1546^ U(.iOAL SURVEY ENGLAND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE FROM CSDERGRODKI) SOOROIS, BY . J. ][. BLAKE, F.G.S., Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. 11 V WILLIAM W HITAKEK, B.A., F.R.S., PUBLISHEl' K LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HIS MAJESTY S TREASURT, LONDON: "printed for his MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.G. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, AND 14, Long Acre, London ; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Rose Street, Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Map.s ; or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1902. Price Three Sh'^^^ V MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENGLAND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE FROM BNDERGRODND SOURCES. BY The late J. H. BLAKE, F.G.S., Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY WILLIAM WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., PUBLISHED BY ORDBR OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HIS MAJESTY'S TRKASORT. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY WVMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.G. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Long Acre, London; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Rose Street, Edinburgh; HODCIES, FIGGIS, AND CO., 104, Grafton Street, Duf.lin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey IMaps ; or throngh any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1902. Price Three Shillings. ^f 75 5 Ill PREFACE. This is the second instalment of a series of Memoirs on county water supplies; the first instalment, relating to the Water Supply of Sussex, having been published in 1899. The object of the work is to gather together all the records of wells and borings, both published and unpublished, so as to furnish data which will be of gi*eat service to future seekers after water and which would not otherwise be available. We are indebted for many of these records to well-sinkers who have gladly communicated them in return for advice and information always freely given at this office. The revision of the first proofs of this Memoir was accomplished by Mr. Blake in the early part of this year, not very long before we had to lament his sudden death on AFarch ath. To Mr. W. ^Vhitaker wc arc particularly indebted for help which he has rendered during the preimration of the Memoir. J. J. H. Teall, Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London. 29th July, 1901. 325148 38^3. Wt. 7764. 500.— 1/02. Wy. & S. IV CONTENTS. PAGE Preface by the Director iii Introduction : Outline of the Geology as far as relates to Water Water Supply ; Annual Bainfall of Berkshire ; List of Geological Survey Works on Berkshire 1 Well Sections in Berkshire 17 Analyses of Waters 106 Index 114 THE WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE FEOM UNDEKGEOUND SOURCES. INTRODUCTION. The quantity of water to be obtained from underground sources in any locality depends upon the hydro-geological structure of the district, and its quality upon the chemical character of the material or strata through which it has per- colated. Deep well waters " are almost always bright, sparkling, palatable, and wholesome; whilst their uniformity of tem- perature throughout the year renders them cool and refreshing m summer, and prevents them from freezing readily in winter. Such waters are of inestimable value to communities, and their conservation and utilization are worthy of the greatest eftbrts of those who have the public health under their charge." * In the constructfon of both deep and shallow wells, the greatest care should always be taken to shut out all surface water, in order that the underground supply should not be con- taminated therewith. The site for a well, also, should be as far away as practicable from any possible source of pollution. When a village, or other community, is dependent for its water supply upon wells sunk into a porous formation overlying an impervious one, such as Upper Greensand overlying Gault, or Lower Bagshot Sand overlying London Clay, or \ alley Gravels resting upon different clay-iormations ; then, too much attention cannot be paid to drainage, by making all drains and cesspools water-tight ; in order that nothing deleterious should be permitted to soak through and pollute the water in the wells. Inasmuch as the well is usually deeper than the cesspool, and often ^\ithin a few feet of it, the former is almost certiun to drain the latter unless it is cemented and made water-tight. This abominable state of affairs has been, and is still, a very common occurrence in many districts. "Unfortunately, excrementitious liquids, especially after they have soaked through a few feet of porous soil, do not impair the palatability of water ; and this polluted liquid is consumed from year to year without a suspicion of its character, until the cesspool and the well receive infected sewage, and then an outbreak of epidemic disease compels attention to the polluted water." f Outline of the Geology as far as relates to Water-Supply. The greater portion of Berkshire is situated in the western part of the London Basin, and its south-western boundary is close to the apex of the triangular mass of Tertiary forma lions * Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 425. >, M » ,, . M „ pp. 68, 69. 8813. A 2 >TATER SOTPLY OF BERKSHIRE. lying in the trough. The general dip or inclination of the various strata is more or less in a south-easterly direction, excepting in a very small area round Shalbourn in the south-western corner of the county. The underground water, in the different Avater- bearing beds, flows in the same direction as the dip. The average inclination of the strata across the county in a south- south-easterly direction, along a line extending from Abingdon to Aldermaston wharf and south of the river Kennet, is a little less than three-quarters of a degree; and in an easterly -direction from Newbury to Wokingham the average dip is about one- quarter of a degree, and from Wokingham to Ascot less than one-eighth. The geological formations that appear at the surface in the county, togetlier with their water-bearing capacities, etc., are as follows : — Systems. Geological Formations. fSupply and character of the Water in Berkshire. Eecent Pleistocene Eocene Upper Cretaceous. Lower Cretaceous. Upper Jurassic. Alluvium - Valley Loam Valley Gravel Plateau Gravel - Pebble Gravel - Clay-with-Hints, Loam, and Tertiary Debris (overlying Chalk). Upper Bagsliot Beds - Bracklesham Beds Lower Bagsliot Beds - London Clay Reading Beds - Upper Clialk - Middle Chalk - Lower Chalk Upper Greensand Gault Lower Greensand Portland Beds - Kimeridge Clay- Corallian Beds - Oxford Clay - Variable, often bad, liable to pollu- tion. None. Abundant and of good (piality in places, but very liable to pollu- tion. ►Small supplies of very variable character, liable to surface-con- tamination. Very little. Usually none, but a little in places. Small supply, soft, of good quality. Variable, but generally bad. Very soft, of excellent quality, but sometimes ferruginous. Small supply, variable in character, from its " basement-bed " only. Good supply, often soft, from the sands of this formation. {Abundant supply of most whole- some water, but hard from car- bonate of lime ; temporary hard- ness. Abundant, excellent, but sometimes hard from carbonate of lime. None. Variable in quantity, soft, good, but sometimes saline or ferru- ginous. Small supply, hard from carbonate of lime. None. Supply and quality good, but variable. None. tNTRObUCTION. Jurassic Rocks. The Lower Lias is the oldest geological formation that has been reached by boring in the county of Berkshire. This was in 1829, at Wytham, near Oxford, when a boring having passed through 15 feet of loamer Greensand consists of greyish and yellowish-brown sand with iL^lauconitc grains, and with layers of irregular blocks of hard grit. The thickness is uncertain, but probably over 45 feet, there being a Avell of that depth in it. At the AVinkfield-boring (Windsor Forest), the total thickness of the Upper Greensand was not more than 31 feet, .its base being 970 feet beneath the surface. Ckdk The total thiclviiess of the Chalk formation (Upper, Middle, and Lower, as now classified) luiderground in the eastern part of Berkshire, was proved by the decjj boring at Winktield (New Forest) to be 725 feet ; the base being reached at a depth of 039 feet from the surface. In the north-westeiii part of the county, the base of this formation reaches the surface, south of A\\antage, &c. ; along the lower part of the great chalk escarp- ment, which is a continuation of that of the Chiltern Hills; and, in a similar manner to that, consists of the Lower Chalk, Middle Chalk, and the lower part of the Upper Chalk. The beds have a slight southerly and south-easterly dij), and disappear beneath the covering of Tertiary formations in tlie southern and eastern part of the county ; but abruptly rise to the surface in the south-western corner, around the Shalbourn inlier of Upper Greensand. Loiver Chalk. — This division, underground at Winkfield (Windsor Forest), was proved to be 219 feet in thickness; and in the western part of the county may be a little less. Where it appears at the surface it forms a narrow irregular tract extend- ing along the great escarpment from Idstonc, where it is half-a- mile in width, to the south of Childrey and Wantage, where it varies from one mile and a half to two miles ; and thence to Cholsey and Moulsford, where it is two miles and a half wide. There are outliers to the north at the Sinodun Hills and at Cholsey Hill. In the south-western corner of the county it appears as a narrow strip around the Shalbourn inlier of Upper Greensand. The Lower Chalk consists of interbedded white and grey chalk, marly and gritty in places, and Chalk Marl with glauconitic marl (Chloritic Marl) at its base. Beds of marly rock, possibly the ef|uivalent of the Totternhoc stone, occiu* in the upper part of the Chalk Marl, from which springs emanate along the lower part of the escarpment, at Latcombe Basset ; Manor Farm, south of Wantage ; East Lockinge ; East Ginge, south of West Hendred, etc. These springs, which are of considerable volume, form streams which unite with others from springs in the Upper 8 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Greensand, and after working various mills along their course, become important feeders to the Thames, which they join at Abingdon and Sutton Courtenay. Middle Chalk — The Middle Chalk appears at the surface over a considerable area westward of the Lambourn Downs, and in the valleys north and west of Lambourn, and outcrops as a narrow belt along the escarpment south of Letcombe Basset to the Chilton Downs, where it increases considerably in width and continues in a very irregular manner to near Moulsford, and from there south in the 1 names Valley by Streatley and Basildon to Pangbourne. In the south-western corner of the county it appears as a very narrow belt around the Shalbourn Inlier of Upper Greensand. Its thickness underground at Winkfield (Windsor Forest) is 177 feet, and its base occurs at 720 feet from the surface of the ground. It is apparently but little less in thickness in the western part of the county. It consists of soft and hard rubbly and bedded white chalk, with a few occasional nodules of flint, and tabular flint in places, with seams of grey marl, etc., its uppermost bed being the " Chalk Rock," — a cream-coloured limestone with glauconitic grains and numerous green-coated nodules, and its undermost, the "Melbourn Rock" or its equivalent, consisting of beds of hard nodular limestone, etc. Upper Chcdh — In the western part of Berkshire there are three outliers of Upper Chalk; namely, at Kingston Down, White- horse Hill, near Wantage, and to the north of Lambourn. The western extremity of the great mass of continuous Upper Chalk is at Sparsholt Down, the boundary extending southward by Lambourn Downs to a little south of Lambourn, then westward beyond the codnty. The south-western boundary is a little south of Inkpen and West Woodhay, around the greater portion of the Shalbourn inlier of Upper Greensand. The northern boundary extends from Sparsholt Down along the upper part of the escarpment a little north of the " Ridge Way " or " Icknield Way " to the east of East Ilsley, then north to Churn Hill, and south-easterly with spurs to Streatley and Pangbourn. From here the Upper Chalk is continuous both easterly and southerly throughout the remainder of the county ; but it is for the most part covered by Tertiary formations, capped in many places with Drift-deposits. It is exposed, however, at the surface over a considerable area south of the Thames, and around the Tertiary outlier at Bowsey Hill, between Wargrave and Maidenhead. The thickness of the Upper Chalk at Winkfield (Windsor Forest) was proved to be 329 feet, its base being there at a depth of 543 feet from the surface of the ground. At Kingwood House, one mile and a half south-west of Lambourn, a thickness of 237 feet of Upper Chalk underlying 10 feet of Clay-with-flints, Avas proved by a dug-well, the " Chalk Rock," with its character- istic green-coated nodules, occurring there at a depth of 247 feet. INTRODUCTION. 9 The Upper Chalk consists of soft white chalk, more or less evenly beaded, with numerous irregular-shaped nodules of flint along the planes of bedding, and sometimes m the matrix of the chalk between. Thin seams of tabular flint occasionally occur along the planes of bedding, and sometimes fill fissures or joints inclined at various angles. Water in the Chalk. — For general purposes of water-supply, the chalk may usually be considered as one great permeable and water-bearing formation, inasmuch as the rain that falls upon its surface is readily absorbed, and percolates through its mass, irrespective of its tripartite divisions for the most part, and accumulates at its base as a huge underground reservoir of saturated chalk. The depth to which it is necessary to dig or bore to obtain a supply of water entirely depends upon the physical and geological structure of the district, and these being Known the requisite depth can be calculated with great accuracy. When a well or boring is made in the Chalk where it is exposed at the surface, or merely covered with Drift-deposits, the level of the Avater in the well or bore-hole will be at tlie same level as the plane of saturation, and vary with it according to seasonal changes. But, when a boring or well is made through Tertiary formations into the underlying Chalk in the London Basin, the water being under hydrostatic pressure Avill rise in the bore-hole or well to nearly the same level as to where it entered the Chalk at its outcrop, and the level of the water will vary but slightly if at all. Locally this great underground storage-reservoir of the London Basin may for practical purposes bo considered inexhaustible, for it is replenished from extensive collecting areas of con- tinuous and outcropping Chalk exposed to the rainfall. Moreover, in extracting the water, which is always charged with carbonate of lime in solution, etc., the porosity, channels, fissures, crevices, and cavities in the Chalk become enlarged, and conse- quently its storage-capacity proportionately augmented, and the supply increased with the age of the well or boring. The Commissioners appointed to incjuire into the Pollution of Rivers, etc., report on the quality ot this underground water, as follows : — '* The unpolluted deep well waters from the chalk rank amongst the best and most wholesome with which we have become ac- quainted. They are almost invariably colourless, palatable, and brilliantly clear."