shah, and was succeeded by his uncle Daiid Shah, who reigned only a few days and was deposed. Qutbul-Mulk (LJCL^JI c^L.'), the father of Qull Qutb Shah I. which see. Qutbul-Mulk (^ ^st-i^,), a very cclelirated pious lady of Basra, who had a good knowledge of all the traditious. She is said to have constructed a canal from Baghdad to Medina, was a contemporary of Sari Saqti, ami died a.d. 801, a.h. 185. Habit (lijU), poetical name of Moulwi Ahdul Ahad. Rafa'i ( ^xi^ .), whose proper name was Imam-uddin, is the author of the Tadwin and several works in Persian. Rafa'i {^^s>. ^j:i^\ ^^^^sT* ^ surnamed Shaikh MuhT-uddiu Ilusain. He dii'd aboiit the year a.d. 1422 or 1427, a.h. 825 or 830. Rafai, Sayyad (j^jl^ jeJi\j), was an inhabitant of Dehli and lived for a long time in an old mosque which he repaired. He died about the year a.d. 1867, a.h. 1233. Rafi or Rafia' (L-^-j ,^^f^^ ^jj'* T-r^j*^ the poetical name of Mirza Hasan Beg, who was employed as secretary to Nazar Mu- hammad Khan, the ruler of Turan. He came to India about the j'ear a.d. 1646, a.h. 1056, in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan, who conferred on him the mausab of 500. He died in the time of 'Alamgir. Rafi Khan Bazil, Mirza (^l~- f—^j \j^ Ji^^'X author of the work called Hamlae Baidarl, containing the wars of Muhammad, and the first four Kjialifas, viz. Abii Bakr, 'Uraar, 'Usmau and 'Ali, in heroic verse consisting of 40,000 verses. He was a native of Dohli and a descendant of Ja'far Sarond Mashhadi. For some years he had the command of the fort of Gwaliar in the time of 'Alamgir, after whose death he lived in retirement at Dehli, where he died A.D. 1711, a.h. 1123. He is also the author of a Diwfin of Gliazals. His poetical name is Biizil. Rafi-u'ddarjat (^rjl?-,>>n *-^:j), tlie son of Kafl-ush-Shan aud grandson of Baha- dur Shah. He was raised to the throne of Dehli by the two Sayyads, viz. 'Abdullah Kliau and his brother Husain 'Ali Ivhau, after the dethronement of the emperor Farrukh- siyar on the 18th February, a.d. 1719, 8th llabi II. A.H. 1131, but died in little more than three months of a consumption at Agra on the 28th May the same year, 19th Rajab, A.H. 1131, when another youth of the same description, younger brother to the deceased, was set up by the Sa^jads under the name of Eafi-uddaida Shah Jahan Sani, who came to the same end in a still shorter period. Both were buried in the mausoleum of IChwaja Qutb-uddin Kaki at Dehli. After their death the Sayyads pitched on a healthier voung man as their successor, who ascended the tiiroue by the title of Muhammad Shah. Rafi-uddaula (tt^l^j^!^ T-^J^' younger brother of the emperor Eafi-uddarjat, wliich .see. Rafi-u'ddin ( .,J J^H f-r?JjX a poot who is the author of a very curious and enter- taining Diwan or collection of poems. He was a native of Hindiistan, and probably of that province which is called the Deccan. He served in a military capacity, aud attached himself to the person of the illustrious emperor Akbar, whom he first met at Kashmere in the year a.d. 1592, and received from that monarch the reward of his poetical labours. His Diwan, which he commenced writing in the kingdom of the Deccan, was brought to a conclusion ad. 1601, a.h. 1010. It con- tains about 15,000 distichs. Rafi-u'ddin Haidar Rafa'i Mua'm- mai, Amir {j^^j j>^=>- ^l^^^ 'iz'^j ^^\ ^Wx,^), is said to have composed more than 12,000 verses of chronograms, etc. but did not collect them. He was living in A.D. 1585, A.H. 993. This person appears to be the same as Mir Haidar Bai'iyi Jlua'mniai. Rafi-uddin Lubnani (^,wvJ^ f ^J JLJ), native of Lubnan, a village of ] sl'aban. He was contemporary with the poets Asir-uddin Adrnfmi, Sharaf-uddiu Shafrowa, and Kamfd-uddiu Isma'il. He is the author of a Diwan. RAFI 324 RAGH Rafi - uddin Shaikh Muhammad i.fjAjl v^.'X surnamcd Muhadclis or Traditioiiist, who died a.d. 1547, A.n. 954, and was bimed in the Haweli ol Asaf J ah at Agra. Rafi-u'sh-Shan (^liJ\ ^J^ (prince), son of the emperor Bahadur Shah, killed in battle against Jahaudar Shah, his brother. [Vide Jahfiudfir Shah.] Rafi-u's-Sauda, Mirza (L^»^^ •«_-.-•. I y.«). Vide Saiicla. Rafi Waez (U^t^ l^r^j^, a poet who is the author of a Diwaii. Vide Muhammad Rati "Waez. Rafizi Mua'mmai (j-Ux.* ^j.!^:ij). Vide Mir Ilaidar Raluil. Raghib (,_^il^), poetical title of a poet of Shiraz, whose proper name is Kalb Ilusain Beg. Raghoba (L- »./,). Efio. Vide Raghunatli Raghoji Bhosla I. (ai.<-j^j ic^^l'C'^ •was nominated Sena Saliib Sabha, or general of the Marhatta confederacy, in a.d. 1734, received a sanadlrom the Peshwa and became the first Eilja of Berar or Nagpiir in A.D. 1740, in -which year a great revolu- tion took place in the Marhatta government. The Raja of Sitiira, Ramriija, a weak prince, being upon the throne, it was concerted between the two principal officers of the State, Baji Rao the Peshwa, and Raghoji Bhosla, the BakhshT or Coramauder-iu-Chief, to divide the dominions of their master. In consequence of this arrangement, the former assumed the government of the western provinces, continuing at the ancient capital of Puna ; the latter took the eastern, and fixed his residence at Nagpur, a principal city in the province of Berar; whilst Ram- raja was confined to the fortress of Sitara, the Peshwa administering the government in his name. Hence the distinction lietween the Marhattas of Puna and Berar. Rui^njT ■was the son of Vinil)ojI, who was killed in Audh during the lifetime of his father Par- soji, who was Bakhshi undi'r his brother Salioji,thesonof SamhhojT, the sou of SivfijI, the fouuder of the Marhatta empire. Raghoji Blioshi died a.d. 1749 or 1753, and tiaus- niitted his government to his son jrmnjT, who, dying in a.d. 1772, left his inheritance to his nephew and adopted son Raghoji Bhosla II. the son of his younger brother Madhuji. This occasioned a contention between Janoji's brother Samoji and Ma- dhuji. The former claimed the government in the right of pricuity of birth, and the latter as father and guardian of the adopted child. They were accordingly engaged in hostility until the death of Samoji or Sabhojl, who was killed in an engagement M'ith his brother on the 27th January, a.d. 1775. From that period the government of Berar was held by Madhoji or Madhiiji Bhosla. Bhosla Rajas of Nagpur or Berar. Raghoji Bhosla I died 1753 Jauoji or Rauoji , 1772 ^la.lhoji ,, 1788 RfighrijI Bhosla II ,, 1816 Par.soji (strangled by Apa Sahib) . ,, 1816 Miidoji (Apa Sahib) was acknow- ledged by the English in 1816, and deposed 1818 Partap Singh Narayan, grandson of Raghoji Bhosla, put on the gadi . .1818 Raghoji Bhosla III 1853 Raghoji Bhosla II. {dL^y^i ^s^i\^j^ succeeded his father, Madhoji Bhosla, in the government of Berar or Xagpiir in Mav, a.d. 1788, and died on the 22nd March, a.d. 1816, when his son Parsoji succeeded him. Raghoji Bhosla III. {A^^^^ ^yryfj'' Raja of Berar. He died in a.d. 1853, not only without heirs but without any male relations who could support a legitimate claim to the Raj ; thereupon the Governor- General quietly annexed that large country to the Company's dominions. Raghunath Shah (il^ ^^,j'lj »^X,), of the Mandla district, who was a direct descendant of the eldest branch of the Gond dynasty, was executed in a.d. 1857 fen- rebellion, and his estates confiscated. Fifteen years later the Government gave his widow, Mare Kiinwar, a compassionate allowance of 120 rupees per annum. Raghunath Rao (i^ , A^..jLj»-.^,.r,), commonly called Raghoha, a Marhatta chief who was at one time much connected with the English. He was the son of Baji Rao Peshwa I. and father of the last Peshwa Baji Rao II. and paternal uncle of Miidho Rao Peshwa II. He usurped the Peshwaship after the death of Narayan Rao, youngest son of Balaji Rao Peshwa. On the death of Balaji Rao, who left two sons, Madho Rao and iN'ara)-an Riio, both minors, the power of the state was for some years wielded by his brother Raghunath as regent. Madho Rao was enabled to take the reins of government into his own hands after some time, but died in A.D. 1772, and was succeeded by his brother Xarayan Rao. He was soon after- wards murdered in consequence of a plot which Raghoba had formed against him. Raghoha was acknowledged Peshwa after his death ; RAHI 325 EAJA but it appeared soon afterwards that the ■widow of Xarayan Rao was with child. The ministers proclaimed the event during Eaghoba's absence. He was defeated and fled to Surat. Rahia {a^:?^\ ,), one of the earliest pro- fessors of Muhammadanism, although he was not present at the battle of Badar. Muham- mad used to say of him, that of all men he had ever seen "Rahia did most resemble the angel Gabriel. He died in the year a.d. 67b, A.H. 50. Rahim Beg, Mirza (^ ; ,-* ^— Nr^ f^=^J^> of Sardhana, author of a small work on Persian and Arabic poetry entitled Makhzan S/ixdra, which he composed in the year a.d. 1852, AH. 1268. It is also called IVas'ilat-ush- Shiidrd. RaMm-uddin Bakht, Mirza (*.-.=^ , \\y* c:— isT i^^^J^S^), and Mirza Muhsin Bakht (princes of Dehli and grandsons of Shah Alam), who came to Agra from Benares ■when the Duke of Edinbui-gh came to Agra in A.D. 1870. Rahmat-ullali (t^ijl l::--^=^ .), author of the history of the mart}-r Malik 'Umar, ■who is buried at Bahraich. He composed this poem 750 years after the death of the saint. Rai Gobind Munshi (j^j^.-^ ^j\ ,), a Kayeth, who is the author of the story of Padmawat in Persian, entitled Tuhfat-ul- Euh'ih, which he wrote in the year a.d. 1652, A.H. 1062. Raiha (cLstO, poetical name of Mir Muhammad 'Ali of Sayalkot, who died in A.D. 1737, A.H. 1150. Rai Indarman ( .,^ , Jul ^'^J), a Hindii, by caste a Bais of Hisiir, and author of a work called Basffir-iil-Hisdb. He was living in A.D. 1768, A.H. 1182. Rai Lonkaran i^j^^',^^ lJ^j), ^i^j^ of Pargana of Sambhar, lived in the time of the "emperor Akbar, and died in the 11th year of Jahangir, a.d. 1615, a.h. 1024. He was a good Persian scholar, and used to compose verses ; his poetical name was Tusani. He was succeeded in his territories by his son Manohar Diis, whose poetical title, some authors say, was Tusani and not his father's. He fought on the Imperial side in the battle of Goganda, a.d. 1577. [ Vide Xoer's Kaiser Akbar.'] Rai Maldeo (^.\S^* lJ^j)- ^'"^« Maldeo Rfii. Rai Pliukni Mai (J,* uS..j^^) t5^)- J'^ide Xasliat. Raiq (,J-i^j), author of the hiography called Tazkira Jidi/j, an abstract of which was made by Siraj - uddaula jMuhammad Gtiaus Klian Nawab of the Karuatik in a.d. 1842. Rai Rai Singh (iji:^^ ^\j o^\ son of Rai Kalian Mai Rathor, a descendant of Rai Maldeo and zammdar of Bikaner in the time of the emperor Akbar. Rai Kalian Mai, with his son, served under that monarch for several years, and received his niece in marriage. Rai Singh subsequently gave his daughter in maiTiage to Sultan Salim, who, on his accession to the throne, conferred on him the rank of 5000. Rai Singh died in the year A.D. 1612, a.h. 1021. Rai Ray an Raja Bikarmajit {^\i of a Brahman named Sundardas, who at first served under the Prince Shah jahan in the capacity of a Munshi. He afterwards rose by degrees to higher dignities and received the above title from the emperor Jahangir. When Shah Jahan rebelled against his father, Bikarmajit, who was then with the prince, fell in tiie battle which took place between the troops of the prince and his father about the year a.d. 1621, a.h. 1030. Rai Sarjan Hara {\f\Jb ^j-=r/-J t_f^), Raja of Ranthanbur in the province of Agra, lived in the time of the emperor Akbar. After his death Rao Bhoj Ilara succeeded him. Rai She-K^ Das (^J 4»..-i ^^^j a IChattri who was appointed deputy to Raja Jai Singh Subadar of Agra in the time of Muhammad Shfdi. He built a fine garden at Agra on the banks of the J;imua, which still goes after his name, Bagh Shew Diis. Rai Tansukh Rai {^\j aiLu-:o ^\ ,), a Hindu whose poetical name was Shauq, was the son of Rai Majlis Rai,_ who was Niieb of the Diwan IvlifUsa of Agra. He is the author of a Tazkira of Persian poets called Safhiat-ush-Shauq, and also of a small Diwan of 1000 verses. He was living at Agra in a.d. 1756, a.h. 1170. Raja ((L^V), poetical title of Eiija Balwan Singh, son of Raja Chcyt Singh of Benares. He was a pensioner of the British Government, and used to reside at Agra ; he is the atithor of a Diwiin in Urdu. s\\ RAJA 82G EAJW Raja Ali Klian, Faruqi JLs. A.s^\ ,) ,_;«,l_} ,.1'^-=*') succeeded Ms brother Mlifiu Mulmmmad Kliiiu II. iu the govern- ment of Kjiandesli in a.d. 1576. At this period the princes of Ilindiistrui, from Bengal to Sindh inckiding Mfilwii and Gujrat, had been snbcUied by the victorious arms of the emperor Akbar ; and Raja 'Ali I\han, in order to avoid so unequal a contest, dropped the title of king, which his brother had assumed, and wrote a letter to Akbar, begging that he might be considered as his vassal and tributary. In order to convince him of his sincerity, he sent him many rich and valuable presents. After the death of Bui-han Nizam Shah II. king of Ahmad- nagar in the year a.d. 1.596, a.h. 1004, the prince Mirza ]\Iurad and Mirza I^han Klian Klianan, the son of Bairam Kjian, marched for the purpose of subduing the Deccaii. Raja 'All Khan accompanied them, and was killed with many officers of distinction by the explosion of a powder tumbril, in the famous battle fought between Klian Kjifinan and Suheil Ivban, general of the Abmadnagar forces, nis death happened on the 26th January, a.d. 1597, 18th Jumada II. a.h. 1005, after he had reigned 21 years. His body was carried to Burhanpur, where he "was buried with due honours. He was suc- ceeded by his son Bahadur Klian FarixqI. Rajab Salar (.^Lj '^-j), brother of Tughlaq Shah, and father of Sultan Firoz Shah, king of Dehll. His tomb is in Bahraich. Raja Kans Purbi (^j^^ ^^'i <^\j), a Hindu zamlndar, who succeeded iu placing himself on the throne of Bengal after the death of Shams-uddTnll. Purbi in a.d. 1386, and became the founder of a new dynasty. He reigned seven years and died in a.d. 1392, A.H. 795, and was succeeded by his son Jitmal, who became a ]\Iusalniau, and assumed the name of Jaliil-uddin. Raja Ram (Aj -\j), the brother of Sambhaji the Marhatta chief, by another mother. He succeeded his brother in July A.D. 1689. On his accession Sambhaji, in April 1680, was seized and sent to reside in one of the forts of the Karnatic, with a decent appanage, but without any power iu the government, and there he continued to reside till the death of his brother (July A.D. 1689), when he was acknowledged his successor. In his time the fortress of Sitara was taken by 'Alamgir on the 21st April, A.D. 1700, ISth Zil-Cifi'da, a.h. 1111, Imt before it fell Ilfija Bfuii died of the small- pox the same year at Jiiinji. He Mas suc- ceeded by bis son Karan, who survived him but a few days, when another son of his, named Seiwa, an infant only two years old, was put on the masnad tinder (lie guardian- ship of Ham Chaiid rai.idtt and regency of his mother, Tarii Bai. But when, after the death of 'Alamgir, Raja Sahii or Sahji II. was released from confinement, he was put aside, and Sahji was crowned at Sitara in March, a.d. 1708. Referowes to (he Vuie of Ktljas. Rajas of Beriir or Nfigpiir, vide Raghoji Bhosla I. ,, of Chittor and Nagpiir, vide Rana Sanka or Maldeo Rilo. ,, of Gwahar, vide RanojT Sciudhia. ,, of Jaipur or Jainagar, vide Bihari Mai or Sandhal dewa. ,, of Mfilwa or Indor of the Holkar family, vide Malhiir Rao I. ,, of Marwar of Jodhpur, vide Jodha Rao and Maldeo Rao ,, of Bhartpiir, vide Chiiraman Jat. ,, of Sitara, vide Sahji. ,, of Indor, vide Malhar Rao Holkar I. Raj IndarGoshaiii(, .JlJi,,f ,j^:.^_l,), chief of a .sect of Hindii ascetics who used to go about stark naked. He had under his command an army of those people, and was employed by Nawab Safdar Jang. He was killed in a campaign between Gliazi-uddin III. [q.v.\ and Safdar Jang in the time of the emperor Ahmad Shah, who had dismissed Safdar Jang from his office and given it to Nilizam-uddaula. His death took place on the 20th June, a.d. 1753, 17th Shaban, a.h. 1166. Raj Singh Kuchhwaha, Raja (1. L&'^^ ailu^), son of Haja Askaran, brother of Raja Bihari Mai. Served under tlie emperors Akbar and Jahangir, and died in the year a.d. 1615, a.h. 1024. Raj Singh, Rana (Ij^ iS.:^ J\X of Chittor and Udaipiir, succeeded his father Rana Jagat Singh, a.d. 1652, a.h. 1062, and was honoured by the emperor Shah Jahan with the rank of 5000. In his time the fort of Chittor was demolished by order of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died in the 2tth year of that monarch, a.d. 1680, a.h. 1091, and was succeeded by his son Rana Jai Singh. He is said to have been the writer of a remarkable letter to the Emperor 'Alamgir (Auraugzeb) preserved by Col. Tod. [ Vide Tod's Efijasfhfni .'\ Raju Qattal (JUi ^=r\;X surnamed Sayyad Sado-nddin, a IMusalman saint and brother of Makhdum Jahanian Jahan Gasht Shaikh Jalal. He is the author of the Tuhfat -UH- Kasaych, which C(mtains much good advice, though written according to the Sufi School. His tomb is at Uchcba in IMultaii, where he died iu the year a.d. 1403, A.H. 806. Rajwara (i ,^»r^U), name of a phice at Agra Iniilt by several Rajas, such as Raja RAMA 827 RAM Jas-want Singh, Eaja Jai Singli, Eaja Man Singh, Raja Bharath, Eiija Bohar Singh, Eaja Beattal Das son of Eaja Gopal Das, Eaja Dwarka Das and others. They built their house at Agra at a place which is now called Mauza Eajwara. Ramai or Rami i^%'*\j). Vide Sharaf- uddin Eami. Ram Charan Mahant (,. iJj- r'. i^z^Uy-*), the founder of the Ram- Banehi sect, was a Eamawant Bairagi, born A.D. 1719 in a Tillage in the principality of Jaipur. Neither the precise period, nor the causes which led him to abjure the religion of his fathers, now appear ; but he steadily denounced idol - worsliip, and suffered, on this account, great persecution from the Brahmaus. On quitting the place of his nativity in a.d. 1750, he wandered over the country, and eventually repaired to Bhilwara, in the Udaipur territory, where, after a residence of two years, Bhim Singh, Eana or prince of that state, was urged by the priests to harass him to a degree which compelled him to abandon the town. The chief of Shahpura oifered the wanderer an asylum at his court, where he arrived in the year a.d. 1767, but he does not seem to have settled there permanently until two years later, from which time it may be proper to date the institution of the sect. Eiim Charan expired in April, a.u. 1798, in the 79th year of his age, and his corpse was reduced to ashes in the great temple of Shahpiira. Earn Charan composed 36,250 Sabds or hymns, each containing from five to eleven verses. He was succeeded in the spiritual directorship by Eamjan, one of his twelve disciples. This person died at Shahpiira in a.d. 1809, after a reign of 12 years 2 months and 6 days. He composed 18,000 Sabds. The third hierach, Dulha Eam, succeeded him and died in a.d. 1824. He wrote 10,000 Sabds, and about 4000 Saki, or epic poems, in praise of men eminent for virtue not only of his own faith, but among Hindiis, Muhammadaus, and others. After him Chatra Das ascended the gaddi, and died in a.d. 1831. He is said to have composed 1000 Sabds, but would not permit their being committed to paper. Narayan Das, the fourth in descent from Eam Charan, succeeded him, and was living in A.D. 1835. [See Jour. As. Soc. of Bengal, Vol. 4, page 65.] Ramdeo (^j.^^^), a Raja of Deoglr (now Daulatal)ad), became a tributary to Sultan 'Ala-uddin Sikaudar Sfiui, and died in the year a.d. 1310, a.h. 710. Ramin (^,^,«' .), a lover, the name of whose mistress was Waisa. Their story, entitled Rdmhi and JFaim, has been written in Persian poetry by Nizaml 'Uriizi. Ramjas Munshi ( l5^- u-=r(*9 whose poetical name was MuliTt, was a Khattri by caste, and his father Lala Ganga Bishun, whose poetical title was 'Ajiz, resided at Lahore, but Muhit was born in Dehli. He obtained an appointment in the Customs Department at Benares, which gave him 1200 rupees a year. He is the author of several Masnawis, such as Miih'it-i-^lshq, Mulut-i-I)ard, Muhit-i-Gha'm, etc. He also translated some books on mysticism from the Sanskrit, as Muhit-id-Haqaik, JLifilt- nl-Asrar, Gulshdn-i-Jfa'rifaf, Muh'd Ma'ri- fat, etc. Ramji (,«^^), son of Raja Bhagwan Das, the uncle of the celebrated Eaja Man Singh. He, together, with his two brothers. Bijai Eam and Sayam Eam, was ci-ushed to death under the feet of an elephant, by order of the emperor Jahangii" in the early part of his reign. Ram Mohan Rai (^_^^. {j-^^^ f>^j>> afterwards Eaja Eam Mohan Eai, a Brah- man of a respectable family in Bengal, was early celebrated for his precocious genius, high linguistic attainments, and other natural gifts, which in his after life procured for him the reputation of a reformer. Among several other reforms, the degenerate state of Hindii- ism demanded his earliest attention, and he, with his wonted zeal and assiduity, took upon himself to introduce a reform, which at the risk of his pru'se and reputation he succeeded in a great measure in effecting among his former co-religionists. His object was to reconstruct and varnish the old Hindiiism, and not to abandon it altogether, as some of the modern reformers propose. He picked up morals and precepts from the Vedas, Dussanas, and Upanishads, which he thought most appropriate and instructive ; but never accepted them as revelations. He likewise borrowed rules and precepts from other religions, but more particularly from Christianity. His originality of mind, his natirral logical powers, his mastery of mental and moral philosophy, and above all his ardent desire to establish the true knowledge of God among his countrymen, made him discard all the prevailing religions of the world as revelations. SVhen in England, the Eaja always attended the Unitarian church and much approved of its doctrines. He embarked for England and arrived at Liverpool on the 8th April, a.d. 1831, and died at Stapyltcm Grove near Bristol, wiiile on a visit to tliat country, for the purpose of giving infornuition and promoting the interests of his countrymen, by advocating a more liberal intercourse with India. Alter his deatli his followers in Bengal strietly adlicred to the faith, and multiplied in num- ber bv thousands. 'J he works of Sir "W. Hamilton and Bishop Berkeley have also become their guides in points of philosophy, lu a word the Brahmists are neither idolaters, EAM 328 RAXA ^^ considered by some, nor infidels, as snpjiosed N' many. Eajji Ram Mohan translat((l the Fpanishads of the Yajiu- Veda, accordiuii' to the Comment of Sankar Aeharya, into English, establishing the unity and incom- prehensibility of the Supreme Being, whose worship alone can tend to eternal beatitude. A translation of the Vcdcaita (an abiidgnicnt of all the sacred writings) in HindiistanI and Eeugali, was made by this Hindu philosopher and pliilauthropist. The Eiija also published an abstract of it in English. His tomb is in Arno's Yale cemetery iu Bristol. Ram Narain, Raja i^i},\j /•M. He was deputy governor of Bihar in the time of Mir Ja'far 'AlT Khan, the Xawab of Bengal, and was ckiven out of Patna by the Sliazado AlT Gauhan {vide Shah Alam) in 1760. Mir Qasim 'All, on his accession to the masnad in A.D. 1760, A.H. 1174, having detected em- bezzlements of large sums from the revenues, the jagirs, and pay of the troops, confiscated his effects. About seven lakhs of rupees in money and goods were found in his house, and nearly the same sum was recovered from persons to whom it had been entrusted by himself and his women. Ho was then kept in confinement with several others on sus- picion. In August, A.D. 1763, Muhurram, A.H. 1177, a few days before Mir Qasim 'Airs defeat by the English on the banks of the Undwa nala, he commanded these persons to be put to death, and liaja Bam Narayan was di'owned in the Ganges with a bag of sand tied round his neck. Bam Narayan was a Persian scholar and wrote poetry in Persian and Urdii, having adopted the word Mauzfin for his poetical name. Ramraj ( \jjj), a Raja of Bijanagar or Bijaianagar, who was slain in battle against the four Muhammadan princes of the Deecan. This celebrated action took place on the banks of the Krishna river on Fridav the 25th January, a.d. 1565, 20th Juraada II. a.h. 972. it cost Rfimraj his life, and ended in the defeat of the Hindii army with the loss of nearly one hundred thousand men . Ramraj , being defeated, was taken prisoner and brought before Husain Nizam Shah, who ordered his head to be struck off, and caused it to be placed on the point of a long spear to be dis])layed to the army ; and afterwards kept at Bijapiir as a tropliy. Ramraj a (i,^\j^\j) succeeded Sahj! II. as Raja of Sitiirain December, a.d. 1749. He was the adopted son of Sahji and grandson of Tara Bai. He died on the 12th December, A.D. 1777, having a short time before his death adopted Abba Sahib, the son of Trim- bakji Bliosla. This adoi)ted scm was formally enthroned under tlie title of Siihu, but was always kept a close prisoner by the Peshwa. Ram Singh (ijiu.^ J^), name of the Raja of Kota and Buudi (a.d. 1858). Ram Singh Hara {\% dt:^ J,) and Dalphat Rao Bundela, two Hindii chiefs who served under the emperor 'Alamgir in the military capacity, and were both killed at the same instant by a cannon shot in the battle which ensued between 'Azim Shah and his eldest brother Bahadur Shah, on the 8th June, A.D. 1707, 18th Rabi' I. a.h. 1119. Ram Singh I. {t!^\j itu^ ^\j), Raja of Jaipur. He Avas honoured, after the death of his father, Raja Jai Singh I. by the emperor 'Alamgir in a.d. 1666, with the title of Raja, and put in possession of his father's territories. His son, Bishun Singh, succeeded him after his death about the year A.D. 1675. Ram Singh Munshi ( ,% i.i: ^x author of a collection of letters entitled Gul- shan Ajdeb, written in a.d. 1716, a.h. 1128. Ram Singh Rathor i^^J^j ^^'-^ /♦M, son of Abhai Singh, Raja of Jodhpiir. He poisoned Bakhat Singh, his uncle, and usurped the throne. At his death, a.d. 1773, clis- organization prevailed in Maiwar, promoted by the Marhattas (who then got footing in Rajpiitana), and by the evils generated by its feudal institutions. At Tonga, however, the Rathors defeated De Boigne, the celebrated general of Sindhia ; but they were crushed at the subsequent battles of Patau and Mairta under their reigning prince Bijai Singh. Ram Singh Sawai II. (^4^^ ^^ j,\j), late Raja of Jaipiir, son of Jai Singh III. was born a few months before the death of his father, whom he succeeded in January, a.d. 1834. He became a member of the Governor- General's Council in a.d. 1869. Rana Amar Singh {iSj,.^ j^\ iJ\J), the son of Rana Partap Singh of Chittor. He rebelled against the emperor Jahangir for some time, but was at last compelled by force of arms to acknowledge fealty to the throne of Dehli. The emperor ordered to be cut in marble the images of Amar Singh and his son Qaran, which, when finished and brought to him, he took to Agra and placed iu the garden seat called Jharokha Darshan, Avhere the people assembled every morning to pay their respects to the emperor. Amar Singh died in a.d. 1619, a.h. 1029, but the statues were made while he was living. Rana Karan ( .i" IjL), son of Amar Singh, the son of Rana Partap Singh, the son of Rilna Udai Singh, the son of Raufi Sanka. He succeeded his father Amar Singh in the raj of Udaipur, a.d. 1619, and died EANA 329 RAKC in the first year of the reign of Shah Jahan, A.D. 1678, when his son Eana Jagat Siugh succeeded him, and was honoured by the emperor with the title of Rana and rank of 5000. Jagat Singh died a.d. 1652, and was succeeded by his son Eaj Kunwar, who received the title of Eana Eaj Singh. Rana Mai ( J,-, \j\ ), a Raja of Bhatner ■who lived in the reign of Sultan Ghayas-uddiu Tughlaq. His daughter, named Naila, was married to Salar Eajab, the brother of the Sultan and father of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Rana of Jhansi ( Gansra Eai. ^--^- ^\j). Vide Rana Raj Singh of Chittor (^\ . \j\ . A^:^-:). Vide Eaj Singli (Eana). Rana Sanga or Sanka (LCjl~o Lj^,), Eaj a of Chittor. His son Udai Singh is the founder of the state now known by the name of its capital Udaipiir (formerly called Mewar). The Udaipur chief is, in the estimation of all the Hiudii djTiasties of India, par excellence the head, without a rival and free from stain. It is true that the independence of the ' ' great Eanas of Chittor" was assailed by the Moguls, and that they succumbed to circumstances ; but they never acknowledged a superior in birth or descent. The family dates back upwards of a thousand years. Chittor was captured by Akbar {q.v.), but the conquest was but a barren slaughter : it was in a.d. 1614, in the reign of the emperor Jahangir, that the house was first compelled by force of arms to surrender that complete independence it had then maintained for eight hundi-ed years, and to acknowledge fealty to the throne of Dehli. In a.d. 1512 we first hear of the renowned Eana Sanga of Chittor. His army consisted of S0,00o horse, supported by 500 war elephants. Seven Eaj as of the highest rank, and 113 of inferior note, attended his stirrup in the field. The Eajas of Jaipur and Marwar served imder his banner, and he was the acknowledged head of all the EajpCit tribes. In ad. 1527 he espoused the cause of the dethroned dynasty of Dehli. All the princes of Eajpiitana ranged themselves under his banner, and he advanced with 100,000 men to drive Babar across the Indus. The encoiinter took place at Biana, where the advanced guard of the Moguls was totally routed by the Eajpiits. Bahar eventually put Eana Singh to flight, Ifith March, a.d. 1527, and he soon afterwards died (a.d. 1528). In A.D. 1568 Udai Singh, the sou of Ermfi Sanga, came under the displeasure of Akbar. He fled and left the defence of his ca])ital, Chittor, to Eaja Jaimal, wlio was killed by Akbar himself. His death deprived the garrison of all confidence, and they deter- mined to sell their lives as dearlv as possible. The women threw themselves on the funeral pile of the Eaja, and the men rushed fran- tically on the weapons of the Moguls, and pei'ished to the number of 8000. In a.d. 1614 Partiip Singh was Eaja. He had recovered the greater portion of his dominion before Akbar died. In a.d. 1678, Am-augzib marched against Udaipur and succeeded in subjugating it, but the alienation of the Eajpiits from the Moguls was now complete, and. never changed. The great boast of the chiefs of Udaipur is, that their liouse never gave a daiighter to the Mogul zanana. Jaipiir and Jodhpur did so, and gloried in these imperial alliances as conferring additional chguity on their families. List of the Rdnas of Mexvar or Udaipiir since the foundation of the Mi igfi ol Umpire. Eana Sanka died 1528 ,, Udai Singh, son of Eana SankG. ,, ,, Partap Singh, son of Udai Singh ,, 1594 ,, Amar Singh, son of Partap Singh ,, 1619 ,, Karan, son of Amar Singh, embellished Udaipiir . . ,, ,, Jagat Singh, son of Eana Karan, tributary to Shah Jahan ,, 1652 ,, Eaj Singh, son of Jagat Singh ,, 1680 ,, Jai Siugh, son of Eaj Singh ,, Amar Siugh II. ,, Saugram Singh ,, Jagat II. pays chouth to the Marhattas ,, 1752 ,, Partap Singh ,, 1755 ,, Eana Eaj Singh .... ,, 1762 ,, Eiiua Ursi dep. i ,, Eana Eaj Singh .... pretender ) ,, Eanii Hamir ,, 1778 ,, Bhim Singh ,, 1828 ,, Yuwan Siugh ,, 1838 ,, Sardar Siugh (of Bagor) . ,, 1842 ,, Swanip Singh ,, 1861 ,, Sambliu Singh .... ,, 1874 ,, Sujjan Singh ,, 1884 ,, Fateh Singh Ranas of Chittor of Udaipur (Ul>). J'ide Eana Sauka. Ranbir Singh, Maharaja (ajo^ rr— ^j <>.r^K^-'*), ruler of Kaslimere, son of ^Maliarfija Gulab Singh, whom he succeeded about the mouth of July or August, a.d. 1857. Ranchhor Das ( Jj ,,^^ ,) a learned Kayeth of Jaunpfir, and author of a work on the art of writing prose and poetry, entitled l>aqd((i-ul-ln.sha, which he wrote in the year a.d. 1732, A. II. 1145. HAND 330 EAXO Randhir Singh (a^<-j ,-i«w\J i), the Jilt Ivaja of Bhiirtpiir, was the eldest sou of Ilanjit Singh, -whom he succeeded. After his death, his brother Baldeo Singh ascended the Masnad of Bhartpiir. Randhir Singh, Raja (,d_x.i-j .-i>J^j ,j, of KapurthaUa, was the son of the Aluwal chieftain near Jalandhar, in the raujub, who chiiraed equal rank with Mahfiraja Ilanjit Siugh, but whose fortune diminished as that of liis rival increased. Diu-iug the disturb- ances of A.D. 1857, he rendered excellent service to the State in and around Jalaudhar, for which he was rewarded, though with uo very liberal hand. He married a Christian wife. Rangin ( .^^), takhallus of Sa'adat Yar Klian, who is the author of a poem called Melir-wa-Mdh, a story of the Sayyad's son and the jeweller's daughter, who lived at DehlT in the reign of Jahaugir. He is also the author of several Diwans and also of a eui'ious Dlwan in Urdii, rather indecent, in which he has brought in all the phrases of the women of the seraglio of Dehli and Lucknow. He died in October, a.d. 1835, Juniada II. a.h. 1251, aged 80 years. Ranjit Singh {iS„ .*^J), the Jat Eaja of Bhartpur, was the son of Kehrl Singh, the brother of Ratan Singh and Jawahir Singh, the sons of Siirajmal Jat, the founder of the principality. He succeeded his uncle Eaja Nawiib Singh in a.d. 1776, A.K. 1190. He was despatched by Sciudhia to raise the siege of Agra, near which a bloody battle was fought on the 16th June, A.u. 17^8, 12th Ramazun, a.h. 1202, in which Isma'il Beg was completely defeated, with the loss of all his cannon, baggage, aucl stores. He was succeeded by his son Eaudhir Singh. Ranjit Singh, Maharaja (uii^^.rsTj i^\\^,t dS^u^), the Sikh ruler of the Panjab and faithful and highly-valued ally of the British Government, was the son of Maha Singh, and appeared as a leader, first in 1779 ; and obtained investitui'e as Chief of Lahore from the Afghan ruler Ziraan Shah in a.d. 1799. At his death, which happened on the 27th June, 1839, minute guns corre- sponding with the years of the deceased were fired from the ramparts of the forts of DehlT, Agra, Allahabad and all the principal stations of the army. Four of his Eanis and seven slave girls burnt themselves with his corpse. He was succeeded in the Eaj by his eldest son, Kliarag Singh. The following are the names of his t^/tccesfio-s. Kliarag Singh, son of Ilanjit Singh, a.d. died otli Xovember 1840 Nouuiliril Singh, son of Kliarag Singh, died 17tli Is'oveniber 1840 Eani Chanda Ki'niwar, Midow of Kha- a.d. rag Singh, died Sher Siugh, brother of Kharag Siugh, murdered 1843 Dallp Singh, a son of Eanjit Singh, in whose time the Panjab was anuexed to the British Government, A.D. 1846. He was baptized Sth March, a.d. 1853, and is now living in England. Ranoji Bhosla {A^^^^ LS^^h^' ^''"'^ Janoji Bhosla. Ranoji Sindhia (^jbjk.i-*— j iVryb^» the founder of the Sindhia or " Sindhaa " family of Gwaliar was born at PatTli near Piina, and served first under a chief, who commanded the bodyguard of Baji Eao, the first Pesliwa. From this inferior station he gradually rose, and afterwards accompauied the Peshwa in the expedition which was undertaken at the close of the reign of Eaja SaliiijT against the province of Mahva. This province was afterwards divided into three parts, of which the first was allotted to Baji Eao the Peshwa; the second to the Eaja of Sitara ; the third to the family of Holkar. As a reward for the services which Eanoji rendered in the expedition against Malwa, the Peshwa granted a considerable portion of the shares belonging to himself and to the Eaja of Sitara to Eanoji ; which grant was afterwards confirmed in jagir to his descendants, now the Rajas of Gwfdiar. He died in a.d. 1750, and left five sons, viz. Jaiapa, Jotiba, Dattaji, Madhoji and Jokaji. Jaiiipa succeeded his father and was assas- sinated in his tent in a.d. 1759 ; his brother Madhoji succeeded him, and although ille- gitimate was confirmed in the jagir by jVIadho Eao Peshwa. He was the most powerful of the native princes of that day. He died at Pana in a.d. 1794, and was succeeded by his grandnephew and adopted son Daulat Eao Scindhia, then only 13 years of age; the latter married the daughter of Slier ji Eao Ghatkai, and died on the 21st March, a.d. 1827. 1724 1750 Zist of the Si)itlhia family, now Mdjas Gwaliar. Began Eanoji Sindhia, the first of the race Jiapa, son of Ranoji .... Madhoji or Mahaji Sindhia, brother of Jiapa .... Daulat Eao Sindhia, son of Anand Eao and adopted son of Madhoji (who fixed his camp at Gwaliar in 1817) . . . Baji Bai, his widow, who adopted Jhiiukriji and acted as regent 1827 Jhanknji, assumed the reins of govornnient 1833 Jaiilji Sindhia, adopted son of JlKiukr.ji 1843 Jaiaji, was succeeded by his son Madhoji, or Madhava Eao . 1876 of died 1750 1759 1759 1794 1794 1827 1843 1886 EAO 331 EASE Rao Amar Singh (a>il:w«) j\a^ ^\J), whose daughter was married to Sulaimau Sliikoh. Rao Bahadur Singh (a.>0wj ,jL.-j .^ .), a petty Raja of the Doiib of the Gujar tribe of Eajputs aud ruler of Gj.iashera aud Koel, noniinally dependant on Dehll. The Xawilb Safdar Jang in one of his contests had been deserted by Rao Bahadiu- Singh, whose piuiishment was entrusted by the emperor to Sliraj Mai Jat, with the grant of all the lands and castles he might wrest from his opponent. He performed the duty triimiphantly. Bahadur Singh was killed in the siege of Ghashera, which with Koel acknowledged the sovereignty of the Jiit prince. These events occurred in A.D. 1753, and form an episode in the Siijdn Chcrittra, a heroic poem. Rao Dalip or Dalpat Rao Bundela (( -J J ^\j). Vide Ram Singh Hara. Rao Jodha, Rathor ( ..^j^. ^\j), of Jodhpur. He had 23 brothers, who had separate fiefs. He founded Jodhpiir, and removed from Mandor about the year a.d. 1458. Rao Maldeo (jjaIU^O. Vide ]\[alcleo Rao. Rao Raj Singh Rathor {iS.:>^ J^, ^^ j^j^\j). He commanded the advanced body of the armv of the emperor 'Alamgir in the Deccan. He died about the year a.d. 1675, A.H. 1086. Rao Ratan Singh (^Lk:^^ ^j ^M, a Raja of Bhartpur. Vide Ratan Singh. Rao Ratan Singh Hara (^j). Vide 'All Musi Eaza Raza Quli Mirza (Ij^ ^Ij l^ ), the eldest son of Nadir Shah. He was blinded by his father in a.d. 1741, a.h. 1154. Razi (^-««0, poetical title of Fasahat Khan, who flourished about the year a.d. 1700, a.h. 1112, and was the author of a Diwan and a MasnawT. Razi ( .^1 .), takhallus of Muhammad bin-Zikaria, who assumed the poetical name of Eazi, because he was a native of the city of Eai. He was one of the iirst physicians of the Klialifa Muqtadir Billah, and a great philosopher and astronomer. He died in the year a.d. 922, a.h. 311, and is the author of several works, one of which is called Al- Hdici or Al-Hdwl JiH TM, which he wrote from the Sanskrit. Razi ( ^\j), poetical name of Mir 'Askari entitled 'Aqil Kliau, the wazir of the emperor 'Alanigir. l^Vide 'Aqil Khan (Nawab).] Razia Sultana (^jlkl^ ^-^j^, ^ queen of Dehli. Vide Sultana RazTa. Razi Billah {Mi ^-^^j). Vide Al- Eazi Billah. Razi, Maulana (^»_)L>; ^^j), of Naishapiir, a poet, whose proper name is Razi- uddin Muhammad, and who, instead of writing his takhallus in his Diwan, usually writes Banda (the slave). He died in a.d. 1202, A.H. 598, and was the author of a work on Jurisprudence, entitled Mii/tlt. Razi, Shaikh {:^r^'^ Shaikli llazi. i,). Vide Razi-nddin *Ali Lala (.^«_\.M .J^,). Vide 'All Lala. Razi - uddin Muhammad - bin - 'Ali Shatibi ( J,j: ^,i j.^^-* ^~:.-^^^ ^'^j ^^-..L-L^), an Arabian author, who died A.D. 1285, a.h. 684. Razi-uddin Naishapuri ( ,,i s\\ ^,). Vide Razi (Maulana) Razi-uddlu Muliaminad. Reinhardt. A French adventurer. Vide Shamru. Rihai (^-U .), poetical name of a poet, who is the author of a Diwan. He died in A.D. 1572, A.H. 980. Rihi i^j^, poetical name of Majd- nddiu Hamkar Far.sT, which see. Rihi ( Ji>,), author of a collection of poems on religious subjects entitled Diirr-i- Aqded. Rijai i^^~:>- \ poetical name of Hasan 'All, a native of Herat, who died in the year A.D. 1558, A.H. 965. Rind (jo ,), poetical name of Sayyad Muhammad Klian, son of Mirza Ghayas- uddln Muhammad Kliiiu, Baliiidur Nasrat Jang, who died in the year 1813, a.h. 1228, at Lucknow. Rind is the author of a Diwiin in Urdii. He was living in a.d. 1850, a.h. 1207. Rind {\L^'^J jJ ,), poetical name of Jilni ^liinki Lai, a Kayeth of Dehli. He is the author of a small Diwan in Persian, which he published in the year a.d. 1851. Rizq-Tillah, Shaikh (lrr^--' aJJl •;;,), whose poetical name is MushtaqT, was the imcle of Shaikh 'Abdul Ilaq bin-Saif-uddiu of Dehli, and brother of Sliaikh Xfir-ul- Haq's grandfather. Shaikh Xiir-ul-lLui being the son of 'Abdul Ua(i. Rizq-ullah is the author of a history called JVd/aiUit Munh- idqt, written by him in the reign of Sultan Sikaudar. He was a Per.siau as well as a Hindi poet. In Persian coni])ositions he used iSIushtruii for his poetical tith», and in Hindi, Rajan ; and lie is also the author of a work in Hindi which he called Jot Mraiijan. He was born in the year A.I). 1495, A.H. 901, and died in a.d. 15G1, A.H. 969. He had eiglit brothers, all of whom were men of learning. ROSE 334 RUKN Roshan 'Ara Begam (*f--J \j\ ^^jj), the youngost (laughter of Shah Jahaii. She (lied about the year a.d. 16(59, a.1£. 1080, and is buried at Sliahjahauabacl in her owu garden, called the Garden of Roshan 'Arfi. Roshan - uddaula Rustam Jang {i^^j^s>- ff-'^^-^j -«i), poetical name of Sayyad Ja'far of Zanbirpur. He died in the year A.D. 1741, A.H. 1154. \_Vide Sayyad Ja'far.] Rulii Baghdadi (^_^j1a.xj ^-^^i.), a Turkish poet of celebrity. His satires are very forcible and striking, and his manner not unlike that of Juveual. Ruhul Amin Khan, Sliaikh (^,, ^■^*^ ^^:>• ^^f\), son of Qazi Mu- hammad Sa'id of Bilgram. He was related to Shaikli Alah Yar Klian, whose sister he married. He was an excellent poet and wrote a poem containing 7,000 verses. He held the rank of 6,000 with a jagir and 2,000 sawars. He acted as deputy to Nawab Si- pahdilr Khan, and after his death to Nawab Mubariz-ul-Mulk Sarbalaud Klian, Subadftr of Allahabad. He was subsequently made governor of 22 mahals in the Panjab in the time of Muhammad Shah, and was killed in battle against Nadir Shah at Karnal on Tuesday, 13th February, a.d. 1739, 15th 2i-Qa'da, a.h. 1151. Ruh-ullah Khan (,^U. i\A\ -^J), an Amir who held the high office of Mir Baldishi or Paymaster- General, in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died in the Deccan in the 36tli year of the emperor, on the 8th August, a.d." 1692, 5th Zil-hijja, a.h. 1103. After his death his son Ivhanazad Klian, who -was grand-steward of the emperor's house- hold and treasurer of the privy purse, was also honoured with the title of Ruli-ullrdi Kjiiln II. and died about the year a.d. 1703, A.H. 1115. RuknKashi, Hakim (^^Cr- -il^^^.), a physician and poet who adopted Masih for his poetical name. He was a respected attendant at the court of Shah Abbas the Great, king of Persia, but having taken offence on some cause or other, he came to India and passed some years in the service RIJKN 33o RUNA of the emperor Akbar and his successors, Jahangir and Shah Jahau, during whose reign he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and retiu-ning from thence to Persia he died there some years afterwards in a.d. 1646, A.H. 1056, or, as some authors say, about the year a.d. 1656, a.h. 1066, and left nearly 100,000 verses. His nephew Rahraat Klian, also called Hakim Ziya-uddm, son of Hakim Qutba, served under Sh;ih Jahan and 'Alamgir, and died about the year a.d. 1664, A.H. 1075. Rukn-uddaula (dj^s]\ Jij) was the brother of 'Imad-uddaula 'Ali Bdya, the founder of the race of the Boyaites, whom he succeeded on the throne of Fars and 'Iraq, A.D. 949, A.H. 3i8. He was lord of Isfahan, Eei, Hamdan and all Persian 'Iraq, and father of the three princes 'Azd-uddaula, MuwajTad- uddaida and Fakhr-uddaula, between whom he shared his possessions, which they governed with the greatest ability. He continued to reside in 'Iraq after the death of his brother, and gave over the charge of the affairs of Fars to his eldest son, 'Azd-uddaula. Besides 'Imad-uddaula he had another brother, Moiz- uddaula, younger than himself, who was wazir to the Ixhalif Al-Razi Billah and his three successors. Eukn-uddaula died at Rei on Friday night, the 15th September, a.d. 976, 18th Muharram, a.h. 366, and was buried in the mausoleum which bears his name at Shiraz. He is said to have reigned 44 lunar years 1 month and 9 days, viz. he governed Persia diu'ing the life of his brother more than 16 years, and after his death he reigned nearly 28 years. He was succeeded by his son Muwayyad-uddaula. [Vide 'All Boya.] Rukn-uddaula (a^a!^ ^^j), a minister of the Nizam of Haidarabad, who was put to death by his master about the year a.d. 1794. His subserviency to the views of the Marhattas has generally been considered one of the chief causes which induced the Nizam to put him to death. Rukn-uddaula Ya'tqad Khan (^, ^\^ L>\hs.\ aj^jjl), whose original name was Muhammad Murad, was by birth a Kashmerian, and native of the same place as Sahiba Niswan, mother of Farrukh-siyar. He was introduced by her to the emperor, whom he persuaded that he could easily effect the destruction of the two brother Sajwads without coming to open war, or causing con- fusion in the State. Farrukh-siyar, gratified by his llatteries, suddenly promoted him to the rank of 7000 with suitable jagirs and the title of Eukn-uddaula. The district of Mura- dabad was taken from Nizam-id-Mulk and, being with additional lauds created into a Subadi'irT, was conferred on him, but after tlie dethronement of Farrukh-sivar in a.d. 1719, A.H. 1131, by the Sayyads, he was disgraced, put under strict confinement, his fortune confiscated and severe tortures were also inflicted upon his person, to compel a disclosure of his wealth. He died during the reign of Muhammad Shah. Rukn-uddin Dabir (^^.j ^.. j,!^ jC^)^ author of the Shamael Atkia, a record of the excellencies of the saints, and of the wonders and miracles performed by the Al- mighty ; with an eulogium on Muhammad, dedicated to Burhiiu-uddin Siifi. Rukn-uddin Firoz, Sultan (^j jj^ ^ . j^LLLj j._-..j), the son of Sultan Shams-uddTn Altimsh, king of Dehll, at whose death he ascended the throne on the 1st May, A.D. 1236, Sh:ibr.n, a.h. 633, but was after six months deposed by the nobles, and his sister Sultana Eazia was placed on the throne on the 19th November the same year. Rukn-uddin died in confinement some time afterwards. Rukn-uddin Masa'ud Masihi, Mau- lana ( sa.«.^ l>jx«^« ivrr!-^-^^ \j^j \ji^^), author of the Arabic work on the practice of Medicine called Zdhitnt-ul- Ih'iJ. He was also a gond poet and was living about the year a.d. 1585, a.h. 993. Rukn-uddin Qahai (^_^-lJj ^^SW Ji.), a poet who was a pupil of Asir-uddin Asmani. He was a native of Qabai in Turkey, and contemporary with the poet Ma'jizi. Rukn-uddin Shaikh {:^i^-^ iji'^^ .Sj\ furnaraed Abu'l Fatha, a iMuhammadan saint, was the son of Shaikh Sadr-uddin 'Arif and grandson of Shaikh Baha-uddin Zikaria of Multiin. He lived in the time of Sultan 'Alu-uddin Sikandar SanT about the year a.d. 1310, A.H. 710, and was a contemporary of Nizam-uddm Aulia. Shaikh Jalal, who is commonly called Makhdum Jahaniau, as well as Shaikh 'Usman Syyah, were his disciples. Rumani ( ^jt* .), a learned Musalman, whose proper name was Abu'l Hasan 'Ali- hin-Isa. He died a.d. 994, a.h. 384. [The ■word ( = " Roman") was an epithet of tin ap])lied during the Middle Ages to natives of the Eastern Empire.] Runaq ( iJi,), poetical name of Ram Sahae, a Hindu, who was an excellent Persian poet. Runaqi ( c-A-J^ i), a poet of irannl'm who died in a.d. 1622, A.u. 1031. RUPM 33G EYAZ Rupmati or Rnpmani, a Hindu poetess, the I'iivoiiritc of Bfiz Baliachir of Mahvil {q.v.). Ou the defeat aud flij^lit of her protector she committed suicide to escape the addresses of Adham KJifiu {q.v.). Her story will be found in Sk. uf ihe Uist. of Hindustan. Rup Singh, Raja {i.:>'\j A>1-.