FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 BY 
 JOHN P. McNICHOLS, S.J. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 SCHWAKTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS 
 42 Barclay Strret 
 
First Edition, printed December, 1908 
 Reprinted September, 1909; May, 1910; August, 1910; 
 July, 1911; October, 1911; August, 1912; July, 1913 
 
 Copyright, 1908, 
 By SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS 
 
 Entered at Stationers^ Hall 
 
 J. J. Little & Ives Co. 
 New York 
 
PKEFACE 
 
 As the end of this work is to lay the foundations of success 
 in English Composition, its purpose is expressed fairly well 
 by its very title, ''Fundamental English.'' This purpose 
 and the method to be followed in attaining it are explained 
 at length in the Preface to the ''Teachers' Handbook" which 
 is intended to accompany the present volume, and which 
 will be issued to teachers only. Here, it is perhaps enough 
 to say that we will attempt to attain our object by proposing 
 a systematic course in sentence-building, a sane method of 
 reproduction, and a simple scheme for teaching original 
 composition. 
 
 We realize that sentence-building should not be begun 
 before sentence-analysis has been studied. Accordingly, we 
 have prefaced the exercises in sentence-building with a simple 
 explanation of analysis, as well as with numerous examples 
 of the various kinds of sentences required for its study. 
 
 The selections to be used in reproduction, and an explana- 
 tion of their use, appear in the "Teachers' Handbook," while 
 in the Fourth Part of the present volume are given synopses of 
 these selections, intended for the use of pupils. 
 
 The scheme for original composition, together with selec- 
 tions necessary for it, will be found in the Second Part of the 
 "Teachers' Handbook." 
 
 3 
 
 465122 
 
4 PREFACE 
 
 At the suggestion of several teachers we have inserted as an 
 appendix to this, the pupils^ book, a collection of what we 
 consider the essential rules of Syntax, our object being to 
 make it possible to eliminate any formal work on grammar in 
 classes where "Fundamental EngHsh'' is used. 
 
 "Fundamental English'' is not an experiment. In its 
 manuscript form it has been used in the class-room, and has 
 been found practical. With the exception of the Second 
 Part of the "Teachers' Handbook" (which is from the notes 
 of a Jesuit Father, and which is something new in this line), 
 the work lays no claim to originality; if it has any merit, it is 
 only this — it is systematic. 
 
 The author wishes to acknowledge the help he has received 
 in the preparation of "Fundamental English" from many 
 among his Jesuit fellow-teachers. He is also indebted for 
 assistance to many among his pupils, both past and present, 
 notably to Mr. WilHam L. Reenan, A.B., Mr. John L. Bunker, 
 A.B., Mr. Charles E. Kiely, A.B., and Mr. Charles 0. Brid- 
 well, A.B. 
 
 John P. McNichols, S.J 
 
 St. Xavier College, 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1908. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Preface .. 3 
 
 PART I 
 Precepts of Analysis 7 
 
 PART II 
 Exercises in Analysis 11 
 
 PART III 
 Sentence-Building . 65 
 
 PART IV 
 Synopses of Selections 143 
 
 Appendix — Syntax ...•••.•. 267 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/fundamentalengliOOmcnirich 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 PART I 
 
 PRECEPTS OF ANALYSIS 
 
 A Sentence is a collection of words making complete 
 sense. 
 
 Sentences are divided into four kinds; — simple, complex, 
 compound, compound-complex. 
 
 A Simple sentence is one in which there is only one finite 
 verb, i. e. only one verb in the Indicative, Subjunctive, 
 Potential, or Imperative mood. This one verb may have 
 one or several subjects, and one or several objects, or no 
 object. 
 
 A Phrase is a group of words not containing a finite verb, 
 and serving the purpose of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb 
 in a sentence. 
 
 Phrases are called substantive or noun phrases, adjective 
 phrases, and adverbial phrases, according as they serve the 
 purpose of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. 
 
 Noun phrases are either subject phrases, or object phrases, 
 or agent phrases, according as they supply the place of a 
 subject, an object, or an agent. 
 
 Adjective phrases are subdivided into; — 
 
 Simple adjective phrases, i. e. phrases introduced by an 
 adjective. 
 
 7 
 
8' '-' ' ''' ^ ''FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 P'aiticJpial adjective phrases, i. e. phrases introduced by a 
 participle. 
 
 Prepositional adjective phrases, i. e. phrases introduced by 
 a preposition. 
 
 Appositional adjective phrases, i. e. phrases introduced by 
 a noun with or without its article. 
 
 Adverbial phrases are variously introduced, and are used 
 to mark the time, place, manner, means, cause, purpose, 
 instrument, etc., of the idea expressed by a verb, an adjec- 
 tive, or another adverb. 
 
 Complex and Compound sentences have at least two finite 
 verbs. Each of these verbs has a subject expressed or under- 
 stood. They may have the same object, or different objects, 
 or no object at all, or one may have an object, and the other 
 -have none. It follows, then, that since in every complex or 
 •compound sentence there are two verbs with their subjects, 
 there are in every complex or compound sentence at least 
 two groups of words each containing a verb, either with 
 or without an object, but with a subject expressed or un- 
 derstood. Each of these groups of words is called a clause. 
 
 A Clause, therefore, is any group of words in a sentence 
 containing a finite verb and its subject, the latter either 
 expressed or understood. 
 
 Clauses are of two kinds: dependent, and independent. 
 
 *A Dependent clause is one that, with regard to another 
 
 * In actual use it has been found that this definition of a dependent 
 clause possesses peculiar virtues. It can be understood, and applied by 
 the pupils quite easily. It has one difficulty. Pupils using this defini- 
 tion sometimes fall into the error of mistaking a principal clause intro- 
 duced by an adverb of time or place for a dependent temporal or local 
 clause. Thus in a sentence such as, " Then the conqueror burnt his 
 ships, and retired into the interior of the country'*, pupils mistake the 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 9 
 
 clause in the same sentence, or to some word in another 
 clause of the same sentence, performs the office of a noun, 
 an adjective, or an adverb. 
 
 An Independent clause is one that does not fulfill for another 
 clause in the same sentence, or for some word in another 
 clause of the same sentence, the office of a noun, an adjec- 
 tive, or an adverb. 
 
 A Complex sentence contains one independent clause, and 
 one or more dependent clauses. 
 
 A Compound sentence contains two or more independent 
 clauses, but no dependent clauses. 
 
 A Compound-Complex sentence contains at least two inde- 
 pendent clauses, and at least one dependent clause. 
 
 Phrases occur in complex, compound, and compound- 
 complex sentences. They serve the same purposes in the 
 various clauses of these sentences that they serve in a simple 
 sentence. 
 
 Golden Rules for Analysis. 
 
 (1) A collection of words containing no finite verb can not 
 be more than a phrase. 
 
 (2) A collection of words containing only one finite verb 
 can not be more than a simple sentence. 
 
 (3) A collection of words containing not more than two 
 finite verbs cannot be more than a complex or a compound 
 sentence. 
 
 first clause for a temporal clause because it is introduced by ''then" 
 and — ^they argue — gives the time of the other clause in the sentence. 
 This difficulty may be obviated by remarking that in real temporal or 
 local dependent clauses the temporal or local particle does not mark the 
 time or place of the verb of its own clause, but that the whole temporal 
 clause marks the time or place of another clause. — Insist on the definition, 
 *' with regard to another clause." 
 
10 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 (4) A collection of words must have at least three finite 
 verbs in order to be a compound-complex sentence. 
 
 Note. — ^These definitions have been taken from many sources, as far 
 as we can remember. It is not claimed for them that they are superior 
 to all others. They have been found in actual practice to be intelligible 
 to pupils. They are given here not because we want to force them on 
 pupils who may be accustomed to other definitions, but because, when 
 we use the terms phrase, clause, complex, etc., in the following exer- 
 cises, we use them in the senses we have here defined. It is for the sake 
 of the following exercises that we have gone into these definitions, and 
 we have gone into them only in so far as the exercises require. 
 
PART II 
 
 EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS 
 
 EXERCISE I 
 
 Model. — Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware. 
 
 Remark. — This is a simple sentence because it contains 
 but one finite verb. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences 
 is a simple sentence. Point out the verb. 
 
 1. The great monarch died childless. 
 
 2. Peter I. learned the shipbuilder's trade. 
 
 3. The rising sun dispersed the dense fog. 
 
 4. The western sky was curtained with rosy clouds. 
 
 5. The terrible plague swept away thousands. 
 
 6. The spring floods destroy the strongest bridges. 
 
 7. The snow filled up the watercourses and ravines. 
 
 8. The Russian navy was almost completely annihilated. 
 
 9. The typhoon littered the coast with wreckage. 
 
 10. Sweet music was borne along on the breezes. 
 
 11. The fire quickly spread from the wharves to the shipping. 
 
 12. The engineer was scalded to death by the escaping steam. 
 
 13. The morning star is a jewel on the brow of Dawn. 
 
 14. The march to Moscow broke the power of the French. 
 
 15. The Panama canal will increase American wealth and influ- 
 ence. 
 
 16. The sorrow-stricken heart is comforted by a kind word. 
 
 17. In suavity a merchant has a passport to riches. 
 
 18. The moss-grown ruins looked sad in the weak moonlight, 
 
 19. The battle-fields of the Civil War are sacred ground. 
 
 20. The mighty iceberg bore down the helpless ship. 
 
 21. All creation bespeaks God's goodness. 
 
 22. Virtue is its own reward. 
 
 23. Silence has been called the language of great men. 
 
 II 
 
12 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 24. The tiny brook babbles out a cry to the sounding sea. 
 
 25. In fertile fields and prosperous cities the hand of the conqueror 
 was seen. 
 
 EXERCISE II 
 
 Model. — To win the battle under such circumstances was 
 great glory for the young commander.* 
 
 Remark. — ^^To win the battle under such circumstances" 
 is a phrase that serves the purpose of a noun in this sen- 
 tence inasmuch as it is really the subject of the verb ^*was". 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence, and point out the noun phrase. 
 
 1. The young man refused to be led into the snare. 
 
 2. To err is human. 
 
 3. To wander through life without a care is not the dream of an en- 
 ergetic man. 
 
 4. His spirit was broken by being sent to a foreign land. 
 
 5. Many a man longs to be honored by his fellows. 
 
 6. To dream away the days in old libraries has always been my chief 
 delight. 
 
 7. To be accounted a wag pleases some characters. 
 
 8. The General asked to be allowed to visit the hospital. 
 
 9. To throw all the visitors into hysterics delighted the mischievous 
 youngster. 
 
 10. The chemist desired to study the minerals of the country. 
 
 11. To sweep past admiring throngs with her courtly cavalcade was 
 the Duchess' chief delight. 
 
 12. To hear the empty applause of flatterers is with some people the 
 only end of life. 
 
 13. Overcoming difficulties strengthens character. 
 
 * Longer phrases often contain within themselves shorter phrases. In 
 these exercises in analysis, it will be well to have students first point out 
 the entire phrase qualifying subject, verb, object, or agent. After the 
 sentence has been analyzed to this extent, the teacher, if he think it 
 profitable, may proceed to a more minute examination of each longer 
 phrase, subdividing it into its component phrases, should it have such. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 13 
 
 14. Some cities have been bettered by being burnt. 
 
 15. To wade through blood to victory seemed to be the ambition of 
 Napoleon's life. 
 
 EXERCISE III* 
 
 Model. — ^The illustrious general defeated the enemy. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there is an adjective, 
 ''illustrious''. It is an adjective because it expresses the 
 quality of a noun, ''general''. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out any adjectives present, and 
 explain why they are adjectives. 
 
 1. The long war distressed the poor. 
 
 2. The kind gentleman gave the poor beggar a generous gift. 
 
 3. The unhappy ruler found no pleasure in all his vast wealth. 
 
 4. Twenty people rushed forward to stay the hand of the mad 
 assassin. 
 
 5. The gorgeous ball-room glittered with brilliant lights. 
 
 6. The sweet breezes from the evening sea cooled the fevered brow 
 of the sick man. 
 
 7. The fitful light from the deserted rock ever and anon lit up the 
 storm-swept pass. 
 
 8. The golden sunlight streamed in through the open windows of the 
 little room. 
 
 9. The snow and sleet of the blizzard had blocked up traffic on all 
 the lines. 
 
 10. A crew of fearless lifesavers went to the rescue of the distressed 
 ship. 
 
 11. A countless host of savage barbarians swept down from the frozen 
 North. 
 
 * The four following exercises are introduced here at the suggestion of 
 teachers who have found by actual experience that it is very profitable 
 to impress on pupils the function of a simple adjective and a simple 
 adverb before proceeding to the exercises on adjective and adverbial 
 phrases. 
 
14 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 12. Columbus and his companions sailed out into an unknown 
 sea. 
 
 13. The blue smoke from a settler's cabin showed above the distant 
 horizon. 
 
 14. The lazy muleteers slept comfortably on their plodding beasts. 
 
 15. The sweet patience of the cheerful sufferer lightened the labor of 
 the watchful nurses. 
 
 EXERCISE IV 
 
 Model. — The mists lifted lazily from the meadows. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there is an adverb 
 ''lazily''. It is an adverb because it expresses the manner 
 of the verb ''lifted''. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out in them any adverbs that 
 qualify verbs, and explain how they qualify the verbs. 
 
 1. The pupils did not easily forget that lesson. 
 
 2. The daring bandit boldly faced his accusers. 
 
 3. The motorman barely escaped death. 
 
 4. The broncho struggled hard to escape. 
 
 5. One obstinate member almost destroyed all hope of peace. 
 
 6. A wild hurricane suddenly burst over the city. 
 
 7. The alarm bells rang wildly through the night. 
 
 8. A low moan came up softly from the depths of the sea. 
 
 9. The vast assembly enthusiastically applauded the idea. 
 
 10. A loud laugh grated harshly on the nerves of the mourners. 
 
 EXERCISE V 
 
 Model. — A very learned doctor addressed the congress. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there is an adverb; 
 "very". It is an adverb because it expresses a quality of 
 the adjective "learned". 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out in them the adverbs that 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 15 
 
 qualify adjectives, and explain how they qualify the adjec- 
 tives. 
 
 1. The proposition was not altogether absurd. 
 
 2. The ambassador was exasperatingly silent about his plans. 
 
 3. The verdict was surpassingly just. 
 
 4. The closely packed auditorium was stiflingly close. 
 
 5. The young man was easily victorious over his rather sluggish com- 
 petitors. 
 
 6. The story of great enterprises is often remarkably interesting. 
 
 7. The house seemed too good for its surroundings. 
 
 8. The artist displayed a beautifully conceived picture. 
 
 9. The announcement of the great orator drew together an unusu- 
 ally brilliant assembly. 
 
 10. The possession of a very rich alluvial soil makes the valley re- 
 markably fertile. 
 
 EXERCISE VI 
 
 Model. — The young man labored very hard. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there are two adverbs, 
 the adverb ''hard'' qualifies the verb ''labored'', and is in 
 turn qualified by the adverb "very". _ 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out in them the adverbs, and 
 explain the function of each. 
 
 1. Do not apply yourself too assiduously. 
 
 2. The moon shone brightly enough for the travelers. 
 
 3. The day passed even pleasurably. 
 
 4. The returns were made only slowly. 
 
 5. The clouds gathered ever so quickly. 
 
 6. The battered veteran and the young recruit got along together 
 famously well. 
 
 7. Towards the end of his life the great man devoted himself quite 
 unremittingly to his work. 
 
 8. Twenty men were talking very loudly at one and the same time. 
 
 9. The boy acquitted himself remarkably well. 
 10. The day was more than ordinarily warm. 
 
16 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 EXERCISE VII 
 
 Model. — ^The miser, hungry for gold, snatched the glitter- 
 ing coin. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence, there is a simple adjec- 
 tive phrase '^hungry for gold''. It is a phrase because it is 
 a collection cf words containing no finite verb; an adjec- 
 tive phrase because it qualifies a noun, ''miser"; a simple 
 adjective phrase because it is introduced by an adjective. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out any simple adjective phrases 
 present, and explain why they are adjective phrases. 
 
 1. The sun passed across the sky Hke a conqueror at his triumph. 
 
 2. Red in the light of the evening, the mountains gleamed in the 
 west. 
 
 3. All the soldiers, confident of victory, followed their young leader. 
 
 4. The clouds, heavy with rain, stalked up from the east. 
 
 5. The moon played on the landscape, white with the first snow. 
 
 6. Queenly even at the moment of death, Mary Stuart yielded her 
 neck to the executioner. 
 
 7. Eager for the fray, the war-horse bore on a rider sick at heart. 
 
 8. A gale, eWeet with the breath of roses, was wafted in through the 
 open window. 
 
 9. The messenger, niuddy from his travel, was ushered into a salon 
 bfflliant with hundreds of lights. 
 
 10. A charger, gay with crimson trappings, was seen rushing madly 
 over the field. 
 
 11. The earthquake overtook a party of pleasure-seekers thoughtless 
 of danger. 
 
 12. They are unearthing at Pompeii many statues worth thousands 
 of dollars. 
 
 13. Big houses, devoid of ornament, do not satisfy tastes awake to 
 the charms of the artistic. 
 
 14. The pillar of cloud, invisible at night, was succeeded at sunset by 
 a pillar of fire. 
 
 15. The sun looked down on a morning gray with mists. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 17 
 
 16. The foundry, all ablaze in the midst of the night, was musical 
 with the ringing of anvils. 
 
 17. Tne little band of patriots, ignorant of their own power, withstood 
 an army invincible in a hundred battles. 
 
 18. Icicles, agleam with rainbow colors, hung on every tree and bush. 
 
 19. Our train traveled along the banks of a river yellow from contact 
 with banks of gumbo. 
 
 20. We tramped through fields wet from recent rains. 
 
 21. The ambassadors, anxious to prevent a war, made concessions 
 injurious to their own country. 
 
 22. The angry river, too big for its narrow channel, spread itself out 
 over rich fields ripe for the harvest. 
 
 23. The thirteen colonies, strong only in their determination, re- 
 sisted a power mighty in every element of war. 
 
 24. The mother gently laid in its cradle the child so dear to her 
 heart. 
 
 25. On the very skirts of the cloud hung a rain-drop anxious to ex- 
 plore the fields below. 
 
 EXERCISE VIII 
 
 Model. — The dewdrop in the chalice of the lily looked like 
 a pearl. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there is a prepositional 
 adjective phrase, ^'in the chalice of the lily'\ It is a phrase 
 because it is a collection of words containing no finite verb; 
 an adjective phrase because it qualifies the noun, 'Mew- 
 drop"; a prepositional adjective phrase because it is intro- 
 duced by a preposition. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out the prepositional adjective 
 phrases, and show that each one is such. 
 
 1. The rift in the clouds admitted a ray of sunshine. 
 
 2. A cry from the expectant multitude announced the arrival of the 
 king. 
 
 3. The trunk with the broken lock escaped the notice of the robbers. 
 
18 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 4. The brigands in the mountain fastnesses often descend into the 
 valleys for plunder. 
 
 5. The clouds before the setting sun were waving curtains of living 
 fire. 
 
 6. The fort across the bay spat out a long tongue of fire. 
 
 7. The forest beneath the snowy peak was a green mass of nodding 
 plumes. 
 
 8. The screech from the flying train woke the echoes in the quiet 
 village at the foot of the bluff. 
 
 9. The water below the cataract swirled about in wild fury. 
 
 10. The silver rivers of low-hanging mist disappeared at sunrise. 
 
 11. The flags of twenty nations floated in the morning breeze. 
 
 12. The sentinel at the gate refused admission to the suspicious- 
 looking stranger. 
 
 13. Thousands of pilgrims visit the little chapel on tliis old Roman 
 road. 
 
 14. The gallant troops under the veteran commander attacked the 
 almost impregnable position on the hill. 
 
 15. The water above the dam is a waveless mill-pond. 
 
 16. A policeman on a plunging horse kept back the crowd along the 
 route of the procession. 
 
 17. The wheat on the rolling hills bent in golden waves before the 
 wakening wind. 
 
 18. The light from the light-house threw a feeble glimmer across the 
 rain-swept bay. 
 
 19. The veterans in their faded uniforms awoke a wild burst of en- 
 thusiasm in the loyal multitude. 
 
 20. The watchman on the mountain peak alarmed the burghers in the 
 valley below. 
 
 21. A walk through the spring woods revived his flagging energies. 
 
 22. The Indians on their wiry ponies easily distanced the heavy 
 mounts of the cavalry. 
 
 23. Our shrill chanticleer answered the challenges from the other 
 farmyards. 
 
 24. A silver frost on the city's roofs belied the prediction of warmer 
 weather. 
 
 25. A beam of moonlight through a window in the mined wall lit up 
 the tombstone on the hero's grave. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 19 
 
 EXERCISE IX 
 
 Model. — The mother, weeping over the loss of her child, 
 asked mercy for its father. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there is a participial 
 adjective phrase, '^ weeping over the loss of her child '\ It 
 is a phrase because it contains no finite verb; an adjective 
 phrase because it qualifies ^'mother"; a participial adjective 
 phrase because it is introduced by a participle. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out the participial adjective 
 phrases, and explain why each one is such. 
 
 1. The child, waving a danger signal, was seen by the pleasure- 
 seekers rushing on to their destruction. 
 
 2. The water, trickling through the rotten dike, startled a peasant 
 passing near-by. 
 
 3. A kind word often softens a heart hardened by every crime. 
 
 4. The citizens, reduced to starvation, accepted the terms offered by 
 the besiegers. 
 
 5. The ships, exposed to the violence of the gale, were driven up on 
 shore. 
 
 6. The cities, stricken by the fever, received help from the whole 
 country. 
 
 7. The water, trickling down through the mosses, gradually wore 
 away the solid rock. 
 
 8. Th« ships^ riding at anchor in the quiet cove, were the targets of 
 the enemy. 
 
 9. The smoke, curling through the evening air, announced the peas- 
 ant's return. 
 
 10. The boat and its occupant, carried on by the rush of the waters, 
 drew nearer and nearer to the brink of the precipice. 
 
 11. The cities visited by the tornado were never rebuilt. 
 
 12. The soldiers, marching through the narrow defile, were surprised 
 by a deluge of stones. 
 
 13. The clouds, gathered in the west, presaged the coming of the 
 Storm. 
 
20 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 14. The lava, rolling down the mountain side, overwhelmed hundreds 
 of villages. 
 
 15. The French could not withstand the forces united against them at 
 sunset. 
 
 16. Flowers, bought, at enormous expense, adorned the banquet 
 tables. 
 
 17. Discharged after many years of faithful service, the poor servitor 
 had to find a refuge in the almshouse. 
 
 18. A soldier, issuing from the cloud of smoke, displayed a white flag. 
 
 19. Mountains, rolling away to the northward, protected the valley 
 from the winter storms. 
 
 20. Napoleon, seeing the ruin of his hopes, tried to escape to America. 
 
 21. Stone bridges, constructed hundreds of years ago, still span the 
 rivers in parts of Europe. 
 
 22. Wheat, sent from America, fed the peasants starving in hundreds 
 of hamlets. 
 
 23. The wild geese, sailing to the South, were our first harbingers of 
 winter. 
 
 24. The firemen, standing on the roof, were almost plunged into the 
 fiery furnace. 
 
 25. The galley slave, chained to the deck, was dragged to death in the 
 doomed trireme. 
 
 EXERCISE X 
 
 Model, — ^The General, commander of ten thousand men, 
 could not command his own temper. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there is an appositional 
 adjective phrase, '^commander of ten thousand men'\ It 
 is a phrase because it contains no finite verb; an adjective 
 phrase because it qualifies the subject '^ general^ '; an appo- 
 sitional adjective phrase because it is introduced by a noun. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 a simple sentence. Point out the appositional adjective 
 phrases, and explain why each one is such. 
 
 1. Cuba, the pearl of the Antilles, was the prize of victory. 
 
 2. The troops captured Sitting Bull, the leader of the hostiles. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 21 
 
 3. The shepherds brought back to the folds great flocks of sheep, the 
 wealth of the village. 
 
 4. The white heifer, the pride of her mistress, had a ribbon tied 
 round her neck. 
 
 5. The mountains, guardians of the land, stood forth against the 
 attacks of the sea. 
 
 6. By his own confession, his First Communion day was the happi- 
 est in the life of Napoleon, the greatest military genius of modern times. 
 
 7. That city, the natural gateway to the Orient, is still in its infancy. 
 
 8. The young giri killed a mountain Uon, the terror of the neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 9. Meriin, the wizard of King Arthur's court, was miserably out- 
 witted. 
 
 10. Roland, the pride of France, died in the Vale of Thorns. 
 
 11. Thousands of martyrs, the first fruits of Christianity, died in the 
 amphitheater at Rome. 
 
 12. The immense engine, a giant of its kind, stood ready for its trip. 
 
 13. Death snatched away a young man, the consolation of his wid- 
 owed mother. 
 
 14. Black sails, the sign of defeat, flapped limply against the mast. 
 
 15. Two Sisters of Charity, angels from the battle-field, entered the 
 Commissary's office. 
 
 16. They elected, as first President, George Washington, the Father of 
 his Country. 
 
 17. The collie, the watchman of the herd, came barking at their heels. 
 
 18. Three boys, the leaders of the school, were sent up to the uni- 
 versity to try for the scholarships. 
 
 19. The Boers killed thousands of men, the pick of the Queen's 
 armies. 
 
 20. Our country faces a difficult problem, the settlement of the dis- 
 putes between capital and labor. 
 
 21. That great enterprise, a monument to the energy of one man, has 
 saved a city from commercial stagnation. 
 
 22. A trolley car, a sight so familiar to all of us, would have startled 
 our ancestors. 
 
 23. He is now an old man, the idol of all the children. 
 
 24. The cotton, a crop usually of great value, was worthless that year. 
 
 25. Richard, a prisoner among his enemies, heard the sweet songs of 
 his own minstrel. 
 
22 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 EXERCISE XI 
 
 Model. — ^The Old Guard attacked the heights with their 
 Wonted energy. 
 
 Remark. — In this simple sentence there is an adverbial 
 phrase "with their wonted energy '\ It is an adverbial 
 phrase because it qualifies the verb "attacked^'. 
 
 Practice. — Point out why each of the following sentences 
 is a simple sentence. Point out the adverbial phrases, and 
 explain why each is such. 
 
 1. The defeated Americans fought with redoubled energy. 
 
 2. In one night the smiUng plain was changed into a scene of desola- 
 tion. 
 
 3. For the sake of money, he betrayed his friends to their enemies. 
 
 4. For twelve hours, the volcano belched forth lava with undimin- 
 ished energy. 
 
 5. All day long the clouds were rolled in soft pink masses across the 
 sky. 
 
 6. The party of marauders camped in the depth of the woods. 
 
 7. The stream ran along with a low, purling murmur. 
 
 8. The winter winds sighed in the leafless branches. 
 
 9. The purpling grapes hung in luscious clusters on the old arbor. 
 
 10. The moonlight fell on the old ruin. 
 
 11. Birds sang in the ivy-hung oaks. 
 
 12. The horse struggled with frantic efforts to unseat his rider. 
 
 13. Up and down the field the two teams pushed one another in the 
 struggle for victory. 
 
 14. Hundreds of thousands perished in the wars of Napoleon. 
 
 15. With an angry menace, the master ordered the servant out of his 
 sight. 
 
 16. The dying flame of day shot a ray through the chancel. 
 
 17. From a beaker full of the richest dyes, autumn pours a new glory 
 on the woods. 
 
 18. The stars are mirrored in the tranquil lake. 
 
 19. The clouds far below my mountain lookout were bathed in light. 
 
 20. On sunny slope and beechen swell, 
 The shadowed light of evening fell- 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 23 
 
 21. Within the heavy folds of the roebuck's skin the warrior's 
 weapons were laid. 
 
 22. The light spray hung in waving rainbows above the cataract. 
 
 23. Vogelweid the Minnesinger — 
 Laid his body in the cloister. 
 
 24. The old-fashioned country-seat stands back from the village 
 street. 
 
 25. The rippling waters laughed in the golden sunshine. 
 
 26. In the Acadian land, on the shores of the basin of Minas, 
 
 . . . the little village of Grand-Pr6 
 Lay in the fruitful valley. 
 
 27. Into the golden stream of the broad and swift Mississippi, 
 Floated a cumbrous boat. 
 
 28. The blast of the bugle rang through the leafy corridors of the 
 dense forest. 
 
 29. A ruddy light shines in the fisherman's cottage. 
 
 30. A jolly band of merry travelers were gathered round the hearth 
 of the ancient inn. 
 
 31. The ship leaped with one exultant bound into old ocean's arms. 
 
 32. The rocky ledge runs far into the sea. 
 
 33. The wild waves leaped over the ancient sea-wall with a mocking 
 laugh. 
 
 34. Once into a quiet village. 
 Without haste and without heed, 
 In the golden prime of morning. 
 Strayed the poet's winged steed. 
 
 35. The drone of the bees was heard from the hundred hives. 
 
 36. The chieftain cowed the rebel crew with one imperious glance. 
 
 37. The witches muttered in a hollow voice a curse on their persecu- 
 tors. 
 
 38. A milky whiteness spread across the maiden's cheek. 
 
 39. Through his love for adventure the young man was drawn into 
 the enterprise. 
 
 40. The little chapel is built at the base of a beetling cliff. 
 
 41. To and fro in a room of his simple and primitive dwelling, — 
 Strode, with a martial air, Miles Standish, the Puritan Captain. 
 
 42. Back from the distant glen was borne the echo of the boatman's 
 salute. 
 
 43. A heap of withered boughs was piled on the dying embers. 
 
 44. The murderer hid himself from the haunts of men. 
 
24 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 45. In glad but rude procession came 
 Bonneted sire and coif-clad dame. 
 
 46. With the setting of the sun the screech-owl awakened in the 
 depths of the black forest. 
 
 47. Erect, at the outermost gates 
 
 Of the City Celestial he waits, 
 With his feet on the ladder of light. 
 
 48. The wind swept across the plain with a death-wail for the dying 
 year. 
 
 49. Through the silent night there came to my ear the sweet voice of 
 a tinkling stream. 
 
 50. In the midst of the strife and tumult of angry contention, 
 Lol the door of the chancel opened. 
 
 EXERCISE XII 
 
 Practice. — Show why each of the following sentences is a 
 simple sentence. Point out the various phrases, and explain 
 why each is such. 
 
 1. A beautiful vase fell with a crash to the floor. 
 
 2. Walking slowly to the gate, he continued down the street, 
 
 3. The royal family rode to church in the state carriage. 
 
 4. Behind the clouds the sun is shining. 
 
 5. Does the tiger belong to the cat family? 
 
 6. In broad daylight, and at noon. 
 Yesterday I saw the moon 
 Sailing high, but faint and white. 
 
 7. Two angels, one of Life and one of Death, 
 Passed o'er our village. 
 
 8. And this song of the Vine, 
 This greeting of mine. 
 
 The winds and the birds shall deliver 
 
 To the Queen of the West, 
 
 In her garlands dressed. 
 
 On the Banks of the Beautiful River. _ 
 
 9. Reefs of coral show themselves suddenly above the water. 
 10. Under a spreading chestnut-tree 
 
 The village smithy stands. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 25 
 
 11. Backward and forward before the gate walked a faithful sentinel. 
 
 12. At the close of day the weary tribes rested from their labors. 
 
 13. Do you see that beautiful bird in the thicket? ^^ ^. !■ C. > - ' 
 
 14. Dark shadowy goblins danced on the walls lit by the glowing 
 fire. 
 
 15. Did you ever hear the lark singing from the clouds? 
 
 16. The leaves of the trees absorb the poisons in the air. 
 
 17. Moon and sky and stars were mirrored in the placid surface of 
 the lake. 
 
 18. In the sweet month of June the roses bloom in every garden and 
 in every meadow. 
 
 19. A last cry from the drowning man startled the awe-struck on- 
 lookers. 
 
 20. The distressed families, left by the flood without home, were 
 taken in by neighbors. 
 
 21. Trained in early girlhood at a country school of superior quality, 
 my mother had learnt severely right principles of truth, charity, and 
 housewifery. 
 
 22. Looking ahead of him down the valley, the hunter seated himself 
 on the trunk of a fallen tree. 
 
 23. The myriad leaves of the underbrush and the lofty canopies of 
 the trees were dyed with all the varied colors of an autumn day. 
 
 24. Patches of sumac stood out in bright red blotches against the 
 gray of the cliff. 
 
 25. The wild vines, hanging from the tree, formed a tent beneath its 
 branches. 
 
 26. Autumn folds his jeweled arms 
 
 Around the dying year. 
 
 27. Near him stood the Lady of the Lake — 
 Clothed in white samite, mystic, wonderful. 
 
 28. Our chaise whirled rapidly over the frozen ground. 
 
 29. She came beneath the forest dome 
 To seek its peaceful shade, 
 
 An exile from her ancient home, 
 A poor, forsaken maid. 
 
 30. On reaching the church porch, we found the parson rebuking the 
 gray-headed sexton for having used mistletoe among the decorations. 
 
 31. After elbowing their way through the damp bushes, the boys 
 reached a hill overhanging the little river. 
 
 32. Lol on he comes, behind his smoking team, 
 
26 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 With toiVs bright dew-drops on his sunburnt brow. 
 The lord of earth, the hero of the plough I 
 
 33. River! 
 
 Four long years of mingled feeling, 
 Half in rest, and half in strife, 
 I have seen thy waters stealing 
 Onward, like the stream of life. 
 
 34. The stranger heard the sound of little feet pattering outside the 
 door. 
 
 35. ^The fringe 
 
 Of that great breaker, sweeping up the strand, 
 Lashed at the wizard. 
 
 36. On sheltered banks, beneath the dripping eaves, 
 Spring's earhest nursUngs spread their glowing leaves. 
 
 37. There was something extremely agreeable in the flow of animal 
 spirits of the httle man. 
 
 38. Birds of passage sailed through the leaden air from the ice-bound, 
 desolate, northern bays to the shores of tropical islands. 
 
 39. In the center of the city of London lies a small neighborhood, 
 called Little Britain. 
 
 40. A pin without a head is useless. 
 
 41. The two veterans beguiled the way with recollections of their 
 military adventm-es. 
 
 42. Uplift a thousand voices full and sweet. 
 
 In this wide hall with earth's invention stored. 
 
 43. Filled with awe was Hiawatha 
 At the aspect of his father. 
 
 44. Alcuin taught the sons of Charlemagne in the free schools of 
 Aix. . 
 
 45. Patient and unrepining Elizabeth labored, in all things 
 Mindful not of herself, but bearing the burdens of others. 
 
 46. The very thought of jumping into the icy stream sent a shudder 
 through the frame of the exhausted boy. 
 
 47. Why is the morning mist lying softly in the valley so heavy? 
 
 48. The golden cross of the old church was visible far out at sea. 
 
 49. For centuries the rivers have been washing the mountains down 
 to the ocean. ^ 
 
 50. Our yoimg country has astounded the world by its progress. 
 
 51. Bravely the fire-fighters battled on through the smoke with their 
 precious burdens. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 27 
 
 52. Far up the lengthened lake were spied 
 Four darkening specks upon the tide. 
 
 53. The muffled tramp of a hundred men struck on the ear of the 
 watcher at the window. 
 
 54. Every morning the sun peeps through the latticed windows of the 
 grove. 
 
 55. The lightning rent the mighty oak into a thousand splinters. 
 
 56. The summer dawn's reflected hue 
 
 To purple changed Loch Katrine blue. 
 
 57. Myriads of caterpillars fed on the fruit trees in the old orchard. 
 
 58. Spreading his wings the eagle sailed majestically through the air. 
 
 59. The uppermost jets of spray rose like slow smoke above the un- 
 dulating line of the cataract. 
 
 60. My head grew dizzy with the hum of voices. 
 
 61. Over her head the stars, the thoughts of God in the heavens, 
 Shone on the eyes of man. 
 
 62. All through the darkness of the summer night the fireflies 
 gleamed. 
 
 63. On the western slope of these mountains 
 
 Dwells in his little village the Black Robe chief of the Mission. 
 
