INDIAN NOTES 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 Edited by F. W. Hodge 
 
 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
 TIONS RELATING TO THE 
 AMERICAN ABORIGINES 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 FRANK G. SPECK 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MTJSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
 
 HE\'E FOUNDATION 
 
 1922
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 SAN DIE0O 
 
 •^. 
 
 Tms series of Indian Notes and Mono- 
 graphs is devoted primarily to the publica- 
 tion of the result of studies by members of 
 the staff of the Museum of the American 
 Indian, Heye Foundation, and is xmiform 
 with Hispanic Notes and Monographs, 
 published by the Hispanic Society of 
 America, with which organization this 
 Museum is in cordial cooperation. 
 
 Only the first ten volumes of Indian 
 Notes and Monographs are numbered. 
 The unnumbered parts may readily be deter- 
 mined by consulting the List of Publications 
 issued as one of the series.
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 Edited by F. W. Hodge 
 
 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
 TIONS RELATING TO THE 
 AMERICAN ABORIGINES 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 FRANK G. SPECK 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MUSEUM OF THE AMERIC.VN INDIAN 
 
 HEYE FOUNDATION 
 
 1922
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 PART I 
 
 STUDIES OF THE BEOTHUK AND 
 MICMAC OF NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK G. SPECK
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Part I 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 12 
 
 Sites of Beothuk occupancy 19 
 
 The INIicmac and the Red Indians 25 
 
 How the ^Micmac and the Red Indians 
 
 became separated 27 
 
 Comparative ethnological notes 30 
 
 Table 44 
 
 Folklore notes from the Nein'foundland band 46 
 
 The story of Buchan's expedition 49 
 
 A meeting between a Red Indian's fam- 
 ily and a Micmac family 51 
 
 An encounter with Red Indians near 
 
 Twillingate 52 
 
 An encounter near Dildo Arm 52 
 
 Miscellaneous anecdotes 53 
 
 The case of Santu 55 
 
 The informant's history , 58 
 
 Ethnological notes 60 
 
 -Votes 71 
 
 Part II 
 
 Introduction 83 
 
 Hunting territories in Nova Scotia 86 
 
 Table 100 
 
 Hunting territories in Cape Breton island. . 106 
 
 Table 110 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hunting territories in Prince Edward island. 1 14 
 
 Table 116 
 
 Hunting territories of the Micmac-Mon- 
 
 tagnais of Newrfoundland 117 
 
 Table 132 
 
 Ancient place-names in Newfoundland 138 
 
 Appendix 141 
 
 I — Cormack's observations . . . 141 
 
 II — Abstract of the Gluskap Trans- 
 former myth 145 
 
 Gluskap's journey 146 
 
 Notes 149 
 
 Index 157 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 Part I 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pl. I. Lookout tree at Red Indian 
 
 point 12 
 
 II. View across Red Indian lake 
 
 from Red Indian point 13 
 
 III. Red Indian point, Red Indian 
 lake, showing "lookout tree" 
 and beach, looking south 18 
 
 IV. The same scene as that shown in 
 plate in, looking toward Mary 
 March bend and point 19 
 
 V. "Mary March's tree" at Mary 
 March point, near Millertown, 
 
 Newfoundland 22 
 
 VI. Beothuk wigwam pit at junc- 
 tion of Badger's brook and 
 
 Exploits river 23 
 
 VII. Log wigwam, camp of Frank Joe 
 and family near St George's 
 
 bay 30 
 
 VIII. Another view of wigwam con- 
 struction 3i 
 
 IX. Birch-bark canoes used by the 
 Micmac of the New Brunswick 
 coast, showing the feature of 
 the elevated gunwale centers, 
 called "humpbacks" 32 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 8 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 PACE 
 
 
 Pl, X. Canoes of the Badger's Brook 
 
 
 band of Micmac 33 
 
 XI. Daughter of John Paul, Micmac- 
 
 
 Montagnais of Badger's Brook, 
 
 
 in caribou-skin coat and with 
 
 
 "Red Indian" doU 34 
 
 
 XII. Daughter of John Paul, Micmac- 
 
 
 Montagnais of Badger's Brook, 
 
 
 in caribou-skin coat 35 
 
 XIII. Daughter of John Paul, Micmac- 
 
 
 Montagnais of Badger's Brook, 
 
 
 in caribou-skin coat 36 
 
 XIV. Man's coat of caribou-skin with 
 
 
 the hair on and with buttons 
 
 
 of caribou-antler '. 37 
 
 XV. Micmac-Montagnais woman at 
 
 
 Badger's Brook in sealskin. 
 
 
 capote with snowshoes 38 
 
 
 XVI. Frank Joe and wife, Micmac- 
 
 
 Montagnais of St George's 
 
 
 settlement, west coast of New- 
 
 
 foundland 39 
 
 
 XVII. Wife of Frank Joe wearing char- 
 
 
 acteristic head-covering 40 
 
 
 XVIII. Boots and moccasins of the Bad- 
 
 
 ger's Brook band of Micmac. 41 
 
 
 XIX. Loom of the Badger's Brook 
 
 
 band of Micmac for weaving 
 
 
 pack-straps, belts, etc 42 
 
 
 XX. Woven pack-straps and spindle- 
 
 
 whorl 43 
 
 
 XXI. Micmac-Montagnais at Badger's 
 
 
 Brook, showing method of 
 
 
 using woven pack-strap 44 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Pl.XXII 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXM. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 XXX. 
 
 XXXI. 
 XXXII. 
 XXXIII. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tobacco-pouches of the Badger's 
 Brook band of Micmac 45 
 
 Snowshoes of the Badger's Brook 
 band of ilicmac 48 
 
 Pick, awls and knives of the 
 Badger's Brook band of JNlicmac 49 
 
 Bone and antler implements of 
 the Badger's Brook band of 
 Micmac 50 
 
 Punch, needles, and chisel of the 
 Badger's Brook band of JNlic- 
 mac 51 
 
 Wooden netting implements of 
 the Badger's Brook band of 
 ]\Iicmac 52 
 
 Harpoon-heads, lance-heads, and 
 fish-spear of the Badger's 
 Brook band of Micmac 53 
 
 Splint basketry of the Badger's 
 Brook band of JMicmac 54 
 
 Birch-bark boxes of the Badger's 
 Brook band of Micmac 55 
 
 Fetish objects of the Badger's 
 Brook band of Micmac 56 
 
 Micmac doll representing "Red 
 Indian" (Beothuk) 57 
 
 View of the country formerly the 
 common property of Micmac 
 and Beothuk, according to 
 tradition 58 
 
 Santu and her son, Joe Toney. . 59 
 
 Santu 60 
 
 Joe Toney 61 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 10 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 Fig. 1. Le&i oi Sarracena purpurea (Pitcher 
 
 
 plant) used as an improvised pipe 
 
 
 by Newfoundland Indians 40 
 
 
 2. Wooden dipper for molten lead in 
 
 
 making bullets 42 
 
 
 Part II 
 
 
 Pl. XXXVII ]\Iicmac hunting camp in 
 
 
 Cape Breton island 106 
 
 
 XXXV'III. ISIicmac hunting camp in 
 
 
 Cape Breton island 107 
 
 
 XXXIX. Birch-bark wigwam of the 
 
 
 Cape Breton Micmac 114 
 
 
 XL. Birch-bark wigwam of the 
 
 
 Cape Breton Micmac, 
 
 
 showing feature of hoop 
 
 
 and inside poles 115 
 
 
 XLI. Interior of wigwam of Cape 
 
 
 Breton IMicmac, showing 
 
 
 size and placing of poles .... 1 18 
 
 
 XLII. Port aux Basques, near 
 
 
 Cape Ray, Newfoundland. 
 
 
 T>-pical scenery ■ of the 
 
 
 southwestern coast 119 
 
 
 M.^p I. Hunting territories of the 
 
 
 Micmac Indians in Nova 
 
 
 Scotia Back Cover 
 
 
 II. Hunting territories of the 
 
 
 Micmac Indians in Prince 
 
 
 Edward island and New- 
 
 
 foundland Back Cover 
 
 
 Fig. 3. Hunting territory of Solomon Siah, 
 
 
 Micmac of Bear river, Nova Scotia 99 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 11 
 
 I. STUDIES OF THE BEOTHUK 
 AND MICMAC OF NEW- 
 FOUNDLAND 
 
 By Frank G. Speck 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE mystery connected with the dis- 
 appearance of the unfortunate 
 Beothuk or Red Indians of New- 
 foundland has aroused a great deal 
 of interest among historical investigators. 
 The ethnologist, however, has to lament 
 chiefly the fact that little or nothing of the 
 language or customs of the tribe had been 
 recorded before the opportunity had passed. 
 Paucity of information on the language and 
 the necessity of having to depend on several 
 very poor vocabularies led Powell and 
 Gatschet in 1885 to classify the Beothuk as 
 an independent linguistic stock. Other 
 writers who have dealt with the tribe have 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 12 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 been impressed by certain cultural affinities 
 with both Eskimo and Montagnais. Conse- 
 quently there is at present considerable un- 
 certainty as to the ethnic position of the 
 tribe. 
 
 In the summer of 1914, during a trip to 
 the eastern provinces of Canada for ethno- 
 logical research/ I made an extension of my 
 journey, I might almost say a pilgrimage, to 
 Red Indian lake and Exploits river, the 
 country of the Beothuk, in the hope of resur- 
 recting some traditional or material traces of 
 their existence. As a consequence the result 
 of my labor is presented in this brief 
 paper, since in our study of the lost tribe 
 we are forced to make stock of almost any 
 fragments of information. We should be 
 careful, I think, in a case of this kind, not 
 to overestimate the peculiarity of the posi- 
 tion of the tribe simply because it became 
 extinct under rather tragic circumstances, 
 or because so little is known of it. Some 
 writers have been inclined to do this. We 
 should rather try to identify the ethnic 
 position of the Beothuk through the few 
 known facts of their life, relying more upon 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 LOOKOUT TREE AT RED INDIAN POINT 
 Close view, showing trimmed branches
 
 
 12 
 
 2:g 
 
 < m 
 
 □ I 
 ZH 
 
 ~u. 
 QO 
 
 Ld 
 
 o> 
 Jo 
 
 Si 
 
 <o 
 
 -IX 
 
 I 
 
 CO O 
 
 CO Si 
 
 OO
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 13 
 
 positive than upon negative knowledge. 
 The intangible nature of the few existing 
 vocabularies confronts us with our main dif- 
 ficulty; while a few customs, such as the 
 extreme use of red ocher, the peculiar shape 
 of the canoe, and the wigwam pits, features 
 indeed not entirely unknown to outside 
 tribes, tend collectively at least to lend to 
 the Beothuk as an ethnic group a certain 
 aspect of local distinctiveness. Let us 
 glance at the circumstances. 
 
 The general supposition that the Beothuk 
 may be a divergent early branch of the east- 
 ern Algonkian is indeed borne out by some 
 fairly trustworthy historical, linguistic, and 
 ethnological conclusions. The archeological 
 question is, moreover, correlated with that 
 of the northern New England coast and the 
 maritime provinces. From the reports of 
 Willoughby^ and Moorehcad'' there is evi- 
 dence of a pre-Algonkian culture in Maine. 
 It has also been represented that this cul- 
 ture, owing to certain traits, such as the 
 abundant use of red ocher in burials, the 
 absence of many types of stone implements, 
 and the frequent occurrence of long slate 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 14 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 lance-heads and of chisels/ may have been 
 culture of a type related to that of the 
 Beothuk. While the principle of identify- 
 ing one type of culture with another on the 
 basis of a few resemblances is, of course, 
 non-commendable, nevertheless the fact 
 that we possess no strikingly conflicting 
 material from either of these little-known 
 ancient areas gives some extra weight to 
 the few resemblances that may be men- 
 tioned. At present evidence seems to be 
 accumulating in favor of the idea that a 
 type of culture older and cruder than that 
 of the historic Algonkian prevailed in the 
 eastern maritime provinces and in northern 
 New England. So by coordinating the 
 remainders it might seem that the Beothuk 
 were the last isolated outposts of this culture 
 in the matter of both time and space. 
 Then, if we accept the evidence of Beothuk 
 resemblances to Algonkian as indicating a 
 genetic relationship, we should have to as- 
 sume that the early culture type belonged 
 to a primitive Algonkian group antedating 
 the later Algonkian occupants. Certain 
 uniformities, one of which is simplicity of 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 15 
 
 type in archeological material throughout 
 the whole area, seem to lead to some such 
 idea. Since a further fundamental simplic- 
 ity in social, ceremonial, and economic life is 
 a fairly uniform characteristic of the north- 
 eastern Algonkian in general, I am inclined 
 to beheve that the historic tribes of the 
 northeast are the surviving representatives 
 of the early unaffected Algonkian types of 
 which the isolated Beothuk of Newfound- 
 land were the last true representatives. 
 Unfortunately Mr Howley, in his recent 
 monograph on the Beothuk,^ does not seem 
 to define clearly the reasons for his own 
 stand on the question of ethnic affinity, not- 
 withstanding the fact that he is at present 
 perhaps more intimately conversant with 
 the internal probabilities of the case than 
 anyone else.** 
 
 The fame of the Beothuk seems to have 
 reached regions quite distant from New- 
 foundland in Indian times. As far west as 
 the Penobscot of Maine, a tribe of "Red 
 Indians," who are said to have dyed their 
 skins red, is known by tradition as 
 Osagane'wi'ak.'' Some informants apply 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 16 
 
 B E O T H U K A N D M I C M A C 
 
 this name to the Montagnais of southern 
 Labrador, while others employ it to desig- 
 nate a people farther to the east, which 
 makes it possible that they refer to a people 
 in Newfoundland. 
 
 Again, the Malecite of New Brunswick 
 employ the cognate term Us'a'gan'ik to de- 
 note the Montagnais and the other tribes to 
 the north and east. This term is evidently 
 derived directly from the IVIicmac term 
 Osa'yan'ax, which likewise denotes the tribes 
 north of the St Lawrence as well as the tribe 
 of Newfoundland. I have found inform- 
 ants to vary on this term, some applying it 
 to the Montagnais exclusively and others 
 to the Red Indians of Newfoundland when 
 they knew something of the latter. We 
 may remark, however, that a certain stand- 
 ard usage among the Micmac, INIalecite, and 
 Penobscot applies this term to a people who 
 may be putatively identified with the Beo- 
 thuk. In addition, this is the name of the 
 Beothuk as given by a supposed descendant 
 of the tribe, born in Newfoundland, whose 
 testimony will be discussed later. ^ 
 
 More definite knowledge of the Beothuk, 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 17 
 
 or at least those whom we may presume to 
 be the same, is shared by the Malecite. Un- 
 der the name of Mekwe'isit, "red man," 
 there are several myths and a description 
 of "a tribe of Indians who were red. Each 
 of these red men was known by the name of 
 Mekwe'isit. Whenever any of the other 
 Indians came near, these natives would run 
 away. . . . Their dress was unlike 
 that of other tribes. They wore a loin cloth 
 and leggings and moccasins of a peculiar 
 cut. They did not wear any covering for 
 the rest of the body, but instead they 
 painted it a deep red."^ Mechling, in 
 commenting on these stories, says: "The 
 explanation of the Red People suggests 
 at once the Beothuks. There is little 
 doubt that they were known to the Malecites 
 by hearsay at least. The statements in re- 
 gard to their dress and painting seem to 
 have some basis in fact."^° Howley also 
 gives information from the Malecite ob- 
 tained through Mr E. Jack, pertaining to 
 the Beothuk.'^ 
 
 Nearer to the scene, the Micmac in gen- 
 eral are better acquainted with the former 
 
 ♦ 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 18 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 • 
 
 Red Indians of Newfoundland, who natu- 
 rally have a promment place in their local 
 legends. Their name for the Beothuk is 
 Meywe'dji'djik,^^ "red people" (diminu- 
 tive), and, as I have said before, the tribal 
 term Osa'yan'ax is appUed by some both to 
 the Montagnais and to the Beothuk by the 
 present-day Newfoundland Indians. 
 
 Among the Montagnais, on the other 
 hand, I have had very poor success in ob- 
 .taining references to the Beothuk. As far 
 down the St Lawrence as the Moisie river 
 the Montagnais seem ignorant of the New- 
 foundland tribe's existence. Farther east, 
 nearer the Straits of Belle Isle, perhaps the 
 few Montagnais there would know some- 
 thing of them, but I have not as yet visited 
 them to determine the point. 
 
 The expectation that the present Micmac 
 inhabitants of Newfoundland might have a 
 more extended knowledge of the supposedly 
 extinct tribe, an expectation most natural 
 to the ethnologist, led me to undertake the 
 investigation of material culture while in 
 Newfoundland, the results of which form 
 the basis of this paper. The ethnological 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 < —
 
 BEOTHUK SITES 
 
 19 
 
 collection figured in my study is now in the 
 Victoria INIuseum, Ottawa, and the manu- 
 script was prepared originally for the An- 
 thropological Survey of Canada. Thanks 
 are due to the Director and to Dr. Edward 
 Sapir for the photographs of the collection 
 and for permission to use the material. 
 
 SITES OF BEOTHUK OCCUPANCY 
 
 In the neighborhood of Red Indian lake 
 and the River of Exploits the signs of Beo- 
 thuk occupancy are both numerous and well 
 preserved. Several authors^^ have written 
 of the caribou "fences" which were con- 
 structed to force the caribou to cross a river 
 or a lake at certain places accessible to the 
 natives, where they could be shot and 
 speared.^* Recent forest fires have oblit- 
 erated these so-called "fences," but in a 
 few places near the shore, where, on account 
 of the moisture, the fires have not burned 
 to the water's edge, some few miles below 
 the new dam on Exploits river at its junction 
 with Red Indian lake, are to be seen the 
 trunks of trees felled to form a line barrier 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 20 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 leading obliquely from the water's edge to 
 the wooded bank. This rough abattis, as 
 it were, is said to have extended for some 
 miles along the river before the era of fires 
 which wrought so much havoc with the 
 forests of the interior. So well known are 
 the sites of these fences in the Exploits 
 River region that any Micmac guide at 
 Badger's Brook can lead to the places where 
 remains may still be seen. At one spot in 
 particular, a mile above Red Indian falls on 
 Exploits river, a "fence" running to the 
 water's edge is discernible. It is formed of 
 cross-pieces as high as one's head, with hori- 
 zontal tree-trunks felled to fall into the 
 crotches here and there. The continuation 
 of this "fence" has been burnt away upon 
 the upland, but it is still partly intact along 
 shore. 
 
 During the short time at my disposal, 1 
 was able to find without difficulty several 
 interesting camp-sites where even the form 
 of the wigwam-sites was preserved and some 
 of the litter of the hunter's camp lay round 
 about near the surface. One of the note- 
 worthy features of the Red Indian sites is 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 BEOTHUK SITES 
 
 21 
 
 the excavation of the ground where the 
 wig\\-ams stood. Either circular or some- 
 what quadrilateral in form, these pits now 
 generally appear excavated about a foot. 
 They were undoubtedly deeper when made. 
 In the center of the wigwam-holes is the 
 location of the fireplace, as indicated by the 
 charred soil and fire-cracked stones. Dig- 
 ging over the soil around the fireplaces one 
 uncovers remains of implements. Chert 
 and flint chips occur, showing stone-age 
 industry. Interspersed with them were 
 found metal fragments — pieces of metal 
 bands, old wrought nails, small nondescript 
 iron scraps, and, in one place, a perfect iron 
 awl blade. Quantities of animal bones and 
 pieces of caribou antler also occur, indicating 
 the food habits of the natives. Referring to 
 the material, we find a tradition among 
 the Micmac-Montagnais of the island which 
 relates how the Red Indians used to make 
 forays on fishermen's settlements and even 
 robbed schooners to obtain metal for tool 
 making.^" The Micmac say that they fre- 
 quently dig in these Red Indian wig^vam- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 22 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 pits and find curious iron implements — 
 knives, axes, traps, and the like. 
 
 At Red Indian point, several miles south 
 of Millertown at the point of land near 
 where Mary March brook flows into the 
 lake, is a notable site, said by the Micmac- 
 Montagnais to have been the headquarters 
 of the Red Indians a hundred years or so 
 ago. Directly at the point here are a num- 
 ber of wigwam-pits, at least seven, although 
 it was rather hard to discern them all at 
 the time of my visit on account of the logs 
 that had drifted in and filled the pits at 
 high water. One of these, rectangular in 
 shape and about 30 feet in its greater 
 diameter, is said to have been the location 
 of the wigwam of a chief. The other pits 
 are at several yards' distance, grouped 
 around this one. They have an average 
 depth of about 2 feet, and their large size 
 indicates the place formerly to have been a 
 large and probably more or less regular set- 
 tlement. In and around these pits I gath- 
 ered a quantity of cracked bones and pieces 
 of antler. Much material undoubtedly 
 could be obtained here by excavation. The 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 ^ 
 
 ;3s 
 
 
 i.
 
 CO E 

 
 BEOTHUK SITES 
 
 23 
 
 most interesting feature of this site, how- 
 ever, is a large white spruce tree which 
 stands intact at the extremity of the point. 
 This tree has its smaller branches trimmed 
 out, and the lower branches are lopped ofiF 
 a foot or so from the trunk to form a means 
 of ascent to its airy heights. The trimming 
 extends, I should say, at least 30 or 40 feet 
 from the ground, and enables an observer 
 to mount conveniently the full distance. 
 This tree was a lookout post. When the 
 camp was occupied a lookout was stationed 
 in it to watch for caribou swimming across 
 the lake, or, we might well imagine, for the 
 approach of enemies. This remarkable tree 
 is still in perfect condition and forms a 
 landmark that seems to have appealed to 
 the sentiment of the lumbermen, so it will 
 probably remain. Photographs of this 
 site, and several views of the lookout tree, 
 one taken from its height where I climbed to 
 experience the sensation of observing these 
 wastes from the vantage point of the an- 
 cients, are shown in pi. i-v. One fact 
 further should be noted, that in the last 
 century the point was occupied by Micmac 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 24 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 ' 
 
 who availed themselves from time to time 
 of its ideal situation. John Paul said that 
 he knew of several old people who were 
 born while their families were encamped 
 there. Among them he mentioned it as his 
 understanding that Santu, the woman whose 
 claim of Beothuk descent is to be considered 
 later, was also born there. 
 
 At many points on Exploits river, the 
 wigwam-pits are numerous. Near the junc- 
 tion of Badger's brook and Exploits river, 
 the only other place where I had an oppor- 
 tunity to examine the shores, about a dozen 
 wigwam-pits may still be seen ranging along 
 the northern bank on the terrace above 
 the beach. On some of these pits, fair- 
 sized spruce trees have grown up. The pits 
 are situated at a distance ranging from about 
 100 feet to 100 yards from each other (pi. 
 vi). In some of these, where I excavated 
 the fireplace and floor space, fragments of 
 iron tools, stone chips and flakes, and stone 
 hammers or bone-crackers, and a perfect 
 bone implement for removing the hair from 
 caribou skins, were found. The latter, a 
 caribou leg-bone, is of the same type as is 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 MICMAC KNOWLEDGE 
 
 25 
 
 commonly found among the Montagnais, 
 Micmac, and other eastern tribes. (See pi. 
 XXV, a, b). So much for the archeological 
 remains of which I am able to speak from 
 personal observation. The Micmac of the 
 region, however, speak, of many of these old 
 camp-sites. Some systematic excavation in 
 the region would prove very profitable. 
 
 THE MICMAC AND THE RED INDIANS 
 
 Our most important extant sources of in- 
 formation about the Beothuk are undoubt- 
 edly the Micmac-Montagnais who still in- 
 habit the southern and western coasts of 
 Newfoundland and parts of the interior. 
 The present Indian inhabitants, whose lan- 
 guage is Micmac, are the mixed offspring 
 of Montagnais hunters from Labrador and 
 ]\Iicmac from Cape Breton island. Immi- 
 gration from both these neighboring regions 
 must have commenced at least several 
 centuries ago, because our records from the 
 early part of the nineteenth century show 
 both the Micmac and the Montagnais to 
 have been firmly established in Newfound- 
 land at that time. As the historical facts 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 26 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 concerned with these migrations are quite 
 interesting, a brief account of them will be 
 given to introduce the people we are to dis- 
 cuss as the successors, I believe in more 
 than one sense, of the Beothuk.^^ 
 
 The Micmac claim to have had some 
 knowledge of Newfoundland from remote 
 times. They speak of a branch of their 
 people called Sa'ydwe'djki'k, "ancients," 
 who lived on the southern and western coasts 
 before the eighteenth century, and to cor- 
 roborate this they give an old nomenclature 
 of landmarks in various parts of the island 
 in Micmac. Communication with New- 
 foundland in early times was carried on by 
 means of canoes. The distance, about 93 
 miles, between Cape North (of Cape Bre- 
 ton) and Cape Ray was covered in two 
 stages, the first stop having been St Paul's 
 island, 14 miles from Cape North. The 
 traverse thence was made at night generally, 
 when it was calmer, guided by a beacon fire 
 kindled on the high barrens of Cape Ray by 
 a crew of experienced men who went on 
 rapidly ahead of the main body. In later 
 times the Micmac added to the faciUty of 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 M I C :M A C KNOWLEDGE 
 
 27 
 
 communication by using schooners. Their 
 first settlements were about St George's 
 bay, at Burgeo on the south coast, and at 
 Conne river. 
 
 In the St George's Bay region it is a matter 
 of general knowledge, among the older mem- 
 bers of the Newfoundland band, that their 
 ancestors lived in amicable contact with the 
 Beothuk, whom they designate Meywe'djik, 
 "red people." This period of friendly rela- 
 tionship interests us now because during 
 that time we may surmise some culture bor- 
 rowing and blood intermixture to have taken 
 place. 
 
 The following legend narrated by John 
 Paul accounts for the rupture between the 
 two tribes. 
 
 How the Micmac and the Red Indians 
 
 Became Separated 
 
 (Narrated by John Paul at Badger's Brook) 
 
 "Long ago the Micmac and the Red Indians 
 were friendly and lived together in a village at 
 St George's bay, which is now supposed to have 
 been near Seal rocks [near StevensvilleJ. The 
 place was called Meski'gtu'a.>i''d3n, 'big gut,' or 
 it might have been Nudjo'yan, inside Sandy 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 28 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 point in the bay. The St George's river was 
 at that time called Main river bv the English. 
 Everything went well between the two tribes. 
 They used to have a large canoe at the village in 
 which the people could cross over the bay. One 
 time during the winter a Micmac boy killed a 
 black weasel. As it was winter-time the 
 weasel should, of course, have been white. The 
 occurrence was taken as an omen of misfortune,^' 
 because the boy should not have killed a black 
 weasel in winter-time, the animal not being in 
 its proper hue. On account of the violation of 
 the taboo a quarrel arose between the boys who 
 were at the time gathered near the big canoe 
 already mentioned. The Micmac boy struck 
 and killed a Red Indian boy and left him there. 
 Soon the Red Indian boy was missed by his 
 people, and after searching for several days 
 they found his body lying near the big canoe. 
 When they examined the wounds the Red 
 Indians concluded that the boy had been mur- 
 dered. They accused the Micmac of doing the 
 deed, and in a few days feeling became so 
 intense that a fight ensued in which the Red 
 Indians were beaten and driven out. They 
 retreated into the interior and, being separated 
 from contact with the outside world, drifted into 
 barbarism and became wilder. They always 
 shunned the IMicmac, who soon after obtained 
 firearms and, although the}' never persecuted 
 the Red Indians, were thenceforth objects of 
 terror to them. In a few generations those of 
 the two tribes who were able to converse to- 
 gether died out and there was no way left for 
 them to come together. So living in fear of 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 MICMAC KNOWLEDGE 
 
 29 
 
 each other, yet avoiding clashes, the Micmac 
 continued to live at Bay St George and the 
 Red Indians kept to the interior." 
 
 We can hardly give serious historical con- 
 sideration to the details of this story. It 
 bears the marks of being a secondary expla- 
 nation of some historical event, especially 
 since the same general theme among the 
 Micmac, and even among other Wabanaki 
 tribes of the mainland, accounts for the hos- 
 tility of the Iroquois.^ ^ The motive of the 
 legend, nevertheless, is clear enough, for it 
 indicates that the Micmac and the Red Indi- 
 ans were undoubtedly on friendly terms 
 originally and that they intermingled.^® 
 
 Accepting this assumption as being trust- 
 worthy, let us consider other claims, as 
 well as some features of material culture. 
 Such a study of the ethnology of the New- 
 foundland Indians (whom I have chosen to 
 call Micmac-Montagnais on account of their 
 mixed descent), as I was able to make it in 
 the early summer of 1914, showed some few 
 articles of use characteristic neither of the 
 Micmac of the mainland nor of the Montag- 
 nais. By eliminating what we can safely 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 30 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 attribute to either of the above sources, the 
 residual material may possibly deserve to be 
 classed as the result of borrowing through 
 contact with the Beothuk. If one is in- 
 clined to object strenuously to such a claim, 
 let us recall the fact that many of the Mic- 
 mac families among the present-day natives 
 of Newfoundland are of Montagnais de- 
 scent. If one attempts to deny categorically 
 that culture survivals from the Beothuk are 
 not to be traced through the Micmac, on 
 account of former hostility, then it cannot 
 be denied on the same ground that influence 
 could have come down through the Mon- 
 tagnais strain in the present population, 
 whose ancestors were known to be friendly 
 with the Beothuk. 
 
