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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 jX-'^^r
 
 
 FACTORY & ¥0 
 
 ACTS 
 
 EXPLAINED AND SIMPLIFIED 
 
 BY 
 
 E. M. ROE 
 
 Hey Majesty s Inspector of Factories. 
 
 XonDon : 
 
 SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, & Co., Ltd. 
 
 /IRancbester : 
 
 JAMES E. CORNISH. 
 
 JBUmlngbani: 
 
 CORNISH BROTHERS. 
 
 [Entered at Stationers' Hall.]
 
 PulNTRD AT THE HeRALD PrESS, BIRMINGHAM, 
 
 By Wright, Dain, Peyton, and Co.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 HD 
 3624 
 
 Pages. 
 
 PREFACE v.,vi. 
 
 INTRODUCTION vii., viii. 
 
 CHAPTER I. — General Definitions of terms used in the 
 
 Acts I — 9 
 
 CHAPTER II.— Duties of Occupiers— Of Owners— Of 
 Workpeople — Of Parents or Guardians — And Others 
 — Certificates of Fitness — Sanitation of Factories and 
 \Vorl<shops — Dangerous Factories or Workshops, 
 and Regulations as to Bakehouses .. .. .. 10—29 
 
 *" CHAPTER III.— Safety, by Fencing of Machinery— 
 ^ Vats — Restrictions on Cleaninsj — Position of Seif- 
 
 ■< acting Machine — Provisions against Fire .. .. 30 — 34 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— General Remarks as to Hours of 
 Employment and Meals — Exemptions — Periods of 
 Employment in Textile and Non-textile Factories 
 and Workshops conducted on various Systems — 
 Children in Sets or Alternate Day Systems — 
 Laundries — Overtime — Exceptions for Jews — Night 
 Work for Male Young Persons . . . . . . 35 — 60 
 
 a CHAPTER V. — Special Rules in Dangerous Trades — 
 Provisions of Cotton Cloth Act — Arbitrations, and 
 Rules for — Penalties Incurred by Infringements of 
 Acts — Evidence .. .. .. .. .. 61 — 74 
 
 S CHAPTER VI.— Duties of various Public Ofillcers and 
 ^ Others under the Acts — Coroners — Inspectors- 
 
 Certifying Surgeons — Sanitary Authorities — Medical 
 Practitioners .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 — 77 
 
 CHAPTER VII.— Brief References to Quarries Act, 
 
 1S94 — Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1894 
 
 — Shop Hours Act, 1892 to 1895 — '^^'■^ Boiler 
 Explosions Act, 1882.. .. .. .. ., 78—81 
 
 LIST OF ALL FORMS, NOTICES, REGISTERS, &c., 
 
 required to be used under the various Acts . . . . 83 — 86 
 
 INDEX 87-111 
 
 410^29
 
 ERRATA 
 
 Page 24, line 17, after " An Inspector may " insert " if so ordered 
 by the Secretary of State." 
 
 25, line 14, for " exemption " read " exception." 
 
 32, line 15, for " the machine " read " a machine shown to 
 be dangerous." 
 
 32, line 34, for "hoisting" read ^'horsing." 
 
 38, line II, for " Abstract " read " Notice." 
 
 51, line II, for "where the women" read "where the 
 persons."
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The Factory Act of 1878 consolidated and brought 
 within its scope the numerous and partly obsolete Acts 
 relating to Factories and Workshops, from 1802 to the date 
 when it became law. Several Amending Acts have since 
 been passed, namely, in 1883, 1891, and 1895, besides the 
 Cotton Cloth Factories Act of 1889, and others having 
 more or less bearing on the subject, which are included 
 in the list given on the next page. This Factory 
 Legislation now covers such a wide field of operations, 
 and so many persons are affected by it, that it has been 
 suggested to the Author that a small portable Handbook, 
 with a Good Index, prepared by one who has experience 
 in administering the numerous Acts, would be found 
 useful to Employers and Employed, as well as to others 
 interested in the subject. It was pointed out that the 
 book should cover every point included in the various Acts; 
 be so written as to be easily understood; and that legal 
 phraseology should be avoided as far as possible, con- 
 sistently with precision and accuracy. Without venturing 
 to claim that the whole of these characteristics will be 
 found in this little volume, the Author has steadily aimed to 
 make it practically useful, reliable, and easy of reference. 
 It is scarcely needful to say that this Handbook is in 
 no way intended to supersede reference to the Acts 
 themselves, nor is it to be used to settle any nice legal
 
 VI. PREFACE 
 
 points ; but it is to be regarded solely as a convenient 
 untechnical guide for those who are called upon to 
 decide the various questions which daily arise in Factories 
 and Workshops, such, for instance, as to whether it would 
 be legal to work women during certain hours ; or to 
 allow work to be taken home to be finished ; or at what 
 age children can be employed, and what their educational 
 qualifications must be, and so on. 
 
 This book is published on the Author's sole responsi- 
 bility, and HAS NO official authority. It has been 
 compiled in the hope that it will lessen the difficulties 
 experienced by those who are not accustomed to studying 
 legal enactments, or who do not possess the time to wade 
 through the numerous Acts of Parliament which have 
 to be read together as if they were but one. 
 
 E. M. R. 
 
 Birmingham, March, 1896. 
 
 LIST OF ACTS OF PARLIAMENT 
 abstracts of the contents of which are set forth in the 
 following pages : — 
 The Factory and Workshop Acts, 187S (Principal Act), 1883, 1891, 
 
 1895- 
 The Cotton Cloth Factories Act, 1889. 
 The Quarries Act, 1S94. 
 
 The Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act, 1894. 
 The Shop Hours Regulation Acts, 1892 to 1895. 
 The Boiler Explosions Act, 1882.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Factory Acts apply to the following Classes of 
 Works :— 
 
 1. Textile Factories. 
 
 2. Non-textile Factories. 
 
 3. Workshops. 
 
 4. Workshops in which neither children nor young 
 
 persons are employed. 
 
 5. Domestic Factories and Workshops. 
 
 6. Laundries, as Non-textile Factories or Work- 
 
 shops. 
 
 7. Docks, Wharves, Quays, and Warehouses. 
 
 8. Premises where machinery worked by mechanical 
 
 power is used in structural work on a 
 building. 
 
 9. Buildings over 30ft. in height being constructed 
 
 or repaired by means of scaffolding. 
 10. Buildings over 30ft. in height where more than 
 
 20 persons (not being domestic servants) 
 
 are employed for wages. 
 It will be perceived that the Acts range over a large 
 field, which has been considerably extended by recent 
 legislation, and to each class distinct regulations pertain ; 
 the Occupiers of some works having not only the ordinary 
 Factory Laws to obey , but Special and more stringent Rules 
 as well; whilst those of others, notably Nos. 7 to 10 of 
 above list, have only the Fencing of Machinery and 
 Notification of certain Accidents to carry out.
 
 Vin. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It will be tlie endeavour of the writer to explain and 
 point out the various regulations as applicable to the 
 different manufacturing processes; the exceptions from 
 the main law permitted to, and the more onerous 
 provisions exacted from, certain works ; and, by the aid 
 of a good Index, to enable those interested to perhaps 
 grasp the subject better than if they had the Acts 
 themselves before them. The term " protected classes," 
 which will occur frequently in this handbook, is used 
 always to signify children, young persons, and women. 
 
 It may also be useful to point out that manual 
 labour, by way of trade or for purposes of gain, in or 
 incidental to Glovemaking, Straw-plaiting, and Pillow- 
 lace Making, by members of a family dwelling in a 
 private house or private room, does not constitute 
 such house or room a Workshop, under the Factory 
 and Workshop Acts. 
 
 Without exhausting all the Definitions given in the 
 Acts, those which are of most use are given as a 
 preliminary step, for, without their being understood in 
 their strict legal meaning, but little practical benefit 
 could be gained by any person on a technical subject so 
 complicated as the Factory Acts ; and then the Duties 
 of Employers, Owners, Workpeople, and Parents, with 
 Sanitary provisions, the Safety of Machinery by Fencing, 
 and Precautions against Fire, the Periods of Employ- 
 ment with Meal Hours, Overtime and Nightwork, with 
 Special Exceptions and Restrictions ; Special Rules in 
 Dangerous Trades, Arbitrations, and brief references 
 to Penalties incurred on infringement of the Acts ; with 
 the duties and powers of the various Public Ofificers ; will 
 be treated on in separate chapters, the whole concluding 
 with a very full Index.
 
 Factory and Workshop Acts 
 
 EXPLAINED AND SIMPLIFIED. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Principal 
 Act. 
 
 Child. 
 
 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 "Principal Act" means, "the Factory 
 and Workshop Act, 1878." 
 
 "Child" means a person under the age of 
 14 years. But a child having reached the 
 age of 13, and having obtained a certificate of having 
 attained the prescribed school standard (now the 5 th), or 
 of having attended a certified efficient school for the 
 prescribed number of attendances, may be employed as 
 a "Young Person." No child under 11 years of age can 
 be legally employed in a Factory, Workshop, or Laundry. 
 
 Young 
 Person. 
 
 Woman. 
 
 "Young Person" means a person, male 
 or female, of the age of 14 years and 
 under the age of 18 years. 
 
 "Woman" means a woman of 18 years 
 and upwards. 
 
 Parent. "Parent" means a parent or guardian of, 
 
 or person having the legal custody of, or 
 control over, or having direct benefit from the wages of 
 a child or young person. 
 
 Occupier. This is to be taken in the ordinary accepta- 
 tion of the word, no definition being given 
 in the Act.
 
 2 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Actual "Actual Employer" is used in the Act of 
 
 Employer, jg^^ for those cases where the occupier of 
 the premises may not be the Actual Employer 
 of a certain person, and it is to place the duty of 
 reporting an accident on to the right shoulders, i.e., the 
 Actual Employer. 
 
 Owner. " Owner" means " the person for the time 
 
 being receiving the rack-rent of the lands or 
 premises in connection with which the word is used, 
 whether on his own account or as agent or trustee for 
 any other person, or who would so receive the same if the 
 lands or premises were let at a rack-rent." (See p. 28). 
 
 Rack-rent. " Rack-rent " means " rent which is not less 
 than two-thirds of the full net annual value 
 of the property out of which the rent arises ; and the 
 full net annual value shall be taken to be the rent at 
 which the property might reasonably be expected to let 
 from year to year, free from all usual tenants' rates and 
 taxes and tithe commutation rent-charge (if any), and 
 deducting therefrom the probable average annual cost of 
 the repairs, insurance, and other expenses (if any) 
 necessary to maintain the same in a state to command 
 such rent." 
 
 Person. " Person " includes a body of persons, 
 
 corporate or incorporate. 
 
 Sanitary " Sanitary Authority " means an Urban or 
 Authority. Rural Sanitary Authority within the meaning 
 of the Public Health Act, 1875, and any 
 Commissions, Board, or Vestry in the Metropolis, having 
 the like powers as such Urban Sanitary Authority. But 
 for Scotland and Ireland it means respectively the 
 Authorities under the Public Health Acts 1867 and 
 1878 and Amending Acts. 
 
 Local See above definition, " Sanitary Authority." 
 
 Authority. ' '
 
 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 3 
 
 Week. " Week " means the period between midnight 
 
 on Saturday night and midnight on the 
 succeeding Saturday niglit. 
 
 Night. "Night" means the period between 9 o'clock 
 
 in the evening and 6 o'clock in the 
 succeeding morning. 
 
 Prescribed- " Prescribed" means prescribed for the time 
 being by a Secretary of State. 
 
 House. "House" is defined in the Public Health 
 
 Acts to include " Factories and other 
 buildings in which persons are employed in any manu- 
 factures, trades, or businesses." 
 
 Textile " Textile Factory " means any premises 
 
 Factory. wherein or within the close or curtilage of 
 which, steam, water, or other mechanical 
 power is used to move or work any machinery employed in 
 preparing, manufacturing, or finishing, or in any process 
 incident to the manufacture of cotton, wool, hair, silk, 
 flax, hemp, jute, tow, china-grass, cocoa-nut fibre, or 
 other like material, either separately or mixed together, 
 or mixed with any other material, or any fabric made 
 thereof — 
 
 Provided that print works, bleaching and dyeing 
 works, lace warehouses, paper mills, flax scutch mills, 
 rope works, and hat works shall not be deemed to be 
 Textile Factories. (See pp. 4, 5). 
 
 Non-textile '• Non-textile Factory " means :— 
 Factory. 
 
 (i) Any works, warehouses, furnaces, mills, foundries, 
 or places named in Part I. of the Fourth 
 Schedule to Act of 1878. (See pp. 4, 5).
 
 4 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 (2) Also any premises or places named in Part II. 
 
 of the said Schedule, wherein or within the 
 close or curtilage or precincts of which, steam, 
 water, or other mechanical power is used in aid 
 of the manufacturing process carried on there. 
 (See p. 5). 
 
 (3) Also any premises wherein or within the close or 
 
 curtilage or precincts of which, any manual 
 labour is exercised by way of trade, or for 
 purposes of gain in or incidental to the following 
 purposes, or any of them ; that is to say — 
 
 (a) In or incidental to the making of any article, or 
 part of any article, or 
 
 {b) In or incidental to the altering, repairing, 
 ornamenting, or finishing of any article, or 
 
 [c) In or incidental to the adapting for sale of any 
 article. 
 
 And wherein, or within the close or curtilage 
 or precincts of which, steam, water, or 
 other mechanical power is used in aid of the 
 manufacturing process carried on there. 
 
 1st Part, It may here be remarked that all manufac- 
 
 4thSehedule turing premises where machinery is used, 
 
 Aet.""^^^ moved by any kind of motive power, are 
 
 Factories, and also some where no such 
 
 machinery is used, such as — 
 
 " Print Works," where figures, patterns, &c., are 
 printed on any textile fabric, not being paper. 
 
 " Bleaching and Dyeing Works." 
 
 " Earthenware Works or China," except bricks and 
 tiles, not being ornamental tiles. 
 
 " Lucifer Match Works." 
 
 "Percussion Cap Works." 
 
 " Cartridge Works." 
 
 " Paper Staining Works."
 
 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 5 
 
 " Fustian Cutting Works." 
 
 " Blast Furnaces." 
 
 "Copper Mills." 
 
 •'Iron Mills," ie., where iron is converted into 
 
 malleable iron, steel, or tin plate, or making or 
 
 converting steel. 
 "Foundries," except where the process is carried on 
 
 by not more than five persons, and as subsidiary 
 
 to the repair or completion of some other work. 
 ' Paper Mills." 
 "Glassworks." 
 " Tobacco Factories." 
 "Letterpress Printing Works." 
 " Bookbinding Works." 
 «' Flax Scutch Mills." 
 
 2nd Part, On reference to Part II. of the Fourth 
 4th Schedule Schedule, it will be seenthat the following 
 Act^^*^^'^^ works are Factories or Workshops accord- 
 ing to whether machinery moved by power 
 is or is not used : — 
 
 " Hat Works." 
 
 '* Rope Works," premises which have no internal 
 
 communication with a Textile Factory, except 
 
 such communication as is necessary for the 
 
 transmission of power. 
 *' Bakehouses." 
 " Lace Warehouses." 
 " Shipbuilding Yards." 
 "Quarries," any place not being a mine, where 
 
 persons work in getting slate, stone, coprolites, 
 
 or other minerals. 
 " Pit Banks." 
 
 The Definitions in these two Schedules as given 
 above are abbreviated.
 
 6 GENFCRAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Workshop. " Workshop " means : — 
 
 (i) Any premises or places named in Part II. of ihe 
 Fourth Schedule to this Act, which is not a 
 Factory within the meaning of this Act. (See 
 
 (2) Also any premises, room, or place, not being a 
 Factory within the meaning of this Act, in which 
 premises, room, or place, or within the close or 
 curtilage or precincts of which premises, any 
 manual labour is exercised by way of trade or 
 for purposes of gain in or incidental to the 
 following purposes or any of them ; that is to 
 say : — 
 
 {a) In or incidental to the making of any article or 
 of part of any article, or 
 
 [b) In or incidental to the altering, repairing, 
 
 ornamenting, or finishing of any article, or 
 
 (c) In or incidental to the adapting for sale of any 
 
 article, and to which or over which premises, 
 room, or place, the employer of the persons 
 working therein has the right of access or 
 control. 
 
 But a room solely used for the purpose of sleeping 
 therein shall not be deemed to be part of a Factory or 
 Workshop. 
 
 Section 39, Act 1895, gives the Secretary of State 
 power to grant by order to any class of Factories or 
 Workshops that different branches or departments may be 
 treated as if they were different Factories or Workshops. 
 
 Laundries. "Laundries" are, by Sec. 22, Act 1S95, 
 subject to most of the regulations either as 
 "Non-textile Factories " or " Workshops."
 
 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Docks, Docks, Wharves, Quays, Warehouses, and 
 
 Wharves, Builders' Yards, and any premises wliere 
 Ware^-' machinery, worked by steam, water, or other 
 
 houses, and mechanical power, is temi)orarily used in 
 Builders' construction of a building, are by Sec. 23, 
 Yards. ji^^^ 1895, subject to certain regulations of 
 
 the Factory Acts, such as those with respect 
 to accidents, dangerous employments, machinery, and 
 powers of Inspectors. 
 
 ScafTolding. The Employer of persons using scaffolding 
 in construction or repairs to any building 
 exceeding 30ft. in height — in respect to notice of 
 accidents — is deemed the Occupier of a Factory ; and 
 the occupier of any building exceeding 30ft. in height 
 in which more than twenty persons, not being domestic 
 servants, are employed for wages, is deemed the 
 Occupier of a Factory, also in respect to notice of 
 accidents. 
 
 Domestic '• Domestic Factory " or " Domestic Work- 
 Factory or shop" means, where persons are employed 
 WorkshoD. ^' home, in a private house, room, or place, 
 which, though used as a dwelling, is by 
 reason of the work carried on there a factory 
 or a workshop, and in which neither steam, water, nor 
 other mechanical power is used in aid of the manu- 
 facturing process carried on there, and in which the only 
 persons employed are members of the same family 
 dwelling there. 
 
 Thus a private house, room, or place where book- 
 binding is carried on is a " Domesiic Factory," if no 
 motive mechanical power is used ; but if the Occupier 
 should put in a small gas engine or other motive power, 
 he would cease to be the occupier of a Domestic 
 Factory and become the occupier of a Non-textile 
 Factory.
 
 8 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Tenement " Tenement Factory " means " where 
 Factory. mechanical power is suppHed to different 
 
 parts of the same building occupied by 
 different persons for the purpose of any manufacturing 
 process or handicraft in such manner that these parts 
 constitute in law separate Factories," .... and 
 " all buildings situate within the same close or curtilage 
 shall be treated as one building." 
 
 White " White Lead Factory " means " every Factory 
 
 Fapfopv ^"^ Workshop in which the manufacture of 
 ^' white lead is carried on," 
 
 Retail " Retail Bakehouse" means "any bakehouse 
 
 Bakehouse, qj. place, the bread, biscuits, or confectionery 
 baked in which are not sold wholesale, but 
 by retail, in some shop or place occupied together with 
 such bakehouse," but, " shall not include any place which 
 is a Factory." 
 
 Cotton " Cotton Cloth Factory " means " any room, 
 
 Cloth shed, or workshop, or any part thereof, in 
 
 taetopy. ■which the weaving of cotton cloth is carried 
 on." 
 
 Blast " Blast Furnaces " means, " any blast fur- 
 
 Furnaces, nace or other furnace or premises in or 
 on which the process of smelting or other- 
 wise obtaining metal from the ore is carried on." 
 
 Iron Mills. "Iron Mills" means, "any mill, forge, or 
 other premises in or on which any process 
 is carried on for converting iron into malleable iron, 
 steel, or tin-plate, or for otherwise making or con- 
 verting steel." 
 
 Employ- " A child, young person, or woman who 
 ment. works in a Factory or Workshop, whether 
 
 for wages or not, either in a manufac- 
 turing process or handicraft, or in cleaning any part of
 
 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 9 
 
 the Factory or Workshop used for any manufacturing 
 process or handicraft, or in cleaning or oiling any part of 
 the machinery, or in any other kind of work whatsoever 
 incidental to or connected with the manufacturing process 
 or handicraft, or connected with the article made or 
 otherwise the subject of the manufacturing process or 
 handicraft therein, shall, save as is otherwise provided by 
 this Act, be deemed to be employed therein within the 
 meaning of this Act." And "an apprentice shall be 
 deemed to work for hire." 
 
 Machinery, This expression shall include any driving 
 strap or band ; and the Judges of the 
 Queen's Bench have decided that this word includes 
 all the operative parts of machinery. 
 
 Dangepous There is no definition given ot this expres- 
 Machinepy- gjor,, but for certain purposes (cleaning 
 of machinery by young persons) such parts 
 of machinery shall, unless the contrary be proved, be 
 presumed to be dangerous as are so notified by an 
 Inspector to the Occupier of a Factory. 
 
 Mill _ "Mill Gearing." This expression compre- 
 
 Gearing. hends every shaft, whether upright, oblique, 
 or horizontal, and every wheel, drum, or 
 pulley by which the motion of the first moving power is 
 communicated to any machine appertaining to a manu- 
 facturing process. 
 
 Wheel "Wheel Race" means, " the trough which 
 
 Race. leads the water from the sluice on to the 
 
 wheel." 
 
 Ppoeess. This expression shall include the use of any 
 locomotive. 
 
 Dang-epous " Dangerous Trades " are such as are from 
 Trades. time to time so declared by the Secretary 
 
 of State. (See p. 62).
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS. 
 
 There is no definition given in the Factory Acts of 
 the term " Occui)ier " which occurs so frequently therein, 
 but it is used in the sense of the Owner or Tenant of 
 premises who employs any person or persons in a manu- 
 facturing process (or other work specially brought within 
 the scope of the Acts, such as Laundries, &c.), and is, 
 therefore, synonymous with the term Employer as used 
 in common parlance. 
 
 Notice cf Every person on commencing to occupy 
 Commeneing". premises as a Factory or Workshop must 
 give written notice (on Form 35 ) to the 
 Inspector of the district within one month after he 
 begins so to occupy. 
 
 The above applies also to any Workshop not 
 employing any child, young person, or woman, i.e., where 
 men only are employed. 
 
 Every person wtio is in occupation of a Workshop at 
 the commencement of the Act shall, before the expiration 
 of twelve months (dating from ist January, 1896), unless 
 he has already done so in compliance with above, also 
 send this notice. (Form 35.) 
 
 Abstracts Every Occupier of a Factory or Workshop 
 
 and Notices. (except a Workshop only employing 
 men, or Domestic Factories and Work- 
 shops), must keep affixed at the entrance to his Works 
 and in such other parts thereof as an Inspector directs — 
 (i) An Abstract of the prescribed Acts; 
 
 (2) Name and address of prescribed Inspector; 
 
 (3) Name and address of Certifying Surgeon ; 
 
 (4) Notice of the public clock by which time is 
 
 regulated (to be fixed by the Inspector).
 
 ABSTRACTS — NOTICES — REGISTERS. 1 1 
 
 (5) Form 46. Notice of cubic space of each room, 
 with number of persons who may be employed; and 
 
 (6) All other Notices required by this Act to be affixed. 
 
 Abstracts The Notices "Period of Employment" 
 
 and Notices. and "Time for Meals," at the top of the 
 sheet which contains the Abstract, are to. 
 be duly filled in by the occupier, and 
 signed by him. In filling up the "Period of Employ- 
 ment" it is essential to follow exactly the directions given 
 in the Abstract, which are: — "Period of Employment to 
 be either between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. ; or between 7 a.m. 
 and 7 p.m. , or between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. On 
 Saturday, or the day legally substituted therefor, the 
 period of employment to begin at 6 a.m. or 7 a.m. 
 or 8 a.m. and end at 2 p.m. or 3 p.m. or 4 p.m. 
 respectively." No shorter hours may be affixed — 
 for instance, 7 am. to 6 p.m. and 7 a.m. to i on 
 Saturdays would be illegal. The notices required 
 are numerous in some cases, consisting of Special 
 Exceptions — such as places forbidden for meals, or work 
 by children, women, and young persons ; Special Regula- 
 tions in Dangerous Trades — overtime notices, and records, 
 &c., &c. (See list of Special Exception Forms, pp. 84, 85.) 
 No Special Exception can legally be acted upon unless 
 the proper notice has been affixed in the Factory, and 
 served on the Inspector seven days previously. 
 
 But in a Tenement Factory the Owner, amongst other 
 duties, has to affix these notices, an Occupier in such a 
 Factory only affixing his own hours for employment and 
 meals. (See definitions Occupier and Owner, pp. i, 2.) 
 
 Registers of The Occupier of every Factory is to keep 
 Children and r^ Register Book readily accessible for 
 ■ inspection and use. In it he will enter 
 all particulars as shown by the printed instructions therein; 
 enter the names and addresses and dates of first employ- 
 ment of all children and young persons before permitting 
 them to go to work ; register dates of limewashing and 
 particulars of accidents ; and the Occupier of a Work-
 
 12 CERTIFICATES OF FITNESS. 
 
 shop has now also to keep a Register Book in which to 
 enter accidents, and lists of children and young persons 
 if he intends to work women overtime 
 
 Certifleates In a Factory a Child, or Young Person 
 of Fitness. under i6 years, shall not be employed 
 more than seven, or, if the Certifying 
 Surgeon resides more than three miles from the Factory, 
 more than thirteen working days without a certificate 
 of fitness from the Surgeon. A Child is to be re- 
 examined on becoming a Young Person. (See Register 
 of Young Persons, p. ii.) 
 
 Ceptifieates A certificate of fitness for a Child or 
 of Fitness in Young Person for employment in a Tene- 
 FactOPies. nient Factory shall be valid for his similar 
 
 employment in any part of the same 
 
 Factory. 
 
 Ceptifieates AH Factories and Workshops belonging 
 
 ^fi |"^^1®^^ ^^ to the same Occupier, and in same cer- 
 
 allFaetopies ,-r ■ o > J ,. ,. u ^a 
 
 of same tifymg Surgeon s district, may be named 
 
 Oceupiep. in the same Certificate of Fitness for 
 
 employment, if the Surgeon is of opinion 
 
 that he can truly give it. 
 
 When no Certifying Surgeon is appointed the Poor 
 Law Medical Officer may act in England, the Medical 
 Officer under Public Health Act in Scotland, and the 
 Dispensary Doctor in Ireland. 
 
 Certificate may be annulled by Inspector, by notice 
 in writing, if of opinion that a child or young person is 
 not fit for work. 
 