 64. The oak and birch, with mingled shade. 
 At noontide there a twilight made. 
 
 65. Out of the black cloud came bursts of spiry lightning. 
 
 66. The sun plunged down into the west, a red-hot ball. 
 
 67. A strong wind, coming up from the south, tore the crimson clouds 
 of sunset into floating rags. 
 
 68. Early in the spring the intrepid leader with only thirty chosen 
 men penetrated the country of the enemy. 
 
 69. Guided by a renegade Indian, the English penetrated, through 
 December snows, to this stronghold. 
 
 70. No murmur waked the solemn still. 
 Save tinkling of a mountain rill. 
 
 71. Softly through the evening from all the hamlets in the valley 
 came the sound of the Angelus. 
 
 72. A wild scream rang through the dark streets 
 
 73. Far away to the south uprose 
 
 A little feather of snow-white smoke. 
 
 74. Opening his flask the compassionate youth poured all the water 
 down the poor dog's throat. 
 
 75. The rivers of peace through our valleys shall ru» 
 
28 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 76. The loving children hovered about the chair of their invalid 
 mother. 
 
 77. We were assisted in our work of civilization by steam-engines and 
 threshing machines. 
 
 78. The settlers did not attempt conciliatory methods with their 
 savage neighbors. 
 
 79. Winter snows, melting in the mountains, swelled the rivers beyond 
 their banks. 
 
 80. All boys with any good in them are fond of boats. 
 
 81. I would pass entire days in rambling on the Cumberland hillsides. 
 
 82. At a word from the master the sails dropped rattling on the deck. 
 
 83. Out of the bosom of the air, 
 
 Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, 
 Over the woodlands brown and bare, 
 Over the harvest fields forsaken. 
 
 Silent, and soft, and slow, 
 
 Descends the snow. 
 
 84. On beholding the destruction of their village, the warriors uttered 
 yells of rage. 
 
 85. At anchor in Hampton Roads we lay, 
 On board the Cumberland, sloop-of-war. 
 
 86. The Governor came with his Light-horse Troop. 
 
 87. The little girl nursed a family of dolls in ragged dresses. 
 
 88. The white flowers shone like stars in the light of the early dawn. 
 
 89. Albert Diirer scarcely ever draws a scene in the life of the Virgin 
 without putting into the foreground some idle cherubs. 
 
 90. Looking at the war ships in the offing, you can not distinguish the 
 smaller guns. 
 
 91. I have been rather minute in drawing the pictures of these two 
 families. 
 
 92. They had chosen for the poor man's grave one of the worst and 
 most neglected corners of the churchyard. 
 
 93. I hear the wind among the trees 
 Playing celestial symphonies. 
 
 94. ^Through a sapphire sea the sun 
 
 Sails like a golden galleon. 
 
 95. The brooklet came from the mountain, — — 
 Running with feet of silver 
 
 Over the sands of gold. 
 
 96. Robert of Sicily, brother of Pope Urbane 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 29 
 
 And Valmond, Emperor of Allemaine. 
 Apparelled in magnificent attire, 
 With retinue of many a knight and squire, 
 On St. John's eve, at vespers, proudly sat. 
 
 97. The rain falling for many days turned even the best roads into 
 quagmires. 
 
 98. The mistress of the world was on her knees before the subject 
 nations. 
 
 99. In the one great battle of Hastings the power of the Saxons was 
 broken. 
 
 100. Mute with amazement and sorrow, Priscilla the Puritan maiden 
 Looked into Alden's face, her eyes dilated with wonder. 
 
 EXERCISE XIII 
 
 Model. — After the hostile mountaineers had departed from 
 the valley, it was a waste of smoking villages and ruined 
 farms. 
 
 Remark. — This sentence contains two finite verbs ''had 
 departed^' and ''was^^, therefore it can not be a simple sen- 
 tence. Neither can it be a compound-complex sentence, 
 since for a compound-complex sentence three verbs are 
 required. It must, then, be either a compound or a com- 
 plex sentence. To determine to which of these last two 
 classes it belongs we must examine what relation the two 
 clauses composing the sentence have to each other. It will 
 be immediately evident that the clause '' after '^ etc. tells 
 the time of the fact recorded in the other clause, — that it 
 serves the purpose of an adverb with regard to that clause. 
 It follows at once from the definitions above explained that 
 this sentence must be complex. 
 
 Practice. — Explain the character of the clauses in the fol- 
 lowing sentences, and, therefore, the character of the sen- 
 tences; point out the dependent clause, and explain its 
 adverbial character. 
 
30 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 N. B. — The adverbial clauses in this exercise are intro- 
 duced by temporal, causal, conditional, and purpose conjunc- 
 tions. 
 
 1. Many a year is in itf: grave 
 Since I crossed this restless wave. 
 
 2. If you desire the world's applause, you must earn it. 
 
 3. If your argiunents produce no conviction, they are worth nothing 
 to men. 
 
 4. When a deed is done for freedom, through the broad earth's 
 
 aching breast 
 Runs a thrill of joy prophetic, trembling on from east to west. 
 
 5. When honor dies, the man is dead. 
 
 6. Whene'er a noble deed is wrought, 
 
 Our hearts in glad surprise 
 To higher levels rise. 
 
 7. While we commend the character of Washington to others, let us 
 not forget to imitate it ourselves. 
 
 8. As by the shore, at break of day, 
 A vanquished chief expiring lay, 
 Upon the sands, with broken sword, 
 He traced his farewell to the free. 
 
 9. If all but myself were blind, I should want neither fine clothes, 
 fine houses, nor fine furniture. 
 
 10. Were a star quenched on high,* 
 For ages would its light. 
 
 Still traveling downward through the sky. 
 Shine on our mortal sight. 
 
 11. The city was not in danger as long as the forts held out. 
 
 12. The laborers behaved well lest the troops might open fire. 
 
 13. The dam gave way because its foundations were old and weak. 
 
 14. As soon as the Germans under Bliicher were seen approaching, 
 Waterloo was won for the English. 
 
 15. The soldiers refused to go into battle unless their old commander 
 were reinstated. 
 
 * It is to be borne in mind that the conjunction "if" of a conditional 
 clause is often omitted in English. In these cases the character of the 
 clause is indicated, however, by the conditional form of the verb. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 31 
 
 16. The Eirgument of the prosecution was weak in as much as the 
 defense could prove an alibi. 
 
 17. The troops of the legations could not hold out until reenforce- 
 ments arrived. 
 
 18. Whereas His Majesty refuses redress, we are obliged to forswear 
 our allegiance. 
 
 19. We have harnessed the waterfall in order that we may have cheap 
 power for our factories. 
 
 20. If the spring had not opened so early, the fruit trees would not 
 have blossomed. 
 
 21. Before the EngUsh had fairly started, the Americans were being 
 aroused to receive them. 
 
 22. I have no need of a secretary for I have a very small correspond- 
 ence. 
 
 23. That the fire might not spread any farther, the firemen blew up 
 the neighboring houses. 
 
 24. The farmer stood idly deploring his losses while the rain washed 
 away his crops. 
 
 25. Should the temperature fall much to-night, the work will have to 
 be discontinued. 
 
 26. After the rain beat down the crops, the sun burnt them int3 
 Worthless straw. 
 
 27. The arid wastes of the west have become blooming gardens since 
 Irrigation has been introduced. 
 
 28. Since you will not listen to reason, you must bow to force. 
 
 29. An immense tidal wall has been built lest the sea again destroy 
 She city. 
 
 30. Had you passed one moment later, the train would have crashed 
 vito your wagon. 
 
 31. ''Hadst thou stayed, I must have fled I*' 
 
 32. In as much as you show no good reasons, we will not accede to 
 your demand. 
 
 33. As soon as the gun rang out, the whole town was awake. 
 
 34. While the lazy huckster drawled out his song, his horse drifted 
 Dnward down the village street. 
 
 35. The colonists refused all offers of a compromise because they saw 
 in them no hope of a permanent peace. 
 
 36. When the mist lifted, we could see the harbor and shipping. 
 
 37. If the wind had not veered to the north, we would have had a 
 clear day. 
 
32 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 38. The subordinate officers complained with reason for they had 
 been treated with unexampled rigor. 
 
 39. The Americans cleaned up the cities of Cuba in order that the 
 chance of a plague might be lessened. 
 
 40. As soon as the dogs came up with the deer, he turned upon them. 
 
 EXERCISE XIV 
 
 Model. — Csesar was more successful than Pompey. 
 
 Remark. — Sentences expressive of comparison, though 
 they often apparently have but one finite verb, are never 
 simple sentences. There is always a verb understood or 
 expressed after the particle of comparison, 'Hhan'' or ''as^\ 
 This verb after "than^^ or "as'' gives the sentence at least 
 two verbs, and, therefore, makes it at least a complex sen- 
 tence. The clause after "than '' or " as '' is really the depend- 
 ent clause because it expresses the degree of whatever is 
 said in the principal clause and has, therefore, an adverbial 
 force. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences 
 is complex; point out the dependent clause, and give the 
 reason why it is such. 
 
 1. As the birds come in the spring, 
 
 So come to the poet his songs. 
 
 2. The snow was falling, as if heaven dropped down 
 White flowers of Paradise to strew his pall. 
 
 3. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heafven. 
 
 4. The Romans were not more virtuous than the Greeks. 
 
 5. Many a boy loves his games better than his books. 
 
 6. A storm can ruin more in a night than a man can build in a year 
 
 7. A fool can ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 
 
 8. The chances were as poor for us as they were splendid for them. 
 
 9. To-day is not nearly as bright as yesterday. 
 
 10. Many are more desirous of virtue than the^tniser of gold. 
 
 11. Patience gains more victories than ability. 
 
 12. Is the sunrise of life more glorious than its sunset? 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 33 
 
 13. Do not esteem a plodder less than a genius. 
 
 14. The merchants were put in possession of their goods sooner than 
 they had expected. 
 
 15. Do not worry more about your body than about your soul. 
 
 EXERCISE XV 
 
 Model. — Every one said that the day was ideal. 
 
 Remark. — This is more than a simple sentence because it 
 contains at least two finite verbs. That it is a complex sen- 
 tence and not a compound sentence is evident from the fact 
 that the clause "that the day was ideaP' serves the purpose 
 of a noun with regard to the clause ''Every one said" 
 because it expresses what was said, and is, therefore, really 
 the object of the verb ''said". Clauses introduced by 
 "that", and serving as subjects or objects of other clauses 
 are frequent in English. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following is a complex 
 sentence, and explain the office of the "that" clause in the 
 sentence. 
 
 1. The government declared that it would not prosecute the rebels. 
 
 2. That the early settlers found their path literally strewn with gold 
 is admitted by all. 
 
 3. The history of all ages teaches that sooner or later the oppressed 
 will wreak a terrible revenge on the oppressor. 
 
 4. The attorney for the defense established that his client had acted 
 in self-defense. 
 
 5. That the sun revolves around the earth was long unknown. 
 
 6. His affability showed that he was adapted for the position. 
 
 7. That wealth can not purchase health is in evidence at every 
 sanitarium. 
 
 8. That so many daring adventurers have attempted it in vain 
 proves clearly enough the impossibility of a passage to the North Pole. 
 
 9. The nations of Europe will never be content that one of their 
 nimiber take undivided possession of China. 
 
 10. That strikes are so frequent shows very well the imperfection of 
 OUT industrial conditions. 
 
34 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 EXERCISE XVI 
 
 Model. — ^The Germans, whom Bliicher commanded, eluded 
 the French army appointed to intercept them. 
 
 Remark. — That this is more than a simple sentence is at 
 once evident from the presence of the two finite verbs, ^^ com- 
 manded^' and *' eluded '\ The clause "whom Bliicher com- 
 manded '' is evidently dependent, since it fulfills the office of 
 an adjective for the word "Germans''. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following sentences is 
 complex; point out the dependent clause, and explain why 
 it is dependent. 
 
 N. B. — Remember that there are relative adverbs, espe- 
 cially of place, as well as relative pronouns. 
 
 1. Thou art the ruins of the noblest man 
 That ever lived in the tide of the times. 
 
 2. There is a tide in the affairs of men, 
 Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. 
 
 3. We know the master who laid your keel. 
 
 4. He placed himself in a position where he might be easily seen 
 byaU. 
 
 5. Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed 
 Close at my elbow stir the lemonade. 
 
 6. The sources whence all this information was derived were never 
 revealed. 
 
 7. He pointed out the man whom he had seen at the head of the 
 mob. 
 
 8. The man whose possessions had all been lost on that fatal night 
 seemed the most indifferent individual in the crowd. 
 
 9. The child had no difliculty in recognizing the man who had driven 
 the cab. 
 
 10. In that beautiful land which is washed by the Delaware's waters, 
 Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn, the apostle, 
 Stands on the banks of the beautiful stream his city. 
 
 11. The hut that had been built in the clearing was of the most 
 primitive construction. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 35 
 
 12. The commander of the fort, whom I had met in my travels abroad, 
 snowed me the greatest hospitality. 
 
 13. The sailor whose acquaintance I had formed was very kind during 
 the whole voyage. 
 
 14. He sent me a young man whose abilities he was able to recom- 
 mend. 
 
 15. The yacht that had led during the greater part of the race was 
 passed on the last day. 
 
 EXERCISE XVII 
 
 Practice. — * Analyze the following sentences, pointing out 
 why they are complex, and explaining which are the depend- 
 ent clauses and why. Many of the sentences contain clauses 
 of a kind not exemplified in the previous exercises in com- 
 plex sentences. Determine the dependent clause simply Iom 
 the application of the general definition, that a dependent! 
 clause fulfills the office of noun, adjective, or adverb with! 
 regard to some word in another clause of the same sen-J 
 tence, or with regard to another clause in the same sentence.!^ 
 
 1. I :w^as loitering about the British Museum* with that listlessness ^^t^^ 
 with which one is apt to saunter about a museum in warm weather. 
 
 2. The first duty of the commission wa^ to inquire^how means might ^^^ 
 be raised for the work. 
 
 3. There wus an air of mystery about this cavalcade in black that 
 piqued my curiosity. 
 
 4. Many a mile had they mgjgfthed, when at length the village of ILjUr 
 Plymouth woke from its sleep. 
 
 5. The scouts inquired whether any signs of the enemy had been 
 seen. 
 
 6. Our strength l§,y in this that the advancing columns were wholly 
 imadvised of our position, 
 
 * Thus far in the analysis of complex sentences no demand has been 
 made for an explanation of the phrases occurring. From Exercise 
 XVII on, this explanation of phrases should be demanded, and, if the 
 teacher wishes, he may require it in all the exercises on complex 
 sentences. 
 
 1 
 
36 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 ^. 
 
 7. After the sun had sunk down in the west, tht. valley was soon 
 s hroud ed in darkness. j 
 
 8. The floods cannot reach the barns and farm-houses because the 
 peasants liave wisely built these high up on the sides of the hills. 
 
 9. As the lightning flashed from the angry sky, the travelers caught 
 a gUmpse of the trail. 
 
 10. Why Ujjiger round the sunken wrecks iJ 
 ^W- Where old Armadas found their graves? ' 
 
 11. It was early in the 'Teafy month of June" that I traveled 
 through the beautiful province of Normandy. 
 
 12. The diligence was one of those ponderous vehicles which totter 
 slowly along the paved roads of France. 
 
 <>A^ 13. Since the complications of labor and capital have become so 
 frequent among us, many fayor compulsory arbitration as a solution 
 for our industrial problems. 
 
 14. As soon as the. city began to grow, the wealthier inhabitants 
 built themselves mans^gns out in the^uburbs. .. 
 
 15. In every dingy village" we thundered through, the postilion had 
 a commission to execute. 
 
 16. What most attracted my attention was the grotesque appear- 
 ance of the little musician. 
 
 17. When I had fully prepared myself for a ramble through the city, 
 it was already sunset. 
 
 18. "While of ten thousand herds, there strays 
 But one along yon river's maze, — 
 
 The Gael, of plain and river heir, 
 
 Shall, with strong hand, redeem his share. " 
 
 19. There was an air of antiquity about the whole city that breathed 
 of the middle ages. 
 
 20. The picturesque remnant of old times into which I have thus 
 beguiled the reader is called the Charter House. 
 
 21. Everybody was eager to learn how the affair had been brought 
 to pass. 
 
 22. When I gazed on the stupendous architecture of the Church, I 
 was transported back to the middle ages. 
 
 23. Far liefer had I fight a score of times. 
 Than hear thee so missay me. 
 
 24. As soon as the first ray of life shot across the eastern sky, the 
 birds commenced their concert. 
 
 25. Almost every one was of the opinion that our safety lay in flight. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 37 
 
 26. If walls had tongues as well as ears, what tales could they 
 narrate! 
 
 27. After the clouds had traveled, the raindrops on the bushes 
 shone like diamonds in the gleaming sunshine. 
 
 28. As the sun sank down behind the western hills, the tinkle of 
 the cow-bells announced the home-coming of the herds. 
 
 29. The announcement that the great bank had failed started a 
 panic in financial circles. 
 
 30. The visitors anxiously inquired how the invalids fared. 
 
 31. Around you lies a parched and sun-burnt plain, which, like the 
 ocean, has no limits but the sky. 
 
 32. I was a little dubious whether it was not one of those apocryphal 
 tales often passed off on travelers. 
 
 33. Had that hail fallen one week earlier, the crops of three counties 
 would have been ruined. 
 
 34. We found a companion we had not expected. 
 
 35. Across the waste of the flood-water we could make out only 
 one thing, that the farm-house still stood. 
 
 36. The whistle of the steamboat we were awaiting was heard down 
 the river. 
 
 37. While the horses swept down the stretch to the stand, every 
 man, woman, and child stood up shouting wildly for the favorite. 
 
 38. When o'er the street the morning peal is flung 
 From yon tall belfry with the brazen tongue, 
 Its wide vibrations, wafted by the gale, 
 
 To each far listener tell a different tale. 
 
 39. The children wondered what mysterious present the oaken box 
 contained. 
 
 40. The belief that the world was flat was not easily eradicated from 
 the minds of the people. 
 
 41. More things are wrought by prayer than this world dreams of. 
 
 42. The young king disapproved the plan his councilors had adopted. 
 
 43. The stranger from Mars naturally enough asked how the broom- 
 stick on top dragged the trolley-car. 
 
 44. The young man indignantly denied the charge that he had 
 tampered with the mails. 
 
 45. A star the astronomer had never seen before seemed to break 
 forth from the blue vault above. 
 
 46. All you have said does not prove your competency, 
 
 47. Whoever wants glory must find it. 
 
38 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 48. When the coast-dwellers heard the hoarse murmurs out at sea, 
 they were filled with gloomy forebodings. 
 
 49. That he was not the favorite of all the electors did not enter 
 into the mind of the young man. 
 
 50. * ' Soars thy presumption then so high, 
 Because a wretched kern ye slew, 
 Homage to name to Roderick Dhu?" 
 
 EXERCISE XVIII 
 
 Model. — I observed that all the farmer's listeners burst into 
 laughter at his retorts before they could well understand 
 them. > ' 
 
 Remark. — This sentence has three finite verbs, "ob- 
 served/' "burst/' "understand." Of the three clauses only 
 one is principal. The sentence is, therefore, complex. Of 
 the two dependent clauses the latter "before they", etc., evi- 
 dently qualifies not the principal clause "I observed" but 
 the dependent clause "that all", etc. 
 
 In complex sentences, containing more than one depend- 
 ent clause, the extra clauses sometimes qualify the principal 
 elause, and sometimes qualify another dependent clause. 
 
 Practice. — Analyze the following complex sentences indi- 
 cating and proving the order of dependence in the dependent 
 clauses. 
 
 1. The mountain sides ajSi black with pines that run down to the 
 edge of a little stream which enapties into the Guadalquivir. 
 
 2. As my companion went off, I heard him putting questions to a 
 passenger who had alighted with him. 
 
 3. I have sometimes thought that I could not have existed in a 
 village where one of those old-time witches was reputed to live. 
 
 4. Parents do not know what they do when they leave tender 
 babes alone to go to sleep in the dark. 
 
 5. After we had journeyed forward for a few more hours, we stood 
 looking down on the broad, luxuriant valleys which were bathed in the 
 splendors of an Andalusian sunset. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 39 
 
 6. In the pavement is a trapdoor opening into a dungeon which 
 occupies all the lower part of the tower, and which formerly had no 
 entrance save this trapdoor. 
 
 7. It is plain that the gentle and humble-minded Gregory was 
 unequal to the government of the Church and province of Constan- 
 tinople, which were as unworthy as they were impatient of him. 
 
 8. This personage was a sexagenarian with whom I became ac- 
 quainted while I was stopping at Auteuil. 
 
 9. The inn-keeper was not too anxioiis for our company because he 
 knew that there were travelers coming who would pay more for his 
 accommodations than we. 
 
 10. It so happens that we have a vast deal of Gregory's poetry, 
 which he doubtless never intended for publication, but which formed 
 the recreation of his retirement. 
 
 11. The stripling walked into the woods where the bluebirds and 
 robins were building the nests which would be the cradles of their 
 offspring. 
 
 12. What hue shall paint the mocking light 
 That burned and stained the orient skies 
 Where peaceful morning loves to rise, 
 As if the sun had lost his way 
 
 And dawned to make a second day! 
 
 13. After his father died, this old gentleman was established in an 
 inheritance which would have kept him in easy circumstances, had 
 tie not risked it in speculations which proved unfortunate. 
 
 14. In all that great cemetery which has been receiving the dead 
 for two centuries, there is not a grave which is not kept fresh and 
 green. 
 
 15. As I gazed on the sculptured forms of the dead before me, and 
 at the little chapel, whose Gothic roof seemed to protect their marble 
 sleep, my busy memory swung back the dark portals of the past. 
 
 16. He who sins in the broad noonday of a clear and radiant mind, 
 when at length the delirium of passion has subsided, and the cloud 
 flits from before the sun, trembles beneath the searching eye of a 
 conscience which is strong in the strength of a godlike intellect. 
 
 17. I soon found myself in the deep shade of heavy foliage, where the 
 branches of the yew and willow mingled and were interwoven with 
 the tendrils and blossoms of the honeysuckle. 
 
 18. The rich man, who would not walk the streets with the starving 
 and penniless man of genius, deems it an honor, when death has 
 
40 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 exalted the name of the neglected sage, or poet, that his own ashea 
 should be laid beside him. 
 
 19. As I passed on amid the shady avenues of the famous village, I 
 could not help comparing my impressions with those which others had 
 felt when they walked among the same scenes. 
 
 20. A small village that is not mentioned in the guide-book stands 
 upon the precipitous banks of a deep ravine through which a noisy 
 brook leaps down to turn the ponderous wheel of a thatch-roofed mill. 
 
 21. As we followed a well-trodden path through the vineyard, we 
 were descending the valley's slope to find ourselves suddenly in one 
 of those little hamlets from which the laborer rises to his toil as the 
 skylark to his song. 
 
 22. After I had walked many miles along the dusty highway, I 
 crossed the river in a boat to a little village which lies amid luxuriant 
 vineyards upon the southern bank of the Loire. 
 
 23. Those who were untaught in scholastic wisdom were learned in 
 traditionary lore, for they had their ballads in which were described 
 the valor and achievements of the early kings of the Franks. 
 
 24. John of Antioch, who from his eloquence was called Chrysostom, 
 was approaching sixty years of age, when he had to deliver himself up 
 to the imperial ofl&cers, and to leave Constantinople for a distant exile. 
 
 25. I need hardly allude to the heroic Popes who patiently lived on 
 in the Crimea, till a martyrdom, in which they had no part but the 
 suffering, released them. 
 
 26. I believe with the Persians that ten measures of talk were sent 
 down from heaven, and that the ladies took nine. 
 
 27. Still more surprised were they to learn that, in order to have 
 bread, wheat must be sown; that grass was necessary for the produc- 
 tion of milk; and that wine did not flow from casks on turning the key. 
 
 28. I observe that men run away to other countries because they are 
 not good in their own, and run back to their own because they pass 
 for nothing in the new place. 
 
 29. Whilst we want cities as the centers where the best things are 
 found, cities degrade us by magnifying trifles. 
 
 30. I thought that ten thousand swords must have leaped from 
 their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. 
 
 31. *'Here, while his brethren stood aloof. 
 
 The herald's blast was blown 
 
 That shook St. Stephen's pillared roof 
 
 And rocked King George's throne I" 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 41 
 
 32. Enchanter of Erin, whose magic has bound us, 
 Thy wand for one moment we fondly would claim, 
 Entranced while it summons the phantoms around us 
 That blush into life at the sound of thy name. 
 
 33. Cicero, even though he had the choice of a home and the pros- 
 pect of a return from banishment, roamed disconsolate through the 
 cities of Greece, because he was debarred access to the senate-house 
 and forum. 
 
 34. We shall be very WTong if we suppose that fine expressions, or 
 rounded periods, or figures of speech were the credentials by which 
 Chrysostom claimed to be the first doctor of the East. 
 
 35. The long prevalent theory, that the romances of the Twelve 
 Peers of France all originated in the fabulous chronicle of Charlemagne 
 and Roland, written by Archbishop Turpin in the twelfth century, if 
 not as yet generally exploded, is nevertheless fast losing ground. 
 
 36. As day was drawing to a close, and the rays of the setting sun 
 climbed slowly up the dungeon wall, the prisoner sat reading in a heavy 
 tome. 
 
 37. While we were at breakfast, a personage stalked into the room, 
 whose strange appearance arrested my attention, and gave subject 
 for future conversation to our party. 
 
 38. Through a valley which, as tourists tell us, rose and fell through 
 a succession of wild crags and distant peaks, the traveler journeyed 
 till at length he reached a cultivated tract, and then a forest region. 
 
 39. That the sight of a steamship would have amazed the first 
 colonist who came to our shores cannot be doubted by anybody who 
 has noticed the wonder displayed by men of our own day when they 
 come upon new inventions for the first time. 
 
 40. The poor man refused the proffered help because he could not 
 persuade himself but that those who offered him money needed it as 
 sorely as himself. 
 
 41. I did not know that the worry written on my countenance had 
 aroused the attention of any of my friends until one day last month, 
 when one of my more intimate acquaintances directly taxed me with 
 my gloomy looks, and frankly inquired the cause of them. 
 
 42. It is very observable that, in spite of the indescribable confusion 
 of the populations through which he passed, Christian zeal and charity 
 did not allow their personal sufferings to interfere with the homage 
 and respect due from them to the presence of so illustrious a confessor 
 as was John Chrysostom. 
 
42 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 43. As soon as the distant roar reached their ears, the inhabitants 
 of the little village were filled with consternation, because they knew 
 that that hoarse sound was the rush of waters from the upper dam. 
 
 44. The colonists declared that, since they had no representative in 
 the English legislative bodies, those bodies had no right to impose 
 taxes on them. 
 
 45. If his patients had been more discerning, they would have dis- 
 covered that the great physician cured more by his kindness than by 
 his skill in medicine. 
 
 46. When the great earthquake wrecked San Francisco, buildings, 
 which had been raised on made ground, were readily shaken to pieces 
 
 47. I know not whither his hobby would have carried the old gentle^ 
 man, had not a thin man with a black, seedy coat, who sat at my 
 elbow, at that moment interrupted him. 
 
 48. It is over this little territory, which is thus bounded and desig- 
 nated, that the great dome of St. Paul's looks down with an air of 
 motherly protection. 
 
 49. Affairs were at this pass when, one afternoon, as the notary sat 
 moping in his office, a loud knocking at the door awaked him from his 
 gloomy reverie. 
 
 50. The scene was enlivened by the dashing of a swollen mountain 
 brook, whose course we followed for miles down the valley, as it leaped 
 onward to its journey's end. 
 
 EXERCISE XIX 
 
 Model. — Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again; 
 But Error, wounded, writhes in pain, 
 And dies among his worshipers. 
 
 Remark. — It is evident that this sentence contains three 
 finite verbs, and is therefore more than a simple sentence. 
 Upon examination of the clauses, and a recurrence to the 
 definitions, we will find that all the clauses are independent. 
 The sentence i^, therefore, compound. 
 
 Practice. — Examine the following sentences; explain why 
 they are compound. 
 
 1. Come, and see my beautiful flowers* 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 43 
 
 2. Trust men, and they will be true to you; treat them gently, and 
 (hey will show themselves great. 
 
 3. I was too late for the train, so I returned home. 
 
 4. Clever men are desirable, but good men are more desirable. 
 
 5. I have found you an argument, but I am not obliged to find you 
 an understanding. 
 
 6. A tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue grows 
 keener with constant use. 
 
 7. A moral, sensible, and well-bred man 
 Will not affront me, and no other can. 
 
 8. The hearts of men are their books, events their tutors, and great 
 actions are their eloquence. 
 
 9. The boat reappeared, but brother and sister had gone down in 
 an embrace never to be parted. 
 
 10. Night's silvery veil hung low on Jordan's bosom, and the eddies 
 cm-led their glassy rings beneath it. 
 
 11. The wise man's eyes are in his head, but the fool walketh in 
 darkness. 
 
 12. Straws swim upon the surface, but pearls lie at the bottom. 
 
 13. Reading maketh a full man; conversation, a ready man; and 
 writing, an exact man. 
 
 14. Great nature spoke; observant man obeyed; 
 Cities were formed; societies were made. 
 
 15. Caesar was an able commander, and had the support of devoted 
 legions. 
 
 16. This is the arsenal; from floor to ceiling. 
 Like a huge organ, rise the burnished arms. 
 
 17. Ring out the old, ring in the new. 
 Ring, happy bells, across the snow; 
 The year is going, let him go; 
 Ring out the false, ring in the true. 
 
 18. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight. 
 And all the air a solemn stillness holds. 
 
 19. The snow lay in great heaps in the deep ravines, and chilly winds 
 svhistled and moaned through the naked tree-tops. 
 
 20. Men may come, and men may go, but I go on forever. 
 
 21. But we steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead. 
 And we bitterly thought of the morrow. 
 
 22. Neither locks had they to their doors, nor bars to their windows. 
 But their dwellings were open as day and the hearts of the owners. 
 
44 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 23. Charcoal and the diamond are very unlike, yet they are composed 
 of the very same substance. 
 
 24. The army of the enemy swept over the face of that fairyland, 
 and in its path followed famine and pestilence. 
 
 25. No two watches go just alike, yet each believes his own. 
 
 26. The way was long, the wind was cold. 
 The minstrel was infirm and old. 
 
 27. White as a sea-fog, landward boimd, 
 The spectral camp was seen. 
 
 And, with a sorrowful, deep soimd, 
 The river flowed between. 
 
 28. Through the long reach of desert woods. 
 The embracing sunbeams chastely play. 
 And gladden these deep sohtudes. 
 
 29. Heaven's wide arch 
 Was glorious with the sun's returning march, 
 And woods were brightened, and soft gales 
 Went forth to kiss the sun-clad vales. 
 
 30. They buried the dark chief; they freed 
 Beside the grave his battle steed; 
 And swift an arrow cleaved its way 
 To his stern heart. 
 
 31. You go one way; I will go the other. 
 
 32. Colder and louder blew the wind, 
 
 A gale from the Northeast, 
 The snow fell hissing in the brine. 
 And the billows frothed like yeast. 
 
 33. At last young April, ever frail and fair. 
 In tears and blushes sighs herself away. 
 
 And hides her cheek beneath the flowers of May. 
 
 34. The curtain rose; in thunders long and loud 
 The galleries rung; the veteran actor bowed. 
 
 35. The food was scant, the fruits were few; 
 
 A red-streak glistening here and there; 
 Perchance in statelier precincts grew 
 Some stern old Puritanic pear. 
 
 36. But ever on the bleakest rock ' "".-^^ 
 
 We bid the brightest beacon glow. 
 And still upon the thorniest stock 
 The sweetest roses love to blow. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 45 
 
 37. The creature laid his muzzle on your lap, 
 
 And sobbed, and you sobbed with it, and the blood 
 Was sprinkled on your kirtle, and you wept. 
 
 38. The monks were not dreamy sentimentalists to fall in love with 
 melancholy winds, and purling rills, and waterfalls, and nodding groves; 
 but their poetry was the poetry of hard work and hard fare, unselfish 
 hearts and charitable hands. 
 
 39. Sturm was seized with a desire of founding a religious house in 
 the wilds of pagan Germany; and setting out with two companions, he 
 wandered for two days through the Buchonian forest, and saw nothing 
 but earth, sky, and large trees. 
 
 40. Anon the bell from the belfry 
 Rang out the hour of nine, the village curfew, and straightway 
 Rose the guests, and departed; and silence reigned in the house- 
 hold. 
 
 EXERCISE XX 
 
 Model. — Attack is the reaction, and I never think that I 
 have hit hard unless the missile rebounds. 
 
 Remark. — It is evident from a reference to the definitions 
 that this is a compound-complex sentence. 
 
 Practice. — Explain why each of the following is a com- 
 pound-complex sentence; point out the independent clauses, 
 and the order of dependence in the dependent clauses. 
 
 1. Whittier lives at Amesbury near the beautiful Merrimac that he 
 loved in his youth, and he will probably remain there till he dies. 
 
 2. Since the invention of the telegraph, East exchanges thoughts 
 with West every day, and all the world are neighbors. 
 
 3. Upon the hearth blazed a handful of fagots, whose bright flame 
 danced merrily among a motley congregation of pots and kettles, and 
 a long wreath of smoke wound lazily up through the huge tunnel of 
 the roof above. 
 
 4. The walls were black with soot, and ornamented with sundry 
 legs of bacon and festoons of sausages; and as there were no windows 
 in the dingy abode, the only light which cheered the darkness within 
 came flickering from the fire upon the hearth, and the smoky sun- 
 beams that peeped down the long-necked chimney. 
 
46 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 5. Our conversation was cut short by the driver of the diligence, 
 who came to tell us that the mules were waiting; and before many 
 hours had elapsed, we were scrambling through the square of the 
 ancient city of Burgos. 
 
 6. The tesselated shadow of the honeysuckle lies motionless upon 
 the floor, as if it were a figure in the carpet, and through the open 
 window comes the fragrance of the wild-brier and the mock-orange. 
 
 7. The birds are caroling in the trees, and their shadows flit across 
 the window as they dart to and fro in the sunlight. 
 
 8. The ruins of Christian castle and Moorish alcazar still look forth 
 from the hills of Spain; but where, oh, where is the spirit of freedom 
 that once fired the children of the Goth? 
 
 9. A tailor's drawer is the title which the Spaniards give to a desul- 
 tory discourse, and it is not an inappropriate caption for a chapter 
 whose contents are of every shape and hue. 
 
 10. My apartments were in the third story above the dust, though 
 not above the rattle of the street ; and my balconies looked down into 
 the Puerta del Sol, the heart of Madrid, through which circulates the 
 living current of its population at least once every twenty-four hours. 
 
 11. Glorious is it, when the eagle through the beating tempes^ flies 
 into the bright blue heaven upward; but far more glorious, when, 
 poising in the blue sky over the black storm-abyss, he plunges down- 
 ward to his aerie on the cliff where cower his unfledged brood. 
 
 12. The mob threatened to beat even the soldiers of the prefecture; 
 and boasted that many were the prefect's soldiers before now whom 
 they had badly worsted. 
 
 13. The mayor of the city also heard what was going on, and he 
 hastened to the point of danger; but the infuriated men would not 
 listen to his entreaties, and he too was unsuccessful. 
 
 14. Evet'iius dismounted, and got hold of me; and thus I was assisted 
 or rather di-agged forward; for I could not possibly walk on such diflicult 
 ground, amid formidable mountains, and in the middle of the light. 
 
 15. Joy smiles in the fountain, health flows in the rills, 
 As their ribbons of silver unfold from the hills; 
 They breathe not the mist of the bacchanal's dream. 
 But the lilies of innocence float on their stream. 
 