 COMPARATIVE ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES 
 
 One of the distinctive features of economic 
 life listed for the Beothuk is a marked pe- 
 culiarity in the construction of thebirch-bark 
 wigwam. The excavation of a pit a foot or 
 so below the level of the ground seems to 
 have been a general feature of the Beothuk 
 wigwam. This contrasts with the Micmac 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 i, f^m0'
 
 HABITATION 
 
 31 
 
 and Montagnais wigwam, because these 
 tribes generally erect the wigwam upon flat 
 ground. On the Penobscot river in Maine, 
 nevertheless, such wigwam-pits, both rec- 
 tangular and circular in outline, may be 
 seen on Indian island. In other respects, 
 however, the wigwams of the Beothuk and 
 the eastern Algonkian seem to correspond 
 even in such details as the hoop encircling 
 the inside of the framework of poles.^" The 
 hoop varies somewhat in size according to 
 the height at which it is placed. Generally 
 it is lashed to the wigwam poles about six 
 feet from the ground and lends much to the 
 support of the poles when the wigwam is 
 burdened with snow. Sticks are placed on 
 the hoop, upon which clothing and moc- 
 casins may be hung to be dried. Even the 
 cooking utensils are suspended over the fire 
 from the cross-sticks. All is shown in pi. XL. 
 The hoop as a structural feature, is used, 
 we know, westward as far as the Montagnais 
 and the Penobscot of Maine ;^^ but it is 
 absent from the wigwam and tipi con- 
 struction of the Great Lakes area and the 
 plains. Even the rectangular based winter 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 32 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 wigwams of the Beothuk, built of logs chink- 
 ed with moss and with a pyramidal bark 
 superstructure, find their parallel among 
 the tribes of the Wabanaki group. An ex- 
 ample of the present-day Newfoundland In- 
 dian log camp is shown in pi. vn-viii. An 
 anonymous author in the London Times 
 (1820) mentions the upright posts in con- 
 struction (cf. Howley, p. 100). This camp 
 is built partly on the same principle — a clear 
 survival. So after all, in the rather fun- 
 damental matter of architecture the Beo- 
 thuk do not exhibit a great divergence from 
 the surrounding Algonkian. 
 
 In canoe-building we find another impor- 
 tant subject for comparative mention. The 
 bark canoe of the Beothuk type has 
 been described by several authors.^^ The 
 pointed keel and the elevated middle section 
 of the gunwales are the two distinguishing 
 features of the craft. The pointed keel is 
 unique among eastern canoe types, but the 
 same cannot be said of the elevated gunwale 
 middle, for a modified form of the same 
 thing, with the same separating thwart, is 
 prominent not only in the Micmac canoes 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 if! CD 
 
 <a. 
 OS 
 
 5° 
 
 gw b; 
 
 Q_J M 
 
 S >^ 
 
 iol 
 
 >'^ 
 CQ uj
 
 o Si 
 
 z i
 
 CANOES 
 
 33 
 
 of Newfoundland (pi. ix, b), which might 
 be expected to show the feature, but through- 
 out the Micmac range as far as southern 
 Nova Scotia, according to my own observa- 
 tion (pi. ix). Farther west than the Mic- 
 mac, however, this feature does not extend 
 nor do the Montagnais produce it. Ordi- 
 narily, however, the present-day Micmac- 
 Montagnais of Newfoundland make and use 
 the moose-skin canoe (mu'sawulk, "moose 
 boat") in preference to the bark one. They 
 claim that it is more convenient on the port- 
 ages and more quickly made. From two to 
 four skins are used in its construction, which 
 is quite simple. A model is shown in pi. 
 X, a. In this trait the Newfoundland In- 
 dians agree with the other tribes of the Wa- 
 banaki group, as well as with the Mon- 
 tagnais, who all have recourse at times to 
 moose-hide craft. We do not hear of the 
 hide canoe among the Beothuk from any of 
 the old accounts with the exception of one, 
 Cormack's,'^ although of course the fun- 
 damental idea is Eskimo as well as Al- 
 gonkian. 
 
 In the matter of dress, some articles are 
 
 • 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 34 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MI CM AC 
 
 characteristic of the Newfoundland Indians 
 of toda}' which are common to both Mon- 
 tagnais and Micmac, while others are sug- 
 gestive of Red Indian culture. The caribou- 
 skin capote {qali'bua'zi, "caribou cover- 
 ing") with hood attached (pi. xi-xiv), and 
 the- sealskin coats (pi. xv) of the same 
 type, are of course in the former class. Al- 
 though I was able to procure only a plain 
 specimen of the caribou-skin coat, I 'learned 
 from John Paul' (see p. 78, note 45) of 
 decorations which formerly were more com- 
 mon. Tanned with the hair off, these 
 coats had figures of animals painted on the 
 back, and a band of checkerwork in red 
 and black around the waist. This compares 
 more with what we know of Montagnais 
 decoration, although the same type of coat 
 had a wide distribution throughout the 
 Wabanaki area. Of the pigments, red and 
 brown were from alder bark, yellow from 
 "yellow thread" (golden ihxc&d, Coptis iri- 
 folia),^'^ and blue and black from blueber- 
 ries. When the hair was left on these coats 
 they were seldom painted, except as in the 
 case of the one figured, which has red ocher 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK ANDMICMAC 
 
 DAUGHTER OF JOHN PAUL. M IC MAC- MONT AGNAI S OF 
 
 BADGERS BROOK. IN CARIBOU-SKIN COAT AND 
 
 WITH "RED INDIAN" DOLL
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 \ 
 
 m"^ 
 
 -?*j^ 
 
 
 DAUGHTER OF JOHN PAUL, M I M AC- MONTAGN Al S OF 
 BADGERS BROOK. IN CARIBOU-SKIN COAT
 
 DRESS 
 
 35 
 
 smeared over the seams on the inside. 
 Children's coats were made from the skin 
 of a caribou calf, with the eye-holes and 
 ears left in place on the head, which fitted 
 over the head of the child to form the hood. 
 This is distinctly like the coats worn by 
 children of the ]\Iontagnais of Labrador. 
 Trousers of tanned caribou-skin reaching 
 almost to the knee, as an article of clothing 
 correspond also to the early dress of the 
 Montagnais. 
 
 The women wore peaked caps {kdn'i''- 
 skwe'ic, "pointed top"), descriptions of which 
 serve to show that they were more like those 
 of the other Micmac, though of course a 
 similar article is worn by nearly every Mon- 
 tagnais woman. The women also wrapped 
 their hair over two small wooden blocks over 
 the ears, also after the fashion of the Mon- 
 tagnais. Neither of these fashions, how- 
 ever, is to be seen nowadays (pi. x\-i-x\ai). 
 
 When we come to consider boots and 
 moccasins {mki'zi'n), we encounter articles 
 which evidently suggest Beothuk influence. 
 The low moccasin of caribou-skin has the 
 forepart finely puckered like that of the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 36 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 Montagnais (pi. xviii, a, b). More char- 
 acteristic of these Indians, however, is the 
 boot-moccasin {mu' ksati) ,^^ the pattern of 
 which is the same as that of Eskimo boots 
 and those of the Montagnais of the coast. 
 With feet made of sealskin and the upper 
 parts of either seal- or caribou-skin, heavily 
 greased, the article is suggestively Eskimo- 
 like. Frequently the top of the boot is rein- 
 forced with a strip of caribou-skin with 
 the fur on (pi. xviii, c-e). The distinctive 
 feature of both the moccasin and the boots, 
 however, is the red stain which they receive 
 at the hands of their makers before being 
 considered complete. Discussion of this 
 peculiarity with the Indians themselves 
 brought to light the fact that they attribute 
 the custom of dyeing these articles red to 
 former contact with the Red Indians. 
 Since the feature seems to be restricted to 
 those people, I see little reason to doubt the 
 likelihood of the connection. Practically 
 every pair of moccasins I observed worn by 
 them was dyed red, whether made of 
 caribou-skin or of seal-skin. To obtain the 
 red color they soak the hide in water im- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 DAUGHTER OF JOHN PAUL, M I CM AC-MONTAGN AIS OF 
 BADGERS BROOK. IN CARIBOU-SKIN COAT
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 MAN'S COAT OF CARIBOU-SKIN WITH THE HAIR ON AND 
 
 WITH BUTTONS OF CARIBOU-ANTLER: USED IN WINTER 
 
 BY THE BADGER'S BROOK BAND OF MICMAC
 
 W E A V I N G 
 
 37 
 
 pregnated with spruce, pine, or alder bark, 
 during the process of tanning ^"^ 
 
 For a people with rather crude industries, 
 it seems unusual to find them practising 
 weaving. Upon a loom {eldaxte 'gan , ' ' weav- 
 ing instrument"^^) made of wood with from 
 20 to 30 holes in the bars between the ver- 
 tical apertures (pi. xix), the women weave 
 pack-straps {u.'i'sxo''buxsan', "carrying 
 strap"), shown in pi. xx, a, ft; xxi (compare, in 
 the Cape Breton dialect of Micmac, Ijk' 
 xada'u) belts and garters.-* The material 
 employed in weaving, before sheep wool came 
 into use, was caribou wool. To obtain the 
 wool it was combed from the hide, three- 
 fourths of a pound usualty coming from one 
 skin. Bear, beaver, otter, and hare skins, 
 they say, also furnished wool of an inferior 
 sort. When combed and stretched the wool 
 was spun on a wooden spindle {mi'man- 
 Ja'Ton'," spinning instrument"^^), which was 
 twirled with the fingers (pi. xx, c), the point 
 restingonaboard. When the woolen strands 
 are ready to be woven, they are passed 
 alternately through the holes and slits of 
 the loom. One end of the group of gathered 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 38 
 
 1 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 strands is tied to a post, or something 
 equally convenient in the house, and the 
 other end attached to the belt of the woman 
 who is to do the weaving. Thus the loom 
 is near the body of the weaver. By lean- 
 ing backward then the weaver can make 
 the cords as tight as she desires. Without 
 shuttle or bar the weaver then passes the 
 ball of 3'arn with one hand between the 
 alternate strands, separated vertically when 
 the loom is raised with the other hand, 
 and then back again when the loom is lowered. 
 This produces an over-one under-one mesh, 
 and the pattern is determined by the colors 
 of the strands. PI. xix shows the loom with 
 an unfinished belt upon it. The art of weav- 
 ing, the highest artistic accomplishment of 
 the Newfoundland band, seems more closely 
 related to the Micmac; nothing like it occurs 
 among the Montagnais. Several informants 
 claimed, however, that they had heard of 
 its derivation from the Red Indians. I 
 hardly think, though, that such a claim 
 should be seriously considered. 
 
 Another rather fine art is the wea\'ing of 
 very fine cords of rabbit wool in varied 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 MICMAC-MONTAGNAIS WOMAN AT BADGERS BROOK IN 
 SEALSKIN CAPOTE WITH SNOWSHOES OF LOCAL TYPE
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 FRANK JOE AND WIFE, M I C M AC- MONTAG N Al S OF ST 
 GEORGES BAY SETTLEMENT. WEST COAST OF 
 NEWFOUNDLAND
 
 SNOW SHOES 
 
 30 
 
 colors to be sewed on the edge of caps, cloth 
 ing, and the like, sometimes made into 
 designs as a substitute for beadwork and 
 painting. This art is comparable with the 
 former work of the Montagnais in wool 
 embroidery, and in later days in silk. I 
 have described this technique in another 
 paper.^" 
 
 Thfe scarcity of skin and cloth bags among 
 the Newfoundland Indians contrasts with 
 their abundance among the Montagnais 
 and even the Micmac of the mainland. 
 Only a few bags or pouches {nialsewi" ^^) 
 were obtained (pi. xxn), one of caribou- 
 skin, dyed red, and another of muskrat- 
 skin. 
 
 Snowshoes (a'ygmk'), shown in pi. xxiii, 
 are not so finel}' made as are those of 
 the ]\Iontagnais. They resemble more the 
 snowshoes of the INIicmac of the mainland.^^ 
 Crooked knives (-u.<aya'yaii); awls with 
 wooden handles {sisi"san); hide-scrapers 
 and hair-removers {say'dfi''gan); snowshoe 
 needles {tatwi'gan) of caribou antler or 
 bone; netting needles {sa'yadik') of wood 
 (all shown in pi. xxiv-xxvii), are all of a 
 
 AND MO N O G R A V H S
 
 40 
 
 B E O T H U K A N D M I C M A C 
 
 type common to both the Montagnais and 
 the Micmac.'^ There is no reason why many 
 of them should not have been the same among 
 the Beothuk, since one hair-remover at 
 least of the common sort was found, as I 
 have previously mentioned, in a Beothuk 
 wigwam pit at Badger's Brook (pi. vi). 
 There is, however, nothing distinctive in any 
 way about implements of the class described, 
 
 Fig. 1.— Leaf of Sarracena purpurea (pitcher plant) used 
 as an improvised pipe by Newfoundland Indians. 
 
 for the types are present among all the 
 tribes of the northeastern culture group. 
 
 Harpoon-heads of antler are represented 
 in the collection by several types, one for 
 spearing beaver (smnuskwa'ndi') shown in 
 pi. xxviii, e; others for seals and caribou 
 {a, c) . The antler toggle (d) is called pska'o?^ 
 These lances and harpoons, and the fish- 
 spear {ni'yo'yal; pi. xxvni, &), are also of 
 the type conmion among the Eskimo, Mon- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 WIFE OF FRANK JOE WEARI NQTcH ARACTERI STI C HEAD- 
 COVERING
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 ct 
 
 BOOTS AND MOCCASINS OF THE BADGER'S BROOK BAND 
 OF MICMAC 
 a, Child's red tanned sealskin moccasin.- h, Man's red tanned caribou- 
 skin moccasin. -c, Boot of sealskin^with.'caribou-fur trimming, d. Boot 
 with upper of tanned sealskin andifeetiOfg.caribou-skin (length, 14 in.). 
 e, Red tanned caribou-skin top boot moccasins
 
 BASKETS 
 
 41 
 
 tagnais, and Micmac; in fact, throughout the 
 North. 
 
 Smokmg-pipes are improvised from the 
 leaf of the pitcher-plant {Sarracerm pur- 
 purea), shown in fig. 1. The green tubular 
 leaf body endures for a period long enough 
 for the user to enjoy one filling of it, either 
 with tobacco or with dried red-willow bark. 
 The natives also use an improvised pipe 
 made of a roll of birch-bark. Howley (p. 
 339) mentions the same smoking materials 
 and adds that they were probably used 
 also by the Beothuk. 
 
 Maple splint baskets {pudaW e'wi,^'" pi. 
 xxrx) are the comparatively recent prod- 
 ucts of an art brought from the Micmac 
 of the mainland, for nothing of the kind is 
 found among the Montagnais, nor in fact 
 was it found in earlier times among any of 
 the other Wabanaki.^^ On the other hand, 
 the decorated birch-bark baskets so charac- 
 teristic of the Montagnais are not common 
 in Newfoundland either, and we find only a 
 few of the beautiful quiUworked bark boxes 
 of the Micmac type. Since porcupines are 
 not native to Newfoundland, the few old 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 42 
 
 B E T H U K 
 
 AND MI CM AC 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ir. 
 
 women who, a genera- 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 tion ago, preserved the 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 national art of quill- 
 
 
 
 ■l 
 
 'J2 
 
 work on bark (pi. xxx) 
 
 
 
 'H 
 
 _c 
 
 had to import their 
 
 
 
 iiH 
 
 1 
 
 quills from Nova Scotia. 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 c 
 
 <L> 
 
 Bark boxes are a'luwa- 
 
 
 
 'm 
 
 "3 
 
 bax, "oval shaped;" and 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 awi'yo'yalayan, "round 
 
 
 
 1 5 
 
 bark box." They were 
 
 
 
 i''*l' 1 
 
 1 "^ 
 
 formerly common ob- 
 
 
 
 '' 1 
 
 I 1 
 
 jects.^^ 
 
 
 
 ' '1 . 
 
 11 1 
 
 From several himters 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 III t 
 
 I obtained perforated 
 
 
 
 1 'l 
 
 llill 
 
 stones {kwunde'u, 
 
 
 j 
 
 Ilii ^ 
 
 "stone;" pi. xxxi, b, 
 
 
 |'||.!' 
 
 Hllk 
 
 c) which they cherished 
 
 
 /.I r|,l; 
 /I'PI 
 
 iHiliu. 
 
 as luck charms to aid 
 
 
 ■\ 
 
 them in hunting. Nei- 
 
 
 '!> 
 
 1 
 
 ther among the Montag- 
 
 
 ii 
 
 nais nor the Micmac, so 
 
 
 'it- 
 
 
 far, have I encountered 
 the same fetishes, al- 
 
 
 \i'^K| 
 
 fll"';^''":'-': 
 
 though I had obtained 
 ' them previously from 
 
 
 .Vi^iF 
 
 
 k 
 
 <Ml 
 
 the Penobscot of Maine. 
 
 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 LOOM OF THE BADGERS BROOK BAND OF MICMAC FOR 
 
 WEAVING PACK-STRAPS. BELTS. ETC. 
 
 L'nfinishi-iJ belt in loom to show nicthoil of weaving
 
 2 ° 
 
 53 ii 
 
 5 -tI
 
 BEOTHUK CANOES 
 
 43 
 
 Should these be also considered as Beothuk 
 borrowings, they are at least of an Algon- 
 kian nature. A luck charm consisting of 
 seven lynx teeth attached to a cord was 
 obtained from a hunter of the Badger's 
 Brook band. Among all the northern tribes 
 similar fetish objects are in fashion. Ani- 
 mals' teeth perforated for suspension have 
 also been found in Beothuk graves.^^ 
 
 To conclude this brief account of New- 
 foundland material culture I might add a few 
 notes on Beothuk ethnology, giving some 
 of the ideas possessed by the present Micmac 
 of the island (see pi. xxxii). "The 
 Red Indian canoes were made of bark, 
 shaped like a 'bean' and pomted at the bot- 
 tom. They were very ticklish, but the 
 Red Indians could manage them perfectly. 
 They wore caribou-skin clothes with the 
 fur turned inside or tanned, and lined with 
 otter, beaver, or other kinds of fur. They 
 were not so much characterized by having 
 their clothing dyed red as their skin. They 
 wore hooded coats, frequently decorated 
 with painting, pants and boots."'' 
 
 A small collection of ethnological objects, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 44 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 which my own collection duplicates, ob- 
 tained from the present-day Indians of the 
 island, is in the Museum of the Geological 
 Survey of Newfoundland, having been col- 
 lected years ago by Mr Howley. They are 
 of the same type as those just described. A 
 more important collection of stone imple- 
 ments from many parts of the coast and 
 from the Exploits region is also to be seen 
 there. Some of the bone and antler imple- 
 ments and the birch-bark receptacles are of 
 the same type as those which I have just 
 discussed as being common among the Al- 
 gonkian of the East in general. One can- 
 not escape the impression again that the 
 Beothuk articles in this collection are of a 
 distinctly Algonkian character. 
 
 Gatschet's idea*'' that the Beothuk dif- 
 fered from most other Indians in being of a 
 hghter color, in having the excavations in 
 their lodges for sleeping-berths, in the form 
 of their canoes, in the non-domestication 
 of the dog,*^ and the absence of pottery, of 
 course, is not of great importance, because 
 most of these remarks would apply to the 
 ethnology of some of the neighboring tribes. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 B.o™x 
 
 (NewfouDdJand) 
 
 m..£^^,„, 
 
 (Labrador) 
 
 WABWiAn (Maledte, PauunS' 
 
 Vv of ted oditt on clothing, botly. uttltiib. 
 
 "'^""'"■""■^ 
 
 
 Red Mhcr occuiooally on 
 
 (Penobscot region) (Wil- 
 
 "S',fp"1wST.'° '""'■■'""'■ '""■ 
 
 
 
 ^ h»p\"«^^ronTl^' '"" 
 
 Bark wigwam with hoop (alu 
 Orchard in Amtr. Anihnpal- 
 
 '"|ig'„„"'S"»i:'.ors.ss',' 
 
 
 RMianeuIftclog wigwam, bark 
 
 R ec Langula r ik in -co v«red wig- 
 ■upcrslructure. 
 
 Rectangulat log wigwam, bark 
 
 
 
 ^'^I'e.TqTlOir'^'"'"'^ 
 
 
 Elevated wpampiU, rec- 
 
 Ba.kc=«.x.^,'.^^ ^^^ _ , ^ ^ : ._M.d 
 
 '"='""-""^°" 
 
 
 Skin canoe and bark unoe, 
 
 """'""" '"' '""■ 
 
 sleeves OJowley. p. 212). 
 
 "SSt"""''" "'" ""■ 
 
 sleeve? (Denys. p. 412; Le- 
 
 ^r.V'.l^eS'^S'^U.,'""'- 
 
 
 Caribou-hock tools (Howlty. pp. 271-32:). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PoioUd cap. 
 
 Dtc( Itnec* (Howlty. pp. 6B-.0. 152). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SttttJ.t. 
 
 S<m>lflr. 
 
 Broad netted in<,»,bo«. 
 
 
 SeinCoiccd bow (Howley, i>. 27 1 ). 
 
 
 
 
 ""'•""■'""'^ ° °" 
 
 needle.. tt«. 
 
 SmtiHt. 
 
 df«' (benys. pp, 406. 415). 
 
 
 
 (?) 
 
 Wovm »ool p..k-lt.p, ottd 
 
 
 Braided leairitr and willow- 
 ba.k pack-linw. 
 
 Btiidcd biuwood bitk and 
 
 Bireb.bark veHCls and reecpUdcs (How- 
 
 SiitiiJnr. 
 
 S.r>.lar. 
 
 
 
 Senl Etomiich oil reeeplade (Howlcy, p. 
 
 Sittttl.t. 
 
 
 Seal^stomach grease recepta- 
 
 
 Biiby sack (no menlion o( cradle-boa rd|. 
 
 Il.b, l.<k. 
 
 40i;LcClercq, p. 89). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^xS^f.l'*'"* *""' f^O'^i'y- Pl' w^. 
 
 Thtowingdicc giitic. 
 
 Throwing-dice, and dke-nnd- 
 
 
 
 
 Moitttnals' ikuJls piescrved as 
 
 
 ^^pilcI^edlTe™' '''""' 
 
 S,m,l.t. 
 
 Seri« of triangles thief mo live ir. decora- 
 tive engravine (Howlcy, pi. xxxv- 
 
 ^'"S-A"""'" '" '"'' 
 
 Irianglcs in wood-carving. 
 
 Geometrical figures in clchinn 
 triangles in nood-cnrving. 
 
 Ttjo,te^.»nj«onnoil™, In 
 
 "pas^im'Dnd''p.'lSO)'" *"'"''*^' ^' "' " 
 
 
 Similar^ (aUo^«alping. U- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corpie wrapped in birch-baik 
 
 S)S£lnHrbEVof- 
 
 coffin!""' '" 
 
 
 
 
 S,m,Inr type (also De-.>-., p. 
 
 .,nu)ar type. 
 
 """""""■ 
 
 r
 
 73 a. 
 .< 
 
 o^- 
 
 cr ^ 
 
 , < 
 -' a.
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 TOBACCO-POUCHES OF THE BADGER'S BROOK BAND OF 
 
 MICMAC 
 
 a, Of red tanned cariijou-skiii, with string of spun caribou wool; width, 
 
 41 in. b. Of muskrat-skin
 
 BEOTHUK ETHNOLOGY 
 
 45 
 
 ]\Ioreover, the isolated fact that the Beo- 
 thuk used the inner bark of Pinus balsanii- 
 fera for food^^ is, like many other customs, 
 not an exclusive one, because the Mon- 
 tagnais do the same with the iimer rind 
 of canoe birch when pressed by famine. 
 
 The accompanying tabulated ethnologi- 
 cal summary has been prepared for the con- 
 venience of the reader. It reveals, on the 
 basis of what is known of Beothuk ethnol- 
 og\', the degree of resemblance of the Beo- 
 thuk to the Micmac-Montagnais of New- 
 foundland, and that of these two peoples 
 individually to the Montagnais north of the 
 St Lawrence and to the IMicmac and the 
 Wabanaki tribes south of that stream. A 
 tabulation of this nature is of course valu- 
 able only to a limited extent, because we 
 cannot rely on the significance of anything 
 negative owing to the incompleteness of 
 our knowledge of the Beothuk. As for the 
 other tribes in the columns, since the list is 
 not intended to focus their characteristics as 
 a body apart from those of the Beothuk, the 
 significance of the comparison is even less, 
 for its scope is restricted to the Beothuk 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 46 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 correspondences. The blank spaces in the 
 columns denote that the particular feature 
 is lacking, so far as the data show. The 
 references in the Beothuk column are to 
 Howley's monograph; the statements refer- 
 ring to the other tribes are based mostly on 
 my own field observations. The other au- 
 thorities, where mentioned, are: Nicholas 
 Denys, The Description and Natural His 
 tory of the Coasts of North America . . . 
 Paris, 1672, reprinted in Publications of the 
 Champlain Society, Toronto, 1908, by W. 
 F. Ganong; and Father Chrestien Le Clercq, 
 New Relation of Gaspesia . . . Paris, 1691. 
 reprinted in Publications of the Champlain 
 Society, Toronto, 1910, by W. F. Ganong. 
 
 FOLKLORE NOTES FROM THE NEWFOUND- 
 LAND BAND 
 
 In the ancient Micmac nomenclature of 
 Newfoundland are a few names connected 
 with Beothuk history. Red Indian lake 
 is Meywe'djewa'gi', "Red Indian lake." 
 The various Red Indian camp-sites, the old 
 deer fences, and especially the large camp- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 FOLKLORE 
 
 47 
 
 site at Red Indian point (pi. xxxni), 
 are familiar to all the present-day Indians. 
 The melancholy history of their former con- 
 geners and speculations as to their ultimate 
 fate are subjects that appeal strongly to the 
 Micmac. In general the idea that the Mic- 
 mac-Montagnais aided in the remorseless 
 activities against the Beothuk arouses 
 somewhat indignant denial among them. 
 Despite the fact that historical notices, most 
 of which I find have been disseminated from 
 only one or two sources, mention the Mic- 
 mac among the persecutors of the Red Indi- 
 ans, it must be confessed that I myself am 
 rather skeptical on the point. The Micmac 
 sincerely profess pity for the unfortunate 
 tribe, and commiserate their hard life in the 
 interior, terrified as they fancy by the en- 
 croachments of people with firearms, and 
 driven away from the benefit of intercourse 
 with those who could have furnished them 
 with modern utensils and religion. The 
 Indians of Newfoundland today regard the 
 Red Indians as a people who were doomed 
 to their fate through an unconquerable fear 
 of their fellow-men, Micmac as well as Euro- 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 48 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 pean. In a way it might throw Ught upon 
 the situation to refer to the fact that the 
 Montagnais of Labrador, I find, regard their 
 neighbors, the Naskapi of the interior, in 
 the same light. It is common to hear- Mon- 
 tagnais hunters from the coast relate how, 
 when they chanced upon a remote camp of 
 Naskapi in their wanderings, the latter fled 
 in fear before those who were clothed in 
 white men's garments. 
 
 Returning to the subject of local nomen- 
 clature, there is another place known to the 
 English as Hodge's mountain, some dis- 
 tance northeast of the village of Badger's 
 Brook. This is called Meywe'za'xsit, "red- 
 faced person." It is claimed that a Mic- 
 mac hunter many years ago discovered a 
 Red Indian camp on its slopes. Every- 
 thing was intact in a lone wigwam discov- 
 ered there, which was lined with caribou- 
 skins (incidentally another Algonkian re- 
 semblance). Here, Louis John clauns, is 
 where the last Red Indians are thought to 
 have starved to death during a severe win- 
 ter storm. 
 
 Some historical accounts from Indian 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 SNOWSHOES OF THE BADGERS BROOK BAND OF MICMAC 
 Uolh arc filled with caribouhide thongs; b is 36 in. long
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 d 
 
 PICK, AWLS AND KNIVES OF THE BADGER'S BROOK BAND OF 
 MICMAC 
 a, Antler pick for punching meat to be smoke-dried, h, c. Crooked 
 knives (wa'ya'yan). d. Iron awl {slsi'gan). e, Iron awl with carved 
 handle. Leniith of c. 9J in.
 
 BUCHAN 
 
 sources and some miscellaneous Beothuk lore 
 gathered incidentally in the interior are next 
 presented.'*' 
 
 The Story of Buchan's Expedition*^ 
 
 (Related by John Paul, of Badger's Brook, 
 
 Xe^vfoundland, 68 years of age in 1914, 
 
 who heard it from his grandfather^-) 
 
 ■'Captain Buchan, with a jMicmac and a 
 Mountaineer Indian for guides, went to capture 
 some Red Indians. They ascended Exploits 
 river in the winter and with the help of their 
 guides who knew the country well, discovered a 
 Red-Indian camp at Red Indian point, ^"^ where 
 the chief lived. The Micmac and Mountaineer 
 guide enabled the party to make friends with 
 the people at the camp. Buchan told the Red 
 Indians that he had presents for them back on 
 Exploits river, and said that he would take two 
 of them back with him to get the stufiF. So he 
 left two of his outi men at the camp. So they 
 started back to the mouth of Exploits. When 
 they got to Rushy pond, caribou footprints were 
 seen and the two Red Indians were told by sig- 
 nals to give chase. The two then started off, 
 not understanding apparently for what reason 
 the}' were sent away. By the next night they 
 had not returned, and Buchan told the Micmac 
 and Mountaineer to track them. They started 
 on the track and came back to report that the 
 Red Indians' trail led back toward Red Indian 
 lake. So then the whole party started back 
 and reached the camp at Red Indian point. 
 