- ;..) gave his daughter in marriage to Muhammad Muazzim, the son of 'Alamgir, in the year A.D. 1661, A.n. 1072. Ruqayya (a.J^,), a daughter of Mu- hammad. She was at first married to 'Utba, the son of Abii Lahah, Muhammad's uncle, and after being divorced by him was married to 'Usman, the son of Affan. She died about the month of March, a.d. 62 1, a.h. 2, a few days after the battle of Badar. Ruqia ( .LkJ, Ruqaya. i..^^ ,). Vide Sultana Ruqia Sultana Begam (a ; .). Vide Sultana Ruqaya. Ruq[ta (_^^), a legendary hero of Persia, whom some Persian historians call Rustam Dastau and Rustam Zabuli, because he was a native and governor of Zabulistan. This personage, who was the greatest and most famous of all Persian heroes, is said to have been the son of Zal or Zalzar, and grandson of Sam, the son of Nariman. lie was killed in a battle fought against Bahman, the sixth king of the dynasty of the Kayauians. [Rustam possibly represents a rebellion of the southern provinces.] Rustam 'All, Maulana ( \- >,.-,;_^. lj!i^«), son of All Asghar of Qanauj. He is the author of the commentary on the Quran called Tiifslr Sagh'ir. He died in a.d. 1764, A.H. 1178. Rustam Bastami, Khwaja Nizam- author who died iu a.d. 1-131, a.h. 834. Rustam Qadd Khoziani, Khwaja who was a native of Khozian, a village in Bastam, and flourished about the year a.d. 1408, A.H. 811. He was a panegyrist of Sultan 'Umar, son of Miraushah, ruler of Khurasan, and a contemporary of Sliahrukh Mirza. In the Mirat-ul-Khaydl he is also said to be contemporary with Ibn-ul-.\rabl, but this cannot be correct, for Ibu-ul-Arabi died in a.d. 1240, a.h. 638, aud Sultan 'Umar and Shahrukh lived in the early part of the ninth century of the Hijra. Rustam Zaman Khan ( ,L« ; *.•.;_«: , ,^l:>-). Vide Alah Yar Khau. Ryazi ( ^^\J). Vide Rayazl. s sa'ad SA AD Sa'adat (l1^jIx-j), poetical name of Mir Sa'adat 'Ali, a I'esideut of Amroha and pupil of Shah Wilayet-uUah. He is the author of a poem called Haill Sakhion, con- taining the story of two lovers who Lived in the time of Nawab Qamar-uddin Klian, Avazir. Sa'adat 'Ali Khan, Nawab (ci-'jL/e.^ C-JlJ ^\^ (c'^X surnamecl Yeman- uddaula, was raised to the masnad of Audh at Lucknow by Sir John Shore, Governor- General, after the death of his brother jS^awab 'Asaf-nddaula, and the dethronement of that Nawab's adopted son Wazir 'All Klian, on the 21st January, a.d. 1798, 4th Shaban, A.H. 1212. He died, after a reign of nearly 17 years, on the Uth July, a.d. 1814, 22ud Eajab, a.h. 1229, and was succeeded by his son Ghazi-uddin Haidar, who was afterwards crowned king of Audh. In the treaty with Sa'adat 'Ali Khan, the annual subsidy was fixed at 76 lakhs of iiipees and the English force in Audh at 10,000 men. The fort of Allahabad was also surrendered to the English. Twelve lakhs of rupees were to be paid to the English as compensation for the expense of placing him on the masnad, and he was restrained from holding communication ■with any foreign state, employing any Europeans, or permitting any to settle in his dominions, without the consent of his British ally. Sa'adat Khan (^_^l.jyj J[d>. CJjLt^ (-jCL^Sl), styled Burhan-iil-Mulk, whose former name was Muhammad Aniin, was originally a merchant of Kliurasan. He is the progenitor of the nawabs and kings of Audh. His father, NasTr Klian, came to India during the reign of Bahadur Shah, and after his death Muhammad Amin came also. At the commencement of the emperor Muhammad Shah's reign he held the faujdari of Bayana, and was in the year a.d. 1724, A.H. 1136, appointed governor of Audh with the title of Sa'adat Ivhan, in the room of Kaja Girdhar, who was appointed governor of Malwa. He afterwards received tlic title of Barhan-ul-iSIulk and was present iu the battle with Nadir Shah, dying on the night previous to the massacre of Dehli by that monarch, i.e. on the 9th March, a.d. 1739, 9th Zil-bijja, a.u. 1152; he was buried at Dehli in the mausoleum of his brother Sayadat U Klian. His only child was a daughter, who was married to his nephew Abu'l Mansur Klian Safdar Jang, the son of Sayadat Klian, who succeeded him in the government of Audh. List of the Nawdhs and Kings of Lucliioiv. Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa'adat Klian. Abii'l Mansur IChan Safdar Jang. Shuja-uddaula, son of Safdar Jang. 'Asaf-uddaula, son of Shuja-uddaula. Wazir 'Ali Ivhan (deposed as spurious) . Sa'adat 'Ali Khan, son of 'Asaf. Ghazi-uddin Haidar, son of Sa'adat 'All Khan, who was made king of Audh by Lord Hastings. Nasir-uddin Haidar, son of ditto. Muhammad 'Ali Shah, brother of Gliazl- uddin Haidar. Amjad 'Ali Shah, son of Muhammad 'All. Wajid 'All Shah, the son of Amjad 'Ali Shah, the last king of Audh, in whose time that country was annexed to the British Govern- ment (1856). Sa'adat-ullah Khan {iSS\ ci-'jL*— j \s~), a regular and acknowledged Nawiib of the Karnatic, who, having no issue, adopted two sons of his brother, appointing the elder. Dost 'Ali, to succeed him in the Nawabship, and conferring upon the younger, Bakir 'Ali, the government of Velore ; he likewise directed that (ihulam Husain, the nephew of his favourite wife, should be Diwan or prime minister to his successor. Having reigned from the year a.d. 1710 to 1722, A.H. 1122 to 1135, he died much regretted by his subjects. According to the Mdsir-ul-Utnrd, he held the Xawabship of the Karnatic from the time of 'Alamgir to the year a.d. 1732, a.h. 1145. Dost 'Ali and his son Hasan 'Ali were killed in battle against the Mahrattas on the 20th Mav, a.d. 1740. His son Safdar 'Ali succeeded him, but was poisoned by his brother-in-law ilm-taza 'Ali and died on the 2ud October, A.D. 1742. Alter his death Murtaza 'Ali was acknowleged Nawab of the Karnatic , but iu March, a.d. 1744, Nizam-ul-Mulk, the subadar of the D(>ccan, having ai)])oiutid one of his officers, named Anwar-miiliu, Nawab of Arkot, he (Murtaza 'Ali) was deposed. Sa'adat Yar Khan (^U-^l- c:,'jU-.=), son of Muhammad Yar Kluiu, the sou of Uittiz liahmat Wiuu, the llohela chief, is the 22 sa'ad 338 sa'di axithor of a work called Guli Bahmat, being a history of liis grandfather Hiifiz Eahmat, ■R-ritten in 1833. This work is an abridgment of the Gulistrin Rahmat, written by Mustaza Kliau, his uncle. Sa'adat Yar Khan (^^Irs- .b >jU^), son of Jliihkan-nddaula Tahmasp Beg Kliau Ya'tkad Jang Bahadur. \_Vide Eangin.] SabaM (^^-L.^), the poetical name of Akhund Maslha. Sabat (cuLlO, the poetical name of Mir Muhammad 'Azim, the son of Mir Muhammad Afzal Sabit, born at Allahfibad in A.D. 1710, A.H. 1122. He died in A.D. 1748, A.H. 1161, and left a Diwan of about 4,000 verses. Sabiq (j:jLj), poetical appellation of Mirza Yiisaf Beg, a poet whose brothers were mansabdars in the service of the emperor 'Alamgir : he himself was a dervish and died in A.D. 1687, A.H. 1098. Sabir {jAj), poetical name of Mir Said 'All, a famous musician, who wrote a work in Persian containing instructions on music, temp. Shah 'Alam. Sabir {jAS), poetical title of Shah- zada Mirza Qadir Bakhsh of Dehli. He is the author of a Diwau in Urdu. Sabir ( jLs). Sabir. Vide Shahadin Adlb Sabit (c:.-.jli), the poetical title of Mir Muhammad Afzal of Dehli, who died in a.d. 1738, A.H. 1151, and left a Diwan in Persian of 5,000 verses. Sabit (cUjU), poetical title of Khwaja Hasan, an Urdii poet, who is the author of a Diwan. He died in a.d. 1821, a.h. 1230. Sabit-bin-Qirra (i i .j ^U), who translated Euclid and several other works into Arabic from the Greek, and died in the year A.D. 901, A.H. 288, Sabr ij^^), poetical title of Mir Husain 'All of Lucknow, a pupil of As gh ar 'All Khan Nasim of Dehli. Sabri (^-^^^), also called Eoz Bihan, a Persian poet of Isfahan. Sabuhi (^~»-^^), a poet in the service of the emperor Akbar. He died in the year A.D. 1564, A.H. 972. Sabzwari {^J^^y^J), a native of Sabzwar and author of the Sawdna Sahzicdrl, which contains a description of the city of Daulatabad in the Deecan, with a particular account of all the SMis and holy men that are buried in its vicinity, written in a.d. 1318, A.H. 718. Sadafi ( i^Xtf), a poet Avho flourished in the time of Muhammad Shah. He is the author of a Diwan which is usually called Dlwdn Sadafi, but the true title given by the author is lidz-ul-'-Arifl. Sadasheo Bhao (jl-^,J ^.-..-l^jo-;), a Mahratta chief, son of Chimn.aji and nephew of the Peshwa Balaji or BajT llao. He was slain in battle against Ahmad Shah Abdali on the 14th January, a.d. 1761, 6th Jumada II. a.h. 1174. After his death several pretenders started up, calling them- selves the Bhao. In 1779 one appeared in Benares and began to levy troops and raise disturbances in the city, upon which he was seized and confined in the English garrison at Chunar, from whence he was released by Mr. Hastings in 1782. Sada Suk (< 'i^^ L\«.), son of Bishun Parshad, the son of Gulab Eae, a Kayeth of Allahabad and author of a work on the art of writing prose and poetry entitled Miirassa Klnirshaid, which he wrote in a.d. 1802, a.h. 1217. He also wrote a book of Anecdotes in Urdii. Sa'd-bin-'AbduUah-al-Asha'ri {s.x^ Faraez, author of a treatise on the law of Inheritance, entitled IhtiJdj-ush-Shia. He died A.D. 913, a.h. 301. Sa'd-bin'-Sharif Jaunpuri {^i S-r.^ ^i»^J».r^ i__s..|~i)), author of a Persian work called Bastdr-ul-Musallm. Sa'd-bin-Zangi, Atabak ( .j ji..^.^ Lliv-jl-ji „x.j;). Vide Sunqar, or Sauqar. L5- 'J Sa'di { j.A^ ^_$Sx^), of the Deecan, who is the author of some verses which are erroneously ascribed to Sa'di of Shlraz. sa'd-i 339 SADR Sa'd-ibn Ahmad ( v^-*— j), Qazi of Toleda. He died a.d. 1069, a.h. 462. Sa'did-uddin G-azaruni ( .ja!\ S.jS^ ^j^.jo), author of an Arabic work ou Medicine called Almughnl. Sa'did Usi {^^\ J^;>>A-?), an excellent poet, author of the Jdmq-ul-Makiat. Sadiq ( vjL«tf). His proper name is Sadiq 'Ali, and he is the author of the Chahar B'igh Haidari, dedicated to Nawab Gliazi- uddin Haidar of Lucknow, who died iu a.d. 1827, A.H. 1243. It contains selections from ancient authors rather than original poetry. Sadiq ( vjl^), the poetical name of Mir Ja'far Khan, grandson of Said Muham- mad Qadirl. He is the author of a work called Baharistdn Ja'farl. He was a native of Dehli, where he died some years before a.d. 1782, a.h. 1196, and was buried in the same vault wherein his grandfather was interred, and which is over the nala of Bairam Dai in Dehli. Sadiqi ( ^•jl.*?), poetical name of Sadiq Beg, of the tribe of Afshar. He is the author of a Diwan and a Tazkira or Bio- graphy of poets in TurkL Sadiq Khan ( .1. ijjl«tf), the son of 'Aqa Takir, whose poetical name was "VVasli, grandson of Muhammad Sharaf Hajri, and nephew and son-in-law of Ya'tmad-uddaula TehranT. He held a high rank in the time of Akbar and Jahangir, and died on the 7th October, a.d. 1630, 9th EabI' I. A.H. 1040, in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan. Sadiq Khan {^.:>- jt.^1.^) was a spiritual guide of the emperor Akbar the Great. He died in a.d. 1597, a.h. 1006. To the left of the road, about half way between Sikandra and Agra, are some tombs iu the fields ; one with an adjacent hall of 64 pillars is believed to be the resting-place of this saint. [_Vide Keene's Affra Guide, p. 44.] Sadiq Khan (^l.r •ijl.^), brother of Karim Kluai, king of Persia. He took pos- session of Shirfiz after the death of ZakI K.han ; reigned nearly two years, and was murdered on the 14th March, a.d. 1781. IVide Karim Klian Zand.] Sa'diq Muhammad Khan ( vtil-^ mansabdar of 4000 ; died a.d. 1597, a.h. 1005, buried at Dholpur. He was a Persian, cousin to Nur Jahan, one of whose sisters he married. He was esteemed one of Akbar's best officers. Sa'di, Shaikh (^r?*^ ^c)L»^ j^^*-j), of Shiraz, a celebrated Persian poet, whose full appellation was Shaikh Maslah-uddin Sa'di-al-Shirazi. He was born at Shiraz about the year a.d. 1175, a.h. 571, and died in A.D. 1292, A.H. 691, aged 120 lunar years. During his youth he served as a sokUer both against the Hindus and the Crusaders ; by the latter he was taken prisoner, and obliged to work at the fortifications of Tripoli, whence he was liberated by a person who gave him his daughter in marriage ; but the lady was of so bad a temper that the poet complained he had exchanged his slavery for a worse bondage. He was a great traveller, and made the pilgrimage to Mecca foiu-teeu times. He was a cUsciple of the venerated SufT, 'Abdul Qadir Gilani, or, at least, adopted his opinion. His tomb is still to be seen iu the neighbourhood of Shiraz . Besides the Gulistan and Bostan, he is the author of a large collec- tion of odes and sonnets. There is likewise a short collection of poetical pieces attributed to him called Al-Khah>sdt or the book of Impurities. The author, however, seems to have repented of having written these indecent verses, yet endeavours to excuse himself on account of their giving a relish to other poems, "as salt is used in the seasoning of meat." His works, all of which are held iu high estimation, are the following : — Euba'vat. Fardiat. Gliazaliat. Miikaltiat. Murakkabat. Al-Ivhabisat. Tarjiat. Kitab-al-Badaya. Kitilb T>Tobat. Al-Khawatim. A Preface. Majalislvhan. Resala Sahib Diwan. Gulistan. Bostan. Pand-nilma. Qasacd Arabi. Qasaed Farsi. MarasT. Mulamma'at. Muzahhabat. A very good edition of Sa'dl's works was pubHsheil in Calcutta by Mr. Harrington, with an Englisli Preface containing nieinoirs of the autlior and many interesting aiiecdotijs; and Mr. Gladwin translated some of his works, including the GuHstdn. From the late iSIr. E. B. Eastwick, C.B., we have another English version of the GuUstdn. Jam! calls Sa'di the JS'ujhtiiigalc of the Groves of ^S/iJrdz. Sadr Jahan (^\j,,:>- j-V^\ a learned Muhanimadan who lived in the time of Sultan Quli Qutb Sliah, king of (iolkanda, who reigned from a.d. 1512 to 1543, a.u. 918 to SADR 340 SA'D-TJ 949. He is the author of a Persian work called Marghi'ib-ul-Kiilub, a history of that king. Sadr Jahan, Qazi {^Ki ^\^:>' j^^). Vide Minhaj-us-Siraj. Sadr Jahan, Mir {^^ ^\,^^ ^sJ), a well educated and leai'ued Musalman, a native of a village near Luckuow. He was an officer of 4000 in the service of the emperor Akbar, in the 31st year of whose reign, a d. 1585, A.H. 993, he was sent on an embassy, together with Ilakim Ilumara, to 'Abdullah Khan Uzbak, ruler of Turan, whose father, Iskandar Khan, had died at that time. lie lived 120 years, and at the time of his death, which took place in a.d. 1611, a.h. 1020, he was so much emaciated by old age, that there was nothing left in him but bones. Sadr-uddin Ardibeli ( ..^aJI .A-^ ^^^j\). Vide Sadr-uddin Miisa. Sadr-uddin bin-Ya'qub, Mulla {.s^ ^ i~-}j.'Lx^l ^j ^i:)^\), author of a collection of decisions in Persian entitled Fatdivd Qard Khdiil, which was arranged some years after his death by Qara Khan, in the reign of Sultan 'Alauddin. Sadr-uddin Muhammad (^J^!! .J^.^ ^'♦.-s:'*), son of Zabardast Khan, and author of the work called Irshdd-nl- Tl'azrd, written in the reign of the emperor Muham- mad Shah. Sadr-uddin Muhammad ( ..jjj^ .s^ iX.x»..s'*), surnamed Abu'l Ma'all, which see. Sadr-uddin Muhammad bin-Ishaq Qunawi (jU--^ ^j j^^^ ^JwVll^j.^ o^j^), a native of Iconium and an author, who died in a.d. 1273, a.h. 672. Sadr-uddin Muhammad, Mir (,j,.^ j^K^ S.A-s^ ^_^_>aJ^), author of the Jawdhir-ndma, a book on Arts and Sciences. Sadr-uddin Musa, Shaikh ( .,.> J! .^^ "^ ^^^), the son of Shaikh Safi-uddln, the celebrated founder of the Satwi kings of Persia. \_Vide Shaikh Safi and Isma'Il Shah I. Safwi.] (^..vlO, son of Sayyad C Sadr-uddin Sayyad 'Ali Khan { \.^ Nizam-uddin Ahmad Husaini. He was the best Arabic poet of his time, and is the author of the following works : Qitdb Badla'-, Salafat, aud Sharah Sahlfa Kdtnila. Sadr-uddin, Shaikh (^-^ ^,j j.!t A^), the son of Shaikh Baha-uddlu of MuHau. He clied in a.d. 1309, a.h. 709, at Multan and is buried there. Sadr-uddin, Ufi Maulana ( ..>jk]^ .^^ iJjJ^.^ ^-.i^z), autlior of the Jdma- Hikdtjdt. He is also called Nur - uddin Muhammad Ufi, which see. Sa'd-uddin (^j-;jJl Sj^S), a Turkish historian, was born in 1536, and died at Con- stantinople in 1599. His history entitled the Taj-nl-Tawdrikh (the Crown of Histories), a work held in high estimation by scholars, gives a general account of the Ottoman emjjire from its commencement in 1299 till 1520. He also wrote the Sdlim-ndma or History of Salira I. which is chiefly a collection of anecdotes regarding that prince. Sa'd-uddin Hamwia ( ..jj^Jl j>_t-j i^j^iy^>-^, entitled Shaikh-ul-Mashaeq , is the author of several works, one of which is called Sajanjal-ul- Aricdh , The Mirror of the Soul, and another entitled Qxtdh Mahhuh, the Beloved book. He died in the year a.d. 1252, A.H. 650. Sa'd-uddin of Dehli ( ^oJl Jux— j ^^Ljij), author of the works called Shark Kans-ul-I)aqdiq and Sharah Mandr. He died in a.d. 1486, a.h. 891. Sa'd-uddin of Kashghar (^jjJl Sx.,^ .^>-i>i), the spiritual guide of Jaml. He died a.d. 1456, a.h. 860. Sa'd-uddin Tuftazani, Mulla (j^.^^ L* JljliiiJ' ^^^;jJO. Vide Tuftazani. Sa'd-ullah Khan (,^LrL .L^Jl s.x^), the son of the Rohela chief 'Ali Muhammad Kluln, whom he succeeded to the llohela territories in a.d. 1749, a.h. 1162, but re- tired with a pension of (iight Inkhs of ru])ecs annually from Hafi/, llahmat Kliau, and died in the year a.d. 1761, a.h. 1175, at Aonla. His brother 'Abdullah Klian was killed in the battle which took place between Hafiz SA'D-U 341 SAFI Rahmat Khan and Nawab Shnja-uddaula, A.D. 1774, A.H. 1188. After his death his brother Faiz-ullah Khan succeeded him in the Eohela territories of Rampui". Sa'd-ullah Khan (^lri~ A.^J\ S-x^), whose title was Kliiin 'Alam, was sent as ambassador to the king of Persia by the emperor Shah Jahau. He died in the year A.D. 1631, A.H. 1044. Sa'd-ullah Khan i^\-s>~ A.^^.\\ S.x^), the brother-in-law of Mahmiid K]ian, Nawab of Bijuour and Muusif of Amroha. He, together with Jalal-iiddin Ivhan, the Nawab's brother, was tried and convicted by court- martial, and shot by order of General Jones on the 23rd April, 1858, at Kote Kliadir, within eight miles of Najibabad, on accoimt of their rebellion. Sa'd-ullah Khan Wazir (a_.J1 S.x^ ._j jj j^l_rs-), surnamed Allami Fahhami, and entitled Jumlat-ul-Miilk, was the most able and upright minister that ever appeared in India. He makes a conspicuous figui'e in all the transactions of the emperor Shah Jahan, and is constantly referred to as a model in the correspondence of the emperor 'Alamgir diu-ing the long reign of that monarch. He died on the 9th April, a.d. 1656, 22nd Jumada II. a.h. 1066, aged 48 lunar years. After his death the mansab of 700 and 100 Sawars was conferred on his son IjUtf-uUah Khan, a boy of 11 years of age. Sa'd-ullah Kirmani (c^.^^^ ^JI.^*-j), author of the work called Fatuhdt Miranshdin, containing an account of the conquests made by Miranshah, the son of Amir Taimiir. Sa'd-ullah, Shaikh (^^J_jbj ^J^ Ax-o irr?-^), of Dehli, a descendant of Islam Khan, who was wazir to one of the kings of Gujrat ; and as he was a disciple of Shah Gul, whose poetical name was AVahdat, a descendant of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid, con- sequently he lived like a dervish, and assumed the title of Gulshan for his poetical name. He died at Dehli on the 13th December, a.d. 1728, 21st Jumada I. a.h. 1141. Safavi (^_jJu>), a Persian dynasty. Vide Isma'il I. Safavi Khan (^l>- ^^k^), a descend- ant of the royal house of Persia of the Safavi family. He held a high rank in the service of the emperor 'Alamgir, and was killed in the battle which took place between the two brothers 'Azim Shah and Bahadur Shah on the 8th Jime, a.d. 1707, 18th Eabi I. a.h. 1119. Safdar 'Ali Khan (^^U- ^i-zjJui.^), Nawab of Arkat, son of Dost 'Ali, murdered by his brother-in-law Murtaza 'Ali Klian, of Yellore, on the 2ud October, a.d. 1742. Safdar Jang (L-^^Is^ . JuL^), Nawab of Audh, whose proper name was Mirza Muqim and surname Mansiir 'Ali Khan, was the son of Sayadat Khan, and nephew and son-in-law of Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa'adat Ktifiu, whom he succeeded in the government of Audh, after paying two crores of rupees to Nadir Shah in the beginning of the year a.h. 1152, or April, a.d. 1739. He was appointed wazir in a.d. 1748 on the accession of the emperor Ahmiid Shah (in the room of Nizam id-Mulk, who had died that year), and assumed the whole administration of the imperial authority for several years. He was, however, dismissed from the wizarat in a.d. 1752, A.H. 1166, and tUed on his way to Audh at Paparghaton the 17th October, a.d. 1754, 17th Zil-hijja, a.h. 1167. He was buried for some time at Gidab Bari in Faizabad, his seat of government, but afterwards his remains were conveyed to Dehli and interred in the vicinity of the Dargilh of Shah Mardan, where a splendid mausoleum was built over his tomb. He was succeeded in the govern- ment of Audh by his son Nawab Shuj a-uddaula. Saffah (ALs). Vide Al- Saffah. Safia (iUi^), daughter of a Jew of Khaibar, whom Muhammad married after tTie battle of Kliaibar. She was one of the most beloved wives of the prophet, whom she survived for forty years of widowhood. She died about the year a.d. 670, a.h. 50. Safi Khan {^\^ ie^\ son of Islam Klian IMashhadi, a nol)leniau who served under the emperors Shiih Jahan and 'Alamgir. Safi Mirza (}\j*-* ,J^\ the son of Shah 'Abbas I. He was murdered at the instigation of his father, who hated him, about the year a.d. IGll, a.h. 1020. Safir of Faryah ( r^^), poetical name of a poet of Faryiib. Safi, Shah (iLi; ^J^), luug of Persia. Viilc Shah Safi. SAFI 342 SAHI Safi, Shaikh (v--- Shaikli Safi. ^ Tide Safi-uddin Muhammad ( ..j>jJl Ji.^ J^jsr*), son of Ilusain Waez. He is the author of a book called liiskhdt, which is a chronogram for a.h. 909, in which year it was completed (a.d. 1503). It contains the sayinsjs of his Murshid or spiritual guide Obeid - ullah Alirar, who resided at Samarqand. l^Vide 'All Waez.] Safl-uddin, Shaikh i:^r^ ^jsW ^^i<>). Vide Isma'il Shah Safwl and Shaikh Safi. Safshikan Khan (^^l^ ^^-CjL u_a.^), title of Muhammad Tahir, a nobleman of the rank of 3000, who served under the emperor 'Alamgir and died a.d. 1676, a.h. 1085. Saguna Bai Saheb (^L) ^- «-— -^is- w), E,anT of Sitara and widow of the late Maharaja of Sitara ChatrapatI Appa Saheb, who died about the year a.d. 1874. Sahabi ( jL.s**''), poetical name of a poet who wrote in Persian, and is the author of a Diwan. Sahar i^^), poetical title of Sayyad Nasir 'Ali, who died in a.d. 1S33, a.h. 1249. Saharawi (^-^^'^). Tide Abu'l Easim Al- Saharawi. Sahha (l.-.-.s'*), whose original name was 'Abdul Baqi, was a poet who flourished about the year a.d. 1653, a.h. 1063, in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir. Sahbai (^^^A^^-'), poetical name of Maulwi Imam Bakhsh. Professor in the Dehli College. He translated the Arabic work called Haddeq-iil- Balfighat into Urdu, and is the author of several Persian and Urdu works, including a poetical Intikhab, or anthology, lithographed at Delhi 1S42. lie was living in a.d. 1854, a.h. 1271. Sahhan {^{^s-^), the son of Wfill Kheyai, who lived in the time of Harun-al- Ilashid. Shaikh Sfidi, in his GuUstan, says that Sahban Wail has been considered as um-ivalled in eloquence, insomuch that if he spoke before an assembly for the space of a year he did not repeat a word twice, and if the same meaning occurred he repeated it in a different form. Sahib (c_-_=-U), the poetical appella- tion of Hakim Kazim, commonly called Masih-id-Bayan. He was a physician and also a poet, and held the rank of 500 in the reigu of 'Alamgir. He died, two or three years before Mirza Saeb the poet, about the year a.d. 1667, a.h. 1077, and left two or three Diwans. He imitated Jalal-uddin Rami and wrote several masnawis or poems, viz. A'lna KJidna, Tari Khdna, Maldhat Ahmadi, Sabuhat Yilsafl, Gul Muhammad, and Aufas Masl/n. Sahib (<^,_:^L^). (AlAand). " Vtde Masiha! Sahib (t-^swU) (Aloysius Eeinhardt), a son of Shamru or Sombre, who had the title of MazafEar- uddaula Mumtaz-ul-Mulk Nawab Zafaryab Khiln Bahadur Nasrat Jang. He sometimes held (sajs an author) assemblies of poets in his house, and is said to have been a pleasant man, but a great scoundrel. He was a pupil of Kliairati Klian Dils5z. He died in the prime of life, and was buried at Agra in the small Catholic Cluirch built by his father. He was grandfather of the late Dyce Sombre. Sahiba Zamani (l5^^' 'J U), daughter of the emperor Muhammad Shah. She was sought in marriage by 'Alamgir II. but she refused him. Her mother, Walika JaliJin, claimed the protection of Ahmad Shah Abdfili against 'Alamgir's designs upon her daughter, and he carried them both to Kabul in A.D. 1757, and some time afterwards espoused Sahiba Zamani himself. Sahib Balkhi (^^^ t_^:^U), a poet of Balkh who wrote panegyrics in praise of some of the kings of Badakhshan. He flourished iu the 9th century of the Hijra. Sahib Jamal ( IUj>- ■ Va), wife of the CTiiporor Jahaugir and a relative of Zaiii Kliau Koka. She was the mother of Sultan Parweiz. Sahib Qiran (^^^J i .=-l-«?). This is the title the Orientals, as well as Arabs, Persians and Turks, have given to Amir Taimiir (Tamerlane), because he was born in a particular planetary conjimction. [ Vide next article but one.] Sahib Qiran ( ,\,Ji ---r^L.^), the poetical title of Sayyad Imam 'All of Bilgram, SAHI 343 SAHU who became distracted iu a.d. 1813, a.h. r2'28, aud wrote indecent and satirical poetry. He came to Luckuow iu the time of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula. Sahib Qiran Sani (, JIj i^\J i— -o^l^), or Sahib Qiran the Second, a title of the emperor Shah Jahan, the first being Taimiir or Tamerlane, the founder of the family. The word means ' ' nearness ' ' and is used in Astrology to express a planetary conjunction. Taimur and his descendant, the biiilcler of the Taj, were both born when Jupiter aud Venus were " in the same house." [Vide Shah Jahan.] Sahji (or Sahuji Bhosla I.) (l_j ^.sl-^1^ ^^.JsL:), a Marhatta chief who rose to considerable rank in the time of Malik Ambar, an Abyssinian chief of Abmadnagar. He afterwards entered the service of the king of Bijapiir and was continued in his jagir, whicli had fallen to that state in the partition of the Abmaduagar territory. He was sub- sequently employed on conquests to the south- ward, aud obtained a much more considerable jagir iu the Mysore country, including the towns of Sira and Bangalore. When at a great age he was killed by a fall in hunting, about the year a.d. 1664. He was the father of the celebrated Sewaji, who, though the son of a powerful chief, began life as a daring aud artful captaiu of banditti, ripened into a skilftil general and an able statesman, and left a character which has never since been equalled or approached by any of his country- men. Sahji, in consequence of some dispute with his first wife, separated from her and married Toka Bai, by whom he had Ekoji, who afterwards became king of Tan j ore. Zist of the fainili/ of Sewaji or Edjas of Sitdra. Sahji, Subadar of the Karnatik under 'Alamgir, bestows jagirs on his sons a.d. — Tanjore on Ekoji — and dies . . 1664 Sewaji, Ills son commences predatory expeditions 1647 plimders Surat, and assumes the title of Eaja 1664 establishes a military govern- ment A.D. 1669, and dies .... 1680 Raja Ram, set up by minister, im- prisoned at Riiegarh 1680 Sarabhaji assumed the sovereignty a.d. 1680— executed at Talapur . . . 1689 Santa, usurped power — murdered . . 1698 Raja Ram again proclaimed, a.d. 1698, at Sitara, and died . . . 1700 Tara Bai, his wife, assumed regency . 17U0 Sewaji II. son of Sambhaji, nicknamed Sahiiji, released on 'Alamgir' s death, and crowned at Sitara in March, 1708, and died in 1749 Ram Raja, nominal successor — power resting with minister or Peshwa, died 12th December 1777 Sabu, siu"named Abba Saheb, the a.d. adopted sou of Ram Raja, succeeded 1777 Partap Singh, the son of Sabu, rein- stated at Sitara by the British, 11th April 1818 [Vide Grant-Duff's History of the Mar- haftas.'] Sahji (Sahuji or Sau Bhosla II.) .Lj \j ( g.^..i^l.~i jSL-^l-wj), the son of Sambhaji, the ^Marhatta chief, after Avhose death iu a.d. 1689, loth Muharram, a.h. 1101, he (though then an infant) was acknow- ledged as Raja, and his imcle Raja Ram nominated to be regent during his minority ; but when subsequently the infant Raja fell into the hands of 'Alamgir and was confined, Raja Ram proclaimed himself Raja on the ground of the captivity of his nephew. In his time the fort of Sitara was taken by 'Alamgir on the 21st April, a.d. 1700, 13th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1111, but, before it fell. Raja Ram had died of the small-pox at Jhinji, and had been succeeded by his sou Sewa, a child of two years, under the regency of his mother Tara Bai, the widow of the deceased. After the death of 'Alamgir, Sahji was released from confinemeut by 'Azim Shah, and was acknowledged by the Marhattas as their principal chief, and crowned at Sitara in March, a.d. 1708. During his reign the Marhattas, having overrun and phmdered almost every part of Hindustan, excepting Bengal, extended __their territories from the Western Sea to Urisa, antl from Agra to the Karnatik, forming a tract of nearly one thousand miles long by seven hundred wide. Sahu had lost the old Marhatta vigom- during his long captivity ; and his minister, the Peshwa Balaji Bishwanfith, gained sueh an ascendancy over the mind of his master as to persuade him to delegate the exercise of all authority and power in the state to himself. During the latter part of his reign Sahji shut himself up in Satara, and his person aud government were almost forgotten. Siihu died (some time after the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk) about the month of Decem- ber, A.D. 1749, after a reign of 50 years. He was succeeded by his ado])ted sou, Riim Raja, the grandson of Tiira Biii, power rest- ing with the minister or Peshwa. Before his death he entrusted the Peshwa with the sole management of the ^larhatta empire, and directed that Kolhiipiir, then governed by Sambhaji, the son of Raja Ram, should be always considered as an independent king- dom. I'he headship of the Marhatta tribes passed permanently to the Peshwas from this time. Sahu (»i>L)), also called Abba Saheb, was the son of Trimbakji Bhosla, and adopted the son of Ram Raja, whom be succeeded on the masnad of Sitara on the r2th December, a.d. 1777. He was always kept a close prisoner. After his death, his sou Partap Singh succeeded him. SAIB 344 SAIF Saib Mirza {\j^^ ^-r^i^), tlie poetical name of ]\[irza Miiliammad 'All of Tabrez, a celebrated poet of Persia, who, in the latter part of the reign of the emperor Jahangir, came to India a.s a merchant. He became intimate with Zafar Khan, a nobleman of the court, M'ho, being appointed governor of Kashmere in those days by Shah Jahan, took him along with him to that country. From Kashmere he returned to Isfahan, where he was honoured with the title of Malik-ush- Shu'ara, or the king of poets, by Shah Abbas, king of Persia. He wrote Gliazals in an entirely new style, and may therefore be considered as the founder of the new school. He died in a.d. 1669, a.h. 1080, and was buried at Isfahan. His Diwan in Persian contains 80,000 verses. Saib Mirza {\j^ l-^jI-^), a Hindus- tani poet and author of the Mirat-ul-Jamdl, or the IMirror of Beauty, a very eccentric work, containing a distinct poem in praise of each of his mistresses' features, limbs, and perfections. Saidai Gilani (^i^^^U-.^) came to India in the time of Jahangir, and as he was very clever and of great abilities, he was made a Darogah of the Zargar Kliana or gold- smith's shop, and received the title of Bedil. He is the author of a Diwan, Niikat Bcdil, Mukaat Bedil and Chahar Ansur. He died about the year a.d. 1116. Sa'id-bin-Mansur ( .^.^j^^ ^ ^rr^t-j), author of the works called Siaian and Suhd. He died in a.d. 842, a.h. 227. Sa'id-bin-Masa'ud of Shiraz (ji..*_jt.^ (Cj'----i) d^-x-jM-,-* ^_), author of the Tarjnma ilauhld, a complete history of Muhammad, translated from the Arabic about the year a.d. 1358, a h. 759. Sa'id-bin Muhammad ( .j ^^x^ cX,*.^-^), author of the works called 3Iinh('iJ -nl -'Ahidln and Sa'ul- 7idma, which contain moral and philosophical treatises on the virtues, vices, passions, rewards, punish- ments, etc. Sa'id-bin-Musayyab (^_j S-^-x.^ i_,^w«^\ son-in-law of Abu Hureira. He was one of the seven Fiqhas of Madina, made forty pilgrimages to Mecca, and died in A.D. 713, A.H. 94. Sa'id-bin-Zand (jj • ,.j s.^.x^) was the last of those ten companions who had a positive promise of paradise from Muhamnuid. He died in the year a.d. 071, a.h. 51. Sa'id Hirwi (^j-^yfe J^**-j\ a poet who was a native of Herat and contemporary with Qazi Shams-uddin Tibsi. Sa'id Khan, Hakim (J[.:^ j..-..*^ ♦--..x-i^), a physician of Kaem who lived in the time of Shah 'Abbas II. of Persia, and is the author of a Diwan. Sa'id Khan Muhammad (^Iri- S.,jt^ Jc^s'*), [N'awab of K.ampur in 1858. Sa'id Khan Qureshi (c.^ ^^JL.j-s), whose proper name was Shaikh Muhammad, was a native of Multan. He was a good poet and a wit, and was employed by the prince Sultan Murad Bakhsh, son of Shah Jahan, at the time when he was governor of Gujrat ; and afterwards by prince Diira Shikoh, after whose death he was employed by the emperor 'Alamgir. He died in November, a.d. 1676, Ramazan, a.h. 1087, at Multan, where he was buried in a monument which he had built whilst living. He is the author of a Diwan. Sa'id Muhammad Kirmani ( ^^'■*S 0^^'*), author of the Star- ul-AuIia, containing the memoirs of all the principal Siifi Shaikhs and saints. Written in A.D. 1594, A.H. 1003. Saifi of Bukhara, Mulla (^ .lisT ju^ L^«). He is the author of two Diwans, one of Gbazals, and the other for the use of tradespeople. [Vide the following article.] Saifi of Naishapur {^.^XjL^ i^^)* a poet who flom-ished in the reign of Alauddin Takask of Ivhwarizra. There are several other poets of this name, such as Saifi of Bukhara, Amir Haji Saif-uddin Saifi, a nobleman at the coiu-t of Amir Tainmr, etc. One of them is the author of a small work on the art of writing jioetry, called Urilz Saifi, which he wrote in the year a.d. 1491, or A.H. 896. This work was translated into Engli.sh in a.d. 1872, by H. Blockmann. Saif Khan {^\:>~ ( a--;), a nobleman of the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir, who was appointed governor of the Suba of Agra in September, a.d. 1659, a.h. 1070. SAIF 845 SAKH Saif Khan (j^lri- of Zain I^uiii Kuka. ), tlie brother Saif Khan i^j\s>. *-.i>|^jl ^ ^U- i^^), son of Ibrahim Klian, Fatha Jang, governor of Bengal, by a sister of the empress Nur Jahan, named Malika Bano Begam. His aunt the empress, having no sons by Jahangir, adopted Saif Khan as her own, and he was from his tender years brought up at court by the empress. He vras subsequently made governor of Bardwan, where, after some years, as he was riding on an elephant through the street, a child was accidentally trodden to death. The parents loudly demanded an exemplary punishment on the driver. Saif Khan refused theu- request and ordered them to be driven away. They made their com- plaint to the emperor, who ordered Saif Klian to make them ample amends for tlnir loss ; but Saif K]ian threw them into prison, which coming to the ears of the emperor, he sent for Saif Khan at Lahore, and for his dis- obedience had him trodden to death in the presence of the child's parents. Saif Khan Koka (a^^.^ ^\:>. A eldest brother of Zain Khan Koka, who was raised by the emperor Akbar to the rank of 4000. He was killed in battle against Mu- hammad Husain Mirza at Ahmadabad Gujrat in the year a.d. 1572, a.h. 980. Saif-uddaula (ajjjjl t— ir-'X a prince of Hamdan who reigned about the year a.d. 967, A.H. 356. Saif-uddaula (jJ^aJ^ i^Ji.^S), whose proper name was Mir Najabat 'All Klian, was the second sou of Mir Ja'far JAli K]ian, governor of Bengal, Behar and Urisa. He succeeded his brother Najm-uddaula, who died of small-pox in May a.d. 1766, Zil- hijja, A.H. 1179, and assumed the title of Saif-uddaula. A pension was granted to bira by the English, and the ottice of Nazim managed by deputy. He lived after this three years and ten months, and died on the 10th March, a.d. 1770, 8th Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 1183. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Muburik-tiddaula, a minor. Saif-uddaula (' jo^-^ i<-i— ^)) of Benares, author of a treatise on Music, who lived about the commencement of the 19th centiuy. Salami or Salmi (^♦i^). This word, which signifies a native of Baghdad, was also the surname of Abii'l Hasan Muhammad bin-Obeid-ullah, who was one of the most illustrious Arabian poets of his time. He lived at the court of 'Azd-uddaiila, a Sultan of the dj-nasty of the Boyaides, who reigned at Fars and 'Iraq from a.d. 975 to a.d. 983. Salar Masa'ud Ghazi (t}»_t .^!U. ^:lc). Vide Masa ud Ghazi (Salar). Salghar ( jt -•), from whom the Atabaks of Fars were descended, was a Turkish general in the service of the Saljiiql kings, and was entrusted with the charge of one of the princes of that race and appointed to the government of Fars and some adjoining provinces. Salghur managed not only to keep his government during his life, but to transmit it to his descendants, seven of whom held Fars as governors, viz. : — 1. Maudiid, the son of Sal gh ur. 2. Fazlan-Shuban-Karra, who received the government from Alp Arsalan, rebelled, but was subdued by Nizilm- ul-Mulk, the j)rime minister of the Sultan. 3. Eukn-iiddaula. 4. Atabak Jalal-uddin Jawali. 6. Atabak Kuraja, who built a college at Shiraz, and a palace caUed Takht Kuraja. 6. Atabak Mankiis. 7. Buzaba, who is said to have been a just and wise governor. After the death of Biizaba, who was the last of these governors, Atabak Sunqar, the great - graudson of Salghur, succeeded in a.d. 1148, and became a powerful ruler. \_Vide Simqar and Muzaffar.] Salhahan or Salivahana ( .JbL-!L,o) is said to have been the son of a potter and to have lived at Patar on the Godavari. His era is still in use in the Deccan ; its date is A.D. 78. Salibi or Thalibi, Imam ( ^JLj), author of the Tarlkh Ghadr - us- Siar and Tarlkh Ardes. Saliha Bano (y b -1^ ^-i)), of Fathapur Slkri, surnamed Shaikh-ul-Islam, a Muhammadan saint, who during his life was greatly revered by the emperor Akbar. It is said that by his prayers the king was blessed with several children. His father Baha-uddin was a descendant of Sliaikh P\irid Shakurganj. He was born at Dtlili in A.D. 1478, a.h. 883, was a disciple of Kjiwaja IbriihTm Chishti, and resided on a hill close to_ the village of Sikri about 20 miles from Agra. By the liberality of the emperor, he was enabled to build a splendid M.tsjid or mosque on the hill, called the i\Iasjid of Fathapiir Sikri, which was com- l)l('t('d in A.D. 1571, a.h. 979, at a cost of 5 lakhs of nipees. He died a tew months after its completion on the 13th February, A.D. 1572, 27tb Eamazan, a.h. 979, aged 96 lunar years, and was buried on the top of the hill, where his tomb is to be seen to this day. He was one of the chief saints of Hindustan, and some of his sayings have been found worthy of commemoration. After his death his son Badr-uddin succeeded him to the gaddi. His pedigree runs thus : " Shaikh Salim Chishti, the son of Baha-uddin, the son of Shaikh Sulaiman, the son of Shaikh 'Adam, the son of Shaikh Miisa, the son of Shaikh Maudiid, the sou of Shaikh Badr- uddin, the son of Shaikh Farid-uddin of AjUdhan, commonly called Shakarganj." Twenty-four times Salim Chishti is said to have gone on a pilgrimage to Mecca and returned again. His bread was made of siugharas (water-nuts) that were produced in the reservoir of Sikri. His son Qutb-uddin was killed in Bengal by Sher Afkan, fii-st husband of Nui' Jahan. His grandson Islam Khan, the son of Badr-uddin, was raised by the emperor Jahangir to the rank of an Amir and was appointed governor of Bengal in A.D. 1601, a.h. 1017. [ Vide Islam Khan.] Salim Shah Sur ( ,^^ il^i, *^L;), more properly called Islam Shah, was the younger son of the emperor Sher Shah. His elder brother, 'Adil K]ian, being absent at his father's death, Jalal Klian (as he was then) ascended the throne in the fortress of Kalinjar on the 29th May, a.d. 1545, 17th Eabi' I. A.H. 952, and assumed the title of Islam Shah, which by false pronunciation was turued to that of Salim Shah. He reigned nine years and became afflicted with a fistula, of which he died at Gwaliar a.d. 1554, a.h. 961, in which year also died Mahmiid Shah, king of Gujrat, and Burhan Nizam Shah, king of Ahmadnagar. In commemoration of the remarkable circumstance of these monarchs dying almost at tlie same time, Maulana 'All, the father of the celebrated historian Firishta, wrote a short epitaph, in which the words "the ruin of kings" exhibit the Hijri year A.D. 961. The remains of Salim Shah were conveyed to Sahsaram and buried close to his father's tomb. Salim Shah was succeeded by SALI 349 SALM his son the prince Firoz, then 12 years of age, who was placed on the throne by "the chiefs of the tribe of Siir, at Gwaliar. He had not reigned three days (some say three months) when Mubariz Klian, the son of Nizam Klian Siir, at once the nephew of the late 8her Shah and brother-in-law of Salim Shah, assassinated the young prince, and, ascending the throne, assumed the title of Muhammad Shah 'Adil. Salima Bano Begam (^L^ylj Lj d^-L ^_^,_-^^«j), Maharana of Udaipur and IVlewar, who was invested a G. C.S.I, on the 6th December, a.d. 1871, and died on the 7th October, a.d. 1874, at the early age of 27. He succeeded to the gaddi of Mewar by adoption in 1862. His elevation was great and sudden, as his father, a brother of the late Rana Sarup Singh, had fallen under suspicion of conspiring to gain his way to the throne by poisoning the invalid Sariip ; and, while the father died imder the hands of assassins in a prison within the walls of the palace, the son, along with other members of the family, suffered for several years the most ci-uel persecution. Samdik Phra Paramidr (( <^„ijL«l— j .jL-^j i^SjS), king of Siam, who came to Hindustan in the beginning of 1872, and was received in Calcutta, Lucknow, Bombay, etc., with all the honours due to hijrh rank. of Sam Mirza {i^\j^ /♦l-O, the son Shah Isma'il I. He is the author of the work called Tuhfa Sdnv, being a biography of the contemporaneous poets of Persia, com- piled in A.D. 1550, A.H. 957. His poetical name is Sami. Sammugarh (^^^Lj), a place near Agra founded by the emperor Akbar. It was the scene of Aurangzeb's victorv over his brother Dara 20th or"30th May, 1G58. Samnani {^\:,.A^), one of the chief followers of the Svifi sect. He died in a.d. 1325, A.H. 736, six years before Klnvaja Kirmani. \_Vide Ata-uddaula Samnani.] SAMR 351 SAN J Samrat Jagannatlia \c^\ — 4>— <^.jI:X=»-), a Braliman, who made a version of Euclid's Elements by order of Sewai Jai Singh, Raja of Jaipur, in Sanskrit and called it liekhi Ganita. Samru or Sombre (,^^L-j). Vide Shanirii. Sanisam-uddaiila(^!^Al! A^^^S), title of Shahnawaz Khan, which see. Samsam-uddaula (^LjJ\ *\^x^^), the son of Mirza Nasir, -who came to India from Mazindarau in the reign of the emperor Shah Alam. Samsam-uddaula, whose original name was Malik Muhammad Khan, received the title of Xawilb Samsam - uddaula Malik Muhammad Khan Dilair Jang from Nawab Najaf Khan. He died in Jaipiir in a.d. 1804, A.H. 1219. Samsam-uddaula or Samsam Jang ((.— Xi59- aI-.^./«w^ - ^_$\x:). Fide Kliwaja Husain Sanai. Sanai, Shaikh (lt^-^ \^^), commonly called Hakim Sanai, a celebrated poet and native of Ghazni, who flourished in the reign of Bahi'am Shiih, sou of Masa'Od Shah of GhaziiT. He is the author of several poems. His last work, which he dedicated to Bahram "Shah, is called the Had'iqa, or Hadiqat-id- Baqaeq, the Garden of Tiuth, a very beautiful poem on the unity of God and other religious subjects, said to contain 30,000 verses. This book he finished in a.d. 1131, A.n. 525, in Avhich year he is supposed to have died, aged 62 years. He is also the author of a small work containing about 280 verses, entitled Manviz-id-Anbia wa Kanuz-ul-Aulia, and of a Diwan. Sanai, Maulana {\ji^^ i^^^), author of a poem entitled Bagh I ram. Sana-uUah, Maulana (lj^»,* i^\ Uj), Qazi of PanTpat, flourished about the year A.D. 1539, A.H. 946, and is the author of the commentary called Mazhari and other works, one of which is called Haif-ul-Masluf. Sandhal Deo (^jj JUa-j), one of the Rajas of Amir, now called Jaipiir ; after him reigned Gokul or Kantal, and after him reigned Piijaudeva or Pajiirji about the year A.D. 1185. He married the daughter of Prithi Raja. After him Malesi; after him the following Rajas reigned in succession: — BijaljT, Rajdeo, who was defeated by Mahmud II. a.d. 1251, Kllan, Kantal, who built the city of Amir, Jiiusi, Udaikaran, Nar Singh, Baubir, Udhirao, Chaudarsen, Prithiraj, murdered by his son Bhiin, Aska- ran ; after him reigned Bharamal, also called Piiranmal and Biharimal, which see. Sangham Lai (J^I ^CuS), a Hindu whose poetical name was Izzat. He was a pupil of Mirza Jan Jauan Mazhar, and was living at Agra in a.d. 1700, a.h. 1174. Sangram Shah (^l^ *1^^), Eaja of Kharakpiir in South Bihar, defied the Mughal armies in the time of Akbar, lost his life m a struggle, and his son and successor were forced to become converts to Islam. Sanjar, Mir (^^ j=^^, also called Shah Sanjar Bijapiiri, was the son of Mir Haidar Kashi the punster. He was an excellent poet and fiomished in the time of Sultan Ibrahim 'Adil of Bijfipiir. He died in a.d. 1612, A.H. 1021, and left a Diwan. Sanjar Shah {^{j^ ^sx^), the son of Tug-lian Shah II. He was contemporary with Takash Khan, who married his mother and adojrted him; but when he rebelled against him, Takash blinded him. Sanjar, Sultan (^Ui-L-j J.s^^), the third son of Sultan Malikshah Saljiiqi. He held at his father's death, a.d. 1092, the government of Kliurasfin, and took little concern in the troubles that ensued on that event ; but after the death of his brother, Sultan IMuhammad, ho may be deemed the actual sovereign of Persia. He forced Bahram Shah, a monarch of the race of Ghazul, whose capital was Lahore, to pay him tribute ; and Alauddin, prince of Ghor, who had defeatfid Balirani Shall and taken G^iaziil, yielded iu his turn to the superior fortune of Sanjar, by whom he was defeated, made prisoner and tributary to the house of Salj uq. But Sanjar, SANQ 352 SARF after a long reign marked by singular glory and success, was destined to experience the most cruel reverses of fortune. In the year A.D. 1140, A.n. 53o, he advanced far into Tartary to attack Gour Khan, the monarch of Qara Khata, and suffered a signal defeat, in which almost his whole army was cut to pieces, his family taken prisoner, and all his baggage plundered. He next marched, a.d. 1153, A.H. 547, against the Turkman tribe of Gliuz, who had withheld their usual tribute of 40,000 sheep : an action ensued, in which he was defeated and taken prisoner. During his long confinement of four years, his dominions were rided by his favourite, Sultana Kluitun Tui'kan, at whose death in a.d. 1156, a h. 551, Sanjar made an effort to escape and was successful ; but he lived only a short time after he regained his liberty, for he died on Friday the 24th May, a.d 11o7, 11th Rabi' II. A.H. 552, in the 73rd year of his age, and was buried in Marv. The Saljiiq dynasty in K]iurasan ceased wilh his existence, and the greater part of his kingdom tell into the possession of Khwarizm Shah Atsiz ibn- Muhamraad ibu-Anushtakim, the grandfather of Takash Khwarizm Shah. The poets of his com-t were Adib Sabir, Eashid Wiitwat, Abdul Wasa, Jabali, Farid Katib, AnwarT, Malik 'Imad ZauzanI, and Sayyad Husain of Gliazni. Sanqa (li:^). Vide Eana Sanqa, Sanqar { s.u^). Viih Sunqar. Saq.afi ( _A_Ji_j), or ThaqafI, whose original name is Abii Isa, was an excellent Arabic grammarian and author. He died in A.D. 76G, A.H. 149. Saqqa {^_^.