* Reading Beds. These beds, the lowest of the Tertiary formations in Berkshire, crop out at the surface in the south-western corner of the county and form a narrow band between West Woodhay and Inkpen, from whence they increase to nearly a mile in width, and extend westerly for a distance of two miles, almost to the county-boun- ♦ Kivers Pollutioji Comniission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 102, 10 WATER ST^PPLY OF BERKSHIRE. dary, where they form the apex of the triangular area occupied by the main mass of the Tertiary beds in the synclinal trough of the Chalk of the London Basin. From this Avestern extremity the Reading Beds appear at the surface along the northern side of the London Basni, by Hampstead Marshall to the south ot Newbury, where they pass under the valley-deposits of the river Kennet, and reappear at Thatcham. They extend in a northerly direction around Coldash Common to Oare ; then southerly and easterly by Bucklebury to Bradfield and Englefield, where they disappear again beneath the valley-deposits of the Kennet south of Tilehurst. They crop out at Whitley Manor Farm, where they border the alluvium along the escarpment in a northerly direction to Reading, then range easterly and northerly by Son- ning, beyond which they pass under the valley-deposits of the river Loddon. They reappear at Ruscombe, and continue in a north-easterly direction by White Waltham to Bray, where they disappear beneath the valley- deposits of the Thames and beyond the county. Besides this outcropping mass of Reading Beds, which are con- tinuous beneath the London Clay of the London Basin, there are numerous outliers in the county to the north of it, some of which are of considerable area, whilst many others are very small. The largest are Bowsey Hill, to the east of Wargrave (which includes some London clay) ; Tilehurst , west of Reading ; Yat- tendon; Frilsham ; Winterbourne ; and Wickham, north-west of Newbury. The Reading Beds in Berkshire generally vary from about 70 to 90 feet in thickness, but are a little less in places. They consist of variously coloured mottled plastic clays, and more or less loose sands, Avith a persistent "bottom-bed," generally from about 7 to 10 feet in thickness, of interstratified dark bluish-grey stiff clay (sometimes laminated) and brown and olive-green coloured glauconitic sands. The mottled clays generally occur in the upper part of the formation, varying from about 30 to 50 feet in thickness, and the sands beneath them from about 20 to 40 feet. Good supplies of water are frequently obtained from the saturated sands of this formation, and often of a soft character. But, when the sands are loamy and compact, as they sometimes are beneath the London Clay of the London Basin, the yield of water is much less copious. When a boring is made in the London Basin through the impervious London Clay into these pervious and water-bearing sands of the Reading Beds, the water will rise in the bore-hole to nearly the same level as to where the rain-water is absorbed by the sands at their outcrop. Around outliers of Reading Beds, and also along the outcrop of the main mass, a large quantity of the rain-water that has per- colated through the sands is thrown out by the clays, etc., in the ** bottom-bed," and thus escapes at the junction of the Reading Beds with the Chalk, in which latter formation it frequently disappears in funnel-shaped cavities known as " swallow-holes," INTRODUCTION. 11 London Clay. This great clay formation appears at the surface within the area occupied by the main mass of the Reading Beds, with Bagshot Beds and Drift-deposits overlying it in many places, and it also occurs on some of the outliers of the Reading Beds, with over- lying Drift-gravel. It consists of stiff brown and dark bluish-grey clay, with layers of concretionary masses of argillaceous lime- stone known as '* septaria." It is, for the most part, uniform in character throughout its entire mass, with the exception of its *' basement bed," which consists of interstratified loam, clay, . and brown and olive-green coloured glauconitic sands, with septaria and concretionary argillaceous ironstone nodules, flint pebbles, shells, lignite, and iron pyrites, and sometimes the whole bed is of a blackish colour from the presence of carbonaceous matter. The topmost part is also sandy. The thickness of the London Clay underground at Ascot Race Course (where it is overlaid by Lower Bagshot Sand) is 349i feet, its base being 417 J feet beneath the surface ; and at AVindsor l^ark, near Cumberland Lodge (where it is similarly overlaid by sand) it is 814 feet thick. From this eastern side of the county the London Clay gradually decreases in thickness to the western side, in a more or less wedged-shaped manner, between the discontinuous or disconnected Bagshot Sand above it, and the continuous Reading Beds beloAV it. Borings have proved the thickness of the London Clay in many parts of the count}^; amongst other places the following may be mentioned, namelv, at Wokingham 273 feet, Bearwood 250, Burghfield 205, Stratlield Mortimer 1()4J,, Inkpen, 52. The great mass of the London Clay is almost entirely imper- vious to water, but its " basement bed " (described above) varying in Berkshire from about 6 to IG feet in thickness, is a water- bearing l)ed, and small supplies — suflicient for a house or two, or farm, etc., — can be obtained by boring down to it in many localities in this western portion of the London Basin, when the water will rise in the borehole to nearly the same level as where the water enters at its outcrop. Sometimes when the water in this bed is first reached or tapped it rises in the borehole quickly, at other times sluggishly or very gi'aduaUy, literally creeping up, and taking sometimes a few hours to reach its permanent level. A well or shaft, carefully bricked in cement, to act as a reservoir, should be sunk to about 12 to 15 feet or more (according to the supply required) below the level to which the water will rise in the borehole. Should the water be extracted or pumped from the well faster than the supply comes in from the borehole, and the water-level in the well towards the end of the day be considerably lowered, it will rise and recover its permanent level during the following night, when any sand that may be brought up by the water will have had time to subside. The quality of the water from this basement-bed varies in different localities, according to the presence of the ingredients mentioned as frequently occurring in its strata, such as iron pyrites, etc. ; but the water improves both in quality and quantity by use. 12 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. The above remarks are generally applicable to other water- bearing geological formations, when water is obtained from them under similar conditions. Bagshot Beds. This formation, which mostly consists of sand, occurs in detached portions along the southern part of the County. It has naturally a tripartite arrangement of upper and lower light coloured sands, with dark green sand and argillaceous strata intervening. These three divisions are persistent, and therefore will be treated of separately. Lower Bagshot Beds. — This division appears at the surface in the south-eastern part of the county, where it is continuous with the main mass in the London Basin; and extends from Virginia Water westward to a little beyond Finchhampstead, and from there northward in a very irregular manner to Bear- wood. There are outliers at Wokingham, Toutley, Arborfield, Farley Hill, and Eiseley Common, — a portion only of the latter projecting into the county. A large outlier extends westward from Mortimer and Sulhampstead to AVasing; another from Brimpton to beyond Wash Common, S. AV. of Newbury; whence south of the river Kennet there are several smaller outliers extending nearly to Inkpen. North of the Kennet, a large and very irregular outlier extends westward from the north of Woolhampton by Bucklebury Common to Coldash Common, to the north of which there are a few small outliers ; also, one at Winterbourne, and two westward of Cold Ash. Most of these large and small outlying masses are capped ^vith Drift plateau gravel. The Lower Bagshot Beds apparentljr rest more or less conform- ably upon the London Clay, there being passage-beds in places ; and they consist of buff, brown, yellow, grey and white sands, with seams and thin beds of pale grey clay (pipe-clay), and occasionally laminated white, grey, and liver-coloured clays. The sands are well stratified and often false bedded, frequently micaceous, ferruginous in some localities, and contain a few seams and beds of flint pebbles. The formation is apparently from about 100 to 120 feet in thickness in the south-eastern part of the county, and of less thickness elsewhere. Good supplies of water, excellent in quality and very soft in character, are sometimes to be obtained from these Lower Bagshot sands, when the physical and hydro-geological conditions are favourable; but, inasmuch as the beds are generally in an elevated position, the rain-water which is readily absorbed by the sands and percolates more or less through their mass, is thrown out as springs at their junction with the London Clay, and frequently also at higher levels where beds of clay intervene. When Plateau Gravel overlies the Bagshot Sands, it sometimes interferes with the free passage of the water downwards into the sands, when it is cemented together into a conglomerate INTRODUCTION. 13 or ferruginous mass kno^vn as " iron-pan," which holds up the water, in consequence of which ponds are often to be seen on the surface after much rain ; and springs are frequently thrown out at or near the junction of the Drift gravel with the underlying Bagshot sand. When beds or nodules of iron-sandstone are present in the Bagshot sands in large quantities, as they are sometimes near the base of the formation in some localities, the water would probably be more or less chalybeate in character but not necessarily unwholesome. Springs thrown out near the junction of the Lower Bagshot with the London Clay under such conditions are often of an iron-rust colour, which when flowing through peaty alluvial deposits would tend to the formation of bog-iron ore. In most districts, however, the Lower Bagshot Beds yield a very soft and pure water, provided it is not contaminated from the surface. BracJdesham Beds. (Middle Bagshot). — These beds lie con- formably on the Lower Bagshot, appear at the surface near Sunningdale railway-station, and extend westward to Finchamp- stead. They vary from about 40 to GO feet in thickness, and consist of yellow, brown, and olive-green coloured glauconitic sands in t,heir upper part ; and brown, grey, and liver-coloured clays, generally laminated, in their lower part. The sands are sometimes false bedded, and contain a few layers and beds of flint pebbles ; also iron-sandstone and nodules, lignite and other carbonaceous matter, and casts of shells. Small supplies of water, of variable character, but frequently bad, are obtained from these Bracklesham Beds, and springs are thrown out at different horizons by the clay beds. Upper Bagshot Beds. — The main mass of this upper division of sand forms the high ground, of very irregular shape, at and in the neighbourhood of Easthampstead Plain. Two outliers occur at Finchampstead, and four on Bagshot Heath within the county. The sand is of a buff colour, yellowish and whitish in places ; generally devoid of signs of stratification and bedding ; and flint pebbles seldom occur in it. It contains small concretions of iron- stone, often with casts of shells. Plateau Gravel overlies it at Easthampstead Plain and at Finchampstead Ridges. Generally only small supplies of water can be obtained from these sands, on account of their irregular physical and elevated position. Springs are thrown out at or near tneir junction with the under- lying Bracklesham Beds, where a flint pebble-bed often occurs. The water is usually very soft and of good quality. On account of the very soft character of the water from these Bagshot siliceous sands, both Upper and Lower, and from the general absence of lime in the strata, neither lead nor galvanized- iron pipes should be used, as in the one case the water would become charged with lead, and in the other with zinc, and thus either lead or zinc poisoning might be brought about from the contamination of an otherwise very pure water, 3813. p 14 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Drift Deposits. The nature of these deposits, and the supply and character of the water they contain, are indicated in the table of Geological Formations, classified under the terms Kecent and Pleistocene. The lowest-lying Valley-Gravels — which when favourably situated often contain a large quantity of water — seldom exceed 30 feet in thickness. Those at a higher level seldom exceed 20 feet, and contain a much smaller quantity of water, varying considerably according to area and local physical conditions. The thickness of the Plateau Gravels varies from a few feet to about 20, and owing to their elevated and irregular position they usually contain but a small supply of water, as so much escapes by the lips or indentations around the hill-slopes. The wells consequently being shallow are very liable to surface contamination ; they should accordingly be steined with brick- work in cement as far down as practicable or desirable, in order that the more or less polluted surface-water may percolate or filter through a considerable thickness of gravel, loamy sand, etc.; which would tend to oxidate and render innocuous any injurious organic matter taken up by the water in its passage before entering the well. But, equally or still more important is it to keep the drains, cesspools, etc., watertight, as previously mentioned,* so that the natural filtering constituents of these Drift or other deposits should be kept as clean as possible, and free from all noxious material. If these gravels, etc., are already polluted, then by paying proper attention to drainage, they would for the most part, by the frequent passage of rain-water through them, soon become clean again. In comparing these shallow wells with deep wells, or borings into a water-bearing bed situated beneath or between impermeable strata, it may be mentioned, that such surface-polluted water, " when it penetrates only to shallow wells, still retains a consider- able proportion of its polluting organic matter in an unoxidized condition ; but when it descends through 100 feet or upwards of porous soil or rock, the exhaustive filtration to which it has been subjected, in passing downwards through so great a thickness of material, and the rapid oxidation of the dissolved organic matters in a porous aerated medium, afford a considerable guarantee that all noxious constituents have been removed, even from such portions of the water as have passed perpendicularly downwards, fetill more so must this obviously be the case with the even much larger portion which reaches a Avell in a more or less horizontal direction, through far greater thicknesses of porous medium." t '^ Introduction, p. 1. t Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report. 1874. p. 89. INTRODUCTION. 15 Annual Rainfall of Berkshire. {From ''Rainfall Tables of the British Islands, 1866-1890.") Height above Period of Maximum Minimum Mean Locality of Observation. Mean Observa- Sea- Level. tion. Rainfall. Rainfall. Rainfall. Cookham - - - - 90 1866-90 30-64 19-52 25-99 Farringdon 340 1881-90 35-97 21-05 27-47 Hungerford (Denford Park) 430 1881-90 38-41 22-50 28-87 Long Wittenhani 170 1866-80 3512 16-88 28-29 Maidenliead 90 1866-80 34-83 18-49 26-94 Newbury (Greenliam) 200 1866-80 37-33 20-40 2919 Reading .... 154 1866-90 29-32 19-51 25-86 Wallingford (The Castle) - 175 1866-80 31-93 15-48 26-03 List of Geological Survey Works on Berkshire. Sheets of the Indsx Maj^. Scale four miles to one inch. 11. Western part of the county. (W. of Reading.) 12. Eastern part of the county. (E. of Reading.) Sheets of the Map. Old Series. Scale one inch to a mile. 7. South- western corner. Windsor, Maidenhead, Cookham, Wargrave, Twyford. 1861. Revised to 1872. Drift Edition 1871. By W. Whitaker and C. E. Hawkins. North-western corner. Wokingham, Easthampstead, and Sunning- hill. 18G2. Revised to 1868. By T. R. Polwhele. Drift Edition 1887. By W. Whitaker, F. J. Bennett, and C. E. Hawkins. Northern part. Hungerford, Inkpen, Kintbury, Newbury, Thatcham, Stratfield, Mortimer, Swallowfield. 18G0. By W. T. Aveline, H. W. Bristow [W. Whitaker], and R. Trench. Western and Southern part. Reading, Lambourn, Farringdon, Wantage, Abingdon, Wallingford. 1859. By W. T. Aveline, H. W. Bristow, E. Hull, H. Bauerman, and W. Whitaker. 34. Small part on Eastern side. Shrivenham. 1857. Revised to 1859. By E. Hull. 45 (S.W.). Very small part on South, near South-eastern corner. Wytham, 1859. By E. Hull. 8. 12. 13. 26 268. Sheets of the Mai). New Series. Scale one inch to a mile. All but the Western part and a narrow strip along the South-eastern Strt. Newbury, Thatcham, West Woodhay, Inkpen, Kintbury, ungerford, Lambourn, Compton. 