 49 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 50 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 It was deserted, but the two white men were 
 found beheaded. Then Buchan gave chase, but 
 his party was unable to follow them because 
 there were footprints in confusion all over the 
 snow on the lake. So Buchan went to several of 
 their abandoned camps and put gunpowder in 
 all the fireplaces so that they would blow up 
 when the Red Indians came back to light the 
 fires at their old camps. Afterward, of course, 
 a lot of the Red Indians were killed by the 
 device. 
 
 "Some time later John Peyton and another 
 man (named Day?) went to the interior to cap- 
 ture some Red Indians. They struck the head- 
 waters of Mary March brook and went down 
 walking on the ice until they came to the 
 mouth, at the north arm of Red Indian lake. 
 This is now Mary March's point, right at the 
 village of Millertown.'*' Here they found a 
 family camping. They approached slyly and 
 took the family by surprise. They took hold 
 of the woman, Mary March, and her husband 
 came to her aid. They then shot five balls 
 into him before he fell. He was a very big 
 man, seven feet tall, as they measured him 
 with their feet while he lay at full length on the 
 ice. Mary JMarch then pointed out to the 
 white men her fuU breasts to show that she had 
 a child, and pointed up to the heavens to implore 
 them, in God's mercy, to allow her to return to 
 her child. But they took her away with them 
 and returned to St John where she died after a 
 while. 
 
 "My grandfather [John Paul speaking] re- 
 membered when he went to St John and saw 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MrCMAC 
 
 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS OF THE BADGER'S BROOK 
 BAND OF MICMAC 
 a, b. Caribou-bone scrapers (lciiii');aii) for scrapinR hair from hides. 
 c, d. Antler piercers for perforalinj; margin of hides for lacing when put 
 on frames to be scraped, c, Caribou leg-bone scraper. /, Antler hide- 
 scraper for scraping grease from skin- ulnn ■^l rclrhi-d on frames
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 PUNCH. NEEDLES. AND CHISEL OF THE BADGER'S BROOK 
 BAND OF MICMAC 
 (a, caribou-bone punch for reeulating me?h of snowshoe filling (ilewe'gan); 
 7i in. long, b, Snowshoe needle of caribou-bone (talwi'gan). c. Snow- 
 shoe needle of caribou-antler, d, Iron chisel (waliski'gan, sabiski'gan) for 
 cutting mortise holes in snowshoe frames
 
 MIC MAC LORE 
 
 51 
 
 Mary March. At the time he wore a pair of 
 caribou-skin boots. Poor ^lary, when she saw 
 the boots, pointed to them and was so glad to see 
 something that reminded her of her people. 
 My grandfather thought she was very good- 
 looking and of a fair complexion. They used 
 red clay to color themselves with, which is 
 known to abound in certain localities on Exploits 
 river and Red Indian lake." 
 
 .-1 Meeting Between a Bed Indian s 
 Family and a Micmac Family 
 
 (Also by John Paul's dictation) 
 "My grandfather and grandmother were once 
 coming up Exploits river in their canoe. Sud- 
 denly coming around a bend they beheld a Red 
 Indian and his wife in a canoe coming down. 
 When the Red Indian saw them he quickly 
 paddled ashore and he and his wife hurried into 
 the woods to hide, taking only his bow and 
 arrows. The ^Micmac paddled alongside the 
 empty canoe and there saw a small child lying 
 in the bottom, but there was nothing to eat in 
 the canoe. Then my grandfather said to his 
 wife: 'They have nothing to eat and must be 
 going down to the bay [Exploits bay] for fish. 
 Let us put some of our smoked meat in their 
 canoe.' So he put some meat in for a present 
 and paddled on. When they got around the 
 point, they went ashore and walked back 
 through the thicket to where they could see 
 the Red Indian's canoe. They beheld the Red 
 Indian soon come down to his canoe, look in, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 52 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 then beckon to his wife, who came out. Then 
 he pointed out to her the meat in the canoe. 
 Then he pointed to where my grandfather had 
 gone up-river in his canoe and paddled off." 
 
 An Encounter with Red Indians near 
 Twillingate 
 
 (Told by an old man at MiUertown Junction) 
 "Near Twillingate the fishermen often went 
 into the interior to hunt and trap, leaving their 
 women folks home until their return. One time 
 an old fellow went hunting, and during his 
 absence one night a couple of Red Indians 
 came and got upon the roof of the shack. The 
 fisherman's wife got frightened and called to her 
 children to bring the gun. As soon as the Red 
 Indians heard the word 'gun,' which they 
 seemed to understand, they fled." 
 
 An Encounter near Dildo Arm 
 
 (Told by Mr Hartigan at MiUertown) 
 "One time near Dildo Arm some hunters who 
 went into the woods left their guns at their 
 camp, not suspecting any danger. Some Red 
 Indians discovered the camp and were exam- 
 ining the outfit. The young white men hid and 
 watched the Indians. One of the Indians was 
 peeking down the barrel of a gun which was 
 loaded, while another was fingering around the 
 trigger. The gun suddenly went off and blew 
 off the head of the Indian. They were very 
 wild and unsophisticated people, and fled in 
 terror." 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 cu 
 
 WOODEN NETTING IMPLEMENTS OF THE BADGERS BROOK 
 BAND OF MICMAC 
 a. Netting needle. 6, Xettins mesh-block for making fishnets, c, </, 
 Net floats, charred to prevent waterlogging, (/is II in. long
 
 
 < o « ? 
 
 "3 ■^ - o £? 
 
 I ^ -c -o c 
 
 X o .b 
 
 CO — _;1313 
 
 Li. ^ O S t, 
 
 i° 
 
 < Q 
 
 o-a 
 
 O rt 
 to" < ^^ g 
 
 Q m :3 I. o 
 
 a 
 
 UJ 
 
 0.-2 
 
 •O he
 
 MI CM AC LORE 
 
 53 
 
 Miscellaneous Anecdotes 
 
 A. (Told by William Beaton, a Micmac-^Mon- 
 
 tagnais at Badger's Brook) 
 "There was once, it is told, a large schooner 
 loaded with fifty tierces of codfish anchored ofif 
 the shore in Twillingate bay. The crew had 
 gone ashore, and during one night the schooner 
 was boarded by some Red Indians and dis- 
 mantled. When the crew returned they found 
 all her sails cleared away and her ropes all gone. 
 All her instruments and clocks were also taken. 
 The Red Indians took everything in the outfit. 
 They used the sails for tents and clothing. 
 Years afterward the works of the clocks stolen 
 from this schooner, it is supposed, were found 
 by some hunters on the shores of Exploits 
 • » * - 
 
 nver. 
 
 B. (Told by Mr Tuck, of Millertown,^who, 
 
 when he was a boy, heard it from 
 John Day himself) ^'^ 
 John Day, who died some years ago at 
 Springdale, was with Peyton when he cap- 
 tured Mar>' March. They had to kill her hus- 
 band by shooting seven balls into him. Then 
 he sat down and could not move any more 
 after the seventh shot. Mary March showed 
 the men her breasts full for her sucking child, 
 but nevertheless they carried her away." 
 
 c. (Told by Louis John, a :Micmac-Montagnais 
 at Badger's Brook) 
 "Ben Jore's grandfather was killed by the 
 Red Indians near the mouth of Exploits river. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 54 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 They cut off his head, put it on a pole, and 
 danced around it." 
 
 D. (Told by an old Scotchman at Millertown 
 
 Junction, recalling memories of his youth. 
 
 He added, "The Red Indians were such bad 
 
 people I fancy it was no sin to kill them!") 
 
 "The last evidence of the Red Indians was 
 
 seen at Grand lake by a hunter many years ago. 
 
 One year he saw a big smoke on an island in the 
 
 lake. A canoe-load of Indians was seen going 
 
 from the shore to the island.- The hunter was 
 
 afraid to investigate further at the time, but 
 
 the next year he went to the same place. This 
 
 time, however, he did not see any more traces 
 
 of the Indians." 
 
 As an instance of the friendly relations 
 claimed by the Micmac-Montagnais with 
 the Red Indians, which I have already 
 mentioned, Louis John, quoted above, says 
 that his grandfather's father was employed 
 by the English to guide them to Red Indian 
 lake to try to capture some Red Indians. 
 When he found a Red Indians' camp he 
 would tell the poor folk to run, and then 
 he would return and tell the Englishmen 
 that he saw some Red Indians, but that they 
 ran off. "The Micmacs never molested the 
 Red Indians," declared ^Louis John. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 SPLINT BASKETRY OF THE BADGERS BROOK BAND OF 
 
 MICMAC 
 
 a shows a splint wall-pocket; the others are hand and trinket baskets
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 It0 
 
 BIRCH-BARK BOXES OF THE BADGERS BROOK BAND OF 
 MICMAC 
 a, Box covered with porcupine-quill work, h, \'ery old birch-bark and 
 wooden box, covered with quillwork, made by old "Aunt Ellen" Paul, 
 oldest of the Newfoundland Micmac. c. Birch-bark box with cover
 
 SANTU 55 
 
 THE CASE OF SANTU 
 
 The most surprising occurrence, however, 
 in recent years concerning the fate of the 
 Beothuk Indians was the accidental dis- 
 covery of an old Indian woman named 
 Santu, who claimed that her father was one 
 of the last survivors of the Red Indians of 
 Newfoundland. Since considerable discus- 
 sion was aroused over the innocent claim of 
 the old woman when I had made it public, 
 I shall give the circumstances in some detail, 
 for the benefit of those who may wish to 
 determine to what extent her testimony 
 may be relied on, before making use of the 
 information and the brief vocabulary 
 obtained from her. 
 
 Mr James P. Howley, Director of the 
 Geological Survey of Newfoundland, who 
 for more than forty years has been inter- 
 ested in the history of the Beothuk, during 
 a visit I made him at St Johns in 1914, 
 expressed his unbelief in Santu's veracity.^^ 
 Notwithstanding the fact that Mr Howley's 
 opinions, based on his extensive knowledge 
 of Newfoundland history and physiography. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 56 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 deserve serious consideration, I hardly think, 
 under the curcumstances, that the conclu- 
 sions of one trained in sciences other than 
 ethnology are sufficient to warrant abso- 
 lutely casting aside information which may 
 be of value, and which on the face of it 
 does bear some semblance of truthfulness. 
 In July, 1910, I happened to talk over 
 ethnological matters with a family of Mic- 
 mac who were temporarily camped near 
 Gloucester, Mass. The family consisted of 
 an aged woman, her son, his wife and child 
 (pi. xxxiv-xxxvi) . They all spoke Micmac. 
 The family name was Toney. On inquiring 
 of the young man, Joe Toney, where he was 
 born, he told me in Newfoundland. Then 
 becoming more interested, I inquired if his 
 mother was a native of Newfoundland, and 
 he replied that she was. After a few min- 
 utes' talk with his mother, he said that she 
 was not a true Micmac, but that her father 
 was an Osa'yan'a Indian from Red Pond, 
 Newfoundland. This naturally startled me, 
 because it referred indirectly to the suppos- 
 edly extinct Beothuk. Further conversa- 
 tion with the young man, who translated 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK— BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 FETISH OBJECTS OF THE BADGERS BROOK BAND OF MICMAC 
 a. Hunters luck-charm of lyiix-leelh. b, <, llunttr's luck-charms 
 {kwundeu) of stone, kept about the house on a strinK
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 MICMAC DOLL REPRESENTING 'RED INDIAN" (.BEOTHUK)
 
 S A N T U 
 
 57 
 
 my questions to his mother, disclosed the 
 fact that she was endeavoring to explain to 
 me that, while her mother was a Micmac 
 woman, her father was a member of the 
 tribe which had been exterminated in the 
 island by white men. There was at this 
 time in her statements no idea of boasting, 
 nor of gaining money or favor. She did not 
 claim to know any words of her father's 
 language, but declared her willingness, if I 
 would give her time, to try to recall some. 
 On one thing she was definite at the very 
 first: that her father claimed that he had 
 been stained red when he was a baby among 
 his own people, and that his people were 
 very crude and were persecuted by the 
 EngUsh. He had, it seems, been taken by 
 the Micmac when he was young, reared by 
 them, and converted to Christianity. i\s 
 for the rest, suffice to say that I spent time 
 when possible during the rest of the summer 
 in following the family about from one sum- 
 mer resort to another, encouraging the old 
 lady, through her son, to endeavor to recall 
 all that she could of what she had heard her 
 father narrate of his early life and people. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 58 
 
 BEOTHUK AND M I C M A C 
 
 
 The old woman was very difficult to work 
 with; because of growing senility she was 
 unable to concentrate her attention on any 
 one thing for a sufficient length of time 
 really to accomplish anything. Petty fam- 
 ily troubles and present ills consumed her 
 interest. And so by eking out reminis- 
 cences of that period of her life when she 
 lived with her father in Newfoundland, I 
 tediously gathered the information that 
 follows. In September I lost traces of the 
 family, which, I learned later, had moved 
 to Attleboro, Mass.'*^ Knowing the old 
 woman's manner and the circumstances, I 
 am convinced that she was not intention- 
 ally fabricating a story. My only distrust 
 of the material she was able to give lies in 
 the accuracy of her memory, especially in 
 regard to her vocabulary. 
 
 THE informant's HISTORY 
 
 Santu was born in Newfoundland near 
 "Red Pond" (Red Indian lake), about 
 seventy-five years ago (dating from 1912). 
 Her father, "ivo/>" (name of a red root found 
 in the lake, according to her vocabulary),^" 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 m 
 
 uj — E 
 Q-l- g 
 
 LUq 
 
 — 
 
 xoc 
 
 1 
 
 ^-o 
 
 >-o 
 
 o_ 
 
 _lO 
 
 
 q:< 
 
 « 
 
 UJ . 
 
 "l^ 
 
 5^ 
 
 to 
 
 0:3 
 
 8 
 
 ox 
 
 o 
 
 b-H 
 
 
 vO 
 
 c^
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 PL. XXXIV 
 
 SANTU AND HER SON. JOE TONEY
 
 S A N T L' 59 
 
 was a full-blood native of a tribe which called 
 itself Osa'yan'a. The name is also known 
 among the Micmac as Osa'yan'a. With 
 her father she left Newfoundland at about 
 the age of ten, or a little less, and removed 
 to Nova Scotia, where she passed her early 
 womanhood. Her mother was a IMicmac 
 woman, one of the band who lived in New- 
 foundland. She died, it seems, when Santu 
 was quite young. A\'hen Santu grew up, she 
 married a Mohawk and spent part of her 
 time in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, 
 and part in roaming about in the neighbor- 
 hood of the Great Lakes with her ^Mohawk 
 husband until the Civil War broke out, 
 when, to escape being drafted, he led her 
 wandering again throughout the northeast- 
 ern states and eastern Canada. Her hus- 
 band then died. Santu returned to Nova 
 Scotia and married a Micmac chief near 
 Yarmouth, whose name was Toney. Liv- 
 ing there a while, she had four or five chil- 
 dren, and finally, with her youngest son, 
 separated from her husband and since then 
 has been drifting about the New England 
 states with him, earning an uncertain living 
 
 AND M O N O G R A P H S
 
 60 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 by basket-making, bead-working, and for- 
 tune-telling. Her one son, Joe Toney, still 
 lives with her. He has married a Micmac 
 woman of Nova Scotia, and they have one 
 child (1912). 
 
 ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES 
 
 Santu remembers in her childhood having 
 traveled with her father in the skin canoes 
 which seem to have been one of the types 
 of craft in use by the Osa'ya)i'a.''^ While 
 the details of construction given by Santu 
 were very vague, it seems that the canoe 
 was more of a kayak. It was about fifteen 
 feet in length and about two and a half in 
 width, constructed on a wooden framework 
 with a caribou- or seal-skin covering sewed 
 with water-tight seams. The seams were 
 sewed by laying the two edges together, 
 bending them over and sewing the three 
 thicknesses together. Bone awls, she said 
 were used to perforate the holes for the 
 stitches. The bow of the canoe, she re- 
 marked, was straightened and stiffened by a 
 piece of spruce-bark (sic),'"- and another 
 curved piece held the stern in shape. The 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 v"V^^
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 m> 
 
 JOE TONEY
 
 S A N T U 
 
 bottom was found. At the back sat the 
 man with his paddle. The whole front of 
 the craft was covered with the skin, forming 
 an enclosure large enough to contain the 
 whole famih', including women, children, 
 dogs, and property. At his side and in 
 front of him the man had his harpoon and 
 other necessaries fastened on the side of the 
 deck. It is to be understood from this 
 description that a covered kayak-like type 
 of boat is described. The skin-covering of 
 the canoe was so arranged that it could be 
 wrapped around the waist of the man so 
 that no water could come into the hold in 
 rough weather In this craft the family 
 traveled all over the country by waterways 
 and coast, day and night. When a landing 
 and camp were to be made the cover would 
 be taken off the canoe, poles cut for a wig- 
 wam, and a temporary camp made until it 
 was time to move on. Santu herself re- 
 members being bundled in with dogs and 
 members of her family, and traveling by 
 night and day with her father. 
 
 The people, she claimed, subsisted largely 
 on sea mammals' llesh and caribou, using the 
 
 61 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 62 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 harpoon, for killing the former and the bow 
 and arrow for the latter. When an animal 
 was killed with an arrow, the arrow was 
 never used again, but thrown away as a 
 kind of sacrifice. 
 
 Flesh to be eaten was thrown on the fire 
 and only partly roasted. Her father, she re- 
 members, would eat little or no vegetal food 
 nor bread. His diet consisted mostly of 
 half -roasted meat. 
 
 A certain species of leaves was smoked in 
 stone pipes. ^^ 
 
 Allowance should be made for the proba- 
 bility that in some of these descriptions the 
 old woman's memory was so hazy that she 
 could not distinguish between what she 
 intended to claim as applying to the cus- 
 toms of her father's people and those of the 
 Micmac-Montagnais among whom they 
 lived. 
 
 The most interesting information is that 
 describing an annual ceremony participated 
 in by the tribe at "Red Pond." It took 
 place in the spring of the year when the tribe 
 gathered and enjoyed, to use Santu's phrase, 
 "a big time." Games were played, among 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 S A N T U 
 
 them the dice-and-bowl game in two forms. 
 One of these was with seven dice discs and 
 a bowl,"'* and seventeen counters — four 
 square ones and a crooked one called the 
 "chief." The other form of the game was 
 played with one large die, about two inches 
 across, and six small ones, which were thrown 
 upon a blanket or a hide and struck side- 
 wise with the hand.^^ Men only played the 
 latter. The Micmac and other eastern 
 tribes, she claimed, learned this game orig- 
 inally from her people. It is worthy of note 
 that this game does not occur among the 
 Wabanaki west of the Micmac. Dancing 
 and feasting accompanied the event. At a 
 certain time the men procured quantities of a 
 kind of red root from the lake and squeezed 
 from it the juice which was used for staining 
 their bodies red. The ceremony is said to 
 have lasted about ten days. Every person 
 in the tribe was dyed. Children who were 
 born during the year away in the hunting 
 territories were brought to this ceremony 
 for the first time and received their coat of 
 dye, which was to last them for the year. 
 It is supposed that under certain conditions 
 
 63 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 64 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 the dye could be renewed, though the ap- 
 plication of the coloring was regarded as a 
 kind of initiation and mark of tribal iden- 
 tity. One good appHcation is said to have 
 lasted six months. Santu's father, she 
 claimed, was the last child to have been 
 treated in this way. When he grew up he 
 was converted to Catholicism and gave up 
 his behef in the necessity of the red dye. If 
 anyone was observed by the chief to have 
 some of the coloring washed from any part 
 of his body, he was ordered to go to water 
 and wash off his dye as a punishment, and 
 not to renew it until the next ceremony. ^^ 
 
 Santu heard the tradition from her father 
 that in his grandfather's time (?) a ship was 
 wrecked off the coast of Newfoundland and 
 all hands were drowned except two women 
 who, with the help of the natives, were 
 brought ashore. One of them shortly after- 
 ward died; the other remained with the 
 tribe, married one of the men, and spent 
 her Hfe there. Her father thought that he 
 was descended from this woman. 
 
 Several opinions expressed by Santu re- 
 garding her father's people may be of value. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 S A N T U 65 
 
 One was in reply to a direct question as to 
 whether her father's people were of mixed 
 Eskimo and Indian blood. Friendly rela- 
 tions, she said, were maintained with the 
 Labrador Eskimo and Indians. Some of 
 her father's people, she said, when dis- 
 persed, joined them. She remembers, while 
 living in Nova Scotia, a paternal uncle or 
 great-uncle returning from Greenland where 
 he had emigrated and intermarried with the 
 Eskimo there. He claimed that others of 
 their people were in Greenland, all inter- 
 married with Eskimo, and that there were 
 a number of children. He died there within 
 six months after coming to Nova Scotia. 
 Santu stated that she had a relative (I fail 
 to recall whether it was a cousin or a brother) 
 somewhere who knew a great deal of the 
 Osa'yan'a language. 
 
 The Micmac, she said, came to New- 
 foundland a long time ago and for a while, 
 with the white people, fought her people. 
 Afterward a number intermarried with the 
 Osa'yocn'a, some of the descendants of the 
 latter being still scattered here and there 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 66 
 
 BEOTHUK AND .M I C M A C 
 
 among the Micmac of Newfoundland and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 There seems little doubt from Santu's 
 statements that Osa'yan'a descendants may 
 be found in the maritime provinces and that 
 the tribal name itself is one of the native 
 terms for the tribe known in history as the 
 Beothuk. 
 
 Santu, with great difficulty during the 
 summer, remembered the following w^ords in 
 her father's language: 
 
 be'nam, woman (Micmac and ]\Ialecite epil, 
 
 Penobscot p'hc'nam). 
 gu'wa, fat person (Micmac me'gigil). 
 gau, rain (Micmac gi'kpcsa"). 
 has, baby cradle, or cradle-board, 
 tu'i^, baby blanket (]\Iicmac u'ohi''sun). 
 se'ko, prayer (Micmac alasic'dma). 
 si'kane's'u, whale (Micmac po'dap, Penobscot 
 
 -es 11, "living creature," noun ending in animal 
 
 names). 
 
 Note: ^, ^, weakly articulated final conso- 
 nants. 
 
 Her father's people, Santu alleged, used 
 their hands a great deal in conversation. 
 The only word in the above list in which 
 any resemblance can be recognized as occur- 
 ring in any of the pubhshed Beothuk lists 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SANTU I 67 
 
 is the term he nam, "woman." Compare 
 emam- {emumoose), "woman" (Peyton vo- 
 cabulary; (Lloyd in Journal of the Anthropo- 
 logical Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 1875), and cnam, "woman," given by Patter- 
 son in Transactions of the Royal Society of 
 Canada, vol. x. 
 
 Among other reminiscences I add the 
 following song, transcribed by Mr J. D. 
 Sapir from a phonograph record made by 
 Santu while she was camped at Hampton 
 Beach, N. H., in 1910. It was a rendition 
 of a song that she had learned from her 
 father when she was a girl. She claimed 
 that her father told her that it was an 
 Osa'yoin'a song. 
 
 The syllables were too inarticulate to be 
 taken down at the time, I am sorry to say. 
 Santu stated that she was unable to explain 
 them, because they had no sequence of mean- 
 ing to her. 
 
 Again during my trip in Newfoundland 
 I inquired of several elderly Indians about 
 the woman Santu. John Paul, already 
 mentioned, knew of a woman of Santu's 
 description who had gone to Nova Scotia 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 •r'
 
 S A N T U 69 
 
 and was there the wife of a wealthy ISIicmac 
 chief named Toney. He furthermore, much 
 to my inward surprise, credited the claim 
 that her father had been a man of Red 
 Indian blood. He stated that the thing 
 was not only possible, but that it might 
 well be expected to be true, considering the 
 sedentary habits of many of the Micmac 
 hunters and the secretiveness of the Indians 
 concerning the Red Indians a generation or 
 so ago through fear of retaliation or at least 
 molestation at the hands of the English, 
 since such a stir had been raised over them. 
 From IVIicmac in Newfoundland I even 
 learned of another man, George McCloud, 
 whom no one could locate at the time. 
 He was said to have knowledge not only of 
 the Red Indian language, but also of where 
 descendants could still be found in Labrador 
 If, despite the meagerness of our actual 
 knowledge of the tribe, any conclusions are 
 at all permissible, I believe the indications 
 will increasingly show that the Beothuk 
 formed an archaic member of the culture 
 group which embraced the Micmac and the 
 other northeastern Algonkian. This is a 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 70 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 strong corroboration of the evidence of lin- 
 guistic relationship with the Algonkian. 
 As for the likelihood of Eskimo relationship, 
 the links of union, either archeological or 
 otherwise, are not a bit stronger than be- 
 tween the Eskimo and the INIontagnais. 
 The next thing to be done in this field, 
 aside from systematic archeological research, 
 is to collect a sufficient quantity of mytho- 
 logical material from the Newfoundland In- 
 dians for comparison with that of the Alic- 
 mac of the mainland in order to determine, 
 if possible, traces of what might be consid- 
 ered Beothuk influence. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1. The primary object of the expedition, if it 
 
 might be 'called one, was to trace the re- 
 mains among the ]\Iicmac of the old 
 Algonkian institution of the family hunt- 
 ing territory, wliich was first mentioned 
 in this region by Le Clercq in 1691. The 
 results form part II of this paper. 
 
 2. C. C. Willoughby, Prehistoric Burial Places 
 
 in jSIaine, Ardiaeological and Ethnological 
 Papers of the Peabodv Museum, vol. 1, 
 no. 6, Cambridge, 1898. 
 
 3. W. K. Moorehead, The Red Paint People 
 
 of Maine, Amcriean Anthropologist, vol. 
 15, no. 1, 1913. 
 
 4. F. G. Speck, An Ancient Archeological Site 
 
 on the Lower St Lawrence, Holmes An- 
 niversary Volume. Washington, 1916. 
 
 5. J. P. Howiey, The Beothuks or Red Indians 
 
 of Newfoundland . . ., Cambridge 
 University Press, 1915. 
 
 6. Mr Howiey (op. cit., p. xix) in his intro- 
 
 duction rather indefinitely favors the 
 theory of Athabascan affinity. He says: 
 "On the authority of the late Sir Wil- 
 liam Dawson ... a tradition existed 
 among the Micmac tribes of Nova Scotia 
 that a previous people occupied that ter- 
 ritory whom the Micmacs drove out and 
 who were probably allied to the Tinne or 
 Chippewan stock. These, he thinks, may 
 have passed over to Newfoundland and 
 become the progenitors of the Beothuks. 
 This supposition appears to me to carry 
 with it a ccmsiderable amount of proba- 
 
 71 
 
 AND M O N G R -^ P H S
 
 72 
 
 BEOTHUK AND M I C M A C 
 
 bility. Here, isolated and undisturbed 
 for several centuries, untainted by inter- 
 mixture with other tribes, they could re- 
 tain all their original traits of character, 
 language, etc., which remained with them 
 as distinctive features down to the last 
 
 moments of their existence 
 
 Under all circumstances surrounding 
 this mysterious tribe, we must only fall 
 back upon the suggestion of Sir William 
 Dawson as the most plausible theory to 
 account for their presence here." 
 
 7. The derivation of this term is not clear to 
 
 the informants, beyond the plural adjec- 
 tival suffix — wi'ak. In the Micmac 
 names here given, the character 7 de- 
 notes a velar voiced sperant, x the cor- 
 responding surd. 
 
 8. Page h) oi this paper. 
 
 9. W. H. ^Mechling, Malecite Tales, Anlhro- 
 
 ■pological Series, Geological Survey of 
 Canada, no. 4, 1914, p. 65. 
 
 10. Ibid., p. 65, footnote. 
 
 11. Howley, op. cit., p. 286. 
 
 12. See also S. T. Rand, Dictionary of the 
 
 Language of the ^NI icmac Indians, 1888, 
 p. 215. Howley (op. cit., pp. 284^6) gives 
 a ]Micmac tradition from Nova Scotia 
 relating to the Beothuk. C. G. Leland 
 (Algonquin Legends of New England, 
 Boston, 1885, pp. 206-7), in commenting 
 on a Passamaquoddy tale in which the 
 wolverene marries a red woman whose 
 color rubbed off when she was touched, 
 entertains the rather" far-fetched idea 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 that the tale referred to the "Newfound- 
 land Indians covered with red ochre." 
 
 13. Cf. Howle}^ op. cit., p. 30, where he quotes 
 
 Cartwright's description. 
 
 14. These fences are known also to the ^lon- 
 
 tagnais of Labrador, who call them 
 nkrd'aga>ia'ck"'^', and were used by the New 
 England Indians. Cf. The History of 
 Philip's War, ... by Thomas Church, Esq. 
 . . . with an appendix, . . . Samuel G. 
 Drake, 2nd ed.. Exeter, N. H., 1829, p. 340. 
 