 16. The apothecary is a great reader of almanacs and newspapers, 
 and is much given to pore over alarming accounts of plots, conspira- 
 cies, fires, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions; which last phenomena 
 he considers as signs of the times. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 47 
 
 17. The oracle of the chib is the tailor and his declarations are dis- 
 puted but seldom even by the cheesemonger, who lives in a fragment 
 of one of the old family mansions, and is as magnificently lodged as a 
 round-bellied mite in the midst of one of his own Cheshires. 
 
 18. The inn-keeper's ancestors were all wags before him, and he has 
 inherited with the inn a large stock of songs and jokes, which go from 
 generation to generation as heirlooms. 
 
 19. There is an exaggeration in the Spanish ballads of the Twelve 
 Peers of Charlemagne, which is in accordance with the warmth of a 
 Spanish imagination; and the presence of this exaggeration is perhaps 
 one of the reasons why the ballads are still hawked about the streets 
 by the blind ballad-monger. 
 
 20. I had already seen enough of the villages of the North to know 
 that they have few charms to entice one from the city; but I was 
 curious to see how like the peasants of the South would be to the 
 pictures I had formed of them. 
 
 21. Instead of trim cottages, built in the grateful shade of trees, the 
 traveler will see a cluster of stone hovels baking in the sun; and 
 instead of green meadows and woodlands vocal with the song of birds, 
 he will find bleak and rugged mountains that stretch away beyond his 
 ken. 
 
 22. Speak clearly, if you speak at all; 
 Carve every word before you let it fall. 
 
 23. It is another's fault, if he be ungrateful; but it is mine, if I do 
 not give. 
 
 24. A little weeping would ease my heart 
 But in their briny bed 
 
 My tears must stop, for every drop 
 Hinders needle and thread. 
 
 25. Sin has many tools, but a lie is a handle which fits them all. 
 
 26. The children laugh loud as they troop at his call, 
 
 And the poor man that knows him laughs loudest of all. 
 
 27. Thus came the jocund spring in Killingworth, 
 
 In fabulous days sonxe hundred years ago; 
 And thrifty farmers, as they tilled the earth, 
 
 Heard with alarm the cawing of the crow, 
 ITiat mingled with the universal mirth. 
 
 28. The hour was late; the fire burned low; 
 The Landlord's eyes were closed in sleep, 
 And near the story's end a deep 
 
48 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 Sonorous sound at times was heard, 
 As when the distant bagpipes blow. 
 
 29. Then one by one the guests came down, 
 And greeted with a smile the squire, 
 Who sat before the parlor fire. 
 
 30. Chrysostom reached his place of exile faint and exhausted in 
 body and soul; but, as was usual with him, he soon rallied, and began 
 to color everything about him with his own sweet, cheerful, thankful 
 temper. 
 
 31. Now through rushing chutes, among green islands, where plume- 
 
 Uke 
 Cotton-trees nodded their shadowy crests, they swept with the 
 
 current. 
 Then emerged into broad lagoons, where silvery sandbars 
 Lay in the stream. 
 
 32. The day was passed with any idle companion I was lucky enough 
 to bribe with a cigar into a long story, and I whiled away the evening 
 studying the landscape that spread before me. 
 
 33. When the chant was finished, the priest opened a little book 
 which he held in his hand, and began to question the children in the 
 catechism. 
 
 34. Nearly seventy days I spent on the journey, and at length I 
 reached this village, which is the most desolate place in the whole 
 world. 
 
 35. Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you, trip- 
 pingly on the tongue; but, if you mouth it, as many of your players 
 do, I had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines. 
 
 36. I believe that I have suffered the worst that it is possible for 
 me to suffer, and I ask you this favor, — ^that you write frequently for 
 my consolation in exile. 
 
 37. Two eminent statesmen, who were brave enough to side with 
 the fallen favorite, were first imprisoned, and then sent into banishment. 
 
 38. One of the lectors, a delicate youth, was put on the rack, torn 
 with hooks, scourged, and then scorched with torches until he died. 
 
 39. I did not quarrel with the man because he differed with me in 
 opinion, but I could not help feeling sad that so brilliant a mind was 
 being wasted on tribes. " .. ^ 
 
 40. On Sundays and all other holidays, when Mass was over, the 
 time was devoted to sports and recreation; and the day was passed in 
 social visiting and athletic exercises. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 49 
 
 41. Let them come, if they Kke, and the sooner they try it the better. 
 
 42. The Khan from his palace-window gazed. 
 And saw in the thronging street beneath, 
 In the hght of the setting sun that blazed 
 Through the clouds of dust by the caravan raised, 
 The flash of harness and jeweled sheath, 
 
 And the shining scimiters of the guard. 
 
 43. Most of the tales were about the Moors who built the castle, 
 and many of them concerned the treasure they had buried beneath it. 
 
 44. Serapion, Bishop of Heraclea, who had made himself especially 
 obnoxious to the schismatical party, was scourged, tortured, and 
 banished. 
 
 45. The corner towers are circular, with beetling turrets; and hero 
 and there, apart from the main body of the castle, stand several cir- 
 cular basements, whose towers have fallen and moldered into dust. 
 
 46. The Primate endeavored to secure the nomad Goths a successor 
 for their Bishop, who was lately dead; and he wrote on this subject 
 to some of their race, who were in a monastery at Constantinople. 
 
 47. Not only are the poet's lips touched with a coal from the altar; 
 but his spirit is folded in the cloud of incense that rises from the shrines 
 of the Virgin Mother, and of the glorious company of the saints and 
 martyrs. 
 
 48. As died the sounds upon the tide. 
 
 The shallop reached the mainland side. 
 And ere his onward way he took. 
 The stranger cast a lingering look. 
 Where easily his eye might reach 
 The harper on the islet beach, 
 Reclined against a blighted tree 
 As wasted, gray, and worn as he. 
 
 49. This noble man redeemed from slavery many who had been taken 
 captives by the sea-robbers, and sent them to their homes. 
 
 50. And when the kings were in the field, — their squadrons in array, — 
 With lance in rest they onward pressed to mingle in the fray; 
 But soon upon the Christians fell a terror of their foes, — 
 These were a numerous army, — a little handful those. 
 
 51. The war pipes ceased, but lake and hill 
 Were busy with their echoes still ; 
 And, when they slept, a vocal strain 
 Bade their hoarse chorus wake again. 
 
50 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 52. The stranger made a leg, and accepted these signs of good com- 
 pany with the easy air of a man who is accustomed to earn his liveli- 
 hood by hook or by crook. 
 
 53. Nothing that my persecutors have been able to do has availed 
 to destroy me; but I am in much better health than I was formerly, 
 though I then took such care of myself. 
 
 54. The notion prevailed that the colonies might be utilized for 
 clearing the mother-country of jail-birds and paupers, and it remained 
 for the Plymouth settlers to demonstrate that only the honest and 
 thrifty can work out the salvation of a wilderness. 
 
 55. Her lever was the wand of art, 
 Her fulcrum was the human heart. 
 
 Whence aJl unfailing aid is. 
 
 56. The villages we passed through were poverty-stricken and half- 
 depopulated; and the squalid inhabitants wore a look of misery that 
 made the heart ache. 
 
 57. Yes, he was a great and good man; nor is there anything in his 
 life^ as it has come down to us, to forbid our saying that he was as 
 genuine a hero as many whose names are written large on the pages 
 of history. 
 
 5S. Some feelings are to mortals given. 
 
 With less of earth in them than heaven; 
 
 And if there be a human tear 
 
 From passion's dross refined and clear, 
 
 A tear so limpid and so meek. 
 
 It would not stain an angel's cheek, 
 
 'Tis that which pious fathers shed 
 
 Upon a duteous daughter's head. 
 
 59. It was Saturday night ; and, as the gathering twilight fell around 
 us, a loud peal of bells rang forth its glad welcome to the day of rest. 
 
 60. The hermit made the sign of the cross over her, and she re- 
 turned home healed in body and soul, and, either at once, or as time 
 went on, gave herself up to an ascetic life. 
 
 61. While his parents lived Theodoret lived with them, and lived as 
 became one who had been dedicated from the first to a divine life. 
 
 62. Generations perish, like the leaves of the forest, passing away 
 when their mission is completed; but at each succeeding spring, broader 
 and higher spreads the human mind unto its perfect stature. 
 
 63. I stood at midnight on the wide terrace of our hotel, which over- 
 looks the sea, and, gazing on the tiny and crisping waves that broke 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 51 
 
 ID pearly light beneath the moon, I sent back my wandering thoughts 
 far over the sea to a distant home. 
 
 64. Sir Roderick, who to meet them came, 
 Reddened at sight of Malcolm Graeme 
 Yet not in action, word, or eye, 
 Failed aught in hospitality. 
 
 65. The Mynheers would have told you to be cautious what you 
 
 said. 
 Or else decreed that silver tongue of yours should cost your head. 
 
 66. But while Geraint lay healing of his hurt. 
 
 The blameless king went forth and cast his eyes 
 On each of all whom Uther left in charge. 
 
 67. I descended from the terrace, and, groping my way through 
 one of the dark and narrow lanes wliich intersect the city in all direc- 
 tions, soon found myself in the Strada Nuova. 
 
 68. The Roman State had adopted Christianity as its religion, but 
 the populations which the State embraced had still to be converted. 
 
 69. A dazzling blaze of light from the high altar shone upon the red 
 marble columns which support the roof, and fell with a solemn effect 
 upon the kneeling crowd that filled the body of the church. 
 
 70. Thereafter, when a King, he had the gems 
 
 Plucked from the crown, and showed them to his knights. 
 
 71. In talk and sport they whiled away 
 The morning of that summer day; 
 But at high noon a courier light 
 Held secret parley with the knight, 
 Whose moody aspect soon declared. 
 That evil were the news he heard. 
 
 72. I go the patient crowd to join 
 
 That round the tube my eyes discern. 
 The last new-comer of the file, 
 And wait, and wait, a weary while. 
 
 73. The houses in Genoa are high, and the streets in general so nar- 
 row that in many of them you may almost step across from side to side. 
 
 74. Midsummer has come ; and you may now hire a palace for what, 
 a few weeks ago, would hardly have paid your night's lodging in its 
 garret. 
 
 75. That country was, and is, we are told, endowed with a rich 
 loamy soil, as fine as garden mold, in which it is difficult to find even 
 a pebble. 
 
52 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 76. ''Brave Roderick, though the tempest roar, 
 
 It may but thunder and pass o'er; 
 
 Nor will I here remain an hour, 
 
 To draw the lightning on thy bower." 
 
 77. And when King Arthur made 
 His Table Round, and all men's hearts became 
 Clean for a season, surely he had thought 
 That now the Holy Grail would come again; 
 But sin broke out. 
 
 78. Such was the mansion where the great man dwelt, 
 A widower and childless; and he felt 
 
 The loneliness, the uncongenial gloom, 
 That hke a presence haunted every room. 
 
 79. To the fertility of this plain three streams contribute; and were 
 it not oppressed by a stupid barbarian rule, and trampled under foot 
 by the nomad Turcomans, Kurds, and Arabs, it would be able, as 
 travelers report, to grow grain enough for the whole of Syria. 
 
 80. At midnight, when the crowd is gone, I retire to my chamber, 
 and, poring over the gloomy pages of Dante, protract my nightly vigil 
 until the morning star is in the sky. 
 
 81. Yet slow he laid his plaid aside. 
 And, lingering, eyed his lovely bride, 
 Until he saw the starting tear 
 Speak woe he might not stop to cheer. 
 
 82. On our way to town we had to pass a little river, and, while 
 we were on the bridge that spanned it, we heard the church bells ring- 
 ing merrily. 
 
 83. I have no time to push my argument further, but I have said 
 enough to prove that education is something more than mere book- 
 learning. 
 
 84. The man had been a solitary for many years, and could dispense 
 with the company of his fellows; but, if he must give up his seclusion 
 for company, he might naturally wish that company to be good of 
 its kind. 
 
 85. A friend from my native land was with me; and, as we spake 
 of home, a liquid star stood trembling like a tear upon the closing 
 eyelid of the day. _ 
 
 86. A soldier walked to and fro on guard, and of him I asked at 
 what hoiu" the regiment would drill. 
 
 87. Had Theodoret been kept back at Antioch for halt a dozen 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 53 
 
 years, he might have followed Chrysostom to Constantinople, and have 
 been placed upon its patriarchal throne, instead of the unhappy 
 Nestorius. 
 
 88. The moon is full and bright, and the shadows lie so dark and 
 massive in the street that they seem a part of the walls which cast 
 them. 
 
 89. I gave the spaniel a morsel of bread, which he swallowed without 
 80 much as moving his long silken ears; and keeping his soft, beautiful 
 eyes fixed upon mine, he thumped upon the floor, as if knocking for 
 the waiter of the inn. 
 
 90. The scene of half the Aeneid is spread before you; and it would 
 take volumes to describe each point that arrests the eye in this mag- 
 nificent panorama. 
 
 91. In that little village the young man did his best; but where 
 in such an out of the way place could he find the listeners, the ap- 
 plause, the fame, which awaited him, he was sure, in the capital? 
 
 92. As oft we see the sky in May 
 Threaten to rain, and yet not rain, 
 The Poet's face, before so gay. 
 Was clouded with a look of pain, 
 But suddenly brightened up again. 
 
 93. He climbed to the top of the mountain, and looked down into 
 the valley on the other side where the smoke from villages, and towns, 
 and cities told him of the bustling life in which he had never mingled. 
 
 94. When they had drunk the King, with many a cheer. 
 The Grovernor whispered in a servant's ear. 
 
 Who disappeared, and presently there stood 
 Within the room, in perfect womanhood, 
 A maiden, modest and yet self-possessed. 
 
 95. As I stood leaning over the balcony of the convent, giving 
 myself up to those reflections which the scene inspired, one of the 
 brotherhood came from a neighboring cell, and entered into conversa- 
 tion with me. 
 
 96. The vesper bell tolled, and, ere its echoes died away along the 
 hills, another angel had been added to the hosts that kneel in adora- 
 tion around the great White Throne. 
 
 97. The setting sun seemed to melt away in the sky, dissolving into 
 a golden rain that bathed the whole Campagna with unearthly splendor, 
 and Rome in the distance, half-hidden, half-revealed, lay floating like 
 a mote in the broad and misty sunbeam. 
 
54 FUNDAMENTAL, ENGLISn 
 
 98. In the fifth century, Bishops were great secular magistrates and, 
 whether they would or no, were involved in secular occupations. 
 
 99. Beneath you winds the lordly Danube, and all around, the 
 landscape is bounded by forest-covered hills which are topped by the 
 moldering fragments of feudal castles, or the tapering spires of vil- 
 lage churches. 
 
 100. When I stood by the seashore, and listened to the melancholy 
 and familiar roar of its waves, it seemed but a step from the threshold 
 of a foreign land to the fireside of home; and when I watched the out- 
 bound sail, fading over the water's edge, and losing itself in the blue 
 mists of the sea, my heart went with it, and I turned away fancy-sick 
 with the blessings of home and the endearments of domestic love. 
 
PART III 
 
 SENTENCE-BUILDING 
 
 * EXERCISE I 
 Model: 
 
 Ind. Pres. — I study English. 
 
 Imp. — I studied English. 
 
 Perf. — I have studied English. 
 
 Plup. — I had studied English. 
 
 Fut. — I shall or will study English. 
 
 Fut. Perf. — I shall or will have studied English. 
 Pot. Pres. — I may, can study EngUsh. 
 
 Imp. — I might, could, would study EngHsh. 
 
 Perf. — I may, can, must have studied English. 
 
 Plup. — I might, could, would, should have studied 
 EngUsh. 
 Practice. — Change verb of following simple sentences 
 through all the active tenses of the Indicative and Potential 
 Moods. 
 
 1. Thou workest hard. 
 
 2. The President governs this country. 
 
 3. We love peace. 
 
 4. You hate your foes. 
 
 5. The soldiers carry weapons. 
 
 6. The old volcano shows signs of life. 
 
 * Exercises 1-14 are not really exercises in sentence-structure, but 
 rather preliminaries to that work which have been found necessary in 
 many classes, and which are inserted here at the request of practical 
 teachers. Where they are not needed, teachers may omit them, and 
 begin with Exercise 15. 
 
 55 
 
66 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 7. Learned men command respect. 
 
 8. We do not fear boasters. 
 
 9. You admire the deeds of the brave. 
 
 10. Thou seekest worthless treasures. 
 
 11. I own those splendid horses. 
 
 12. Patriots love their flag. 
 
 EXERCISE II 
 Model: 
 Ind. Pres. — ^I am studying English. 
 Imp. • — I was studying English. 
 Perf. — I have been studying English. 
 Plup. — I had been studying English. 
 Fut. — I shall or will be studying English. 
 
 Fut. Perf. — I shall or will have been studying English. 
 Pot. Pres. — I may be, I can be studying English. 
 
 Imp. — I might be, could be, would be studying 
 
 EngHsh. 
 Perf. — ^I may, can, must have been studying Eng- 
 Hsh. 
 Plup. — I might, could, would, should have been 
 studying English. 
 Practice. — Change the verbs of each of the sentences of Ex. 
 I to Pres. Ind. of this compound form and then change this 
 Pres. Ind. through all the tenses of the Ind. and Pot. Act., — 
 as in model. 
 
 
 EXERCISE III 
 
 Model: 
 
 
 Ind. Pres. 
 
 —Do I study English? 
 
 Imp. 
 
 —Did I study English? 
 
 Perf. 
 
 — Have I studied English? 
 
 Plup. 
 
 —Had I studied EngUsh? — 
 
 Fut. 
 
 —Shall I or will I study Enghsh? 
 
 Fut. Perf.— Shall I or will I have studied EngUsh? 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 67* 
 
 Pot. Pres. — May I, can I study English? 
 
 Imp. — Might I, could I, would I study English? 
 Perf. — May I, can I, must I have been studying 
 
 English? 
 Plup. — Might I, could I, should I, would I have 
 been studying English? 
 Practice. — Change the verbs of each sentence in Ex. I to the 
 interrogative form of the Pres. Ind. and then change this 
 Pres. Ind. through all the tenses of the Indicative and Poten- 
 tial- — as in model. 
 
 EXERCISE IV 
 Model: 
 Ind. Pres. — John is praised by all his friends. 
 Imp. — John was praised by all his friends. 
 
 Perf. — John has been praised by all his friends. 
 Plup. — John had been praised by all his friends. 
 Fut. — John shall or will be praised by all his friends. 
 
 Fut. Perf. — John shall or will have been praised by all 
 his friends. 
 Pot. Pres. — John may, can be praised by all his friends. 
 Imp. — John might, could, would, should be praised 
 
 by all his friends. 
 Perf. — John may, can, must have been praised by 
 
 all his friends. 
 Plup. — John might, could, would, should have been 
 praised by all his friends. 
 Practice. — Change all the verbs of the following sentences 
 through all the tenses of the Indicative and Potential Passive. 
 
 1. Carthage is destroyed by the Romans. 
 
 2. We are hated more than any people on earth. 
 
 3. Thou art despised by all. 
 
 4. Americans are known as the greatest inventors of the time. 
 
 5. I am elected mayor of this city. 
 
68 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 6. Napoleon is called the greatest general of the modern world, 
 
 7. Poets are never honored in their lifetime. 
 
 8. We are accused of ambition. 
 
 9. I am forbidden the place. 
 
 10. You are called to high honors. 
 
 EXERCISE V 
 Model: 
 
 Ind. Pres. — ^John is being praised by all his friends. 
 
 Imp. — ^John was being praised by all his friends. 
 
 Perf. — John has been being praised by all his friends. 
 
 Plup. — John had been being praised by all his friends. 
 
 Fut. — John shall or will be being praised by all his 
 
 friends. 
 
 Fut. Perf. — John shall or will have been being praised by 
 
 all his friends. 
 
 Pot. Pres. — John may, can be being praised by all his 
 
 friends. 
 
 Imp. — John might, could, would, should be being 
 
 praised by all his friends. 
 
 Perf. — John may, can, must have been being praised 
 
 by all his friends. 
 
 Plup. — John might, could, would, should have been 
 
 being praised by all his friends. 
 
 Practice. — Change verbs of all sentences of Ex. IV through 
 
 all tenses of Indicative and Potential Passive (Compound 
 
 Form) as in model. 
 
 EXERCISE VI 
 Model: 
 
 Ind. Pres. — Is John praised by all his friends? 
 
 Imp. — Was John praised by all his friends? 
 
 Perf. — Has John been praised by -all his friends? 
 
 Plup. — Had John been praised by all his friends? 
 
 Fut. — Shall or will John be praised by all his friends? 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 59 
 
 Fut. Perf . — Shall or will John have been praised by all 
 his friends ? 
 — May or can John be praised by all his friends? 
 — Might, could, would, should John be praised 
 
 by all his friends? 
 — May, can, must John have been praised by 
 
 all his friends? 
 — Might, could, would, should John have been 
 praised by all his friends? 
 Practice. — Change verbs of all sentences of Ex. IV through 
 all tenses of Indicative and Potential Passive (Interrogative 
 Form) as in model. 
 
 Pot. Pres. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Perf. 
 Plup. 
 
 EXERCISE VII 
 
 Model: 
 
 Ind. Pres. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Plup. 
 
 Fut. 
 
 F.Perf. 
 
 Pot. Pres. 
 Imp. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Plup. 
 
 Ord. Form 
 You admire the watch. 
 
 You admired the 
 watch. 
 
 You have admired the 
 watch. 
 
 You had admired the 
 watch. 
 
 You shall or will ad- 
 mire the watch. 
 
 You shall or will have 
 admired the watch. 
 
 You may, can admire 
 the watch. 
 
 You might, could, 
 would, should ad- 
 mire the watch. 
 
 You may, can, must 
 have admired the 
 watch 
 
 You might, could, 
 would, should have 
 admired the watch. 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 Comp'd Form 
 
 You are admiring the 
 watch. 
 
 You were admiring the 
 watch. 
 
 You have been admir- 
 ing the watch. 
 
 You had been admir- 
 ing the watch. 
 
 You shall or will be ad- 
 miring the watch. 
 
 You shall or will have 
 been admiring the 
 watch. 
 
 You may, can be ad- 
 miring the watch. 
 
 You might, could, 
 would, should be ad- 
 miring the watch. 
 
 You may, can, must 
 have been admiring 
 the watch. 
 
 You might, could, 
 would, should have 
 been admiring the 
 watch. 
 
 Interrog. Form 
 Do you admire the 
 
 watch? 
 Did you admire the 
 
 watch? 
 Have you admired the 
 
 watch? 
 Had you admired the 
 
 watch? 
 Shall or will you be ad- 
 miring the watch? 
 Shall or will you have 
 
 admired the watch? 
 
 May, can you admire 
 the watch? 
 
 Might, could, would, 
 should you admire 
 the watch? 
 
 May, can, must you 
 have admired the 
 watch? 
 
 Might, could, would, 
 should you have ad- 
 mired the watch? 
 
60 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 Practice. — Change verbs of the following sentences through 
 the tense forms of the Active Voice as in model. 
 
 1. I play on several instruments. 
 
 2. Dogs follow their masters even to death. 
 
 3. Germany possesses a powerful navy. 
 
 4. We love the brave. 
 
 5. Virtue deserves a reward. 
 
 6. Thou pursuest a vain delight. 
 
 7. You prefer wealth to honor. 
 
 8. Sailors love the dark blue sea. 
 
 9. The United States surpass all nations in conunerco, 
 10. A statesman foresees the crises of his country. 
 
 EXERCISE VIII 
 
 Model: 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Interrog. Form 
 Is gold found in Alas- 
 ka? 
 
 etc. 
 
 Ind. Pres. 
 
 Ord. Form 
 Gold is found in Alas- 
 ka. 
 
 etc. 
 
 Comp'd Form 
 Gold is being found in 
 Alaska. 
 
 etc. 
 
 Practice. — Change the verbs of the following sentences 
 through the tense forms oi^the Indicative and Potential Pas- 
 sive. (Use order and method followed with active verbs of 
 Ex. VII.) 
 
 1. Heroes are found in every land. 
 
 2. We are preserved in life by the hand of God. 
 
 3. The stars are called the eyes of heaven. 
 
 4. Every citizen of this country is allowed to vote. 
 
 5. Thou art acknowledged the bravest warrior in the land. 
 
 6. Our battleships are named after the States. 
 
 7. You are deceived in your opinion of Napoleon. 
 
 8. The moon is lighted by the sun. 
 
 9. Our flag is respected the world over. 
 10. You are honored for your bravery. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 61 
 
 EXERCISE IX 
 
 Model: Act. — The Americans routed the Spaniards in 
 every action of the war. 
 Pass. — The Spaniards were routed by the Ameri- 
 cans in every action of the war. 
 Remarks. — Note that in changing this active sentence to 
 the passive the following rules are observed: — 
 
 (1) The subject of the active sentence becomes in the pas- 
 sive an objective case governed by the preposition by. 
 
 (2) The object of the active sentence becomes, in the pas- 
 sive sentence, the subject. 
 
 Practice. — Change the following sentences from the active 
 to the passive as in model. 
 
 1. The guileless often outwit the crafty. 
 
 2. Caesar led the Roman legions into Britain. 
 
 3. America will rule the sea for centuries. 
 
 4. We possess the largest coal mines in the world. 
 
 5. South America has witnessed countless revolutions during the 
 
 last half-century. 
 
 6. England deserves the praise of overcoming Napoleon. 
 
 7. Napoleon had cowed all the nations of Europe. 
 
 8. Before the dawn of another century, republics shall have replaced 
 
 kingdoms throughout the world. 
 
 9. Our isthmian canal may involve the United States in many wars. 
 
 10. The most skillful engineer could not bridge the ocean. 
 
 11. The laws of the United States forbid the immigration of undesir- 
 
 able foreigners. 
 
 12. Some one may have sent a message to Mars. 
 
 13. Experienced men could have fought the battles of the Civil War 
 
 with less loss of life. 
 
 14. Too much rain often ruins the crops. 
 
 15. The United States purchased the territory of Louisiana for fifteen 
 million dollars. 
 
 16. No one has held the office of President foi more than two terms. 
 
 17. The United States may some day embrace the whole of North 
 America. 
 
62 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 18. The Oregon might have met Cervera's fleet. 
 
 19. Our mountains conceal fabulous treasures of silver and gold. 
 
 20. Water covers three-fourths of the globe. 
 
 21. The heat of summer ripens the waving fields. 
 
 22. All peoples possess some knowledge of Christ. 
 
 23. No one has ever discovered inhabitants on the moon. 
 
 24. Before the arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers, the Spaniards had 
 founded St. Augustine. 
 
 25. The English colonized the North and Middle Atlantic coast. 
 
 EXERCISE X 
 
 Model: Pass. — Criminals are punished by the law. 
 
 Act. — The law punishes criminals. 
 Remarks. — In changing this passive sentence to the active 
 form, the following rules are observed: — 
 
 (1) The subject of the passive sentence becomes the object 
 in the active sentence. 
 
 (2) The agent of the passive action — ^the person or thing 
 by whom the passive action is done — becomes the subject of 
 the active sentence. 
 
 Practice. — Change the following sentences from the Passive 
 to the Active form. 
 
 1. Many foreign ships are built by our shipwrights. 
 
 2. Canals were constructed in very ancient times by the Egyptians. 
 
 3. Our American volunteers have been preferred by many military 
 experts to regulars. 
 
 4. In the future, American exports will be carried by American 
 ships. 
 
 5. Before the end of the century, aerial navigation shall have been 
 adopted by all nations. 
 
 6. American iron and steel are used by all the nations of the world. 
 ' 7. By the expenditure of a few millions of dollars our navy can be 
 
 made the greatest in the world. 
 
 8. Our western prairies should be irrigated by the government. 
 
 9. By the middle of this century, steam power may be replaced by 
 electric. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 63 
 
 10. The North Pole may have been discovered by some of the last 
 explorers. 
 
 11. In the event of a general European war, England will be troubled 
 by her colonies. 
 
 12. The seal fisheries were protected by the most stringent regulations. 
 
 13. The rich are sought by flatterers. 
 
 14. Our western rivers have not been cared for suificiently by the 
 government. 
 
 15. The stars were placed by God like lamps in the sky. 
 
 16. Thousands of men, women and children are often butchered by 
 the Turks. 
 
 17. China may be divided by the greedy European powers. 
 
 18. The Russians should be kept out of China by the Great Wall. 
 
 19. The manufacture of cigarettes should have been prohibited by the 
 law years ago. 
 
 20. Before the first blush of dawn, the moon will have been frightened 
 from the sky by the morning star. 
 
 21. Many cases of blindness have been cured by skillful physicians. 
 
 22. Many mountain peaks are covered by perpetual snow. 
 
 23. Africa will never be ruled wholly by white men. 
 
 24. The friendship of America is sought by most of our neighbors. 
 
 25. Cuban liberty was readily acknowledged by the United States. 
 
 EXERCISE XI 
 
 Model: Act. — Our western wheat-fields are feeding more 
 than our own country. 
 Pass. — More than our own country is being fed by 
 our western wheat-fields. 
 Remarks. — It is often hard for students to distinguish be- 
 tween the compound active form of tenses (consisting of some 
 tense of the verb ''to be'' and the participle in "-ing'O and 
 the ordinary passive of the verb. The difficulty arises from 
 the fact that the auxihary verb "to be'' is used in the conju- 
 gation of this compound form of the active tenses and also in 
 the conjugation of the passive voice of any verb. The stu- 
 dent must remember that in order for any tense of a verb to 
 
64 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 be passive it must be a compound of the verb * ' to be '' and the 
 past participle of the verb. A compound active tense of any 
 verb is made up of some tense of the auxihary verb "to be'' 
 and the present participle of the verb. 
 
 In changing the above sentence from active to passive, it 
 will be observed that the same rules are followed as in Ex. IX. 
 
 Practice. — Change the following sentences from active to 
 passive, retaining in passive the compound form of the verb- 
 tense. 
 
 1. The world is watching the experiments in wireless telegraphy. 
 
 2. For years to come, malcontent Filipinos will be exciting short- 
 lived rebellions against our rule. 
 
 3. Napoleon was planning his escape from Elba. 
 
 4. For months before the Declaration of Independence, the colonies 
 had been considering a revolution. 
 
 5. For over a century, the French have been suffering the effects of 
 the Reign of Terror. 
 
 6. We are all studying the foreign policy of the United States. 
 
 7. For ages the energy of man had been conquering nature. 
 
 8. American athletes are constantly defeating their European com- 
 petitors. 
 
 9. We may be twenty-five years constructing the Panama canal. 
 
 10. The sea has been battering our coasts from time immemorial. 
 
 11. The manufacturers may have been putting good material into the 
 worthless guns. 
 
 12. Our engineers will be perfecting our coast-defenses for years. 
 
 EXERCISE XII 
 
 Remark. — The student will observe that in Exercises IX and 
 XI all the active verbs have objects in the objective case, — 
 which become the subjects when the sentences are changed 
 to the passive form. If the verb of any sentence has no ob- 
 ject, the sentence cannot be changed to the passive form. 
 As no intransitive or neuter verb has an object, no sentence 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 65 
 
 whose verb is intransitive or neuter can be changed to the 
 passive form. 
 
 Practice. — Change the following sentences to passive form. 
 If in any case the change cannot be made, give the reason why. 
 
 1. The Romans admitted conquered nations to citizenship. 
 
 2. The wild mountain torrent rushes down to the sea. 
 
 3. The Old Guard failed at Waterloo. 
 
 4. A thousand Grecian arrows flew towards the walls of Troy. 
 
 5. Jason carried home the Golden Fleece. 
 
 6. A thousand mountain peaks glitter in the sunshine. 
 
 7. Three hundred Spartans held the Persian host at bay. 
 
 8. Horatius leaped into the foaming river at his back. 
 
 9. The volcano's fires blazed red through all the night. 
 
 10. The soldiers and marines fought shoulder to shoulder. 
 
 11. The alarm bell rang day and night. 
 
 12. The allied forces marched many miles. 
 
 EXERCISE XIII ' 
 
 Model : Act. — If England and the United States make an 
 aUiance, all Europe will form a compact 
 against them. 
 Pass. — ^If an alliance is made by England and the 
 United States, a compact against them 
 will be formed by all Europe. 
 Remark. — In this complex sentence, both clauses are 
 changed from the active to the passive construction. In do- 
 ing this the rules laid down in Ex. IX for the change of a 
 simple active sentence to the passive must be put into prac- 
 tice in each clause of the complex sentence. 
 
 Practice. — Change the following complex sentences from 
 the active to the passive form. 
 
 1. Blticher eluded the French marshal v/ho was watching him. 
 
 2. While Sherman was leading his army through Georgia, Grant was 
 pressing Richmond. 
 
66 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 3. No army will ever take Gibraltar, as long as England garrisons the 
 rock well. 
 
 4. The men who overcame the Mexicans in eighteen hundred and 
 forty-eight defended the Union in eighteen hundred and sixty-one. 
 
 5. Until inventors perfect airships, the public will not trust them. 
 
 6. Alter the Americans destroyed Cervera's fleet at Santiago, the 
 Spaniards readily surrendered the city. 
 
 7. The Boers frequently defeated the superior forces which the Eng- 
 lish sent against them. 
 
 8. When the waters from the snow, melted in the mountains, swell 
 its current, the Mississippi often breaks its levees. 
 
 9. As we ridicule the customs of the past, the future will ridi- 
 cule us. 
 
 10. The colonists, whom the soldiers of George III despised at the be- 
 ginning of the revolution, before the end of the struggle humbled the 
 Ked Coats to the dust. 
 
 EXERCISE XIV 
 
 Model: Pass. — As soon as China is divided by the Euro- 
 pean powers, Japan, too, will be coveted 
 by them. 
 Act. — As soon as the European powers divide 
 China, they will covet Japan too. 
 Remark. — In changing a complex sentence, both of whose 
 members are passive, to active form, apply in each member 
 the rules given in Ex. X. 
 
 Practice. — Change to active form: — 
 
 1. The Americans, who were taken prisoners by the Spaniards, were 
 treated courteously by their captors. 
 
 2. As !ong as the army was led by skilled generals, it was not over- 
 powered by the enemy. 
 
 3. Until England was united into one kingdom by Alfred, the island 
 was harassed by domestic foes and foreign invaders. 
 
 4. The cotton rampart by which New Orleans jv as defended was set 
 on fire by the British guns. 
 
 5. When Blenheim was almost won by the French, the English were 
 led to victory by Marlborough. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 67 
 
 6. The beauty of Niagara Falls will soon be spoilt by the power- 
 plants which are being built by greedy capitalists. 
 
 7. If locks were built by the government, many of our now useless 
 rivers could be utilized by commerce. 
 
 8. The daring of automobilists who have been killed by their own 
 carelessness will not be imitated by the wise. 
 
 9. The men who were pinched by hunger and cold at Valley Forge 
 will be sung by poets for evermore. 
 
 10. The rivers, which are swollen to unruly floods by the spring rains, 
 are sometimes completely dried up by the summer heat. 
 
 EXERCISE XV 
 
 Model. — (1) The horse led in the race. 
 
 (2) The black horse easily led in the great race. 
 
 Remarks. — Both of these sentences are simple. The first 
 is expanded in the second by the introduction of adjectives 
 to signify a qualification of ^^ horse ^' and of ^' race '' and of an 
 adverb to qualify the verb. 
 
 Practice. — Expand the following sentences by the intro- 
 duction of adjectives to qualify the nouns and of adverbs to 
 qualify the verbs. 
 
 1. The general was defeated in the battle. 
 
 2. The island was submerged by the river. 
 
 3. Americans are astonishing the world by inventions. 
 
 4. Railroads have built up the country. 
 
 5. Nations are maintaining armies. 
 
 6. Clouds cover the sky. 
 
 7. Stars shine through the night. 
 
 8. Soldiers pursue the enemy. 
 
 9. Gardens have flowers. 
 
 10. The governments are building navies 
 
 11. The liners are beating the records. 
 \2. Volcanoes are feared by men. 
 
68 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 EXERCISE XVI 
 
 Model. — (1) The lieutenant shot the leader. 
 