 Certificates of fitness are not required in Workshops, 
 but the occupier is responsible that the children are of 
 the prescribed age, so he should always require birth 
 certificates as proof, as well as school certificates. He 
 can, however, employ the Certifying Surgeon to examine 
 his children or young persons if he wishes to do so. 
 
 The Certifying Surgeon can only give a certificate of 
 fitness on production of birth certificate, or, in case of 
 this not being procurable, of a statutory declaration by a 
 parent before a magistrate in lieu thereof.
 
 FEES TO CERTIFYING SURGEONS. 
 
 13 
 
 Birih certificates under these Acts are procurable for 
 6d. for all under 16 years of age. 
 
 Re-examination by direction of Secretary of State 
 may be ordered. If examination is in pursuance of 
 special rules, the fee to the Surgeon is to be paid by the 
 occupier. 
 
 Fees to The remuneration of the Certifying Surgeon 
 
 Certifying {q^ jj^g examination of, and grant of Certifi- 
 ourgeons. ^ates of Fitness for children and young 
 persons in Factories and Workshops is to 
 be paid by the occupier, and it is enacted as follows : — 
 (i) "The occupier may agree with the Certifying 
 
 Surgeon as to the amount of such fees " : 
 (2) " In the absence of any such agreement the fees 
 shall be those named in the following scale": — 
 
 2S. 6d. for each visit 
 and 6d. for each 
 person after the first 
 five examined at 
 that visit. 
 
 The above fees and 
 an additional 6d. for 
 each complete half 
 mile over and above 
 the mile. 
 
 *' When the examina-^ 
 tion is at a Factory 
 or Workshop not ex- 
 ceeding one mile from 
 the Surgeon's resi- 
 dence," 
 
 " When the examination 
 is at a Factory or Work- 
 shop more than one 
 mile from the Sur- 
 geon's residence," 
 
 "When the examination 
 is not at the Factory or 
 Workshop, but at the 
 residence of the Sur- 
 geon, or at some place 
 appointed by the Sur- 
 geon for the purpose, 1" 
 and which place, as 
 well as the day and 
 hour, appointed for 
 the purpose shall be 
 published in the pre- 
 scribed manner," 
 
 6d. for each 
 examined. 
 
 person
 
 14 RE-EXAMINATION — DOMESTIC WORKSHOPS. 
 
 (3) " The occupier shnll pay the fees on the completion 
 of the exanunation, or if any certificates are 
 granted at the time at which the Surgeon signs 
 the certificates, or at any other time directed by 
 an Inspect or.'' 
 
 {4) " 'l"he occupier may deduct the fee or any part 
 thereof, not exceeding in any case threei)ence, 
 from the wages of the person for whom the 
 certificate was granted." 
 
 Special The Secretary of State may order any Certi- 
 
 ^"hd^''^^^ fying Surgeon to make any special enquiry, 
 ination by ^^^^ re-examme any young person or child. 
 Certifying" ihe fees in these cases are to be paid by 
 Surgeons. the Secretary of State, but where the 
 examination is in pursuance of Special 
 Rules they are to be paid by the occupier, and in either 
 case the scale of fees is as under : — 
 
 s. d. 
 Under 10 hands ... ... 2 6 per visit. 
 
 20 ,, 30 ,, 
 
 30 .' 36 
 
 5° " 40 .. 
 
 .. 75 " 46 ,, 
 
 ,, 100 ,, ... ... 50 ,, 
 
 Over 100 ,, ... ... 76 ,, 
 
 \Viih the addition of is. for every mile or portion of a 
 mile in excess of one mile from the Certifying Surgeon's 
 residence. 
 
 Domestic Occupiers of Domestic Factories or Work- 
 Workshops, shops (see definition p. 7) are exempted 
 from Giving- '''°"'' ^^^'"0 ^"y notices, fixing of meal 
 Notices, &e. hours, sending notices of accidents, &c., 
 but the sanitary provisions are the same as 
 in any other Workshop, and are under the supervision of 
 the Sanitary Authorities. Occupiers need not get young 
 persons certified by the Surgeon, or give the Annual 
 Holidays.
 
 TEXTILE FACTORIES — TENEMENT FACTORIES. 15 
 
 Partieulaps Occupiers of Textile Factories shall exhibit 
 of Work in ^ placard, posted to be easily legible, 
 Faetopies. ^'^'^^^ particulars of the rate of wages applicable 
 to the work to be done by each weaver in 
 the worsted and woollen trades (other than 
 the hosiery), and also give him in writing when the work 
 is given out the same particulars. 
 
 Also the same particulars to each other worker other 
 than a weaver — in writing — except that when the same 
 particulars apply to the work done by each worker in 
 one room the placard shall be sufficient. 
 
 An automatic indicator as to the amount of wages 
 and particulars as above may be used, but Section 40 
 of the Act, of 1895, is so technical that it should be 
 referred to for further information. 
 
 Occupiers The Occupier of a part of a Tenement 
 ^P^^^"®''^^ Factory is, under the Act of 1895, relieved 
 Factories ^"^^'^^ certain duties which have now to 
 be carried out by the Owner (see definition 
 p. 2, and also Duties of Owners, p. 28) 
 except in the case of such an occupier paying rent in 
 excess of ;^2oo a year. 
 
 This provision does not relieve such an Occupier 
 from — 
 
 (i) Fencing such parts of Machinery as are supplied 
 by himself. 
 
 (2) Also keeping Form 47 (showing Period of Employ- 
 
 ment, &c.), affixed, if different industries are 
 carried on in same Tenement Factory. 
 
 (3) The Occupier of any room must limewash and 
 
 keep it clean, unless two or more tenants rent 
 the same room, in which case the Owner must 
 limewash. 
 
 (4) Must obtain certificates of fitness for children and 
 
 young persons employed by him. 
 
 Notice of Every accident which occurs in a Factory 
 Accidents, or Workshop which either — 
 
 {a) Causes loss of life to a person there employed ; or
 
 l6 ACCIDENTS — POISONING CASKS. 
 
 (b) Causes to any person there employed such bodily 
 injury as to prevent him on any one of the three 
 working days next after the occurrence of the 
 accident from being employed for five hours at 
 his ordinary work, 
 
 is to be reported in writing to the Inspector of the 
 
 district (on Form 43) by the Occupier. 
 
 And if the accident causes loss of life, or is 
 produced either by machinery moved by steam, water, 
 or other mechanical power, or through a vat, pan, or 
 other structure, filled with hot liquid or molten metal or 
 other substance, or by explosion or escape of gas, 
 steam, or metal, then, unless notice thereof is required by 
 section 63 of the Explosives Act, 1875, to be sent 
 to a Government Inspector, notice thereof shall forth- 
 with be sent to the Certifying Surgeon of the district, 
 as well as to the Factory Inspector as stated above. 
 The notice shall state the residence of the person killed 
 or injured, and the place to which he has been 
 removed. And in any Factory or Workshop where the 
 occupier is not the actual employer of the injured 
 person, the actual employer shall immediately report 
 the accident to the occupier. (Form 43.) 
 
 Notice of It is also enacted that all cases of lead. 
 Poi'soMne' phosphorus, or arsenical poisoning or 
 Cases. anthrax occurring in a Factory or Work- 
 
 shop shall forthwith be reported, similarly 
 to accidents, to the Inspector and Certify- 
 ing Surgeon of the District. Form 43, slightly altered, 
 will answer for this notice. 
 
 Thus some accidents and all cases of such Poisoning 
 should be reported, not only to the Inspector, but also 
 to the Certifying Surgeon. The notice should state the 
 residence of the injured person and the place to which 
 he has been removed. 
 
 The above extends to Workshops where only men are 
 employed.
 
 ACCIDENTS — SCHOOL ATTENDANCES. I 7 
 
 Register of Every occupier of a Factory or Workshop 
 Accidents to ghail keep a Register of Accidents, and 
 be kept. therein enter every accident occurring in 
 
 the Factory or Workshop of which notice 
 is required by tlie Factory Act within one week of the 
 accident. This Register is printed at the end of each 
 Register book supphed to Factories and Workshops. 
 
 PpweP to 'i'he Secretary of State may direct that a 
 Direct formal investigation of any accident and its 
 
 Ivestiga- causes and circumstances in any Factory or 
 tion. Workshop shall take place, when the pro- 
 
 visions of Sections 45 and 46 Coal Mines 
 Regulation Act, 1887, shall have effect. 
 
 School The parent of a child employed in a Factory 
 
 Attend- qj. Workshop shall cause such child to attend 
 
 Educa- ^ recognised efficient school. 
 
 Q°"rfl ^^) ^^ employed in sets, to make one 
 
 tions^of^' attendance on each day employed. 
 
 Children. (2) If employed on alternate days, to 
 
 make two attendances on each day 
 preceding the employment. 
 
 (3) Such attendance shall be between 8 a.m. and 
 
 6 p.m., and be for instruction in secular subjects 
 
 for not less than two hours. 
 
 Provided a child need not attend school on a 
 
 Saturday or any holidays given under the Factory Acts. 
 
 (See p. 48). 
 
 And, if certified by the teacher, non-attendance is 
 excused on any day through sickness, &c., and when the 
 school is closed. 
 
 A child, who in any week has not kept all the 
 required attendances, shall not be employed in the 
 following week until he has made up the deficient 
 attendances. 
 
 And a child may not be employed in a Factory or 
 Workshop at all unless he has complied with the standards 
 or previous due attendances fixed by the bye-laws of the 
 district in which he resides.
 
 1 8 ATTENDANCE CERTIFICATES — SANITATION. 
 
 Even if a child has been exempted from attending 
 school by the authorities, if employed under the Factory 
 Acts, the child cannot be employed legally in a Factory or 
 Workshop full time. 
 
 School The occupier shall obtain from the teacher of 
 
 Attendance j_)-,g school where a child attends, on Monday 
 Certificates. ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ appointed by the Inspector) of 
 each week a prescribed certificate of attendances ; and this 
 certificate shall be kept for two months, and produced 
 to the Factory Inspector if required during that period. 
 
 Employ- A child of 13 years may be employed full 
 "vri!l fq"^ time if he has qualified, by reaching a certain 
 veaps of standard, or has kept certain due attend- 
 age as a ances ; and has either of these certificates, 
 young These qualifications have varied, but for 
 
 person. England, Wales, and Scotland the 5th 
 
 School Standard or Certificate of due Attend- 
 ances — (250 after five years of age, in not more than two 
 schools during each year for five years — whether consecu- 
 tive or not) are required for such children. 
 
 In Ireland the Educational Standard cannot be set out 
 briefly, and is therefore not given here, but the due attend- 
 ance certificate is 200 after 5 years of age for five years. 
 
 Provision is made that if there is no recognised 
 efficient school within two miles of child's residence, an 
 Inspector of Factories may temporarily approve in writing 
 of a school, which the child can attend. 
 
 Occupier of a Factory or Workshop employing a 
 child may be called on to pay a weekly sum not 
 exceeding 3d., nor more than one-twelfth of child's wages, 
 to School Board, &c., where child attends ; and the 
 occupier may deduct such sum from the wages payable 
 for the services of the child. 
 
 Sanitation. The Sanitary Provisions of the Acts are now 
 
 enforceable by the Factory Inspectors as 
 
 regards all Factories ; and by the Local Sanitary 
 
 Authority as regards Workshops. But if there is any
 
 UMEWASHING. . 1.9 
 
 dt fault not met by the Factory Acts, but within the scope 
 of the Public Health Acts, the Sanitary Authority will 
 art on notice from the Factory Inspector. 
 
 Cleanliness A Factory shall be kept in a cleanly state 
 of Factory, ^u-kj free from effluvia arising from any 
 drain, privy, water closet, earth closet, urinal, 
 or other nuisance ; shall not be overcrowded, and shall be 
 wntilated in such a manner as to render harmless, as far 
 as [)raclicable, all gases, vapours, dust, or other impuri- 
 ties, generated in the course of the manufacturing process 
 or handicraft carried on therein that may be injurious to 
 health. 
 
 Lime- The whole of the inside walls, ceilings, or tops 
 
 washing of Qf rooms, passages, and staircases, &c., of 
 taetOPies. Factories, if they have not been painted 
 with oil or varnished once at least within seven years, 
 shall be lime-washed once at least within fourteen months 
 to date from last limewashing ; and, if they have been 
 so painted or varnished, shall be washed with hot water 
 and soap once at least within the same period of fourteen 
 months. 
 
 Evidence as Failure to enter in the Register the pre- 
 
 1 to Lime- scribed particulars (dates when each part 
 
 ^' of Factory is done, &c.) of lime-washing 
 
 shall be pviind facie evidence of failure to 
 
 observe the requirements of the Acts in this respect. 
 
 Exceptions As the Secretary of State is empowered to 
 to Lime- exempt certain Factories from the obligation 
 ^' to limewash, wash, or paint periodically, an 
 Order has been issued granting to the Non- 
 textile Factories mentioned in Schedule A — and the 
 Non-textile Factories and parts thereof mentioned in 
 Schedule B (see pp. 20-21) — special exemption from such 
 limewashing, &c., with the following provisos: — 
 
 (i) As to both Schedules A and B, nothing in the 
 Order shall affect the obligation of keeping a 
 Factory in a cleanly state.
 
 20 LIMEWASHING. 
 
 (2) As to Schedule B, it shall not apply to such 
 
 Factory or part of Factory as does not afford 
 300 cubic feet for each person employed therein. 
 
 (3) Also as to Schedule B. If it appear to an 
 
 Inspector that any Factory or part of a Factory 
 is not in a cleanly state, he may, by written 
 notice, require the occupier to limewash or 
 wash the same, within two months from date of 
 such notice, and if the occupier fails to comply, 
 the special exception shall cease to apply to 
 such Works or part of such Works. 
 
 SCHKDULE A. 
 
 The whole of the following Non-textile Factories : — 
 Blast Furnaces. 
 Copper Mills. 
 Iron Mills. 
 Distilleries. 
 Breweries. 
 Sugar Factories. 
 Cement Works. 
 Manure Works. 
 Stone and Marble Works. 
 Paint, Colour, and Varnish Works. 
 Chemical Works. 
 Works in which alkali is used. 
 Glass Factories. 
 Flax Scutch Mills in which neither children nor 
 
 young persons are employed, and which are 
 
 worked intermittently for not more than six 
 
 months in the year. 
 Non-textile Factories in which there are no glazed 
 
 windows. 
 
 Schedule B. 
 Foundries other than foundries in which brass 
 mixing or brass casting is carried on. 
 
 Parts of Non - textile Factories as hereinafter 
 mentioned : — 
 
 i
 
 LIMEWASHING. 21 
 
 (i) Such Ware-rooms or other Rooms in any Non- 
 textile Factory as are used for the storage of 
 articles (whether on shelves or otherwise; and 
 not for the constant carrying on therein of any 
 manufacturing process or handicraft. 
 
 (2) Such parts of any Non-Textile Factory as are 
 
 subject to the influence of steam evolved in the 
 process of manufacture. 
 
 (3) Such parts of any Non-textile Factory as are 
 
 places in which pitch, tar, or like material is 
 used. 
 
 (4) Such parts of any Non-textile Factory as are 
 
 places in which unpainted or unvarnished wood 
 is manufactured. 
 
 (5) Such parts of any Non-textile Factory as are 
 
 places in which any metal other than brass is 
 moulded, cast, or founded. 
 
 (6) Such Ceilings or Tops of Rooms in any Non- 
 
 textile Factory as are of slate or iron or are at least 
 20 feet from the floor. 
 
 (7) All Ceilings or Tops of Rooms in any Non- 
 
 textile Factory in which any of the following 
 occupations are carried on : — 
 
 Print Works. 
 Bleach Works. 
 Dye Works. 
 
 Engineering and Machine Shops. 
 Agricultural Implement Making. 
 Coachmaking. 
 
 Fellmongers, Curriers, Tanners. 
 Making of Aerated Water. 
 
 Making of Preserved Fruit, Sweetmeats, Bonbons. 
 Engraving. 
 
 Manufactuie of Starch, Soap, Candles. 
 Corn Flour Mills. 
 
 Manufacture of Watch Movements, Shaving, Boring, 
 Turning, and Fitting of Brass.
 
 22 SANITATION — ANNUAL RETURNS. 
 
 Further The following Factories and Workshops 
 wShing- ^^^ further exempted from the regulations 
 ExempUons. ^^ ^° lime-washing, provided that the cubic 
 space allowed to each person employed 
 therein is at least 2,500 cubic feet. 
 
 Shipbuilding Works. 
 
 Gun Factories. 
 
 Engineering and Machine Shops or parts of them. 
 
 The Inspector can require the iimewashing or 
 washing as in the former class of exemptions. 
 
 Cubie A Factory or Workshop shall be deemed 
 
 Ovep^ ^^^ *° ^^ overcrowded, if the number of 
 crowding", cubic feet of space in any room therein bears 
 to the number of persons employed at once 
 in the room a proportion less than 250 feet, or during 
 overtime of 400 feet for every person, and a notice 
 (Form 46) is to be kept affixed with these particulars for 
 each room. 
 
 Sanitary Every Factory and Workshop shall be pro- 
 Conveni- vided with sufficient and suitable accom- 
 
 GI1C6S 
 
 modation in the way of sanitary con- 
 veniences, having regard to the number of persons 
 employed or in attendance there, and there must be 
 separate accommodation for each sex. 
 
 Sanitation Sanitation of Workshops is now under 
 0^^ , , the Local Sanitary Authority, but the 
 
 WorKsnops. Secretary of State may by Order authorise 
 and direct Factory Inspectors to take such steps as 
 may appear necessary or proper to enforce the Sanitary 
 Provisions of the Factory Acts in any Workshop or 
 Laundry, who may then enforce the law relating to Public 
 Health in Workshops. 
 
 Annual The occupier of every Factory and Work- 
 
 Returns, shop shall, on or before the ist March 
 every year, send to the Inspector of 
 the district, on behalf of the Secretary of State, a 
 correct return, specifying, with respect to the year
 
 OUTWORKERS — WAGES. 23 
 
 ending the preceding 31st December, the number of 
 persons employed therein, with such particulars as the 
 Secretary of State may direct. 
 
 The provisions of the Acts as to health in Factories 
 are generally applicable to Workshops also. 
 
 Lists of The occupier of every Factory and Workshop 
 0^^" and every contractor employed by any such 
 
 by eeptain occupier m the busmess of the Factory or 
 Employers Workshop, shall, if so required by Order of 
 and the Secretary of State, keep the prescribed 
 
 Half-yearly Form No. 44, with lists showing the names 
 ^ ' of all persons directly employed by him, as 
 Workman or as Contractor Outside the Factory or Work- 
 shop, the places where they are employed, &c., and such list 
 shall be open to any Factory Inspector or any Officer of a 
 Sanitary Authority, and such occupiers and contractors 
 shall send to the Inspector of the district on or before 
 the ist March and the ist September every year a list of 
 such Out-workers and where they are employed. 
 The order now applies to the following : — 
 
 The manufacture of articles of wearing apparel 3 
 
 The manufacture of electro plate ; 
 
 Cabinet and furniture making and upholstery 
 
 work ; 
 The manufacture of files ; 
 
 Also to any place from which any work of making 
 wearing apparel for sale is given out and 
 to the occupier of that place and every 
 contractor employed by any such occupier 
 in connection with the said work. 
 
 Paptieulaps The occupier of every Textile Factory shall, 
 ^ ^^ for the purpose of enabling each worker 
 
 ^ ' who is paid by the piece to compute the 
 
 total amount of wages payable to him in respect of his 
 work, cause to be published particulars of the rate of 
 wages applicable to the work to be done, and also 
 particulars of the work to which that rate is to be 
 applied.
 
 24 DANGEROUS FACTORIES — WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 If the occupier fail to comply with this, or fraudulently 
 uses a false indicator for ascertaining the particulars or 
 amount of any work paid for by the piece, he shall be 
 liable to a penalty. 
 
 The Secretary of State may extend the above 
 "particulars" clause to any class of Non-Textile Factories 
 or Workshops, by Order. 
 
 Ppohibition An occupier shall not knowingly allow a 
 or Employ- woman to be employed within four weeks 
 Women ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^"^^ given birth to a child. 
 
 after 
 Childbirth. 
 
 Dang-epous On complaint by an Inspector that a 
 w ^^k^^'vf ^ ^^ Factory or Workshop is in a state danger- 
 ^g ^ ' ous to health, life, or limb, an order may be 
 
 made by IMagistrates to prohibit such place 
 being used as a Factory or Workshop until such works 
 have been executed as to remove the danger. 
 
 An Inspector may notify in writing to any occupier 
 or contractor employed by him, that the place in which 
 the work is carried on is injurious or dangerous to 
 health, and if the occupier or contractor after one month 
 gives out work to be done in that place, he is liable to a 
 fine. 
 
 Water The owner of every house (see Definition p. 3, 
 
 Supply. which embraces Factories and Workshops) 
 
 shall provide a proper water supply to it. 
 
 Fans. If an Inspector finds that from grinding, 
 
 &c. , on a wheel, dust is generated, and it 
 appears the inhalation of such dust could be obviated 
 by use of a Fan or other mechanical means, in a Factory 
 or Workshop, he may direct such Fan, &c., to be 
 provided and maintained. 
 
 Notice by See p. 69 as to notice to be given to 
 Cotton Cloth Chief Inspector of Factories where 
 Oeeupiep. humidity is artificially produced in Cotton 
 Cloth Factories or discontinued.
 
 RESTRICTIONS — SPECIAL EXCEPTIONS. 25 
 
 Restrictions No occupier of either a Factory, Workshop, 
 as to Wear- Laundry, or any place where any work is 
 where^^''^ given out, or any Contractor employed by 
 Infectious such Occupier, is to cause or allow Wearing 
 Disease. Apparel to be Made, Cleaned, or Repaired in 
 any place, whilst any inmate thereof is 
 suffering from Scarlet Fever or Small-pox. 
 
 Conditions An Occupier must affix in his Works, and 
 Required to serve notice also on the Inspector of the 
 before any District, any Special Exception he may 
 Special desire to act under, at least seven days 
 
 Exception before he can take advantage of it, and if 
 can be \^q wishes to give up working under such 
 
 Acted on. Special Exemption he must give notice to 
 the Inspector, otherwise he will be deemed 
 to be acting on it. 
 
 Bake- Occupiers of Bakehouses have to carry out 
 
 houses. thg lime-washing regulations (see p. 19) 
 
 once at least in every six months. This 
 applies to both Bakehouses which are Factories and 
 Retail Bakehouses which are Workshops. 
 
 They are not to permit a place on the same level as 
 the Bakehouse, and forming part of the same building, 
 to be used as a sleeping place, unless — 
 
 (i) It is effectually separated from the Bakehouse 
 by a partition extending from floor to ceiling; 
 and 
 
 (2) There is an external glazed window at least of 
 nine superficial feet in area, of which at least 
 half is made to open for ventilation. 
 
 Owners, &c., Any person who lets, occupies, or knowingly 
 of Balce- suffers to be occupied, a Bakehouse con- 
 trary to above is liable to a fine.
 
 26 BAKEHOUSES — WHITE LEAD FACTORIES. 
 
 Fupthep (i) No water-closet, earth-closet, privy, 
 
 Regulations q^ ashpit, shall be within or com- 
 
 Bakehouses. municate directly with a bake- 
 
 house. 
 
 (2) Any cistern for supplying water to a bakehouse 
 
 shall be separate and distinct from any cistern 
 for supplying water to a water-closet. 
 
 (3) No drain or pipe for carrying off fxcal or sewage 
 
 matter shall have an opening in a bakehouse. 
 
 (4) A place underground not to be used as a bake- 
 
 house unless it is so used on the ist January, 
 1896. 
 
 Regulations The Occupier of a White Lead Factory on 
 as to White written application to the Chief Inspector of 
 Factories Factories for an inspection by an Inspector, 
 Certifleat'e shall obtain a certificate, and the Inspector 
 Required. if he finds the Scheduled conditions (see 
 Schedule below) have been complied with, will 
 certify to a Secretary of State that the Factory is in con- 
 formity with the Act, and a copy of such certificate 
 signed by the Inspector is to be given to the occupier. 
 
 If it appears that the Factory after being certified is 
 in default in any respect, the Inspector may withdraw the 
 certificate, unless within a reasonable time the default is 
 remedied. 
 
 No occupier can legally carry on a White Lead 
 Factory without such certificate. 
 
 Schedule of Schedule of conditions for certificate for 
 Conditions, -yvhite Lead Factory. 
 
 (ij The stacks and stoves must be 
 efficiently ventilated. 
 
 (2) Occupier must provide suitable means for washing 
 
 hands and feet, and sufficient supply of hot and 
 cold water, soap, towels, and brushes. 
 
 (3) Also sufficient baths (hot and cold) for use of the 
 
 women.
 
 TEMPERATURE — ARTIFICIAL HUMIDITY. 
 
 27 
 
 (4) Also a room for meals for all persons employed, 
 
 but not in any part of the Factory where work is 
 carried on. 
 
 (5) Overalls to be provided for any one working in a 
 
 tank, respirators and head coverings for any one 
 working in a white-bed, overalls for every one 
 m any dry stove or rollers, as well as respirators. 
 
 (6) All persons employed to have access to sufificient 
 
 supply of acidulated drink. 
 (See also Special Rules for these Works, pp. 63, 84.) 
 
 Suitable washing conveniences are to be 
 provided in those Departments of all 
 Factories and Workshops where lead, 
 arsenic, or other poisonous substances 
 are used. 
 
 Adequate means to be taken in every 
 Factory or Workshop to secure and 
 maintain a reasonable temperature in 
 each room where persons are employed. 
 
 Wet Spinning. Where Wet Spinning is carried on the 
 protected classes shall not be employed 
 in any part of a Factory, unless means are taken to 
 protect the workers from being wetted, and where hot 
 water is used, the escape of steam into the room occupied 
 by the workers is to be prevented. (See Special Rules in 
 Textile Factories also.) 
 
 Washing- 
 Appliances 
 where lead, 
 &e.. is used. 
 
 Reasonable 
 temperatupe 
 in Faetopies 
 and Wopk- 
 shops. 
 
 Exemption 
 of Certain 
 Home 
 Work. 
 
 Copies of 
 Special 
 Rules to be 
 posted up. 
 
 If work is carried on at irregular intervals, 
 and does not furnish the whole or principal 
 means of a family dwelling in a private 
 house, such place is not a Workshop under 
 the Act. 
 
 Printed copies of the Special Rules 
 applicable to any trade are to be posted 
 up in all Works where in force, and 
 occupier to give copy of such on 
 application to any person affected thereby.
 