 15. Anecdotes will later be given. Howley (op. 
 
 cit., pp. 91-2, 269, 271, 280) refers to 
 this activit}'^ on the part of the Beothuk. 
 
 16. Resume of material quoted from part II of 
 
 this volume. 
 
 17. The same omen is found generally through- 
 
 out the tribes of the Wabanaki group. 
 
 18. Rand, op. cit., p. 200. An almost identical 
 
 tale among the Passamaquoddy accounts 
 for the hostility between them and the Mo- 
 hawk. (Cf. J. D. Prince, Passamaquoddy 
 Documents, Annals of N. Y. Academy 
 of Science, 1898, vol. xi, no. 15, p. 371.) 
 
 19. Several historical sources agree on this 
 
 point, Cormack, Howlej', and Jukes. 
 Howley (op. cit., pp. 25-26) quotes a tra- 
 dition from J. B. Jukes, Excursions in 
 Newfoundland, London, 1842, p. 129. 
 
 20. Cf. Howley, op. cit., pp. 29-30, quoting 
 
 Cartwright's Journal. Cartwright de- 
 scribes the construction of the square or 
 winter camp of logs placed horizontally 
 to form the lower part, and the bark 
 pyramidal roof. The hoop, he says. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 73
 
 74 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 appear near the top of the roof. The 
 hoop seems to be a feature differentiating 
 the wigwam construction of the tribes of 
 the Waban- ki and M ntag ais groups 
 from that of all other northern peoples of 
 America. Consult also Howley (op. cit., 
 p. 245 and sketch vi), who mentions this 
 feature of construction. 
 
 21. Cf. W. C. Orchard, Notes on Penobscot 
 
 Houses, American Anthropoloi^ist, vol. 
 II, no. 4 (1909), p. 602. 
 
 22. Howley, op. cit., pp. 31-33, quotes Cart- 
 
 wright in full and also gives figures of 
 miniature canoes in his own collection 
 (pis. XXXI, xxxiv). 
 
 23. Cormack in his Journal says that the Mic- 
 
 mac whom he met in the interior of the 
 island told him that the Red Indians used 
 skin canoes similar to their own (quoted 
 by Howley, op. cit., p. 152, also p. 213) 
 
 24. This information is confirmed by Denys 
 
 (1672), who describes in some detail the 
 method of applying the colors. (Cf. 
 Nicholas Denys, The Description and 
 Natural History of the Coasts of North 
 America, edition of the Champlain 
 Society, Toronto, 1908, by W. F. Ganong; 
 p. 411.) Le Clercq mentions the same 
 thing. (Cf. Chrestien Le Clercq, New 
 Relation of Gaspesia, edition of the Cham- 
 plain Society, Toronto, 1910, by \V. F. 
 Ganong, p. 96.) 
 
 25. Another name is te'hu'Vk', a term possibly of 
 
 English origin, from "the boots." Cf. 
 also Rand, Micmac Dictionary, p. 41. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 26. Footwear made of the leg skin or hock of the 
 
 caribou is mentioned as a characteristic 
 of the Beothuk (Howley, op. cit., pp. 
 271, 322). The same thing is common 
 among the ^licmac and the rest o"f the 
 northern and eastern Algonkian. 
 
 27. Rand (Micmac Dictionary, p. 161) has 
 
 iiltdkld'giijid', "loom," and (p. 278) 
 cltaktadgd, "to weave." 
 
 28. Mention of weaving on a frame was made by 
 
 Nicholas Denys (1672), op, cit. Rand 
 (ilicmac-English Dictionary, p. 255) 
 gives uiskobooksoon, "straps." 
 
 29. Rand (Micmac Dictionary, p. 249) gives 
 
 mimitndd', "to spin flax on a little 
 wheel." 
 
 30. F. G. Speck, The Double Curve Motive in 
 
 Northeastern .\lgonkian Art, Geological 
 Siirvev of Canada, Anthropological Series, 
 no. 1,' 1914, p. 11, fig. 14. 
 
 31. Rand (Micmac Dictionary', p. 201) gives 
 
 vwolsdud', "pouch." 
 
 32. Howley fop. cit., p. 87) reproduces Cart- 
 
 wright's figure of a Beothuk snowshoe in 
 which the shape and proportions are 
 almost identical with those of the ordi- 
 nary Micmac article used on the island 
 today (see pi. xxiii). The dimensions 
 of the Beothuk shoe are given as: width 
 15 inches, body 3 5 feet, tail 1 foot, which 
 are about the same as those of the speci- 
 mens Just referred to. 
 
 33. For these terms Rand (op. cit., p. 151) gives 
 udkagiin'igiin, "crooked knife," (p. 178) 
 
 /:> 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 76 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 tadooigun, "snowshoe needle," and sakiide, 
 "needle." 
 
 34. For these implements Rand (Micmac Dic- 
 
 tionary, p. 129) has: iipskaoo, "harpoon," 
 shnoogivode, "spear," and negok, "salmon 
 spear" (p. 246). 
 
 35. Supposedly a- corruption of French panier. 
 
 Rand (Alicmac Dictionary, p. 31), poota- 
 lediid. 
 
 36. I have introduced a brief treatment of the 
 
 northward spread of splint basketry in 
 Decorative Art and Basketry of the 
 Cherokee, Bulletin of the Public Museum 
 of Mikvaukee, vol. 2, no. 2, 1920. 
 
 37. Bark vessels and baskets were common Beo- 
 
 thuk manufactures (Howley, op. cit., pp. 
 249, 214 and sketch vii, and pi. xxxi, 
 xxxrv')- The types and details of stitch- 
 ing are the same as in the ordinary In- 
 dian specimens. In the Beothuk names 
 for these receptacles, guinya butt, "water 
 bucket" (also booch-moot, "seal stomach 
 oil bag"), we recognize cognate Algonkian 
 — miut'' (Montagnais),-?;/" (IMalecite), and 
 -udi (Penobscot), "receptacle." 
 
 38. Howley, op. cit., p. 340 and pi. xxv. 
 
 39. Quoting John Paul. 
 
 40. Article on Beothuk in Handbook of Ameri- 
 
 can Indians, Bulletin 30, Bureau of Ameri- 
 can Ethnology, part I, p. 142. 
 
 41. This negative information cannot be relied 
 
 on, as several accounts contradict one 
 another on the point. Cf. Howley (pp. 
 19-20), quoting Richard Whitbourne, A 
 Discourse a d Discoverv of the Xewe- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 founde-launde, London 1622, and also 
 Howlev, p. 221. 
 
 42. Bonnycastle, R. H., Newfoundland in 1842 
 
 (London, 1842). Whatever may be the 
 tree referred to by this unique name, it 
 could hardly be the pine of the region, 
 Bank's or jack pine. All northern In- 
 dians know that inner birch rind and even 
 poplar can be made to yield a little nour- 
 ishment in times of famine, but seldom 
 pine bark. 
 
 43. Howley (op. cit., pp. 265-288) records a 
 
 number of anecdotes, some of which might 
 be considered as variants of those given 
 here. 
 
 44. In 1801 Lieutenant Buchan, of the Royal 
 
 Navy, was sent to the River Exploits to 
 ^\'inter there and to open communication 
 with the Indians. He succeeded in find- 
 ing a part}- of them. Inducing two of 
 their number to go with him as hostages, 
 and leaving two marines with the Indians 
 at the main camp as a pledge of good faith, 
 he returned to his depot for presents. 
 During his absence the fears of the Red In- 
 dians were aroused, lest from his delay 
 in returning he might bring up reinforce- 
 ments with a view of capturing them. In 
 the meantime one of the two Red Indians 
 took fright and fled back to the main 
 camp. They murdered the hostages and 
 fled to the interior. This was at Red 
 Indian lake, near the mouth of ^lary 
 March brook. In 1819 a female was 
 taken by a party of trappers on Red In- 
 
 77 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 dian lake. Her husband was with her, 
 and having offered resistance was shot. 
 The leader of the men of the party was 
 named Peyton. The woman was brought 
 to St John's and was named Mary 
 March, from the month in which she was 
 taken. She was treated with kindness 
 and sent back to her friends with numer- 
 ous presents, but died on the voyage, 
 having been suffering for some time with 
 consumption. Her body was placed in a 
 coffin and left on the margin of the lake, 
 so that it might be found by her rela- 
 tives. The latter conveyed it to their 
 burying place on Red Indian lake, where 
 it was found several years later by Cor- 
 mack, lying beside the body of her mur- 
 dered husband. 
 
 45. John Paul had been a headman among the 
 
 Micmac-Montagnais of the island and 
 was particularly well-informed in matters 
 of native life. His age, experience, and 
 wLlingness to help in this work made him 
 invaluable, and I take this occasion to 
 recommend him to others who maj' under- 
 take similar studies in this region where 
 the younger generation of natives is not 
 well informed nor conservative. 
 
 46. This is Red Indian point, on Red Indian 
 
 lake; see pi. i-v. A larger excavation 
 than the others at this site is pointed out 
 as the chief's wigwam. 
 
 47. The lumbermen who have recently invaded 
 
 this region have fortunately spared a large 
 spruce tree which is popularly believed 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 to be the tree under which Mary March 
 was captured. It stands on a sandy point 
 called ^lary March's point, and archeo- 
 logical evidences here indicate a former 
 camp. This tree, which is now (1914) 
 in danger of falling, is shown in pi. v. 
 
 48. Previously to this JMr Howley had indi- 
 
 cated in a letter that he thought the in- 
 formant was making her claim for the 
 purpose of gain. 
 
 49. Later, in the following spring, ]Mr R. S. 
 
 Dahl, a former associate of Mr Howley, 
 who was also deeply interested in the 
 Beothuk, came to Philadelphia to see me 
 concerning Santu. When, however, he 
 went to Attleboro to trace them, the 
 family had left. Since then Joe Toney 
 has returned irregularly to Gloucester, 
 ]\Iass., where I have seen him. His 
 mother in 1916 had returned to Yar- 
 mouth, Nova Scotia, where her husband 
 died recently. (Since this was written I 
 have heard that she died in 1919.) 
 
 50. Incidentallv, Cope is a common family sur- 
 
 name among the Nova Scotia Micmac, 
 see page 103. I do not regard this infor- 
 mation as strictly reliable. 
 
 51. We recognize in this the common craft of 
 
 the Newfoundland Micmac. 
 
 52. She evidently referred to the curved keel- 
 
 son of spruce forming the ends. 
 
 53. Compare Howley (op. cit., p. 322) for ref- 
 
 erence to stone pipes. 
 
 54. The common Micmac and Wabanaki game 
 
 of wal testa' y an. 
 
 79 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 80 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 55. This corresponds with the Micmac game of 
 
 wabsna'yan, played with eight ivo y discs, 
 or dice, an inch in diameter. The play- 
 ers, who may be of any number, take 
 turns throwing the discs upon a blanket. 
 There are only three throws that count. 
 A throw showing two discs with the same 
 side up counts one {ma'xtewi' txamo'wi); 
 one only facing up and seven opposite, 
 count five {n'a'biteici' txamo'wi). Should 
 a player throw all, flat side down the same 
 way, it is called mi'ktcik tciwa'wal, 
 "turtle eggs," and wins the game. The 
 above is the manner in which it is 
 played in Cape Breton. 
 
 56. Cormack records that the Beothuk never 
 
 washed "except when a husband or a wife 
 died" (Howley, p. 230). 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 PART II 
 
 MICMAC HUNTING TERRITORIES 
 
 IN NOVA SCOTIA AND 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK G. SPECK
 
 II. MICMAC HUNTING TERRI- 
 TORIES IN NOVA SCOTIA 
 AND NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 By Fraxk G. Speck 
 introduction 
 
 THE subject of the family hunting 
 territory which provides the key- 
 note to the social organization 
 of the northern and eastern Al- 
 gonkian tribes has become by this time 
 fairly familiar to ethnologists, first through 
 the reports of surveys which I have so 
 far completed for the Division of An- 
 thropology of the Geological Survey of 
 Canada (by whose sanction this paper 
 is published), and later through the hand- 
 ling of the situation as a sociological phe- 
 nomenon by Dr. R. H. Lowie in his re- 
 cent treatise.' Xo one would now deny that 
 here is to be found one of the most fundamen- 
 
 83 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 84 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 tal properties of old Algonkian culture; that 
 here is an exceedingly primitive group show- 
 ing the developed idea of established geo- 
 graphical claims. And of still more impor- 
 tance, it has become apparent that in this 
 relatively primitive level, patrilineality oc- 
 curs as a social feature chronologically an- 
 terior to the matrilineal grouping, and even 
 culturally below it. The general applicabil- 
 ity of theories of social evolution, like those 
 of Bachofen, Morgan, and Hartland, which 
 insist on the priority of the matrilineal 
 grouping, are destined to assume a more and 
 more dubious aspect as intensive exploration 
 proceeds into the social life of hitherto 
 little-known and loosely organized tribes. 
 It remains, therefore, as a most urgent 
 task to prosecute the survey of the prim- 
 itive nomadic tribes of the Hudsonian and 
 Arctic zones for the full census of those 
 whose social organization is based on the 
 paternal family and who observe the 
 family hunting territorial divisions. When 
 this has been done, speculations may be 
 expected to take a more final form. There 
 are still large areas to traverse and to map 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 85 
 
 out, and there are varied types of social 
 structure to be analyzed, in which minor 
 developments have appeared and become 
 associated with the territorial units. In the 
 accompanying report, the hunting group is 
 traced in the maritime provinces eastward 
 to the Atlantic, thus covering one more 
 large area in the gradual spread of our 
 knowledge. Surveys are already partially 
 completed for the region lying from Lake 
 Waswanipi in northern Quebec southward 
 to the St Lawrence and eastward to Port- 
 neuf river. 
 
 In some parts of this zone there are spe- 
 cific variations. Among the Ojibwa, for 
 instance, a strong feature is the interasso- 
 ciation of the biological family group with 
 the patrilineal exogamic gens. Among the 
 Montagnais the absence of the gens is 
 noteworthy, but the development of the 
 geographical feature stands forth in the dis- 
 trict names. At Penobscot there is the as- 
 sociation of family ancestry with animals, 
 approaching the idea of the so-called "use 
 totem," discussed by Rivers and Golden- 
 weiser. Our present case shows the IVlic- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 86 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 mac to present little to mark their form of 
 the institution with distinctive emphasis. 
 Here the family territories seem to be less 
 permanent, less hereditary, than elsewhere, 
 and the judicial power of the chief in the 
 reassignment of territory seems to be rather 
 more definite. In other respects a compari- 
 son of the INIicmac hunting territory insti- 
 tution with that of neighboring tribes seems 
 to show an absence of specialization in the 
 case of the former. 
 
 HUNTING TERRITORIES IN NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 The Micmac, like the rest of the northern 
 and eastern Algonkian, whose subsistence 
 was gained by hunting and fishing, had 
 their country subdivided into more or less 
 well recognized districts in which certain 
 individual proprietors or families enjoyed 
 the inherited privilege of hunting. Having 
 alread}^ made this matter the subject of in- 
 vestigations during several seasons among 
 the Montagnais, Mistassini, northern 
 Ojibwa, Algonquin, and the Penobscot and 
 Abnaki of the east, I spent part of the 
 summer of 1914 in visiting the settlements 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 87 
 
 of the iMicmac of Xova Scotia, Cape Bre- 
 ton, and Newfoundland, to make collateral 
 studies among the most easterly branches of 
 the Algonkian stock. The social organi- 
 zation of this people is also characterized 
 by a grouping into hunting families, and 
 it also shows the second associated feature; 
 it is extremely loose in general. The results 
 of my survey are presented in this paper. 
 
 It should be remembered by anyone tak- 
 ing up this subject of family groupings and 
 territorial claims from the sociological 
 point of view, that, in contrast with the 
 north central Algonkians (Ojibwa, Algon- 
 quin), there is no intercrossing among the 
 ]Micmac of a clan organization with the 
 family group. Neither exogamy nor other 
 elements of group totemism are now found 
 here as among the Ojibwa, Algonquin, 
 or even the Penobscot, who have indeed 
 some semblance of the animal totemic group 
 formation manifested in such phenomena as 
 family explanation myths, group naming, 
 emblems, and a certain social identity within 
 the group. It is true of the IMicmac 
 throughout, so far as I could learn, that the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 family groups and their hunting territories, 
 whether held by the group in common or by 
 individuals, are found to rest on a purely 
 economic basis, with no sociological phe- 
 nomenon other than kinship involved.^ 
 
 We are fortunate in having several notices 
 of the existence of the hunting territory in 
 Father Le Clercq's time (1691), which not 
 only authenticate the matter among the 
 IMicmac but which give a fair summary of 
 characteristics. It is necessary that Le 
 Clercq be quoted. 
 
 "It is the right of the head of the nation 
 according to the customs of the country, which 
 serve as laws and regulations to the Gaspesians, 
 to distribute the places of hunting (les endroils 
 de la chasse) to each individual. It is not per- 
 mitted to any Indian to overstep the bounds 
 and limits of the region {d' outre- passer les 
 homes et les limiles du quartier) which shall 
 have been assigned to him in the assembly of 
 the elders. These are held in autumn and in 
 spring expressly to make this assignment."^ 
 
 Le Clercq also speaks of the territories in 
 another place, using the expression, "The 
 occupation of this chief was to assign the 
 places for hunting {de regler les lieux de 
 chasse)."^ It is important to note that 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 89 
 
 among the Indians who use Canadian 
 French today, the designations "lieux de 
 chasse" and "endroits de la cliasse" are the 
 same. 
 Again the same author tells us: 
 
 "The most important places for fishing and 
 hunting are marked by the crosses which they 
 set up in the vicinity, and one is agreeably sur- 
 prised in voyaging through this country to find 
 from time to time upon the borders of the rivers 
 crosses with double and triple cross-pieces like 
 those of the patriarchs."^ 
 
 Any question as to the antiquity or the 
 nativity of the institution we are interested 
 in among the Micmac is decisively met by 
 these statements. Nicholas Denys, who 
 wrote about IMicmac customs nineteen years 
 earlier than Le Clercq, does not, however, 
 refer specifically to it, although he speaks 
 briefly of the conservation of the game which 
 is often an accompanying feature. 
 
 "They killed the animals only in proportion 
 as they had need of them. When they were 
 lirtd of eating one sort, they killed some of 
 another."* 
 
 The Micmac family group seems to have 
 possessed a rather unstable character. It 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 90 
 
 B E 1 H U K AND M I C M A C 
 
 consisted of the father of the family, his 
 wife and children, and other members of his 
 own kin who, through individual circum- 
 stances, might be left to his support. Gen- 
 erally the family included the living grand- 
 parents, and frequently aunts, uncles, and 
 even relatives by marriage. Accordingly, 
 the content of the group changed as the 
 children became married and left, or in- 
 creased as bereaved relatives were added. 
 It was a common practice for a man to 
 join his father-in-law's family for a time 
 after marriage among the Micmac as well 
 as among the other northern tribes covered 
 so far by the investigation. The Micmac 
 newly-married man generally did this unless 
 local conditions made another course advis- 
 able. After a year or so with his father-in- 
 law, he was expected to set up a new 
 domestic establishment on hunting grounds 
 acquired through reapportionment or inher- 
 itance, or else to settle, should circum- 
 stances be favorable, on part of the patri- 
 monial territory under his own identity or 
 that of his father. The family unit was. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 91 
 
 in respect to its membership, judging from 
 all sources, an exceedingly variable quantity. 
 A side-light is thrown upon another social 
 aspect of the early IMicmac by Le Clercq 
 which shows that here, as elsewhere in the 
 wide area where the family band with its 
 hunting territory takes the place of the 
 clan or gentile unit, numerical strength 
 of the family counts for something in de- 
 termining social position. Le Clercq says, 
 in speaking of chiefs or leaders: 
 
 "We had among us at the River of St Joseph 
 [the Restigouche] one of these old chiefs whom 
 our Gaspesians considered as their head and 
 their ruler, much more because of his family 
 which was very numerous, than because of his 
 sovereign power." " 
 
 This material puts a very simplified aspect 
 on the family institution here, in contrast 
 with the greater compliexitj' prevailing among 
 the Algonkian farther west. It is difticult 
 to form an opinion yet as to whether the 
 simplicity is a sign of archaism or of degener- 
 ated culture in comparison with the other 
 Algonkian. Since I hope to pursue the in- 
 vestigation of this institution through the 
 whole habitat of the northern hunting tribes, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 92 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 if the opportunity offers, we may leave the 
 discussion of the question until more is 
 known of the facts, and proceed directly to 
 the material as it presents itself among 
 the Micmac. 
 
 In Nova Scotia I procured data covering 
 nearly the whole peninsula. The portion 
 not covered is the extreme southwestern 
 part of the peninsula, the habitat of the 
 Yarmouth band, which I did not visit 
 The hunting territory is known here as 
 Uig^l'wo'mi, derived from a verb meaning 
 "to hunt." The districts generally sur- 
 round lakes or rivers. They were trans- 
 mitted from father to son, but where there 
 were no sons to inherit a region it was 
 allotted to someone else. Ordinarily the 
 assignment of hunting districts was left to 
 the authority, of the band chief. ^ 
 
 The hunters of a certain region had a 
 common rendezvous, generally near the 
 coast where, on occasion, generally in the 
 summer, they assembled with their families 
 for social intercourse. At such times mar- 
 riages were arranged, and meetings held 
 which resulted in solidifying the group into 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 93 
 
 something of a band. These bands and 
 their gathering places at the present time 
 have grown into the local groups which are 
 found all through the province on small 
 reservations. It may be added that Bear 
 River seems to have been a kind of capital 
 village for the bands in the southwestern 
 part of the province, and Shubenacadie 
 another for the central part. The bands, 
 comprising the localized famil_y groups (see 
 Map I), collectively form the Micmac tribe 
 or nation, the capital village of which is 
 now, as it has been for a very long time, at 
 Eskasoni on Cape Breton island.^ 
 
 The family hunting districts of Nova 
 Scotia with their proprietors' names appear 
 in the accompanying table, the numbers in 
 the first column corresponding with those 
 on the map. I may say that I could 
 not very well verify a large percentage 
 of the districts, since this would have 
 required a personal visit to each family head 
 in the province. ' However, this was done 
 where it was possible. Hence, being lim- 
 ited largely to material collected from cer- 
 tain informants, chief among whom were 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 94 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MI CM AC 
 
 John Brooks and John ]\IcEwan of Bear 
 River, and Jacob Brooks of Truro, I have 
 probably committed some errors, even 
 though the individuals relied on were well- 
 informed leaders. Moreover, the settle- 
 ment of the province by the English has 
 encroached on many of the old hunting dis- 
 tricts, and some of the proprietors have been 
 dead so long that it is a matter of question 
 as to their boundaries even among the old- 
 est men living. Another fact to be observed 
 is that the boundaries of the family tract 
 in general among the Micmac were not 
 so strictly recognized as elsewhere; nor 
 were they marked by boundary signs, as 
 among the Penobscot. It seems to suffice 
 if the main body of water or the general 
 center of the hunting districts is known, the 
 Hne of separation between neighbors being 
 a general line somewhere about half-way 
 between the main central landmarks. Re- 
 taliation against trespassing was not regu- 
 larly enforced among the INIicmac. 
 
 The INIicmac country, according to An- 
 derson,^° was divided into seven districts, 
 "each having its own chief, but the chief 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 95 
 
 of the Cape Breton district was looked upon 
 as head of the whole. From Cape Breton 
 three districts stretched to the right, Pic- 
 tou, Memramcook, Restigouche, and three 
 to the left, Eskegawaage, from Canso to 
 Halifax; Sigunikt, or Shubenacadie, named 
 from Cape Chignecto; and Kaspoogwit, or 
 AnnapoHs, named from Cape Negro." 
 
 This author gives Rand's interpretation 
 of these names in various parts of his report, 
 as follows: Pictou, "an explosion, crepitus 
 ventris" (p. 69); Memramcook, ''variegated 
 landscape" (p. 14); Restigouche, "a dead 
 tree" (p. 41). This name has been ex- 
 plained in a number of ways by different 
 authors. One very interesting tale of expla- 
 nation has been recently published by 
 Father Pacifique in the Micmac Messenger, 
 but, unfortunately for ethnology, it is given 
 only in ^Micmac. Eskegawaage is " the skin- 
 dressing place" (p. 27); Sigunikt, "a foot 
 cloth, moccasin rag" (p. 22) ; and Kaspoogwit, 
 "land's end," referring to Cape Sable and 
 Cape Negro (p. 35). 
 
 Indications appear from time to time in 
 the older writings concerning the tribes of 
 
 
 A N D MONO G R A P H S 

 
 96 BEOTHUKANDMICMAC 
 
 this part of the country to show that ani- 
 mals were frequently employed as symbolic 
 emblems representing different bodies of 
 population. It is difficult, when we en- 
 counter such references, to decide whether 
 they are to be understood, from a critical 
 point of view, as the emblems of former 
 gentile or of family groups, or whether they 
 pertain to bands and tribes in the social 
 or linguistic sense. Father LeClercq made 
 note of the observation that the Indians at 
 Miramichi had the figure of a cross as their 
 emblem, while at Restigouche the salmon 
 figured in the same way. He said that each 
 band had its local symbol.^^ Dr Ganong, 
 who edited LeClercq's work, adds that he 
 learned further that the main southwestern 
 division of the Micmac had a sturgeon, the 
 Uttle southwestern division had a beaver, 
 and the northwestern division of the tribe 
 had the figure of a man with a drawn bow 
 and arrow as distinguishing emblems. ^'^ 
 
 For example again, we find in the picto- 
 graphy of the Wabanaki, according to Mal- 
 lery, who evidently secured the information 
 himself, that the Passamaquoddy are rep- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 97 
 
 resented by the figure of two men in a canoe 
 following a pollock, both men using pad- 
 dles;*^ the iMalecite by the two men in a 
 canoe both using poles and following a 
 muskrat;^^ the ]Micmac by the canoemen, 
 both with paddles, following a deer; and 
 the Penobscot by a figure showing the 
 canoemen using pole and paddle following 
 an otter. In giving this information Mal- 
 lery adds that he thinks the several animals 
 constitute ancient totemic emblems. ^^ In- 
 cidentally, this afi^ords us another instance 
 of the "game totem" idea which is quite 
 distinctive of the northeastern region, if not 
 particularly true of the ]\licmac. It is not by 
 any means clear, drawing our ideas from this 
 and other cases which have been recorded 
 among the eastern tribes, how we are to 
 proceed in classifying them ' as being the 
 totemic concepts of major or of minor social 
 groups. Whether we are to regard them 
 as family or as tribal emblems, the general 
 fact of the game-totem, or use-totem, concept 
 remains established as a feature having a 
 place in the social life of at least some of the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 98 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 members of the group of tribes to which the 
 Micmac belong. ^^ 
 
 The Micmac have been reported by trav- 
 elers a number of times as being very capa- 
 ble map-makers, utihzing birch-bark for the 
 purpose of charting not only travel routes 
 but hunting territories as well. Concrete 
 instance of this is afforded by information 
 furnished by Miss Massey of Philadelphia, 
 who states that in 1885 she knew of a case 
 at Digby, Nova Scotia, where a chief who 
 was then about sixty years of age exhibited 
 a birch-bark map of his hunting territory 
 during a trial in court to prove his inherited 
 claim to the same.^^ A map of birch-bark 
 of the land of the IMicmac is mentioned as 
 having been given to a hero in one of the 
 legends recorded by Rand.^^ Le Clercq was 
 the earliest author, so far as is known, to 
 have made explicit mention of these charts 
 among the Micmac. He says: 
 
 "They have much- ingenuity in drawing 
 upon bark a kind of map which marks exactly 
 all the rivers and streams of a country of which 
 they wish to make representation. They mark 
 all the places thereon exactly and so well that 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 99 
 
 the}' make use of them successfully, and an 
 Indian who possesses one makes long voyages 
 without going astray.''^" 
 
 '^'a. 
 
 Fig. 3. — Hunting territory of Solomon Siah, Micmacof 
 Bear river, Xova Scotia. (After a drawing by his grand- 
 son.; 
 
 AND :\IONOGRAPHS
 
 100 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 <: 
 (—1 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 < 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 1-1 
 < 
 O 
 
 z 
 
 H 
 
 z 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 West branch of Bear river to Lake 
 
 Jolly. 
 Mulgrave lake neighborhood (see 
 
 fig. 3). 
 Around Sporting lake, southwest of 
 
 Bear river. 
 Moosehcad and Pine lakes. 
 Pine lake and Cofang lake. 
 Long Tusket and Fourth lakes. 
 Barriyo and Spruce lakes. 
 Shelbourne lakes. 
 East side of Rossignol lake. 
 West side of Rossignol lake. 
 
 o 
 
 ti 
 
 e< 
 o 
 ej 
 
 Ph 
 
 F« 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 Jim Meuse {Sa''y€m, 
 "chief" of this band). 
 John Siah {Sa''ya). 
 
 Ben Pictou. 
 
 Abram Labrador. 
 
 Joe Pcnhall. 
 
 John Barriyo. 
 
 Christopher Charles. 
 
 John Louis. 
 