 (2) The lieutenant in the red cloak shot the leader of the 
 rebels. 
 
 Remark. — In the second sentence, the phrase, '4n the 
 red cloak", qualifies ^'lieutenant'', a noun; therefore it is an 
 adjective in force. As it is introduced by the preposition 
 "in'', it is called a prepositional adjective phrase. *' Of the 
 rebels" is also a prepositional adjective phrase. • 
 
 Practice. — Qualify the nouns of the following sentences by 
 prepositional adjective phrases. 
 
 1. The companies were defeated by the squadrons. 
 
 2. The waves wear away the rocks. 
 
 3. The Old Guard led the army. 
 
 4. The Light Brigade charged the hosts. 
 
 5. The English beheld a rampart. 
 
 6. The minerals astonish the searchers. 
 
 7. The van was sighted by the sentries. 
 
 8. Thousands are wasting lives. 
 
 9. The cavalry is the finest arm. 
 10. Dewey passed the forts. 
 
 EXERCISE XVII 
 
 Model. — (1) Sheridan charged the enemy. 
 
 (2) Calling on his men, Sheridan charged the enemy com- 
 ing down the road.. 
 
 Remark. — In this example the first sentence is expanded 
 by means of the phrases ''Calling on his men" and "coming 
 down the road ". Both these phrases express a quality, — the 
 first of Sheridan, the second of the enemy^ therefore they 
 are adjective phrases. As they are introduced by parti- 
 ciples they are called participial adjective phrases. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 69 
 
 Practice. — Qualify either the subject or object of the fol- 
 lowing sentences by a participial adjective phrase. 
 
 1. The morning star precedes the day 
 
 2. The moon silvers the waves. 
 
 3. The smoke burdens the air. 
 
 4. The steamer cleaves the wave. 
 
 5. Napoleon led his army home. 
 
 6. Railroads display our industry. 
 
 7. Fleets help commerce. 
 
 8. Cuba can supply us with sugar. 
 
 9. The cotton-gin enriched the South. 
 
 10. The printing press enlightened a world. 
 
 EXERCISE XVIII 
 
 Model. — (1) The island gleams across the pass. 
 
 (2) The island, a wilderness of palmetto, gleams across 
 the pass. 
 
 Remark. — In this example the first sentence is expanded 
 by the addition of the phrase " a wilderness of palmetto '\ 
 This phrase is an adjective phrase because it qualifies 
 ''island". It is an appositional adjective phrase because it 
 is introduced by a noun. 
 
 Practice. — Expand the following sentences by the addition 
 of one or more appositional adjective phrases. 
 
 1. The oaks lord it over the smaller trees. 
 
 2. The tides bring up their battering rams. 
 
 3. The clouds gleam white above the western horizon. 
 
 4. The steamships often cross the ocean in less than six days. 
 
 5. The batteries down the bay guard New York harbor. 
 
 6. Steam was not utilized to any great extent till the early part of 
 the nineteenth century. 
 
 7. The lilac is in bloom. 
 
 8. Twenty thousand soldiers were sent in the first transports. 
 
 9. Cuba was long the scene of civil war. 
 
 10. The Civil War left a nation instead of an assembly of states. 
 
70 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 EXERCISE XIX 
 
 Model. — (1) The general faced the enemy. 
 
 (2) The General, brave even in his old age, faced the enemy. 
 
 Remark. — A collection of words such as '* brave even in his 
 old age'' qualifying a noun and introduced by an adjective 
 is called a simple adjective phrase. 
 
 Practice. — Qualify some noun or nouns of the following 
 sentences by an adjective phrase or phrases. 
 
 1. Raleigh spread his cloak under the feet of the queen. 
 
 2. The Puritans landed at Plymouth Rock. 
 
 3. The Monitor came out towards the Merrimac. 
 
 4. The sun rose from behind a bank of clouds. 
 
 5. The air choked the firemen. 
 
 6. The engine dragged the train. 
 
 7. The grumbling of the volcano could be heard by the rescuers. 
 
 8. The waves combed out on the shore. 
 
 9. Soldiers never desert their colors. 
 10. Napoleon led the French to Moscow. 
 
 EXERCISE XX. 
 
 Model. — (1) The French charged the EngUsh. 
 
 (2) After many repulses, the French at Waterloo charged 
 the English with redoubled vigor. 
 
 Remark. — In (2) "after many repulses^' marks the time 
 of '' charged '^- " at Waterloo " marks the place of "charged ''; 
 "with redoubled vigor" marks the manner of "charged"; 
 therefore they all express a quality of the verb, are adverbial 
 in force. All groups of words, containing no finite verb, 
 and marking the time, the place, the manner, the means, the 
 instrument, of a verb are adverbial phrases, no matter how 
 introduced. 
 
 Practice. — Qualify the verbs in the following simple sen- 
 tences by at least one adverbial phrase. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 71 
 
 1. The whale attacked the boat. 
 
 2. The general heard the guns. 
 
 3. Napoleon tried to escape to America. 
 
 4. Jefferson bought the territory of Louisiana. 
 
 5. Washington crossed the Delaware. 
 
 6. The great brand made lightnings. 
 
 7. Sir Bedivere's harness clashed. 
 
 8. The sunlight checkers the ground. 
 
 9. The moisture of distilling rains and melting snows is held. 
 10. Nature has adorned the vine. 
 
 EXERCISE XXI 
 
 Model. — (1) Hiawatha waited. 
 
 He was at the doorway of his wigwam. 
 
 (2) At the doorway of his wigwam, Hiawatha waited. 
 
 Remark. — The two sentences in (1) have been combined 
 into one simple sentence by expressing the sense of the second 
 in an adverbial phrase. Two sentences may likewise be com- 
 bined into one simple sentence by changing one sentence into 
 an adjective or adjective phrase. 
 
 Practice. — * Combine the following pairs of sentences into 
 single simple sentences by expressing the sense of the sen- 
 tences marked (adj.) by adjectives or adjective phrases, and 
 the sense of those marked (adv.) by adverbs or adverbial 
 phrases. 
 
 * In this and all the following exercises in sentence-structure, the 
 teacher will find it profitable, if his class be capable of it, to have his 
 pupils, after working out the exercise as here proposed, invent original 
 phrases and clauses for the expansion of each of the sentences set down 
 in every exercise. It will also be profitable to have them express their 
 sentences in several forms, declarative, interrogative, imperative, etc. 
 As a test of their knowledge it may be well, on the completion of each 
 exercise, to demand from the pupils some original sentences of the kind 
 built in the exercise. For these original sentences the teacher may 
 asa^n the subject or topic, but should give no other help. 
 
72 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 1. There are three vines. 
 
 They are in an ancient forest, (adv.) 
 
 2. The Rabbi leaped into the city of the dead. 
 He had the Death-AngePs sword, (adv.) 
 
 3. The queen loosed the casque. 
 The casque was shattered, (adj.) 
 
 4. The bells ring loud. 
 
 They ring from the old monastic tower, (adv.) 
 
 5. Napoleon fled from Elba. 
 
 He was confident of his power over the French, (adj.) 
 
 6. The fame of John overflowed Asia. 
 
 He was called the golden-mouthed, (adj.) 
 
 7. There is a valley of sweet roses. 
 
 It is by Bendemeer's stream, (adv.) 
 S. The snows are sparkling to the moon. 
 
 They lie deep on the convent roof, (adj.) 
 9. The storm redoubled its force. 
 
 This was after a partial lull, (adv.) 
 10. The traveler sees clusters of nut-brown cottages. 
 
 They nestle among the sloping orchards, (adj.) 
 
 EXERCISE XXII 
 
 Model. — (1) It was midnight. 
 
 The tent was guarded. 
 
 The Turk was dreaming of victory. 
 
 (2) At midnight, in his guarded tent, the Turk was dream- 
 ing of victory. 
 
 Remark. — Three simple sentences are here combined into 
 one simple sentence, by expressing the sense of two of these 
 sentences by phrases. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 single simple sentences. The abbreviations (adj.) and 
 (adv.) mean the same as in the previous exercise. 
 
 1. It was ten days later, (adv.) 
 A lugger entered the bayou. 
 It was full of armed men. (adj.) 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 73 
 
 2. Jason went after the Golden Fleece. 
 His ship was the Argo. (adv.) 
 
 The golden fleece was in Colchis, (adv.) 
 
 3. The night dews are falling on still waters. 
 
 The waters flow between walls of shadowy granite, (adj.) 
 They flow in a gleaming pass, (adj.) 
 
 4. Perry captured a British fleet. 
 
 It was in the Battle of Lake Erie, (adv.) 
 
 He was without previous experience in battle, (adj.) 
 
 5. A distant sail excited our curiosity. 
 
 It was gliding along the edge of the ocean, (adj.) 
 It was almost sundown, (adv.) 
 
 6. The moon rises in the east behind the fleecy clouds. 
 She quenches the stars with her kindling light, (adj.) 
 The clouds are silvered by her rays, (adj.) 
 
 7. The white glaciers blaze. 
 
 They are like mighty serpents with scales of fire, (adj.) 
 It is daybreak, (adv.) 
 
 8. A terrible battle was fought at Gettysburg, (adv.). 
 Over fifty thousand men were lost. 
 
 The battle was fought by Northern and Southern forces, (adj.) 
 
 9. The brook is ice-bound, (adj.) 
 Its only sound is a soft gurgle. 
 The gurgle is hard to hear, (adj.) 
 
 10. The block of buildings is very valuable, (adj.) 
 It is in the middle of the city, (adj.) 
 Fire has destroyed it. 
 
 EXERCISE XXIII 
 
 Model. — (1) The river glides along noiselessly. 
 
 It is changeable as the sky above it. 
 
 It has high cliffs on one side. 
 
 It has rich meadows on the other side. 
 
 (2) Changeable as the sky above it, the river glides along 
 noiselessly, with high cliffs on one side and rich meadows on 
 the other. 
 
74 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 Remark. — Here four simple sentences are combined into 
 one by changing three of them into phrases. 
 
 Practice. — Change each group of the following sentences 
 into a single simple sentence, by changing three of the 
 sentences into phrases. The abbreviations (adj.) and (adv.) 
 mean the same as in the previous exercises. 
 
 1. Captain Kidd was sent to put down the pirates, (adj.) 
 He was sent by the Governor of New York, (adj.) 
 He himself became a pirate. 
 
 He was the most famous pirate of any time, (adj ) 
 
 2. The Acadians were happy, (adj.) 
 
 They were driven from their homes and country. 
 They were expelled by the British, (adj.) 
 They were expelled without warning, (adv.) 
 
 3. It was evening, (adv.) 
 
 The air was clear and tranquil, (adv.) 
 
 The thin column of pale, blue smoke curled upward. 
 
 It curled from the cabins of the negro quarters, (adv.) 
 
 4. A cumbrous boat floated dowTi the beautiful river. 
 It was rowed by Acadian boatmen, (adj.) 
 
 It floated into the golden stream, (adv.) 
 
 The stream was the broad and swift Mississippi, (adj.) 
 
 5. Master Simon covered himself with glory. 
 He showed great stateliness. (adv.) 
 
 He walked a minuet, (adj.") 
 
 His partner was Dame Mince Pie. (adj.) 
 
 6. Thousands of silken lanterns were hung. 
 
 These had been painted by the most delicate pencils of Can- 
 ton, (adj.) 
 
 They hung from bamboo arches, minarets and towers, (adv.) 
 These had been erected about the gardens, (adj.) 
 
 7. The long avalanches are rolled down the mountain side. 
 
 They are rolled down in streams brighter than the light- 
 ning, (adv.) 
 
 They send a tribute of driven snow to heaven, (adj .) 
 These tributes are like altar-smoke, (adj.) 
 
 8. Virgil became acquainted with Augustus and other noted Ro- 
 mans, (adj .) 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 75 
 
 He lived at Rome. 
 
 He wrote Latin poems, (adj.) ^-^ 
 
 These poems are read even at the present day. (adj.) 
 9. Above the puny scrub timber rises the fort. 
 It is an angular ruddy mass of old brick, (adv.) 
 Its ditches swarm with crabs, (adv.) 
 
 Its sluiceways are half choked by obsolete cannon shot, (adv.) 
 10. He awoke in his own room, (adv.) 
 He heard his mother's voice. 
 She was calling him. (adj.) 
 
 The room was now flooded with the gold of the morning 
 sun. (adj .) 
 
 EXERCISE XXIV 
 
 Model. — (1) The coast is rock-girt. 
 
 There are bowlders along it. 
 
 They are hurled along by the waves. 
 
 They act like battering rams. 
 
 They destroy the coast. 
 
 (2) The bowlders along the rock-girt coast, hurled along 
 by the waves, destroy it like battering rams. 
 
 Remark. — Here five separate simple sentences are com- 
 bined into one by converting four of them into adjective or 
 adverbial phrases. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 single simple sentences as in model. The abbreviations 
 (adj.) and (adv.) mean the same as in the previous exercises. 
 
 1. The bellowing tide rushed from the Gulf. 
 It was unresisted, (adj.) 
 
 It tore and swallowed the land in its course, (adj.) 
 It plowed out deep-sea channels, (adj.) 
 It rent islands in twain, (adj.) 
 
 2. The ancient Roman road ran through a sea of shadows. 
 It was snow-covered, (adj.) 
 
 It was like a thick, smooth wake of foam, (adj.) 
 The wake was left by some great ship, (adj.) 
 The ship plowed the green ocean long ago. (adj.) 
 
76 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 3. The professor entered the room. 
 
 He entered wheezing and puffing, (adj.) 
 
 He elbowed his way through the throng, (adj.) 
 
 He had a look of sturdy self-confidence on his face, (adj.) 
 
 He had a thick Greek quarto in his hands, (adj.) 
 
 4. It was a brilliant moonlight night, (adv.) 
 It was extremely cold, (adj.) 
 
 Our chaise was whirled along. 
 The ground was frozen, (adv.) 
 The horses were galloping, (adv.) 
 
 5. Ponce de Leon came within sight of a coast. 
 He called it the land of Easter, (adj .) 
 This was on Easter Sunday, (adv.) 
 
 It was in the year 1513. (adj.) 
 
 He was searching for the fountain of perpetual youth, (adj.) 
 
 6. Maisonneuve was left alone, (adj.) 
 
 He retreated down the beaten track, (adj .) 
 
 He held the Indians at bay. 
 
 They were pursuing him. (adj.) : 
 
 He had a pistol in each hand, (adv.) 
 
 7. It was moonlight, (adv.) 
 Boats shot past us. 
 
 This was occasional, (adv.) 
 They had high sails, (adj.) 
 These sails caught every breeze from over the hills, (adj.) 
 
 8. The brook runs through the listening woods, (adj.) 
 It plays low, tremulous music. 
 
 It plays through all the sweet summer, (adv.) 
 
 Its harp-strings are dark water, (adv.) 
 
 Its strings are fingered by the silvery pebbles. (adj.\ 
 
 9. The boat was lost in a maze of waters, (adj.) 
 The waters were sluggish and devious, (adj.) 
 They were like a network of steel, (adj.) 
 
 The network extended in every direction, (adj .) 
 
 The network extended under the towering and tenebrous boughs 
 of the cypress. 
 
 10. The road led from Antioch. (adj.) -• 
 
 The road wound for five miles along the foot of the moun- 
 tains, (adv.) 
 
 It wound among plantations of myrtles and mulberries. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 77 
 
 It had a wide outlook over the valley of the Orontes. (adj.) 
 It had a wide outlook over the distant, shimmering sea. ^adj.) 
 
 EXERCISE XXV 
 
 Model. — (1) The French were defeated at Waterloo. 
 
 Napoleon tried to escape to America. 
 
 (2) After the French were defeated at Waterloo, Napoleon 
 tried to escape to America. 
 
 Remark. — Here two sentences are combined into one. 
 This one sentence is a complex sentence, because it has two 
 finite verbs and two clauses; one of which is dependent, the 
 other principal or independent. The clause "after the 
 French were defeated at Waterloo^' marks the time of the 
 action indicated in the principal clause; therefore fulfills for 
 the principal clause the purpose of an adverb and is to be 
 considered therefore as dependent. 
 
 Practice. — Change the following groups of sentences into 
 complex sentences, joining the dependent to the principal 
 clause by means of the temporal conjunctions ''when'', 
 ''while'', "as long as", "as soon as", "since", "until", "be- 
 fore ", " after ". Write the dependent clause first and separate 
 it from the principal clause by means of a comma. Where 
 possible, try several combinations by means of the various 
 conjunctions. 
 
 1. Yorktown was surrendered. 
 
 Lord North acknowledged the loss of the British cause. 
 
 2. Vicksburg was taken by Grant. 
 
 The power of the Confederacy in the West was broken. 
 
 3. The Barons made their stand at Runnymede. 
 The liberty of Englishmen was assured. 
 
 4. Cervera was bottled up at Santiago. 
 
 Spain lost hopes of even a qualified submission. 
 
 5. The moon has a golden ring. 
 
 The old sailors prophesy hurricanes. 
 
78 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 6. Montcalm awoke on the 13th of September, 1759. 
 
 He beheld an English force of five thousand strong on the heights 
 of Abraham. 
 
 7. Cortez landed in Mexico. 
 He destroyed his ships. 
 
 8. The sun rises in the morning. 
 
 The morning star shines like a jewel on its brow. 
 
 9. The Alien and Sedition laws were passed during the Presidency of 
 John Adams. 
 
 Jefferson was elected Supreme Magistrate. 
 10. The Merrimac created havoc among the Northern vessels. 
 The Monitor appeared upon the scene. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVI 
 
 Model. — (1) The American Colonies threw oflf the yoke of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The mother-country was trying to oppress them. 
 
 (2) The American Colonies threw off the yoke of Great 
 Britain because the mother-country was trying to oppress 
 them. 
 
 Remark. — Here two independent sentences are united into 
 one complex sentence, the connection between the two being 
 made and expressed by the causal conjunction '^ because '\ 
 
 Practice. — Unite the following pairs of independent sen- 
 tences into single complex sentences by means of the causal 
 conjunctions '^because'', '^for^', ''since'', "as'', ''whereas", 
 " in as much as ". If the dependent clause precedes the prin- 
 cipal, separate them by a comma. If the dependent clause 
 follows the principal, it is generally not separated by a mark of 
 punctuation. Of all these causal con j unctions, ' ' whereas ' ' and 
 "in as much as" are the only two whose clause frequently pre- 
 cedes the principal. Dependent clauses introduced by the other 
 causal conjunctions generally follow the principal clauses. 
 
 1. The inhabitants of Martinique had no fear. 
 They thought the volcano extinct. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 79 
 
 2. The whole country is interested in the irrigation of the rainless 
 districts of the West. 
 
 Those districts with water will become exceedingly rich. 
 
 3. The Acadians made no outbreak against the English soldiery. 
 Father Felician had exhorted them to patience. 
 
 4. America will not be worsted at sea. 
 
 Our sailors are the best gunners in the worid. 
 
 5. The Revolution deluged France with innocent blood. 
 The vilest wretches in the land were its leaders. 
 
 6. Our American rivers have never been utilized to the full. 
 The government has not improved them properly. 
 
 7. South American republics will be in continual disturbance for 
 many years. 
 
 The people are exceedingly fickle and excitable. 
 
 8. Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 
 He had freed Rome from the insults of the Lombards. 
 
 9. Many American soldiers died from disease in Cuba and the Philip- 
 pines. 
 
 They did not observe necessary precautions in their food. 
 10. The humiliation of the nations is at hand. 
 
 In their pride they have cast off the yoke of God. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVII 
 
 Model. — (1) Napoleon had not marched to Moscow. 
 
 He would not have lost his crown. 
 
 (2) If Napoleon had not marched to Moscow, he would 
 not have lost his crown. 
 
 Remark. — Two independent sentences are here changed 
 into one complex sentence, the dependent clause being intro- 
 duced by ''ii'\ 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following pairs of simple sentences 
 into single complex sentences, making one of the sentences a 
 dependent clause introduced by ''if'\ ''unless^', ' though". 
 Separate dependent and principal clauses by a comma. 
 
 1. Unanimity prevails in a body of men. 
 Success is sure. 
 
80 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 2. You are youthful and ambitious. 
 
 You cannot fail in your endeavors. 
 5. Europe united against him. 
 
 Napoleon was more than equal to his necessities. 
 
 4. We give ourselves night and day to our work. 
 We make no perceptible progress. 
 
 5. Only three hundred Greeks stood in the pass of Thermopyla 
 The Persian host could not force a passage. 
 
 6. A man gains the whole world. 
 What doth it profit him? 
 
 7. Diamonds glitter Uke stars. 
 They are only a httle charcoal. 
 
 8. Oil is spread over the waters. 
 The storm is calmed. 
 
 9. The smoke from the chinmeys is blown earthward. 
 We will have an abundant rain. 
 
 10. The sky is leaden and dreary. 
 It will not snow till morning. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVIII 
 
 Model. — (1) The United States has built forts along the 
 seaboard. 
 
 The coast cities are safe from naval descents. 
 
 (2) The United States has built forts along the seaboard 
 in order that the coast cities may be safe from naval descents. 
 
 Remark. — Two simple sentences are here united into one 
 complex sentence by means of the conjunction of purpose 
 '4n order that'\ It will be noticed that the mood of the 
 clause ''the coast cities . . .'' is changed from Indicative 
 to Potential when it is made the dependent clause — expres- 
 sive of purpose — in the complex sentence. This change from 
 Indicative to Potential is frequently required when a simple 
 sentence is converted into a dependent clause expressive of 
 purpose. 
 
 Practice. — Change the following pairs of sentences into 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 8lL 
 
 complex sentences, making one of them a dependent clause 
 introduced by ''that'^ ''in order that'\ ''lest''. 
 
 1. The Venezuelan difficulty was referred to the Court of the Hague. 
 War was avoided. 
 
 2. The mountains were tunneled by skillful engineers. 
 The people on either side were connected more closely. 
 
 3. Thousands rushed off to the Yukon. 
 
 They tried their fortunes in the gold fields. 
 
 4. Since the acquisition of the Philippines, the cities on the Pacific 
 coast are always in a flutter. 
 
 The bubonic plague is brought into them by travelers from those 
 islands. 
 
 5. Thousands of willows are cut every year from the lowlands of the 
 Mississippi and Missouri. 
 
 They are woven into mats for the protection of the levees in 
 the South. 
 
 6. The bunker capacity of war ships is made as large as possiblCo 
 They do not need re-coaling while at sea. 
 
 7. In examining incoming steamers customs officers exercise the 
 greatest care. 
 
 Precious jewels and costly silks and laces are brought in by 
 smugglers. 
 
 8. The government spends thousands of dollars yearly on the Fish 
 Commission. 
 
 Our rivers and lakes are kept stocked. 
 
 9. During electrical storms, people avoid the neighborhood of 
 large trees. 
 
 They are in danger of being struck by lightning. 
 10. Forts are scattered all along our frontier. 
 We are protected from foreign invasion. 
 
 EXERCISE XXIX 
 
 Model. — (1) Csesar was a great general. 
 Cicero was a great orator. 
 
 (2) Csesar was a greater general than Cicero was an orator. . 
 
 Remark. — Here two simple sentences become one complex : 
 
 sentence by expressing comparison between Caesar andl 
 
82 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 Cicero. When two persons or things are compared with re- 
 gard to one quaUty, generally the quality is expressed before 
 ^Hhan^' or ''as'' and not expressed after ^'than'' or ''as'', e.g. 
 " Caesar was a greater general than Pompey (was a general) ". 
 The quality compared is generalship. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following pairs of simple sentences 
 into complex sentences by instituting comparisons. 
 
 1. Alexander conquered many nations. 
 Most men have read about many nations. 
 
 2. Winter is a disagreeable season. 
 Summer is a pleasant season. 
 
 3. Grant proved himself a skillful general. 
 Sherman proved himself a skillful general. 
 
 4. Napoleon spilt the blood of many soldiers. 
 Caesar spilt the blood of many soldiers. 
 
 5. Niagara Falls carry down a great deal of water in one hour. 
 Other falls carry down a great deal of water in a year. 
 
 6. The Thirty Years War reduced the population of Germany. 
 Others wars since have not reduced the population so much. 
 
 7. During a few months of plague great numbers of people die. 
 Not as many die in years at other times. 
 
 8. War does great injury to any country. 
 Famine does great injury to any country. 
 
 9. European countries spend great sums on standing armies. 
 Less would suffice to banish poverty from the land. 
 
 10. Wide boundaries are a great benefit to a country. 
 Wide boundaries are a great danger to a country. 
 
 EXERCISE XXX 
 
 Model. — (1) Even the most patient people will sooner or 
 later revolt against tyranny. 
 
 The history of all times proves this. 
 
 (2) The history of all times proves that even the most 
 patient people will sooner or later revolt a"gainst tyranny. 
 
 (1) Napoleon was the greatest military genius of modern 
 times. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 83 
 
 This is ackno;vledged by friend and foe alike. 
 
 (2) That Napoleon was the greatest military genius of 
 modern times is acknowledged by friend and foe alike. 
 
 Remark. — In the first example ''what history proves'' is 
 expressed in a 'Hhaf clause. This ''that'' clause is there- 
 fore really an object after the verb "proves" and is called an 
 object clause. In the second example "what is acknowl- 
 edged" is expressed by a '^that " clause which serves the pur- 
 pose of subject and is called a subject clause. The ''that" 
 clause is regarded as a dependent clause and the combination 
 of two sentences into one as done here gives a complex 
 sentence. The use of "that " clauses is most frequent as sub- 
 jects or objects of verbs expressing perception or expression. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following pairs of sentences into 
 single complex sentences by changing one of them into a 
 "that" clause. 
 
 1. The Messiah should be born not in Jerusalem but in Bethlehem 
 of Judah. 
 
 The prophets had said this. 
 
 2. The literature of Greece deserves the study of all educated men. 
 This is best proven by the imitation of the ages. 
 
 3. Something disastrous had come upon us. 
 No one dared to say it. 
 
 4. The bell was tolling the knell of some new tenant of the tomb. 
 I was a long time in recollecting this. 
 
 5. The power of the United States is feared by foreign nations. 
 This is shown by the respect paid our demands and requests on 
 
 every occasion. 
 
 6. Dewey nad completely destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila. 
 This was not known in the United States for nearly a week after 
 
 the event. 
 
 7. Napoleon's soldiers would follow him through all sorts of trials 
 and into any danger. 
 
 He was perfectly aware of this. 
 
 8. Old Pelee had sunk into a perpetual sleep. 
 
 It was believed by all the inhabitants of Martinique. 
 
84 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 9. The voyagers' own figures were perfectly represented in different- 
 colored threads. 
 
 The voyagers saw this on examining the splendid tapestry. 
 10. The assembled Congress had declared the independence of the 
 United States. 
 
 It was announced to the waiting and impatient people by the glad 
 ringing of the bells. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXI 
 
 Model. — (1) I have nothing to give thee in return, — only 
 this. 
 
 I can tell thee the birthplace of the Messiah. 
 
 (2) I have nothing to give thee in return, — only this, that I 
 can tell thee the birthplace of the Messiah. 
 
 Remark. — In this combination of two simple sentences into 
 one complex sentence, one of the original sentences is con- 
 verted into a ^Hhaf clause dependent on the clause ^'I have 
 nothing . . . '^ and explanatory of the word ^Hhis^'. 
 Clauses introduced by the conjunction ^Hhat^^ are frequently 
 used in English to explain a preceding noun or pronoun. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 single sentences by converting one of them into a ^'thaf 
 clause. 
 
 1. Napoleon III was anxious for a war. 
 
 According to some his only preparation for war consisted in this 
 
 2. Charles Lee was a traitor to the American cause. 
 
 The fact was not discovered for nearly a hundred years, 
 
 3. The earth was entirely flat. 
 
 Almost the whole world was once of this opinion. 
 
 4. Burgoyne was defeated. 
 
 The report was spread by the Americans among the other British 
 armies. 
 
 5. Lincoln was assassinated. ~ -, 
 
 The news caused consternation to North and South alike, 
 
 6. The planets are inhabited. 
 
 The belief has never gained much ground. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 85 
 
 7. The English have given many of their colonies an almost demo- 
 cratic government. 
 
 Their rule is liked by these colonies for this. 
 
 8. The American Government would rob their children of their faith. 
 The fear caused considerable opposition to us among the Filipinos. 
 
 9. Sherman had cut himself off from a base of supplies. 
 
 The knowledge of it gave rise to a great deal of sharp criticism. 
 10. Public opinion is behind him. 
 
 This confidence has nerved many a ruler to act against the advice 
 of his counselors. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXII 
 
 Model. — (1) The rain is falling plentifully to-day. 
 
 It will be drawn back into the clouds to-morrow. 
 
 (2) The rain which is falling plentifully to-day will be 
 drawn back into the clouds to-morrow. 
 
 Remark. — Here two simple sentences are united into one 
 complex sentence by converting one of them into a relative 
 clause. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following pairs of simple sentences 
 into complex sentences, by converting one of them into a 
 relative clause. Observe that, when the relative takes the 
 place of a noun or pronoun in the objective case, the rela- 
 tive must be put in the objective. 
 
 1. Messala was defeated by Ben Hur. 
 He hated Ben Hur. 
 
 2. Down the mossy sides of the hills run little streams. 
 These keep the valley green. 
 
 3. Some mountain valleys are sunk lower than the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 Of these the valley of the Lake of Lucerne in Switzerland is an 
 example. 
 
 4. A beautiful hoar frost was spread over the meadows during 
 the night. 
 
 It lay glittering hke a field of diamonds in the morning sun. 
 
 5. The Corsican upstart became the master of Europe. 
 
 The rulers of the other nations had continually insulted him. 
 
86 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 6. Bismarck humbled himself before the Empress. 
 He had alienated her son from her. 
 
 7. The Armenians are still massacred by the ruthless Turks. 
 Their misfortunes have excited the indignation of Europe on 
 
 many occasions. 
 
 8. The wave rolled along with a low, rich sound of whispered thunder. 
 It combed itself out in sheets of woolly foam. 
 
 9. Alexander cherished an insatiable ambition. 
 
 On account of it the worid was too small for his desires. 
 10. Charlemagne was called a man of iron. 
 His whole armor was of plain, black iron. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIII 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 complex sentences by any of the methods explained. 
 
 1. Merhn was a magician. 
 
 His vast wit and hundred winters were like loyal vassals toiling 
 for their liege. 
 
 2. Horatius leaped boldly and feariessly into the yellow Tiber. 
 The bridge was hewn down behind him. 
 
 3. Siegfried carried off the vast treasure guarded by the dragon. 
 He slew the dragon. 
 
 4. Icarus flew near the sun. 
 
 The sun melted the wax from his wings. 
 
 5. Hiawatha was far away among the forests of the mountain. 
 He heard Minnehaha's cry of anguish. 
 
 6. You wish to view fair Melrose aright. 
 Visit it by the pale moonlight. 
 
 7. The plashing of the water, like a voice half-sobbing and half- 
 laughing under the shadows, broke the deep silence. 
 
 The water was trickling through the chinks in the stones of the 
 dam. 
 
 8. The Indians placed the missionary on one of their torture- 
 scaffolds of bark. 
 
 With their sticks they had forced the blo©4- from the weakened 
 man. 
 
 9. There was Martling, a large blue-bearded Dutchman. 
 
 He had nearly taken a British frigate with an old nine-pounder. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 87 
 
 10. Canute wished to hear the sweet song of the monks of Ely. 
 He ordered his oarsmen nearer the monastery. 
 
 11. The hollow of heaven flames like the interior of a chaliee. 
 
 The waves and clouds are flying in one wild rout of broken 
 gold. 
 
 12. John Alden went on his errand, out of the street of the village, 
 into the paths of the forest. 
 
 The bluebirds and robins were building towns in the populous 
 trees, peaceful aerial cities of joy and affection and freedom, with hang- 
 ing gardens of verdure. 
 
 13. You are but a lowly shepherd from the hills. 
 You shall behold the young Child in an inn. 
 
 14. By the chiseling of the sea are cut out of the coast-wall the fan- 
 tastic pillars called Devil's pulpits. 
 
 They may be seen along almost any rocky coast. 
 
 15. I closed mine eyes. 
 
 The gems might blind my purpose. 
 
 16. The winter had been one of privations and suffering. 
 Washington's army spent the winter at Valley Forge. 
 
 17. From horizon to shore ran an uninterrupted heaving like one vast 
 green swarming of snaky forms. 
 
 It rolled in hissing and flattening on the shore. 
 
 18. Unbidden by the Directory, Napoleon returned from Egypt. 
 
 He made himself and two others supreme magistrates under the 
 name of consuls. 
 
 19. The irregular meadows run in and out like inlets of a lake among 
 these rocky mountain fields, sweet with perpetual streamlets. 
 
 In the descent these streamlets have chosen the steepest places 
 for the sake of the leaps. 
 
 20. The followers of Philip of Pokanoket were a band of native un- 
 taught heroes fighting to the last gasp in the cause of their country. 
 
 They made the most generous struggle in the power of man. 
 
 21. There was a grove full of small Hindoo temples. 
 
 It w^as planted with the most graceful trees of the East. 
 
 22. The strange denizens of the mountain looked at Rip Van Winkle 
 with a fixed statue-like gaze and strange uncouth lackluster counte- 
 nances. 
 
 His knees smote together in fear. 
 
 23. The sheen of the Assyrian spears was like stars on the sea. 
 The blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. 
 
«8 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 24. Can you see by the dawn's early light the star-spangled banner? 
 We hailed it so proudly at the twilight's last gleaming. 
 
 25. The orchards fruit-deep with apple and peach were fair as a 
 garden of the Lord. 
 
 Over the mountain-wall, winding down into Fredericktown, with 
 horse and foot marched Lee. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIV 
 
 Model. — (1) The American infantry charged from the heights. 
 
 The marines attacked daringly from the shore. 
 
 (2) The American infantry charged from the heights and 
 the marines attacked daringly from the shore. 
 
 Remark. — Here two simple sentences are united into one 
 compound sentence by means of the coordinate conjunction 
 ''and'\ 
 
 Practice. — Connect the following pairs of simple sentences 
 into compound sentences by means of the coordinate con- 
 junctions. Note the difference in sense produced by the use 
 of various conjunctions. 
 
 1. The Germans easily made ready for the Franco-Prussian war. 
 The French rushed into it altogether unprepared. 
 
 2. There will be a heavy fall of snow. 
 The rain will come down in torrents. 
 
 3. Napoleon defeated all Europe time and again. 
 Coalition after coalition was formed against him. 
 
 4. Burgoyne's communications with Lake Champlain were cut. 
 His men were soon suffering from hunger. 
 
 5. In tears our last farewell was taken. 
 Now in tears we meet again. 
 
 6. Judah was a captive by the waters of Babylon. 
 The sons of Jacob were in bondage to our kings. 
 
 7. The strong will prevailed, subduing and molding the gentler. 
 John Alden went on his errand. _ 
 
 8. The Spanish fleet under Cervera kept within the land-locked 
 harbor of Santiago. 
 
 The American fleet could not attack it. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 89 
 
 9. "Ahl my Lord Arthur, whither shall I go?" 
 
 "Where shall I hide my forehead and my eyes?" 
 10. Grandly the oaks bore themselves. 
 
 Every fiber of their knotted thews was strained in the unequal 
 contest with the sea. 
 *** 
 
 EXERCISE XXXV 
 
 Model. — (1) I returned to the drawing-room. 
 
 I found the company seated round the fire, Hstening to the 
 parson. 
 
 He was ensconced in a high-backed open chair. 
 
 (2) When I returned to the drawing-room, I found the 
 company seated round the fire Hstening to the parson, who 
 was ensconced in a high-backed open chair. 
 