 28 DUTIES OF OWNERS, WORKPEOPLE, ETC. 
 
 DUTIES OF OWNERS. 
 
 Duties of " The Owner of a Tenement Factory " shall. 
 Owners of instead of the occupier (whether he be or 
 FaetOPies. "°' °"^ of the occupiers), be liable for the 
 observance, and punishable for the non- 
 observance, of the following provisions : — 
 (i) For the sanitary provisions of the Acts. 
 
 (2) For all fencing of machinery, except such parts 
 
 as are supplied by the tenants. 
 
 (3) The afifixing of Abstracts and Notices. 
 
 (4) Limewashing, &c., of all the interior of the 
 
 Factory so far as relates to engine house, 
 passages, staircases, and any room let to more 
 than one tenant. 
 
 (5) Providing a fan or other mechanical means of 
 
 carrying off dust in grinding, &c., on a wheel, or 
 where any gas vapour or other impurity is inhaled 
 to an injurious extent. 
 
 (6) For afifixing and carrying out Special Rules in the 
 
 declared dangerous trades. 
 The Owner of a Tenement Factory is the person also 
 to be proceeded against in case of dangerous premises. 
 (See p. 24). 
 
 DUTIES OF WORKPEOPLE AND PARENTS 
 OR GUARDIANS. 
 
 PartieulaPS If any workman in a Textile Factory 
 ^ ^° fraudulently alters an automatic indicator 
 
 ^ ' used for ascertaining particulars, &c., as 
 
 to work paid by the piece, he is liable to 
 a penalty ; or if any workman having received particulars 
 as to wages, furnished directly to him or a fellow- 
 workman, discloses the particulars for the pnrpose 
 of divulging a trade secret, he is also liable to a 
 penalty ; or if any person solicits or procures a 
 person so engaged in any Factory to disclose such 
 particulars he shall be liable to a penalty.
 
 ARBITRATION — DECLARATIONS. 
 
 29 
 
 Special 
 Rules in 
 the 
 
 Dangerous 
 Trades. 
 
 If any person who is bound to observe any 
 Special Rules established in any Factory or 
 Workshop acts in contravention of, or fails 
 to comply with, any such special rule, he 
 shallbeliableonsummaryconvictiontoafine. 
 
 Represen- 
 tation of 
 Workmen 
 on Arbitra- 
 tion and 
 Special 
 Rules. 
 
 Where any matter in difference is referred to 
 arbitration, any of the workmen employed 
 in the class of employment to which the 
 arbitration relates may appoint any person 
 to represent them, and such person shall be 
 entitled to attend and take part in such pro- 
 ceedings, either in person or by counsel, &c., 
 under restrictions as to costs, if any. 
 
 Parents or 
 Guardians 
 
 Parents or Guardians are responsible that their 
 children are legally qualified for employment 
 in Factories and \Vorkshops, and attend 
 school regularly. (See pp. 17, 18.) 
 
 Power of 
 Inspector 
 as to 
 
 Examination 
 of any 
 Person, and 
 to require 
 Signed 
 Declaration. 
 
 An Inspector has power to examine alone 
 or in the presence of any other person, with 
 respect to matters under the Acts, every 
 person whom he finds in a Factory or 
 Workshop, or School, or whom he has 
 reasonable cause to believe to be or to 
 have been within the preceding two 
 months employed in a Factory or Work- 
 shop, and to require such person to be so 
 examined, and to sign a declaration of the truth of the 
 matters respecting which he is so examined.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 SAFETY, FENCING, &c. 
 
 The provisions of the Acts as to the safety oi those 
 employed are very comprehensive, but yet simple — the 
 secure fencing of certain machinery moved by mechanical 
 power being absolutely enacted; or else, as in the case of 
 dangerous machinery, at the order of the Magistrates, it 
 has to be fenced, repaired, or altered ; and this includes 
 vats, &c., containing dangerous liquids or molten metal. 
 Also one or other of the protected classes are restricted 
 from cleaning certain moveable parts of machinery. Self- 
 acting machines in Factories erected after ist January, 
 1896, have to be in defined positions with respect to 
 standing obstacles, and in Tenement Factories where 
 grinding and cutlery is carried on, minute provisions as 
 to the pulleys being fenced, positions of grindstones, 
 &c., are made. Provision against fire, by structural 
 alterations of buildings, or fire escapes, and by doors 
 being readily opened, is enacted. 
 
 Fencing. 
 
 (i) Every hoist or teagle, and every fly-wheel directly 
 connected with the steam, or water, or other 
 mechanical power, whether in the engine-house 
 or not, and every part of any water wheel or 
 engine worked by any such power, shall be 
 securely fenced ; and 
 
 (2) Every wheel-race not otherwise secured shall be 
 securely fenced close to the edge of the wheel- 
 race.
 
 RESTRICTIONS ON CLEANING MACHINERY. 3 1 
 
 (3) All dangerous parts of the machinery, and every 
 
 pari of the mill-gearing, shall either be securely 
 fenced, or be in such position, or of such 
 construction, as to be equally safe to every 
 person employed or working in the Factory as it 
 would be if it were securely fenced ; and 
 
 (4) All fencing shall be constantly maintained in an 
 
 efficient state while the parts required to be 
 fenced are in motion or use, except where the parts 
 are under repair, or under examination in con- 
 nection with repair, or are necessarily exposed 
 for the purpose of cleaning or lubricating, or for 
 altering the gearing or arrangements of the parts 
 of the machine. 
 
 The Court of Queen's Bench has decided that the 
 word machinery includes all the operative machinery in a 
 Factory, thus the dies of presses, circular saws, and so 
 on, should be fenced as far as possible. 
 
 Restric- A child shall not be allowed to clean any part 
 tions on Qf jj^g machinery while it is in motion by 
 
 aid of mechanical power, neither shall a 
 young person be allowed to clean the dangerous parts of 
 such machinery (for this purpose such parts of the 
 machinery shall, unless the contrary be proved, be 
 presumed to be dangerous as are so notified by an 
 Inspector to the occupier). 
 
 A young person or woman shall not be allowed to 
 clean mill-gearing while in motion for propelling any part 
 of the manufacturing machinery. 
 
 A child, young person, or woman shall not be allowed 
 to work between the fixed and traversing parts of any 
 self-acting machine when it is in motion by aid of 
 mechanical power.
 
 32 DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 
 
 As to the In a Factory erected after ist January, 1896, 
 positionoi j^jjg traversing carriage of any self-acting 
 Machine. niacliine shall not be allowed to run out 
 within a distance of 18 inches from any struc- 
 ture not being part of the machine, if such space is liable 
 to be passed by any person. 
 
 And a person employed shall not be allowed in the 
 space between the fixed and traversing portions of a 
 self-acting machine, unless it is stopped with the travers- 
 ing portion on the outward run, but for the purpose of 
 this provision the space in front of the machine shall not 
 be included in the space aforesaid. 
 
 Power to On complaint by an Inspector, a Court of 
 (?H^^ . Summary Jurisdiction may, by order, pro- 
 Dangerous '^^^''- ^^^^ machine from being used, or if it 
 Machines. 's capable of repair or alteration, from being 
 used until it is duly repaired or altered. 
 
 (This would include a faulty grindstone and its fittings.) 
 
 Vats, If vats, &c., are dangerous by reason of 
 
 Pans. holding hot liquid or chemicals, or molten 
 
 metal, &c., likely to cause bodily injury to any person 
 employed, although there is no provision in the present 
 Acts for the fencing of same, an Inspector can order the 
 same to be fenced, and if not so fenced may apply for a 
 Magistrates' Order, as if it were dangerous machinery. 
 The Special Rules in the Chemical trades provide for 
 this also. 
 
 As to Where grinding is carried on in a Tenement 
 
 Grinaing" Factory, the owner of the Factory shall be 
 Tenement responsible for the observance of the regula- 
 Faetory. tions set forth in the ist Schedule of the 
 Act of 1895 (see p. 33) And in every such 
 Tenement Factory the owner and occupier of the Factory 
 respectively shall see that such parts of the hoisting chains 
 and of the hooks to which the chains are attached, as 
 are supplied by them respectively, are kept in efficient
 
 GRINDING IN TENEMENT FACTORY. 33 
 
 condition ; and in every Tenement Factory where grind- 
 ing or cutlery is carried on the owner of the Factory shall 
 provide that there shall at all times be instantaneous 
 communication between each of the rooms in which the 
 work is carried on and both the engine-room and boiler- 
 house. 
 
 But the above regulations do not apply to a Textile 
 Factory. 
 
 ist SCHEDULE, ACT, 1895. 
 
 (i) Boards to fence the shafting and pulleys, locally 
 known as drum boards, shall be provided and 
 kept in proper repair. 
 
 (2) Handrails shall be fixed over the drums and kept 
 
 in proper repair. 
 
 (3) Belt guards, locally known as Scotchmen, shall 
 
 be provided and kept in proper repair. 
 
 (4) Every floor, constructed after ist January. 1896, 
 
 shall be so constructed and maintained as to 
 facilitate the removal of slush, and all necessary 
 shoots, pits, and other conveniences shall be 
 provided for facilitating such removal. 
 
 (5) Every grinding room or hull, established after 
 
 ist January, 1896, shall be so constructed that 
 for the purpose of light grinding there shall be a 
 clear space of three feet at least between each 
 pair of troughs, and for the purpose of heavy 
 grinding there shall be a clear space of four feet at 
 least between each pair of troughs, and six feet 
 at least in front of each trough. 
 
 (6) The sides of all drums in every grinding-room or 
 
 hull shall be closely fenced. 
 
 (7) Except in pursuance of a special exemption 
 
 granted by the Secretary of State, no grindstone 
 shall be run before any fire-place or in front of 
 another grindstone. 
 
 (8) No grindstone erected after ist January, 1896, 
 
 shall be run before any door or other entrance.
 
 34 • PROVISION AGAINST FIRE. 
 
 Provision Every Factory, of which the construction is 
 against commenced after the ist January, 1892, and 
 in which more than forty persons are 
 CePtifleates employed, and likewise every Workshop, the 
 Sanitary construction of which is commenced after 
 Authority, the ist January, 1896, with the above limits 
 as to persons employed, shall be furnished 
 with a certificate from the Sanitary Authority that the 
 Factory or Workshop is provided on the storeys above 
 the ground floor with such means of escape in case of 
 fire as can reasonably be required in each case. 
 
 With respect to all Factories and Workshops not 
 under the above categories, (viz., in existence before the 
 dates given), and in which more than forty persons are 
 employed, it shall be the duty of the Sanitary Authority 
 to ascertain whether such Factories and Workshops are 
 provided with such means of escape, and the Sanitary 
 Authority is given power to compel compliance with its 
 requirements for providing means of escape from fire, but 
 in case of difference of opinion between owner and the said 
 Sanitary Authority either party may refer the matter to 
 arbitration as provided by the ist Schedule to Act of 
 1891 (p. 69), but the application to refer this to arbitration 
 must be made within one month after the difference arises. 
 
 Moveable On complaint by an Inspector, a Court of 
 
 ^^^®" Summary Jurisdiction may by order require 
 
 ^ ' the occupier of a Factory or Workshop to 
 
 provide and maintain moveable fire-escapes. 
 
 Doors to While any person employed in a Factory or 
 
 Open from Workshop is therein, the doors of the works 
 Inside. , • , ■ , l 
 
 and rooms m which any person may be are 
 
 not to be fastened that they cannot be easily 
 and immediately opened from the inside. 
 Doors to In every Factory or Workshop, the construc- 
 bemadeto ^ion of which is commenced after ist January, 
 Open Out- 1896, the doors of each room in which 
 wards. more than ten persons are employed shall, 
 
 except in the case of sliding doors, be made 
 to open outwards.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PERIODS OF EMPLOYMENT AND 
 MEAL HOURS. 
 
 General It must be noted that there is but one 
 Remarks "Period of Employment" allowed in any 
 of Employ- °"^ Factory or Workshop by the general 
 ment and law, and that the protected classes must 
 Meals. have the same meal hours therein ; and they 
 
 shall not be allowed to remain in a room 
 during such meal times where any manufacturing process 
 is being carried on, nor be employed during such meal 
 times. The protected classes shall not be employed 
 in any Factory or Workshop, except during the specified 
 period of employment. However, in the following 
 Factories, these provisions as to meal times being allowed 
 at same hours do not apply : — 
 
 Factories (i) Blast Furnaces. 
 Exempt (2) Iron Mills. 
 
 SaTeMeal (s) Paper Mills. 
 Hours. (4) Glass Works. 
 
 (5) Letterpress Printing Works. 
 
 (6) Print or Bleach and Dye Works (as to male young 
 persons employed in process of dyeing or open 
 air bleaching).
 
 36 EXEMPTIONS AS TO MEAL HOURS. 
 
 Factories (7) Textile Factories wherein female 
 3-nd young persons or women employed 
 
 Exempt ^^ in a distinct department in which 
 
 from having there is no machinery commence 
 
 the same work at a later hour than the men 
 
 Meal Hours. ^nd other young persons, provided 
 
 that all in the same department have 
 their meals at the same time. 
 
 (8) Non-textile Factories and Workshops where 
 
 wearing apparel is made. 
 
 (9) Non-textile Factories and Workshops wherein 
 
 there are two or more departments or sets of 
 young persons, provided that all in the same 
 department or set have their meals at the same 
 time. 
 
 (10) Non-textile Factories and Workshops, viz.: 
 
 Dressing Floors, Tin-streams, China Clay Pits, 
 and Quarries in the County of Cornwall. 
 
 (11) Non - textile Factories where the Baking of 
 
 Bread and Biscuits by Travelling Ovens is 
 carried on. 
 
 Special Exception Form 19 must be affixed in the 
 works for above privileges. 
 
 Works In the following Factories and Workshops, 
 
 exempted ^Yiq provisions as to the protected classes 
 
 Drovisions "°'- ^^'^S employed or allowed to remam m 
 
 as to not ^ room when manufacturing is being carried 
 
 being- on, do not apply : — 
 
 employed (i) iron Mills. 
 
 remaining (2) ^''^P^'' ^^^'^s- 
 
 in room, (3) Glass Works (save as otherwise pro- 
 
 &e.. during vided). 
 
 meal hours. (4) Letterpress Printing Works.
 
 PROTECTED CLASSES — DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS. 37 
 
 (5) In case of a male Young Person, in print or 
 
 bleaching and dyeing works where the process of 
 dyeing or open-air bleaching is carried on, to this 
 extent that practically he can take his meals 
 when and where others are at work, and that 
 children, women, and other young persons may 
 work when he is at meals. 
 
 (6) In Textile Factories wherein female Young Per- 
 
 sons and Women, employed in a distinct depart- 
 ment where there is no machinery, commence 
 work later than the males, subject to condition 
 that all in same department have same meal 
 hours. 
 
 (7) In Non-textile Factories and Workshops where 
 
 Wearing Apparel is made. 
 
 (8) In Non-textile Factories and Workshops wherein 
 
 there are two or more departments or sets of 
 Young Persons, subject to the condition that all 
 in the same department or set have the same 
 meal hours. 
 
 (9) In Dressing-floors, Tin-streams, China-clay Pits, 
 
 and Quarries in Cornwall. 
 (10) In Non-textile Factories where Bread or Biscuits 
 
 are made by means of Travelling Ovens. 
 Special Exception Form No. 20 must be affixed in 
 the works for above privileges. 
 
 Protected The protected classes shall not be employed 
 classes qj^ Sundays, except as specially allowed by 
 
 W)rk° the Acts. Jews, under certain circumstances 
 
 Sundays. (see p. 50) and male young persons in 
 blast furnaces and paper mills (see p. 56) 
 are, however, allowed Sunday Work. 
 
 Workswhere The Secretary of State may permit different 
 Different branches or departments in the same Factory 
 
 rnay^be ^"^o'' ^Vorkshop to be treated as separate 
 Treated as Works. This applies to Laundries — as to 
 Separate being allowed one or more periods of 
 Works. employment. 
 
 41()S2B
 
 38 WORK HOURS IN TEXTILE FACTORIES. 
 
 Also to Bleach and Dye AVorks, 
 
 Letterpress Printing Works and Works of Litho- 
 graphers and Manufacturing Stationers, and 
 
 Factories and Workshops for making Wearing 
 Apparel, 
 
 for the purpose of the " employment of women during over- 
 time," provided that each branch is quite distinct as to 
 rooms, management, and persons employed. (See Over- 
 lime, p. 52.) 
 
 Pepiod of "Periodof Employment" and "Meal Hours" 
 Employ- must be fixed on Abstract, and except between 
 ^^^ ' these hours employment of a child, young 
 
 person, or woman is illegal. 
 
 IN TEXTILE FACTORIES. 
 
 ForWomen " Li Textile Factories" for Womenand Young 
 and Young" Persons hours shall be either 6 a.m. to 
 Persons. ^ ^ j^^_ ^^. ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ p.m., except on 
 
 Saturdays ; and on Saturdays shall begin 
 either at 6 a.m. or 7 a.m., and where it begins 
 at 6 a.m., and if not less than one hour is allowed 
 for meals, shall end at i p.m. for manufacturing, and 
 I 30 p.m. for any other purpose ; but if less than one 
 hour is allowed for meals, shall end at half an hour after 
 noon for manufacturing, and i p.m. for any other 
 purpose ; and where it begins at 7 a.m. the period shall 
 end at i 30 p.m. for manufacturing, and 2 p.m. for any 
 other purpose. 
 
 On every day except Saturday not less than two 
 hours to be given for meals, of which one hour to be 
 fixed before 3 p.m. ; and on Saturdays not less than half 
 an hour ; and a young person or woman shall not be 
 employed continuously for more than 4^ hours without an 
 interval of at least half an hour for a meal.
 
 CHILDREN IN TEXTILE FACTORIES. ig 
 
 Employment Children can only be employed on the 
 ?^ !E^^'i^r®^ system of morning and afternoon sets, or on 
 FaetoS ^hat of alternate days. 
 in Sets. 
 
 Morning set may begin at same hour as if the child 
 were a young person and end at i p.m., or, if the dinner 
 hour is before one o'clock, then at the beginning of the 
 dinner hour. And the afternoon set shall begin at 
 I p.m., or any later hour at which the dinner hour 
 terminates, and end at the same hour as if the child were 
 a young person. 
 
 Employment And the period of employment of a child 
 in 1 extile q,-, Saturday shall be the same as if the child 
 Childr^ on '^^^^^ ^ young person. A child shall not 
 Saturdays, be employed in two successive periods of 
 in Sets. seven days in a morning set, nor in two 
 
 successive periods of seven days in an 
 afternoon set, nor on two successive Saturdays, nor on 
 Saturday in any week if on any other day in that week 
 his period of employment has exceeded five hours and 
 a half. 
 
 Children The period ot employment and the time for 
 ^. , meals of children on the alternate day 
 
 Dg^y system shall be the same as if the child were 
 
 System. a young person, but the child shall not be 
 employed on two successive days, nor on 
 the same day of the week in two successive weeks. 
 
 And on either system a child shall not be employed 
 continuously for a longer period than he could be if he 
 were a young person {i.e. 4^ hours) without an 
 interval of, at least, half an hour for a meal. 
 
 Two hour Print and Bleachmg and Dyeing Works, 
 p ^i^\^ j^ although Non-textile Factories, must have 
 Works. ' two hours for meal times.
 
 40 
 
 WORK HOURS IN NON-TEXTILE FACTORIES. 
 
 Exception 
 Employ- 
 ment : 
 Children 
 on 
 Saturday. 
 
 The Period of Employment of a Child in 
 an afternoon set in a Factory or Workshop, 
 where the dinner time does not begin before 
 two p.m., may begin at noon, provided the 
 morning set leaves off at noon. 
 
 Five-hour 
 Spells in 
 Certain 
 Textile 
 Factories. 
 
 The only exceptions to above are that in the 
 following Textile Factories the protected 
 classes may work five-hour spells during the 
 wmter months (ist November to 31st March) 
 if the period of employment is fixed to 
 
 begin at 7 a.m., and that 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. is allowed for 
 
 meals : — 
 
 (i) The making of Elastic Web. 
 
 (2) The making of Ribbon. 
 
 (3) The making of Trimming. 
 
 (4) Hosiery Factories. 
 
 (5) Woollen Factories in counties of Oxford, Wilts, 
 
 Worcester, Gloucester, and Somerset. 
 
 (6) Factories in which the only processes are winding 
 
 and throwing of raw silks, or either of them. 
 Notice 15 must be used. 
 
 IN NON-TEXTILE FACTORIES. 
 
 Periods 
 of Employ 
 ment and 
 Meal 
 Times. 
 
 In Non-textile Factories the period of employ- 
 ment for young persons and women, except 
 on Saturdays, shall (save as specially 
 excepted) either begin at 6 a.m. and end 
 at 6 p.m., or begin at 7 a.m. and end at 
 7 p.m., or begin at 8 a.m. and end at 8 p.m. 
 
 And on Saturday shall begin at 6 a.m. or at 7 a.m. 
 and end at 2 p.m., or when it begins at 7 a.m. end at 
 3 p.m., or begin at 8 a.m. and end at 4 p.m. 
 
 On every day, except Saturday, not less than one 
 hour and a half shall be allowed for meals, of which one 
 hour either at the same time or at different times shall be 
 before 3 p.m., and on Saturdays not less than half-an- 
 hour; and young persons and women shall not be 
 employed continuously for more than five hours without 
 an interval of at least half-an-hour for a meal
 
 EMPLOYMENT AND MEAL HOURS IN WORKSHOPS. 41 
 
 Women If the Occupier does not emi)loy in a Flax 
 
 exempted Scutch Mill either children or young persons, 
 
 hours of ^"^ ^^^^ served on an Inspector the notice of 
 
 employ- his intention not to do so, women are 
 
 ment in exempted from the factory regulations as to 
 
 certain employment, provided that the work is inter-: 
 
 Scutch mittent and does not exceed in the whole six 
 
 Mills. months in the year. 
 
 Apparently there is no specified notice for 
 this, but Notice 29 is applicable. 
 
 Period of Young persons in Workshops shall have the 
 Employ- same hours fixed for employment as in 
 Meal Hour Non-textile Factories, and the same regula- 
 in lions as to meal hours. 
 
 Workshops. And if young persons or children, or either of 
 them, are employed in a Workshop, women 
 employed therein are to have the same hours for 
 employment and meals. 
 
 Children Children in both Non-textile Factories and 
 inNon-tex- Workshops may be employed only on the 
 Factories system of morning and afternoon sets, or 
 and (if not less than two hours are allowed for 
 
 Workshops, meals on every day except Saturday), on the 
 alternate day system. 
 
 On Set The morning set may begin every day at 
 
 System. 5 a.m., 7 a.m., or 8 a.m., according to the 
 
 period of employment for women, &c., and 
 end work at i p.m., or at the beginning of the dinner 
 hour. 
 
 And the afternoon set may begin every day at i p.m., 
 or any hour later than half after noon, at which the dinner 
 hour ends, and end at 2 p.m. on Saturday, and on any 
 other day at 6 j).m., 7 p.m., or 8 ]).m., according to the 
 period of employment, and if this is 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., 
 then the children may work till 4 p.m. on Saturdays.
 
 42 ALTERNATE DAY SYSTEM, SzC. 
 
 A child shall not be employed in two successive 
 periods of seven days in a morning set nor in two 
 successive periods of seven days in an afternoon set, nor 
 on Saturday in any week in the same set in which he has 
 been employed on any other day of the same week. 
 
 On Alternate And the period of employment of a child 
 Day System. ^^ ^j^g alternate day system may begin at 
 8 a.m. and end at 8 p.m., and on Saturday 
 at 4 p.m., if the period of emj^loyment for young 
 persons and women is 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. 
 
 On the alternate day system not less than two hours 
 must be allowed to children for meals on every day 
 except Saturday, and on Saturday not less than half an 
 hour. 
 
 And a child shall not be employed in any manner 
 on two successive days, and shall not be employed on the 
 same day of the week in two successive weeks. 
 
 And on either system a child shall not be employed 
 continuously for more than five hours without an interval 
 of at least half an hour for a meal. 
 
 Workshop In a Workshop on the system of not employ- 
 on System j^g either children or young persons and the 
 Em^^ving" occupier of which has served on an Inspector 
 Children or notice (Form 29) of his intention to conduct 
 Young his Workshop on that system : — 
 Persons. 
 
 (a) The period of employment for a woman shall, 
 except on Saturday, be a specified period of twelve 
 hours taken between 6 a.m. and ro p.m., and 
 shall on Saturday be a specified period of eight 
 hours taken between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. 
 
 {b) And there shall be a specified period for meals 
 and absence from work of not less than one 
 hour and a half, except on Saturday, and on 
 Saturday of half an hour. 
 
 Where an occupier has served above notice (Form 29) 
 the Workshop is deemed to be so conducted until the 
 occupier changes it by notice to the Inspector, and a
 
 DOMESTIC FACTOKIES AND WORKSHOPS. 43 
 
 child or young person would be deemed illegally 
 employed ; and the change may not be made oftener 
 than once a quarter, unless for special cause allowed in 
 writing by the Inspector. Form 29 to be used. 
 
 Period The " Period of Employment in a Domestic 
 
 of Employ- Factory or Workshop '' for a young person 
 Domestic ^^^^^ begin at 6 a.m. and end at 9 p.m., 
 Factory OP except on Saturday, when it shall begin 
 Workshop, at 6 a.m. and end at 4 p.m ; and 
 and Meal every young person shall be allowed during 
 Hours. j.j^g period of employment four-and-a-half 
 
 hours, except on Saturday, when two-and-a- 
 half hours shall be allowed. 
 
 And for a child it shall begin on every day either at 
 6 a.m. and end at i p.m., or begin at i p.m. and end at 
 8 p.m., and on Saturday end at 4 p.m., and for education 
 such child shall be deemed to be employed in a morning 
 or afternoon set. Therefore a child in a Domestic 
 Factory or Workshop cannot be employed on the 
 alternate day system ; but women's labour is unrestricted. 
 
 And a child shall not be employed before i p.m. in 
 two successive periods of seven days, nor after that hour 
 in two successive periods of seven days, and shall not be 
 employed on Saturday in any week before i p.m. if on 
 any other day in the same week he has been employed 
 before that hour, nor after that hour if on any other day 
 of the same week he has been employed after that hour. 
 
 A child shall not be employed continuously for more 
 than five hours without an interval of at least half-an-hour 
 for a meal. 
 
 Exemptions Notices or Abstracts need not be affixed, nor 
 from tlxing' ^5-,^^ annual holidays allowed ; nor sending 
 in Domestic 'notices of accidents in Domestic Factories 
 Factories or Workshops ; nor need certificates of fit- 
 and ness be procured therein ; but such 
 
 Workshops. Domestic Factories or Workshops are as 
 
 regards sanitation under the Public Health 
 
 Act.
 