 Joe Maltai and father 
 
 Old Joe Maltai. 
 
 •rt P-l fO •^LCCt--XO\ 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 S "^ 
 
 
 y CJ 
 
 .— • U) 
 
 
 
 "2 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 G, 
 
 
 
 c -x. 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
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 H-1 j2 
 
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 ^ s 
 
 Id 
 
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 Uh 
 
 
 
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 c 
 
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 d 
 
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 u< 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 n 
 
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 c 
 
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 ^— > 
 
 >— > 
 
 c^. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 101 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 102 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 
 
 "o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -7^* 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 O •'^ 
 
 
 
 
 '^ !r, 
 
 
 .S = . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t; CIS P x^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 
 ise lakes, 
 usie lake and h 
 housie river. 
 ■ La Have river, 
 reek and Sand ri 
 reau lakes. 
 
 
 south of Windso 
 ok and Caribou 
 near Chester. 
 i lake below Mt 
 iticook river valh 
 
 
 
 < 
 n 
 
 Parad 
 Dalho 
 Dal 
 Upper 
 Millc 
 Gaspe 
 
 Q 
 'A 
 < 
 pq 
 
 Lakes 
 Ponho 
 Lakes 
 Uniacl 
 Kcnnc 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 !3 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 oi 
 
 o 
 
 
 U2 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 fti 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
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 g 
 
 
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 Ph 
 
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 ■S.B-S « tn 
 
 
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 ffio -^-^ o 
 
 
 g= £.^'>:: 
 
 
 
 
 s>- ^s^ 
 
 
 ^ ':? ^ § .S 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 ^^ ^K^ 
 
 
 .^^'^"4;'^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Step; 
 
 Loui 
 Abe 
 Ellic 
 
 
 ,t^ r^ O O O 
 
 •z 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ci p, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s < 
 
 
 J^ 00 Cn O —< 
 
 
 fsj rrj ^ I/-, O 
 
 
 Is 
 
 
 _ ^ T^ CN CN 
 
 
 CN CN tN CN CN 
 
 
 2: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDIAN I 
 
 COTES
 
 
 NOV 
 
 A SCOTIA 
 
 103 
 
 V. 
 
 a 
 z 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 z 
 
 3 
 
 Stewiacke river valley. 
 Musquodoboit river between Mid- 
 <lle Musquodoboit and Musquo- 
 
 doboit. 
 North of Ship Harbor lake, Gould 
 
 lake 
 North of Jeddore. 
 Northeast of Jeddore. 
 
 Cirassy lake north of Killag river. 
 ve belonged to Pauls.) 
 
 Tangier lake and Scraggy lakes. 
 Hunting lake. Governor's lake, and 
 
 Ten Mile lake. 
 Fifteen Mile lake. Rocky lake. 
 Moser river. 
 Large district north of Sheet 
 
 harbor. 
 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 l1 
 
 c c 
 
 ,'- O 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 Joe Cope. 
 
 Young Toe Cope (son of 
 
 No. 30). 
 Andrew Paul 
 (Territory supposed to ha 
 Sandy Cope. " 
 •Frank Cope. 
 
 Peter Joe Cope. . 
 Michael Tom (Toney). 
 Young Peter Joe Cope. 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 /VXD 
 
 MONOGRAPHS 

 
 104 
 
 BEOTHUK 
 
 AND MI CM AC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 3 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 
 J2 k-l 
 
 
 J5 
 
 
 
 
 HJ . 
 
 
 ^^ f^ 
 
 
 tH 
 
 
 
 ■^u 
 
 ^ o 
 
 
 ;aacs ha 
 ar Port 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 •^ o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (UXJ'T^ 
 
 
 !_r *^ 
 
 
 'C 
 
 
 p 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
 mb lak 
 lake an 
 oin, ba< 
 
 
 harbo: 
 rth. 
 
 igc rive 
 
 
 c 
 
 rt 
 o . 
 
 
 
 Q 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 B 
 
 < 
 
 Big Lisco 
 Hunting 
 Lake Mo 
 
 n 
 z 
 
 M 
 O 
 
 Country 
 
 and no 
 
 Loon lak( 
 
 Mill Vilk 
 
 grave. 
 
 Q 
 
 z 
 
 < 
 
 CA3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 "rt 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 as. 
 
 W 
 
 
 n 
 
 -C 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 "o 
 
 < 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 U3 
 
 G 
 Z 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 thew Salome. 
 Paul. 
 
 ■am Paul (son 
 2). 
 
 
 veil Denis. 
 
 ve Malone. 
 er Anthony 
 reed). 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 w 
 
 =2 s.s<^ 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 1— > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tfl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS a. 
 
 
 o\ o--^ 
 
 
 rN rrs-rv 
 
 
 "u^ 
 
 
 
 
 <r> 'S'^ 
 
 
 TT '^ <* 
 
 
 -* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDIi 
 
 \N NOTES 

 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 105 
 
 1 l: 4? >^ rt c 
 
 
 
 b g-.- "" 
 
 
 
 •sag's >^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ S (fl'S 5 
 
 
 
 O •— 'J .^ 
 
 
 
 *j t; ^ li*— 
 
 
 
 (U 'w >-. 
 
 
 
 o o «J 
 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 nally 
 
 wher 
 
 and 
 
 Cop 
 
 
 
 liood of 
 me origi 
 island> 
 rritory, 
 rom the 
 cotia.) 
 
 
 
 ^ 5 ■" 5 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ca 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ■u 
 
 
 c/^ 
 
 3 
 o 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 < 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 -»> 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 106 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 In the nature of a correspondence with 
 this it may be added that the same practice 
 of charting territories and trails on rolls of 
 birch-bark is a pronounced feature among 
 the Montagnais. A number of such maps 
 have been obtained by the writer for the 
 Victoria Museum and the American Mu- 
 seum of Natural History. 
 
 A more precise example of one of the 
 more definite hunting claims is furnished 
 by the sketch on page 99 (fig. 3), which 
 is a copy of a sketch-map made by John 
 McEwan, of the Bear River band, showing 
 the hunting territory of his maternal grand- 
 father Siah (Sa''ya) around Mulgrave lake. 
 There his lake and his river are shown, also 
 the several stations or camps in the districts, 
 marked with crosses, where he resided while 
 hunting in the neighborhood. This speci- 
 men district is number 2 on Map I.-° 
 
 HUNTING TERRITORIES IN CAPE 
 BRETON ISLAND 
 
 The Micmac on the island of Cape Breton 
 form now about the most conservative group 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 CAPE BRETON ISLAND 
 
 107 
 
 of this widely distributed tribe. Here, 
 furthermore, is the seat of native govern- 
 ment and the residence of the Grand Chief 
 {ktci'sa'yamaii) who has control of all the 
 Micmac bands from Newfoundland to Nova 
 Scotia and Quebec. The island of Cape 
 Breton is called Uiiama'gP^ and the peo- 
 ple style themselves Uname'wax. They in- 
 habit six fairly large settlements having a 
 population of 604 in 1911; one, the capital of 
 the Micmac, is at Eskasoni, where John 
 Denys, the Grand Chief, lives; others are 
 at Wycogamagh, Middle River, Malaga- 
 watch, and Chapel Island respectively, 
 while the last, dating back only 50 years or 
 so, is in the outskirts of Sydney. This 
 interesting band still preserves its national 
 existence and the records of its alliance with 
 the Mohawk. The former intertribal nego- 
 tiations with the Iroquois at Caughnawaga 
 and the ceremonial procedures with wam- 
 pum are still distinctly remembered. 
 
 According to the historical tradition of 
 this band, it seems that before the middle of 
 the eighteenth century the Micmac popu- 
 lation of Cape Breton was inconsiderable. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 108 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MI CM AC 
 
 
 After the close of the war between France 
 and England for supremacy in Canada, 
 the many Micmac who had been engaged 
 on the side of the French, instead of return- 
 ing directly to their former homes in Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick, turned east- 
 ward and 'occupied new hunting territories 
 in the sparsely settled island of Cape Bre- 
 ton. Here, too, they felt themselves to be 
 farther away from possible vengeance of 
 the English, who were settled in Nova Sco- 
 tia. This movement was led by the chief, 
 Tomah Denys of Cumberland county, 
 Nova Scotia, who headed the Indians under 
 the French at the battle of Quebec in 1759 
 and returned with them to Louisburg. 
 Assuming this tradition to be fairly correct, 
 as alleged by Chief John Denys, great- 
 grandson of Tonah Denys, the hereditary 
 successor to his office, it would appear that 
 the hunting territories in the island must 
 have suffered some minor alterations with 
 the increase of the Micmac population sub- 
 sequent to 1759. Such changes are, how- 
 ever, taking place slowly all the time, as 
 territories change hands oftentimes with 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 CAPE BRETON ISLAND 
 
 109 
 
 the death of proprietors. A knowledge of 
 these districts through a continuous period 
 of time would be ver\- desirable to determine 
 the nature of such changes as regard size 
 and ownership. As may be seen by refer- 
 ence to the map, the territories are more 
 numerous and more compact in the southern 
 portion of the island, while in the northern 
 and eastern extremities the family tracts 
 are more extensive in area and fewer in 
 number. This condition corresponds in 
 general with the conditions in Newfound- 
 land; by analogy, I am inclined to attribute 
 it to comparative recency of occupancy. 
 This is actually the case in Newfoundland. 
 It must be recognized, nevertheless, that 
 the Cape Breton band has been domiciled 
 long enough in the island to have localized 
 some episodes in the career of the culture- 
 hero, Gluskap,-' which is apparently not the 
 case in Newfoundland. 
 
 After this historical digression let us 
 proceed with the actual data concerning 
 the hunting territories of the band. In 
 Cape Breton the family clainis are known 
 as ntuy^l'wx'mi. In practically all respects 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 110 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 
 tl 
 
 
 •: o 
 
 
 f0 
 
 ^ -^ a 
 
 _ <U >-c 
 
 rt tn 5 . 
 
 ,13 i^ O t« 
 
 Qj H *"* 
 
 
 4-1 O 
 
 H 
 
 
 3 2- 
 
 H aj • 
 
 >- IH <u 
 
 o 
 
 t3 C '^ 
 
 CJ3 
 
 ►le ' 
 
 O 
 
 2 rt 
 
 &:3 
 
 IS 
 
 
 o . 
 
 ^:&Hq 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 sGa 
 u'i'd 
 ittle 
 
 TO 
 
 .2 ^ 
 
 •3^r 
 
 o 
 h4 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 CAPE 
 
 BRETON ISLAND 
 
 111 
 
 Sula''yadck\ "flat 
 at the end of a 
 gorge." 
 
 "little channel." 
 
 Kitnmdeive'gade, 
 "rocky head." 
 
 Ma'skwesa''yami- 
 kek, "many little 
 birches." 
 
 (?) 
 
 (?) 
 
 Weyo'yamaye, 
 "head of the 
 lake." 
 
 
 Mira river and bay 
 to Indian bay. 
 
 East bay to Sydney 
 river. 
 
 Sydney harbor to 
 Little Bras d'Or. 
 
 South shore of St 
 Andrew's channel. 
 
 lona island. 
 
 River Denny basin 
 
 westward. 
 Wycogamagh bay to 
 
 lake Ainslie. 
 
 Sam Denys, Joe 
 Moose, Plans- 
 way Moose. 
 
 Tomaii Denys 
 (family with hc- 
 
 rcduary chicl- 
 tainship). 
 John Isaac. 
 
 Captain Francis 
 Bernard.2^ 
 
 Michel Joe (Mi'sel 
 da'di'at', "smart 
 Michel"). 
 
 Dennis. 
 
 Peter Kugu. 
 
 LO lO 
 
 PO T lO O t^ 
 lO lO lO LO to 
 
 AND 
 
 MONOGRAPHS 

 
 112 
 
 BEOTHUK AND M I C M A C 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 z 
 < 
 
 H 
 W 
 
 cq 
 
 < 
 u 
 
 fa 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 .S 
 § 3 
 
 .^ 
 
 C 
 en 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 o 
 z 
 
 >-l 
 
 H 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 S 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 U 
 
 o 
 
 h-I 
 
 "place where red 
 
 clay paint is 
 
 found." 
 Ebadek', "(river) 
 
 dividing a hill in 
 
 two." 
 (?) 
 
 Ktu'dnnk, "at the 
 (north) moun- 
 tain." 
 
 "gorge through 
 the mountain." 
 
 U 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 O 
 g 
 H 
 
 K 
 ,■ > 
 
 i 
 
 fa 
 
 Lake Ainslie north 
 on coast of White 
 capes. 
 
 Around Baddeck and 
 Middle river. 
 
 North river basin to 
 
 Indian brook. 
 Indian brook through 
 
 Aspy river and 
 
 bay. 
 St Ann's mountain 
 
 and Boularderie 
 
 island. 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 0. 
 
 o 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 Paul. 
 
 Francis Newell. 
 
 John Kugu. 
 
 Charles and Ben 
 Pollet. 
 
 Common territory 
 in band for fall 
 berry -gathering. 
 
 
 00 O O ■^ CN 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 CAPE BRETON ISLAND 
 
 113 
 
 their general characteristics are similar 
 throughout the ISlicmac countrj'. There was 
 no clan, no regulation of exogamy, and no 
 group totemism or social significance in 
 names, so far as is remembered. The 
 immediate members of the families consti- 
 tute the groups having inherited or pre- 
 empted districts for hunting, with the ex- 
 clusive right to the districts as long as any 
 of the sons of the proprietors are living to 
 work them. Territories may also be trans- 
 mitted by loan or through partnership. A 
 point of detail, however, in connection with 
 the territories of the Cape Breton band is 
 the local naming of the districts. This does 
 not appear prominently in the other prov- 
 inces. Another feature of distinction is, 
 perhaps, the occurrence of several fishing 
 and berry-gathering districts. 
 
 PI. xxxvii and xxxviii illustrate Micmac 
 hunting camps. Several wigwams are needed 
 to house the family groups; in this case 
 two brothers were working together on 
 their paternal territory. Owing to the scar- 
 city of birch-bark, the wig\vams have 
 occasionally tar-papcr coverings, although 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 114 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 the aboriginal form and architecture are 
 preserved PI. xxxix-xli illustrate de- 
 tails of wigwam construction. 
 
 As regards the Christian names of the pro- 
 prietors of the fishing and hunting dis- 
 tricts, it may seem strange to find them 
 so general; but this is due to early mission- 
 ary influence. Indeed, as long ago as 1761, 
 we find mention of Micmac chiefs in New 
 Brunswick and Prince Edward island with 
 French names. -^ In only a few cases do 
 native nicknames still persist. 
 
 In the table (pp. 110-112) are arranged 
 the proprietors' names and nicknames, where 
 they have them, their hunting districts, and 
 the native local names in the Cape Breton 
 dialect corresponding to the numbers on the 
 map. On the map these districts are shown 
 as they were marked out by the descendants 
 of the proprietors themselves. The ]\lic- 
 mac settlements are also indicated. 
 
 HUNTING TERRITORIES IN PRINCE 
 EDWARD ISLAND 
 
 Among the Micmac of Prince Edward 
 island, who are known as Ebegwi'dsnax, 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 PL XXXIX 
 
 BIRCH-BARK WIGWAM OF THE CAPE BRETON MICMAC
 
 SPECK^BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 3IRCH-BARK WIGWAM OF THE CAPE BRETON MICMAC, 
 SHOWING FEATURE OF THE HOOP AND THE INSIDE 
 POLES FROM WHICH COOKING VESSELS ARE 
 SUSPENDED AND CLOTHES HUNG TO DRY
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 
 
 115 
 
 "People of the island in the sea," we en- 
 counter the same characteristics as those 
 found in the territorial institution of the 
 tribe on the mainland. The information 
 which I give was obtained by Gabe Paul, 
 a Malecite-Penobscot Indian of Oldtown, 
 Maine, during a special trip to this band. 
 In recent years, it appears, the hunt- 
 ing has been growing worse on the island, 
 the natives having had to resort more and 
 more to fishing. An interesting legend ac- 
 counts for the disappearance of the moose 
 from the region many years ago. Owing 
 to the small size of the island and the 
 increasing population, the moose at first 
 began to diminish. Then later the Indians 
 planned a great round-up, and in a short 
 time killed nearly all that were left, although 
 some of the older people advised against 
 the procedure. Consequently the remaining 
 moose, offended at the thoughtless improvi- 
 dence of the Indians, departed from the 
 island, never to return. Some of the hunt- 
 ers claimed to have seen their footprints on 
 the shore whence they made their escape by 
 swimming. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 116 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MI CM AC 
 
 
 i-T ~ 
 
 O aJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ej 
 
 
 
 
 ^ a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 bj o i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tc 
 
 C) 
 
 '> 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■| 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 -3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 >> 
 
 o 
 
 tn 
 
 3 
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 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 117 
 
 From what can be learned about the 
 methods of later years, it appears that the 
 Prince Edward Island Indians had more 
 communal hunting and fishing territory 
 than is usual in the neighboring regions, and 
 that fishing was relatively the more impor- 
 tant activity. 
 
 Only a few family districts seem now 
 to be remembered. They are as shown on 
 page 116 (the numbers given correspond 
 with those on Map II, Newfoundland and 
 Prince Edward Island). 
 
 HUNTING TERRITORIES OF THE MICMAC- 
 MONTAGNAIS OF NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 Since the dispersion or extermination, 
 whichever it might have been, of the Beo- 
 thuk or Red Indians in Newfoundland, the 
 Micmac have come to occupy the southern 
 and western portions of the island. Here, 
 in accordance with their custom on the 
 mainland, the different family heads appro- 
 priated, for themselves and descendants, 
 hunting districts which have continued, 
 subject of course to some changes and redis- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 118 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 tributions, since the days of the first Mic- 
 mac colonization. Incidentally, Montag- 
 nais hunters from Labrador, following the 
 same easterly trend, have become thor- 
 oughly incorporated with the Micmac, so 
 that, while the language in Newfoundland 
 has remained Micmac, many ethnological 
 and some physical characteristics, no doubt, 
 such as they appear to observation, are 
 largely Montagnais. In addition we have 
 to recognize the possibility that some fea- 
 tures of culture may have been absorbed from 
 the Beothuk at various times, especially 
 during the period when they and the Mic- 
 mac occupied a village in common at St 
 George's bay. 
 
 In studying the history of these Micmac- 
 Montagnais, as we shall call them, in New- 
 foundland, we have some opportunity of 
 observing the growth and extension of their 
 family territories from their first foundation 
 on the southwestern coasts. Assuming in 
 general that this could hardly have pre- 
 ceded the arrival of the first white people 
 in the seventeenth century, we can see, 
 though only at a glance, through the period 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 SPECK — BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 INTERIOR OF WIGWAM OF CAPE BRETON MICMAC, SHOWING 
 SIZE AND PLACING OF POLES _
 
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 73 
 
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 ^^
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 of jSIicmac expansion and Beothuk decline, 
 covering about 200 years, up to the present 
 time. 
 
 The Newfoundland Indians, numbering 
 about 300 by estimate, are known both to 
 themselves and to the people of the main- 
 land (Cape Breton) as Taya'^nkuyewa x,'^^ 
 "people of the land across the water," the 
 island itself being known as Ta'yamkuk' . 
 The Montagnais proper call the JMicmac 
 A isi'mc"uts, "evil people." According to the 
 tradition current among the Newfoundland 
 Indians, the Micmac of the mainland had 
 always some knowledge of the island through 
 their own excursions by canoe. The route 
 lay between Cape North (of Cape Breton) 
 and Cape Ray on the southwestern coast of 
 Newfoundland, a distance of sixty-five miles, 
 land being dimly visible in fine weather. 
 This bold journey was ordinarily accom- 
 plished in two days, they say. On the first 
 daj' or night, if the weather favored, the 
 voyagers made St Paul's island, Tiiywe'gan 
 m3ni'guk\ "temporary goal island, "^^ a 
 distance of fifteen miles. From here three 
 sturdy canoemen would paddle across the 
 
 119 
 
 AND jMONOGRAPHS
 
 120 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 remaining fifty miles of Cabot strait to 
 Cape Ray in Newfoundland. Landing here, 
 they would await another calm night, then 
 build an immense beacon fire on the high- 
 lands to serve both as a signal for advance 
 and a guide for direction through the night. 
 x\t times even in summer the position of the 
 highlands is apt to be marked by the white of 
 snow-fields, resembling at a distance noth- 
 ing more than a streak of cloud. In clear 
 weather the elevated "barrens" of the New- 
 foundland coast show quite plainly from 
 Cape North. The strait is often calmer at 
 night. In this manner they made the 
 crossing, which is usually a dangerous one, 
 very rough and foggy. In affirming the tes- 
 timony regarding this difficult accomplish- 
 ment, Frank Paul, of the St George's Bay 
 band, stated that the Indians occasionally, 
 even in more recent times, went across, 
 using bark canoes, in this way to Cape 
 Breton to participate in the celebration 
 of St Ann's day, July 26th, • at Chapel is- 
 land, at which time takes place the Mic- 
 mac national festival. ^^ We may also 
 conclude that the Micmac migrations to 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 121 
 
 Newfoundland were aided considerably by 
 French schooners plying across the gulf 
 and Cabot strait. Indeed, the great-grand- 
 father of JNIathew Mitchell, who was a cap- 
 tain, or sub-chief, is said to have received 
 a sloop as a present from the French king in 
 order to facilitate the movements of the Mic- 
 mac on the water in the interests of France. 
 Then, as the numbers of the JNIicmac in- 
 creased, their settlements were extended from 
 the west coast to the southern coast and later 
 into the interior. The first settlements 
 were about St George's bay, Norwa'mkisk, 
 "where the sand is blown up by the wind." 
 On the south coast the Micmac located at 
 Burgeo, Ma'yeme'gwik, "big fish river," 
 and Asiktci'ganmk, "on the other side of the 
 land (toward the sea)," now called Connel 
 river. These and other villages on the 
 northern coast, settled after the withdrawal 
 of the Beothuk into the interior, will be 
 found marked on the accompanying map. 
 In the St George's Bay region, supposedly 
 near the present village of Stevensville, the 
 Micmac remembers that his ancestors lived 
 in at least one village in company with the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 122 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 Beothuk, whom they term Meywe'djik, "red 
 people." According to tradition, this ami- 
 cable contact lasted until a quarrel occurred 
 between a Micmac and a Beothuk boy over 
 the kiUing of a tabooed animal, in which 
 the Beothuk boy was killed. A fight 
 promptly ensued between the two tribes on 
 this account, and the Micmac drove the 
 Beothuk into the interior. While we may 
 recognize in this typical folktale a mere sec- 
 ondary explanation of the existing historical 
 facts,^^ we can safely believe that it indi- 
 cates an early period of contact between the 
 Micmac and the Beothuk. This belief finds 
 some support in the results of a study of 
 Newfoundland Micmac material culture, 
 showing a number of features peculiar to 
 the island that are not attributable to the 
 Micmac or to the Montagnais of the main- 
 land, but which are thought, even by some of 
 the Indians themselves, to have been bor- 
 rowed from the Beothuk. We might infer 
 this, for instance, for the Newfoundland type 
 of canoe with the high-pointed middle, the 
 boot-moccasins, and the habit of dyeing 
 leather for articles of clothing a deep red, 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 123 
 
 as well as a few other features which I have 
 treated more fully in the preceding paper.^" 
 Throughout Newfoundland the Indians 
 refer to their predecessors as Sa'yawe'djki'k, 
 "the ancients," speaking of them as though 
 they were the first inhabitants of the is- 
 land.^^ Some of the older Micmac-lMon- 
 tagnais even claim that the Sa'ydwe'djki'k 
 antedated the coming of the Beothuk. Ig- 
 noring such testimony, I think we may con- 
 clude that the term simply refers to the 
 earlier Micmac colonists from the main- 
 land, whose numbers were few and whose 
 isolation rendered them distinct in some 
 respects in culture and possibly in dialect. 
 These people are believed to have been true 
 Micmac and to have had a complete native 
 nomenclature for the prominent places in 
 the island. Some of the older Indians 
 recall hearing about the last of these 
 Sa'yawe'djki'k in the person of an old blind 
 woman who died in Sydney many years 
 ago. Although over one-hundred years of 
 age, she was conveyed in a canoe by her rela- 
 tives, at her own request, over a large part 
 of Newfoundland, giving the various lakes, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 124 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 rivers, and mountains their proper names 
 according to the ancient terminology. In 
 an appended note I present a list of some 
 of these ancient names as remembered by 
 John Paul, himself an old man. They are 
 typical Micmac terms. The Sa'yawe'djki'k 
 families are said to have become completely 
 merged with the later comers from Cape 
 Breton and Labrador. 
 
 It would be interesting if we could form 
 a more definite idea as to when the INIicmac 
 first reached Newfoundland. In the local 
 historical records we encounter mention of 
 them taking part in the troubles between 
 the English and the French around the 
 southn and ercaster-n coasts.^" Other early 
 authors speak of them. Chappell,^^ an Eng- 
 lishman,' writing in 1818, says: ^ 
 
 "During our war with America between 
 the years 1775 and 1782, the Micmac Indians, 
 inhabiting the island of Cape Breton and the 
 parts adjacent, were amongst the numbers of 
 our most inveterate enemies; but at length one 
 of our mihtary commanders having concluded 
 an amicable treaty with them, he selected one 
 of the most sagacious of their chiefs to negotiate 
 a peace. . . . The old Indian ambassador 
 succeeded . . . and received as his reward 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 125 
 
 the grant of a sterile tract of land in St. Georges 
 bay, Newfoundland, together with permission to 
 transport as man}' of his countrymen as might 
 be willing. . . . Accordingh- the old Sachem 
 left his native land, accompanied by a strong 
 party . . . and boldly launching out to sea 
 in their own crazy shallops or canoes, they 
 eventually reached St. Georges bay in safety." 
 
 He also presents evidence that the Mic- 
 mic frequently crossed over to Labrador 
 from the south shore of the Gulf of St Law- 
 rence. In the same book (p. 86) Chappell 
 estimates the Indians at St George's bay 
 at ninety-seven. The quotation given above 
 bears only, of course, on the then more 
 recent Micmac arrivals, as he was not suf- 
 ficiently intimate with the Indians to have 
 learned very much. His information, he 
 even states, was gained while being paddled 
 across the river in a canoe. 
 
 At the head of the Newfoundland band is 
 a life chief, Reuben Morris, whose home is 
 at Conne river. Although the Grand Chief 
 at Eskasoni, Cape Breton, is higher in 
 authority than the Newfoundland chief, this 
 amounts to but little because the contact 
 
 AND AIO NO GRAPHS
 
 126 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 « 
 between the two bands is necessarily loose, 
 owing to the difificulty of communication. 
 
 As regards Montagnais influences in New- 
 foundland, we learn that from early colonial 
 times the Labrador Indians often traversed 
 the ten miles of water in summer or the ice in 
 winter, which separated them from the island, 
 and estabhshed temporary headquarters 
 there. Early intermarriages between them 
 and the Micmac were so common that more 
 than half of the older Indians in Newfound- 
 land today have Montagnais among their 
 grandparents.^* There are now some fam- 
 ilies half Micmac and half Montagnais, be- 
 sides a few true Montagnais, and to my 
 knowledge, one Naskapi. I have made note 
 of this in the tabular arrangement of the 
 families and their hunting districts. Re- 
 liable oral testimony from John Paul shows 
 that twenty-five years ago (1889) a band 
 of Montagnais, consisting of forty families, 
 from the south coast of Labrador, crossing 
 the straits of Belle Isle, settled on the north- 
 west coast of the island above Bonne bay. 
 They stayed there hunting beaver all win- 
 ter. Incidentally, it is averred, they drew 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 " 127 
 
 all the beaver from that part of the country 
 by leaving at their abandoned camp a split 
 beaver leg bone fastened into a stick point- 
 ing northward. The effect of this magical 
 operation was not counteracted until old 
 Tom Joe, a Naskapi who understood Lab- 
 rador conjurers' methods, threw the bone 
 into the fire. When it burst, the direction 
 in which the splinters flew denoted where 
 the beaver were to be found. ^^ Montagnais 
 influences in Newfoundland ethnology ap- 
 pear largely in magical practices, while in 
 material culture they are manifested in de- 
 tails of clothing, camp paraphernalia, and 
 certain types of bone implements. It 
 should be added, however, that some of the 
 latter might just as well be attributed to 
 the Eskimo, since they are common to 
 boith Eskimo and Montagnais. 
 