\b^^ dJui), or Dervish Saqqa of Bukhara. He died in a.d. 1555, a.h. 962, and is the author of a Diwan. Saqqa Bardwani ( j^,j._j <)._iL-j), author of a Diwan found in the library of Tipii Sultan. Sarai-uddin (, ._.tjkJl ^. s). Vide Siraj-uddin. Sarakhsi or Al-Sarakhsi {^^k,^.^jJ). Vide Abii Bakr Muhamraad-al-Sarakhsi. Sarbadal (J^jj^), a tribe of Afghans of Sabzwar. Vide 'Abdul llazzaq. Sarbaland Khan (^A^ wV^J-jy-j), au Amir of the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, who held the rank of 4000 and died in the year A.D. 1679, A.n. 1090. Sarbaland Khan (^l:>. S'^jJ), en- titled Xawab Mubariz-ul-ilulk, was governor of Patna in the time of Farrukh-siyar, and was recalled to court about the year a.d. 1718, A.H. 1130. In the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah he was appointed governor of Gujrat, a.d. 1724, a.h. 1137, but in a.d. 1730, A.H. 1143, was removed from liis government on account of his conseuting to pay the Marhattas the Chouth or part of the revenue of that province, and Raja Abhay Singh, the son of Ajit Singh llathor, was appointed to succeed him. Sarbaland Ivhan made some opposition to his successor, but was defeated and prevented from coming to court by the emperor. He was, however, after some time appointed governor of Allahabad, a.d. 1732, a.h. 1145, when he deputed his son Khanazad Kliau to command, himself resicUug at court. He died in a.d. 1745, A.H. 1158. Sardar Singh (. yr^j-^ L^\yj), entitled Ala-uddaula, was the son of Nawab Shuja-uddaula or Shuja- uddin, governor of Bengal, whom he suc- ceeded on the 13th March, a.d. 1739, 13th Zil-hijja, A.H. 1151. He reigned one year and two months, and was slain in an attack made by AlahwardT I\han Mahabat Jang on the 29th April, a.d. 1740, 13th Safar, a.h. 1153. The cause of this murder is thus recorded: " 'Ala-uddaula having accidentally met the niece of his wazTr, Mahabat Jang, a yoiuig lady who bore the repute of being the most beautiful woman of the age, first commanded and then entreated her to with- di-aw her veil, that he might enjoy one look at her face. The modest damsel, over- whelmed with confusion and terror, entreated the prince's pardon, and, pleailing eloquently for her honour, declined to gratify his curiosity ; but he, being charmed with her exquisite grace and the delicious tones of her voice, was fired with a hasty determination and himself withchew the veil. He gazed in ardent admiration on her lovely counten- ance for a few seconds; then, dropping the drapery, he asked forgiveness for his rude- ness, and, paying the beauty some princely compliment, passed on. The unhappy girl fled in tears to her father, 'Ataullah, and to her uncle the wazir, and with mixed indigna- tion and shame declared the sad tale of her disgrace, and immediately afterwards destroyed herself with poison. Suflice it to sav that the prince became their victim withiu a few hours." Sarfi Sawaji ( <^.1~j 'sj^), a poet named Shaikh Yaqiib, -who flourished in the time of the emperor Akbar, and wrote a chronogram on the death of Amir Fath- SAEF 353 SARW ullali Sliirazi and Hakim Abu'l Fatha Gllani, both of whom died in a.d. 1589, A.H. 997. He was a native of Sawa in Persia and came to India, where he died in A.D. 1595, A.H. 1003, and left a Diwan. Sarfoji {^^^i^^), Eaja of Tanjore, a descendant of Ekkoji, the brother of the celebrated Siwaji, the iMarhatta chief. By the treaty of the 25th October, a.d. 1799, the English Government decided between two rival claimants to place Sarfoji upon the masnad, on condition that he transferred the management of his territory to the British, consenting to receive in lieu of its revenue an annual payment of £118,350. The absolute sovereignty of the fortress and city of Tanjore itself were at the same time guaranteed to the prince. Sarfoji died in a.d. 1832, and was succeeded by his only son Siwaji, who reigned 23 years, and died on the 29th October, a.d. 1«55, leaving no legitimate son to succeed him. The surviving family consisted of the following persons, viz. : the Queen Dowager, 16 wives, 2 daughters, 2 sisters, 6 natural sons, 11 natm-al daughters, and 54 collaterals. SarMndi Begam (*Co ^Sui^jJ), one of the wives of Shahjahan, who built a garden at Agra, no traces of which are left now. Sari SacLti ( _:i_ii_^ t^y— j), a celebrated Musalman saint, called Saqti because he formerly dealt in metals, but afterwards became a disciple of Maruf Karkhi. He was the uncle of Shaikh Junaid as well as his master. The following anecdote is related on good authority: Sari Saqti said that for thirty years he never ceased imploring divine parSon for having once exclaimed ' ' Praise be to God ; ' ' and on . being asked the reason he said : "A fire broke out in Baghdad, and a person came up to me and told me that my shop had escaped, on which I uttered those words, and even to this moment I repent having said so, because it showed that I wished better to myself than to others." He died on Wednesday the 9th August, a.d. 870, 6tli Ramazan, a.h. 256, and was buried at Baghdad. Some authors say that he died thi-ee years before that period. Sarkhush ( *^>- :), the poetical name of Muhammad Afzal, who was born in A.D. 1640, A.H. 1050, flourished in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir. He wrote a biography of the poets of his own time, entitled 'iCahHnt-uish-S/iii'drd, the letters of which, if taken according to their numerical values, will give the year in which it was produced, viz. a.d. 1682, a.h. 1093. Ho was a good poet, and had the good fortune to become acquainted with almost all men of talents of his day. He died at the advanced age of 76 years, about the year a.d. 1714, A.H. 1126, and left, besides the above- mentioned work, foiu- Masnawis or poems, viz. Husn-o-Ishq, Ift'ir-i-'All, Saql-nama, and Shdh-ndma Muhammad 'Azim. Sarmador Muhammad Sarmad (j^t^) Qazi of Seringapatam in the time of Tipii Sultan, by whose request be translated into Persian a work in the Dakhani dialect, and called it Khuldsa Sultdnl. Sarmad {x^jJ), the poetical name of an Armenian merchant who came to India in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan. In one of his journeys towards Thatta, he fell so passionately in love with a Hiudii girl that he became distracted and would go about the streets stark naked. He was well versed in the Persian language and was a good poet. In the beginning of the reign of 'Alamgir he was put to death on account of his disobepng the orders of that emperor, who had commanded him not to go about naked. This event took place about the year a.d. 1661, A.H. 1072. Some say that the real cause of his execution was a Eubai which he had composed, the translation of which is : " The Mullas say that Muhammad entered the heavens ; but Sarmad says that the heavens entered Muhammad." His tomb is close to the Jama Masjid at Dehli. Sarmadi (j_cjk.<^), takhallus of IMu- hammad Sharif of Isfahan. He died a.d. 1606, A.H. 1015. Sarsabz ( ' jI^L-j), poetical name of Mirza Zain-ul-Abidin Kliiin, son of Xawab Salar Jang. He is the author of a Diwan. Sarshar ( ,1^ .^), the poetical name of Murshid Quli Khan Rustum Jang, son-in- law of Xawiib Shuja-uddin, of Bengal. He was living in the time of Nawab Ala Virdi Khan. Sarup Chand {s:..:>- L^tj^), a IlindQ who is the author of a history called Sdhlh- td-Akhfxir. Sarup Singh, Rana (Ll^ <)tij»-j t-_j.--j), rider of Udaipiir (1857), died a.d. 1862. Sarwar (^,^), poetical name of 'A zim- uddaula Xawab ^lir Muhnmmad Klian Baha- dur, a son of 'Azim-\iddaula Abu'l Qasim Miizaffar Jang. He died in a.d. 1834, Shawwal, a.h. 1250, and left besides tiie Tazkira called Umda-i-Muiitakhiba., a thick Diwan. 23 SARW 354 SAYY Sarwat (ci^j^-j). Vide Jugal Kishor. Sassan, grandfather of Ardisher Baba- gfiii, tlie fouucka- of tlie Siissanian dynasty, who ruled Persia for four centuries, during which the empire was kept at its fullest strength and extent ; and was probably the best and longest of Oriental powers. \_Vide Ai'dishcr.] Sata (O'Lo), taldiallus of a poet. Satesli diandar Rae Bahadur i^^.,;::^ jJLj ^\ , J j^x>-), Maharaja of Nadea, the great-grandson of Eiija Kishan Chandar Rae, who aided the English in despoiling Siraj -uddaula, died November, a.d. 1870. Sauda (Ij*^). His real name was Mirza Muhammad Rafia, to which he subsequently added his poetical title of " Souda," aud is now commonly knowTi by the appellation of Mirza Rafiiis Sauda. He was a native of Dehli but resided at Luckuow, aud his Diwan and Qasaed contain a variety of poems on yarious subjects ; also Id3-ls, Elegies, and other miscellaneous pieces in Hindustani verse. These volumes are held in the highest estimation all over Tudia. They include a number of encomiastic poems on the Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula of Luckuow, and many other persons of high rank and power both at Luckuow and Dehli, not the least remarkable of which is an eulogy on the well- known Mr. Richard Johnson. The satires of this poet are also numerous and admirable ; but having created him many enemies, to avoid the consequences of their anger, he feigned himself insane, and took the poetical name of Sauda, or madman, but he is fre- quently known by the appellation of Malik- ush-Shuara, or king of the poets. He died at Luckuow in the year a.d. 1781, a.h. 1195, aged 70 years. 'Asaf-uddaula of Lucknow gave him a stipend of 6U00 rupees a year. He was a pupil of Siraj -uddiu 'Ali Klian 'Arzii. Saudai, Baba of Abiward (IjIj ^-L>»^ ^_fJj»-.jU, a poet Avho had formerly assumed Kliawari for his poetical title, but as he used to go about the streets with- out turban or shoes, people gave him the title of Saudai, i.e. distracted, which he subsequently used in all his compositions. He lived in the time of Sliahrukh Mirza. He died a.d. 1418, aged 80 years. Sayadat Khan (j^lrs- c^jL-j), brother of Islam T'Cbfin, a uoblcman of the reign of Shah Jahun ; he died in the month of July, A.D. 1659. He was the father of P^azl-ullah Khan. Sayadat, Mir Jalal-uddin (^:i;jL«j), a son of Jlir Jamiil-uddin Muhhadis. He flourished about the year a.d. 1G70, a.h. 1081, and is the author of a Diwan. Saydi, Mir ( sJ^. ;), a poet of Persia, who in a.d. 1654, a.h. 1064, came to India in the reign of Shah Jahan. It is said that in one instance he received a present of 5000 rupees from Jahan 'Ara Begam, the daughter of the emperor, and in another one lakh for his poems. He died in a.d. 1672, A.H. 1083, and is the author of a Diwan containing 4000 verses. Sayuf Zafar, Naubahari (^ij < j^-w) ^f jL^J). This is his correct name ; however, see under Saif-uz-zafar Naubahari. Sayuti ( J^^.^^). Vide Jaliil-uddin Sayiiti. Sayyad (s^). The Sayyads who are also called Mirs, are the descendants of 'All, the son-in-law of the prophet. Sayyad AbduHah (a..iJLyr S^-^), son of Sayyad 'Abdul Kadir Giliini, the great saint of Baghdad. His tomb is in the city of Tatta in Siudh. Sayyad Ahmad (sa.>.\ s^^), brother of the celebrated Sayyad Jalal Bukhfiri. He was left in charge of Gujrat by DTirii Sliikrih in a.d. 1659. His elder brother's name was Sayyad Jafar Kliau. His tomb is near Tajganj at Agra. Sayyad Ahmad ( _.!,.> j>,^:>~\ A-.-;), of Bareili, who raised a religious war with the Sildis in the Paujab and was killed at Balakot. He began life in an indifferent school for the character of reformer and saint, which he ultimately assumed, as a sawar serving with Amir KJiau's free- booting horse in Malwa. Uuittiiig that service, he repaired to Dehli, and became a disciple of Shah 'Abdul 'Aziz, a very cele- brated devotee of the city ; the fame of whose knowledge and piety has been widely extended throughout that side of ludia. It is frequently said by the natives, that it was from Shah 'Abdul 'Aziz that Sayyad Ahmad derived the peculiar opinions wliich he sub- sequently promulgated, and the design which he adopted of preaching a religious war. It is at least certain that the chief of his first disciples and the most constant associates of all his fortunes were two near relatives of 'Abdul Aziz, one his nephew, Maulwi Mu- hammad Isma'il, author of the Sirdt-nl- Muslaqim, the other his son-in-law (and SAYY 3oo SAYY also partially a contributor to the book), named Maulwi 'Abdul Hai. By that school Muhammad Isma'il is generally esteemed to have been a man of much talent and learning. The extreme honour which he and his brother Maulwi 2)aid to Sayyad Ahmad, who was himself nearly illiterate, had a powerful effect in attracting towards him the respect of the vulgar. They rendered him almost menial offices, running, it is said, with their shoes off, by the side of his palankeen, when he moved out ^vith his servants. From his first leaving Dehli he assumed the character of a religious teacher, and commenced to spread his religious doctrines. The general spirit by wliich these were animated (identical nearly ^vith that of the tenets of the Arabian Wahabis, of whom the sect of Saj'yad Ahmad may perhaps be accurately termed an Indian imitation) was the ardent profession of Mu- hammadanism in its primitive simplicity and fervour, and the utter rejection of all idola- trous or superstitious innovations, whence - soever derived. The manner in which they were at first actually received was, however, highly favoiu-able. When Sayyad Ahmad at last came down to Bengal, he had got together many followers and had established an extensive reputation. He arrived in Calcutta with a considerable retinue towards the end of a.d. 1821, and immediately a great majority of the Muharamadans of the place, of all ranks and stations, flocked to become, or to profess themselves, his disciples. In the early part of a.d. 1822 he proceeded with his friends, the two Moulwis, to Mecca, from whence he retiu-ned in October of the next year, ha\T[ng touched for a few days at Bombay, where, with reference to the shortness of his stay, his success in gaining numerous followers was nearly as remark- able as in Calcutta. In December, a.d. 1823, he again started for Upper India. The next important event of his career, his commencing a religious war in the Lahore territories, did not occur till after a consider- able interval, though the enterprise was one in which he had long openly announced his intention to engage. Its date is given in the Targhib-ul- Jihad, or Incitement of Religious War, a little treatise written in Hindiistani during the continuance of the struggle by a Maulwi of Qanauj with the view, as its name purports, of rousing the Faithful to rally round the standard which had been raised in the Paujab. " The tribe of Sikhs," says the indignant Maulwi, " has long held sway in Lahore and other places. Their oppres- sions have exceeded all limits. Thousands of Muhammadans they have unjustly killed, and on thousands have they heaped disgrace. The 'Azan, or summons for prayer, and the killing of cows, they have entirely prohibited. When at length their insulting tn-anny could no longer be borne, Sayyad Ahmad, going to the direction of Kabuland Qaudaliar, roused the Muhammadans of those countries, and, nerving their courage for action in the service of God, some thousands of believers became ready at his call to tread the path of God's service; and on the 21st December, J A.D. 1826, 20th Juraada I. a.h. 1242, the Jihad against the Kafir Sikhs began." The events of this war were watched with a natural interest by the ]\Iuhammadan popula- tion of Incha generally, whether followers of Sayyad Ahmad or not. Many of the inhabit- ants of our AVestern provinces went in bodies to range themselves under his standard ; and his emissaries gathered large contributions of money and jewels, even from oirr own distant Presidencies, and from the principal IMuhammadan towns of the Deccau. The prominent occurrences of the war, the per- severance with which it was kept up, the temporary and occasional successes which Savvad Ahmad met, and his ultimate death in battle, are well known. With his death the struggle appears to have entii'ely ceased. — Jour. As. Soc. of Bengal, vol. i. p. 450. [This story is chiefly interesting as an instance of what may be done in India by an ardent fanatic] Sayyad Alimad Kabir (ju,4_5^1 l.V-^_^^ ,-.-o), grandfather of Sayyad Jalal Bukhari, and a Musalman saint, whose tomb is in Bijaitnandil, near the tomb of Shah Muhammad Ivhayali at Dehli. Sayyad Ahmad, Sir, K.C.S.I. (j.-^ ^LjfeJ i__a-«^-i-^ Ju*i-:s-l), Munsif of Dehli in the British Government service, was the son of Sayyad Muhammad Muttaqi Khan Bahadur, and" author of the work called Asdr Sanddld, containing a description of old Dehli and Shahjahanabad, and also of another Avork, entitled i,ihilat-ul-Malrik. The native place of his ancestors is Arabia. They removed afterwards to Herat, and during the reign of Akbar the Great they came into IncUa. Ever since that ])eriod they have enjoyed titles and dignity. Under the British Sayyad Ahmad has been made Khan Bahadur and K.C.S.I. His greatest work is the Anglo-Muhammadan College, Aligarh ; and he will have a place in Indian history as the greatest iluhammadan Reformer of modern times. His Life appeared in 188o, written by Lieut.-Col. Graham. [See also Dowson's EHiot, vol. viii.] Sayyad 'Ali or Sayyad 'Ali Hamdani ( ^^A-fi« Ar S^, a famous Sayyad who fled to Kashmere from his native city of Hamdan, where he had incurred the wrath of Amir Taimiir. Seven hundred Sayyads are said to have accompanied his llight to Kash- mere in the reign of Sultan Qutb-uddln. He arrived in that province in a.d. 1380, A.H. 782. He remained at Ka.shmere six years and named it the "Garden of Solomon" (Bagh Sulaiman). He died at Pakli whilst on his return to Persia. Ilis son Mir iSIn- hanimad Ilamdani, also a fugitive. l)ronght in his train three hundred Sayyads to Kashmere, where he remained twelve years. These two immigratious of fugitive Sayyads SAYY 356 SAYY fixed the religion of the country, and -were doiibtli'ss the chief cause of the religious persecutions which ensued in the following reign. Sayyad 'Ali 'bin-Slialiab-uddin Ham- dani (^_jj\ 4__>L-i ^^J ^^ ^^-rr— ' ^^J^/♦J^), author of the 2azh'rat-td- Malnk, treating upon religion, articles of faith, duty of kings to their subjects, etc. Sayyad 'Ali Shirazi ( Lr i^_-._~; ^:1_»^), the saint of the Jokhia Sindhi tribe. His tomb is in Tatta. The inscription bears the date a.d. 1776, a.h. 1190. CT^ Sayyad Husain (( Cuz j^y^), commonly called Khink Sawar. It is mentioned in the Akbar-ndma that Sayyad Husaiu came to India with Shahab- uddin Gh5ri, who, after his conquest of India in A.D. 1192, A.H. 58'<, left him behind as governor of Ajmir, where he died some years afterwards, and was buried on the hill where the fort of Ajmir then stood. He is now venerated by the Muhammadans as a saint. Sayyad Husain or Mir Husain {s^.^ ,.,-.-uji.2^), a celebrated Muhammadan of Ghaznl, who died at Herat in December, A.D. 1317, Shawwal, a.h. 717, aged 117 lunar years. He is the author of works called Nazhat-ul-Arwdh and Kanz-ul-Ramuz. Sayyad Husain, Makhdum (a_^_^ AtiSs.-^ ,-.>w..=^), a contemporary of Shaikh Nizam-uddm Aulia, and author of the work called Siar-nl-AuUa. [ Vide Wajlh-uddin Mubarik Kirmaui.] Sayyad Husain Shahid, Amir (j^.^..^ .A^i lA^^.iuj -AAu^r -), a Muhammadan saint or martvr, who was slain on the 9th May, A.D. 1538, 9th Zil-hijja, a.h. 944, in the time of the emperor Humayiiu, aud is buried at a place called N.aiki Mandi at Agra, where his tomb is to be seen to this day bearing a Persian inscription in verse. Sayyad Ismail Shah ( J^_r^»..^\ j._»^ al-l), commonly called Pir Chattar, a Muhammadan saint, whose toml) is situntcd about two thousand paces out of the wrsf( ru gates of the city of Broach on tlie mirthcru bank of the Narbada. The tomb is .said to he upwards of three hundred years old. It is built of the ordinary form in a small en- clo.sure. It is shaded by a Khizni tree, which grows by the side of the eastern wall out of the enclosure. In the middle of the tomb is a reservoir about 5 feet 4 inches bv 1 foot 8 inches, and in depth al)out 1 foot 2 inches. In the midst of the water there rises, about one inch above it, a small island, or the inner tomb, of 4 feet by 1. This miraculous reservoir is always full to the brim of very cold water. Hundreds of visitors go to the shrine every Thursday, and drink a tumbler full of the water, but it never cUminishcs nor increases. Sayyad Ja'far {^ ^^j^^^-kx:>- s^) of Zamirpiir or Zambirpiir, was a descendant of Sayyad Namat-ullah "Wall. His poetical name was Eiihi. He died on the 30th October, a.d. 1741, 1st Ramazan, a.h. 1154, and is biuied at Zambirpiir, a place situated thirty miles from Lucknow. Sayyad Ja'far Khan ( J- Jh-A.^: .1. ^^^^), the eldest son of Sayyad Jalal Bukharl and brother of Sayyad Ahmad. After his father's death he sat on the masnad of Irshad as a spiritual guide. He lived in the time of the emperor 'Alamglr. Sayyad Jalal Bukhari ( JLr^ Jk_-._-j ^£^,l=<)- ^^^^^ Shaikh Jalal. Sayyad Jalal Bukhari ( jLs*- J^.^..^ ,_c,lisr), son of Sayyad Muhammad Bukhari and a descendant of Sayyad Ahmad Kabir, a very proud and learned Musalman who held the rank of 6000 in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan. He was born on the 11th February, a.d. 1595, 11th Jumada II. A.H. 1003, and died in a.d. 1647, a.h. 1057, aud is buried near the gate of the city of Dehli. Some say his tomb is near Taj- ganj at Agra. Sayyad Kabir, Sayyad ( j.^^ *^ J*---)- His tomb is still to be seen at Agra near a place called Sultanganj, and, from the in- scription on the tombstone, we learn that he died in a.d. 1609, a.h. 1018. Sayyad Muhammad (j^^s^* poet whose poetical name was Eind. Hind. Sayyad Muhammad or Said Muham- mad (jk.^.s'* uN-- — :), author of an Arabic work on Theology called Asvdr ' Ul/'im. Sayyad Said (a_»..i.^ ^^r?— "), Sultan of Oman and Imam of Muskat, who, at the age of 16, ascended the throne in a.d. 1803. The connection of the British with Muskat SAYY 357 SEWA commenced in the beginning of the present century, when, in conjunction with the then Imam, Sa\Tad Said, the English were en- gaged in suppressing the Wahabi pirates who infested the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Sayyad Said lived to a great age, and filled the throne of Muskat for about fifty years. He died in a.d. 1856, and was succeeded by his son Thowa^-ni, who was murdered by his son Salim. The old Imam left several sons, one of whom received as his share the kingdom of Zanzibar, and the other, Sayyad Tm-ki, another chief ship. In the year a.d. 1868, one Azan bin- Ghais, aided by the other potentates, having attacked and driven the Sultan from the throne, occupied it himself. Sultan Salim fled to Bandar Abbas, where he is now. The new ruler, Azan bin-Ghais, was no doubt connected with the "Wahabis and supported by them. Sayyad Sharif Jurjani (^^j ^ t>.-.,.^> Vide Sharif Jurjani. ^^j^")- Sayyad Tehran! {^\j^^ ^r^-^), author of a Diwan found in Tipii Sultan's Library. Seodasheo Bhao, Marhatta general, son of Chimnaji, younger brother of the second Peshwa, Baji fiao I. When his cousin, son of Baji, succeeded to the Pi sbwaship, Seodasheo Bhao became coramandir-in-cliief, and after minor successes easily persuaded his cousin to undertake the conquest of Hindustan after the murder of the emperor 'Alamgir II. [q.v.). Defeated and killed at Panlpat, January, 1761. [n^e Ahmad Shah.] Seoji or Shioji ( ^^^), a grandson of the renewed Jaichand, the last Rathor monarch of Qanauj . He with a few retainers migrated in the year a.d. 1212, and planted the Eathor standard in Marwar. His suc- cessors in process of time, by valour, and by taking advantage of the times, enlarged the state, and in a.d. 1432 Jodha Eao of Marwar founded the modern capital of Jodhpur, to which he transferred the seat of government from Mimdor. The name of Marwar is a corruption of Maruwar, also called Mfiru-deis, or "the region of death." Anciently, and properly, it included the entire western desert, from the Satlaj to the Sewaji or Siwaji ( j), a cele- brated chief of the Bhosla family and founder of the Marhatta States in the Deccau, of whose origin we have the following account. Bhim Sen, rana of Udaipur, tlie first in rank among the Hindii princes, had a son named Bhilg Singh by a concubine of a tribe very inferior to his own. On tin; death of his father, Bhag Singh finding himself despised and neglected by his relations, the Sisodhia rajpiits, who from the low caste of his mother regarded him only as a bastard, and not of their tribe, became weary of the indignities shewn him ; and moved from Udaipur to I\handesh, where he embraced the service of a Zamindar, named Raja 'Ali ]\[ohan. He afterwards retired into the Deccan, where he pm-cliased a tract of land near the present Marhatta capital of Puna, and settled upon it as Zamindar, in which situation he died. Bhag Singh had four sons, two of whom, Malluji and BambujT, being of an enter- prising spirit, entered into the service of Jadho Rae, a Marhatta chief of distiugiushed rank at the court of Bahadur Nizam Shah. Malluji had a son named SahjT or Sauji, Mho married the daughter of Jildho Rae, and thus the BhSsla family became incorporated with the Marhattas, and are commonly esteemed as such in Hindustan. Sahji, after the death of his father, left Ahmadnagar with his followers and entered into the ser%ice of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah, king of BTjapur, who gave him a jagir in the Karnatic, with a command of ten thousand horse. Soon after this, in May, a.d. 1627, his sou Sewaji, afterwards so celebrated in the Deccan, was born, from the daughter of Jadho Rae Marhatta. Sahji, having disagreed \vith his wife, sent her, with the infant Sewaji, to reside at Piina, of which and the vicinity he had obtained a grant. Sewaji, though neglected by his father, was properly educated, and at the age of seventeen excelled in every accomplishment. Military fame was his first passion ; and the government of Bijapiir being now weakened by intestine tlivisions and the encroachments of the Mughals, he had soon an opportunity of signalizing himself among other rebels. He raised banditti and plundered the neigh- bouring districts, and having now taken possession of the jagir, raised more troops, sueccssfullv levied contributions on several Zamindars, and much extended the Umits of his territories. At this crisis the prince Aurangzeb, governor of the imperial territories in the Deccan, was meditating the overthrow of his brother Dara Shikoh, the favourite son of the emperor Shah Jahan, who was now in a dangerous state of health. For this purpose he was preparing an army to march to Agra ; and, observing the enterprizing genius of Sewaji, sent him an invitation to his service. Sewaji, pretending to be struck with horror at the rebellion of a son against a father, received the prince's messenger with indignity, drove him from his presence, and ordered the letter he had liought to he tied to the tail of a dog. Aurangzeb for the present stifled his resentment, but never would forgive Sewuji's insolence, and hence may be dated his tedious war in the Deccan, and finally the ruin of the ^lughal empire by the ^larliattas. Aurangzeb having left the Deccan in a.d. 1G.38, A.n. 10G8, Siwaji resolved to turn the inactivity of tlie im])erial troo])s, and the weakness of the Gulkanda and IJijapur princes, to the utmost advantage, lie took the strong fortress of SHAB 358 SHAD Rajgarh, whicli he fixed upon ns the seat of his government. The Bijapur government having in vain desired his father Sahji (who disclaimed all connection with him) to repress the excesses of his son, at length sent against him a considerable force under a general named Afzul Klian. Sewaji with artful policy invited him to come and receive his submission. Afzul Klifin advanced without opposition to his tent, when he was stabbed by the treacherous Zamiudar in embracing him. Upon a signal given, the Marhattas rushed from an ambuscade, attacked the unsuspecting army of BTjaptir, which, deprived of their cliief, was quickly defeated. Sewaji plundered their rich camp, and by this victory became master of all Kokan, the Zammdars of which ilocked to acknowledge his authority, to save their possessions. The strong fortress of Situra and other places also opened their gates to receive him. In the course of only three years Sewaji became a powerful prince, his authority being acknowledged over almost the whole coast of Marwar. He built palaces and erected forti- fications in every part of his country ; gave much trouble to the emperor 'Alamgir ; reigned more than twenty years, and left a character which has never since been equalled or approached by any of his countrymen. He died on the- Hth April, a.d. 1680, 24th Eabi' I. A.H. 1091, but, according to Elphinstone's History of India, on the 5th April the same year, aged 53 years represent- ing the difference between old and new styles. His funeral pile was administered with the same sacrifices as had been devoted the year before to the obsecjnies of the Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpiir ; attendants, animals, and wives, were burnt with his corpse. He was succeeded by his son Sambha or Sambhaji. Shabib {^xi ^i siji ^_ ), tlie son of Yezid, the son of Naim, was a Kharajite. It is related that his father, Yezid, was sent by 'Usman the Khalif to assist the Syrian Muhammadans against the Greeks in the twenty-fifth year of the Hijra. The Musalmans obtaining the victory, the Chris- tains were exposed for sale. Among the captives Yezid espied a beautiful maid, whom he bought and married. She proved with child of Shabib, who was born on the 10th of the month of Zil-hijja, being the day on which the pilgrims killed the sacrifices at Mecca. Yezid opposed Ha jjaj, the governor of Mecca, for a long time, and was at last drowned in a river. His body being drawn out, his head was cut off and sent to Ilajjaj. This happened in a.d. 696, a.h. 77. Shadad (jU-i), poetical title of Eae Chandra Lai, an Amir in the service of the Nizam of Haidarabud. Shaddad (jU-l), the Adite, was the son of 'Adund, the first king of the 'Adites, a race of ancient Arabs ; the smallest of their tribe is said to have been 60 cubits high, and the largest 100 cubits. 'Ad had two sons, Shadid and Shaddiid ; on the death of their father, they reigned conjointly over the whole earth. At length Shadid died, and his brother Shaddiid ruled after him. Shaddad was fond of reading the ancient books, and when he met with descriptions of Parachse and of the world to come, his heart enticed him to build its like upon the earth. A pleasant and elevated spot being fixed upon, Shaddad despatched one hunch-ed chiefs to collect skilful artists and workmen from all countries. He also commanded the kings of Syi'ia and Onnus to send him all their jewels and precious stones. Forty camel-loads of gold, silver and jewels were daily used in the building, which contained a thousand spacious quadrangles of many thousand rooms. In the areas were artificial trees of gold and silver, whose leaves were emeralds, and fruit clusters of pearls and jewels. The ground was strewed with ambergris, musk and saffron. Between every two of the artificial trees was planted one of delicious fruit. This romantic abode took 500 years in the completion. To this paradise he gave the name of Iram. "When finished Shaddad marched to view it, and when he arrived near, divided two hundred thousand youthful slaves, whom he had brought with him from Damascus, into four detachments, which were stationed in cantonments prepared for their reception on each side of the garden, towards which he proceeded with his favourite courtiers. Suddenly was heard in the air a voice like thunder, and Shaddad, looking up, beheld a personage of majestic figure and stern aspect, who said, " I am the Angel of Death, com- missionecl to seize thy impui'e soul." Shaddad exclaimed, " Give me leisirre to enter the garden," and was descending from his horse, when the scizer of life snatched away his impure spirit, and he fell dead upon the ground. At the same time lightnings flashed, and destroyed the whole army of the infidel ; and the rose-garden of Iram became concealed from the sight of man. This parailise, though invisible, is still supposed to be standing in the deserts of Aden, and sometimes, though very rarely, God permits it to be seen. Crighton, in his History of Arabia, says that "The whole fable seems a confused tradition of Belus and the ancient Babylon ; or rather, as the name would import, of Benhadad, mentioned in Scripture as one of the most famous of the Syrian kings, and who, we are told, was worshipped by his subjects." Shadid (j»_jjk_Jj), an author, Avhose proper name is Muhammad bin-Faramurz. Shadid, Qazi (,^li Jo-X-i), an eminent Musalman doctor and author, who died in the year a.d. 1447, a.h. 851. SHAD 359 SHAH Shadman, Sultan (^ll-Ls j^Ujl^), a poet -wbo had assumed the title of Sultan on account of his being a descendant of the royal race of Gihkars, whose ten-itory was between the countries of the Panjab and Hasan Abdal. He flourished in the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan, and is the author of a Diwan. He wrote some beautiful verses in praise of the peacock throne on its completion in the year a.d. 1635, a.h. 1044, for which he was very handsomely rewarded by the emperor. He died in the reign of 'Alamgir A.D. 1668, A.H. 1079. Shad-ul-Mulk (a..^. L t_-i.^J^), a celebrated courtezan, whom Sultan Khalil, the grandson of Amir Taimiir, had secretly married, and at last lost his kingdom on her account. [Vide Khalil (Sultan).] Shafa'i ( -\), son of Muhammad Maqdisi of Jenisalem, author of the Sharah Lamia Shatibia. He died a.d. 1328, a.h. 728. There appears to be another Shahab-udJin, the son of Yusaf Chilpi, who is said to be the author of the above work. He died in the year a.d. 1355, a.h. 756. Shahab-uddin Ahmad ( .^JjJl ^-'^-- wV4.j>-^), author of the Fatuwd IhrdJnm SfiuJih which was composed by ordi r of Ibra- him Shah of Jaunpiir in the ninth century of the Hijra. SHAH 360 SHAH Shahab-uddin Ahmad bin-Mahmud- al-Siwasi (^ j^=-l i^i-^^ ^\^ ^^\yJi\ J^^^-s:^), author of a most celebrated Commentary on the Sirajia of Sajawuudi. He died a.d. 1400, a.h. 803. Shahab - uddin Ahmad bin - Yahia ^ls^> u;^ Jk^^^ f^fi,-^^ <__>l^-i), an Arabian author who died in a.d. 1317. Shahab-uddin Ahmad Talash (t__jL,^ ^i^lj iX*,>.i |j-j.xj'), author of the Tdrlkh MuUc Asham, which contains the account of an expedition undertaken against the kingdom of Asiim in the 4th year of the reign of 'Alamgir, a.d. 1661, by Muazzim Khan I\han Khauan, written in 1663. {_Vide Mir Jumla.] Shahab-uddin Burhanpuri (c_jLj,_^ ilj&, jj_!A.!l), author of the Fountain of Truth, called Ayn-ul-l£qunl, an essay on the knowledge of God, etc., written in the year a.d. 1518. \_Vide Majd-uddin Ahmad.] Shahab-uddin Burlusi ( ,jj\\ ^-u-^L;), author of a work on Suflism called Burr-ul-GhaTavds. Shahab-uddin, Maulana ( ^ , _i l , _.^j \jiy ijJjJO, author of the marginal notes on the Quran called Hasina Shahab Hifdchl. Shahab-uddin, Mua'mmai ( ^ , _> l ,__^ ^U.x^ ^Jk'l), or the Punster. He accompauied the emperor Babar Shah to India; was a good poet, and wrote a book of enigmas, on account of which he received the title of Mua'mmai or the Punster. He died in the reign of the emperor Humayun, a.d. 1535, A.H. 942, aud Khiindamlr," the historian, found the year of his death in the words " Shahib-ul-Suqib," or Shahab the Sublime. Shahab - uddin Muhammad Ghori (l^j^ X*,.s'* ^jaH t_j^,.i), sur- named Moizz-uddin Muhammad Sam. He was appointed governor of GhazuT in a.d. 1 174, A.H. 670, by his elder brother, Giiayas-uddiu Muhammad, Sultiiu of GhGr and Ghazui. He defeated aud took prisoner Khusro Malik, the last i)rince of the race of the Ghaznavides, A.D. 1186, A.H. 582, aud subdued Khui-asan and great part of India. He fought two battles with Pithoura, the Eaja of Ajmir, who was made prisoner aud put to death along with Kliande Rae, king of Dehli, in AD. 1192, A.H. 588. His brother GJiayas- uddiu died in a.d. 1203, a.h. 599, when he succeeded to the throne and reigned over Gh5r, Gliazni and India three years. He M'as murdered by the Gihkars on his way to Ghazui on the i4th March, a.d. 1206, "2nd Shabiin, a.h. 602, after he had reigned 32 years from tlie commencement of his govern- ment over Ghazni, and three from his accession to the throne. His remains were taken to Gliazni and buried there in a new vault which had been built for his daughter. He was succeeded by his nephew Ghayas- uddin Mahmud, the son of Ghayas-uddin Mu- hammad. Shahab-uddin, Qazi ( ,.jaJ1 ( .*L.^-1 ^jljlji.!jj ^-jl-jj), of Dauhxtabad, author of the Commentary on the Quran called Buhr Mauudj, in Persian. He received the title of Malik-ul-'Ulma, "king of the learned," from Sulfau Ibrahim Sharqi of Jauupur, and died in the year a.d. 1437, a.h. 842. He is also the author of the work entitled Mandqib- us-S(tddat. Shahab-uddin Suharwardi (t >Lj,_^ '^'^ ^_SJ,*jY^ ijl^^), generally called Shaikh Maqtiil and Qatil-ullah, because he was put to death by the famous general Salah- iiddin (Saladin) of Aleppo, for having more pbilosophy than religion. According to the work called Haft Aklim, he was starved or put to death at Aleppo in a.d. 1189, a.h. 585, aged 36 or 38 years. He is the author of the Commentaries called Sharah Haijdhal aud sharah Aijzdh. In the 4th vol. of Hdji KhaJfd, p. 236, he is said to be the author of another work called Akl Surkh. Shahab-uddin Suharwardi, Shaikh {•^■^ ^J^.^^-0 e/^.-^^ ^->^-i'), the son of Abii Najib, was born at Suharward in January, a.d. 1145, Eajab, a.h. 539. He was a pious Shaikh, most assiduous in his spiritual exercises and the practice of devotion. He is the author of several works, among which is one called Aivdrif- ul-JI'/drif, also called Awdrif-ul-Haqdeq. He died on the 26th September, a.d. 1234, 1st Muliarram, a.h. 632, in his 93rd year, at Baghtlad, where he was buried. There is auotlier work in Arabic found in the Library of Tipii Sultan, entitled Hikmat-ul-Ashrdq, of which he is said to be the author. Shahab-uddin, Sultan (.,jjj\ < AjJi» i^ILLj), the sou of Sultau 'Ala-uddm, whom he succeeded on the throne of Kash- SHAH 3G1 SHAH mere, a.d. 1356, a.h. 757. He turned his attention to foreign conquest, and during the succeeding ten years subdued Thibet, Kash- ghar, Badakhshan and Kabul. He then, according to the historian Haidar Malik, in- vaded Hindiistan with an immense army, and is said to have worsted Firoz Shah, king of Dehli, in a pitched battle on the banks of the Satlaj, the result of which was to cause that potentate to acknowledge his supremacy. Shahab-uddln then returned to Kashmere, where his religious zeal led him to destroy the idol temples at Bijbihai-i and elsewhere. He died after a reign of 19 years, ad. 1376, and was succeeded by his brother Qutb-uddin, dui'ing whose reign the famous Sayyad 'Ali Hamdani arrived at Kashmere. Shahab-uddin 'Umar (^a.!\ k__;l.^ .^r), son of Sultan Ala-udtllu Si- kandar Siini, king of Dehli. [Vide Kaiur and 'Ala-uddin."] Shahadat (cjjl^,-!), poetical name of Mirza Salah of Balkh, who died in a.d. 17-12, A.H. 1155. Shah 'Alam ( JU ^l^), king of Dehli, whose original name was 'Ali Gauhar, was the son of the emperor 'Alamgir II. by Zinat Mahal, sui-named Bilal Kiinwar ; and was born on the 15th June, a.d. 1728, 17th Zi- Qa'da, a.h. IHO. In the year a.d. 1758, a.h. 1172, fearing he might be made a prisoner by 'Imacl-ul-Mulk Ghazi-uddin Klian, the minister of his father, he left Dehli to try his fortune in Bengal, the Nawab of which province, Siraj-nddaula, had been deposed by the assistance of the English, and Mir Jafar set up in his room. He was in Behar when he received the in- telligence of the murder of his father, and, having assumed the imperial authority, he ascended the throne on the 25th December, a.d. 1759, 4th Jumada I. a.h. 1173, with the title of Shah 'Alam. After the defeat of Shuja-uddaula, his prime minister, at Buxar, on the 23rd October, a.d. 1764, 26th Eabi' II. a.h. 1178, and his flight to the upper province, the king followed the English to Allahabad, where he granted the East India Company the Sanad of the Diwani of Bengal, dated"l2th August, a.d. 1765, 24th Safar, a.h. 1179, on the Company agreeing to pay the emperor 24 lakhs of rupees annually from the revenues of the three provinces, viz. Bengal, Behar, and Orissa. This im- portant business being settled by Lord Clive, he returned to Calcutta, leaving Geueral Smith to attend the emperor, but in fact to rule him ; for the General resided in the fortress, and his majesty in the town ; and the sound of the imperial naubat in the fort being disagreeable to General Smith, he for- bad the baud to play, nor did the servants of the emp(!ror dare to disobey the ilisgraceful order. Shah 'Alam continued to reside at Allahabad under the protection of the English, till the year a.d. 1771, a.h. 1185, when, growing weary of his retirement, he pro- ceeded to DehlT, where he arrived on the 25th December the same year, but not long afterwards fell into the power of Gliulam Kadir Khan, a Rohila chief, who put out his eyes on tlie 10th August, a.d. 1788, Eamazan, A.H. 1185. Shah 'Alam, after this event, re-assumed the throne, and cUed on the 19tli November, a.d. 1806, 7th Eamazan, a.h. 1221, aged 81 lunar years. Shah 'Alam's poetical name was Aftab. He was a good poet, and has left a Diwiln called Dludn- ^ftfib, in Persian and Urdii verse. His remains were deposited close to the tomb of Bahadur Shah, adjoining the Moti Masjid, near the Dargah of Qut.b Shah. [ Vide Keeue's Fall of the Jfiicihal Umpire.'] Shah 'Alam (>_Lx: iLi), a celebrated Muhammadan saint, was the son of Qutb 'Alam, which see. Shah 'Ali, Hazrat (clJj^^^Xs- il^), a pious Sayyab, who is the author of several works on religion in Persian, Arabic, and Gujrati. He died at Aljmadabad Gujrat in A.D. 1565, A.H. 973, and was buried there. Shah 'Ali Muhammad ( !_£ il_-l Jk-^_.s:'*), author of the TajjalUcd Raltmilnl, an explanation of the Siifi tenets and mystical phrases, etc. Shahbaz Banda Nawaz {iX-J jl-JbLi :^».j), author of two books called Ishq-udma and Sdrdat-nama, containing essays on divine love, the soul, futiu'e state, etc. Shahbaz Khan Kambu ( ,l:>. ;LJ^Ll ».-».**-^), a descendant in the sixth generation of Haji Jamal, who was a disciple of Shaikh Baha-uddin of Multiin. He passed the first part of his life as a Dervish or mendicant, but was afterwards employed by the emperor Akbar, and raised to the dignity of an Amir. He was appointed governor of Bengal in a.d. 1584, a.h. 992, and died in the 44th year of the reign of that monarch, a.d. 1599, a.h. lOUS, aged 70 years. He was buried at Ajmir, near the mausoleum of Kliwaja Mo'in-uddlu Chishti. His liberality and tJie money he expended was so great, th;it it made the people think that he had in his possession the Philosopher's Stone. Shah Begam (♦^-^ il-i), the mother of Sultfin Kluisro, the son of the emperor Jahfiugir. >'»/«; Kl'iisro (Sultan). SHAH 8G2 SHAH Shah Begam {S^i il-i). This Avas the title couferred by Jaliaiigir on his first wife, who was the dauf,^hter of Bliagwan Das, the son of Raja Behari Mai. She was married to prince Salim (afterwards Jahangir) in a.d. 1584, A.H. 993, and became the mother of Sultan Kliusro, who was born in a.d. 1587, A.H. 995. When Jahau,n:Tr rebelled against his father Akhar, and was living independently at Allahabad, he gave himself up more than ever to debauchery. He had always enter- tained a peculiar dislike for his eldest son, Sultan Kliusro, whose own levity and violence seem to have given him reasons for his dis- pleasure. Some circumstance in their disputes so affected Khusro's mother that she swallowed poison (opium) in a.d. 1603, a.h. 1012, and died at Allahabad, where she was buried in a place called Sultan Khusro's garden, where her son Sultan Kliusro also was afterwards buried. Shah Begam ( JLj il-i>), a daughter of Muhammad Muqira, brother of Shah Beg Arghun, governor of Qaudahar and after- wards king of Sindh. She was married to Qasim Koka, who was killed in the wars of the Uzbaks. On the conquest of Qandahar by Babar Shah, she was taken away to Kabul. Shah Begam (♦^-^J il-i)), mother of Klian Mirza, of Badakbshan, traced her genealogy to Alexander the Great. Shah Beg Arghun or Urghun (^l^ (j._c.^ C-Xlo), king of Sindh and founder of the Arghun family, was the son of ]\Iirza ZunuQu Beg Arghun, the com- mander-in-chief and head of the nobles at the coturt of Sultan Husain Mirza, king of Khurasan, and governor of Qandahar and the provinces of Shal, Sitiinak and Arghun. Mirza Zunniin met his death in attempting to resist an invasion under Muhammad ^han Shaibani Uzbak. After his death the govern- ment of Kandahar devolved on his son Shah Beg Arghun. When the emperor Babar Shah invaded the province of Qandahar, Shah Beg, unable to resist him, retreated towards Sindh, and having overcome Jam Fircz, the last king of the Samana djTiasty, a.d. 1521, A.H. 927, he settled himself as king in that country. His reign was, how- ever, but of short duration, for he ched two years and some mouths after the conquest, in the year a.d. 1524, a.h. 930, and his eldest son, Shah Husain Arghun, succeeded him. Shah Dai-ullah, Shirazi (^-c^^^^ il-i) ^:^.*^ ^I!^), a pupil of Shah Namat- ullah Wall. He was a mystical poet and a great saint. His tomb, which is at Shiraz, is a place of pilgrimage. Shah Ghulam Azim (*,JiLi: *\^ il-i), son of Shah Abul MaalT, the son of Shah Ajmal of Allahabad. He is the author of two Dlwans and a Masnawi. [ Vide Afzal.] Shah Girami or Mirza Girami {i\j^ ,t^.