 44 LAUNDRIES. 
 
 Laundries. In any Laundry carried on by way of trade, or 
 
 for purpose of gain, the following provisions 
 
 shall apply : — 
 
 (i) The period of employment, exclusive of meal 
 
 hours and absence from work, shall not exceed — 
 
 For children, ten hours ; for young persons, 
 
 twelve hours ; for women, fourteen hours in any 
 
 consecutive twenty-four hours ; nor a total for 
 
 children of thirty hours, and for young persons 
 
 and women, sixty hours in any one week, in. 
 
 addition to such overtime as may be allowed 
 
 in the case of women. 
 
 (2) A child, young person, or woman shall not be 
 
 employed continuously for more than five hours 
 without an interval of at least half-an-hour for a 
 meal. 
 
 (3) And they shall have the same holidays as they 
 
 would have if employed in a Factory. (See p. 48). 
 
 (4) So far as regards sanitary provisions, safety, 
 
 accidents, the affixing notices, abstracts, &c., 
 notice of occupation, powers of inspectors, fines 
 and legal proceedings, education of children, 
 the Factory Acts shall have the same effect as if 
 every Laundry in which steam, water, or other 
 mechanical power is used in aid of the Laundry 
 process were a Factory, and every other laundry 
 were a Workshop. 
 {5) The notice to be affixed in each Laundry shall 
 specify the period of employment and meal 
 times, but the period and times may be varied 
 before the beginning of employment on any day. 
 
 Certain Where the only persons employed are : — 
 Laundries ^^^^ Limates of any Prison, Reformatory, 
 
 fpon? A'et ^^ Lidustrial School, or other insti- 
 
 tution subject to inspection under 
 any other Act. 
 (b) Inmates of an institution conducted in good faith 
 for religious or charitable purposes.
 
 RESTRICTED EMPLOYMICNT. 45 
 
 (c) Members of the same family dwelling there, or in 
 which not more than two persons dwelling 
 elsewhere are employed. 
 
 Overtime Overtime in Laundries is only allowed to 
 jfi . women with same restrictions as in other 
 
 Laundries. Factories or Workshops (under Special 
 Exception Form 21.) (See pp. 52-53.) 
 
 Special Health (i) Special means for ventilating 
 Rules fpr ironing rooms and wash- 
 
 Laundries. 1 
 
 houses. 
 
 (2) Stoves for heating irons to be separated from 
 ironing rooms, and gas irons emitting noxious 
 fumes are not to be used. 
 
 (3) Floors to be properly drained. 
 
 Factories The part of a Factory or Workshop in which 
 
 is carried on — 
 ?n which^^ The process of silvering of mirrors by the 
 the Employ- mercurial process ; or 
 ment of The making of white lead — 
 Young" ^ (,j^il^j Qf. young person shall not be 
 
 Jr6I'S0nS 1 J 
 
 and employed. 
 
 Children is The part of a Factory in wliich is carried on 
 
 Restricted the process of melting or annealing glass — 
 
 S'' 1.-JJ A child or female young person shall not 
 
 Forbidden. , 1 j j o f 
 
 be employed. 
 
 The Factory or Workshop in which is carried on — 
 The making or finishing of bricks or tiles, not being 
 
 ornamental tiles ; or 
 The making or finishing of salt — 
 
 A girl under 16 years of age shall not be 
 employed. 
 In the part of a Factory or Workshop where is carried 
 
 on 
 Any dry grinding in the metal trade, or 
 The dipping of lucifer matches — 
 
 A child shall not be employed. 
 In above named works Notice 7 must be afifixed.
 
 46 
 
 RESTRICTKD EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 RestPietlons A Child shall not he employed both in and 
 on Employ- outside the Factory or Workshop on the 
 mentbothin , .i u • r *u u ^ 
 
 and Outside ^^^'^^ ^^Y o" the busmess of the factory or 
 Factory, Workshop, except during the " Period of 
 &e., on same Employment." And the same regulation 
 Day. applies to Young Persons and Women, with 
 
 additional condition that it applies only 
 when they are employed in the Factory or Workshop, 
 both before and after the dinner hour. 
 
 And for these purposes, any of the protected classes 
 who has work given out to him or her, or is allowed to 
 take out work to be done outside the Factory or Work- 
 shop, shall be deemed to be employed outside on the 
 day on which the work is given or taken out. 
 
 Restpietion 
 on Employ- 
 ment partly 
 in Factory 
 or Work- 
 shop and in 
 a Shop. 
 
 If a young person or woman is employed 
 by same employer on same day in both a 
 Factory or Workshop and a Shop, the total 
 hours permitted for employment is not to 
 exceed on such day the hours allowed by 
 the Factory Acts in such Factory or Work- 
 shop. 
 
 Places 
 Forbidden, 
 &e., for Meals 
 for the 
 Protected 
 Classes. 
 
 (i) In glass works, where the materials 
 are mixed. 
 
 (2) Where flint glass is made, to 
 where grinding, cutting or polish- 
 ing is carried on. 
 
 (3) In lucifer match works, to any part in which 
 
 any manufacturing process or handicraft (except 
 that of cutting the wood) is usually carried on. 
 
 (4) In earthenware works to any part known or used 
 
 as dippers' house, dippers' drying room, or china 
 scouring room. 
 
 (5) Every part of a Factory or Workshop in which 
 
 wool or hair is sorted or dusted, or rags sorted, 
 dusted, or ground.
 
 PLACKS FORBIDDEN FOR MEAI.S. 47 
 
 (6) Every part of a Textile Factory where gassing is 
 
 carried on. 
 
 (7) Every part of a printwork, bleachwork or 
 
 dyework, where singeing is carried on. 
 
 (8) Every part of a Factory or Workshop where any 
 
 of the following processes are carried on : — 
 Grinding, Glazing, or Polishing on a Wheel. 
 Brass-casting, Type-founding. 
 Dipping Metal in aquafortis, or other acid 
 
 solution. 
 Metal Bronzing. 
 
 Majolica Painting on Earthenware. 
 Catgut Cleaning and Repairing. 
 Cutting, Turning, Polishing Bone, Ivory, Pearl' 
 
 shell, Snailshell. 
 
 (9) Every Factory or Workshop where chemicals or 
 
 artificial manures or white lead are made, 
 except any room used solely for meals. 
 
 (10) Every part of a Factory or Workshop where dry 
 powder or dust is used in the following pro- 
 cesses : — 
 
 Lithographic Printing. 
 
 Playing Card Making. 
 
 Fancy Box Making. 
 
 Paper Staining. 
 
 Almanac Making. 
 
 Artificial Flower Making. 
 
 Paper Colouring and Enamelling. 
 
 Colour Making. 
 
 No child, young person, or woman may take a meal 
 or remain in such parts during meal hours. 
 
 Special Exception Notice 8 must be affixed in the 
 above named works. 
 
 It will be noticed that several of above classes of 
 work now come under the Special Rules. (See 
 pp. 62-63.)
 
 48 CHANGING HOURS — ANNUAL HOLIDAYS. 
 
 Period of In Non-textile Factories and Workshops, for 
 
 ment^' young persons and women the period of 
 
 Saturdays' eniployment may be from 6 a.m. to 4 p.m. 
 
 when on Saturdays with an interval of not less 
 
 actual than 2 hours for meals, if they have not 
 
 ^5* J<^*. been actually employed for more than 8 
 ment not , \i c \i .. 1 j ..• 
 
 morethan hours on any day of that week, and notice 
 
 8 hours on of such has been affixed and served on the 
 
 other days. Inspector. Notice 30 is to be used. 
 
 Changing Should an Occupier desire to change his 
 hours of Period of Employment or Meal Times, 
 ment and '^^ System of Employing Children, he must 
 Meals, &e. serve on the Inspector Notices 31, 32, 
 and 33 respectively, and the change shall 
 not be made until he has so given notice and affixed 
 the notice in the works, and the change is not to be 
 made oftener than once a quarter, unless for special 
 cause allowed in writing by an Inspector. (In a Tene- 
 ment Factory the Owner or Occupier has to do this.) 
 
 Annual The Abstracts which are supplied to every 
 Holidays known Factory and Workshop detail the 
 10 DO give . holidays which must be given annually. 
 
 In England and Wales if Christmas Day, Good 
 Friday, and the four Bank holidays are given, no notice 
 need be affixed of holidays or served on the Inspector, 
 but in Scotland and Ireland (or in England and Wales 
 if the above days are not given), the Notice 34 must be 
 affixed and served on the Inspector during the first week 
 in January each year. Cessation from work is not to be 
 deemed a holiday or half-holiday, unless it has been duly 
 notified, as mentioned above. 
 
 The regulations are so numerous that they need not 
 be given here (being on the Abstracts), but they provide 
 for two whole days besides eight half or four whole days 
 in each year. After the holidays are fixed they may be 
 altered by notice as before, not less than fourteen days 
 before the holiday to which it applies is due.
 
 DIFFERENT HOLIDAYS — JEWS. 49 
 
 Different Holi- In the following named Non-textile Fac- 
 
 ^.^ ^^^^^c i tories and Workshops, all or any of the 
 Different Sets. , ,r u i -lj rj . <■ »u 
 
 half or whole Holidays to any of the 
 
 Protected Classes, or to sets of such, may be given on 
 
 different days, by using Notice i6 : — 
 
 (i) The Printing of Newspapers, or of periodicals, or 
 
 of railway time-tables, or of law or Parliamentary 
 
 proceedings. 
 
 (2) Where any manufacturing process or handicraft 
 
 is carried on in connection with the retail shop 
 on the same premises. 
 
 (3) The making of any article of wearing apparel or 
 
 of food. 
 
 (4) Manufacture of plate-glass. 
 
 N.B. — Nos. (i) and (4) of above apply to Non- 
 textile Factories only, and Nos. (2) and (3) apply both 
 to Non-textile Factories and to Workshops. 
 
 This only applies to the Annual Holidays, and in no 
 way affects the weekly short day. 
 
 When (i) If the Factory or Workshop is closed 
 
 O^^UP]®'' on Saturdays until sunset young 
 
 of Factory or \ u 
 
 Workshop persons and women may be em- 
 
 is of ployed from sunset until 9 p.m. 
 
 Jewish (2) If the Factory or Workshop be 
 
 Religion. closed the whole of Saturday and 
 
 Sunday young persons and women 
 may work one hour extra each day from Monday 
 to Friday, either from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m., or 7 a.m. 
 to 8 p.m., or 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. 
 (3) And if all the protected classes are Jews (by 
 Notice 34) they may work on Christmas Day and 
 Good Friday, but the Factory or Workshop must 
 not be opened for traffic on these days. 
 Notice 17 must be used, also as noted in paragraph 
 3, Notice 34. 
 
 These hours are not to be deemed " overtime," and 
 therefore the usual notifications of overtime need not be 
 used.
 
 JO OVERTIME. 
 
 Where Where the occupier is of Jewish religion, he 
 
 Oceupieris j-,-,-^y employ young persons and women of 
 Relifflon ^^^ Jewish religion on Sundays if he closes 
 may work the whole of Saturday, and does not work 
 Jews on the extra hour on the other days of the week, 
 Sundays. ^^^^ ^joes not open for traffic on Sunday. 
 The hours may be one of the usual 
 •* periods of employment " applicable to the Saturday, 
 viz., 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., &c. 
 Notice 18 must be used. 
 
 OVERTIME. 
 
 Overtime. " Overtime," that is to say work after the fixed 
 period of employment, is only permitted to 
 the following classes of Non-textile Factories, Workshops, 
 Laundries, and Warehouses. 
 
 It will be noticed that overtime is only legal at the end 
 of the period of employment, as it is to enable manu- 
 facturers to finish work, so cannot be worked before the 
 usual commencement of the day's work, and is not legal 
 on Saturdays or the substituted day. 
 
 Trades Flax Scutch Mills. 
 
 which can Making or Finishing of Bricks or Tiles, 
 
 Wo^rk'^^ not being Ornamental Tiles. 
 
 Overtime. 
 
 -. . • Ti if (The part of, where open air 
 
 Open Air Ropeworks \' ^^^^^^^ -^ ^^^.-^^ ^,^^_ 
 
 Open Air Bleaching \ (The part of, Open Air Bleach- 
 and Turkey Red [ ing and 'I'urkey Red Dye- 
 Dyeing ■' ing). 
 
 Glue Making. 
 
 Letterpress Printing Works. 
 
 Bookbinding Works. 
 
 Lithographic Printing. 
 
 Machine Ruling. 
 
 Firewood Cutting. 
 
 Bon-bon and Christmas Present Making. 
 
 Almanack Making.
 
 OVERTIME. 51 
 
 Valentine Making. 
 
 Envelope Making. 
 
 Aerated Water Making. 
 
 Playing Card Making. 
 
 Making up of any Article of Wearing Apparel. 
 
 Making up of Furniture Hangings. 
 
 Artificial Flower Makmg. 
 
 Fancy Box Making. 
 
 Biscuit Making. 
 
 Job Dyeing. 
 
 (Where the women are 
 solely employed polish- 
 ing, cleaning, wrapping, 
 or packing up goods. 
 Die Sinking. 
 Cardboard Making. 
 Paper Colouring and Enamelling. 
 Rolling of Tea Lead. 
 Making Gasholders, Boilers, &c., partly manufactured 
 
 in the open air. 
 Making of Fireworks. 
 Making of Pork Pies 
 I Calendering, Finishing, Hooking, Lapping, or Making 
 up and Packing any Yarn or Cloth (where it is 
 the only process). 
 Laundries (see special regulations, p. 53). 
 
 1 Parts of Non-textile Factories where Milling, Per- 
 
 forating, and Gumming Postage and Inland 
 Revenue Stamps is carried on. 
 
 2 Warping, Winding, or Filling as incidental to the 
 
 Weaving of Ribbons in Workshops. 
 Dressing Floors, Tin Streams, China Clay Pits and 
 Quarries in Cornwall. 
 I Calendering, Finishing, Hooking, Lapping, or Making 
 up and Packing of any Yarn or Cloth (except 
 Bleach Works and Dyeworks in Lancaster and 
 Cheshire). 
 
 Those numbered i in above in Non-textile Factories only. 
 Those numbered 2 in above in Workshops only.
 
 52- OVERTIME IN DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Overtime. Overtime is permitted, for adult women alone, 
 for two hours (but an extra half-an-hour meal 
 time must be given after 5 p.m.), and can only be in 
 continuation of work after 6 p.m., 7 p.m ,or 8 p.m. 
 
 And every day on which any woman has been 
 employed overtime is to be taken into account. 
 
 And a woman shall not be employed more than three 
 days in any one week, or for more than thirty days in any 
 twelve months. (This is to count from ist January, 
 1896). 
 
 No overtime can legally be worked without previously 
 obtaining a Copy of — 
 
 Special Exception, Notice 21. 
 Record of Overtime „ 12. 
 
 And Register of Overtime ,, 40A (Factories). 
 Or Register of Overtime „ 40B (Workshops). 
 The Notices 21 and 12 are to be affixed in the works, 
 and Notice 21 served on the Inspector seven days before 
 the Special Exception is acted on, and before 8 p.m. on 
 each night that overtime is worked, one of the spaces on 
 No, 12 is to be filled in, and a notice from No. 40 A or 
 40 B book sent to the Inspector. 
 
 Overtime An order has been made that different branches 
 takpn 'n ^^ departments of work, carried on in the 
 Certain following classes of Factories or Workshops 
 Factories, niay be treated as Separate Factories or 
 &e. , by Workshops for the purpose of women working 
 merits^ overtime, provided that each branch is quite 
 
 distinct as regards rooms, management, and 
 persons employed : — 
 
 Bleach and Dye Works. 
 
 Letterpress Printing Works and the Works of Litho- 
 graphers and Manufacturing Stationers. 
 
 The INLmufacturing of Wearing Apparel. 
 
 The practical effect of this is that in the above-named 
 trades, each separate branch, such as letterpress printing, 
 bookbinding, machine ruling, lithographic printing, if all 
 are carried on in one Factory, may each work women
 
 OVERTIME. 53 
 
 thirty days in the twelve months, in each four depart- 
 ments ; but each must comply with the giving notices and 
 filling up a separate No. 12 Record. 
 
 Overtime Women may work overtime in Laundries, 
 j^ , . under the same restrictions as other 
 ' Factories or Workshops, as regards length 
 of time each day, number of days in each 
 week and year and the giving of notices, and also with 
 proviso that no woman works more than fourteen hours 
 in any day. 
 
 Parts of Laundries also are permitted to be treated 
 as separate Factories or Workshops. 
 
 Regristers When overtime is sanctioned, registers are 
 n^ f' ft "q ^° ^® ^^P*" °^ children and young persons 
 Worked. employed in such Factory, Workshop, or 
 Laundry. 
 
 Cubic Factories and Workshops are to be deemed 
 
 Space to be overcrowded if, during any period of over- 
 when Over' ^^^^^ there is less space than 400 cubic feet 
 time is for each person employed at once in any 
 
 Worked. room. 
 
 Exceptions In the Factories and Workshops and parts 
 
 Allowed to thereof named here women may work over- 
 Preserve 
 
 Perishable ^'"^® ^°^ '^^'^ hours from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m., or 
 Articles. 7 \^-m- to 9 p.m., with the extra half-hour 
 for meals, and on not more than five days 
 in any week or for not more than sixty days in any 
 twelve months : — 
 
 (i) The process of Making Preserves from Fruit. 
 
 (2) The process of Preserving and Curing Fish. 
 
 (3) The process of Making Condensed Milk. 
 
 (4) And Non-textile Factories only in which are carried 
 
 on the Preparing of Cream and Making Butter 
 
 and Cheese. 
 Notice 24 must be affixed and sent to the Inspector 
 for above privilege, and Notice 12 affixed, and No. 40 A 
 or 40 B used.
 
 54 HALF-HOUR OVERTIME. 
 
 Half-houp If nlso in the below-mentioned Works the 
 AH^^^^'fl^ process in which a child, young person, or 
 where woman is employed is in an incomplete state 
 
 Process is 'it the end of the period of employment, he 
 Incomplete, or they may be employed for a further period 
 not exceeding thirty minvites, with proviso 
 that such further periods, when added to the total 
 number of hours of period of employment in that week, 
 do not raise the total above the number [i.e., sixty hours), 
 allowed by the Act : — 
 
 (i) Bleaching and Dyeing Works. 
 
 (2) Print Works. 
 
 (3) Iron Mills in which male young persons are not 
 
 employed during any part of the night. 
 (4^ Foundries, with same restriction as number 3. 
 
 (5) Paper Mills, with same restriction as number 3. 
 
 (6) Non-textile Factories and Workshops or parts 
 
 thereof in which is carried on the baking of bread 
 or biscuits. 
 
 (7) The following Non-textile Factories and Work- 
 
 shops : — 
 
 Dressing Floors, ^ 
 
 Tin Streams, (in the County of 
 
 China Clay Pits and t Cornwall. 
 Quarries. ) 
 
 And this extra half-hour cannot be taken at the meal- 
 times. 
 
 Notice 22 must be affixed and sent to the Inspector 
 for above privilege, and No. 12 and No. 40 A or 40 B 
 books are to be used. 
 
 Employ- Young persons and women in the process of 
 
 in^Turk v "^^'^^y ^^'^ Dyeing may work until 
 
 RedDyeing- 4 30 pui. on Saturdays, but the additional 
 
 may be on hours so worked shall be counted as part of 
 
 Saturday the week's work, which shall not be exceeded 
 
 Zo'f,.m. («•. dehorns,. 
 
 Special Exception Notice 14 must be used.
 
 OVliRTIME — REPAIRS. 
 
 55 
 
 Overtime 
 of Young 
 Persons 
 and 
 
 Women in 
 Turkey Red 
 Dyeing and 
 Open-air 
 Bleaching. 
 
 Young 
 Persons 
 in Repairs 
 in Factory 
 or in 
 Curing 
 Fish. 
 
 Employment is specifically unrestricted for 
 young persons and women to prevent 
 damage from spontaneous combustion in 
 Turkey Red Dyeing, or from extraordinary 
 atmospheric influence in the process of open- 
 air bleaching. 
 
 Special Exception Notice 23 must be used as 
 well as No. 12 and 40 A or 40 B books. 
 
 Likewise a young person, being a mechanic, 
 artisan, or labourer, working only in repairing 
 either the machinery in or any part of a 
 Factory or Workshop ; or in gutting, salting, 
 and packing fish immediately upon its arrival 
 in the fishing boats ; is unrestricted as to 
 hours of employment. 
 
 The 
 
 Process of 
 Cleaning, 
 &c., Fruit 
 in the 
 Summer 
 Months. 
 
 Likewise the cleaning and preparing fruit so far 
 as is necessary to prevent it spoiling on its 
 arrival at a Factory or Workshop during the 
 months of June, July, August, and Septem- 
 ber is allowed at all hours to be carried on 
 by young persons and women. 
 The above three are the only provisions which permit 
 young persons or women working unrestrictedly beyond 
 the fixed periods of employment, and it will be seen 
 that the nature of the work must necessarily not be 
 of long duration. 
 
 Overtime 
 
 for 
 
 Factories 
 
 Driven 
 
 by Water 
 
 Power. 
 
 Where water power alone is used m a Factory 
 to move the machinery, overtime from 6 
 a.m. to 7 p.m. is permitted to young persons 
 and women, but the proper meal hours must 
 be given, and they may not be so employed 
 on Saturday, and this overtime shall not 
 extend beyond the time already lost during the previous 
 twelve months, and in Factories stopped by drought 
 such overtime shall not extend to more than ninety-six 
 days in any twelve months, and in those stopped by 
 floods to forty-eight days in the same period.
 
 56 NIGHT WORK — DAY AND NIGHT SHIFTS. 
 
 Notice of the time lost and cause to be reported to 
 the Inspector within three days, and 
 
 Notice of the recovery of the time lost shall be 
 reported to the Inspector day by day. 
 
 Notice 25 to be used, also No. 12 and 40 A or 40 B. 
 
 This Exception does not extend to children. 
 
 Nightwork In the following specified Factories and 
 for Male Workshops male young persons may be 
 Persons. employed during the night, under con- 
 
 ditions given on Notice 26, which must be 
 affixed and sent to the Inspector. The conditions are : — 
 (i) The period of employment not to exceed twelve 
 consecutive hours. 
 
 (2) Meal hours are to be fixed of the proper length, 
 
 i.e., one and a half hours out of the twelve. 
 
 (3) Such young person, if employed during any part 
 
 of the night, shall not be employed during any 
 part of the twelve hours preceding or succeeding 
 the period of employment. 
 
 (4) And shall not be employed more than six nights 
 
 (or in Blast Furnaces or Paper Mills seven 
 nights) in any two weeks. 
 
 (5) The short day on Saturday and the annual holi- 
 
 days need not be given to such young persons. 
 (After the ist January, 1897, the above regulations will 
 only apply to those of fourteen years and upwards). 
 
 Faetopies, &e., (i) Blast Furnaces. 
 
 where Male Young: (2) iron Mills. 
 
 oir^'anT'^ Night (3) Letterpress Printing Works. 
 
 Shifts. (4) Paper Mills. 
 
 Factories, (i) Oil and Seed Crushing Mills. 
 
 &c., where (3) Copper and Yellow Metal Rolling 
 
 Males of 16 ^ \\\]u 
 
 andupwards , , ^^^'"s- , ^t, , „t , • . • u 
 
 may work (3) Iro" and Metal Tube Works in which 
 
 Day and Furnaces are used. 
 
 Night Shifts. (4) The Knocking Out and Cutting De- 
 partments of Non-textile Factories in Loaf-sugar Refining.
 
 TWO OR THREE SHIFTS. 57 
 
 (5) Such parts of Mineral Dressing Floors in Cornwall 
 
 as are appropriated to calcining and stamping. 
 
 (6) The Galvanizuig of Metal in Non-textile Factories. 
 
 (7) China Clay Works. 
 
 (8) Iron Ore Washing. 
 
 It should be noted that male young persons of all 
 ages may be employed in the first list, but only those 
 over 16 years old in the latter. 
 
 And also that young persons employed during the 
 night can only be employed in a process incidental to tne 
 business of the Factory as given in the 4th Schedule, 
 Part I., Act 1878. For instance, in " Blast Furnaces," 
 i.e., any Blast Furnace or other Furnace or Premises in 
 or on which the process of smelting or otherwise 
 obtaining any metal from the ores is carried on ; thus, a 
 young person would be illegally employed at night in a 
 Blast Furnace who was engaged otherwise than in 
 obtaining metal from ore. See definitions of " Blast 
 Furnaces," " Iron Mills," " Paper Mills," and " Letter- 
 press Printing Works," which are those given in the 
 Schedule, and are amongst the above lists. 
 
 Notice 26 must be affixed and sent to the Inspector. 
 
 Instead of The 1895 Act provides an alternative to the 
 of^Twfilvff twelve-hour shifts, by allowing three shifts of 
 Hours each '^°'- ^^^^^ ^^^^ eight hours each, provided 
 may be the interval between each two shifts is two 
 Three unemployed shifts. 
 
 of E^^hf '^^'^ allows young persons to work every night 
 Hours. ^^ ^^^ week if they have a rest of two shifts 
 
 length between their work. 
 
 In Process In a Factory where the printing of newspapers 
 
 9,„, ^"^^'^S" is carried on, on not more than two niizhts a 
 
 papers week, male young persons of 16 may work 
 
 Young" as adults, viz. : — unrestrictedly, except they 
 
 Persons of may not be employed "more than twelve 
 
 * iLi?®v* hours continuously." 
 at Night. •' 
 
 Notice 27 must be used.
 
 58 GLASSWORKS — RXKEHOUSES. 
 
 To interpret the above proviso "more than twelve 
 hours continuously" is somewhat difficult. It was intro- 
 duced into the Act of 1895. As a young person may 
 work ordinarily to 6, 7, or 8 p.m., according to the hour 
 he commences, and night is defined to be from 9 p.m. 
 to 6 the following morning, if the young person leaves 
 off at 6, 7, or 8 p.m., and recommences at 9 p.m. (the 
 commencement of "night") he does not work con- 
 tinuously, for he has an interval of 3, 2, or i hours. But 
 if he works the night through until 6 a.m. he must have 
 a rest or break (duration unfixed) at 9 a.m , otherwise he 
 will be employed " continuously more than twelve hours." 
 