 Turning now to the proper subject of 
 this paper, we observe at once from the map 
 that the family hunting territories of the 
 Newfoundland band are grouped in the 
 southwestern portion of the island, leaving 
 the northern and eastern tracts practically 
 unappropriated. The claims situated along 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 128 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 the western and southern coasts are the 
 oldest, as evidenced by the names of their 
 proprietors, who, we are told, were the pion- 
 eers of the Micmac migration. Farther in- 
 land the districts have been more recently 
 appropriated by younger hunters, who have 
 pushed into the interior. Indeed some of 
 these have been so lately occupied that they 
 are not well known among the older hunters 
 There is, moreover, some confusion in the 
 boundaries of these, due to still more recent 
 changes among some of the younger men 
 of the Paul, John, and Beaton families, who 
 have taken up claims along the line of the 
 railway opened some twenty-odd years ago. 
 Under these circumstances, the fact should 
 be emphasized that the territorial surveys, 
 as I present them on the map, represent a 
 combination of old conditions with those 
 prevailing at the time of my visit. Since 
 matters of this kind are by no means strictly 
 static, we must allow for changes. These 
 remarks apply likewise to other studies and 
 papers dealing with this widespread topic. 
 The local unclearness of boundaries here, 
 it seems to me, illustrates the conditions 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 129 
 
 which obtain on an ethnic frontier. The 
 matter as a whole has, moreover, a certain 
 significance in showing to what extent the 
 frontier of an Indian habitat has expanded 
 in, let us say, not much more than two 
 hundred years of occupancy. In the last 
 two generations of hunters, the tendency 
 toward expansion among the Micmac-Mon- 
 tagnais has apparent!}' been quickened by 
 the absence of hostile neighbors, as the 
 Beothuk might have been to them had they 
 surv'ived, and, at the same time, by very 
 favorable game conditions. Nowhere in the 
 east are the caribou more abundant. Several 
 hundred thousand of the animals migrate 
 semi-annually from the northern to the 
 southern barrens and afford an abundant 
 meat supply to the natives. Caspar Whit- 
 ney has published a very interesting bio- 
 graphical study of the herd, the knowledge 
 of which greatly helps us to understand local 
 economic conditions. It will be seen, ac- 
 cordingly, by referring to the map, that the 
 more recent claims in the interior are larger 
 in the vicinity of Grand, Red Indian, and 
 Gander lakes and Exploits river in the ter- 
 
 
 AND :\I0 NO GRAPHS 

 
 130 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 ritorics last vacated by the unfortunate 
 Beothuk. 
 
 Regarding the hunting territories in 
 Newfoundland, the usual Micmac character- 
 istics stand forth, there being nothing par- 
 ticularly distinctive to note. The districts 
 are termed ntna'ylwo'mi, "my hunting 
 ground," the same as in the Cape Breton 
 dialect. The families are fairly large. 
 They form local groups, having more or less 
 permanent headquarters in . the different 
 coast villages and in the hunting camps dis- 
 tributed through their territories. Some of 
 the families now make their headquarters 
 along the line of the railroad, where they 
 can obtain other work when they so desire. 
 The oldest hunter of each family is com- 
 monly regarded as the "boss." He directs 
 the labor of the younger men, planning, 
 from his knowledge of the conditions of the 
 game, when and where they shall hunt. At 
 his death his authority falls to the next 
 most responsible elder of the family, whether 
 he be his son, brother, or nephew. It 
 sometimes happens that parts of claims are 
 ceded as gifts to friends from outside, as 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 an inducement to become members of the 
 family either by marriage or by simple 
 cooperation in the hunt. For example, Joe 
 JuHan, chief at Sydney, Cape Breton, was 
 contemplating accepting the offer made to 
 him by his friend Louis John in Newfound- 
 land to share part of his claim at Long 
 Harbor river (No. 4 on the map), where the 
 territory was too large to be properly worked 
 by the present John family. As might be 
 expected under the pioneer conditions ex- 
 isting among the Newfoundland Indians, a 
 rather weak sense of resentment prevails 
 against trespass, which indeed can hardly 
 be avoided occasionally, because the chase 
 is concerned mainly with the caribou. On 
 account of the absence of many important 
 mammals from the fauna of Newfoundland, 
 such as mink, sable, fisher, badger, wolver- 
 ene, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, and wood- 
 chuck, hunting is practically restricted to 
 caribou, bears, foxes, and beavers. Sealing 
 and fishing are important to the Indians 
 only while they are on the coast. 
 
 A few remarks pertaining to certain of 
 the families and their territories are neccs- 
 
 131 
 
 m. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 132 
 
 BEOTHUK AND 
 
 M I C M A C 
 
 
 
 
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 brook and 
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 high bar- 
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 ear river to 
 
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 rd. 
 
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 north to 
 
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 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 133 
 
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 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 134 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 
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 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 135 
 
 sary. Regarding the claim held in the 
 family of JVIathew JNlitchell (No. 13), the 
 small size of this tract in comparison with 
 the others is to be explained by the fact 
 that the old Mitchell family holds an he- 
 reditary chieftaincy. On this account the 
 ^Mitchells have the privilege of hunting al- 
 most anywhere without hindrance and even 
 trapping inside of other claims if the propri- 
 etors themselves are not working at the 
 time in the neighborhood. Consequently 
 about the only place hunted continuously by 
 them is around King George IV lake, as 
 marked. Within the last twenty years 
 ^lathew Mitchell has hunted in the Bonne 
 bay district, which had hitherto been unoc- 
 cupied by the Micmac. Again, regarding 
 territory No. 6 and 6a, held by John Paul 
 in lieu of the original proprietor Andrew 
 Joe's heirs, we strike a case of irregular ten- 
 ure. This was the original claim of Tom 
 Joe, at whose death it fell to his son Andrew 
 Joe, who died leaving two sons who were 
 too young to take care of themselves. Be- 
 fore his death Andrew turned the children 
 over to his jjrother-in-law, John Paul, and 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 136 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 left him a right to the territory under certain 
 conditions. He told John Paul that he 
 could take half of the claim for his own if he 
 wished, including all the traps and camp 
 property then on the grounds. He did not, 
 however, leave John Paul the right to dis- 
 pose of it, lest it pass out of the boys' hands 
 entirely. Acquiescing in this far-sighted 
 scheme, Paul left his own hereditary family 
 district, took the southern half of Joe's 
 claim, and now occupies it on shares with 
 the two boys, who since reaching maturity 
 have become his stepsons. 
 
 In conclusion, our information, when re- 
 solved to the proper perspective, leads to 
 the opinion that, in continuous regions in- 
 habited by branches of one tribe, the coun- 
 try where the family hunting territories are 
 the largest is a country more recently occu- 
 pied. The proportionate magnitude of the 
 Newfoundland family claims is shown in 
 the average of two thousand square miles 
 to each, while in Cape Breton this average 
 gives but four hundred square miles, and 
 in Nova Scotia only about two hundred 
 square miles to each family. Hence Nova 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 137 
 
 Scotia was doubtless the center of distribu- 
 tion of the southern and eastern Micmac, 
 whose trend of migration has been con- 
 tinuously eastward. This is also conclusive 
 from historical sources and also from eth- 
 nological considerations — rather satisfactory 
 coincidences. I hope soon to try to deter- 
 mine the relative standing of the New 
 Brunswick bands. After that the next 
 problem to be considered is the relationship 
 of the Micmac as a whole to the similarly 
 distributed ]\Iontagnais north of the St 
 Lawrence. 
 
 We also have information on the number 
 and location of the Newfoundland INIicmac 
 from another recent source. jMr R. S. 
 Dahl, in a letter to the writer dated June 6, 
 1912, from Placentia bay, Newfoundland, 
 gives the following list of Micmac settle- 
 ments and Micmac hunters which he ob- 
 tained from ]\Ir Howley. The settlements 
 are: Conne River, Bay d'Espoir, about 125 
 souls; Bay St George; Codroy, one family; 
 Bonne Bay; Hall's Bay; Gambo; Glen wood; 
 and Port Blandford. In addition Mr Dahl 
 gives a more complete list of the men in- 
 
 AXD MONOGRAPHS
 
 138 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 habiting the Bay d'Espoir settlement. I 
 may say that among these names are evi- 
 dently those of some transients, recent ar- 
 rivals, or of mixed-bloods, except for which 
 the majority correspond closely with the 
 enumeration of the older families as previ- 
 ously given. The names are: Frank Joe, 
 Little Frank Benoit, Paul Benoit, Frank 
 Benoit, John Benoit, Johnny Benoit, Ben 
 Benoit, Ned Pullet, Noel Louis, Frank 
 McDonald, Noel Mathews, Martin and 
 Michael Mathews, Noel Jeddore, Joe and 
 Nicholas Jeddore, John Bernard, Stephen 
 Bernard, John Stride, Reuben Lewis (chief), 
 Peter and Micky John, John John 2d, Lewis 
 John, John and Paddy Hinx,Mathew Burke, 
 Len Joe, Ben Paul, Abraham Paul, Noel 
 Paul, Matty Michel and son. 
 
 ANCIENT PLACE-NAMES IN 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 On the Southwestern Coast: 
 
 Noywa'mkisk, "place where the sand is blown 
 
 up," inner St George's bay. 
 Kives2W3'mkia, "sandy point," St George's 
 
 bay. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 N E W F U N D L A N D 
 
 139 
 
 Xudjo''yan "eel spearing place (?)," inside 
 Sandy point. 
 
 Meski''gtiru.i'd3n, "big channel," Stevens- 
 ville, St George's bay. 
 
 Ma'xtJguek, "mouth of the river," Little 
 river, on south coast. 
 
 MJski'gui''ga7jlc, "grass wigwam," coast be- 
 tween Burgeo and La Poile. 
 
 Ma'y<h)!e'g'd^k, "big fish river" (also given as 
 "big swelling") (?). 
 
 In the Interior: 
 
 A)!i''apsku'a'tc, "rocky mountains," south of 
 
 Red Indian lake. 
 Mcy'u'e''djcu.'a'gi, "red Indian country," Red 
 
 Indian lake. 
 Mi 'Ipe'g, "mam^ bays," Meelpaeg lake. 
 Meyue'za'xsi't, "red-faced person," Hodge's 
 
 mountain, northeast of Badger's brook. A 
 
 local legend says that here was the last 
 
 place where a Beothuk was seen. 
 Kespitde'kJui X9''spem, "last lake." at head 
 
 of Harry's river. 
 Eb ogu'ii'nbe'g, "low bay lake," just east of 
 
 Meelpaeg. 
 dniidjihu''djitc, "Indian brook," east of 
 
 Crooked lake. 
 Medani''ga7iik, "village half way," lake above 
 
 Belle bay (Meddonnegonni.x). 
 Xaxsxae''gadi, "place of boards" (?), east of 
 
 the last. 
 K'u.e''gudek', "on the top," above Meddonne- 
 
 gonnix. 
 W<7i'iji''g'u.'amdji'tc, "little house," Wejegun- 
 
 jeesh lake. 
 
 .\ND MONOGRAPHS
 
 140 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 
 Maligwe'djik, "low growth place," Molly- 
 gwajek lake on Terra Nova river. 
 
 Kepa'mkek, "sand-bar across channel," head 
 of Terra Nova river. 
 
 As might well be expected, some of these 
 names are of frequent occurrence in Micmac 
 toponomy. For instance, the third in the 
 above list, nudjo'ydn, is given for two other 
 places in Rand's list of Micmac place- 
 names,^'' St Mary's bay in the St Lawrence, 
 and Chegogun harbor, near St Mary's bay. 
 No meaning, however, is assigned to it by 
 Rand. The seventh term, ma'ydme'gwik, is 
 also the name of St Croix river, New Bruns- 
 wick (ibid., p. 43), and is given the same 
 meaning as in Newfoundland. The sixth 
 name in the list of interior place-names, 
 eh'dgwu'nbe'g, is recorded for Abegunbek 
 somewhere in Micmac territory (ibid., p. 12), 
 which Rand renders "a bending bay," and 
 the last two in the list above show recurrence 
 in Malegawaachk {maligewe ' kk) , a lake in 
 Ship harbor. Nova Scotia, and Kebamkeak, 
 the name of Bathurst harbor and Bathurst, 
 New Brunswick (ibid., p. 32), with the 
 same meaning as in Newfoundland. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 C R IM A C K 
 
 141 
 
 Appendix 
 I — cormack's observations 
 
 Mr Howley, in his recent monograph on 
 the Beothuk of Newfoundland,^^ does eth- 
 nolog>' a distinct service by giving in full 
 the journal of William E. Cormack, a phi- 
 lanthropic gentleman who, in 1822, under- 
 took a trip in company with a Micmac In- 
 dian across the island in an endeavor to find 
 some traces of the Beothuk. Cormack's 
 work is entitled, "Narrative of a Journey 
 Across the Island of Newfoundland in 1822." 
 The author had something to say of the 
 Micmac-IMontagnais, whom he encountered 
 in the interior, and his observations are 
 decidedly worth quoting here to show how 
 little the conditions of life among the Mic- 
 mac and Montagnais have changed since 
 then. 
 
 About half-way across the island Cormack 
 and his guide, a Micmac named Joseph Syl- 
 vester, came upon the camp of a Mountain- 
 eer (Montagnais) from Labrador — 
 
 "who could speak a little of the Micmac 
 language, his wife being a Micmac. . . . 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 142 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 He told us that he had come to Newfoundland, 
 hearing that it was a better hunting country 
 than his own, and that he was now on his way 
 hunting from St. Georges Bay to the Bay of 
 Despair to spend the winter with the Indians 
 there. He had left St. Georges Bay two months 
 and expected to be at the Bay of Despair in 
 two weeks hence. This was his second year in 
 Newfoundland." 3' 
 
 He had his hunting ground at Meelpegh 
 lake, a body of water about nine or ten 
 miles long. 
 
 "The Red Indians' country, or the waters 
 which they frequented, we were told by the 
 mountaineer, lay six or seven miles to the north 
 of us, but at this season of the year these people 
 were likely to be farther to the northward at 
 the Great Lake of the Red Indians (Red Indian 
 Lake); also that about two weeks before there 
 was a party of Micmack hunting at the next 
 large lake to the westward, about two days 
 walk from us. He also described the nature of 
 the country and made drawings upon sheets of 
 birch rind of the lakes, rivers, mountains and 
 woods that lay in the best route to St. Georges 
 harbor."^" 
 
 This Mountaineer was named James 
 John."*' A few days later Cormack met 
 another band of hunters. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 C R M A C K 
 
 143 
 
 "They were Micmacks and natives of New- 
 foundland and expressed themselves glad to see 
 me in the middle of their country as the first 
 white man who had ever been here. They told 
 us that we might reach St. Georges Ray in about 
 ten days for they had left that place in the 
 middle of summer and had since been hunting in 
 the western interior . . . and that they 
 intended in a few weeks to repair to White Bear 
 Bay to spend the lAanter. . . . Here were 
 three families amounting to thirteen persons in 
 number. ... In the woods around the 
 margin of this lake the Indians had lines of path 
 equal to eight or ten miles in extent, set with 
 wooden traps or dead-falls. . . . The Red 
 Indian country we were told was about ten or 
 fifteen miles northward of us. . . . All the 
 Indians in the island, exclusive of the Red 
 Indians, amount to nearh* 150, dispersed in 
 bands commonly at the following places or dis- 
 tricts: St. Georges Harbour and Great Cod Roy 
 river on the west coast; White Bear Bay, and the 
 Bay of Despair on the south coast; Clode Sound 
 in Bona vista Bay on the east; Ganda Bay on the 
 north coast, and occasionally at Bonne Bay and 
 the Bay of Islands on the northwest coast. 
 They are composed of ]Mickmacks, joined by 
 some of the mountaineer tribes from the Labra- 
 dor and a few of the Abenakies from Canada. 
 There are twenty-seven or twenty-eight families 
 altogether, averaging five to each family and 
 five or six single men. They all follow the same 
 mode of life — hunting in the interior from the 
 middle of summer to the beginning of winter in 
 single families, or in two or three families to- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 144 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 gether. They go from lake to lake hunting all 
 over the country around one, before they pro- 
 ceed to the next. ... A great division of 
 the interior of Newfoundland is exclusively pos- 
 sessed and hunted over by Red Indians and is 
 considered as their territory by the others. In 
 former times, when the several tribes were 
 upon an equality in respect of weapons, the Red 
 Indians were considered invincible and fre- 
 quently waged war upon the rest, until the lat- 
 ter got fire-arms put into their hands by the 
 Europeans. . . . The tribes exclusive of 
 the Red Indians have no chief in Newfoundland, 
 but there are several individuals at St. Georges 
 Bay to whom they all pay a deference. The 
 Mickmacks although most of them born in this 
 island consider Cape Breton, where the chiefs 
 reside, as their headquarters. Their several 
 tribes intermarry. . . .^ One of the Mick- 
 macks of this party named Paul, boasted of 
 maternal descent from a French governor of 
 i Prince Edward Islands." 
 
 Further, Cormack says that ten days 
 later he had the satisfaction of again en- 
 countering a camp of Micmac at what he 
 inferred was the head of Little river, dis- 
 charging from a lake which he names Wil- 
 son's lake. 
 
 "They were a party of Mickmack Indians. 
 . . . Only one man belonged to this en- 
 campment. . . . This small party consisted 
 of eight individuals, one man, four women and 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 GLUSKAP 145 
 
 three children, one an infant. . . . This 
 Indian's name he told me was Gabriel."" 
 
 A few days later Cormack reached St 
 George's harbor, where he found shelter in 
 the house of an Indian named Emanuel 
 Gontgont.-*^ These notes and the mention 
 of family names with his estimates of popu- 
 lation speak for themselves in comparison 
 with what has been already presented. 
 
 II — ABSTRACT OF THE GLUSKAP 
 TRANSFORMER MYTH 
 
 The importance of geographical sites in a 
 territorial study of this nature warrants the 
 presentation of the following myth and 
 landmarks, the locations of which are indi- 
 cated by letters on the map of Cape Breton 
 island. Each band of the Micmac seems 
 inclined to localize the Gluskap myth, a 
 comparative study of the versions of which 
 will later prove interesting. (For this and 
 other myths of the Cape Breton band the 
 reader is referred to Journal of American 
 Folk-lore, vol. xxviii, no. cvii, Jan.-March, 
 1915, pp. 59-69.) 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 146 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 Gluskap's Journey 
 
 (The Cape Breton Local Version. Related by 
 Chief John Joe of Wycogamagh) 
 
 Gluskap was the god of the Micmac. 
 The great deity, Ktcim'sxam, made him out 
 of earth and then breathed on him. This 
 was at Cape North {Kt^'dnuk, "at the 
 (north) mountain") (A), Cape Breton, on 
 the eastern side. Gluskap's home was at 
 Fairy Holes {Gluska'bewi'guo'm, "Gluskap's 
 wigwam") (B).*'^ Just in front of the caves 
 at this headland are three little islands in a 
 straight line, known as Ciboux islands (C) : 
 these are the remains of Gluskap's canoe, 
 where he left it when it was broken. At 
 Plaster cove {Two'bufc, "Looking out") 
 (D), two girls saw his canoe broken into 
 three pieces, and they laughed, making fun 
 of Gluskap. At this he told them that they 
 would remain forever where they are; and 
 today there are two rocks at Plaster cove 
 which are the remains of these girls. Next, 
 a little farther north, at Wreck cove (E), 
 Gluskap jumped from his canoe when it 
 foundered, lifting his moose-skin canoe-mat 
 out, and left it on the shore to dry. There 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 G L U S K A P 
 
 is still to be seen a space of about fifteen 
 acres of bare ground where the mat lay. 
 Then he went to Table Ile3.d{Padalo"di'tck) 
 (F), on the south side of Great Bras d'Or. 
 Here he had his dinner. Next he struck 
 into Bras d'Or lake straight to Wj'cogamagh 
 (G), on the western end, where at Indian 
 island (Wt'sik, "Cabin"), he started a 
 beaver and drove him out, following Bras 
 d'Or lake to St Patrick's bay (H). At Mid- 
 dle river he killed a young beaver, whose 
 bones are still to be seen there. Then Glus- 
 kap followed the beaver until he lost track 
 of him for a while. He stood at Wi''sik 
 (Indian island), and took a piece of rock 
 and threw toward the place where he thought 
 the beaver was. This rock is now Red 
 island {Pauydnukte' gan) (I). This started 
 the beaver up, and he ran back through St 
 Peter's channel and burrowed through un- 
 derneath, which is the cause of the crooks 
 and windings there now. Then the chase 
 continued outside in the ocean, when the 
 beaver struck out for the Bay of Fundy. 
 Here at Pli'gank ("Split place"), Split 
 point, Gluskap dug out a channel with his 
 
 147 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 148 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 
 paddle, forming Minas basin, Nova Scotia.^^ 
 There he killed the beaver. Near here is a 
 small island, which is the pot in which he 
 cooked the beaver; another rock, near Pot 
 Rock, is Gluskap's dog left behind at this 
 time. Turtle {Mi'ktcik) was Gluskap's 
 uncle. Here with his pot and dog he turned 
 Turtle into a rock, and left them all there. 
 Near where he killed the beaver are still to 
 be seen the bones turned to rock. When he 
 broke the channel in Minas basin to drain 
 the water out, in order to uncover the 
 beaver, he left it so that today the water 
 all drains out at each tide, hence the Bay of 
 Fundy tides. Then he crossed over east- 
 ward and came out at Pictou. While 
 there he taught the Micmac how to make 
 all their implements for hunting and fishing 
 — bows, arrows, canoes, and the like. After 
 a while he prepared to leave, and told the 
 Indians: "I am going to leave you. I am 
 going to a place where I can never be 
 reached by a white man." Then he prophe- 
 sied the coming of the Europeans and the 
 baptism of the Micmac. Then he called his 
 grandmother from Pictou, and a young man 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 for his nephew, and departed, going to the 
 other side of the North Pole with them. 
 Again he said, " From now on, if there should 
 ever be a war between you and any other 
 people, I shall be back to help you." He is 
 there now, busy making bows, arrows, and 
 weapons in preparation for some day when 
 the white man may assail the Micmac. 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1. R. H. Lowie, Primitive Society, Xew York, 
 
 1920. 
 
 2. There is nothing, so far as I am prepared 
 
 as yet to say; in the somewhat classifica- 
 tory kinship system of the tribe, to indi- 
 cate necessarily exogamy or anything 
 more complex than the loose family kin- 
 ship formation which prevails today. 
 
 Father Chrestien Le Clercq, New Relation of 
 Gaspasia .... Paris, 1691, reprinted in 
 I'ublications of the Champlain Society, by 
 W. F. Ganong Toronto, . . . 1910, p. 237 
 (original edition, p. 385). 
 
 Ibid., p. 235 (original edition, p. 380). 
 
 Ibid., p. 151. 
 
 Nicholas Denys, The Description and Nat- 
 ural History of the Coasts of North 
 America . . . Paris, 1672, reprinted in 
 Publications of the Champlain Society, by 
 W. F. Ganong, Toronto, 1908, p. 426. 
 
 Le Clercq, op. cit., p. 235. 
 
 3. 
 
 149 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 150 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 8. This practice is confirmed by Le Clercq (op. 
 
 cit, p. 235): "The occupation of this 
 chief was to assign the places for hunting 
 {de regler les lieiix de chasse)." 
 
 9. S. T. Rand asserts that the chief of the Cape 
 
 Breton band was regarded as the head of 
 the whole Micmac nation. (Cf. Micmac 
 Place-names in the Maritime Provinces 
 and Gaspe Peninsula, Recorded between 
 1852 and 1890 by Rev. S. T. Rand, col- 
 lected and arranged by Lieut-Col. Wm. 
 P. Anderson, Geographic Board of Canada, 
 Ottawa, 1919, p. 45.) Rand gave the 
 meaning of "Green boughs" to the name 
 Eskasongnik (ibid., p. 27). 
 
 10. Anderson, idem., p. 45, note. 
 
 11. Le Clercq, op. cit., pp. 35, 38. 
 
 12. Ibid., p. 39, note. 
 
 13. By an acceptable interpretation the name 
 
 Passamaquoddy means "Those whose 
 occupation is pollock fishing." 
 
 14. The Malecite enjoy the sobriquet of "Musk- 
 
 rats" among the Wabanaki, especially 
 among those of St Francis, and the 
 Micmac. 
 
 15. G. Mallery, Picture-writing of the Ameri- 
 
 can Indians, Tenth Annual Report of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 378-379. 
 
 16. Compare Speck, Game Totems Among the 
 
 Northeastern Algonkians, American An- 
 thropologist, U.S., vol. 19, no. 1, 1917. 
 
 17. J. V. Mays, Assistant Secretary of the Geo- 
 
 graphical Society of Philadelphia, corre- 
 spondence with the writer, Jan. 24, 1916. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 IS. S. T. Rand, Legends of the Micmacs, 1894, 
 Tale 21, p. 170. 
 
 19. LeClercq, op. cit., p. 136 (in original edi- 
 tion, p. 153). 
 
 20. Since nw talk with him, McEwan himself 
 
 has written a short but interesting ac- 
 count of his early boyhood in which he 
 speaks oi being his uncle's hunting part- 
 ner. Their camps were then on Smith's 
 and Uish lakes. (Cf. Nova Scotia 
 Guide's Prize Story, by John McEwan, 
 Forest and Stream, October 1917, p. 466.) 
 
 21. This is an interesting name. It is regarded 
 
 on good authority as a variation of 
 Mi'gama-'gi, "Land of the Micmac" (cf. 
 IMicmac Place-names, op. cit., p. 61). 
 
 22. In Appendix II of this paper is given an ab- 
 
 stract of the Cape Breton version of the 
 travels of Gluskap (cf. F. G. Speck, Some 
 M icmac Tales from Cape Breton Island, 
 Journal of American Folk-lore, vol. xxviii, 
 no. 107, 1915, pp. 59-69). 
 
 23. A captain is a sub-chief. 
 
 24. A Narrative of an Extraordinary Escape out 
 
 of the Hands of the Indians in the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, by Gamaliel Smethurst, 
 London, 1774, reprinted by W. F. Ga- 
 nong, Collections of the New Brunswick 
 Historical Society, vol. 2, 1905, p. 380. 
 
 25. Through the kindness of Mr J. Robert 
 
 Mutch, of Mount Herbert, P. Y.. I., this 
 section of my paper was conveyed to the 
 hands of Chief John Sark himself for re- 
 vision after its completion. ]VIr Mutch 
 reports Chief Sark as desiring to correct 
 
 151 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 152 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MIC MAC 
 
 the statement about his being hereditary 
 chief of the Prince Edward Island band. 
 "Chief Sark's father, the late Chief 
 Thomas Sark, died when Chief John Sark 
 was a small boy, so the Micmacs elected 
 Peter Bernard as acting chief until John 
 was old enough to hold that office. 
 Peter Bernard died before many years, 
 and the Micmacs elected Joe Francis as 
 acting chief. When John Sark became 
 of the necessary age to hold the office of 
 chief, Joe Francis would not resign. Mr 
 James Yeo, M. P. P., had Joe Francis 
 swo:n in as .'Chief of Prince Edward 
 Island Micmac Indians' before a Justice 
 of the Peace, and had tlie papers sent to 
 Ottawa. Another Indian belonging to 
 the tribal council objected to Mr Francis 
 being the chief for life and sent a protest 
 to the Department of Indian Affairs at 
 Ottawa, and they declared a general elec- 
 tion to take place in 1897. Mr Sark was 
 elected chief in that election, and the 
 Department declared that hereafter an 
 election must be held every three years. 
 So that, while John Sark has been elected 
 chief by acclamation at every election 
 with the exception of one since 1897, he 
 is not the hereditary chief, but holds the 
 office by election." (Correspondence of 
 Mr Mutch, May 10, 1920.) 
 26. In Micmac the character y denotes the velar 
 voiced spirant and % the corresponding 
 voiceless consonant. Ordinarily, too. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 N O T E S 
 
 both g and k are pronounced somewhat 
 posteriorly. 
 
 27. Tuy-d-e'' gan is explained as a place in some 
 
 expanse which those who are crossing 
 make for without knowing whether they 
 \%'ill succeed; in short, an expected goal. 
 
 28. Another sea voyage of no little consequence 
 
 which the ]\Iicmac were formerly accus- 
 tomed to make was the trip from Cape 
 North, Cape Breton, to the Magdalen 
 islands, lying in the Gulf of St Lawrence 
 about sixty miles to the northwest. The 
 ]\Iagdalens derive their name from a 
 Micmac woman who, according to a 
 legend, was abandoned there. By mean? 
 of fish and gulls' eggs she subsisted until 
 her folks returned. I have recorded also 
 a somewhat similar tale from the ]\Iale- 
 cite. While the theme of this story itself 
 is an old native one, its particular appli- 
 cation in this case is modern, a fact be- 
 trayed by the European name of the 
 heroine. In an interesting and thorough 
 discussion of the histor}' and formation 
 of the ^lagdalen group, J. M. Clarke 
 quotes a passage from Breard (Journal du 
 Corsaire Jean Doublet de Ilonjlcur, 1883), 
 explaining how the islands were named 
 after Madeleine, the wife of Francois 
 Doublet, of Honfleur, who visited the 
 . islands and attempted to colonize them 
 in 1663 (Bulletin .Yci^' York State Museum, 
 no. 149, Report of the Director, 1910; 
 Observations on the Magdalen Islands, by 
 J. M. Clarke, p. 139). An earlier notice 
 
 153 
 
 AXD MONOGRAPHS
 
 154 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 indicates that Indians were found among 
 the inhabitants as far back as 1593 (ibid., 
 p. 138). That the Indians also had con- 
 cern with the Magdalens in 1721 is shown 
 in a letter to Father Rasles written b\' 
 M. de Vaudreuil (Jesuit Relations, 
 Thwaites edition, vol. 67, p. 63-65). In 
 this connection it may be added that 
 several remarkable feats of navigation 
 are claimed to have been accomplished by 
 members of the Yarmouth band. Abram 
 Toney, the late chief, is alleged to have 
 been forced to pass a night on the whist- 
 ling buoy twenty-one miles from Yar- 
 mouth, riorthwest, when overtaken by a 
 sudden storm. Such things happen when 
 the Indians are outside hunting por- 
 poises. The same adventurer is said to 
 have made the trip by canoe to Grand 
 Manaan. Another Micmac with his 
 wife and child is said to have crossed 
 from Digby to St Johns, N. B. 
 