1898. By F. J. Bennett. All South of the Thames, with the exception of a narrow strip along the Southern part of the sheet. Reading, Wokingham, Swallow- field, Stratfield, Mortimer, Aldermaston, Bucklebury, Streatley, Pangbourne. 1898. By J. H. Blake and (S.W. part by) F. J. Bennett. 283. Only a small part near North-western corner. 1898. By F. J. Bennett. 3S13. B» 16 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Sheets of the Horkonial Sections. Scale sir imches to a mile. 72. No. 2. From Lamboiii'ii Downs, Berksliirc, on tlio south. By E. Hull, 1867. 74. From Cliobham Ridges, in Surrey, through Virginia Water, Windsor, Stokos PogGS, Hedgerley, Beaconsfield, and Ellesborough to Bishops tone in Bucks. By AV. Whitaker, 1868. 81.. From White Hill, near Kingsclere, in Hampshire, to Pinsley Wood, near Handborough, in Oxfordshire. By H. W. Bp.istow and E. Hull, 1870. Memoirs, Sro. The Geology of Parts of Oxfordshire and Berkshire. (Sheet 13.) By E. Hull and W. Whitaker. 1861. The Geology of Parts of Berkshire and Hampshire. (Sheet 12). By H. W. BiiiSTOw and W. \¥iiitaker. 1862. The Gf oology of Parts of Middlesex, Hertfordsliire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, and Surrey. (Sheet 7.) ]>y W. Whitaker. 1864. (Included in the Geology of London, etc.) The Geology of the London Basin. Part I. The Chalk and the Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western Tracts. By Vf . Whitaker. (Part by H. W. Bristow.) 1872. The Geology of London and of Part of the Thames Valley. By W. Whitaker. Vol. L Descriptive Geology. 1889. Vol IL Appendices. Well sections, borings, &c. 1889. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. V. The Middle and LTpper Oolitic Rocks of England (Yorkshire excepted). By H. B. Woodward. 1895. Soils and Subsoils from a Sanitary point of view. By IL B. Woodward. 1897. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. Vol. I. The Gault and Upper Greensand of England. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. 1900. Vol. II. The Chalk of England. (In preparation.) The Geology of the Country around Reading. By J. H. Blake. (In preimration.) n WELL SECTIONS W BERKSHIRE. [Words, &c., in square brackets, have been added by Mr. W. Whitaker or myself.] Abingdon. Rev. J. 0. Clutterbuck, Joiirn. R. Agric. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i., p. 281. The water was slightly impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen and iron-salt. Kimeridge Clayj f^^^. Coralhan Beds J Aldermaston. 1. Aldermaston Wh\.rf. The Brewery. 1849 and 1868. {^ee p. 106.) Communicated by Mr. J. T. Strange. Level of ground about 180 feet above Ordnance Dtaum. The water rises to a height of 15 feet above the surface and is very pure. Temperature of ^\ater, 53 degrees, has never altered. Bored in July 1849, re-bored entirely in 1868, and again in 1894 by Mr. Edw.vrd Margrett. ^^n ^y 1 « Surface soi , kc. Gravel,ctc., (.^avel &c - 34 feet.] J ^^avei, ttoc. [Basement- \ bedofLon- I Sand and shells, with clay-stone don Clay, | [septaria] at 40 feet 16 feet.] J Blue clay and clouded [mottled] at 40 feet - - - - * - [Reading J Sand and a spring, with a thin bed Beds, ( of " sulphur ore ' (sulphide of iron) 73 feet.] at 105 feet - . - - Blue clay and sand - - - - V Sand and [tiint] pebbles - Depth. f^ffik.] }«^^"^ Feet. 4 34 50 100 115 118 123 149 1^ WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 2. Mr. C. E. Keyser's. 1896. Bored and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Shaft 10 feet, the rest bored, and tubed 33 feet into the Chalk. Water rose to 6 feet above the surface. Thickness. Depth. Feet, Feet. Made ground - - 4 4 ■^s^rE : ; ; ; ; 6 3 23 10 13 36 'Blue clay with clay-stone [sep- [LondonClay, ^^M^^ and shells, then clay 78 feet is ^^*^ pyrites and water, •J I followed by loamy and sandy ^ clay with clay-stone [septaria] 78 114 Mottled red, blue, grey, yellow [ReadingBeds, and green clay, then sand, 70 feet.] 1 and sandy clay with shells I at base - . . . 70 184 [Upper \Soft chalk, then chalk with Chalk] / flints 79 263 Aldworth. 1. The Village Well. Made and communicated by Mr. John Higgs, of Basildon. Water-level 42 feet from bottom. Mould and stones - - - - - 6' Chalk [with flints in upper part] - - 364^ 370 feet. 2. Bower Farm. Made and communicated by Mr. J Higgs. Clay-with-flints Chalk [with flints in upper part] 335/ 346 feet. 3. Buerhold Hill Farm. Made and communicated by Mr. J. Higgs. Water-level 10 feet from bottom. Gravel ------- 14' Chalk-with-flints ----- 126^ 140 feet. 4. Mapleton's Farm. Made and communicated by Mr. J. Higgs. Water level 5^ feet from bottom. ' . - ^^3|l52feet. Clay-with-flints Chalk- w ith-flints F. J. B. ARBORFIELD — ASCOT. 19 Arborfleld. The Mole. Messrs. H. & G. Simonds, 1896. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Water-level 25 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. [London Clay, , 180 ft.] [Reading Beds] Soil ..... /Yellow clay and loam Blue clay ... - Black loam - - Imoc^ T Black and green sand 11-^^^^; Sand, stone, and peb- f ^^^^^ ' Yellow sand - - - - Feet. 2 17 157 1 10 2 6 Feet. 2 19 176 177 187 ^ 189 196 Ascot. 1. Race Course. About 250 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Baker c3 © vatic dab in f ^ eg 07^^ r^-^ ^ "^ ^ 3 ^^-£ < O ^ O 0! ^ O o ^ a o ^ u (^ C ce K 4^ f—* App surfi Ord Dist of g P. 1 8. Well at Ascot Wood House (new well) 273 49 10 3 2 52 9. Well at new cottage opposite Dunham's, Racecourse Lane - 272 29 2 6 31 6 10. Well at Dunham's, Racecourse Lane - - - - 270 25 3 28 11. Well at Hermitage (old well) - 270 33 2 2 10 36 12. AVell at Post Office, Ascot (Long- hurst's) ----- 270 28 5 6 3 34 8 13. Well at The Hermitage (new well) 273 43 2 6 45 6 14. Well at Ashby's, New Mile Lane 265 27 14 41 15. Well at Holmes', New Mile Lane 262 28 9 3 37 3 16. Well at Cowies', New Mile Lane 260 27 2 8 10 36 17. Well at The Wilderness (superfi- cial well) - - . - 260 6 6 12 18. Well at Sunninghill House School, Ascot (house-well) 260 38 7 4 1 42 8 19. Well at Sunninghill House School, Ascot (garden-well) - 225 17 6 7 6 25 20. Well at Mr. W. Critcher's, Keep's Corner 230 3 6 9 12 6 21. Well at King's (between last and r>rick-Kiln Farm) - - - 240 16 5 21 22. Well at Brick-Kiln Farm. (See p. 106) ----- 240 16 6 6 22 6 Ashampstead. 1 to 7. Communicated by Mr. John Higgs to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 1. The Village Well. 473 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level Sj feet from bottom. Clay-with-flints - - - - - Upper Chalk - - - - - 2. Alburys Farm. 438 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level Clay-with-flints 6 226 1 232 feet. feet from bottom. "^217 feet. Upper Chalk - - - - - - 209 3. Childs' Court Farm. 330 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 13 feet from bottom. Clay-with-flints - - - l^lco ^^^4. Upper Chalk ------ 54 r^ *^^*' 22 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 4. HartHidge Farm. 429 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 8 feet from bottom Loam and Hints [Clay with flints] - - 8) ^-.^ . . Upper Chalk - - - - - - 212)220 f^et 5. Keeper's House on the Common. Clay and gravel [Clay with flints] - - 19\i kq ^ + Upper Chalk ------ i34|i''5d teet. 6. Blacksmith's on the Common. Gravel ------- 17)i.. r . Upper Chalk ------ 1 33 1 155 feet. /7. Palmer's Cottages. Water-level 3 feet from bottom. Clay-with-flints - - - - Sl-.^^^ <■ Upper Chalk - - - - - _ 128 J 1^6 feet. Basildon. 1. Bland y's Farm. 1 to 22. Communicated by Mr. J. Higgs to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 400 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 4i feet from bottom. Gravel and clay [Clay-with-flints] - - 15\j,j.^ ^^ . Upper Chalk [Chalklwith-flints] - - 208/'^^'^ ^®®^' 2. Hook End Farm. 300 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 6 feet from bottom. Clay and flints [Clay-with-flints] - - 8\,o«r , [Upper Chalk] chalk and flints - - - 128/^'^^ ^®®^' 3. Hook End Lane Farm. 290 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 3 feet from bottom. Mould and stones [valley gravel] - - 22) oj^ f^pf Chalk-with-flints - - - - - 12/'^^ ^®^^- 4. Tomb Farm. 298 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 3| feet from bottom. Mould and stones [valley gravel] - - l'^ 1 101 feet Chalk-with-flints [rock near bottom] - - 87/ 5. Home Farm. Water-level 8 feet from bottom. Clay and flints - ----- 7\,»,^-. . Chalk ------- 169r^^*^®^- 6. Park Farm. Water-level 4 feet from bottom. Loa„,and_flints - - - - _^U|,3f,,, BASILDON. 23 7. Basildon Hoxtse. Water 7 feet from bottom. Gravel - - - - - - ^^\l47 feet Chalk ------- ISOr-*^'^^'- 8. The Stables of Basildon House. Water 5 feet from bottom. Soil, " Mould and stones " - - - lOK^ ^^^^ Chalk ------- 60/ 9. HiGGS Cottage. Water 3 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - 32\p.n i« , Chalk ------- 20r^^^®^- 10. Ivy Cottage. Water 5^ feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - ^^\^q feet Chalk ------- 24/ 11. Stone House. Water 5 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - ^^X^^ feet Chalk 24/ 12. The School. Water G feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - l^Xgs feet Chalk ------- 48/ 13. Alburys Cottage. Water 3 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - 29)^2 feet Chalk ------- 23/ 14. Buckets Well. Water 3 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - 1^\48 feet Chalk - - 31/ 15. Robinson's House. Water 4 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - 20\p.^^ ^^^^ Chalk - - 33/" 16. St. Bartholomew's Church or Basildon Farm, Yard well, and Rectory. These three wells are sunk through valley gravel, and vary in depth from 11 to 13 feet, with 2l to 3^ feet of water from bottom. 24 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 17. White House. Water 4 feet from b(.)ttom. Brown loam and stones - - - - Chalk l^jeo feet. 18. Windebank's Cottage. Water 3j feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - IB^I^-f, f^. Chalk ------- 38r^^^^*- 19. Bakbers Cottage. Water 3 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - lllr»7f4- Chalk ------- 4GJ^7feet. 20. Ceown Inn. Water 4 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - 201 .- ^ , Chalk ------- 35) ^« feet. 21. Bossom's Cottage. Water 5 feet from bottom. Brown loam and stones - - - - 6 1 ^-^ 1 r i. Chalk ------- Q^]^^ioet. 22. The Grotto. Water 2| feet from bottom. Soil, &c. - 6 1 oTi r . Chalk ------- I6^|22ifeet. Basildon (Upper). 1. House Barn. 1888. 1 to 7. Communicated by Mr. J. Higgs to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 399 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water level 9 feet from bottom. 240 feet. Clay-with-flints - - - - - - 14) Chalk [Upper] ------ 226) 2. Near Independent Chapel. 1888. Water level 4 feet from bottom. Loam and flints [Clay-with-flints] - - 15) ,..-,, n . Chalk [Upper] - - - - - . ^.lej^'^l f^^*' 3. Kiln Farm. 1888. 430 feet above Ordnance Datum. Vv^ater-levei 7 feet from bottom. [Reading Beds] sand and clay - - - 281 ^^, r^. Chalk [Upper] - - - - - - 233 j^Sl teet. BASILDOX — BEARWOOD. 25 4. Knoll Farm, near Honwood Copse. 1888. Water level 4^ feet from bottom. Clay and gravei [Clay-with-fiints] Chalk [Upper] - - - - 16 246 1 262 feet. 5, ''Ked Lion" Inn. 1888. 370 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water level 10 feet from bottom. Clav and flints [Clay-witli-f.ints] - - 10\.^^,-, f^^. Chalk [Upper] - - -. - - .192/-^-^^®^- 6. The School. 1888. 460 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water level 10 feet from bottom. [Reading bed;s] sand and clay Chalk [Upper] - 7. WooDGREEN Farm. 1888. . 400 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water level 3| feet from bottom. Loam and flints [Clay-with-flints] - - 15 Chalk [Upper] - - - - - 218 }-^ 233 feet. Bearwood. Communicated by Messrs. Easton & Amos (Memoirs, vol. iv. p. 423.). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. ? Soil, &c. 8 8 [London r London clay . - - - [[P,.seme„t-bed?]{|-f,f-^: 252 260 Clay, 256 - feet.] 3 1 263 264 "Brown clay - - - _ Light sand . . - - 11 275 10 285 Brown mottled clay - 5 290 Dark sand - - - - 4 294 Brown sand - . . - 1 295 Dark hard clay Red mottled clay 5 300 1 301 [Woolwich Dark sand . - _ - 3 304 and Reading Red mottled sand - 1 305 Beds, 86 Dark red sand - - - - 3 308 feet !] Light clay or marl - 1 309 Red mottled clay 2 311 Light sand _ . - _ 1 312 Bluish sand - - . - 3 315 Dark black sand 4 319 Dark green sand 15 334 Dark brown sand 4 338 sDark sand - . . _ 12 350 Chalk and tl ints ------ 15 365 [According to letters from Mr. J. Walter, the original well (a failure) had a shaft of 150 feet, and a bore-hole of 400 feet deep, the Chalk being pierced to a depth of 200 feet ; many oyster-shells and green-coated flints were found.] WW. 26 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Beedon. At Parsonage. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Church, of Chieveley. 4 feet of water. Clay ------- Chalk 226 i] 231 feet. F. J.B. Beedon Hill. Near iiiLN. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Church. [Reading Beds] sand and clay - - - 15loiAf^^4- Chalk [Upper]- - - - - - 295/^1^ ^^^*- F. J .B. Beenham. 1. Well west of Beenham Farm, to supply cottages, 13 feet deep through valley gravel. Surface of ground 195 feet above Ordnance Datum. I was informed on the spot, that although there were only 2 feet of water at the bottom of the well in summer, it rises in winter to within 3 feet of the top. 2. There is a well situated 230 yards S.S.W. of the above, on the north side of the road ; it is 13 feet deep through valley gravel, and pebbles were found at the bottom, which latter is probably in the basement-bed of the London Clay. 3. Another well occurs at Field Barn, about three-quarters of a mile N.E. of Beenham Farm. It was 16 feet in depth in 1891 and contained 4 feet of water, but has since been deepened 5 feet. The upper part was sunk through valley gravel, a good section of which was exposed in the ditch alongside the road N. of Field Barn. 4. Near "Bell" Inn. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper. [London Cla,0{«fX?^y^„d.Ml. I It^^^^^- 5. Another Well near the Above. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper. [London Clay.]{if-"i7,„,,,,i,, 1 ,^} 36 feet. 6. The Old Kiln. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper. Gravel - - - - 2^ rr J /-(I T (Brown clay - - - 2o!-38feet. [London Clay.]|j3^^j^ ^j^y^^^^^ ^^^^ _ ^ J 4 to 6. F. J. B. BOURTOX — BRACKNELL. 27 Bourton. The Village. 1899. Communicated l)y Mn. George Winship, Engineer and Surveyor to the Corporation of Abingdon, etc. Thickness. Depth. [Kimeridge] Clay ----- iliock and clay in layers Sand and clay, almost like an ad- mixture, and no water - - ■ Rock from which water rises and brings up sand Feet. 203 211 239 265 Bracknell. Hawthorne Hill. 18S0. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Thomas Tilley & Sons. Water-level 80 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Old well -------- 40 40 [Blue Clay - - - . 97 137 (London ClayJ^ (^. ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ . shells - - -j bed.] 2 139 1 8 140 8 / Coloured clay [mottled] - Sandy clay - - . . 2 4 143 145 Coloured clay [mottled] - Brown sandy clay - - 7 152 3 155 Green sandy clay - Brown sandy clay - - - 3 158 2 IGO Stone - - - - - 2 1G2 Coloured clay [mottled] - 8 170 [Reading Beds. Stone - - - - _ G 170 6 78 feet] ^ Coloured clay [mottled] - Brown sandy clay - 12 C) 183 2 185 Brown sand - - 1 186 Coloured clays [mottled] - 23 209 Brown sand . - - - 1 210 Green clay- - A 5 215 Green sand and oyster [Bottom- shells - - - bed] 1 2i6 , Light sand 2 218 [Upper] Chalk 227 445 28 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Bradfield. 1. Bottom House Farm. 1 to 15. Communicated by Mr. John Higgs to Mr. F. J. Bennett. Water-level 4 feet from bottom. Mould and stones [valley gravel] - - 7\.5w feet. 26. New Inn, quarter of a mile S. of Bradfield Hall. Sunk and communicated by Mr. J. Higgs. Water-level 5 feet from bottom. Gravel ------ [London Clay and Reading Beds] clay >!} 89 feet. F. J. B. 27 Junior School (Bradfield College). 1898. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Tubed 85 feet v/itli 5-inch tube. Water-level 85 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Soil [ReadingBeds,/Sand and loam 75| feet] (Mottled clay - - - - [ U pper] Chalk and flints Feet. 2i 4l 71 122|- Feet. 2* 7 78 200i BRADFIELD — BRIGHTWELL. 31 28. Bradfield College. 189£. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Call as, Sons, & May. Tubed 60 feet with 6-inch tube, then 135 feet with 5-inch tube. Water-level 127^ feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Feet, Feet. Soil Mould and gravel 2 2 [Plateau] Gravel ----- 10 12 rr J r-(i f Black clay - - - . •- xn ?'' . 1 ^'1 Black sand and shells and water 50 feet.] (pebble-bed [flints] - 28 20 40 60 2 62 [Mottled clay - - - - 35 97 [Reading J Mottled sand and water - Beds, 68 feet.] 1 Dark-blue clay 28 125 4 129 1 Pebbles ----- 1 130 Chalk and flints 70 200 29. New House. Miss Connop's. 1899. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Call as, Sons, 1, , n/Loam - - - - 14 h25 feet. [Lower Bagshot]|g^j,^ ^nd grit - - . ej 2. Bucklebury Common Q mile north of the " Three Crowns " Inn, and near the Methodist Chapel.) [Lower Bagshot] {j/frk day''' ""^"^^ - - 20}^^ ^^et. 3. New Cemetery. [Plateau Gravel] Gravel - - - - 4] [Lower Bag8hot]{|^;;^yl°*"' ; : ; 12J20 feet. 4. Sadgrove Farm. [London clay] {^^k^'j-^-l^^ I I JOjeo feet. 5. "Blade Bone" Inn, Chapel Row. [Lower Bagshot (?)^ ^ and I Brown clay - - - 20\« . . . London Clay] .J Dark clay and rock - u/'^* ^^et. BUCKLEBURY. 33 6. Well Q mile N. of the " Blade Bone"). [Lower Bagshot (?) T Stiff brown clay - - 20"! and ^ Hard dark clay - - 12 ^35 feet. [London Clay] - [Bed of black sand - 3 J 7. Another Well (near the above). rStiff brown clay - - 20] [London Clay] J Hard dark clay and rock l«w_. \ with pearly shells and j'*^ ^®®'^' { oyster shells - - - 11 J 8. New Cottages in Briefs Lane (one mile N. of Winchcombe Farm). [Reading Beds.] Clay and gi-avel - - 25K^ . , Chalk [Upper] ------ 4) 29 feet. 9. Foundry. Hard brown clay ------ 25 feet. 10. HoPGooD Farm. [Lower Bagshot.] Loam 35 feet. 11. Hillyard Farm. Dug and communicated by Mr. Samuel Joyce. Water-level 16 feet from surface. Water has very unpleasant odour and is not fit for drinking purposes. Depth. Soil Mottled clay - - - . Layer of i)ebbles Greenish sand and small shells Blue clay (reached). 12. At Common Hill. Dug and communicated by Mr. Samuel Joyce. Thickness. Depth. [Plateau] [Lower Bagshot] Gravel j-Sand, etc. - . . . n 1 r^^ n (Blue clay, with rock-stone [sep- [London Clay]| ^^^^ .J'^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 35 f J^ * . Feet. 6 28 10 Feet. 6 34 50 34 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Burghfield. 1. The Hollies. 1896. Bored and coir municated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Water-level 154 feet from the surface. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Soil - 3 3 Drift - - Gravel 2 5 [Lond- i'leif^'^'^"^" : : 28 162 28 190 Clay 195 < ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^j^^^^ j-g.^^^. ^^^^•] I inent-bedl - - - - 10 200 [Reading / Very fine sand Beds, 11 feet.] \ Yellow sand - - - - 9 209 2 211 2. King's Hill, seven-eighths of a mile N.W. of the Church. 1898. About 207 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bored by Mr. Alfred Callas, of Reading, details communicated by Mr. H. G. WiLLiNK and Mr. Callas. Water rose to within 62 feet of the surface. Thickness. Depth. Feet. .-Feet. 'Clay [Septaria at 35 feet and [London Clay, g^^^J. ^^;^^ ^^^^ ^{^^^^^ '^^^.^^{^ ri leei.j | pebble-bed at 72) [Basement- 61 61 11 72 ^ Brown sand - - - - 8 80 Grey clay streaked with red - 10 90 Green do. do. 4 94 Red streaky mottled clay 3 97 Light brown and grey mottled clay ----- 2 99 Dark stiff grey clay - 3 102 Red mottled clay - 2 104 Mottled grey and yellow sandy — ^ clay 10 114 i ixeaamg / Beds, 76 feet.] ^ Mottled clay - - - - Crumbly light grey sandy clay 5 9 119 128 Crumbly blue do. do. 2 130 Solid blue clay 1 131 Mottled clay and sand - 4 135 Bluish-green sand - 1 136 Grey clay and sand 3 139 Grey sand - . - . 2 141 S^nlytlyandsandltY'r- I with shells at 145 J ^^^J 3 144 4 148 [Upper Chalk]- Chalk 20 168 BURGHFIELD. 35 3. The Poplars. Mr. Ernest Chance. 1898. 300 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water rose to within 150 feet of the surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. [Plateau ] Gravel, etc., 5 feet.] Loam "Red clay and gravel 1 3 6 G 1 6 5 ' Red clay - - 12 6 17 6 Blue clay - .') 22 6 [London Clay, Septarium - 6 23 205 feet.] \ Blue clay - 78 101 Clay and i)ebbles - 6 101 6 Sandy clay (shells at 194 feet)- 108 6 210 1 Mottled clay - - 2 212 Blue clay and grey sand - 2 214 Mottled clay and grey sand - 34 248 [Reading Mottled clay - - 11 259 Beds, 70 feet.] ^ Grey sand and mottled clay - i 6 266 6 Mottled clay - - i G 274 Green sand, clay and shells . [Bottom Bed] - - 6 280 [Upper Chalk.] Chalk-with-flints - - 94 374 No appreciable supply of water stated to have been reached until the last 24 feet. The shells met with at 194 feet probably occur in the u])per part of the Basement-bed of the London Clay, — the Basement-bed being probably from 10 to 14 feet thick. J. H. B. 4. HosEHiLL Farm. Boring made by Mr. Edward Margrett (of Reading). Information obtained on the spot. Water-level (in 6-inch iron tubes), 6 feet 3 inches below surface. • Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 'Soil - . . . . 2^ 21 Brown loam clay with a few Drift, 11 feet - flints ----- Coarse subangular brown flint- 4^ 7 gravel 4 11 ( Mottled blue, green, and brown loamy sand - - - - 10 21 Ash-coloured sand - 34 55 Do. do. with some [Reading Beds, small hard marly pebbles 504- feet.] and irregular-shaped small flints ----- 4 59 Greenish sandy clay with blackish irregular - shaped V pebbly flints, mostly small - 2| 6U Chalk - - [Touched.] 36 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 5. Farm north of the above. Boring made and communicated by Mr. E. Margrett. Drift, 13 feet - Gravel - ' Mottled clay - - Blue clay . Coarse grey sand - [Touched.] Reading Beds, 39 feet.] Chalk Thickness, Ftet. 13 21 14 4 Depth. Feet. 13 34 48 52 Burntiiill. 1. BuRNTHiLL Common. Dr. Breach's. Sunk and communicated by Mr. John Higgs. 501 [Reading Beds] Sand and Clay [Upper Chalk] Chalk-with-flints 134) 184 feet 2. One mile E. of Burnt Hill Common. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper, of Bucklebury. Depth. 'Yellow clay - [Reading Beds]- Sand .Green sand [Upper Chalk] Chalk - Feet. 10 40 43 193 3. Stroud's Farm, E. of Burnt Hill. Sunk and communicated by Mr. J. Higgs. Water-level "Gi feet from bottom. Clay, with flints [Upper Chalk] Chalk with flints F. J. B. 13^}l46 feet. CHALLOW — CHIEVELEY. 37 ChaUow (East). Challow Marsh Farm (nearly | mile S. of the Railway). 1896. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level 21| feet down. Yield 450 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Soil - [Gault, 31 feet] [Kimeridge Clay, 195| feet.] Ft. in. 2 J Blue Clay (Sand 30 1 [Corallian, 23^ feet.] Stone Clay and Stone - . - Clay Sand and Shells Clay and Shells, with rock at 203 to 204 - - - Sandy clay and shells Sandstone - . - - Sandy clay Rock Sandy clay, 3 inches of rock at 6 26 6 Sand ... Rock (some in thin bands) Sandy clay, with 6 inches rock at the base - 44 6 116 of 6 1 5 3 9 12 6 2 6 Ft. in. 2 32 33 33 6 60 104 110 226 228 6 232 233 234 236 3 237 249 6 252 W. W. Chieveley. 1. Near Mr. Piggot's. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Church, of Chieveley. Water-level varies from 4 to 16 feet from bottom. Reading Beds] clay 1^1 ma i-^^*. Chalk (thin hard bed at 60 feet) - - gifio^^e®^- 2. At Schools. 2 wells. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Church. No. 1. Clay .----- 20\,^^ , , Chalk ^^]\OQi^ei. No. 2. Clay - 10\,^. . , Chalk - 95r^^^®®*- 1. j » ~ \ )) )) » " " " 3 73 13 86 5 91 4 95 5 100 13 113 (1.) Water 54° (3.) Water 53° (2.) Bottom of town wells* (4.) Water SS'' rARINGDOX — FARLEY HILL. 43 Another Well. 1871. Communicated by Messrs. S. F. Baker «fe Sons, De Ranee, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1879, p. 113. Shaft; upper portion 5^ feet in diameter, and lower portion 4^ feet. About 70 gallons per minute. Depth. Clay, with sand and limestone - - ^ Clay, very sandy Blue and grey clay and calcareous grit Fine sand ------ Grey sand and clay, with water Feet. lOi 69i 114 2. One mile S. of Faringdon. For the Waterworks. Communicated by :SIr. Geo. Winship, C E., to Mr. C. E. Hawkins. 1898. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. f Sponge gravel - - - - 25 25 Lower Green- Rock ----- 2 27 sand Sand ----- 4 31 Rock ----- 5 36 [Kimeridge Clay] Clay- ----- 3 39 ["Blue hard rock 3 6 42 6 Coral Rag Rubble rock - - j Sandstone rock [Oolitic Free- l stone]. 3 9 45 6 54 6 Lower Cal- " Sandy Deposit " or " Dead 34 88 6 careous Grit Sand." Shaft 50 ft. 6 in., then a 4-inch bore which yielded very little water. The water conies mostly from the Greensand and the Coral Rag. The yield has not been ascertained, C. E. H. Farley Hill. The Poplars. 1900. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons, & May. Depth. Soil Mould - . . - [Plateau] Gravel . . . . rSand and loam [Lower Bagshot I Sand with a little water Beds, 32| feet] " j Grey clay - - ISand and loam with water London Clay (touched). - - - - H 3} 6 27 28 36 44 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Frilford. Mr. Aubertin's. Made and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Shaft 17 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 23 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Made earth 2 2 Rock ----- 4 6 Sand ----- 4 10 Rock ----- 2 12 [Lower CoralUan] \ Sand ----- 20 32 Rock ----- Alternate layers of rock and 6 38 sand ----- 12 50 Rock H 52i 54j lSand(?) - - - - - 2 Frilsham. Frilsham House. Made and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Water-level 121 feet below surface. Dug- well 5 feet in diameter to 120 feet, lined with brick-steining to a depth of 20 feet from the surface, half the depth being in 9-inch, and the remainder in 4^-incli brick- work. At bottom of well, 12-inch bore-hole to a depth of 80 feet. [Upper] Chalk 200 feet. Goosey. 1. Abbey Farm (9 chains N.KE. of church). 1897. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level 16 feet down. Yield, 480 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Soil [Kimeridge fClay and shells Clay, lOlJjClay . - - . . feet]- -tSandy clay and sh'li. [Corallian, /Rock - . - . 8 feet] -\Sand Feet 75^ 18 8 Feet 77 95 103 106i 111 w. w. GOOSEY. 45 2. Blackacres Farm, North-eastward of the village. 1896. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level 3 feet down. Yield 350 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Soil - Feet. 5 Ftet. 5 [Kimeridge Clay] - r Brown and blue clay and small < pieces of rock ' I Blue clay, with few shells 15 30| 20 50| [Corallian] - Rock and sand - - - - 6i 57 w. w. 3. Church Farm (5 chains N.E. of church). 1895. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level 19 feet down. Yield 400 gallons an hour. Depth. Soil [Kimeridge Clay, 106i feet] - [Corallian 82 feet] [Oxfordian, 112 feet] 3813. Hard blue and brown clay Black shaly clay Rock (? septarian) - Hard black shaly clay ( Hard black shaly clay and shells Hard black shaly clay, 7 inches of rock at base - - - Shaly clay and shells ^Hard black clay ^Hard sandstone and shells Blowing sand - - - - Grey sandstone ... Sand ( Grey sandstone ... Sandstone and clay - Shell rock . . . _ Sandstone _ . _ . ,Sand and thin bands of clay - rBlue clay with a little sand J Blue clay - - - tSandy blue shaly clay Ft in. 4 6 8 6 48 49 58 67 80 7 87 111 114 119 7 122 1 124 1 138 156 156 10 159 1 193 196 283 305 W.W. 46 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 4. Goosey House (22 chains N. of church). 1896. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level 8f feet down. Yield 700 gallons an hour. Thickness. Deptl Feet. Feet 5 5 45 50 5 55 22 77 3 80 1 81 2 83 2 85 1 86 [Kimeridge Clay, 77 feet] - [Corallian Clay, 9 feet] - relay - J Clay and shells j Clay, with 6 inches of rock at top [Blue clay and shells r Sandy clay and rock Rock, wdth shells (Sand - - - . ■Rock . - - - - Sand - - - - W. W. 5. Pound Farm (18 chains N.E. of church). 1896. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Thickness. Depth. Ft, in. Ft. in. Soil - - 9 9 rStone 1 10 [Kimeridge Clay, 84 ( feet] - -1 Clay, with 5 inches of stone at base Clay Clay and shells, with a little 55 5 7 5 65 7 71 \ sand 22 93 [ 18 feet.] ^ Rock Rock and sand 1 1 8 6 84 4 85 10 Hard rock . - . _ 2 87 10 Sand 6 88 4 Rock 1 7 89 11 Sank 10 90 9 iRock 3 3 94 GOOSEY — GRAZELEY. 47 7. Yewtree Farm. 1897. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level 13| feet down. Yield 600 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Dry well - [?01d] ( Clay and shells, with 6 inches of — 13 [Kimeridge <, stone at base - - - Pkv QU Sandy clay - - - - fietl'- - Shaly clay and shells ■• ' ' Clay and shells, with stone at 16i 20 3 23 t 74to74ifeet 8U 104i Corallian, /Stone 9^ feet] -\ Coarse sand - - . - 3i 108 6 114 w. w. Grazeley. 1. Jubilee Cottages. Mr. Bromley's. 1888. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Callas. Shaft 45 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to within 10 feet of surface. Thickness. Depth. Soil [London f ^^l^e clay - - - - Clay.] "j Black, white, and red sand I [Basement-bed.] - Feet. 3 80 The lowest sand probably Reading Beds. 2. Grazeley Court. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Edward Maegrett. Shaft, about 20 feet iron cylinders, the rest bored. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 2 2 Drift - -Gravel 4 6 f Blue clay - . . . [London Loamy clay, with shells - Clay, 45 feet - Rock 8 in.] Loamy clay - - - - I Rock ... - - 36 42 4 46 2 46 2 5 51 2 6 51 8 [Reading f Mottled clay - - - - Beds, 47 fect.]\ Sand ----- 32 83 8 15 98 8 3813. D 2 48 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 3. DiDDENHAM FaRM. 1893. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Tubed 80 feet with 4-inch tube. Water rose to within 16 feet of the surface. [London Clay] Blue clay [water found at 77 feet, probably in basement-bed] [Reading Beds] Sand - 90 10 100 feet. 4. The Vicarage. 1899. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons, & May. Tubed 55 feet with 4-inch tube. Water rose to within 7 J feet of the surface. Thickness. Depth. [London Clay] Blue clay- - - - - '^ Bedf ?]^ JBriglit red coarse sand - Feet 53 5 Feet 17 70 75 Grovelands. 1. Messrs. Colliers' Kiln. Made and communicated by Mr. S. Joyce. Diameter of well, 5 feet. Water 17 feet from bottom. Depth. [Reading Beds.] Chalk - rSand ... - \ Grey and red clay (mottled) t Green sand and flints 2. At Brickyard, situated about three-eighths of a mile S.W. of the Reading Brigade Depot. Information obtained on the spot from the Manager. Thickness. Depth. Feet Feet { Loam and clay, of a bluish-grey colour and mottled in places with red - - - - 30 30 White sand - - - - 25 55 xy^A„ 1*^ N Brown sand, of a sharp nature 3 58 Greyish blue clay (locally called^ fuller's earth) - - - 1 Greenish sand - - - i 32 90 •s Oyster-bed and flints - -J Chalk (touched) — — GBOVELANDS — HAMPSTEAD NORRIS. 49 3. At the site of the church, situated about 100 yards westward of the Barracks or Reading Brigade Depot, and 180 yards south of the Royal Albion Hotel. From information on the spot at the time of the sinking of the well. Valley Loam. Chalk. Brown stony loam, to chalk In chalk, to water ^q} 35 feet. Hagbourne. The Gkange. Major Pilcher's. Bored and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Shaft 7 feet in depth and 5 feet in diameter. Water-level 10| feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. ^Hard rubble - - - - 6 3 6 3 Sandstone rock . - . 1 9 8 Loam and a little red sand 8 6 16 6 Sandy and marly beds with [Upper Green- ^ sand, 54 feet.] nodules . - - - Solid sandstone rock 9 2 9 25 6 28 3 Marly, with nodules and sand- stone rock - - - - 4 3 32 6 Marly, with nodules 10 3 42 9 Solid sandstone rock and loamy \ sand 11 3 54 [Gault] Clay - - - - 8 62 Hampstead Norris. 1. Hotel. No. 2. Manor House. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Church, of Chieveley. ^°-"8lri[k ::::::: .>''■ F. J. B. 3 to 8. Communicated by Mr. J. Higgs, of Basildon, to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 3. Beech Farm. Clay, with flints - - - - " l^l^f., r. Chalk - . . - 249/2^^ ^*- 4. BuTTONSHOW Farm. Water-level 3 feet from bottom. Clay, with flints "^Xqrv ft Chalk [Upper] 260/^^^ "• Haw Farm. Watei 9 feet from bottom. Clay, with flints ^\248 ft Chalk [Upper] 243 ^^^ "' 60 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 6. PiBWOETH Farm. Water-level 31 feet from bottom. g^eading Bed.] Clay - ; ; - '_ .