 Employ- Male young persons may work the accustomed 
 
 mentof j^g^ j .. Glass Works," with the follow- 
 
 MaleYoung' • 
 
 Persons '"§ provisos :— 
 
 in Glass (i) Total hours not to exceed 60 in the 
 
 Works. week. 
 
 (2) Periods of Employment not to exceed 
 14 hours in four separate turns per week ; or 12 
 hours in five turns ; or 10 hours in six turns ; and 
 so on up to not more than nine turns. 
 
 (3) And he shall have an interval of at least one full 
 
 turn between any two turns. 
 
 (4) And in no case is a young person to be employed 
 
 on Sundays in such works. 
 
 (5) And such a young person shall not be employed 
 
 continuously for more than five hours without 
 an interval of at least half-an hour for a meal. 
 After the ist January, 1897, only males of 14 years 
 and upwards are to be allowed to work thus. 
 Notice 28 to be used. 
 
 Young Male young persons of above 16 years of age 
 
 fe^^^BaV^ may work in that part of a bakehouse 
 
 houses. where baking bread is carried on between 
 
 5 a.m. and 9 p.m., provided — 
 
 (i) Where he is employed on any day before the 
 
 beginning or after the end of the ordinary period
 
 LACE FACTORIES. 59 
 
 of employment he shall have for meals and 
 absence not less than seven hours between the 
 said hours. 
 
 (2) And if on any day he begins before the ordinary 
 
 period of employment, he shall not be employed 
 after it ends. 
 
 (3) And if on any day he works after the ordinary 
 
 period of employment, he shall not be employed 
 the next morning before the beginning of said 
 period. The ordinary period of employment is 
 meant the period of employment in Factories 
 beginning at 6 a.m., 7 a.m., or 8 a.m., and 
 ending at like hours p.m. 
 Notice 1 1 must be used. 
 
 Young" Male young persons of above 16 years of age 
 
 persons of j-,-,j,y work in a Textile Factory for the 
 16 in Laee -^ , . r i u 4. j 
 
 Factories, nianufacture of lace between 4 a.m. and 
 
 [Q p.m., provided — 
 (i) Where he is employed on any day before the 
 beginning or after the end of the ordinary period 
 of employment, he shall have for meals and 
 absence not less than nine hours between said 
 hours. 
 
 (2) And if on any day he begins before the ordinary 
 
 period of employment, he shall not be employed 
 after it ends. 
 
 (3) And if on any day he works after the ordinary 
 
 period of employment, he shall not be employed 
 the next morning before the beginning of the 
 said period. 
 Notices 10 must be used. 
 
 9 a.m., to In certain Factories and Workshops men- 
 
 9P-"^- tioned below young persons and women 
 
 to Young ™''^y h^^^ ^^^'^^ "Period of Employment," 
 
 Persons if so fixed and specified in the notice, 
 
 and from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., but the period of 
 
 Women. employment for children shall end at 8 p.m.
 
 6o ANOTIIF.R DAY FOR SAIURUAY. 
 
 (i) Workshops where Fish Curing is carried on. 
 
 (2) Bookbinding in the ]\Ietroi)olis between 1st 
 
 September and the last day of February, subject 
 to Hmilation of space as in overtime. 
 
 (3) Workrooms in Drapers' Retail Establishments in 
 
 Manchester and Salford, subject to overtime 
 limits of space. 
 
 (4) In Manufacture of Straw Hats and Bonnets, 
 
 subject to overtime limits of space, and that 
 women do not work after 9 p.m. 
 Notice 9 is to be used. 
 
 Substitu- In the following Non-textile Factories and 
 ^^^^ , Workshops the occupier may substitute 
 
 day fop another day in Heu of Saturday (when the 
 
 Saturday, hours are shorter and no overtime is per- 
 mitted) : — 
 (i) Non-textile Factories, where Printing of News- 
 papers, of Periodicals, of Railway Time Tables, 
 or of Law and Parliamentary Proceedings. 
 
 (2) Non-textile Factories and Workshops where a 
 
 manufacturing process or handicraft is carried 
 on in connection with a Retail Shop on the same 
 Premises. 
 
 (3) Non-textile Factories and Workshops where the 
 
 Making of any Article of Wearing Apparel or 
 Food is carried on. 
 
 (4) Non-textile Factories and Workshops in places 
 
 in which the Market Day is Saturday, or in 
 which a Special Day has been set apart for 
 Weekly Half-holiday. 
 
 (5) Dressing Floors, Tin Streams, China Clay Pits, 
 
 and Quarries in Cornwall. 
 Notice 13 must be used. 
 
 Overtime Overtime is not permitted to women in a 
 
 Forbidden Workshop conducted on the system of not 
 in Certain ^ • •u■^^ 
 
 Workshops employmg children or young persons.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SPECIAL RULES IN DANGEROUS TRADES 
 
 AND PROVISIONS OF COTTON CLOTH 
 
 ACT, 188 9. 
 
 Special The Secretary of State may certify that any 
 
 Rules. machinery or process or description of 
 
 manual labour in a Factory or Workshop 
 (other than a Domestic Workshop) is dangerous to life 
 or limb, or dangerous or injurious to health, or that the 
 provisions as to the admission of fresh air are not sufificient, 
 or that dust generated is dangerous or injurious to health, 
 and then the Chief Inspector may serve on the occupier 
 a notice in writing proposing Special Rules, or requiring 
 the adoption of certain special measures. 
 
 And unless within twenty-one days after the receipt 
 of such notice the occupier serves on the Chief Inspector 
 a notice in writing that he objects to such rules, &c., they 
 shall be established. 
 
 The above is now further extended by power being 
 given to the Chief Inspector to prohibit the employment 
 or modify or Hmit the period of employment of all or 
 any class of persons, provided that as regards adult males 
 the Special Rules shall be laid for forty days before the 
 Houses of Parliament before becoming operative. 
 
 In case of objection and the Secretary of State and 
 the occupier do not agree the matter can be referred to 
 arbitration. The ist Schedule of the Act of 1891 
 provides for such arbitration. (See p. 69.)
 
 62 
 
 DANGEROUS TRADES. 
 
 Trades 
 
 Declared 
 
 Dangerous 
 
 the Manufacture of 
 
 (3) 
 
 (4) 
 
 (5) 
 
 (i) Processes in 
 
 White Lead. 
 (2) The Manufacture of Red, Orange, 
 or Yellow Lead. 
 Lead Smelting. 
 
 The ]\Lanufacture of Paints, Colours, and the 
 Extraction of Arsenic. 
 
 The Enamelling of Iron Plates (only applicable 
 in works or parts thereof where lead, arsenic, or 
 antimony is used). 
 
 (6) The Manufacture of Lucifer Matches (Factories 
 where white or yellow phosphorus is used). 
 
 (7) The Manufacture of Earthenware or China. 
 
 (8) The Manufacture of Explosives in which di-nitro- 
 benzole is used. 
 
 (9) Chemical Works. 
 
 (10) Quarries. 
 
 (11) The Tinning and Enamelling of Iron Hollow-ware 
 (only applicable where lead or arsenic is used). 
 
 Electric Accumulator Works. 
 Flax Mills and Linen Factories. 
 Processes in the Mixing and Casting of Brass, 
 Gun Metal, Bell Metal, White Metal, Delta 
 Metal, Phosphor Bronze, and Manilla Mixture. 
 The Tinning and Enamelling of Metal Hollow- 
 ware and Cooking Utensils. (Only applicable 
 when lead or arsenic is used in.) 
 Processes in which Yellow Chromate of Lead is 
 used or in which goods dyed with it undergo the 
 process of Bundling or Noddling, Winding, 
 Reeling, Weaving, or any other treatment. 
 (17) Bichromate Works (Chemical Works). 
 The special rules are sent to every occupier or owner 
 of a Factory or Workshop where they are established, and 
 must be kept affixed therein and in a legible state. 
 
 The provisions are so numerous and exact that they 
 cannot be here given, but the notice can always be 
 obtained on application to the Chief Inspector, Home 
 Office, London, or from one of H.M. Superintending 
 Inspectors. 
 
 (12) 
 (13) 
 
 (14) 
 
 (15) 
 
 (16)
 
 SPECIAL RULES, 63 
 
 Trades in Special Rules have been established (some 
 ^hieh j,-, ry^ amended form) in all the trades given 
 
 have been on p. 62, except that numbered 10 (Quarries), 
 Established, but certain provisions of the Metalliferous 
 Mines Acts of 1872, 1S75, ''^"^ ^^9^ '^ow 
 apply to Quarries which in any part are more than 20 feet 
 deep. (See p. 78.) 
 
 General Generally speaking these Special Rules are 
 
 S^OP® . very minute, and embrace not only the 
 Rules^^^^ duties of the occupiers, but also entail 
 duties on the persons employed. They 
 embrace precautions against poisonous substances being 
 inhaled or absorbed into the system, by means of 
 respirators, aids to personal cleanliness, periodical 
 medical inspection of the workers, prohibition as to 
 taking food in the works (except in special dining 
 rooms), sanitary drink suggested, special registers to be 
 kept, the fencing of every uncovered pot, &c., containing 
 dangerous liquid which is less than three feet in height 
 above the ground, no unfenced gangways across such 
 open pots, the efficient lighting of dangerous places, and 
 other regulations too numerous to mention. 
 
 The Secretary of State may amend Special Rules after 
 they are established, and the occupier where they are 
 established may propose to the Chief Inspector any 
 amendments to modify them. Such proposals to be 
 treated as the original Rules, in case of dispute, by 
 arbitration. 
 
 Cotton The Cotton Cloth Factories (see definition, 
 
 F^°\*^ . p. 8) Act, 1889, is now applied to all Textile 
 
 Act Applies F'^ictories in which atmospheric humidity is 
 
 to Certain artificially produced by steaming or other 
 
 Textile mechanical appliances, and which is not 
 
 Factories subject to Special Rules. (See No. 13 in 
 list of "Trades declared Dangerous," p. 62.) 
 
 A Special Abstract, No. 48, is to be affixed in these 
 works.
 
 64 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture and 
 Humidity 
 of the 
 Atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 (i) The amount of moisture in the 
 atmosphere of a Cotton Cloth 
 Factory shall not at any time be 
 in excess of such amount as is 
 represented by the number of 
 grains of moisture per cubic foot 
 of air shown in Column L, Schedule A (see 
 below), opposite to such figure in Column II. as 
 represents the temperature existing in such 
 Cotton Cloth Factory at such time. 
 Provided that in a Cotton Cloth Factory the tempera- 
 ture shall not at any time be artificially raised 
 above 70 degrees, except as may be necessary in 
 the process of giving humidity to the atmosphere 
 and according to the table in said Schedule A. 
 The fact that one of the wet bulb thermometers in 
 such Factory gives a higher reading than the 
 figure in Column III of Schedule A opposite to 
 such figure in Column II., as represents the 
 temperature existing in such Factory, shall be 
 evidence that the amount of moisture in the 
 atmosphere exceeds the limit in the preceding 
 sub-section. 
 
 (2 
 
 SCHEDULE A (Form 49). 
 
 Maximum Limits of Humidity of the Atmosphere 
 
 AT given Temperatures. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 Dry Bulb 
 
 Wet Bulb 
 
 
 Grains of 
 
 Thermometer 
 
 Thermometer 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 Vapour per 
 
 Readings. 
 
 Readings. 
 
 Humidity. 
 
 Cubic Foot 
 of Air. 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Saturation = 100. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 
 1-9 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 80 
 
 2*0 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 82 
 
 2'I 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 83 
 
 2*2 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 83
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 65 
 
 
 SCHEDULE i^ 
 
 L. — (Conlitmed.) 
 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 Dry Bulb 
 
 Wet Bulb 
 
 
 Grains of 
 
 Thermometer 
 
 Thermometer 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 Vapour per 
 
 Readings. 
 
 Readings. 
 
 Ilumidily. 
 
 Cubic Foot 
 of Air. 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Saturation = 100 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 
 2-3 
 
 39 
 
 37 
 
 84 
 
 2'4 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 84 
 
 2-5 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 84 
 
 2-6 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 85 
 
 2-7 
 
 43 
 
 41 
 
 84 
 
 2-8 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 84 
 
 29 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 85 
 
 3-1 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 86 
 
 3-2 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 86 
 
 3-3 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 86 
 
 3-4 
 
 49 
 
 47 
 
 86 
 
 3-5 
 
 50 
 
 48 
 
 86 
 
 3-6 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 86 
 
 3-8 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 86 
 
 39 
 
 53 
 
 51 
 
 86 
 
 41 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 86 
 
 4'2 
 
 55 
 
 53 
 
 87 
 
 4-4 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 87 
 
 4-5 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 87 
 
 47 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 87 
 
 4-9 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 88 
 
 51 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 88 
 
 5-2 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 88 
 
 5-4 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 88 
 
 5-6 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 88 
 
 5-8 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 88 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 63 
 
 88 
 
 6-2 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 88 
 
 6-4 
 
 67 
 
 65 
 
 88 
 
 6-6 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 88 
 
 6-9 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 88 
 
 7-1 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 88
 
 66 
 
 TEMPEUATURE. 
 
 SCHEDULE K.— (Continued.) 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 Dry Hull) 
 
 Wet Bulb 
 
 
 Grains of 
 
 Thermometer 
 
 Thermometer 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 Vapour per 
 
 Readines. 
 
 Readings. 
 
 Humidity. 
 
 Cubic Foot 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 of Air. 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Saturation =100 
 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Fahrenheit.. 
 
 
 yi 
 
 71 
 
 68-5 
 
 85-5 
 
 7-1 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 84 
 
 7-4 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 7-4 
 
 74 
 
 70-5 
 
 8i-5 
 
 7-65 
 
 75 
 
 71-5 
 
 8i-5 
 
 7-7 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 79 
 
 8-0 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 S-o 
 
 78 
 
 73'5 
 
 77 
 
 8-25 
 
 79 
 
 74-5 
 
 77-5 
 
 8-55 
 
 80 
 
 75 5 
 
 77-5 
 
 8-6 
 
 81 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 8-65 
 
 82 
 
 76-5 
 
 74 
 
 8-85 
 
 83 
 
 77-5 
 
 74 
 
 8-9 
 
 84 
 
 78 
 
 72 
 
 9-2 
 
 85 
 
 79 
 
 72 
 
 9-5 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 
 72 
 
 9-55 
 
 87 
 
 80-5 
 
 71 
 
 9'9 
 
 88 
 
 8i-5 
 
 71 
 
 10-25 
 
 89 
 
 82-5 
 
 71 
 
 10-3 
 
 90 
 
 ^Z 
 
 69 
 
 io'35 
 
 91 
 
 83-5 
 
 68 
 
 107 
 
 92 
 
 84-5 
 
 68 
 
 iro 
 
 93 
 
 85-5 
 
 68 
 
 I II 
 
 94 
 
 86 
 
 66 
 
 ii'5 
 
 95 
 
 87 
 
 66 
 
 II-8 
 
 96 
 
 88 
 
 66 
 
 irg 
 
 97 
 
 88-5 
 
 65-5 
 
 I2'0 
 
 98 
 
 89 
 
 64 
 
 12-3 
 
 99 
 
 90 
 
 64 
 
 127 
 
 100 
 
 91 
 
 64 
 
 The Secretary 
 
 of State may 
 with certai 
 
 repeal or vary above Table, 
 11 provisos.
 
 THERMOMETERS. 67 
 
 Ther- For above purposes there shall be provided 
 
 mometers to ^^^^ kt:p\. in correct working order in every 
 De bmpioyea. q^^^^^^^ q^^^^^ Factory two sets of standard- 
 ised wet and dry bulb thermometers. 
 
 Regulations (i) One set to be fixed in centre, and 
 as to use of t^l^g other at the side of Factory 
 
 mometers. ^°^ "^^ "^^y ^^ directed by an 
 
 Inspector), so as to be [)lainly 
 visible to the operatives. 
 
 (2) The occupier, manager, or person for the time 
 
 being in charge of the Factory shall record the 
 readings at the hours and in the Form as 
 required on Schedule B here given (p. 68). 
 
 (3) This Form shall be kept hung up near the ther- 
 
 mometers, and forwarded at the end of each 
 month to the Inspector of the district and a 
 copy kept at the Factory. 
 
 (4) A copy of Schedule A, framed and glazed, shall 
 
 be kept hung up in a conspicuous position and 
 near each set of thermometers.
 
 68 
 
 READINGS OF THERMOMETKR. 
 
 SCHEDULE B (Foum 50). 
 
 FOUM FOR Rl'XOKDlNG THK READINGS OK THK THERMOMETER. 
 
 Name of Occupier 
 
 F'actory No. 
 
 Number of operatives employed in it 
 
 Readinsis. 
 
 Dale. 
 
 Between 10 & n a.m. Between 3 & 4 p.ni 
 
 pq = « 
 
 O u 
 
 « o S 
 
 U C i_ 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 CQ 
 
 '■5 fe,^ 
 
 I 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 iS 
 
 '9 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 2S 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 < 
 
 Correct, &c. 
 
 t Fill in: — e.g., Too damp. 
 
 (Signed) A.B., 
 
 Occupier or Manager
 
 AKmiKAlluN. 69 
 
 Notice of The occupier of every Cotton Cloth Factory 
 Artificial j,^ which humidity of the atuiosphere is 
 Qf artificially produced is to give notice to the 
 
 Humidity. Chief Inspector in writing thereof, and if 
 he ceases so to do he must likewise notify 
 to the same such cessation, and from date of such notice 
 the provision as to humidity shall not apply. 
 
 Admission And when such notice has been given in 
 Fa h A' such Factory fresh air (not less than 600 
 cubic feet for each person employed therein) 
 is to be admitted to the satisfaction of the Inspector of 
 Factories of the district. 
 
 ARBITRATIONS. 
 
 The Act of 1 89 1 provides for arbitration in the 
 case of disagreements, ist, As to Special Rules in 
 dangerous trades, between the Secretary of State and 
 the Occupier; and 2nd, Between the owner of Factory 
 or Workshop and the Sanitary Authority with reference 
 to dispute as to provision of means of escape from 
 fire. The rules for the regulation and carrying out of 
 such arbitrations are given in ist Schedule, Factory and 
 Workshop Act, 1891, and are as follows : — 
 
 First Schedule. 
 
 Rules for (i) The parties to the arbitration are in 
 
 Regulating' ^i^jg schedule deemed to be the occupiers 
 
 of the Factory or Workshop on the one 
 
 hand and the chief inspector, on behalf of 
 
 the Secretary of State, on the other. 
 
 (2) Each of the parties to the arbitration may, 
 within fourteen days after the date of the reference, 
 appoint an arbitrator. 
 
 (3) No person shall act as arbitrator or umpire 
 under this Act who is employed in, or in the manage- 
 ment of, or is interested in, the Factory or Workshop to 
 which the arbitration relates.
 
 7© arihtkation. 
 
 (4) The appointment of an arbitrator under this 
 section shall be in writing, and notice of the appointment 
 shall be forthwith sent to the other party to the arbitra- 
 tion, and shall not be revoked without the consent of 
 that party. 
 
 (5) The death or removal of, or other change in, 
 any of the parties to the arbitration shall not affect the 
 proceedings under this schedule. 
 
 (6) If within the said fourteen days either of the 
 parties fails to appoint an arbitrator, the arbitrator 
 appointed by the other party may proceed to hear and 
 determine the matter in difference, and in that case 
 the award of the single arbitrator shall be final. 
 
 (7) If before an award has been made any arbitrator 
 appointed by either parly dies or becomes incapable to 
 act, or for seven days refuses or neglects to act, the party 
 by whom that arbitrator was appointed may appoint 
 some other person to act in his place ; and if he fails to 
 do so within seven days after notice in writing from the 
 other party for that purpose, the remaining arbitrator 
 may proceed to hear and determine the matter in 
 difference, and in that case the award of the single 
 arbitrator shall be final. 
 
 (8) In either of the foregoing cases where an arbi- 
 trator is empowered to act singly, on one of the parties 
 failing to appoint, the party so failing may, before the 
 single arbitrator has actually proceeded in the arbitration, 
 appoint an arbitrator, who shall then act as if no failure 
 had occurred. 
 
 (9) If the arbitrators fail to make their award within 
 twenty-one days after the day on which the last of them 
 was appointed, or within such extended time (if any) as 
 may have been appointed for that purpose by both 
 arbitrators under their hands, the matter in difference 
 shall be determined by the umpire appointed as herein- 
 after mentioned. 
 
 (10) The arbitrators, before they enter on the 
 matter referred to them, shall appoint by writing under 
 their hands an umpire to decide on points on which 
 they may differ.
 
 ARBITRATION. 7I 
 
 (11) If the umpire dies or becomes incapable of 
 acting before he has made his award, or refuses to make 
 his award within a reasonable time after the matter has 
 been brought within his cognizance, the persons or 
 person who appointed such umpire shall forthwith 
 appoint another umpire in his place. 
 
 (12) If the arbitrators refuse or fail, or for seven 
 days after the request of either party neglect, to appoint 
 an umpire, then on the application of either party an 
 umpire may be appointed by the Chairman of the Quarter 
 Sessions within the jurisdiction of which the factory or 
 workshop is situate. 
 
 (13) The decision of every umpire on the matters 
 referred to him shall be final. 
 
 (14) If a single arbitrator fails to make his award 
 within twenty-one days after the day on which he was 
 appointed, the party who appointed him may appoint 
 another arbitrator to act in his place. 
 
 (15) Arrangements shall, whenever practicable, be 
 made for the matters in difference being heard at the 
 same time before the arbitrators and the umpire. 
 
 (16) The arbitrators and the umpire, or any of them, 
 may examine the parties and their witnesses on oath, and 
 may also consult any counsel, engineer, or scientific 
 person whom they may think it expedient to consult. 
 
 (17) The payment, if any, to be made to any arbi- 
 trator or umpire for his services shall be fixed by the 
 Secretary of State, and, together with the costs of the 
 arbitration and award, shall be paid by the parties, or one 
 of them, according as the award may direct. Such costs 
 may be taxed by a Master of the Supreme Court, or, in 
 Scotland, by the Auditor of the Court of Session, and 
 the taxing ofificer shall, on the written application of 
 either of the parties, ascertain and certify the proper 
 amount thereof. The amount, if any, payable by the 
 Secretary of State shall be paid as part of the expenses 
 of inspectors under the principal Act. The amount, if 
 any, payable by the occupier of the Factory or Workshop 
 may, in the event of non-payment, be recovered in the 
 same manner as fines under the Principal Act.
 
 72 PENALTIES, ETC. 
 
 Representa- When in first case arbitration is resorted to, 
 w''^!^^ on application of any workmen employed 
 
 on^Ar^tra- ''^ '■^^^ ^'^^^ °^ employments to whicli the 
 tions as to arbitration relates, and on security (if any 
 Special is required las fixed by Arbitrators or Umpire, 
 
 Rules. the Arbitrators or Umpire may appoint any 
 
 person to represent the Workmen, and such 
 person shall be entitled to attend and take part in the 
 proceedings either in person or by counsel, «S:c. 
 
 PENALTIES, &c. 
 
 Penalties The penalties incurred by Occupiers, Owners, 
 incuppedfop \y(j,.]^p£Qplg^ ^^^(j others under the Acts 
 
 of Acts. ^''^'y ^'°'^^ ^^°° under the Penal Clause 
 
 82 of the Principal Act, to sums not 
 exceeding 40s. 
 
 The other prmcipal penalties may here be named : — 
 Not Keeping Factory or Workshop in conformity with 
 the Act — not exceeding ;£io, and in addition to or 
 instead of, an order to adopt certain means to bring it 
 into conformity. This offence embraces many of the 
 principal acts of negligence, such as Insanitary Factory, 
 &c. ; non-Fencing of Machinery, Unclean Factory, &c. 
 
 Employing one or more of Protected Classes contrary 
 to provisions of Act, such as, over the legal hours — 
 during meals, &c. — not exceeding ;^3 if by day, nor 
 exceeding ^^ if by night, for each person so illegally 
 employed. 
 
 Delaying or obstructing an Inspector in carrying out 
 his duties, the person whether occupier or not is liable to 
 fine not exceeding ;£<, if by day, and not exceeding ;^20 
 if by night. 
 
 Minimum In certain cases, if the offence is repeated 
 Penalty. within two years by same person a penalty 
 
 of not less than £1 for each offence is 
 
 mcurred.
 
 PENALTIES — EVIDENCE. 73. 
 
 Forgery of The forgery of Certificates, wilfully making 
 Certineates {^]^q entries in documents or declarations, 
 
 or rB-lSG 
 
 Entries or ^^^ serious offences, and the person com- 
 Declara- mitting either of them is liable to a fine 
 tions. not exceeding ;!^2o, or imprisonment not 
 
 exceeding three months. 
 
 Penalty An offence under the Cotton Cloth Act 
 
 under (ggg pp_ 63-69) may (after notice from the 
 
 Cloth Act Inspector) be visited on first offence by a 
 penalty of not less than ;£^ or more than 
 ;^io, and for a subsequent offence by a 
 penalty of not less than double these sums. 
 
 Penalty for Occupiers and Workpeople are all liable to 
 ^^^ i^^f fi"2s f*^'' contravention of Special Rules 
 ins- Special established in any Factory or Workshop. 
 Rules. Penalty not to exceed ^^2, but occupier 
 
 may be fined not exceeding ;£io, unless he 
 can prove that he has endeavoured by publishing, and 
 using all his power in enforcing, to prevent their infringe- 
 ment. 
 
 Defacing or destroying any notice under Special 
 Rules incurs a fine not exceeding ^^. 
 
 Penal This clause has for its object not only the 
 
 Q9^^^®J punishment by fine of an occupier who 
 
 1878 ' neglects to fence his machinery and so an 
 
 injury results, but it enacts that the 
 Secretary of State may direct that the fine (not exceeding 
 ;^ioo) should be wholly or in part applied to the injured 
 person or his family, and this penal compensation is now 
 extended to death, or bodily injury, or injury to health, 
 caused tXjL«bccupier's neglect to observe any provision of 
 the Acts, or Special Rules. 
 
 Certified An Inspector is to certify to a true copy or 
 
 Copies of Special Rules, when required, and such 
 
 Rutes to be certified copy shall be evidence of those 
 
 Evidence. Special Rules, t^c.
 
 74 ACTUAL OFFENDER. 
 
 is Liable. 
 
 Actual If the offence, for which the occupier is 
 
 R.^^ioK?r liable, has been committed by some agent, 
 servant, workman, or other person, such 
 other person is liable to same fine as if he 
 were the occupier. 
 
