THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES GIFT OF WIL1.L4M P. WREDEN i i WHAT WORDS SAY A PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF WORDS For Use in Elementary Schools. By JOHN KENNEDY, Conductor of Teachers' Institutes; Author of "The School and THE Family." PART 1. NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, iB'iS, By KENNEDY & CO \V. p. 10 1^3 bur /S' ' PREFACE. To the classical scholar words mean something. They mean what they say. They speak to him through their syl- lables. He sees that a syllable is virtually a simple primary word, that it does the work of a word, and that long poly- syllabic or many syllabled words become polysyllabic sim- ply by reason of an attempt to say something. To him the polysyllabic words of science, literature, and art resolve themselves back into simple descriptive phrases, used either to express some fact or idea with luminous literal exactness, or to present it under the guise of a beautiful and instructive metaphor. Words thus reveal to him their exact and com- plete sense or content. And they gratify his intelligence by showing on their face that they are not arbitrarily employed, that on the contrary they are used for reasons that are suffi- cient, and entrancingly beautiful. He gets the what and why of words. There is no more to get. Language is the storehouse of accumulated knowledge; he now has the key, and may enter and help himself at will. But language is also the companion, the assistant, in fact the necessary con- dition of continuous thought; and in this aspect it is now at his service. Language is his instrument. He recognizes in this fine vantage ground, and this marvellous power, a rich equivalent for his six years of secondary study. Nor is he deceived. It is a great privilege to go to college. The above is but an item in the list of benefits resulting from a thorough ^ollege course. The college gives a' breadth of culture and a smany-sidedness not obtainable outside its walls. But it is a mistake to suppose that he needed his six years of classical 641606 IV PREFACE. reading in order to know what ivords say. He could have learned that directly by a proper study of the English vo- cabulary. It was not only a mistake to suppose that he must wait the six years for this knowledge, but it was also a mis- take to wait. He should have had this knowledge before he began his course of classical reading. It would have helped him in laying the groundwork of his culture, in inspiring him with an interest in study, and in making the study of classi- cal languages less of a drudgery. It would have left him less inclined to leave his classical authors half read. The boy who goes to college needs the practical analysis of words be- fore he begins his classical reading. But the nine hundred and ninety-nine other boys and girls who never can go to college have no other resource than practical analysis; and it is fortunate for that larger class that there is a way of getting at the exact signification of words without a knowledge of Latin and Greek. Primary education is vitiated by the use of unanalyzed terms. Every term is used arbitrarily and becomes a special strain on the memory, like trying to learn the names of all the inhabitants of a town. Such a task is not legitimate mental exercise or discipline; it is sheer abuse of memory. But when terms are forced into the memory by such an un- healthy process, in nine cases out of ten they mean nothing; they are but burdensome rubbish, like a forced meal of shells and husks. Some teachers justify the forcing of verbal memory by the faith that although the children do not un- derstand anything that they are repeating in school yet some day the meaning will come to them. The uncrushed nut has been forced into the stomach; and some day its hard walls may dissolve and allow the nutritious kernel to be digested and assimilated. This may be possible; but it is rather severe on the stomach, and very unpleasant to the in- dividual subjected to the process. He is too likely to con- clude that he was not born brilliant, and that his forte is not PREFACE. V education. Thus education fails with the majority, owing to a vicious method. Some few have such an invincible deter- mination and such an appreciation of the value of knowledge that they fight their way to the latter in spite of method. The method gets the credit of their success and through them renews its claim to existence. But those who have forced their way to knowledge through an unnatural method never have the nicest discrimination in the use of terms, and never have the pleasure of appreciating their appropriateness. A vicious method gives only an imperfect education, if it gives any at all. Practical analysis is available to all; it is needful to all. It makes education possible to every healthy mind; and not only possible, but probable. It ensures success to the great attempt of the age to diffuse knowledge abroad and enlighten the minds of the masses. The foundation principle of analysis is that syllables are usually significant. The truth of this may be verified by very slight observation. It may be also readily observed that a significant syllable carries its value into all combinations, expressing either its naked literal sense or some beautiful related metaphor. Touch a composite word, and you touch nothing; touch its syllables, and you cause the word at once to illuminate the mind and charm the sensibilities. The touch of analysis results at once in knowledge and ap- preciation. This work is prepared in the faith that words have a message to every mind, and in the conviction that it is a duty to attend to ivhat they say. The plan of the book is simple. It contams a series of lessons observing an alphabetical order of succession. Each lesson consists in the analysis of a group of words con- taining a constant significant syllable, or its equivalent (for sometimes the ultimate element contains two or more syl- lables). This syllable is placed at the head of the lesson VI PREFACE. with its signification as the key to the group. The value of each new syllable in successive recombinations is given; and thus all the words of the group are analyzed. The accompanying notes are designed to show that the use of a word ever conforms to its analysis, and that the analysis is never misleading. If the use is figurative a study of the metaphor will show that it is ever an appropriate, and invariably a happy one.* After the analysis and exact sense of a word have been mastered the teacher is advised to require the use of the word in a few original sentences. This application will tend to fix the whole matter more fully in the mind; and it will tend to bring out the different, but always consist- ent, shades of use. Many of the significant syllables are the stems of Latin and Greek words. In time that fact will become apparent to many. It is to be hoped that it may become appaxent to all. But during the stage of practical analysis the value of a syllable or stem is the ultimate fact. Anything farther would be premature and disturbing. Latin and Greek words are therefore omitted from the text. The exercise is made strictly an English exercise; since it is to be undertaken by those who are yet on the English side of the E?iglish language. In order to know what words mean, and why certain terms are employed chey are asked simply to give attention to 7vhat words say. * For example, a group is based on the syllable graph. At the head of the lesson this syllable is given with its value; as, Graph= Write. Un- der it are given in alphabetical order all the words containing ^ra/J^/ and those words are analyzed so as to bring out the value of their other sylla- bles, and consequently their full signification. In the word (Mxography, for example, the syllable chir means hand; the value of thej is ing; and the whole word means what its syllables say, viz: hand-writ-zng. In like manner the other graph words are caused to say what they have to say, and consequently to explain themselves. SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 1. The teacher will need to exercise judgment in assign- ing the number of words to be treated at a lesson. The num- ber will necessarily vary with the average age and advance- ment of the class. 2. Require an oral analysis of each word: that is, require a pronunciation of each significant syllable or division, and a statement of its value. 3. Require the use of each word in one or more original sentences. Cause the same sentences to be expressed in writing This use of the word will prove that its meaning has been mastered and connected with the analysis. It will also tend to bring out the different shades of use, and lead to a complete mastery of the word.* It will moreover tend to better power in spelling; for one's spelling becomes more reliable when associated with the analysis of the word. 4. Require the writing of a paragraph or short composition making use of two or more words in the lesson list.f * In the notes accompanying the words in the text, a use of the more difficult words is presented in order to help connect the uses of words with their analysis. The scope of the work does not allow space for bringing out the different shades of use. This must be left as a mental exercise for the teacher and pupils. For special help in regard to the dif- ferent shades of use, they are referred to the Young People's Analytical Dictionary, now in preparation. t Suggestions 3 and 4 make analysis the basis of education in spelling and composi- tion. And this is eminently proper, for it reduces spelling to a simple system, rather than an arbitrary, endless and uncertain task; and the analyzed words supply abundant material in the way of knowledge, and, consequently, of thought to be expressed. 8 WHA T WORDS SA V. 5. In lower grades be careful to use only such words in the list as are within the comprehension of the grade.* The words passed over may be taken up in the higher grades when the book is reviewed. 6. For convenience of reference the groups of words are arranged alphabetically, according to the common significant syllable or other element on which the group is based. The word required must be sought in ofie of the several groups, con- taining one or other of its several significant syllables or divisions. On account of the limitations of this book, many words will not be found in it at all; and for such words it will be necessary to refer to the Young People's Analytical Dic- tionary of this series. 7. The arrangement for reference may not always corre- spond with the order of progressive gradation. The teacher should therefore use first the easier lessons wherever found. * Some words to be passed over temporarily are placed in brackets. But the teacher will still need to exercise judgment as to whether other words may not properly be passed over, or whether some of the bracketed words may not be used. SIX MOVEMENTS. The order of study of composite words may be summarized under the following formula: 1. Indicate structure (by pronouncing the several significant elements.) 2. Designate the elements, Sl^ prefix, stem, and suffix. 3. Render (or give the value of) the several elements. 4. Pronounce and define the word. 5. Apply the word in a sentence. 6. Combine different sentences so as to express connected thought. BRIEF FORMULA. 1. Indicate. 2. Designate. 3. Render. 4. Pronounce and define. 5 Apply I O-"^ ( In Writing. 6. Combine. DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES.* 1. The significant elements in words are principal and subordinate. 2. K principal clement expresses the central idea of the com- bination and is the basis of the structure; as, tract in tractable. 3. A subordinate element is used to express some modifica- tion of the central idea; as, able in tractable. 4. A principal element is called a stem, since it is that to which the subordinate elements are attached; as, ced in ante- cedewt. 5. The subordinate elements are called affixes {ad\. .to. . . . fix. .fastened), as they are fastened, or attached, to the stem; as, ante and ent in antecedent. 6. An affix occurring at the beginning of a word is called a prefix {pre. .before. . . .fix. fastened); as, ///complete, ^:rpel. 7. An affix occurring at the end of a word is called a suffix (siib . .under, after. . . .fix. .fastened); as, fraction, dormant. * These definitions contemplate only non-word elements. In ordinary derivative and compound words the principal element is itself a word ; and in ordinary compound words the modifying element is likewise a word. These principles are designed only for refer- ence or as the basis of oral instruction. i A^ is the regular form of this prefix, but in the word under consideration (^yfix) it is changed to ay for the sake of euphony (eu. good, well. .. y/ion. sound) or agrfeabU sound. EXPLANATIONS. 1. Where an element has been contracted, corrupted, or in any way varied, the regular form is restored in the analysis.* 2. An element has its absolute or first value — the value which it possesses when standing alone. But in combination it is often used in a secondary or derived sense. In such cases the first and second senses are placed together in the analysis to suggest the mental process of transition. 3. The value of the suffix is often very general and elastic. In such a case it is very indefinite, and becomes definite only in combination. Therefore in this work the value of the sufiix is frequently put into a parenthesis to indicate that the value given is restricted to this particular combination. 4. Occasionally a word in a list maybe beyond the compre- hension of the younger grades. Such a word is placed within brackets at the bottom of the list to indicate that it is to be taken up only in the higher grades. * For example, in the lesson under "'W^^from, away," in the analysis of the word abound, the element und, which has been changed in the word to ound, is given in paren- thesis. In many of the following lessons, however, only one form of such element is set forth in the analysis; and this is the rule throughout the book, except where clearness requires that both forms should be given. In the captions heading lessons where an ir- regular form occurs it is also followed by the regular form in parenthesis ; as in the first lesson, A (an)i=without, not. This means that the regular form of the prefix treated is an. WORD BUILDING. A composite word is one that may be resolved [analyzed^ into significant elements expressing distinct and separate ideas. Each composite word is a definite structure (or building). The structure of a composite word consists of a foundation part called the base^ and subordinate modifying elements built upon this base. In ordinary derivative and compound words the base is a simpler word; as, in recall, incomplete, railroad. In ordinary compound words the subordinate modifying element is a word; as, in railroad, tea-pot. In ordinary derivatives the subordinate elements are pre- fixes or suffixes; as, in recall, justly. A stem derivative has a prefix or suffix built upon a ston base; as, in ^yitract, victor. A stem compound has a stem base and stem modifier; as, in lithograph. A word may have several structures in which one structure becomes the base of another. The derivative incompletely, for example, resolves into the derivative base incomplete and suffix ly. Incomplete contains the stem derivative complete and pre- fix /;/. Complete contains the stem plet (filled) and prefix con (together). In analysis, therefore, the order of the several structures must be observed. WHAT WORDS SAY. A (ail)= without, not. A byss a . . without byss . . bottom.^ Adamant j. _„ ^ot. . .. da mant .. conquerahle." Diamond ) ylmaranth a. . not niarant . . fading.*^ ^tom a. .without . . .toin . .cutting, division.'' Atheist ist. .one who. . . .a. .without. . . .the . .God.*^ Asylum ii7ti . . (place) . . . .a. . without . . . .syl. seize.* [.4methyst]. . .a. .not. . . .methyst. .intoxicated.^ [Asbestos] OS . . that wliich (is) ti. . not .... sbest . • quenchable.*^ [^zoic] a. . without .... ,t;o .. life .... AC . . being.' [^zote] a . without . . . .zo. life.-" ^ An abyss' is a yawning chasm (as if ivithout bottoni). ^ Ad'amant is a very hard (and therefore 7iot easily conquer- able) substance. The word diamond is but a corruption of adamant, and is applied to the most valuable of all precious stones and the hardest known substance. His heart if it be not adamant must soften; if it be not ice it must melt. — Dr. Nott. When each gun From its adaman'tine lips Spread a death-shade round the ships, Like the hurricane eclipse Of the sun. — Campbell. '^ The ain'aranth is a flower that does not easily fade. '' Any material may be divided into at'oms; but the atotnsaxe those extremely small parts that cannot be further divided. ^ An atheist is one who is luithout belief in the existence of God. The atheist's laugh's a poor exchange For Deity offended. — Bums. 24 WHA T WORDS SA Y.. *■ An asy'lum is a place of retreat for the distressed. Also a place where one is free from pursuit or arrest (can;/^/ be seized).^ s The am'ethyst is a precious stone of a bluish purple color which was formerly supposed to have the virtue of curing drunkenness (leaving the individual who wore it not intoxicated) And through the gaps of leaning trees Its mountain cradle shows. The gold against the amethyst. The green against the rose. — Whitlier. ^ Asbestos is an incombustible (and therefore not quenchable) substance. ' The azoic age was the age without animal life on the earth. J Nitrogen is called azote' because it will fiot sustain ani- mal life. ^& = from, away. A ftbreviate brev . short ate . . en ab . away. ^fedicate dicat. . declare . . . ab away.* A ftduct duct . . lead, take . . . .ab. . away.*^ Abject .Ject . . cast .... ab • away. '^ Abjure .Jur .swear. . . . ab .away.'* ^ftlution hft. .wash ioil -ing. . . .ab- .away.'' .^ftorigines es. . those ab from . . . ovUfill begin- ning.^ ^6ound ound (und) . . wave . . . .ab . away.^ Abrade rad . . scrape ab . . away." * In this sense every nation is an asylum to persons fleeing from another country to escape arrest. The pursuinff officers cannot cross the border: there the tleemg one finds a temporary or permanent asylum. Formerly the churches and temples were asylums for fugitives. It was unlawful for force of any kind to enter the sanctuary. A noted case of this kind was that of Pausanias the Spartan. He had gained renown by the overthrow of the Persians at Plataea. But he was afterwards detected m an attempt to betray the country he had saved. He was pursued like a common criminal, and in his distress fled into a temple. The people respected the sanctuary and stood for a moment perplexed. But the aged mother of the culprit pointed out the way she brought a stone and laid it on the threshold. Instantly other stones were brought, the entrance was walled up, and the traitor left to starve to death withm. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 15 ^&rupt nipt, .broken ah. .away.' ^ftsolute solut . . loosened .... ah . f rom.J ^&solve solv. . loosen . . . .ah. . from.'' ^ftsorb sorh . . suck, drink .... ah . . from.' Ahnse. ah . . away from .... use."^ m ^ To ab'dicate a throne is to give it up (or publicly declare it away^i^ '^ To abduct' a person is to /ead him away secretly or by force. *^ An ab'ject person is one of vile condition (as if a castaway). ^ When an alien, or foreigner, becomes a citizen of a coun- try by naturalization he must abjure' {swear aivay) his former allegiance, or citizenship. ^ An ablu'tion is a washing away of the dirt from the person. ^ The aborig'ines of a country are those who have inhabited it from the beginning. s An article abounds' when it exists in great quantities (as if overflowing, or flowing away in a great 7uave). ^ To abrade' the skin or the bark of a tree is to tear, or scrape, away a portion of it. ' An abrupt' turn or bend is a sharp one (as if breaking away suddenly from the direct course). J An ab' solute monarch is free {loosened) from all restraint. His will alone is law. '^ We are absolved' from an offence {loosened or freed fro7n its penalty) when it is forgiven us. And men absolved By mercy from the consequence, forget The evil deed; and God imputes it x\oX.—Pollok * The Roman emperor. Diocletian, abdicated his empire in the height of his power, and retired to the light employment of gardening. The Emperor Charles V of Austria, the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, abdicated the grandest dominion of modern times and ended his days in the seclusion of a monastery. The Roman dictator, Sylla, dared to ab- dicate the sway which he had seized, and to live at Rome as a private citizen. The re- cent cases of ah ^ication are those of King Amadeus of Spain, and Prince Alexander of Bulgaria. It c d 16 WIIA T WORDS SA Y. ' The sponge absorbs' [sucks or drinks in) water /r^w a cup. ^ A privilege is abused' when it is perverted (or turned aivay) from its proper use. And thus he bore without abuse The grand old name of gentleman. — Tennyson. ^67er= capable of. hxable capable of (being) ....«>•*.. plow(ed) Capable able (to) caj) . . take Durable capable of . . . .du r . .last(ing). MaW caJde capable of (being) . . . .nialle] . .hammer(ed) Portable capable of (being) . . . .port- .carry (carried). Sociable SOCi . . companion .... able. Tractable capable of (being) , . . .tract, .draw(n).® 'VxiXncrable. . . .capable of (being) . . . .vainer . . wound(ed).^ [Formidable^ .capable of (exciting) . . . .fomiid. .fear.^ \ya\\)able^ (perceptible to) . . .jialp. .touch.'' [Redout«6^e]. .capable of (causing) . . . .vedout. .fear.' ^ Ar'able land is that which is fitted for cultivation {capable of being plowed). ^ A capable person is one who is able to act {take hold of in the right way). * The Indo-European races are descended from a pre-histonc tribe that occupied the region immediately southeast of the Caspian Sea. Those ancient people are called the Aryans or//o«'-men, because the syllable ar, occurring in the sense of plov\ in the lan- guage of all their descendants, proves that they were agriculturists, and, therefore, some- what advanced m civilization. The Aryans have been the history makers of the world. As they spread out into India, Persia, and throughout Europe, their descendents are called Indo-Europcans, or modern Aryans. Still Ijnger in our noon of time And our Saxon tongue The echoes of the home-born hymns The Aryan mothers sung. — M'hittier. t A mall is a kind of hammer. A ma//ei is a /I'l/U hammer. To maul is to strike (as with a mall). The mall in a park is the place where croquet (or ball and mall) Is played. Pall Mall is simply the hall and mall place. WHA T WORDS SA V. 17 '^ A durable structure is one that is capable of lasting or con- tinuing a long time. •* Most metals are mal'leable, that is, capable of being ha?nniered out into sheets. « A tract' able person is one who is capable of heing influenced {drawn, or led, along) by good advice or treatment. ^ A vulnerable part is one capable of being womided* s h. for' midable opponent is one capable ^/ inspiring /far.f ^ A falsehood is said to he pal'pable when it is so plain as to be easily perceived (as though capable ^/ being touched). ' A redout' able hero is one capable ^/ inspiring /mr in his ene- mies. [Also spelled redoubtable.^ ^&^=from, away. a Abscess cess . . go abs . . from, away.^ Abscond cond . hide abs . . away .^ Absent eiit. .being abs. .away. Absta.in tai^i {ten), .hold aJ)S. .from.'^ ^fo.stemiou s . . . abs from .... teni . . strong drink .... oilS • • being. '^ A ftstract tract . . draw abs. . from.* A frstruse ti'tis . . thrust abs from.^ ^ An ab'scess is a sore from which there is a discharge {going away) of matter. * Thetis, the goddess mother of Achilles, dipped him when an infant into the river Styx in order to render him invulnerable to mortal weapons. She held him by the heel, thus keeping the water from this part and consequently leaving it subject to mortal laws. When the arrow of Paris found entrance here the hero yielded up his life in accordance with the dying prophecy of Hector: Phoebus and Paris shall avenge my fate. And stretch thee here before the Scaean gate. — Pope's Iliad. + Is heaven tremendous in its frowns ? most sure; And in its la.\ors /or midable, too: Its favors here are trials, not rewards; A call to duty, not discharge from care. — Voune: 18 WIIA T IVOKDS SA V. ^ To abscond' is to depart secretly (as if to Aide away from pur- suit). Man cannot be God's outlaw if he would Nor so abscond him in the caves of sense. — Lowell. ^ To abstain' from intoxicating drink is to hold one's sell away from the use of it. '' An abste'tnious person is one who is sparing in diet (especially one who abstains /r^w strong drink). * To abstract' money from a till is to take (or draw) it out (or away). An ab'stract of a document is a portion taken (or drawn) from it. ^ An abstruse' theory or proposition is difficult to understand (as if its meaning were thrust hsick from the mind). / Ac (ad) — to, toward, as^ainst, at, Accelerate . . ate make .... celer. . swif t(er) .... ac • • toward (forward). Accept cept (eapt). .take ac .toward. Access cess .go ac. . unto. Accident . . . cid (cad) . . fall ent . . ing . . . ac . to.* Acclivity. . . ity. .that which, . . .cliv . slope (s) ac .tow- ard (up). Accord cord . . heart . . . .ac . toward.'' Accost rtc . . to . . . . cost . . rib (side).*^ A ccumulate. ate . . make .... cumul * . heap ac against (up). ^An ac'cident is what befalls [falls in the way) or happens unexpectedly. ^ When one does a thing of his own accord' his heart is in- clined toward it. When one accosts' another he steps to his side. c * The cumuln% clouds are those which are piled up in heaps. ' PV//J T WORDS SA Y. 19 ^cZ=to, toward, unto, against, at. ^d^dress dress . . direct ad . . unto. Adhere her . . stick ad . . to. Ailmne mir. .wonder ad. .at."* Admit 7nit{t) . . send fid . unto. /idmonition . .monit . .warn . . . .ioil. .ing. . . .ad. .against ^^Zopt opt. .wish, choose. . . .ad. .unto. A dore or. . speak, pray .... ad . . unto. Jt^^verse vers . . turned .... ad . . against. Advertise . . ..iwrt. .turn. . . .ad. .to.'' Advise ad . . according to ... . vis . . seen.*^ c a ' To admire' is to regard with pleasure and appreciation (akin to zvonder). ^ To advertise' an article is to try to turn the attention of people to it. •= One advis'es in regard to a matter according to the way it i seen by him. ^cZ6= arrangement, preparation, that which is done. Kvcade arrangement of . . . .arc. .arch(es).* Balustrade arrangement of . . . .balusters. Baxricade arrangement of . . . .barric. . barrel (s)." Cannonc^cie continuous discharge of . . . .cannons. Q,o\onxs.ade arrangement of . . . .coloilll. .column(s). EsplangtZe . ... .that which is ... . esplan . . level(ed).