^^^m i. 7. WooDROw's Farm. Water-level 2 feet from bottom. [Reading Beds] Loam and clay - - - 16X340 ft Chalk - - - 324/ 8. Wyld Court Farm. Water-level 8 feet from bottom. Clay with flints ------ ^^^| 185 ft. Chalk - - 179j Hungerford. 1 to 6. Sunk by Mr. Smith, of Hungerford, and communicated to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 1. Union. 2. Close to Union. No. 1. Chalk, with flints, to very hard chalk andlg^ r . water J 3iJ No. 2. Soil Soft chalk, with flints - - - 88 1-98^ feet. Hard chalk - - - - 3. Police Station. Water-level 3t feet down. Soft chalk, with flints 56 feet. 4. Backiday. Chalk, with flints - ----- 55| f Chalk rock 5J 5. Brewery. Soft chalk, with flints 30 feet. 6. Church Street. Water-level 3^ feet from bottom. Soil 7n Soft chalk, with flints - - - - - 23 Hard chalk 4 )46 leet. Soft chalk, with flints - - - - - 8 [ Hard chalk - - - - - - -4) 7. Eddington House. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co., of London. Yield 340 gallons per hour. Dug-well - - 132\2.2. . Bored in chalk 100/^^^ *®®^- HURLEY — HURST. 51 Hurley. Lady Place. 1897. Two borings made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. 1. Water-level 6 feet down. Yield 2,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Hiver Drift -{«-^^,-„,: J f Hard chalk and flints Chalk - - \ Putty chalk - (Hard chalk - - . - Feet 16 6 91 41 Feet 16 22 31f 56 97 2. Water-level 9^ feet down. Yield 2,000 gallons an hour. Gravel 25 63 [River Drift]. Chalk - -88 feet. W. W Hurst. 1. Mr. Grose's. 1895. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Water rises to within 11 feet of the surface. Thickness. Depth. Feet Feet Soil 3 3 ("Yellow sand, with water - 5 8 Mottled clay - 12 20 [Reading Beds J Grey sand and mottled clay, with water. 25 45 75 feet] Mottled clay - 19 64 Green sand - . - - 8 72 Black clay and loam 6 78 Rock [query indurated chalk] - 2 80 [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints - 20^ 100^ 2. Castle Inn. Messrs. H. & G. Simmonds. 1894. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas Water rose to within 32 feet of the surface. Depth. Soil - - - - Drift. Shingly gravel - [London Clay (Loam and sand 18 feet.] \ Green sand and shells rMottled clay [ReadingBedsJ Mottled sand and loam 68 feet.] 1 Mottled sand - (.Blue loam - Chalk 52 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Inkpen. KiEBY House. 1899. Communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons & May. Notes in square brackets from specimens supplied to me (J. H. B.), and from examination of the material at the spot. Shaft 11 feet, the rest bored. Dip of strata 26 degrees North Water-level 225 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. [BagshotBeds 90 feet.] Soil, &c. Sandy loam [mottled many colours, and containing iron- sandstone nodule]. Sandstone [brown colour and very hard]. Sandy loam colours]. [mottled many [London Olay 52 feet.] Bed of pebbles mixed with sandy loam. Mottled clay and loam Mottled loam and more sandy - Dark blue clay [stiff] Bed of pebbles, dark blue, mixed with clay. Sand and loam (with water) [coarse loose yellow sand with thin bands of pale grey clay , ("pipe-clay")]. Mottled clay - - . . London clay [stiff dark blue, but weathering light grey, with septarian nodules con- taining shells]. Clay-stone [large septarian no- dules, dark grey colour]. London clay [dark blue, weather- ing light grey, with blackish sand at base.] Yellow clay, with small stones in it like gravel [probably part of basement-bed, with the overlying blackish sand] 21 Feet. Feet, 2 2 15 17 2 19 10 29 2 31 17 48 17 65 2 67 2 69 90 5 95 11 106 2 108 33 141 142 INKPEN — KINGSTON LISLE. KiEBY House. 1899 — continued. 53 Thickness. Depth. ^Yellow and red clay- Feet. 1 Feet. 143 Mottled sands (with water) [light grey and brown, mica- ceous]. 13 156 Mottled clay [ash-colour 160 to 168, mottled grey, brown, and pink soapy clay at 173]. 19 175 Mottled sands (with water) [pale brown and white]. 5 180 [Reading Beds 75 feet.J Mottled clays, very hard [mot- tled pink and grey soapy clay at 184, similar but more grey in it at 187 ; dark grey soapy clay at 196, with black car- bonaceous matter in it at 198 ; mottled grey and brown clay at 206 ; dark grey clay at 208* loamy sand at 210*] 30 210 R Green sands [olive coloured with shells 1 oysters]. 3 213 1 Yellow clay and flints 2 215 [Upper Chalk] 1 [Blackish-grey clay and dark greon sandy loam vnth. shells (? oysters), with layer of large green- coated flints on top of I chalk]. lalk, with flints - 2 103 217 320 * [This dark grey clay at 208, and loamy sand at 210, probably belongs to the " bottom-bed," making the latter 9 feet thick. J. H. B.] Kintbury. Barton Court, N. of Kintbury. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Ravenor. Yield 40,000 gallons per day. [Valley Gravel] Gravel to clay - - - 12 feet. F. J. B. Kingston Lisle. Kingston Lisle Park. 1891. {See p. 107). Information obtained at the spot by J. H. B. Dug-well, 4^ feet internal diameter. Upper Greensand 44 feet. Gault, just touched. 54 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Lambourn. King WOOD House. Mr. W. I. Palmer. 1890. Information from Mr. Joyce, the well-digger. Dug- well, 6 feet internal diameter. Bricked 20 feet down with 9-inch brickwork, and 6-inch concrete backing. About 707 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 292 feet below surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 2 6 2 6 7 6 10 1 11 10 21 19 40 4 40 4 11 51 4 3 51 7 10 61 7 4 61 11 16 77 11 5 78 4 6 84 4 8 92 4 4 92 8 6 98 8 10 108 8 1 108 9 3 111 li 111 li 3 114 li 6 114 7i 3 117 n 6 118 1| 2 120 li 4 120 5i 5 125 5i 125 Hi 6 2 127 Hi 6 128 5i 5 133 5i 5 138 5i 1 138 6| 4 142 6i 01 142 7 2 144 7 1 144 8 3 147 8 1 147 9 1 6 149 3 2 149 5 5 154 5 6 154 11 [Clay- with- T [Soil, etc.] Earth flints, 10feet.]\ Clay, brown - / Flints - [Upper Chalk, 237 feet.] Chalk rubble - - - - Wedge chalk - - - Layer, flints - - - - Chalk ayer, flints - - . - Chalk Flints - - . - - Chalk laying three ways - Bed flints - - . . Chalk - - - - - Bed flint, thin - - - - Chalk Bed flints - - . . Chalk Thin bed flints Chalk Thin bed flints Chalk - - . . . Bed flints . - . . Chalk, iron rust, hard chalk - Bed iron rust, flints Chalk - - - - . Flints, black - - - . Chalk Bed, black flints Chalk Bed black flints Chalk Bed flints . . . . Chalk, red sands one side of well - - Chalk and flints, mixed not in beds ----- Layer flint [tabular-flint]- Chalk - - - - - Layer flint [tabular-flint]- Chalk Layer flint [tabular-flint]- Chalk ----- Layer flint [tabular-flint]- Chalk - - - - - Three layers of flint apart in beds [tabular-flint] Chalk ----- Flints mixed, blue and rust centre double beds iron LAMBOURN — LYFORD. 55 KiNGWOOD House. Mr. W. I. Palmer. 1890— continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. r Chalk 3 157 11 Flints [tabular-flint] 1 158 Chalk 2 160 Flints [ta.bular-flint] 0^ 160 Oi Chalk 4 164 Oh Layer of flint - - - - 4 164 4| Chalk - - - - 4 6 168 101 Flints mixed with rust iron - 6 169 4i Chalk - - - - - 4 173 4i Double beds 2 in. apart - 4 173 8i Chalk 10 183 8^ Flints in thin beds - 6 184 2i Apart, mixed with iron rust - Cnalk and flints "plum-pud- 2 184 4^ ding fashion " - - - 8 192 4i Bed flint 2 192 6i [Upper Chalk, 237 feet.] Chalk Bed flints - - - - Chalk 4 9 2 196 Qh 197 Zh 199 3i Flint bed [tabular-flint] - 2 199 5i Chalk ----- 1 6 206 5^ Flint-bed [tabular-flint] - 2 206 71 Chalk 4 210 n Layer, flint [tabular-flint] 1 210 8i Chalk 2 212 8^ Layer, flint [tabular flint] 1 212 91 Chalk 2 214 9^ Flint bed - . - . 6 215 2\ Chalk [iTwceramus sp. ? 220 to 245, and Rhynchonella sp. ? 220 to 230] - - - - 8 223 3i Flint bed - - - - 3 223 6| Chalk 14 237 6| Flint bed [tabular-flint] - 1 237 7| ^ Chalk, few scattery flints 10 247 7j 'Hard chalk, mixed iron rust [Chalk-rock, very character- [Middle Chalk,. istic, with numerous gi-een- 49 feet.] ^ coated nodules] - 5 252 Very hard chalk 5 257 .Chalk ----- 39 296 Lyford. 1. Manor Farm. (Close to house.) 1900. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutoliff. Water-level 6 feet below surface. [I^'S^f iDuK-well [Corallian, 13 feet.] {Rock - Rock and sand Rock - Rock and sand Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. 4 4 2 6 2 6 Ft. in. 9 6 13 6 17 6 20 22 6 56 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 2. Manor Farm. (In field half-a-mile E.) 1900 Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level 20 feet below surface. Depth. fKimeridge /Dug- well Clay 32i feet.]\Blue clay [Corallian, /Kock IS^feet.] \ Rock and sand Ft. in. 16 6 32 6 35 46 Maidenhead. 1. East Berkshire Brewery. Made and communicated by Messrs. G. Isler & Co. Geol. London. Vol. ii., p. 3. Water-level 18| feet down. Yield 5,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. - 26 45 71 5 76 12 88 7 95 8 103 25 128 Shaft [Upper Chalk] (the rest bored) Chalk - Chalk and flints Black flints Chalk and flints Flints - Chalk - 2. Stafferton Lodge. Mr. Palmer's. 1899. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons & May. Tubed 5 feet with 6-inch tube. - 23 [Valley Drift, &c.] Old dug well [Upper] Chalk jgUe feet. Midgham. 1. On the Green. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper, of Bucklebury. [London Clay]{SK-^l^y,^,j^ ; ." '^^ ., i^,. 2. Near the Railway Station. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper. fGravel 3 [Valley Gravel, etc.]-^ Peat .Gravel 8 )" feet. F. J. B. MOULSFORD — NEWBURY. Moulsford. County Lunatic Asylum. 1883. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff Water-level 12 feet from surface. Yield 250 gallons a minute, or 15,000 gallons an hour. 170 feet above Ordnance Datum. 57 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. [Valley / Pit in gravel - - - - Gravel.] \ Loamy gravel - - - - 6 6 7 13 [Lower Chalk.] Grey rock chalk [chalk marl] - 33 46 ( Green sand . - - - 9 6 55 6 Hard stone and numdic [Upper 1 [pyrites?] - - - - 4 2 59 8 Greensand.] Hard grey sandstone Hard grey sandstone, with 2 6 62 2 [ layers of clay 18 10 81 Another boring has since been made and united with the above, so that water is pumped from both together.] Newbury. 1 to 4. Sunk by Mr. Ravenor, of Newbury, and communicated to Mr. F. J. Bennett. Bath-road. 1. " Halfway " Inn, 4| miles W. of Newbury. [Valley Gravel] Gravel 20 feet. 2. New Inn, 3^ miles W. of Newbury. [Valley Gravel] Gravel - - - - 4\ «< f^^f Chalk - - 20/2'* ^^^^ 3. Benham House, S. of. 4 feet of water. Chalk [Upper] 25 feet. 4. Benham House at Laundry. Peat and gravel 7\ -mf^^i. Chalk [Ujper] - - - - - 12/ ^^ ^^^*- 5. Benham House, N. of, at " Rookery." Sunk and communicated by Mr. Betteridge of Newbury. 30 feet, of water. [Reading Beds] {Hf^'-^y^Uo^^l^y: ; ; fOj .^ j^^^ 58 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 6 to 9. Sunk and communicated by Mr. E. Powers, of Newbury, to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 6. Shaw Cottages, near Shaw Kiln. No water. [London Clay] Brown clay ----- 40 feet. 7. The Union. ^^L^ndon cllytf } ^^^^ clay and cookie shells - 30 feet. 8. Mr. Wells', opposite the Union. ^Wo'nll^tf} Blue clay. - - .- 70 feet. 9. London Koad. Mr. Bowyer's. rGravel - - - - 4^1 [ValleyGravel,etc.]i^g^^^^'^ I '_ '_ [ ^l 15 ieet I White gravel- - - 3; 10 to 18. Sunk by Mr. J. Betteridge, of Newbury, and communicated to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 10. Henwick Farm. f Loamy clay - - - 30 ^ [London Clay] i Black clay, with cockle \ 40 feet t shells at the bottom - loj 11. Redfield House, S. of Henwick Farm. rGravel - - - - 10] Valley Gravel, etc. ^ Clay and Gravel - - 20 r 40 feet. (Fine gravel - - - 10 J 12. Swan Inn, on the Beading Road, a mile N.E. of Newbury. [Valley Gravel etc.] {P^f^^j J ." ; «} 12 feet. 13. Near the Police Station. [Valley Gravel] Gravel - - - - 20) ,^ . . [Upper Chalk] Chalk - - - - 20/ ^^ ^^'®*' 14. At junction of Speen and Donnington Roads. Water-level 9 feet from bottom. Loam - - - - - - - - 151 o- r ^ Chalk 20/ ^^ fee*- 15. North-brook Street, Mr. Staple's. [Alluvium,etc.]{PpX-^„g,;^^, : ". ; ^jsteet 16. West Street, Mr. Allen's. [AUuvium,etc.](^^alm and peat - - - 3| ^ ^^^^ NEWBURY. 69 17. Craven Street. [Valley Gravel] Gravel - . - - - - lii\i7f^^f [Upper Chalk] Chalk - - - - . H7 teet > 18. Bartholomew Street, Nuttley's Brewery. Water-level 20 feet from bottom, [Valley Gravel] Gravel 12\oo t^^*. lUpper Chalk] Chalk 20 r^^^^^' 19. Bartholomew Street, Brewery. Dr. James Mitxihell's MSS. Vol. iv., p. 260. Thickness. Depth. Feet Feet. TYellow clay - - - - 14 14 [Reading J Pebbles, clay, and sand - 16 30 Beds] Blue clay _ . . - 9 39 (^Shells, and rock 6 45 [Upper Chalk] Chalk 135 180 w. w. 20 to 27. Sunk by Mr. J. Betteridge and communicated to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 20. St. John's Schools. Gravel - - - - 'Reading Beds] Sand 20, [Valley Gravel] Gravel 10 Ion /^^f [Reading Beds] Sand 20/^^ ^®®^' 21. Enborne Villas. Valley Gravel] Gravel 12 "Reading Beds] Sand 12 ;Upper Chalk] Chalk 16 22. Oil Mills, Enborne Road. E Valley Gravel, etc.] Gravel and clay - - 12),^. ^^^4. Upper Chalk] Chalk jg| 30 teet. 23. Montague Place Newtown Road. Thickness- Depth. Feet. Feet. r Blue clay . . . . [London Clay]'. Black sand with oyster and 20 20 mussel shells, pebbles and 10 30 \ rock [Baiiement-bed] - [Reading Beds] White sand - - - - 5 35 60 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 24. Stroud Green. Elm Villas. [Valley Gravel] Gravel - - - - - - 12 feet. 25. Greenham Common. Bury's Bank. [Valley Gravel J Gravel, to sand with water - - 12 feet. 26. Greenham Church. [Lower Bagshot] Loam, with water. - - - 35 feet. 27. Pile Hill Villas. [London Clay] Blue clay, to sand with water - - 30 feet. 28. Wash Common. Church. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Powers, of Newbury. [Plateau Gravel] Gravel - - - - - 8\ „, f^. [Lower Bagshot] Sand - - - - - 13 j "^^ ^®®^- 29. Wash Common, opposite Church. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Powers. [Plateau Gravel] Gravel 4\t^/;^ . [Lower Bagshot] Sand 6 j ^^ ^®^^- 30 to 34. Sunk by Mr. Betteridge and communicated to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 30. Wash Common. The Laurels. [Plateau Gravel] Gravel, to sand [Bagshot] with water - 12 feet. 31. Wash Common. Parish Gravel Pit. [Plateau Gravel] Gravel 20\ .^ n. [Lower Bagshot] Sand 20 j ^^ *®®^- 32. Wash Road. The Limes. E London Clay] Hard yellow clay ----- 20\ «^ n. Reading Beds] Sand 10/ ^^ *^®^- 33. DONNINGTON CaSTLE HoUSE. [Reading Beds] Clay and sand, to chalk - - - - 40 feet. 34. Red Farm, a mile N.E. of Newbury. Water-level 30 feet from surface (120 feet of water). [Reading Beds] Clay and sand SOIt^a^^. [Upper Chalk] Chalk lOO/^^^ ^^^*- 35. DONNINGTON ViCARAGE. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Ravenor, of Newbury. Loam, to chalk 25 feet. NEWBURY. (31 36 DoNNiNGTON ViLLAS AND SQUARE. Several wells said to be all alike Sunk and communicated by Mr. Kavenor. Water-level 4 feet from bottom. Loam, to chalk --------- 25 feet. 37. DONNINGTON InFANT ScHOOL. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Ravenor. Loam, to chalk --------- 26 feet. F. J. B, «' 38. Near " Fox and Hounds " Inn. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Church Valley Gravel] Gravel ------ Sloof^^f >per Chalk] Chalk - - - - - - - 28/ ^^ ^®®*- 39. Shaw Crescent. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Church [Valley Gravel] Gravel ------ 15 feet. F. J. B. 40. Water-works, Northcroft (in the marsh just above the town). 1877. J. W. Grover, Trans. Newbury Field Club, vol. ii., pp. 246, 247. Yield from 34,000 gallons an hour at 1^ feet from the bottom, to 10.320 at 5 feet from the bottom. Quality good. Shaft, through peat and gravel, to chalk - - -14 feet. 41. Deanwood. 1891. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand k Sutcliff. Water-level 119 feet down. Yield, 1,000 gallons an hour. Depth. Soil -..--... [River Drift1]{|-el ; ; ; ; ; ?Mottled clay - - - - [Heading Beds J Sand . . . . . 50 feet] I Blue clay ----- ^Dark brown sandy clay and shells Chalk and Flints 3813. W.W, (3; WATER SUPPLY OF liERKSHIRE. 42. Nkwbuky Laundry. Made and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Shaft 32 feet (4 feet 1 a inches in diameter), the rest bored and tubed with 26 feet of 4-inch tube, 9| feet of which projects above bottom of shaft. Thickness, Dug- well - - - r Dark sandy loam - [Reading Reds] Stiff loam with layer of shells I Dark green clay - I T^,.,.«„ ni.oiu f Pastv chalk - - - - '- ^SS f .7i ' -^ Chalk and flint in alternate '^^^""^^'^ [ layers . - - . Feet. n 2 Depth. Feet. 32 3G^ 38 40 45 43. Hawkridge House. (Near Newbury.) Mr. H. Weber's. ^lade and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Shaft 50 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 47 feet from surface. irppera:alk]{g;:;^,S^.,^-^.