^), a poet who lived in the dress of Kalandar and Dehll, and died in the year A.D. 1743, A.H. 115G. Shah Gul (jf ^li). Vide Walidat. Shah Hatim (^j'ls^ il-i), surname of \ Shaikh Zahlr-uddin, a Hindustani poet. Vide Hatim. Shah Husain Arghun ( .., sLl ^s^S), king of Sindh, succeeded his father. Shah Beg Arghiin, in ad. 1524, a.h. 930. He reigned 32 years, and died in a.d. 1555, A.H. 962. After his death the govern- ment of Sindh was divided between two rivals, Mahraud, the governor of Bakkar, and Mirza Isa Turkhan, governor of Thatta, who both assumed the title of king, and between whom frequent dissensions arose, and battles were fought. The emperor Akbar on coming to Lahore reduced the whole of the province of Bakkar exclusive of the fort, till at last Mahmiid was willing to give it up, and Akbar deputed Geisii K]ian to receive it, but Mahmud died before his arrival, a.d. 1574, A.H. 982, after a reign of 20 lunar years, and Akbar thus became possessed of Upper Sindh, and put an end to the hopes of the race of Mahmud. Isa Turkhan, who took possession of Thatta after the death of Shah Husain, died after a reign of 13 years in a.d. 1567, A.H. 976. Shah Husain Safwi {^^k^..^Mj.»~ il^) succeeded his father. Shah Sulaimiin, king of Persia, in a.d. 1694, a.h. 1134. In the year A.D. 1722 Mahmud, an Afghan chief of Qandahar. besieged Isfahan and compelled Sultan Husain to surrender and resign his crown to him. This circumstance occurred on the 23rd October the same year, a.h. 1135, and the unfortunate Sultan was confined in a small palace, where he remained seven years, when a reverse of fortune, which threatened their downfall, led his enemies, whose chief was Ashraf, the successor of Mahmud, to put an end to his existence. This melancholy event took place in November, a.d. 1729, a.h. 1142. The Safwian family may be said to have actually terminated with Sultan Husain. His son Tahmasp assumed the title of king, and struggled for a few years with his fate. SHAH 863 SHAH but a weak, effeminate, and debauched youth was unsuited for such times ; and he only merits a jilace in history as his name fur- nished a pretext for the celebrated Niidir Shah to lay the foimdation of his great power. Shall Husain Sayyad (._^..^~^ iLi ^.^). Vide Haqiqat. ShaM (, ^l^), poetical title of Prince Mirza KTir-uddiu, the son of IMirza Xlmn Bakht, the son of Mirza Siilaiman Shikoh. ShaM Beg Khan Uzbak (LJCj ^AJL j_XjJ^ ^J^S~), also called Shaibani Khan, who, after he had conquered Trans- oxiana, invaded Kjim-iisan, took Herat in A.D. 1507, A.H. 913, and extinguished the principal branch of the house of Taimur. He was, however, defeated and slain in a battle against Shah 'Isma'il I. Safwi, in a.d. 15l0, A.H. 916, when his skull was overlaid with gold, and made into a drinking cup by that monarch. After his death Taimur Sultan succeeded hira and Jani Beg Sultan and 'Abdullah Klian divided Bukhara between themselves. The Uzbaks were Tartars who came from the borders of Russia, where they had been governed by a race of princes descended from Shaibaui, the grandson of Changez Khan ; but they derived their name from Uzbak, the seventh of their race, who introdaced the INIuhnraraadan religion among them. The last prince of this tribe was Burgu Khan, who was slain by Shah Bakht, upon which the Uzbaks quitted their ancient habitation, and conquered Khurasan, Khwa- rizm, etc. Shahid (j>j:bLij). Vide Ghulam Imam Shahid. Shahidi (^AJS'l-l), poetical name of Mir 'Abdul Wahid of Bilgram, which see. Shahidi Qummi (^^^ ^jiJbLl), an author, who was a native of Qumm, and died in A.D. 1529, a.h. 935. Shahi, Mir or Amir (^--.-^ _;6L-i), poetical name of 'Aqa Malik, son of Januil- uddin Firozkohi. His mother was the sister of Kliwaja Muwyyad, a chief of the race of Sarbadals of Sabzwar. He was himself a native of Sabzwar and a very learned man. He wrote a beautiful hand, and was a good musician and painter. He flourished in the time of Baisaughar Mirza and Sultau Babar, and died at Astrabad in a.d. 1450, a.h. 854, aged more than 70 years. He was buried at his own request at Sabzwar. He is the author of a biography of poets called Majmua-iish- Shiiard, and of a Diwan entitled Dlivan Shdhi. Shah Jahan {^J^s^ *'wi), emperor of Dehli, stu-named Shahab-uddin Muhammad Sahib Qiran Sani, was the third son of the emperor Jahangir. He was born at Lahore on the 5th January, a.d. 1593, 29th Eabi' I. A.H. 1000, and named Mirza Kliurram. His mother, BalmatT, was the daughter of Riija Udai Singh, son of Raja Maldeo, of Jodhpur, and sister to Raja Siiraj Singh. At the time of his father's death he was absent in the Deccan, but the throne was secm-ed for him by his father-in-law, 'Asaf Khan, the wazir, the brother of Nur Jahan Begam. He marched towards Lahore on hearing of the throne being at his disposal, and began his reign 4th February, a.d. 1628, 8th Jumada II. a.h. 1037. ' He was the most magnificent prince that ever appeared in India. The most striking instance of his pomp and prodigality was his construction of the famous peacock throne. It took its name from two peacocks fashioned splendidly in sapphires, emeralds, rubies, and other " ap- propriate jewels, which formed the chief ornament of a mass of bullion and precious stones that dazzled every beholder. Tavernier, a jeweller by profession, reports that it cost nearly six millions aud-a-half sterliug. His greatest splendour was shown in his buildings. He founded a new city at DehlT, called atW him Shahjahanabad, but of all the structures erected by him there is none that bears any comparison with the Taj Mahal at Agra, a mausoleum of white marble decorated with mosaics, which for the richness of the material, the chasteness of the design, and the effect at once brilliant and solemn, is not siu'passed by any edilice, either in Europe or Asia. Taj Mahal is a corruption of Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Begam, q.v.), the name of Shah Jahan's favourite wife, whose sepul- chre it forms. Shah Jahan reisrned thirty years, but was deposed and coutined in the fort of Agra by his son 'Alamgir Aiu-angzeb on the 9th Juue, a.d. 1651, 17th Rama/.an, A.H. 1068, and died at Agra, after an im- prisonment of 7 years and 10 months, on IMonday night, the 23rd January, a.d. 1G66, 26th Rajab, a.h. 1076, aged 76 hmar vears 3 mouths and 17 days, and was bm-ied iii the Taj close to his wile's tomb. There were living at the time of his imprisorment four of his sons and four daughters. Of the sons the eldest was Dfira Shikuli, the second Sultan Sliujaa, the third 'Alaniglr, and the fourth Murad Bakhsli ; but 'Alamgir, who suc- ceeded his father, mm-dered two of his brothers, viz. Dara and Murad, and the third, Sultan Shujaa, died in Arracan, or was murdered by the Raja of that country. His daughters were Arjuman 'Ara, Uaiti 'Arii, Jahan 'Ara, and Dahr 'Axa (or Roshan 'Arii). SHAH 364 SHAH Inscription on a gold coin of Sliah Jaliiin of great size and value, struck in a.h. 1U64. Obverse. <)1\ ^li! \\ J J ' -J ^rv Jus .c> ^-v.-^y ajLj il;j ^,j J e.'^'^ ^^--' oV^ j!j 1^^ l^-^ '^^ ^^'^ '} ^^-"-J) ^V Reverse. j^-i^_Cj_j-.'^ e; U.:;.z I.. ^^:; JO c o-,- ^1 1^^ ijlj CTT.' .1_X ^.-Li jl [Vide Turks in India; also S. Lane-Poole's Catalogue of Mughal Coins \ Shah Jahan Begam of Bhopal (iLl >Cj j_^\.aI:>' ) succeeded to the princi- pality of Bhopal on the death of her mother, Sikaudar Begam, on the 30th Octoher, a.d. 1868. Her Highness in a.d. 1871 married her prime minister, Muhammad Sadik Hasan Klian, by the advice or consent of the Supreme Government. He was her second husband. She commanded that in future he should be addressed thus : Motamid - nl - Muharn Muhammad Sfidik Hasan Kliau Sahib Bahadm", second minister of the State of Bhopal. Shah Jalal ( Ji^ il-i)), a Muhammadan saint of great sanctity, whose tomb is in Sylhet. This shrine has a large number of attendants to minister at it, and the pigeons and other birds which flock there are held as sacred as the birds within the temple of Mecca. Shah Karak {CSi il^), a celebrated Muhammadan saint, who is buried at Kara, a city in the province of Allahabad, and whose tomb is still held sacred by the Musalmaus. It is mentioned by Firishta, that the day before the assassination of Sultan Jalal-uddin Firoz, in a.d. 1296, Sultan 'Ala-uddin visited the holy man, who, rising from his pillows repeated the following extempore verses : " He who Cometh against thee shall lose his head in the boat, and his body shall be thrown into the Ganges ; " which, they say, was explained a few hours afterwards by the death of the unfortunate king, whose head fell into the boat upon this occasion. Shah Karak died between the years a.d. 1296 and A.D. 1316. Shah Madar ( .\a,« il-i), a celebrated Muhammadan saint, whose proper name was Badi-uddin. He was a disciple of Shaikh Muhammad Taituri Bastami, and is the founder of the sect called Madaria in India. jMauy curious anecdotes are related of him. He died on the 20th December, a.d. 1434, A. II. 838, aged 124 years, and is buried at Makanpiir in Qanauj, where a great assembly is held every year at his tomb. He was a contemporary of Qazi Shahab-uddin Daulata- badi, who lived in the time of Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi of Jaunpiir. Shah Mahmud of Isfahan ( j»^s:'* il^ jl^i-;0. Vide Shah Shujaa. Shah Mansur ( .»_^_:._^ il-i), last Sultan of the dATiasty of the Mu^affarians, was the son of Shah Muhammad Muzaffar. He reigned in 'Iraq and Fars after Shah Zain-iU-'Abidiu, whom he deprived of sight, and took possession of Shiraz. He was defeated by Amir Taimiir, who put him to death on " Thursday, the 22nd May, a.d. 1393, 10th Rajah, a.h. 795. Shah Mansur (...^.i.^ il.^). Vide Kliwaja Mansur. Shah Mir (^^ ^l-i), also called Mian, whose proper name was Shaikh Muhammad, was a descendant of the Khalif 'Umar, and a very pious Musalman. He is reckoned amongst the Muhammadan saints. He was born at Shistau a.d. 1550, a.h. 957, came to Lahore, where he resided 60 years, and died there on Tuesday, the 1 1th August, a.d. 1635, 7th Rabi' 1. a.h. 1045, aged 88 lunar years. He is buried at a place called Has- himpiir, near Lahore. He had numerous disciples, one of whom was MuUa Shah, the spiritual guide of the prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of the emperor Shah Jahan. He is the author of the work called Zlyd-ul- Ai/T/n, or the Light of the Eyes, containing tlie rules for propriety of conduct through life. Shah Mir (^^ il-l), first Muhammadan king of Kashmere. The original inhabitants of Kashmere appear to have been the followers of Brahma. The period of the first estab- lisliment of the Muhammadan faith in that country took place diu-ing the reign of Raja Seina Deva, about the year a.d. 1315, a.h. 715, when a person called Shah Mir, coming to Kashmere in the habit of a Dervish, was admitted into the service of that prince. Upon the death of the Raja he was appointed prime minister to his son and successor, Raja Raiijan. When this Raja died Anand Dev, who succeeded him, also made Shah Mir his minister. The whole of this family not only gaiued great ascendancy over the Raja, but also over the minds of the people, till the Raja, becoming jealous of theii- power, for- SHAH 365 SHAH bade them in court. This exclusion drove Shah Mir into rebellion, when, having occu- \ned the valley of Kashmere with his troops, most of the officers of the Raja's government also joined him. This insurrection soon brought the Eaja to the grave, and in the year a.d. 1327, a.h. 727, he died of a broken heart, leaving his widow regent. Shah Mir, after some years, married Kaula Devi, the wife of the Raja, who embraced the Muham- madau faith, an event which secured to him the country which he had before nearly usurped. It is related by another author, that when preparations tor the marriage commenced, the devoted princess, despairing and ignorant, surrounded by her train of maidens, advanced into the presence of the usurper and, upbraiding him for his ingratitude and treachery, stabbed herself before him. Thus perished, by her own hand, the last Hindii sovereign of Kashmere, and Shah Mir, who is considered the first Muhammadan king of that country, ascended the throne under the title of Sultan Shams-uddiu in the year a.d. 1341, a.h. 742. He died in a.d. 1344 or A.D. 1349, a.h. 745 or a.h. 750, and was succeeded by his son Jamshid. List of the Muhammadan Kings of Kashmere. 1. Sultan Shams-uddin Shah Mir. 2. Jamshid, son of Shah Mir, reigned 14 months, and was expelled by his younger brother, 'Ala-uddin 'Alishir, and slain. 3. 'Ala-uddin 'Alishir, son of Shah Mir, reigned 13 years. 4. Shahab-uddin, son of 'Ala-uddlu, reigned 19 years, and died a.d. 1376. 5. Qutb'-uddin, brother of Shahab-uddin, during whose reign the famous Sayyad 'All Hamdani arrived in Kashmere. He reigned 15 years. 6. Sikandar, surnamed Butshikan, who de- stroyed all images and subverted the Hindii religion, was the son of Qutb- uddin, and a contemporary of Amir Taimiir. He reigned about 25 years. 7. 'All Shah, the son of Sikandar, reigned nearly 7 years. 8. Zain-ul-'Abidin, brother of 'Ali Shah, reigned 52 years, and died about the year a.d. 1474. 9. Haidar Shah, son of Zain-ul-'Abidin, reigned little more than a year, and was killed by a fall from his palace. 10. Sultan Hasan, son of Haidar Shah, reigned 12 years in excess and drunken- ness. 11. Muhammad Shah, a cliild of seven years of age, son of Hasan Shah. He had several battles with Fatha Kb .an, and after a reign of 1 1 years was imprisoned by his uncle. 12. Fatha Khan, who took the title of Fatha Shah, reigned 10 years. Muhammad Shah re-ascended the throne in A.D. 15!<6, and reigned two months, and then Fatha Shah one year, after which Muhammad Shah ascended the tliroue the third time, and was deposed after a reign of 19 years. He was once more raised to the throne, and died in a.d. 1533 after an interrupted reign of 50 years. Ibrahim, the son of Muhammad, reigned five years. Mubarik Shah, also called Nazuk and Barbak, son of Ibrahim, ascended the throne and, after a reign of three months, was expelled by the army of the emperor Humayiin, who, being defeated by Sheir Shah in a.d. 1541, had fled his country, and had re- treated to Lahore, whence he sent an army under the command of Mirza Haidar Doghlat, who, invachng Kashmere, con- quered that province, and reigned there 10 years. Mirza Haidar Doghlat, after a reign of nearly 10 years, was killed in a night attack in a.d. 1551, A.H. 958. After his death the leading men cHvided the country into tlu'ee principalities among themselves, though for form's sake Nazuk, the son of Ibrahim, was again seated on the throne, and was again deposed the second time, by his brother. Ibrahim II. was placed on the throne by Daulat Chak, and after a short time was deposed and blinded, and his brother Isma'il was raised to the throne in a.d. 1556. He reigned nearly two years, and was succeeded by his son Habib, who ascended the throne and reigned thi'ee years, after which he was imprisoned by Ghazi Chak. Ghazi Chak declared himself king and as- sumed the title of Ghazi Shah, and reigned four years, when, being attacked by a leprosy, he abdicated the throne in a.d. 1563. Hnsaiu Shah, his brother, mounted the throne, reigned six years, and was compelled to abdicate in favour of his brother 'Ali Klian in .4..D. 15G9. 'Ali Shah ascended the throne in a.d. 1569, and in the year a.d. 1572 Mulla Ishqi and Qazi Sadr-uddin came as ambassadors from the com't of Dehli, the result of which was that Akbar was proclaimed emperor of Kashmere in the public prayers ; and 'Ali Shall, at the request of Akbar, sent his niece, the daughter of his brother Husaiu Shah, to be married to the prince Salim. In the year a.d. 1578, 'Ali Shah was killed by a fall from his horse, after a reign of nine years, and was succeeded by his son Yu.saf Chak, who proceeded to the court of Akbar in 1586, and his sou Yaqiib Chak succeeded to the throne in con- sequeuce of his father's detention at the court of Dehli. In the year a.d. 1587, A.H. 995, Akbar appointed Muliammad Qasim Khan, Amir-ul-Balir (Admiral), to march and subdue Kaslimere. Yaqul) was defeated and at last seized and sent to Delili in 15S8, where Akbar enrolled Yiisaf Shah and his sou Yaqiib among the nobles of his government. Eadi of them received estates in the province of Behar, and from that period the kingdom of Kashmere has been a province of Dehli. SHAH 36G SHAH Shah Muhammad, Khalifa (a^^'^ il-i > j^»:ji)Li)), son of 'Abdul Rahim Khau KliiiuKlianan. His daughter was married to priuce Shah Jahan. He died iu the year a.h. 1028. Shahnawaz Khan {^d>~ •.\^^.i\.^), a nobleman of the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan, was the son of 'Asaf Khun, wazir, and father-in-law of the emperor 'Alamgir, and of his brother prince Murad Baldish ; though the author of the Mdsir-id- Umrd says that he was the son of Mirza Itustam Qauda- hari. He was appointed governor of Giijrat in the room of the prince Murad Bakhsh, who was imprisoned by order of his brother 'Alamgir in July, a.d. 1658. When Dara Shikoh, through various adventures, after his tiight from Multau, came to Ahniadabad Gujrat, Shahnawaz Khan, his maternal uncle, was then in that city, and his daughter, the wife of Murad Bakhsh, was in his palace. Her bitter supplications against 'Alamgir, the impending murderer of her husband, pre- vailed on him to join the cause of Dara, for whom he levied an army, aud marched with him towards Ajmir, where on their arrival a bloody battle ensued between the armies of Dara and 'Alamgir, on Sundav, the 13th March, a.d. 1659, Jumada II. a.h. 1069, which ended in the defeat aud tiight of Dara and death of Shahnawaz Klian, who fell by the lance of Dileir l\han. He was buried by the orders of 'Alamgir in the mausoleum of Khwaja Mo'in-uddin Chishti at Ajmir. Shahnawaz Khan (^l~- j^.-i.i'l.Jij), a nobleman of Shah 'Alam's court, author of the book called Miraat-i-Aftdb-numai, a work on the history of modern Dehli. Shahnawaz Khan (^j^^^^ ^;l.>. j^*:.^,^ - ), a nobleman of the court of the emperor Akbar. He held the rank of 5000, aud was sent with prince Sultan SalTm to Ajmir, accompanied by Eaja Man Singh, to chastise the Amirs under the Raja of Udaipur in a.d. 1598, a.h. 1007. The emperor Jahangir savs, in his Memoirs, that in the first year of his reigu, a.d. 1605, he gave the daughter of Mirza Handal, named Sultan Begam, in marriage to Shah Qiili Khan Mahram, but his death is mentioned iu another work, viz. Mdsir-nl-Umrd, to have taken place iu the month of December, a.d. 1600, ISlh Azar, a.h. 1009, at Agra. Shahristani ( ^l:x--^^,^). Vide ^ Ahvil Fatha Muhammad-ash- Shahristani. Shahrukh, Mirza Q^'.j^ ^^JbLij), the son of Raza Quli and grandson of Xadir Shah. His father's (Raza "Qidi) mother, Fatima Sultan Begam, was the daughter of Shah Sultan Husain Safwi. Shahrukh was raised to tiie throne some time after the death of his grandfather, but was soon afterwards seized and deprived of sight. He retired to Mash- had, which province he was allowed to hold in his possession till the time of his death, which happened at Damghan in a.d. 1796. His death was the cou.'ieiiueuce of the tortures that had been inflicted upon him by 'Aqa Muhammad, king of Persia, wlio by this act extorted from him many precious stones of great value which had once belonged to Nadir Shfdi. Shahrukh, Mirza {^jj^ ^jJb\j^), was the fourth son of Amir Taimiir, and held the government of Khurasan at his father's death, which took place in February, a.d. 1405. After the imprisonment of Sultan Khalil, his nephew, ruler of Samarqand, a.d. l-i08, A.H. 811, he marched from Khtu-asan to take possession of his dominions. His authority was immedi:itely acknowledged, not only in Samarqand, but over all Transo.viana. He was brave and generous, but not an am- bitious prince ; and during a reign of 42 years we hear of no wars in which he was engaged, except with the Turkman tribes of Asia Minor, whose power Taimiir had over- come, but not destroyed. Mirza Shahrukh was born at Samarqand on the 21st July, A.D. 1377, 14th Rabi' I. a.h. 779, and died at Fishaward in the produce of Rei, on the Persian new year's day, viz. Sunday, the r2th March, a.d. 1447, 25th Zil-hijja, a.h. 850, aged 71 luuar years. He reigned 42 years, during which the conquests of his father in India seem to have remained in subjection to his authority. At his death he left five sous, 'siz. Mirza Ulagh Beg, Ibrahim Mirza, Mirza B;u.sanghar, Sayiir- ghamish, and Muhammad Jugi. He was succeeded by his sou Mirzii Ulagh Beg. Shahrukh Mirza (\j^^ ^jsXti), a de- scendant of Amir Taimur, Avas the son of Ibrahim Mirza, the son of Mirza Sulaiman, ruler of Badakhshan. His mother's name was Muhtarim K^ianam. About the year A.D. 1575, A.H. 983, he forcibly took posses- sion of Badakhshan from his grandfather, and reigned there about 10 years, after which, in A.D. 1585, A.H. 993, that province was conquered by 'Abdullah llhan Uzbak, and Shahrukh compelled to fly to India, where he was kindly received by the emperor Akbar, who gave him his daughter Shakar-im-Xisa Begam in marriage iu the year a.d. 1593, A.H. 1001, aud raised him to the rank of an Amir of 5,000, In the time of Jahangir the rauk of 7,i*00 was conferred on him. He died at Fjjain iu a.d. 1607, a.h. 1016, aud was buried there. Shahruk Mirza or Mirza Shahruk ((__$,l-i) ^\y ^\r^ uS,^), who had a jagir in Gujrat, was murdered by his yoimger brothers in the year a.h. 1032. Shahryar (^,b»^,-l), a king of Persia of the Sassauian race, who reigned in Persia a few months in a.d. 629. Vide Shii-oya. Shahryar, Sultan (^,V^U-^.l.'^_,jl^ ijUjil-i), a daughter of the emperor Alcbar by Sallma Begam. She was living in the commence- ment of the reign of her brother Jahanglr. Shahzada Sultan (^^LL-L: iJ^l.J^l^). Vide Sultau Shfibzada. Shah Zaman (,.„<; il^). Vide Zam&n Shah. Sha'ib (( --Jt-i), the name of Jetliro, the father-in-law of Moses. Sha'ib (i -jtJL), the title of a poet of Isfahan, who wrote the poem called Wamik and Uzra. Shaibani ( jl^i,), an author whose proper name was Abii Amru Is-hak. He died at Ba gh dad in the year a.d. 828, a.ii. 213. Shaihani Khan, (^Iri- jL->-l). Vide Shahi Beg Uzbak. Shaida (^ji^.i), poetical appellation of Mir Fatha 'All of Lucknow, author of the story of the Owl and the Grocer, entitled Bfim-o-Baqqal. He was contemporary with Fidwl, author of an Yiisaf and Zaleikha in Urdii. Shaida, Mulla (1« ^A-.-!), title of a poet who flourished in the latter part of the reign of Jahangir and commencement of the emperor Shah Jahan. He was one of the Sheikhzadas of Fathapur Sikri, and a con- temporary of the poets Talib Killim, Qudsi, Hakim Ilfizik, and Nawfib Islam KJian wazlr. His works contain more than 50,000 verses. He has left a Masnawi of 12,000 verses in the style of the Mdljhzan-id-Asrdr of Nizami. He died in a.d. 1652, a.h. 1062, in Kashmere, and was buried there. He also had a home at Agra. Shaikh 'Alai {^\s: ^-i>), a philosopher of Bayana, who made a great stir in the world in the reign of Sultiin Salim Shah by introducing a new sj-stem of religion. lie called himself Imiim Mahdi, who is believed to be the last of the pmphets. This impostor raised great disturbances in the empire, and converted some thousands by force and persuasion. After being twice banished by the king, he returned and kindled fresh troubles, for which he was scourged to death at Agra, by order of the king, A.D. 1548, a.h. 955. He remained firm to his doctrine in the agonies of death ; but his religion was not long maintained by his disciples. [Vide Aln Translation (Abii'l-Fazl's Bio- graphy).] Shaikh 'Alam ( Jl, 9' \£. '^'^), who wrote a book on the Music of India, and called it Miidhodnal or Mddho Niick, after the name of the musician who first wrote it in Hindi. Shaikh 'Ali (,^1.£ 'f^--^), author of the Jawdhir-nl-Sainania. Shaikh Buhlul ( J^_L^,_j irr^-^), the brother of the saint Muhammad Ghaus of Gwaliar. He was put to death in Agra by IMirza Handal, the brother of the emperor Humayiiu, about the year a.d. 1539, a.h. 945. His tomb is on a hill near the fort of Baiaua. Shaikh Farid Bhakari (_\_.'.-i ^"^'^ ■■J ^ ^..x.^), a native of Bhakar, and author of the work called Zakhirat - ul - Qdwanln, which he composed in the time of the emperor Shah Jahan, a.d. 1650, a.h. 1060. Shaikh Farid Bukhari (jk_)_j '^'^), a nobleman, who, in the first year of Jahangir, was raised to the rank of 5000, with the title of Murtaza Kjiau, and appointed Paymaster- General of the army. He ched in the year A.D. 1616, A.H. 1025. Shaikhi 1st (^^sa.i)), a poet, on whom Murad I. had conferred a wazlrship. The following amusing anecdote of this poet is recorded by an author. In the early part of his career Shaikhi suffered much from a com- plaint in the eyes, and, being very poor, he was so inconsequent as to open a shop for the sale of eye-water. The price was an asper a bottle. One day, however, a stranger, passing by and observing the bloodshot eyes of the poet, stopped to purchase a bottle, and in pajing for it laid down two aspers. "I charge but one asper," said Shaikhi, "do you SHAI 371 SHAI not know that?" "Certainly I know it," said the stranger, ' ' and theret'ore you see I give you a second." "Give me a second ! " replied Shaikhi angrily, " for what ? " "To enable you to buy one of your own bottles, my friend," replied the other coolly, "and cure yourself?" The poet shrugged his shoulders and shut up his shop. He tloiuished about the year 1395. Shaikhi 2nd, a Turkish poet, who was contemporary with Ahmadi. Shaikh Ibrahim (^,>^^_j1 ^■^*^), an uncle of the poet Hazin. He is the author of the Itdfa' - hI - Khildf, which contains glosses on various works, and of the Kdshif- ul-Ghawdshi, being glosses on the Kashshaf as far as the 49th Sura, and of a commentary on Euclid. He died at Lahijan in a.d. 1707, A.H. 1119. Shaikh Jalal ( JL»- 'f-"^), surnamed Makhdiim Jahanian Jahangasht; a celebrated saint of Multan, the son of Sayyad Ahmad Kablr, the son of Sayyad Jala'l BukhfirT. He was the disciple of Shaikh Rukn-uddiu Abu'l Fatha, grandson of Shaikh Baha- uddin Zikaria. He is said to have travelled all over the world, and is on that account called Jahangasht. He made seven pilgrim- ages to Mecca, and brought from there a stone bearing the footmark of the prophet, which he made over to Sultan FirGz Shah Tughlaq, who became one of his disciples. Shaikh Jalal was born on the 8tli February, A.D. 1308, 14th Shaban, a.h. 707, and died on Wednesdav, the 3rd February, a.d. 1384, 10th Zil-hijja, a.d. 785, aged 78 lunar years ; he was buiied at Uchcha in Multan. The Persian inscription is engraved on the gate of his mausoleum, which is annually visited by the pilgrims of distant coimtries. It is a popular belief that a fool can get restored to perfect sense by eating the earth of his tomb. He is the founder of the sect of Malang and Jalalia Faqirs in India, and is the brother of Sayyad llaju Qattal. His memoirs were written by one of his chs- ciples and is called Kitdb Ktitbi. \_Vicle Thomas, Chronicles of the Fathdn Kings, p. 91, note.~\ Shaikh Jalal of Thanesar {Ji^ '^'^ ^.UsT), a celebrated pious Musalmun who lived in the time of the emperor Akbar, and died on the 10th January, a.h. 1582, 14th Zil-hijja, a.h. 989, and lies buried at Thanesar. Shaikh Jamali, Maulana ( JU.:?- '^.'^ lj^».«), was a native of Dehli and an excellent Persian poet. He at first took for his poetical title Jalali, but subsequently at the request of his miirshid, Shaikh Sama- uddin, changed into Jamali. From Dehli he proceeded on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and on his return he came to Herat in the time of Sultan Husain Mirza, where he re.sided for several years, and became acquainted with the celebrated Maulwi Jami. He is the author of the work entitled Siar-nl-'Arifln, or Lives of the Pious, as also of a Diwan. He died in the time of the emperor Hiima- yun, A.D. 1535, a h. 942, and lies buried at old Dehli, where his tomb is still to be seen. His son. Shaikh Gadai Kamboh, served under Bairam I\han for several years, rose to a suitable rank, and died in a.d. 1568, a.h. 976. Shaikh Jun or Jiwan hin-Abi Sa'id- al-Makki (^j»^ f^^^^\ author of the Nur-ul-Anwdr fl Sharh-al-Manar, a law treatise. Shaikh Mir ( a nobleman and one of the best generals of 'Alamgir, whose cause he espoused and was killed in the last battle which took place between that emperor and his eldest brother, Dara Shikoh, at Ajmir, on Sundav the 13th March, a.d. 16o9", 29th Jumiida ll. a.h. 1069. He was buried by the orders of 'Alamgir close to the tomb of" Klrwaja Mo'in-iiddin Chishti at Ajmir. Shaikh Mir of Lahore ( ,^.^ '^•^■^). J ■■ ^ He is also called Shah Mir, and is said to have been a pious Musalman and spiritual guide of Mulla Shah. He died in August, A.D. 1635, A.H. 1015, and is biuied at Lahore. [nWe Shah Mir.] Shaikh Mubarak of Nag-or (;^-rr— ^,».^U ( $,l.-w*), father of Shaikh Faizi and Abu'l Fazl, the celebrated wazir of the emperor Akbar. He is the author of the Commentary on the Quran called Munha-ul- Ai/un, and of another work entitled Jaudma- ul-Kaldm. He was born in the year a.d. 1505, and died at Lahore on the 5th August, A.D. 1593, 17th Zil-Qa'da, a.h. 1001, and was buried at Agra, where, in the same com- pound, it is supposed Faizi, AbQ'l Fazl, and Ladll, their sister, were buried. His father's name was Shaikh Musii, who was a Turk by birth. Shaikh Mufid {sJi^* :^^). Vide Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad biu-Muhammad-al- Namiinl. Shaikh Muhammad (j^_^_.s'* ^■^^), author of a work on Siifiism. in Persian, called Chehal liisdla, or F(U-ty Chapters. \_Vide Muhammad (Shaikh).] SHAI 372 SHAK Shaikh Muwyyad (j.-,.,, •^•^^). Vide Abu'l Qasiui of Ilulla. Shaikh Nizain (♦liiJ :^-if^). Vide 2\i7.am (Shaikii). Shaikh Razi ( ._-* , :^'^), son of Hasan, author of the Sharah on the Kfifia and Shatia of Ibu-IIajib. He died in a.d. 1287, A.H. 686. Shaikh Saduq ( -.-.jk^ ir:r'-'),also called Abii Jafar Muhammad biu-'Ali Babawia. Vide Babawia. Shaikh Safi or Safl-uddin (J^ •^-^•^), the celebrated founder of the sect of Sufis in Persia, from whom were descended the royal Safwi family. He dwelt in Ardibail, in Media, and died there. His son Shaikh Sadr-uddin Musa was held in such hij;h estimation that he was honoured by a visit from the great conqueror, Amir Taimiir. That monarch was so much pleased by the Shaikh's conversation that, at his request, he released all the prisoners taken in Asia Minor and Turkey. Many of the captives were persons of wealth and family, Avho afterwards enriched their benefactor by costly presents and acknowledged him as their tutelar saint. Their respect, and that of their descendants, was continued to him and his posterity. Shaikh Safi died at Ardibeil on the 7th August, A.D. 1335, 17th Zil-hijja, a.h. 735. Shaikh Sharif (^ Shiih Sharaf-uddln. ...^., ;.-^-). nde Shaikh Taqi ( ^- :^-^-^). Vide Sliah Taqi. Shaikh Yusaf (^^^' :^-^). Vide Yusaf (Shaikh). Shaiq (^jl.^), poetical name of Yiisaf Beg, a poet of Dehli, who passed a retired life, although his other brothers were man- sabdars in the service of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died a.d. 1687, a.h. 10if8. Shaiq (j:jI^), poetical name of Mir Ghulam 'Ali bin-Sayyad Fatha 'Ali Razawi JiilisT. He flourished under Gjiazi-uddin Haidar, king of Audh, who reigned at Luck- now from a.d. 1814 to a.d. 1827, a.h. 1229 to A.H. 1243. He is the author of a Dlwan. Shaiq (^^^s-^j A!ly_ AJ |»j), the son of Asaf Khan, the prime minister. Shakar-un-Nisa Begam (Lj ^\\ ^\JL *x^j), tlie dai:ghter of the emperor Akbar, who gave her in marriage to Mirza Shfilnukh, sou of Ibrahim Mirza. She is buried in tlie mausoleum of Akbar at Sikan- dra in Agra. Her mother's name was Bibi Dauhit Siifih. Shakir (^^l-^j), the poetical name of JS'i/am-ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah. SHAK 373 SHAM Shakir (^ilji), the poetical name of 'Abdur Riihmau, author of the poetical work called Gulistan Miisarrat, which he also named Haddek-ul- Mafoil. He wrote this book at Liicknow during the reign of Amjad 'All Shfih iu A.D. 1845, ah. 1261, and finished it in the time of Wajid 'Ali Shah. Shall ( jLi), author of a Dlwan, which goes after his name, Dlwdii Shuhli. Shama'ul-Mulk (t_^lL»Jl ■«_^-l), title of the ruler of Jurjau, named Qabiis. Shamgar (^^X^<1). Vide Qabus. He is called Shamgir by Daulat Shah. Shamru, Samru or Sombre (,,«4>-i), whose real name was Walter Reiuhardt, a person of obscure parentage in the Electorate of Treves. He entered early as a common soldier the service of the French, taking for his nom -de -guerre Summer, which his comrades, from his satm-nine complexion, tiu'ned into Sombre, and the Indians, by corruption, Samrii and Shamrii. At length he repaired to Bengal, and enlisted in one of the Swiss Companies then employed at Calcutta ; but at the end of eighteen days deserted to the French at Chandarnagar, where he became a serjeant. Deserting this post he fled into the Upper Provinces, and was for some time a private trooper in the cavalry of Safdar Jang, father to Shuia- uddaula. This service he qiutted and led a vagabond life in different provinces ; but in A.D. 17(30 was with the rebel Faujdar of Purnia Ivhadim Husain Khan. Upon his being expelled from Bengal, Shamrii left him and entered into the service of Gregory, an Armenian, then in high favour with Nawab Qasim 'All Klulu and distinguished with the title of Gfirgin Khan. From him ho had the command of a battalion of Sepoys, and afterwards obtained from the nawab tlie addition of another. In this station he massacred the English captives at Patna in A.D. 1703. Some time previous to the battle of Buxar he treacherously de.serted Qasim 'All with his corps, and embraced the service of the Nawab Shuja uddaula, who had gained him over by bribes. Upon the nawab' s defeat at Buxar he was entrusted with the protection of the Begams, and remained with nawab till he made peace with the English, when, fearful of being delivered up to them, Ik; retii'ed to Agra, and entered into the ]iay of the Jilt. Eiija Jawahir Singh ; butcpiitted liim for the service of the Raja of Jaipur, who soon dismissed him on a remonstrance from the English General. He then again served the Jats ; quitted them once more, and came to Dehli, from whence he followed tlie fortunes of Xawab Xiijaf Klian, in whose service he died. Such are tlH> outlines of the fortunes of this man, who liad some merit as a soldier, but wholly obscured by a treacherous and blood-thirsty disposition. His corps was continued after his death in the name of his son and a favourite con- cubine, who received for their maintenance the sum of 65,000 rupees per mouth. He died, or was miirdered, in the year a.d. 1778, A.H. 1192, at Agra, where his tomb is to be seen in the Roman Catholic burial-ground, with a Persian inscription in verse, mention- ing the year of his death and his name. [ Vide next article.] Shamru Begam (^5l>.' ^^.^-1), the cele- brated princess of Sardhana, whose native title was Zeb-un-Nisa, was the wife, or rather concubine, of Shamrii or Sombre. She held an extensive jagir at Sardhana, and died on the 27th January, a.d. 1836, 8th Shawwal, a.h. 1251, aged 88 lunar years. Slie was buried in the church of Sardhana, of which she was the founder. She was one of the oldest and most sincere allies of the English. At her death she left upwards of six lakhs of rupees to various charitable and pious pxu'poses, and gave instructions for founding a college for young meu, to serve on the apostolic mission of Thibet and Hindiistan. Captain Muudy, in his Journal of a Tour in India, says that the history of her life, if properly known, would form a series of scenes such as, perhaps, no other female could have gone through. Colonel Skinner had often, during his service with the Marhattas, seen her, then a beautiful young woman, leading on her troops to the attack in person and displaying, in the midst of carnage, the greatest intrepidity and presence of mind. The Begam contracted a lawful marriage in a.d. 1793. Her first lord, Reiuhardt, who bought her when a young and handsome dancing girl, married, and con- verted her to the Roman Catholic religion. Her second husband was a French adventurer, a soldier of fortune named Levassoult, who commanded her small army. It is of this man that the following anecdote is related, which is wondrous strange, if it be true. Skinner used to say that her husband had become possessed of wealth, power, and a numerous army ; of these his ambitious wife coveted the undivided jto.sscssion, and she then accomplished her purpose. A nuitinou.s disposition, on the subject of pay, having manite.sted itself among his body-guard, the Begam, then about twenty-five, exaggerated the danger to her husband, and got intelli- gence couveved to him that the rebels had formed a plan to seize and confine him, and to dishonour his wife. They consicimntly arranged to escape togellun- front tlie fury of thesolcUery; and at night started secretly from their palace in palankeens. Towards morn- ing the attendants, in great alarm, auninincod that they were pursued ; and our heroine, in well-feigned despair, vowed that, if their esecu't were overconu-, she would stab herself to the heart. The devoted husband, a.s slie expected, swore he would not survive her. SHAM 374 SHAM Soon afterwards the pretended rebels came up, and after a short skirmish drove back the attendants, and forced the bearers to put down the pahmkeens. At this instant Levassoult heard a scream, and his wife's female slave rushed up to him and exclaimed tliat her mistress had stabbed herself to death. The husband, true to his vow, instantly seized a pistol and blew out his brains. His tomb is at Sardliaua. [So wrote Mr. Eeale, but the Begam's collusion has never been proved.] [Vide Fall of the Moghiil Empire.'] Shamshir Bahadur I. (^jl^^^^A^^), an illetjitimate offspring of the Peshwa Baji Rao Marhatta by a Musalman concubine named Mastani, who brought him up in the Muhammadan religion. He was severely wounded in the famous battle which took place between the Marhattas and Ahmad Shah AbdalT in January, a.d. 1761, and got to Dig, where Surajmal Jat had his wounds treated with the greatest care, but he died soon afterwards, and was buiied at Dig. Shamshir Bahadur II. (^jl^j^^JU-i), Nawab of Banda, was the eldest son of 'AlT Bahadur, the son of Shamshir Bahadur I. the son of Bilji Eao Peshwa. He succeeded to the territories of his father in Bundelkhund about the year a.d. 1802, but subsequently a pension or stipend of four lakhs of rupees annually was granted him in perpetuity by the British Government. He cUed on the 30th August, A.D. 1823, 24th Zil-Qa'da, A.H. 1238, and was succeeded by his brother Zulfiqar 'AH Khan. Shamshir Khan (^L-L ^ *..4 ,_.^), a nobleman, at vrhose request a prose abridg- ment of the Shdh-ndma of Firdausi was made by Tawakkul Munshi in a.d. 1652, a.h. 1063. Shams Shahab 'Afif (t__jL^,.^ ^j«...*w-i I— i-:^-a-^), the son of Malik Sad-ul- Mulk, who was Amaldar of Abiihar and Dibalpiir in the reign of Sultan Ghayas- uddln Tughlaq. He was born the very'day that Sultan Firoz Shah came into the world, i.e. in the year a.d. 1309, a.h. 709, and was the grandtather of Shams Siraj Aflf, the author of the Tdrikh Firoz S/id/ii. Shams Siraj 'Afif (^^^ J^ ,j-^-i,), the grandson of Shams Shahab Afif, was an historian who flourished in the reign of Sultan Firoz Shah B.arbak, king of Dehli, who reigned from a.d. 1351 to 1388. He is the author of the entire history of that monarch, called TdrJkli Firoz S/idhi, in which he relates that when that emperor built the city of Firozab.id, adjoiuini,'' to that of (old) Dehli, in the year a.d. 1354, a.h. 755, he (the author) was then 12 years of age, and that the red stone pillar in the Koshak of Firozabad, near the mosque or Jama Masjid, was brought by that emperor in the same year, with great expense and labour, from a place called Naweira, in the vicinity of Sitaura, near Kliizirabad, a city situated at the foot of a mountain, ninety cos distant from (old) Dehli, where it then stood. The whole length of this pillar, says the author, was 32 gaz, eight of which the king ordered to be buried in the earth or sunk in the building, and the remaining 24 to be above the surface. This pillar was called by the emperor, Minar Zarin, i.e. the Golden Minar. The second pillar which the emperor set up within his hunting-place, called Shikargah Firoz Shah, was brought from Mirath, and was somewhat smaller than the one just mentioned. This pillar is now called the Lath of Firoz Shah. These two pillars were, even at that period, as they are still, believed by the Hindiis to have been the walking sticks of a famous hero of antiquity named Bhim Sen. The characters engraved round these two pillars the most intelligent and learned men of all religious were not able to decipher. They have now been shown to have been made by Asoka. The author was living at the time of Tamerlane's invasion of India in a.d. 1398, a.h. 801, whom he has mentioned in his work. [_Vide Dowson's Elliot, iii. p. 269.] Shams Tabrizi (jij-^J ^^^jg«4-i). Vide Shams-uddin Muhammad Tabrizi. Shams Tibsi ( i). Vide v^ — -^ ^^^M*'♦-«J Shams-uddin Tibsi (Qazi). Shams-uddin Ahmad (^jjl ju*^^ S.^i..s>-\), author of the Khulusat-ul- Mtindkib, containing the lives of ten cele- brated Siifi Shaikhs. Shams-uddin Ahmad Khan (jvuw»..-ij ^\^ A^.>-^ ^;jJO, a descendant of the Sayyads of Naishapur. He held the rank of 5000 in the reign of the emperor Akbar, and died in a.d. 1591, a.h. 999. ^j^y Shams-uddin 'Ali Khan ( ,,ja!1 ^jl:>- X^), author of the MimfaJchih- ul-Hasndt, which contains the history of the eighth Imam, viz. 'Ali Raza bin-Musa, also called 'Ali Miisi Raza, who died a.d. 818, and whose tomb is at Mashhad (formerly called Tiis) in Kbirrasan, and is still an ol)ject of pilgrimage to the Persians ; also memoirs of his descendants. This work was translated from the Arabic of Abu Jafar. SHAM 375 SHAM Shams-iiddin-al-Sliafa'i (^' jJ^ /v-.^ ^^jIaH), author of the Arabic work called Ayun-ul-Asar ; containing the wars and conquests of Muhammad, his successors and companions, interspersed with various anecdotes of his generals. Shams-uddin Altimsh, Sultan ((^.f-i (^lliL-j ^ji.^1 ,j.\!0, a king of Dehli, whose original name was Altimsh. In his childhood he was bought from a merchant by Sultan Qutb-uddin Aibak, king of Dehli, who afterwards gave him his daughter in marriage. He expelled 'Aram Shah, the sou of Qutb-uddin, from the throue of Dehli, A.D. 1210, A.H. 607, and declared himself king, with the title of Shams-uddin. He defeated and imprisoned Taj-udilin Ilduz, king of Ghazui, who came to Lahore with a large army in a.d. 1215. He besieged for a whole year the fortress of Gwiiliar, and took it in A.D. 1233 ; and, after a reigu of 26 years, died on the 30th April, a.d. 1236, a.h. 633. His son Sultan Ruku-uddin Firoz succeeded him. It is supposed that the Qutb Minar in old Dehli, which is now commonly called the Lath of Qutb Sahib, because it stands close to the dargah of the celebrated saint Kliwaja Qutb-uddiu Bakhtyar Kaki, was built or completed by Sultan Shams-uddin Altimsh some time before the year a.d. 1236. A part of it was injured by lightning, and was re- paired and completed on the 26th October, A.D. 1501, 13th Rabi' II. a.h. 9o7, by Fatha Klian Masuad 'Ali, in the reign of Sultan Sikandar Shah Lodi. Shams-uddin Bahmani,Sultan(^vg^^ ^jI.Lj_-3 ^c^^^ (jH-^-^^)) the son of Sultiin Mahmud Bahmani. He was placed on the throne of the Deccan on the 14th June, A.D. 1397, 17th Ramazan, a.h. 799, after the dethrouement of his brother Ghayas- uddin by LfilcliTn, who was now honoured with the title of Malik Naib, or regent. Shams-uddin had reigned only five mouths and seven days, when Firoz Khan, the son of Sultan Da Lid Shah, having deposed him, sent him, together with Lalchin, to confinement, and ascended the throne, with the title of Firoz Shah Rozafziin, on Thiirsday the 15th November, a.d. 1397, 23rd Safar, a.h. 800. ijM^ Shams-uddin bin - Mubarik ( (__>,L-w^ j^j ijjjJi), author of the Sharah Hikmat-ul-Ain. Shams-uddin Faqir, Mir ( ,,.^J^^ ,j^*.y^ _-w« j-^'Li), a native of Dehli, and author of the work called ITad(nq-iiI-B(ili((jhitt, or Garden of Elocpicuce, a treatise on the rhetoric, poetry and rhyme of the I'ersians. Shams-uddin Kart I. Malik {fu^^Ki* C_XL# e^ tL^rl^-O, also called Malik Shams-uddin Muhammad Kart, the sou of Aba Bakar Kart, Avas the founder of the dynasty of Kart or Kard, a tribe of Turks. He commenced his reign in the year a.d. 1268, A.H. 666, over Herat, Ghor, Gl^iazni and Kabul. His mother was the daughter of Malik lluku-uddlu GliorT, who, before his death in a.d. 1245, a.h. 643, had named him to be his successor, and which was subsequently confirmed by Mangii Khan and Halakii Klniu, kings of Persia. His descendants continued to reigu over those countries for 119 lunar years and two mouths, till they were extinguished by Amir Taimiir (Tamerlane) in a.d. 1381. He was a con- temporary of Abaqa Khan, king of Persia, and died at Tabriz in January, a.d. 1278, Shaban, a.h. 676, after a reign of ten years, and was succeeded by his son MaHk Shams- uddin II. Kiuffs of the dijnasty of Kart or Kard. 1. Malik Shams-uddin Muhammad Kart I. 2. ,, Shams-uddin II. his sou, also called Ruku-uddln. 3. ,, Fakhr-uddiu Bahman, his son. 4. ,, Gliayas-uddiu Kart, his brother. 5. ,, Shams-uddin Kart III. his son. 6. ,, Hclfiz, his brother. 7. ,, Moi'zz-uddin Husain, his brother. 8. ,, Ghayas-uddin, the son of 'All and grandson of Moi'zz-uddin, the last king of this race. Shams-uddin Kart II. Malik (ju*,*Jj L_XL« Cl-^i j^JjJO, second king of the dynasty of Kart, was the son of Shams- uddin Kart I. whom he succeeded in January, A.D. 1278, ,\.H. 676. He was a contemporary of Abaqa Kjian, the Tartar king of Persia, and reigned about 28 years over Herat, Ghazni, Balkh, etc. He died on Thursday the 2nd September, a.d. 1305, r2th Safar, A.H. 705, and was succeeded by his son MaHk Fakhr-uddiu Bahman. Shams-uddin Kart III. Malik {,„^.aJu ujCL« c:j/ ^..-^^^^ the fifth Sultan of the dynasty of Kart, who reigned over Herat, Balkh, Ghazui and Kabul. He suc- ceeded his father, Gliayiis-uddiu Kart, iu a.d. 1329, A.H. 729, reigned ten months and died in A.D. 1330, A.H. 730. He was succeeded by his brother Malik Ilafiz, who was slain in 1332. After liiiu Moiv.z-uddiu Husain, his brother, ascended the throue. Shams-uddin Khan (,^l;i. ,jjjl jj^w^Ji L_->^»j), the nawab of Firozpur, was the sou of Xawab Ahmad Balvhsh Klifm, a jaglrdar of Pargaua Firozpiir and Lohiiri. It SHAM 376 SHAM •was at his instiijation that Karim Ivhan, one of his cdiilidants, murdered Mr. ^y. Fraser, the British Comniissioner ot Dehli, on the eveuin- LCj^i: A^.s'* ^-^J.jJ^ ^juj>.,«w^). Vide 'Azim Khan. Shams - uddin Muhammad Assar ( X^z ^As::^ .,.J-X.n ^^/♦Jj). Vide Assar. Shams-uddin Muhammad -bin -Ab- dullah - al - Ghazi, Shaikh (^^^^^ ^jx!^ aUU^i: ^i ,A.KS"» ^_^JjJ^), author of the TanH'h--td-Absdr, which he composed in A.D. 1586, A.H. 995, and enriched with a variety of questions and decisions. It is con- sidered to be one of the most useful books, according to the Hanafi doctrines, and has been fretpiently commented upon. The most noted of these commentaries is one Avritten by the author himself, entitled Manh-al- (!_hasff(n\ Shams-uddin Muhammad bin-Hamza ^^j^=*- e;J ^^f^'* ^.;a]1 ^^^-i), sur- named Fanari. He was an author, and died in the year a.d. 1431, a.h. 834. He wrote a commentary which is considered one of the best glosses on the ISirdJia of Sajawaudi. Shams-uddin Muhammad bin-Killai {s^^^* »w\J -ij), author of the Fardez-ul-Fdriqla, a treatise on the Law of Inheritance, according to Shafai's doctrine. He died in a.d. 1375, a.h. 777. Shams-uddin Muhammad ibn-Nasar ( -^j ^i\ Jk/i.s'* ^ji-^^ f^ji,^J:a), author of the work called M/ijnxt-uI-Bahrijn. He lived in the time of Taj -uddin Eldiiz. Shams - uddin Muhammad Kuswi, Khwaja {^^^^ Sajst'* ^i^S^\ ^ju*^-i) a,.:s-i4.is-), a descendant of Shaikh Ahmad Jam. He died on Satiu-day the 31st March, a.d. 1459, 26th Jumada I. A.H, 863, and is buried near the Jama Masjid at Heriit, close to the tomb of FaqTh Abii Yezid Mar gh azi. Shams-uddin Muhammad Sahib Di- wan (v ,-tf jk^^^ ^..