^ V.evcionade lemon .... ade . . preparation. VoXxsad e arrangement of . . . .palis. .stake(s), posts.'' Pomade .pom . . apple .... ade . . preparation.® Stockade arrangement of . . . .stoch. .stocks, posts/ ^ How brightly gleams that arch of blue Beyond the green arcade' ! — Hood. ^ A barricade' is an obstruction in a street (often made of bar- rels of sand). 20 WHAT WORDS SAY. •= An esplanade' is a leveled part of a park designed for public gatherings. ^ K palisade' is a fortification mades of stakes or posts. The Palisades of the Hudson are a continuous wall of lofty columns of stone resembling o. fortificatioti of stakes or posts. Beneath the s&h\G palisade That closed the castle barricade, His bugle horn he blew, — Scott. ® Pomade' for the hair was formerly jnade of apples. ^ A stockade' is a fortification of stocks or posts. Ag, act=do, act, urge, drive. Affent ag. .do enf- .ing.'* Af/ile He. .capable of . . . Of/ . .act(ion).'' Af/itate. itat . continue to ... . ay . . urge.° Act act. .do. ConntQvact act. .act. . . .cou^lter. .against. Enact eii. .into.'^ Exact act . . urge ex. . out.® React act . . act . . . .re. . back. Transact act- .do trans . . across, through, thor- oughly.^ [Ambiguous] . .aff . .drive. . . .otiS. -ing. . . .anibi. . around. ^ [Exif/ent] ag . . drive .... eflt . ing .... ex . . out, forth.^ [Prod /*??f . . rob. ^ Savage sav {silv)l . . wood, forest. *" ^ The fo'liage of a tree is all its leaves {that which consists oi leaves) . * A. /olio is a sheet of paper folded once (thus forming' two leaves), t A book that is com/Z/ed {con. .together) is said to have its materials brought together \yj plundering ra&Viy sources. X Pennj'.j'/r'ania means \.\\& forest region settled by William Fenn. 32 WHA T WORDS SA Y. ^ The plu' mage oi a. hird is all its feathers {that which con- sists oi feathers). But as some bird of heavenly plutnage fair, He looked, which down from higher regions came And perched it there, to see what lay beneath. — Pollok. '^ A bev'erage is that which is taken as drink. ^ Cour'age is bravery or daring (that which requires a strong heart). ^ Language is speech {that which comes from the tongue). In eastern lands they talk in flowers, And they tell in a garland their loves and cares; Each blossom that blooms in their garden bowers On its leaves a mystic language bears. — Percival. For 'tis sweet to stammer one letter Of the Eternal's language — on earth it is called forgiveness. — Longfellow. ' An out' rage is aggravated misconduct or injury {that which goes beyond all bounds). ^ Pil'lage is that which is taken by robbing — especially property taken by soldiers from a vanquished people. ^ A savage beast is one that is wild or untamed (like those which live in the woods or forest). ^^= belonging to, like, ful. Capita? belonging to capit . (the) head. Corpora? belonging to corj^or . (the) body. Cymbal cymb . . cup al. . like.'' Dental belonging to dent, .(the) tooth (teeth) Dial pertaining to. .. .di. . (the time of) day. Festal belonging to . . . .feat. . (a) feast.'' Filia? belonging to. . . .fili. .son, daughter." Y\nal belonging to fiti . . (the) end. Flora? belonging to . . . .flov . . flower(s). Fruga? frug . . fruit al. . in\.^ IVHA T WORDS SA Y. 23 Genial full of ready genius^ or pleasant wit. Jo via? large-hearted and merry {like Jove, the father of the gods). * Cymbals * are musical instruments (shaped somewhat // a cup). " A /^//a/ occasion is one of joy and gaiety {like unto a.feasi). They would have thought, who heard the strain, They saw in Tempe's vale her native maids, Amidst the /^jM/sounding shades. To some unwearied minjtrel dancing. — Collins. c Land of my sires! What mortal hand Can e'er untie the filial band That knits me to my rugged strand!— 5'a"il)§. .punishment. Plura? belonging to. . . .pllir. .more (than one). Regal belonging to reg . (a) king. b ♦The word cAime was originally chimbale, and at a still earlier time cimbale. It com- pared the ringing of the bells to that of the cymbals. tThe flower ««rturtium (tort., twist iMwi...that which) is so called because of the effect of its odor in twisting the nose. \ Anything ^nornio'as (e. .out) is out of the usual rule. § A sub/a^wa (»«b. under) is an order to appear as a witness under penalty oi fine or imprisonment for contempt of court. 24 WHA T WORDS SA V. Rival belonging to. . . .7'iv. .(the) stream.'' Koy al belonging to ... . roy . . (a) king. Kural belonging to ... . TUT . . the country. Vital .belonging to. . . .vit. .life. Vocal belonging to. . . .VOC .(the) voice. '-' A 7ior'mal school is a place where the most approved rula (or methods) for teaching are laid down. *>0'er me, like a re' gal tent, Cloudy-ribbed, the sunset bent, Purple curtained, fringed with gold. Looped in many a wide swung fold. — IVhittier. •^ A ri'valis an active competitor [like one of two persons claiming the right to use the same stream). ^/2,= without, not. ^wonymous otiS- .being. . . .au- .without . . . .onym . .a name.^ Anarchy y . .condition of being. . . .(Hi. .without. . . . aTCh . a ruler. Anodyne afl . . without .... od)/ii . . pain.'' ^/^ecdote an not dot . given . . . .ec. . out.*= n oma y / ^^ ^ ^^^ omal . . even, regular.** JL'/iomalous ) ^ An anonymous letter is ivithout the real najne of the writer. ''An anodyne is a drug that allays pain (and therefore leaves the sufferer tvithout pain). ''An a7iecdote is a short and simple story, such as are not in- tended for publication {or giving out to the public). '' An a?wm'aly is something unusual (and therefore irregular). WHA T WORDS SA Y. 25 Flagrant fiagr* . . burn ant . . ing.^ Fragraiit fragr . . odor emit .... ant . . ing.^ Mendicant fnendic .beg ant. -ing." Pliafit pli fold, bend ant. . ing. Radiant radi .' . ray . . . ant . . ing."^ Remnant Teni{a)n . .remain. . . .ant. -ing.^ '$)ervant Serv . . slave, serve. . . . ant. . ing. Ten«^^ ten . . hold ant . . ing} Yigilant vigil . awake, watch .... ant . . ing.s [Dorm^x^if] dorm\ . .sleep ant. .ing. lErrant] err. .wander ant. -ing." [Rampa^^] ra^npX. .climb, rear ant- -ing.' [Ruminant] riiniin. .cud chew. . . . tint. -ing. [ Trenchant] trench, .cut — ant. -ing. J ^A fia'gratit offense is a burning one. ^ More fra! gratit than Arabia sacrificed, And all her spicy mountains in a flame. — Young. •^ What is station high? 'Tis a proud men'dicant: it boasts and begs. It begs an alms of homage from the throng, And oft the throng denies its charity. — Young. ''The diamond is a radiant gem {sending forth rays of light). ^A rem'nant is a small piece remaining. ""A tenant is one holding property, usually by virtue of pay- mg rent for it. Not a lark that calls The morning up, shall build on any turf But she shall be thy tenant, call thee lord, And for thy rent pay thee in change of songs. — Ford. * A conyfa^ration {con. .together . . .ation. ing) is a great burning. t A dormitory is a slec/>ing apartment. X To romp is to engage in rude play (such as ctzmSing and jumping). 26 IV HA T WORDS SA Y. ^A vig'ilant sentinel is awake and watching* ^K knight-er' rant was a knight wandering in quest of ad- venture. 'A lion rain'paut is a rearing lion. JA trench' ant blade is one that is very sharp (and therefore well adapted for cutting). Ap {(l(l) = to, toward, unto, against, at, upon. ^2>para'tus . ..us. .that which (is) . . . .parat. .prepared ap.. nnto (some particular use). Ap^2ire\ pareil . . like aj) . . unto (like).'' Appeal peal ( pell) . . drive, urge .... ap . . toward.** ^_ppend .petld . . hang up . . unto. ^2^petite .petit . . attack .... aj) • upon.° ^^plaud .plaud . . clap hands .... ap . . toward. Appreciate. . . ate . . put preci . . value .... ap . . upon. A^^prehend . .prehefid. . grasp, seize . . . ap . . upon. Apprize pri.S . . grasp, seize ... ap . upon.'' A^^propriate .ate . . make .... a2) • • unto . . ^tt^o^fvi . . one's own. ^Appar'el is clothing, which is made to fit the person of the wearer (as if giving like unto like). ^ To appeal' is to invoke earnestly in behalf of some object (as if urging it toward the listener). "Ap'petite is that feeling which leads one to make an eager attack upon food or drink. ^ When we apprize' one of an occurrence, we enable him to seize upon the facts relating to it. * And in the silent vig'ils of the night When uninspired men reposed, the bard, Ghastly of countenance, and from his eye Oft streaming wild unearthly fire, sat up .4nd sent imagination forth. — Pollok. IVI/A T WORDS SA Y. 37 ^^=: belonging to, like. QoWar belonging to . . . coll. . (the) neck. Familictr . ..well known {like one of the/a/////y). Lun«r belonging to. . . .Inn*, .the moon. Popular* belonging to popul . . the people. Kegulai* . . .according to refful. .rule. Solar belonging to sol . . the sun.^' S&c\i\ar belonging to scecill. .generation, the world, f Vulg««* belonging to vulyX • the common people. [Insular] . . .belonging to ins ill . (an) island. [Mola^'] like niol. .(a) mill.'' [Ocular] . . .belonging to octil (the) eye. [Stellffr].. .belonging to stell^. .(the) star(s). a The so7ar shadow, as it measures life, It life resembles, too: Life speeds away From point to point, though seeming to stand still. — Young. ^ The mol'ar teeth are used {like a mill) in grinding the food. ^'^'1/ replace. Apiary place (for) aj) .bee(s). Aviary place (for) . . . .av. .bird(s). Columhary place (for) .... coliinib . . dove(s). Granary place (for) .... (fvan . . grain. In^rmary place (for) .... (the) infirm. * The mind of a /««atic was supposed to be affected by the moon. W&rtaXnmg to the generations oi this world. A Scriptural form for nvorldly as distin- gfuished from religious. The secular solemnities at Rome were those that were observed once m a generation. The period of their recurrence was gradually extended to one hun- dred years. The poet Horace regarded it as his proudest distinction to be appointed to compose the Secular Hymn. The noble production still exists. It is the voice of imperial Rome at its hijfhest estate, and in its loftiest mood. The author saw the perfection of his work and said, " I have achieved immortality, my name shall never die." X When a matter is diz'«/^ed {di. .apart, abroad) it is caused to spread abroad s.vsxot\Q the :om mon people, § A coaf/*//ation {eon. together) is a group of stars forming (together) a system. 28 WHA T WORDS SA Y. l^xbvavy place (for) .... libr . . book(s). Seminff i' J/ place (for) .... seniifl . . (sowing) seed.^ Sancturt I'l/ sanct . . holy .... ary . . place. ^ ^A sem'inary is a school (or place for sowing the seeds of knowledge). '' Ah, why Should we, in the world's riper years, neglect God's ancient sanct' uaries, and adore Only among the crowd, and under roofs That our frail hands have raised? — Bryant, A.vy =one who, that which. Apothecat'^..one who (keeps a) . . . .aj^othec .store-house (of medicines). Dromed^tl'2/..that (animal) which (is adapted for) . . (If'Oniad* . . running. Lapidf/7'// . . .one who (carves precious) .... Idpidy. . stone(s). Lumin«>'2/. ..that which (gives). . . Intniil. .light. Salrt>'?/ that which (is given to buy). . . .sal. .salt.^ Secretary. . .one who has the confidence {secrets) of his chief. ['Pla.giary^ . .one who (is guilty of) . . . .plfigi. .kidnapping.'' [Votary]- • .one who (offers up constant). . . .vot. .vow(s).'^ '^A sal' ary was formerly an allowance to soldiers for the pur- chase of their salt. ^'^ plagiary or pla'giartst is one tvho steals the writings of an- other (just as he might kidnap that other's child) and passes them off as his own. '^A vo' tary is one who is a devoted worshiper (as if offering up constant vows). * A hip'^odroiits {hipp. horse) is a place where horses run races. A Ai/>/opot'amus i potaiitoa . .river) is a river horse. WHA T WORDS SA V. 29 jite=m3.ke, do, act. Animate (fill with) . . , anifn. .breath, spirit.'' Culminot^e make . . . culniiu • a top (point or end).'' Dominaife act as doniiih . . master. Don^e^e make .... don . . gift. Duplicate make du . . two _/>?ic . . fold. Evacuate make vacu . . empty. Investigate (look). . .m..into. ..vestlf/*. .track,trace. Lacerrf f e make lacer . . mangled, torn. Lubricffli^e make .... liibvic . slippery. Mutilate make Tiiiifil. .maimed. Oscill^^e act as. . . .oscill. .mask of Bacchus.'^ Rotate act as ... . rot . (a) wheel. Vacate make .... vac • empty. [Hibernate] (sleep during) hlbevn. .winter,^ a Can storied urn or an'imated bust Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? — Gray. '' A wordy quarrel often cut ininates {makes an end) in blows. *= To os' dilate is to move with a swaying motion (as did the little masks of Bacchus^ suspended in the ancient vineyards to propitiate the god of wine). ^ Many animals hi'bernate {sleep or keep in close quarters during the winter), as the bear. Bene— w'^W. U<>n,e^i^t\on well .... diet . . say .... ion . . ing.^ JJen enactor well fact . . do or. . er. Benehx. well fit {fact) . . done.'' Henevolent well .... vol . . wish .... eut . . ing.° [Benefice] well flc {fac) . . make, do.*^ [Beiiison] (for fte/iediction).*^ [N. B. {nota bene)]. . . .not. .mark. . . .bene. .well. ♦When no ves'tige of a place can be found, every track ox trace of it has disappeared. 30 WHA T WORDS SA Y. ^ To pronounce a benedic' Hon upon a congregation is to in- voke a blessing (that it may be well with all its members) Such songs have a power to quiet The restless pulse of care, And come like the benediction That follows after prayer. — Longfellow. ^ To ben'efit a person is to do something for his T£/^//-being.* "^ A benev'olent man is one who is charitable and kindly dis- posed, and does, or wishes to do, good (or well) toward his; fellows. But deep this truth impressed my mind Thro' all his works abroad, The heart benevolent and kind The most resembles God. — Burns. ^ A benefice is a living (for a minister and his family) granted or made for the benefit (7£/^//-being) of a church. * Out of the cooling opal The stars broke one by one : To me they were the symbols Of Heaven's benison. — William Sawyer. Si=t\vo. Siped M. . two 2>^^ • • foot.* Hisect sect . cut (into) .... bi . . two.'' jE?/valve bi. . two .... valv\ . door.'' jBalance bi. . two .... lance . . plate, dish. ^ barouche bi. . two .... 7'Ot . . wheel .... us . ed. * But not around his honored urn Shall friends alone and kindred mourn : The thousand eyes his care had dried Pour at his name a bitter tide, And frequent falls the grateful dew For benefits the world ne'er knew. — Scott. t A valve in a pump is a little door that is opened by the water when the piston is forced down. WHAT WOUDS SAY. 31 * A bird or other animal having but two feet is called a bi- ped. ^ To bisect' a line is to cut it into two equal parts. •^ The oyster or clam is called a bi'valve, because its shell pens like ttvo doors working on one hinge. '' An apothecary's balance has two dishes. Like souls that balance joy and pain, With tears and smiles from heaven again, The maiden Spring upon the plain Came in a sun lit fall of rain. — Tennyson. ^ A barouche' was originally a two-zvheeled vehicle. It is now a carriage having four wheels, and provided with two seats for passengers and an elevated seat for the driver. Brev, br ef=short. !ii'einty brev. .short. . . .ity . .ness. jireve brev. .short.'' Brief bref. .short.i^ Abbreinaie ab. . away brev . . short ate . . en." [Abridf/e] ...... a{b) . . away bref/ {brev) . . short. ** [Brevet] brev . . brief, short .. . et. little. ^ ^ A brew was originally a sho?'t note, though now the longest one. The sign (*') of the short sound of a vowel is also called a breve. ^ A brief interview is a short one. A lawyer's brief is a short document embodying the law points in his case. '' To abbre'viate a name is to shorten it (by taking away letters). *^ To abridge' a work is to put it into smaller (or shorter) space. ® A brevet' is a short {or little) commission {or brief) given for gallantry or distinguished service, though not accompanied with a corresponding command. 32 WHA T IVOJiDS SA Y. Ced=go. Vrececle go . • . .2>>'e . . before. Proceed go jiro . .forward. Recede go. . . .re. . back.'' Succeed go sue {sub) . . under, after.'' Intercede go. • • ititev. .between. • Exceed? go ... , ex out (or beyond). [Antece^^ent] go ... . eilt . ing ... ante . . before. [Precef^ence] go. . . . nee . .ing. . . .pre. .before. [Preceder\t\ go ... . ent . ing . . . .2JVe . . before.*^ [Secee^e] go . . . . se . . aside, away. * Hark! as my lingering footsteps slow retire Some Spirit of the Air has waked thy string! 'Tis now a Seraph bold, with touch of fire, 'Tis now the brush of Fairy's frolic wing. Reced'ing now, the dying numbers ring • Fainter and fainter, down the rugged dell. And now the mountain breezes scarcely bring A wandering witch-note of the distant spell — And now, 'tis silent all! — Enchantress, fare thee well! — Scott. The world recedes' ; it disappears! Heaven opens on my eyes. — Pope. ^ To succeed' another is to follow {go after) him. Hence, to succeed in an undertaking is to follow it up to a prosperous or favorable conclusion. The stiller sound succeeds, and God is there. — Dryden ^ K prec'edent is something done {going before) which may ■serve as a guide under like circumstances. 'Twill be recorded as a precedent, And many an error by the same example Will rush into the state. — Shakespeare. Be wise to-day; 'tis madness to defer; Next day the la.ia.\ precedent will plead. Thus on till wisdom is pushed out of life. — Young. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 33 (7eilf= hundred. Cent hundred.^ Cei^^ennial . . . .al. . belonging to ce7lt . hundred . . . enil {ann) year.^ Ceilfipede hundred . . . .j^ed foot. Centuple hundred , . . .'pl{ic) .fold. Century hundred .... ury . (years). Oeai^urion ion.. one. who (commands) ... .ceii^. .hun- dred (men). Per cent 2>e/'. .by . . . .cent. . (the) hundred. [Ceil/ denary] . . . ary. . belonging to ... . cent . . hundred .... en {ami) . .year. [Centigrade], .hundred. . . .ffrttd. .degree(s).'^ [Cen-fimeter. .hundred. . . .meter{s).^ ^ A cent is the one hundredth part of a dollar. ■^ The centipede is a poisonous insect having very many (as if a hu7idred) feet. " The centigrade thermometer has a scale divided into one hundred degrees, starting from the freezing point as zero. ^ A cen'timeter is the hundredth part of a jneter (a measure of length in the metric system). €ess—^o a Abscess go • . . . abs . . from, away. Access go . . . ac (ad) . . to. Ancestor an{te) . before .... ces{s) . . go . . . . or. . ery Excess go • • • • eoc . . out (or beyond). Intercessor or . . one who .... cess . . go(es) .... inter . .between. Predecessor or . one who .... cess . .go(es) .... dc . . from . . . .pre. .before. T 34 WHA 7' WORDS SA Y. Process go pro . . forward. "= Procession go ion. .ing . . .pro forward. Recess go. . . .re. . back.*^ Pmccession go ion . . ing ... sue (sub) . . after.* Successor or. . one who cess . . goes .... sue (sub) . . after. ^ An ab'scess is a sore from which there is a discharge {going away) of matter. ^ Like lavish ancestors, his earlier years Have disinherited his future hours. — Young. ° Yet, I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs, And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns. — Tennyson. ^ To take a recess' is to withdraw temporarily (as if to go back) from one's occupation. By the love Of their wild blossoms our young footsteps first Into her deep recesses are beguiled, Her minster cells — dark glen and forest bower. — Mrs. Hemans. ® Whatever blooms in torrid tracts appear. Whose bright succession decks the varied year. — Goldsmith. CircUfn.= around. Cii'cumf erence . .fer . . bear .... ence . . ing circuni . . around. ('i'rct(ftlf\ex flex, .bending. . . .cii^cum. .around.* Circwmlocution.locut. .speak. . . .ion. .ing circuni. . around. Circuniscribe . . .scrib. .write, mark. . . .circum. .around.'' Circumspect. . . .sped. .look. . . .circuni. . around. *= Circumstance. . .stance, .standing. . . .circuni. .around.'* Circumvent vent . . come .... circuni . . around.^ Circuit ct'rcit(*n'). .around it. .go. IVHA T WORDS SA Y. bo * The circumflex indicates a wave of voice, rising and fall- ing (a bending around, as it were). '' For round and round in spacious circuit wide, Mountains of tallest stature circumscribe The plains of Paradise. — Pollok. But that I love the gentle Desdemona, I would not my unhoused free condition Put into circumscrip' tion and confine For the sea's worth. — Shakespeare. ' A cir' cwnspect person is one who looks around him before acting. '^ One's cir cumstances are the conditions surrounding (or standing around^ him. Who does the best his circumstance allows, Does well, acts nobly; angels could no more. — Young. * To circumvent' one is to delude or gain advantage over him by coming arotind him with arts or stratagem. Claim (clam) =c2i\\ out, shout. Claini.^ Acclaim call out ac{ad) . toward. Exclaim shout ex. . out.'' Proclaim call out . . . .pro . . forward, forth. *= T>eclaim call out tie . . from (an eminence).'^ Reclaim call aloud . . . .re. . back. Clamor shout . . .or. . ing. "" To c/aim a piece of property is to assert {ca// out) one'? ownership of it. " To exclaim' is to call (or cry) out. The prefix (ex) has in this word merely aft intensive effect. •^ The herald proclaimed' (or called out) the mandates of the king as he vjent forth among the people. , "^ When one declaims', he calls out in set speech (as if down from an eminence). ae WHA T WORDS SA y. Chid, cltlS= shut, close. Exclude shut ex . . out.'' Include shut. . . .in. .in. Seclude shut se. . aside, away. Conclitde shut . . . .coil. together." Preclitde shut (out) j^^re . . before. Reclitse shut re . . back. ^Auspicious midnight, hail! The world excluded, every passion hush'd, And open'd a calm intercourse with heaven. — Young. To conclude' SihsiYgsan is to agree upon terms [or close together). Col (C0^) = with, together. ToHapse. . . lai>s . . slip col . . together ToHateral .al. . having later . . side(s) .... col . . together.^" Collect. . . .led. .choose, gather. . . .col. .together. Collide .... lid . . strike .... col . . together. Colloquy.. . loqii . . talk .... col . . together. OoHeague . leg . send .... col . . together." Collation . . ion . . that which (is) .... lat . . brought .... col . . together. ^ Collat'eral relatives stand side by side with each other, in- stead of in the direct line of descent. ^ A col' league is one sent with another in the discharge of some duty. Hence, an associate in office. Corn (co^l) = vvith, together. Conimemoraxe.ate . .make. . . .inemor . .mindful com.. with. Co'Wimingle. . . .mingle with or together. ComrnxserzXe. . uiiserat. . pity com . . with. Commotion . . . mot . . move. . . . ion . . ing — com . . together. /r/M T WORDS SA V. 37 Commute TTiilt. .change. . . .C0fH. .with.* Company _2>r/41 . . bread .... com . . together.'' Compare _/j«>' . . arrange . . . .com. . together. (7o/>*partment .nieilt. .that which (is) . . . .jjat't. .divid(ed) . . . .com .with (others).'' Co^^ipassion . . .j^ass . . suffer, feel iou . . ing .... com . . with. * The governor of a state sometimes conumites the sentence of a condemned criminal by changing it to imprisonment for life. ^ Friendly com'pany eat [bread) together. '^ The compart' inents of a ship are the different parts into which the hold, or space below decks, is divided. Com (C0/i') = with, together (continued). Cotnpeer. . . .peer ( par) . . equal .... coin with.^ Co'mpensate..pe}is»< genial genial together. i 'o*(tglomerate. ..fflonYieT . .gIobe,ball. . . .ate. .ed. . . .eon. . together (^'oilgregate .... gveg herd .... eon . together. *A con'cave surface curves in like a hollow dish (and is as if all its sides came together at the centre). * K cor'd\a.\ stimulates the heart. A cordial reception is a Iw tTty one. \ Jel'Xy and ^f/'atine have the appearance of heXx^g frozen. H^HA T WORDS SA Y. 3» '' The man that hath no music in himself, Nor is not moved with con cord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils; The motions of his spirit are dull as night. And his affections dark as Erebus. Let no such man be trusted. — Shakespeare. Flowers of all hue are struggling into glow Along the blooming fields; yet their sweet strife Melts into one harmonious concord. — Schiller. Methinks that there abides in thee Some concord with humanity, Given to no other flower I see. — Wordsworth.— {''To the Daisy.") "A con! Crete substance is one in which the particles are united into a mass or body (as \i groivn together). Concrete' is a mass of small stones, sand and cement hardened (as \i graivn together). ^ Hark! heard you not those hoofs of dreadful note? Sounds not the clang of con'Jlict on the heath? — Byron. * She press'd to hear — she caught the tale — At every sound her blood congeaVd' ; With terror bold — with terror pale, She sprung to search the fatal field. — Penrose. (7oM'=with, together (continued). Cotinect nect . . tie con . together. Consider (be) with (the) sidev. .star(s). Constellation . . ation . (arrangement of) stell. . star(s) . . . .COfl- together.^ Contact tact . . touched con . . together. Con trive trov . . find con together.'' Contuse tus . bruise .... C07l . together. Convoy con . with (on the) . . . .vi. . way. Convulse vuls* . .pluck, pull con. .together.** a * The vutfare is the plucker^ or tearer. 40 WHA T WORDS SA Y. '•'■ To consid'er is to think over with care. The superstition of the ancients led them to consult the aspect of the heavenly bodies before entering upon any important undertaking. Hence, to co?isider meant originally to be with the stars. Co>i7'crse with stag's above, and know All Nature in its forms below. — Parnell. ^ Adorn'd with gems so richly bright, We'll form a constella'tion. Where every star, with modest light. Shall gild his proper station. — Montgomery. "^ To contrive' is to devise (as if by putting different things together until a successful result is found). The chest, contrivd a double debt to pay, A bed by night, a chest of draw'rs by day. — Goldsmith. ^ When the body of any animal is convulsed' , there is an agi- tation or twitching of the members (as if the muscles were violently /z/;//^^ or drawn together). No wizard mutters the tremendous spell, Nor sinks convulsive in prophetic swoon. — Beattie. Go charge my goblins that they grind their joints With dry convulsions; shorten up their sinews With aged cramps ; and more pinch-spotted make them Than pard or cat o' mountain. — Shakespeare. Coron — crown, COVO ftation. . . .crown .... (ttioti • ing. Coronet et- little .... cot'on . . crown. i'oi'ona.1 crown. . . .al. .like." Coroner crown .... ei' (officer). Cornice crown. . . .ice. .(part).*^ Croivn,"" [Co^'olla] oil. .little. . . .eor{on). .crown/. [Coi^oUary] .... at'y .. thai which (is a) . . . . oil ..little . . . .€Oi'{s] corp){'H)s. .body (of troops).