 Remark. — Here three simple sentences are combined into 
 one complex sentence, consisting of one principal and two 
 dependent clauses. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of simple sen- 
 tences into complex sentences having one principal and two 
 dependent clauses. Take care not to unite two dependent 
 clauses merely by one of the copulative conjunctions. 
 
 1. An old woman had seen the ghost, through the windows of the 
 church, slowly pacing up and down the aisles. 
 
 The moon shone. 
 
 Her cottage bordered on the churchyard. 
 
 2. Night came on. 
 
 There were many of the stoutest unbelievers. 
 They were shy of venturing alone in the footpath leading across 
 the churchyard. 
 
 *** Thus far only pairs of simple sentences have been combined into 
 complex or compound sentences. Hereafter in the exercises, three or 
 more simple sentences will be combined into complex or compound 
 sentences. In practice it will probably be found advisable to change 
 this order, and to take all the exercises on complex sentences before the 
 exercises on con>pound sentences. 
 
90 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 3. The brook runs through meadows or lowland. 
 
 It keeps changing and moving its banks continually. 
 It hollows out pools or deep eddies along the shore. 
 
 4. We find the mountain brook the most delightful of all nature 
 studies. 
 
 We come upon it fresh from months of city life. 
 
 It has its source far up among the rocky, woody hill. 
 
 5. I heard the story from the lips of a veteran pilot. 
 
 We sat one evening together on the trunk of a drifted cypress. 
 Some high tide had pressed the tree deeply into the Grand Isle 
 be£ich. 
 
 6. \ou shall see a green halo kindling on the summit of the eastern 
 hills, brighter, brighter. 
 
 The large white circle of the slow moon is lifted up among the 
 barred clouds. 
 
 She quenches star after star with her kindling light. 
 
 7. The trees assume strange curves of strength and grace. 
 They bend themselves against the mountain side. 
 
 They grow heavily and stiffly from the level Hne of the plain. 
 
 8. I swore a vow before them all. 
 I had not seen the Holy Grail. 
 
 I would ride a twelvemonth and a day in quest of it. 
 
 9. In the blast of lightning there smote along the hall a beam of 
 light seven times more clear than day. 
 
 Down the beam stole the Holy Grail. 
 It was covered with a luminous cloud. 
 10. The old stage coach was at the door with horses harnessed. 
 The sunshine reached the withered sward beneath the oaks. 
 Their hoary branches murmured: "Farewell for evermore.'* 
 
 EXERCISE XXXVI 
 
 Model. — (1) The barons assembled at Runnymede» 
 They learnt the intentions of King John. 
 He did not assent to their demands. 
 He saw them resolved on victory or war. 
 (2) After the barons had assembled at Runnymede in 
 order that they might learn the intentions of King John, he 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 91 
 
 did not assent to their demands until he saw them resolved 
 on victory or war. 
 
 Remarks. — Here four simple sentences are combined into 
 one complex sentence consisting of one principal and three 
 dependent clauses. In making a combination of this kind 
 it is sometimes necessary to change the mood or tense or 
 both of some of the verbs in the original simple sentences. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 complex sentences of four clauses, one principal and three 
 dependent. 
 
 1. Slowly lifting the horn and expanding fully his broad, deep chest 
 the herdsman blew a blast. 
 
 The horn hung by his side. 
 
 The blast resounded wildly and sweet and far through the still 
 damp air of the evening. 
 
 Out of the grass the long white horns of the cattle rose like flakes 
 of foam on the adverse currents of the ocean. 
 
 2. I was thinking of my boyhood days. 
 
 I had not thought so of anything for years. 
 Something began to move over my eyes. 
 It felt like tears. 
 
 3. The king bound them by straight vows to his own self. 
 They rose, from kneeling, knighted. 
 
 Some were dazed. 
 
 A man wakes half-blinded at the coming of a light. 
 
 4. The Magian gave him a draught of a simple but potent remedy. 
 He always carried it in his girdle. 
 
 The Magians were physicians as well as astrologers. 
 
 He poured it slowly between the colorless lips of the dying man. 
 
 5. The sun rises behind a ridge crested with pine. 
 The ridge is at a distance of two miles. 
 
 The trees become trees of hght, seen in clear flame against the 
 darker sky and dazzling as the sun itself. 
 
 These trees extend for a space of three or four degrees on either 
 side of the sun. 
 
 6. The sunlight has begun to touch the waterfall. 
 Here it begins to bend. 
 
92 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 There is a bar of silver running across it. 
 This bar of silver changes only with the sun. 
 
 7. A defeat might ruin the French. 
 
 It would only exasperate the enemy. 
 
 The enemy's resources in men were incomparably greater. 
 
 Maisonneuve, the commander of the French, knew this. 
 
 8. The child stood in a lighted space, with one tiny hand enveloped 
 by the captain's great brown fist. 
 
 She looked lovely. 
 
 A general exclamation of surprise went up from the party of 
 searchers. 
 
 They had not expected to find so fair and beautiful an object 
 among these rough scavengers of the gulf. 
 
 9. Nature has not yet started out of winter. 
 A late snowstorm comes. 
 
 It turns to rain, covering the limbs of the trees with ice and put- 
 ting a crystal coating on the earth. 
 
 Next morning all the world glitters like spun glass under the rays 
 of the sun. 
 
 10. Earl Doorm went away leaving two brawny spearmen. 
 
 They advanced each growUng like a dog. 
 
 The dog's bone is plucked at by the village boys. 
 
 The boys like to vex the dog at his meal. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXVII 
 
 Model. — (1) The Old Guard made one last, grand effort. 
 
 The English seemed on the point of giving way. 
 
 Bliicher's arrival just at that moment checked the exalta- 
 tion of the French. 
 
 (2) The Old Guard made one last, grand effort, and the 
 English seemed on the point of giving way, but Bliicher's 
 arrival just at that moment checked the exaltation of the 
 French. 
 
 Remark. — Here three simple sentences are combined into 
 one compound sentence of three clauses connected by differ- 
 ent coordinate conjunctions. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 93 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of simple sen- 
 tences into compound sentences of three clauses united by 
 different coordinate conjunctions. Try to combine the sen- 
 tences in various ways by means of different conjunctions and 
 different combinations of the same conjunctions. 
 
 1. The baron told his longest stories. 
 He had never told them so well. 
 
 They had never been listened to so attentively. 
 
 2. The squire stood chuckling and rubbing his hands. 
 He heard scarcely a word of the parson's harangue. 
 
 The latter was discoursing most authentically on the ancient and 
 stately dance of the Pavo or peacock. 
 
 3. The butcher's family went even as far as an attempt at patronage. 
 They actually introduced a French dancing-master into the 
 
 neighborhood. 
 
 The worthy folks of Little Britain, taking fire at this, persecuted 
 the poor Gaul into an indecorous retreat. 
 
 4. The Americans at Yorktown did not quail before the fire of the 
 British. 
 
 The French did not hesitate one moment. 
 
 The British were forced to run up the white flag. 
 
 5. Europeans may yield themselves quietly to the sway of an heredi- 
 tary despot. 
 
 Europeans may suffer the greater tyranny of an irresponsible and 
 unjustly-governed Republic. 
 
 Americans will never permit a violation of their liberties. 
 
 6. England gathered countless armies. 
 England assembled immense fleets. 
 
 Napoleon was almost constantly successful in rendering Eng- 
 land's efforts futile. 
 
 7. America has never entered into alliances with European nations. 
 She has not even sought over anxiously for their friendship. 
 Her rights have always been respected by even the most powerful 
 
 among them. 
 
 8. The United States will buy up the rights to the Panama canal. 
 The United States will open up the water way through Nicaragua. 
 In either case there will be untold difficulties to overcome. 
 
 9. The hemlock branches hang heavy with snow. 
 
94 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The fern and bowlders Ae white and still beside the dark running 
 brook. 
 
 The charm of the brook has flown. 
 10. Small streams are generally clear and limpid. 
 
 Clearness is impossible in streams with muddy beds. 
 
 The brooks watering the great plains of the West are nearly all 
 dyed red by the clay soil. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXVIII 
 
 Model. — (1) The sexton and his companions had been 
 employed as carpenters for the celebrated Stratford jubilee. 
 
 They remembered Garrick, the prime mover of the fete. 
 
 He superintended the arrangements. 
 
 (2) The sexton and his companions had been employed as 
 carpenters for the celebrated Stratford jubilee and they re- 
 membered Garrick, the prime mover of the fete, who had 
 superintended the arrangements. 
 
 Remark. — Here three sentences are combined into one 
 compound-complex sentence containing two principal clauses 
 and one dependent clause. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences containing two principal 
 clauses and one dependent clause. It makes no difference 
 where the dependent clause occurs or what principal clause 
 it qualifies. 
 
 1. The notary *s story was ended. 
 
 The blacksmith stood like a man anxious to speak. 
 All his thoughts were congealed into lines on his face. 
 
 2. The tawny grasses are all covered with something like husks, — 
 wheat-colored husks, — ^large, flat and disposed evenly along the lee side 
 of each swaying stalk. 
 
 They present only their edges to the wind,.^ 
 On approach these husks detach themselves, fluttering away 
 before your eyes, — a whiriing flower-drift of sleepy butterflies. 
 
 3. The sun lightly fingered the topmost plumes of the great pines. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 95 
 
 The door of the cabin in the forest was closed. 
 
 A ghosthke wreath of blue smoke curled from the chimney. 
 
 4. Short and slender, wasted by sickness, gray before his time, with 
 pale cheeks and wrinkled brow, John of Antioch seemed like a person 
 of no significance, — a reed shaken by the wind. 
 
 There was a strange look in his deep-set, poignant eyes. 
 That look gathered all the glances of the multitude to him. 
 
 5. Jason could distinguish the words only confusedly. 
 Each separate leaf of the tree seemed to be a tongue. 
 The whole myriad of tongues were babbling at once. 
 
 6. The youths furbished up their helmets and shields and trusty 
 swords. 
 
 They came thronging to lolcos. 
 
 They clambered on board the new galley. 
 
 7. The clouds hold the sun's rays in a sheaf. 
 Thus a giant holds a handful of spears. 
 
 The clouds strike the horizon, touching the extreme edge with a 
 delicate revelation of light. 
 
 8. The clouds, round and brilliant, come leaping up from the hori- 
 zon for hours. 
 
 At evening the clouds are bowled by a breeze from behind. 
 The lusty south wind, rolling them on, can be heard panting for 
 breath. 
 
 9. In the great blizzards of the West all landmarks, roadways and 
 trails are obscured in a few minutes. 
 
 Travelers perish in them. 
 
 They are overcome by the wind, the cold and the driving snow. 
 10. The upper end of the island is of hard rock and compact gravel. 
 It cleaves the river in twain, leaving the two halves to spin away 
 on either side. 
 
 Thus the waters seem to hurry by the sides of a great ship at full 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIX 
 
 Model. — (1) The sea finally wears away the projecting 
 headland. 
 
 The headland leaves a sunken base a few feet below the sur- 
 face. 
 
96 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 Perhaps there remains one of those fantastic pinnacles or 
 pillars, usually called DeviPs Pulpits. 
 
 These may be seen along almost any rocky coast. 
 
 (2) When the sea finally wears away the projecting head- 
 la,nd, it leaves a sunken base a few feet below the surface, or 
 perhaps there remains one of those fantastic pinnacles or 
 pillars called Devil's Pulpits which may be seen along 
 almost any rocky coast. 
 
 Remark. — Here four simple sentences are combined into a 
 compound-complex sentence, with four clauses, two prin- 
 cipal, two dependent, — each principal clause being qualified 
 by one dependent clause. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of four clauses as in model. 
 Try to vary character of dependent clauses so that the 
 same kind of dependent clause does not quahfy both prin- 
 cipal sentences. 
 
 1. The Count de Charleu arrived at the French Court. 
 His excuses were accepted. 
 
 A tract of land in Louisiana was granted him. 
 There afterwards stood Belles Demoiselles Plantation. 
 
 2. The golden fleece was hung upon a tree in a sacred grove. 
 It was the envy of mighty kings. 
 
 They had nothing so magnificent in any of their palaces. 
 It was kept in the grove many years. 
 
 3. The fifty heroes on board the Argo held their oars perpendicularly 
 in the air. 
 
 Orpheus swept his fingers across the harp. 
 
 The vessel gliding into the sea dipped her prow deeply. 
 
 The figurehead drank the waves with its marvelous lips. 
 
 4. The two winged youths, sons of the North Wind, blustered terri- 
 bly at the Harpies. 
 
 They frightened them with their drawn swords. 
 The Harpies solemnly promised never to trouble King Phineus 
 again. 
 
 The youths had the rough temper of their father. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 97 
 
 5. The stream, where smooth, sparkles between great borders of- 
 green. 
 
 It reflects the blue sky. 
 It runs over shallows. 
 It turns to amethyst. 
 
 6. Jason, the son of the dethroned king of Colchis, was a little boy. 
 He was sent away from his parents. 
 
 He was placed under a schoolmaster. 
 
 You never heard of a queerer schoolmaster. 
 
 7. The breeze is too light to be felt. 
 
 The stiff sedges whisper to it along a mile of marsh. 
 To the strong wind they bend showing the silver of their somber- 
 little tassels. 
 
 So fish show the silver of their sides turning in the pathless sea. 
 
 8. Pennsylvania had no seacoast. 
 
 It was the only one of the colonies without one. 
 Penn secured from the Duke of York the proprietorship of Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 He wanted free access to the ocean. 
 
 9. There were several good voices in the household. 
 
 The effect of the Christmas carol was extremely pleasing. 
 
 I was particularly gratified by the exaltation of heart and sudden 
 sally of grateful feeling in the Squire. 
 
 He delivered one stanza; his eye glistening and his voice rambling- 
 out of all bounds of time and tune. 
 
 10. The monastery yard is guarded by a St. Bernard. 
 
 His single evil deed has been an attack on a neighboring poet. 
 
 He tried to make doggerel of the poet. 
 
 This one of the friars told me. 
 
 EXERCISE XL 
 
 Model. — (1) The contralto bells of the monastery have 
 taught these western hills the " Angelus'' of the French fields. 
 
 They announce the hour of night. 
 
 This hour rings with so melancholy a note from the village? 
 belfries on the Adriatic coast. 
 
 Then the latest light is passing. 
 
98 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 (2) The contralto bells have taught these western hills 
 the "Angelas" of the French fields, and announce the hour 
 of night which rings with so melancholy a note from the 
 village belfries on the Adriatic coast when the latest light is 
 passing. 
 
 Remark. — Here four simple sentences are combined into 
 one compound-complex sentence of four clauses, two prin- 
 cipal and two dependent, the two dependent sentences at- 
 tached to one of the principal clauses and one of the depend- 
 ent clauses dependent on the other. 
 *** 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences in the form a-abc or abe-a. 
 
 1. Jason and his friends slew a great many of the giants. 
 The rest took to their heels. 
 The giants had six legs instead of six arms. 
 They would have served them better to run away with. 
 
 2. A sideboard was set out under the armor of the crusader. 
 On this was a display of plate. 
 
 This plate might have vied with Belshazzar's parade of the vessels 
 of the temple: *' flagons, cans, cups, beakers, goblets, basins and ewers". 
 
 Before these stood the two yule candles, beaming like stars of the 
 first magnitude. 
 
 3. Off the children set at last; one on the pony, with the dog bound- 
 ing and barking before him, and the others holding the servant's hands. 
 
 I looked after with a strange feeling. 
 
 ***For convenience, hereafter, the construction of sentences will be 
 indicated thus: a will represent a principal clause; b, a clause immedi- 
 ately dependent on the principal clause; c, a clause dependent on a 6 
 clause ; d, a clause dependent on a c clause, etc. Thus the sentence given 
 as a model in Exercise XL is in the form a-abc. The hyphen between a 
 group of letters indicates the separation of the coordinate parts — ^the 
 principal clause with its dependent clauses. Thou^ the b and c follow 
 the a in the formula, they need not do so in the construction. They may 
 precede it. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 99 
 
 Either pleasure or sorrow predominated in this feeling. 
 I do not know which. 
 
 4. In the winter the brook is ice-bound. 
 Its only sound is a gurgle. 
 
 The water is still running away to the sea. 
 The gurgle tells this. 
 
 5. Think well of a blade of grass. 
 Judge. 
 
 Of all the gorgeous flowers and of all strong and goodly trees, 
 pleasant to the eyes and good for food, — stately palm and pine, strong 
 oak and ash, scented citron, burdened vine, — is there any by man so 
 deeply loved ? 
 
 These flowers beam in summer air. 
 
 6. It was only a handful of common clay, coarse and heavy. 
 
 It had high thoughts of its own value and wonderful dreams of a 
 great place. 
 
 This place it was to fill in the world. 
 
 The time came for its virtue to be discovered. 
 
 7. Demetrius was not a sincere fanatic Uke the apostate Emperor 
 Julian. 
 
 He had won the favor of his royal master. 
 
 Julian's vain effort to restore the worship of the heathen gods had 
 opened an easy road to wealth and honors for many. 
 These mocked Christianity. 
 
 8. Champlain was an excellent naturalist. 
 
 He has left some of the best descriptions of the Indians. 
 
 So they appeared. 
 
 They were first seen by the white men. 
 
 9. We had a glimpse of Mother Ceres half-hidden among the waving 
 corn. 
 
 The four black steeds were swiftly whirling along the chariot. 
 
 The beloved Proserpina was unwillingly borne away in the 
 chariot. 
 
 You recollect, too, Proserpina's loud screams on sinking into the 
 earth. 
 
 10. The Wars of the Roses desolated England for years. 
 
 They decimated the nobility. 
 
 The commons began to be a feature in the government. 
 
 Hitherto they had had little influence in the state. 
 
100 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 EXERCISE XLI 
 
 Model. — (1) The morning, though frosty, was remarkably 
 fine and clear. 
 
 Most of the family walked to the church. 
 
 This was a very old building of gray stone. 
 
 It stood near a village, about half a mile from the park 
 gate. 
 
 (2) The morning, though frosty, was remarkably fine and 
 clear, and most of the family walked to the church, which was 
 a very old building of gray stone and stood near a village, 
 about half a mile from the park gate. 
 
 Remark. — ^This sentence is written in form a-abb ; that is, 
 it is a compound-complex sentence having two principal 
 clauses and two dependent clauses attached to one of the 
 principal clauses. These dependent clauses are both imme- 
 diately dependent on their principal clause, — not one on the 
 other. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form a-abb or abb-a. 
 In order to have the form abb, it is not necessary that the 
 dependent clauses be united to the principal by the same 
 conjunctive nor to one another by the same or any conjunc- 
 tive. Thus the sentence, *' Napoleon fled from the field, and, 
 as he rode away through the night, his legions were cut to 
 pieces by the British, whose thirst for French blood it was 
 hard to satisfy,'' is in the form a-abb. 
 
 1. The old angler was a universal favorite in the village. 
 He was acknowledged the oracle of the tap-room. 
 There he deUghted the rustics with his songs. 
 
 There, too, he astonished them with his stories of strange lands 
 and shipwrecks and sea-fights. 
 
 2. Of late the sailor's sickness had increased. 
 
 His messmates had spread a mattress for him on deck in the shade. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLIBfl / , ,,, , jj}^ 
 
 He had taken to his hammock. 
 
 He only breathed a wish to see his wife before his death, 
 
 3. The beach is sandy and quite flat. 
 
 The broken wave pushes its waters in a gentle flood upward in 
 rings and half-circles. 
 
 These rings and half -circles are edged with white-beaded foam. 
 
 These rings and half-circles, advancing and pausing for a few 
 seconds, take on wonderful and still more wonderful colors. 
 
 4. The first fall of snow in the glen produces the picturesque. 
 The hemlock branches hang heavy. 
 
 The fern and bowlders He white and still beside the dark-running 
 brook. 
 
 The charm of the brook has flown. 
 
 5. The sea may be terrible to some. 
 
 Some have lived upon it or beside it all their lives. 
 
 Some know it well. 
 
 It is lovable in its stem character and majestic desolation. 
 
 6. *' My little Proserpina, you are a spoiled child." 
 "You see the nice things." 
 
 "Your appetite will quickly come again." 
 "My cook will make the nice things for you." 
 
 7. Ceres had mistaken the rumbhng of the chariot wheels for a peal 
 of thunder. 
 
 A shower was coming up. 
 
 It would assist her in making the corn grow. 
 
 So she imagined. 
 
 8. About the break of day the knight was awakened by a great roar- 
 ing and pounding. 
 
 Looking out of the window, he saw the river in flood with black 
 waves. 
 
 The black waves were spuming like wild beasts. 
 
 They were driving before them great logs and broken trees. 
 
 9. Often in our English mornings, the rain-clouds in the dawn form 
 soft level fields. 
 
 These melt imperceptibly into the blue. 
 
 When of less extent, they gather into apparent bars, crossing the 
 sheets of broader clouds above. 
 
 All these rain-clouds are bathed throughout in an unspeakable 
 light of pure rose-color and purple and amber and blue, not shining but 
 misty soft. 
 
102 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 '*>*',/<;' ; c\', 
 
 10. Moved to its entrails, all the islet of oaks trembled. 
 
 The sea magnified its menace. 
 
 The sea reached out widely to the trees already fallen. 
 
 The rest of the oaks, standing on and striving in line, saved the 
 habitations defended by them. 
 
 EXERCISE XLII 
 
 Model. — (1) Overhead, in the spring sunshine, the trees 
 whispered together of glory. 
 
 The glory descended upon them. 
 
 The delicate leaves and blossoms began to expand. 
 
 The forest glowed with fair, clear colors. 
 
 The dust of thousands of rubles and emeralds was hanging 
 in the soft clouds above the earth. 
 
 (2) Overhead, in the spring sunshine, the trees whispered 
 together of the glory which descended upon them when the 
 delicate blossoms and leaves began to expand, and the forest 
 glowed with fair, clear colors as if the dust of thousands of ru- 
 bies and emeralds were hanging in soft clouds above the earth. 
 
 Remark. — Here five sentences are combined into one 
 compound-complex sentence of the form abc-ab. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form abc-ab or ab-abc. 
 
 1. The flowers, surprised with the joy of beauty, bent their heads tc 
 one another. 
 
 The wind caressed them. 
 They wondered at their fairness. 
 They had become so lovely. 
 They made the day bright. 
 
 2. The knight and the maid walked in the garden. 
 The days were fair and still. 
 
 The river ran lowly and slowly. ~ - _^ 
 
 It was full of gentleness. 
 
 Its god had never shown such gentleness before. 
 
 3. Lowland trees may lean to this side and that. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 103 
 
 There is but a meadow breeze. 
 
 This bends them. 
 
 Pines will always grow straight. 
 
 Storm and avalanche may do their worst. 
 
 4. His dear mother was now to be taken from him. 
 Cadmus, bursting into tears, refused to believe. 
 
 It was better for her spirit to pass out of the toil, the weariness, the 
 grief and disappointment. 
 
 All these had burdened her on earth. 
 Telephassa at length made him discern this. 
 
 5. There was fire in the chimney of the chamber. 
 
 Ceres and the little prince were accustomed to sleep in that 
 chamber. 
 
 The fire crumbled into great coals and embers. 
 
 These lay flickering on the hearth, with the blaze starting up now 
 and then. 
 
 The blaze flung a warm and ruddy light upon the walls. 
 
 6. In her despair over the loss of her daughter Ceres came to a dread- 
 ful resolution. 
 
 Not a stalk of grain, nor a blade of grass, nor a potato, nor a turnip, 
 nor any other vegetable good for man or beast would be suffered to grow. 
 Her daughter was restored. 
 She even forbade the flowers to bloom. 
 Somebody's heart would be cheered by their beauty. 
 
 7. On Christmas night, 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware in 
 open boats. 
 
 The river was full of floating ice. 
 
 He marched nine miles through a blinding snowstorm. 
 
 He surprised the British under Cornwallis. 
 
 The British were altogether unsuspicious of his intentions. 
 
 8. There was a noble way in former times of saying things simply and 
 proudly. 
 
 Then all men were brave and true. 
 
 Not an epitaph within my knowledge breathes a loftier conscious- 
 ness of family worth and honorable lineage. 
 
 All the brothers were brave and all the sisters virtuous. 
 This, an epitaph of that old day affirms of a noble house. 
 
 9. The darkness and fog preceded the dawn. 
 
 Some few Indians, breaking through the besiegers in the darkness 
 and fog, escaped into the woods. 
 
104 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The rest were left to their conquerors, to be killed in the swamp 
 like sullen dogs. 
 
 They did not implore for mercy. 
 
 They would rather in their self-willedness and madness — accord- 
 ing to a hostile historian — sit still to be shot through and cut to pieces. 
 
 10. It is nature's plan to beat down all mountains into the dust of the 
 plain and the sand of the seashore. 
 
 Thus she is beating down the New England hills and the hills of old 
 England. 
 
 The plan will take many ages for its fulfillment. 
 
 To-day the little hills clapping their hands rejoice as in the days 
 of David. 
 
 They will not disappear until the coming of another David. 
 
 EXERCISE XLIII 
 
 Model. — (1) All night long, Vasda, the swiftest of Arta- 
 ban^s horses, had been waiting, saddled and bridled, in her 
 stall, pawing the ground impatiently and shaking her bit. 
 
 She shared the eagerness of her master's purpose. 
 
 She did not know its meaning. 
 
 The birds had fully roused to their strong, high, joyful 
 chant of morning song. 
 
 The song quivered through the white mist Hfting lazily 
 from the plain. 
 
 The Wise Man was in the saddle, riding swiftly along the 
 highroad. 
 
 (2) All night long, Vasda, the swiftest of Artaban's horses, 
 had been waiting, saddled and bridled, in her stall, pawing 
 the ground impatiently and shaking her bit as if she shared 
 the eagerness of her master's purpose though she knew not 
 its meaning, and, before the birds had fully roused to their 
 strong, high, joyful chant of morning song which quivered 
 through the white mist lifting lazily from'^the plain, the 
 Wise Man was in the saddle, riding swiftly along the high- 
 road. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 105 
 
 Remark. — Here six sentences are combined into one com- 
 pound-complex sentence in the form abc-abc. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form abc-abc. 
 
 1. The Arab master, sharing his evening meal with his hungry horse, 
 feels his soft, moist lips. 
 
 They caress the palm of his hand. 
 They close over the morsel of bread. 
 
 He is roused from his bivouac by the gentle stir of a warm, sweet 
 breath. 
 
 The breath moves over his face. 
 
 The gray dawn breaks from underground. 
 
 2. Artaban crossed the level plains of the Nisseans. 
 
 There the famous herds of horses galloped away with a thunder of 
 many hoofs. 
 
 They heard Vasda approaching. 
 
 Artaban crossed the fertile fields of Concabar. 
 
 The dust from the threshing floors filled the air with a golden 
 mist. 
 
 The mist half hid the huge temple of Astarte with its four hundred 
 pillars. 
 
 3. The horse was almost spent. 
 
 He had been traveling from morning. 
 
 The rider knew this. 
 
 He had to reach the temple within three hours. 
 
 He would find his comrades. 
 
 They were waiting for him. 
 
 4. The four black horses immediately broke into a swift gallop. 
 They rather flew through the air. 
 
 They did not run along the earth. 
 
 In a moment Proserpina lost sight of the pleasant vale of Enna. 
 
 There she had dwelt. 
 
 It was far back into the past. 
 
 5. Napoleon had overcome coalition after coalition. 
 
 ' These coalitions had often seemed to threaten his downfall. 
 He felt secure of his empire. 
 He was on the brink of ruin. 
 
 The strength of the French nation was completely sapped. 
 It could give him no more armies and no more supplies. 
 
106 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 6. There has been a saying among the ancient Sibyls. 
 
 The grasshopper on top of the Exchange shook hands with tht 
 dragon on top of Bow Church steeple. 
 
 Fearful events took place. 
 
 This strange conjunction has as strangely come to pass. 
 
 The same architect, being engaged on the repairs of the cupola of 
 the Exchange and the steeple of Bow Church, threw the grasshopper and 
 the dragon into the yard of his workshop. 
 
 There they lie cheek by jowl. 
 
 7. The tide rises only about a foot. 
 This happens on the coast of Florida. 
 
 There is no appreciable wearing away of the shore. 
 It is quite different in the Bay of Fundy. 
 There it rises some fifty feet with great rapidity. 
 Its wear on that arrow pointed bay is almost as severe as that of 
 storm waves. 
 
 8. A bird, flying towards the king, hovered in the air. 
 It almost brushed the king's face with its wings. 
 King Ulysses tried to catch the bird. 
 
 It fluttered nimbly out of his reach, still chirping in a piteous tone. 
 
 It could have told a lamentable story. 
 
 Only it had not been gifted with human language. 
 
 9. The pygmies were on a campaign against the cranes. 
 The cranes were always hostile to the pygmies. 
 
 The pygmies, according to some historians, used to go to battle 
 mounted on the backs of goats and rams. 
 
 Such animals must have been far too large for the pygmies to ride 
 upon. 
 
 Probably they rode on squirrelbaclc or rabbitback or ratback or on 
 hedgehogs. 
 
 The prickly quills of the hedgehog would be very terrible to the 
 enemy. 
 
 10. All this great plain from one edge of the horizon to the other has 
 been gathered up like a woven garment in the hands of God. 
 
 He has shaken it into deep, falling folds. 
 
 So the robes droop from a king's shoulders. 
 
 All the forests rear themselves aslant against its slopes. 
 
 So a rider rears himself. 
 
 His horse plunges. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 107 
 
 EXERCISE XLIV 
 
 Model. — (1) The planet Venus and some of the fixed stars 
 are bright enough to throw at times a long reflecting track 
 upon ruffled water. 
 
 The colors produced by them upon landscape are blurred 
 into smudges of dark purple and blue. 
 
 The hues of the shadows are vague. 
 
 Our eyes cannot perceive them. 
 
 (2) The planet Venus and some of the fixed stars are 
 bright enough to throw at times a long reflecting track upon 
 ruffled water, but the colors produced by them upon land- 
 scape are "blurred into smudges of dark purple and blue, and 
 the hues of the shadows are so vague that our eyes cannot 
 perceive them. 
 
 Remark. — Here four sentences are combined into one com- 
 pound-complex sentence of the form a-a-ab. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form a-a-ab, a-ab-a, or 
 ab-a-a. 
 
 1. The tree and the bank, the fern and the burning cardinal flower, 
 are mirrored in the dark pools of the stream. 
 
 The cloud shadow and the sun-burst are flung across the moving 
 surface. 
 
 The path of the moonlight weaves these. 
 It weaves on the rippling, flowing sea. 
 
 2. Thirty years ago the Mississippi was a beautiful river. 
 It was never more impressive than at night in storm. 
 
 The pilot at the wheel was finding the channel-way by lightning 
 flashes. 
 
 To-day the charm of its wildness and primitive glory has de- 
 parted. 
 
 3. The mountain stream keeps swishing and swirling all day long, 
 working its way in and out, over and under bed bowlders, waterfalls and 
 deep pools. 
 
108 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The swing in of the water towards the shore hollows out pools and 
 deep eddies. 
 
 The sand removed from a bank is always deposited a few yards 
 below and on the opposite bank. 
 
 There a bar is forming. 
 
 4. The knight rushed upon the churls shouting for joy. 
 
 There was a great medley of breaking chairs and tables and curs- 
 ing and smiting. 
 
 He gave horrible strokes with his sword. 
 His strokes put the knaves to flight. 
 
 5. Gnarled oaks rose in groves like tidal waves. 
 Their branches were knotted as if in rage. 
 
 Smooth forests of beech trees, round and gray, swept over the 
 knolls and slopes of land in a mighty ground-swell. 
 
 Most of all the multitude of pines and firs, innumerable and mo- 
 notonous, with straight, stark trunks, and branches woven together in 
 an unbroken flood of darkest green, crowded through the valleys and 
 over the hills, rising on the highest ridges into ragged crests, like the 
 foaming edge of breakers. 
 
 6. I could not help smiling at this display of small erudition on so 
 whimsical a subject. 
 
 The peacocks were birds of some consequence at the Hall. 
 The squire was extremely careful to keep up the breed. 
 They belonged to chivalry. 
 
 7. The blue abyss of day seemed to yawn over the world more deeply 
 than ever before. 
 
 One great noon a sudden change touched the quicksilver smooth- 
 ness of the waters. 
 
 The swaying shadow of a vast motion, a monstrous wrinkle, an 
 immeasurable fold of green water, moved forward swift as a cloud 
 shadow pursued by sunlight. 
 
 The whole sea-circle appeared to rise up bodily at the sky. 
 
 8. The child sat trembling in the Httle cabin. 
 
 An infinity of flutings and tinklings made by tiny amphibia, — 
 like the low blowing of numberless little tin horns and the clanking of 
 billions of little bells, — was borne to her from the swamp. 
 
 At intervals came profound tones vibrant and heavy as a bass- 
 viol — ^the orchestra of the great frogs. 
 
 Interwoven with it all was one continuous shrilling, — keen as the 
 steel speech of a saw, — the stridulous telegraphy of crickets. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 109 
 
 9. Appearances are most pacific. 
 
 These Louisiana fishermen divine far off tempests like the gulls. 
 Like the gulls, too, you see their light vessels fleeing landward. 
 They are rarely lost in the sudden storms of the gulf. 
 10. Chiron, the schoolmaster of Jason, was one of the people or quad- 
 rupeds called Centaurs. 
 He lived in a cave. 
 
 He had the body and legs of a white horse. 
 His head and shoulders were those of a man. 
 
 EXERCISE XLV 
 
 Model. — (1) Robert Preston, whilom drawer at the Boar's 
 Head, was buried in a small cemetery immediately under the 
 back windows of the tavern. 
 
 One night the ghost of Preston was attracted by the call 
 of ''waiter" from the Boards Head. 
 
 The wind was unruly, howling and whistling, banging 
 about doors and windows and twirling weathercocks. 
 
 The ghost made its sudden appearance in the midst of a 
 roaring club. 
 
 The parish clerk was just singing a stave from the ''Merrie 
 Garland of Captain Death ''. 
 
 (2) Robert Preston, whilom drawer at the Boar's Head, 
 was buried in a small cemetery immediately under the back 
 windows of the tavern, and one night, when the wind was 
 unruly, howling and whistling, banging about doors and 
 windows and twirling weathercocks, the ghost of Preston 
 was attracted by the call of "waiter'' from the Boar's Head, 
 and made its sudden appearance in the midst of a roaring 
 club just as the parish clerk was singing a stave from the 
 *'Merrie Garland of Captain Death". 
 
 Remark. — Here five sentences are combined into one com- 
 pound-complex sentence of the form a-ab-ab. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 
110 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 compound-complex sentences of the form a-ab-ab, ab-ab-a, 
 or ab-a-ab. 
 
 1. The broken-hearted father closed the door reverently. 
 He was shutting it on the dead. 
 
 He went downstairs. 
 
 He threw himself almost fainting with despair and fatigue on 
 the sofa. 
 
 The world outside awoke to a new day with all its countless and 
 joyous activities and duties. 
 
 2. It was a hasty summons. 
 
 The followers of Peveril were well accustomed to the sound of 
 "Boot and Saddle". 
 
 They were soon mounted in order. 
 
 In all the form and with some of the dignity of danger they pro 
 ceeded to escort the Countess of Derby across the hilly and desert tract 
 of country. 
 
 This tract connects the frontier of the shire with the neighboring 
 shire of Cheshire. 
 
 3. Then the travelers passed a larger group of dwellings. 
 All were silent and unlighted. 
 
 Beyond they saw a great house with many outbuildings and in- 
 closed courtyards. 
 
 The hounds bayed furiously. 
 There was no other sign of life. 
 
 4. The bright crimson of autumn had long since disappeared from 
 the trees, bleached away by the storms and the cold. 
 
 There were some withered leaves, — torn and faded banners of the 
 departed summer. 
 
 The leaves still clung to the branches of the oak. 
 
 To-night these tattered remnants of glory were red. 
 
 They looked like ancient blood-stains against the dark-blue sky. 
 