^ 01 U^'' j^1.Jl>) hehl the office of Dlwan and prime minister in the reign of Halakii Khan and his son Abilqa Khan, the Tartar kings of Persia. In the first year of the reign of Arghiin Ivhan, the son of Abaqa Kliiin, he was accused by his enemies of causing the death of the king's father by poison, and was executed at Qara Bagh of Tabrez, on Monday the 16th October, a.d. 1284, 4th Shaban, A.H. 683. He was a good poet, and is the author of the work called llisdla Shnmsia dar ihii Mantaq, a work on the science of Logic. His brother Ala-uddTn, surnamed Ata Malik, is the author of a history entitled Jahdn Kiishd. Shams - uddin Muhammad Tabrizi, Maulana {^\i.Jj Sa-s:* (j,'-"^^ ^J**■y^J^ l.'\'».*), commonly called Shams Ta- brizi, a celebrated Muhammadan of Tabriz. He was the master of Jalfil-uddiu Maulwi lliimi, who wrote a book of odes in his name, entitled the Ducan of S/iains Tahrlzi. He was murdered by 'Ala-uddiu ilahmud, the son of the ^Maulwi, and thrown into a well, A.D. 1247, A.H. 645. He is considered by the Siifis to be one of the most celebrated martyrs of their sect. He was, they say, sentenced to be fla5-ed alive, on account of his having raised a dead person to life. We are Idld that, after the law had been put into ftirce, he wandered about, carrying his own skin, and solicited some food to appease his hunger, but he had been excommunicated as SHAM 377 SHAP ■well as flayed, and no one -would give him the slightest help. After four days he found a dead ox ; but he could not obtain fire to dress it. "Wearied out with the unkindness of men, he desired the sun to broil his meat. It descended to perform the office ; and the world was on the point of being consumed, when the holy Shaikh commanded the flaming orb to resume its station in the heavens. Shams-uddin Purbi I. ( .^-s-X-I^ i,j*,*J^ ^j_',o), surnamed Bhangeira. His proper name was Ivhwaja Ilias. He ascended the throne of Bengal after the assassination of 'Ala-uddin PurbT, about the year a.d. 1343, A.H. 744. For 13 years he resisted ■with success the forces of the king of Dehli, who could never succeed, during the whole of that period, in making any impres- sion upon him. He died, after a reign of 16 yeai's, a.d. 13o8, a.h. 760, and was suc- ceeded by his son Sikandar Shah Purbi. Shams-uddin Purbi II. ( ,,.'jk!l , a*-*-! — ). j) ascended the throne of Bengal after the death of his father Sultan-us-Salatin, A.D. 1383, and died, after an inglorious reign of three years, a.d. 13S6, a.h. 788. He was succeeded by Raja Kans Piirbi. Shams-uddin Tabrizi ( .^'jj\ , oa^k^ (^jLj-^-j). Vide Shams-uddin Mu- hammad Tabrizi. Shams-uddin Tibsi,Qazi ( . j jj^ .^A.Jti ^cjli ^*u^lr), one of the learned men of Khurasan, and an excellent poet, who attended the court of Xizam-ul-Mulk, wazir to Sultan Jalal-uddin Malikshah. He died about the year a.h. 473. Sliams-ul-'Umra, Amir Kabir Na"wrab (t_j^»j j^ j.%\ \y*i\ j^.u^-i), a nohle- man or Auiir-ul-'Unrra of the court of the Kizam of Haidarabad. He was boru in a.d. 1780, and survived three successive Xizams. The first was Nizam 'Ali Kluiu, by whom the nawab was oiiginally appointed commander of the household troops, during the troubled periods of Tipu Sultan's reign. On Nizam 'All's death in a.d. 1803, the nawab lived to see Mir Akbar 'Ali, alias Sikandar Jab, raised to the masnad, and subsecpiently, on the decease of this prince in 1830, saw him succeeded by Nasir-iuldaula, the late Nizam, from whom he received the title of Amir Qabir, in acknowledgment of his services to the State. As a geometrician he stood un- rivalled, and the compilation styled alter himself, Hhams-ul-IIaiidmi, besides other works published by him on the Arts and Sciences, distingiiish him as an author. He died on the 10th April, a.d.. 1863, when he had just completed the 83rd year of his age, and was the oldest nobleman then living in Haidarabad. He left two sons, and both worthv of him. The elder of the two has inherited his father's vast estates and his official titles. The younger received most of his father's immense wealth during his lifetime, and many jagirs since his death. Shams-un-nisa Begam (L.0JI (w-^^ ^>,-j), the daughter of Hakim Kamar- i ■■• uddin Klian of Benares, but her place of residence was at Lucknow. She is the author of a small Diwan, and was living in the vear a.h. 1272. Shani ( ^l^), a poet who flourished in the reign of Shah Abbas I. king of Persia, aud died in the year a.d. 1614, a.h. 1023. He is sometimes called Maulana Shaui Taklu. Sliapur ( ,y l^), a poet of Teheran, who died a.d. 1638, a.h. 1048. His tomb is at a place called Surkhab, in Tabriz. He had the title of Malik-ush-Shoara, or king of poets. Shapur or Shahpur I. (,4jLi) (the Sapores of the Greeks), the second king of Persia of the Sasanian dynasty, was the son of Ardisher Babigan. He began to reign about the year a.d. 240, and carried his arms into the Roman territories, gaining many important victories over that nation, whose emperor. Valerian, he made prisoner at the battle of Edessa, and flayed him alive. According to Persian historians Shapiir reigned 31 vears, and died about the year A.D. 273. He was not only a good general but a wise and beneficent ruler of his country. He was succeeded by his son Hurmuz I. the Hormisdes of the Greeks. Shapiir conc[uered Armenia and Georgia, which he added to the empire. Shapur II. (^^Li), surnamed Zu'l Aktaf, was the son of Hurmuz II. king of Persia, and was born a.d. 310, a few mouths after the death of his father, on which account the Persian historians say that his reign was a few months longer than his life. He died a.d. 381, aged 71 years. During his long reign he raised his country to a state of the greatest jjrosperity ; having defeated all his enemies, aud extended the limits of his empire in every direction, adding Georgia, Armenia, and other provinces to the empire. He was succeeded by his sou, Ardisher II. Shapur III. ( ,»jl^), the son of Shapur II. and the uterine brother of Ardisher II. wliom he diposed, and nmvuited the tliroue of Persia, a.d. 385. This prince, who is SHAQ 378 SHAE described as virtuous and beneficent, reiened over Persia only tive years. He was killed bv the fall of "his teiit, the pole of which struck the monarch as he slept. Shaqiq BalkM (^^ . ^jJiJ^), a cele- brated pious Musalman. He died on the 20th January, a.d. 791, 9th Ramazan, a.h. 174, in the reign of the Khalif Harun-al- Rashid, and was buiied at Kliatlan. Sharaf-ibn-Shams-uddin ( ..j\ , > j. .,^3!1 )), author of the Sharaf- ndma, a Persian History of the Dynasties which have governed in Kurdistan. It was translated into English by Professor Charnioy. Sharaf Jahan, Mirza (^^L =>- i i.J^ \ :.,■•), an author whose father, Qazi Jahan, held a high appointment at the court of Shah Tahmasp Safwi, but, being suspected of being a Suuni, he was deprived of it, Sharaf jahun died in a.d. 1561, a.h. 968. Sharaf Qazwini ( -X^.JJI i i,^), a poet who was a native of QazwTn, and is the author of a Persian diwan. He came to the Deccan in the reign of Qutb Shah, in whose service he died. Sharaf-uddaula (dJ.jJ\ i ijJ^i), a nohle- man of the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah. He is the founder of the Masjid situated in the Dariba Bazar at Dehli, which he built in the year a.d. 1723, a.h. 1135. -!/- Sharaf-uddaula, Nawab (^d^j^!^ <__?Uj), ex-prime minister of Audh, was a native of Kashmere. His ancestors were "Rafugurs" or shawl-darners. At an early age he travelled to the Deccan, M'here he obtained employment under the Xizam . He did not, however, remain long at Haidarabad ; the reputed splendour of the court of Lucknow brought him to Audh, where he found he had an uncle, the celebrated Maulwi Ahia, the residency Wakil during the reign of Nasir- uddin liaidar. On the accession of Muham- mad 'Ali Shah to the throne in a.d. 1839, Maulwi Ahia was advanced to the post of prime minister, vice Hakim Mahdl, deceased, and Sharaf-uddaula was appointed residency Wakil, vice his uncle promoted. Maidwl Ahia dying soon afterwards, Sharaf-uddaula succeeded him as prime minister. He held the office up to the time of Muhammad 'Ali Shah's death, which took place in May, a.d. 1842, when Amjad 'AIT Shiih succeeding to the throne, he nominated bis favourite, Amin- uddaula, to the premiership, obliging Sharaf- uddaula to retire. By the Resident personally the nawab was so much esteemed tliat, after he lost office, he (the Resident) deemed him the fittest man in Lucknow to manage the very responsible and important concerns of the Husainabad Imambarah, of which he induced the king to make him "Wasiqadar, or stipendary. Sharaf-uddaula was known by everyone to be the most sincerely attached friend the British had in Audh. He was, therefore, looked upon with much jealousy and rancoiH by all the courtiers, but especially byXawab 'Ali Naqi Ivbau, the father-in-law and prime minister of Wajid 'Ali Shah, the last king. Viewing him always as bis rival, 'All Naqi often contemplated his ruin, and at one time, in league with Nawab "Wasi 'All Khan, one of the famous abominables of the court of Lucknow, he would have compassed his end, as he had succeeded in getting the king to issue an order of banishment against Sharaf-uddaula, with his whole family, but for the timely interference of the Resident, who had the order revoked. During the early part of the rebellion (in 1857) the insurgents surrounded his house, insisting that he should become prime minister of the rebel government. He refused, and tried to excuse himself in every way, but they forcibly installed bim in the office, which be knew he only nominally held, since Mammii Khan was the ruling spirit with the Begam. On the arrival of General Havelock's force for the relief of the Lucknow garrison, he was in the Keisar Bilgh and received a bullet in the shoulder. When the final grand attack was made on the city by the Commander-in-Chief, which caused the Begam and her party to remove to the Miisa Bagh, Sharaf-uddaula took advantage of the confusion and skulked behind, and endeavoured to steal out of the city, when he was recognized by some Sepoys, who bound him with cords, took liim to MaidwT Ahmad-ullah Shah, who, after starving him for four days, had him put to death. Sharaf- uddin Ahmad Ahia Maniri, Shaikh (U.; S^s^\ ^■i,-^"^ "r 't ^_;»j»_x«), a celebrated saint of Behar. He and his eldest brother, Shaildi Jaliil-uddin, were the disciples of Shaikh Najm-uddiu Firdausi. Sharaf-uddin was a contemporary of Shaikh Nizara-uddin Aulia. He resided at Behar, and is the authiu- of the Works called M(idan-ul-Madnl and Mitkd- tihdt Ahia Maniri ; the latter contains the whole duty of a Siifi in a series of 250 letters addressed to his disciples and friends. He died in the year a.d. 1379, a.h. 781, and his tomb (an exact delineation of which has been given by Mr. Daniel) stands near the junction of the river Son with the Ganges, and is still the resort of devout Muhammadans. He is called Maniri, because he resided in a town called Manir, near Patna. The tomb of his father, Shaikji Ahia or Yehia, is in the town of Manir. [^Joiir. As. Soc. of Bengal, vol. xiv. pt. i. pp. 138-140. See also Shah Sharaf-uddin.] SHAE, 379 SHAR Sharaf-uddin 'Ali Yezdi, Maulana, learned man, and author of several works. He lived at the coiirt of Sultan Ibrahim, the son of Shahrukh Mii-za, at whose request he wrote, in a beautiful style, the Zufar- nama, also called Tdrtkh Sahib Qirdnt, a history of the celebrated conqueror Amir Taimur (Tamerlane), whose dominions ex- tended from the borders of China to the shores of the Mediterranean. This work was finished in four years and dedicated to Shahrukh Mirza, a.d. 1425, a.h. 828. It has been translated by P. De la Croix, and the heads of it may be found in Gibbon's sixth volume of the Decline of the Eoiiian Empire. Sliaraf- uddin may be considered as the paneayrist of Taimur, while the work of Ahniad-ibn- Arabshah is a coarse satire on that conqueror. He is also the author of the Sharb Burda. Sharaf - uddin, who used Sharaf for his poetical name, died about the year a.d. 1446, A.H. 850. Sharaf- uddin Ashrafi Samarqandi {^X^jA^ |J.^\ ,j jJ^ I ij^), a poet of Samarqand, who died in the year a.d. 1199, A.H. 595. Sharaf-uddin Hasan Shafai of Isfa- han {^\JiJ:i fj.^^^ ^J-^..•^^'^ ' 'y-"-" ^L^^l). He is the author of the following Masnawis or poems, viz.: Nnmalddn JJaqlqat^Mehr-o-Muhabbat, aMdDlda Beidar. He died in the year a.d. 1628, a.h. 1038. ■y- Sharaf-uddin Husain, Mirza (t ^jj^ <^'^=^ i^.'^^^t tlie son of Khwaja Mo 'in, who was of the race of Kliwaja Shakir Kasir-uddiu 'Abdidlah, one of the greatest saints of Turkistan. Sharaf-uddin Husain was the son-in-law of the emperor Humayun, and was governor of Ajmir. He, with another chief named Abu'l Maali, had revolted at Nagor, before the Uzbak rebellion took place in Malwa, about the year a.d. 1561, a.h. 969, had defeated the emperor Akbar's troops, and advanced towards Dehli. They were after- wards driven back in their turn, and forced to seek safety, the latter beyond the Indus, and the former to Abmadabad, in Gujrat, where he joined the Mirzas at Barouch, in the year A.D. 1568, A.H. 976. Sharaf-uddin Panipati (^^^Jl 4_J^ j;j is^^-')- ^'^'^ -^^^ 'All Qalandar. Sharaf-uddin Rami, Maulana (, j.^ \ji^y -^U ^^:'.'^^), author of a Diwiin and the Radaeq-el-Eaqdeq, which treats on metric and poetic compositions, and has been written in imitation of, or competition with, Rashid-uddiu AVatwat's Uaddek-us-Sehr. He flourished in the reign of Shah Mansur, and died A.D. 1393, a.h. 795. h^j.kJ:i), a poet of Isfahan, who flourished in the reign of Tughral III. and was contemporary with the poet Mujir. He is the author of the work called Itbak-uz- Zahab, which he wrote in imitation of Itivak- uz-ZaJiab of Zamakhshari. Sharaf-uddin, Shah (il^ .^aJ^ i-Jr-i^). Vide Shah Sharaf-uddin. Sharifi Maulana (lj^J».,« ^j_^), a native of Balkh, who was a physician, poet, and a good musician. He has written several panegjTics in praise of the king of Eadakhshan. Sharif Jurjani, Mir or Sayyad (^j J;, iL ■ ), whose full name is Sayyad Sharif 'Ali bin-Muhammad, is the author of the Hdshia Kashshdf and Eashia Tafolr Anivdr-ut-Tauzil, also of an Arabic work on philosophy called ^Addb-ul- Sharif, and the marginal notes on the Shamh Matla- ul- Anwar, and on the Muicdkif Azdia, a work on Jurisprudence in Arabic. He also wrote a Commentary on the Sirdjia of SajawandT, which he named Sharlfa. He was born in A.D. 1339, a.h. 740, and died in July, A.D. 1413, 6th Rabi' II. a.h. 816. Sharif Khan Amir-ul-'Umra ((, V- ynj!^ -»^i ^\d^), son of Khwaja Abdus Saraad, a nobleman of the reign of the emperor JahangTr, who in the first year of his reign conferred on him the rank of 5000 and appointed him governor of Haidarabad, in the Deccan, wliere he died after some years. He was an excellent poet and has left a Diwan. His poetical name was Farsi. Sharif Muhammad (a.^.s'* >\ author of the Persian work on Jurisprudence called Fafdica Faeroz Shdhl, dedicated to Firuz Shah, king of Dehli. Sharif- uddin Muhammad Abdullah- al-Mousali-al-Basri ( .,_)jj| ^_ij ji, ^^L?^l aJJ^A-^ J^^^*), author of a Dlwan, which he called D'licdn Miirtazd Ali. Sharm {^^). Vide Sliams-uu-]S'isa Begam. SEAT 380 SHER Shatab Rai, Raja (ij>-\, ^_s\j «_-jl:i-i)), was by caste a Kfiyeth, and a native of Dehli ; in his youth he served 'Aqa Sulairaan, tlie favourite dependant of Samsam-uddaula, son of Kjian Dauran, Amir-ul-'Umra to the emperor Muhammad Shiih. Upon the death of Samsrim-nddaula, he obtained the otfice of imperial Diwan at Patna. Attaching himself to the English iu the several revolutions, he became their chief adviser in their connections with the country powers. He was an able statesman, and understood completely the direction of finance : imder orders from the Court of Directors Warren Hastings held an enquiry into his official conduct, 1772, when Shatab was completely exonerated. He died about the year a.d. 1777, a.h. 1187. Shayurghamish, Mirza (^^.^_i .^j.^ ':.-<), a son of Shahrukh Mirza. Slier Afgan or Afkan {^^<^ ^yCA^^JL), a Turkman nobleman of high lineage and great renown, was the first husband of the celebrated Xiir Jahan Begam. He served in the wars of Akbar with extraordinary repu- tation, and had a jagir at Bardwan, where he was slain, a.d. 1607, a.h. 1015, in an encounter with the Governor, Qutb-uddin. His original names were Asta Fillo and 'Ali Kulil Beg, but having killed a lion, he was dignified with the title of Sher Afgan K^iau or the Destroyer of Lions. The emperor JahiingTr married the widow some years afterwards, which gave rise to a legend of the emperor having caused his death. Sher 'Ali Afsos, Mir i^^^^\ Ir^^^ j^). Vide Afsos. Slier 'Ali Khan, Amir of Kabul Dost Mohammad Klian. Sheri Maulana (Ul'^* ^j-^\ a poet who flourished in the reigu of the emperor Akbar. ^y hen the fortress of Chittor was taken by that monarch in December, a.d. 1567, Ju- mada II. a.h. 975, and the fort of Ilinthanpur on the 22nd March, a.d. 1569, 3rd Shawwiil, A.H. 976, in which year the fort of Agra was also completed, Sheri was then living, and wrote the chronogram of all three. He M^as slain, together with Raja Birbal and other officers of note, in a battle fought against the Yiisafzai Afghans of Sawad and Bijur in February, a.d. 1586, Eabi' I. a.h. 994. The author of the Mdsir-fil-'Umrd says that he was the nephew of Ivhwiija Jahan Hirwi, a nobleman of the court of Akbar, who died in November, a.d. 1574, Shaban, a.h. 982, and that Sheri died in a.d. 1581, a.h. 989. He is the autlior of a Diwan. Ij: .-.-i)), tlie youngest son of Sher Khan Lodi (^j^ ^U-^-.^), the son of 'All Amjad Khan Lodi, who died on the 13th Xoveniber, a.d. 1673, 14th Shaban, A.H. 1084. Sher Ivhan is the author of a Tazkira or biography of poets called Mirat- ul-Kha>jdb, or the Mirror of Imagination, which he wrote iu the year a.d. 1691, a.h. 1102, in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. It contains an account of tlie most celebrated poets and, besides, it treats on almost every science cultivated by the Musalmiins : music, medicine, cosmography, oneiroscopy, talis- mans, etc. Sheroya Uu^.^), the Siroes of the Greeks, was the son of Kliusro Parwez, or Chosroes, king of Persia, whom he threw into a dimgeon and subsequently mui-dered, a.d. 628, .\.H. 7. He reigned only eight months, and died a.d. 629, a.h. 8. At the death of Sheroya, an ambitious noble raised Ardisher, the infant son of that prince, to the throne ; but another noble of the name of Shahryar, disapproving this measm-e, marched from the province which he governed, seized Madain, put Ardisher to death after he had reigned five months, and usurped the crown, which, however, he held only a few days, having been slain by the adherents of the roVal family. These not being able to discover any heir male of the house of Sasau, elevated Tiirandukht, the daughter of Khusro Parwez, to the throne. Sher Shah (^l.^ ^----i), a native of Hissar. His original name was FarTd. His father, Hasan, was an Afghan of the tribe of Sur, and a nativeof Eoh beyond Pe-shawar, who had received from Janial KJian, the governor of Jauupiir, the districts of Sahsarara and Tanda in jagir for the maintenance of 500 horse. Faridwas for some time in the service of Muhammad LohiinT, king of Behar, and on his killing a tiger, received from him the title of Sher Khan. He defeated the emperor Humayiin once at Behar on the 26th June, A.D. 1539, 9th Safar, a.h. 946, and the second time on the 17th May, a.d. 1540, 10th Mu- harram, a.h. 947, at Kanauj, when he pursued him through Agra and Lahore to Kliiishab ; from whence Humayiin eventually retreated towards the Indus. Sher Klian by this victory became the sovereign of Dehli, assumed the title of Sher Shah, and ascended the throne on the 25th January, a.d. 1542, 7th Shaw- wal, a.h. 948. In the 5th year of his reign he moved towards Kalingar, one of the strongest forts in Hindiistan. The batteries were advanced close to the walls, a breach was made, and a general assault was ordered, when a shell, Avhich was thrown against the fort, burst in the battery in which the king stood. The explosion communicating to a powder magazine, several gunners were blown up, and tlie king so much scorched that his recovery was hojieless. In this position he encouraged the prosecution of the attack, and continued to give his orders till in the evening news was brought him of the reduction of the place. He then cried out, SHER 381 SHOE "Thanks to the Ahnighty God!" and ex- pired. His death happened on the 24th May, A.D. 1545, 12th Rahi' I. a.h. 952. His coi'pse was conveyed to Sahsariim, the family estate, where it was bmied in a maguiticent sepulchre, which is still to be seen standing in the centre of a reservoir of water, built during his own life. Tradition adds that, during his reign, such was the public security that travellers rested and slept with their goods by the highways without apprehension of robbery. He was succeeded by his son Salim Shah. Sher Singh (cl 'J- -i), ruler of the Panjab, was the second son of Kliarag Singh, the son of Raujit Singh. After the death of his eldest brother, Nan Nihal Singh, which took place on the 17th November, a.d. 18-10, his mother, Rani Chand Kiinwar, managed the affairs of his country for two months, when Sher Singh, her second son, deprived her of that power and became the sole manager. On the 13th September, a.d. 1843, the royal palace was taken by a power- ixd body of troops, and Sher Singh and his son Partap Singh were murdered by Sardar AjTt Singh. Every child and all of Sher Singh's and Partap Singh's wives were brought out and murdered ; amongst the rest, one of Sher Singh's sous, only born the previous evening. After Sher Singh's death. Raja Dalip Singh, the youngest son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was placed on the Masnad. [^Vide Kharag Singh.] Sherzad, Sultan (^ILLj t^^; t- .), of Sultan Masaud III. of Ghazni, whom he succeeded in a.d. 1114, a.h. 508, and was murdered after one year by his brother Arsalan Shiih, who ascended the throne a.d. 1115, A.H. 509. Shia or Shia' (a>.^^). Those Muham- madans who assert the rights of 'All, are called Shias or Shiites or Sectaries, whilst those who consider the first three Khalifas preceding 'Ali as the rightful successors of Muhammad, are called Sunnis or Sannites or Traditionists. The animosity which exists between the Shias and SuuuTs fully equals that of the Protestants and Papists of former times. It was owing to their dissensions that Baghdad was taken, and the Kjiihlfat over- turned. The Turks and Arabs are Sunnis ; the Persians and most of the Muhammadaus of India are Shias. A complete history of the Shias will be found in a work called MajaVis-ttl- Mominln. The Shia doctrines were adopted by the Persians at the found- ation of the Safwi dynasty in a.d. 15no, A.H. 905, and from that period until the present time have prevailed as the national religion and law of Persia, notwithstanding the violent efforts to substitute the Sunn! creed made by the Afghan usm'per Ashraf and the great Nadir Shah. S hibli ( ^L^ ) . Vide A bii Bakr Shibli. Shidi (^-Jo.^), an African. Shidi Foulad Khan {^\6^ SiJi ^A-^). Vide Foulad Ivhiln Shidi. Shikeihi, Manlana (L^..* ,-^.JjL), a poet of Persia, whose proper name is Mu- hammad Raza. He came to India in the reign of the emperor Akbar, and died in the time of Jahaugir, a.d. 1614, a.h. 1023. Shimbhu (^^^^^..i,), a Brahman, who is the author of a Zafar-ndma, or book of victory, containing a poetical account of the military career of General Lake. Shinasi ( ^-l^^), title of a poet who died in the year a.d. 1627, a.h. 1037, and is the author of a work called Fazl-ndma. Shio Ramdas {^dj,^j y^), a poet whose poetical title was Haya, which see. Shirazi (|__s:^ .-.-i), an author who wrote a commentary on the Tahrlr-iil-MaJasti of Is-haq biu-Husain, and named it Hall Mushliildt Majastl. Shirin ( ,_i -i). This word, which signifies in Persian, sweet, charming or agree- able, is the name of a lady well known through- out the East. Some call her Mary, and others Irene. The Greeks only describe her as a Roman by birth, a Christian by religion ; but she is represented as the daughter of the emperor Maurice in the Persian and Turkish romances, which celebrated the love of Khusro for Shirin, and of Shirin for Farhad, the most beautiful youth of the East. This celebrated beauty has been accused of giving those affections, which a monarch so anxiously sought, to the lowly Farhad, in whose breast her beauties kindled a fiame, which deprived him of reason and life. "We are told that the son of Khusro, after putting his father to death, sought the favours of his father's mistress, who appeared to consent, but desired to take one look at the remains of his father. The murdered body of her former lover was shown to her, and she immediately put an end to her existence by stabbing herself. [r'tV/t'Farhful.] Shorish ( >), a poet, whose proper name is (^uirim Hiisain and who is the aiitlior of a liiiigrajjliy of I'rdii poets. He died in A.D. 1781, A.H. 1195. SHOTJ 382 SHUK Shoukat of Bukhara (^,lisr l::^^^-^), a poet who diotl at Isfaliun in a.d. 1695, A.u. 1107, and left ii Diwfiu iu Persian. His proper name is Muhammad Is-hiiq. ShoucL ( -iy.^), the poetical name of Mir jMiiliammad Baklr, father of Mir Mu- hammad 'Ata llusaiu IChau Tahsin. Shouq ( itJ^), the poetical name of Maulwi Kudrat-ullah, who has left a Diwan and a Biographj- of poets called Tabkat-ush- iS/ioara. Shouq ( Vj-l), the poetical name of Eac Tausukh Eae, which see. Shouqi ( ^ifJii), a poet of Tabriz, but he is usually called Hirwl, i.e. of Herat. He left the service of Sara Mirza, son of yhah Tahmasp Safwi, and went with the emperor Humayiiu to Kabul, where he died in A.D. 1546, A.H. 953. Shouqi, Amir (_*.,« ^ S^Jli), a noble- man and poet, who lived iu the time of the .emperor Shah Jahan. His proper name was Mir Muhammad Husaiu. He died in a.d. 1634, A.H. 1044. Shuhrat or Shahrat (ci; .^^), the poetical title of Nawab Hakim-ul-Mumalik. Vide Muhammad Husaiu (Shaikh.) Shujaa' Khan or Shujaa't Khan (j^lr^ z^^^), a relative of Sher Shah, king of Dehli, who conferred the govern- ment of Mfihva on him after the expulsion of Mallii Klian entitled Qadir Shah iu a.d. 1542, A.H. 949. He governed Malwa for a period of 12 years, and died in a.d. 1554, A.H. 962. After his death his oldest sou, Malik Biiyezid, assuming the title of Baz Bahadur, took the reigns of government in his own hands. Shujaa', Sultan ( .ly^ pW-"^^- ^^'^^ Sultan Shujaa. Shujaa't Khan, Nawab ( «j:_^rLjs--' (__jL3 ,o^-=^X ^ nobleman in the ser- vice of the emperor 'Alamgir [vide Faldir-un- Nisa Begam). He was a mansabdar of 4000 in the time of Shah Jahiln. He had a house at Agra, of which no trace now remains. ShToja-uddaula, Nawab (a-La!! clsr^ < j^»-j), who played a conspicuous part in the early history of British India, was the son of Mansur 'All Khan Safdar Jang, governor of Audh. His original name was Jalal-uddin Haidar; he was born iu the year A.D. 1731, A.H. 1144, and after the death of his father succeeded to the government in October, a.d. 1753, Zil-bijja, a.h. 1167. He was present in the famous battle which took place between Ahmad Shah Ahdall and the Marhattas in January, a.d. 1761 ; was a])i)ointed wazir to the emperor Shah 'Alam ; was defeated at Buxar by the English on the 23rd October, a.d. 1764, 26tb Eabi' II. a.h. 1178, and died at Faizabad, the seat of his government, in the midst of his victories and highest prosperity, on the 29th January, a.d. 1775, 24th Zi-Q,a'da, a.h. 1188. By his own subjects he was sincerely beloved, and the sons of Hafiz Rahmat Kliiin, whose country he had seized, wept at his death. He was buried at a place called Gulab Bari in Faiziibad, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 'Asaf-uddaula. For a legendary account of his death see Keene's Fall of the Mughal Umpire, p. 117. Shuja-uddin (<-_^^»J ,^.-5^^ nawab of Bengal, also called by some Shuja- uddaula, was a native of Buriiiinpur, and a descendant of a Turkish tribe of Afghans in Kjuirasan. During 'Alamgir's campaigns in the Deccan he married Zeb-un-Nisa, the daughter of Murshid Quli Jafar Klum Siibadar of Bengal, and accompanied him to that province. Jafar Klian, who died in the year A.D. 1726, A.H. 1138, left at his death the succession to his government to his grandson 'Ala-uddaula Sarfaraz Khan ; but Shuja- uddiu, his father, having more interest at the court of Dehli than his son, procured the Siibadiiri for himself, and in the year a.d. 1735, a.h. 1148, the province of Behar also was conferred on him by the emperor Mu- hammad Shah. Shuja-uddin was celebrated for his clemency, justice, and good qualities. He died after 12* years' government of Bengal on the 13th March, a.d. 1739, 13th Zil-hijja, A.H. 1151, just at the time when Nadir Shah was at Dehli. As there were only a few days remaining for the commencement of the Ilijrl year, a.d. 1152, at his death. He was .suc- ceeded by his son 'Ala-iuldaula Sarfaraz Kliau, a young prince whose character as a moral and religious man stands high on the pages of native history. Shuja-ul-Mulk, Shah (lJIU!^ cl. i>[Jli). Vide Shah Shujaa. «^ Shukr-ullah (d^}\ X^Ja), author of the history called Bahjat-ut- Tawarlkh. Shukr-ullah Khan I. Nawab {jSj^ c-jIJ ^J^:>- J^Ul), a nobleman iu the service of the emperor Aurangzeb, who died about the year a.d. 1698, a.h. 1110. SHUK 383 SIKA Shukr-ullah Khan II. Nawab {<^\J^ i—j\y (j;l>-), son of Shukr-ullah Ivban I. was an Amir in the service of the emperor Aurangzeb 'Alamgir. He was apjioiuted governor of Mewat in a.d. 1702, a.d. 1114. Siamak (^^l^), the son of Qayo- mnrs and the father of Hoshang, tlie second king of the Pishdadian dynasty of Persia. Siawakhsh (^_^rk^l^), son of Kaikaus, king of Persia of the Kayauian dynasty. He was mui-dered by Afrasiab, king of Tiiran. Sihuya (()lj».-..-_«j), an author who re- ceived this name on account of his keeping an apple (sib) in his hand, and smelling it often, but his proper name was Abu Busbar 'Umar. He died in a.d. 79G, a.h. 180, aged 32 years. IVideQiitvih.] Sidi or Sayyad Mania (!'»,■« ^_fS^J), a venerable sage, in a mendicant dress, who travelled from Jm'jan towards the east and, arriving at Dehli, set up a great academy and house of entertainment for travellers and the poor of all denominations. Though he was very religious, and brought up in the Muham- madan faith, yet he followed some particular tenets of his own, so that he never attended public worship. He kept no women nor slaves for himself, and lived upon rice only ; yet his expenses in charity were so great that, as he never accepted any present, men were astonished whence his finances were supplied, and actually believed that he possessed the art of transmuting other metals into gold. He made nothing of bestowing two or three thoiLsand pieces of gold to relieve the wants of any noble family in distress. In short, he displayed more magnificence in his feasts than the princes themselves. He expended daily upon the po a- 1000 maimds of flour, 500 maunds of meat, 80 maunds of sugar, besides rice, oil, butter and other necessaries in proportion. He latterly began to bestow titles and offices upon his disciples, and to assume a tone and manner sufficiently in- dicative of his design on the throne. One of his followers, dissatisfied with the part assignrd to him, went privately to the king (Jaifil- uddin Firoz Khilji) and disclosed the plot. The king caused him to be apprehended aud trodden to death by an elephant. This event happened in the year a.d. 1291, a.h. 690, and is accounted one of the most deplorable events that took place in the reign of that monarch, for many believed Sidi entirely innocent of the charge. Sidi 'All Kapudan (^^S^ A.-.) or Captain of the fleet of Sultuu Sulaimau I. emperor of Constantinople. He is the author of the work called Mirat-ul-MuniaUk, or Mirror of Countries, containing a description of his journey overland from the Indian shores to Constantinople ; and of the Jlu/ut, that is the Ocean, a '1 urkish work on Xavigatiou in the Indian Seas. This work the author finished at Abmadubad, the capital of Gujrat, in December, a.d. 1554, Mubarram, a.h. 962. It was translated by the Baron Joseph von Hammer, Professor, Oriental Languages, at Vienna, and communicated through the Jour. As. Soc. of Boigal, in 1837. Sihl or Sehl bin-Sa'd {sx^ ^i Jh-—'); one of the companions of Muhammad. Sijaj (^Ijsr^), a false prophetess con- temporary with Musylima, another impostor. She was a Christian of extraordinay talents and eloquence, and, being prompted by an aspiring ambition, she announced herself a prophetess and, uttering her string of rhap- sodies in rhyme, declared that they came inspired from above. Struck by her success, Musylima thought it advisable to temporize with her, and accordingly, having sent agents, invited her to a private conference, Sijaj con- sented and came to an interview ; she was deceived, and, having forfeited all pretensions to that piirity which is the highest attribute of her sex, she fell from her proud pre- eminence and became a mere debased and contaminated woman. She subsequently en- rolled herself amongst the proselytes of the Qui'an. Sikandar, Alexander the Great (. jcJLo -JJli^.j), called by Muhammad in the Quran, Zu'lqarnynthe Two-Horned Man ; probably by reason of his head being figured as Ammon, with the Ham's Horns, on coins and medals. Eastern commentators have been at a loss to decide who is intended, but generally agree that be was a being favoui-ed of, and who believed in, the true God ; that, guided by the prophet Kliizir, he reached the land of Darkness, near the Foinitain of Life, but he could not obtain permission to take a draught of the Eternal Spring. He died B.C. 327, at the age of 33 years. He con- quered Darius, king of Persia, in li.c. 331, and in 327 he he jjroceeded to invade India. He crossed the Indus without opposition. He was afterwards o])posed by a Raja who is called by the Greek Poros, whose army was utterly routed. \_Vide Shea's Trauslation of Mirhhoxd.'] Sikandar ( ,jk.:».,C—-), pootii-al name of Klialifa Sikandar, who used to write beautitiil Marsias in the Piirbl, Mfirwari, and Panjahi language, and is tlie author of a poem con- taining the story of the Fish, the Ferryman and kiujr Dilklnvar. SIKA 384 SIKA Sikandar 'Adil Shah (il^ Jjlx ,j>:-L^-), the last of the kings of Bijupur. He suc- ceeded his father, 'Ali 'Adil Shah II. when an iufaut, about the year a. d. 1672, a.h. 1083, but never acquired any real power, being- the tool of his nobility. In the year a.d. 1686, 4th Zi-Qu'da, a.h" 1097, on Monday the 13th September, Bijapur was taken, the youug prince made prisoner, and the kingdom with its remaining dependencies was reduced to the IMughal yoke by the emperor 'Alamgir. He died after three years' imprisonment. Sikandar (Prince) (ijVjsl^ .A^„C-;), the son of 'Umar Shaikh Mirza, the son of Amir Taimiir, after whose death he had several battles with his two brothers, Pir Muhammad and Mirza Eustam, and took possession of Fars and Isfahan, which they had received as inheritance from their grand- father ; on which account his uncle Shahrukh Mirza, having defeated him in a battle, put out both his eyes. This circumstance took place iu a.d. 1414, a.h. 817. Sikandar Begam (♦..C-o .S^C^), tlie niler of Bhopal. She was born in a.d. 1816. Her father was one of tlie Pathau or Afghan soldiers of fortuue, who, after the death of the emperor Aiu-angzeb, declared himself independent in Bhopal. On his death his wife was declared Eegent by his troops, and his daughter Sikandar Begam heir. She married her cousin Jahilugir, iu spite of her motlier, upon condition that her husband swore to leave her the direct and visible control of all affairs. Her husband, Jahangir, died in a.d. 1845. She was publicly presented with the Grand Cross of the Star of India at the Durbar at Agra. She died on the 30th October, a.d. 1868. Her Highness had conducted the administration of her prin- cipality since the yeiir 1847, when she was first appointed Regent, with ability and success until the day of her decease. Her eldest daugliter, Shahjahan Begam, succeeded her. Sikandar Jah (^ .V >u J- -O), nawab or Nizam of Haidarabad, succeeded his father, Nawab Nizam 'Ali Khan, to the Masnad of the Deccau on the 16th August, a.d. 1802, 16th Rabi' II. a.h. 1217, and died on the 23rd May, a.d. 1829, 19th Zi- Qa'da, a.h. 1244, after a reign of 28 lunar years and some months. He was succeeded by Ms son Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan, who took the title of Nasir-uddaula. Sikandar Khan Uzbak (^l:s- .^.u^^ C-JsJJ^), a descendant of the royal house of that tribe, also called Sikandar Klian of Kashghar. He accompanied the emperor Humayiin to India, and was created a noble- man by that monarch. He accompanied Mirza Haidar, who took possession of Kaslimere in A.D. 1543, and died at Lucknow in the reign of the emperor Akbar on the 18th September, A.D. 1572, 10th Jumada I. a.h. 980. Sikandar Munshi ( ^.^.u^ .sjjLS), Secretary to Shah Abbas I. king of Persia. He is the author of the Tdrikh 'A/am Arae Abhdsl, a history of that monarch, in three books, which he dedicated to him in a.d. 1616, A.H. 1025. [ Vide Iskandar Munsh!.] Sikandar Qadr, Mirza ( .jj .jv-i.^-:), the son of Prince Khurshaid Kada. Vide Taskhir. Sikandar Shah (iljj ,xS^), king of Gujrat, succeeded his father, Muzaffar Shiih II. in February, a.d. 1526, 19th Shaban, a.h. 932, and after a reign of only three months and seventeen days was assassinated on the 30th May the same year. After his death his younger brother, Nasir Khan, was raised to the throne under the title of Muhammad Shah II. Sikandar Shah Lodi, Sultan {.sui.^ i_$i^j\ i'wj), "whose original name was Nizilm Khan, was the son of Sultan Bahlul Lodi, whom he succeeded in July, a.d. 1489, Shaban, a.h. 895. He_was the" first Musal- man king who made Agra his capital. In his time a violent earthquake took place, when many houses were thrown down and several thousands of inhabitants lost their lives. This happened on Sunday the 6th July, a.d. 1505, 3rd Safar, a.h. 911. It was in his reign that the ilindiis first commenced reading Persian. He reigned 21 lunar years and some mouths, and died at Agra on Sunday the 17tli February, a.d. 1510, 7th Zi-Qa'da, a.m. 915. Colonel Dow and General Briggs, in their translation of Firishia, say that Sikandar Shah died in the year of the Hijri 923, cor- responding with A.D. 1517, and that he reigned 28 years and some months ; this is evidently a mistake, for the words " Tari Shud" show the year of his death to be a.h. 915, con- sequently the period of his reign was only 21 years. He was succeeded by his son Ibrahim ilusaiu Lodi. Sikandar Lodi in his time had built a small fort at Agra on the right bank of the Janina, and called it Badalgarh. The emperor Akbar, in the 10th year of his reign, viz. in A.H. 972, having demolished this fort laid the foundations of another fort of redstone, which was completed in the course of eight years, superintended by Qasim Klian Mir Bahar. This fort had" three gotis and two windows, and cost 36 lakhs of rupees. It was accideutally burned down in the time of Shah 'Alam and Madho Eao Seudhia. SIKA 385 SIPi. Sikandar Shah Purhi (iL-1 iw\j.JL-j je-.' ,y ). He was raised to the tlironc of Beng-al after the death of his father, Shaius- iiddm Bhanijeira, about the year a.d. 1358, A.H. 760. He had not long entered on his rule before his country was invaded by Firoz Shah Tughlaq, king of Delhi, who was, how- ever, induced to retreat on Sikandar Shah promising to pay an annual tribute. He reigned in peace for a period of nine years and died in a.d. 1367, a.h. 769, when he was succeeded by his son Ghayas-uddiu Piii-bi. Sikandar Shah Sur (.»^ ^l^ .s:S^). His original name was Ahmad Khan Siir, a nephew of Sher Shah. He ascended the throne of Dehli after defeating Sultan Ibrahim Siir in a battle fought in May, A.D. 1555, Jumada II. a.h. 962. He had not long enjoyed his good fortune, however, when he was obliged to repair to the Panjab to oppose the emperor Humayun, m'Iio, having returned from a long exile, was now advancing to recover his dominions. He engaged Bairam Khan, the general of the army near Sarhind, was defeated on the 22nd June, A.D. 1555, 3rd Shaban, a.h. 962, and fled to the Sewalik Mountains, from whence he was afterwards expelled by the emperor Akbar, a.d. 1557, 27th Eamazan, a.h. 964. He sought refuge in Bengal, where he died after two years. Sikandar Shikoh Mirza (aJj^ .SuL^), a cousiu of Bahadur Shah II. king of DehlT. He was executed for the miuxler of his wife in July, A.D. 1838. Sikandar, Sultan (jjIUL:A:..C;), king of Kashmere, surnamed But Shikan, or Destroyer of Idols, was the grandson of Shah Mir Darweish, who introduced the Muham- madan religion into Kashmere. Sikandar, with the assistance of his mother, succeeded his father, Sultau Qutb-uddm, a.d. 1393, A.H. 796, his authority being acknowledged by all the nobles and other officers, and became one of the most powerful kings that ever reigned in Kashmere. Various mag- nificent temples and images of the Hindus did this Sultan lay in ruins ; which conduct obtained him the glorious title of But Saikani, or Iconoclast. He reigned 22 years and 9 months, and died in a.d. 1416, a.h. 819. In his time Tamerlane invaded India, and presents passed between him and Sikandar. He was s\icceeded by Ms son Sultan 'Ali Shah. Sikandar Turkman (^l^i" jS:Ji^). Vide Qara Muhammad. Silhaddi i^_sx^), a Raja of Eaisiu, who was made prisoner by Bahadur Shah of Gujrat, and was forced to become a Muhammadau in the year a.d. 1631, a.h. 938, after which, when the fort of Raisin was siu-rendered by his brother Lachhman to the kiug. Rani Durgiiwati, the daughter of Rana Sauka, Rana of Chittor and wife of Riija Silhaddi, with a heroic fortitude, invoking curses on the heads of those who shoidd not revenge her cause, set fire to a pile with which she had caused the female apartments to be surrounded, containing seven huncked beautiful women. She then phmged into the flames, aud they were all consumed. Silhaddi and Lachhman (his brother), with one hundred of their blood-relations, now putting ou their armour, rushed impetuously on the Gujrat troops, and bravely met their fate the same year. Simi Naishapuri (^ .jUlJ ^4,^), a very learned Musalman of Naishapur. It is said that in one night and day he composed 3,000 verses. He flourished in the time of Prijice 'Alauddaula (the son of Baisanghar Mirza), who reigned at Herat a.d. 1447. Sina, Abu Sina or Avicenna (L:..^*^). J'ide Abii Sina. Sindbad Hakim (*-..C5>- jIj X^-j), author of a Diwan or book of Odes, which he com- pleted in the year a.d. 1374, a.h. 776, and dedicated to Shah Mahumd Bahmani. Sindh (i_u-j), Medieval history of. Vide Nasir-uddlu Qabbacha. Sindhia {X-^^su^). A distinguished ;Marritha family. For Rajas of the Sindhia family, vide Ran5ji Sindhia, Madho Rao, Daulat Rao, Shauko Rao, etc. Sipahdar Khan (^^U- j^ JJ^), whose proper name is Mirza Muhammad Salah, was a native of Tabriz, and his ancestors were reckoned among the nobles of that country. In the year a.d. 1592, a.h. 1000, 111' hft Persia for Iliudustan in company with Kjiwaja Beg Mirza, son of Masiira Beg Safwi. On his arrival in India he obtained the honour of an interview with the emperor Akbar. Mansabs suitable to his dignity, as well as the government of Gujrat, were conferred ou liim time after time. When, after the death of prince Murad in a.d. 1599, A.H. 1007, prince Danial went to the Deccan and captm-ed the fort of Ahmaduagar, the capital of Nizam Shah, the government of that country was confeiTcd upon Kliwaja Beg Mirzii and Sipahdar Kliau. A. was Sipahdar Khan (^, the second son of Klian Jahfiu Bahfuhu-, the foster-brother of the emperor 'Aiamgir. He was raised to the rank of 3000 by that monarch, a.d. 1691, a.h. 1103, with the 25 SIPE 386 Sllil goverumeut of the province of Allahabad, which he held for several years. His brother Himmat I£haii was killed by au arrow in an action with the MarhaUas about the year A.D. 1698, A.n. 1110, and soon afterwards their father, Khiin Jahan Bahadur, died in the imperial camp. Sipehr Shikoh (i^J^^^.^^), third sou of Dara Shikoh. He was confined in the fort of Gwaliar by 'Alamgir who, in his 16th year, a.h. 1085, seut for him from Gwiliar, and married him to his daughter Badi--un- Nisa, of whom was born prince 'Ali Tabar. \_Jldc Sulaiman Shikoh.] Siraj i^\j^), takhallus of Siraj-uddin Husain of Aurangabad, who is the aiithor of the Diwihi MioitaWib, containing extracts from no less than 680 poets, and which he completed in A.D. 1756, a.h. 1169. Siraj Qummi {^ J^^), a poet wlio was a native of Qumm, in Persia, and con- temporary Avith Salman Sa^Aaji. Siraj - uddaula Muhammad G-haus Khan (^Id. c^'^i j.^^'« a!jjJ1 ^\j^), titular Xawab of Arkot, whose poetical name was 'Azim, the author of the work called Tazlcira Suhh TFatan, being a biography of the poets of the Karnatik, compiled in a.d. 1842, A.D. 1258. It is an abstract of the Tazkira of Edcq, also called Guldasta Kar- natik. Siraj-uddaula (c__;L.3 A.!.j^Jl _1^), Nawfib of Bengal, formerly named Mirza Mahmiid, was the eldest son of Zain-uddiu Ahmad, styled Haibat Jang, the nephew and son-in-law of Alahwardi Kliiin Mahabat Jaug, governor of Bengal. On the death of his grandfather Mahabat Jang, which hajipeued on the 10th April, a.d. 1756, 9th Rajah, A.H. 1169, he succeeded him in the govern- ment of that province, and immediately taking offence at the English, for their protection to a native officer said to have escaped from Dacca with treasure, he attacked Calcutta, carried it on the 20th June the same year, and allowed his officers to shut iip 146 fim-opean prisoners in a small military prison room called the "Black Hole," of which number 123 perished during the night. Mr. Drake, the governor of Calcutta, escaped on board a ship with a few Englishmen and retired to Madras. At that time Colonel Clive com- manded the Company's forces in the province of Arkot. It was agreed by the government of Madras that he sliould repair with a force to Bengal and endeavour to regain tlie factory of Calcutta. Colonel Clive and Admira'l Watson left Madras with 900 Europeans and 1500 Sepoys. They reached Falta on the 20tli December, re -took Calcutta on the 2nd January, a.d. 1757, a.h. 1170, and forced Siraj-uddaula into a treaty, offensive and defensive, on the 9th February following. Clive subsequently made a secret treaty with Mir Ja'far, an officer of the nawab, and ad- vanced in June towards Murshidabtid, the nawab's capital. On the 23rd June, a.d. 1757, Clive fought the battle of Plassy against 18,000 horse and 50,000 infantry, and, aided by the treachery of INIir Ja'far, routed the nawab's troojjs. Siraj-uddaula fled, but in a few days was seized and cruelly assassinated on the 4th July, a.d. 1757, 15th Shawwal a.h. 1170, by order of Miran, the sou of Mir Ja'far. Thus perished Siraj- uddaula in the 20th year of his age and the 15th month of his reign. On the 29th June Mir Ja'far was raised to the masnad, and from that date the influence of the British may be said to have become paramount in Bengal. His tomb is not far from that of Mahabat Jang. Siraj-uddin (,.,jjj| --U-:), son of Nur- uddiu, author of the SJiarah Buldidri and Hharah 'Umda. He died in a.d. 1401, a.h. 804. [ ru/<; Bilqaini.] Siraj-uddin 'Ali Khan ( ,^sl\ —' ,--o y.jS. ^jlrs- J-c), whose poetical title is 'Arzii, was a native of Akbarabad (Agra), and a descendant of Shaikh Muhammad Gjiaus of Gwaliar. He was an excellent poet and an officer of rank in the time of the emperor Farrukh-siyar. He is the author of several works, among which is a Diwan and a bio- graphy entitled Mujmuq-ul-Nafdes, which is also called Tazkira 'Arzu, containing the memoirs of the Indian poets who have written Persian, Hindustani and Deccani poems. 