*' \Corporeal'\ eal . . belonging to ... . corpor . . (the) body.s {Corslet'] let. .little cors- .body.'' {Habeas Co7'pns] . . h aheas . . you may have corpus • . the bo'lv ,- 1 42 JVHA T WORDS SA Y. • A competence is vital to content ; Much wealth is cor'pulence, if not disease. — Young, '' 07/"'/^^^/ punishment is inflicted upon the body. *^ To incor' porate a city is to organize it under a charter {make it into a working body., supplied with proper organs). An idea is incorporated into a book when it is put into the body of °.t, or, in other words, made a part of it. ^ A cor' set is an article of dress inclosing the waist (or small part of the body). "^ A blood corpuscle is a particle (or very little body) of the blood. ^ An army corps (pronounced core) is a large organized body of troops. K Some place the precious stone in gold. Beyond what Croesus ever told ; Some give it to corpo'i'eal health, And some will have it mental wealth. —Pratt {" The Philosopher's Stone"). ^ A cors'let is a small defensive armor for the front of the body. ' A writ of ha'beas cor'pus is a peremptory order of a court directed to the person detaining or holding another in cus- tody, commanding him to have the body of the person so de- tained before the court at a certain time, for the purpose of an inquiry into the cause of his detention* Cover. Cover. Coverlet lit . . bed. Ti'iu^over dis . . un.=* Kerch\&i vJief. . head.** ♦This writ, which is one of the most important safeguards of personal liberty, vas in- stituted by the English parliament during the reign of Charles 11 , and originally it con- tained the words /laheas corpus (you iiiay have the body). It provided for the speedy WHA T WORDS SA Y. 43 Curiew (:over feu . fire.' [Covert] cover 1. . ed.'^ '^ To discov'er a thing is to bring it to light {uncover it). '' A ker chief is a square cloth tied around (and covering) the head. Thus, night, oft see me in thy pale career, Till civil-suited morn appear; Not trick'd and frounc'd as she was wont With the Attic boy to hunt, But kerchief d in a comely cloud. While rocking winds are piping loud, Or usher'd with a show'r still. When the gust hath blown his fill, Ending on the rustling leaves. With minute drops from off the eaves. — Milton. " The curfew was an evening bell rung in England some centuries ago to notify the people to cover up their fires and retire. Each wandering genius of the lonely glen Shall start to view the glittering haunts of men, And silence watch, on woodland heights around. The village curfew as it tolls profound. — Campbell. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. — Gray. •* A cov'ert attack is one made utider cover. Sad is my fate! said the heart-broken stranger, The wild deer and wolf to a covert can flee; But I have no refuge from famine and danger— A home and a country remain not to me. — Campbell. bringing of the person (body) of the prisoner into court for the purpose of an inquiry into the cause of his detention, and if it there appeared that he was improperly or il- legally held in custody, he was at once set at liberty. In the United States the right of habeas corpus is guarded with jealous care. It may be suspended only in time of great public danger, as in the case of war or riot. During the late civil war it was suspended in roany of the States as a military necessity. 44 IVHA T WORDS SA Y. Curr, curs = r u n . Current curr . . run .... etit . . ing.^ Exc?*i'Sion curs . run .... io7l . . ing .... ex . . out. Incursion curs . . run .... io7i . . ing .... iii . . into.'' Occur C'ur{r). .run oc {oh), .against." Courier curr . . run . . . Aer . . er.'' Concourse curs. .run. . . .con. .together.® Co}' r'ldor idor. .that which. . . .curr. .runs.^ Precursor 7>/'e . • fore ... curs . . run ....or..eT. Courser cours (curs) . . run er.^ Course.^ * With secret course which no loud storms annoy Glides the smooth cur' rent of domestic joy. — Goldsmith. Flow ge?itly, sweet Afton, among thy green braes, Flow, gently, I'll sing thee a song in thy praise; My Mary's asleep by thy murmuring stream. Flow gently, sweet Afton, disturb not her dream. — Burns. ^ An incursion is a sudden invasion (or running into a country for the purpose of conquest or plunder), " A thought occurs' to one as if running against him. '^ A courier is a run?iing messenger. ^ A con' course of people is a gathering of those who have run together on account of some exciting cause. ^ A corridor is a long hall or passage [that ivhich runs through a building). s A cours' er is a running horse, Howe'er, the youth with forward air Bows to the sage, and mounts the car; The lash resounds, the coursers spring. The chariot marks the rolling ring; And gath'ring crowds, with eager eyes. And shouts, pursue him as he flies. — Whitehead. ^ Ah me! For aught that ever I could read. Could ever hear by tale or history, The course of true love never did run smooth. — Shakespeare. WHA T WORDS SA Y. De~un. 45 i)eform un. Deplete un. Derange un . Z><^stroy un. Z>etach un. Detect un . X)ethrone un . 2>evelop un. .form. .plet/.^W."- .arrange. .stru . .build. . tueli . . fasten. .tect. .cover.'' . throne. . voltip . wrap, fold. * To deplete' the body of its blood is to take a part of it (as if to empty, or unfill., the vessels containing it). ^ To detect' an error is to bring it to light (to uncover it. as it were).* '^To develop a mine is to uncover the ore. The child develops as he unfolds his powers. X)^=down, from. DeeVxne din . . lean, bend .... de . . from, down.^ jDeclivity . . . cllv slope .... Ift/ . . ing . . . .de. . down. Z>efend fetid . strike . . . .de- down, from.'' ^Delegate . . . legat . . send .... de . . f rom.'^ 2)e'liver liber . . free . . . .de. . from."^ _Depart part . . separate .... de . . from. X)epreciate . . ate . . put . . . .preti . . value .... de . . down. 2>epredate . . ate . . take . . . .prmd . . prey, spoil .... de from. i>espise sjHs {tipec) .look. . . .de- .down (upon).'' * If one should give me a dish of sand, and tell me there were particles of iron in it, I might look for them with my eyes and search for them with my clumsy fingers, and be un- able to cii/ect Xham; but let mc take a magnet and sweep through it, and how would it draw to itself the almost invisible particles by the mere power of attraction! — I/oimes. 46 WHA T WORDS SA V. ^ In the decline' of life a person bends down. In declining an offer one lea?is from it.* Like our shadows, Our wishes lengthen as our sun declines. — Young. '° One defends' himself by striking down the arm of his foe. Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'r you are. That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm, How shall your houseless heads, and unfed sides, Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you? — Shakespeare. ^A delegate to a convention is one sent to it by (or from) some person or persons entitled to representation therein. ^ To deliver one from prison is to free him from it. To de- liver a j)arcel or a message is to free one's self from the care of it. " Despising For you, the city, thus I turn my back: There is a world elsewhere. — Shakespeare. Di (6^'i's)=3apart, from. Digress gress . .go. .. .di. . from.* Dilate lat . . carry . . . .di- . apart." Dilute lut . wash , . . .di- . apart.'^ Dishevel sJievel {chevel) . .hair. . . .di- .apart.*^ Disperse spers (sjjai'S) .scatter. . . .di. .apart.^ Distant stant- .standing. . . .di. .apart.' Diverge vevff . .tend, go. . . .di- . apart. ^ Diversion vers . . turn .... iofl ing . . . .di. . from. Divert veTt- .turn. . . .di. .from. * The term decline, as used in grammar-, originated with a device for presenting to the eye the six cases of the Latin noun. Six converging lines were employed, beginning with a vertical line for the nominative case called hence the casus rectus, or up- right case. The other cases, the genitive, the dative, the accusative, the vocative and the ablative, were represented as in the accompanying figure by lines of progressively increasing inclination, and were hence called the oblique cases. Hence to decline a noun is to give the cases in succession passing down the leaning lines. WHA T WORDS SA V. 47 =' When a speaker digress'es he goes aside from his subject CO notice something suggested in connection with it. Thy noble shape is but a form of wax, Digressing from the valor of a man. — Shakespeare. " The pupil of a cat's eye is dilat'ed (or carried apart) in the I. ark. Here, there, he points his threatening front, to suit His first attack, wide waving to and fro His angry tail; red rolls his eye's dilated glow.— Byron. '^ Milk is sometimes dilut'ed, or made thin, by putting water into it (thus washing apart its substance, as it were). ^ Disheveled hair is hair flying apart. ^ My lord, our army is dispersed' already: Like youthful steers unyoked, they take their courses East, west, north, south; or, like a school broke up, Each hurries towards his home and sporting place.— 5/*ai<'j/^arc. '' Places are dis'ta?it from each other when they startd wide apart. Now rings the woodland loud and long. The distance takes a lovelier hue, And drowned in yonder living blue The lark becomes a sightless song. — Tennyson. 'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view, And clothes the mountain in its azure hue. — Campbell. s Diverging lines tend apart from a common point. 2)i=day. JJiaX al.. belonging to di.. (the) day.'' Diary ft^^'U that which (reports the) . . . .di. . day. l>iurnal di . . day uviuil . . ly. Meridian . . . uteri {niedi) . . middle (mid) di. . day . . . a7l. .(line).^ [Sine die]. . . .sine . . without di.- day.** 48 iVHA T WORDS SA V. ^ The di' all's, an instrument which shows the hour of day by the position of the sun's shadow. Taste, like the silent dial's power, That when supernal light is given, Can measure inspiration's hour. And tell its height in heaven. — Campbell. ^ The merid'iafi is a line due north and south (that line om which the sun is at noon, or 7nid-day). By the brook the shepherd dines; From the fierce tueridian heat Shelter'd by the branching pines, Pendant o'er his grassy seat. — Cu7tningkam. ° When the legislature adjourns si'ne di'e it adjourns perma- nently (or without any day for meeting again). X)fe= through, between, across. Diadem (a crown or fillet) .... ileni bound .... diet . .across (the forehead, or around the brows).'' X>iagonal al. . that which (goes) .... dia . through . . . .(jon,- .(the) corner(s).^' Diagram (a drawing made by lines) .... ffram{7¥i) . . written. . . .dia. .through or across (each other). 2>*alogue lof/ue . . speaking dia between (or among, two or more persons). 7>ia meter (the line which) .... meter . measure(s) .... (the circle) .... dia . . through, or across. Diaphragm (the) — jjhraf/m. . . fenje. . . . dia through (the body and situated between the chest and abdomen).*^ ^ Mont Blanc is the monarch of mountains: They crowned him long ago On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds. With a di'adem of snow. — Byron. Delve we there for richer gems Than the stars of diadems — Montgomery. WHAT wuRDS SAY. 49 ** A diag'onal is a straight line passing through the opposite corners of a square or other four-sided figure. '^ The di'aphragm is a large muscular membrane extending through the interior of the body and forming a complete fence between the thorax or upper cavity and the abdomen or lower cavity.* X)ic#= speak, say, tell. ContrSidict diet. . speak contra . .against.* Diction diet, .speak. . . . ion . .ing^ Dictionary (f>'U- -that which (treats the words used in) ... . diet . . speak . . . iotl . . ing."^ Edict diet . . speak . . . .e. . out. '' Indict diet, .say, declare in . .in.® Frcdict pre . . fore .... diet . . tell.*" Verdict diet, .tell ver. .(the) truth.^ [Addicted]. diet, .said (condemned). . . .ad. .unto.* [Interdict'] diet . . say .... iiitet' . . between. ' * We thwart the Deity, and 'tis decreed, Who thwart his will shall co)itradict' their own. — Young. Read not to contradict and confute, nor \o believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. — Bacon. ^ Sense, by studious thought refin'd, Critic taste with candor join'd, Strong discernment, just and clear, Graceful die tion, truth severe, Piety's seraphic flame Mark enlighten'd Johnson's name! — Lady Manners. e A dic'tionary is that which gives an account of words, the elements of speech {speaking). * This great muscle pumps in and out all the air used by the body. It is therefore, like the heart, constantly at work. 4 50 l^VBA T WORDS SA V. '' A royal e'di'c^ is an order promulgated (or spoken out) by the king. Alas ! poor Caledonia's mountaineer. That want's stern edict e'er, and feudal grief, Had forced him from a home he loved so dear! — Campbell. '^ To indict' (pr. indite) a person is to appoint {declare in) his trial on the basis of evidence presumed to be sufficient to con- vict. He whose blind thought futurity denies, Unconscious bears, Bellerophon! like thee, His own indictment: he condemns himself: Who reads his bosom, reads immortal life. — Young. ^ The prophet predicts' {fore-tells or tells before) what is to come to pass in the future. ° The ver' diet of a jury is that which they find (and say) to be the truth as to the matter on trial. '' One is addict 'ed to a practice when he follows it slavishly (as if by the command, or speaking unto., of one having authority). ' To interdict' is to impose a prohibition (a saying, or com- mand, that comes between the individual and some act or thing). Sternly He pronounced The rigid inttrdiction, which resounds Yet dreadful in mine ear. — Milton. He ate the interdicted fruit and fell. — Pollok. J)is = ap3.rt. Discuss cuss (qiiass) . . shake dls . . apart.^ THsm'iss miss . . send .... dis . apart (or away). Dispel ^>e^ . . drive .... dis . . apart. Dispose ^>os . . place .... dis apart. "^ Disrupt vupt . . break .... dis . . apart. Dissect sect. .cut. . . . dis. .apart. fVB-A r WORDS SA Y. 51 Dist&rid tend . . stretch .... (lis apart. Distnrh turh . . crowd dis apart. ^ To discuss' a question is, as it were, to s/iake it a/>art, and thus get into its merits. But is it fit, or can it bear the s/ioci Of rational discussion ? — Coivpcr. ^ To dispose' troops for battle is to place them in proper order. 'To dispose of one's time is to place it apart for certain purposes. * Dis = un, not. Dissirm. to take away weapons {tm-arm)^ Disclose to reveal (like opening, or un-closiiig, a box).'' Disease sickness (that which is uol ease). Disgust dis . . not gust {f/o ust) . . taste. "^ Ui^'interested. . ..nol (selfishly) interested.''' Disparage ar/e . . make dis . . .un ^^af . . equal. ' Display dis . . un pli . . fold.^ Uisplease to offend {not please). "Yet still, even here, content can spread a charm, Redress the clime, and all its rage disarin . — Goldsmith. '^ Maiden, buy my pretty roses. Bright as those your cheek discloses. — The Flower Girl's Song. No farther seek his merits to disclose. Or draw his frailties from their dread abode: (There they alike in trembling hope repose). The bosom of his Father and his God. — Gray. •= We feel disgust' for food which is //wbious in doubt (having the mind running two ways). Duet music for fwo singers or performers. Duel a battle between iltao persons. Duplex two _/>?c^x . . fold. J>?f plicate two. . . .jdiv .fold .... ate. .ed. X>0/fble two . . . .pi ( plus) . . full .... (/7£'/^^-full). Doilht to have the mind running two ways. > [X>*(Odecimal] . . .al. . belonging to ... . duo . . two (and) .... decilil ten. Due, (Iuct=\e3i6. Abduct lead .... ah . . away. Conduct lead .... con^ . .with. Deduct lead (or take) .... de. . from. Ductile* capable of being /ed (or drawn) out into wire. Induct lead .... la . . into.^" Duhe a general (or leader)}' Induce lead .... in . . into.*^ Introduce lead .... intvo. . within. '^ deduce lead . . . .ve. . back.* e ^ To induct' one into office is to lead him into it with appro- priate ceremonies. ^ In England a duke is the highest order of nobility below the rank of prince. The term meant originally a /^a^/^r. '^ To induce' one to enter into an undertaking is to lead him into it. * What are the sorrows of the young ! Their growing minds soon close above the wound — their elastic spirits soon rise beneath the pressure— their green and due' tile affec- tions soon twine round new objects. — Irving. WHA T WORDS SA V. 53 ^ A supply of gas or water is introduced' into a building by leading it in by means of pipes. " To reduce' a dislocation or fracture is to lead (or put) the parts back into place. J^=OUt. iJdition ilit. -give . . . ion . .ing e . .out.^ JiJducate .... f^^itc . . lead ....€.. out.'' Elapse lapa. .slip. ...€•. .out.^ i/levate levcit . . lift . . . . f? . . out (or up). _EJ licit licit, .entice. . . .e. .out.'' E ligible e. . out .... Hg (lef/) . choose .... ible . . able. jEJlope l02>- -run. . . .e. .out (or away). JE'maciate .... ate make .... iiiffci leanness . . . .e. . out. JE'merge nievg . . plunge (or come) . . . .e. . out.^' Enormous . . . .OUS . being . . . .e. . out (of) .... noviil . . rule, l^radicate .... ate take . . . .e. . out (by the) . . radic* . . root. Emigrate .... niigvat\ wander . . . .e. . out. CJminent niitl. .project. . . .ent. . ing. . . .e. .out.^ ^ An edi'tion of a book is the number printed {given out) at one publication. ^ To ed'ucate a child is to lead out (cause the growth of) his faculties and powers. '^ Here, as I take my solitary rounds, Amidst thy tangling walks and ruin'd grounds, And, many a year elapsed' , return to view Where once the cottage stood, the hawthorn grew. Remembrance wakes with all her busy train, Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain. — Goldsmith. ^ A lawyer sometimes elic'its [entices out) testimony from an unwilling witness. * A radicaX change is one that goes to the root of the matter. t Migratory birds wander from clime toclime with the change of the seasons. -5"4 IVHA T WORDS SA Y. * I wake emer'ging from a sea of dreams. — Young. ^ High on a throne of royal state which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind, Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold, Satan exalted sat, by merit raised To that bad em'inence. — Milton. Efface ef. . (take) out . . .face. . (the) face, appear- ance.'^ Effect frrt {fact) . make ef.. out." JE^Yeminate .... ate made .... ef. out (or thoroughly) . . . fem //I* . . woman. '^ Effervesce ese . . begin to . . . .few . . boil .... ef. . out. J^ficient fie (fae) make, do ieuf . ing ef. . out/' .Effrontery ef'f/- .act of . . . .froJit. forehead, face (ing) . . . .e. .out.'' Jiyfulgent fifff/- .shine. . . .ent. -ing. . . .ef. .out.*' ^To efface' an inscription is to remove (or take it out) from the face of the tablet or other thing on which it appears. '" To effect' an object is to »iake out its accomplishment. " Sardanapa'lus, king of Assyria, was an illustrious example of the effem'inate man and sovereign. He abstained from manly pursuits, spent his time in his palace with women, and entered into their occupations of knitting and fancy work (as if his nature had been changed through6'«/ to that of a woman). \ * They"f«//«ine gender denotes \^e. female (or ivoman') se.x. t History relates that Sardanapalus was the heir of thirty generations of luxurious and indolent Assyrian monarchs ; from which it would appear that he was only followir.'^ on a scale of refined magnificence the traditions of his predecessors. Although a devotee to this life of effeminate lu.xury, Sardanapalus nevertheless aroused himself when Nin- eveh, his capital city, was attacked by Arbaces, the rebel governor of Media, and made for it a vigorous defense. But his life of voluptuous ease had unfitted him and his people for the stern. pursuits of war, and Nineveh fell. The lu.xurious monarch would not submit to capture. He set fire to his palace and perished in its magnificent ruins. IVHA T WORDS SA V. 55 ^ An efi'cient person is one who makes out, or accomplishes, what he undertakes. "^^ One displays effront'ery in maintaining or facing out a \vrong or impudent position. ^ Not a breeze Flies o'er the meadow, not a cloud imbibes The setting sun's efful'gence, not a strain From all the tenants of the warbling shade Ascends, but whence his bosom can partake Fresh pleasure unreproved. — Akenside. El, ell=\\tt\Q. yiovel little. . . hot^ {hof'Y . .house. Jewel. little. . . .Jeiv {Jen), .joy, trinket.* Kerne/- . , //tt/e corn (or seed). Label little .... fab {i((pp) shred, piece.'' Lape/ /itt/e lap (or turn over). Mode? little. . . .mod. .measure, standard. Morse? little. . . .mors, .bite.*" [ little . . . .pann\ cloth, piece.'' Panne? ) Pomme? little _/>o>J^. .apple.'' Satche? iittle .... safcJt (sacc) . . sack or bag.'' Sorre? (a) little. . . .soor. .sear, withered. « Trowe? little. . . .tril . . ladle. Tunne? little. . . .ftinn . .tun, cask.'' Umhrella little. . . .tdiibi'. .shade. * Midst furs and silks and Jeio'els sheen He stood in simple Lincoln green, The centre of the glittering ring And Snowdoun's Knight is Scotland's King ! — Scott. * Hoffxa^x^ means the man of the house. t A window /(z«t' was originally a rag (or piece of cloth) put in to shut out the wind. A pau'tt is an article (often a cloth garment) pledged for the repayment of money. 56 IVHA T WORDS sA Y. Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate y^w^/ of their souls. — Shakespeare. What sought they thus afar ? Yinghl Jewels of the mine. The wealth of seas, the spoils of war ? No; 'twas a faith's pure shrine. — Mrs. Hemans. "The druggist uses many labels (little shreds or pieces of paper, on which are written or printed the names of his wares). •= Hard is the fate of the infirm and poor ! « Here, as I crav'd a mor'sel oi their bread, A pamper'd menial drove me from the door To seek a shelter in an humbler shed. — Moss. ° A pan' el in a door is a little piece put in. A ]\\vy panel is a list of jurors (written on a little piece of paper). ^^\\Q pummel of a saddle was originally a small knob (sug- gestive of a little apple), ^ And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school. — Shakespeare. s Sor'rel is a light reddish color (like that of slightly withered leaves in autumn). '' A tunnel is an underground channel or passage with an arched roof. So called from its resemblance to the tunnel used in trapping partridges. This was an arched tube of wire, strengthened at intervals by hoops, and therefore sug- gestive of the great tuns or long wine casks in the cellars. El—t\\cit which. Barrel that which is made of bars (or staves). Chisel that which .... chis {cms) . . cut(s). Flannel that which (is made of ) . . . .flan (f/wlan). wool. Fuc^. that which (goes on the) . . . .feu . . fire. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 57 Kenne? that which (holds) .... ken* • . (the) dog. Or'\el that which (is adorned with) .... ov\ . . gold.^ Quarrel that (in) which (people). . . .qiieV- .complain, dispute. Sorre? that which is soiir.^ Squirr^?? that which (has the) . . . .squi (sk/l) .shadow {u)r. .tail. Swivel that which . . .swif. .moves quickly. ^ An o'r/e/ is a recess containing a window. Originally it meant a small room decorated with go/d leaf. '' Sor'rel is a plant that has a very sour taste. ' The squirrel poising on the drift, Erect, alert, his broad gray tail Set to the north wind like a sail. — IVhittier. Eqti {(equ) =^equd\. Eqtial Jilq uia.ng;u\a.r. . .having equal angles. J5J(/i/ilateral ... .al. . having . . . eqil . . equal . . . later . .^ide(s). jEJo"** ilibrium . . . equal .... libi'l . . balance .... itttii . . ing. JEquinox equal (day and). . . .^lOX. .night.^ ^g'?f ivalent .... of equal value. Equity equal .... ittf . ness." \niqii\ty ity . . that which (is) .... in . . not .... equ . . equal (or just). [-E^Q"?*ipoise].. . .equal. . . .pois. .weight, balance.*^ [Equation] .... made of equals. ^ The vernal and autumnal e'quinoxes are the times when the days and nights are of equal length. § * Prairie du Chien means the Prairie of the Dogs. tThe oriole is the golden robin. X To &t.libera.\.t is to weigh or balance a matter carefully in the mind. § The equinoc'tial line is the celestial equator or great circle of the celestial sphere coin- ciding with the earth's equator. It is when the sun is on this line (as it is twice in each 58 IV//A T WORDS SA V. ^ Equity is an impartial distribution of justice (or equal- ness). A court of equity as distinguished from a court of law is a tribunal in which are tried and determined a certain class of cases that could not properly come before the regular courts.* « Our little lives are kept in equipoise By opposite attractions and desires: The struggle of the instinct that enjoys, And the more noble instinct that aspires. — Longfellow. ET=^or\Q who. Archer are . . bow er.. (man). a b Barber baf'h . . beard er (dresser). Draper drop, .cloth er- . (dealer). ° Harbinger harbinff {he rher g) . .lodging. . ..er.. (seeker).'' Plumber j)lumJ} . . lead er . . (worker). Rove>' rov (roov). .rob er. .er.^ Skipper oft(^ ii^'ho commands a ship.^ Stoker .sf o/t- . . stick (or poker) . . , er . . (user).^ Usher \is1i {iiss) door ....er.. (keeper). h vear) that the time of equal days and nights occurs. Violent storms often occur about the ;iine of the equinoxes, and are called eqtiinoctial storms. For ease the harass'd seaman prays, When equinoctial tempests raise The Cape's surrounding vfaM^s.—Hastzngs. As, when far off at sea, a fleet descried, Hang's in the clouds, by equinoctial winds Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles Of Ternate and Tidor, whence merchants bring Their spicy drugs — Milton. Farewell; and oh! where'er thy voice be tried, On Torno's cliffs, or Pambamarca's side, Whether where equinoctial fervours glow, Or winter wraps the polar world in snow, Still let thy voice prevailing over time. Redress the rigors of the inclement clime. — Goldsmith. * Justice is represented with scales trying to get the balance equal. And to keep her .tention solely on the uiei,i;ht (or merits) she is represented blindfolded. WHAT jyO/^DS SAV. 59 *An ar'cher is one who shoots with the bow. Oh! many a shaft at random sent Finds mark the archer little meant, And many a word at random spoken May soothe or wound a heart that's broken. — Scott. ^h. bar'ber cuts and dresses the beard and hair. ■^ I am a \\x\&n-dra per bold. — Cowper. ^K har'binger is a forerunner (like him who ran before to secure lodgings for his master). Now the bright morning star, day's harbinger. Comes dancing from the East. — Milton. *A rov'er is a pirate (or sea-r<7^ber). ''And the skip' per had taken his little daughter, To bear him company. — Longfellow. ^A stoker is the fireman of an engine {one who frequently stirs up the fire with a poker, or stick). •^ Thou ling'ring star, with less'ning ray, That lov'st to greet the early morn, , Again thou ush'erst in the day My Mary from my soul was torn. — Burns. 'ET—V\\'\^ which. Boulder that which (is like a) . . . .boul. .ball.^ Breakd' the wave that breaks on the shore. '^' Corne/' that which (is pointed, like a) . . . . coi'fl . . horn. Fettet' that which goes on the foot.