^^- 'I^Ucofeet. 44. Greenham Lodge, 1884. Borod and communicated by Messrs. Thomas Tilley & Sons. Piped to 2.33 feet. Thickness. Depi ^1-1 Ji. Ft. m. Ft. in. [Plateau] - Gravel and loam - 12 12 / Brown loam - - - - 2 14 Brown sand (little water) 4 18 Brown loam - - - - 10 28 Blue clay - . . - 7 35 Black pebbles [flint] - Blue sand (litt e water) - 1 6 3G G Lower Bagshot< 4 6 41 4 Beds, Light stone - - - - 4 41 4 43ft. 2in.] Dead blue sand 4 8 46 Hard dark stone - ' 1 2 47 2 Dark-grey sand 5 52 2 , Blue sandy clay - 3 55 .) [London Cla\', GOft. lOin.J ' London clay - - - - Black pebbles [flint] ^ Black sandy clay - 35 10 91 91 (J G 24 G IIG ' Coloured sand and clay - 4 120 Coloured sand 12 132 Light-brown sand and v^ater 15 147 Coloured clay and sand 8 155 [Reading Beds, Mottled clay - - - - 15 170 80 feet.] Green sand and water - 13 183 Black clay - - - .. 4 187 (; Hard dark-green sand - 8 G 195 G Flints G 19G Chalk - 339 535 OLD WINDSOR. 63 Old Windsor. Lock (j-mile N.W. of). Trial boring, 1871. Communicated by Prof. T. R. Jones. (Memoirs, Xol. iv., p. 424 and Geol. Lond., Vol. ii., p. 4.) Water rose to a height of 35 feet below the surface. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Mould - 3 3 Thames mud 1 4 Valley Drift f Gravel - , - - - Running sand - - - - 10 6 14 20 [London Clay, 2G ft.] rStone ----- Blue clay - - . i Sandy clay - - 20 5^ 20* 40| 46 /Coloured [mottled] clay - 40 86 Brown sand - - ^ . 2 88 Loam ----- 5 93 [Reading Brown sand ; very little water 3 96 Beds, 92 ft.? J Loam ----- 12 108 Brown and black clay 18 126 Coloured [mottled] clay - 9 135 I Dead green sand - - 3 138 Chalk - 15 153 w. w. 2. Pelham Place. From Mr. Trench's Note-book. (Memoirs, Vol. iv., p. 425, and Geol. London, Vol. ii., p. 4.) Thickness. Depth. [L(mdon Clay.] Blue clay and pebbles [at /•m7. / 'r( : bottom ]] - 142 142 /^Coloured [mottled] clay, red - 15 157 Brown clay - 12 169 Sand . - - - . 1 170 [Reading / Beds, 80ft.?] ^ Brown clay - Sand . - - - . Light-blue clay 7 17 7 177 lw4 201 Sand . - - - 4 205 Coloured [moti iiwl] s.un! 14 219 Stone [Hints?] 3 222 Chalk .... 9 231 . w. vv !8i;-!. K 2 64 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE, 3. The Union, 1852. From a drawing at the Union, and from specimens in the possession of Mr. Haines (plumber), Egham. Memoirs, Vol. iv., p. 425, and Geol Lond. Vol. ii., p. 4. Shaft 60 feet. Water 35 feet down. London Clay, rather sandy at 180 ft., and more so at the bottom [basement-bed], about Reading Beds, mottled plastic clays from 191 to 198 ft., and brown sand at 226 ft. - Chalk Thickness. Depth. Feet. 190 Feet. 190 50? 240? 47 or more. 287 or more. w. w. 4. The Union. New boring, 1888. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler, and from specimens. Memoir, Geol. Lond., Vol. ii., p. 334. With pumps fixed 170 feet down the supply was exhausted in ten minutes, the depth being then 330 feet. When 380 feet deep, the yield was 360 gallons an hour, and at 430 feet this was doubled. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. rDug well (old) 60 [London Clay, 1 Pilue clay. Specimens turned . — 197 feet.] | brown (flint-pebbles at 90 I and at 154 feet) - 137 197 Mottled clays. Specimens dark at first, then lighter- coloured ; brown clay at 212 ; then light-grey mottled, then brown 26 223 Clay and dead sand. Speci- mens brown, sandy clay at 232 ; brown clayey sand drying hard, at 236 - 12 236 Blowing sand. Specimen of brown clayey sand, drying Reading Beds, hard, at 240 ... 15 250 70 feet.] Dead sand. Specimen of sharp clean sand, apparently washed, at 252 - 4 254 Loamy sand. Specimens, brown clay at 256 and 260 ; stone (calcareous sandstone) at 256^ . . . . 6 260 Mottled clay. Specimens, brown at 264 ; blackish clay at 265 ; dark grey messy clay, with bits of flint, at \ 265i : flints at 267 - 7 267 Jhalk, with flints 163 430 \\^ w 6ld Windsor — paNgbourne. (35 5. From Mr. Polvvhelb's Note-Book (? from Dr. J. Mitchells MSS.). Mevioirs, vol. iv., p. 425 and Geol. London, vol. ii. p. 4. Thickness. London Clay - - - - [Reading Bed.] {^°'^'^,t'cl^,,^ Feet. 168 36 Depth. Feet. 168 204 W. W. Pangbourne. 1 to 9. Communicated by Mr. John Higgs. 1. Bere Court. Water-level, 2^ feet from bottom. Gravelly loam (described as "washed ^ earth") - 25V 72 feet Chalk 47j 2. Bere Court Farm. Water-level, 4 feet from bottom. Gravel " ^^l 140 feet Chalk 122/ ^*"^®^^- 3. Cottages on the Basildon Road, Coffee House, Blacksmith's, etc There are seven wells sunk in the valley gravel, varying from 7 to 13 feet in depth, with water from 2^ to 4 feet from bottom. At Arts' Cottage, at the back of the Elei)hant tTotel, 13 feet of gravel was dug through, when chalk was reached and penetrated to a depth of 10 feet. 4. On the Tidmarsh Road, at Courtlands, Flowers Farm, etc. There are four wells sunk in chalk, varying from 10 to 15 feet in depth, with from 2^ to 5 feet of water from the bottom. 5. On the Reading Road. The Star Inn, School, United Buildings, Dr. Freeman's House, Marsh Farm, Post OlHce, etc. There are nineteen wells sunk in valley gravel, varying from 5 to lU feet in depth, with from 2 to \\ feet of water from l)ott()m. 6. On the Streatley Road. Gas House, Fuller's Cottage, etc. There are four wells sunk in valley gravel, varying from 6 to 16 feet in depth, with from 2i to 4 feet of water from bottom. 7. Upper Bowden Farm. Water-level 8 feet from bottom. Brown clay- - - - - - - 10 lo^^ci ^^^^ Chalk- - -195iH^^^^^- (Hi WATER SUPPLY OF BEKKSHIKE. 8. Lower Bowden Farm. Water-level 5 feet from bottom. J^fdclay ------- l^ Urj^^^^t. Chalk- ------- i'.m\ 9. New Town. Water-level 12^ feet from bottom. Gravel and loam - - - - - ' ^^Xoiyrt u Chalk -------- 203 r 2^ "• 10. Pangbourne Board School. Dug and communicated by Mr. Samuel Joyce. Water-level 3 feet from bottom ; rapid supply. Soil --------- 2 Chalk in beds from 9 to 12 inches in thickness 52. Rubble chalk with fissures - - - - 10 2.1 64 ft. oj Pinkneys. About 2 miles N.W. of Maidenhead, Ridge Tile Works. Communicated by Mr. T. Young. (Geol. London, vol. ii. p. 6.) Thickness. Depth. To chalk Chalk with layers of Hints, chiefly nodular, a number of large flints a few feet from the top _ - - Chalk-rock []]*; with nodules - - . " Chalk, with many large irregularly disposed flints Feet m 1 104 Feet. 5 65 66 170 * [I doubt whether the bed described as " chalk-rock " is really that bed, which divides the L^pper and Middle Chalk, but think it rather a similar hard bed in the Upper Chalk. W. W.] Reading. L Brewery. Messrs. Simmonds. 1887? Made and Communicated by Messrs. Isler. Dug 4 ft., the rest bored, and tubed for 79 feet. Water-level 5 feet down. Minimum supply 10,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. r Gravel and peat [River Drift] -^Gravel ----- iSand - - Chalk ------ Feet 4 19 5 122 Feet 23 28 150 READING. ()7 2. Whitley Lodge, Mr. Attenborough's. Goiiimunicatecl by Dr. J. Shea, Medical Officer of Health. Abandoned. Xo water. / Clay, about 70 ft London Clay.^g^^^^^^^^^ ,^^^-j r Iron-pyrites, about lA ft., I gravel [pebbles], a few feet. Iron-pyrites, thinner than the other bed. A dead-well was sunk in the basement of a new house situated in the Bath road, on the south side, at about 150 yards westward of the entrance to Coley Avenue, where the following section was exposed. Information obtained on the spot at the time of sinking. J. H. B. Thickness. Depth. '■Gravd? j Pebbly 'and bubangular ttint- [ReadingBedsll^Si'a'r'"''''''- : - Ft. in. 1 6 6 10 2 Ft. in. 1 6 7 6 17 6 19 6 4. In garden situated 130 yards south of Christ's Church. On reaching the sand, the water came in so fast, that the sinkers were obliged to stop. Information obtained on the spot. J. H. B. Gra^\^ r ^®^^^y *"^ subangular flint-gravel to sand 16 feet. 5. In the Nursery Gardens at Lower Redlands, 300 yards south of Portland Place and 350 yards S. W. of the Royal Berkshire Hospital. From information on the spot. J. H. B. Thickness. Depth. Valley Gravel, and sand of Reading Beds to^ Chalk. (The details and thicknesses of the [ respective beds were unknown to my infor- j mant.) j Chalk, to water ------ Feet. 40 Feet. 40 45 6. In George Street, S.W. of Children's Recreation Ground, and about 30 yards from the curved railway embankment. Dug and communicated by Mr. S. Joyc^e. Water-level 5 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Made ground ------- rSoii- - - - - - [Alluvium etc.]- Sharp gritty grey sand - iSilty grey sand to coarse gravel Feet. 4i 6 10 15 68 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 7. Caversham Road by Railway Bridge, opposite Great Western Railway Coffee House. Wheeler Bros.' yard on west side of road. Dug and communicated by Mr. S. Joyce. Water-level 5 feet from surface. Made ground ------- {Jr'eat and bog - - - - Sharp gritty grey river-sand - Fine gravel, coarser at bottom- Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet, 4 4 2 6 5 11 8 19 8. Swansea Road, Caversham Road. School Board. 1896. Two test-borings for ascertaining depth for suitable foundations. Bored and communicated ])y Mr. Alfred Callas. Thickness. Depth. No. 1 Boring. Ft. in. Ft. in. [Alluvium, 1 etc., 20 feet.] ^ [Soil - . . - - Gravel Blue clay . . . - Ballast [Gravel] - Running sand - - - - Ballast [Gravel] Chalk - - - - - 4 7 2 6 4 4 4 4 4 8 5 12 14 20 24 No. 2 Boring. [Alluvium, /Blue clay . . . _ etc., 20Heet.]\ Gravel - - - - - Chalk - - - -. - 9 11 3 6 6 9 20 6 24 9. Crown Nursery. Mr. Holder's London-road. 1899. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons, & May. Tubed 20 feet with 5-inch tube. Soil Mould --------- H) [Valley Drift] Loam and gravel - - - - - - 13| [- [Upper] Chalk - - - - - - 35 j 50 ft. 10. Katesurove. 1899. Seven test-borings for foundations of proposed New Church. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons, & May. No. 1. Clay ------- - 10\^«r_, Sand -------- 3|13teet. No. 2. Clay -------- 12^ Black mixture ------ gV26feet. Chalk - - - - - - - - 5j HEADING — REMENHAM. 69 No. 3. Clay - - - - l^lack mixture Grey sand Black mixture and clay Sand - - - Tioose chalk - - ■ Sand - - - • Chalk - - - • Clay - - Loose chalk - Clay - - Light sand - Green sand - Clay - - - Sand Mottled Clay Black mixture Clay - Green sand and clay Light-green clay - Dark-green clay - Sand Chalk - Clay - - - Black mixture Loose chalk - Green saud and clay Red mottled clay Green sand - Chalk No. 4. No. 5. No. H. No. 9 5 if 3 2h 37 feet. 3 'rl9 teet. '^) 20^ feet. 8 feet. 1^1 . 2 V 14 teet. ll 11. W uuDLEY Lodge (3 miles E. of Heading). .[. lloFE, Trans. Geol. Soc, Ser. 2, vol. v. p. 129 (and Proc. Geol. Sue, vol. ii. p. 72.) ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ r ret. rBlue clay ---""' about 40 [London Clay] J Concrete of sheels and clay [basement-bed] about an y iuch (with water). ,. ,. T, J 1 [Mottled blue red and white clay [Readmg Beds] | ^^ ^^^ occasionally sandy - 55 - 35 Remenham. 1. Park Place (opposite Henley-on-Thames). 1872. Made and communicated by Mr. R. Paten. Shaft, 246 feet, the rest bored. Chalk and flints [? flints in the upper part only] - 480 feet. 70 WATER SUPPLY OF BIJ^RKSHIRE. 2. Hemenham Hill. At Three Elms. 1896. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. About 314 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bored 30 feet from bottom of old dug- well 228 feet in depth, and tubed with 5 feet of 4-inch tube. [All in Chalk with the exception of a few feet of Clay-with-tiints at surface.— J. H. B.] Ruscombe. 1. Mr. Cotterell's. 1893. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Thickness. Depth. [Reading Beds.] Clay and sand [Upper Chalk.] Chalk, with flints - Feet 32 38 Feet. 32 70 2. The Kiln. 1894. Bored and communicated by Mr. Callas. Old dug- well [39 feet in Reading Beds and 16 feet in Chalk, from information on the spot.— J. H. B.l - 55^ o/» ^ i. Boring m Chalk - - - - - - - - 25/^^ ^^^*- Sandhurst. Wellington College. Trial-boring, 1866-68 {Memoirs^ vol. iv., p. 425). Communicated by Messrs. Easton ife Amos. [Bagshot Beds] ( Brown sand and stone [surface-earth] Red sand Blue sand Pebbles - Yellow sand - Loamy clay - Pebbles - Green sand Green sand and shells Marly clay White marl - Clay - - - Sand [? Passage - bedl between the ' London Clay ) Brown loamy sand and the Bag- shot Sand.] Thickness. [London Clay]- relay j Stiff clay Chalk reached at Feet. 1 12 10 1 6 9 3 31 i2 13| 46 12 34 3 25 10 Depth. Feet. 1 13 23 24 30 39 42 73 80 80^ 83^ 86 100 146 158 192 195 220 230 603 W. VV. SANDHURST. 71 Prof. T. R. Jones has given me the following note (? of the same well), dated Dec, 1865. y/^^^ Yellow sand and pebbles. — Green fia,nd; lyyYites, Osti-ea, Cythti-ea - - at 28 Bits of lignite ------ „ 40 Grey sand ------ „ 50 Dark green sand - - - - - - „ 60 Green sand full of Cardita j^lanicosta - - „ 70 Lignite and Cardita -."'"" » '^^ Grey clayey sand with lignite - - - „ 80 Inifjure pipe clay - - - - - „ 80-82 Grey clay ------- „ 82 Since the publication of the section of the deep-boring here, further infor- mation has come to hand. An account communicated by Mr. Baldwin Latham agrees with the published one, except in some details of the descriptipn of the beds (colour, etc.), and describes the beds below 230 feet (which are not described in the Memoir) as follows : Coloured Clays. [London Clay, almost wholly at least] - 307 feet. [Reading Beds.] Clays and green sand - - - - 66 „ Chalk ----------- 84 „ Another account in the iiui Annual Re2XA^t Wellington College Nat. Hist. Soc, pp. 24-26 (1871) gives the section below. Thickness. Depth. Surface Soil. Sand and sandstone [? tirm sand], with fragments of iron-pyrites. At a depth of 37 feet a bed of black pebbles. A bed of lignite - about Green sand and clay ; at first sandy and only slightly gi*een (8 ft.) ; then hardened dark green clay (6 ft.). Veneri- cardia planicosta, 5-7 and 15 ft. dowu- Greyish laminated clay - r Brown and grey sands - Clay with stones \] septaria] every 5 ft. ; flint pebble, 229 ft. down . - . . Liver-coloured clays at a deptli of 500 ft. - - . - Mottled clays at a depth of 538 ft. - . . . Greenish clay at a depth of 570 ft., getting more sandy, showing traces of chalk at a depth of 586 ft., which be- come more plentiful until chalk is reached - Chalk [according to Sir F. Bramwell] [? Upi)er Bag- shot, and (?) Ih-acklesham Beds.] [Bracklesham Beds.l [Lower Bag- «hot.] [London Clay.] - [Heading Beds.]( Feet. 63 17 2 110 288 130 Feet. 63 80 82 192 480 604 734 The following particulars communicated by Sir F. Bramwell. About 300 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, 250 feet, the rest bored. When not pumping, the water rises to within 50 feet of surface, but is lowered by pumping to 157 feet 9 inches, yielding 40 to 50 gallons a minute. Maximum yield calculated at about 1,100 gallons an hour (letter from Mr. C. J. Lambert). W. W. WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 3. Ambarrow. Col. Harvey's. 1884. Bored and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet ' Clay, marl, and sand 10 10 Green and grey sand with water 6 16 Bracklesham Green sand and clay, very hard Beds, } and tough - - - - 10 26 55 ft. 6 in. Grey and green sand with water 8 34 Green sand and clay 12i 461 Tough clay - - - - 9i 55.| Lower Bagshot ~ Beds. Clay and sand with water 8i 63f Shinfield. 1. The Grove. Miss Hulme, 1889. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas Water obtained in black sand at 171 feet from the surface, and it rose 70 feet. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Drift. Soil and gravel - - - - - , /Yellow clay - . - . 20 20 3 23 Blue clay- - - . - 147 170 London Clay, J Loam ----- 1 171 164 ft. Black sand and shells, with 4-inch hard stone at 181 ft. V [basement-bed] - 13 184 Possibly the above boring may have penetrated 3 feet into sand of the Reading Beds. J. H. B. 2. Mr. Hutching's. 1888. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Water obtained at 75 feet, and it rose to within 17^ feet of the surface. Soil, etc. London Clay, 85^ ft. Yellow and brown clay - Blue hard stone [septaria] Blue clay Black sand and shells [base- ment-bed] - - - - 89 6 3. Well about a quarter of a mile W; of the church, 1887. Boring made and communicated by Mr. Callas. Water rose nearly to surface. ( Blue clay ----- 90 feet. London Clay \ Black sand [basement-bed] with water 10(?) feet. SH< )TTESBR( JO K — SHRl V EN HAM . 78 Shottesbrook. Shottesbrook Park. 1897. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley ct vSons. Boring 10-inch. Good supply. Sub-soil 2\q^ o. [Upper] Chalk ^gr^ ^^^t' Shrivenham. 1. Shrivenham House. (Viscount Barrington.) 1877. Boring made and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett (of Reading). Particulars from coloured-section drawn to a scale of 4 feet to au inch. Water-level about 13 feet below the surface. , Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. f Loamy clay and sand Quicksand - 9 9 - •2 3 11 3 * [Upper Sandy clay - 9 12 Corallian (the Blue clay with sand - 18 30 top 30 ft. ]]rown clay with sand 2 3 32 3 included with Stiff clay with shells - - 10 42 3 doubt.] Light corallian stone - ■ 6 42 9 Blue rock with yellow crystals 10 6 53 3 t Light coloured clay- - - 1 6 54 9 [Lower f Light blue clay with beds of Corallian.] (sand ; with water - ■ " 15 3 70 * Classification by Mr. H. B. Woodwai*d. .Vnother version of the same Boring as the above, from a coloured-section drawn to a scale of 8 feet to an inch by the Architect, Mr. Griggs (of London), and communicated by Mr. Edward Marcjrett. Thickness. Depth. < Ferruginous sand with oc- Feet. Fttt. casional bands of ironstone and "race" Hi lU Sand with clav -f 12 Clay and sand 3 15 Pure clay . . . . 15 30 Mottled clay with minute crystals and oolitic grains - 2 32 [Upper Coral- \ Blue clay with minute shells 3 35 lian.] Blue limestone rock with fossils - - - - 7 42 White rock - - - - -h 42i White rock with occasional - bands of sand, and with thin layer of argillaceous I shale at base 9* 52 [Lower Coral- lian.] ^Blue clay and sand 17 69 Xote on Drawing] It is conjectured that the Oxford Clay Avould V)e reached about 50 or 60 feet lower dowai. 74 WATEK SITPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 2. Mr. a. W. Faiethorpe';^. 1877. Bored and communicated by Mr. Edward Marcirett. Water-level 14 feet from surface. i Thick ti OSS. Depth. Feet. Feet. / Sandy loam - - - - 7 i Mottled clays 22 29 Brown clay and sand - 1 30 Blue stone - . - - 2 32 [Upper Coral- { lian.] Dark clay - - ~ . Blue stone - - . - 1 1 33 34 Stone and thin layers of sand 6 40 • Blue clay and stone -i 40o Stone 5 45| .Blue stone -i 46 3. Beckett House. 1878. Made and communicated by Messrs. Thomas Tilley & Sons. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground . G Brown race - - - - 5 5 G Hard red rock 9 () 3 [Upper Coral - lian.] Brown loamy sand and water \ Blue clay - - . . 2 15 11 10 9 25 2 i Shell-bed - - . . 1 1 26 1 i,Hard blue rock 17 43 1 ' Blue loamy sand - 37 11 81 [Lower Coral- , lian.] Limestone rock 3 6 84 G Blue loamy sand - 23 6 108 Light sandstone rock - 4 6 112 6 ^ Blue loamy sand - i 120 Sonning. 1. Holme Park, at the Lodge. Dug and communicated by Mr. S. Joyce. AYater-level 4 to G feet above bottom. Gravel ------ Reading Beds (clay, &c.) Chalk ------ In digging through every layer of flint in the chalk in the above well, such a t3ad smell was emitted, that the men were obliged to come to the surface. 10-12 V54 feet. 42j 2. Sonning Water- works, near the S.W. corner of Holme Park. 1892-3. Tube-well 75 feet in depth, and lined with 60 feet of 5-inch iron tube. Bored by Mr. Alfred Callas. Water-level about 10 or 11 feet from surface. Yield 70 to 99 gallons per minute. {See p. 108.) Drift] Loam, about - - - - - 10\^. [Upper] Chalk with flints - - - - G5J ''' feet. SONNTNG — STANFORD DTXGLEY. 75 A paper giving full particulars of the above Water- works was written bj- Dk. Ashby (Medical Officer of Health for Reading, etc.) and publisilied in ^' Puhllc Health,'^ May, 1895, p. 285; from which the above information and following extract are taken : — " Below the end of the lining, several layers of flint were penetrated . . . . so water enters very freely In order to try the yield of water a centrifugal pump was fixed to the suction-tube and worked by steam-power for 24 hours without intermission, when water was raised at an average rate of about 70 gallons a minute. At the end of that time, with the engine working at its full power, a tank holding 198 gallons was filled in exactly two minutes, or at the rate of 99 gallons a minute. The pump was then removed, and five minutes after the engine was stopped water stood in the bore-hole at exactly the same height it did before the pumping commenced. It was evident that the boring would have yielded a larger quantity of water if more power had been at command." 3. French Horn Hotel. Dug and communicated by Mr. S. Joyce. Water-level 2 feet from surface. Alluvium, /Loamy soil - itc. (Sand .^1} 15 feet. Sotwell. 1. Sotwell Hill. (Mr. A. D. Well's.) 1894. Bored and communicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Tubed G5 feet with 5-inch tube. Water-level 97 feet from surface. Mould and yellow clay Loose rubble - Soil [Lower Chalk] [Upper Green- j j^^^j, sand, 75 feet] [j^^^^^^ ^nd layers of stone [Gault] Slate-coloured clay - r Green sand and loam 2. Slade End. (Mr. Morphew's.) 1895. Bored and communicated by >[r. Alfred Callas. Tubed 40 feet with 5-inch tube. Water-level 54 feet from surface. Soil, etc. G ) [Upper Greensand] Dmb rubble - - - G8 -83 feet. [Gault?] Blue rubble - - - 9j Stanford Dingley. 1. Tanyard. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper, of Bucklebury. t Valley Gravel] Gravel ----- 7 feet. Upper Chalk] Chalk, 76 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 2. Jennet Hill. 8unk and communicated by Mr. Piper. [Reading Beds] 35 feet deep, with oyster shells at bottom. F. J. B 3. Jennet Hill. (For Bradfield District Council.) 1900. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons, & May. Tubed 30 feet with 5-inch tube, and 50 feet with 4-inch tube. Water level 40^ feet from the surface. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Soil Mould - - - - - 2 2 [Drift] Gravel - - - - - 1 3 / Mottled clay - 27 30 Running mottled sand - ~ G 36 [Reading Beds, J Brown clay - 1 37 42 feet] \ Green sand and shells water - - - - \Blue clay and - 5 42 - 3 45 Chalk ------- - 46 91 London 4. Half a Mile S.E. of the Church. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Piper. Clav^^^'^^^^^^'^y ------ ^ (Black clay and shells [Basement-bed J - ^Jjsi feet. F. J. B. Stanford-in-the-Vale. Stanford Park Farm, eastward of the Village. 1896. Made and communicated l^y Messrs. Le Grand & Sutclifp. Water-level 9 inches down. Yield 350 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Well ... - - ' Blue clay and shells with 6 rKimpriVlrro iuches of stouc at the basc - ^ rwi " B'^"d ^f »tone, clay, and sliells <-layJ- - Blue clay and shells - , Sandy clay [Corallian] - {1^^ ] [ ] : : Feet. Ill 13 17 3 Zh I Feet. 12 39 52 69 72 l^} 76 8TRATFIELD MORTIMER. 11 Stratfield Mortimer. 1. Perrins Farm. 1893. Bored and communicated liy ^Fr, At.pred Callas. Water rises to within 49 feet of the surface. ♦Shaft GO feet. Thickness. Depth. { Yelh)\v clay - - - - lou leetj - (^^.g^j^ ^^j ^l^^j^ ^^^^^ |-3^^g_ ment-bed] - - - - [Reading Beds, /Yellow sand • - ?] - 5 feet] - ( Rock [indurated sand - Feet. 18 1 130 5 2 3 Feet, 18 19 155 160 16-2 165 2. Little Park Farm. 1894. Bored aiul communicated' Vjy Mr. Alfred Call as. \Vater rises to within alxjut 20 feet from the surface. Sh;ifl 3«) feet ; tlif ivst bored. Du^r-wi 142 feet] flcadiii-li-d Thickness. Depth. „ Feet. Feet. - 30 30 Loam and yeHow clay - IV, Blue clay 20 50 iir> 165 - ] Peb])les - - - - iBlack and <.'reen sand - 166 6 172 s. Stone and yellow san^^^^^^,^ 14 9 4 00 GO 147 ± TiLEiiURsT Common. Most of the cottages on Tilehurst Common are sujjplied with water from surface- wells. One of the dee]jest that I saw sunk is situated 300 yards south of the " ]>ird in Hand," and 350 yards south-east of the Independent Chapel, on the south side- of the road. Water-level, 7 feet from surface of ground. Information obtained on the spot. -J. H. B. Plateau gravel, etc. Gravel and loam - 13 ft. There is a well situated a little more than 200 yards W.8.W. of the Independent Chapel, on the west side of the road, where the water-level is only 4 feet from the surface of the gi'ound. 3. "Newdams." 1894. Dug and communicated by Mr. Samuel Joyce. Water reached at 154i feet from the surface ; rose 9 feet in quick time at finish. Thickness. ]3epth. Ft. in. Ft. in. rSoil, etc. [Drift] - - \ Gravel mixed with strong red I clay 1 6 1 6 4 G G i^Clay and sand - 5 11 Sand (builders') G 6 17 6 Brown sandy loam - 4 21 G [Reading Beds,/ Sharp red sands, pebbles at 20 ft. (5 in.] bottom - Dark green san - - - - lirowii clay - - - - Mottled clay mixed willi s.yud - J>ro\vu clay - - - - 'm.'ivcii >aiid aud .lir||> Mixture «'l' clay r,, , I aud ishiim -lass [Lasenicntj , ^^.i,,,;,,. | ' .' . wA^^Ji,, n i:-ek, fcather- litt..ini.] edged one side of well, other side - Round ]>c])blcsaud .and - ''(Jrcy sand (sharp) - Veliow sands - - - Jilue clay slate in thin l»cds - \ Jjrown clay, loamy - Clrey running sand - Creen sands mixed witii mavd [pcl)Mes?]' - - - - I Chalk - . - . - lied of Hints - - - I Chalk, with few llini^ - Water level . . - . Ft. ui. Ft. in 2 U •> •1 (J 4 U 10 (; IG 1 1 30 li u 'S'2 4 1) 38 '4-2 44 y It) GO 9 G Gl 3 ij 70 3 14 84 3 10 94 3 •) 96 3 4 100 3 <) 101 ~)S () ir)9 5. Westgrove Brickyako. Messrs. Higi;. and Sons. Dug aud communicated hy Mr. 8. Joyce, 1890. Water rose to 4 feet standing; level. Thickness Depth. Sod / Ih'own clay - - - - Sand (tit for laiilding |)ur|»oscs) , ,, T Black clay [Headmg ' •' Bc.l \ Sharji grit sand, witli layers of oyster shells Green sand, last foot Jiiixed with stones - - - - [Upper Chalk] Chalk-with-Hints - I'Wt. 1 .") 20 38 Fert. 1 G 26 31 33 38 86 WATER SUPPLY OP BERKSHIRE. 6. Messrs. Wheeler Bros.' Pottery. Communicated by Mr. S. Joyce. Shaft 4 ft. in diameter to a depth of 150 ft. with bell-shaped bottom 6 ft. in diameter, bored 50 ft. additional. Bore-pipe 4 ft. above the 150 ft. Bricked 30 ft. from surface. Thickness. Depth. [Reading Beds]( Chalk - ^Sand Grey clay - - - - Mottled blue and brown clay - Stiff red clay - - - - Grey sand with flints, fishes' ^ teeth and shells - Feet. 4 8 5 1* 180 Feet. 13J^ 18J 20 200 7. Westwood House (Mr. Sutton's). Communicated by Mr. S. Joyce. Shaft 4 ft. in diameter, bricked 75 ft. from surface. Land-springs met with to a depth of 32 ft. from surface. Level of water 4 ft. from bottom. Depth. [Plateau /Soil and gravel - - - Gravel, 10 ft.]\ Clayey gravel - - - - [London /Loamy brown clay - Clay (?) 13 ft.] \Dark blackish-blue clay - f Mottled grey and red clay Red clay - - - - [Reading J Coarse red sharp sand Beds, 47 ft.] \ Light buff sand Clean white sand - I, Green sand with flints Chalk. (At 160 ft., 11 inches of white sand was met with.) Feet. 2 10 15 23 32 30 40 56 64 70 164 Details of Reading Beds given from memory. 8. Roebuck Inn. Communicated by Mr. S. Joyce. Water, 5 ft. above bottom. Chalk 90 ft TiLfiHllRSf — TWYt'ORD. 87 D. TiLEHURST AND Pangbourne Water- WORKS. Kentwood Kiln. Dug and communicated by Mr. Samuel Joyce. Water-level 86 feet from surface. Slow supply. Thickness. Depth. rvf^^Ai vtr^Ac-] fLoam and sand, with layer of [ReadmgBeds]| large flints at base - - Chalk and flints (lumps of pyrites at 109 ft), thin layers of flint at 110 ft., then very thick beds of chalk 4 to 5 ft. in thickness, with very thin joints between each bed ; flints became thicker and closer towards the bottom) - Feet 20 Feet 20 [Upper Chalk] 186 206 Twyford. 1. Mr. Gardner. Bored and conmiunicated by Mr. Alfred Callas. Water-level 35 ft. from surface. Thickness. Depth. Reading Beds. Yellow clay and sand Chalk, with flints Feet 29 41 Feet 29 70 2. The Vicarage. 1891. Made and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Dug-well 25 feet, the rest bored and tubed 27i feet below bottom of well. Water-level 57^ feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. [Drift] - Ballast [gravel] - - - - ' Mottled clay - - - - Dark-blue clay - - . Yellow clay - - - - r-D««^^v,„ ■Dr.A^ 1 Sand and water - . - f^^a^^'^'-^ellowclay - - - - TDark clay r-D^4-4-«rv. v.«^iJBlack stones [Bottom-bed]-^ and green- ly coated flints - [Upper Chalk, f Pastv chalk - - - - 35 feet] \ Hard chalk with layers of flint 30 feet] Feet 25 11 2 7 1 6 3 3^ 3lJ Feet 25 36 38 45 46 52 55 58i 90 88 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Wallingford. 1. Anchor Brewery. 1883. Made aiul communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Water-level H feet below surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. ill. Ft. in. [Valley Gravel] Dug-well - _ - 11 Sand - 11 22 Blue clay- . 4 26 Stiff blue clay and stones 10 3G Blue clay- - 10 4G [Upper Soft sandstcjne - (J 46 6 Greensand.] Green sand - G 47 Soft sandstone _ 1 48 G Sand - G 49 Soft sandstone _ 1 <> 50 G Grey marl - G 51 2. Waterworks, in field west of railway station. 1884. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand tt Sutcliff. Shaft 10| ft., the rest bored. Water-level 5^ ft, beneath the surface. Yield 100 gallons per minute, or 60,000 gallons per day of 10 hours. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. [Soil, etc.] Dug-well - - - - 2 6 2 G ^ ^larly sand - - - - 10 G 13 Soft sandstone- 3 16 [ Upper , Hard sandstone 8 G 24 6 Greensand.] ^ Blue stone and clay - 22 3 46 9 Hard blue stone 6 6 53 3 \ Blue sandy clay 2 55 3 Waltham St. Lawrence. 1. Brewery House, Castle Street. 1894. Bored and communicated by ^ir. Alfred Callas. Water rises to within 20 ft. of the surface. Depth. Soil - Drift. Gravel with water [Basement- T Green loam and shells bed of London-! Rock, water under this Clay, 10 ft.] [Reading- Beds, 61 ft.] Chalk iSand and pebbles Mottled clay - Yellow running sajid Mottled clay - Mottled running sand - j Mottled clay - i Hard blue clay ^ Green sand, clay and shells Feet. 4 16 20 22 26 42 50 60 65 70 80 87 104 WALTHAM 8T. LAWRENCE — WANTAGE. 89 2. The Dene. Mrs. Wodeliouse. 1899. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Callas, Sons, S: May. Tubed 6 feet with 6-inch cast-iron pipe. Old dug-well ------ 181 . Chalk and flints ------ 3o|-i« ^eet- Wantage. 1. Wantage Brewery Co. 1889-90. Communicated by Messrs. C. Isler tfe Co. ;* and from specimens examined by Mr. H. B. Woodw^vrd and Mr. A. Strahan. Jurassic Eocks of Britain, vol. v., pp. 126, 127. Dug-well or shaft 46 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 83 ft. from the surface, supply abundant from 3-inch tube. Thickness. Depth. [Upper Greensand, 46 ft.] [Gault, 229 ft.] [Kimeridge Clay? 94ft.] [Corallian Beds, ? 77 ft. Chalky and Sandy Beds [Dug-well] - Grey, slightly micaceous and calcareous - - - - Hard Clay, with band of sandstone at depth of 68 ft. Clay with Sand Seams : coarse (luartz gi-ains and peb- bles of nard siliceous rock - THard Green Sand : grey clay with decayed shells at 280 - Hard Dark Clay : with de- cayed shells at 320, and fibrous carbonate of lime / (" beef '*) at 354 - Hard Olay with Shells : greenish-grey clay with de- cayed shells at 360 Hard Clay - - - - Hard Stony Clay Rock : white marly rock at 373 Clay : stiif grey marly clay at 377, and white marly rock at 378 Rock : dark shelly clay with Pecten or Lima at 397 - LiCxHT Grey Sand : crumbly calcareous rock at 404 - Rock : white calcareous rock at 405 Dark Green Loamy Sand .- calcareous gritty rock at 409 Hard Blue Clay : grey shelly clay at 410 - - - - Rock : white chalky rock at 416, and bits of Ostrea, some pyritic, at 434 Light Grey Sand : greenish calcareous sandy bed at 435 Dark Grey Loamy Sand : greenish calcareous sandy bed at 450 - - - - Ft. in. 46 229 8 1 Ft. in. 46 275 4 I 279 I 28: 358 5 363 9 372 1 373 3 376 i 20 396 7 403 i I 6 404 6 3 3 407 9 5 3 4b3 1 3 416 1 1 18 6 434 6 3 1 6 438 ! ' 12 450 * The information given by Messrs. Isler is put in capitals, to distinguish it from the notes which were made from the specimens. 90 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. The water from the Corallian Beds in the above boring did not prove satisfactory for brewing purposes, and Mr. G. Martin, the manager of the Wantage Brewery Company, informed Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne " that in August, 1898, they sank a new shaft to a depth of 32 feet, and from it drove two tunnels through the sandy marl, [at the base of the Malmstone (Upper Greensand)] going 80 feet in one direction and 20 feet in an opposite one ; they met with several good springs, and by this means obtained a sufficient supply of suitable water without going to a greater depth." See, " The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," Mem. Geol. Survey, by A. J. Jukes-Browne, vol. i. pp. 437 and 438. (1900.) 