 Powep of The Act provides that the occupier when 
 Oeeupiep to charged may, on information duly laid, 
 himself on have the actual offender brought before the 
 conviction Court at time appointed for hearing the charge, 
 of Actual and after the offence has been proved, if 
 Offender. )^^ establish that by due diligence on his 
 part to conform with Acts, and that the 
 offence was committed without his knowledge, consent, 
 or connivance, the Bench may exempt him from fine, but 
 convict the actual offender. 
 
 Evidence of If a person is found in a Factory or 
 Employment. Workshop such person shall, until the 
 contrary be proved, be deemed to be 
 employed, except — During meal times ; 
 
 Or when all the machinery is stopped ; 
 
 Or for sole purpose of bringing food to the 
 workers between 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. 
 But yards, playgrounds, places open to public view, 
 school rooms, waiting rooms, or other rooms belonging 
 to the Factory or Workshop in which no machinery is 
 used or manufacturing carried on, shall not be taken to 
 be part of the Factory or Workshop for this enactment. 
 
 Limitation of Information to be laid within three 
 time for months after date of offence coming to the 
 
 ProeeedinffS. knowledge of the Factory Inspector of 
 the district, or in case of an inquest 
 being held in relation to the offence within two months 
 after conclusion of inquest, so, however, that it shall not 
 be laid after six months of the offence. 
 
 Defendant A person charged under the Acts may 
 may give tender himself to be examined on his 
 
 Evidence. u u ir 
 
 own behalf.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 DUTIES OF PUBLIC OFFICERS AND OTHERS. 
 
 This chapter will briefly note the powers and duties 
 of the various public officers and authorities and others 
 who have to deal with the Acts. 
 
 Coroners. Where a death has occurred by accident in 
 any Factory or Workshop, the Coroner shall 
 forthwith advise the District Inspector of the time and 
 place of the inquest, and any relative of the deceased, any 
 Inspector under the Principal Act, the occupier of the 
 Factory or Workshop where the death occurred, and any 
 person appointed by the order in writing of the majority 
 of the Workpeople of the said Factory or Workshop, 
 shall be at liberty to attend and examine any witness 
 either in person or by his counsel, &c., subject neverthe- 
 less to the order of the Coroner. 
 
 Likewise the Coroner shall adjourn the inquest, 
 unless the Inspector or some person on behalf of a 
 Secretary of State is present to watch the proceedings, 
 and shall at least four days before holding the adjourned 
 inquest send to the Inspector notice in writing of time 
 and place of holding the adjourned inquest. Provided 
 that if the accident has not caused more than one death, 
 and the Coroner has sent to the Inspector the notice 
 above, at such time as to reach the Inspector not less 
 than 24 hours before the time of holding the same, it 
 shall not be imperative on him to adjourn the inquest, if 
 the majority of the jury think it unnecessary.
 
 76 POWERS OF INSPECTOR. 
 
 Inspector For the full powers of the Inspector of 
 
 of Factories. Factories, the Acts should be referred 
 to, but, briefly, he has power to enter, inspect, and 
 examine, at all reasonable times by day and night, a 
 Factory or Workshop where he has cause to believe any 
 person is employed therein, and to enter any place by day 
 which he has reasonable cause to believe to be a Factory 
 or Workshop ; he can require the production of all docu- 
 ments, &c., kept in pursuance of the Act ; inspect, 
 examine and copy same ; and generally exercise such other 
 powers as are necessary for the carrying out of the Acts. 
 
 The Inspectors of Factories also are to carry out the 
 provisions of the Truck Acts and Prevention of Cruelty 
 to Children Act in certain respects. 
 
 Inspector's He can also enter any room or place 
 Powers of actually used as a dwelling as well as for a 
 ^' Factory or Workshop. 
 
 He can also take a constable into a Factory or Work- 
 shop when he has reasonable cause to apprehend any 
 serious obstruction in the execution of his duty. 
 
 Right to An Inspector, if so authorised in writing 
 Conduct ]^y j-j^g Secretary of State, may prosecute, 
 ^^°^®®^^"^^- conduct, or defend, before a Court of 
 Summary Jurisdiction or Justice, any 
 information, complaint, or other proceeding arising under 
 the Factory Acts, or in discharge of his duty. 
 
 Certifying The Certifying Surgeon is not to grant cer- 
 Surgeon. tificates of fatness for employment except on 
 personal examination of the person named 
 therein, and he is to do this at the Factory or Workshop 
 where the person is employed, unless the number of 
 children and young persons employed in that Factory 
 or Workshop are less than five — or for some special 
 reason allowed by an Inspector.
 
 SANITARY AUTHORITY. 
 
 77 
 
 His Annual He is to report annually to the Secretary 
 Report. Qf State as to the persons examined, with 
 
 results. 
 
 Investiga- 
 tion of 
 Accidents. 
 
 He will investigate and report on all acci- 
 dents, certain poisoning cases, &c., reported 
 to him. 
 
 Sanitary A Sanitary Authority and their officers for 
 Authority, purposes of Workshop inspection shall have 
 like powers to Factory Inspectors. 
 
 Notice to 
 Sanitary 
 Autliority 
 
 When notice is given by an Inspector to the 
 Sanitary Authority of any Sanitary defect 
 remediable under the Public Health Acts, 
 but not under Factory Acts, the Sanitary 
 Authority is to inform the Inspector of 
 the proceedings taken in consequence of the notice. 
 
 Notice by 
 Medical 
 Officer ot 
 Health. 
 
 If the Medical Officer of the Sanitary 
 Authority becomes aware of any child, 
 young person, or woman being employed in 
 a Workshop, he shall forthwith give notice 
 thereof to the Factory Inspector of the 
 district. 
 
 Every Medical Practitioner attending on, 
 
 ceriain q^ called in to visit, a patient whom he 
 
 uiseases oy i i- . , cr • c i j u 
 
 Notice of 
 certain 
 
 Medical 
 Prac- 
 titioners. 
 
 believes to be suffering from lead, phos- 
 phorus, or arsenical poisoning or anthrax, 
 contracted in a Factory or Workshop, shall 
 notify to the Chief Inspector of Factories, 
 Home Office, London, the name and address of such 
 patient and the disease he is suffering from, and shall be 
 entitled to a fee of 2s. 6d. for so doing.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 QUARRIES ACT, 1894. 
 
 Scope ot This Act applies to every place (not being 
 Act. r^ Mine) in which persons work in getting 
 
 slate, stone, coprolites, or other minerals, 
 and any part of which is more than 20 feet deep. The 
 provisions of the various Metalliferous Mines Regula- 
 tions Acts apply to the Quarries under this Act, as they 
 do in case of a Mine. 
 
 The reporting of accidents to the Factory Inspector 
 and the Certifying Surgeon under the Factory Acts shall 
 not apply to a Quarry under this Act. 
 
 The Inspectors under the Metalliferous Mines 
 Regulation Acts shall be the Inspectors of the Quarries 
 under this Act. 
 
 In such a Quarry young persons may work in three 
 shifts of not more than eight hours each, provided the 
 interval between each two shifts is two unemployed shifts 
 (see p. 57). 
 
 For administrative purposes the Inspectors of Mines 
 have been gazetted as Inspectors of Factories and have 
 to inspect and carry out this Act, and also the Factory 
 Acts in Factories and Workshops adjacent to such 
 Quarries. 
 
 PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN 
 ACT, 1894. 
 
 Special _ Special Exemption from the Provisions 
 
 Exemptions, ^s to restrictions on the Employment of 
 Children under this Act may be granted, in writing, by 
 two justices of the Peace. 
 
 Licences for A Petty Sessional Court, or in Scotland the 
 
 Children in School Board, may grant a licence to any 
 
 formanees" ^^i'd exceeding seven years of age : — 
 
 &e. ' {^) To take part in any Entertainment 
 
 or series of entertainments to take 
 
 place in premises licensed by law for public 
 
 entertainments, or in any circus or other
 
 LICENSES FOR CHILDREN. 79 
 
 place of public amusement as aforesaid {i.e., 
 any performance, or as an acrobat, contortionist, 
 or circus performer, or of being trained for 
 any exhibition or performance of a dangerous 
 character). 
 
 {b) To be trained as aforesaid. 
 
 'c) For both purposes, if satisfied of the fitness of the 
 child, and subject to the terms of the said 
 licence. 
 
 N.B. — The entertainment in (a) of course includes 
 any theatrical performance, &c. 
 
 Faetopy ^ The duty of seeing whether the terms of 
 InspeetOP s ^i-jg above licences are duly complied with 
 ''' has been assigned to H.M. Inspectors of 
 
 Factories by the Secretary of State, and they 
 have the same powers to enter and inspect any place of 
 public entertainment, where these licences apply, as they 
 have in cases of factories. 
 
 Pepson's The person who applies for such licence, at 
 
 duty who i(^ast seven days before making the applica- 
 
 a Licence. ^^on, shall give notice thereof to the Chief 
 
 Officer of Police of the District. 
 
 PePSOn's When a licence is granted under this Act 
 duty when f^j. ^j^y q^ above purposes {a, b, and c) the 
 Granted grantee of the licence shall not less (sic) 
 than ten days after the granting of the 
 licence, send a copy thereof to the Inspector 
 of Factories acting for the District in which the licence 
 is to take effect, or in default is liable to a penalty. 
 
 It is to be noted that these licences should be 
 obtained for all children, namely, those under 14 years 
 of age, and in some cases for girls under 16 years old if 
 to perform at night, and for both sexes under 16 years for 
 training, &c., as acrobats, &c. 
 
 But it would appear that if a child is only to perform, 
 play, or sing, the ages are from 7 to 11, which require 
 the magistrates' license.
 
 8o SHOP HOURS ACTS. 
 
 SHOP HOURS ACTS, 1892 to 1895. 
 
 Definition Shop means retail and wholesale shops, 
 or Shop. markets, stalls, and warehouses in which 
 assistants are employed for hire, and in- 
 cludes licensed public-houses and refreshment houses of 
 any kind. 
 
 Young" "Young Person" has the same meaning, 
 
 Person. ^jg under the Factory Acts, i.e., anyone 
 
 under 18 years of age. 
 
 Hours of No young person shall be employed in or 
 Employ- about a shop for longer than 74 hours, in- 
 ShODS eluding meal times, in any one week. 
 
 And no young person shall be so em- 
 ployed who has been previously on the same 
 day employed in a Factory or Workshop, under the 
 Factory Acts, for the number of hours permitted by 
 those Acts, or for a longer period than will, together 
 with the employment in the Factory or Workshop, com- 
 plete such number of hours. 
 
 Notice of In every shop in which a young person is 
 Hours for employed, a notice is to be kept exhibited 
 ofcmiient' i" a conspicuous place, of the number of 
 
 hours during which such young persons 
 
 may legally be employed. 
 Fines can be recovered from any employer under 
 above circumstances, who either fails to exhibit the 
 notice or illegally employs a young person. 
 
 Sanitary It is the duty of the Sanitary Authority to 
 Authority enforce this Act. 
 to Enforce 
 Act.
 
 BOILER KXPLOSIONS ACT. 8 1 
 
 BOILER EXPLOSIONS ACT, 18S2. 
 Definition "Boiler" means ''any closed Vessel used 
 of Boiler. fQj. generating steam or for heating water, 
 or for heating other liquids, or into which 
 steam is admitted for heating, steaming, boihng, or 
 other similar purposes." 
 
 Application But the Act shall not apply to any Boiler 
 of Aet. used exclusively for domestic purposes, or to 
 
 any Boiler used in Her Majesty's service, or 
 to any Boiler on board a Steamship having a 
 certificate from the Board of Trade, or to any Boiler 
 Explosion into which an enquiry may be held under the 
 Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1872, and the Metalliferous 
 Mines Regulation Act, 1872, or either of them. 
 
 Notice of On the occurrence of an Explosion from 
 Explosion jj,-,y ijoiler to which this Act applies, notice 
 Trade- thereof shall, within twenty-four hours 
 
 thereafter, be sent to the Board of Trade 
 by the Owner or User, or by the person acting on behalf 
 of the Owner or User, and shall state — 
 
 (i) Name of premises or works on which the Boiler 
 exploded. 
 
 (2) Address by the post. 
 
 (3) Day and hour of explosion. 
 
 (4) Number of persons killed. 
 
 (5 ) Number of persons injured. 
 
 (6) General description of Boiler. 
 
 (7) Purposes for which the Boiler was worked. 
 
 (8) Part of the Boiler which failed, and the extent of 
 
 failure generally. 
 
 (9) Pressure at which the Boiler was worked. 
 
 (10) Name and address of any society or association 
 by whom the Boiler was last inspected or insured. 
 
 Signature of person responsible for the accuracy of 
 the particulars contained in this form. 
 
 Address Date 
 
 Fine for not In default of duly reporting the Explosion, 
 Reporting", ^^g person in default is liable to a fine not 
 exceeding ;^2o.
 
 FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 to 1895. 
 
 List of Forms and Books for Occupiers of Factories 
 AND Workshops, prescribed by Her Majesty's Secre- 
 tary of State, and sold under authority of Her 
 Majesty's Stationery Office, by — 
 
 EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, 
 
 London, E.G. ; 
 JOHN MENZIES ct Co., 12, Hanover Street, Edinburgh, 
 
 and 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow; and 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., Limited, 104, Grafton Street, 
 
 Dublin. 
 
 
 
 Abstracts of Factory Act.s 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 Price. 
 
 Postage 
 
 I. 
 
 For 
 
 Textile Factories 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 2. 
 
 M 
 
 Non-Textile Factories 
 
 3cl. 
 
 id. 
 
 3- 
 
 ») 
 
 White Lead Works 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 4. 
 
 >» 
 
 Workshops 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 5- 
 
 M 
 
 Print-works, and Bleaching, 
 
 
 
 
 
 and Dyeing-works ... 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 6. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Laundries (Factories) ... 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 6a. 
 
 )) 
 
 Laundries (Workshops ) 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 6b. 
 
 >> 
 
 Docks, Wharves, Quays, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Warehouses 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 6c. 
 
 )) 
 
 Buildings in course of con- 
 
 
 
 
 
 struction 
 
 3d. 
 
 id, 
 
 6d. 
 
 ) > 
 
 Domestic Factories and Work- 
 
 
 
 
 
 shops 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 * * 
 
 The above Abstracts are also printed 
 
 
 
 in Welsh, and can be forwarded 
 at the same prices.
 
 84 
 
 NOTICI'.S AND KI'GISTt'.US. 
 
 S I' ic c 1 A I. Exception Not 
 Registers, &c. 
 
 No. 
 
 7. Places forbidden for Work 
 
 8. ,, ,, ,, Meals 
 
 9. Period of Employment, 9 a.m. — 
 
 9 p.m. ... ... ... ... 
 
 10. Lace Factories, Special period of 
 
 employment for males above 16 
 
 11. Bakehouses, Special period of em- 
 
 ployment for males above 16 ... 
 
 12. Record of Overtime 
 
 13. Substitution of another Day for 
 
 Saturday 
 
 14. Turkey-red Dyeing. — Employment 
 
 to 4.30 on Saturdays ... 
 
 15. Five-hours Spell in certain Textile 
 
 Factories 
 
 16. Different Holidays to different sets 
 
 17. Jew Occupier. — Holidays... 
 
 18. ,. ,, and Workpeople. — 
 
 Sunday Employment ... 
 
 19. Different Meal Hours to different 
 
 sets 
 
 20. Employment, &c., during Meal 
 
 Hours ... 
 
 21. Overtime. — Additional Two Hours 
 
 22. ,, 30 minutes. — Incom- 
 
 plete Process 
 
 23. ,, for Prevention of Dam- 
 
 age. — Turkey - red 
 Dyeing. — Open - air 
 Bleaching ... 
 
 24. „ Additional Two Hours. 
 
 — Perishable Articles 
 
 25. „ Water Mills. — Lost 
 
 Time 
 
 26. Night Work. — Male Young Person 
 
 27. ,, ,, Printing Newspapers 
 
 ICES, 
 
 Price. Postage. 
 
 id. id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 Id. 
 
 Id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 |d. 
 
 id. 
 
 *d. 
 ^d. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 Id. 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 id. id. 
 id. id. 
 Id. id.
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 Id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 NOTICES AND REGISTERS. 85 
 
 Price. Postage. 
 
 28. Glass Works. — Male Young Person. 
 
 — Accustomed Hours ... ... id. ^d. 
 
 29. Workshop in which neither Children 
 
 nor Young Persons are employed id. id. 
 
 30. Period of Employment. — Eight 
 
 Hours on Saturday 
 
 31. Notice of Alteration of Period of 
 
 Employment 
 
 32. Notice of Alteration of Meal Times 
 
 33. ,, X Employment 
 
 of Children 
 
 34- 5. Holidays 
 
 35. „ Beginning to Occupy a 
 
 Factory or Workshop ... 
 
 37. Register of Children and Young 
 Persons, Limewash- 
 ing, Accidents, &c., 
 for Factories ... 3d. id. 
 
 37A. ,, „ Young Persons, Lime- 
 washing, Accidents, 
 &c., for Factories ... 4d. id. 
 
 37B. ,, ,, Children, Limewash- 
 ing, Accidents, &c., 
 for Factories ... 4d. id. 
 
 37c. „ ,, Children and Young 
 Persons, and of Acci- 
 dents, for AVorkshops 
 
 37D. ,, ,, Accidents ... 
 
 38-9. School Certificate Book, small size 
 „ „ ,, 224 names ... 
 
 ., ,. 500 
 38-9A. „ ,, „ 1,050 
 
 fcap. folio 
 38-9B. ,, ,, ,, 560 names, 4to. 
 40.^. Register of Overtime ( for Factories), 
 
 30 Notices 
 40B. ,, ,. ,, (for Workshops), 
 30 Notices 
 
 2d. 
 2d. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 3d. 
 5d. 
 6d. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 2d. 
 
 6d. 
 6d. 
 
 3d. 
 2d. 
 
 6d. 
 
 lid. 
 
 6d. 
 
 lid.
 
 86 NOTICKS AND RnGISTERS. 
 
 Price. Postage. 
 
 41. Certificate of Fitness for Children 
 
 for several Factories of same 
 
 Occupier. — 50 in a Book... gd. 2^d. 
 
 42. „ ,, Fitness for Young 
 
 Persons for several Factories 
 of same Occupier. — 50 in a 
 
 Book ... ... 9d. 2id. 
 
 43. Notice of Accident to H.M. In- 
 
 spector and Certifying Surgeon, 
 
 25 copies for ... ... ... 6d. 2d. 
 
 Alphabetical Index, Names of 
 
 Children ... ... ... 4d. 2d. 
 
 Alphabetical Index, Names of 
 
 Young Persons... ... ... 4d. 2d. 
 
 44. Order for Lists of Outworkers ... id. ^d. 
 
 45. Spinning and Weaving of Flax, 
 
 Form for recording the Readings 
 
 of Thermometers, 25 copies for 6d. 2d. 
 
 46. Notice as to cubic feet of space and 
 
 number of persons who may be 
 
 employed id. |d. 
 
 47. Notice of Employment and Times 
 
 for ]\Ieals for a Tenement Factory 
 in which different industries are 
 carried on ... ... ... id. ^d. 
 
 Cotton Cloth Factories Act, 1889. 
 
 48. Abstract of Act for posting ... id. id. 
 
 49. Schedule A. — Maximum limits of 
 
 Humidity of the Atmosphere ... id. ^d. 
 
 50. ,, B. — Form for recording 
 
 the Readings of the Thermometer id. id. 
 
 Special Rules in the Dangerous Trades. 
 
 A. White Lead Works. — (Amended)... id. Jd. 
 
 B. Earthenware and China Works ... id. ^d. 
 
 C. Chemical Works ... ... ... id. id. 
 
 D. Lucifer Match Works. — (Amended) id. Id. 
 
 And twelve others. (See p. 62.)
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abstracts— List of 83 
 
 To be kept Aftixed .. .. .. .. ., .. lo, II 
 
 To be Affixed by Owner in Tenement Factory .. .. 11 
 
 Need not be Affixed in Domestic Factories. . .. .. 14 
 
 Special, for Cotton Cloth Factories .. .. .. .. 63 
 
 Accidents — (See also Poisoning, and Boii.ek Explosions 
 Act, 18S2.) 
 
 Actual Employer to Report to Occupier .. .. .. 16 
 
 Formal Investigation into .. .. .. .. .. 17 
 
 In Workshops where men only Employed . . . . . . 16 
 
 Notices of, to whom to be sent .. .. .. 15,16,81 
 
 Register of, to be Kept .. .. .. .. .. 17 
 
 Acts — (See Factory Acts). 
 
 Acts of Parliament, List of .. .. .. .. .. vi. 
 
 Boiler Explosions Act, 1882 . . .. .. .. .. 81 
 
 Explosives Act, 1875 •• •• •• •• •• •• ^^ 
 
 Actual Employer — Definition of .. .. .. .. .. 2 
 
 Actual Offender, Liability of .. ,. .. .. .. 74 
 
 Aerated Water Works .. .. .. .. .. ..21,51 
 
 Agricultural Implement Works .. .. .. .. .. 21 
 
 Almanack Making .. .. .. .. .. .. ..47,50 
 
 Alternate Day System — In Textile and Non-textile 
 
 Factories and Workshops .. .. .. 39,41,42 
 
 May not be adopted in Domestic Workshop .. .. 43 
 
 Annual Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 
 
 Anthrax — Cases to be reported .. .. .. .. ..16,77 
 
 Apprentice — Works for hire . . . . . . . . . . 9 
 
 Akihtration. — As to provision of Safety against Fire .. 34 
 
 As between Owner and Sanitary Authority. . .. .. 69 
 
 As to Special Rides in Dangerous Trades .. .. .. 61, 69 
 
 As to Special Rules — workmen may be represented on . . 29, 72 
 
 First Schedule, Rules as to Act 1891, on .. .. .. 69 
 
 Schedule of Rules for . . .. .. .. .. ..61,69 
 
 Arsenic— Cases of Poisoning to be reported . . . . . . 16, 77 
 
 Extraction of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 
 
 Where used. Washing Appliances to be Provided .. .. 27
 
 88 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Artificial Flower Making . . 
 
 ,, Manure Works 
 Authority, Local — (See Sanitary Authority). 
 Automatic Indicator in Textile Factories.. 
 
 Using False Imlicator .. 
 
 Workman altering 
 
 Bakehouses 
 
 Retail, Definition of .. 
 
 Hours extended in, for Males above i6 
 
 Limitation for Underground .. 
 
 Limewashing of 
 
 Overtime 
 
 Sanitary Arrangements 
 
 Sleeping Places in 
 
 Travelling Ovens ill 
 Baking Bread and Biscuits by Travelling Oven 
 Birth Certificates — Fees for 
 
 Must be Produced to Surgeon 
 
 Statutory Declaration, in lieu of 
 
 Bl,ASl' FURNACK .. 
 
 Definition of . . 
 
 Day and Night Shifts 
 
 Bleaching and Dyeing Works .. 4, 21, 35 
 
 Meal Times in . . 
 Boiler Making 
 Boiler, Definition of 
 
 Explosion of . . 
 Boiler Explosions Act, 18S2.. 
 
 Application of . . 
 
 Notice of Explosion to Board of Trade 
 
 Not reporting Explosion, P'ine for .. 
 Bon-bon, &c., Making 
 Bone, Ivory, and Shell Cutting Rooms . . 
 Bookbinding Works 
 
 In the Kletropolis 
 Brass Casting, &c. . . 
 
 Bread and Biscuits made by Travelling Ovens 
 Breweries 
 
 lirick and Tile Making 
 Builders' Yards — Definition of 
 Buildings, &c., Subject to Provisions of Acts — 
 
 i7. 3S 
 
 20 .3; 
 
 39.5c 
 
 Builders' Yards 
 
 Docks 
 
 Quays 
 
 Scaffolding — Erection 
 W^arehouses 
 Wliarves .. 
 
 of 
 
 47. 51 
 
 20, 47 
 
 '5 
 24 
 28 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 58,59 
 26 
 
 25 
 54 
 26 
 
 25 
 37 
 37 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 
 56. 57 
 8 
 
 56 
 52. 54 
 39 
 51 
 81 
 , 16,81 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 
 21, 50 
 
 47 
 50, 60 
 
 60 
 47. 62 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 7 
 
 7 
 7 
 7
 
 INDhX. 
 
 89 
 
 Calendering, dc. 
 Cardboard Making .. 
 Cartridge Works 
 Calgut Cleaning Works 
 
 Ceilings — in certain Works exempt from Liniewashing. . 
 Cement Works 
 
 Certificates. — For Children and Young Persons 
 May be Annulled by Inspector 
 Not Required in Workshops . . 
 Re-examination for, may be ordered 
 Valid in a Tenement Factory. . 
 Valid for all P'actories of same Occupier in sai 
 
 Surgeon's District 
 School Attendance, for Children, required .. 
 As to Safety from Fire. . 
 For White Lead Factories 
 Cektikying Surgeon. — Annual Rejiort of,to Secretary ofState 
 Accident, Notice of, to be sent to . . 
 Acciilents and Poisoning Cases, To Inquire into and 
 
 Report on. . 
 Conditions under which he can grant Certificates . . 
 Fees for Certificates 
 Name and Address to be affixed 
 Poisoning Cases, Notice of Certain, to be sent to . . 
 To grant Certificates at Factory and Exceptions thereto 
 Dispensary Doctor may act in Ireland 
 Medical Officer of Health may act in Scotland 
 Poor Law Medical Officer may act in England 
 Chemical Works 
 
 Child. — Definition of 
 
 Cannot be employed Full Time 
 Certificate of Fitness required 
 
 ,, ,, ,, on becoming a 
 
 Changing System of Employing 
 Employed in Sets 
 Employed on Alternate Days.. 
 Employment changed Weekly 
 Entered on Register before commencing woi 
 Examination by Surgeon 
 Forbidden to Work at Night . . 
 In and Outside Factory or Workshop 
 In Domesiic Factory or Workshop .. 
 In Laundry 
 Limit of Age for Employment 
 
 Young Person 
 
 51 
 51 
 4 
 47. 
 21 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 '3 
 12 
 
 12 
 iS 
 
 34 
 
 26 
 
 77 
 16 
 
 77 
 76 
 
 13- 14 
 10 
 16 
 76 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 20, 47 
 I 
 18 
 12 
 12 
 48 
 
 .39.41 
 
 ■39.42 
 42 
 II 
 
 12, 13 
 56 
 46 
 43 
 44 
 I
 
 9° 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 17 
 iS 
 
 47 
 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 
 78 
 I 
 
 45 
 
 24 
 
 78 
 
 4, 46 
 
 54, 57 
 
 .3 
 vii. 
 
 8,9 
 
 Ciili.i) (continued.) 
 