* ^ Halse*' ) ...that which (passes through the) ... .Jials. Hawse/' ) neck (of a vessel).*^ hedgpf that which. . . .led (J (l^f/f/) .lie(s on the desk).'^ Quarter that which (is one) .... quart, .fourth. Sewer that which. . . .sew . .drain(s). Tester that which (goes at the) .... ^e.s^f . . head.*^ *Theys'/lock of a horse is the lock near the foot. + A testy person is one who is casilv annoyed (or \vit-/u- The observant mother spake with gentle voice Somewhat of soft excuse' — that they were wont To linger long amid the Prophet's school. Learning the holy law their father loved. — Mrs. Sigoumey. * A Aw>«ble apology or excuse is that of one bending low (toward the ground). I knew by the smoke that so gracefully curled Above the green elms, that a cottage was near, And I said, if there's peace to be found in the world, A heart th."t is humble might hope for it here. — Moore. e WHAT IVORDS SAY. 63 °A weapon that comes down as still As snow-flakes fall upon the sod; But executes a freeman's will, As lightning does the will of God; And from its force nor doors nor locks Can shield you; 'tis the ballot-box. — Pierpont. •^ Restless it rolls, and insecure, Trembling, lest it grow impure; Till the warm sun pities its pain, And to the skies exhales it back again. —Marvel (" The Drop of Dew"). An ex He is a person who has been driven out of his native land by force or necessity. There came to the beach a poor exile of Erin; The dew on his thin robes was heavy and chill: For his country he sighed when at twilight repairing To wander alone by the wind-beaten hill. — Catnpbell. ^^=out (continued). Exit it. .go ex.. out. ^xist {s)ist. .stand ejc..out.=* liJiCorbitant ant . . going ex. . out (of the) . . . orbit* . . track, range. '^ i'xpand pand . . spread ex. out.'= ^icpect {s)pect . . look ex. . out. Expectorate ate .(discharge). ..ex. .out of pector . .the breast (or throat). EiiCpostulate postlllat. .demand ex. .out.'* liJxpound 2JOti/ . . place ... ex . . out.*" ilJ.>cquisite (juisit (qucesit) . .sought ex..oviX..^ Exn\t salt . . leap — ex. . out.s "■ AH the world's a stage. And all the men and women merely players; They have their ex'its and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts. — Shakespeare. * The eartJi's ori// is its irack around the sun. 64 WHA T WORDS SA V. ^ An exor'bitant price is one beyond the value of the article on which it is fixed (and therefore going out of the regular ratige). •^ No flower bells that expa7id' and shrink, Gleam half so heavenly sweet, As shine on life's untrodden brink A baby's feet. — Swinburne. •^ To expos' tiilate with one is to reason or remonstrate with him, as if to seek {demand out') from him a promise of reform. " To expound' a passage of Scripture is to explain, or place it out, so that it may be understood. ^ Ex'quisite things are eagerly sought out. Like birds quite exquisite of note and plume. — Young. ^ To exult' is to rejoice greatly (have the feelings leap out in very gladness). JPacf=make, do. Fact something done or brought to pass. Factor fact, .make, do. . . .or. .er, that which. =^ Mfect fact, .do af {ad), .toward, (like).'' Confection ion. .that which (is) fact, .made (up) .... con . together.'' De^fect lie. .down (or un). . . .fact- .made.'' Eifect fact . . make ef {ex) . . out. Infect fact, .make (or put) . . . .in. .into.® Manu/Vf r^ure lire . . that which (is) . . . fact . made .... U. .hy man . . hand.* Perfect jJCf' . . through, thoroughly fact . . made.^ * All kinds of manufacturing require some use of the skilled human hand. Machines are of but recent invention, and up to their appearance the making of thmgs was strictly handivior^i requiring long apprenticeship. The best work is still done by hand; and dealers give conspicuous notice when an article is /tand-m.a.Ae. The finest handiwork ia done only after generations of practice, when skill becomes hereditary, as seen m the deli, cate handiwork of India and other portions of the world. IVHA T WORDS SA V. 65 * The /ac'fors of a number are the quantities which multi- plied together produce {ma^e) the number. A factor is also an agent (or doer of business for another). *» Pride often guides the author's pen, Books as affect' ed axe as men. — Gay. " A confec'tion is a sweetmeat or candy {that which is made up together of sugar, fruits, etc.). ^ A defect' in a piece of machinery is an imperfect (as if un- made) feature. ^ One is infect' ed ^'ith a disease when it i?, put intohis system. Lear. You nimble lightnings, dart your blinding flames Into her scornful eyes! Infect her beauty, You fen-suck'd fogs, drawn by the powerful sun, To fall and blast her pride! — Shakespeare. ^ Helvetia's rocks, Sabrina's waves. Still many a shining pebble bear; Where oft her studious hand engraves Ihe perfect form, and leaves it there. — Langhorne. Fare— go. Far eweli* May it go well with you.^ V^acyfare^ One who goes on the highway. Welfare go {or happen) well. Wsivfare The progress {going on) of war. Thorough/(*i'e A way (to go) through. Sea/aTing Going on the sea. Fare The price of traveling {going) also food (as for a traveller).^ Ferry A place for going across a stream.*^ ♦The expression adieu' means I commit you . . .«. .to. . . .rfieit. God. Goodbye is a contraction of God be with you. "Adieu., adiezi! my native shore Fades o'er the waters blue; The night-winds sigh, the breakers roar, And shrieks the wild sea-mew. Yon sun that sets upon the sea We follow in his night: Fare'Jvell awhile to him and thee— My native land Good Night. — Byren. 5 66 WHA T WORDS SA V. *'Farewell' my friends! farewell my foes! My peace with these, my love with those — The bursting tears my heart declare, Farewell the bonnie banks of Ayr! — Burns. Absence makes the heart grow fonder — Isle of Beauty, fare thee %vell! — Bayley. ** So on he fares and to the border comes, Of Eden, where delicious Paradise, Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green. As with a rural mound, the champain head Of a steep wilderness. — Milton. '^ And by my word! the bonny bird In danger shall not tarry; So, though the waves are raging white, I'll row you o'er the fer'ry. — Cat/if dell. Fer (/err) = carry, bear. Circum/e^'ence . . .bear . . . eace . ing .... circiim . . around ^ Confer bear (or bring) .... eou • together. Defer carry .... de {(lis) . . apart (or forward from the present time). Defer carry (one's self) .... de • down .... (to the wish of another). D'lifer bear .... dif (dis) apart.'' In/er bear (or bring) .... in . . in (to the mind). Oifer carry .... of (ob) . . against (or towards). Prefer carry (or hold) . . . .pre . before. '^ Proifer bear (or bring) . . . .jyt'O . forward (for one's acceptance). "Refer bear (or turn) .... re . . back. Suifer .bear. . . .suf (sub) . .under.'* Transfer carry .... titans. . across.* e "His ponderous shield Ethereal temper, massy, large and round, Behind him cast; the broad circum' ference Hung on his shoulder, like the moon — Milton. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 67 •" And yet, perhaps, if countries we compare, And estimate the blessings which they share, Though patriots flatter, still shall wisdom find An equal portion dealt to all mankind As different good, by art or nature given. To different nations makes their blessings even. — Goldsmith. " And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer Before all temples the upright heart and pure — Milton. ^ Oh, fear not in a world like this, And thou shalt know erelong. Know how sublime a thing it is To suffer and be strong. — Longfellow. " The cause of Truth and human weal, O God above ! Transfei- it from the sword's appeal To Peace and Love. — Campbell. Fid—i-dXxXi,'^ trust. Confide. trust . . . eotl with (or in).^ Diifident dif {dis) . . dis . . . .fid . . trust . . . .ent . . ing.^ Fidelity fid . faith el. .inl ittf . . ness. Infidel ill . . not . . . .fid . faith . . .el. ful. Perfidy .fid..ia\th pei' .a-Vjay (or less) y . . riess. * Judge before friendship, then confide' till death. — Young. '' A diffident person is one who is distrustful of himself. The present scene, the future lot. His toils, his wants, were all forgot, Cold diffidence and age's frost In the full tide of song were lost. — Scott. ♦We must be free or die, who speak the tongue That Shakespeare spake ; \h& faith and morals hold Which Milton held. — U'ordszvortk. Daughter of Faith .' awake, arise, illume The dread unknown, the chaos of the tomb — Melt and dispel, ye spectre doubts, that roll Cimmerian darkness on the parting soul — Fly like the moon-ey'd herald of dismay, Chas'd on his night-steed by the star of day ' — Camjibell. So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found Among Xh^ faithless, faithful only he. — Milton. 68 WHA T WORDS SA V. Fiil=end, finish, limit, boundary. Final at the end. Finish make an e?id. Fine. well finished (ended).'^ Fine a penalty (that e/ids the case). Finite having an end. Confine limit. . . .con. .with, within.'' Define (to put) . . . .de .down . . . .fin. . (a) limit. In^fi,ite in . . not . . . .fin . . end .... ite . . ed (ing).'' Refine finish .... re . . (over) again. '^ Superfine SUJ^er . . over (or extra) . . . .fin . . finish {fine). *To all the rest, however yf«t-, thou gavest A yfwishing and polish, without which No man e'er entered heaven. — Pollok. '° The confines of a country are its boundaries, each one of which is common with that of a neighboring country. To confine' a man in prison is to limit him within its walls. ' What a piece of work is man ! How noble in reason ! how in'Jinite in faculties ! in form and moving, how express and admirable ! in action, how like an angel ! in apprehension, how like a god ! — Shakespeare. Then stirs the feeling infinite, so felt In solitude, where we are least alone. — Byron. ^ And if there be a human tear From passion's dross refined' and clear, A tear so limpid and so meek. It would not stain an angel's cheek, 'Tis that which pious fathers shed Upon a duteous daughter's head ! — Scott, To gild refined gold, to paint the lily, To throw a perfume on the violet, To smooth the ice, or add another hue Unto the rainbow, or with taper-light To seek the beautious eye of heaven to garnish. Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. — Shakespeare. WHA T WORDS SA V. 69 Fii*ni=firm, steadfast. Firm. Fil'mament the heavens (which seem io firmly upheld).^ \nfl}'ni ill . not . . . .firm . . firm, strong. ^ InfinnsLvy a hospital for the infirvi. Infirinity that with which one is afflicted (or wfirm). Confirm (make) firm (or steadfast) .... cou . . with.'' Aifirm to make a firm or positive assertion .... af (ad) . . to. Farm a possession that is firm (or immovable). " Again, God said, "Let there h^ firmament Amid the waters, and let it divide The waters from the waters !" And God made The fi)->?tat>ient, expanse of liquid, pure, Transparent, elemental air, diffus'd In circuit to the uttermost convex Of this great round; partition yfr/« and sure, The waters underneath from those above Dividing. — Milton. Be still a symbol of immensity; A firmament reflected in a sea. — Keats. ^ The way was long, the wind was cold, The Minstrel was infirm' and old, His wither'd cheek and tresses gray, Seem'd to have known a better day; The Harp, his sole remaining joy. Was carried by an orphan boy. — Scott. "^ But, lovely infidel, how now ? What clouds thy misbelieving brow ? Lord James of Douglas, lend thine aid: Thou must confirm' this doubting maid. — Scott. _7<7o/'= flower, bloom. Floral belonging to flotvers. Florist one who deals in floivers. 70 . IVHA T WORDS SA Y. St Forid* red {like a blooming flo^ver). l^?0/'ence bloom .... etice . . ng. Flora. the goddess of flowers^ Floiver." Flourish ...to dloom (as a flower). * In yf^/zV beauty groves and fields appear ; Man seems the only growth that dwindles here. — Goldsmith. Life's gayest scenes speak man's mortality ; Though in a style more Jlorid, full as plain As mausoleums, pyramids and tombs. — Young. *• 'Tis Flo'ra^s page ; in every place, In every season fresh and fair; It opens with perennial grace, And blossoms everywhere. — Montgomery. " To me the meanest yfowifr that blows can give Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears. — Wordsworth. Fluid that which flows. Fluent .flowing with words. Affluent flow. . . .ent. .ing af {ad) . .to.* Con/f if ent flow .... ent • ing con . . together. In/luence flow .... ence . . ing . . . .in. . into. In/lux a flowing in. Superfluous super . .over. . . .flu. .flow. . . .ous. .ing. [Ef^i/ence] flow. . . .ence. .ing ef {ex), .out.'' ^An affluent of a stream flows to it. An af fluent "person has Viea\.\\\ flowing in to him. Children of affluence, hear a poor man's pray'r: O haste, and free me from this dungeon's gloom ! Let not the hand of comfortless despair Sink my gray hairs with sorrow to the tomb ! — Hannah More. * Flor'xAaL (the " Flowery Land ") was discovered in its early springtime bloom, and or Easter, the feast of flowers. These circumstances suggested the name. WHA T WORDS SA V. 71 • *• Hail, holy Light, offspring of heaven first-born, Or of th' eternal coeternal beam ! May I express thee unblam'd ? since God is light, And never but in unapproachfed light Dwelt from eternity ; dwelt then in thee, Bright effluence of bright essence increate ! — Milton. FOT17l^=ionn, make, shape. Conform shape cou. .with."' Deform de. . from (or out of) form. Inform to relate (and thus put into form). Reform form re., again. Trsinsforni make trans . . across (or over).* Uniform un . . one (of one form). » Dear is that shed to which his soul conforms' , And dear that hill which lifts him to the storms; And as a child, when scaring sounds molest. Clings close and closer to the mother's breast, So the loud torrent and the whirlwind's roar But bind him to his native mountains more. — Goldsmith. * The wife of Lot was transformed' into a pillar of salt. Mount Atlas is fabled to have resulted from the transformation of a great giant who stood in that corner of the earth holding up the skies. As Perseus was returning with the head of the gorgon Medusa in his wallet he was treated with some rudeness by the giant. As a punishment, he partly- opened the wallet and exposed the offender to the stare of that terrible face. Now this face had the power of converting into stone everything that looked upon it. Instantly the giant's great body became masses of rock, while his hair and beard still waved above as a forest of trees. Our map-books are called A t'lases because of the common practice of having on the title- page a picture of Atlas holding up the world. The giant has also had the honor of giving his name to the great Atlantic ocean. As A Has groanM The world beneath, we groan beneath an hour. — You}tg. The fabled cliffs Of Atlas, looking to Atlanta's ■wa.ve.—Polloi. Sage he stood, With Atlante'an shoulders fit to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies ; his look Drew audience, and attention still as night, Or summer's noontide air. — Alilton. 72 WHAT WORDS SAY. » Foi*t= Strong. Comfort (make) strong (to bear) .... corn (cofl) . . with. Effort strength (put) . . . .ef (ex) . . out (or forth). Fort a s/ronghold. Fort'iiy fy (ft)- .make fort, .strong. Fort\t\xdQ strength to bear or undergo.^ Fortress a small fort or i'/r^/;^hold.'^ Piano-/orfe piano, .level (or soft) . . . .fort, .strong (or loud).*^ [Forte] One's forte is that in which he is especially strong. * A noh\e /or'ti/ude in ills, delights Heav'n, earth, ourselves; 'tis duty, glory, peace. — Young. ** His fall was destin'd to a barren strand, A petty fortress, and a dubious hand: He left the name at which the world grew pale. To point a moral, or adorn a tale. — Johnson. I have you fast in my fortress, And will not let you depart, And put you down into the dungeon In the round tower of my heart. — -Longfellow. '^ The piano-forte is the instrument with the soft and loud tones. jlFi'0/if= forehead, brow, face. kifront af {ad) . . to ... front . . forehead (or face).'* Confront face con. .with (or together).'' Front the position or direction of the/<3;^zi7ieral. + A ^>-;?;ade' is an explosive shell filled with bullets or small fragments of iron. It was so named from its resemblance to \h.&poviegra>i'ate. A grenadier' was a large soldier em- ployed in ■Ct\roWm% grenades. Hence a large foot soldier is called ii grenadier. X Admiral Vernon of the British navy -vior^ grog' ram trousers, in consequence of which he received from his sailors the cognomen of " Old Grog.'''' On one occasion when the stock of rum was running low, the admiral ordered it diluted with water. The disgusted tars retorted by dubbing the vitiated liquor '' ^rc^," a name it still retains among tipplers. WffA T WORDS SA Y. 77 a A gar'ner is a place (or grain. To garner is to gather grain for storage in the garner. Hence, to gather. Gra^JJi— Write. Autof/raph write .... auto . . self.* Chiroff rapJiy . . . chir • hand .... f/raph • write . . ..y . . ing. hhhof/yaj^h write .... (on) . . lith .... stone.'' Phono (fr a ph . . . .write. . . .phoifi. . sound. '^ Fhonography phoii . . sound .... graph . . write . . . . y. . ing.'J Photograph. . . .write (or draw) .... (with) . .phot, .light. StQnography — sten . . narrow (or short) . . . graph . write ....|/..ing. TeX&graph write .... tele . . afar off.® [CsWigraphy^ ..c«W... beautiful. . .graph. .. write.. y ..ing "• An au'tograph letter or signature is written by the person himself vihosG. name is signed.* ^ To lithograph is to write (or draw) a picture upon stone. A lithograph is 2. picture printed from stone. ® Tho. pho nograph is an instrument which writes down sounds (as those of the human voice in speech) so that they may be accurately reproduced at will. ^ Phonog'raphy is a system of short-hand zuriting in which the characters represent sounds instead of letters. ® The tel'egraph originally wrote its messages at the receiving station {afar off) on paper, in dots and dashes. 6rra^= Pleased, thankful. Grat'iiy ff/ifi) • make grat . . pleased. Gvattiul fall oi pleasure (or thanks).^ G ratitndt thankful .... itude . . ness.'^ * Letters of a business or official character are usually dictated. But where special re- spect is due, or where special notice is called for, the writer sends an autograph letter. 78 WHA T WORDS SA Y. Congratulate. . ..(to wish joy or) pleasure. . . .com. .with. Gratis without charge (of one's own ir&e pleasure).^ IngratQ in. .not. . . .grat . ..pleased (or thankful). " Sail on, Three Bells, forever. In grate' fill memory sail ! Ring on. Three Bells of rescue. Above the wave and gale ! — Whittier. Virtue dwells in Arden's vale ; There her hallow'd temples rise : There her incense greets the skies. Grateful 2& the morning gale. — Langhomc. *" My dog (the trustiest of his kind) With grat'itude inflames my mind : I mark his true, his faithful way, And in my service copy Tray. — Gay. Blow, blow thou winter wind, Thou art not so unkind As man's ingratitude. — Shakespeare, How sharper than a serpent's tooth It is To have a thankless child ! — lb. * Por. — What mercy can you render him, Antonio ? Gra. — A \vi\\.QX gra' tis ; nothing else, for God's sake. — lb. Gr ess =StGp, go. Congress (a)going .... con . . together.^ Digress go. . . .di. .apart (or aside). Egress go. . . .in. .into.'' . . .p7*o . forth (or forward).*^ .re. . back. .ion. .ing. . . .retro, .backward. .trans. .a.cr OSS (the boundary line of another's rights). [ Aggr/*essor] one who goes .... ag(ad) . . toward {oi against) (the rights of another). Ingress go Progress go Regress go Ketrogression . . .go Transgress go WHA T WORDS SA Y. 79 ^ A Con'gress is an assemblage (or going together) of people. The Congress of the United States is the body of representatives of the people who go together annually at the Capitol, for the purpose of making the laws. ^ It came to pass, that when he did address Himself to quit at length this mountain land, Combined marauders half-way barr'd egress. And wasted far and near with glaive and brand. — Byron. " Doors are places of t'n'gress (to go in) and egress (to go out). "^ Awake, .^olian lyre, awake, And give to rapture all thy trembling strings, From Helicon's harmonious springs A thousand rills their miLzy />rog'ress take : The laughing flowers that round them blow, Drink life and fragrance as they flow. — Gray, Above, how high progress' ive life may go ! Around, how wide ! how deep extend below! — Pope. Zble=^h\e, capable of. Audible aud . . hear ible . . able.'* Combustible combust, .burn ible. .able. Credible .... cred . . believe ible . . able.'' Edible ed. .eat ible . . able. Fusible fits . . melt ible . . able. l^egible le(/ . . read ible . . able. [Feasible] feas {fais) . . do ible . . able, [Tangible] tang . . touch ible . . able. " Yet still, from either beach. The voice of blood shall reach, More aud' ible than speech — " We are one ! " — Washington AUston ^ And Uriel to his charge Return'd, on that bright beam, whose point, now rais'd. Bore him slope downward to the sun, now fallen Beneath th' Azores, whither the prime orb, Incredible how swift, had thither roU'd Diurnal. — Milton. 80 WHA T WORDS SA V. X€T=^GV, one who, that which. Barr/ef an obstacle, like a horizontal ^ar. Brasiei' ) that which (holds) , . . .bras (brais) . .live Braz'iei' ) coals. '^ Cavalier caval{l). .horse. . . Aer. .man.'' Chevalier cheval. .horse. .ie7^. .man.^ Covirier cour (curr) . . run .... ier . . er.'^ Courtier one who attends at the courf of a monarch.* Farrier* one who (works in) . . . .farr {ferr) .iron ^ ^ A bra'sier is a pan for holding live coals.\ ^ A cavalier' is a horseman ; also, a lady's escort, suggestive of the ancient knights (or horsemeti) who devoted themselves to the service of the ladies. Hushed is the din of tongues; on gallant steeds, With milk-white crest, gold spur, and light-poised lance, Four cavaliers' prepare for venturous deeds, And lowly bending, to the lists advance. — Byron. ' Chevalier' is a title of rank in France, corresponding with knight (or horseman) in England. * A ?imaculate . . . un maciil . . spot ate . . ed.* IfHmature nof mature (or ripe). Jl^mense un tneflS. . measured. ** iTyimoroX nof moral. Jmmortal not mortal. Jw^pervious. . . . not pervious. Jm^pudent not. . . .pud. .shame feel evit. .ing. Ti/ipunity without. . . .pum. .punish. , , .ity . .ment. "His words are bonds, his oaths are oracles; His love sincere, his thoughts immac' ulate ; His tears pure messengers sent from his heart, His heart as far from fraud as heaven from earth. — Shakespeare. The purest treasure mortal times afford, Is spotless reputation; that away, Men are but gilded loam, or painted clay. — lb. ^ Thou movest ; but increasing with the advance, Like climbing some great Alp which still doth rise, Deceived by its gigantic elegance; Vastness which grows — but grows to harmonize — All musical in its itufneti'sities. — Byron ("St. Peter's at Rome "). IlfVl ('m) = into, against, upon. Jwtmigrate 7tiirule. WIIA T WORDS SA Y. 87 Intet^v&nt ven. .come. . . .inter . .between. Ifltevview a conference (seeing or viewing matters) z^^- tween two parties.® * To intercept' a letter is to take possession of it while on its way {between the beginning and end of its journey). '' The intercourse of people is their rtmning back and forth between each other's abodes. ' Betwixt them lawns, or level downs, and flocks Grazing the tender herb, were interposed'; Or palmy hillock, or the flowery lap Of some irriguous valley spread her store; Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose. — Milton. •^ An in'terval is a space between two limits (like the space between the Roman soldier's tent and the rampart of his forti- fied camp).* How soft the music of those village bells, Falling at intervals upon the ear In cadence sweet ! — Coivper. • Star of love's soft in toinews. Parted lovers on thee muse. — Campbell. Ion=\ng. Auction atlCt . . increase .... ion . • ing.* Bastioti bast\ . .build ion- •ing.'' CombustioW'. . .combust, .burn. . . .ion. •ing.*' Friction frict. .rub. . . .ion. .ing. ]unction Junct. .join ion. .ing. Mission miss . . send .... ion . . ing."^ Option 02)t . . choose .... ion . . ing. * The Romans fortified their camps with a ditch and rampart though occupied foe but a night. Certain rings of earth in Great Britain to-day are regarded by the people either as fairy circles or Roman camps. + The Bas'tille was a noted prison {building) in Paris, destroyed at the beginning of the French Revolution. 88 WHA T WORDS SA Y. Passion p«8.s. .feel, suffer ion -ing.' Potion pot. . (a) drink ion . ing/ Session sess . . sit ion . . ing.^ Stat /oil- Stat, .stand ion. .'mg.^ Tension tens, .stretch ion. .ing} ^ In an auc'tion sale there is an increasing of bids. *" A bas'tion is a strong building in the outworks of a fort. ^ Him the Almighty power Hurl'd headlong flaming from the ethereal sky, With hideous ruin and combtis tion, down To bottomless perdition. — Milton. ^ A mis'sion is that on which one is sent. ® Passion is sXsoxig feeling.'^ Give me that man That is not passion s slave, and I will wear him In my heart's core, aye, in my heart of hearts, As I do thee. — Shakespeare. *■ Kpo'tion is a medicine or drug in form for drinking. O luxury! thou curst by Heaven's decree. How ill exchanged are things like these for thee! How do ihy potions, with insidious joy, ■^iffuse their pleasures only to destroy. — Goldsmith. s Then, of their session ended, they did cry With trumpets' regal sound the great result. — Milton. ^ A railway sta'tion is a place where the train stajtds to take passengers. One's station in life is his standiftg. Now, if you have a station in the file. And not in the worst rank of manhood, say it. — Shakespeare. i The ten'sion of a rope is the amount of stretching it bears. * Or wilt thou Orphean hymns more sacred deem, And steep thy song in Mercy's mellow stream ? To pensive drops the radiant eye beguile — For Beauty's tears are lovelier than her smile ; On Nature's throbbing anguish pour relief? And teach impas'siond souls the joy of ^xxitil — Campbell. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 89 jro^=that which. Bulltoit that which (is) .... hull . . stamp(ed).* Dominioit that which (belongs to a) ... . doiilhl . . lord. Fiction that which (is) . . . .fict . .feigned (or pre- tended)." Y'^actioii .... .that which (is) . . . .f'ract. .broken. ¥\xv\cX.loiii that which (is).... /W.JK'if.. performed, finished.* Mans/ori that which. . .niatlS. .remain(s) (stationary).** Notioti. that which (is) .... ^lot note(d) (or known). Opinioi* that which (is) . . . o^Hn. .suppose(d). Quest io^i, that which (is) quest {qucesif) . . sought (or asked). * Bullion is gold or silver in bars ready to be stamped at the mint. •^ Fic'tion is a story oi feigned or pretended chaLrsLCt^vs. 