2. Wantage Water- woeks, near the Reservoir. 1900. Rored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutclipf. Site 346 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 40| feet below surface. Copious supply obtained. Depth. Top soil - [Lower Chalk] [Upper Green- sand, 65 feet] Gault Marl and stone (chalk) - /'Green sand (dry) - Hard dry green sand Hard green sand (water met with at 46 feet) - I Marl and stone - - - Feet. 8 13 37 43 50 78 80 Wargrave. 1. Thatched House. Major W. C. F. Molyneux. 1895. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Merryweather & Sons. Water-level 20 ft. from surface. Bore-hole 6 inches in diameter. Thickness. Depth. Soil and sand 1 Broken chalk and flints/ ----- Solid chalk [Upper Chalk] - - . . Feet. 25 15 Feet. 25 40 Wargrave and Twyford Water- works. 1894-1896. The site of the well (223| feet above Ordnance Datum) is at Tag Lane, one mile E. of the village of Wargrave. The following particulars are obtained from a Report, for the year 1896, by Dr. Ashby (Medical Officer of Health of Reading and of the Wokingham Urban and Rural Districts), from information furnished by the engineer, Mr. Arthur Marshall, and by the contractors, Messrs. Thos. Tilley & Sons. Shaft, 6 feet in diameter to a depth of 1 26| feet, with 9-inch brick-steining to 37 feet, then 4| inch down to 105^ feet from the surface. At 106 feet there is a fissure m the Chalk from which a very considerable supply is obtained when the water-level is above it. At the bottom of the shaft or well there are two borings, one 9-inch down to the " Chalk Rock " (326 feet WARGRAVE — WHITE WALTHAM. 91 from the surface), and the other 15-inch, with a 5-inch bore-hole through the " Chalk Rock " and 20 feet beneath it, to a total depth of 351^ feet from the surface. Headings had to be driven from the bottom of the shaft in order to obtain a sufficient supply of water. " The total length of headings is 208 feet. Twelve feet of heading, 4 ft. 6 in. wide by 6 ft. high, run west from the well. Running north from that there are 80 ft, of heading, 6 ft. 3 in. wide by 6 ft. high, with a continuation of 48 ft. measuring 4 ft. 6. in. by 5 ft. 6 in. high. Running southwards from the branch from the well there are 42 ft. of head- ing, 6 ft. 3 in. wide and 6 ft. high, with 26 ft. of 6 ft. by 6 ft. heading branching out to the west. During their construction at least six fissures yielding a flow of water were cut." " The total capacity of the headings is 7,023 cubic feet, and the capacity of 36 ft. in depth of the well is 1,133 cubic feet. This represents a storage capacity of about 51,000 gallons, so if water should come in slowly in any dry season there is room for it to accumulate in suflicient quantity at night for pumping during day time." {See p. 108.) Water-level llOi feet from the surface in November, 1895, and 86 feet in April, 1897, thus snowing a difference of 24j feet in the level of the plane of saturation. Thickness. Depth. f Reading Beds] Mottled clay, loam, etc., about Upper Chalk] Chalk and flints [Middle chaik]{g^^}}[^?^k : : : ; White Waltham. Waltham Place. 1894. Communicated, with specimens, by Miss F. E. Ellis. Thickness. Depth. / Brown clay, mixed with a little Feet. Feet. red clay and turning green- ish toward the base - 62 52 Stone. Specimen of pyrites - 1 53 Green sand. Specimen grey [Reading Beds] (dry) - - - - - Oyster-bed, with flints, speci- 5 58 mens, compacted clayey sand with green grains and some of the flints green-coated ; and Ostrea. Many of the shells were perfect and ^ double 3 61 Chalk ; with a level layer of flint, about an inch thick, the surface of which was polished at the top. On getting into the chalk the well was filled wi th foul air at first. - - - 7 68 w.w. 92 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Whitley (near Reading). 1. At junction of roads, north of School, a littk.' more than one mile north of Threemile Cross. Boring sunk and communicated by Edward ^fAUGRETT (of Reading). London clay Reading Beds 32 ?1 90 feet 2. — At Whitleywood Common, about fifteen chains 8.8.W. of cross-roads, on east side of road ; and a little more than half-a-mile N.W. of Shinfield Church, Boring made and communicated by Mr. Call as (of Reading). 1887. Surface of ground about 151 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft for reservoir, 2f3 feet, the rest bored. (4-inch tube.) Water rose to 17 feet 6 inches from surface of ground. London p,^ /Blue clay 90 ^^^^ (Black sand [basement bed] with water i Windsor. 1. BURGE AND CO.'S BrEWERY. 1888. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler. Further particulars from Mr. W. Menzie*. Geol. London Vol. ii. p. 5. Supply plentiful. Water rose to 20 feet from the surface. Thickness. Depth. [River f Dug well (the rest bored) Drift] \Gravel - - - - [London Clay] Blue clay - (Running sand - Clay - - - - i^easj 'I Clay and sand - 69.V feet. Coloured [mottled] cla iBl ' Chalk .Blue clay Feet 8 5.JL , 27.1 4 25 5 8 ?211 Feet. 6 14 19.1 47" 51 76 81 89 300 w. w. 2. The Castle. In the Round Tower. Illustrated London Xews, 11th June, 1887, p. 664. Geol., London, Vol. ii., p. 5. Shaft lined with stone for 60 feet. Through mound, to original surface - ,50) Chalk, ? rubbly at top - - - lioi/ ? to water (level of Thames). 160.\ feet. A well in the Quadrangle, about 370 feet from the above, is 120 feet deep (? to water), the water-level being some feet lower than in the former case, according to the figure, W, W, WINDSOR. 93 3. Clewer Lodge, Spittal. (Captain Bulkley's.) From Mr. Trench's Note-book. (Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 426, and Greol. London, vol. ii., p. 5.) Sunk for 40 feet, the rest bored. Thickness. Depth. [London Clay] Blue clay Black sand Coloured [mottled] clay - [Reading Beds, j Sand - . . - 87 feet] \ White stone - Green clay and a few flints I Green sand and flints Chalk Feet. 88 92 158 161 163 168 175 215 4. Mr. Ramsbottom's. From Mr. Polwhele's Note-book. (Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 426, and Geol. London, vol. ii., p. 6.) Clay. [ ? London Clay and Reading Beds], 116 feet. Sand [Reading Beds]. According to Mr. J. Simpson (MS. in Library Inst. Civ. Eng.) the total depth is 442 feet, and water rose to 60 feet below the ground. 5. Royal Brewery, Peascod Street. 1868. ? Communicated by Mr. Redrup. (Memoirs, vol. iv., p, 426, and Geol. London, vol. ii., p. 6.) C ? Clay at top ] [Reading Beds.] -[ Running sand [■ to Chalk, 72 feet. l Mottled clays J 6. St. Leonard's Road. Messrs. R. White and Sons Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Water-level 9 feet down, lf)wered to 18^ by pumping. Supply 1,000 gallons an ho'ur. Dug- well. The rest a bore of 5 inches diameter [River Drift.] Clay and ballast Hard [London] blue clay f Mottled clay . - - - j Mottled clay and sand - [Reading Beds, J Sand - - . - . 77 feet.] \ Sand and clay - Black clay _ . - - I Mottled clay - - - - Chalk and flints - 3813. Thickness. Ft. m. 16 10 98 2 40 3 10 4 2 6 17 6 162 8 Depth. Ft. in. 3 19 10 118 158 161 171 175 177 6 195 357 8 W. W. 94 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 7. Brewery (late Jeiming's), Thames Street. 1845. '( (^[euioii's, vol. iv., ]x 4^20, and Geol. London, vol. ii., p. G.) Water rises to 12 feet below the ,mtion of the uppermost, are all l>erforated in such a manner as to allow of, or rather to encottrage, the gravel-water entering the wells. Owing to the increased demands for water, an attempt was made a few years ago to bore down into the Chalk at the bott<^ni OT well No. 2, but, although 135 feet 6 inches of Chalk was perforated, the additional yield of water was practically nil,, a ^fact which would in itself ap|)ear to militate against the probability of there being fissures in the Chalk hereabouts. In consequence of the failure to procure an addi- tional supply from this source, well No. 4 was sunk, and the total supply ^s now, I am informed, quite sufficient for the needs of the district. . . " The top of the wells has been raised above the level of the surrounding ground in order to prevent the entrance of river water during times of excei)tional flood in the Thames valley; for instance, in 1894 the water actually ovei-flowed into certain of the wells. There is no provision for storage, the water being pumped direct into the mains, nor is any filtration considered necessary " The Corporation now supply a population of about 20,000 in Windsor, Eton, and Clewer, the daily supply being, I am told, at the rate of about 35 gallons per head. " Windsor Castle is in the main supplied by its own water-works, which are situated near Romney Lock, but the Dean's and Canon's residences, and the Horseshoe Cloisters, which form part of the Castle, are supplied by the Corporation." VVINKFIELD. d5 Winkfield. 1. The Plain (Captain Forbes'.) J. Simpson, MS. in Library Inst. Civ. Eng. (Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 427, and Geol. London, vol. ii., p. 6.) Water rose to a height of 70 feet beloAV the ground. To Chalk, 304) .,^ c, T„ 1 o« r 430 feet. 2. (The Row.) [ ? same as the above.] Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii., p. 237. Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 427, and Geol. London, vol. ii., p. 6.) Blue clay, 270 feet. 3. New Lodge, Windsor Forest, M. Van de Weyer's. 1893. The site of the boring is at the southern border of the grounds, abou* 150 yards from the house, and about 130 westward from Nobbscrook Farm» and over 3| miles nearly W.S.W. of Windsor Castle. ]3oring made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. The following section and particulars are from the published account by Messrs. W. Whitaker and A. J. Jukes-l^rowne, to whom specimens were submitted. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. 50, pp. 496-501. See also Hull, i/dd^ p. 152. Site 218 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 8 feet, the rest bored. The water from the Lower Greensand rose to 7 feet 8 inches above the surface of the ground ; that from the Chalk was 151 feet down. (See p. 112). Thickness.! Depth. [London Clay] [Ueailing Beds, 7S feet. 1 Uiiper Chalk, 329 feet. Solid manses of Hint, several feet thick, ill part. [? Chalk Kock.] Middle Chalk, 109 feet. lirown clay Blue ehiy liUick [flint] oebbles Blue clay anu clay-stones [septaria] Brown dead [elaj'ey] sand [? base- ment-bed] Green sand, shells and wat»'r ll:ase- inent-l)ed] Mottle ^4. relay and shells - [Basement- Igi/^^^^^y^l^y . \ oeaj I^Dead brown sand - 4^ 195 J 200 6 206 ['Mottled clays - - - - 35 241 Brown blowing sand 4 245 Light-brown mottled clay 5 250 [Reading Beds, Light-blue sandy clay Brown sand - - . - 4 2 254 256 • 72^ feet] ^ Grey sand . . - . 5 261 Blue clay 2 263 Grey sand . - . - 10 273 Sandy clay and shells [OstreaX]- 5 278 Grey running sand - nearly ^ 278^ Chalk and flint ;S over 141^ 420 w.w. 4. Public Well (Jubilee), given by Miss Blyth. 1897. Bored and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett. Water from the Chalk rose 18 feet above the surface. Thickness. Depth. 1 Loamy clay - - - - Peat ----- Soft white clay (surface water- level Ballast [gravel] - - - r- , ^, relay with round stones [? flint- [London Llay,l pebbles] and pyrites - Feet. 5 12 1 8 7 1^ Feet. 5 17 18 26 33 34^ 102 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. 4 Public Well — continued. Thickness. Depth. . Feet. Feet. /Mottled clays (witli layers of shelly rock) [? layers on top of mottled clays, belonging to Imsement-bed of the Lon- don Clay*] - 23 57| Sand and water (rose to surface level)- - - - 5 62^ Flint ballast [pebbles] in clay li 64 Loamy sand and water (rose to 4^ feet above the surface) 8* 72 [Reading Beds 79i feet] ^ Sandstone - - - - Clay ----- Sharp sand (water rose ih feet 4 2 75 77 above the surface) 1 78 Mottled clays - - - - 11 89 Grey sajid and water (rose 16 feet above the surface) 3 94 Clay with pyrites - 2 96 Sand - - - - - 8 104 Flint ballast [pebbles] - 1 105 Sand, w^ater-worn stones and . pyrites - - - - 5 110 Clay with shells 4 114 [Upper Chalk,rSpongy chalk - 48 feet] (Hard Chalk and flints - 6 120 42 • 162 [* ^lost probably about 7 feet of the clays containing the layers of shelly rock1»elong to the London Clay, increasing its thickness to 15| feet, and reducing that of the Reading Beds to 72^ feet, the same as in the section of St. Mary's College. J. H. B.] Wootton. Abingdon AVater- works wells, at the cross-roads nearly half a mile S.S.E. of the Manor Farm. Communicated by Mr. A. T. Atchison to Mr. De Range, 1877. See Memoir " The Jurassic Rocks of Britain," vol. v., p. 125. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. f^Jrilee^f }«-g^'«- - - - - 31 6 31 6 [Calcareous ( Solid blue stone - Grit, 11 \ Clean sand - - - - feet.] I Solid blue stone - - - 2 G 6 2 6 34 40 42 6 XOxfcwrd Clay.] Soft soapy clay 34 6 77 WYTHAM. 103 Wytham. A little west of the South Lodge of Wytham Park. 1829. Boring made by E. Bagnall, Mine-agent, Baskerville House, Birmingham. " Section presented to the Oxford Museum in 1849 by the Earl of Abingdon. The terms employed by the workmen are used in the coal-fields of Staffordshire for strata somewhat analogous." From "Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames," by Phillips, pp. 296-297. The classification in square brackets by Mr. H. B. Woodward.* Thickness. Depth. ] Drift. [Oxford Clay and Kellaways Rock, 258 feet. r Loamy ground I Quicksand and water / Blue clunch - Light clunch - Blue clunch Clunch bines - Blue cluncli Clunch bines - Blue clunch - Brown clunch - Mingled ground Strong grey rock Grey clunch Brown clunch - Mingled ground Blue clunch bines - Mingled ground Brown clunch - Mingled ground Blue clunch Dark blue rock Dark parting clunch Dark blue rock , Dark clunch - [Cornbrash] ( Strong blue rock Dark parting clunch Strong blue rock Strong parting clunch Blue rock rClunch and clunch bines VDark parting clunch "* See Geological Survey Memoir on ' vol. v., pp. 42-43, Ft. in. 12 3 68 6 1 6 28 6 4 6 29 2 6 (3 6 28 3 11 1 2 1 17 6 4 17 9 6 3 6 11 6 10 6 6 1 6 6 18 6 Ft. in. 12 15 83 6 85 113 6 118 147 149 177 180 191 6 192 6 194 6 196 213 219 223 240 6 250 255 258 6 259 261 6 273 283 6 284 6 290 290 6 292 298 316 316 6 The Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' 104 WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. Wytham — continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 'Light rock . - - - 30 3 346 9 Light parting clunch bines 9 347 6 Light rock . _ - - 5 352 6 Very dark parting - - - 2 354 6 Grey rock - _ . . 1 4 355 10 Dark parting - - - - Clunch bines - - - - 8 356 6 7 6 364 Great Oolite, , 96 feet.] ^ Grey rock . . - . Dark parting - - - - Grey rock . . - _ 3 1 2 6 6 367 368 6 371 Blue bines . - - - 2 373 Mingled ground 3 376 Blue rock _ - . . 9 385 Dark ground - - - - 1 6 386 6 Mingled ground 7 6 394 Light rock . . _ - 16 6 410 6 I Black bat . - - . 2 412 6 ^nt/eSfl^-'^ 35 6 448 f747ee^t!r}Mingled ground - - { 11 3 6 459 6 462 6 [Middle Lias r Ironstone - - . . 4 462 10 and Lower ] Cluncli mixed with ironstone - 132 594 10 Lias] I Dark cluncli - - - - 2 596 10 "The boring was carried to the depth of 211 yards, the strata the same as that at 596 feet."— C. Webb. Yattendon. 1 to 8. Communicated by Mr. John Higgs to Mr. F. J. Bennett. 1. Dr. Breach's. [Reading Beds] Clay - - [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints - m - 118/ 128 feet. 2. Manor House. 10 feet of water. [Reading Beds] Sand and clay - - - 201 [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints - - 115j 135 ftet. 3. Manstone Farm. b\ feet of water. rSoil, ft\] Mould - [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints - - 5 - 117 i|l22jfeet. 4. "Royal Oak "Inn. 375 feet above Ordnance Datum. 6 feet of water. [Reading Beds] Sand and clay - - - - 22 1 [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints - - 112j 134 feet. YATTENDON — SANDLEFORD PRIORY. 106 5. The Village Well ; near the " Royal Oak." [Reading Beds] Sand and clay - - - 201, oi x ^ [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints - - lll/^^^ *®«*- 6. The Homestead Farm. 21 feet of water. [Reading Beds] Sand and clay - [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints - j^glni feet. 7. The Rectory. 85 feet of water. [Reading Beds] Clay [Upper ChalkJ Chalk, with flints - A%)m feet. 8. Yattendon Farm. 13| feet of water. [Reading Beds] Sand and clay - [Upper Chalk] Chalk, with flints : 124)139 feet. ADDENDUM. Sandleford Priory. Mrs. Myers'. Bored and communicated by Messrs. C. 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