 Not to be Employed more than Half-time .. 
 Of 13 years Employed as a Young Person . . 
 Prohibition as to Meals in certain places 
 Restrictions on Cleaning Machinery or Mill-gearing 
 
 School Attendance — I Exemptions 
 
 Cerliticaies .. '^ Hours 
 
 Deficient Time 17 ' Standards 
 
 Under Prevention of Cruelly Act 
 Under II years of age 
 Where Forbidden to Work (see also Prohibited Work) . 
 
 Childbirth — Women not to be Employed fur Four Weeks afte 
 
 Children, Prevention of Cruelty to, Act 1894 
 
 China and Earthenware Works 
 
 China Clay Woiks .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 
 
 China-grass Wcjrks . . 
 
 Classes of Works to which Acts apply 
 
 Cleaning any part of Factory, &c., is Employment 
 
 Coach Alaking Works 
 
 Cocoanut Fibre Works 
 
 Colour Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 47 
 
 Contractors — Making Wearing Apparel, Electro Plate, 
 
 Furniture, Files, &c., to keep list of Outworkers.. 23 
 
 Not to allow Wearing Apparel to be made, cleaned, or 
 
 repaired where there is Smallpox or Scarlet Fever . . 25 
 
 Copper Mills. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..5,20 
 
 Copper Rolling Mills, night work. . .. .. .. .. 20,56 
 
 Corn Mills . . 
 
 Coroners. — To advise Inspector of Inquests .. .. .. 75 
 
 To adjourn Inquest under certain circumstances .. .. 75 
 
 Cotton Cloth Factories Act of I SS9 .. .. .. .. 63 
 
 Cotton Cloth Factory — Definition of .. .. .. S 
 
 Special Al;stracts for . . . . . . . . . . . , 63 
 
 Declared Dangerous 'I'rades .. .. .. .. .. 62 
 
 P'actories where Humidity is artificially produced .. .. 63 
 
 Form for Readings of Thermometers .. .. .. 68 
 
 Fresh Air, Admibsion of . . .. .. .. ., 69 
 
 Notice to be given where Humidity is aitificially 
 
 produced .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24,69 
 
 Temperature and Humidity in .. .. .. ..64 — 66 
 
 ,, Innitsto.. .. .. .. .. ..64 — 66 
 
 Thermometers shall be provided and readings registered .. 67 
 
 Cotton Works .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3
 
 INDEX. 
 
 91 
 
 Ckuei.tv TO CniLORRN. — Prevention of .. .. .. 78 
 
 Factory Inspector's Duty luider Act of 1S94 ., .. 79 
 
 Licenses Required for Performances, •^c. . . . . . . 78, 79 
 
 Duty of Person applying for License. . .. .. .. 79 
 
 Special Exemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 
 
 Cubic Space- Notice to lie affixed . . . . . . . . 22 
 
 Curriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 
 
 Cutlery — In a Tenement Factory . . .. .. .. .. 33 
 
 Dairy Factories .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 
 
 Dangerous Factories or Workshops — Magistrates may make 
 
 Order 24, 30 
 
 Dangerous Machinery— Definition of .. .. .. .. 9 
 
 Dangerous Machine — Court of .Summary Jurisdiction may make 
 
 Order .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 
 
 Dangerous Place — Inspector may notify that Place is Dangerous 
 
 to Health if so orderei' 
 Dangerous Trades — De 
 
 Lisf of those Declared — 
 
 Arsenic, Extraction of 
 Bichromate Works.. 
 Brass. &c. , Mixing 
 
 and Casting 
 Chemical Works . . 
 Earthenware or China 
 Enamell'g Iron Plates 
 Explosives . . 
 Electric Accumulator 
 
 Works . . 
 Flax Mills .. 
 Iron Hollow - ware, 
 
 Tinning and 
 
 Enamelling of. . 
 
 Special Rules for Dangerous Trades. . .. .. ..62, 
 
 Arbitration as to .. 
 
 General Scope of . . 
 Secretary of State may Certify processes to be Dangerous.. 
 
 ,, ,, Propose Special Rules 
 
 ,, ,, Prohibit Employment in .. 
 
 Day and Night Shifts for Young Persons . . . . . . 56, 
 
 Declaration — Insiiector may Require Written 
 
 Defendant may give evidence on his own behalf. . 
 
 Definitions — General .. .. ., .. .. . . i- 
 
 y the 
 
 Secretary 01 State . . 
 
 24 
 
 ition 
 
 of 
 
 9 
 
 62 
 
 Lead Smelting . . 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 Linen Factories . . 
 
 62 
 
 
 Lucifer Matches . . 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 Metal Hollow-ware, Tin- 
 
 
 62 
 
 ning & Enamelling of 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 Paints and Colours, manu- 
 
 
 62 
 
 facture of . . 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 Quarries .. 
 
 Red, Orange, or Yellow 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 Lead Works 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 White Lead Works 
 Yellow Chromate of Lead 
 Works, anti processes 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 in which it is used . . 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 69 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 57 
 29 
 84 
 -9
 
 92 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Departments or Branches of same factory or Workshop 
 
 Treated as Difierent Fad ories, iS;c. .. .. .. 6 
 
 In Laiitulrics may have Different Periods of Employment.. 37 
 
 Die-sinking .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. ., 51 
 
 Distilleries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 
 
 Docks, Definition of . . . . . . . . , . . . 7 
 
 Domestic Factory— Definition of 7 
 
 Child in, can only be Employed in Sets . . . . . . 43 
 
 ICxempted from Fixing or Sending Abstracts, Notices, 
 
 Holidays, &c. .. .. .. .. ., .. 14,43 
 
 Period of Employment .. .. .. .. .. 43 
 
 Sanitation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 
 
 Domestic Workshop— Definition of .. .. .. .. 7 
 
 Child in, can only be Employed in Sets .. .. .. 43 
 
 Exempted from Fixing Notices, Holidays, &c. . . . . 14. 43 
 
 Period of Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . 43 
 
 Sanitation of . . . . . . • . . . . . , . 43 
 
 Doors in Factory, &c., to open from inside . . . . . . 34 
 
 ,, ,, outwards or slide. . .. .. 34 
 
 Drapers' Workrooms in Manchester and Salford .. .. 60 
 
 Duties of Occupiers. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 
 
 Owners .. .. .. .. .. 11,15,28,32.33 
 
 Dyeing and Bleaching Works . . 4, 21, 35. 37, 38, 39, 50, 52, 54 
 
 Earthenware and China Works . . . . . . . . 4, 46, 
 
 Elastic Web Making 
 Employer (see also Occupier) 
 Employer— Actual .. 
 
 Emi'Loymknt — (See also Night Work, and Ovicrti.mk.) 
 Definition of 
 Changing Hours of 
 Children and Young Persons— names to be entered before 
 
 commencing Work 
 Cleaning or Oiling Machinery 
 Evidence of 
 Not "more than twelve hours continuously " 
 
 Of Child Forbidden 
 
 Of Child or Young Person Restricted .. ..31, 
 
 On Saturdays, when only 8 hours on other days 
 Period of, and Notices to be affixeil.. 
 
 In Domestic Factories and Workshops 
 
 In Non-textile P'actories, Young Persons and Women 40, 
 
 In Workshops 
 
 On Saturdays 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 8,9 
 
 36. 
 
 74 
 
 5S 
 
 43.45 
 
 32, 
 
 45.46 
 
 48 
 
 11,38 
 
 
 43 
 
 len 
 
 40,41 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 40
 
 INDl'.X. 
 
 93 
 
 EmPI-OYMRN T— (,\7////////t'./.) 
 
 Period of -In Textile Factories 
 
 Of . Children in Textile Factory— In Sets 
 
 ,, ,, — On Alternate Days 
 
 ,, ,, — On Saturdays 
 
 ,, „ Exception to 
 
 May be from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. in certain trades 
 Prohibition of, may be ordered 
 Restrictions on — For the Protected Classes. . 
 Engineering Shops .. 
 Engraving Works . . 
 Envelope Making 
 Evidence. — Certified Copy of Special Rules . . 
 
 Dates in Register — To be Evidence of Limewashing, 
 Defendant may tender himself to give 
 Of Employment 
 Exceptions — (See Special Exceptions.) 
 ExnosiON of BoiLEK — Notice must be sent .. 
 
 Fine for not reporting Explosion 
 Explosives Act, 1875 
 
 &c 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 40 
 
 59,60 
 61 
 46 
 
 21, 22 
 21 
 51 
 73 
 19 
 74 
 74 
 
 16,81 
 81 
 16 
 
 Factory AcT.s. — Principal Act — Definition of. . 
 
 Classes of Works they apply to 
 Factoriks. — See NoN - textile Factouiks, Textile 
 Factories, Domestic Factory, and Tenement Fact 
 Factories and Workshops exempted from having same 
 Meal Hours . . .. . . .. .. 35, 
 
 Baking Bread and Biscuits by Travelling Ovens . . 
 China Clay Pits in Cornwall .. 
 Dressing Floors and Tin Streams in Cornwall 
 Quarries in Cornwall . . 
 Factories and Workshops exempted from Provisions as 
 to not Employing Protected Classes during Meal 
 Hours 
 
 37 
 
 Bleach & Dye Works 
 
 Different Sets or 
 Departments of 
 Young Persons 37 
 
 Dressing Floors, &c., 
 
 in Cornwall . . 37 
 
 Glass Works . . 36 
 
 Iron Mills 
 
 Letterpress Printing 
 
 Paper Mills 
 
 Textile Factories — I'c- 
 
 males 
 Wearing Apparel 
 
 Factories and Workshops, Domestic 
 
 See also Domestic Factory and Domestic Workshop, 
 Factory Inspector. (See Inspector of Factories.) 
 Fancy Box Making .. .. .. .. .. 
 
 OKY. 
 
 36, 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 
 36, 37 
 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 47- 51
 
 94 
 
 INDliX. 
 
 Fans — To be Providecl, if Dust, &c. , Injurious to Health 
 
 Fees. — To Certifying; Surgeons, Scale of . . 
 By whom paid . . 
 
 Occupier may deduct portion of wages to pay 
 School, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 
 
 Fellmongers, Curriers, and Tanners 
 
 Female Young Person — Processes where forbidden to work 
 
 Fencing. — 
 
 Dangerous Machinery 31 
 Decision of Court 
 
 of Queen's Bench 31 
 
 Engine . . . . 30 
 
 Exceptions to . . 31 
 
 Flywheels . . . . 30 
 
 Hoist or Teagle . . 30 
 
 Machinery 
 Mill Gearing 
 To be maintained 
 Vats, Pans, &c. . . 
 Water Wheel 
 Wheel-race 
 
 Fire — Provision against — (See Safety) 
 
 Fire Escapes — Moveable, may be ordered to be provided 
 
 Firewood Cutting .. 
 
 Fireworks Making .. 
 
 Fish Curing in Workshops.. 
 
 Five-hour Spell — In Textile Factories 
 
 Flax Scutch Mills 
 
 When work interniittent, women's work unrestricted 
 Flax Works ... 
 
 Forms, Notices, Registers, &c., List of .. 
 Foundries 
 
 Fresh Air — Admission of, in Cotton Cloih Factory 
 Fruit Preserving 
 Furniture Hangings Making .. .. .. 
 
 Fustian Cutting Works .. .. 
 
 Galvanising Metal W^orks — Night Work m 
 
 Gasholder Making .. 
 
 Gassing Rooms . . . . . . 
 
 Gearing (see Mill Gearing). 
 
 Girl under 16 — Not to be Employed in 
 
 Finishing ol Salt, &c. 
 Glass Works 
 
 Accustomed Hours — in turns . . 
 
 Night Work of Male Young Persons in 
 
 Restrictions after 1st January, 1S97 • • 
 
 Sunday Work not .illowed 
 Glove Making — in Private Dwelling 
 Glue Making.. .. .. .. 
 
 Grinding or Polishing Rooms 
 
 24 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 18 
 21 
 45 
 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 32 
 30 
 31 
 
 34 
 34 
 SO 
 51 
 
 .. 53,60 
 40 
 
 5- 20, 50 
 41 
 
 3 
 
 ..83-86 
 
 5. 20, 54 
 
 69 
 
 .. 21, 53 
 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 57 
 51 
 47 
 
 the 
 
 Mali 
 20. 
 
 ing or 
 35- 36. 
 
 45 
 46, 47 
 ;8 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 viii. 
 
 50 
 47
 
 INDEX. 95 
 
 Grindstones. — Faulty, and their Fittings 32 
 
 In a Tenement Factory . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33 
 
 Guardian — Definition of .. .. .. .. .. .. i 
 
 Gun Factories • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 
 
 Hair Works . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 46 
 
 Hat Works 5 
 
 Health. ^In Laundries — Rules for .. .. .. .. 45 
 
 Inspector may be authorised to carry out Public Health Act 
 
 in any Workshop or Laundry . . . . . . . . 22 
 
 Occupier not to give out Wearing Apparel where there is 
 
 Scarlet Fever or Smallpox .. .. .. ,. 25 
 
 Provisions of Acts applicable to Workshops . . . . 23 
 
 Hemp Works. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 
 
 HoLiUAYS. — Annual to be given .. .. .. .. .. 48 
 
 Notices to be affixed, &c., first week every January .. 48 
 
 If altered, due notice to be given .. .. .. .. 48 
 
 Cessation from Work not to be deemed . . . . . . 48 
 
 Need not be given in Domestic Factories .. .. .. 14 
 
 Different Holidays allowed to Different Sets in — 
 
 Printing Newspapers, Periodicals, Railway Time Tables, 
 
 and Law or Parliamentary Proceedings .. .. 49 
 
 Plate Glass Works . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 
 
 Processes in connection with Retail Shop .. .. .. 49 
 
 Wearing Apparel Making .. .. .. .. .. 49 
 
 Home Work — Exemption in certain cases .. .. .. 27 
 
 Hosiery Factories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 
 
 House — Definition of (includes Factories and Workshops) . . 3 
 
 When a Domestic Factory .. .. .. .. .. 7 
 
 Humidity of Atmosphere in Cotton Cloth Factory . . 24, 64-69 
 
 Inquests. — Coroner to advise Inspector of .. .. .. 75 
 
 ,, Adjourn under certain circumstances... 75 
 
 Right of Workpeople to attend .. .. .. .. 75 
 
 Inspecior of Factories. 
 
 Name and Address of, to be affixed .. .. .. .. 10 
 
 Duty under Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act .. 76, 79 
 May be Authorised to Carry Out Public Health Act in any 
 
 Workshop or Laundry .. .. .. .. .. 22 
 
 May Examine any Person and take Declaration .. ... 29 
 
 May temporarily approve of School . . .. .. .. 18 
 
 Powers of Entry .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 
 
 Powers of — Under Factory Acts .. .. .. .. 76 
 
 Right to Conduct Proceedings .. .. .. .. 76 
 
 To carry out Provisions of Truck Acts . . . . . . 76 
 
 To give Certificate for White Lead Factory .. .. 26
 
 g6 INDEX. 
 
 Inspector of Mines. — Gazetted as Inspector of Factories.. 78 
 
 Is Inspector under Quarries Act .. .. .. .. 78 
 
 Iron and Metal Tube Works— Night Work in .. .. .. 56 
 
 Iron Mills 5.20,35.36,54,56 
 
 Definition of .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. 8 
 
 Night Shifts in.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 
 
 Iron Ore Washing Works — Night Work in . . . . . . 57 
 
 Jews — Sunday Work .. .. .. .. .. ., 37,50 
 
 Work on Christmas Day and Good Friday.. .. .. 49 
 
 ,, from Sunset to 9 p.m. on Saturday .. .. .. 49 
 
 Job Dyeing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 
 
 Jute Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 
 
 Lace Factories — Hours extended .. .. .. .. .. 59 
 
 Lace Warehouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 
 
 Laundries — Either Factories or Workshops .. .. ..6,44 
 
 Annual Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 
 
 Different Departments may have Different Periods of 
 
 Employment in .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 
 
 Overtime 45, 51, 53 
 
 Period of Employment for Children, Young Persons, and 
 
 Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 
 
 Period of Employment, &c., may be varied .. .. 44 
 
 Special Health Rules .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 
 
 Those Exempted from Provisions of Act . . . . . . 44, 45 
 
 To Fence, Keep Clean, Fix Notices, &c. .. .. .. 44 
 
 Lead — Poisoning Cases to be Reported . . . . . . . . 16, 77 
 
 Red, Yellow, Orange .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 
 
 Smelting .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 
 
 White 62 
 
 Where Used, Washing Appliances to be provided. . .. 27 
 
 Yellow Chromate of . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 
 
 Letterpress Printing Works .. 5, 35, 36, 38, 50, 52, 56 
 
 Night Shifts in 56 
 
 Licences — Under Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act . . 78 
 
 Limewashing — Power of Inspector to Order it to be Done .. 20 
 
 Bakehouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 
 
 Conditions of Exceptions .. .. .. .. .. 19 — 22 
 
 Exception — Not to Exempt from Keeping Clean .. ..19,20 
 
 To be done Periodically .. .. .. .. .. 19 
 
 Washing or Painting .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 
 
 When done to be entered in Register . . . . . . 11
 
 INDEX. 
 
 97 
 
 LiMEWASHiNG {coiitiniiea.) 
 Exeniplions granted in — 
 
 Blast Furnaces . . 20 
 
 Breweries . . . . 20 
 
 Cement Works . . 20 
 
 Chemical Works . . 20 
 
 Copper Mills . . 20 
 
 Distilleries .. .. 20 
 Factories without 
 
 Glazed Windows 20 
 
 Flax Scutch Mills .. 20 
 
 Foundries .. .. 20 
 
 Glass Factories . . 20 
 
 Gun Factories . . 22 
 
 Iron Mills .. . . 20 
 
 Manure Works . . 20 
 
 Paint, &c., Works .. 20 
 
 Parts of Factories .. 21 
 
 Shipbuilding Works 22 
 Stone and Marble 
 
 Works . . . . 20 
 20 
 
 Sugar Factories 
 
 List OF Forms, Notices, &c. 
 
 Abstracts for Factories and Workshops 
 Special Exception Notices and Registers 
 Abstract and Schedules under Cotton Cloth Act 
 Special Rules in Dangerous Trades .. 
 
 Lithographic Printing Works 
 
 Loaf-Sugar Refining Works — Night Work in 
 
 Local Authority — Definition of 
 
 Locomotive — (See Process). 
 
 Lucifer Match Works 
 
 Ware Rooms 
 Works in which Alkali 
 is used 
 Ceilings in — 
 
 Agricultural Implement 
 
 Works . . 
 Aerated Water Works . . 
 Bleach and Dye Works.. 
 Coachmaking 
 Corn Mills 
 
 Engineering Shops . . : 
 Engraving Works 
 Fellmongers, &c. 
 Machine Shops . . . . 
 
 Print Works 
 Preserved Fruit, &c , 
 
 Works 
 
 Starch, Soap, and Candle 
 
 Works 
 
 Turning, &c., of Brass . . 
 Watch -Movement Works 
 
 . . 83-86 
 . .. 83 
 
 ..84,85 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 . 38, 47, 50, 52 
 
 .. 56 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 
 Machineky. — Definition of 
 
 Dangerous 
 
 Oiling of, is Employment .. 
 
 Operative — decision of Court of Queen's Bench 
 
 Prohibition to use Dangerous 
 
 Restrictions on Cleaning 
 
 Self-acting 
 Machine Ruling 
 Machine Shops 
 Majolica Painting Rooms . . 
 Manchester Retail Drapers' Workrooms . . 
 Manufactories which are Factories 
 
 4,46 
 
 9 
 
 9. 32 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 21, 22 
 
 47 
 60 
 
 4
 
 98 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Manure Works 
 
 Marble and Stone Works ... 
 
 Meal Hours. — Notice of to be affixed . . 
 
 To be the same in Factory or Workshop 
 
 Bleach and Dye Works, two hours for meals 
 
 Changing Time for 
 
 Children, on Alternate Days, two hours for meals 
 
 Exemptions from same Meal Hours — see lists of 
 
 Non-textile Factories .. 
 
 Print Works, two hours for meals 
 
 20, 47 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 39 
 
 48 
 
 ?. 39 
 5.36,73 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 Places Forhiddett for Taking Meals : — 
 
 Bone, Ivory, and Shell 
 Cutting, & c. , 
 Rooms . . . . 47 
 Brass Casting Rooms 47 
 CatgutCIeaningW'ks 47 
 Chemical Works . . 47 
 Earthenware Works 46 
 Glass W^orks . . 46 
 Grinding or Polish- 
 ing Rooms . . 47 
 Gassing Rooms . . 47 
 Lucifer Match Works 46 
 Majolica Pai n ting 
 
 Rooms . . . . 47 
 
 Manure Works . . 47 
 
 Metal Bronzing R'nis 47 
 
 „ Dipping ,, 47 
 
 Singeing Rooms . . 
 Type Foundries . . 
 White Lead Works 
 Wool, Hair, and Rag 
 
 W^orks 
 Where Dry Powder 
 
 used, in — 
 Almanack Making 
 Artificial Flower Making 
 Colour Making . . 
 Fancy Box Making 
 Lithographic Printing 
 Paper Colouring 
 
 Enamelling . . 
 Paper Staining . . 
 Playing Card Making 
 
 Medical Officer of Health — To Report Employment of Protected 
 
 Classes in Workshops to Inspectors 
 Medical Practitioner — To Report certain Poisoning Cases to 
 Home Office 
 Fee for Reporting Case of Poisoning 
 
 Metal Bronzing Rooms 
 ,, Dipping Rooms 
 
 Mill Gearing — Definition of 
 
 Restrictions on Cleaning 
 Mineral Dressing Floors .. .. .. .. .. 5'' 
 
 Newspaper Printing — Night Work for Young Persons 
 Night — Definition of 
 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 77 
 
 47 
 47 
 
 9 
 31 
 
 54. 57 
 
 57
 
 INDEX. 
 
 99 
 
 Nigh r Work. — F"or Male Young Persons .. .. ••56,57 
 
 Male of 13 to 14 years old not to work at Night after ist 
 
 January, 1S97 .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 
 
 56,57 
 
 58 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 56,57 
 
 In Day and Night Shifts 
 
 In Glass Works 
 
 Of Males of 16 in Newspaper Printing Offices 
 
 Three Shifts Allowed .. 
 
 Where Allowed and Conditions 
 
 Non-textile Factories. — Definition of 
 
 Blast P'urnaces . . 5 
 Bleaching and Dyeing 
 
 Works . . . . 3, 4 
 
 Bookbinding Works 5 
 
 Cartridge Works . . 4 
 
 Copper Mills . . 5 
 Earthenware or China 
 
 Works . . . . 4 
 
 Flax Scutch Mills ., 3, 5 
 Fustian Cutting 
 
 Works .. •'. 5 
 
 Foundries 
 Glass Works 
 Iron Mills 
 Letterpress Printi 
 
 Works 
 Lucifer Match Works 
 Paper Mills 
 Paper Staining Works 
 Percussion Cap Works 
 Print Works 
 Tobacco Factories 
 
 Schedule of, Part I., 4th Schedule, Act 1878 
 or Workshops — Schedule of. Part II., 4th Schedul 
 Act 187S 
 
 Period of Employment 
 
 ,, ,, on Saturdays 
 
 ,, ,, Changing Same 
 
 Meal Times 
 
 ,, Changing Same . . 
 
 Length of spell without break for Meal 
 Children Employed on Set System . . 
 
 ,, ,, Alternate Days 
 
 Employment changed weekly . . 
 
 Period of Employment . . 
 
 Employment of, where Forbidden 
 Cotton Cloth — Definition of .. 
 Domestic — ,, 
 
 Tenement — ,, 
 
 White Lead- 
 Annual Return of Persons Employed 
 Different parts may be treated as different Factories 
 Doors to open from inside 
 
 ,, .slide or open outwards 
 
 3.4. 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 3, 5 
 4 
 4 
 
 3, 4 
 5 
 
 4- 5 
 
 5 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 40 
 
 41, 42 
 
 41. 42 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 6, 37 
 
 34 
 
 34
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Non-Textilk. Factories or Workshops (see also Factories 
 and Workshops). — 
 
 Pit Banks 
 Quarries . . 
 Rope Works 
 Shipbuilding Yards 
 
 Bakehouses . . 5,8, 25 
 
 Hat Works . . . . 3, 5 
 
 Lace Warehouses . . 3, 5 
 
 Laundries . . . . 6 
 
 Notices. — Of Commencing to Occupy Factory or Workshop, 
 
 Of " Period of Employment," "Time for Meals," &c. ". 
 
 List of Notices, Forms, Registers, &c. . . 
 
 Need not be Affixed, &c. , in Domestic Factories or 
 Domestic Workshops 
 
 Occupier to give — If Workshop on system of not employ- 
 ing Young Persons or Children.. 
 
 Of Accidents — Need not be sent by Occupiers of Domestic 
 Factories . . 
 
 Of Accidents to be sent to Inspector 
 
 <, ,1 ,, Certifying Surgeon 
 
 ,, to be given by Actual Employer to Occupier 
 
 Of Boiler Explosions to be sent 
 
 Of Cubic Spaces to be Affixed 
 
 OfSjiecial Exceptions.. 
 
 Record of Oveitime .. 
 
 Required from Occupiers of Workshops 
 
 Special Regulations in Dangerous Trades 
 
 Where Artificial Humidity produced in Cotton Cloth 
 Factory 
 
 Obstructing an Inspector (see Penalties) .. 
 Occupier. — Definition of 
 
 Abstract and Notices to fill up and affix, &c. 
 
 Duties of 
 
 Duties of, in Cotton Cloth Factory, &c. .. .. 24 
 
 Duties of — In a Tenement Factory , . 
 
 Duties of, in a Workshop (Registers, Notices, &c.) 
 
 Fee to Surgeon, Part may be Deducted from Wages 
 
 Indicator, Automatic, to be used 
 
 Limited as to Giving Outside Work to Factory or Work 
 shop Hands 
 
 May be called on to Pay for a Child's Education. . 
 
 Must send notice of Boiler Explosion .. .. 15, 
 
 Not to allow Wearing Apparel to be Made where 
 there is Small-pox or Scarlet P'ever 
 
 Of Bakehouses 
 
 Of White Lead Factory to obtain Certificate 
 
 Penalty Incurred for Use of False Indicator 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3. 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 83-86 
 
 14 
 42 
 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 
 15, 16, 81 
 
 . . II, 22 
 
 II, 25, 84, 85 
 
 53 
 10 
 II 
 
 69 
 
 72 
 
 I, 10 
 
 10, II 
 
 ID 
 63,64 
 
 15 
 
 12, 17 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 46 
 
 18 
 16, 81 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 24
 
 OccuriEK (conliiit(cd). 
 