 5. Grouchy had come up in time. 
 
 Waterloo might have been saved to the French. 
 They looked all day and in vain for their reserve. 
 They saw the dust of Bliicher's columns in the distance. 
 They knew their doom. ** 
 
 6. The people of England did not suspect Monk of any dissatisfaction 
 with the Commonwealth. 
 
 He cherished affection for the Stuarts. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 111 
 
 The people did not imagine it. 
 
 He restored the ancient dynasty. 
 
 There was little murmuring against him. 
 
 7. The clouds go scudding before the summer breezes. 
 
 In other lands the shadow of the clouds glides across the meadows 
 covered with buttercups and daisies. 
 
 It climbs the wooded mountains to vanish over the ridge. 
 
 The hills and moors of Scotland always seem the best playground 
 for the sunburst and the flying shadow. 
 
 Those hills and moors are bare and without beauty. 
 
 8. The sphinx is one of the oldest monuments raised by man. 
 With its face to the sun and its back to the desert it has felt the 
 
 far-traveling waves of sand lapping its shoulders for centuries. 
 One does not know how many centuries of desolation. 
 The sands were there. 
 It was carved. 
 
 9. Artaban would keep the appointed hour with the other wise men. 
 He must indeed ride wisely. 
 
 He knew Vasda^s strength. 
 
 He pushed forward without anxiety, making the fixed distance 
 every day. 
 
 He had to travel late into the night and in the morning long before 
 sunrise. 
 
 10. I came down through the mountains. 
 
 The city of Salome was not easy to find. 
 
 I looked from a distant shoulder of the hills for the little bay full of 
 greenery. 
 
 The bay was not to be seen. 
 
 There was only a white town shining far off against the brown 
 cliffs, like a flake of mica in a cleft of the rocks. 
 
 EXERCISE XL VI 
 
 Model. — (1) Just at sundown, a beautiful cloud-bridge 
 grew up. 
 
 The bridge arched the sky with a single span of cottony 
 pink vapor. 
 
 With the dying of the iridescent day, the bridge swung 
 round to make way for the coming of the gale. 
 
112 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The light bridges swing open at the long, bellowing signal 
 of the luggermen's conch-shells. 
 
 Those bridges traverse the dreamy Teche. 
 
 (2) Just at sundown a beautiful cloud-bridge grew up and 
 arched the sky with a single span of cottony-pink vapor, but 
 with the dying of the iridescent day, the bridge swung round 
 to make way for the coming of the gale, even as the light 
 bridges, that traverse the dreamy Teche, open at the long, 
 bellowing signal of the luggermen^s conch-shells. 
 
 Remark. — Here five simple sentences are combined into 
 one compound-complex sentence of the form a-a-abc. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form a-a-abc, a-abc-a, 
 or abc-a-a. 
 
 1. The glen had been called by strangers the Hollow ot the Fairies. 
 The neighbors were more cautious in speaking of the place. 
 They avoided giving it a name from an idea then prevalent and 
 
 still retained in Scotland. 
 
 Someone speaks good or ill of this capricious race of imaginary 
 beings. 
 
 He provokes their resentrqent. 
 
 2. A pygmy climbed upon the giant's shoulder. 
 
 He took a view around the horizon as from the summit of a hill. 
 He beheld something a long way off. 
 The something made him rub the bright specks of his eyes. 
 The something was very ominous. 
 
 3. The streams in the mountains move in showers of silver. 
 They are clothed with rainbows. 
 
 They bring health and life to everything within their reach. 
 In level lands they creep in dark eddies by unwholesome banks. 
 The banks stain their waters putrid black or muddy red. 
 
 4. The American people knew of no treaty with the Filipinos. 
 Dewey denied the existence of any. 
 
 The political opponents of the ruling party m the United States 
 claimed an agreement equivalent to a treaty. 
 The Americans were assaulting Manila. 
 
FUNDAMj^NTAL ENGLISH 113 
 
 The insurgents, supplied with American arms, fought side by side 
 with our men. 
 
 5. The knight's belongings were numbered among the train oi 
 baggage. 
 
 The baggage attended upon the Abbot's party. 
 
 The k^xight had the good fortune to find this out. 
 
 He turned his horse's head. 
 
 He accompanied the Abbot to the tower of Glendearg. 
 
 6. The wave-tossed, wind-beaten surface of the North Atlantic does 
 not reflect the tints of the heavens. 
 
 From the smooth equatorial swell, all the light and warmth and 
 glow of the skies are cast back as from a mountain lake. 
 
 Every opaline flush upon the cloud, every pale-lilac of the horizon- 
 vapors, every green and gold of the barred sky at sunset, repeats its 
 image in the slow-heaving wave. 
 
 The vast water seems but an inverted sky. 
 
 In that sky swims a realm of light and color. 
 
 7. Moisture gathering about tiny dust particles in the air makes 
 raindrops. 
 
 The raindrops are covered with an elastic skin. 
 They may be wrapped in an elastic envelope. 
 This skin or envelope prevents them from breaking. 
 They come in contact with an outside body. 
 
 8. At the beginning of the Civil War, the North did not appreciate 
 the determination of the South. 
 
 The South did not realize the strength of the North. 
 They would continue the struggle. 
 One or the other could not raise a hand. 
 They were both resolved on this. 
 
 9. Under the old charter the governors were the representatives of 
 the people. 
 
 Their way of living had probably been marked by a popular 
 simplicity. 
 
 They should preserve the dignity of their station by the practice 
 of high and gorgeous ceremonials. 
 
 Now they thought this necessary. 
 
 They represented the person of the king. 
 10. The blizzard suddenly overtakes the wayfarer. 
 
 He is far from home. 
 
 He will wander on aimlessly through the blinding storm. 
 
114 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 He will sink into some pitfall hidden by the drifted now. 
 In neither case will he ever see home again. 
 
 EXERCISE XLVII 
 
 Model. — (1) The old master has spent much of his life in 
 the smoky, noisy, buzzing schoolroom. 
 
 He has a holiday. 
 
 He feels himself a stranger in the world. 
 
 Forth he goes. 
 
 There stands his old chair, vacant and solitary. 
 
 The good master Cneever resumes his seat in it to-mor- 
 row morning. 
 
 (2) The old master has spent so much of his life in the 
 smoky, noisy, buzzing schoolroom that, when he has a 
 holiday, he feels himself a stranger in the world, but forth 
 he goes, and there stands his old chair, vacant and solitary, 
 till good master Cheever resumes his seat in it to-morrow 
 morning. 
 
 Remark. — Here six simple sentences are combined into 
 one compound-complex sentence of the form abc-a-ab. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form a-ab-abc, it mak- 
 ing no difference to which of the a clauses the b or be clauses 
 are attached. 
 
 1. The trees grew heavily and stiffly from the level line of the plain. 
 They seemed weakly and unshapely. 
 
 Bending themselves against the mountain side, they assume 
 strange curves of strength and grace. 
 
 They breathe more freely. 
 
 They toss their branches more carelessly. 
 
 Each climbs higher, looking to the clear light above the topmost 
 leaves of its brother tree. "* 
 
 2. Back from the sea, in the summer time, lie white furnaces of blast- 
 ing sand. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 115 
 
 These are the broad beds of the river gods. 
 Nearer the coast the soft wings of the Sea Angel droop with dew. 
 Faltering on the hills are the shadows of the Angel's plumes. 
 These shadows are the strange laughings and glitterings of silver 
 streamlets. 
 
 These streamlets twine about the mossy heights in trickling tinsel. 
 
 3. At the beginning of the revolutionary war, England foresaw no 
 grave danger in the American uprising. 
 
 France had little hope of our ultimate success. 
 France was friendly to us. 
 
 The Americans were as strong after several years of struggle as at 
 the beginning. 
 
 They perceived this. 
 
 Both France and England changed their plans and purposes. 
 
 4. Arimathean Joseph brought the Holy Grail to Glastonbury. 
 There the winter thorn blooms at Christmas. 
 
 There awhile the Grail abode. 
 
 A man could see the cup. 
 
 The cup was visible only to those free from stain of sin. 
 
 The man was healed, by faith, of all his ills. 
 
 5. Dame Elspeth left an able substitute in the kitchen. 
 She could entrust nothing to Mary Avenel's care. 
 Mary had been brought up so. 
 
 Regretting this, Dame Elspeth hastily donned her best attire. 
 The Abbot crossed her humble threshold. 
 
 With a beating heart, she presented herself at the door of her 
 little tower to make obeisance to the Lord Abbot. 
 
 6. A second sight could peer into the houses and the hearts of men. 
 I possessed a second sight. 
 
 I have often wished for this. 
 
 This is not possible. 
 
 We know the interior of brick walls. 
 
 We can but guess the mystery of human bosoms. 
 
 7. Roland Graeme slept long and sound. 
 The sun was high over the horizon. 
 
 The voice of his companion summoned him to resume his pilgrimage. 
 He hastily arranged his dress. 
 He went to attend her call. 
 
 The enthusiastic matron stood already at the threshold, prepared 
 for her journey. 
 
116 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 8. We, in England, have our new street, our new inn, our green 
 shaven lawn and our piece of ruin emergent from it, — a mere specimen 
 of the middle ages put on a bit of velvet carpet to be shown. 
 
 But for its size, it might as well be on the museum shelf at once, 
 under cover. 
 
 On the Continent, the links are unbroken between the past and 
 the present. 
 
 The gray-headed wrecks are suffered to stay with men. 
 
 They are of some use. 
 
 For this use they serve. 
 
 9. Other trees, tufting crag or hill, yield to the form and sway of 
 the ground. 
 
 They clothe it with some compliance, being partly its subjects, 
 partly its flatterers, partly its comforters. 
 
 The pine rises in serene resistance, self-contained. 
 
 I can never without awe stay long under a great Alpine cliff, look- 
 ing up to its companies of pine. 
 
 They stand on the inaccessible juts and perilous ledges of the 
 enormous wall. 
 
 There each is like the shadow of the one beside it, — upright, fixed, 
 spectral, as troops of ghosts standing on the walls of Hades. 
 
 10. The mere power of familiarity with the clouds, of walking with 
 them and above them, alters our whole conception of the baseless archi- 
 tecture of the sky. 
 
 It renders that conception clear. 
 
 There is beauty in all the white heaps of cloud. 
 
 These heaps fill the arched sky of the plain from one horizon to 
 the other. 
 
 There is more beauty in a single wreath of early cloud, pacing its 
 way up an avenue of mountain pine, or pausing among the points of 
 their fringes 
 
 EXERCISE XLVIII 
 
 Model. — (1) I cannot tell thee half of the strange pleasures 
 and thoughts. 
 
 They come about me at the sight of that" old tower. 
 
 Everything makes Europe interesting as opposed to new 
 countries. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 117 
 
 In some sort this tower is the epitome of that everything. 
 
 You yourself may see it some day. 
 
 You will experience the same delights. 
 
 (2) I cannot tell thee half of the strange pleasures and 
 thoughts that come about me at the sight of that old tower, 
 for, in some sort, it is the epitome of everything that makes 
 Europe interesting, as opposed to new countries; but, i:^ 
 you yourself see it some day, you will experience the sam^.. 
 deUghts. 
 
 Remark. — Here six simple sentences are combined into 
 one compound-complex sentence of the form abcd-ab. 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form abcd-ab or ab-abcd» 
 
 1. That indefatigable spirit, Master Simon, had conceived the idea 
 of a Christmas mummery or masking. 
 
 He was faithfully discharging his duties as lord of misrule. 
 
 He had called to his assistance the Oxonian and the young officer. 
 
 Anything would occasion romping or merriment. 
 
 They were equally ripe for it. 
 
 They would carry his plans into instant effect. 
 
 2. He was anticipated at the place of rendezvous by Arnold. 
 Arnold had named it. 
 
 Any object visible near the huge gray stone should apprise him. 
 Andre cast many an anxious glance to see this. 
 The American general had already reached the place of meeting. 
 The flutter of a blue cloak soon made Andre aware of this. 
 
 3. I have no respect for titled rank. 
 
 It is accompanied by true nobility of soul. 
 
 In all countries, the very highest classes are always the most 
 modest and unassuming. 
 
 They might be expected to claim some special marks of respect« 
 Artificial distinctions between classes exist. 
 I have remarked this. 
 
 4. The hole kept growing deeper and deeper. 
 It seemed to have no bottom. 
 
 Proserpina stood straining her eyes into the depths. | 
 
 She was frightened. \ 
 
118 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 She was not able to run away from the four sabla horses. 
 They came tearing out of the earth with a splendid golden chariot 
 whirling at their heels. 
 
 5. Sadness comes upon youth. 
 It has httle reason in it. 
 
 It has all the more weariness and gloom. 
 The man oppressed by it feels deeply. 
 He is tired of living. 
 He has not fairly begun to live. 
 
 6. The mountain flowers find out for themselves unapproachable 
 
 They can gather into happier fellowships. 
 
 They fear no evil from the plow. 
 
 They fell before the plow on the plain. 
 
 They breathe freely in their mountain fastnesses. 
 
 The birds sing above them. 
 
 7. With crumbling stones were formed the most majestic mountain 
 forms. 
 
 They were consistent with the safety of man. 
 
 The peaks were lifted high and steep. 
 
 They still permitted the shepherd to feed his flocks on the slopes. 
 
 The slopes were darkened by the shadows. 
 
 The peaks cast the shadows. 
 
 8. The wise man looked up at the mountain. 
 
 It thrust its immense rugged brow out over the road. 
 He saw the figure of King Darius trampling upon his fallen foes. 
 The proud list of his wars and conquests was graven high upon the 
 face of the eternal cliff. 
 
 What the greatness of the Persians once was I 
 Future generations might know it. 
 
 9. The enfolding hills unclosed Hke leaves. 
 I was gazing at them in wonder. 
 
 In the heart of them I saw a flower, bright, beautiful. 
 My eyes filled with tears. 
 I looked. 
 
 It was like a face smiling at me and promising something. 
 10. Lancelot warded without distress. 
 
 The young knight was blind with sweat. 
 
 Then Lancelot smote him a mighty stroke upon the head, but with 
 the flat of his sword. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 119 
 
 He fell over the croup of his horse. 
 He was a man slain. 
 He was only stunned. 
 
 EXERCISE XLIX 
 
 Model. — (1) I passed through the hall on my way to my 
 chamber. 
 
 The dying embers of the yule log still sent forth a dusky 
 glow. 
 
 The glow half lighted the deserted place. 
 
 It was too cold to stir abroad. 
 
 I should have been tempted to steal from my room to 
 peep. 
 
 The fairies might be at their revels about the hearth. 
 
 (2) As I passed through the hall on my way to my 
 chamber, the dying embers of the yule log still sent forth a 
 dusky glow which half lighted the deserted place, and, had 
 it not been too cold to stir abroad, I should have been half- 
 tempted to steal a peep whether the fairies might not be at 
 their revels about the hearth. 
 
 Remark. — Here six simple sentences are combined into 
 one compound-complex sentence of the form abb-abb. 
 
 Practice. — ^Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 compound-complex sentences of the form abb-abb. 
 
 1. There is nothing opaque about a bank of cloud. 
 We will find this out. 
 
 We look at an early morning fog. 
 
 We speak of it as gray and monotonous in color. 
 
 It is often full of delicate pinks, lilacs and pale-yellows. 
 
 We have only to contrast it with engine steam to find this. 
 
 2. Some are no doubt good architects. 
 
 They are advising John Bull to remodel his ancient manor-house. 
 
 They might be of service. 
 
 They get to work with their mattocks on the venerable edifice. 
 
120 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 They never stop. 
 
 They bring the house to the ground. 
 
 3. The pinnacles rose from their roofs. 
 The verandas ran around them. 
 
 All the houses were different in the number and shape of the pin- 
 nacles and in the trimmings of the verandas. 
 They put their best foot forward. 
 They made a brave show. 
 In this they were ahke. 
 
 4. The burnt hills encircled the great lake. 
 On the burnt hills were the haunts. 
 There he himted the bear. 
 
 The ice went out in the spring. 
 
 All along the streams the great trout will be leaping in rapids 
 and pools. 
 
 He has known these rapids and pools from boyhood. 
 
 5. In later days multitudes of people came to put questions to the 
 oracle at Delphi. 
 
 A spacious temple of marble W£is erected over the spot. 
 
 That spot was supposed to be the exact middle of the world. 
 
 In the days of Cadmus there was only a rustic bower, with its 
 abundance of green foliage and a tuft of shrubbery. 
 
 The tuft of shrubbery ran wild over the mysterious hole in the 
 hillside. 
 
 I have told you. 
 
 6. Three British armies were sent into New York in 1777. 
 An advantage would give them possession of the state. 
 They were unable to gain that advantage. 
 
 The fall had set in. 
 
 Burgoyne found himself falling back on Saratoga. 
 There he was forced to surrender the remains of his army, — six 
 thousand men. 
 
 7. The whole restless, shifting sea flickered green. 
 
 From horizon to shore ran one uninterrupted heaving — one vast 
 green swarming of snaky shapes. 
 
 They rolled in to hiss and flatten on the sand. 
 
 No single speck of cloud revealed itself through all the violet 
 heights. 
 
 The sea had been upheaved from beneath. 
 
 You might have fancied this. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 121 
 
 8. The night mists first rise from off the plains. 
 Watch their white and lake-Hke fields. 
 
 They float in level bays and winding gulfs about the island sum- 
 mits of the lower hills. 
 
 The first sunbeam is sent upon the silver channels. 
 
 The foam of their undulating surface, parting, passes away. 
 
 Watch. 
 
 9. The sun smolders among the torn, snow-white rags of vapor. 
 On a rainy evening in the Alps the sim bums like a red-hot ball of 
 
 fire beside you. 
 
 You stand upon the mountain side. 
 
 It plunges through the rushing wind and rolling cloud with head- 
 long fall. 
 
 It dyes all the air around it with blood. 
 
 It means to rise no more. 
 10. The rocks are smoothed by old glaciers into long, dark, billowy 
 swellings, like the backs of plunging dolphins. 
 
 Along the ridges of the rocks the peasant watches the slow color- 
 ing of the tufts of moss and roots of herb. 
 
 These, little by little, gather a feeble soil over the iron substance. 
 
 The peasant supports the narrow strip of clinging ground with a 
 few stones. 
 
 He subdues it to the spade. 
 
 In a year or two a little crest of com is seen waving on this rocky 
 casque. 
 
 EXERCISE L 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 single sentences of the forms indicated. 
 *** 
 
 1. abbbcc. 
 
 The boy entered a vast cavern. 
 He beheld a mighty beam of light. 
 The beam sprang from the ground. 
 
 ***In Exercises L and LI the form of the sentence to be constmcted 
 will be indicated as heretofore by the letters a, b, c, etc. It is to be 
 noted in Exercise LI that if only one a is mentioned there will be only 
 one clause and the sentence will be simple. 
 
122 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The beam shattered itself in countless sparks against the roof. 
 
 The sparks fell. 
 
 They flowed all together into a great pool in the rock. 
 
 2. abc. 
 
 The moss grew over the stone thicker and thicker. 
 
 At last it looked almost like a soft green seat. 
 
 From the seat only a few gray knobs of granite peeped out. 
 
 3. a-abb. 
 
 On the third day the young prince bade a respectful farewell to 
 his grandfather. 
 
 After affectionately embracing his mother, he set forth with a 
 good many of her tears and some others glistening on his cheeks. 
 
 The truth must be told. 
 
 The other tears had gushed out of his own eyes. 
 
 4. a-a-a. 
 
 The mosses will not be gathered for chaplet or love token. 
 
 The wild bird will make its nest of them. 
 
 The wearied child will make his pillow of them. 
 
 5. a-abb-a. 
 
 Lichens, sharing the stillness of the unimpassioned rock, share also 
 its endurance. 
 
 The winds of departing spring scatter the white hawthorn blos- 
 soms Uke drifted snow. 
 
 Summer dims on the parched meadow the drooping of its cow- 
 slip gold. 
 
 Far above, among the mountains, the silver lichen-spots rest, 
 star-like, on the stone. 
 
 The gathering orange stain upon the edge of yonder western peak 
 reflects the sunset of a thousand years. 
 
 6. ab. 
 
 The serried pines and the lighted fields and the golden ricks of the 
 farms are dyed with the sun. 
 
 One might paint with a color. 
 
 7. a-ab-a-a. 
 
 Lights and shadows break across the hills and valleys of the ocean 
 world. 
 
 The pupils of the fishes' eyes contract with t^ose lights. 
 
 They expand with those shadows. 
 
 How dim must be those lights. 
 
 How densely dark must be those shadows. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 123 
 
 8. ab-ab. 
 
 The dripping radiance was cool. 
 
 It softly trickled down the walls of the great cavem. 
 
 The light was pale blue. 
 
 It rippled from the cavem walls. 
 
 9. abcc. 
 
 I had been toiling all day long through heavy sand and grass. 
 A gate opened in the wall of the mountains. 
 The plain ran in through the gate, making a Uttle bay of level 
 coimtry among the hills. 
 
 Suddenly, toward evening, I came upon this place. 
 
 10. a-abcd. 
 
 The young prince looked. 
 
 The rock had been placed over another slab of stone, containing 
 a cavity within it. 
 
 The prince saw this. 
 
 The rock somewhat resembled a roughly made chest or coffer. 
 
 The upper mass of the coffer had served as a lid. 
 
 11. ab-abc-ab-ab. 
 
 Procrustes had a bed in his cavem. 
 
 With great show of hospitaUty he invited his guests to lie down oa 
 this bed. 
 
 The bed was short. 
 
 They happened to be shorter. 
 
 The wicked villain stretched them out by main force. 
 
 They were too tall. 
 
 He lopped off their heads or feet. 
 
 He had done this. 
 
 He laughed at it as an excellent joke. 
 
 12. a-ab-a-ab. 
 
 The bay of level country was not brown and hard and dry like the 
 mountains above me. 
 
 It was not covered with tawny billows of sand like the desert. 
 
 I had wearily coasted along the edge of the desert. 
 
 The surface of the bay was smooth and green. 
 
 The winds of twilight breathed across it. 
 
 They were followed by soft waves of verdure, with silver turnings 
 of the under-sides of many leaves, like ripples on a quiet harbor. 
 
 13. ab-a-a-abc. 
 
 Scinis was in the habit of flinging men off a high cliff into the sea. 
 
124 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 He had murdered the men. 
 
 To give him exactly his deserts Theseus tossed him off the very- 
 same place. 
 
 The sea would not pollute itself by receiving the murderer into its 
 bosom. 
 
 The earth, having once got rid of him, would not consent to take 
 him baok. 
 
 Scinis stuck fast in the air, between the cliff and the sea. 
 
 The air was forced to bear the burden of his crimes. 
 
 14. ab-ab. 
 
 The fog along the shore is seen from a high place. 
 It is not unHke a cloud below one in an Alpine valley. 
 With the sunlight beating upon it, the fleecy spun-silver effect is 
 beautiful. 
 
 It is beautiful, too, on the cloud. 
 
 15. a-ab. 
 
 The small islands off the coast of Maine are remarkable for cloud 
 effects. 
 
 In cold weather the effect is truly splendid. 
 
 The fog turns the bare trees into traceries of silver. 
 
 16. a-abbb. 
 
 The falling leaves and crumbling tree trunks, in the woods, have 
 been molded by nature into a deep, brown humus, clean and fragrant. 
 
 In the woods, the sunlight filters green and golden through inter- 
 lacing branches. 
 
 In the woods, pure moisture of distilling rains and melting snows 
 is held in treasury by never-failing banks of moss, under the verdurous 
 flood of the forest, like seaweeds under the ocean waves. 
 
 In the woods, three magic vines put forth their hands with joy. 
 
 They spread over rock and hillock and twisted tree root and 
 moldering log, in cloaks and scarfs and wreaths of tiny ever-green, 
 glossy leaves. 
 
 17. a-abc. 
 
 The friends of the dreamer looked on with strange and alien eyes. 
 A veil of doubt and mistrust came over their faces, like a fog 
 creeping up from the marshes to hide the hills. 
 
 They glanced at each other with looks of wonder and pity. 
 They had listened to incredible sayings. 
 
 18. a-ab-a. 
 
 Far over the eastern plain a white mist stretched like a lake. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 125 
 
 The distant mountain peaks serrated the western horizon. 
 
 The sky was clear. 
 
 Jupiter and Saturn rolled together like drops of lambent flames 
 about to blend in one. 
 
 19. abb. 
 
 The star of the Magi, tiny and infinitely remote, yet perfect in 
 every part, pulsated in the enormous vault. 
 
 Jewels of sapphire and ruby and pearl had mingled. 
 They had been transformed into a living heart of light. 
 
 20. abcccc. 
 
 The old king's aspect was stately and majestic. 
 
 His years and infirmities weighed heavily upon him. 
 
 Each year was a lump of lead. 
 
 All were bundled together. 
 
 All were laid upon his shoulders. 
 
 Each infirmity was a ponderous stone. 
 
 21. abbc-ab-ab. 
 
 The sobs and groans and shrieks were caused by the woe of the 
 Athenians. 
 
 The city was filled with sobs and groans and shrieks. 
 
 Fourteen victims were to be chosen by lot to feed the Min- 
 otaur. 
 
 The fatal day had come. 
 
 Their sons and daughters might be taken from the old people. 
 
 They feared this. 
 
 The youths and damsels might be destined to glut the maws of the 
 detestable bull of Minos. 
 
 The youths and damsels themselves dreaded this. 
 
 22. a-ab-a-a. (b qualifies second and third a.) 
 A cloud passes across the face of the sun. 
 Its edges may turn to molten silver. 
 
 Its thicker portions glow with light. 
 The beam does not get through. 
 The falling shaft is not seen. 
 
 23. a-a-ab. 
 
 The flying shadows of clouds at night are dark purple in tone. 
 They are sometimes weird in shape. 
 They are not usually noticed. 
 The night is very bright. 
 
 24. a-ab-a. (6 qualifies second and third a.) 
 
126 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The panic of the steed had given his unskillful rider an apparent 
 advantage in the chase. 
 
 He had gotten half way through the hollow. 
 
 The girths of the saddle gave way. 
 
 The rider felt it slipping from under him. 
 
 25. abc-ab-a. 
 
 The clamor and the clang of arms passed down the street. 
 The headlong fury of the chase sweeps by the secret covert. 
 The trembling deer is hidden in the covert. 
 The recluse reentered his cottage. 
 He turned his face to the east. 
 He prayed. 
 
 26. a-abcdd. 
 
 Stand upon the peak of some isolated mountain at daybreak. 
 
 You shall see the scattered mists rallying in the ravines and float- 
 ing up towards you along the winding valleys. 
 
 They couch in bright masses, iridescent with morning light, upon 
 the broad breasts of the higher hills. 
 
 Their leagues of massy undulation will melt back and back into 
 that robe of material light. 
 
 They fade away, lost in its luster. 
 
 They appear again above, in the serene heaven, like a wild im- 
 possible dream, foundationless and inaccessible, their bases vanishing 
 in the unsubstantial and mocking blue of the lake below. 
 
 27. abbbc. 
 Rain is near. 
 
 Out of the pale blue of the horizon, you will see forming and ad- 
 vancing a troop of narrow, dark, pointed vapors. 
 
 They will take the light off the landscape with an eclipse. 
 
 They will cover the sky, inch by inch, with their gray network. 
 
 The eclipse will stop the singing of the birds and the motion of the 
 leaves together. 
 
 28. a-abc-b. 
 
 Our wars have set forth the military genius and daring prowess of 
 our soldiers. 
 
 We examine the facts, even of prejudiced historians. 
 
 Historians have written about them. ' *" 
 
 We find them displaying vigorous minds, fertility in expedients, 
 contempt of suffering and hardship, unconquerable resolution. 
 
 These (qualities) command our sympathy and applause. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 127 
 
 29. a-abc. 
 
 The vessel went bounding onward toward the island of Crete. 
 
 The master of the vessel could hear the brazen clangor of Talus' 
 footsteps. 
 
 He trod heavily upon the sea-beaten rocks. 
 
 Some of the rocks were seen to crack and crumble beneath the 
 giant's weight. 
 
 30. abbcdd. 
 
 The giant Talus might destroy how many innocent people I 
 He would smash the vessels of the Athenians into a thousand 
 pieces without heeding this. 
 
 He would fetch his great club down slam bang. 
 There seemed nothing else to be expected. 
 There is seldom any mercy in a giant. 
 There is quite as little in a piece of clockwork. 
 
 31. abb. 
 
 Joseph had power in the palaces of Egypt. 
 
 Solomon, throned between the lions in Jerusalem, saw the most 
 extravagant magnificence about him. 
 
 - No son of Abraham will ever again rival the power of Joseph or the 
 magnificence of Solomon. 
 
 32. abb-ab. 
 
 The light is a new glory. 
 
 The world is waiting for it. 
 
 It shall rise out of patient and triumphant suffering. 
 
 The kingdom is to be established forever. 
 
 The kingdom is a new kingdom, the royalty of unconquerable love. 
 
 33. a-a-ab. 
 
 The fine of shadow and sunshine ran near the tops of the trees. 
 The house of the herdsman was in shadow. 
 From the chimney-top a thin, blue column of smoke arose. 
 The smoke ascended, slowly expanding into the evening air. 
 
 34. a-abc-a-a. 
 
 An imknown hand put a piece of molaed clay into an oven. 
 The heats of summer brooded upon the bank of the river, — ^the 
 clay's old home. 
 
 The heats of smnmer were hot. 
 
 Hotter fire ; were kindled about the clay. 
 
 Through sui the day the clay held itself together. 
 
 It endured its trials in the confidence of a great future. 
 
128 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 35. abb. 
 
 Wait till the hour before sunrise. 
 The east becomes purple again. 
 
 The heaving mountains, rolling against it in darkness like waves 
 of a wild sea, are drowned one by one in the glory of its burning. 
 
 36. abbe. 
 
 A silken and embroidered muffler, one of the few articles of more 
 costly attire, was devoted to the purpose of wrapping up and concealing 
 the sacred volume. 
 
 She possessed this article of more costly attire. 
 
 For want of a fitting interpreter much must remain to her a book 
 closed and a fountain sealed. 
 
 Lamenting only this (last), she was to regard the volume as her 
 chiefest treasure. 
 
 37. ab-ab-ab. 
 
 The tower was situated on a knoll. 
 Beyond the knoll the hills grew more steep. 
 They narrowed on a brook. 
 They scarce left a footpath. 
 There the glen terminated in a wild waterfall. 
 At the waterfall a slender thread of water dashed in a precipitous 
 Ene of foam over two or three precipices, 
 
 38. ab-abb. 
 
 The pride of ancestry rankled in the breasts of the ancient gentry 
 of the Highlands. 
 
 It was more openly expressed by their ladies. 
 It was embittered not a little by the political feuds of the time. 
 The Southi'on chiefs were friends to the authority of the Queen 
 They were very jealous of the power of Murray. 
 
 39. abcc. 
 
 The young princess led the young prince along by the hand. 
 
 They came to a dark shadowy grove. 
 
 The moonlight wasted itself on the tops of the trees. 
 
 It did not shed so much as a glimmering ray upon their pathway. 
 
 40. abbbcc^ 
 
 In the vast and complex stream of being each of us counts for less 
 than a drop. ** 
 
 Individual existences are eliminated in the pulsing of a nation's 
 life with never a pause in its mighty murmur. 
 
 Individual existence is replaced in the same way. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 129 
 
 So the blood loses its corpuscles without a variance in the volume 
 and vigor of its current. 
 
 So too the blood replaces its corpuscles. 
 
 Few of us have been made to comprehend this, 
 
 41. a-abcd. 
 
 Now nearer, now farther off, resounded the cry of the monster. 
 
 The sound was fierce, cruel, ugly, — Hke a bull's roar, and withal 
 BO like a human voice, and yet like neither of them. 
 
 The brave heart of the deliverer grew sterner and angrier at 
 every step. 
 
 Such a monster had the audacity to exist. 
 
 He felt it an insult to the moon and sky and Mother Earth. 
 
 42. abc. 
 
 On a quiet day, in the Gulf of Mexico, all is calm save the low 
 land under your feet. 
 
 You almost forget the land. 
 
 It seems only as a tiny green flake afloat in the liquid eternity 
 of day. 
 
 43. ab-abbc. 
 
 A hurricane destroyed Last Island, 
 
 On that night Donaldsonville, one hundred and ten miles away, 
 trembled at the towering tide of the Lafourche. 
 
 Lakes strove to burst their boundaries. 
 
 Far off river steamers tugged wildly at their cables. 
 
 They shivered like tethered creatures. 
 
 Tethered creatures hear by night the approaching howl of the 
 destroyer. 
 
 44. ab-abbccd. 
 
 During the revolutionary war the states had agreed upon a kind of 
 constitution. 
 
 This they called the Articles of Confederation. 
 
 They v/ere afraid of conferring too much power on Congress. 
 
 It might encroach upon the state governments. 
 
 It might swallow them up. 
 
 No power of taxation was given to Congress. 
 
 It had no money. 
 
 It was hard for it to preserve either dignity or authority, 
 
 45. abcc. 
 
 The young Count was tranquilly pursuing his route in a sober jog- 
 trot way. 
 
130 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 Thus a man travels toward matrimony. 
 
 His friends have taken all the trouble and uncertainty of courtship 
 off his hands. 
 
 A bride is waiting for him, as certainly as a dinner at the end of a 
 journey. 
 
 46. abbbbcbb. 
 
 Spacious coves indent the eastern shore of the Hudson. 
 
 A broad expansion of the river was denominated by the ancient 
 Dutch navigators the Tappan Zee. 
 
 There they always prudently shortened sail. 
 
 There they implored the protection of St. Nicholas. 
 
 They crossed the river. 
 
 In the bosom of one of those spacious coves and at that expansion 
 lies a small market town or rural port. 
 
 By some it is called Greensburgh. 
 
 It is more generally and properly known by the name of 
 Tarrytown. 
 
 47. abcccdcdd. 
 He died. 
 
 He should be buried in a green spot. 
 
 The old gentleman made it his particular request 
 
 He could see the spot from his seat in church. 
 
 He was a boy. 
 
 He had marked out the spot ever since then. 
 
 He was far from home on the raging sea. 
 
 He had thought of that spot. 
 
 His father and mother had been buried there. 
 
 48. abcd-abcc. 
 
 The old gentleman had been roughly used in different countries, 
 So is a poor sheep handled. 
 It is fleeced by every hedge and thicket. 
 Yet he spoke of every nation with candor and kindness. 
 He had been an unfortunate adventurer in America. 
 He had honesty and magnanimity enough to take the fault to his 
 own door and not to curse the country. 
 
 He was almost the only man of this kind. 
 I had met few. 
 
 49. a-ab-abb. 
 
 Weak lowland trees may struggle fondly for the last remnant? 
 of life. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 131 
 
 They are cut down. 
 
 They may send up feeble saplings again from their roots. 
 
 The lordly mountain trees perish boldly. 
 
 Their dying is perfect and solemn. 
 
 They give up their lives without reluctance and forever. 
 50. abbcdd-ab. (Last b is the quotation used as a clause in apposi- 
 tion to ** words".) 
 
 You follow beneath arching boughs, all veiled and dim with blos- 
 som, the winding mountain paths. 
 
 The paths for ever droop and rise over the green banks and 
 mounds. 
 
 The banks and mounds sweep down in scented undulation to the 
 blue water. 
 
 They are studded here and there with new-mown heaps of hay 
 filling all the air with fainter sweetness. 
 
 Look up towards the higher hills. 
 
 Here the waves of everlasting green roll silently into their long 
 inlets among the shadows of the pines. 
 
 We may perhaps know the meaning of those quiet words of the 
 147th Psalm. 
 
 "He maketh grass to grow upon the mountains". 
 
 EXERCISE LI 
 
 Practice. — Combine the following groups of sentences into 
 single sentences of the form indicated. It will be noticed 
 that the sentences given are more numerous than the clauses 
 required in the single sentence to be formed from them. 
 This merely means that, to reduce the sentences given to 
 the form required, some of the given sentences will have to 
 be changed to phrases — substantive, adjective, or adverbial. 
 The dependent clause may have to qualify immediately some 
 of these phrases. 
 