'Tis strange, but true, for truth is always strange, Stranger than fiction. — Byron. "^ The func'tion of the stomach is to digest food (since that is what it performs). ^ A mati sion remains firmly in its place. There, in his noisy mansion, skilled to rule. The village master taught his little school. — Goldsmith. Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul, As the swift seasons roll! — Holmes. Tor =^ more. Anterior more .... afltef . . in front, before.* Exterior* more .... eoctev . . outside. ^ Interior. more. . . .iiitev. .within.^ Junior J 1171 * {j liven) . . young ior . . er.*" * The plant y«Kiper is a plant so called because it was supposed to have the virtue of producing ^-^^kM in the aged. Gin is the liquid distilled from ya«iper. 90 WHA T WORDS SA V. Posterior-.. ^^O.s^e?**. .coming after (or behind) . . . .iov . .more. Sen tor sen . . old .... ior . . er. Superior* super . . high lor. . er. Deteriorate ate. .make (or become). . . .deferior . .worse {more bad). ^ Washington's time was ante'rior to that of General Jack- son. An a/iferior gate admits to the front exterior of the house, from whence one may pass to the interior. ^ The Jun'ior member of a firm is the younger (or more recent) member. Ish—rmke.. Danish drive out or make an outlaw under the l>an.\ * BurnisJl make brown (like the polished brown bronze)}' Cherish make (or hold) .... cher . . dear, J Finish make . . . .fl/tl . . end. Replen/.s'/i make pi en. .full. . . .re. .again. Tarn fsJi make . . . tarn . . obscure, dark. Vanish make. . . .van. .empty.*^ YarnisJi make vam {vitriu) . . glassy. * Banished from Rome ! What's banished but set free From daily contact of the things I loathe ? ^ In the Spring a livelier iris changes on the bur' nished dove. In the Spring a young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love. — Tennyson. * Th^ posterity of a man are his descendants (those who co))ie after him). t A ^rt«dit is an outlaw (under the ban). Even good men turn handit'ti TinA rejoice Like Kauli Kan, in plunder of the proud.— J o««^. % CharWy is assistance rendered to a fellow being in distress. The recipient is near and dear to the giver because he is a fellow man. Charity is love. IVI/A T WORDS SA Y. 91 Speech burnishes our mental magazine; Brightens for ornament and whets for use. — Young. ' The raining music from a morning cloud, When vanished larks are carolling above, To wake Apollo with their pipings loud. — Hood. Itude—nQss. Aptitude aptness. Gratitude f/rat. .thankful itiide. .ness. Lassitude lass*, .weary. . . .itude. .ness. Latitude lat . . wide itude . . ness. ^ Longitude long. . . .itude. .ness." Magnitude magn . . great itude . . ness.'= yinltitude mult, .many itude. .ness.*' Rectitude rect. . right (or upright) .... itude. . ness. Solitude sol . . alone .... itude . . ness. [Turpitude] turi). -base itude. .ness. * Lat 'itude is distance north or south on the surface of the earth (supposed to be the earth's shortest direction or width).] ^ Lon'gititde'is distance east or west on the surface of the earth (supposed to be the direction of the earth's length). Meanwhile in utmost longitude, where heaven With earth and ocean meets, the setting sun Slowly descended. — Milton. ' And fast by, hanging in a golden chain. This pendent world, in bigness as a star Of smallest mag'nittide, close by the moon. — lb. ^ The hum oi fnul' titudes was there, but multitudes of lambs, Thousands of little boys and girls raising their innocent hands. — William Blake. * The interjection, atas/ is equivalent to ah! I am ivearied! + On account of the flattening at the poles, the meridians are somewhat shorter than the equator. c 92 IVHA T WORDS SA V. Ity =ness, quality of. Alacrity alacr . . brisk . , . ify . . ness. Avidity avid . . eager ity . . ness. Brevity brev . . short ity . . ness.'' Celerity celev . swift .... ity . ness. Felicity felir* . . happy .... ity . . ness.'' Fidelity fidel . . faithful .... ity . . ness. Quality qual . . what kind .... ity . . ness.^ Quant itf/ quaut. .how much. . . .ity .ness. Rotund if ^ votund. .round. . . Aty .ness.*^ Sanctis?/ san Ct . . holy .... ity . . ness. Ur\ity un- .one. . . . ity . .ness. Velocity veloc . . swift .... ity . . ness. * Therefore — since l)7rvity\ is the soul of wit, And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes — I will be brief. — Shakespeare. ^ Still to ourselves in every place consigned, Our own felicity we make or find. — Goldsmith. " The quality of mercy is not strain'd; It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven, Upon the place beneath. — Shakespeare, ^ From whence each bright rotun dity was hurl'd, The throne of God — the centre of the world ' — Campbell. jr;^e=make. Qivili^e make civil (or more gentle).^ Familiari;^e .... 77iake familiar. L,egalize make legal. * Felix and Felicva. mean the Happy Ones. T But his past life, who without grief can see, Who never thinks his end too near, Rut says to Fame, thou art mine heir ; That man extends Life's natural brevity. This is, this is the only way To outlive Nestor in a day. — Cowley. WHA T WORDS SA V. 93 Natural^;^!^ make a citizen of (and therefore as one natural or native to) a country. OsXrSiCize (to shut out as by a vote oi) . . . , ostvac . . oyster (shells).'' Pat'ronize to treat as a. pa' iron. Pulvert*;e (reduce to) . . . .pnlvev . .powder. TantaU'i^e to tease (treat like Tantalus).'^ Vulcani;^e/ " Pernicious weed ! whose scent the fair annoys, Unfriendly to society's chief joys, Thy worst efifect is banishing for hours The sex whose presence civilizes ours. — Cowper, ^ To os'tracize was to vote into banishment with oyster shells^ a practice which prevailed in ancient Athens.* Hence, to ex' elude, or shut out. " To ta?i'taiize is to tease or torment with some good thing in view, but out of reach (like the punishment of Tan'taluSy the mythical king of Phrygia).f * The ostracism was devised as a means of getting rid of ambitious men who had be- come dangerous to the freedom of the state, but against whom no formal charges could be established in the regular courts. Used for this purpose, it was a means of good. But it was often perverted to the gratification of envy and malice. Aristides had become famous in the service of his country in the most important period of its history — the period of the Persian invasion, and of the dawn of the golden age of Pericles. His un- swerving integrity gained him the surname of The Just. Yet this upright man was made a victim of the ostracism, driven from his country by unprincipled competitors who wished him out of the way. Passing along the street, the great martyr was accosted by a lout with an oyster shell in his hand, who requested him to write thereon the name of Aris- tides. The statesman politely assisted at his own condemnation ; but he questioned the boor as to what evil Aristides had done him. " He has done me no evil," he replied, " but I am tired of hearing him called The Just." + For some offense to the gods, Tantahts was punished in the lower world by baing placed up to his chin in a lake of the clearest water ; and though tortured with the most intense thirst, the water would always recede when he attempted to touch it witk his lips. He was teased, moreover, with luscious fruit and tempting viands, always kept before hiS' hungry eyes, but ever beyond his reach. Medusa, with Gorgonian terror, guards The ford, and of itself the water flies All taste of living wight ; as once it fled The lips of Tantalus. — Milton. 94 WHA T WORDS SA Y. •^To vulcanize caoutchouc, or India-rubber, is to combine it with sulphur by means of heat (as if done by Vulcan, the god of fire).* Ject^^cdiSt, hurl, throw. Abject cast .... ffl) . . from, away.^ Dejected cast .... de . . down.'' Eject cast . . . .e. . out. Inject cast .... in . . in. Object cast . . . .oh against. ° Project cast. . .jyvo. .forward. Reject cast . . . .ve. . back. [Adjective] tve. .{a word) which (is) . . . .Ject. .thrown . . . .ad. .to (another word).'' [Interjection] .... io7l . . that which (is) . . . .Ject . . thrown .... iiltev . .between, among. "^ [Subject] cast .... sub • under. * An abject person is of low condition (as if cast away, or out cast.) 'Tis done — but yesterday a King! And armed with Kings to strive, And now tiiou art a nameless thing ; So abject — yet alive ! — Byron. * A leading task of Vulcan was to forge the thunderbolts of Jove. He was assisted in his labors by the Cyclopes, a race of giants having each but a single eye situated in the middle of the forehead. Vulcan also made the arms and armor of the gods and demigods. A noted piece of work of this kind was the armor of Achilles, made at the solicitation of his mother, the nereid Thetis. The description of this armor, and especially of the shield, forms one of the most remarkable passages in Homer's " Iliad." The armor was captured by Hector when he slew Patroclus, to whom it had been lent for the encounter. It was worn by Hector when he was slain by Achilles. The latter detected the imperfect joining at the neck, and through it drove his spear. On the death of Achilles the inheritance of his armor became the subject of a furious contest between Ulysses and Ajax. Being awarded to the former by the voice of the assembled Greeks, Ajax was seized with mad- ness, and, after committing various atrocities, finally killed himself. This episode is the theme of " The Ajax," one of the great tragedies of Sophocles. Vulcan was supposed to have his forge in Mt. Etna, and its great eruptions of smoke and flame were thus ac- counted for WHA T WORDS SA V. 95 ^ But ah ! what dejec' tion that foliage expresses, Which pensively droops on her breast ! The dew of the evening has laden her tresses, And stands like a tear on her crest. — Jane Taylor. ''An (?/5yVr/ is something r^i-/ before (or against) our atten- tion. To object' is as if to hurl against what we dislike. ^ An adjective is added (as if throw?t) to a noun or other word to increase its meaning or limit it. ® An ittterjec' tion is thrown loosely in among the words that constitute a sentence, e7lf^*= swear. Ab/t*f e swear .... ah . . from (or away).* Kdjur^ swear ... .ad- .toy Conjure . . . swear . . . co)l . together.*' tTuroT or. .one who (is). . . .Jar. .swear (sworn). Jury a body of sworn men. Perjure to swear. . .-iJer. .through (or beyond the truth). ^ ^ One may abjure' {swear away) the use of intoxicating liquors, tobacco, or any other injurious indulgence. I put myself to thy direction, and Unspeak mine own detraction; here abjure The taints and blames I laid upon myself. For strangers to my nature. — Shakespeare. ^ Joshua adjured (spoke to with an oath or solemn invocation) the sun to stand still on Gideon. '^ To conjure' is to make a solemn and urgent appeal (as in swearitig persons together, or binding them by oath).* Macb. I conjure you, by that which you profess (Howe'er you come to know it), answer me. — ii^axespeare. ♦Art thou that traitor-angel, art thou he, Who first broke peace in heaven, and faith, till the • Unbroken ; and in proud rebellious arms Drew after him the third part of heaven's sons. Conjured' against the Highest. — Milton. 96 WHA T WORDS SA V. ^ Perjury, perjury, in the high'st degree. Murder, stern murder, in the direst degree; All several sins, all used in each degree, Throng to the bar, crying all — Guilty ! guilty!* — Shakespeare Lctt^^CdLrry, carried, bear. "DUatQ carry . . . .di. . apart. Elate carry . . . .e. . out (or up). legislate carry (forward) (or make) . . . .leg. .law.* Oblate carried . . . .oh . . against (toward).'' Prelate carried. . . .j)TC .before.^ Prolate carried. . . .2)i'0. .forward.*^ Re^a^e carry . . . .re. back. Super^ct^ive ive. .being. . . .lat. .carried .... supev . over (all the rest). Trans^a^e carry .... trails . across.® * Edina ! Scotia's darling seat ! All hail thy palaces and tow'rs, Where once beneath a monarch's feet. Sat Legislations sov'reign pow'rs ! — Burnt. ^ An oblate' spheroid, like the earth, is flattened at the poles (and is as if its poles were cai-ried against, or toward, each other). *^ A prelate is a bishop who is elevated over (or carried be- fore) others in the church. ^ h. pro late spheroid is extended (or carried forward') along the axis. * And faith beholds the dying here Trafislat' ed to that happier sphere. — Montgomery. To them (in those old razor-ridden days) My beard translated me to hostile French. — Lowell. * f rue honest men being heard, like false ^neas, Were, in his time, thought false : and Sinon's weeping Did scandal many a holy tear, took pity F'-'im most true wretchedness: So thou, Posthumus, Wilt lay the leaven on all proper men ; Goodly and gallant shall be false 2.^^ per'jttred. From thy great fail. Come, fellow, be thou honest. — Shakespeart. c WIIA T WORDS SA Y. 97 Lav, lau, Hi, liiv, lut =w2ish. Jjave to bathe (or wash).'^ Luvsi the great molten wash from a volcano. iat^ender, a plant frequently laid in freshly washed linen.'* Xttif ndress lati . . wash and . . ing ress . . (woman). JJClundry the place of the lamidress. h.hlut\ox\. wash. . . .ion. -ing. . ..ah. .from (or away) AUif i'ial al {ad) . . to . . . . (made by the washing of streams).^ AntediZifi^ian ante . . before .... (the deluge or great) Iwv . . wash .... io}l . . ing . . . di . . apart. Deluge {diliivi) .wash. . . .di. .apart.'^ Dilute wash .... di . . apart.' * Pure stream in whose transparent wave My youthful limbs I wont to laz>e. — Smollet. ^ Sweet lavender! I love thy flower Of meek and modest blue, Which meets the morn and evening hour, The storm, the sunshine, and the shower. And changeth not its hue. — Miss Strickland. '^ One's daily ablu'tions are the washings of his skin. ^ Allu'vial soil is deposited (or washed together) by water. ® For this the conqueror rears The arch of triumph ! and for this the tears And blood of earth flow on as they have flow'd, An universal del'uge, which appears Without an ark for wretched man's abode. And ebbs but to reflow ! — Renew thy rainbow, God ! — Byron, ^ Water dilutes' milk (or washes apart its substance). ie An el'oquent man speaks {put ) with persuasive power. As when of old some orator renown'd. In Athens, or free Rome, where eloquence Flourish'd, since mute, to some great cause address'd, Stood in himself collected, while each part. Motion, each act, won audience ere the tongue, Sometimes in height began, as no delay Or preface brooking through his zeal of right. — Milton. Ltld, ^l^S=play, sport, mock. Allude sport al{ad) . . at.'' Delude mock ^cfrom." Elude mock cout--^ Il^l^sion mock iou. .ing il{iu.) . .into {or at). '^ 104 WHA T WOUDS SA Y. e Lud'icrons sport. . . .icrous. .ive/ Prelude play . . . .jtTe. . before/ [Collude] play (or connive) .... co^l with ^ ^ We allude to anything when we make slight reference to it (as if pointing at it in a light or sportive manner). '' To delude' is to mislead (as if in mockery). Oh ! yet, ye dear, delud'ing visions stay ! Fond hopes, of innocence and fancy born ! For you I'll cast these waking thoughts away, For one wild dream of life's romantic morn. — Langhorne. " To elude' is to slip out slyly (as if 7nocking). ^ An illusion deceives (as if mocking at us). Love mourns its early dead; Hope its ilht'sions fled, Or rudely slain. — Charles Mackay. * A lu'dicrous thing causes laughter (as if it were done in sport). ^ K prel'ude to a piece of music, is an introductory strain {^played before the beginning of the principal theme). ^ To collude' is to agree with another to deceive (as if to mock at those imposed upon). i^f"(Xr/>^= great. Magnliy ft- make inafjn . . great. llaf/nate a great person. 3raf/nitude great itude • ness. Mnffiuf^cent fie {fae) . . make ent . . ing niaf/n. . great. "- Waf/naminous OUS. .having tfiagfl. . great awiiit. .spirit, mind, soul.^ ^ A magnificent thing causes (or makes) a great impression. ^ A person is magnan! imous who has the great?iess of ?nind or soul to forgive an injury. IVHA T WORDS SA Y. 105 Mal=h?id, ill, evil. 3£f«7ediction diet. say iofl. Ang .... ')nal. .evil (things). 3TaUce bad .... lee . . ness.^ iLr«7practice bad practice. 3£altreat /reat ill. a [ii!fa?apert] nial . .bad(ly). . . .apert. .opened b * Speak of me as I am; nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice: then must you speak Of one that l^^ved not wisely, but too well. — Shakespeare. ''A mal'apert person is saucy (he opens his mouth to say /// or improper things). Man, Ji«iJl=hand. * Amatmensis en sis . . one who (writes) ........ with (the). .. .man. .hand.'' 3fa7iac\e that which confines the Aand {s). JKanage to Aandle. ]\faniiest (apparent, as if ) . . . ./est. .struck (w ith the) . . .man. .hand." Waneii'ver ) j (a skillful piece of ) . . . .man. .hand(i) 3J[anceu'vre ) * ( ... .wuvv. .work. JManniactuve. ure. .that which (is) . . . .fact, .made (as if ) .... if .. by ... . man . . hand. M^annscYi^t scrijyt . . written ( by ) .... man . . hand. JlfV/tiumit mit{t) . .send (out of ) . . . .mail. hand.<^ Emancipate '. . eipat {eapt) . . take . . . .e. out of ... . man. .hand.*^ 106 WHA T WORDS SA V. 3£ainta.[n tain {ten) . . hold (as with the) num. .hand. l^&g&vditniain leget'* . .light . . . . de. .oi. . . .main. . hand.® * An amanuensis writes {im'f/i his hand) what another dictates. '' For it appears by manifest proceeding, That, indirectly, and directly too, Thou hast contrived against the very life Of the defendant — Shakespeare. •^ To fnanuniit' a slave is to set him -free [send him out of hand or control). ^ To emati cipate a slave is to set him free [take him out of the hand ol an owner). *And that, distill'd by magic sleights, Shall raise such artificial sprites. As, by the strength of their illusion, Shall draw him on to bis confusion. — Shakespeare. Mar, Tueer, 7}ter=sG3., lake. 3Tavine belonging to the sea. iH/cf/j'iner one who follows the sea.^ Subniai'ine.. . .inc. .being. . . .sub .under. . . .mar. .(the) sea. Trans^fc<*^Mne . . ine . . being .... trans . . across, beyond .... mar. .(the) sea. 'Ros&mary .... sea .... ros . . dew.'' MeerschaMm . . sea .... scJiaum, . . foam.*= ]l£ermaid the ma/d of the lake or sea.^ M^ere\ a /ake. lifarsh a place full of little pools (or lakes). * The lefcer-Vmc in music is the light line above or below the staff. + Hence the names Grasswt-rt-, Winder7«f?-nderiu\ occurrence. * A mir'acle is an event happening contrary to established laws of nature {that at zvhich we are compelled to wonder). ^ A mirage' (pr. meh-rahz/i) is an optical illusion in which the reflection of distant objects is be/uid, and which causes them to appear suspended in the air.| A desert-born mirage of spire and dome. — Lowell. * A Sarytone is a heavy (or weighty) male voice (or tone') between the tenor and the bass. t The mercury in the barom'eter falls or rises in accordance with the iveight or pressure of the atmosphere. The falling of the barometer indicates the approach of rain or storm, whereas a rising barometer indicates the approach of settled weather. X It is often observed at sea, where a distant ship seems sailing in the sky ; and in the desert, where it often presents the appearance of a beautiful lake, bordered with trees, and thus sometimes deceives the thirsty traveler who expects to find in it the refreshment he so much needs. 110 WHA T WORDS SA V. * It is the mirror* of the stars, where all Their hosts within the concave firmament, Gay marching to the music of the spheres, Can see themselves at once. — Campbell. ^ To admire' is to regard with pleasure or approbation akin to wonder. The word originally meant to wonder at. Miss =send, JMTissive that which is sent. 3fis,sion that on which one is sent. 3fissi\e .that which is hurled (or sent) forth. Com mission ion . . that which (is) .... iiilss . . sent .... com {eon), .with.^' Dismiss . . send .... dis . . apart, away. Intermission ion. .that which (is) miss . . sent intev . . between.^ Message ... that which is sent. Promise send . . . .pro . forth (or ahead).® Remiss sent . . . re . . back.'' Sunnise send .... suv . . over.^ * The giver of a commis' sion sends with a departing person some duty to be discharged on the way. Hence, a commission is a charge or trust. He bore his great commission in his look ; But sweetly temper'd awe ; and soften'd all he spoke. — Drydcn. ^ An intermis' sion is a break (as if sent in between two periods of action). And I did laugh, sans intermission. An hour by his dial. — Shakespeare. •^When vie prom' isev^e send forth our word ahead oi action or performance. * Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form Glasses itself in tempests ! — Byron. How glorious is thy girdle cast O'er mountain, tower and town, Or mirrored in the ocean vast, A thousand fathoms ^o^rx\— Campbell (The Rainbow). IVHA T WORDS SA Y. Ill That keep the word oi promise* to the ear, And break it to the hope. — Shakespeare. ^ We are remiss' when we are slack in the discharge of duty (as if sending back the rope which should be pulled forward). ' A surmise' is a ventured explanation {sent over something that has happened). Mi t {7ni ft) = se n d. Admit send ... .ad. .to (or forward).* Comf nit send .... com {con) . . with.^ Emit send . . . .e . . out. Intermittent itiltt . . send .... ent . . ing .... inter . . he^ tween.*^ Omit send . . . . o {oh) . . against (or away).** Per tnit send. . . .jjet'. .through. Remit send . . . . re. . back. Submit send .... snb . . under.^ Transmit send trans . . across.^ ^ When we admit' a person to a house we allow him to enter (as if sending him /"<9r'Z£'rt';v/ through the entrance). ''We commit' a thing to the safe keeping of another when we send it wit/i him. Hence, to do is called committing; as to com- mit an offense. ■^ All night the surges of the warm southwest Boomed intermit' tent \ through the shuddering elms. — Lowell. * Oh then how beautiful, how bright, appeared The written /?(;w//it/ Early had he learned To reverence the volume that displays The mystery, the life which cannot die ; But in the mountains did he feel his iahh.— lVort^suiarth. All Love's dear /?-o II! ! St' hath been kept. Since thou to me wert given ; A ladder for my soul to climb. And summer high in heaven. — Gerald Massey. + And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething, As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing, A mighty fountain momently was forced ; Amid whose swift haM-info-iiiiited burst Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail, 11:3 WHAT PFOA'DS SAY. •^ To owi/' a thing is to leave it out, or let it go (as if sending it away). There is a tide in the affairs of men Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune ; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. — Shakespeare. ^ When we submit' to the will of another we se?id (or place) ourselves under his authority. When we submit a matter for the consideration of another we send it iinaer his attention. ^ Every countenance, bright with smiles, and glowing with innocent en- joyment, is a mirror transmit' ting Xo others the rays of a supreme and ever shining benevolence. — Irving. Mon, 7nono = s\ng\e, alone. ]\£on OsyWahle . . ..a word having but a single syllable. Jlfoiiotone. a single tone.^ 3Ioiia.rch single .... arch. . ruler.*^ Jfofiogram (a) single .... grani{^il) . . writing. Monolith single litJl . . stone.'^ Wonologne logue. .speaking. . . .jnoiio. .alone. Wonopoly .jjol. .sell y. .ing mono, .alone.® c * Sound in mine ears the airy moan That sweeps in desolate 7)ion otone. Where on the unsheltered hill-top beat The marches of your homeless feet ! — Bayard Taylor ^ I am mon arch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute; From the centre all round to the sea I am lord of the fowl and the brute. — Cowper. •= A monlogram is a combination of the initials of a name into a single written character. Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail : And 'mid these dancing rocks at once and ever It flung up momently the sacred river. — Coleridge. Run to your houses, fall upon your knees, Pray to the gods to intermit the plague That needs must light on this ingratitude. — Shakespeare. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 113 •^ A motilolith is a shaft or column consisting of a single sto?ie* ^ A monop'oly is the sole (or single) right to sell a given article, or to sell at a given place. Great corporations which have exclusive {sole) control of certain lines of business are often called monopolies. Qomniot'ion . . move ion . . ing cOfH (coti) . . together. Emotion move ion . . ing e. . out (from within). 3£otion move .... io^i . . ing. Motive ive. .that which mot. .moves (to act). Motor or. .that which. . . .mot. .moves. Proinote move , . .jJi'o . . forward.^ Remote moved re. . back.'' ^ When a scholar ispromol'edhe is moved forward in the grades of the school. To promote a soldier is to move him forward to higher rank. When wepro?fiote a cause we move it forward. Thou art not for the fashion of these times, Where none will sweat but iox promo lion. — Shakespeare. '' A remote' place is widely separated (as if moved back) from customary things. f * The ffreat Egyptian obelisk in Central Park, New York, is one of the most noted tnono^ liths in the world. It was quarried, carved and erected about the time of Abraham, to commemorate the deeds of an ancient Pharaoh. Five hundred years later the conquering Sesostris, the bad Pharaoh of Sciipture, carved on its surface the record of his famous reign. The royal cartouch (or oval) shows that the work was done under the immediate sanction and order of the King. But Sesostris (or Rameses II) reigned one hundred years before the Trojan war ; so all the symbols now seen on Cleopatra's Needle were al- ready venerable with age in the days of Priam, Hector, Helen, Agamemnon, Achilles and Ulysses. The Roman poet Horace says there were brave men before Agamemnon, but they lacked a Homer to save their names from oblivion. Sesostris, however, was an e.xcep- tion; he escaped oblivion without the aid of a Homer. Homer's heroes are to be congratu- lated above all men on having their story sung by such a minstrel ; but with this thought there always goes a little doubt as to whether there ever were such heroes and such deeds outside of Homer's imagination. The hard granite of the Egyptian mountains leaves no doubt that Sesostris lived and reigned. t Far in a wild, unknown to public view, From youth to age a rev'rend hermit grew ; The moss his bed, the cave his humble cell, His food the fruits, his drink the crystal well ; Remote from man, with God he pass"d his days, PrayV all his business, all his pleasure praise. -Parnell. I love you for lulling me back into dreams Of the blue Highland mountains and echoing streams, And of broken glades breathing their balm. While the deer was seen glancing in sunshine •emote, And the deep, mellow crush of the wood-pigeon's note Made music that sweetened the ca.\m.—LamJ>ieli. 8 a 114 WHA T WORDS SA Y. Nat, gnat=horn. Native not. .bom. . . .ive. . (in), iWffure iiat. .born. . . .nre. .that which.'' JSfation naf. .born. . . .ion .that which.'' WataX }iat . .born. . . .al. .belonging to.'