 Penalties under the Acts . . . . . . . . . . 72 
 
 Power of — To exempt himself from fine .. .. .. 74 
 
 School Fee may be deducted from wages .. .. .. 18 
 
 Shall not Employ Women within Four Weeks after Child-birth 24 
 Special Rules to Affix and Give Notice of . . . . 25, 27, 62 
 
 To Enter in Register Dates of Limewashing . . . . u 
 
 To give Notice in Cotton Cloth Factory of Artificial 
 
 Humidity .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. 24 
 
 To maintain a reasonable Temperature . . . . . . 27 
 
 To make Annual Returns of Persons Employed . . . . 22 
 
 To make Half-yearly Lists of Outworkers .. .. .. 23 
 
 To obtain Certificates for Children and Young Persons .. 12 
 
 To Provide Washing Appliances where Lead, &c , is used 27 
 
 To Publish Particulars as to Wages in Textile Factories .. 23 
 
 To send Notice of Accidents to the Inspector .. .. 16 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Certifying Surgeon .. 16 
 
 ,, ,, ,, under Explosives Acts .. 16 
 
 ,, ,, Boiler Explosion .. .. .. 81 
 
 To send Notice of Poisoning Cases . . .. .. .. 16 
 
 To send Notice on Commencing to Occupy Factory or 
 
 Workshop.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 
 
 To send Notice of Occupation in case of Workshops if 
 
 not already done by end of 1896 .. .. .. 10 
 
 To serve notice if Workshop to be conducted on system of 
 
 not employing Young Persons or ChiUlren . . . . 42 
 
 Oiling any part of Machinery is Employment . . . . . . 9 
 
 Oil and Seed Crushing Mills — Night Work in . . . . . . 56 
 
 Outworkers — List of, to be kept by Occupiers and Contractors 
 in following trades : Cabinet and Furniture Making 
 and Upholstery Work ; the Manufacture of Electro- 
 plate, Files, and Wearing Apparel .. .. .. 23 
 
 Place where Work of Making Wearing Apparel is given 
 out ; the Occupier thereof; and the Contractor 
 
 employed — List to be kept .. .. .. .. 23 
 
 Wearing Apparel not to be Made, Cleaned, or Repaired 
 
 where there is Scarlet Fever or Small Pox . . . . 25 
 
 Overcrowding — Infringement of Cubic Space Regulation .. 22 
 
 OvERTiMK.— General Remarks on 50 
 
 Conditions in Reference to . . . . . . . . . . 52 
 
 Cubic Space, Extra Required .. .. .. .. 22, 53 
 
 Every Day to be Counted .. .. .. .. .. 52 
 
 Forbidden to Women in Workshop on system of not 
 
 employing Children or Young Persons.. .. .. 60 
 
 Forms to be Used . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
 
 INDLX. 
 
 Overtime (coiitiniied). 
 
 Ill DL-paitmeiits Ireat 
 
 :d 
 
 is Separate Works. . 
 
 38, 
 
 52 
 
 Limits per Week ami 
 
 per Year 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 Perinitled for Women 
 
 
 
 dy, ai 
 
 d only in Certain Works . . 
 
 50, 
 
 52 
 
 Record and Registers to be Kept and Notices sent. . 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 To be Made Only aft 
 
 ir 
 
 Usual Hours 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 Unrestricted in Special Cases 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 Permitted in — 
 
 
 
 Furniture Hangings 
 
 
 
 Aerated Water 
 
 
 
 Making 
 
 
 SI 
 
 Making . . 
 
 
 51 
 
 Gasholder and Boiler 
 
 
 
 Almanack Making .. 
 
 
 50 
 
 Making 
 
 
 51 
 
 Artificial P" lower 
 
 
 
 Glue Making 
 
 
 50 
 
 Making .. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Incomplete Process 
 
 
 54 
 
 Baking Bread or 
 
 
 
 Iron Mills 
 
 
 54 
 
 Biscuits . . 
 
 
 54 
 
 Job Dyeing 
 
 
 51 
 
 Biscuit Making 
 
 
 51 
 
 Laundries 
 
 51, 
 
 53 
 
 Bleaching & Turkey- 
 
 
 
 Letterpress Printing 38,50 
 
 .52 
 
 red Dyeing, Open 
 
 
 
 Lithographic Printing 38 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 Air 
 
 
 50 
 
 Machme Ruling . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 Bleach and D)e 
 
 
 
 Manufacturing Stationery 
 
 
 
 Works . . 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 Works 
 
 38. 
 
 52 
 
 Bon-bon, &c., Making 
 
 
 50 
 
 Paper Colouring and 
 
 
 
 Bookbinding 
 
 
 50 
 
 Enamelling . . 
 
 
 51 
 
 Brick & Tile Making, 
 
 
 
 Paper Mills 
 
 
 54 
 
 except Ornamental 
 
 
 50 
 
 Playing Card Making 
 
 
 51 
 
 Calendering, &c. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Pork-pie Making 
 
 
 51 
 
 Cardboard Making.. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Print Works 
 
 
 54 
 
 China Clay Pits .. 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 Quarries . . 
 
 51. 
 
 54 
 
 Dairy Factories 
 
 
 53 
 
 Ribbon Weaving 
 
 
 51 
 
 Die-sinking . . 
 
 
 51 
 
 Ropeworks, Open Air . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 Dressing Floors 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 Stamps, Perforating, 
 
 
 
 Dye and Bleach 
 
 
 
 &c., of 
 
 
 51 
 
 Works . . 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 Tea Lead, Rolling of .. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Envelope Making . . 
 
 
 51 
 
 Tin Streaming . . 
 
 51. 
 
 54 
 
 Fancy Box Making. . 
 
 
 51 
 
 Turkey-red Dyeing 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 Firewood Culling . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 Valentine Making 
 
 
 51 
 
 Fireworks Making.. 
 
 
 51 
 
 Warehouses — Textile and 
 
 
 
 Fish Curing 
 
 
 53 
 
 Non-textile . . 
 
 
 51 
 
 Flax Scutch Mills . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 Water Mills 
 
 
 55 
 
 Foundries . . 
 
 
 54 
 
 Wearing Apparel 
 
 
 
 Fruit Preserving . . 
 
 
 53 
 
 Making . . 38, 
 
 51. 
 
 52 
 
 Not Permitted in W 
 
 jrkshops 
 
 where Women only are 
 
 
 
 Employed 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 60 
 
 Not Permitted on Sa 
 
 urday, 
 
 or Short Day substituted 
 
 
 
 therefor 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 50
 
 INDKX. 
 
 103 
 
 Owner — Definition of 
 Of Bakehouses . . 
 Of Tenement Factdries 
 To Provide Proper Water Supiiiy 
 To send Notice of Boiler Explosion 
 
 II, 15, 28 
 15 
 
 Paint, Colour, and Varnish Works. . 
 
 Paper Mills 5.35-36 
 
 Niijht Shifts in 
 
 Paper Colouring and Enamelling . . 
 
 Paper Staining Works 
 
 Parent or Guardian — Definition of . . 
 
 Responsible for School Attendance of Chih 
 
 Responsible that Child is Legally Qualified 
 Parliament, List of Acts of . . 
 Particulars as to Wages in Textile Factories — Occupier toFurni 
 Penalties — General Remarks on 
 
 Actual Offender, not Occupier, may be liable 
 
 Breaking Special Rules by Occupiers or Workpeople 
 
 Forgery of Certificates, &c. 
 
 Illegal Eniplo)'ment of Protected Classes 
 
 Incurred by Occupiers, Owners, Workpeople, and Others 
 
 Limitation of Time for Summary Proceedings 
 
 Not keeping Factory, &c., in Conformity with Act.. 
 
 Obstructing Inspector . . 
 
 On Repetitions of Offence 
 
 Penal Clause of the Principal Act 
 
 Under Cotton Cloth Act 
 
 Percussion Cap Works 
 
 Period OF Employment. — Explanation of 
 
 Changing Hours of . . 
 
 For Women where neither V'oung Persons or Childn 
 Employed . . 
 
 General Remarks on .. 
 
 In Domestic Factory or Workshop . . 
 
 In Laundries 
 
 In Non textile Factories and Workshops . . . . 40 
 
 In Textile Factory, for Young Persons and Women 
 
 May be 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. 
 
 To be Fixed on Notice 
 Person— Definition of 
 
 No Person to Solicit Workman to Divulge particulars as to 
 Wages 
 
 Not to be Employed between Fixed and Traversin 
 Portions of Machines 
 
 2, 28 
 
 25, 26 
 
 ■ 32. 33 
 
 24 
 
 16, Si
 
 104 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Person, Young (see Young Person). 
 Phosphorus Poisoning, Cases to be Reported 
 Piece Work — Particulars as to Wages 
 Pillow-case Making — in Private Dwelling 
 
 Pit Banks 
 
 Playing Card Making 
 
 Poisoning— Case of, to be reported by every Medical Prac 
 
 titioner when it occurs in Factory, \;c. . . 
 Poisonous Substances— Where used Washing Appliances to b 
 
 provided 
 Pork-pie Making 
 Prescribed — -Definition of . . 
 Preserved Fruit, &c., Works 
 Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1894 
 Principal Act — Deliniiion of .. 
 
 Schedule 4, Part I. 
 
 Schedule 4, Part II. .. 
 Printworks.. .. .. .. .. ..4,21,35,37 
 
 Meal Times in . . 
 Privileges — Of Jewish Occupier . . 
 
 Of Jewish Occupier if workpeople are Jews 
 
 Jews may work on Sundays . . 
 Process — Definition of 
 
 Incidental to the business 
 
 Incidental to, as applied to night work 
 Prohibited Works. — A Child or Young Person is forbidden to 
 work at — 
 
 Silvering of Mirrors by .Mercurial Process . . 
 
 White Lead Making . . 
 
 Finishing of Bricks or Tiles not being Ornamental Tiles . 
 
 Metal Trade, dry grinding in . . 
 
 Lucifer Matches, dijiping of . . 
 
 Glass, Melting or Annealing of 
 Prohibition of Employment — Secretary of State may decree in 
 Dangerous Trades 
 
 Both in and outside Factory on same day . . 
 Prohibition of Place for Work — If oidered by Magistrates 
 Pkotectkd Classes— Meaning of this term .. 
 
 As to Employment both in and outside Factory on same day 
 
 Cannot work on Sundays 
 
 Meal Hours 
 
 Period of Employment 
 
 Places Forbidden for Meals 
 
 Restrictions on Employment 
 Public Clock, by which time is regulated. 
 
 16, 77 
 23 
 
 viii. 
 
 5 
 
 47. 51 
 
 77 
 
 27 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 21, 53 
 
 78 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 39. 54 
 
 39 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 37, 50 
 
 9 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 45 
 4S 
 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 
 61 
 46 
 24 
 
 viii. 
 
 46 
 
 37 
 35. 36 
 
 35 
 46, 47 
 45. 46 
 
 10
 
 INDEX. 105 
 
 Public Health Act — Inspector may be authorised to carry out 
 
 in any Workshop or Laundry .. .. .. .. 22 
 
 Public Officers — Duties of . . .. .. .. .. .. 75 
 
 Quarries (Slate, Stone, Coprolite, &c.) .. .. .. 5-51.54 
 
 Quarries. — Scopeof Quarries Act, 1894 78 
 
 Inspectors of Mines to be Inspectors of Quarries . . . . 78 
 
 ,, ,, Gazetted as Inspectors of Factories. . 78 
 
 Yount; Person may work in, in Three Shifts . . . . 78 
 
 Quays — Definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 
 
 Rack-rent — Definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 
 
 Rag Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 
 
 Raw Silk Factories (winding and throwing) . . . . . . 40 
 
 Registers — List of .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 
 
 To be Kept in Every Factory . . . . . . . . 11 
 
 Of all Children and Young Persons . . .. .. .. 11 
 
 Of Accidents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 
 
 Of Limewashing and Accidents . . . . . . . . 11 
 
 To be Kept in Workshop where Women work overtime . . II, 12 
 
 To be Readily Accessible for Use and Inspection .. .. 12 
 
 Repairs in Works — Exemptions .. .. .. .. .. 55 
 
 Restrictions ON Employment .. .. ..31,32,45,46 
 
 Of Children and Young Persons .. .. .. .. 45, 46 
 
 On Cleaning Machinery by Child or Young Person .. 31 
 
 On Cleaning Mill Gearing by Young Person or Woman.. 31 
 On Working between Parts of Traversing Machine .. 32 
 
 Rent (see Rack Rent). 
 
 Retail Bakehouse — Definition of . . . . . . . . . . 8 
 
 Retail Drapers' Workrooms . . . . . . . . . . 60 
 
 Returns — Annual, of Persons Employed . . .. .. .. 22 
 
 Half-yearly, of Outworkers . . . . . . . . . . 23 
 
 Ribbon Weaving .. ., .. .. .. .. ..40,51 
 
 Rooms — Cubic Space of (Form 46 to be used) . . . . . . 11 
 
 Rope Works . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..5,50 
 
 Safety- (See Fencing) 30 
 
 From Fire, Certificate required as to, by Sanitary Authority ,54 
 
 Doors to open from inside . . . . . . . . . . ,4 
 
 Doors to open outwards or slide .. .. .. .. 34 
 
 Moveable Fire Escapes may be Ordered . . . . . . ^4 
 
 Provision against Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 
 
 Salford Retail Drapers' Workrooms . . . . . . . . 60 
 
 Salt Making — Girls Under 16 Not to be Employed .. .. 45
 
 io6 
 
 Sanitary Authority — Definition of 
 
 Can Enforce Conipiiance as to Provisions of Means of Safety 
 Like Powers in Workshop as Inspector of Factories 
 To Inform Inspector of Result of PrDceedings 
 To give Certificate as to Safety from Fire . . 
 Sanitation — See Health 
 Bakehouses 
 Cleanliness 
 
 Evidence as to Limewashing, &.c. 
 Fans 
 
 Factory Inspector may give Notice of Defects 
 In Factory Enforceable by Inspector 
 In Workshop Enforceable by Sanitary Authority 
 Limewashing, Painting, and Washing and Exempt 
 Of Workshops . . 
 Overcrowding .. 
 Sanitary Conveniences 
 Ventilation 
 
 Saturday — Employment when only Eight Hours on other Day 
 Periods of Employment in Textile Factories 
 Substitution of another Day for, in the following : — 
 Printing Newspapers, Periodicals, Railway Time 
 Tables, Law, etc., Proceedings .. 
 Dressing Floors, Tin Streams, China Clay Pits, and 
 
 Quarries in Cornwall 
 Retail Shops, where Process in connection with 
 Making Wearing Apparel or Articles of Food. . 
 Where Market Day is on Saturday 
 Where Special Day set aside for Weekly Half-holiday 
 Scaffolding — Definition of . . 
 
 Scarlet Fever — See also Health, Sanitation, Outworkers 
 Schedule of Principal Act, Part I. 
 
 „ Part II 
 
 I. of 1895 Act 
 
 School Attendance Certificate 
 
 School Fees — May be partly deducted from Wages 
 School Standards 
 
 Secretary of State — May order Re-examination of Chi 
 or Young Person . . 
 May order Formal Investigation of Accidents 
 Self-acting Machine — Position of the Traversing Carriage of 
 Set System in Non-Textile Factories and Workshops .. 
 
 ,, Textile Factories .. 
 
 Shifts of Twelve Hours each 
 
 „ Eight „ „ 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 77 
 77 
 34 
 
 25, 26 
 19 
 19 
 24 
 19 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 23 
 22 
 22 
 
 19,24 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 7 
 
 25 
 4 
 5 
 33 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 14 
 17 
 
 41 
 39 
 56 
 57
 
 INDKX. 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 . 5. 22 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 So 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 Sliipbuildinp; Yards . . 
 Shop, Retail . . 
 
 Shop Hours Acts. — Definition of Shop under. 
 Definition of Young Person under 
 Notice of Hours of Employnient 
 Number of Hours of Employment . . 
 Sanitary Authority to Enforce Acts .. 
 Young Person Employed both in Shop and Factory or 
 Workshop . . 
 
 Shop. — Young Persons or Women not to be Employed beyond 
 Factory Hours in, and also in Factory, &c., on, same day 
 Silk Factories — Raw 
 
 Silk Works 
 
 Singeing Rooms 
 
 Sleeping Room — Not part of Factory or Workshop 
 Smallpox — (See Health, Sanitation, Outworkers) 
 Soap Works . . 
 
 Special Exckptions.— 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 40 
 
 3 
 47 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 21 
 
 Under Form No. 
 
 7 
 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 46, 
 
 47 
 
 9 
 
 59. 
 
 60 
 
 ID 
 
 
 59 
 
 II 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 J3 
 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 
 40 
 
 16 
 
 
 49 
 
 17 
 
 
 49 
 
 18 
 
 
 50 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Under Form No. 20 . . 36, 37 
 
 „ 21 .. 45, 52 
 
 ,,22 .. 54 
 
 -23 •• 55 
 
 ,.24 .. 53 
 
 ..25 .. 56 
 
 ,,26 .. 56, 57 
 
 M 27 .. 57 
 
 ,,28 .. 58 
 
 ,,29 .. 42 
 
 ,,30 .. 48 
 
 Notices of to be Affixed, and Served on Inspector .. 25 
 List of Notices for 84— 86 
 
 Speciat, Rules — Occupier to Affix, &c.. .. .. 27,61,62 
 
 After Twcniy-one Days Notice, are Eslabli-ilied .. .. 6i 
 
 Arbitration on . . .. .. .. •• •• •• 61 
 
 Copies of, to be given on application .. .. .. 27 
 
 Copies of, where to be obtained . . . . . . • • 62 
 
 For Cotton Cloth Factories 63 
 
 General Scope ol .. .. .. ■■ •• •• 63 
 
 In Dangerous Trades .. .. .. •• •• ..61,62 
 
 Inspector to Certify a true Copy of .. .. .. .. 73 
 
 Secretary of State may Propose, Amend, or Prohibit, &c. . . 61
 
 loS 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Spinning, Wet (See Wet Spinning) 
 
 Stamps — Perforating, etc .. 
 
 Starch, Soap, and Candle Works . 
 
 Stationery (Manufacturing) Works. 
 
 Stone and Marble Works . . 
 
 Straw Hat and Bonnet Making 
 
 Straw-plaiting — in Private Dwelling 
 
 Sugar Factories 
 
 Summary Proceedings — Limitation of Time for. . 
 
 Sunday. — Protected Classes not to Work on . . 
 
 Except Jews, under certain circumstances 
 
 ,, Male Young Persons in Blast Furnaces 
 and Paper Mills 
 Jews may Work on, if Occupier a Jew 
 Surgeon — (See Certifying Surgeon). 
 Sweetmeat Making . . 
 
 Tanners 
 
 Tea Lead — Rolling of 
 
 Temperature of Factory or Workshop to be reasonable 
 
 In Cotton Cloth Factory 
 Tenement Factory. — Definition of 
 
 Certificates of Fitness, Children and Young Persons 
 
 Duties of Owners . . .. .. .. ..11,15,2: 
 
 Fencing required where Grinding or Cutlery is carried on 
 
 Forms to be Affixed by Occupier 
 ,, ,, Owner 
 
 Grinding in 
 Textile Factories— Definition of 
 
 China-grass Works . . 
 
 Cocoanut FibreWorks 
 
 Cotton Works 
 Flax Works . . 
 Hair Works . . 
 
 Hemp Works 
 Jute Works 
 Silk Works 
 Tow Works 
 Wool Works 
 
 Cotton Cloth Factory Act applies to all where Artific 
 
 Humidity produced 
 Period of Employment 
 Children Employed on Set System . . 
 
 ,, ,, Alternate Days 
 
 ,, ,, Satuidays 
 
 ,, Period of Employment .. 
 Meal Times 
 
 Length of spell without break for meal 
 Five Hour Spells for Protected Classes 
 
 51 
 21 
 
 38,52 
 20 
 60 
 viii. 
 20 
 74 
 37 
 
 37,50 
 
 37.56 
 50 
 
 21, 50 
 
 21 
 
 51 
 27 
 64—69 
 8 
 12 
 . 32. 33 
 33 
 II 
 II, 28 
 32, 33 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 63 
 38-40 
 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 40 
 
 38 
 38 
 40
 
 INDEX. 
 
 109 
 
 Tkxtii.e Factor IKS (loutimied.) 
 
 Thermometers — Wet and Dry Bulb, to be kept in Textile 
 
 Factories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 
 
 ReLjulations for use of ,. .. .. .. 67 
 
 Wages and Work — Particulars of, to be given and posted up 15 
 
 Occupier to give Particulars of Wages and Work . . 15, 23 
 
 Automatic Indicator .. .. .. .. .. 15 
 
 ,, „ Use of False . . . . . . 21 
 
 Worsted Trade — Particulars of wages and work to he given 
 
 and posted up .. .. .. .. .. ..15,23 
 
 Woollen Trade — Particulars of wages and work to be given 
 
 and posted up .. .. .. .. .. .. 15, 23 
 
 Weavers and Others — Particulars of wages and work to be 
 
 given to .. 15. 23 
 
 Thermometers to be provided in certain Factories . . . . 67 
 
 Time for Meals— To be fixed in Factories .. .. .. 11 
 
 Tin Streaming .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51, 54 
 
 Tobacco Factories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 
 
 Tow Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 3 
 
 Trimming Making .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 
 
 Turkey Red Dyeing (open air) . . . . . . . . 50, 54, 55 
 
 Type Foundries • . . . . . . . : . . 47 
 
 Umpire — Arbitrators. (See Arbitration.) 
 
 Valentine Making 
 Varnish Works 
 
 Vats, Pans, &c. — Special Rules in Chemical Trades 
 To be fenced, if holding dangerous liquids . . 
 
 Wages in Textile Factories — Indicator .. 
 
 Warehouses — Definition of. . 
 
 Washing Appliances — Where lead, arsenic, or other 
 
 substances usetl 
 Watch Movement Works .. 
 
 Water Mills 
 
 Overtime allowed in .. 
 Water Supply — K proper, to be in every Factory, &c. 
 Wearing Apparel Manufacturers, List of Outworkers 
 Factories and Workshops, Protected Classes 
 Oveitime in 
 Weavers — Particulars of Work and Wages 
 Week — Definition of 
 Weekly Short Day .. 
 
 IS. 
 
 Meals 
 
 . 38,51. 
 
 SI 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 27 
 21 
 55 
 55 
 
 37 
 52 
 15 
 3 
 49
 
 I lO 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 Wet Spinning. — Protected Classes to l)e prevented from l>eiiig 
 wetted 
 Hot water steam to be preventeti 
 Special Ruk-s in Textile Factories . . 
 Wiiarves — Definition of 
 Wlieelrace — Definition of . . 
 Whipic Lead Factory — Defmiiion of .. 
 Acidulated Drink to be supplied 
 Cannot be carried on without Certificate 
 How to obtain Certificate 
 Schedule of Conditions for certificate 
 Special Rules applicable to 
 Woman. — Definition of 
 
 May be employed from 9 a.m. to 9 p. in in certain trades. 
 Meals in certain departments of Te.\iile Factories 
 
 Prohibition of, in certain places.. 
 Overtime in Turkey Red Dye Works 
 ,, Cleaning and Preparing Fruit 
 
 ,, Where Water Power alone is used 
 
 ,, Not allowed in certain Workshops 
 
 Period of Employment . . .. .. .. ..38,41 
 
 In Laundries 
 
 In and Outside F'actory or Workshop . 
 Prohibitif)n of Employment after Childbirth 
 Work of, in Flax Scutch Mills unrestricted 
 ditionally) . . 
 Woollen Factories in Specified Counties .. 
 Wool Trade . . 
 
 ,, Works 
 
 WoRKPEOPi.K — Bound to Answer Questions by Inspector and 
 Sign Declaration . . 
 Bound to Observe Special Rules 
 
 May be Represented on Arbitration as to Special Rules 
 Not to Alter Automatic Indicator 
 Not to Disclose Particulars as to Wages 
 Restrictions on Taking Work f lome 
 Works — Classes of, to which the Factory Acts apply 
 WoKKSHOP (See also Factories and Workshops) 
 Definition of . . 
 Accidents and Poisoning Cases where men only employe 
 
 to be reported 
 Accidents — Register of, to be kept . . 
 Child cannot be employed full time . . 
 
 Employed only on set or alternate day system 
 Different Parts may be Treated as Different Workshops 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 I 
 
 59 
 
 37 
 
 47 
 
 54, 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 42, 48 
 
 44 
 46 
 24 
 
 41 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 3- 46 
 
 29 
 29 
 29 
 28 
 28 
 46 
 vii 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 41, 42 
 
 6
 
 INDKX. 
 
 I I I 
 
 WoRKSHOrs (continued.) 
 
 Meal Hours 
 
 Meal Hours for Child 
 
 Notice of Occupaiion lo be sent (Form 35) 
 
 Perioii of Employment 
 
 Sanitation (see Hkai.th, Saniiahon, Sanhaky 
 AUTIIOKI 1 y) 
 
 Where neither Child ni)r Youii<j Person is employed 42 
 
 Domestic— Definition of 
 
 Certificate of Fitness not required 
 Worsted Trade 
 
 Young Person — Definition of 
 
 Employment in and outside Factory or Workshop 
 
 Employment under Shop Hours Acts 
 
 Entered on Rct;ister before commencing work 
 
 Examination by Surgeon 
 
 Female — Meals in Textile Factories. . 
 
 In Quarry under Quarries Act may Work in Three Shifts 
 
 Male— Day and Night Shifts for 
 
 Meals in certain Works .. 
 
 Not to be employed more than 12 Hours continuously 
 
 Of 16 may work at night in Newspaper Printing Office 
 Meal Hours 
 Overtime— Cleaning and Prejiaring Fruit 
 
 Gutting, Salting, and Packing Fish 
 
 In Turkey Red Dye Woiks 
 
 Mechanic engaged in repairs 
 
 Where water power alone is used 
 Period of Employment . . . . . . 38, 40, 4 
 
 Period of Employment in Laundries 
 Processes where Forbidden to Work.. 
 Prohibition of Meals in certain places 
 
 41 
 
 . 10 
 41 
 
 43. 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 So 
 
 12, 13 
 
 37. 3« 
 78 
 
 56, 57 
 37 
 5S 
 57 
 35^ 
 55 
 55 
 
 54, 55 
 55 
 55 
 
 43. 48 
 44 
 45 
 47
 
 — ^ Herald Press, Birmingham. Q—
 
 ThJ-5 
 
 UNIVEKSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 LIBRARY
 
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