 1. ab. 
 
 There were fields of com, filled with silken rustling. 
 There were vineyards with long rows of trimmed maple trees 
 standing each one like an emerald goblet. 
 
iS2 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The emerald goblet was wreathed with vines. 
 
 The earth had been embroidered with threads of blue and scarlet 
 and gold. 
 
 There were flower gardens as bright as the earth. 
 
 There were oUve orchards. 
 
 The olive orchards were frosted over with delicate and fragrant 
 blossoms. 
 
 2. ab. 
 
 The fire on the altar rose with the chant of the worshipers. 
 
 The fire throbbed. 
 
 The flame responded to the music. 
 
 It cast a bright illumination through the whole temple. 
 
 It revealed its simplicity and splendor. 
 
 3. ab. 
 
 The Magian watched the heavens. 
 
 A steel-blue spark was born out of the darkness beneath the 
 horizon. 
 
 It rounded itself with purple splendors to a crimson sphere. 
 
 It spired upward through rays of saffron and orange into a point of 
 white radiance. 
 
 4. a-a. 
 
 The enchantress heard a great noise of hissing snakes. 
 
 Behold! there were her fiery chariot and four huge winged serpents. 
 
 They were wriggling in the air. 
 
 They were flourishing their tails high in air. 
 
 They were all ready to set off on an aerial journey. 
 
 5. ab. 
 
 The clouds are round and large. 
 
 Their shadows slip along majestically from crag to lake. 
 Again they slip from lake to crag. 
 
 They glide noiselessly and without obstruction up and down and 
 over the moors. 
 
 They are Hke dark peering spirits. 
 The spirits seek a hiding place. 
 The spirits never find it. 
 
 6. a. 
 
 The forests could be changed into infinite orchards. 
 Who prevents the dark forests, ghostly and uninhabitable, 
 from this? 
 
 The orchards would wreathe the hills with frail floretted snow. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 133 
 
 They would stretch far away to the half-lighted horizon of April. 
 They would flush the face of all the autumnal earth with glow of 
 clustered fruit. 
 
 7. abc. 
 
 How is that snowy arch of cloud stayed there? 
 
 It never forms but over the supreme crest of the mountain. 
 
 It is bent like a bow above the snowy summit. 
 
 Apparently it is repelled from the snow. 
 
 It nowhere touches the snow. 
 
 It is poised. 
 
 So a white bird hovers over its nest. 
 
 8. ab-a. 
 
 How is the barbed strength of those war-clouds bridled? 
 They gather on the horizon. 
 They are dragon-crested. 
 They are tongued with fire. 
 
 What bits are they champing with their vaporous lips? 
 They fling off flames of black foam. 
 9. ab-ab. 
 
 Theseus and his companions approached the entrance of the hiir- 
 bor of Crete. 
 
 The brass giant Talus straddled across the entrance. 
 
 A foot was firmly planted on each headland. 
 
 He uplifted his club to a great height. 
 
 Its butt end was hidden in a cloud. 
 
 He stood in that formidable posture. 
 
 The sun gleamed all over his metallic surface. 
 
 10. a-a. 
 
 At morning, after a night of fog in the Alps, you will hear the 
 sudden rush of awakened wind. 
 
 You will see the watch-towers of vapor. 
 
 They are swept away from their foundations. 
 
 Waving curtains of opaque rain are let down into the valleys. 
 
 The curtains swing from the burdened clouds in black, bend- 
 ing fringes. 
 
 They pace in pale columns along the lake level. 
 
 They graze its surface into foam. 
 
 11. a-a. 
 
 Along the Gulf of Mexico on the fairest days, a southern breeze 
 may bring you a strange odor. 
 
134 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 It is singular enough to startle you from your dreams, — a strong, 
 sharp smell as of fish-oil. 
 
 You gaze at the sea. 
 
 You may be still more startled at the sudden apparition of great 
 oleaginous patches. 
 
 These patches spread over the water. 
 
 They sheet over the swells. 
 
 12. a-a-ab. 
 
 The waves were running at a sharp angle to the shore. 
 They began to carry fleeces. 
 
 They were like an innumerable flock of vague green shapes. 
 They are driven to the land by the wind to be despoiled of their 
 ghostly wool. 
 
 The eye could follow the line of beach far. 
 
 All the slope was white with the great shearing of the waves. 
 
 13. abc. 
 
 They were giving so many young people to be eaten up by the 
 Minotaur. 
 
 The creature would have preferred a fat ox or even a large pig to 
 the plumpest of them. 
 
 They were in the first bloom and rose blossom of their lives. 
 
 How much human happiness would be needlessly thrown 
 away? 
 
 Ariadne, the king's daughter, wept at the idea. 
 
 14. abcc. 
 
 The hero still went on. 
 
 Now he was creeping through a low arch. 
 
 Now he was ascending a flight of steps. 
 
 Now he was in one crooked passage. 
 
 Now he was in another. 
 
 Here a door opened before him. 
 
 There a door banged behind him. 
 
 The walls spun round. 
 
 They whirled him along with them. 
 
 It really seemed so. 
 
 15. a-a. 
 
 The wind has waned. ^ ^ 
 
 The wind sinks slowly back to its abysses. 
 It abandons its plunder. 
 It scatters its piteous waifs over bar and dune* 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 135 
 
 It scatters them over shoal and marsh. 
 It scatters them among the silences of the mango swamps. 
 It scatters them over the long, low reaches of sand grasses and 
 drowned weeds for more than a hundred miles. 
 
 16. a. 
 
 A combination of manly and delicate accomplishments fitted the 
 royal poet, James, to shine in active and elegant Ufe. 
 
 These same accomplishments were calculated to give him an in- 
 tense relish for joyous existence. 
 
 His was an age of bustle and chivalry. 
 
 To pass the springtime of his years in monotonous captivity 
 must have been a severe trial. 
 
 17. abc. (c clause dependent on a phrase.) 
 
 It is dehghtful to saunter along the Umpid streams. 
 They wander, Uke veins of silver, through the bosom of this beau- 
 tiful coimtry. 
 
 They lead one through a diversity of home scenery. 
 They sometimes wind through ornamented grounds. 
 They sometimes brim along through rich pasturage. 
 There the fresh green is mingled with sweet-smelling flowers. 
 Sometimes they venture in sight of villages and hamlets. 
 Then they run capriciously away into shady retirements. 
 
 18. abc. {be dependent on one object of "described". — Use one verb 
 and multiple objects separated by semicolons.) 
 
 How can one knowing mosses and lichens describe the rounded 
 bosses of furred and beaming green? 
 
 How can one describe the starred divisions of rubied bloom? 
 
 Those divisions are fine-filmed. 
 
 The Rock Spirits could spin porphyry. 
 
 So we spin glass. 
 
 How can one describe the traceries of intricate silver and fringes 
 cf amber, lustrous, arborescent? 
 
 The fringes and traceries are burnished through every fiber into 
 fitful brightness and glossy traverses of silken change. 
 
 Yet they are all subdued and pensive and framed for the simplest, 
 sweetest offices of grace. 
 
 19. ab. 
 
 Do the shoals of fish flee from the giant swordfish or the ravening 
 sawfish or the herds of porpoises or the grande-ecaille? 
 The grande-ecaille is a splendid monster. 
 
136 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 No net can hold it. 
 
 It is all helmeted and armored with argent plate-mail. 
 
 20. a-abb. 
 
 The mountain shadows lie clear and cool along the ascending 
 slopes. 
 
 The valley drowses the day through. 
 
 The shadows grow longer. 
 
 They cross the valley brook. 
 
 They creep up the far eastern slopes. 
 
 The sun sinks down beyond the mountain peaks. 
 
 21. abbb. 
 
 Usually a small river or brook winds its way down larger valleys. 
 It cuts out the soft deposits of earth. 
 It forms banks or cliffs on either side. 
 There vines clamber. 
 
 There stunted pines cling in the fissures of the rock. 
 There small trickling streams drip from under thick carpetings 
 of moss. 
 
 22. a. 
 
 A valley stream is usually a noisy, swift-running stream. 
 It dashes its way seaward over shelves of stone and gravel. 
 It winds in and out of deep pools. 
 It swirls around sharp bends in eddies and circles. 
 
 23. abbb. 
 
 The tributaries of valley streams are the little cold water ri\Tilets. 
 They come down the side gulches. 
 They spring over ledges. 
 They bubble into basins. 
 
 In the rivulets, the young trout splash in their leaps. 
 To them the stealthy-footed inhabitants of the wood come to 
 drink. 
 
 24. abbbb. 
 
 In October a strange feeling comes over me. 
 I am looking at the valley. 
 The autumn leaf is rustUng. 
 The rain begins to fall. 
 
 The bright days of the valley are numbered: *^ 
 It will soon be sleeping under ice and snow. 
 Its protecting moimtains will look dark and grim through the long 
 nights of winter. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 137 
 
 25. abcc. 
 
 The Montana table-lands are full of abrupt breaks. 
 
 Here and there are sawed-off mountains. 
 
 These mountains are succeeded by flat basins. 
 
 There the buffalo once grazed in countless numbers. 
 
 There even to-day one may see the sheeny coat of an antelope. 
 
 It glistens in the sun. 
 
 26. a. 
 
 The eastern portion of Montana borders on Dakota. 
 It shows its cliffs, buttes and gravel beds. 
 It is a land once shaken by volcanic convulsion. 
 It was water-swept by flood and glacier. 
 
 27. abbe. 
 
 I have seen ordinary marsh flags. 
 
 A low summer sun was behind them. 
 
 Cathedral glass is transparent. 
 
 Every blade looked transparent. 
 
 Every leaf-edge was showing the colors of the rainbow. 
 
 28. ab. 
 
 It was under the morning sun. 
 The wind was blowing over the marsh flags. 
 I have seen them glittering. 
 
 Bayonets of a regiment on parade throw light from their polished 
 surfaces. 
 
 The flags threw light thus. 
 
 29. a. 
 
 It was in midwinter. 
 
 I have seen these same commonplace flags. 
 They stood yellow as gold above the snows. 
 Every stem cast a bright blue shadow. 
 The scene was one of marsh, sky, and snow. 
 The whole showed a perfect harmony of color, in yellow, blue, 
 and white. 
 
 30. abbbbbbbcdb. 
 
 These ocean marshes are seen in the summer. 
 
 Then they are luxuriant in their greens. 
 
 The flag is in blossom. 
 
 The young cat-tails nod in the breeze. 
 
 They are seen in the fall. 
 
 Then nature is dying. 
 
138 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 The weeds are day by day shifting the rough green to gold. 
 
 The trees are gorgeous with autumn tints. 
 
 The orange stain of the short grass is gathering. 
 
 It is growing. 
 
 It is weaving itself into a brilliant carpet. 
 
 The snow falls. 
 
 The colors of the carpet do not fade till then. 
 
 The marshes are a pestilent congregation of vapors. 
 
 Fancy pictures them thus. 
 
 They are (under all these conditions) far from it. 
 
 31. a-a. 
 
 The lakes look like the shore regions near Chesapeake Bay. 
 Flags surround them. 
 They are in the low, flat places. 
 They are on either side of the river. 
 
 More often the river bottom is a vast jungle of trees, vines and 
 dense undergrowth. 
 
 It is not unUke the Dismal Swamp of Virginia. 
 
 32. a. 
 
 The shore of Great Island is a wilderness of wind-swept grasses 
 and sinewy weeds. 
 
 They wave away from their beach. 
 
 The beach is ever speckled with a drift of worm-riddled timbers 
 and dead porpoises. 
 
 33. a. 
 
 In the forest of oak and chestnut the sunlight breaks through in 
 splashes. 
 
 There the creeper grows. 
 
 There the cardinal flower gleams. 
 
 The long aisles and open spaces in the forests of oak and chestnut 
 contrast strangely with the dark depths of the pinery. 
 
 The closed-up ranks of the trees shut out the light of the sun. 
 
 The long moss hangs in festoons from the branches. 
 
 Only stray patches of the lowly pink peer through the carpet of 
 pine needles. 
 
 34. a-abb. 
 
 The open woods are the most enjoyable, the most lovable spots. 
 How sublime in their power and volume are the great interlaced 
 forests! 
 
 The light filters through only in arrowy shafts. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 139 
 
 The bear and the wolf sHnk Uke specters. 
 The deer breaks suddenly from his bed. 
 
 35. a. 
 
 The spruce is a straight-trunked tree. 
 
 It throws out branches. 
 
 The branches ride upward like crescents. 
 
 They bear needles. 
 
 The needles hang downward like fringes. 
 
 36. ab-ab. 
 
 The leafy trees in groves or forests have a sound. 
 
 It is like the sound of a distant waterfall or fast-driven rain. 
 
 Anyone stands on a mountain top. 
 
 He hears a storm coming down the valley. 
 
 Wherein does the roar of a storm consist? 
 
 He knows this. 
 
 37. a-a. 
 
 The night winds are gentle breezes. 
 They stir the leaves. 
 They set the whole wood whispering. 
 They are great creators of sentiment. 
 Possibly this is because of their gentleness. 
 
 38. ab-a-a. 
 
 The iron-like trunks show a variety of darks. 
 
 To the casual observer they are all of one tone. 
 
 The twigs bunch together along the tops of the trees. 
 
 They seem like a bordering fringe. 
 
 The cedar keeps its leaves in spite of any storm. 
 
 The dull-green of the cedar is merely a color-spot in the line. 
 
 39. a-a-a. 
 
 After the first few warm days of spring, the buds on the trees 
 swell. 
 
 They open just a little. 
 
 A fuzziness muffles the sharp outlines of the branches. 
 
 The next color-note is a mist of pale yellow. 
 
 The pale yellow is mingled with the pinks, grays and whites of the 
 buds, and the reds and yellows of the stems. 
 
 40. a-ab. 
 
 A fortnight or more and the gorgeous leaves of the hills shall have 
 been torn by the storms. 
 
 They will be flying with the winds. 
 
140 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 They will be heaping in fence-corners and about bushes for the 
 long, long sleep of decay. 
 
 The flame-Hke mantle of autumn leaves lasts. 
 How supremely glorious its coloring! 
 
 41. abb. 
 
 It is in the coal regions of Pennsylvania. 
 The timber has been destroyed. 
 
 Many of the valleys have been turned into mere sluices and drain- 
 ways for the black waters of the coal mines. 
 
 The laurel and the rhododendron grow in great profusion. 
 They cover valley, hill and mountain for miles at a stretch. 
 
 42. ab, 
 
 A clump of hazel may be a wonder-world of beauty. 
 We study it in its form and color, its setting, light and relation to 
 the whole meadow. 
 
 The daisies grow around it. 
 
 The blackberry twines its white blossoms through it. 
 
 43. ab-ab. 
 
 Nature would spare effort in finishing the forms with nicety. 
 
 In these varied forms of mosses this might be thought so. 
 
 The mosses are tucked away under rock bases. 
 
 They are bunched about the roots of the great pines. 
 
 They are hidden under thick brush. 
 
 Every hair -root, every stem, is wrought with skill and 
 beauty. 
 
 The skill and beauty of its working would fit the moss to cover a 
 royal throne. 
 
 44. ab. 
 
 The Mississippi passed over a sandstone crust. 
 It cut through the crust. 
 
 It has sunk its bed five hundred feet or more below the surface of 
 the prairies. 
 
 The banks of the upper river are now fringed by high bluffs. 
 
 45. a-a-ab-a. 
 
 The hills near at hand are bright green. 
 They recede from us. 
 
 They grow bluer. ~ ' - — 
 
 The valley shadows grow paler. 
 
 Oftentimes in clear weather one can see far away the faint gray 
 silhouette of the high mountain ridge. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 141 
 
 The mountain ridge is beyond the timber-crowned slopes of the 
 foothills. 
 
 It is almost lost in the blue of the sky. 
 
 46. a-ab. 
 
 A great expanse of country looks like a map. 
 
 It is seen in the vista from a mountain height or a river bluff. 
 
 Life upon such heights is dreary. 
 
 I cannot imagine a drearier life. 
 
 One strains his eyes and imagination over the lines of a valley. 
 
 There farms, towns, lakes, woodlands are dotted. 
 
 47. abbcc. 
 
 The view of mountains from the plain expands peak on peak. 
 
 The topmost pine is reached. 
 
 One stands on the top. 
 
 He looks over the snow fields. 
 
 He looks down gorges and glaciers into the valley. 
 
 The view from the mountain-top is complete. 
 
 The view from the plain is more complete. 
 
 48. ab. 
 
 The mountains and ridges are but a few thousand feet high. 
 
 They have no snow belts. 
 
 They are not so impressive in their sense of loftiness. 
 
 The Alps and Andes are beautiful to the eye. 
 
 These mountains are, perhaps, more so. 
 
 49. a. 
 
 Everywhere among the lower hills the eye meets the sweeping 
 lines of ridge and promontory or the billowy roll of descending lines. 
 The lines of ridge and promontory trail along the sky. 
 The descending lines flow down by terraces into the valleys. 
 
 50. a. 
 
 Have you seen the mountains at sunrise? 
 They lie off in the west. 
 The light is on them instead of behind them. 
 Each barren crag is a gleaming star. 
 The pine forest on the ridge is pale and blue. 
 The network of interblended lines is woven faint and fleecy against 
 the dark ground of the half-awakened sky. 
 
PART IV 
 
 SYNOPSES OF SELECTIONS 
 
 1.— BAUCIS AND PHILEMON 
 
 a Jupiter and Mercury found no hospitality in all Phrygia save in the 
 humble cot of Baucis and Philemon. 
 1) inhospitable; 2) to rouse; 3) humble mansion; 4) to thatch. 
 
 b The two old people entertained their guests with simple fare. 
 
 1) threshold; 2) to bustle; 3) to rake; 4) to feed afire; 5) pot-herb; 
 6) to shred. 
 
 C Recognizing their heavenly guests, they were prevented by the latter 
 from sacrificing all they had in their honor, and were bidden to 
 accompany the gods. 
 1) repast; 2) to replenish; 3) to clasp; 4) guardian; 5) to pay the 
 penalty. 
 
 d From the top of the hill they saw the surrounding country changed 
 into a lake and their cottage into a temple, and were asked by the 
 two gods to speak their desires. 
 1) staff; 2) to labor; 3) stone's throw; 4") thatch; 5) to gild; 
 6) carving. 
 
 e After consulting with his wife, Philemon asked that they should be 
 guardians of the temple and die together. 
 1) to take counsel; 2) guardian. 
 
 f Their wish was granted, and they were at last changed into trees, 
 which the shepherds still show. 
 1) keeper; 2) edifice; 3) to put forth; 4) leafy crown; 5) bark. 
 
 ^.— MIDAS 
 
 .0, When Bacchus asked Midas what reward he desired for the care of 
 Silenus, Midas asked, and obtained, the golden touch. 
 1) foster-father; 2) Silenus; 3) peasant; 4) jollity; 5) hospitality. 
 
 143 
 
144 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 b Midas put his gift to the test, and was not altogether rejoiced. 
 1) to put to the test; 2) to pluck; 3) sod; 4) Hesperides; 5) to defy. 
 
 c At his prayer, Bacchus told him he would find relief in the river 
 Pactolus. 
 1) to divest; 2) glittering destruction; 3) fountain-head. 
 
 d The river reheved him. 
 1) scarce; 2) sands. 
 
 3.— PROSERPINE 
 
 a Pluto, falling in love with Proserpine, carried her down into Tar- 
 tarus. 
 1) Enna; 2) to embower; 3) to screen; 4) iron-colored; 5) Cyane; 
 6) trident. 
 
 b After long and continuous search, Ceres, finding the girdle of Proser- 
 pine, laid the blame for her disappearance on the earth. 
 1) Aurora; 2) Hesperus; 3) to lead out; 4) girdle; 5) to waft; 6) to 
 endow; 7) herbage. 
 
 c Arethusa, seeing the distress Ceres sent on earth, proclaimed the inno- 
 cence of the land. 
 1) cattle; 2) furrow; 3) thistle; 4) bramble. 
 
 d The fountain told where Proserpine was. 
 1) underground; 2) region; 3) bride. 
 
 e. As Proserpine had taken food in Tartarus, all that Ceres could obtain 
 from Jove was that she should five half the year with Pluto and 
 half with her mother. 
 1) chariot; 2) bereavement; 3) Mercury; 4) wily; 5) pomegranate; 
 6) pulp; 7) compromise. 
 
 4.— THE DRAGON'S TEETH 
 
 a Cadmus, searching for his sister in Panope, lost his servants by the 
 dragon. 
 1) Jupiter; 2) to profane; 3) arch; 4) crested; 5) to glitter; 
 6) venom; 7) to vibrate; 8) libation. .^ 
 
 b Cadmus, seeing the dead bodies, swore aloud to avenge them. 
 1) in search; 2) bloody. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 145 
 
 c After wounding it with a stone and his javelin, he succeeded in fixing 
 the dragon to a tree wiCh his spear. 
 1) fortress; 2) javelin; 3) to meet with success; 4) scales; 5) to 
 rankle; 6) to swell; 7) bloody foam; 8) trunk. 
 
 d As soon as Cadmus had sown the dragon's teeth, he was frightened 
 by the sight of the armed men, who warned him not to meddle 
 with them. 
 1) to sow; 2) clod; 3) nodding plume; 4) harvest of warriors; 5) to 
 meddle. 
 
 e They fought till only five remained, and these, concluding to live in 
 peace, helped Cadmus build Thebes. 
 1) to smite; 2) to pierce; 3) mutual. 
 
 5.— THE STORY OF THE SPIDER 
 
 a Arachne was so skillful in weaving and embroidering that she boasted 
 herself superior even to Minerva. 
 1) nymph; 2) to card; 3) cloud; 4) to twirl; 5) spindle; 6) pupil. 
 
 b (C) Minerva in the form oi an old woman advised Arachne to ask 
 pardon of the goddess. 
 1) assume; 2) counsel; 3) challenge. 
 
 c (C) Arachne bade Minerva come, and the goddess discovered herself. 
 1) hand in hand; 2) to stand to anything; 3) to stand confessed. 
 
 d Minerva and Arachne entered the contest, each weaving scenes cal- 
 culated to humble the other. 
 1) to stand one's ground; 2) conceit; 3) to rush on fate; 4) shuttle; 
 5) reed; 6) to compact; 7) presumptuous. 
 
 e After rending the web of Arachne, Minerva shamed her into hanging 
 herself, and made that her fate forever. 
 1) to forbear; 2) to rend; 3) to endure; 4) guilty. 
 
 f She turned her into a spider. 
 1) juice; 2) aconite; 3) to cleave; 4) to spin. 
 
146 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 6.— AN ANCIENT FLYING MACHINE 
 
 a Daedalus, after many services to King Minos, being confined on an 
 island, whence there was no escape by land or water, determined to 
 try the air. 
 1) IsLbyrinth; 2) to lose favor; 3) to control. 
 
 b He constructed wings, and his son Icarus assisted him. 
 1) to fabricate; 2) to secure; 3) curvature. 
 
 c Daedalus tried his wings, and taught Icarus, instructing the latter 
 what to avoid. 
 1) to wave; 2) to buoy upward; 3) to poise; 4) to tempt; 5) nest; 
 6) to clog. 
 
 d To the amazement of all beholders, they flew away, Daed^u^ in the 
 lead and encouraging Icarus. ^ 
 
 1) to fit; 2) wet; 3) flight; 4) plowman; 5) shepherd; 6) to cleave. 
 
 e After commencing the journey well, Icarus melted the wax on his 
 wdngs, and sank into the waves deaf to the cries of his father. 
 1) Samos; 2) Delos; 3) Lebynthos; 4) to soar; 5) to soften; 6) to 
 flutter; 7) wildly. 
 
 f Daedalus buried the body of Icarus in Icaria, and himself arrived safe 
 in Sicily. 
 1) to float; 2) to lament; 3) Apollo. 
 
 7.— ERISICHTHON 
 
 a Erisichthon, despiser of the gods, to the horror of all the bystanders 
 began to chop down a tree in the grove of Ceres, when the nymph 
 of the tree warned him of approaching vengeance. 
 1) to violate; 2) votive garland; 3) Dryad; 4) cubit; 5) groan; 
 6) blood; 7) to ttu:n anything on a person. 
 
 b Still the tree was brought down. 
 
 1) to sunder; 2) crash; 3) to prostrate. 
 
 c At the prayer of the Dryads, Ceres sent an Oread to summon Famine 
 to punish Erisichthon. 
 1) clad; 2) mourning; 3) to nod assent; 4) ice-clad Scythia; 5) l? 
 prey on. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 147 
 
 d The Oread found Famine, land delivered the message of Ceres. 
 1) dragon; 2) stony; 3) claw; 4) scanty; 5) to blanch; 6) tight. 
 
 e Erisichthon, touched by Famine, sold all, even his daughter, for food, 
 and died, devouring himself. 
 1) guilty; 2) poison; 3) to crave; 4) unabated; 5) to sate; 6) base. 
 
 8.— THE POWER OF MUSIC 
 
 a Orpheus charmed with his lyre not only men, but even beasts and 
 trees and rocks. 
 1) to withstand; 2) to lay by; 3) to entrance; 4) to crowd; 5) to 
 relax. 
 
 b Orpheus won the liberation of Eurydice from Tartarus, but lost her 
 again by looking back. 
 1) to tread; 2) Stygian; 3) to charm; 4) Pluto; 5) Proserpine; 
 6) to Ump; 7) outlet. 
 
 c Singing his grief to nature, he incensed the Thracians by dwelling 
 
 aloof, and they, shouting to drown the charm of his music, slew 
 
 him, but the Muses and Jupiter honored him. 
 
 1) Styx; 2) Hades; 3) Erebus; 4) to melt; 5) aloof; 6) Umb from 
 
 limb; 7) Hebrus; 8) to murmur; 9) to give back; 10) plaintive; 
 
 ll)Libethra; 12) Tartarus. 
 
 9.— COSTLY GIFTS 
 
 a Badi-al-Zaman, reading the messages under the bird^s wings, bought 
 it willingly, and sent it to the fowler's wife to be cooked. 
 1) Bagdad; 2) fowler; 3) piece. 
 
 b The explanations of the fowler's wife did not moUify Badi when he 
 found the desired parts missing. 
 1) cottage; 2) to steam; 3) to discover; 4) to tease; 5) to mollify; 
 6) to vow. 
 
 c The fowler and his wife, for good reasons, dismissed their children, 
 and hid themselves. 
 1) wrath; 2) harm's way; 3) fortune. 
 
 d The younger son spent so freely of his wealth that he was soon killed. 
 1) yellow; 2) reckless; 3) hoard. 
 
148 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e The elder brother was by a strange accident chosen emir of a distant 
 city. 
 1) adventure; 2) to prolong; 3) to stare; 4) at his heels. 
 
 f The city revolted, and killed the emir. 
 1) knack; 2) revolt. 
 
 g Thus were the gifts of the yellow bird paid for. 
 1) prime. 
 
 10.— THE FATE OF CUNNING 
 
 a Blacky rolled down the hill in his kettle, and escaped into his house, 
 just as the fox appeared on the top of the hill. 
 1) marketing; 2) to sling; 3) to nestle; 4) to coil; 5) snug; 6) fore- 
 leg; 7) full tilt; 8) great pace; 9) to bar; 10) to bolt; 11) shutter. 
 
 b The fox, confident of success, came down the hill to examine the 
 house. 
 1) to escape; 2) stealthily; 3) to prowl; 4) to climb. 
 
 c Blacky set the kettle to boil, and the fox dropped into it. 
 
 1) to sing; 2) steam; 3) to muffle; 4) patter; 5) paw; 6) chimney; 
 7) yelp; 8) to pop. 
 
 11.— AS DEAR AS SALT 
 
 a The king was told by his two daughters how much they loved him. 
 1) apple; 2) salt. 
 
 b Being sent from the court, the princess put on beggar's rags, and was 
 sent by a farmer's wife to watch geese. 
 1) to quit; 2) housewife; 3) soft. 
 
 c A prince, seeing her in her robes of state, wooed and won her, subject 
 to her father's consent. 
 1) splendor; 2) impetuously; 3) suit; 4) suitor. 
 
 d The repentant father came with his elder daughter to the ceremony. 
 
 1) to repent; 2) harshness; 3) to ask in marriage, 
 e The daughter called her father's attention to the value of salt when 
 she saw his expression, and heard his complaint. 
 
 1) seasoning; 2) to make faces; 3) tasteless; 4> slightingly. 
 
 f The king acknowledged his mistake, and was given seasoned dishes. 
 1) to embrace; 2) to misinterpret. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 149 
 
 12.— JORINDE AND JORINGEL 
 
 a An old witch, who had the habit of doing such things, changed 
 Jorinde into a nightingale, while she was walking with Joringel. 
 1) betrothed; 2) malignant; 3) cage; 4) to be beside one's self: 
 5) crone; 6) to keep rooted; 7) to cast a spell. 
 
 b Living miserably in a strange village, he dreamt of a strange flower. 
 1) to drag along; 2) blood-red flower; 3) pearl; 4) enchantment. 
 
 c He fomid the flower, and gained entrance to the castle. 
 1) mountain; 2) dew-drop; 3) pace; 4'i courtyard. 
 
 d He released Jorinde and the other imprisoned maidens. 
 1) enchantress; 2) wicker; 3) gall. 
 
 13.— SPINDLE, SHUTTLE AND NEEDLE 
 
 a The king's son rode, looking for a bride. 
 1) tour. 
 
 b He asked for the richest and the poorest. 
 1) village; 2) cottage. 
 
 c The rich giri tried her charms on him. 
 1) to dress in one's best; 2) courtesy. 
 
 d The prince peeped in at the poor girl at work. 
 1) to rein in; 2) to spin. 
 
 e The girl took a fancy to him. 
 1) to blush; 2) lattice; 3) plume. 
 
 f She sang to her spindle. 
 1) spindle. 
 
 g She watched the spindle dancing through the fields. 
 1) merrily; 2) golden; 3) to be lost to sight. 
 
 h The girl wove, and the spindle reached the king's son. 
 1) shuttle; 2) loom. 
 
 i The prince followed back the golden thread. 
 
 j At the song of the girl, the shuttle wove a beautiful carpet. 
 1) threshold; 2) thicket; 3) to bloom; 4) topmost; 5) plumage. 
 
150 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 k At the song of the girl, the needle decorated the room. 
 1) lightning; 2) velvet; 3) curtain; 4) stitch. 
 
 1 The prince entered, saluted the girl, and led her away his bride. 
 1) to dismount; 2) palace. 
 
 14.— THE DRAGON OF THE NORTH 
 
 a Many had tried, but in vain, to slay the terrible, devastating dragon 
 of the North. 
 1) monster; 2) tract; 3) fathom; 4) scale; 5) to bewitch. 
 
 b The great virtue of Solomon's ring, which was essential for the de- 
 struction of the dragon, was that it could hide and strengthen its 
 wearer. 
 1) signet; 2) rare; 3) invisible; 4) incredible. 
 
 c The young man made his preparations. 
 1) magician; 2) iron; 3) to wield; 4) stake. 
 
 d The jaws of the monster were transfixed by the mighty spear, and his 
 head crushed by a great stone. 
 1) frontier; 2) to push; 3) to swallow; 4) to run cold; 5) clap; 
 6) peg; 7) writhing; 8) earthquake; 9) lifeless. 
 
 e The youth was rewarded richly. 
 1) to ennoble; 2) to wed. 
 
 15.— THE SEVEN-HEADED SERPENT 
 
 a A Grecian kingdom had to pay a yearly tribute of youths and 
 maidens to the seven-headed serpent, when one day the king was 
 addressed by his horse. 
 1) tribute; 2) to devour. 
 
 b (C) " I will show you a way out of this destructive tribute." 
 1) to mount; 2) enchantress. _ 
 
 c The old woman of the mountain, at his prayer, taught the youth hov 
 to destroy the serpent. 
 1) hollow; 2) cavern; 3) to spin; 4) to entreat; 5) to instruct. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 151 
 
 d When the youth had gotten into the palace of the serpent, which was 
 asleep, and had stuffed all the telltale bells, he cut off the heads 
 of the monster one by one. 
 1) cotton; 2) to hang round; 3) flash; 4) to grin, 
 
 e The young king returned home. 
 1) mission; 2) to greet. 
 
 16.— GRATITUDE 
 
 a Ferko, a kind-hearted youth, once repaired the wing of a bee. 
 1) sterling; 2) to trail; 3) to tear; 4) ingenious; 5) profusely. 
 
 b Happening into a kingdom where he had enemies, his death was put 
 off only on very hard conditions. 
 1) to happen; 2) responsible; 3) score; 4) emissary; 5) to protest; 
 6) palace. 
 
 c As Ferko wandered downcast about the meadows, the bee, whose 
 wing he had repaired, asked him how she could help him. 
 1) heart-broken; 2) disconsolately; 3) to settle; 4) benefactor. 
 
 d The bee gave him assurance of help, and on the third day told him the 
 palace was finished. 
 1) cheerily; 2) cheer. 
 
 e Ferko led the king and his court out to see a palace built entirely of 
 flowers. 
 1) to rear; 2) exquisite; 3) mortal; 4) to tile; 5) mosaic; 6) auric- 
 ula; 7) to inlay; 8) knocker; 9) vaulted; 10) perfume; 11) to 
 enchant. 
 
 1 Ferko refused the king^s proffers of preferment, and left the kingdom 
 gladly, resolved on one thing — ever to be kind. 
 1) amazement; 2) to dream. 
 
 17.— A LITTLE KINDNESS 
 
 a The giant, whose groans he had heard, assured the boy he would do 
 him no harm. 
 1) herd-boy; 2) dismay; 3) handsomely. 
 
 b The boy took courage to bind up the giant's foot and to follow him. 
 1) shirt; 2) to limp. 
 
152 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c After a great fea«t in his underground hall, the giant gave the boy a 
 loaf to eat when he felt hungry. 
 1) golden; 2) viand; 3) profusion; 4) to fall to; 5) lustily; 6) to 
 stow away; 7) tunic. 
 
 d The boy grew rich so fast that many came to him to get the prescrip- 
 tion. 
 1) loaf; 2) to roll; 3) by dint. 
 
 18.— THE GLASS MOUNTAIN 
 
 a Many an adventurer had lost his life in an attempt to gain a golden 
 apple and admission to the castle of the rich princess. 
 1) glass; 2) silver; 3) ravine; 4) to grin. 
 
 b A schoolboy prepared himself for the attempt, 
 1) mere; 2' 'ynx; 3) claw. 
 
 c Half-way up the mountain he was exhausted. 
 1) to parch; 2) cloud; 3) to moisten. 
 
 d He fell asleep, clinging to the side of the mountain. 
 1) pitch; 2) to glue; 3) to slumber. 
 
 e The eagle that guarded the apple tree swooped down on him and 
 found liim awake. 
 1) lookout; 2) to emerge; 3) to circle; 4) carrion; 5) to swoop. 
 
 f CUnging to the feet of the eagle, he was borne over the castle wall, and 
 then he dropped into the apple tree. 
 1) to dig; 2) to glitter* 3) lamp; 4) balcony; 5) broad. 
 
 g After healing his wounds, he used the charm of a golden apple to gain 
 admission to the castle and the princess. 
 1) peel; 2) dragon; 3) retinue. 
 
 h The youth remained on the mountain with his wife and his riches. 
 1) to greet; 2) to enjoy. 
 
 19.— THE BROKEN PROMISE 
 
 a The Indian father died in peace, thinking his child provided for. 
 1) deep; 2) motherless; 3) to exact; 4) to forsake. 
 
 b In the spring the elder brother, despite the sister's protest, left them- 
 1) thick; 2) to stir: 3) wigwam; 4) hut. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 153 
 
 c The next spring the sister left the little boy. 
 1) to melt; 2) hard; 3) burden; 4) shelter. 
 
 d She did not return. 
 