'Arzu, in a.d. 1734, a.h, 1147, met at Dehll the poet Hazin, who had just come from Persia. The jealousy between the two poets induced 'Arzu to write a treatise en- titled Taiii!/ih-ul-G_/ulJilJ)i, in which he points out the errors in HazTu's poems. He died at Lucknow on the 27th Januarv, a.d. 1756, 23rd Kabi' II. a.h. 11G9, and was bmied there for some time, but afterwards his re- mains were removed to Dehli by his nephew Muhammad Husain Kliiln. Beside tlie above- mentioned Avorks he is the author of the following : Mohibat Uzina. '■Atia Kuhrd. Siraj -id- Lxghfit . Chiidgh lliddet. Clhardeb-ul- Luyhdt . J\haiidhdn. Muslildhdl-ush-Shuard. Jawdb Yatardzdt 3lunlr. Sharah Kasded '■Urfi. aiiarah Sika?/dar-7idma. Sharah MnJchtasir-ul-Mridnl. Sharah Gidkushtl Mir Najdt. Nawddir-id-AIfarz, a HiudiiHtanl Dictionary. SIRA 387 SOZA Siraj-uddin Husain (,.,_j>.\_!l -r^j-^ K^J. ^' ). Vide Siraj. Siraj-uddin Muhammad bin-'Abdur Rashid-al-Sajawandi (^jA-1 ^j^ author of the Sirajia, -which is sometimes called Faraez as-Sajdicandt. This book is of the highest authority ou the law of inheritance amongst the Sunnis of India. It has been commented upon by a vast number of writers, upwards of forty being enumerated in the Kashf-uz-Zumln. The most celebrated of these Commentaries, and the one most generally employed to explain the text, is the Shnrljia, by Sayyad Sharif 'All biu-Muhammad-al- Jiu-jani. The original text of the Sirajia, together with that of the Sharif a, was pub- lished in Calcutta in a.d. 1829. A Persian translation of the Sirajia and Sharifia was made by Maulwi Muhammad Rasliid, by order of Warren Hastings, and published in Calcutta in a.d. 1812. The most celebrated Commentaries on the Sirajia, next after the Shar'xfia, are : that by Shahab-uddin Ahmad bin - Mahmud - as - Siwasi ; one by Burhan- uddin Haidar bin - Muhammad - al - Hirwi ; another by Shams -uddin bin-Hamza-al- Fanari ; and lastly, a Persian Commentary entitled Al-Fardez-at-Tdjrfl Shark Fardcz- as-Sir('ij'i, by 'Abdul Karim bin-Muhammad- al-IIamdani. Siraj-uddin Muhammad bin-'Umar Halabi ( Jv^.s'* j_ jJl „L_j), an author who died in a.d. l-liG, A.n. 850. Siraj-uddin Sawai, Maulana {^ , brated poets of Samana, a city in the pro- vince of Dehll. He is the author of tlie ■work called Ehiljl - ndma. "UTien Sultan Jalal-uddiu Firoz Khilji, before his accession to the throne, was governor of Samana, the poet was ill-treated by some of his people, aud, as the Sultan took no notice of it tin n, he MTote the above-mentioned book, in which he satirized the governor and the Kliiljis. However, the Sultan, after his accession to the throne of DehlT in a.d. 1289, sent for the poet, and he, ha^■ing tied a rope round his Q-wTi neck, presented himself like a criminal before the king, who embraced him and made him one of his principal confidants. The poet afterwards wrote several panegyrics in praise of the Sultan. Siraj-uddin, Shaikh (^_ja.1\ J^^ — i ^-1), a celebrated Muhammadan saint whoso relics are deposited on an island in the river Krishna, near the town of Kursi, in the district of Kaebagh Bijapiir, in southern Ilindustfin. Siraj-uddin 'Umar (^^^^c ^JjJ^ Trir'^' who, after the death of his brother Zain-ul- 'Abidln Nujaim, completed the Avork called Balir-ar-Raeq about the year a.d. 1562, A.n. 970, and wrote another but inferior commentary on the Kanz-iil-Baqueq, en- titled the Xahr-uI-Fdcq. Sirati ( ^ ..^^), a poet who wrote Kasidas, of which some are panegyrics on Sadiq Khan and his son Jafar Klian Eazi, kings of Persia, the latter of whom was murdered in a.d. 1785, a.h. 1199. Soz (;»-j), the poetical name of Sayyad Muhammad, who flourished in the reign of the emperor Shah 'Alam, and is the author of a small Diwan in Urdii. He became a Dervish or religious mendicant, and lived to the age of 80. He died in a.d. 1797, a.h. 1212. Another Soz is mentioned in the 3firat-id - Khai/dl, who lived in the time of 'Alamgir. He was a native of Bukhara aud was brought up in India. Sozan {^\^), poetical appellation of Xawab Ahmad 'Ali Klian Shoukat Jang, son of Nawab Iftikhar-uddaula Mirza 'Ali Khan, and nephew of Nawab Salar Jang. He lived in the time of Nawab ' Asaf - uddaula of Lucknow, and is said to have been a good Urdu poet. Sozani, Hakim (*---^»- Li J^*""^' ^^^" named Shams-uddin Muhammad of _ Samar- qand, a Persian poet who derived his origin from Salman Farsi, one of the first companions of Muhammad. Some authors say he was a native of the city of Nakhshab, and others pretend of Samarqand. It is said that when he was a student at Bukhara, he conceived so great a friendship for the apprentice of a needle-maker that he himself learned that profession, and he therefore assumed the takhallus of Sozani (Sozan means a needle). IIu is considered the best humoristic poet of his time, and is the author of a poem called Qasaed Sozani, or elegies, written in a very devout stvle, containing nearly 8000 verses. During his vouth he was a great debauchee ; but wiien advanced in vears he became very dev-\), author of the book called I'liidat, a Turkish work on Navigation in the Indian Seas, written in the year a.d. 1511, A.H. 917, and five others of the saine descrip- tion called the Faicded, the Haicict, the Tuhfat - ul - Fahfd, the Minhiij, and the Qilddat-ul- Shamfis . Sulaiman bin-Ahmad Tahrani( U J^ i^j'^^_b (A-^^^s*.^ {j-^\ author of the Muajjam Kablr, Muqjjam Ausaf, Muqjjam Saglur, Daldel-ul-Kabuat, and many other works. He died in a.d. 971, a.h. 360. Sulaiman bin-Qutlamish ( , j (oU-i~s ^jL^\:x:), by the aid of Malikshah, who took his father prisoner, Saljiiqi became the first king of the Saljiiq djiaasty of Riim, or Anatolia, whose capital was Icouium. He began his reign iu a.d. 1077, a.h. 470, reigned eight years, and destroyed himself through fear of Takash, or Turtash, the son of Alp Arsalan. After him there was an interregnum of seven years, from a.d. 1085 to 1092, when his son Daiid ascended the throne. Kings of the Saljilq dynasty icho reigned in Iconium. 1. Sulaiman biu-Kutlamish. 2. Daiid, son of Suhiiman, having gained a victory over his enemies, ascended the throne in a.d. 1092, and died in a.d. 1107. 3. Quliih Arsalan, his brother, who, in a battle witli Atabak Jfiwali, fell into a canal with his horse and was drowned, a.d. 1110. 4. Masa'iid, son of Qulich Arsalan, died in A.D. 1156. 5. 'Azz-uddin Uulich Arsalan, son of Masa'iid. He destroyed the first Crusade armv and died iu a.d. 1188. 6. Qutb-uddin j\ialikshali, sou of 'Azz- uddin, deposed in a.d. 1192. 7. G]iayas-uddiu Kaikhusro, son of 'Azz- uddin, deposed in a.d. 1200. StTLA 390 sriT Ghayas-uddiu Kaikhusro, restored a.d. 1203. 8. Eukn-uddm Sulaimaii, son of 'Azz-iiddm Qulich Arsalfin, deposed in a.d. 1203. 9. Qizal or Qulich Arsalan, son of Ilukn- iiddiu, deposed by Gliayas - uddin Kaikhusro in a.d. 1203. 10. 'Azz-uddTu Kaikaus biu-Kaikliusro bci^an to reign iu a.d. 1210 and was deposed in a.d. 1219. 11. 'Ala -uddin Kaiqubad biu - Kaikhusro, poisoned in a.d. 1236 or 1239. 12. Kaikhusro, son of Kaiqubad. lie was invaded by the Mughal princes, de- scendants of Changez Khan. 'Azz-uddin Kaikaiis, restored and reigned in nominal conjunction with his brothers Euku-uddin and 'Ala-uddiu, sons of Kaikhusro, a.d. 1245. 13. Rukn - uddin Qulich Arsalan, son of Kaikhusro, began iu a.d. 1257. 14. Ghayas-uddin Kaikhusro. son of Euku- uddin, began a.d. 1267. 15. Masa'iidbin-'Azz-uddin Kaikaiis, died in A.D. 1308, A.H. 708. He was the last of this race. Sulaiman Qadr, Mirza (.Si ,^U-.1-j), a prince, the son of Mirza IChurshnid Q;ulr, the son of Mirza Asmau Qadr. Their poetical titles were Taskhir, Kaisar and Namud. IVidc Kaisar.] Sulaiman Qirani ( j\^ ^WA^) was made goveruor of Eengal after the deposition of Bahadm- Shah Afghiiu iu a.d. 1549, a.h. 956, but threw off his allegiance to the throne of Dehli after the death of Salim Shah, king of Dehli, A.D. 1554, a.h. 961. During his rule he subdued the province of Orissa ; and, notwithstanding he was virtually independent, he used frequently to send valuable presents to the emperor Akbar. He reigned for a period of 25 luuar years, and died in a.d. 1572, a.h. 981. Ilis eldest son, Bfiiazld I. ^^AS). Vide K^iusro (Suit fill). Sultan Mahmud (j^.*^* ^M-^). Vide Mahmiul (Sultan) of Ohazni, Sultan Mahmud Mirza ( j.^^-^ ,^lkLj llr*^' the son of Sultan Abii Said INIirza, who was sovereign of the greater part of Mawar-un-nahr and Badakhshan. His takhallus or poetical name was Zilll. Sultan Mirza {\-^^ ^jlkLj). Vide Mu- hammad Sultan Mirza. Sultan Muhammad (,j Sa.s^ ..lUiLo jjLi^Kz), the eldest son of the em- peror 'Alamgir. He died, 30 years before his father, on the 5tli December, a.d. 1676, 8th Shawwal, a.h. 1087, in the fort of Gwaliar, where he was confined by his father, aud was buried near the niausdleum of Qutb-uddiu, called Qutb Shah, at Dehli. Sultan Muhammad ( ,j s^^sr"* ,.,^^ c;: ^" Jt.:>Mj.:\j ^)j-^), the son of Mirza Bai- sanghar, the son of Mirza Shahrukh, the son of Amir Taimiir. He was defeated in a battle against his brother Bfibar Sultan, taken prisoner and put to death in January, A.D. 1452, Zil-hijja, a.h. 855. Sultan Muhammad Saljuqi ( .Lklwj ilA.CU ^j-i,sS\ ^}l^ ^:' J^s'"), the son of Sultan Jalal-uddiu Malikshah. Ho succeeded his brother Barkavfiraq in December. a.d. 1104, A.H. 498, aud after a reign of about 13 years died iu a.d. 1118, a.h. 511. [Vide Muhammad (Sultan).] Sultan Murad {J\..^ |^LkL-c). Vide Murad Mirza. Sultan Parwez (jjjj.^ ^IkL:). Vide Parwez Sultan. Sultan Sakhi Sarwar (,^^1-; ^II^Lj j^jj-^), a Muhammadan saint. His shrine is situated at the mouth of the Siiri Pass, leading in the direction of Kandahar, and is built at the Drnmniplirir. Though not much reverenced in the DeUrfijat it is said that from 180,000 to 200,000 i)ilgrims, both Musalmans and Hundus, from the I'anjab and Sindh visit it annually. In February, ]March, and April disciples assemble iu large numbers, and the fair is over iu April. sriT 392 SUN2^ Sultan Shah (ili, ^^HiL.-), son of Alp Arsalaii, Sultan of Kliwarizm. Some time alter his father's death, which took place in A.u. 1162, A.H. 557, he was defeated in several battles by his elder brother, Ala-uddTu Takash, and obliged to fly to the forests, where he died from hunger and distress, about the year a.d. 1193, Ramazan, a.d. 589. Sultan Shahzada (ij yr J\^U, eunuch of Fatha Shah, king of Bengal, whom he murdered, and ascended the throne a.d. 1491, A.H. 896. He reigned only a few mouths and was assassinated the same year by Malik AndTl, who succeeded him and took the title of Firoz Shiih Piirbl. Sultan Shujaa' ( c;-:? ei"^ ,lkl. (^L^^^-^l^), second son of the emperor Shah Jahan, was born at Ajmir on Simday the 12th May, a.u. 1616, 4th Jumada I. A.H. 1025, and married to the daughter of Mirza Eustam Safwi, brother of Muzaffar Husain Mirza, of the royal house of Persia. He was appointed governor of Eeugal by his father, which country he governed with justice and clemency till the accession of his brother the emperor 'Alamgir and the defeat of Dara Shikuli in a.d. 1658, when he marched with a powerfid army towards Delili. He was defeated by 'Alamgir on the 5th January, a.d. 1659, 19th Eabi' II. a.h. 1069, at a place called Kliajiia, about thirty miles west of Allahabad, and piirsued by Mir Jumla and Sultiin Muhammad, the eldest son of 'Alamgir, to Bengal, from which place he was obliged to seek refuge in Arakan, where, two years afterwards, a.d. 1660, a.h. 1071, he was put in a boat with all his family and sunk in the river by order of the Raja of that country. Sultan-ul-Nisa Begam (UJ| JLL), eldest daughter of the emperor Jahangir, and sister of Sultan Khusro. Her mother was the dauglitcr of Raja Bhagwan Diis, and she was born in the year a.d. 1586, a.h. 994. After the death of her brother Sultan Kjiusrau, she erected a tomb for herself close to his grave at Allahabad, but died at Agra and lies buried there in the mausoleum of the emperor Akbar. Sultan - us - Salatin Purbi (j^Lkl.-; i^-.LLuJO was elevated to the throne of Bengal on the death of his father, Ghayas- uddin Purbi, a.d. 1373, A.n. 775. This prince was benevolent, merciful and brave. He died, after a reign of ten years, a.d 1383, a.h. 785, and was succeeded by his eon Shams-uddin II. Piirbi. Sultan Walad (j.lj ^IkU), son of the celebrated Maulwi Riimi. He is the author of a beautiful poem on the Siifi doctrines, etc., written in imitation of the Masnawi of his father, a.d. 1291, a.h. 690, and also of a Diwan, and another work called Walnd- itdnia, containing an accoimt of his father and grandfather. Sultana Begam (*.iLj-J ^jLkl.^), a daughter of the emperor Babar Shah. Sultana Begam (♦J^-^.j ajLLl-j), a daughter of IMirza Handal, the brother of the emperor Humajiiu. She was married to Shah Quli Mahram. Her sister named Ruqia Sultana {q.v.) was married to the emperor Akbar. Sultana Razia (tUJj d^M^), daughter of Shams-uddin Altimsh, king of Dehli. She was raised to the throne after the deposition of her brother Ruku-uddin Firoz in November, A.n. 1236. She was deposed in November, A.D. 1239, and confined in the fort of Bitahuda, from which place she made her escape and contrived to raise an army with which she marched towards Dehli ; but was defeated and put to death by her brother Bahrara Shah, who ascended the throne. Tlie reign of Sultana Razia lasted 3 hmar years 6 months and 6 da vs. Her tomb is still to be seen in old Dehli. Sultana Rukia or Ruqia (a-Js. ^^jlkl-s), the daughter of IMirza Handal [q.v.), the son of the emperor Babar, was the first or chief wife of the emperor Akbar, by whom he had no chikken. Consequently when Shuh Jahan was born to Jahangir, his grandfather Akbar made him over to her to be brought up by her. She was also the patroness of Niir Jahan ; and died at Agra in January, a.d. 1626, Jumada I. a.h. 1035, aged 84 hmar years. Sunna (L^), This word is used generally to signify all the traditions, both of the say- ings and doings of the Prophet, and the term Iladis is employed in the same comprehensive sense. The distinction between the Hadis (sayings) and the Suuau (doings) is not at- tended to by doctors of the Muslim law; both are generally authoritative. Sunni ( ^uJ). Those Musalmans who assume to themselves the appellation of orthodox, and uphold the succession of the Kjialifas Abii Bakr, Umar, and Usmau, and deny the right of supremacy, either spritual or temporal, to the posterity of 'All, are called Sunuis. They are divided into an infinity of sects, but of these there are only four principal ones, which are called after their founders. [ Vide Imam and Shia.] StJNQ 393 STJRA Sunqar or Sanqar ( A_i_M.-), son of Maiidiul, one of the Atabaks of Fars, wlio is better known by his title of Atabak Mnzaffar- uddiu, was the great-grandson of Salghar, the fonuder of this dynasty. He succeeded Buzaba, the last governor of Fars of this family, and threw off all dependence upon tlie Saljuqi Sultans about the year a.u. 1148, A.H. 643. He made his residence the city of Shiraz, which afterwards became the capital of his family. He died in a.d. 1161, a.h. 556, and was succeeded by his brother Muzaffar-uddin Zangi, who, after a peaceful reign of 14 years, left the government to his sou Takla in a.d. 1175, a.h. 571. Takla, who acquired fame by employing, as his wazir, the victorious Kliwaja AmJn- uddin of Gazariin, reigned 20 years, and at his death, which happened in a.d. 1195, A.H. 591, the government of Fars fell to his brother Atabak Sa'd bin-Zangi, who made a successful attack upon Isfahan. Tlie memory of Atabak Sa'd is to this day held in great respect at Shiraz. He surrounded that city by a wall, and built the Jam'a Masjid, or chief mosque, which still remains a monument of his piety and munificence. He reigned more than 30 lunar years, and died about the j-ear a.d. 1220, a.h. 623. He was succeeded by his son Atabak Abu Bakr, also called Abu Nasr, a son every way worthy of his father. He gave an extraordinary proof of his fore- sight in his early conciliation of Chaugez Ivhan, to whom he sent a mission and some valuable presents. The conciueror received the advance with favour, conferred the Turkish title of Kutlaq Khau upon him ; and the province of Fars, through the wisdom of its prince, was exempted from that destruction which fell on all those in its vicinity. In his time lived the cele- brated Sa'di of Shiraz, who wrote the GiiUatdn in his name. Abii Bakr died at Shiraz in a.d. 1260, 5th Jumada II. a.h. 658, after a long and prosperous reign of 34 years, and left his government to his son. Daulat Shah says he died in a.h. 667. Atabak Sa'd II. who, at the time of his father's death, was with the army of Halaku Klian, the grandson of Changez Kliau, hasteued to take possession of his inheritance, but was seized with an illness, Avhich terminated his existence before he could reach his capital. His infant son Atabak Muhammad was placed upon the masnad ; and the rule devolved upon the child's mother, Kliatiin Turkau ; but her authority received a great shock in the death of her son, who, two years and a half after his advancement, fell from the terrace of his palace, and was killed on the spot, A.D. 1262, A.H. 660. After his death Muhammad Shah, a chief of the family of Salghar, was elevated to tlie dignity of Atabak, but Kluitiin Turkau, after eight months, being displeased with his conduct, seized him and sent him prisoner to Halaku Klian ; while she elevated his brother Saljuq Shilh to the government. Saljucj Shah, with a view of confirming his power, married Ivjiatiin Turkan ; but after- Avards, in a fit of intoxication, ordered one of his slaves to strike off her head. Some officers of the emperor Halakii Klian, who were present, expressed their feeliugs at this horrid act and were instantly put to death. When Halakii heard of these proceedings, he immediately ordered the execution of his brother Muhammad. Saljiiq, dreading the vengeance of the emperor, fled to Kazariin : but was seized and put to death, a.d. 1263, a.h. 661. Ish, the daughter of Atabak Sad, who reigned one year, was married to Mangu Taimur, the son of Halakii, which put an end to this family, which lasted 120 lunar years. Supkaran or Sulahkaran Bundela {AjSuj ^jL^r^), a Eajpiit, who was an Amir of 2500 in the service of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died at Bahadurgarh in the Deccan about the year a.d. 1678, a.h. 1089, and was much lamented by all who knew him. Many of his women buried themselves upon the funeral pile with his corpse. He was a soldier unequalled, had in repeated battles won the prize of valour, and was in general successful. After his death his son Dalpat Rao was exalted to the rank of 500 by the emperor. SucLman bin-Ortak (( C'jj\ ^j jjU.ii.^), first king of the princes of the Turkman Orta- kites, who reigned at Amid andlvhaifa. The following is a list of this race : — ^ jj. a.h. Suqman bin-Ortak 1097 490 Ibrahim bin- Suqman . . . .1104 498 Rukn-uddin Baud 1128 522 Fakhr-uddin Qara ArsalJin bin- DaM 1149 544 Kiir-uddin Muhammad biu-Qara Arsalin 1100 562 Qutb - uddin Suqman bin - Mu - hamraad 1185 581 Malik-US- Salah Nasir-uddin Mah- miid 1200 597 Malik-ul-Masafid bin-Mahnuul . 1221 618 Malik -ul-Kamil, nephew of the celebrated Siilah-uddiu (Saladin). He took Amid 1231 629 Surajmal Jat {(JLAs^ J^^jp- .^-j), Efija of Bhartpur, was the son of Badau Singh Jiit, whom he succeeded to the Raj a few years before a.d. 1750, a.h. 1163. His yoimger brother, Partap Singh, built the fort of Kum- bhir or Kumir. After tlie departure of Ahmad Shah Abdiili from Inilia to Uandaluir, Siirajmal, taking advantage of the weakness of the empire, made himsi'lf master of all the countries that were dependent on Agra, and ultimately of the town itself and mauv otiier important places; but fell in battle with the Rohela chief Najib-uddaula in December, A.D. 1763, a.h. 1177. Uis son Jawahir Singh succeeded him. SURA 394 SWAM Suraj Singh, Raja (A:>-\j ^Cu.^ ^ ,»^), sou of Udai Sinsh Eathor, the son of Rae Maldeo. After the death of his father, a.d. 1594, A.H. 1002, he was raised by Akbar to a suitable rauk, aud served uuder that emperor and his sou Jahangir for several years. The mansab of 5000 was conferred ou him by the latter. lie died iu the Deccau, ad. 1619, A.H. 1028, aud Raja Gaj Singh, his sou, succeeded him, and, as his father was uncle to the emperor Shah Jahan ou the mother's side, he was iu a short time raised to the rank of 5000. Gaj Siugh died on the 6th May, A.D. 1638, 2ud Mnharram, a.h. 1048. His son A mar Singh killed Saliibat Khan Mir Bakhshi iu a.d. 1624, a.h. 1054, aud was himself cut to pieces at one of the gates of the fort of Agra, now called Amar Siugh Gate. Surdas {^^ ^^S), son of Baba Eamdas, a Hindu poet aud au excellent musician, who flourished about the 16th or 17th century. He is the author of the work called Sur Sagar, iu Hindi, etc. Surur (,, .^), poetical name of Mirza Rajab 'All Beg of Lucknow. He is the author of a Diwau and several other works aud of a beautiful story in Urdii called Fisilna uijdeb, which he completed in the first year of the reigu of Naslr-uddiu Haidar, a.d. 1828, A.H. 1244. Surur (, , ^O, the poetical name of Lachhmi Ram. Sururi (^_c .^ .^), poetical name of Haji Muhammad, a poet, who died iu a.d. 1561, A.H. 969. He was the sou of a shoemaker, aud had so excellent a memory that he knew more than 30,000 verses by heart. He com- l)osed a dictionary called Mujma-uI-Furs, aud a book in which he explains the difficult words of NizSmi and other poeis. He also wrote a Commentary in the Turkish language ou the Diwau of liafiz. \_Viclc Muhammad Qasim, sou of Suriirl.] Sururi {^ ^tjS), poetical appellation of Razi-uddiu, a brother of Maftun. He is the author of several Persian poems, besides which he has composed from ten to twelve thousand Urdii verses. He was alive in a.d. 1796, A.H. 1211. Suryya Jali (il.:>-l.j 3). Vide Amjad 'Ali Shfih, king of Audh. Swami Bhopat Rae (o^j.j^ c'*U-' i^^j), a Khattrl who resided at Patau, near Jaramtx, in the Panjab. He translated, from the Sanskrit into Persian, the Trahodh Chanel [Chandrodaya) Nfitak, a very curious work ou Theosophy, and dedicated it, as well as several other treatises ou Siifiism, to Narayan Chand. T TABA TAFT Taban (^,UJ), the poetical name of Mir 'Abdul Ilai, of Dehli, a youth whose exti'aordinary beauty was the theme of con- temporary poets, and of whose personal charms it is related that they were the envy of the other sex and the admiration of all who beheld him. He was slain at an early age in consequence of having himself formed a very unbecoming attachment. His odes are held in high estimation for delicacy and elegance of sentiment, and even the poet Sauda was among the number of his ad- mirers. He lived in the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah. [_Sce Gilchrist's Hiiidilstdni Grammar.'] Tabari (^Jj;), a celebrated historian of Tabaristan, and author of the Tdr'tkh Taharl. He was a famous Imam of Baghdad, and the Livy of the Arabians. He finished his General Ilistorj/ in a.d. 914, a.h. 302. At the request of his friends he reduced his work of 30,000 sheets to a more reasonable size. He died a.d. 922, a.h. 310. \_Vide KhvL Jafar-at-Tabari, and Abu All, the wazir of Mansur.] Taba Taba (LJ? l-ir), a poet whose proper name was Mir Rafi-uddin Husaiu, a iSavvad, who, being of the Tabataba tribe, used it as his poetical name. He was living in A.D. 1601, A.H. 1010. Tabiat (c:^.*.-.-*.!?), poetical name of Shaikh Saif-uddlu Muhammad, a poet who lived in a.d. 1742, a.h. 1155. Tadbir L-JJJ), poetical title of Prince Sikandar Ivack. Tadrawi or Tazrawi Ab-hari (^, ^s'j), a nephew of Nargisl. He came from Rome to India, died there a.d. 15G7, a.h. 975, and was buried at Agra. He is the author of a memoir or Masnawl called liistlla Jlasaii-o- Tusaf Muhammad Klidn. Tafazzul Husain Khan (^^^:^ J-^aj ^J<>-), the rebel Navvab of Far- rukliabad. He was the grandson and suc- cessor of Muzaffar Jang, also called Muzaffar Husain Khan. This man, a British protege, caused, or sanctioned, the mm'der of sixty- two Englishmen, women, and children, during the insurrection of 1857, under circumstances of the most cold - blooded atrocity. After months of unavailing pursuit, Major Barrow, Commissioner of the district of Audh, to which he had lied, offered him his life, provided he had himself committed no murders. The Nawab sm-rendered, was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death. The Governor-General, however, while fully coinciding in the verdict, held that the word of a British officer must be maintained, de- clared the criminal exempt from the punish- ment of death, on the condition that he should immediately quit the British territory for ever. If, ran the order, he accept this condition, he will be conveyed to the frontier as a convict, under a military guard, and there set at liberty. If he refuse the concUtion, it was added, or, if having accepted it, he shall break it, or attempt to break it, now, or at any future time, the capital sentence pro- nounced upon him will be carried out. The Nawab elected to be sent to Mecca. Accord- ingly on the 23rd May, a.d. 1859, he was taken to the Magistrate's office under a European guard, and there fettered. He was allowed to see his children but not his wife. Two hundred men of the Eathagarh Levy were ordered to guard him to Bombay, on his way to Mecca. Tafta (j^::^"), poetical name of Munshi Hargopal of Sikandarabad, by ca.ste a Kayeth. He is the author of a Persian Diwan, which he completedand published in the Litliogi'apliic Press at Agra in a.d. 1851, a.h. 12G7, and of a parody on the verses of the Gulistdn in verse, entitled Tazmin GuHsfdii, published in A.D. 1858, A.H. 1274. Taftazani or Tuftazani ( "'Ijlji^ftj), which is sometimes erroneously written Tugh- tazani, is the surname of an author, who was called so from his birth-place, a city in Khurasfm. His pro])er name is j\Iulla Sad- uddiu ^Slasaud liin 'Umar. He is tlic autlior of the Commentaries on the Madzid, Llqded and Kashshdf; and also of the Sharah Sharaf Za>ijdni, Mato/dca/, which ho dedicated to IMalik Husain Kart, and Mukhta.sir Talkhis, dedicat-ed to Jani Beg. Tiiere is another work, entitled Sharnli Ilalldj^ whidi is also attributed to him. In the latter ])art of his life he served under Tamerlane and died at Samarqand. According to the Munlalc^ib' TAGH 396 TAHI ut-TaicarJkh he ■was horn in a.d. 1322, a.h. 722, and died on tlie 10th January, a.d. 1390, 2'2nd Muharram, a.h. 792, but, according to Ilajl Kjialfa, in a.h. 791. Taghallub (^_^J_A.J'), a learned and pious Musalmau, whose proper name was Abu'l Ahhas Ahmad. He was the Imam of the inhahitants of Kilfa, and cUed at Baghdad in the year a.d. 903, a.h. 290. Tahawi or Al-Tahawi (^-.U^). Fide Ahu Jafar hiu-Muhammad Tahawi. Taliir (^Jbllr), the grandson of Amru hin-Lais, which see. TaMr and Ghani ( us. ^JbW:) , poetical names of Mirza Muliaminad Tahir, commonly called GlianI Kashmiri, which see. Tahir I. or Tahir ihn-Husain-al- Khuzai' (^x:lj,.iJ! ^^■^=>• ^J^^ j^^'^^X surnamed Yeminain (Ambidexter). He was one of Al-Mamun's ablest supporters and one of the greatest generals of his age. He de- feated and slew 'Ali ibn-lsa in battle, a.d. 811, A.H. 195, and sent his head as a present to the Klialif Al-Mamiin, his erajiloyer, who amply rewarded Tahir tor his services. And when that prince was residing at Marv, the capital of Kliurasjin, he revolted against his brother Al-Amin, the Khalif of Ba gh dad, and despatched Tahir with an army to attack him at Ba gh dad, Avhich place he took in a.d. 813, Safar, a.h. 198, and, having slain Al- Amin, sent his head to Kliuriisan, that it might be presented to Al-Mamun, his brother, who conferred the government of Khiuiasan upon Tahir and his descendants with almost absolute and unlimited power. Tahir died on Satiu-day the 15th November, a.d. 822, 24th Jumada II. a.h. 207, at Marv, and his son Talha was appointed wazir in his room. The following is a list of his descendants : Tahir I. died a.d. 823, a.h. 207. Talha, his son. 'Abdullah, son of Tahir, died a.d. 815, a.h. 230. Tahir II. son of 'Abdullah. Muhammad, son of Tahir II. and last prince of this race. Tahir II. ((LL!U<.r ^J^ ^i>lir), great- grandson of Tfdiir I. and sou of 'Abdullah, whom he succeeded in the government of Khurasan in the reign of Al-Mustain Billah, and died a natural death. He was succeeded by his son Muhammad, the last prince of this race. Tahir Ahiwardi (^_j'j^,^-j1^jill?), a poet who flourished in the time of Sultan Bai- san gh ar. Tahir-al-Azaz din Allah (jjz^ A\ j^lS? aJI ■^^,'^), sou of Hakim AbQ Mansur, succeeded his father, a.d. 1020, on the throne of Egypt. He reigned 15 years, and left his crown to a son under seven years of age, named al-Mustanasar Billah. Tahir died in A.D. 1036, A.H. 427. Tahir hin-Ahmad-al-Bukhari, Imam Iftikhar-uddin (x^:^! ,.,j .jbLl? ,_cjl.saJi), author of a work on Ilm- ul-Fatawa, or science of decisions, entitled the K/iuIdsaf-nl-Fatdicd, a select collection of decisions of great authority. He was also the author of the KJiaziuat-ul- Waqidt and the Kitdb-an-Nisdb, on which books the Khuhlsat was gromided, and to which many subsequent collections are indebted for numerous valuable cases. He died a.d. 1117, A.H. 542. Tahir Billah (cd.Il.' ^J^U). Vide Al- Tahir Bi-amrullah, a Klialif of Ba gh dad. Tahir Bukhari (^^IsT ^i^l.l^), a very pious Musalman of Bukhara, and an excellent poet, who flourished in the reign of Sultan Babar of Herat. Tahir Muhammad hin - Imad - uddin Hasan bin - Sultan 'All bin-Haji Muhammad Husain Sabzwari (jblL ^^yM.:>~ ^lM\ jL*.£ ^ Sa^s^^. He is the author of the history called Eauzat-ut- Tdliirhi, the Garden of the Immaculate. It is a general histoi-y and was commenced in A.D. 1602, A.H. 1011, three years before the death of Akbar, and concluded in a.d. 1606, A.n. 1015. Sir H. M. Elliot, in his Jlis- toriaiis of India, calls it the liauzat-us-Safd. This is evidently a mistake, for that book was written by Mir Kliawand Shah, who died in A.D. 1498. Tahir Wahid, Mirza {\ \ ,^ jk-.^^. .Jbllr), son of Husain K]iau Qazwini, commonly called Wakaa Nawis, the news-writer, was one of the greatest poets of the age. He was historigrapher of Shah Abbas II. and after- wards wazir to Shah Sulaiman, kings of Persia. Mirza Saeb, who died in a.d. 1069, was one of his contemporaries. Tahir Wahid is the author of a Diwan containing 60,000 verses, and of a history of the Safwi kings of Persia. One of his works, which he wrote in A.D. 1056, A.H. 1066, is called Mirat-ul- Ai^jaz, and one, which contains lettei'S written by him for the king of Persia, goes after his name, and is called Tdhir Walnd. He died in a.d. 1696, a.h. 1108. TAHM 397 TAJI Talimasp I. Shah Safavi (^^..-l^ - '^ i_f^i«tf i\Ja), king of Persia, was born ou Wednesday the 22nd February, a.d. 1514, 26th Zil-hijja, a.h. 919, and succeeded his father, Shah Isma'il I. to the throue of Persia, on the 24th May, a.d. 1524, 19th Rajah, A.H. 930, when he was ten years of age. The reign of this prince owes much of its celebrity to the truly royal and hospitable reception he gave to the emperor Humayim (^-f.), A.D. 1543, when that monarch was forced to fly from India, and to take shelter in his dominions. All the means of the kingdom were called forth to do honour to the royal guest ; and they were as liberally furnished to replace him upon his throne. Shah Tahmasp died at the age of 64 after a reign of more than 53 lunar years, on Tuesday the 15th May, A.D. 1576, 15th Safar, a.h. 984. His fourth son, Ismail Mirza, succeeded him. According to his own request he was buried at Mashhad. Tahmasp II. Shah Safavi (i .s^U^l? V ^^Jlu^ b\j^), king of Persia, was the son of Sultan Husain. He assumed the title of king of Persia after the confinement of his father by MahmM the Afghan chief, and struggled a few years with his fate ; but a weiik, effeminate, and debauched youth was unstated for such times ; and he only merits a place in history as his name furnished a pretext for the celebrated Xadir, or Tahmasp, Quli Klian to lay the foundations of his great power. He was confined at Sabzwar in I£hurasan, and put to death by Raza Quli Klian, the son of Nadir Shah, Avho was then absent ou his expedition to India in a.d. 1739, A.H. 1151. Tahmasp Quli, Mirza ( Jj i .>^U>^,l5 \\j''*), a Turk, and an excellent poet, who flourished in the time of the emperor Shah Jahan, and wrote a beautiful chrono- gram consisting of nineteen verses in Persian ou the marriage of the emperor's eldest son, Dara Shikoh, each hemistich of which gives the year a.d. 1633, a.h. 1043. Tahmurs (.JLyK^i?), commonly called Deoband or the Magician binder, a title which he derived from the success with wliich lie warred against the enemies of his family. He succeeded his father, Hoshang, and was the third king of Persia of the first or Pishdadian djTiasty. He governed Persia 30 years, and was succeeded by his nephew, the famous Jamshed. Tahsin (^ . .,. V<), poetical name of Mir Muhammad 'Ata Husain Klifin, of Lucknow, who lived in the court of Xawab Mausiii' 'Ali Kliau, Safdar Jang, and liad tlie title of Murassa Raqara. His father, Mir Muhammad Bakir, whose poetical name was Shauq, was also a learned man and a poet. Tahsin is the author of the works called Zawdbit Angreizl, Tawdrlkh Qusiml, Inshde Tahsin, and of the Nautarz Murassa, an Urdu version of the Four Darweishes, which he wrote in the commeucement of the reign of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula, about the year a.d. 1775. [J^ffe 'Ata Husain Klian.] Tahsin 'Ali Khan (^^l^ ^Xz ^^,-.*u=sf^ \j^ -), an eunuch of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula, of Lucknow. He died iu the time of Nawiib Sa'adat 'All Khan, iu August, A.D. 1813, Shaban, a.h. 1228. Taimur (,^jo"). Vide Amir Taimur. Taimur Shah (iU,^^^^j), the eldest son of Ahmad Shiili Abdali, succeeded his father to the throne of Uiibul and Qandahar in a.d. 1772, a.h. 1186, after murdering Shah Wall Khiin, his father's wazir, who intended to crown his son-in-law, prince Sulaiman, a younger brother of Taimur. He reigned 20 years over Qabid, Qandahar, and Khurasan, and died 17th May, a.d. 1793, 7th Shawwal, a.h. 1207, aged 47 years. He left several sons, viz. Humiiyiin Shah, Zaman Shah, Mahmiid Shah, Shah Shuja'a, Firoz Shah, Abbas, and Ayyiib. On Taimiir's death a powerful faction, headed by his favom-ite wife and supported by Paiuda Khan, entitled Sarfaraz Klian, the head of the Barakzai family, placed Shah Zaman upon the throne, at Qabiil ; Humayun, the elder brother, proclaimed himself king of Qandahar, and Mahmiid became the ruler of Herat. Taimur Sultan {^^1^ j^.A^i), the successor of Shaibani Khan, the cliief of the Uzbaks, after whose death in a.d. 1510, a.h. 919, he took possession of Samarqand, and- Jani Beg Khan and 'Abdullah Khan divided Bukhara between themselves. Taj alii (^s^), poetical title of 'All Raza, an encomiast of 'Aqa Husain IChwiin- sari. He is the author of a poem called Manlj-uI-Khaydl. He died in a.d. 1677, A.H. 1088. Tajara Begam (♦JL^' 1,L?-L>), the mother of "Wajid 'Ali, the cx-king of Lucknow, who proceeded to Eugland after the anuexa- lion of Audli to the Britisii possessions, and died in France iu a.d. 1857. {Vide Jawad 'Ali.] Taji (je=f-^), poetical appellation of I^llr ^luhammad Husain, the native country (if whoso forefathers was Andjan, in Persia. Ho fliiurished in the lime of 'Aianigir, and is the author of a Diwau, TAJR 398 TAKA Taj rid (j,_)^^^), a poet who is the author of a Dlwrui. Taj-uddin 'Abdul Sabki ( .,. Wahliab bin-as- j_C-w-;l), author of the Tabaqdt-ash- Shdji'at. There are collections treating- of followers of Shfifa'i mentioned, which hav most noted is by T A.I). 13C9, A. It. 7"71. numerous biofyraphical the lives of the principal , besides the one just e similar titles ; but the aj-uddin. He died in Taj-uddin Abu Ja'far bin-Sukman an author who died in a.d. 1118, a.h. 512. Taj-uddin Abu'l Fazl ( ._jaJ1 „Lj —fel.!? ^ J,-»ijLl^»-jO, son of Tahir, rider of Sistan, also called Niniroz, which country he received from Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi, some time about the year a.d. 1150, A.H. 545. The following is a list of his descendants, who reigned in Sistan till the invasion of Changez Khan : 1. Taj-uddin 'Abii Ja'far. 2. Shams-uddiu Muhammad, son of Tfij- uddin, who, along with his sister, was slain by his own subjects. 3. Taj-uddin Ilarb, son of 'Izzul Mulk, who is said to have reigned 60 years. 4. Bahrara Shah, son of Taj-uddin, in whose time lived Abii Nasr Farahi, the author of the Nisdh-us-SHhifni. 5. Nasrat-nddin, son of Bahram, -who was killed in battle against his brother Ruku- uddin. 6. Rukn-uddin, son of Bahram, who was slain at the time of the invasion of Changez Kliiin. 7. Shahiib-uddin, son of Taj-uddin, slain in battle. 8. Taj-uddin, who defended himself for two years in the fort of Sistan, which was at last taken and every soul put to the sword by the troops of Changez Khan. Taj-uddin Yalduz (;^A!b ^.i_^^\ U-j), king of (Jhazni. It is related that Shahab- uddin Muhammad (rl^iori, who had no children excepting a daughter, took pleasui-e in edu- cating Turkish slaves, whom he afterwards adopted. Four of these slaves, besides Qutb- uddin Aibak, became great princes, of whom Taj-uddin Yaldiiz was one. On the death of Shahab-uddin, in a.d. 1206, a.h. 602, the Tnrki officers espoused the cause of his nephew, prince Mahmud, the son of (iliayas- nddin Gliori ; but Mahmud, being unam- bitious and naturally indolent, felt satisfied with the throne of his ancestors at Glior, and proclaimed Yalduz king of Ghazni, content to receive homage from that chief. Yalduz had several battles with Qutb-uddin Aibak, king of Dehli, and some time after that king's death recruited his army and marched towards India with a view to conquer that country, but was defeated near Dehli by Shams-uddin Altimsh in a.d. 1215, a.h. 611, and, being taken prisoner, was imprisoned in Badiion, where, according to some accounts, he died a natural death, but, according to others, he was poisoned. The whole length of his reign was nine years. A list of the Sultans of the Slave Dynasty of GiuJr, who reigned in India, is given under Qutb-uddin Aibak. Taj-uddin Gazruni ( ,_jjiJl „l_j ^g.jtj\\S), author of the Bahr-i- Sa'ddat, the Sea of Felicity, a Persian work containing Essays on the goodness of God, the Creation of the M'orld, on Virtue and the necessity of observing the moral duties, proved by various quotations from the Quran. Taj-uddin Sangreza (^_jaJ1^1_j ^J.j -iL:^_-j), a Persian poet, who lived in the time of Ghayas-uddin Balban, king of Dehli, about the year a.d. 1274, a.h. 670. Taj-uddin 'Umar bin-' All (,.,ji aH^Ij ^■J^'i (ci--^ ,^.\j-is.), surnaiued Fifiahi, an Arabian author, who died in the year a.d. 1331, A.H. 731. Taj-ul-Mulk (( ^.L^J^ ~l-j), Avhose original name was Malik Taju, was appointed wazir by Kjiizir Klian, king of Dehli, in the first year of his reign, a.d. 1414, a.h. 817, with "the above title. He died on the 13th January, a.d. 1421, 8th Muharram, a.h. 824, and his" eldest son, Sikandar, succeeded him in the office of wizarat under the title of Malik- ush-Sharq. Takash or Taksh (jji.,0), surnamed 'Ala-uddin Sultan of Klnvarizm, the son of Alp Arsalan, the sou of Atsiz, a descendaut of the prince of that country, who had been cupbearer to the celebrated Sultan Sanjar, king of Persia. He defeated and slew Tughral III. Saljiiqi in a battle, a.d. 1194, a.h. 590. At hi.s death, which happened 4th July, A.D. 1200, 19th Ramazan, a.h. 596, he left his kingdom to his son Sultan Muhammad, surnamed Qutb-nddin, whose reign was, at its commencement, splendid and successful ; but his fortune fell before that great destroyer of the human race, Changez Khan, by whom he Avas defeated, his countries pillaged, and almost all his family made prisoners. He died of a broken heart, a.d. 1220, a.h. 617. His son Jalal-uddin, who was the last of this dynasty of kings, long bore iq) against the torrent "that had overwhelmed his father, but was at last subdued. He was slain a.d. 1230. TAKA 399 TANH Takasli or Turtash (^^1.0), which see. Takhallus (^j^JUsr), the poetically- assumed title, or pen-name, of a Persian writer ; of wliich many instances appear in this work. It was originally, perhaps, adopted from motives of caution, to conceal identity ; but it became a fashion, adopted even by royal authors. Takhat or Takht Singh {tS^^ Lii-^s^), Eaja of Jodhpur Marwar, M'ho was raised to the gaddi after the death of his father, Raja Man Singh, in November, a.d. 1843. lie died on the 12th February, a.d. 1873, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Jaswant Singh, to whom he had resigned the reins of government some months before liis death. Takla (dKj), a king of Ears. Vide Sunqar. Takuji Holkar (..LSy* ^=>-^ij), the nephew of Malhar Rao Holkar I. was elected and placed on the masuad of ludor by Ahlia Bai, the widow of Kliande Rao, sou of Malhar Rao, in a.d. 1768, on the death of her father-in-law. He reigned 30 years, and died on the 15th August, a.d. 1797, leaviug two legitimate sons, Kashi Rao and Malhar Rao, and two illegitimate sons, Ithoji and Jaswant Riio. After the death of Takuji his eldest sou, Kashi Rao, succeeded him ; but the country was usurped by Daulat Rao Scindliia for some time, and afterwards made over to Jaswant Rao. Takuji Holkar (j^yb ^^^), Eaja of Indor, was raised to the gaddi in a.d. 1811. Tala' (^Llj), the poetical name of Mirza Nizam-uddiu, brother to Mirza Qutb- uddin Mael. He was an excellent poet, and flourished iu the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, aud was living about the year a.d. 169G, a.h. 1108. Talaiha ibn-Khawailid (,.^jl t^rsa-Lt jjj»>.), one of the false prophets who pretended to prophecy like Muhammad, and imitated him from ambitious motives, saying that inspiratiou came down to him from heaven. He was received into favour by the Saracens iu a.d. 638, a.h. 17, by saving the life of Sarjabil ibu-IIasani in a battle against the Greeks, and was sub- sequently employed by the Klialif 'Umar iu his wars against the Rersians. Talash (^I'b), the poetical name of Shahfib-uddiu Ahmad, which see. Talha (y>l]^ ^) A^^), the son of Tahir, the general of the IChalif al-Mamiin. He succeeded his father iu the government of I\hurasau in a.d. 822, a.h. 213, and, after a reigu of six years, died a natural death in a.d. 828. His son 'Ali was killed the same year iu a battle against the rebels at Naishapiii". Talha ibn-'Obeidiillah (^\ ^s:-^ X^\\s^^c). He, together Avith Zubeir and 'Ayesha, the widow of Muhammad, were 'Ali's irreconcilable and implacable enemies. The Kiifians, Egyptians, and the greater part of the Arabians were for 'Ali. A part of the Basorians favom-ed Talha, but the rest supported Zubeir. He was killed with Zubeir in a battle against 'Ali, at Basra, with an arrow by Marwan, the then secretary of 'Ali, A.D. 656, A.H. 36. Talib 'Amuli (^UT t>^lL), a cele- brated poet of 'Amul, in Persia, who came to India in the reign of the emperor Akbar, aud lived till the time of the emperor Jahiiugir, and was honoured by that monarch Mith the title of " Malik-ush-Shu'ara," or the king of poets, A.D. 1619, A.H. 1028. He died in A.D. 1625, A.H. 1035, aged nearly 100 years, in Kashmir, aud left a Diwan of 14,000 verses. -l^ J 11-), Talit) Jajurmi ( _«,_ author of a poem called 3I(i)idzira GoH-o- Clion/jfni, or Dispute between the Bat and the Ball, which he dedicated to Sidtau 'Abdullah, the sou of Sultau Ibrahim, the son of Shahrukh. He died in a.d. 1450, a.h. 854, and is buried close to the tomb of Klrwaja Ilafiz at Shiraz. Talib Kalim {^1^ ^IL-). Vide Abu Talib Kalim. Talmasani ( jL^.^'), a poet. Tamanna (L^O"), author of a small Dlwau iu Urdu. Tamas {fu^tXi). Vide George Thomas. Tamerlane or Timurlang C_C^J^j'). ]'idc Amir Taimur. Tana Shan (.\Li U'j'). Vide Abil'l Hasan Qutb-shfih. Tanha (LxO, poetical title of 'Abdul I/itif KJian, who is the author of n Diwun. Tanha (L-XJ), poetical name of ^lu- hammad 'Ali. TANS 400 TAQI Tansen (^*mjIj), a celebrated Hind! musician or singer who floui'islied in tlie time of Akbai', and was employed by him. He was originally in the service of a Raja named Ham Chand, and was sent to court at the special request of the emperor. He died in the 34th year of that monarch's reign, a.d. 1588, A.H. 996. The musicians in India, both vocal and instrumental, ever since the Musalman con- quests, who have been highly esteemed, and whose names are handed down to posterity with much respect by different authors, are as follows : Gopal, Amir Kluisro the poet, Baiju, Ehano, Pandwa, Bakhshu, Lohang, Sidtan Husain Sharql of Jaunpur, Raja Man of Gwaliar, founder of the Dhurpad, in whose time also lived the four following, viz. Charjii, Bhagwan, Dhoudhi, and Dalii ; Tansein, Subhan Klian, Siirgayiln Klian of Fathapiir, Chand Klian, and his brother Siiraj Khan, Tantaraug Khan the son of Tansein, Madan Rae, Ramdas and his son Siirdas, a blind moral poet and musician, Baz I3aliadur, Mundia, Mian Pand, Mian Daud :Mulla Is-haq, Shaikh Ivhizir, Shaikh Beichii, Hasan Khan Teini, Surat Seiu and his brother Lala Deibi, Mirza 'Aqil, Mian Shori, Ghulami, Lai Khan, Nilam Prakash, and the Bin players, Firoz K]ian and Naubat Khan. Tantia Topi (^j-J W-^^")> a famous rebel chief of 1857. He was captured in the jungles of Perone on the 7th April, 1859, and hanged on the 18th. It is said that before his death he solemnly affirmed that he was the instigator of the Cawnpore massacre, and that the Nana, who had sworn to protect the Europeans, was angry with him for his conduct and never saw him afterwards. If this confession was made, it was evidently with the view of saving the Nana, when it could no longer injure liimself. In his confession Tantia described himself as a Brahman of high caste, a native of Piina, which place he had left about 30 years before for Central India, where he became an Artillery soldier (Topi). He next obtained employment in the Nana's establishment at Bithiir in connec- tion with the Treasury, and was so employed in 1857, when the Mutiny broke out. He also said that he commanded the rebel army of 8000 men which attacked Colonel Greathed's column on the parade ground at Agra, on the 10th October, 1857. He declared he was aware of the arrival of the column from DehlT before he opened fire on the encamp- ment that morning, and did not suppose he had only the Agra brigade to deal with, as we imagined. He was deceived, however, after the action had commenced, by seeing a reinforcement of European redcoats coming up (Greathed's men being dressed in Khakhi) . for whose appearance and apparent numbers (for they were reported to be 2500 men) he could not account ; but supposing them to be new arrivals from down-country, he imme- diately retreated ; otherwise he would have held his ground, and not have allowed Colonel Greathed to win so easy a victory. Tantia also mentioned that the largest force he ever commanded was at the battle of the Betwa, when he had under him 22,000 fighting inen, and 130 pieces of ordnance of various calibre. [ Vide the Appendix to Malleson's 3rd vol.] Tanuqi (^J^'lj^), surname of Abu'l 'Ala, one of the most celebrated Arabian poets of the tribe of Taniiq, which has pro- duced many clever men. Tapish ((jIjIj), the poetical name of jMimshi Ghulam Muhammad Klian, editor of the newspaper called Aiidh Akhbar. Taqi Aohadi {^Ss^^\ .