* Innate in .in nat born.® \Co(jnat^ CO.. together gnat . . born.* [Preteriif^f ural]. . .pretev . . beyond. ^ " A na'tive is born within the country. A native propensity or trait is one i?iborn. Breathes there a man with soul so dead Who never to himself hath said, This is my own, my native land ? — Scott. ^ Our na'ture includes all the tendencies with which we are born. Lo ! Newton, priest of nature, shines afar, Scans the wide world, and numbers every star. — Campbell. •= A na'tion includes a great number of people born from the same stock and within the same territory. Long, Pity, let the nations view Thy sky-worn robes of tenderest blue, And eyes of dewy light. — Collins. ^ One's na'tal day is that on which he is born. " With eloquence innate' * his tongue was armed. — Dryden. ^ Cognate sounds, as those of b and/, are produced with the organs in the same position. (They are, therefore, produced or born together, or under like conditions.) s K preternat' ural appearance is one beyond what is natural. Nav, nau—s\\\Y). NavaX belonging to a ship. Navigate . . . .igate . . drive (or direct a) nav . . ship, Has matter innate motion ? Then each atom, Asserting its indisputable right To dance, would form a universe of dust. — VMing: a WHA T WORDS SA V. 115 JV^dVy the war s/i/ps of a nation. NaVQ the body of a church (the ship of Christ).*' Nausea sea-sickness (occurring on ^/«))-board).* N^auXicaX. . ..belonging to s/iips. ^.eroiiaiU. . .t. .one who (sails in a balloon or). . . .aev. .air nail . . ship, Nauti\\xs the little sailor (of a ship).'' * Star of eternity ! the only star By which the bark of man could navigate The sea of life, and gain the coast of bliss. — Pollok. ^ The deep-toned music thundered down the nave, Gathering the thankfulness of every soul Into itself, and swept along to God. — Samuel IV. Duffield. * The nau'tilus is a small mollusk that, by hoisting two pe- culiar membranes with which it is furnished, and which serve as sails, glides over the surface of the sea (like a ship). ^Of=maik. Dewofe mark. . . .de. .down.* jVo liable rewar/^able. NotSiVy , ary.. one who ^lo?. .mark(s) (or writes).'' Note to mark; a ?>iark. NotSition mark (or write) ation . . ing (of numbers). ° N. B. {iiota dene) . . .not. .mark bene, .well.'' ^ We mark (or write) down a sign to denote' a certain thing. '' A no'tary administers oaths and prepares legal documents (or writings). Go with me to a notary; seal me there Your single bond. — Shakespeare. * Better to hunt in fields for health unbought Than fee the doctor for a nau'seoiis dra.ught.^Drj'cien. And to be great indeed, forget The nau'seous pleasures of the great. — Ibid. 116 WHA T WORDS SA V. •= Notation is a system of writing numbers. ^ The abbreviation N. B. is usually rendered take notice, but its literal meaning is mark ivell. N'Uy^ner-— number, N^linievons having a great number. ^ ■umeVQ.'Cxow number atiotl . . ing. EiiifWiei'ate ate. .make e. .out nutner . . number.* InnufnerablQ iu . . not minier . number able ..able.'^ Superji M //Me/'ary . . . ary . . being super . . (an) over (or extra) .... ittcnier . . number.*^ [JVtiniei'al] belonging to number.*^ * The census enu' merates (or makes out the number) of the in- habitants of a place. '' Innumerable* as the stars of night, Or stars of morning; dew-drops, which the sun Impearls on every leaf and flower. — Milton. '^ A supernu'merary is an extra one (and therefore an over- number). ^ A nu'meral adjective expresses a 7iumber. A numeral ixdss\% is used in teaching number. Oon, One, 0?1= large. 'BaWootl large ball. Cartoon large cart . . card, paper.^ GalleoJt (a) large galley.^' Gallon (a) large gal . . bowl. hagoon large .... lac . . lake.^ * Sweet is every sound, Sweeter thy voice, but every sound is sweet; Myriads of rivulets hurrying through the lawn, The moan of doves in immemorial elms. And murmuring of innumerable bees. - Tennyson IVIIA T JVORDS SA Y. 117 SaXoon large .... sal{l) . . room. Trombone large tronib . . trumpet. [Violoiicello] cell . . little on . . large viol. . violin.'^ ^ A cartoon was originally a large design, usually in colors, upon strong paper, to be transferred to a wall for fresco paint- ing, or for working out in tapestry or mosaic. Hence, a large colored print (upon paper). ^ A gat Icon was a Spanish treasure vessel of large size used in the sixteenth century for carrying over the precious metals from Peru, Mexico and the West Indies. '^ A lagoon is a {large) lake-like space in mid-ocean formed by an encircling group of coral islands. ^ The bass-viol is a large violin; the violonceVlo is a small bass-viol. Of*=er, one who. Captor one who capt . . take(s) (or seizes). Doctor one who .... doct* . . teach(es).^ Factor one who. . . .fact . .do(es). Rector red. . rule, direct .... or . . er (of a church). Sponsor* sports . . promise .... Or . . er. '^ Tailoi' tail . . cut or . . er.° Tutor. one who .... tiitf {tuit)X . . look(s) after."* Victor* vict. .conquer. . . .07' . .er.*^ ^ A doc'tor is a man of learning (capable of teaching). O for boyhood's painless play, Sleep that wakes in laughing day, Health that mocks the doctor's rules, Knowledge never learned of schools. — IVhittier. Doc'tnn^ is that which is taught as truth. Unpractised he to fawn, or seek for power, By doctrines fashioned to the varying hour. — Goldsinith. t A tu'tt\&Ty deity is one having: special ■watchfulness over a particular community and *vho receives therefore special honors. % Tut'/ion is the sum paid the tutor for his services. 118 WHA T WORDS SA Y. ^ A spon'sor in baptism is a god-father {one who promises in behalf of the child that the vows will be kept). But rather far that stern device The sponsors chose that round thy cradle stood In the dim, un ventured wood. — Lowell. ^ A taVlor is one who cuts and makes clothing. ^ A land of beauty, virtue, valour, truth, Time-lu' lored age, and love-exalted youth. — Montgomery. ® Not to him who rashly dares But to him who nobly bears. Is the vie tor s garland sure. — Whittier. Or din= order. Ordinary rf r // . . according to . . . or din . . (usual) order.* Ordlna.nce . . . atice . that which (is) . . . .ordin . . order(ed).^ 0/'f^^>iation. .the ceremony of ordaining (or taking into re- ligious orders). Ordinsd showing the order. '^ Inordinate .. .in.. not Ofdin . . order (or regulate) ate..ed. Subordinate. ate. .being sub. .under (in) ordin. . order (or rank). Ordain to order, to take into religious orders.^ * These couchings, and these lowly courtesies, Might fire the blood of ordinary men; And turn ^x^ ordinance, and first decree. Into the law of children. — Shakespeare. ** A city or'dinance is a regulation ordered by the authorities. Oh, now, let Richmond and Elizabeth, The true succeeders of each royal house, By God's fair ordinance conjoin together. — Shakespeare. " An ordinal adjective expresses the order of occurrence, as first, second, etc. ^ Out of your grace, devise, ordain , impose Some gsntle order. — Shakespeare. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 119 jP^1^= guard, ward off. Parry par . . ward off.'* ParasoX par . .ward off . , . .sol. .the sun.** J*rt>'achute par . .guard chut* . . (the) fall.'= Parapet .2yar . . guard 2*€t ( 2)ect) . . the breast."* '"^ To par' ry a blow is to ward it q^.f ^ The par'asol wards off the rays of the sun. '^ The par' achute is an apparatus in the form of an umbrella for breaking [guarding against) a fall from a balloon. ^ K parapet is a rampart breast high and guarding that part of the body from the shots of the enemy. JPO-r/^ speak, talk. ParTiament. .a legislative body (engaged in much speaking). Parlor a place for talk. Parley to carry on a talk in regard to some unsettled contest.'* Parlance .... a style of speaking. Parole a (spoken) promise.** ^ Jast. . feeds. Rejtast food (given) .... r^e . . again.^ Pastor or. .one who past, .feeds (a flock). Pastern the joint of the horse by which he is tetherea in the pasture. Pester to bother (like hobbling a horse in a pasture). [Pastel] el. .little _2^(«Sif. .loaf (or roll).^ [P«8^ille]. ...i?^ .little past..loai (or roll).° * His sweet repast'* with sweet discourse was blent, Of journeying and return. — Afrs. Sigoumey. '° A pas' lei is a colored crayon (suggestive of a little roll ot bread). '=A pastille' is a little cone (or roll) of some aromatic substance to be burned in a room. Bij)ed bi. . two pefZ . . foot (or feet).' Centipede. . .cent, .hundred. . . .p}ed- .foot. ^.xpedite .... (take the) foot. . . . ex out.'' Impede .... .ini {in) . .against (the) />ef?. .foot. Pedal t/iat which is moved by the foot. Pedestal . . . .the foot stall or support of a column or statue. Qxxadrnped. .an animal having. . . .qiiadv. .four. . . .ped . foot (or feet). Veloci//ede. .(the). . ..veloc. .swift. . ..ped. .foot(ed) wheel. * Birds are called bi'peds in consequence of having but t%>o feet.\ * Thus dost thou hear the Nemean lion roar 'Gainst thee, thou lamb, that standest as his prey; Submissive fall his princely feet before, And he from forage will incline to play: But if thou strive, poor soul, what art thou then? Food for his rage, repast' ure for his den. — Shakospeare. + The great philosopher Plato defined man as a featherless biped. Thereupon the shrewd old cynic Diogenes plucked the feathers from a goose, and, having labeled it Plato's man," threw it over into the philosopher's class-room. a WHA T WORDS SA Y. 121 ^ To ex'pedite is to hasten forward (as if by taking the foot out of some clog or entanglement); to make loose-footed . •^ To impede, on the contrary, is to retard (as by putting an obstacle against the foot).* No torrents stain thy limpid source; No rocks impede thy dimpling course. — Smollett, Pell, puls= drive. Appeal drive (or urge) aj^iad)- .to {or upon). Comjjel drive com . . (con) . . with. Dispel drive. . . .dis. .apart. Expel drive ex . . out. Imjwl drive. . . .ini{ifi) .into (or against). Peal the appeal of the bells.'' "Propel drive . . . .pvo . . forward. Kepel drive .... ve . back." Repeal to re-appeal or appeal again.'^ Pulse the throb caused by the driving of the blood through the arteries. Repulse (a) drive. . . .re. .back. * Eternal Hope ! when yonder spheres sublime Pealed their first notes to sound the march of time, Thy joyous youth began, but not to fade. — Campbell. *> The wild steed's sinewy nerves still strain Up the repel ling bank. — Byron. •^To repeat a law is to annul or call it back (as if upon a reconsideration, or re-appeal). * I have seen the day, That, with this little arm, and this good sword, I have made my way through more imped' iments Than twenty times your stop. — Shakespeare. P. Hen. O, pardon me, my liege; but for my tears, The moist impediments unto my speech, I had forestall'd this dear and deep rebuke, Ere you With grief had spoke, and I had heard The course of it so far. — lb. 122 . WHA T WORDS SA V. I*encl=hsing, weigh. I^endant hang ant . . ing. Pendent hang. . . .ent. .ing.^ Pendulum the hanging wire." , 'PenduXou's, hang'xu^. ^.^pe7id hang (or fasten) ap{ad) . . to. De2)end hang de. . down, from.^ Expend weigh* (as with a hanging scale) . . ..ea?..out. \rupend\ hang ini{in). .into (or over). Per/)eM.f7icular. ..ar .like. . . .iciil. .that which. . . .pend.. hang(s). . . .per . .through (the air).'^ '^u^pendX hang. . . .sus{sub). .under (or down). '^ From the arched roof, Pen' dent by subtle magic, many a row • Of starry lamps, and blazing cressets, fed With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light, As from a sky. — Milton. •» Man ! TYiOW. pendulum betwixt a smile and tear. — Byron. " He that depends' Upon your favors swims with fins of lead. And hews down oaks with rushes. — Shakespeare. ^ K perpendic' ular X\n& ior\x\% with another a right an^le as does the plummet (which hangs through the air) with the hori- zon. 2^e^= through, thoroughly. /'ercolate col% . . strain, filter . . . .per . . through. a * Before the introduction of coinage, gold and silver passed by weight. They are still weighed out when passed in large quantities. + Damocles beheld above his head a sword suspended by a single hair. This is the proverbial type of an impend' ing calamity. X On the willow that harp is suspended, O Salem ! its sound should be free ; And the hour when thy glories were ended But left me that token of thee : And ne'er shall its soft tones be blended With the voice of the spoiler by me. — Byron. § A co/'ander is a strainer. A cu/'vert is an arched drain. WHA T WORDS SA V. 121 J*e»*cussion cuss (quass)*. .shake ion. .ing pet' . . through. .Perennial pei'. .through(out) .... mm. .year(s).'' J*ct'fect jjer . . thoroughly feet . . made.= JPej'forate fovai . . bore . . . .per . . through. J*e>'fume funi . . smoke . . . .per . . thoroughly.*^ l^erjure juv . . swear ^^er . . through (the bounds of truth). J*ermanent man. .stay .... ent . . ing per . . through). JPe^meate.. meat. go. . . .per. .through.® JPe^pendicular. . . .per. .through. . . .pe^ld. .hang .... icul that which .... ar .... like.^ ^ Water percolates {^filters through) an imper^ct roof or partition. ^ Peren'nial plants exist throughout many years. " And what is so rare as a day in June ? Then, if ever, come per' feet days; Then heaven tries the earth if it be in tune. And over it softly her warm ear lays. — Lowell. ^ To perfmne' means literally to smoke thoroughly. Hence, to impregnate or fill with scent, or odor. And it sent abroad a soft perfume \ Which is floating round me still. — Percival. * Wsiter permeates a porous substance. ^ A line is perpendic' ular to another when it forms with the ♦A court guash'ts an indictment when it breaks (shatters or shakes) it down. t As when to them who sail Beyond the Cape of Hope, and now are past Mozambic, off at sea north-east winds blow Sabean odors from the spicy shore Of Araby the blest; with such delay Well pleased, they slack their course, and many a league, Cheer'd with the grateful smell, old Ocean smiles. — Milton. 'Tis Liberty alone that gives the flow'r Of fleeting life itr. lustre a.nd />e'-/ume. And we are weeds without it. -Coivper. 124 ^J/A T WORDS SA Y. latter a right angle (such as the plumb line which hangi throtigh space forms with the horizon). Ten masts at each make not the altitude Which thou h&st perpendic' ular\y fell. — Shakespeare. J>e/»= through, thoroughly (continued). Pei'petrate petrat . . accomplish per . . thor- oughly. Perplex jp^ea? . . weave, entangle J>e^ . . thor- oughly. Pei'quisite qtiisit .. sought . . . ._29et' . . thoroughly.'* Pei'secute secut . . follow _/>ef . . thoroughly. Peruse us . . use per . . thoroughly.^ Pe/'vade vad . . go per . . through(out).° Pervert vert . . turn /^er . . thoroughly. Pei'vious vi.. way . .per . . through ons.. hav- ing.'^ ^ The per'quisites ol an office are its incidental remunerations (usually sought after very eagerly or thoroughly) " To peruse a book is to read it with interest (and therefore use it thoroughly). "= The q!\x pervades' the whole house. No sound is uttered — but a deep And solemn harmony pervades The hollow vale from steep to steep, And penetrates the glades. — Wordsworth. "^ Chalk isper'vtous to {having a way through for) water. Petr, pier— rocV. Petriiy ft.- make . . .2^etr . . rock. Petroleum rock oleum . . oil. Saltpetre rock-salt.'^ Pier .a structure of roch in the water. Lam2>rey lamb . . lick petr . . rock.'^ U^HA T WORDS SA V. 126 ^ The term saltpe'tre means rock-salt. The saltpetre of com- merce is also called nitre, and is the chief ingredient of gun- powder. And that it was great pity, so it was, That villainous saltpetre should be digg'd Out of the bowels of the harinlcs'^ earih. — Shakespeare. ^ The lajfi'prey eel was called the rock-licker from its ten- dency to cleave to the rocks. J>^^/^=flat, level. JPlafl a drawing on a. flat surface. Plafie a. flat surface. I^lank a heavy flat board. Plaifl a. flat extent of country. Plain entirely clear (or level). Esplanade (a place in a park) plan . . level ad . .ed es{ex). .out. ExplaAn (to make) ex . . out .... (everything) . . plan, .level (or plain).'^ [Plan' isphere] . . .the projection of a sphere on a plain. " Me let the tender office long engage To rock the cradle of reposing age, With lenient acts extend a mother's breath. Make languor smile, and smooth the bed of death; Explore the thought, explain the asking eye. And keep awhile one parent from the sky. — Pope, Pie, plet=mi Com^^^ement . . ..ment. .that which pie. .fill(s). . .com {con) . . together (or fully). Comjdete filled .... com{con) . . together (or out). Com2>^iment ment. .that which pli. .fill(s). . ..com {con), .together (or up).^ Comply fill com{con) . . together (or up). De/j?e^ion de. .nn plet . . fill ion . ing. 136 IVIJA T WORDS SA V. Implement mejit . . that which .... pie . . fills .... im {in)..'m (or together).'^' Replete plet . filled . . .ve. . again (or up).'' Sup^^/ement inent. .that which _^>?e..fill(s) sup (sub) . . under (or after). Sup2^ly fill Sltj^isuh). .under (or up).^ lEx2)letive] ive. .that which ^^^e^. .fill(s) ex.. out.® * A co7n'pliment is a courteous speech of praise or act of at- tention [w/iich is intended \.o fillnnth good feeling or pleasure). ''An tjn'plement'is a tool (such as is used in building or filling in a structure). A story replete' vi'ith. instruction is 7?//^^/ with the latter. He ended, and his words, replete with guile, Into her heart too easy entrance won. — Milton. ^ With food as well the peasant is supplied'* On Idra's cliff as Arno's shelvy side. — Goldsmith. c ® An ex'pletive adverb has but little use further than to fih (or round) out the sentence which contains it. PM, Ploi, Plic^ioXd, bend. k^ply fold, or bend .... ap (ad) . . to, against.* Display dis . . un plot fold. Employ fold (or embrace) .... cm (en) •in.'^' Explicit ex. .out (or un) 2*1 ic .fold it. .ed." Exploit c.TC. .out (or un) pAoi. .fold. . . t. .ed,'' \mplicdite fold (or embrace) . . . .i/m (in) . .in. Imply fold (or embrace) . . . im {in) ia 1*1 ait a fold. I*lia.hle easily l>ent. JPliant bend ant . . ing.® * He lives who lives to God alone, And all are dead beside ; For other source than God is none, Whence life can be supplied.— Co-wper- IVIIA T WORDS SA Y. 12? RQ2)ly fold ... re. . back/ Supple bend sup (stlb) . . under.e Sup2jfiant . bend ant . ing sujj {sub) . . under (or down).'' Supplicate: bend suj^ (sub) . . under (or down).' T>eploy de. .from, un. . . .plot. .fold.J ^ To apply a plaster or poultice is to fold it to* To apply one's self is to bend to a task. To apply for permission is to bow (or bend) to one having authority. And half he halts, half springs aside And feels the quickening spur applied. — Scott. ^ To employ' a person is to e?tfold (or include) him in one's affairs. Happy the man who sees a God etnployed In all the good and ill that checker life! — Cowper. c In an explic'it statement the truth is thoroughly imfolded. ^ An exploit' is something done (or unfolded). " Who foremost now delight to cleave With //j'(2«/ arm thy glassy wave? — Gray. ^ A reply is a return (as \i fold back) statement. e Sup' pie limbs are gracefully flexible (or easily bent). "^ A sup'pliant for mercy or favor is one who asks it humbly (as if bowing, or bending down). ' To sup' plicate is to petition humbly (as if bending down). J To deploy' troops as skirmishers is to cause them to spread out (as if unfolding). JPorc—pig. Porcupine the pig with the spines. JPork the flesh of the pig. * Canst thou, O partial Sleep! give thv repose To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude: And in the calmest and the stillest night. With all appli'ances and means to boot. Deny it to a king? — Shakespeare. 138 iVHA T WORDS SA Y. Povce\siin atii. .like. ... (the shell of the purple fish which has its upper surface curved like the back of a) ell. .little pore -pig.' *, Porpoise poric) . .pig pels. .fish. I Po/*cine] pig ine . . like. * What, shall I stain the glories of my race? More clear, more lovely bright, than Hesper's beam? The por' celain pure with vulgar dirt debase? Or mix with puddle the pellucid stream ? — Langhorne. POTt=g-a.tQ, door, entrance. IPovt an entrance. PovtsU an entrance. Povt&T gate keeper.^ l*or ^cullis couliss. .sliding port. .door. Porch port, .an entrance.^ I*ortico that which is before the entrance.* ' Nor surly porter stands, in guilty state, To turn imploring famine from ihe gate. — Goldsmith. I*0Tt—C2irYy, bear. Portable carry-able, or movable. PortioWo carry foil . . leaf (of paper and other stationery). Portvc\a.n\.eai\x carry .... fncmteciu . . cloak. Porter the carrier of burdens. Expo7^t carry .... ex . . out, * Due westward, fronting to the green, A rural /or' fi'ro was seen, Aloft on native pillars borne, Of mountain fir with bark unshorn. Where Ellen's hand had taught to twine The ivy and Idoean vine. The clematis the favored flower. Which boasts the name of virgin bowet And every hardy plant could bear Loch-Katrine's keen and searching air. An instant in this /orc/i she staid. And gaily to the Stranger said, ■' On Heaven and on thy ladv call. And enter the enchanted hall!" — Scott. WffA T WORDS SA Y. 129 Import carry i}H, (in) . . into. ImpovtSLnt having much import (or significance).* Port bearing.^ Report. carry re. back," Supjyort bear. . . .siij) (sub), .under. Transport carry .... trdiis . . across, beyond.*^ * Pride in iheir port, defiance in their eye, I see the lords of human kind pass by. — Goldsmith. •> 'Tis greatly wise to talk with our past hours; And ask them, what report' they bore to heaven. — Young. •= To transport' property is to carry it across from one place to another. Hence, transport is strong emotion (in which one is carried beyond his ordinary feelings)f . J^OS= place, put. Compost. place .... coin {eon) . . together. Ue2JOSe place .... de . from, down. ^ Dispose place .... dis • • apart. Exjjose place .... ex . . out.** Imjwse place ini {in) . . in, against. Inter/>ose place inter, .between. J Op2>08e place OJJ {oh) . . against. Proj^ose place . . . .jjro . . before. * Yet \he\T port Not of mean suitors, nor impor'tant less Seem'd their petition, than when th' ancient pair In fables old, less ancient yet than these, Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha, to restore The race of mankind drown'd, before the shrine Of Themis stood devout. — Milton. + The wild gazelle on Judah's hills Exulting yet may bound. And drink from all the living rills That gush on holy ground; Its airy step and glorious eye May glance in tameless trans' port by. — Byron. % Earth, let not thy envious shade Dare itself to interpose' : Cynthia's shining orb was made Heaven to cheer, when day did close. — Ben Jonson. 130 IVHAT WOJiDS SAV. Purpose place ^Jiei' {'pro) . . before." depose place ve. . back.** Sup7>o«e. place sup (sub) . .under. Trans2*OSe place .... trains . . across. ^ To depose' is to put out of {or from) position or office.* '' Expose' thyself to feel what wretches feel. That thou mayest shake the superfiux to them, And show the heavens more just. — Shakespeare. " It tells how many and often high resolve and /«;-/oj^ strong, Shaped on the anvil of my heart, have failed upon my tongue. Gerald Massey. •^ The crownless hat, ne'er deemed an ill — It only let the sunshine still Repose' upon my head! — Hood. jPos/f= place, placed. Composite placed com (con) . . together. Com^os//ion loii . . that which (is) posit . placed com {con) . . together. Deposit place de . . down. Imposition place (or put) iofl. .ing im {in) ..against (or upon). Opposite placed oj) {ob) . . against. Preposition ion . that which (is) . . . posit . . placed pre. .before. Proposition ion . . that which (is) . . . .2)OSit . . placed . . . .pro. .before (one's attention). Repository ory . . place (where things are) . . . .2)0sit . .place. . . .re. .back (or away). 7>0«f= after. I*OSt-date date after (the time written). JPos^pone pon . . place post . after. * Methought that mist of dawning grey Would never dapple into day; How heavily it rolled away Before the eastern fiame Rose crimson, and deposed the stars. — Byron. a WHA T WORDS SA V. 131 Postscript = script . . written post . . after. Postern the offer (or back) gate.'' Posterity that which comes after. Post mortem j}OSt. .after .... tnort. .death. Preposterous p7*e . . before (and) . . . .2)Oster coming after (at the same time). P, 31, {post inei'ldian). .after the tneridian (or noon). [Posthumous] after most (latest). * The thing they can't but purpose they postpone' . — Young. ^ Then right hand wheeled their steeds, and straight They won the castle's post' efn gate. — Scott. jP^^=: before. Precede ced . . go . . . .pre . . before. Precept cept {capt). .taken. . . . i^re. .before.* P'Teclude clud .... shut (out) . . . .pre . .before. Precocious OUS . . being coct . . cooked, ripened . . . .pre . . before (or too soon).** Precursor pre . . fore curs . . run .... or . . er. Predecessor or . . one who . . cess . go(es) de • . from. . . .pre. .before. Predict pre . . fore diet . . say, tell. Preface fat . . said . .pre . before. Prefer fe)'. .carry, bear pre. .before. * A pre' cept is taken as a guide before action.* ^' K preco'cious c\i\\d is bright in advance of its age (as if ripened too soon). * There — my blessing with you! And these i^y^ precepts in thy memory See thou character- Give thy thoughts no tongue. Nor any unproportioned thought his act. — Shakespeare. 132 WHA r IVOUDS SA Y. JPTe=he(ore (continued). Prejudice Jfidlc .judge. . . .prCr .before. J*i'eliminary . . . .pre . . before .... limin . . threshold.* jP/*emature f)iatur. .ripe. . . .pre. .before (the time). Premise inis- .send. . . .^jre. . before. '^ _P/*emonition.. . .trio nit. .warn. . .ion. .ing. . .pre. .before. Prepare par. .arrange . . . .jyfe. .before. Preponderate. . ponder at. .weigh.. .^>iY-^.. before (or out).'= Presage sar/ . . perceive . . . .^Ji'e . before. Prevail val . . be strong . . . .jrre . . before (or over).'^ * Prelim' inary remarks are made just before entrance {door) into the general subject. ^ 'Yo premise an e.xplanation is to send it out before relating the matter specially in hand. The prcniise of an argument is sent before the rest. '^ K prepoj^ derating article is in greater quantity (and there- fore outweighs others). ■* Truth from his Wps prevailed' with double sway. And fools who came to scoff remained to pray. — Goldsmith. Primer a first book. Prime of the first quality. Primary belonging to the first stages. Primrose one of the first flowers (or roses) of spring. Pritnitive in the first or earliest form. Prim of the first order of neatness. Premier the first officer of a government. Primeval al. . belonging to . . . .prim . the first (or earliest) {a)ev. .age.^ * The violet by its mossy stone. The prim' rose by the river's brim, And rhancesovvn daffodil have found Immortal life through him. — Whittier (on Wordsworth). •" This is the ioresX. prime' val. — Longfellow. a WHA T WORDS SA Y. 133 ^^0 = before, forward, for, according to. Pvohosc'is bosc . feed(s) . . . ._/>/'0 . . before. J*l»ofile fil. .thread, line. . . .jyt'O . . before.