 29. A similar tale is recorded by Rand (Leg- 
 
 ends of the Micmacs, p. 200) to account 
 for a war between the ]\Iicmac and the 
 Iroquois. Cf. also J. D. Prince, Passa- 
 maquoddy Documents, Atmals of the 
 Xeii' York Academy of Sciences, vol. xi, 
 no. 15, 1898, pp. 371-372. 
 
 30. See, part I of this volume: Studies of the 
 
 Beothuk and Micmac of Newfoundland, 
 p. 45 and table of comparisons. 
 
 31. Rand (Legends of the :\licmacs, pp. 408, 
 
 432), also refers several times to the 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NOTES 
 
 "Sagawachkik" as "the ancients" figur- 
 ing in ]\licmac tradition. 
 
 32. We also know that in 1765 Governor Pal- 
 
 liser undertook measures to suppress 
 ^Micmac migration from Cape Breton to 
 Newfound and, on account of the increase 
 of these Indians along the southwestern 
 coast of the island. (Cf. Chas. Pedley, 
 History of Newfoundland, London, 1863, 
 p. 121.) 
 
 33. Lieutenant Edward Chappell, R. N., Voy- 
 
 age of his JNIaJesty's Ship Rosamond to 
 Newfoundland and the Coast of Labrador, 
 London, 1818, pp. 76-77. 
 
 34. Cormack, an explorer who crossed the 
 
 island in 1822, mentions encountering an 
 old ]\Iontagnais named James John (cf. 
 p. 132, family no. 4), who was married to a 
 Micmac woman in the interior. Later, 
 in 1828, Cormack had a Montagnais, a 
 Micmac, and an Abnaki with him as 
 guides in his quest of Beothuk survivors. 
 
 35. Since then I was told some Montagnais once 
 
 again attempted to lodge in Newfound- 
 land, but the band was expelled by the 
 authorities in order to protect the beaver. 
 
 36. Several Indian families trace descent from 
 
 individuals said to have belonged to a 
 tribe called K:n'i''heu'a'tc, living far to 
 the west. Among the ^licmac in general 
 the term is applied to the Penobscot and 
 the St Francis Abnaki. While the Mic- 
 mac do not analyze it so, the term is 
 evidently "Long River people" a syno- 
 nym for the Kennebec {K-wun'i''bek"^), 
 
 155 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 156 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 River tribe of Maine, Penobscot or St 
 Francis Abnaki. 
 
 37. William P. Anderson, Micmac Place Names, 
 
 Recorded by S. T. Rand, Ottawa, 1919, 
 p. 60. 
 
 38. J. P. Howley, The Beothucks or Red In- 
 
 dians, the Aboriginal Inhabitants of New- 
 foundland, Cambridge University Press, 
 1915, pp. 130-168. 
 
 39. Ibid., p. 148. 
 
 40. Ibid., p. 149. 
 
 41. Ibid., p. 150. 
 
 42. Ibid., pp. 151-152. 
 
 43. Ibid., p. 157. 
 
 44. Ibid., p. 159. 
 
 45. This is now known as Fairy Holes, between 
 
 St Ann's bay and Great Bras d'Or. The 
 Micmac tell how,, sixty-eight years ago, 
 five Indians — Joe Bernard, Francis Ber- 
 nard, Clement Bernard, Joe Newell, and 
 Tom Newell — entered the caves which 
 honeycomb this headland, carrj'ing seven 
 torches. They walked as far as the 
 torches would light them, about a mile 
 and a half, found eight brooks in the 
 caves, and when they came out discov- 
 ered how a rock three hundred feet wide 
 had moved since they had entered! The 
 Indians naturally regard these caves as 
 very mysterious. 
 
 46. The scene of the myth becomes changed to 
 
 Nova Scotia, where the localities of the 
 actions correspond more closely with 
 those in the version of the Nova Scotia 
 bands recorded by Rand. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 157 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ahmki, emigration of, to Newfoundland, 143; 
 guide of Cormack, 155; hunting territory 
 among, 86. See St Francis Ahnaki; Wabanaki 
 
 Aisi'me''nt.s, jMontagnais term for JSIicmac, 119 
 
 Alder-hark, pigments from, 34, 36-37 
 
 Algonhian, Beothuk culture related to, 31-33, 
 48, 69-70, 75; Beothuk descent from, 13-15; 
 Beothuk words resembling, 76; charms char- 
 acteristic of, 43; hunting territory among, 71, 
 83-84, 86-87, 91 
 
 Alliance of Micmac, with French, 124; with 
 Mohawk, 107 
 
 Ancestry, animal, of Penobscot, 85, 87. See 
 Tot em ism 
 
 Anderson, 11';)?. P., Micmac Place-names, cited, 
 94, 140, 150, 156 
 
 Animals, figured on coats, 34; killing of, among 
 Micmac, 89; tabooed, killing of, 122; totemic 
 significance of, 85, 87, 95-98^ 
 
 Annapolis, Nova Scotia, comprised in ^Micmac 
 chieftaincy, 95 
 
 Annual ceremony, of Beothuk, 62-64; of Mic- 
 mac, 120 
 
 Anthropological Survey of Canada, ethnological 
 collection gathered for, 19 
 
 Antler, caribou, on Beothuk sites, 21; cracked, 
 on Beothuk site, 22; harpoon-heads, Mic- 
 
 I N D I A X NOTES
 
 158 
 
 B E O T H U K A N D :\1 1 C M A C 
 
 mac-Montagnais, 40; implements, Algonkian, 
 44. See Caribou-aniler 
 
 Arctic zones, social life of tribes of, 84 
 
 Arrow, Beothuk sacrifice of, 62; in totemic 
 emblem, 96; arrows (ISIicmac), art of , taught 
 by Gluskap, 148 
 
 Asikki'gamiik, Newfoundland, Micmac settle- 
 ment of, 121 
 
 Athabascan affinity with Beothuk, 71-72 
 
 Attkhoro, Mass., Santu at, 58, 79 
 
 Awl, bone, Beothuk, 60; bone, Micmac-^Ion- 
 tagnais, 39; iron, on Beothuk site, 21 
 
 Axes, iron, on Beothuk sites, 22 
 
 Bachofen, theories of, on social evolution, 84 
 Badger, absent from Newfoundland, 131 
 Badger's Brook, Beothuk remains at, 40, 48; 
 
 Beothuk site, 20; Beothuk tradition from, 53; 
 
 hunting charm at, 43; John Paul of, 27 
 Badger's brook, wigwam-pits along, 24-25 
 Bags, among ]\licmac-Montagnais, 39 
 Band, Indian, at Oldtown, Me., 115; bands 
 
 among ^licmac, 92-93; :Micmac, listed by 
 
 Cormack, 143-144; totemic emblems of, 
 
 95-98. See Gens 
 Bands, metal, on Beothuk sites, 21 
 Bank's pi fie, non-edible rind of, 77 
 Bark, canoes, Beothuk, 32-33, 43; receptacles, 
 
 Beothuk, 76; superstructure of winter 
 
 wigwams, 31-32, 73-74. See Birch-bark 
 Basketry, see Splint basketry 
 Baskets, jMicmac-Montagnais, mainland origin 
 
 of, 41 
 Bathnrst, Micmac name for, 140 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bay d'Espoir, Micmac band at, 137-138, 143; 
 ]Slontagnais wintering on, 142 
 
 Bay of Despair, see Bay d'Espoir 
 
 Bay of Fitndv, tides of, created bv Gluskap, 
 147-148 
 
 Bay of Islands, ilicmac band at, 143 
 
 Bay Si George, see Si George's bay 
 
 Beacon fires, on Cape North, 120; on Cape 
 Ray, 26 
 
 Beadwork, colored designs in place of, 39 
 
 Bear, hunting of, in Newfoundland, 131 
 
 Bear River, a village of the Micmac, 93, 94 
 
 Bear River band, hunting territory of, 106 
 
 Bear-skin, wool from, 37 
 
 Beaton family, hunting territories of, 128 
 
 Bealon, William, on robbery committed by 
 Beothuk, 53 
 
 Beaver, chase of, by Gluskap, 147-148; harpoons 
 for spearing, Micmac-]\Iontagnais, 40; hunt- 
 ing of, in Newfoundland, 131; Newfoundland 
 legend concerning, 126-127 
 
 Beaver-skin, Beothuk clothing lined with, 43; 
 wool from, 37 
 
 Beheading of enemies among Beothuk, 50, 54 
 
 Belle Isle, see Straits of Belle Isle 
 
 Belts, Micmac, weaving of, 37-38 
 
 Benoit family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 
 Beothuk, or Red Indians, affinity of, with Atha- 
 bascan, 71-72; Algonkian descent of, 13-15; 
 annual ceremony of, 62-64; Buchan's exjiedi- 
 tion to capture, 49-50; Cormack's researches 
 among, 141-145; culture, origin of, 44-46, 
 69-70; culture, survivals from, among IMic- 
 mac-Montagnais, 29-30. 32-33, 36, 38, 43-46, 
 60, 74-76, 118, 122-123; descendants of, 66; 
 
 159 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 160 
 
 BEOTHUKAND MICMAC 
 
 extermination of, 12, 54, 117-119, 121; food 
 of, 61-62; Gatschet on, 44-45; iiair remover, 
 40; in relation to hunting territories, 129-130; 
 last survivors of, 139; marriage of, with other 
 tribes, 65; paucity of information on, 11-12; 
 Santu descendant of, 55-60, 67-69; sites of, 
 12, 20, 24-25, 40, 48; smoking among, 41; 
 traditions concerning, 15-19, 25-29, 43, 46- 
 54; vocabulary, 66-67, 76; winter wigwams 
 of, 31-32, 73-74 
 
 Bernard family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138; Fairy 
 Holes visited by members of, 156 
 
 Bernard, Peter, former chief of Prince Edward 
 Island band, 152 
 
 Berrv-gaihering districts on Cape Breton island, 
 113 
 
 Birch, edible rind of, 45, 77 
 
 Birch-bark, maps, Micmac, 98-99, 142; pipe, 
 Micmac-Montagnais, 41; receptacles, Algon- 
 kian, 43; wigwams, 30-31, 113 
 
 Black pigment, 34 
 
 Black weasel, legend concerning, 28-29 
 
 Blanket, gambling-game played on, 63, 80 
 
 Blocks, hair dressed over, 35 
 
 Blueberries, pigments from, 34 
 
 Blue pigment, 34 
 
 Bodies, dyeing of, Beothuk, 15, 17, 43, 51, 
 63-64, 73 
 
 Bonavista bay, Micmac band on, 143 
 
 Bone, awls, Beothuk, 60; dehairer, Beothuk, 
 24-25; implements, characteristic Algonkian, 
 44; implements, Montagnais, 127; snowshoe 
 needles, Micmac-Montagnais, 39; bones, ani- 
 mal, on Beothuk sites, 21-22; transformed to 
 rock by Gluskap, 146-148 
 
 IND IAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bone-crackers, stone, on Beothuk sites, 24 
 Bonne Bay, Micmac band at, 143; jNIicmac 
 
 settlement at. 137; Mitchell hunting on, 135; 
 
 Montagnais settlements north of, 126-127 
 Bonnycastle, R. H., Newfoundland in 1842, 
 
 cited, 77 
 Boot-moccasin, Beothuk, 36, 122; JNIicmac term 
 
 For, 74. 
 Boots, Beothuk, 43. 51; Beothuk influence on, 
 
 35-37 
 Boundaries of hunting territories, 94. See 
 
 Crosses 
 Bow and arroic, caribou killed with, 61-62; in 
 
 totemic emblem, 96; bou<s, art of, taught by 
 
 Gluskap. 148 
 Bras d'Or lake, Gluskap's passage through, 147 
 Br card, cited, 153 
 
 Brooks, John, acknowledgment to, 94 
 Bro'iin pigment, 34 
 
 Brichan's expedition, account of, 49-50, 77-78 
 Burgeo, first Micmac settlements at, 27 
 Burial of ^Iar>' March, 78; burials, red ocher in 
 
 pre-Algonkian, 13 
 Burke, Matheu.', at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 
 Cabot strait, crossing of, by Micmac, 120-121 
 Camp, Beothuk, at Red Indian point, 49; 
 
 Beothuk, on Hodge's mountain, 48; Beothuk, 
 
 on voyage, 61; camps, Micmac, on Cape 
 
 Breton, 113-114 
 Camp-sites, Beothuk, on Red Indian lake, 20- 
 
 22, 46-47 
 Canada, Beothuk sites in, 12; migration of 
 
 Abnaki from, 143; Santu in, 59 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 161
 
 162 
 
 BEOTHUKAND MICMAC 
 
 Canoe, Gluskap's, 146; in totemic emblem, 97; 
 voyages by, 26, 28, 119-125, 154; canoes, 
 Beothuk, 13, 32-33, 43, 44, 60-61, 74, 122; 
 Beothuk and Micmac, meeting of, 51-52; 
 Micmac, art of, taught by Gluskap, 148 
 Canoe-mat, Gluskap's, 146-147 
 Canso, comprised in Micmac chieftaincy, 95 
 Cape Breton, dialect of, 37 
 Cape Breton island, Gluskap myth of, 145-149; 
 Alicmac: chiefs of, 131, 144, 150; chieftaincy 
 of, 94-95, 106-107, 125-126, 144, 150; dice- 
 and-bowl game in, 80; hunting territories 
 in, 86-87, 106-114, 130, 136; voyagers from, 
 25-27, 119, 124-125, 155 
 Cape Chignecto, in Micmac chieftaincy, 95 
 Cape Negro, chieftaincy named from, 95 
 Cape North, Gluskap created at, 146; Micmac 
 
 voyagers from, 26-27, 119-120 
 Cape Ray, Micmac voyages to, 26-27, 119-120 
 Cape Sable, chieftaincy named from, 95 
 Capote, distinctively Micmac, 34. i-'ee Coats 
 Caps, edged with colored designs, 38-39; peaked, 
 
 of women, 35 
 Capture of Beothuk, see Extermination 
 Caribou, abundance of, in Newfoundland, 129; 
 calf-skin coats of, IMicmac-Montagnais, 35; 
 fences, Beothuk, 19-20; fences in Labrador, 
 73; food of Beothuk, 61-62; harpoons for 
 spearing, ^Vlicmac-Montagnais, 40; hunted 
 by Beothuk, 49; hunting territories concerned 
 with, 131 
 Caribou-antler, on Beothuk sites, 21; snowshoe 
 
 needles, Micmac-Montagnais, 39-40 
 Caribou-skin, bags in Newfoundland, 39; 
 Beothuk: bone implement for dehairing, 24- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 25; clothing of, 43; foot-wear of, 35-36, 51, 
 75; wigwam lined with, 48; canoes, 60; capote 
 of Newfoundland, 34; wool from, 37 
 
 Carlu-righi, Journal, cited, 73-75 
 
 Catiglinaicaga, Quebec, Iroquois of, 107 
 
 Caves, see Fairy Holes 
 
 Ceremonial simplicity of Beothuk. 15. Fee 
 Annual ceremony 
 
 Chapel island, ^Micmac festival at, 120; Alicmac 
 settlement at, 107 
 
 Chap pell, Edward, Voyage _ of H. M.'s Ship 
 Rosamond, cited, 124—125, 155 
 
 Charms, among Micmac-Montagnais, 42-43 
 
 Charts, see Maps 
 
 Checkenvork design on caribou-skin coats, 34 
 
 Chegogun harbor, Micmac name for, 140 
 
 Chert chips on Beothuk sites, 21 
 
 Chief, Beothuk, wigwam of, 22; ]Micmac, bark 
 map belonging to, 98; ]Micmac, gift of schooner 
 to, 121; ]\licmac hunting territories distrib- 
 uted by, 88, 92, 150; of Newfoundland band, 
 125-126; chiefs, ^licmac districts divided 
 among, 94-95; ]\Iicmac, French names of, 
 114; Micmac, numerous family determining, 
 91; ^licmac, of Cape Breton island, 94-95, 
 106-107, 125-126, 131, 144, 150. See Grand 
 chief 
 
 Chieftaincies, Micmac, 94-95 
 
 Children, Beothuk, dyeing of, 63; Micmac- 
 Montagnais, dress of, 35 
 
 Chippewan stock, reputed relation of Beothuk to, 
 71 
 
 Chips on Beothuk sites, 21, 24 
 
 Chisels, slate, pre-Algonkian, 13-14 
 
 163 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 164 
 
 B E O T H U K A N D M I C M A C 
 
 Cibonx islands, Gluskap's canoe broken on, 146 
 
 Clan, see Gens 
 
 Clarke, J. M., Observations on the Magdalen 
 Islands, cited, 153 
 
 Clay, red, Beothuks stained with, 51 
 
 Clode sound, IMicmac band at, 143 
 
 Clollmig suspended from hoop, 31. See Dress 
 
 Coats, children's, of Micmac-Montagnais, 35; 
 hooded, Beothuk, 43; sealskin, Micmac- 
 Montagnais, 34. See Capole 
 
 Codroy, JMicmac at, 137 
 
 Color of Beothuk, 44, 51; colors, determining 
 patterns, 38; rabbit-wool bands in, 38-39. 
 See Dyeing; Painting; Red 
 
 Conne river, Micmac settlements at, 27, 121, 137 
 
 Cooking utensils, suspended from hoop, 31 
 
 Cope, a common Micmac surname, 79. See 
 Kop 
 
 Coptis trifolia, see Yellow thread 
 
 Cormack, Wm. E., Narrative, cited, 33, 73, 74, 
 80, 141-145 
 
 Counters in Beothuk dice-and-bowl game, 62 
 
 Crooked knife, Micmac term for, 75; IMicmac- 
 Montagnais, 39 
 
 Cross, emblem of Miramichi Indians, 96; 
 crosses, hunting and fishing territories marked 
 by, 89, 106 
 
 Culture, Beothuk, material, 13-15, 20-22, 
 24-25, 29-46, 74-76, 122-123, 169-170; 
 Beothuk, social, 62-64, 80; Micmac-IMont- 
 agnais, material, 18-19, 83-86; Micmac- 
 Montagnais, social, 83-86. See Hunting 
 territory 
 
 Culture-hero, see Gluskap 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Dahl, R. 5., interest of, in Santu, 79; on Micmac 
 
 settlements and hunters in Newfoundland , 
 
 137-138 
 Dance, Beothuk, after murder, 54 
 Dau'son, Sir William, on Beothuk origins,_71-72 
 Day, John, Peyton accompanied by, 50, 53 
 Death, washing connected with, 80 
 Decoration of caribou-skin coat, 34-35 
 Deer, in to.temic emblem, 97 
 Deer-fcnccs, Beothuk, 46-47. See Caribou 
 Denys, John, Grand chief of ^Micmac, 107, 149 
 Denys, Nicholas, cited, 46, 74, 89, 149 
 Denys. Tomah, migration of ]\Iicmac under, 108 
 Descendants of Beothuk, 69. See Santu 
 Designs on coats, 34 
 Dice-and-boiii game of Beothuk, 62-63 
 Digby, canoe voyage from, 154; hunting claim 
 
 in court at, 98 
 Dildo Arm, accident to Beothuk near, 52 
 Discs, of dice-and-bowl game, 63, 80 
 Dog, Gluskap's, 148; non-domestication of, 
 
 among Beothuk, 44 
 Doublet, Jean and Francois, interest of, in ]Mag- 
 
 dalen i.slands. 153 
 Doublet, Madeleine, Magdalen islands named 
 
 for, 153 
 Dress, Beothuk, 17, 43; Beothuk survivals in, 
 
 :Micmac-Montagnais, 33-39; ^Micmac-^NIont- 
 
 agnais, adorned with colored designs, 38-39; 
 
 Montagnais, in Newfoundland, 127 
 Dyeing of bodies, Beothuk, 15, 17, 43, 51, 63- 
 
 '64, 73; of caribou-skin bag, Micmac-Montag- 
 
 nais, 39; of moccasins, Beothuk, 36-37, 122. 
 
 See Clay; Painting 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 165
 
 166 
 
 E E O T H U K A N D M I C M A C 
 
 Ears, hair dressed over, in Newfoundland, 35 
 
 East, artifacts typical of, 25, 44 
 
 Ebegwi- denax, Micmac for Prince Edward 
 Island Indians, 114-115 
 
 Election of chief of Micmac band, 152 
 
 Emblems, animal, 95-98. See Totemisin 
 
 Embroidery among Montagnais, 39 
 
 English, grant from, to Micmac, 124^-125; St 
 George's river named by, 28; war of, with 
 French, 108 
 
 Eskasoni, capital village of jVIicmac tribe, 93, 
 107, 125, 150 
 
 Eskegawaage, a Micmac chieftaincy, 95 
 
 Eskimo, culture, Beothuk related to, 11-12, 40, 
 41, 70; culture, survivals in Newfoundland, 
 127; hide canoes of, ii; marriages of, with 
 Beothuk, 65 
 
 Ethnological table, 45-46 
 
 Exogamy, 149; among Ojibwa, 85; not practised 
 among Micmac, 87, 113 
 
 Exploits river, Beothuk sites on, 12, 19, 24-25; 
 Buchan's expedition up, 49, 77; ethnological 
 collection from region of, 44; hunting terri- 
 tories around, 129; murder near, 53-54; red 
 clay on, 51; schooner's clock found on, 53 
 
 Extermination of Beothuk, 11-13, 18, 47, 49- 
 51, 53-54, 77-78, 117 
 
 Fairy Holes, Gluskap's home at, 146, 156 
 Family group, among Algonkians, 87; among 
 
 iVIicmac, 89-91 
 Family hunting territory, see Hunting territory 
 Famine, bark eaten in, 45, 77. See Starvation 
 Fear, cause of Beothuk destruction, 28-29, 
 
 47-48, 52, 144 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Fences, caribou, Beothuk, 19-20; caribou, in 
 Labrador, 73; deer, Beothuk, 46-47 
 
 Fire-arms, Beothuk fear of, 28, 47, 52, 144 
 
 Fire-place of Beothuk, 21, 24 
 
 Fires, see Beacon fires; Forest fires 
 
 Fish eggs, as food, 153 
 
 Fisher, absent from Newfoundland, 131 
 
 Fishermen, Beothuk forays on, 21 
 
 Fishing, districts, ]\Iicmac, 113, 117; imple- 
 ments, ]\Iicmac, 148; in Newfoundland, 131 
 
 Fish-spears of Micmac-Montagnais, 40-41 
 
 Flakes, see Chips 
 
 Flint chips on Beothuk sites, 21 
 
 Folklore, see Legend 
 
 Food, Beothuk, 21, 61-62 
 
 Forest fires, destruction of Beothuk fences by, 
 19-20 
 
 Fox, hunting of, in Newfoundland, 131 
 
 Frameivork of Beothuk canoe, 60 
 
 Francis. Joe, former chief of Prince Edward 
 Island band, 152 
 
 French, blood in Micniac chief, 144; jMicmac 
 allies of, 108, 124; names of JMicmac chiefs, 
 114; schooners, ^licmac voyages on, 120-121 
 
 Fur, Beothuk garments lined with, 43 
 
 Gabriel, a Micmac encountered by Cormack, 
 
 144-145 
 Gambo, Micmac settlement at, 137 
 Games, of Beothuk, 62-63; of JMicmac, 80 
 Game-totem , see Use-tolem 
 Ganda Bay, Micmac band at, 143 
 Gander lake, hunting territories around, 129 
 Ganong, W. F., cited, 46, 74, 96, 149, 151 
 Garters, Micmac, weaving of, 37 
 
 167 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 168 
 
 BEOTHUKAND MICMAC 
 
 Gaspesians, see LeClcrcq 
 
 Galschet, A. S., cited on Beothuk, 11, 44-45 
 
 Gens, among Micmac, 91, 95-98; exogamic, of 
 Algonkian, 85, 87 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada, ethnological sur- 
 veys made for, 83-85 
 
 Geological Survey of Ncufoundland, collections 
 in museum of, 43^i4; Howley of, 55 
 
 Gesliculalion, among Beothuk, 66 
 
 Glenwood, Newfoundland, Micmac settlement 
 at, 137 
 
 Gloucester, Mass., discovery of Santu at, 56; 
 Toney at, 79 
 
 Gluskap, Cape Breton version of, 145-149, 151; 
 Micmac culture-hero, 109 
 
 Goldenweiser, A. A., use-totem discussed by, 85 
 
 Gontgont, Emanuel, Cormack housed by, 145 
 
 Grand chief of Micmac, 106-107 
 
 Grand lake, hunting territories around, 129; 
 last appearance of Beothuk at, 54 
 
 Grand Manaan, canoe voyage to, 154 
 
 Grandmother, Gluskap's, 148 
 
 Graves, Beothuk, perforated teeth in, 43 
 
 Great Bras d'Or, Gluskap's passage through, 147 
 
 Great Cod Roy river, Micmac band at, 143 
 
 Great Lakes, Santu living on, 59; wigwam con- 
 struction characteristic of, 31 
 
 Greenland, intermarriages of Beothuk in, 65 
 
 Gulf of St Lawrence, Micmac voyages in, 125, 153 
 
 Gull eggs as food, 153 
 
 Gunpowder, Beothuk blown up with, 50 
 
 Gunwale, Beothuk type of, 32-33 
 
 Hair, Beothuk style of dressing, 35 . 
 Hair-removers of Micmac-Montagnais, 39-49 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Halifax, comprised in Micniac chieftaincy, 95 
 Hall's Bay, ilicmac settlement at, 137 
 Hammers, stone, on Beothuk sites,^24 
 Hampton Beach, X. H., Santu at, 67 
 Handles, wooden, of awls, 39 
 Hare-skin, wool from, 37 
 
 Harpoon, Beothuk, 61; Micmac term for, 76; 
 :Micmac-Montagnais, 40-41; sea-mammals 
 killed with, 61-62 
 Hartigan, Mr, Beothuk traditions related by, 52 
 Hartland, E. S., on social evolution, 84 
 Hide-scrapers, of Micmac-^Iontagnais, 39-40 
 Hinx family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 Hodge's mountain, Beothuk traditions of, 48, 
 
 139 
 Hoop, used in wigwam construction, 31, 73-74 
 Houley, J. P., acknowledgment to, 141; Beo- 
 thuics or Red Indians of Newfoundland, cited, 
 15, 17, 32, 41, 46, 71-77, 156; collection 
 gathered by, 43-44; list of Micmac settlements 
 obtained from, 137; on veracity of Santu, 55- 
 56 
 Hudsonian zones, social life of tribes of, 84 
 Hunting, cam})s, Micmac, on Cape Breton, 113- 
 114; importance of, in Newfoundland, 14vS- 
 144; Micmac implements for, 148; Micmac- 
 Montagnais charms for, 42-43; of caribou 
 by Beothuk, 19-20, 73; on Prince Edward 
 island, 115 
 Hunting territory, Algonkian society based on, 
 71, 83-86; in interior, 139, 144; Micmac, aver- 
 age size of. 136-137; Micmac, in Cape Breton 
 island, 106-114; Micmac, in Nova Scotia, 
 86-106; Micmac, in Prince Edward island, 
 114-117; Micmac-Montagnais, in Newfound- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 169
 
 170 
 
 B E O T H U K A N D M I C M A C 
 
 land, 117-138, 143-144; probable Beothuk, 
 139, 144 
 
 Implements, on Beothuk sites, 21, 22, 24; stone, 
 
 pre-Algonkian, 13. See Fishing implements; 
 
 Hunting; Lances; Stone age 
 Indian island, Me., wgwam-pits on, 31 
 Indian island, N. S., Gluskap starts beaver at, 
 
 147 
 Inheritance, of hunting territories, 86, 92, 113, 
 
 117-118, 135-136 
 Interior, flight of Beothuk to, 28-29; hunting 
 
 territories in, 139, 144 
 Iron implements on Beothuk sites, 21, 24. See 
 
 Metal 
 Iroquois, hostihty of, to Wabanaki, 29; Alic- 
 
 mac relations with, 107, 154 
 
 Jack, E., on Beothuk traditions, 17 
 Jack pine, see Bank's pine 
 J eddore family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 Joe, Andrew, hunting territory df, 135-136 
 Joe family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 Joe, John, Gluskap myth related by, 146-149 
 Joe, Tom, hunting magic of, 127; hunting terri- 
 tory of, 135-136 
 John family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138; hunting terri- 
 tories of, 128 
 John, James, mentioned by Cormack, 142, 155 
 John, Louis, account of last Beothuk by, 48, 
 53-54; on relations between Beothuk and 
 Micmac, 54; share in hunting territory offered 
 by, 131 
 Jore, Ben, grandfather of, killed bv Beothuk, 
 53-54 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Jukes, J. B., Excursions in Xewfoundland, 
 
 cited, 73 
 Julian, Joe, share in hunting territory ofifered 
 
 to, 131 
 
 Kaspoog'ii'il, a Alicmac chieftaincy, 95 
 
 Kayak, Beothuk canoe like, 60-61 
 
 Keel, Beothuk tyqpe of, 32 
 
 Keelson, of Beothuk canoe, 79 
 
 Ksn'i'be'wa'lc, Micmac term for Penobscot, 155- 
 
 156 
 Kennebec River band, Micmac term for, 155-156 
 Killing of tabooed animal, 122 
 King George I V lake, Mitchell hunting territory 
 
 about, 135 
 Knives, iron, on Beothuk sites, 21-24. See Crooked 
 
 knife 
 Kop, name of Santu's father, 57, 58 
 
 r.abrador, Beothuk descendants in, 69; Beothuk 
 relations with, 65; caribou fences in, 73; 
 ^licniac vovages to, 125; Montagnais migra- 
 tion from, 25, 118, 126-127, 141, 143; Montag- 
 nais of, 15-16, 35. 48; 
 Lake Wasanipi, survey of hunting territories 
 
 from, 85 
 Lance-heads, slate, pre-Algonkian, 13-14 
 Lances, Micmac-Montagnais, 40-^1 
 Landmarks, Micmac, in Xewfoundland, 26-27 
 Language of Beothuk, authorities on, 11-13 
 Leather, d\eing of, Beothuk. 122 
 Leaves, smoking of, among Beothuk, 62 
 LeClercq, Father Chretien, Xew Relation of 
 Gaspesia, cited, 46, 71, 74, 88, 89, 91, 96, 
 98-99, 149-150 
 