^), a Persian poet who came to India and was living at Agra in a.d. 1614, a.h. 1023. He is" the author of a Diwan. Taqi, Imam (^Ul ^^-ii-J'). Vide Mu- hammad TaqT. Taqi Kashani (^3^1^ ^■^'^^- Vide Taqi-uddln Muhammad Kashaui. Taqi, Mir (^.^ ,^5-^^')^ ^ Persian and Urdii poet, who is the author of six Diwans and several other works. He was a native of Agra and died at Lucknow in a.d. 1810, A.n. 1225. His father's name was Mu- hammad Muttaqi. His poetical name is Mir, which see. Taqi-uddin Muhammad bin -Ahmad bin-'Ali Hasani Fasi ( ._)jjl JLJ" ir ^j Jk^j^i ^J JkAs'*), author of the work called Shafn-ul-Gharam. He died A.D. 1428, A.H. 832.' uddin Muhammad Kashani Si\ , ^s.j), son of Taqi Sharaf-uddiu 'Ali Husaini Zikri. He was born at Kaslian about the year a.d. 1539, A.H. 946, aud is the author of a bio- graphy called Khiddsat - ttl - Ashqdr, wa Zuhdut-ul-Afkdr, compiled in the year a.d. 1585, A.n. 993. Taqi-uddin Sabaqi (, ,ii,wj ,.,.'jJl jij), son of Abdul Kfifi. He is the author of more than 150 works on different subjects. He died a.d. 1349, a.h. 750. Taqi - uddin Tamimi ( ._i aJ \ .A_J ./♦w-*.^'), author of a biographical treatise giving an account of the Hanafi lawyers, arranged in alphabetical order, entitled Tabaqdt us - Saniat fl Tardjim-iil- Uanafiat. He died a.d. 1596, a.h. 1005. TAEA 401 TATJR Tara Bai (^l, ^^1:0, the wife of Eaja Ram, the brother of Sambhaji, the son of Seiwilji BhosUi, the Marhatta chief of Sitfira. After the death of her husbaud in March, A.D. 1700, she iiiled as regent in the name of her son Seiwa, a chikl of two years, over the territories acquired by Seiwaji. But on 'Alaragir's death in a.d. 1707, wlien Sahu, the son of Sambhaji, was released by 'Azim Shah, he (Sahii) quickly made himself master of Sitara and imprisoned Tara Bai. Tara Begam (^ 1^:0, one of the wives of the emperor Akbar. She had a garden in Agra consisting of 40 bigas of ground, now in ruins. Tarbiat Khan (..,l>. ^*ijj), a noble- man of 4000 who served under the emperor 'Alamgir as Mir 'Atash, or Commander of Artillery. After the death of that monarch, he espoused the cause of his son 'Azim Shah, and was killed in the battle against Bahadur ShSh, A.D. 1707, A.H. 1119. He had built a house at Agi-a on a piece of ground called Tajara, or Majara, outside the fort opposite to the Amar Singh gate of the fort. Tarbiat Khan Barlas (^l^ cu--j.j (jw)3.j), title of Shafl-ullah Khan, a native of Persia, who came to India and served under the emperors Shah Jahan and 'Alamgir. At the time of his death he held the rank of 4000, and was governor of Jaunpur, where he died a.d. 1685, a.h. 1096. Tari (^jlj), poetical title of Mulla 'All :\Iuhaddis. Tarkhan or Nawab Tarkhan {^\:>. j L^\j)). Vide Nur-udclm Safaiduni (Mulla). Tarki ( ^J), the first Sultan or em- peror of, and his descendants. Vide Usraan or Uthmau. Tarmadi, Tarniizi or Tirmizi (^jk,*j'). T'ide Tirmizi, which is the correct name. Tasalli ( l***j), the poetical name of Ibrahim of Sliiraz, who came to India and was living in a.d. 1623, a.h. 1032. lie is the author of a Diwan. Tashbihi .^,^- .ljb'\ adopted son of Tughlaq Shah and prime minister of Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughlaq. He is the author of a Commentary on the Quran, entitled Tafolr Tatar Klti'nn, and of another work on Muhammadan Law, called Fatdwl Tatar Klianl. He died in the reign of Sultan Firoz Shah Barbak. Tatar Khan (^l>^ .IjIj), of Khurasan ; a mansabdar of 1000 under Akbar. He was Governor of Dehli, and died there a.d. 1588, A.H. 986. Tatar Khan ( .Id- ,ll'lj'), son of Mu- zaffar Shah I. king of Gujrat, and father of Ahmad Shah I. Taufal Khan {^-=^ J_i»Jf), prime minister. Vide Burhan 'Imad Sliilh. Taufiq. Viceroy or Khedive of Egypt ; died A.D. 1892. Taufiq, MuHa {^ ^JL'^ l^ J-i:^)-'), of Kashmcre, a Persian poet. Tauli Khan (^U- ^y^^y ^^^^ fourth son of Changez KJian. On tlie death of his father, a.d. 1227, he .succeeded to the kingdoms of Persia, Kinirasan, and (ialml, and died three years afterwards. He left several sons, among whom the two eldest, viz. Maugu Kluxu and Ilalaku Kliau, were the most famous. Taurandukht {\, t> ^ ,»j'), daughter of Kluisro Parwiz. Slic was elevatKl to tlie throne of Per.siu some time after tlie death of her limtlier Sheroya, A.n. 631. We arc told by Persian historians that this queen restored 26 TAUR 402 TEK the sacred cross, wliich had been borne away from Jerusalem by Klmsro Parwiz ; and by that act, acquked great power with the Roman emperor. But this is evidently erroneous ; for there is no doubt that the emperor Heraclius, when he returned from Persia, carried that precious relic to Con- stantinople, which was deemed a more splendid trophy of victory than all his spoils and con- quests. Taiiraudukht ruled Persia only one year and four months. She was succeeded by her cousin and lover, Shfih Shananda. lie had reigned only one month when he was deposed, and ' Azrarm or Arzamidukht, another daughter of Ivhusro Parwiz, was raised to the throne, a.d. 632. This princess, who was aHke dLstingiushed by her sense and beauty, resolved to take the whole management of the affairs of the kingdom into her hands. She would not even appoint a wazir. Put the fatal passion of a Persian noble defeated all her designs. Farrnkh Hurmuz, the governor of Khurasan, fell violently in love with her, or perhaps, with her dominions. He pro- ceeded to court and made his love known to his royal mistress ; she refused her hand, and he was soon afterwards murdered through her instigation. As soon as his melancholy fate was known to his son Rustam, he collected a large army, and marched from Khurasan to Madain. The queen was unable to oppose him ; and the young chief revengecl his father by putting her to a cruel death. After her demise, Fan'uklizad, the son of Kliusro Parwiz by a female singer of Isfahan, was raised to the throne ; but before he had reigned a month, his days were terminated by poison. Such were the events which imme- diately preceded the reign of Yezdijard III. and the fall of the Persian monarchy. Tauran Shall (il^ J^jy^\ surnamed Mulik-ul-Muazzim, was the brother of the famous Salah-uddin, who had appointed him as his lieutenant in Damascus. He died at Alexandria on the 1st July, a.d. 1180, 5th Safar, ah. 576. Tauran Shah, Khwaja (^Li (^1,»J ^:>'\^:i^), surnamed Jalal-uddin, was wazir of Shah Shujaa, ruler of Shiraz, and died on the ord April, a.d. 1385. Tausani (^^^;), the poetical name of IManuhar Das, who, though a Hindu, was also called Jluhammad IManohar and Mirza Manohar. He (iourished in the reign of the emperor Akbar. The name of his father was Lonkaran (Salt Manufacturer). He was Ilaja of Sambhar. \_Vide Rae Lonkaran.] Tausi Maulana (liiy, c«--y-\ a poet of Kliurasan, who flourished in tlie reign of Babar Sultiin, after whose death he went over to Azurbaijan in the time of Jahan Shah, and died there a.d. 1487, a.h. 892. Tauti Begam {X^i JyJ), one of the wives of theemperor Akbar. She had built a gai'den in Agra called Tota Biigh ; there is also a tank in x\gra which is called Tota ka Til. Tauti, Maulana (,cj-,.iy Ijl'^ c^^), of Tarshish, a learned Musalman and a good poet, lie flourished in tlie time of Babar Sultan and died at Herat in the year a.d. 1462, A.D. 866. As Tauti means in Persian a parrot, consequently Amir 'Alisher found the year of his death to be contained in the word " Khuriis," which means a cock. Tawakkul bin-Isma'il bin-Haji Ar- diheili (J^,*^! ^^ J^y), author of the work entitled Saficat-us- Saj'n, containing the history of the celebrated Shaikh S ifi, the founder of the sect of Siifis in Persia, and from whom were descended the royal Safwi family, written in a.d. 1397, a.h. 800. Tawakkul Munshi ( fL-U^.* ^-^tJj), author of the work called Shdh-namn, Sham- shcr Khiim, a prose abridgment of the cele- brated Shdh-iiaiiia of Firdausi, written in a.d. 1652, A.H. 1062. A translation of this was again made in Urdii verse by a poet in the reign of the emperor Shah Akbar II. a.d. 1810, A.H. 1225. Taya' or Tai Billah {^}\j «_.'l.L), a khalif of Baghdad. Vide Al-Tilya' Billah. Tayyabi ( ^Js), author of the Hushia Kashshaf and Sharah Mashkut-nl-Masublh. He died in a.d. 1342, a.h. 743. Tazkira (sjdj), "Memoir," from^^'i. The title of many biographical works in Persian and Urdii. Tazrawi (^-. ,i,i'). Fide Tadrav:i. Tegh Bahadur (.^^l^j *--J'), a g""!!"" or chief of the Sikhs, who, having collected his followers, levied contributions from the in- habitants of his neighbourhood, in conjunction with Hafiz 'Adam, a Musalman devotee, and his votaries. He was put to death as a dangerous heretic in the 17th year of the emperor 'Alamgir's reign, a.d. 1673, a.h. 10.^4. His body Avas divided into four parts and hung in the city. Tek Chand (s.-^.^ i ^r^5), whose ta- khallus is Chand, was the son of Balram, a Ilindfi of Sarhind. He is the author of the Gnldnsfac Ishq, Nosegay of Love, a ^Masuawi or poem, containing the story of KfunrCip, in Persian vei'se. He floui-ished in the time of 'Alamffir. TEK 403 TUGH Tek Chand, MunsM (j^-^ i^^^Ji), ■whose poetical title is Bahar, was a Hindu, by caste a Kliattri, and author of a work entitled Bahdr Ajam, a volmniuous dictionary of Persian idioms, and another called Na- tvddir-nl - Masddii- . The former work he com- pleted in the year a.d. 17:^9, A.n. 1152. He also wrote another work called Abial Zarurat. Thatta, Rulers of (a,J Nasu'-uddin Qabhacha. J). Vide Thomas, George. Vide George Thomas Thomas, John, a Hindustani poet, pro- bably son of the preceding. Known in literature as "Khan Sahib." -l^ ^-j^-J). Vide Tippu Sahib (^ Tipii Sultan. Tipu Shah or Tippu (ill ^^J), a cele- brated Muliammadan devotee of Arkat, from whom the famous Tipu Sultau, the sovereign of Mysore, was named. His Mausoleum still continues a favoiu'ite resort of the pious, and Haidar 'All Kliiin, the father of Tipu Sultan, had a particular veneration for him. Tipu, or Tippu, in the Canarese language signifies a tiger. Tipu or Tippu Sultan (^IkU »-J), the son of Haidar 'Ali Kbau of Mysore. He was bora in the year a.d. 1749, and succeeded his father in December, a.d. 1782, as rider of Mysore. Dm-ing the American war he joined the French against the English ; but after the breaking out of the French llevolution he was exposed alone to the fortunes of the war. In A.D. 1790 he was defeated in Travancore, and, yielding to the British arms, he con- sented, in A.D. 1792, to make peace with Lord Cornwallis by delivering up his two sons as hostages, and pajing, besides part of his dominion, above three millions sterling. His intrigues with the French, and his machinations to destroy the English power, renewed the war in a.d. 1799. He was attacked by the British in his very capital, and was killed whilst bravely defending him- self on the ramparts on the 4th May, a.d. 1799, 28th Zil-Qa'da, a.h. 1213, aged 52 years. He was buried in the mausoleum of his father in the garden named Lfd Bagh. Tipii, though oppressive and capricious, Eatronized the arts, and his fondness for teratm-e was displayed in the collection of books found in his palace, consisting of various works iu the Sanski-it language of the 10th century, translations of the Quran, MSS. of the history of the IVIiighal victories, and historical memoirs of Hindustan, all of which were deposited iu the Eibraiy ol Cal- cutta, and a catalogue of tliein was written by Captain Stewart, and published. Tipu Sultan is the author of two books, or col- lections of letters, one entitled Fainian-ba' nam All lidja, and the other Futh-ul- Majdhidin. A part of the latter has been translated and published by Mr. B. Crisp, of Bengal. Tirandaz Khan (^U. :\jjl^;;), a slave of the emperor Akbar Shah the Great, was raised to high rank and received the title of Khan. He built his house on a spot of ground, consisting of six bigas, in Agra, towards the south of the house of Islam Klian Riiml. He was raised to the rank of 2000 and appointed governor of Ahmadabad by the emperor Shah Jahan. Tirmizi {^y^^y), also called Hakim- al-Tirmizi. This was the title or surname of Abu. 'Abdul ah Muhammad bin- 'All, an author aud philosopher of Tirmiz, in Persia, who died in the year a.d. 869, a.h. 255. Todar Mai or Torar Mai (J^ tiy), the celebrated minister of finance, or Diwan of the emperor Akbar Shah, was a Hindii of the tribe of Khattri of Lahore. He was appointed SUbadar of Bengal in a.d. 1580, A.H. 988, and cUed at Lahore in the 36th year of the reign of that monarch, on Mon- day the 10th November, a.d. 1589, 11th Muharram, a.h. 998. Abii'l Fazl describes him as entirely devoid of avarice and quite sincere, but of a malicious aud vindictive temper, and so observant of the fasts and other superstitions of the Hindus as to draw down upon him reproof even from Akbar. Tufail (J_^_i_!;), the name of All's nephew. Tughan Khan (,.Ar c; U'--), the Mu- hammadan governor of Bengal in a.d. 1243. He invaded the principality of Jahazpur, iu L'^rysa, and was defeated by its Riija, who pursued him into Gour, his metropolis ; but reinforcements from Audh compelled the Eaja subsequently to retreat. Tughan Shah I. (ili, jjUl?), a prince of the Saljiiqian family, whose .scat of govern- ment was Naishapiir. This prince is said to have been defeated in his younger days in a battle fought against Ibrahim bin-Xayal, who took him prisoner and blinded him. After some time his uncle Tughral Beg seized Ibrahim, murdered him, and restored the titular kingdom to his cousin Tiighiin Shiih. The poet ArzaqI lived iu his time aud wrote several panegyrics in his praise. Tughan Shah II. (il.i ^^), a prince of the Saljiiq djTiasty, who ascended the throne of I'ersia after the death of Sultau San jar and, after several battles, was defeated and slain by Takash, the Sultan of Wiwarizm, and died in a.d. 1185, a.h. 581. TUGH 404 TUGH Tughan Taimur Khan ( ,»^j j^Ulr (^l>-), a descendant of the Mughal kinjis of Persia aud ruler of Jiirjan. After the death of Sultan Abu Said aud Arpa Klian he conquered several provinces of Khurasan and subdued the Sarbadals of that place. He "was at last slain by Khwaja Ahia Kirati, chief of the Sarbadals, on Saturdav the 14th December, a.d. 1353, 16th Zi-(ia'da, A.H. 754. Tughlaq (^jLkj), a slave of Sultan Gliayas-uddiu Balban. His son, after niur- derinsi' Kliusro Shah, ascended the throne of Dehli and assumed the title of Ghayas-uddiu Tughlaq in A.D. 1321. Tughlaq Shah (ill j.Akj). Vide Ghayas-uddiu Tughlaq Shah and Muhammad Tugiilaq Shah. Tughrai i^^ji^), surname of Hasan Abi Isma'il of Isfahan, a celebrated wazir of the king of Mousal, Sultan Mas'aiid Saljiiqi. He was called Tughrai on account of his excellence in the species of writing styled Tughra, and also had the title of ' ' Honoiu-s of Writers," but is better known in Europe by his admired Arabic poem, entitled Cnrmen Tughrai. Being taken prisoner in a battle where his sovereign was defeated by his brother Mahraiid, a.d. 1120, a.h. 514, he was put to death by that prince's wazir, who hated him for his great abilities. A collection of the poems of Tughrai has been made, the most celebrated of wTiich is that called Ldmq- ul- 'Ajani. Tughrai i^Vi^), title of Amir Yemin- uddiu, of Alaslihad, a poet, and author of the Kullidt Tiighrde Mashhadi, a collection of poems, odes, elegies, etc., which also contains the following prose works, all of which are entertaining novels, viz. Mirat-ul -MaftuJi, Kanz-id- M(idnl, Majmuq-ul- Gharib^ t'liash- mae Faiz, anA Anwdr-ul- Mubarak. He died at a place called Fareomud in a.d. 1324, a.h. 724. There is an Insha supposed to have been written by him entitled ^Inshae Tughrai. He was contemponiry with the Tartar king of Persia, i\ruhammad Kjiuda Banda, and his sou Abu Said. Tughrai, Mulla (L* J-^^ilr), an author who lived in the middle of the 11th century of the Ilijri. Tughrai Beg i^^i J^i!?^ (the Tan- groli]iix of the Greeks) was the son of Mikail, the son of Saljuq, and the first Sultan of the Saljuqides. Tughrai Beg and his brother Ja'far Beg Daiid were in the service of Sultan Mahmud of Gliazni. After defeating Sultan Mas'aiid I. son of Sultan Mahmiid, in a battle fought in a.d. 1038, A.H. 429, he assumed the title and state of a sovereign at Naishiipiir. He subdued 'Iraq, took Ba gh dad, aud by its reduction became master of the person of the Klialifa al-Qaem Billilh, who invested him as Sultan of KJuu-asan, appointed him vicegerent or vicar of the holy prophet, aud the lord of all Mnhammadans. He gave his sister in marriage to the khalif, and his nephew Alp Arsalan afterwards married the daughter of the khalif al-Muqtadi. The Saljiiq family divided into three branches and settled in Hamdan, Kirmfm and Rum, or Anatolia. Tu gh rai Beg died, after a reign of 25 lunar years, a.d. 1063, a.h. 455, aged 70 lunar years, and, as he had no issue, he was succeeded by his nephew Sultan Alp Arsalan, the sou of Abii Ja'far Daiid. The following are the names of the Sultans of the Saljiiq djiiasty of Iran or Persia : 1. Tughrai Beg, the son of Mikail, the son of Saljiiq. 2. Alp Arsalan, nephew of Tughrai Beg. 3. Malikshtih, the son of Alp Arsalan. 4. Barkayaraq, the son of Malikshah. In his reign the empire was divided, he re- taining Persia; Muhammad, his brother, Syria and Azarbaijan, and Sultan Sanjar, Khurasan and Mawarun-nahr. Tughrai II. ( J^i'-), also called Tughrai Sultan, of the race of Saljiiq, was the son of Sultan Muhammad, the son of Alp Arsalan. He was raised to the dignity of Sultan by his imcle Sultan Sanjar, a.d. 1132, a.h. 525, after the death of his brother Sultan Mahmud, and, after a reign of three years, died in October, a.d. 1134, Muharram, a.h. 525, aged 25 years. His brother Mas'aud suc- ceeded liim. Tughrai III. ( J^il-), a Sultan of the Saljuqian family, was the son of Arsalan Shah, the son of Sultan Muhammad, the brother of Sultan Sanjar. After the death of Sultan Sanjar, A.D. 1157, a.h. 552, Persia contimuxl, for a period of toi'ty years, to be distracted with the wars of different branches of the Saljiiqian dynasty. The last who exercised power was Tughrai III. who suc- ceeded his father, Arsalau Shah, in January, A.D. 1176, Jumada II. a.h. 571, and, after a reign of ten years, was seized aud imprisoned by his uncle and wazir, Qizal Arsalan, who resolved to usurp the throne, but fell by the hand of an assassin in a.d. 1191, a.h. 587, and the kingdom was restored to Tughrai. He was, however, after some years, defeated in a battle, taken prisoner and executed by Takash, ruler of Kliwarizm, a.d. 1194, a h. 590, and his head sent to Nasir, the khalifa of Baghdad. With tliis prince ter- minated the Saljuqian monarchs of Persia, who had governed that country from the commencement of the reign of Tughrai I. to the death of Tughrai III. — 158 years. TUGH 405 TUTA Tughtazani i^\j[Jij). Fide Tufta- Tulshi Bai (^_^lj ^AIj), the widow of Jaswant Eao Holkar. Vide Jaswaut Eao Holkar. Tulshi Das (^-.U ^^ guJj), a Brahman and a celebrated poet amoiif^ the Hindus. He is the author or the Riwidija)i in the Bhakha dialect. He flourished in the reign of the emperors Akbar and Jahangir, ■was originally an inhahitant of Eajapiir, near Chitarkot and Tarhuwan; but went about as an ascetic from one place to another, and died at Benares on the 24th October, a.d. 1623. In the Bhakha, or piu-e Hindi, there are still extant many elegant poems, songs, etc., the productions of Hindu poets, viz. Kab Gang, Tulshi, Bihari, Girdhar, Lalach, Surdas, Kabir, Xaidiak ; and to these we may add the names of Malik Muhammad Jayesi, Ahmad ^Yahab, Mu- hammad Afzal, Amir Klian, etc., as they composed in both dialects. Girdhar Das is the author of another Eamdyan. [ Vide Girdhar Das.] Tuqtamisli Khan i^^ ^jLx^su),T\\\eic of Dasht Kapchak, whom Amir Taimiir de- feated in A.D. 1395. Turkan Khatun ( .»_jlj>- ^Jj), a daughter of Sultan Jalal-uddin of Kliwarizm. She was given in marriage by Halfikii Klifm to Malik Shah, son of Badr-uddin Liilu, prince of Mausal. Turkan Khatun {^y\:>. ^'ijj), wife of Sultan Jalal-uddin Malikshah. Turkman ( A^J), the poetical name of a person whose father was a native of Shiraz, but he was born in India, and was living about the year a.d. 1690, a.h. 1102. Turtush ((jlly), a brother of ^Malik- shah the Saljuqiau, against whom he rebelled, and was compelled to save himself by leaving the kingdom. This appears to be the same pei'son called by Ibn-l\hallikan, Tiu'tush the son of Alp Arsalan, who took prisoner Atsiz, a Sultan of Kliwarizm, and i)ut him to dc^ath on the 21st October, a.d. 1078, 11th Rabl' II. A.H. 471. Turtush was slain in a battle fought against his nephew Barkavaracj, on Sunday the 2oth February, a.d. 1095, 17th Safar, a.h. 488, aged 30 years. Tutash (^^^j^O. Tide Turtush. u 'UBID 'UBID 'Ubid (_wj;), a poet wlio lived in the time of Sultan Gliayas-uddin Tuglilaq Shah, and was buried alive on account ot his having raised a false report that the kiug was dead, and that a great revolution had taken place at Dehll. This event took place in the second year of the king's reign, a.d. 1322, a.h. 722. 'Ubid Khan (^l^L cX-.-^), ruler of the Uzbaks, was contemporary with Shah Tahniasp I. Safwi, king of Persia, who in a battle defeated his troops, and gave them a signal overthrow in a.d. 1527, a.h. 935. 'Ubid-ullah (dS]\ ^^z), sovereign of the Uzbaks. This monarch was the nephew of the celebrated Shahl Beg Klian, the con- queror. ITe commenced his reign about the year a.d. 1542, a.h. 949. 'Ubid-ullah Ahrar Naqshband (s^^z •^V-^^ ^7^' Ail 0, a celebrated learned Musalraiin and saint of Klnirasan, among the number of whose disciples Maulwi Jiiml was one. He died in the month of February, A.D. 1491, Ilabi' 11. a.h. 896, and is buried at Samarqand.^ Amir Alisher, the celebrated wazir of Sultan Ilusain Mirza, who much respected him, found the chronogram of the year of his death in the words "Khuld Barin." 'Ubid-Tillah-al-Mahdi (^Ul a . . y. j^/uX^^IO, a chief of Barbary, in Africa, ■who, in a.d. 910, a.h. 298, rebelled against the king of that country, of the race of Aghlab, and assumed the title of Khalif of Qairwau (the ancient Cyrcne, and residence of the A ghlabite princes). To give the greater weight to his pretensions, he also took the surname of al-jMahdl, the director. According to some, also, he i)retended to be descended in a right line from 'Ali, the son of Abu Talib, and Fatima, the daughter of j\Iuham- mad; for which reason the "Arabs called him and his descendants Fatimites. He likewise encouraged himself and his followers by a traditicmal prophecy of Muhammad, that at the end of 300 years the sun should rise out of the West. Having at length driven the Aghlabites into Egypt, where they became known by the name of IVlaghrabians, he extended his dominions in Africa and Sicily, making Qairwan the place of his residence. He sent several of his generals at different times to conquer Egypt, but they were always defeated and obliged to fly to Qairwaii. Al-Mahdi reigned in Barbary 24 years, and was succeeded by his son AIduI Qasim, who then took the surname of al-Q;"iyem Mahdi. 'Ubid-ullah bin-Masa'ud (aJJl S^^s: i^^xMj.^^ (v'^X author of a Commentary on the Wiqdi/a, a work on jurisprudence, entitled S/iarh Wiqfn/a. He is also the author of the JVik(7i/a, which is sometimes called 3lHkiitasir-al-Wiqdya, being in fact an abridgment of that work. 'IJbid-ullah died A.D. 1349, a.h. 750. \_Vide Mahmiid, surnamed Burhau-ash- Shariat.] 'Ubid-ullah ibn-Qais {.A a.lJl ^^^ ^jM^), a distinguished Arabian poet, who commemorated the death of Misaa'b, the son of Zubeir, who was on terms of friendship with him, and had fought in his cause in the year A.D. 690, a.h. 71. 'Ubid-ullah ibn-Zayad ( ^^\ a.ll\ s^^z L>u ;) Avas appointed governor of Kijfa by the khalif Tezid in the room of al- Naman, a.d. 679, a.h. 60. He beheaded Muslim, Ilusain's cousin, and his troops surrounded Husain at Karbala, who, having desperately engaged his troops, was after long resistance cut to pieces with all his men in October, a.d. 680, Mubarram, a.h. 61. In the reign of 'Abdulmalik, 'Ubid-ullah was sent to Kiifa with leave to plunder it for three days ; but, before he i-eached that city, al-Mukhtiir, then ruler of that place, sent his forces against him under the command of Ibrahim, the son of Alashtar, when, after a sharp engagement, 'Ubid-ullah's forces were beaten, and himself killed in the camp. Ibrahim, having cut off his head, sent it to al-Mal-_«l-i (C'>^^^ e;^."' •'♦••c), author of a work on the Science of Logic and Philosophy called Masahir Naslr'i, which he dedicated to Naslr-uddiu Mahmud, the wazir of Sultan San jar. *Umar Shaikh Mirza (!;.,« '^J:^ r*-), second son of Amir Taimur. He was governor of Persia during the lifetime of his father, and was killed in battle in a.d. 1394, a.h. 799, aged 40 years. Baiqara Mirza who suc- ceeded him was one of his sons. 'Umar Shaikh Mirza (h ,^ ^rr--' .^r), one of the eleven sons of Sultan Abii Sa'id Mirza, the son of Sultan Muhammad, the son of Miranshah, the son of Amir Taimiir. He was the father of Babar Shah, king of Dehli ; born at Samarqand in the year a.d. 1456, a.h. 860, and held the government of Andijan during the lifetime of his father, which, with the unittd principality of Farghiina, he continued to govern alter his death, which took place in a.d. 1469, A.H. 873. He died after a reign of 26 lunar years and 2 months, on Monday the 9th June, A.D. 1494, 4th BamaziTu, a.ii. 899, by the fall of a scaft'old upon wliich he stood to see his pigeons ily, aged 39 lunar years. His sou Babar, then in his eleventh year, was advanced to the throne by liis nobles, and assumed the title of Zahir-udiliu. 'Umdat-ul-Mulk (t_1), one of the wives of Muhammad. She was the daughter of Abii Sufian, the father of Mu'awia I. and died in a.d. 664, a.h. 44. Umm HaMha (A-.^2- ^\), daughter of Babia', and fourth wife of 'Ali, by whom she had one son, named 'Umar. Umm Hanna (J^:.=- ^^), a claughter of Abii Tiilib, and sister of 'Ali, the son-in- law of Muhammad. Umm Jamil (J-^:?- *^), daughter of Harb, sister of Abii Sufian, and wife of Abu Laliab. Because she fomented the hatred which her husband bore to IMuhammad, a passage in the Quriln, chap. cxi. was revealed agaiust them. Umm Maqri {^j.Lt J), one of the principal ^ruhammadan saints, born atGliazni; who ac([uired such great reputation by his sanctity that Sultan Malimrui oifi'u went to consult him, and refused to sit down iu his presence out of respect for his virtues. Ho lived about the year a.d. 1000. Umm Salma (iU>Lj *1), daughter of Abu Uniavya and wil'e of Miiliammud. Slio outlived ah tlie wives of that prophet, aud died in a.d. 679, a.h. 59. UNO 410 USiTA Ungr or Ang- (t_XJl), -\vliich see. Uns C^^.'^), poetical name of Munslii Lalcliaud. J'idi; Liilcbaud. 'Unsari {^j^:^z), commonly called Abu'l Qfisini 'Uiisari, a native of Balkh, aud one of tlio learned men wlio lived at the court of Sultan Mahinud of Gjiazni. He was a pupil of Abii'l Farali Saujari and master of the poets Asjadl and Farrukhi. He is esteemed to hold the first rank, as to genius, iu that age ; for besides being one of the best poets be was a great philosopher, versed in all the known sciences and all the learned languages of those times. Four hundred poets and learned men, besides all the students of the university of (rhazuT, acknowledged him for their master. Among tiie works of 'Unsari there is an heroic poem upon the actions of Sultfiu Mahmiid. The king one night in a debauch having cut off the long tresses of his favourite slave, Ayaz, was much concerned iu the morning for what he had done. 'Unsari accosted him with some extempore lines on the occasion, which so pleased the king that he ordered his mouth to be thrice filled with jewels. He wrote a Diwan consisting of 30,000 couplets, and died, according to Danlat Shah, in the reign of Sultan Masa'iid I. the son of Sultan Mahmiid, a.d. 1040, a.m. 431. Dr. Sprenger, in his Cataloyue of Persian £ooks, says, page 15, "that 'Unsari died in A.D. 1049, A.H."44I." f Unsi ( ,.u.,jw, a poet, -whose proper name was Muhammad Shah. He died in A D. 1565, A.H. 973. 'Uqail (JJisi), the brother of 'All, the the son of 'Abii Talib, who, not being enter- tained by his brother according to his quality, joined Mu'awia, a.d. 6G0, a.h. 40, who received him with open arms, and assigned him large revenues. His son Muslim, who espoused the cause of his nncle Husain, was beheaded by 'Ubed-ullah ibu-Zayad in the reiju^ ^ |^l-*ir.), author of a collection of traditions in Arabic called Ghdet-ul-Tuuzlh. 'Usman Mukhtari (^_^.Ixs:l"* ^j'v*ij:), a poet who flourished in the reign of Sultan Ibrahim of G|iaziu, and was a contemporary of Shaikh Sanal, the poet. 'Usqalani {^A'L^z), an author. Vide Shahab-uddin Abii'l Fazl Ahmad. 'Utba (d^:ir), the son of Abu Lahab. He was married to Rukyya, third daughter of Muhammad, but repudiated her afterwards. It is said that he was torn to pieces by a lion, in the presence of a whole caravan, when on a journey to Syria. 'Uzaeri Razi {^\\j ^^yUii), one of the learned men, and poet of the court, of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, whose poetical performance as a panegyrist are esteemed very good, for one of which he received a present of 4000 dirhams from the Sultan. He is called Assaberi Riizi in the IHctionarij of the Religious Cei emnnies of the Eastern Xa/ioits. He was a native of Rei, consequently the word RazT is fixed to his name. Uzbak (^^ j^), a tribe of Turks. Uzlat (l::-^'^^), the poetical name of Sayyad 'Abdul "Wall, the son of a very learned and pious man named S'adullah, in whom Aurangzeb had very great confidence. After the death of his father he went down to Murshidiibad and was supported by Alah- wardi Klian. After the demise of his patron, in A.D. 1756, he went to the Deccan, where he died, and left a Diwan. Uzzan Hasan (^^^=^ ^jU (or Hasan the Long), who is also called Hasan Beg, was the founder of the tribe of Turkmans called Aqqoinlos, or the "NVliite Sheep. After he had extirpated his rival, Jahau Shah, the son of Qara Yiisaf, in a.d. 1467, and put all his relations to death, he engaged in a war with Sultan Abii S'ald Mirzii, king of Persia, who fell into his hands and was slain, a.d. 1449. Uzzan Hasan from this event became sovereign of a great part of tlie dominions of the house of Taimiir. After he had made himself master of Persia he turned his arms in the direction of Turkey ; but his career of greatness was arrested by the superior genius of the Turkish emperor, Muhammad II. from whom he suffered a signal defeat, which terminated his schemes of ambition. He died, alter a reign of eleven years, at the age of seventy, on the 7th December, a.d. 1477, a.h. 882. Catherine Commonus, wiio is called by the Persians, Caruni Commeniah, was married to liim. She h.id a daughter named Martha, miirrie.U. Vide T-Anv WaliTd. Wahidi (^-.Ur^^.), poetical title of "NVahid-uddin, which see. Wahidi {^s^\^), poetical name of 'All, son of Ahmad, whicli see. Wahid-uddin Tabrizi (crrl^-^^^ .-.j), a poet of Persia, 3 whose poetic title is Wahid!. He is the author of a treatise written professedly upon versification. Wahmi { ^^), poetical appellation of Haji Tahmasp Quli, a poet who flourished in India between the vears a.d. 1637 and 1647, A.H. 1047 and 10o7. Wahshat (c^A:^.), poetical title of Shaikh 'Abdul "Wahid, who was a descendant of Imam Muhammad Gliazzali. He was an excellent poet, born aud brought up in Qasba Thanesar. He flourished in the reigu of 'Alamgir, and is the author of a Diwau. Wahshi Yezdi, Maulana of Yezd (I'ly* ^'^ji iS^^^J^ author of the Masnawi or poem called Kdzir tea Manzilr, which he completed in the year a.d. 1559, A.H. 966, aud of another poem called Fmhad and Shlrln, in the metre of Xizam's Khusro and Shlrln, and several other works. He died in a.d. 1584, a.h. 992. Wa'il Khuza'i (^-' u\X Arabian poet in the time of Hariiu-al-Rashid and his son Mamiiu. He was contemporary with Imam 'All Musi Raza, and is tlie author of a Diwan in Arabic wju^rein he praises the charms of his beloved Salmi. Wajid 'Ali (^U J^^rU, author of an Urdii Grammar, entitled Giddastae Anjuman, which he wrote and publislicd at Agra in the year a.d. 1849, aud another work called Mat'a-ul- Uluin. Wajid 'Ali Shah {i \ A z S^^-), the last king nf .Vudli, was the sou i>f 'Amjad 'All Sliali, aitcr whose death he nseiudcd the thriiiU' at liUikuow, iu a.d. 1SI7, a.ii. 126:?. In his time Audli was annexed to the JJritish (Jovcrumcut, on the 7tli February, a.d. 1856. His poetical title is Akbtar, aud he is the WAJI 414 WALI author of three Diwans and three MasnawTs in Urdu. This ex-kiug died in Calcutta, pensioned by Government. Inscrijition on his coin. "Wajili-uddin Ahmad Maghrabi (iUr>-, ^jijk.-* i\^=>-\ ^jj>ji), commonly called Shaikh Ahmad Khattu, which see. Wajili - uddin Mubarak Kirmani (^..U/ i.L. jjJl A-.^.), Sayyad and a disciple of Nizam- uddin Aulia. He was commonly called Sayyad Kliiird, or the little Saj^'ad. He is the author of the work called Siar-iil-Aulia. \_Vide Sayyad Husaiu (Makhdiim).] ■Wajili-uddin, Shaikh (^aI^ ^-^^. ;i^'*^), of Gujrat, a disciple of Shaikh Muhammad Gliaus of Gwaliar. He was a learned man, is the author of several works, and his poetical name was AlwI. He died on the 30th November, a.d. 1589, 1st Safar, a.h. 998, and was buried in Ahmadabad Gujrat. Waqidi {^s:\^), surname of Muham- mad bin-'Umar, an author who wrote in Arabic the work called Tahaqat Waqidi, containing the history of the conquests of Syria by the generals of 'Umar during the years a.d. 638-9. He died in the year a.d. 824 or 834, a.h. 209 or 219. Ibn-Jauzl relates that Waqidi, who dwelt at Baghdad, when removing to the eastern bank of the Tigris, required 120 camels to convey his books. \_Vide Abii Abdullah Muhammad ibn- ' Umar-ul- Waqidi. j Waqif (t_iJi't), the poetical name of a poet whose proper name is Niir-al-AjTi. He was a native of Patiala, of which place his fatluT was a Qazi. He was contemporary with the poet 'Arzii, and died about the year A.D 1776, A. II. 1190. He is commonly called Waqif Lahori, and his Diwan contains about 800 Persian Ghazals. "Wala 0\^, poetical name of Islam I\han, which see. Walad (a!.). Vide Sultan Walatl, who is also called Maulana Walad. Walah (x!L), poetical name of Said ^Muhammad, author of a poem called Bastur- ul-Nazm. Walah (dJU, poetical title of 'All Quli Khan of Daghistan. He is the author of a Tazkira entitled Baydz-ush-Slui'drd. It is an universal biographical dictionary of Persian poets, and contains about 25u0 articles. He came to India in a.d. 1734, A.H. 1147, where he composed the above work in a.d. 1748, a.h. 1161, and died nine years afterwards, in a.d. 1757, a.h. 1170. He was the father of Gunna Begum, which see. Walajah U:>r1)\^), a title of Muham- mad 'Ali Klian, nawab of the Karnatik, who died in a.d. 1795, aged 87 years. Walajah, Prince {iS\y^^ '^"^-'^^\ son of 'Azim Shah. He, along with his brother Beidar Bakht, was killed in the battle fought by his father against the emperor Bahadur Shah, his eldest brother, in a.d. 1707. Wall (|JO, poetical name of Najaf 'Ali Beg, an author. Wall (jy, poetical name of Shah Wali-ullah, a native of Gujrat, but who passed the greatest part of his life in the Deccan. He was living in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, and is the first poet who wrote a Diwan in Urdii. A copy of this book was brought to Dehli in a.d. 1720, a.h. 1132, which induced many poets of that city to apply themselves to tlrdii poetry. [ Vide Hatim.] Wall, of Dasht Bayaz (^ ^^j-t), of Dehli, autlior of the commentary on the Quran in Persian, entitled Fath-ul-Iiahiiuhi. "Wali-ullah Husaini, Maulwi Mu- hammad {^^y --.JUA?- ~ J^^\ ^c..»^^i), autlior of the Mahuidj- tnhiKi, iu tlie luefaco of whicli lie ]>raises Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula, MaUuriija Nirmal Diis, and Lala Hulad liilo. WASI 416 WIKA "Wasiq or Wathiq Billah (dUlj ^^_j), a khalifa of Biiglidful. Vide Al-Wasiq. Wasiq Mulla (L* (J-~-^»X name of a poet. Wasli ( J.^.), tlie poetical title of •Aqa Tahir, the father of Sadiq KliaU- Wasti ( cl2-;L), poetical title of Mir 'Abdul Jalil Bilgrami, which see. Watwat (l?Llr.), the nickname of the poet Rashldi, which see. It is also the surnauie of Muhammad hin-Ihrahim, the son of Ahia, the sou of 'Ali-al-Katihi, an Arabian author. Wazah (^■^\t), the poetical title of Mirza Mubarik, styled Iradat Kliau, the grandson of Nawab 'Azim Klian, of the time of Jahangir. He took instructions in the art of poetry from IMir Muhammad Rasikh, and became an excellent poet ; but in the latter part of his life he led a retired life, became a Qalandar, and died in a.d. 1716, a.h. 1128. \_ride Iradat Kliiin.] Wazah (^L), poetical name of Aqa 'All Asghar, who was originally a manu- facturer of gold thread. He was living in A.D. 1720, A.n. 1132, and is the author of a Diwan. Wazir (y;«), the poetical title of Kliwaja "Wa/.Tr, son of Ivhwaja Faqir of Lucknow. He died in a,d. 18o4, a.h. 1270, and is the author of a Diwan in Urdiz. Wazir (y;«)» poetical name of Shaikh Wazir, author of two Diwans, Tersian and Urdu. Wazir 'Ali Khan {^\:>- Ax jij;), for a short time Nawab of Lucknow, was the adopted son of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula, on whose death, in September, a.d. 1797, he was raised to the masnad of Audh at Lucknow, but after a short interval, grounds for disputing the authenticity of his pretensions having been established, he was deposed on the 21st January, a.d. 1798, by Sir John Shore, and Saadat 'All Khan, the brother of the late Nawab, was placed on the masnad. Wazir 'All was sent to Benares, where he murdered Mr. Cherrv, the Political Agent, on Monday the 14th January, a.d. 1799, 8tli Sliabah, a.h. 1213. He at first fled to Butwal, and afterwards took refuge with the Raja of Jaipiir, a powerful independent chief, who refused to give him up unless under a stipulation of his life being spared. To this it was thought prudent to accede, and, being accordingly given up to the Briti.sh in Decem- ber following, he was brought down to Calcutta and confined at Fort William in a bomb-proof, divided by iron-gratings in three parts ; the longest, in the centre, was occu- pied by Wazir 'Ali, and the other two by sentries, one English and one native. After many years captivity, he was transported to a more suitable prison, in the palace biiilt for Tipii Sultan's family in the fort of Vellore, where the females of his family subsequently joined him, and there he died. Lord Teign- mouth, in the Life of his father, states that Wazir 'Ali died in rigorous confinement in Fort William, but this appears to be a mistake. His death took place in the month of May, a.d. 1817, Rajab, a.h. 1232, after 17 years 3 months and 4 days' confinement, and was buried at Kasi Baghan, close to a tomb of one of the sous of Tipii Sultan. He was then in his 36th year. His mother was the wife of a Farrash. The expenses of his marriage in a.d. 1795 amounted to 30 lakhs of rupees, while 70 rupees were sufficient to defray all the cost of his funeral in A.D. 1817 ; a strange reverse of fortune. Wazir Khan (\.z j'l^), surname of ]\Iuhammad Tahir, an officer of the rank of 6000, who served under the emperor 'Alamgir. In the latter years of his life he was appointed governor of Malwa, where he died in a.d. 1672. His nephew. Rati Khan, is the author of the HainJae Haidarl. Wazir Khan {^^:>~ ji\%), an Amir of the Court of the Emperor Shah Jahan, by whom he was raised to the rank of 5000 into the title of Wazir Khan, and the Siibadar- ship of the Panjab. He built a splendid masjid at Lahore in a.h. 1044, which is still in good preservation. His proper name was Ilaklm Alim-uddin. Wazir Muhammad, Nawab of Bhopal (a^js'* ^j;^), an ally of the British Government, died in March, a.d. 1816, and his son, Nazar Muhammad Kliau, succeeded him. Wazir-uddaula (<;l!._\!\ j-l'^^, title of Wazir Muhammad Klian, the Nawab of Tonk, the son of Nawab Amir Klian, the Pindara Chief. He died in June, a.d. 1864. Wazir-uddaula (dj,_\!l y. "o^- ^**^^ Niizir-ul-Mulk Wazir-uddaula. Wikar-ul-Umra (^./♦.i J^r^^), the son of Sharas-ul-Umra, Nawab of Haidarabad, Deccan. WISA 417 WIZA Wisal (JU.), the poetical name of Mirza Kochak of Sliiraz, author of a Tarlwcl wa Shir in. Wisali (^Jl_^^), poetical name of Sayyad 'Ala-iuldlu, a modern poet of Khu- rasau, who was settled in Audli. lie is the author of an EUgy on the Imams. [Vide 'Ala-uddin (Sayyad).] Wis Karani ( J^^ Qaranl. L^;- Vide Aweis Wizarat Khan (^Irs- i,ij;o^ i-_^j^:.), whose proper name is Mir Ahdur Rahnifiu, was the second son of Amauat Ivliau ^Ilrak, an ex- cellent poet. Ilis poetical name was Bikrami. He flourished in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, aud has left a Diwan. \_Vide Bikrami.] X XAYI XAVI Xavier Hieronymo, a Catholic Mis- sionary who came from Goa to Dehli in the reign of the emperor Jahangir. lie is the author of a religious work in Persian, entitled the Mirror of Truth, which he dedicated to the emperor in the year a.d. 1609, and ■which has been preserved in the Library of Queen's College, Cambridge. A reply to this book was written a few years after its appear- ance by Ahmad ibn-Zain-ul-'Abidin Alalwi, to which he gave the title of The divine rays in refutation of Christian error, a copy of which is also preserved in the same College. This work was written by the author in the month of November, a.d. 1C21, Muharram, A.H. 1031. 27 Y TADG YAIII Yadgar Muhammad, Mirza (.L^jLj \\j-^ tV».^'*), the sou of Mirza Muhammad, the son of jNIirza Baisanghar, the son of Mirza Shahrukh, the sou of Amir Taimur. After the death of Mirza Baisan- ghar, his grandfather, he succeeded him as governor of Kluirasan in a.d. 14 34, and liekl that situation till the death of Sultan 'Abii Said Mirza, who, heinij taken prisoner by a competitor, was made over to Yadgar Muhammad in a.d. 1469, a.h. 873, who slew him. After his death Sultan Husain Baiqara took possession of Herat, with whom Yadgar Muhammad had several battles ; but was at last slain in a night attack on the 25th August, A.D. 1470, 27th Safar, a.h. 875. He was the last of the descendants of Shahrukh Mirza, and is said to have written excellent poetry. Yadgar Nasir, Mirza {\\^^ Aj ^^Aj), brother of the emperor Babar Shah. "When the emperor Humayun, after his return from Persia, marched in person in the year a.d. 1546, a.h. 953, to reduce Badiikhshan, Yadgar Nasir, having attempted to stir up a sedition in the royal army, was, upon con- viction, sentenced to death, though he was uncle to the emperor. Yafa'i, Imam (^Ul jJ-t-'lO, a Mu- hammadan doctor, whose proper name was 'Abdullah bin-Asa'd. lie was a native of Yafa', in Syria, from which he was called Yafa'i. He is also called Qiitb Mecca and Yafa'i Nazal-id-Haramyn. Shah Na'mat- ullah was one of his disciples. He is the author of several works in Arabic, among which are I)urr-iil -Xazm f'l JUiniilfa-iii- Qnrdn, Rauzat-ul- Itai/dzin fi Ilihdct-ul- Sdlahhi, KhiAs^\ (^' i)j^X "^^'^10 was celebrated for his knowledije of traditions, is ■well-kuo\vu amouo;st the Imi'imia sect for his works on jurisprudence, and is the author of the Jamf-usIi-Shardyq and the Madkhal dar Usui Fiqh, which are in the greatest repute. He died a.d. 1280, a.h. 679. Yahia bin-Aktam (,.^1 ,L^-) was Chief Justice during the Khiliifat of Al- Maniun. He cHed in the reiijn of the Ivhalif Al-Mutwakkil, a.d. 856, A.ii. 242. Yahia hin-KhaUd (j>!lrL j J^^\ Grand Wazir of Harun-al-Tlashid, wliose son Ja'far-al-Barmaki was put to death by order of that khalif, a.d. 803, a.h. 187. Yahia bin-Ma'az Razi (jU.^ ,j \.sr ^_i\\ i), a very learned Mnliammadan, who died on the 9th August, a.d. 871, 18th Ramazan, a.h. 257, and was buried at Naishapiir. Yahia Kashi, Mir {^ ^^1^ J^^X one of the celebrated poets of the reign of the emperor Shahjahan. On tlie completion of the palace and city of Shahjahauabad in the year a.d. 1648, a.h. 1058, he wrote a chronogram, for which he was rewarded by that monarch with 5000 rupees. He died in the year a.d. 1654, a.h. 1064. Yahia Maniri {^ ..s^ ,^^^\ ^ eele- brated saint, who is buried at Mauir. \_]"tde Sharaf-uddin Ahmad Ahia jMauiri.l Yahia, Mulla of Naishapur (L« \=^. ^,yLl-J). His poetical name is Fattahi. He is the author of a Diwan and of the Persian work called Sliabistdii JOiaijdl, "the Chamber of Imagination." He Houri.shed in the reign of Slifihrukh Mirza, and died a.d. 1448, a.h. 852. Ya'jaz {-X^i), the poetical name of Shaikh Muhammad Sa'id, a native of Agra and an excellent poet. He was living about the year a.d. 1691, a.h. 1102, in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir, and was em])loy(d in the service of Kawah Mukarram Khan, Nazim of Multau. He was a contemjiorary of the poet Sarkhush, wlio has mcnti(mcd him in his biography called Kalmal-ush- Shu'dra. Yalduz (j.slj). Vide Tfijiuiam Elduz. Ya'mali of Herat ( vl n, jU,r.>), a poet Mho is the aiitluu' of a Persian Diwau. Yamin-uddin Amir ( ^^1 .,.'J*!l ,.t-^'), entitled Malik-ul-Fuzla, or prince of thj learned, was the latlier of Amir Mahmud, commonly called ihn-Yamin. l_l'idt; Amir Yamin-uddlu ; also Tu gli rai.] Yamin-uddin, Amir (^«1 ,,js\\ .^^^^j ^JWjj), a poet who was a native of Nazlabad in the province of Baihaq in Persia. He was contemporary with the poets Katibi and 'All Shahab. He is the author of several Masnawis, viz. Mishdh-ul- Kulnb, containing dialogues between the Candle and the Moth; Jfishkdt -iil- 'lalibin, dialogues between Wisdom and Love ; and the story of Fatha and Fathnh. Yamin-uddin Tughrai of Mashhad (J,-^il- ,.^'Js!^ .,-^0. Vide Tughrai Mashhadi. Yaq.in ( ,^<), the poetical name of Ina'am-ullah Khan, an Urdu poet, who has left a Diwan or collection of vernacular poems, principally on love subjects. He was the son of Azhar-uddin Khiin Baliildur Mubarak Jang, a grandson of tlie ]\Iujaddid Alif Siini, or Reformer of the second thousandth year, and a pupil of i\[irzri Janjanau Mazhar, who was so fond of him that he wrote most of his poetry iu his name ; he was killed at the age of 2d years, in the time of Ahmad Sliiih, about the year a.d. 1750, a.h. 1163, by his own father, because he brought disgrace on his family. His Diwan is very celebrated. Ya'qub Beg or Sultan Ya'qub (t_;»i.