* Prognostic fore. . . .f/iiost. .know. . . .ic -ing. Prohibit Jiihif. .hold. . . .pro. .forth. Prominent liihl project . . . .jrro forward. Pronoun for (or instead of) a noun. Pi'Osper according to ... . sper* .... hope.'' P'i'Ostrate sfraf spread . . . .pro forward. Proverb verh\ . . word (gone) . . . .pro . forth. Provide vld. .see. . . Itrfy .forward (or ahead). ^ h p7-o'file likeness gives the //■ to repeat (like re-harrowing ground). f •* No more the smith his dusky brow shall clear. Relax' his ponderous strength and lean to hear. — GoUsinil/!. ' That prince, and that alone, is truly great, Who draws the sword reluctant, gladly sheathes. — Young. ^e=zback, again (continued). JJemain main . . stay ve. . back. J^emedy niecl. .heal(s) ve. .again. JSemorse mors bite . . . ve. . back. TJepine pt'ne, or fret, again and again^ Replenish isli .make. . . .plen. .full. .ve. .again. .Represent present again. /repugnant patfii. .fight. . . .ant. .ing ve. .back. 7?esemble sembl . . be like . . . .ve. . again. * When thus* creation's charms around combine. Amidst the store should thankless pride repine ? — Goldsmith- * There mildly dimpling Ocean's cheek Reflects' the tints of many a peak Caught by the laughing tides that lave These Edens of the Eastern wave. — Byron. + The Arabian Nights rehearsed' in bed! The fairy tales in school-time read. By stealth, 'twixt verb and nown.—Hood. WHA T WbJiDS SA V. 135 _Re=back, again (continued). i?esplendent. . .splend *. .shine. . . .ent. -ing. . . .re. .back, /Restore staiiv f . . place . . . .re. . back. /Restrain strain {strinff) . .bind j*e. .back. i»*esurrection . . .surrectX . rise . . . .ion . . ing . . . .re. . again ii*6^tard tard . slow . . . .7'e. . back. li^etire tir. .pull, draw. . . .re. .back. J^etrieve ti'O V . . find re . . again. J^eveal vel . veil . . . .re. . back. Review view again. " Shall man alone, for whom all else revives, No resurrec tion know ? — Young. jKe=thing. , ReaX belonging to things. jBebus made up of things (or objects).^ l^epublic Si public thing (or concern). * A re' bus is a composition expressed in objects (or things). 2^ec^= right, Straight. Y)\rect straight . . . .di. . apart. ¥.rect e. . out (up) rect . . right.^ Rect'iiy fi- make rect . . right. /rectilinear. . . .straight lines having. liect'itvidQ right it tide . . ness. J^CC^angle (having only) right angles. Correct (make) right .... cor (cou) . .with. * But man He made of angel form erect' , To hold communion with the heavens above. — Pollok. * A splen'dXA example is a shining ont.. t A re.r7rt«rant restores the strength that has been wasted by hunger. + An xvi.siir'-ec'txo'n. is a rising {or uprisi/ic) ivithiii a country. 136 WHA T WORDS SA Y. Beg, roy—]dng. BeffSil king....a^.ly.'^ Megicide king cid {cced) . slay(er). Boyal king.. ..al.Ay. Viceroy • .vice, .in the place of roy. .(the) king Cordu'/'O?/ the cord of the king}' Pomeroy jfoni . . (the) apple roy . . king. heroy le. .the — roy . . king. ■* And with ihem comes a third of re'ga/ port, But faded splendor wan. — Milton. ^ Oh for the garb that mark'd the boy, The trousers made of corduroy' , Well inked with black and red. — Hood. ItU2)t, rout— break, broken. Hupture (a) break ure . . ing. Abt'Upt break ab. . from, away. Bankrupt*. . .having a broken bank (or credit). Qoxrupt break. . . .cor (con), .together.* Disrupt ...... break .... dis . . apart. Eruption break. . . .iou. -ing. . . .e. .out. Inter/'i^2^^ion. .break .... iou . . ing .... inter between. Irt'uption break. . ..ion. -ing. . ir (iit). .into. Rout a defeat that breaks the order of an army. Route away or course (like a beaten or broken path). Routine the following of a beaten (or broken) path. Hut a deep wheel track in the road (or route). Rote the straight (or smooth) road (or route). ' For his chaste muse employed her heaven-taught lyre None but the noblest passions to inspire, Not one immoral, one corrupt' ed xhoxx^X, One line which, dying, he could wish to blot. — Lord Littleton. * The term originated in connection with the money changers of Italy. They sat ivi tl.v market place with their money di'^nl-'ved on a bench (or banc as it was called) before them. When one of these financial gentlemen failed his banc (cit brnch) was said to be broken, and he was styled a bank'-rnpt. The modern bciiik inherits its name from the unimposing money-^f«cA (banc) of mediaeval Italy. IVI/A T IVOADS SA Y. 137 Sucvsiva&nt . . . .the /w/y ceremony or service. Sacrifice Jic {/'(ic) . . make. . . .sacv. . (a) holy (offering). >S'ac/*ilege ^e^/.. gather, plunder.. ..sacv. .holy (places).-' Sacred holy. ^V<6"/'istan the keeper of the /w/j vestments. Consecrate. . . . ate . . (make) .... sacr . . holy .... con . . with. 'Desecrate ate . . (make) . . . .de. .nn seer . . holy. Sexton the sacristan. " Most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope The Lord's anointed temple, and stole thence The life o' the building. — Shakespeare. Sal= salt. Saline sa/fy. Salad a thoroughly pickled (as if salted^ dish. Salt'^etxe. .... . .petr . . rock .... sal . . salt. SalevatViS {a)€r . .air (or gas). . . .sal. .salt.*^ {^a\t)-cellar ar{i) . that which (holds) . . . sal . . salt. Sauce* (sals) .... sal . . salt . . . .s. . ed.** Souse (sals) sal . . salt ....... ed.° Sausage (sals) . . .age. .that which (is).. . .sal. .salt. ...s. .ed. Salary ary • that which (is paid for) sal . . salt.** ^ Salera'tus is the sail that produces gas. ^ Sauce is a preserve (as if salted). ^ To souse is to plunge into (as into salt brine). ^ A salary at first meant a sum paid to soldiers for the pur- chase of salt. Sal, Salt =\esip, spring. Salmon the leaper.\ Sally a sudden spring (or rush).'^ * Sau'ccT meant originally a dish for sauce. + While lightly poised, thy scaly brood In myriads cleave the crystal flood ; The springing trimt in speckled pride ; The saC »ion^ monarch of the tide. — Smollett. 138 IVHA T WORDS SA V. rS^ssail spring as (ad) . . against.'' c\ssault spring .... as (ad) . . against.* Ex{s)ult leap ex. . out (or up). I nsult spring . . . . m . . against. Result spring re. . back. Somersault ) • , . ^ — spring — somer (supra) . . over. [.S'a^ient] spring. . . .ient. .ing. [Desultory] leap ory . . ing . .de. . from. * O lost to virtue, lost to manly thought, Lost to the noblest sallies of the soul! Who think it solitude to be alone. — Young. *• To assail a wearied man were shame, And stranger is a holy name. — Scott. Salv, Salut—save, safe, health. Salvation salv . . save ation ing. Salver salv . . save . . . .er. . that which.* Salvo salv . . save (you)." Salve a healing ointment. Salutary salut . . health art/ . . f ul.° Salute salut. .health (to you).'' Save sa{l)v . . save.f Safe salv . . safe. {Salvage] salv . . save age . . ing.^ '■" A sal'ver is a dish or platter on which refreshments and other articles are presented. J ^ A salvo is a salute {save you) of artillery. * 'Tis a bower of Arcadian sweets, Where Flora is still in her prime ; A fortress to which she retreats From the cruel assaults' of the clime. — Cowper, t Such was the wreck of the Hesperus, In the midnight and the snow ; Christ save us all from a denth like this. On the reef of Norman's Woe ! — Lnngfelloiv. \ In former times the servant was required to taste what was on the platter to save the master from being poisoned. WHA T WORDS SA K 139 ' Let thy pride pardon what thy nature needs, The salutary censure of a friend. — Yoting. ** Whatever sweets salute the northern sky With vernalW^ts that blossom but to d)e. — Goldsmith. Sal 'vage is an allowance given for saving vessels at sea. SC0p=^seer, viewer. Episcoi>al al. . . .belonging to .... epi . . upon (or over) .... scop, .seer (belonging to a bishop, an overseer). Kaleido«co/>e seer (of) kal. .beautiful eid . . form(s). Microscope seer (of) . . . .niicr. .small (things). Teles6*Oi>e seer (of things) tele, .afar off. [Horo.sc02>e] (a) view (of the planets at the) {hov) . hour (of one's birth). Scvibe a writer. Scribble to do careless writing. Circumsc/*/&e to limit, as by a line written or drawn .... circum. .around. Describe (to give an account as if) writing. . . .de . .down. Inscribe write .... in . . in, upon. * Prescribe write . . . .pre . . before. Subscribe write .... sub . . under. Transscribe write .... trans . . across (or over). [A.scr/6e] to grant or allow (as if putting down in writing . . . . « {ad) . . to. [Prosci'ibe] write. . . .pro. .forth or (publicly).'' " On mouldered columns sfratc/icd his name But ne'er inscrib' ed it in the book of life. — Pollok. 140 }V//A T WORDS SA V. ^ To proscribe an individual is to cut him off from ordmary privileges or protection, like the men whose names were written in \ht public list at Rome.* >S>cri2^^=: written. Script the characters written by the hand. Sci'iptnre. . .that which is written. CovYSCVipt. . . written .... con with.^ Desc/'/7>if ion. that which describes, as if in writi?ig. Inscription. . ion . . that which (is) script . . written in. .in, upon. Post8cWy>f. ..written . . . .^JOSt. .after. Transc/'/7>^. .written tran{s) . .across (or over again).^ "" A conscript is one drawn by lot to serve in the army, and whose name is thence written with others in a list. •^ What tran scripts of my weal or woe, This little signal yet may lock! What utt'rances to friend and foe In reason's calm or passion's shock! — Campbell. Secl^sit, settle. Sedate seat .... ate . . ed.^' ^e^Ziment .... that which has settled. Sedentary . ..(try . .belonging to sed- .sit ent. .ing.** Preside sit . . . .jJi'e . before. Keside settle . . . .I'e . back. Subside settle .... sub . . under, down. Supersede . . .sit . . . . super . . over.° ^ A sedate' person is composed (as if seated). ^ Sed'entary occupations involve much sitting in doors. It was common in Rome for a triumphant faction to resort to the wholesale destruction of its enemies. A list of the doomed was made in secret and without trial, and this list was posted throughout the city. It was made lawful for any person to destroy a pro, scribed man, and the murderer of the unfortunate one could even hope for preferment from the government. By alternate triumphs and proscriptions the noble families of Rome were exterminated. IVHA r WORDS SA V. 141 c To supersede is to take the place of (and therefore sit over or above).* Senior old ior . . er. a >S'enate a body composed of old men.^ Seneschal old schal {shalks). .servant." Senile belonging to the very old. Sire (senior) old — ior . . er. Sir (senior) old ior. .er. Surly disagreeable (like an overbearing sir). [Seigiiior] old ioj'. . er. [Sif/nor] old .... (i)oi' . . er."" ' Th' applause of listening sen'afesj- to command. — Gray. ^ With solemn step and silver wand, The sen eschal the presence scanned Of those strange guests. — Scott. "Argosies with portly sail. Like signiors and rich burghers on the fiood. — Shakespeare. Sent, sens=fee\, perceive. Assent feel as (ad) . toward.^' Consent feel (or agree) con . . with. Dissent feel dis . apart (or from)." Presentiment . . nient . . that which (we) .... sent . . feel .... pre. .before(hand). Resent feel re. . again (and again). "= Scent feel, perceive (by the sense of smell). * Then one deep love doth supersede' All others when her ardent gaze Roves from the living brother's face, And rests upon the Life indeed. — Tennyson. + " Old men for council, young men for war," is the motto on which a senate is consti- tuted. When Rome was sacked by the Gauls the Senate thought it unbecoming in their body to withdraw with the rest of the population. So they sat at their several thresholds and calmly awaited the end. The barbarians were amazed at the white bearded figures and regarded them at first with some awe. Gradually they dared to stroke their beards and pass their hands over their bodies. At length finding that they were but mortal men they destroyed them. The Constitution of the United States recognizes the importance of age in limiting eligibility to the Senate to those who have reached the age of thirty years. 142 WIIA T WORDS SA Y. Senst feel(ing), perceiv(ing). Sentence (that which expresses) ... sent. . feel .... ence. .ing. Sentiment Client, .that which (one) . . .sent. .iee.\{s) (or thinks). f ^ In assent' ing to a request one feels inclined toward \t* ^ To dissent' is to disagree with (in consequence of feeling very differently, or apart). •^To resent' a wrong is to have very strong and continuous feeling in regard to it. Sequ, semit=io\\ow. Consecutive, .follow. . . .ive. .ing. . . .con. .with.* Con^eg If ence . follow .... ence . . ing .... coti with.** Execute .... {s)ec'ut . . follow — ex. . out.*" ObseQ'/rious . .sequ. . follow. . . . ob. .near.'^ Persecute . . .follow. . . .per. .through (or thoroughly).® Prosecute .... follow . . . .jjvo . . forth.^ .Second sec (sequ). .follow ond (und) . .ing.^ Sequel el. .that which sequ. .follow(s).J Subsequent . . . follow .... ent . . ing .... sub .. under (or after). [Consequent] . follow ent . . ing con . . with. * Three consec'utive days are days following immediately one 7s.Sf/s^=: Stand, cause to stand. Assist stand. . . .ad. .to (or near). Consist stand . . . .cotl. .together. Desist stand. . . .de. .from. Exist {s)ist . stand ex . . out.'* Insist stand . . . .in. .in (or against). Persist stand . . . .jiST. .through (or thoroughly). Resist cause to stand . . . .fe. .back. Subsist stand stlb. .under, near.** ^ That which exists' stands out to view.f ^ We subsist' (live, or sta?id near by) on food. ^oZ=alone. Desolate . . . de . . fully (or completely) ... sol . alone.* >S'o?itary. . . .(ivtf. .belonging to. . .sol. .lone. . .it. .(liness).J >S^O^itude. . ..alone. . . .it tide. .ness.§ * And as he forms their docile youth To walk the steady paths of truth, Observes them shootinp into men, And lives in them life o'er again. — Lloyd. t That's hallow'd ground— where, mourn'd and miss'd, The lips repose our love has kiss'd; But where s their memory's mansion ? Is't Yon churchyard's bowers? No ! in ourselves their souls exist, A part of ours.— -Ca»z/>be/t. X Whither, midst falling dew. While glow the heavens with the last steps of day. Fax, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy sol'itary way ? — Bryant. (To a Water Fowl). § O Sol'itude, where are the charms That s.iges have seen in thy face ? Better dwell in the midst of alarms Than reign in this horrible place.— Ct)7tt/^r. WIIA T WORDS SA V. 145 /Soliloquy. ..loqu. .speak. . . y. .ing. , . .sol. .alone. Solo (sing) alone. Sole a/one, only. SjUllen morose, disagreeable (as if hating company, and wishing to be alone). * Ah ! there in de sola! Hon cold. The desert serpent dwells alone. Where grass o'ergrows each mould'ring bone. — Catnpbell. SolVf SolUf SOlut— loosen. Absolute ... loosened .... ah . . from (all restriction).* Ahsolfje . . . . loosen .... ab from. Dissolute. . . loosened. . . .(lis. .apart (or utterly).'' Dissolve loosen (lis. .apart.* Kesollite. . ..being resolved."^ Resolve solv . . loosen . . . .re. . back. Solve loosen (unfold). Soluble . . . loosen (or dissolve) . . . blc .able. Solution — dissolve toil ing. " An ab' solute monarch is free or {loosened') from all restraint. His fair large front and eye sublime declar'd Absolute rule. — Milton. ** A dis solute person is bitterly loose in his habits. •^ To resolve' is to reach a decision or determination, as if after careful examination (or loosening the matter back). S2WCt=\ook, see. Asj^ecf look (( {(I) . . at.^ Circumsjject look. . . .cirf^UtH. .around.** Ex^pect {s)pe€t . . look . . . .ex. . out. Inspect look .... i^i . . into. Persjyecfive look ive. .ing j*^^'- -through. * The cloud-clapp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces. The solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit, shall itissoive': And, like this insubstantial pageant faded. Leave not a rack behind. — Shakespeare. lO 146 WHA T WORDS SA Y. Prospect look. . . .jyvo . .before (or ahead).* Respect look .... j-e . . back.'= Retrospect look .... retro . . backward. Sj^ectacle that at which people /oo^. Spectacles things through which to look. Spectator look. . . .ator. .er (on). Spectre )'e. . that which (is) .... spect- . seen. Suspect look. . . .su{b) . .under.** ^ The aspect of anything is its appearance (or look at). Then lend the eye a terrible aspect' . — Shakespeare. ^ A cir cmnspect person is careful to look around to see that everything is all right. High-reaching Buckingham grows cii-cuntspect. — Shakespeare. •^ When we respect' a person we have a tendency to look Oack to him. ^ At thirty man suspects' himself a fool. — Young. Aspire breathe (f{f7). .toward.^ Consp/ye breathe .... coil . . together.'' Exjjire {s)i}ir. .breathe. . . .ex- .out. Inspire breathe. . . .iii. .in. Persjjire breathe. . . .per. .through. Respire breathe. . , .ve. .again. Spiracle breathing. . . .acle. (opening). <= Spirit it. .tliat which (people) . ..spir . .breathe.*^ Transpire breathe. . . .trfdts. .across."^ * To aspire' to anything is to seek it eagerly (or with quick- ened breatii). To me thy strong aspiring hopes. Thy faith, thy fervors lend. — Barhatild * For whereso'er I turn my ravished eyes, Gay, cril'led scenes in 'ihining /"-ox'/ieci rise ; Poetic fields encompass me around, And still I seem to tread on classic ground. — Addison. WHA T WORDS SA V. 147 ^ When men conspire' they get close together (and conse- quently breathe, or whisper together). All the cotispir ators, save only he, Did that they did in envy ol great Caesar. — Shakespeare. •^ The spir'acle of a shell is a breathing-hole. ^ The spirit was supposed to be the breath. ^ When a matter transpires' it becomes publicly known (as if breathed across a partition). Staitt, stance=s\.^\-\d\ng. Circnmstance . ..standing clrcum. .around.'* Constant standing. . . .con,, .with. Distant standing. . . .dl. .apart. Extant {s)tant. .standing. . . .e.x. .out.^ Instance standing. . . .in. .in (or near by), Staili^Q. (a) standing (or stopping).*^ Substance standing. . . .sub . . under. "^ "■ Condition, circunistaiice, is not the thing ; Bliss is the same in subject or in king. — Pope. ^A book is ex'tant^\\&n it stills exists {sta?ids out). •= A stanza is a division of poetry, at the end of which a stop (or stand ) is made. ^ The sub' stance of a thing upholds it (as if by standing under). ^ Strii, striict=h\jiM. Construct build, .con. .together. Construe build. . . .con. .together.* Destroy de. .\xn stroy{stru) . . build. f * The Arve and Arveiron at thy base Rave ceaselessly ; but thou, most awful Form ! Risest from forth thy silent sea of pines, How silently ! Around thee and above Deep is the air, and dark, iu/>s(a'i'/ni/, black, An ebon mass ; methinks thou piercest it As with a wedge ! — Coleridge (On Mont Blanc). + Let fate do her worst, there are moments of joy, Bright dreams of the past, which she cannot destroy' : Which come in the night time of sorrow and care. And bring back the features that joy used to wear. — Moore. 148 WHA T WORDS SA V. Instruct build in- •in.'' Instrtiment that which stril. .build(s). . . .in. .in/ Obstrncf build. . . .oh. .against. Strticture build lire. .ing. Stuperst}' nature, .the building. . . .super, .over (the founda- tion). * To construe a person's meaning is to huild it together piece by piece. There's no art To find the mind's const)-uciion in the face. — Shakespeare. ^ To instruct' is to bui/d up knowledge in the mind.* '^An instrument is a tool or implement (as useful as a building implement). Sub — Mi-\(\Qr, after. Suh2i\ie.rn under. . . .alter, .another.'"^ Suhdne. (lu{e). .lead. . . .sub. . . .under. Subjugate ate. .put. . . ..sub. .under. . . .juff . . yoke.^ Sublunary ClJ'y . .being. . . .sub. .under lun. .the moon. Submerge inerr/ . . plunge .... silb . . under. Subpcena under . , . .2)(Jen . . pain, penalty.'^ Subside slfJ . .sit, settle. . . .sub . .under, down. >S'/f?>stitute Stitut. .place. . . .sub .under (or in place of). S ubterranean. . .anenu . .being sub. .under terr. . earth, ground. f Suburbs sub. .under, near. . . . urbs. .city.*^ ^ A lieutenant is a subal'terii officer serving under another ' officer (the captain), * Delightful task ! to rear the tender thought, To teach the young idea how to shoot, To pour the fresh instrnc'tion o'er the mind, To breathe th' enliv'ning spirit, and to fix The gen'rous purpose in the glowing hre.a.st. — Thomson. t Man but dives in death ; Dives from the sun, in fairer day to rise, The grave his subUrra' nean road to bliss.— Fi7a«^. WHAT WORDS SAY. 149 ^ A sub'jugated country is put under the yoke of the conqueror. *= A subpoe iia is an order to appear in court, utider pain of )\&a.vypenaltics in case of disobedience. '^ There is no death ! What seems so is transition ; This life of mortal breath Is but a sub'urb of the life Elysian, Whose portal we call death. — Longfellow. Stlf (sub) = uuder, after. Suffer fer . . bear silf. . under. /S'/f/fice ./ic {flee) . .make, do. . . .suf. .under.* St( fdcient flc. .do ieiit. -ing. . . .suf. .under.'' /S'/(/fix .flx . . fastened .... suf. after, >S'ie>'Structure ..the structure above the foundation. Supervise over. . . .vis. .see. ^ A ,y///^r_;f^'/a/ examination is confined to the outside [or over- face). ^ A supernu'merary is an extra one (hence an over-number). * The superscrip' tion of a letter is what is written on the outside. Stir =over, above. Suriace over the face (or figure).* Surname an extra (or over) name. iV?/./'plus over . . . .jtlus . . more.** ^'/f>'prise .pris. .grasp, seize. .SUV. .over (or upon), ^S'fM'render render (or give) over. Sui'vey over. . . .ve. .see. *S'*/^vive vir. .live. . . .sur. .over (or beyond). ^ The sur' face is the outside part (the over-figure). '' A sur plus is an excess (so much more over). * When we intend' to do a thing we apply our tiiiiid in that direction. c WI-IA T WORDS SA V. 151 To surprise' one is to take (or seize upon) him unawares. A whisper and then a silence ; Yet I know by their merry eyes They are plottine; and planning togfether To take me by sin-prise. — Longfellow. Taill^cnt. Tailor fffilil) . . cut or . . er.=* Detail tail {I) . . cut de . . down (or into pieces)." Entail tail{l) . . cut en . . into * Retail taiJ{l) . . cut re. . again.'^ Tally a notched (or ci/t) stick. '^ * A tai'lor cuts cloth and makes clothing. " The details' of a story are the small pieces info which it vicut (or divided). '^ The rdail'er sells his cloth in small pieces, and thus has oc- casion to cut it again and again. He is wit's pedlar, and retails his wares At wakes and wassels, meetings, markets, fairs; And we that sell by gross, the Lord doth know. Have not the grace to grace it with such show. — Shakespeare. '^ A tal'ly is a reckoning (as if kept with a notched or cut stick). Tain (fc?i)=hold. httahi .hold (or reach) at {ad), .unto.f Contain hold. . . .con . .together. Detain hold .... de . . from (or back). Eniertdin hold. . . .etktcv {iufci') .among.* * In England an estate is cnf ni'l'cd y/hen the immediate heir receives but a limited rather than an absolute ownership in it. This limitation cuts into his rights. But the entailing is done by the parent or ancestor. Hence, any inconvenience, trouble or disgrace coming from an ancestor is said to be entailed upon his posterity. t Lowliness is young ambition's ladder. Whereto the climber upward turns his face: But v/hen he once attains' the upmost round, He then unto the ladder turns his back, Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees Bj' which he did ascend. — Shakespeare. 153 WHA T WORDS SA Y. yiaintain hold (with the) — main (man) . . hand.** Obtain hold . . . .oh. near. Certain hold . . . .jye)' . . through, thoroughly.^ Retain hold . . . .re. . back. Sustain hold sas (silhs). .up.^ ^ One is entet-tained when he is /^^r/^a;;/^;/^ things that amuse him. '' Men, who their duties know, But know their rights; and, knowing, dare maintain! . — Jones. •^ When one \\\\x\ '■ A sail! — a sail!"' — a promised prize to Hope! Her nation — flag — how speaks the tel'escope? — Byron. '^ The tel'ejhone transmits sound to a distance {afar off). Tenant (a person) hold .... ant • ing (property).* Te^iement merit, .that which is held temporarily. Teiion on . . that which .... ten . . hold(s). Tenacious hold . . . .OHS. -ing. . . .ac. .(fast). Tenor or. .that which ten. .hold(s). The Niobe of nations; there she stands. Childless and crownless, in her voiceless woe, An empty urn within her wither'd hands, Whose holy dust was scattered long ago; The Scipio's tomb contains no ashes now; The very sepulchres lie toi'nntless Of their heroic dwellers.— i?;'rtf« (On Rome). a W//A T WORDS SA Y. 153 Tenable able. . capable of (being) . ..ten. .hold (held). Tenure hold .... ui'e . . ing. ^ The ^en'or voice /loMs on to the high note in singing. The Unor of a message is its substance {f/iaf ivhich it contains, or holds) . New dated letters from Northumberland ; Their cold (c-iior and substance thus. — Shakespeare. Tend, tens, te nt =stYetch, reach. Attend reach at {act) . . to, toward.^ Contend stretch. . . .con. .with, together. Distend stretch .... dis . . apart. Extend stretch .... ex . . out. Intend stretch (the mind) .... in . . into (or toward). Intense stretched. . . .in . .into (or out). Tend stretch (or reach). Tender reac/i toward.*"^ Tendon the stretcher. Tense stretched. Tenter a stretching frame.* * In attending to a matter we reach out toward \t. » But thou, lorn stream, whose sullen tide No sedge-crowned sisters now attend. Now waft me from the green hill's side, Whose cold turf hides the buried friend! — Collins (On Thomson). ^ To ten'der payment of a debt is to offer {reach out) it to the creditor. Terrm/2.= boundary, limit, end. Terminate. . . .to make an end.^ Tertninus an end, or /imit. Conterniinous.terniin. .end con. .together.'' Determine to settle (or ^^^^the matter). * The proverbial expression " on the ten'ter hooks " has reference to the hooks of the stretching frame. When one is " on the tenter hooks " he is, as it were, torn asunder with anxiety or suspense. 154 WHA T WORDS SA V. Extemifnate . .ex. .out (of) tcrniin. .boundary,'^ Inter mltiohle. .hi ..not... .able, .having — termiii ..end.* Term the //w// of an office, also that which is limited to a very exact use ; as, a term of science, the terms of an agreement. * She speaks poniards, and every word stabs: if her breath were as terri- ble as her termuia tions, there were no living near her; she would infect the north star. — Shakespeare. ^ Two roads are conterminous when they end together. *^ To exterminate a people is to cause them to disappear utterly (as if by driving them over the boundary of the country). f :y(g^f= witness, bear witness. Attest bear witness at {ad), .to.* Contest bear witness. . . .con. . together. '^ Detest bear witness .... de . . from . Protest bear witness. . . .jiro. .forth (or publicly)."