 171 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 172 
 
 B E O T H U K A N D M I C AI A C 
 
 Legend, of beaver, 126-127; of black weasel, 28; 
 of Gluskap, 145-149; of Hodge's mountain, 
 48, 139; of ^lagdalen islands, 153; of moose, 
 115; of quarrel between Beothuk and IVIic- 
 mac, 122, 154. See Traditions 
 Leggings, Beothuk, 17 
 
 Leland, C. G., Algonquin Legends of New Eng- 
 land, cited, 72-73 
 Lewis, Reuben, chief, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 Liltle river, Micmac camp on, 144-145 
 Lloyd, T. G. B., on Beothuk vocabulary, 67 
 Logs, winter wigwams of, 31-32, 73-74 
 Loin dollt, Beothuk, 17 
 
 Look-out tree at Red Indian point, 23, 78-79 
 Loom, Micmac, 37-38 
 Louis, Noel, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 Lonisbnrg, retreat of French to, 108 
 LoiHe, R. H., Primitive Society, cited, 83, 149 
 Lynx teeth as charms among Micmac-Montag- 
 nais, 43 
 
 McCloud, George, knowledge of, of Beothuk, 69 
 McDonald, Frank, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 McEwan, John, acknowledgment to, 94; Guide's 
 Prize Storv, cited, 151; map of hunting terri- 
 tory by, 99, 106 
 
 Magdalen islands, Micmac voyages to, 153 
 
 Magic, hunting, in Newfoundland, 126-127 
 
 Main river, see St George's river 
 
 Maine, aboriginal culture in, 13-15; Penobscot 
 of, 15, 155-156; perforated stones in, 42; 
 prehistoric Algonkian culture in, 71; wigwam- 
 pits in, 31 
 
 Malagawatch, Micmac settlement at, 107 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Malca'te, at Oldtown, INIe., 115; cognate Algon- 
 kian roots in language, 76; term for Beothuk, 
 16; term for woman, 66; totemic emblem of, 
 97; traditions among, concerning Beothuk, 
 16-17 
 Mallcrv, G., Picture-writing of the American 
 
 Indians, cited, 96-98, 150 
 Maple splint baskets, Micmac-Montagnais, 
 
 mainland origin of, 41 
 Maps, birch-bark, ]\licmac, 17, 98-99, 142 
 Marriage, customs among Beothuk, 80; customs 
 among JMicmac, 90, 92-93, 130-131; of Beo- 
 thuk with outsiders, 64-66; of Beothuk with 
 wolverene, 72-73; of Santu, 59-60 
 Mary March, capture of, 50-51, 53, 77-78 
 Mary March brook, Beothuk site on, 22; capture 
 
 of Beothuk on, 50, 77 
 Mary March's point, Beothuk captured at, 50; 
 
 lookout-tree on, 78-79 
 Massey, Miss, on IMicmac maps, 98 
 MaUic'ci'S family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 Matrilincalily, theories of, 84 
 Mays, G. V., on birch-bark map, 17 
 Ma'y^me'gu'ik, Micmac settlement of, 121 
 Meat, gift of, to Beothuk, 51-52 
 Mechling, W. H., Malecite Tales, cited, 17, 72 
 Meelpcgh lake, Montagnais hunting territory 
 
 at, 139, 142 
 Me'kue'isit, Malecite term for Beothuk, 17 
 Memramcook, a INIicmac chieftaincy, 95 
 Meski'gliru.'i''ddn, village-site near Seal rocks, 
 
 27, 139 
 Metal, fragments on Beothuk sites, 21; schooners 
 robbed for, 21. See Iron Implements 
 
 173 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 174 
 
 BEOTHUKAND MICMAC 
 
 Meywe'dje'iva''gi', Micmac name of Red Indian 
 lake, 46, 139 
 
 Meywe''dji'djik, Micmac term for Beothuk, 18 
 
 MeytcC'djik, Micmac-Montagnais term for 
 Beothuk, 27 
 
 Meywe'za'xsi't, Micmac name for Hodge's 
 mountain, 48, 139 
 
 Michel, Matty, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 
 Micmac, annual ceremony of, 120; camp-site 
 at Red Indian point, 23-24; chief on Prince 
 Edward island, 151-152; culture, Beothuk 
 survivals in, 24-25, 32-33, 44-46, 63, 69-70, 
 75, 79; culture, comparative study of, 70; 
 culture survivals of, in Newfoundland, 41-42, 
 122; Gluskap myth of, 145-149; guide to 
 Beothuk sites, 20; hunting territory among, 
 83-86; hunting territories in Cape Breton 
 island, 106-114; hunting territories in Nova 
 Scotia, 86-106; hunting territories in Prince 
 Edward island, 114-117; marriage of Santu 
 with, 67-69; marriages of Beothuk with, 59, 
 65-66; migration of, to Newfoundland, 25- 
 27, 118-125; place-names, Beothuk survivals 
 in, 46-47; place-names in Newfoundland, 
 138-140; totemic emblem of, 97; traditions 
 ' among, concerning Beothuk, 17-19, 71-74; 
 vocabulary, 66; weaving among, 37-39; 
 wigwam among, 30-31. See Micmac-Mon- 
 tagnais 
 
 Micmac-Montagnais, Cormack among, 141-145; 
 culture, 37; culture, Beothuk survivals in, 
 29-30, 33-39, 44-46; hunting territories in 
 Newfoundland, 117-138; traditions concern- 
 ing Beothuk among, 21-22, 25-29, 46-54. 
 See Micmac; Montagnais 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Middle river, Gluskap kills beaver at, 147; 
 
 Micmac settlement at, 107 
 Migration, Micmac, eastward trend of, 136-137; 
 IMicmac, to Xeu-foundland, 25-27, 118-125; 
 ^Montagnais, to Newfoundland, 118-127 
 Millertonn, Beothuk traditions from, 52-53; 
 Mary March's point at, 50; Red Indian 
 point near, 47 
 Millerlown Junction, Beothuk traditions from, 
 
 52, 54 
 Minas basin, created by Gluskap, 147-148 
 Mink, absent from Newfoundland, 131 
 Miramichi Indians, cross emblem of, 96 
 Mistassini, hunting territory among, 86 
 Mitchell, Matliru.', hereditary chieftaincy of, 135 
 Moccasins, Beothuk, 17; Beothuk influence on, 
 35-37; suspended from hoop, 31. See Boot- 
 moccasin 
 Moha-d'k, Micmac alliance with, 107; Santu's 
 
 marriage with, 59 
 Moisie river, Montagnais along, 18 
 Montagnais, cognate Algonkian roots in lan- 
 guage. 760; culture, Beothuk resemblances to, 
 11-12, 24-25, 44-46, 70; culture, survivals of, 
 in^Newfoundland, 33-36, 39, 41, 122, 126- 
 127; eating of bark by, 45; hunting territory 
 among, 85, 86; in Newfoundland, Cormack 
 among, 141-142; migration of, to Newfound- 
 land, 118; of Labrador, 15-16, 48, 73; tradi- 
 tions among, concerning Beothuk, 18; weav- 
 ing among, 38; wigwam of, 30-31. See 
 Micm ac-M ontagn ais 
 Moorehcad, W. K., Red Paint People, cited, 13, 
 71 
 
 175 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 176 
 
 B E O T H U K A N D M I C AI A C 
 
 Moose, slaughter of, on Prince Edward island, 
 
 115 
 Moose-skin canoe-mat, Gluskap's, 146-147; 
 
 canoes, 33 
 Morgan, L. H., on social evolution, 84 
 Morris, Reuben, ^Micmac chief, 12.S 
 Moss, winter wigwams chinked with, 32 
 Mulgrave lake, Siah's hunting territorj- about, 
 
 106 
 Murder of Beothuk by ]\Iicmac, 28 
 Muskrat, in totemic emblem, 97 
 Mulch, J. R., acknowledgment to, 151 
 Mylh, totemic, of Penobscot, 87. See Legend 
 
 Nails, metal, on Beothuk sites, 21 
 
 Names, Christian, among jSIicmac, 114. See 
 
 Tables 
 Naskapi, in Newfoundland, 126-127; timidity 
 
 of, 48 
 Needles for snowshoes, ]Micmac-]\lontagnais, 
 
 39-40; ^licmac term for, 76. See .4^:'/; 
 
 Netting-needles 
 Netting-needles, ilicmac-Montagnais, 39-40. 
 
 See Needles 
 New Brunswick, 
 chiefs in, 114; 
 migration of 
 
 Malecite of, 16-17; IMicmac 
 ]\Iicmac place-names in, 140; 
 
 ___^ Micmac from, 108; relative 
 
 standing of bands in, 137; Santu in, 59 
 Newell, Joe and Tom, Fair}^ Holes visited b}'. 156 
 New England, coast, aboriginal culture of, 13-15; 
 
 Santu in, 59-60 
 Newfoundland, Beothuk remains in, 11-54; 
 Beothuk tradition in, 72-73; material culture 
 of, 29-44; :\Iicmac migration to, 155; ificmac 
 of, 86-87; Micmac place-names in, 138-140; 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 I N L) E X 
 
 ^licmac-Montagnais hunting territories in, 
 117-138; ^licmac-Montagnais of, 25; v33-43, 
 86-87; ^lontagnais of, 16; tenure of hunting 
 territories in, 109 
 Xeuifomidlaiid band, see M !c»iac-M onla i;>!a i .s 
 Xorlheastern culture, implements characteristic 
 
 of, 40 
 North Pole, Gluskap residing beyond, 149 
 Nova Scotia, Gluskap legend in, 147-149, 156 
 ]\Iicmac canoes of, 3i; Micmac hunting terri 
 tories in, 86-106; Micmac place-names in, 140 
 migration of Micmac from, 108; porcupine- 
 quills exported from, 41-42; Santu in, 59, 65 
 size of hunting territory in, 136-137; tradi- 
 tions concerning Beothuk in, 71-72 
 Noya'mkisk, Xewfoundland, ]\Iicmac settle- 
 ment of, 121 
 Niidjo'yn, village-site on St George's ba}-, 27 
 
 Ocher, see Red oclier 
 
 Ojibwa, hunting territorj' among, 85-87 
 
 Oldtown, Elaine, Indian band at, 115 
 
 Orchard, If. C, Xotes on Penobscot Houses, 
 
 cited, 74 
 Osag9ne''u'i'ak, Penobscot term for Red Indians, 
 
 15-16 
 Osa'yan'ax, Micmac term for Beothuk or 
 
 Montagnais, 16, 18, 56, 60, 65-67 
 Ottawa, ethnological collection in, 18-19 
 Otter, in totemic emblem, 97 
 Otter-skin, Beothuk clothing lined with, 43; 
 
 wool from, 37 
 
 Pacifique, Father, on Micmac place-names, 95 
 Pack-straps, weaving of Micmac, 37 
 
 17' 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 178 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 Paddle, Gluskap's, 147-148; in totemic emblem, 
 97 
 
 Painting, coats of Beothuk decorated uath, 43; 
 colored designs in place of, 39; of caribou- 
 skin coats, 34-35. See Color; Dyeing 
 
 Paliser, Gov., Micmac migration limited by, 155 
 
 Passamaqnoddy, derivation of term, 150; emblem 
 of, 96-97; hostility of, to JNIohawk, 73; tra- 
 ditions among, concerning Beothuk, 72-73 
 
 Palrilinealiiy, among Algonkian, 84-86 
 
 Pattern, in weaving, Micmac-Montagnais, 38 
 
 Patterson, on Beothuk terms, 67 
 
 Paul family, at Bay d'Espoir, 138; hunting 
 territories of, 128 
 
 Paul, Frank, on crossing of Cabot strait, 120 
 
 Paul, Gahe, acknowledgment to, 115 
 
 Paul, John, acknowledgment to, 24, 78; 
 acquaintance of, with Santu, 68-69; irregular 
 tenure of, 135-136; on Buchan's expedition, 
 49-51; on Micmac dress, 34; on Micmac 
 place-names in Newfoundland, 124; on Mon- 
 tagnais hunters in Newfoundland, 126-127; 
 on relations between Beothuk and Micmac, 
 51; on separation of Beothuk from Micmac, 
 27-29 
 
 Penobscot, alleged animal ancestry among, 85; 
 at Oldtown, Me., 115; boundary signs among, 
 94; cognate Algonkian roots in language of, 
 76; hoop in wigwam construction of, 31 ; hunt- 
 ing territory of, 86; Micmac term for, 155- 
 156; perforated stones among, 42; term for 
 living creature, 66; totemic emblem of, 97; 
 traditions among, concerning Beothuk, 15- 
 16 
 Penobscot river, wigwam-pits along, 31 
 
 IN D. IAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Perforated stones, among i\Iicmac-]Montagnais, 
 
 42-43 
 Perseciitiou, see Extermination 
 Peyton, John, Beothuk vocabulary of, 67; expe- 
 dition of, against Beothuk, 50-51, 53; on 
 
 Buchan's expedition, 78 
 Pictography of Wabanaki, 96-98 
 Pictou, a Micmac chieftaincy, 95; Gluskap at, 
 
 148 
 
 Pigments, see Painting 
 Pine-hark, red dj-e derived from, 36-37 
 Pinus halsamifera, bark of, as food, 45 
 Pipes, improvised, of Micmac-Montagnais, 41; 
 
 stone, of Beothuk, 62; 
 Pitcher-plant, leaf of, used as pipe by IMicmac- 
 
 Montagnais, 41 
 Pits, see Wigwam -pi Is 
 Place-names, Beothuk survivals in, 46-47; 
 
 Micmac, in Newfoundland, 26, 123-124, 
 
 138-140; Micmac, in Nova Scotia, 94-95; 
 
 ^Micmac, on Cape Breton island, 114; Montag- 
 
 nais, 85; of hunting districts, 113. See Tables 
 Plains, wigwam construction tj'pical of, 31 
 Plaster cove, Gluskap at, 146 
 Poles, in totemic emblem, 97 
 Pollock, in totemic emblem, 97 
 Poplar, edible rind*of, 77 
 Porcupine, not native to Newfoundland, 41-42, 
 
 131 
 Porpoise, hunting of, 154 
 Port Blandford, Micmac settlement at, 137 
 Portneuf river, survey of hunting territories to, 
 
 85 
 Post, loom attached to, 37-38; posts, of winter 
 
 wigwam, 32 
 
 179 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 180 
 
 BEOTHUK AND MICMAC 
 
 Pot, Gluskap's, 148 
 
 Pottery, absence of, among Beothuk, 44 
 
 Pouch, Micmac term for, 75. See Bags 
 
 Powell, J. W., on Beothuk language, 11 
 
 Pre-Algonkian culture in Maine, 13-15 
 
 Prince Edward island, French governor of, 144; 
 
 Micmac chiefs in, 114, 151-152; Micmac 
 
 hunting territories in, 114-117 
 Prince, J. D., Passamaquoddy Documents, 
 
 cited, 73, 154 
 Propliecv of Gluskap, 148-149 
 Pidlet, Ned, at Bay d'Espoir, 138 
 Punishment, washing as, 64 
 
 Quarrel between Beothuk and Micmac, legend 
 
 of, 122, 154 
 Quebec, Micmac at battle of, 108; survey of 
 
 hunting territories in, 85 
 Quilkvork of Micmac, 41-42 
 
 Rabbit -wool, weaving of, 37-39 
 Raccoon, absent from Newfoundland, 131 
 Rand, S. T., Legends of the Micmac, cited, 98, 
 151, 154-155; Micmac Dictionary, cited, 
 72-76; Micmac place-names recorded by, 140, 
 156 
 Rasles, Father, letter to, cited, 154 
 Red, and black, checkerwork in, 34; bags, dyed, 
 39; body dyed, among Beothuk, 15, 17, 43, 
 51, 57, 63-64, 72-73; boots and moccasins 
 dyed, 36; clay on Exploits river, 51; leather 
 dyed, 122 
 Red Indian falls, caribou fence above, 20 
 Red Indian lake, Beothuk ceremony at, 62-64; 
 Beothuk sites on, 12, 19, 44-51, 142; hunt- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 ing territories around, 129; Mary March's cap- 
 ture at, 77-78; ilicmac name for, 46, 139; 
 Santu born near, 56, 58 
 
 Red Indian point, a Beothuk site, 22-24, 46-47; 
 capture of Beothuk at, 49-51 
 
 Red Indians, 16. See Beothuk 
 
 Red island, creation of, by Gluskap, 147 
 
 Red oclier, seams of coats smeared with, 34-35; 
 use of, by Beothuk, 13, 72-73 
 
 Red Pond, see Red Indian lake 
 
 Red root, bodies of Beothuk dyed with, 63-64; 
 of Red Indian lake, 58 
 
 Red-ilillou' bark, smoking of, by JMicmac-^Ion- 
 tagnais, 41 
 
 Restigoiiche, a IMicmac chieftaincy, 95; salmon 
 emblem of, 96 
 
 Rivers, W. II. R., use-totem discussed by, 85 
 
 Roasting of meat, Beothuk, 62 
 
 Robberies committed by Beothuk, 21, 53 
 
 Rocks, creation of, by Gluskap, 146-148 
 
 Rushy pond, Buchan at 49 
 
 Sable, absent from Newfoundland, 131 
 
 St Ann's day, Micmac celebration of, 120 
 
 St Croix river, Micmac name for, 140 
 
 St Francis Abnaki, Micmac term for, 155 
 
 St Georges Bay, Beothuk village at, 118 
 
 St Georges bay, grant on, to IMicmac, 124-125; 
 
 Micijiac place-names on, 138-139; ^Micmac 
 
 settlements on, 27, 118, 121-122, 137; Mon- 
 
 tagnais hunting on, 142 
 St Georges harbor, Cormack at, 145; ^Micmac 
 
 band at, 143 
 Si George's river, formerly called Main river, 28 
 Si Johns, N. B., canoe voyage to, 154 
 
 181 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 182 
 
 BEOTHUKAND IVIICMAC 
 
 St Johns, Newfoundland, Marv ^March captive 
 
 at, 50-51, 78; visit with HowW at, 55 
 Si Lawrence river, JNIontagnais north of, 16, 137; 
 
 Montagnais of, 18; remains along lower, 71; 
 
 sur\'ey of hunting territories to, 85; tribes 
 
 bordering, Beothuk resemblance to, 45 
 St Mary's bay in St Lawrence, IMicmac name for, 
 
 140 
 St Patrick's bay, Gluskap at, 147 
 St Paul's island, Micmac voyages to, 119-120 
 St Peter's channel, Gluskap's pursuit of beaver 
 
 through, 147 
 Salmon, emblem of Restigouche Indians, 96 
 Sandv point, Micmac-Beothuk site near, 27-28 
 Santii, Beothuk descent of, 24, 55-60, 67-69; 
 
 information given bv, 16, 60-67; veracity of, 
 
 79 
 Sapir, Edward, acknowledgm.ent to, 19 
 Sapir, J. D., acknowledgment to, 67 
 Sark, John, chief of Prince Edward Island band, 
 
 151-152 
 Sarracena purpurea, see Pitcher plant 
 Sa'yewe'djki'k, or ancients, of Newfoundland, 
 
 26, 123-124 
 Schooner, dismantling of, by Beothuk, 21, 53; 
 
 French, Micmac voyaging on, 121; Indian 
 
 voyages on, 26-27 
 Sealing, in Newfoundland, 131; Micmac-INIon- 
 
 tagnais harpoons for, 40 
 Seal rocks, Beothuk and Micmac site near, 27 
 Sealskin, canoes, 60; coats, Micmac origin of, 
 
 34; moccasin, 36 
 Sea ■mammals, Beothuk food, 61-62 
 Settlements, see Village 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Seicnng of Beothuk canoe, 60; on bark recep- 
 tacles, 76 
 
 Ship, see Schooner 
 
 Ship harbor, ISricmac place-name in, 140 
 
 Shipicrcck, Beothuk assistance at, 64 
 
 Shiiboiacadic, a ]Micmac village, 93, 95 
 
 Siah, Solomon, map belonging lo, 99, 106 
 
 Sigunikt, see Slniheuacadie 
 
 Silk, embroiderv in ^Montagnais, 39 
 
 Sites, Beothuk, 12, 19-25; Beothuk and :Micmac, 
 at St Georges bay, 27-29. See Camp-sites; 
 Village; Wigwam-pits 
 
 Skin, bags in Newfoundland, 39; canoes, Beo- 
 thuk, 33, 60-61, 74 
 
 Skunk absent from Newfoundland, 131 
 
 Slate, lance-heads, pre-Algonkian, 13-14 
 
 SmethursI, Gamaliel, Narrative of an Extraor- 
 dinary Escape, cited, 151 
 
 Smith's lake, N. S., hunting territories at, 151 
 
 Smoking among Beothuk, 41, 62 
 
 Sno'd'shoe, Beothuk, 75; Micmac-Montagnais 
 type of, 39 
 
 Social organization of Beothuk, 15. See 
 Hunting territory . 
 
 Song of Santu, 67-68 
 
 Spear, ]\Iicmac term for, 76 
 
 Speck, F. G., Ancient Archeological Site on the 
 Lower St Lawrence, cited, 71; Decorative 
 Art and Basketry of the Cherokee, cited, 76; 
 Double Curve Motive in Northeastern 
 Algonkian Art, cited, 75 
 
 Spinning, among Micmac, 37 
 
 Splint basketry, distribution of, 76; Micmac- 
 Montagnais, 41 
 
 Split point, Gluskap kills beaver at, 147-148 
 
 183 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 184 
 
 BEOTHUKAND MICMAC 
 
 Spruce, keelson of, 79; Mary March's, 78-79. 
 See Lookout-tree 
 
 Spruce-bark, Beothuk, canoe stiffened with, 60; 
 red dye derived from, 36-37 
 
 Stain, see Dyeing 
 
 Starvation of Beothuk, 48. See Extermination 
 
 Sicvensville, Beothuk-Micmac settlement near, 
 27, 121-122 
 
 Stone age, Beothuk culture of, 21; implements, 
 absence of pre-AIgonkian, 13; implements, 
 collection of, 43-44; implements on Beothuk 
 sites, 24; pipes of Beothuk, 62. See Chips; 
 Implements; Slate 
 
 Stones, see Perforated stones 
 
 Straits of Belle Isle, Montagnais crossing, 126; 
 Montagnais near, 18 
 
 Sydney, Micmac chief at, 131; Micmac settle- 
 ment at, 107 
 
 Sylvester, Joseph, guide to Cormack, 141, 
 
 Table Head, Gluskap dines at, 147 
 
 Tables of Micmac hunting territories, 100-105, 
 110-112, 116, 132-134 
 
 Taboo concerning black .weasel, 28; tabooed 
 animal, killing of, 122 
 
 Tanning, among Beothuk, 43 
 
 Ta'yamkuk', Micmac name of Newfoundland, 
 119 
 
 Tay' amkuyewa' X , Micmac name of Newfound- 
 land band, 119 
 
 Teeth, perforated, among Micmac-Montagnais, 
 43 
 
 Terra Nova river, Micmac place-names on, 140 
 
 Thwaites, R. G., edition of Jesuit Relations, 
 cited, 154 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Tides created by Gluskap, 147-148 
 
 Tinne, reputed relationship of Beothuk to, 71 
 
 Tiffi, construction of, .31 
 
 Tobacco, improvised pipe for, 41 
 
 Toggle, ■Micmac-jMontagnais, antler, 40 
 
 Totiey, Abram, deep-sea voyages of, 154 
 
 Toney, Joe, Santu's son, 56, 60; wanderings of, 
 
 79. See Saniu 
 Tools, metal for, 21. See Implements 
 Totemism, absent among Micmac, 87; absent 
 
 among Micmac-Montagnais, 113; among 
 
 Penobscot, 85; significance of, 95-98 
 Traditions concerning Beothuk, 15-18, 21-22, 
 
 25-29, 46-54, 71-74. See Legend 
 Traps, iron, on Beothuk sites, 22; Micmac, in 
 
 Newfoundland, 143 
 Tribes, see Band 
 
 Trousers, caribou-skin, Beothuk, 35, 43 
 Tiick, Mr, on death of ^Slary March, 53 
 Turtle, Gluskap's uncle, 148 
 Turtle-eggs, ^Micmac gambling phrase, 80 
 Tuyu'e''gan m9ni''guk', Micmac name of St 
 
 Paul's island, 119 
 Tu'illingate, Beothuk encounter near, 52 
 
 Unama''gi, Micmac name of Cape Breton 
 
 island, 107 
 Us'a'g9n.ik, Malecite term for Montagnais, 16 
 Use-totem, 85; among Micmac, 97-98. See 
 
 Totemism 
 
 Vaudreuil, M. de, letter of, cited, 154 
 
 Victoria Museum, ethnological collection of 
 
 Newfoundland in, 18-19 
 Village, Beothuk-Micmac, 118, 122-123; t/V- 
 
 185 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 186 
 
 BEOTHUKAND MICMAC 
 
 lages, Micmac, in Newfoundland, 118, 121- 
 123, 137; Micmac, on Cape Breton island, 
 114 
 Village-siles, see Siles 
 Vocabulary, Beothuk, 58, 66, 76 
 Voyages, of Indians, 26, 28, 153-154 
 
 Wahanaki, absence of splint basketry among, 
 41; culture, Beothuk resemblances to, 44-46, 
 63; dice-and-bowl game of, 79; hostility 
 of, to Iroquois, 29; pictography of, 96-98; 
 skin canoes of, oi; winter wigwams of, 31-32, 
 73-74 
 
 Wampum, Micmac ceremonial procedure with, 
 107 
 
 Washing, among Beothuk, 64, 80 
 
 Water bucket, cognate terms for, 76 
 
 Weasel, see Black weasel 
 
 Weaving among IMicmac, 37-39 
 
 Whitbourne, Ricliard, Discourse on the Dis- 
 covery of Newfoundland, cited, 76-77 
 
 Whites, beheaded by Beothuk, 50; Gluskap's 
 aid against, 148-149; relations of, with 
 Beothuk, 49-54, 57, 64, 69, 77-78 
 
 Whilnev, Caspar, on caribou in Newfoundland, 
 129 
 
 Wigwam, Beothuk, birch-bark, 30-31, 73-74; 
 Beothuk, on Hodge's mountain, 48; chief's, 
 at Red Indian i)oint, 78; Micmac, on Cape 
 Breton, 113-114. See Tipi 
 
 Wigwam-pits, distinctive of Beothuk, 13, 20-22. 
 24r-25, 30-31, 40, 44 
 
 Willoughby, C. C, Prehistoric Burial Places in 
 Maine, cited, 13, 71 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 INDEX 
 
 Wilson's lake, Newfoundland, Alicmac camp 
 on, 144-145 
 
 Winter wig-d'ams of Beothuk, 31-32, 73-74 
 
 Wolverene, absent from Newfoundland, 131; 
 marriage of Beothuk with, 72-73 
 
 Women, peaked caps of, 35; quillwork of, 41-42 
 
 Wood, awl-handles of, 39; Beothuk canoe 
 framework of, 60; ^licmac-Montagnais net- 
 ting-needles of, 39-40; spindle of, 37 
 
 Woodchuck, absent from Newfoundland, 131 
 
 Wool, embroidery in, Montagnais, 9; weaving 
 of, 37-39 
 
 Wreck, see Shipureck 
 
 Wreck cove, Gluskap at, 146 
 
 Wycogamagh, Gluskap at, 147; John Joe of, 
 146; -\Iicmac settlement at, 107 
 
 Yarmouth band, voyages of, 154 
 
 Yarmontli, N. S., death of Santu at, 79; hunting 
 
 territories near, 92; Santu married near, 59 
 Yellow thread, yellow pigment from, 34 
 
 187 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 ■IN
 
 HUNTING TERRITORIES OF THE MICMAC INDIANS IN NOVA SCOTIA
 
 o 
 
 HUNTING TERRITORIES OFTHK MICMAC INDIANS IX PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 m
 
 '•: f^}-"^^^''' REGiONAL LIBRARY FACILIT, 
 
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