^'_ L^^), the son of TJzzan Hasan, whoni he succoedtd in a.d. 1477, a.h. 882, and became the king of the Turkman tribes called Aiiqoinlii, or the White Sheep. After his death he was succeeded by his sou Alwand Beir, who was defeated aboiit the year a.d. 1500, a.h. 996, by Shall Ismfiil I.'Safwi. Ya'qub bin-Idris (^«^< , j^ ^^ t_,> Ji.t.0. I'tdc Kirmaui. Ya'qub bin-Lais Saflfar, Amir (,._.• JLr." y^-»\ ^ . vi.»s t«-i-rr 1^':' '• He i.s also called Yakut. He was the tirst who rehelle«l ai;ainst the Abltasides, and was tlie t'onnder of the dvuastv of Hie Saffiii, or Satruidcs, wliich siu:iiiiies a pewterer. He raised liiiiisclf from tlie huinhle station of a coppcrsiiiitli to the rank of a sovereign iu Sistau, and having ta'qu 420 YAZI obtained the possession of Khurasan and Tabaristfin in a.d. 874, A.n. 260, from Mu- hammad, the son of Tahir II. whom he took prisoner, he was declared rebel by the Khalif Mo'tamid, in consequence of which he marched ■with a powerful army towards Baghdad in the year a.d. 878, a.h. 265, but died on the road after a rciffn of 11 years. He was suc- ceeded by his brother Amrii bin-Lais. [Vide Lais.] Ya'qub, Sultan (^ILLj (__>^iL*.0. Vide Ya'qiib Beg. Yaqut (cJylj). Fide Ya'qub bin- Lais. Yari, Maulana (U j^^ lSj^.X fii^ author. Yar Muliammad Khan, Mir (j.^^'* .Ij j^ i^\:>-), the son of Mir Murad 'All, former ruler of the Haidarabad portion of Sindh. He is a brother of Muhammad Khan, who, being dispossessed and kept for some time a prisoner on the annexation of Sindh under Sir Charles Napier, was allowed to return, and afterwards lived at Haidarabad as a private gentleman upon a pension from Government. Yazdi (^jjj)^ author of a treatise concerning divine love, called Eisfdat fl bay an Muhabbat. Yazdijard I. (j,r^j;j), surnamed Al- 'Athini or Al-'Asim, the Sinner (the Isdigertes of the Greeks), whom some authors tei'm the brother, and others the son, of his predecessor, Bahram IV. whom he succeeded to the throne of Persia, a.d. 404. This monarch is repre- sented by Persian historians to have been a cruel prince, and, we are told, the nation re- joiced when he was killed by the kick of a horse. He died after a reign of 16 years, and was succeeded by his son Bahram V. Yazdijard II. (^n^^jjj), (the second Isdigertes of the Greeks), succeeded his father, Bahram V. to the throne of Persia, a.d. 438. He was a wise and brave prince, and reigned 18 years. Yazdijard III. (j^j^-^^Jj), the son of Shahryur and grandson of IChusro Parwez, was raised to the throne of Persia after the dethronement of the queen Arzami Dakht, A.D. 632. He is the Isdigertes III. of the Greeks, and a contemporary of 'Umar, the Klialif of Arabia. This prince, who appears to have been as weak as he was unfortimate, sat upon the throne only nine years ; that being the period from his elevation to the battle of Naliawand, which decided the fate of Persia, and which, froai its date, a.d. 641, tell under the dominion of the Arabian Khalifs. For a period of ten years afterwards this monarch was a fugitive, and possessed no power whatever. He first fled to Sistan, then to K^iurasan, and lastly to Marv, where he was murdered a.d. 651, a.h. 31. He was the last sovereign of the house of Sasan, a dvnasty Avhich ruled Persia for 415 years. It is from the commencement of his reign that the Persian Era, which is in use to this day in Persia, is called after him the Era of Yezdijard. It began on Tuesday the 16th June, a.d. 632," 20th Rabi' I. a.h. 11, being only eight days after Muhammad's death. Yazid (^,Li-j J\ ^_ 'Vjr'.X the son of Abix Suflan. He died by the plague that raged in SjTia in the year a.d. 639. The mortality both among men and beasts was so terrible that the Arabs call that year " 'Am- ul-ramada," or the year of destruction. By this pestilence the Saracens lost 25,000 men, among whom were Abu 'Obeida, general of the Saracen army at Syria, Sarjabil, ibn- Ilasana, formerly Muhammad's secretary, and Yazid ibn-Sufian. Yazid I. (djjU,* .i '-VJ;'^) ^^^^ ^^"^ °^ Mu'awia and the second Khalif of the house of Umayya. His iuaugiu'ation was performed at Damascus on the same day that his father died, viz. on the new moon of the month of Rajah, corresponding Avith the 7th April, A.D. 680, 1st Eajab, a.h. 60. He was a man of considerable taste and refinement, an eloquent orator, and an admired poet. Some specimens of his composition, which are still extant, display no ordinary powers of mind. The first and the last lines of the ode with which the bard of Persia, the celebrated Hafiz, opens his magnificent Diwan, are borrowed from YazTd. It was once sarcastically asked of Hfifiz, " How could a distinguished poet like yourself stoop to borrow from Yazid, who was not only an usurper but also the murderer of Imam Husain'r" He answered, ' ' Which of you, seeing a dog running away with a diamond, would not stop the brute, and rescue the jewel from its unclean mouthP " Bv I'crsian authors Yazid is never mentioned without abomination, and ordinarily this im- precation is added to his name, " La'nat- ullah," that is "the curse of God be upon him;" in reference not to his vices, but to the death of Husain, the son of 'All, whom he first of all attempted to destroy by poison, and afterwards caused to be killed, with all his family, on the plains of Karbala. Under his khilafat the Musalmaus conquered all Kliurasiin and Ivhwarizm, and put the terri- tories of the princes of Samarqand under contribution. The motto of his seal was "God is our Lord." Yazid died on the 31st October, a.d. 683, 4th Rabi' I. a.h. 64, in the 39th year of his age, after he had reigned 3 yejirs and 8 mouths, and was succeeded by his son Muawia II. His mother's name was Maisana, a Bedouin of the tribe of Kalabi. Yazid was a debauchee, and is represented by some Moslem writers as an atheist. YAZI 421 YUSA Yazid II. (l_<1^'^^ ^,j j..o), the ninth KlialTf of the I'ace of Umayya, -was the son of the Ishalif 'Ahduhiialik. He succeeded 'Uniar, the son of 'Abdul Aziz, in a.d. 720, A.H. 101, in S}Tia, and died after a reign of foiu- years, a.d. 724, a.h. lOo. His brother Hasham succeeded him. Yazid III. (_ul. ,.,j sj [), the twelfth Khalif of the house of Umaj-ya, succeeded his father, "Walid II. in Syria, a.d. 744, A.H. 126, and died the same year, after he had reigned six months. He was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim. Yunas bin - Abdur Rahman - al - Yuktaini (^Usw^L^r ^ {j^-'^0> ^ celebrated Shia traditionist. Amongst other works, he wrote the ^Ihil-al-Hadls, the IkhtUdf-al-Hadis. and the Jfnua-cd-Kahlr. He is said to have made forty-live pilgrimages to Mecca, and fifty-four 'IJmrats when he merely visited the sacred city, and to have written the surprising number of 1,000 vols., controverting the tippouents of the Shia doctrines. He died at Madina in a.d. 823, A.H. 208. Yusaf of Ahmadabad (a^+js-^ t__2-<;4.» >•• 4_>jIj\), author of an Arabic work on Theology, called Aqatd Yusaf. Yusaf (i^^»j), author of a collection of letters called BadjyiiH Insha or wonders of letter-writing. It is also called I/mhcie YusaJ'i. Yusaf Abu'l Haji ( ^r>-ls!'».'\ l^--.;\ one of the Moorish kings of Granada, aud the finisher of the celebrated palace of the Alhambra. He ascended the throne of Granada in the year a.d. 1333, and his personal appearance and mental qualities were such as to win all hearts. He estab- lished schools in all the villages, with simple and uniform systems of education ; he obliged every hamlet of more than twelve houses to have a mosque, and prohibited various abuses and indecorums that had been introduced iuto the ceremonies of religion and the festivals and public amusements of the people. His attention was also directed towards finishing the great architectural works commenced by his predecessors, and erecting others on his own plans. The Alhambra, which had been fouudtd by the good Muhammad ibn-Alah- mar, was now completed. He coustructed the beautiful gate of Justice, forming the grand entrance to the fortress, which he finished iu a.d. 1348. He likewise adorned many of the courts and halls of the palace, as may be seen by the inscriptions on the walls, in which his name repeatedly occurs. In the year a.d. 1354, as he was one day praying in the royal mosque of the .Alhambra, a maniac rushed suddenly from behind, and plunged a dagger in his side. He was borne to the royal apartments, but expired almost immediately. The nuirderer was cut to pieces aud his limbs burnt iu public, to gratify the fiuy of the populace. Yusaf Adil Shah (il^ J jU i__2^-^^), whose original name was Yusaf 'Adil Khan, was the founder of the 'Adil ShahT dynasty of Bijapur. He was a nobleman iu the ser- vice of Muhammad Shah II. Bahmani, king of the Deccan. "When the Sultan left this world, and dissensions began to prevail in the kingdom, most of the foreign orticers and soldiers attached themselves to Yusaf 'Adil Klian, who, seeing the ministers of Sultan Mahmiid II. the successor of the late king, bent on his destruction, ^"ithdrew himself from Abmadabad, with his family and followers, to his government of Bijapizr, and, resolving to become the founder of a kingdom, he began to add to his territories by conquest. In the year a.d. 1489, a.h. 895, he, with the assent of Malik Ahmad Bahrl, assumed the title of Shah, and read the khutba ' of Bijapur in his own name. Yusaf 'Adil Shah ched at Bijapur in a.d. 1510, A.H. 916, of a dropsical disorder, after he had reigned with great prosperity 21 years, in the 75th year of his age, and was suc- ceeded by his son Isma'il 'Adil Shah. list of the kings of the 'Adil Shdhi dynasty. a.d. Yiisaf 'Adil Shah, supposed to be the son of Murad II. of Anatolia ; pm-- chased for the bodyguard at Abmad- abad from a merchant. He began to reign 14^9 Isma'il 'Adil Shah, son of Yiisaf . . lolO Mallii 'Adil Shah, son of Isma'il, reigned six months 1534 Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I. son of Isma'il 1535 'Ali 'Adil Shilh I. sou of Ibrahim . 1557 Ibrahim 'Adil Shiih II. sou of Tah- mfisp, the son of 'Ali 'Adil Shah . 1579 Muhammad 'Adil Shah, son of Ibra- him II 1G2G 'Ali 'Adil Shah II. son of Muhammad 1660 Sikandar 'Adil Shah, the last kiug of Bijiipiir 1672 Yusaf 'Ali Khan (^U. ci^ ^^y:X Xawab of Rampur. Ilis Highness was one of the few princes who were faithful to the British Government in the troublous times of a.d. 1857, wheu the whole of the Nortli West rroviuces was in a state of revolt and insurrection. Lord Canuinj^ rewarded him witii liberal grants of lanil worth a lakh per annum, whilst ller Majesty was pleasrd to confer on hiiii the Star of India. He died at his capital in Kubilkhaml on the 21st April, a.d. 1865, '24111 0, governor of Sindh, who lived in the time of the emperor Shah Jahan. In liis time (says MunshI Lntf-ullah) he built an Idgah, in Tatta, a splendid mosque, where all true believers gather together twice a year and perform the divine service. Its inscription is in beautiful large Nastalik characters, as follows : — "Yusaf Klian, the powerful lord, erected this place of worship as high as his fortune. The year of its finishing is found by cherubion —the temple of Makka for the "virtuous " A.D. 1633, A.H. 1043. There are upwards of 400 mosques in the city of Tatta (says Lutf-ullah), but almost all of thf'm are going to decay. There is also a Grand Mosque (Jnma Masjid) begun by Shah Jahan, in a.d. 1647, a.h. 1057, and finished by Aurangzeb in a.h. 1072. The edifice is a magnificent one, about 200 yards long by 30 broad, built of baked bricks and mortar. The whole .site is roofed with 100 domes, every one of them painted in a different style from another. The inscriptions carved round the great arch of stone, and those upon the two Lata stones, are excellently done in largo letters. In short, the whole" scene preseifts a picture of beauty and solemnity to the spectator. Yusaf Khan, Mirza ( . 'dL l_2~.-».') a Mansabdar of 2o00 in the 30th year of Akbar, and .subsecpiently governor of Kash- mere. Later still served with distinction uudir Abu'l Fazl in the Deccan. Lied Jam. IL A.H. 1010; was a native of Mashhad, of the Sayyid tribe. Yusaf, Mir (^-jljl.u^l .^^ (^--.jX of Astrabad, who was living in a.d. 1580, a.h. 988, and wrote a chronoj,n-am on the death of the poet Kasim Kahi, wlio died that year. Yusaf Muhammad Khan (, 2_.^-»_j ^^ Sa-s.''*), Commander of Five Thousand under Akbar, whose foster-brother he was. Died from the effects of diink, a.h. 973. Yusaf Muhammad Khan, (, i:_^»_j ^:>. cVy*.^:'''), author of a history of the reign of Muhammad Shah, emperor of Dehli, called Tarlkh Muhammad Shdhl. Yusaf, Maulana of Naishapur ( i^Q... .t .ylxLk-J u^»^), is the iirst person who wrote a book on the art of writing poetry in Persian ; he flourislied about two hundred years after Kliulil biu-Abmad of Basra, who had also written on the same suliject in Arabic. Yusaf Shah Purbi ( ^_« ,»j il^ i^~;».'), the sou of Bcirbak Shah, whom he succeeded to the throne of Bengal in a.d. 1474, a.h. 887. lie reigned eight years, and di^d in a.d. 1482. His son Fatha Shah succeeded him. Yusaf, Shaikh (v^..^) i^^^i), first king of Multau. The introduction of the Muhammadan faith into Multiin, says Firishta, first took place in the latter part of the first century of the Ilijra, about the year a.d. 700, by the conquest of that country by Muhammad Kasim, after whom, until the reign of Sultan Mahmiid of Ghazni, no account is to be traced of its history. jSIah- mud conquered Multan from the infidels ; but on the decline of the Ghazni power, the inhabitants succeeded in expelling the Midiammadans, and establishing a sepai'ate government. From the period of its sub- jugatiiin by Muliammad (jjidri it remained tributary to Dehli uutil the year a.d. 144 3, A.H. 847, when the governor of that province, like most others of the kingdom at the same period, declared independence, after which time several princes reigned in succession. The first of these was one Shaikh Yusaf, a man of learning, wisdom, and higli character, of the tril)i' of Qureish, whom the inliabitants of Multan selected to be ruler over tlie people of Multan and Uchcha, when the public prayers were read and money coined in his name. Shaikh Yusaf had reigued but two years when his father-in-law, Kae Sehra, of the tribe of Lauga, having seized him, sent YUSA 423 YUSA him uucler a guard to Delill, and mounted the throne under the title of Qiitb-uddin Mahmud Lauga. Abu'l Fazl in the ^Aijln- i-Akbari, assigns seventeen years for the rei>'n of Shaikh Yiisaf. Muhammadan kings of Micltan. Shaikli Yijsaf, who established an in- dependent monarchy, began . . . Eae Sehra or Q,utb-uddm Maliiiiiul Lauga Ilusaiu Lauga I ■ . . A.D. 1113 14to Mahmud Klian Lauga . . . \.v>. Ilusain Langa IL who began a.d. 1524, was overcome by Shfili Iliisnin Arghuu, and subsequently ^Muhfui became a province of the empire under the emperor Ilumayau. Yusaf, Shaikh of Gujrat (ju^.^ l. 1502 A/qii/cl ■?), authur of tlie 2'azkirat-ul- Z ZABI ZAHI Zabita Khan (^l^ a>kjU), a Eohcla chief and son of Najib-uddaula Amir-ul- Umra. After the death of his father in October, a.d. 1770, Eajab, a.h. 1184, he continued to protect the royal family at Dehli till the return of the emperor Shah 'Alum from Allahlbad in December, a.d. 1771, Ramnzan, a.h. 1185, when he was convicted of haviug been deficient in respect to the royal authority while tlie emperor resided at Allahabad, and having abused his trust by corrupting the ladies of the harem, especially the princess Khairunnisa, the king's sister. His territories were seized, and he was com- pelled to make his escape to Shuja-uddanla, the nawab of Audli. But not long afterwards, the Marhattas obliged the emperor to confer on Zabita Klian the rank of Amir-ul-Umra, and to restore him the grant of almost all the districts of which he had, only a few months before, been deprived of by their assistance. Zabita Khan died a.d. 1785, and wns the father of that traitor, Ghulfuu Qfulir Klian, who subsequently blinded the emperor Shah 'Alam. His second son, by name IMo'In- uddin Klian, commonly called Bhanbu Klian, received a pension of 5000 rupees from the British Government, and after his death a pension of 1000 rupees monthly was granted to his two sons, Malmiud _Khau and Jalal- uddin Ivhan. The elder rebelled in a.d. 1857, and being subsequeutly arrested died in Meerut jail. Zaer or Zayer {y}'X poetical name of Shaikh Muhammad Fakhir, of Allalifibad, who died in a.d. 1751, a.h. 11G4. Zafar (.il?), the poetical name of Abu Ziifar Siraj-uddin Balifidiu- Slifili, the cx-kiug of Dehli. Vtdc Bahadur Slifili. Zafar (^ili), poetical title of Tiku Earn a Hindu. Zafar Khan {^\~>~ jk]b), the original name of (Nawiib) Ilo.s]ian-uddaula, which see. Zafar Khan { J^.6~. jk]^) , son of Sultan Firoz Shah Barbak, was murdered by Kbiln Jahan, the prime minister, in a.d. 1385, A.H. 787. J ili'), the title of Zafar Khan ( U Kliwaja Ihsan-ullfih, a nobleman of the reign of the emperor Shah Jahuu, and father of Inilyet Khfin, who was the author of the work called 8h~ih Jnhdn-ndma. Zafar Khfrn held the rank of 3000, and died at Lahore A.D. 1662, A.n. 1073. His poetical name Avas Ihsfm, which see. Zafaryah Khan. Title of Aloysius Reinhardt, son of Gen. Reiuhardt, commonly called Shamru Sahib. A poet and palrou of authors. \J'ide Shamru.] Zagatai, Jagatai. Vide Cliagatal (Klian), which is more consonant to tho Turkish pronuueiatiou. Zahid (_vi'^, ), whose proper name is Mirza Zaliiil-uddin, (hi^ son of Mirza Kam Bakbsh, the son ot Miizfi Sulainiau .'^hikoli, the sou ol Shfih .Main, king of Dehli. Uo is the author ol a Diwau. ZAHI 454 ZAID Zahid, Shaikh (^3^1-^ ;r:?-^ ^b\j), of Gilan, a pious Musalmau, vr\\o resided in Ardibail, a city in Azurbaijau, about 25 miles to the east of Taurus or Tabrez, aud ■was the lather - in - law of the celebrated Shaikh Sail or Safi-uddin Ardibeili. lie died A. D. 1335, a.h. 735. Zahidi (^AJ^lJ), a learned Muhani- madan, who wrote excellent Commentaries on the Quran in Arabic as well as in Persian, called lafo'u- Zdludl. He died in a.d. 1260, A.H. 658. Zahik (c_X:s^l..s), tlie poetical name of Mir njniliim Ilusain, the father of Mir Hasan, of Lucknow. He is the author of an Urdii Dlwau, aud every Ghazal of his are full of jokes. Zahir Faryabi ( ^..Aj ,l.J j^r^^- ^^^^ Zahir-nddin Faryabi. Zahir Kirmani ( ^jU^^^Ii), author of a poem called MaJiiiq-ul-Baliryn, con- taining the story of Manohar, composed in the year A.D. 1749, a.h. 1162. Zahir-uddaula Bahadur (u_^L< j-*.^), (Prince) of Arkot, son of Azira Jah Bahadur. He succeeded to the Masnad after the death of liis father in January, a.d. 1874. Zahir-uddin Abu Bakr Muhammad bin-Ahmad-al-Bukhara (.j_v1^ ,^)a \^\ J^,&1 i^j ^A..sr* ^ ^\), ■who died in a.d. 1222, a.h. 619, is the author of the Fatawa-az-Zahlria, a collection of decisions. Zahir-uddin FaryaM ( ..jj^Jl c7- .}^ _'l; .li), a native of Faryab, ■was an excellent poet and the pupil of EashTdT. He floimshed in the reion of Tu gh i'al III. Saljiiql and Atabak Kizal Arsalan. He died at Tabi-iz a.d. 1201, a.h. 598, and is buried close to the tomb of K[iaqani at Surkhab in Tabriz. He is tlie author of a Dlwan. Some authors say that the style of his poetry is far better than Anwarl's. Another poet has ■written that " Should yon come across with the Diwan of Zahir Faryabi, steal it, though you find it in the Qaba." Zahir-uddin 'Isa, Shaikh (.^'.vH ,^)c \.jM^z), a son of Shaikh Alimad Jam and author of a 'work called Jianu'iz- ul- Haqdeq. Zahir-uddin Makhdum ( .^_w\J^j_-..j,-b /t»Jss:r'*), an Arab, Egyptian, or subject of the Turkish empire, who is thouijht to have been despatched to assist the Mu- hammadan princes of Malabar ag^ainst the Portuguese, and to have, during his stay in India, composed an historical account of ]\Ialabar in the Arabic language, ■which terminates with the Ilijri year a.h. 987, corresponding with the year of om- Lord 1580. Zahir-uddin Marghashi (^^^-x!^ ^rn-^ ^_A_ij.w«), author of the Tarlkh l\(haiistdn. Zahir-uddin, Mir (^^« jj^^^ii), son of Mir I\lialib-ullah of Yazd, came from Persia to Lahore temp. Jahangir, aud rose to high employ. Zahuri, Mulla (^^^y L* ,^^^^), a native of Tarshish, a city of Sabzwar, in Persia. His proper name is Kur-nddiu. After comj)leting his studies he came to the Deccan in the reign of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II. of Bijapiir, and passed the remainder of his days in his service. He dedicated his Sdqi-ndma, a celebrated poem, containing 4000 verses, to Burhau Nizam Shah II. of Ahmadnagar, ■who made him a present of seven elephants loaded Avith valuables. He is also the author of several other ■works, among which are the 3Itiia Bazar, Ruqaat Zahiiri, Sell Nasr, a Diwan, Risdla Naui-ns, Khwdn KJialll, and Gulzar Jbrdhlm. The last three he dedicated to his patron, Ibrahim 'Adil Shah. Zahiiri died one year after his father-iu-law, Mulla Malik Qumml, i.e. in A.D. 1617, AH. 1026, aged more than 90. Zaid bin-Haria {^j^.\=^ -j Jkjj), of the tribe of Kalb, was the emancipated slave of Muhammad, who married his divorced wife Zainal). {See the following article.) Zaid was killed in an attack on the Greeks at Muta in Syria, a.d. 629, a.h. 8. Zaid bin-Sabit AbuSa'd(v one of Muhammad's secretaries, to whom he dictated the Quriin. He wrote that copy which was used by the Kjialifs or Imams at the command of 'Fsman, the son of Affan, the third Klialif after Muhammad. He died about the year a.d. 665, a.h. 45 ; some say that he died in a.d. 673, ah. 54. He is the earliest authority on the Ilm-al-Fardez and may be called the father of the law of inheri- tance. ]\Iuhammad is reported to have said to his followers — "The most learned among vou ill the laws of heritage is Zaid;" aud the IvXialifas 'Umar and 'IJsman considered liim without an equal as a judge, a juris- consult, a calculator in the division of in- heritances, aud a reader of the Quran. za'if 425 ZAII^ Za'ifa Khatun (^y Irk ^^), sister to Sultan Sanjar, married to Malik Taj- uddiii Abirl Fazl, a descendant of the royal family of Amrii bin-Lais. ^-jj), the Zainab (^JLs.^ ^^i^u: daughter of Jahash and the wife of Mu- hammad. She was formerly married to Zaid, the emancipated slave of the prophet. Towards the end of the fifth year of the Hijri, A.D. 626, Muhammad, going into the house of Zaid, did not find him at home ; but happening to espy his wife, he could not conceal the impression made upon him, but cried out, " Praise be to God, who turneth men's hearts as he pleaseth ! " Zainab heard him, and told it to her husband when he came home. Zaid, who had been greatly obliged to Muhammad, was very desirous to gratify him, and offered to divorce his wife. Muhammad pretended to dissuade him from it, but Zaid, easily perceiving how little he was in earnest, actually divorced her. Mu- hammad thereupon took her to wife, and celebrated the nuptials with extraordiuarv magnificence, keeping open house upon the occasion. She died nine years after the death of Muhammad, in the year a.d. 641, a.h. 20. Zainab {U,)J:i^ lz^uj c__^jj), the daughter of Khuz3Tna, was also one of the wives of Muhammad, and died two months after the preceding one, in the year a.d. 641, A.H. 20. Zainab (l_--_.x_j ;), a daughter of Muhammad married to Abu'l 'As. This man, who was an unbeliever, was taken prisoner in the battle of Badar, and the prophet would fain have drawn his son-in- law to him, and enrolled him among his disciples, but Abu'l 'As remained stubborn in unbelief. Muhammad then offered to set him at liberty on condition of his returuing to him his daughter. To this he agreed, ancl Zaid, the faithful freedmau of the prophet, was sent with several companions to Mecca to bring Zainab to Medina, where after her arrival, Abii'l 'As was released. Zain Khan (^Id- ^.^), son of Khwaja Maksnd, of Herat. A connection of Akhar and Jahanglr, and Mansabdar of 4500, after- wards promoted to 5000 : an accomplished soldier and literary man. lie died from the effects of diink in a.d. 1010. Zain Khan Koka (c^^^ ^l^ ,^<;) the foster-brother of the emperor Akl)ar. He was the son of Kliwaja Maqsud Hirwl ; his mother, whose name was I'icbah Jan, was employed as an Anaga or nurse on Akhar in his childhood, consetjui'utjy Zain ]\\\an was called XGka or foster-brother to Akbar, who raised him in course of time to the rank of 4500. Subsequently his uncle Kliwaja Hasan's daughter M'as" married to Saltan Salim, and became mother of Sultan Parwez. In the year a.d. 1586, a.h. 994, Zain Khan was despatched with a considerable detach- ment against the Afghans of Sawad and Bijour, but he was defeated, and Khwrija Arab BakhshT, Eaja Birbal, Mulla Sheri, and many other persons of distinction, with 8000 men, were killed in the action. In a.d. 1588 he was appointed to the govern- ment of Kabul. lie died at Agra on the 6th Mehr, a.h. 1009, corresponding with the 19th September, a.d. 1600. He is said to have been the best musician of the time of Akbar, but a bad poet. He played chiefly Hindi tunes. (The same as Zain Klian, q.v.) Zain-uddin Ahmad 'Ali Khan ( , i ; ^^ Ac ^jw\S^), succeeded Nazir- ul-]\rulk Xawab Xazim of Bengal at Mur- shidabad in April, a.d. 1810. Zain-uddin 'Ali-al-Sai'li ( .ja!1 ,.< ; 1-.^' ,X^), commonly called the second Shahid, author of a valuable and voluminous commentary upon the Shariiya- al-Islam, entitled the Masaiilc-iiI-Afhdm. Zain-uddin bin-Ahmad ( ,j cT- o' .,iSA ^-:.) jk^?^0, commonly called Ibn-llajab, is the author of the Sharah Ttrmizl, Slinrnh Bnkhdrl, and Tabaqdt Handbila. He died in a.d. 1393, a.h. 795. He is sometimes called Zain-uddin Abdul Eahmau bin-Ahmad. [ Vide Abu'l Ilusain.] Zain-uddin Muhammad Hafi, Shaikh (J lis- ■•V.'^^^ c^"j^' ^^ excellent poet and author, who flourished in the reign of the emperor Humayim. lie was called Hafi on account of his walking barefoot. Zain - ul - ' Abidin ( ^\ j^.« LtJ \ ^ ; ) metropolitan of Seringapatani, and author of the work called Muuayyad-Hl-Jahid'm, a poem consisting of 52 odes or hvmns, one of which was ordered to be chanted in the mosques throughout the kingdom of Mysore every Friday. They are in sixteen different kinds of metre, and were compiled by order of Tipii Sultan to rouse the zeal of his iMuhammadan subjects against the Hindiis and the Christians. Zain-ul-'Abidin'AliAbdi( ,.ajW^ j\ o'-V^ LS^-^-- ^ "'^'^ Khwaja Zaiu-ul- 'Abidiu 'All Abdi. ZAI^ 420 ZAKI Zain-ul-'Abidin Ibrahim bin-Nujim- al-Misri (♦-.sT^ ^: (^trl-V^*^^ ^:;^.j^ aiitlior of the Commentary on the Eanz-iil- Dacidiq, entitled Bahr ar-Rdiq, wliiuli he left incomplete at his death, but it was iiuislied by his brother Siraj-uddin 'Umr, who also wrote another and inferior Commentary on the same work, entitled Xahr-ul-Fdiq. Zain- ul-'Abidin died in a. D. 1562, A.n. 970. The Ashbdh tvdn Nazdir is also an elementary ■work of great reputation by Zain-ul-'Abidin, also the Fatdwa az-Zaiiiin, which contains decisions, and were collected by his son Ahmad about a.d. 1562. Zain-ul-'Abidin, Imam (,.,j_\jUI1 ,.,.'; aL*!), surnamed All Asghar, was the son of Imam Husain, and the fourth Imam of the race of AlT. His mother's name was Salafa or Shahr Bano, said to be the daughter of Yezdijard III. king of Persia. She was one of the captives when Persia was con- quered, and sold to 'All, who gave her to his son Ilusain. It is said that the Khalif Walk! I, suspecting him of a design upon the Khilafat, said to him, alluding to his mother having been exposed for sale as a slave, "You are unworthy to reign, as being the son of a slave." The Imam answered, " Hagar, the mother of Ishmael, the sou of Abraham, was a slave, yet Muhammad was descended from her." The Khalif blushed and was silent. He was born in A.n. C57, A.H. 37, and died in the reign of the Khalif Walid I. in the mouth of October, a.d. 713, Mubarram, a.h. 95. He was buried in the cemetery called Baqlr in Medina, close to his uncle Imam Hasan's tomb. Zain-ul-'Abidin, Sultan (^.«AjU!^ jj ^VJ^O, sou of Sultan Sikandar, ascended the throne of Kashniere, after taking prisoner his brother 'All Shah in a battle, in 1423. This prince improved the country more than any of his predecessors. He built bridges, towns and forts, and erected at 2\^au- shalira a noble palace, twelve stories high, each story of fifty rooms. He also enlarged and beautiiied the city of Srinagar, his capital. He died in a.d. 1474, after a reign of 52 lunar years, and was succeeded by his son Ilaidar Shah, who, after reigning little more than a year, was killed by a fall from his terrace, "a.d. 1475, and was succeeded by his sou SiUt.an Hasan. Zakaria (Ijij). Vide Bahri-uddln Zikaria. Zakaria bin-Muhammad Ansari of Egypt {^j\.^j\ j..^-^'« ^i ^-Ij-^j ^j^-i), an author, who died ad. 1520. Zakaria bin-Muhammad bin-Mah- mud-al-Kamuli-al-Qazwini (Lj ._^ : ^jill Jt^Ol J^^.S'* ^) J^A^^ ^j. a native of Qazwin, and author of the 'AJdeb- uI-Makhldqdt, or the "NYonders of the Creation, which he completed in the year a.u. 1363, A. 31. 761. There are sevei'al copies of this work to be fouud in the public libraries of London, and in private collections, some of them containing beautiful and correct draw- ings of all the beasts, fishes, birds, trees, and even monstei's, described in the book ; aud the account of metals and gems, a subject that has attracted great public attention of late, contains in particular much curious infonnation. Zakaria Khan (^Ir^ W^i^' ^^^"^ ^°^ of Abdus Samad Kluin, styled Saif-uddaula B;diadur Jang. He held the government of Lahore at the period of Nildir Shah's invasion of India, a.d. 1739, a.h. 1151, and died in the year a.d. 1745, 12th Jumada II. a.u. 1158. His eldest son succeeded him in the government, with the title of Shahnawiiz Kliau. Zakhmi, Hazrat (cuj;.si:^ -t-d-j), author of a Persian Diwiin. Zakhmi ( ,^:>-;), taldiallus of Fakhr- O y — uddaula Dablr-ul-Mulk Raja Patau Singh Bahadur. He was a native of Lucknow, where he was Minister of Finance. He died in A.D. 1850, a.h. 1266, and left a con- siderable Library at Bareli. A few years before his death", viz. in a.d. 1846, he had embraced the Muliammadau faith. Zaki ( j^A_^_Jb ^_^j), a poet of Ilamdan, who lived in the time of Shah Tahmusp Safwi, and died about the year A.D. I(i21, A.H. 1030. He is the author of a Diwan. Zaki ( c-j\ poetical name of Jafar 'All Khiin of DehlT, who lived in the time of the emperor Shah 'Alam. Zaki or Safi-uddin Zaki Maraghai ( i'i), but he was simply called Zaki. He was a poet, and ched in a.d. 1210, A.H. 607. Zaki Khan {^>- (/*^\ ^'^^ usurped th(> throne of Persia after the death of Karini Ixlian in March, a.d. 1779, but was assas- sinated afler two months. \_]'ide Kariiu Klian.] ZAL 427 ZAUD Zal (JU), also called Zalzar, tlic son of Sara and grandson of Narlraun. He was the father of Rustam, and these three per- sonages, viz. Sam, Zal and Rustara, pass for the most famous heroes of Persia ; they belong to the reigns of Mauuchehr, Bahman and Afrasiab. It was Zfil who drove Afrasiab, king of the Turks, out of Persia, and put the crown on the head of Zii or Zab, son of Tahmasp, a descendant of one of the kings of the Pishdadian dynasty. This same Ziil Avas put in prison by Bahman, son of Isfan- diar ; but he made his escape, and married Hudiiba, daughter of Mehrilb, governor of Ivabidistau, who became the mother of Riistam. Unfortunately, however, he fell into the hands of Bahman again, who put him to death. Zalali Hirwi (^»jSb ^-"^j), a poet who was a native of Herat, and who died in the year a.d. 1525, a.h. 931. Zalali Khwansari, Mulla ( ^Jll!: ii,« ,__s|1-wa3 i»^), who is sometimes called Ilakim Zalali, was a native of Kb wan - sar. He was a pupil of Mirzu Jaliil Asir, and is the author of the following seven MasnawTs or poems, viz. Sitlaimdn-ndma, Shiala D'ular, Maikhdna, Husn Gtilutoz, Azur wa Samuiidar, Zurra ica KJiurshcid, and Mahnvid Ai/dz, which was his last composi- tion, and which he commenced in a.d. 1592, A.H. 1001, and completed in 23 years, in a.d. 1615, A.H. 1024, but died before he could arrange it. This was done in India, and Mulla Tuglirai wrote a preface to it. Zalali Shirazi (^jl^.^.^ lJ"''^J^' ^^ author, who died iu a.d. 15il, a.h. 9-18. Zalim Sing-h (^.f;.^ J^ij), the present Eilja of Kota. Zamakhshari {^ Jls:'*-.). Vide Jar- ullah. Zaman Shah (il^ ^-"j), king of Kabul and Qandahar, was the son of Tairaur Shah and grandson of the celebrated Ahmad Shiili AbdalT. He ascended the throue of Kabul after the death of his father iu .a..d. 1793, A.H. 1207. He advanced to Lahore in A.D. 1796, A.H. 1210, and threatened to vi.sit Dehll, but soon retreatefl to liis own d(miinions, the tranquility of which had been disturbed by the rebellion of one of his brothers. He was blinded by his younger brother, Mahmud Shah of Herat, al)out the year a.d. ISOO, and confined in the Bala Hisar. When, in the year a.d. ltS39, the British Government placed Shah Shujila on the tin-one of Kabul, Zaman Shall was pro- claimed king by the Alghan.s in Jauuarv, A.D. 1842. Zamani, Yezdi (o-^-:'. ^-jl-tj), a Persian poet, who died iu a.d. 1612, a.h. 1021. Zamir (^^^J)^ the poetical name of S.avyad Hidaet 'All Khan, styled Na'sTr- uddaula Bakh-<]iT-ul-]\rulk Asad Jaug Bahadur, a relative of Alah AVardi Khan Jlahabat Jang, Nawab of Bengal. He held for some time the Siibadari of Patua, where he died in the beginning of the reign of Shah 'Alara, and is buried at Husainabad. Zamir i ^^^), poetical name of Sayyad Ahmad, the brother of Sayyad Imtiyaz l<^iau Hunia. Zamir (^_»_^_.cj), poetical name of Narayan Das, a Ilindii. Zamiri, Manlana (L3\'^-< ^- -w*>..s;), a celebrated poet of Per-sia, who flourished about the year a.d. 1538, a.h. 945, in the time of Shah Tahmasp Safwi. He is the author of the following six poems, viz. X z tea JSfaijdz, TFdmig iva Azra, Bahdr ica Khizdn. Lnill tva Majiidn, Sikandar-)idma, and Jannat-ul- Akhiyur . He also wrote two Diwans of Qasidas called Sahdef ) qmdl and Isddf Ldal. He died in a.d. 1565, a.h. 973. Zamiri, Maulana (lj\'»,< Sj^^^), the poetical name of Shaikh Nizam, who was the son of Shaikh Sulaiman's .sister. They wei-e both inhabitants of Bilgram, and both were employed in the service of the emperor Hu- mayiin after his conquest of India the second time. Shaikh Sulaiman died in the reign of the emperor Akbar, on the 1st September, ad. 1589, 1st Zi-Qa'da, a.h. 997, and Maulana Zamiri, Avho was an excellent poet, died at Safaidun, a.d. 1594, a.h. 1003, and Nawab Mubarak, Klian of DehlT, found the chronogram of his death to consist of the words " Ah I Ah! Nizam." Zamzam {^y^-,), a famous well at Mecca, whicii the Muhammadans pretend was made from the spring of water wiiich God shewed to Ilagar aud Islimael, whom .Abraham had driven irom his house aud obliged to retire to Arabia. Zangi Shahid {s^^^J^ i^'j\ ^ ^fn- hammadan .saint, whose Daii^rih is iu A"ra towards the gate of the Ilatiicapul. Zardasht (c:^JiJ,j), the celebrated Persian i\[agiau Zoroaster, who has been coujectnrally dated between 1000 and 550 B.C. Tiic religion of the first I'ersians ajiponrs to liave been tlie worslii]) of tlie phniL'ts ; Imt iu the reign of Darius Hystiispes ZAER 428 ZIYA or Gashtasp, tlie adoration of fire and the elements was introduced by Sapetnian, called "Zardaslit," and continued to be the relic^iou of the State until its conquest by the Mu- hammadans. The fugitives known as Gabrs and Parsis still follow this faith. The doc- trines and practices of this system are collected in a work called Avesta, or Zand Avesta, being written in the Zand language. The Zand Avesta was translated into French by Anquetil Du Perron, and subsequently much studied and elucidated by Eask, Baruouf and other Continental scholars. [Zardasht (corr. of Zarathushtra) was perhaps a title I'ather than a name, and applied to different men at various periods.] Zarra (i.,j), the poetical name of Mirza Bhuchchu of Dehli or Liicknow, who has left a Persian Diwan, which he completed in A.D. 1774, A.H. 1188. Zarra (i^ j), the poetical title of Mirza Eiija Eam Nath, who served under the em- peror Shah 'Alam the blind. He chose the takhallus of "Zarra," i.e. atom or dust, in reference to " 'Aftab," the poetical appella- tion of his patron the king. -tj Zeb-un-Nisa Begam (Lm.:^J1 *il«j), a daiightcr of the emperor 'Alamgir, born on the 5th February, a.d. 1639, 10th Shawwal, a.h. 1048 ; was well versed in Persian and Arabic, had the whole Quran by heart, wrote a beautiful hand, and is the author of a commentary on the Quran eniitledi Zeh-ul-Tgfdsir. She was also a good poetess, and has left a Diwan in Persian. Her poetical name was Makhfi. She died, unmarried, in the year a.d. 1709, a.h. 1113. Her tomb was close to the Kabul! gate at Dehli, but was demolished when the Eaj- putana Eaihvay was constructed. Zila'i ( ^xLj), the son of Yusaf, a learned Musalman and author, who died a.d. 13G1, A.H. 762. Zilli ( llj), poetical name of Sultan ]\Iuhanimad Mirza, which see. Zinat Mahal ( J.s-^ o ;), the wife of Bahadur Shah, king of Dehli, who was still living in a.d. 1873 in British Burma as a State prisoner. Zinat-un-Nisa Begam {\j.^\ -:.J *.x-.j), a daughter of the emperor 'Ahimglr. She died in a.d. 1710, a.h. 1122, aiul is l)uried in tlic yard of the mos(|ue called Zlnat-ul-Masajid, in Dehli. This mosque, which is built of red stone, was erected by her, and is situated on the banks of the Jamna at a place called Darifiganj in Shahjahauabad. Zingis Khan (A, ^v Chaugez Khan. U^: -sx-lj). Vide Zinut Mahal ( U'« c^:..';\ the title of Bilal Kiinwar, the mother of Shah 'Alam, king of Dehli. Zitali (^_Ljj),, (Chatterer). Vide Jafar. Ziyad (jb;), supposed to be an il- legitimate sou of Aliii Sufian by a woman named Abia. He was Mu'awia's brother by the father's .=ide, and was publicly acknow- ledged by him to be his brother. He was reckoned one of the companions of Muhammad, although he was born in the first year of the Hijri, a.d. 622, and was but 11 years old when Muhammad died. In All's reign he Avas made lieutenant of Persia ; this office he discharged much to his own credit, and to the advantage of the people. He was a man of incomparable parts and singular greatness of spirit. Besides the lieutenancv of Basra, Mu'awia gave Ziyiid those of Kliurasiin, Sajistan, India, Bahrein and Amman. He died of the plague on his fingers, on the 22nd August, a.d. 673, 3rd Eamazan, a.h. 53, in the 53rd (lunar) year of his age, and was buried near Kiifa. A little before his death he gathered the people together and filled both mosque and street and castle with them, in oi'der to impose upon them by oath the renunciation of the line of 'All ; but the plague had just seized him, and the accident was afterwards looked upon by all as a providential deliverance. Ziyai Barani ( ^j _> *L.*>j). Vide Ziya-uddlu Barani. Ziyai Burhanpnri (^-,»^3Uy *Lj), author of a Persian Diwan. Ziya-uddin Ahmad Khan, Nawab (^Iri- j^jJ»lUl,< :), the son of iN'awab Ahmad Baksh Klian, of Firozpur and Lohari. His poetical name is Xyyar and Eakhshan. He succeeded to his father's estate on the 1st January, a.d. 1870. Ziya-uddih Barani (^y e,'.-!^'^ ^:^^^ also called Ziyai Barani, flourished in the reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughhiq ami Firoz Shah Tughlaq, kings of DthlT, and is the author of the history called Taitkh Flroz S/idhl, which gives an account of eight kings from the first year of Sultan Gliayiis - uddTu Balban, ad. 1266, to the sixth year of Sultan Firoz Shiih 'J'ughlaq, a.d. 1356, a.h. 757, at which ZIYA 429 ZUBE period our author was 7-1 (lunar) years of atrc. His uncle Malik 'Ala-ul-]\Iulk was Kotwal of the city of DelilT in the reig-n of Sultan Ala-uddiii KJiilji, and his father, who held the title of Muwayyad-ul-Mulk, was appointed in the first year of that monarch, A.D. 1296, to the jS'ayabat of Baran or Barau Shahr, now called liulandshahr, which city appears to have been the birthplace of our author, on which account he calls himself in the above-mentioned history Ziyae Baraui. Barau is also the name of a Perguunah in Bulaudshahr. Ziya-uddin Ghazanfar, Maulana (Lj uv* was born at Qumm, but educated at Kashan. Besides many Qasidas and Ghazals, etc., he left a Masnawi, called Plr wa Jawan, of about 3000 verses. He was living about the year A.D. 1585, A.H. 993. Ziya-uddin, Ibrat. Vide Ibrat. Ziya-nddin Khujandi ( ..jj^J^ L»_J ^A_i._js.-^ ), a poet who died in A.D. 1225, A.H. 622. Ziya-uddin Nakshabi ( .^.^J^J ^Lwi JLb^), author of the Tuti-ndma, or Tales of a Parrot in Persian, and also of a story called Gulreiz, containing the story of prince M'asiim Shah and the princess Naushaba. He is also the author of a treatise entitled Lazzat-im-Xisd. [Vide Hasan 'Ali, the poet laureate.] Ziya-ullah, Sayyad (j,^ ^}.\ L^), an author, who ched in a.d. 1691, a.)i. 1103. Zoliak (^U:-^). Vide Zuhak. Zouq ( -i^.j), poetical title of Shaikh Muhammad Ibrahim, of Dehll, an Urdu poet, who passed the greatest part of his life in the service of Akbar II. king of Dehll, and was living about the year a.d. 1837. Zouqi Ardastani ( ^>1::<^'J;^ iji'^^' ^ poet, who died in a.d. 1635, a.ii. 1045. Zouzani ( J;i;), whose full name and title is Al-QazI - al - Imam Sayyad Aliu 'Abdullah-al-Zouzam, was the autlior of the Shariih Qasded-ul-Saba^-al-Mua'llaqd't, au esteemed Commentary in Arabic on the seven celebrated poems which were written in letters of gold, and suspended to the door of the temple of Mecca, previous to the mission of Muhammad. Their authors were Amri- al-Kais, Tarafa, Zalieir, Labld, Autar, Amru, and Harath. These poems have been so elegantly translated by Sir William Jones, that, had he never published anything else, they would have stamped his fame as a man of taste, a good poet, and an excellent Oriental scholar. Zu or Zab (i ,•; Ij ,•/), a descendant of the ancient kings of Persia, whom Zal, the father of Rustam, raised to the throne of Persia, and drove Afrasiab, king of the Turks, who had conquered it, out of that kingdom. Zu died after he had conquered Fars, and was .succeeded by his son Karshasp. This prince, who was soon set aside as in- competent by Zal, is considered by Persian authors as the last of the first, or Pishdadian, dynasty ; who, according to their own com- putation, governed Persia 2450 years. The names of twelve kings only of their race have been preserved. After Karshasp, Kaiqubad, who is the first king of the second, or Kaya- uian, dynasty, was proclaimed king of Persia. Zubari (^_/v'p, the son of Muslim, an Arabian author, who died in a.d. 742, a.h. 124. Zubdatun-nisa (il..w.^l isj-.), the fourth daughter of the emperor 'Alamgir. Her mother's name was Nawab Bai. She was horn on the 26th Eamazan, a.h. 1061, and was manied to one of Dara Shikoh's sons. She died a few days before her father, in the same mouth and year, a.h. 1118. Zubeda Khatun (^i.j'l<- iJ^'O, the •wife of Hariin-al-Eashid. She was the daughter of Abii Ja'far, the son of the Kjialif Al-Mausiir, and mother of the Ivhalif Al- Amin. Her chastity was ample, her conduct virtuous. She died at Baghdad in June, a.d. 831, Jumada I. a.h. 216. She is said to have built the city of Tabriz, in a.d. 806, a.h. 190. Zuber {JC: ^^i j^,j), the son of Eakkar, a Kazi, of Mecca, and author of the Kitab Sioian and Kiti'ib AMdr Madlna. He died in the year a.d. 870, a.h. 256. Zuber ibn-al-Awam ( Al'l ^\ j^/X was the father of 'Abdullah ibn-Zubcr, and an ciuMuy of All. Ho wa.s slain by Amru ilm-Jarmuz, a.d. 656, and his head carried to 'All, who not approving this act of his, Amrii drew his sword and ran himself through. ZUHA 430 ZULF Zuhak or Zohak ((.Jl^*^), or AzdaMk, a tyrant of Pcrsiau niytliology, who overcame Jamsliid, kiug of Persia, in a battle, and became tlie king of that country. There are various accounts of the descent of Zuhak. Some say he was an Arabian, but descended from Qaiomurs {q.v.) ; others trace his descent to Shaddad, and term him a Syrian ; and it has even been conjectured that he was the Astyages of the Greeks. All agree in one fact, that he was of a cruel and sanguiuary temper. He is described as having had two dreadful cancers on his shoulders, which the Persian fabulists have changed into snakes, whose hunger nothiug could appease but the brains of human beings : two of his subjects were slain daily to furnish the horrid meal, till the manly indignation of Kawa or Gawa, a blacksmith of Isfalian, whose two sous were on the point of being sacrificed, relieved the empire from this tyrant, and raised Faridun, a prince of the Pishdadiau dynasty, to the throne. The fable perhaps indicates an ancient subjugation of Persia by a Median or Arab tribe who used the serpent, a dragon, for their standard. There is a ruin near Bamian called by the people ' ' The Castle of Zohak." Zujjaj (_lr5-0, whose proper name was Abii Ishfiq Ibrahim bin - Muhammad, was the author of several works. He died at Baghdad in the year a.d. 923, a.h. 311, when he was upwards of 80 years old. Zuka (l^j), poetical name of Mir Aulad Muhammad, of Bilgram, a nephew of Mir Gliulam All 'Azad. He was living in a.d. 1761, A.H. 1175. Zukah ii^tJ)), poetical name of Khub- chand Kayeth, of Dehli, author of a bio- graphy of poets in Urdu. Zulfiqar 'Ali (^U ^Ijiil^j), whose poetical name was JIast, was the author of a Tazkira entitled Raitdz-nl- Wifdk, containing the biography of the poets of Calcutta and Benares who wrote Persian verses ; it was completed in a.d. 1814, a.h. 1229, at Benares. He is also the author of several other works. Zulfiiar'Ali Khanf^ld^ Iz^Uill. J), Nawab of Bandn, was the son 'Ali Bahadur, ruler of Bundeilldiand. He succeeded his brother Sbamshir Bahadur on the 30th of August, A.D. 1823, 22nd Zil-bijja, a.h. 1238. He was succeeded by 'Ali Bahadur Kliau. Zulfiqar Jang title of Salabat Khan (i^.^ ,Uil\.j), Zulficiar Khan (^l.^;. ^liLiJ^^.J), a nobleman of the reign of the emperor SJuMi Jahan. He is the father of Asad Kalian, whose son also held this title. He died in A.D. 1659, Mulmrram, a.h. 1070. Znlfiqar Khan, Amir - ul - Umra (^^■^ -.» ' ^ Lri- . l..R.ji J ' i J <>— \:».>-), styled ^asrat Jang, whose former title was T'atkad Kjian, was the sou of Asad Kliau, a nobleman, of the reign of 'Alamgir; he was born in a.d. 1657, a.h. 10ii7, and held several appoiutments tinder tliat emperor. On the accession of Bahadur Sliah in the year a.d. 1707, a.h. 1119, tlie title of Amir-ul-Umra was conferred on him with the government of the Deccan. It was by his aid and intrigues that Jahandiir Sliah, after tlie death of his father, Bahadm- Shah, overcame all his brothers and ascended the throne of Dehli, wheu he was appointed to be chief wazir ; but after the defeat of that emperor in the battle against Farrukh-siyar, he was taken up and strangled, by order of the latter, as a punishment for his conduct. His head, with that of the late emperor Jahandar Shah, who had also been put to death in prison, was carried on poles, and their bodies, hanging feet upwards across an elephant, were exposed in the new emperor's train when he made his triumphant entry to the palace at Dehli, This event took place in January, a.d. 1713, Zil-bijja, a.h. 1124. The aged minister, Asad Kjian, Ziilqiqar Klian's father, was compelled to attend the procession, accompanied by the ladies of his family as spectators of their own disgi-ace. Asad Khan, who, in hopes of making peace with the new emperor, had persuaded his son to visit him. and had thus put him iu his power, with tears in his e3'es wrote the following chronogram on his death : ^J^i^ \j Jj^i ^^y\ i>}-*J (Abraham sacrificed Ishmacl). Mchr-un- Nisa Begam, the daughter of Ycmiu-uddaula 'Asaf I