^ Testify Ji make (or bear) .... test, .witness. Testimony . . . .the statement of a witness. Testament tnent. .that which (is) — test .witness(ed).'^ Testaiov or. .one who . . .at- .bears. , . .test, .witness (to his will). [Intestate'] in. .not. . . .test, .witness. . . .ate. .ed.^ "The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds AiUst'X their joy, that hill and valley rings. — Millon. * Now the earth in fields and hills Stirs with pulses of the Spring, Nest-embowering hedges ring With inter' tuinable tlllls; Sunlight runs a race with rain, All the world grows young again — Mathildi Blind. t The history of savage or barbarous races has been largely a history of extermination. This did not necessarily mean total destruction, but it meant that the weaker race must tnove on{over [\\e.liouiidiiry). The latest extermination was that of the Celts in England by the Anglo-Sa.Kons. After two hundred years of heroic resistance the brave Celts who checked Julius Ceesar were compelled to move otc7- the natural boimdariis into Wales and North Scotland. But for those barriers their extermination might have been annihilation. X For Freedom's battle once begun, Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son, Though baffled oft is ever won. Bear witness, Greece, thy living page, Attest it many a deathless age ; While kings, in dusty darkness hid, Have left a nameless pyramid, WHA T WORDS SA Y. 155 ^ Those who carry on a legal contest bear- witness together in court. Those who contest' for a prize struggle like litigants in a court. *^ We bear witness publicly of our disapproval when we pro- test' or enter ^.protest. ^ A tes lament is a last will duly witnessed. * One who dies intes'tate dies without a (duly wit?iessed) will. Tract— di-^\\\ Attract draw ro. .forward, Retract draw. . . .^'e. .back. Subtract draw. . . .stfb. .under, down. Tract drawn (extended).'' Tl'actahle draw (or bend) .... able. .able. " To distract' one's attention is to draw it apart from some matter that engages it. » Now every passion sinks to rest, The throbbing heart lies still; And varying schemes of life no more Distract the lab'ring will. — Carter. ^ A tract of land is spread (or drainni) out before the eye. A tract on a subject is an argument drawn up on that subject. Toi'f= twist, wring. Confor^ion . .twist. . . .ion. .ing. . . .coil. .together. Distort twist. . . .dis. .apart. Extoi't twist .... ex . . out. Retort twist . . . .re. . back.=* Thy heroes, though the general doom Hath swept the column from their tomb, A mij^htier monument command. The mountains of their native land! — Byron. 156 WHAT WORDS SAY. Tortoise the reptile with the crooked (or twisted^ feet. Toi'^uous. . ..crooked (or twisted); as a toj'tuous course.^ Tot't\xv& wring. . . .iit'e. -ing {wri/iging pain).* ° Tart the twisted cake. *To retort' is to make a sharp reply (as if twisting back on an assailant). The re'tort used in distilling has a tube bent down {twisted back). ^ So varied he, and of his tor'tuous train Curl'd many a wanton wreath in sight of Eve. — Milton. * Or, turning to the Vatican, go see Laocoon's tor im-e dignifying pain, A father's love and mortal's agony With an immortal's patience blending. — Byron. TT(ins=^2icross, through, over. Transier fer carry, bear. . . . trails . . across. Transient i. .go. . .eiit. .ing. . .fra us. .across (or by). Translate . . . .lat. .carry. . . .trans- .across (or along). Transincent . . luc . . shine .... trans . . across. Transmit niit. .send trans, .across. Transravite\ . .mnt. .change trans, .across. Transom tru^n . . that which (is) .... trans . . across. * The great instrument of torture, the rack, was an actual wringer. The victim was fastened upon it, and by turning (or ttvistinff) some rollers his muscles were gradually stretched until he suffered every possible degree of pain (or torture). t The science of chemistry resulted from the belief that gold can be made from the baser metals. The aLkemists spent their lives and centuries in quest of the process of tr/tns- tiiut'intr base metals into gold. In doing so they learned much in regard to the affinities of substances and thus laid the foundation of the modern science of chemistry. The word alc/ieitiy ra&a.ns the iiw/ting: Many believed that the philosopher's stone would accom- plish /r«;«;«?^Y, give, grant, assign. Kttrihute grant at {ad), .to.* Contribute give. . . .con . .together. Distribute assign .... dis . . apart. * The anti/V'o'es are those directly opposite to us on the other side of the earth, ana wtio consequently have their /eet (an/i) opposite to ours. a 158 IV//A T WORDS SA V. Retribution pay ion .ing re. .back, Tt'ibflfe that which \s paid} Tvibata.vy paying tribute to.^ ^ To attrib' ute any quality to a person is to allow (or ^ra/it) it to him. An at 'tribute is that which is granted as belonging to. His sceptre shows the force of temporal power, The attribute to awe and majesty, Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings. — Shakespeare. •* Take some remembrance of us, as a trib'ute,* Not as a fee. — Shakespeare. ' For me your trib'utary stores combine; Creation's heir, the world, the world is mine! — Goldsmith. Ti'itd, trus—Varust. Detrude thrust .... tie . . down. Extrude thrust ex- .out. Intrude ) 4.U ^ ' ' r \ J . . y thrust. .. .tii,. .in (among). Intrtt.sion ) , "^ V &y Ohtrttde ) ^u ^ t • ^ Ohtrusive] thrust. .. .o&. .agamst. Protrude thrust . . . .jjro . forward. [Abs^i'^fse] thrust abs. .away."" * And now, far removed from the loved habitation, The tear of regret will iutrti sively swell, Ag fancy reverts to my father's plantation, And sighs for the bucket that hangs in the well. — Woodzvorth. '' An abstruse subject is one difficult to grasp (as if thrust hack /rom ordinary understanding). Ttvl = iwo, double. T/f?/light. . . .the double (or doubtful) light.\ Twin one of tzvo. * Now he goes With no less presence but with more love Than young Alcides, when he did redeem The virgin tribute paid by howling Troy I'o the sea-monster. — S/mkes/'eare. t TtvV light is caused by the refraction of the sun's rays in passing through our atmos- phere. As refraction is a bending of rays of light out of their origmal direction, there may be a partial illumination even from a luminary that has become entirely invisible; as may be seen in the ability to read in the shadow of a wall or other object obscuring the sun- IVHA T WORDS SA Y. 159 Twine to double around.* Tirist to double around. Tivig one of the forking (or double) branches of a tree. TivicQ two times. Twill to double the threads so as to get diagonal lines in cloth. TJn—ow^. C/iianimous otis . . having .... %in . . one auini . . mind. Ufllcom one. . . .com. .horn.'' Union one. . . .ion. . (forming).^ UilAson one . . .soil. . sound. f Unit that which is o/ie. Unite ite. .form hu. .one. J ^ The u'nicorn is a fabulous horse-like animal having one straight horn projecting from its forehead. >* So we grew Like to a double cherry, seeming parted, But yet a n' )iion in partition, Two lovely berries moulded on one stem. — Shakespeare. AhVufllnt \ ■•■ ^^^^ (°'' ^°^^) (lb.. from, away.* Inundate ate (go) in. .in und. .(asagreat) wave.'' Twilight prevails until the sun is thirteen degrees below the horizon. This limit is reached most rapidly at the equator and more slowly at the higher latitudes, on account of the posi- tion of the plane of the horizon relative to the axis of rotation. The short day of the arctic wintertherefore has some compensation in the lengthened twilight; and the region of total obscurity in the north has the further aid of the aurora borealis. They almost devour me with kisses Their arms about me entivint' ^ Till I think of the Bishop of Bingen In his Mouse 'J'ower on the Rhine. — Lottg-fellow. t And he who holds the golden pipe resumes His mellow music, and a song aspires From both in u' nisun^ as when the choirs Of V'enus' maidens sing above their looms. — Gosse. X Happy they ! the happiest of their kind ! Whim gentler st.irs u' nite, and in one fate Their hearts, their lortuncs, and their beings blend. — Thomson. 160 IVHA T WORDS SA Y. Redound ) / a \ u i c Redundant \ -^^^^ (°^ fl°^) • • ■''^- -b^^^- Undu]a.ie ate. .(move as) tU. .little und. . wave. ^ A thing abounds' when it is in such great quantity that it seems to overflow inflow away). ^ An inunda'tion is an overflow (caused by a ^reaX Jlotmng in of water). And in his wisdom hastes our marriage, To stop the inundation of her tears. — Shakespeare. " Girt by her theatre of hills, she reaps Her corn, and wine, and oil, and Plenty leaps To laughing life, with her redundant horn. — Byron. ZTre^n-ig, that which. Aperture apert open .... ur^e . . ing. Capture capt. .seize. . . .tire. .ing. Cinct^ Fy, fy! thou shamest thy shape, thy love, thy wit ; Which like an ti surer, abound'st in all, And usest none in that true use indeed Which should bedeck thy shape thy love, thy wit. — Shakespeare Veil, vent— comQ. Advent come .... ad . . to (an arrival). Adventure .... ui'e . • that which (is) .... vent . . come ad. .to (or upon). Avenue ne . . that which ven . come(s) a (ad) . . to."' Convene come con. .together. ContJe-il f ion . . . come ion . . ing con together. Event e..out vent. .come. Intervene come. . . .inter. . between. f Invent come in. .into (or upon). Yet oft. in his marble hearth's bright glow He watched a. picture come and po ; And sweet Maud Miiller's hazel eyes Looked out in their innocent surprise.— U'-^ ///'/>>■. * There leaning near a gentle brook, Sleep, ox peruse' some ancient book. And there in sweet oblivion drown Those cares that haunt the court and town.— /'('/<'. t Now where the swift Rhone cleaves his way between Heights which appear as lovers who have parted In hate, whose mining depths so intervene' , That they can meet no more, though broken-hearted.— />r(>>j. II 163 IV//A T WORDS SA V. Prevent • ..come jrt'e. .before. Revenue we.. that which. . . .ven .comes. . . .-^^cback.^ ^ An av'enue is a roadway bordered with trees (such as ap- proaches, or comes toward, a residence). 'Tvvas in a shady avenue. Where lofty elms abound — Hood. ^ For what advancement may I hope from thee, That no revenue hast but thy good spirits To feed and clothe thee? — Shakespeare. Yer =tr\xt\\, true. hver (to assert positively as if appealing).... a {ad), .to ver. .truth.-' Fcfacious truth .... acions . . ful. F(e>'dict truth (of the matter). . . .diet- .said (or told). Vev'iiy fi. .make (out). . . .ver. .true. Very of a truth. [ Fie^ity] true . . . it^J . . ness. [Fi//..like. . ..itilde. .ness (of) ver. . truth. * For he ne'er could be true, she averred. Who could rob a poor bird of its young; And I loved her the more when I heard Such tenderness fall from her tongue. — Shenstone. Vers — turn, turned. Vevse a single line or /;/;-;; of poetry. Adverse turned .... ad . . against.^ Converse turn . . . eon . together." Diverse turned .... di . apart.* Divorce turned . . . .di. . apart: Inverse turned .... in . . against (or up). Obverse turned . . . .oh. . against, toward. c * I hold it truth with him who sings To one clear harp in di'7ii?ial live (or feast) al.. ing — con . .together. Rei^it^e live . . . .vc . . again.* Surt?it?e live .... suv • • over, beyond. F^i^acity live .... «c .. li ... . ity . . ness. Ftl^acious having vivacity. Vivid live id. . ly. Viviiy .fi.. make .... vvv live. [Ftf iparous] ^>«i'. . produce, bring forth .... OUS . . ing viv. .live (alive). [ Fit/'isection] .... sect . . cut .... ion . . ing .... viv . . alive. [Viva voce] (with) living VOC. .voice. "'Tis spring-time on the eastern hills ! Like torrents gush the summer rills; Through winter's moss and dry dead leaves The bladed grass revives and lives. Pushes the mouldering waste away, And glimpses to the April day. — Whittier. Voc, VOCat=vo\ce, call (as with the voice). Advocate call ad. .to (or upon). Avocation call. . . .ion. -ing. . . .a . .away.* Convoke call .... coil . . together. Evoke call e. . out. Invocation .... call .... ion . . ing .... in . in.** InvoJt'e call .... in . . in. Provolve call . . . .2)VO . . forth. KevoJce call. . . .7^e. .back. Vocal belonging to the voic/r. Vocation call. . . .ion. .ing. 166 WHA T WORDS SA V. Vociferate .fer{r) . .bear (lift up) . . . .VOC .voice. [ Vocative] — call — ive . . ing. * An avoca'tion is some light employment <:«///«^ the attention a.vfa.y from more serious cares. •• The poets, in their elegies and songs Lamenting the departed, call the groves, They call upon the hills and streams to mourn, And senseless rocks; nor idly; for they speak. In these their invoca' tions, with a voice Obedient to the strong creative power Of human passion. — Wordsworth. Volv, VOlu, VOlut =ro]\. Convolution roll .... ioH . . ing .... con . . together. =* Devolve roll . . . .de. . down.'' Evolve roll . . . .e. . out. Involve roll. . . .itl. .into. Revolt rolled . . . .re. back." Revolve roll . . . .re. . again. Revolution roll ion . . ing . . . .re. . again. Voluble roll ble . . ing (out).'' Volume that which is rolled.^ ^ The convolii' tions of a snake are rolls (or rings) together* '' A duty that devolves upon one seems to roll down upon him. Devolving from thy parent lake, A charming maze thy waters make. — Smollett. "^In a revolt' \h.e regular government is overthrown {rollea back). ^ A voluble description is one in which the words roll out from the mouth of the speaker. " Books were originally all rolls (and therefore volumes). * Circular base of rising folds, that tower'd, FoM aboi'e fold, a surging maze ; his head Crested aloft, and carbuncle his eyes : V/ith burnish'd neck of verdant gold, erect Amidst his circling spires, that on the grass Floated redundant. — Milton. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 167 Geography. Affluent flu . . flow .... ent . . ing — af (ad) . . to (or into).-'' Annual ann . . year . . .al. . ly . Anta.rc\.ic ant{i) . . opposite. Opposite to the Arctic. Arclupelago . arch . chief — peUuj . . sea.'' Arctic a )'Ct. .hear. Near the Great Bear of the northern heavens. Canon canoil . . tube (or hollow). *= CctjiQ cap . . head. A Aeadland. CapitaX capit. .head. The chief (or head) city. Channel A narrow passage like a canal. Coast cost, .rib (a side). The side of a country. Colony colon, .farmer. A settlement as of far- mers) . Continent tin {ten) . hold .... ent . . ing .... con . . to- gether.'' County A division formerly governed by a count. Crater crater . .cup. The cup of a volcano. Crevasse crev . .huvst. A bursting of the waters through their banks. ^ An affluent is a tributary flowing into its principal stream. ^ An archipel' ago is a sea containing many islands, like the ^gean Sea, which was the chief sea of the ancient Greeks, '^ A ^^^'on is a deep (tube-like) gorge, ^ The contincjit holds together, while the sea is constantly shaking apart. And see the revolution of the times Make mountains level, and the continent (Weary of solid firmness) melt itself Into the sea ! — Shakespeare. Geography (continued). Delta A triangular tract between the mouths of a river in the form of the Greek letter delta {/}). 168 iVHA T WORDS SA V. l>/urnal di. . day . . . urual . . ly. Eqitaior or . . that which ...at- makes .... equ . . equal (division). Estuary wstu . . surge (or foam) ary • place.* Glacier glaci . . ice. The ke river.'' Geography . . graph . . virrite (or describe) y..ing.... ge. .the earth. Harbor har {herr) . . army . . . bor {harg) . . shel- ter.'^ Haven The place which can hold (or have) vessels. Hemisphere . .henii. .half. A half sphere. Jsland i (ea) . . water. The /and surrounded by water. * An es'tuary is an inlet where the tide surges in. ^ A glalcier is a slowly-moving river of ice. Carnation'd like a sleeping infant's cheek, Rock'd by the beating of her mother's heart, Or the rose tints which summer's twilight leaves Upon the lofty glacier's virgin snow. — Byi'on. *= A har' bor is a place of shelter for (an army of) vessels. Geography (continued). Meridian an . . belonging to (the) . . . .meri {medi) . . middle (or mid) . . . di. .day. Wation jiat- -born. A body of people born within the same limits. Peninsala. . . ..pen{e)*. .almost i7isul\. .island. Plateau eau . . little . . . .plat . plate (or level space). I*ort povt. .gate (or entrance). Prairie prairie . . meadow. A wild meadow. PvoryiOtttory . . A high [or prominent) cape. Sound sUnd. .a swimming.^ * The pe'nult {iiltim, last) is the last syllable but one in a word (and thus almost the last). tTo in'su/ate an electrical receiver is to surround it with non-conducting substances (like placing it on an island^ WHA T WORDS SA Y. 169 ^ A sound is a shallow channel (such as men venture to swun across). Geography (continued). State Stat. . established. ^^ Strait * {e)stveit . . narrow. Stream that which fioivs. Territory. . . . terr . . earth, land. ToiVH tiin,\. . . .fence, enclosure. Township . . .The territory of a fown. TribiltsLYy. . . Paying tribute to. Tropic troj)X . . turn ic . . ing.** Volcano The forge of Vulcati, the blacksmith of the gods. Zone %Oll . belt, girdle. ^ A state is a thoroughly established society. " The trop'ics are the parallels at which the sun's direct ray turns back. As when the sun to Cancer wheeling back Relumed from Capricorn. — Pollok. Qualities of Substances. Adhesive lies . . stick .... ive . . ing .... ad . . to. Brittle brit (brytt) . . break le. . able. Ductile duct . . lead, draw out . . . ife . . able. Elastic elast . . drive ic. . ing. Fibrous full of fibres (or threads). Fleddhle flex . . bend .... ible . . able. Fragile ffag . . break He . . able. Friable fri . . rub .... able . . able. * * A person in straz'i'eneci ciTcuinsta.nces has narrow means of subsistence. + The syllable ton at the end of the name of a city indicates ioiun: as Stan/*;;?, the Stone Town. X The flower he'lio/ro/e (lieli. sun) turns constantly to the sun. The heart that has truly loved never forgets, But as truly loves on to the close, As the j««flower turns to her god when he sets, The same look which she turned when he rose. — Munre. 170 WHA T WORDS SA Y. Fiisihlt fus . . melt ible . . able. Gelatuioxis like gelatine. GlutinoviS gliitUi . . glue ous . . like. GrcDiular ar. .having. ...ul. .little. . .gran, .grain(s). Qualities of Substances (continued).. Heavy hard to ^eave (or lift). Light. 3Ia7leah\e tnalle. .hammer able. .able. Oj^fiqite ojJdC .dark, obscure. Pliable 7>?/ . . fold .... able . . able. Po^'ous full of pores. Soluble sola, .loosen, dissolve. . . .ble. .able. Sonorous. . . .sonor. .sound — ous. -ing.* Transl ucent...luc . .shine. . . .ent. -ing. . . .trans, .across, through. Transpa }'&r\t .jyar .appear, show. . . .ent. .ing. . . .trans . .across, through. Viscid id. like. .. .t^i.»*C. .mistletoe, bird lime. * The winds, in emulation of the spheres, Tune their sono'rous instruments aloft. — Young. Arithmetic, Aliquot quot* . . how many (of the) ali. . other.^ Antecf-Vrent ced . . go en t . . ing ante . . before. Arithmetic etlc. .belonging to ar ithni . .nnmher. Consequent sequ . . follow ent. . ing coti . . with. Decimal al. .belonging to dechn. .ten. T>e7ioniinator . ..or.. that which . . . .at . . fixes de . . down nomin . . (the) name. Divide rid . . see di.. apart.'' Duodecimal . . ..al. .belonging to . . . .duodecim. .twelve. * A person's '/uo/a. or share of anything is his Aoui many. WHAT WORDS SAY. Eighteen ei'g/i^ and ^en. Eigh^// ei'g/ii tens. Eleven (ainlif) — aiil {(Hi) . .one (and) .... It'/. . ten. Evolution voliit. .roll. . . .ion. .ing. . . .e. .out."^ Factor fact . . make . . . .or. . er. Fraction ion. .that which (is) fract. .broken. =" An al'iquot part of a number is contained in that other number an exact number (or how inajiy) of times. ^' In divid'ing real objects we see the several divisions apart. ^ In the process of ev'olutio?i the equal factors are caused, as it were, to roll out to view. Arithmetic (continued). Integer integer*, .entire. Interest est. .is. . . .inter, .between.^ Mensuration mensur . . measure .... ation . . ing. Minuend end. .to he niinn. . diminish (ed). 3Iiilti2>lg (make) mult . . many . .j^li . . fold. A'o^ation uot. .mark (or write). . .at ion. . ing. .^l///*ie/'ation .... nunier. . number .... ation . . ing. I*er cent 2)er. .by cent, .hundred. Product duct . . led (or brought) ^9ro . . forth. Quotient ient. .being quot. .how many (times) 'Reduction duct, .lead ion. .ing re. .back. Suht7HlCt tract, .draw. . . .sub. .under (or down). Twelve (twalif ). . . twa . . two (and) .... lif. . ten. Twenty two (or tivain) tens. ^ In' terest is the snm thac passes between the borrower and lender for the use of money. 3Ieasiir€S. Acre (ecer\ . . field .... (the measure iov fields). * A person's inte^'r\ty is his unlimited {or entire) devotion to principle, t An a'corn is the nut found out in the woods (or fields). 172 WHAT WORDS SAY. Savleycom .... the length of a barley corn {ox graiii). Btis]l&\ el. . little bush (bux) . . box. Chain the length of a surveyor's c/iain. Cubit cubit, .elbow (the length from the el bow to the middle finger's end). ly&gree (jt'ce {(jrad) . . step de. . from. Foot the length of the human fool. JF(4vlong as long as a furrow. Gallon on large gall {gal) . . bowl. Gill .jal . . bowl. Measiires (continued). Hogsheail a cask with an ox-head marked on it. 3Ille .... niill . . a thousand .... {thousand paces). PecU that which is easily //V/^ed up. J^evvli peych* . . a bar, pole. Quart quart. . one-fourth .... (the fourth part of a gallon). Mod the length of a long measuring rod. Rood measured off by the long rood {rod) or pole.\ Pole the length of the long measuring p<*ie or rod. Yard yard, .a stick, rod. Days, Sunday The sun's day. 3lOHda.y The moon's day. Tuesday .... . . Tm'e'sl day. Wednesday . . IVodcji's^ day. * The chickens /crcA on a iar ox pole. + The Saxons called a cross a rood (or sacred f>ole). Hence the famous castl« <=>? Holy- rood in Edinburtfh means the castle of Holy Cross. X Ti-M was the Anglo-Saxon god of war. § IVo'den was the Scandinavian god of war. WHAT WORDS SAV. 173 TJlllVSday .... The thunder's day. Fflday Frigus day.^ Saturday .... Saturn s day. Months. January The month of Ja?ius,\ the god of doors. J Fehviiary . . . . (The month in which to). . . .fcbi'U . .cleanse (the soul from sin). J}£arch The month of Mars, the god of war. Apv'd (The month in which the buds) .... apev . . open. 3Iay The month of growth. Juu& (The month of) . . . .juu (juveil) . .youth. July The month of Julius Caesar. August The month of the emperor Augustus. Septenihev . . .(The) septem . .seven(th).§ October (The) octo . . eight(h). Novetnh^r . . .. (The) uovem . . nine(th). Decejuber. ...(The) decent, .ten(th). Time. Age the average age, or life, of man. Century cent. . hundred .... {hu?idred years). CyclQ cycl \\ . . circle (or complete round).^ JTiilute mill . .diminish, lessen. . . .lite. .ed. 3£onth nionji . . moon. . . . (the period of the moon). Period od . .road, way. . . .jievi. .around.'' Second sec and. . following. . . . {following in quick succession). * Frigu was the Anglo-Saxon goddess of love. + The temple oija'nus at Rome was never closed during time of war. X Kjan' itor is properly a door-VcQ^QT. § The Roman year began with March. That would leave September the seventh month. II A h\' cycle has two wheels (or circles). H The tnooji itself means the measurer of time. 174 WHAT WORDS SAY. Yleav that which passes. \Mpocli\ exioch. .a pause. *= [iz/'a] {a)er. . brass . . (reckoned with drass counters) " And slowly numbers o'er The mighty cy'cles of eternity. — Pollok. *" The green robed children of the spring Denote the pe'riods as they pass: Mingle with leaves Time's rapid wing, And bind with flowers his silent glass. ■= Think'st thou existence doth depend on time ? It doth; but actions are our ep'ochs. — Byron. LIST OF PREFIXES. ^ = on. . . .<^paratus, etc. Apo=irom, off. . . .^^ocalypse, etc. WHA T WORDS SA Y. 173 Jr (af/)=to, toward, etc arrive, etc. As {a.(l)=to, toward, etc ascertain, etc. At {ad)=to, toward, etc attend, etc. l>e=cause, etc benumb, etc. Iiene=vfe\l beneia.ctoT, etc. 7»i=double, two. . . ftisect, etc. Jf /,s=tvvice. . . .&iscuit, etc. Cff^a=down, thoroughly, etc cataract, etc, Circiini=a.round. . . .circui}lna.v\gate, etc. Co (co»i') = with, together. . . .coadjutor, etc. Col (co»i)=with, together. . . .col/apse, etc. Com (CO»l)=with, together. . . .COirtbine, etc. Co»i = with, together. . . .conduct, etc. CoM^i*a=against. . . .contradict, etc. Cor (cori)=with, together, corrode, etc. Co^ewfer =against, opposite. . . .comiteract, etc. X)e=:down, from. . . .rfeduct, etc. Di (rf*'.s)=twice, double riiphthong, etc. Di {(lis)=a.pa.Tt. . . .diverge, etc. X>'ia = through, between, across. . . .diagonal, etc. D/s=apart. .. .dismiss, displease, etc. Du, duo— two . . . .duplex, duodecimal, etc. £=out. .. .eject, etc. Ec=ont. . . .eclectic, etc. Ef {ex)=out. . . .e/fusion, etc. .E/i*=in. . . .ewibellish, etc. .BH = in. . . .eiidemic, etc. i?»tdo = within. . . .endogen. etc. Epi=upon, to, besides. . . .epidemic, etc. Eu='we\\, good. . . .ewphony, etc. Ex=out exhale, etc. Exfra,=heyond . . . . extravagant. Henii = ha\i. . . .hemisphere, etc. Hf/per=oveT. . . .hypcrcr\t\ca\, etc. JIffpo=under. . . .7nj2)Ogasinc, etc. / (t»i,) = not. .. .ignominy, etc. U {iu) = in, into. . . .illapse, etc. J7 (i»i,)=not. . . .Il/egih\e, etc. Im (i»t) = in, into. . . . J>Mbibe, etc. Ini (in) = not. . . .immaculate, etc. Itl^in, into. . . .i/t-carcerate, etc. 176 WHA T WORDS SA Y. Jli=not. . . .iltcessant, etc. Jn«rterre, parAon, etc. jPe»t=almost. . . .peaiinsula, etc. jPe/' = through, thoroughly. . . .^i^'rambulate, J)€rfect, etc. Pcri=around, near . . ./je*"*phery, pei'/gee, etc. Poll/=ma.ny. . . ./>o///sy liable, etc. l*os^=after, behind. . . ._/>osfscript, etc. JP>'e=before. .. .precede, etc. Prefer =beyond. . . . 2)i'€ternatura\, etc. J*i'0=before, forward. . . .p^'ogramme, pj'Oceed, etc. J'«r=before, forward, purpose, etc. JRe = back, again. . . .recall, j'etract, etc. Ile(l=hack, again. . . .rerfeem, etc. /Se=aside, apart. . . .seclude, etc. Semi=ha\f . . . .seinidrde, etc. Sifb=under, after. . . .subscribe, submerge, etc. Sue {sub)=under, after. . .succeed, etc. Suf (SUb)=undeT, after Sllfiase, etc. Sug (sub)=under, after. . .^suggest, etc. Su2} (sub) sunder, after. . . .support, etc. Super=over sttperv'ise, etc. Sur {sub)=under, after. . . .Sitrreptitious, etc. Sur=over. . . .s*f/J"mount, etc. Sus {sub) =under, after. .. .suspend, etc. Sf/n (s*//*-) = together, with. . . .si/mphony, etc. 5j/W, = together, with. .. .syntax, etc. Orrans—a.cross, beyond, over. . . .trunsier, etc. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JAN 2 - T952 ~5 ^' i-< to .A 4-3 f^v^!^ECEIV -««fc''^ ! D-"^' RBIEWAl AM 7-4 4-9 ten) LD-URC m 71S77 •° ™ ^ *4 WK OCT 2 8 II APR 2 6 1971 ^^^ RBttWtf i^l^'O LO- ^^ iO 4 JAM 4 rorm L9-42m-8,'49(B5573)444 liEClO <^ -^fTr- /RU 1973 L 007 412 793 7 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 352 585 4 '* ml ^