 1) journeying; 2) brave; 3) husband. 
 
 e The little boy grew to live on roots and to accompany the wolves to 
 their feasts. 
 1) berry; 2) root; 3) fill; 4) to howl; 5) prey. 
 
 f The elder brother one day heard the younger singing a wolf song on 
 the shores of the lake, but the younger ran away at the approach 
 of the elder. 
 1) to go down; 2) canoe; 3) to sink; 4) skin; 5) depth. 
 
 g The brother and sister mourned till death the broken promise. 
 1) anguish; 2) to mourn. 
 
 20.— THE DEAD WIFE 
 
 a An Indian widower dressed a doll in his wife^s clothes to console him- 
 self for her loss. 
 1) forest; 2) wooden; 3) to brush off. 
 
 b After several mysterious visits, he one day found his wife in his 
 cabin — as she said — by the permission of the Great Spirit. 
 1) fire; 2) kettle; 3) to mystify; 4) shoulder; 5) to touch. 
 
 C On the way to the tribe he touched her, and she fell into the fire, — 
 a wooden doll. 
 1) to make haste; 2) string; 3) to set about; 4) to brush against. 
 
 d The tribe found that the unhappy man had spoken the truth. 
 1) misery; 2) to weigh down. 
 
 21.— IN THE LAND OF SOULS 
 
 a After two moons of grief for his young wife, the sachem remembered 
 how he might recover her. 
 1) sachem; 2) elder; 3) far; 4) moon. 
 
 b An old man, standing on a mountain, told him he must leave his 
 body behind in order to enter the land of souls. 
 1) cliff; 2) distance; 3) yonder; 4) safely. 
 
164 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c He passed through a beautiful land of shadows. 
 
 1) air; 2) scent; 3) to rub noses; 4) to circle; 5) to bar, 
 
 d He came to the lake and the stone canoe. 
 1) winged; 2) lovely; 3) to glitter; 4) paddle. 
 
 e His wife followed him, and both of them, for their innocence, were 
 allowed to enter and remain in the happy land till the Master of 
 Life spoke to him. 
 1) to push off; 2) to sink; 3) bone; 4) flowery; 5) mtirmur. 
 
 f (C) " Return to do good for your people and you will rejoin your 
 wife later." 
 1) messenger; 2) patience. 
 
 22.— A STORY OF KING FROST 
 
 a The father took the stepdaughter out into the cold fields. 
 
 1) peasant; 2) to humor; 3) to pamper; 4) to do for one; 5) scold. 
 
 b King Frost presented himself to the weeping girl. 
 
 1) to spring; 2) to crack; 3) fir; 4) crisp; 5) to crackle; 6) red nose. 
 
 Despite her inconvenience she was polite to the old man, and he 
 rewarded her. 
 1) bluff; 2) to chatter; 3) courteous; 4) to pierce; 5) sledge. 
 
 d When the stepmother saw the presents, she sent her husband with 
 her daughter to the same place. 
 1) wicked; 2) to creak; 3) to fly open; 4) radiant; 5) to glitter; 
 6) to dazzle; 7) to yoke. 
 
 e King Frost froze to death the impolite daughter. 
 1) amiable; 2) rude; 3) to gnash. 
 
 f The impatient mother received into her arms the frozen body, and 
 was herself chilled to death. 
 1) direction; 2) to upset; 3) to chill. 
 
 23.— THE DEATH OF THE SUN-HERO 
 
 a The son of a certain king was such a wonderful lad that all the people 
 called him the sun-hero. 
 1) clever; 2) counselor; 3) to sparkle; 4) wind. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 155 
 
 b When he had found the tree of the sun and grasped for one of its 
 golden apples, he heard the girl in red laughing behind him. 
 1) to pluck; 2) wizard; 3) definite; 4) whereabouts; 5) to put out; 
 6) tip-toe; 7) to recede; 8) personage. 
 
 c (C) "To get an apple, you must guard the tree, and you must die if 
 you fail." 
 1) ravage; 2) wolf. 
 
 d The hero went to his post. 
 1) to frighten. 
 
 e Not till the eighth day did he fall asleep at his post. 
 1) to beat off; 2) eye; 3) to fail. 
 
 f (C) " I, mother of the sun, condemn you to death for your vanity.^' 
 1) black; 2) to pronounce sentence. 
 
 g His mother's word, that the one thing which could hurt him was 
 unknown to the sun, consoled him. 
 1) to strike down; 2) gayety; 3) sunshine. 
 
 h When he was bitten by the deadly crab, the black woman appeared 
 beside his deathbed to gloat over his punishment. 
 1) threat; 2) to go hunting; 3) crab; 4) fate; 5) to close in death. 
 
 24.— THE STORY OF A LONG NOSE 
 
 a The wizard, for the fault of his father, doomed Prince Hyacinth to 
 keep his long nose till he himself would find out his defect. 
 1) wizard; 2) to enrage; 3) proportion; 4) to make matters worse. 
 
 b Owing to the flattery of the courtiers, the prince was in a fair way 
 never to learn this. 
 1) vanity; 2) jealous; 3) to pull. 
 
 c To the discomfiture of the courtiers, the prince chose a wife with a 
 short nose, but the sly flatterers found an explanation. 
 1) at hand; 2) eligible; 3) to be hard put to it. 
 
 d In every town on the way to his princess his nose was jeered at. 
 1) consolation; 2) to go forth; 3) hubbub; 4) to jeer; 5) comment. 
 
 e The youth confided his woes to his fairy godmother, and the old 
 lady saw her chance to cure his vanity. 
 1) chagrin; 2) charm; 3) beak; 4) to prove too much. 
 
156 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 f When he saw the princess, imprisoned by the old dame, and found he 
 could neither free her nor kiss her hand for his long nose, he ac- 
 knowledged the ugHness of the member. 
 1) crystal; 2) to fall to work; 3) utterly; 4) proboscis. 
 
 g While he was rejoicing in the good effects of his confession, the fairy 
 preached him a sermon on vanity. 
 1) splinter; 2) to blind; 3) to get in the way. 
 
 25.— RUMPELSTILTSKIN 
 
 a On account of her father's boasting, the king told the maiden she 
 must die or spin the straw into gold. 
 1) unfortunate; 2) to comfort. 
 
 b A little man for a sHght present spun all the straw into gold. 
 1) necklace; 2) whir; 3) bobbin. 
 
 c The second day the same thing happened to the king, the girl and the 
 httle man. 
 1) greedy; 2) to lust after; 3) to come to the help of. 
 
 d The third day the king promised the girl to make her his queen, if she 
 repeated her performance, and she promised the Uttle man her 
 first child, if he would help her; all of which fell out. 
 1) to weep; 2) fulfillment; 3) manikin. 
 
 e The little man agreed to waive his right to the child, if in three days 
 the queen learnt his name. 
 1) to demand; 2) to beg; 3) to waive. 
 
 f The first and second day the queen got no information from her 
 messengers. 
 1) to ponder; 2) to come across. 
 
 g The third day one of the messengers told her of the strange song of a 
 httle man in the country. 
 1) grotesque; 2) to hop; 3) to brew; 4) dame;^) to deem. 
 
 h The little man was so enraged when the queen called him by name 
 that he tore himself in two. 
 1) to enrage; 2) to scream; 3) to drive; 4) waist; 4) to tear. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 157 
 
 26.— WHY THE SEA IS SALT 
 
 a The mill would grind at its owner^s command, but would not stop 
 unless its owner knew how to make it. 
 1) hand-mill: 2) marvel; 3) to cease. 
 
 b One purchaser was almost drowned in herrings and porridge because 
 he did not know how to stop the mill. 
 1) characteristic; 2) fat; 3) to flood; 4) kitchen; 5) parlor; 6) neck- 
 high; 7) tide; 8) shrewdly. 
 
 c A skipper paid a goodly price for it in order to be saved long voyages 
 after salt. 
 1) fame; 2) abroad; 3) foreign; 4) freight; 5) to part. 
 
 d The skipper in his hurry to get away with the prize did not ask how 
 to stop the mill. 
 1) to loiter; 2) to change. 
 
 e The skipper bade the mill grind. 
 1) deck. 
 
 f The ship was sunk and the mill grinds on. 
 1) to spout; 2) water; 3) bottom. 
 
 27.— THE TERRIBLE HEAD 
 
 a Of the three dreadful sisters whose look was mortal, only the young- 
 est could be killed. 
 1) ogreish; 2) claw; 3) serpent. 
 
 b Thinking the prince who stood in the way of his suit would be killed 
 by the ogress, he sent the boy to cut off her head. 
 1) widowed; 2) hand; 3) outright; 4) unknown; 5) ogress. 
 
 c A young man equipped the boy. 
 1) to fly; 2) invisible; 3) to cleave. 
 
 d When he came upon the sisters, he walked backwards, and cutting 
 off the head, fled, invisible to his pursuers. 
 1) bank; 2) poplar; 3) claw; 4) to writhe out; 5) to contrive; 
 6) mirror; 7) wallet. 
 
158 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e He met the king pursuing his mother with murderous intent, and 
 presented to him the head. 
 1) incredibly; 2) to fly for one's life; 3) naked; 4) to catch on a 
 shield. 
 
 f The king became a stone. 
 l)tofaUon; 2) to Hft. 
 
 28.— THE VALUE OF A CAT 
 
 a Mr. Fitzwarren insisted that Dick Whittington should send his cat to 
 be sold on the voyage. 
 1) outcast; 2) scullion; 3) to venture; 4) factor; 5) profit; 6) to 
 abound; 7) garret. 
 
 b Driven by storms on the coasts of Barbary, they learned that the 
 viands were regularly carried off the king's table by rats, and that 
 the natives knew no relief. 
 1) course; 2) to set down; 3) disgust; 4) horde; 5) very; 6) pest. 
 
 c The king called for the creature that would destroy the rats. 
 1) vermin; 2) to destroy. 
 
 d The cat did such execution that the king bought the cargo, and paid 
 ten times as much for the cat as for the cargo. 
 1) midst; 2) rodent; 3) slaughter; 4) cargo; 5) to strike a bargain. 
 
 e Whittington was surprised to find he was one of the richest men of 
 London. 
 1) to hurry; 2) fortune; 3) counting-house; 4) ragged; 5) to mock; 
 6) sometime. 
 
 f He proved himself worthy of his fortune. 
 1) sheriff; 2) Lord Mayor; 3) Henry V. 
 
 29.— ST. FRANCIS AND THE BIRDS 
 
 a Francis left his companions to preach to the birds. 
 1) to lift up; 2) hard by; 3) well-nigh; 4) to preach. 
 
 b He went among them, and they stayed for his blessing. 
 
 1) field; 2) to make an end; 3) Masseo; 4 Jaques da Massa; 5) to 
 touch. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 159 
 
 c (C) " Be grateful to God, who has done so much for you." 
 
 1) to be bound; 2) liberty; 3) raiment; 4) Noah; 5) refuge; 6) nest; 
 7) to clothe. 
 
 d The birds heard him reverently, and Francis blessed them, sending 
 them to the quarters of the world as his brothers were sent. 
 1) beak; 2) to marvel; 3) leave; 4) flight; 5) pattern. 
 
 30.— THE WOLF OF AGOBIO 
 
 a In the time of St. Francis a great wolf had all Agobio in terror. 
 1) to abide; 2) to array; 3) to come to a pass; 4) to dare. 
 
 b Despite the fear of the townsfolk, Francis went out to meet the wolf, 
 and as the animal leaped at him, made the sign of the cross over 
 him and addressed him. 
 1) to give counsel; 2) to put trust in anything; 3) townsfolk; 4) to 
 make at one; 5) to bespeak. 
 
 c The wolf stopped, and Francis spoke kindly to him. 
 1) to stay; 2) to lay down; 3) gibbet; 4) fain. 
 
 d The wolf raised his right paw, and pledged himself to do as the Saint 
 willed. 
 1) to abide; 2) to plight troth; 3) to take pledge. 
 
 e The wolf lived for two years like a tame beast in Agobio, and then 
 died to the sorrow of the people. 
 1) tame; 2) courteously; 3) to bark; 4) sorely. 
 
 31.— ST. ANTONY AND THE FISHES 
 
 a By the inspiration of God, who wished to reprove stiff-necked men, 
 Antony, after attempting the conversion of the heretics of Rimini 
 in vain, preached to the fishes. 
 1) to reprove; 2 folly; 3) Balaam; 4) stiff-necked. 
 
 b The fishes, great and small, arranged themselves in order to hear the 
 Saint. 
 1) multitude; 2) anigh; 3) order. 
 
160 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c When the fish were seen gathering to hear the Saint, even the heretics 
 came out to hear his words. 
 1) array; 2) aforesaid; 3) to behold. 
 
 d Thereupon Antony converted the heretics, and sent away the fishes 
 with his blessing. 
 1) nobly; 2) exceeding great; 3) to reap. 
 
 32.— SIR RODOLPH OF HAPSBURG 
 
 a Gallant Rodolph of Hapsburg, wise in council and brave in war, had 
 outstripped his train, and raised his bugle to call them on. 
 1) hunter; 2) frosty; 3) Alpine; 4) chase; 5) reverent; 6) needless; 
 7) loiterer. 
 
 b He heard a bell, and knelt at the approach of the Sacrament. 
 1) silvery; 2) to dismount; 3) humbly; 4) plain. 
 
 c (C) "I insist, Father, that my Lord ride." 
 
 1) to whisper; 2) steed; 3) page; 4) alone; 5) foul. 
 
 d The priest did as Rodolph willed. 
 
 1) rein in hand; 2) to bend; 3) reverent; 4) rocky; 5) company. 
 
 e Rodolph insisted on giving the horse to the priest. 
 1) pass; 2) to check; 3) pathway. 
 
 f The priest prophesied Rodolph's greatness. 
 1) benediction; 2) to gaze; 3) to reward. 
 
 g After nine years Rodolph was made king. 
 
 1) to roll by; 2) stalwart; 3) peer; 4) serf; 5) accord* 
 
 33.— THE MUSIC OF HEAVEN 
 
 a Dr. Grant was asked if he would not tire of the music of heaven. 
 1) Southwark; 2) familiarity; 3) to foster; 4) to tire. 
 
 b The Bishop told her a legend. 
 
 1) skeptic; 2) puzzle. "^ 
 
 c A monk, tired with labor, thought Paradise not worth the trouble^ 
 1) to flag; 2) to bethink; 3) toil. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 161 
 
 d He followed the bird into the midst of the forest, and came home after 
 a long ramble. 
 1) to thrill; 2) to perch; 3) to flutter; 4) rich; 5) gush; 6) spell; 
 7) warbler; 8) heart; 9) ramble. 
 
 e He found the monastery strangely changed, and was greeted as a 
 ghost. 
 1) to befall; 2) ivy; 3) lichen; 4) moss; 5) to drape; 6) summons; 
 7) porter; 8) hundred. 
 
 f He broke out into exclamations of wonder, and knew that his doubt 
 had been answered. 
 1) scarcely; 2) wanderer. 
 
 34._ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON 
 
 a The people of Selene, after exhausting all their flocks, were obliged 
 to sacrifice their children to the dragon. 
 1) legion; 2) Libya; 3) consternation; 4) ravage; 5) marsh; 
 6) refuge; 7) lot. 
 
 b The people were so angered at the king's attempt to save his 
 daughter CleodoHnde that he was obhged to yield up the maiden, 
 who offered herself a willing victim. 
 1) to redeem; 2) edict; 3) to wax; 4) wroth; 5) to bewail. 
 
 c She refused the services of St. George. 
 
 1) dweUing; 2) drearily; 3) to strew; 4) bone; 5) to tarry. 
 
 d St. George, relying on the power of Christ, insisted. 
 
 1) loathly. 
 8 While the princess trembled with fear, he pinned the monster to the 
 ground. 
 
 1) lair; 2) to crawl; 3) to spur toward; 4) to pin. 
 
 f The princess led the bound dragon by her girdle. 
 1) girdle; 2) to subdue. 
 
 g St. George promised to destroy the dragon on the conversion of the 
 city. 
 1) guise; 2) adversary. 
 
 h The people were converted, and St. George distributed his gifts to the 
 poor. 
 
162 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 35.— ST. CHRISTOPHER 
 
 a OfPero, discovering that his master feared the devil, set out to find the 
 latter. 
 1) colossal; 2) bulk; 3) minstrel; 4) to cross. 
 
 b He found Satan, and soon discovered that he feared Christ. 
 1) desert; 2) air; 3) trembling. 
 
 c The hermit, finding he would not fast or pray, inquired if he knew a 
 certain river. 
 1) hermit; 2) wild fellow; 3) stony; 4) to swell. 
 
 d He sent him to work at the river. 
 
 1) strength; 2) to struggle; 3) to perish. 
 
 e He never wearied of his task. 
 
 1) to root up; 2) to sink; 3) shoulder; 4) task; 5) to weary. 
 
 f After carrying over the great burden, Christopher learned it was 
 Christ. 
 1) to come to pass; 2) hut; 3) feeble; 4) edge; 5) staff; 6) to stay; 
 7) to totter; 8) burden. 
 
 g The giant's heart was changed. 
 1) face; 2) to adore; 3) to work. 
 
 36.— THE LEGEND OF ST. CATHARINE 
 
 a Catharine confronted the Emperor on the steps of the temple with 
 the proofs of the Christian religion. 
 1) legend; 2) Egypt; 3) Alexandria; 4) torment; 5) heathen; 
 6) recess; 7) to sally; 8) to confront; 9) pagan. 
 
 b The fifty philosophers and rhetoricians cried out to have the maiden 
 brought before them. 
 1) to confound; 2) trivial; 3) folly; 4) rashness. 
 
 c Catharine converted her opponents, and encouraged them to mar- 
 tyrdom. 
 1) feebleness; 2) sage; 3) to quote; 4) Plato; 5) Sibyl; 6) to con* 
 found; 7) to account; 8) crown. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 163^ 
 
 d Catharine was put to death by the sword, and her body was carried 
 to Mt. Sinai. 
 I) dungeon; 2) Maximin; 3) empress; 4) wheel; 5) to behead; 
 6) Desert; 7) Red Sea; 8) summit. 
 
 37.— ST. SYLVESTER AND CONSTANTINE 
 
 a It was, while Sylvester lay concealed from persecution at Mount 
 Calvo, that Constantine was ordered to take the bath of blood 
 w'^ich he finally refused. 
 1) virtuous; 2) cavern; 3) leprosy; 4) to bathe; 5) chariot; 6) to 
 dishevel. 
 
 b The children were restored to their mothers. 
 1) recompense; 2) gratitude. 
 
 c Peter and Paul appeared to Constantine, and told him he would be 
 cured by Sylvester, and should become a Christian. 
 1) bedside; 2) to spill; 3) counsel; 4) to lie hidden; 5) pool; 
 6) clean; 7) to cease. 
 
 d Constantine asked the prisoner, Sylvester, what gods had appeared 
 to him. 
 1) cheerfully; 2) vision. 
 
 e Constantine, seeing from their pictures that Peter and Paul had 
 appeared to him, was baptized and healed. 
 1) effigy; 2) possession; 3) dream;' 4) font. 
 
 38.— THE CLOAK OF ST. MARTIN 
 
 a Martin was bom of pagan parents, and as a catechumen excited the. 
 admiration of his comrades by his Christian virtues. 
 1) Constantine; 2) Saberia; 3) Pannonia; 4) tribune; 5) heathen; 
 6) catechumen; 7) to enroll; 8) cavalry; 9) license; 10) in- 
 compatible; 11) valiant. 
 
 b Meeting a poor beggar, he divided his cloak with him. 
 1) to quarter; 2) legion; 3) severity; 4) to shiver; 5) twain. 
 
 c Jesus, appearing in a vision to him, told the angels of his deed. 
 1) to bestow; 2) to array. 
 
 d Martin hastened to baptism. 
 
164 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 39.— THE THEBAN LEGION 
 
 a The Theban Legion was made up of Christians, and commanded by 
 one. 
 1) Diocletian and Maximin; 2) to levy; 3) Thebaid; 4) valor; 
 
 5) Maurice. 
 
 b The pari: of the Theban Legion left there refused to join in the games 
 on the shores of the Lake of Geneva. 
 1) to reinforce; 2) Gaul; 3) passage; 4) Alps; 5) to withdraw; 
 
 6) idolatrous; 7) league; 8) to extirpate. 
 
 c After they had been decimated twice for their Christian refusal, 
 Maurice on the third summons spoke their sentiments. 
 1) to decimate; 2) lot; 3) to emulate. 
 
 d (C) " We will fight for thee, Csesar, but not against Christ." 
 1) pay; 2) life; 3) barbarian; 4) to renounce. 
 
 e They went to slaughter meekly. 
 
 1) courage; 2) to hem round; 3) massacre; 4) resistance; 5) to 
 resign; 6) sheep; 7) to trample; 8) hoof. 
 
 f At Cologne and other places so many of the rest of the legion perished 
 for the faith that it was called the glorious Theban Legion. 
 1) Gereon; 2) Prefect Varus; 3) to forsake; 4) pit; 5) annals. 
 
 40.— HOW ST. MARK SAVED VENICE 
 
 a On the night of February the twenty-fifth, 1340, a man at the Riva 
 di San Marco besought a fisherman, despite the latter's protests, 
 to carry him over to San Giorgio Maggiore. 
 1) to fall out; 2) to rise; 3) fearful; 4) cubit; 5) canal; 6) to be at 
 the highest; 7) to sink; 8) to set forth. 
 
 b At San Giorgio another man joined them, and the boatman was 
 asked to row to San Nicolo di Lido. 
 1) to land; 2) hesitates; 3) boldly; 4) smooth. _ 
 
 c At San Nicolo a third joined the party, and the boatman was asked 
 to row for the open sea. 
 1) open; 2) castle; 3) to rage; 4) to make head. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 166 
 
 d At the sign of the cross the approaching ship of devils vanished. 
 1) to fly; 2) galley; 3) demon; 4) to overwhelm; 5) calm; 6) to ex- 
 orcise; 7) to vanish. 
 
 e After landing two of his visitors where he had received them, the 
 boatman carried the third to.San Marco, and there, on demand of 
 his fare, was told how he might prove to the Doge that this pas- 
 senger was St. Mark and the savior of the city. 
 1) miracle; 2) to witness; 3) Procuratore; 4) tempest; 5) school- 
 master; 6) San Felice. 
 
 f He was given a ring to prove his tale. 
 1) ducat; 2) sanctuary. 
 
 g The proof was accepted, and thanks returned to God and his saints 
 for the deHverance of the city. 
 1) to present; 2) procession. 
 
 41.— SANTIAGO 
 
 a Ramirez in 939 vowed to free Castile from the tribute of virgins. 
 1) shameful; 2) annually; 3) weal; 4) woe. 
 
 b After the defeat of the first day St. Jago appeared to him, and prom- 
 ised him victory on the morrow. 
 1) Clavijo; 2) conflict; 3) to retire; 4) couch; 5) to fling; 6) fatigue. 
 
 c The vision was recounted to the army, and St. Jago himself appeared 
 in the battle, giving them the victory which made "Santiago" the 
 battle-cry of Spain. 
 1) prelate; 2) recount; 3) to sound to battle; 4) milk-white; 5) stand- 
 ard. 
 
 42.— THEODOSIUS AND AMBROSE 
 
 a The passionate Theodosius massacred seven thousand inhabitants of 
 Thessalonica for a sedition which happened there. 
 1) fit; 2) violent; 3) affray; 4) massacre; 5) to sacrifice, 
 b Ambrose excommunicated him, and forbade his entrance into the 
 Cathedral of Milan even on Christmas day. 
 1) prelate; 2) to denounce; 3) abhorrence; 4) to supplicate; 5) porch; 
 0) dead. 
 
166 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c The excommunication was removed only on the fulfillment of two 
 severe conditions. 
 1) interdict; 2) to relent; 3) penance; 4) sackcloth; 5) to grovel; 
 
 6) ashes. 
 
 43.— THE LEGEND OF ST. OGG 
 
 a A woman sat beside the river where Ogg was a boatman, and desired 
 to be ferried across against the advice of the men thereabout. 
 1) Beorl; 2) to ferry; 3) scanty; 4) Floss; 5) high; 6) to moan; 
 
 7) rag; 8) to wither; 9) to crave; 10) thereabout; 11) to tarry; 
 12) to take shelter. 
 
 b Ogg offered himself, and ferried her across. 
 1) heart; 2) to need. 
 
 c When she reached shore, a glory covered her about, and she prom- 
 ised Ogg that as a reward for his kindness his boat would always be 
 safe from peril in the storm. 
 1) to come to pass; 2) ashore; 3) to flow; 4) glory; 5) moon; 6) to 
 wrangle; 7) to smite; 8) peril; 9) to put forth; 10) rescue; 
 11) to save. 
 
 d Many were saved from the floods by reason of that blessing, but at 
 Ogg's death the boat floated away, to be seen afterwards only in 
 time of flood when it hghted to safety. 
 1) parting; 2) to loose; 3) mooring; 4) to ebb; 5) eventide; 6) wide- 
 spreading; 7) prow; 8) to gather; 9) to take heart. 
 
 44.— ALBERTUS MAGNUS 
 
 a Though Albert de Groot was called an ass in the University of Padua, 
 he was admitted as a novice by the Dominicans. 
 1) Saxony; 2) to confer; 3) quick; 4) lonely; 5) dullard; 6) voca- 
 tion. 
 
 b Discouraged by his dullness, he determined te4eave the monastery 
 and become a hermit. 
 1) dullness; 2) slowness; 3) burden; 4) wilderness; 5) hermit; 6) to 
 assail; 7) novena. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 167 
 
 c He had put his ladder against the wall of the monastery, when the 
 vision appeared, and he received from the Virgin the promise of 
 knowledge. 
 1) cell; 2) brilliant; 3) learning; 4) philosophy; 5) to be beset; 6) to 
 withdraw. 
 
 d Albert became the greatest teacher in Christendom. 
 
 1) stupefaction; 2) theme; 3) to metamorphose; 4) Hildesheim; 
 5) Fribourg; 6) Ratisbon; 7) Strasburg; 8) to dazzle; 9) con- 
 course; 10) to flock; 11) Place Maubert; 12) Aubertj 
 13) Aquinas. 
 
 e At the age of seventy-two his learning suddenly departed, and he 
 retired to solitude to prepare for death. 
 1) whisper; 2) auditory; 3) to electrify; 4) self-satisfaction; 
 5) source; 6) warning. 
 
 45.— A ROYAL CHARITY 
 
 a The devotion of EUzabeth to the poor and to piety did not meet with 
 the approval of her mother-in-law. 
 1) Thuringia; 2) allurement; 3) to clothe; 4) income; 5) worldly- 
 minded; 6) frivolity. 
 
 b Once during the absence of her husband she laid a leper in his bed. 
 1) distant: 2) leper; 3) Helias; 4) deplorable; 5) to anoint; 6) balm. 
 
 c His mother ran to inform the returning Duke. 
 1) to alight; 2) pretty doing. 
 
 d She claimed EUzabeth was exposing him to the leprosy. 
 1) to prevent. 
 
 e The Duke beheld Christ crucified. 
 
 1) to repress; 2) irritation; 3) covering; 4) to unseal. 
 
 f Weeping, he told his wife to do the same thing often. 
 1) abundant; 2) to calm; 3) wrath; 4) guest; 5) to hinder. 
 
 g Elizabeth got permission for an almshouse half-way up the moun- 
 tain. 
 1) signal; 2) to profit; 3) midway; 4) rocky height; 5) to crown; 
 6) Wartbourg; 7) feeble. 
 
168 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 46.— THE BOY MARTYR 
 
 a Unshaken by the sufferings of others, Pancratius stood in the arena. 
 1) to devote; 2) shake; 3) to contrast; 4) swarthy; 5) brawny; 6) exe- 
 cutioner. 
 
 b A bear and a leopard let loose against the praying boy seemed held 
 divinely. 
 1) fetter; 2) to stretch out; 3) to breathe fury; 4) snort; 5) to tear. 
 
 c When the bull imitated his predecessors, the Emperor called to the 
 boy to provoke him. 
 1) mob; 2) frantic; 3) to career; 4) to lash; 5) to charm; 6) stone; 7) to 
 paw; 8) to bellow; 9) to roar out. 
 
 d Pancratius waved his arms, and when the bull showed his temper, 
 some one cried out that the boy was a sorcerer. 
 1) trance; 2) to toss; 3) to disconcert; 4) sorcerer. 
 
 e At the Emperor's command Pancratius explained the amulet, and 
 asked for the panther. 
 1) to re-echo; 2) amulet; 3) moisten; 4) crown. 
 
 f Amid dead silence, the panther approached his victim and sprang at 
 
 him. 
 
 1) avalanche; 2) to start up; 3) magic; 4) graceful; 5) to frisk; 6) to 
 
 gambol; 7) feline; 8) velvet-covered; 9) dell; 10) stealthy; 
 
 11) sleek; 12) to disdain; 13) to crouch; 14) suspense; 15) to 
 
 snarl; 16) elastic; 17) leech; 18) fang; 19) fore-claw. 
 
 g The martyr slept. 
 
 1) artery; 2) to sever; 3) slumber. 
 
 47.— A CHRISTIAN SOLDIER 
 
 a Maximian's love being turned to hate, he ordered Sebastian to be 
 slowly killed, but the latter's friends paid for his Hfe. 
 1) vindictive; 2) Hyphax; 3) to sting; 4) pin-thrust; 5) to bribe; 6) in- 
 sensibility. 
 
 b He was shot at by the band of unsympathizing Africans, and was 
 uncheered by the smile of a single friend. 
 1) dungeon; 2) martyrdom; 3) quarters; 4) Adonis; 5) archer; 6) am- 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 169 
 
 phitheater; 7) to cheer; 8) human; 9) hunter; 10) to nerve; 
 
 11) truss; 12) horde; 13) swarthy; 14) uncouth; 15) banditti. 
 
 c Sebastian saw the only witnesses he cared for. 
 
 1) angel; 2) to dazzle; 3) bowman. ^ 
 
 d It was sport for all except the martyr. 
 
 1) ear; 2) to tremble; 3) marksman; 4) vital; 5) to brawl; 6) to jeer; 
 7) to droop; 8) to paint; 9) earnest; 10) pang; 11) smart; 
 
 12) knotty. 
 
 e The martyr did not reach glory, for when he sank unconscious, the 
 executioners cut the cords. 
 1) dreary; 2) golden gate; 3) lap; 4) tormentor; 5) carpet; 6) pave- 
 ment. 
 
 f The Christians nursed him back to hfe, but he won his crown a few 
 days later. 
 1) to nurse; 2) to drag; 3) to upbraid; 4) club; 5) to covet. 
 
 48.— "QUO VADIS, DOMINE?" 
 
 a Two figures were on the Appian Way. 
 1) dawn; 2) dark; 3) Campania. 
 
 b They were Peter and Nazarius. 
 1) to jrield. 
 
 c Distinct hnes were beginning to mark the landscape. 
 
 1) green; 2) to border; 3) saffron; 4) silver-leaved; 5) marble; 6) arch; 
 7) gold; 8) rosy; 9) Alban; 10) lily-colored; 12) ray. 
 
 d The Hght was reflected everywhere, and vistas opened through the 
 mists. 
 1) to tremble; 2) dewdrop; 3) haze; 4) thin; 5) to dot. 
 
 e Only the shoes of the travelers gave a sound. 
 
 1) villager; 2) to harness; 3) block; 4) mountain; 5) bark. 
 
 f Nazarius did not see the vision which burst on Peter. 
 1) line; 2) golden circle; 3) to rise; 4) road. 
 
 g Peter said a figure was approaching. 
 1) to shade; 2) gleam. 
 
170 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 h As no sound was heard, Nazarius asked Peter what ailed him. 
 1) slight; 2) to quiver; 3) to spread. 
 
 i Peter was stunned. 
 1) staff; 2) pilgrim; 3) to depict; 4) rapture. 
 
 j Peter, on the ground, cried out to Christ. 
 1) knee; 2) to kiss. 
 
 k Peter asked with sobs: — "Quo vadis, Domine?" 
 1) to break. 
 
 1 Peter heard the answer. 
 1) sad; 2) to desert. 
 
 m Peter turned back. 
 
 1) dust; 2) to faint; 3) to tremble; 4) seven hills. 
 
 n Peter told the boy he was going to his death. 
 1) echo. 
 
 49.— OSHIDORI 
 
 a Son jo was so hungry that he killed the male of the Oshidori. 
 
 1) falconer; 2) Tamura-no-go ; 3) Mutsu; 4) game; 5) Akanuma; 
 6) pair; 7) rush. 
 
 b That night a weeping woman in a dream told him that on the morrow 
 he would know what he had done. 
 1) dreary; 2) pillow; 3) to tear out; 4) marrow; 5) twilight; 6) to 
 utter; 7) piteously. 
 
 c In the morning Sonjo resolved to learn the meaning of the dream. 
 1) vivid; 2) to resolve. 
 
 d The duck killed herself. 
 
 1) to swim; 2) fixed; 3) to tear open; 4) to shave. 
 
 50.— THE STORY OF OTEI 
 
 a When Otei became aware of her approaching death, she sent for her 
 betrothed. 
 1) Niigata; 2) Echizen; 3) Nagao; 4) Chosei; 5) to betroth; 6) fatal; 
 7) farewell. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 171 
 
 b (C) "We will meet again." 
 
 1) childhood; 2) to bury; 3) womanhood. 
 
 c As he pledged fidelity, she died. 
 
 1) to soothe; 2) to pledge; 3) existence. 
 
 d Though faithful to the memory of Otei, Nagao was obliged to many. 
 1) sincerely; 2) solemn; 3) tablet; 4) dim; 5) dream. 
 
 e He journeyed forth to forget his misfortunes. 
 1) desolate; 2) to abandon. 
 
 f He met a girl who resembled Otei in everything. 
 1) mountain village; 2) thermal; 3) scenery; 4) to leap; 5) to pinch; 
 6) chamber; 7) to sadden; 8) Ikao. 
 
 g (C) ^'Who are you?" 
 1) to startle. 
 
 h (C) " You are my promised husband." 
 1) seal; 2) Butsudan; 3) Echigo. 
 
 i She was married, but could never again remember her past. 
 1) previous; 2) to kindle. 
 
 51.— UBAZAKURA 
 
 a Tokubei, the rich, prayed for a child. 
 
 1) Asamimura; 2) Onsengori; 3) lyo; 4) Muraosa (headman); 
 5) childlessness. 
 
 b His wife gave birth to a daughter. 
 
 1) deficient; 2) milk-nurse; 3) Tsyu; 4) 0-Sode. 
 
 c On the prayer of 0-Sode the girl was cured. 
 1) mother's love; 2) to recover. 
 
 d 0-Sode was announced dying on the morning after the feast. 
 1) to attend. 
 
 e (C) " Plant the cherry tree for me." 
 
 1) thank-offering; 2) commemoration; 3) to fulfill the vow. 
 
 f The cherry tree blossomed for two hundred and fifty-four years on 
 the anniversary of the nurse's death. 
 1) to flourish; 2) to blossom; 3) nipple; 4) to bedew; 5) Ubazakura. 
 
172 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 52.— MUJINA 
 
 a There is an avoided slope in Tokyo. 
 
 1) Akasaka; 2) Tokyo; 3) Kii; 4) moat; 5) lofty; 6) street-lamp; 
 7) jinrikisha; 8) belated; 9) pedestrian; 10) Mujina. 
 
 b An old man saw the Mujina. 
 
 c He stopped to assist a weeping woman. 
 
 1) to crouch; 2) to drown; 3) graceful; 4) slight. 
 
 d (C) "Let me assist you." 
 
 1) to hide; 2) sleeve; 3) to implore. 
 
 e She showed him while he spoke a face without features. 
 1) to moan; 2) to sob; 3) to plead; 4) to stroke. 
 
 f He ran to the feet of a pancake-seller. 
 1) lantern; 2) gleam; 3) firefly; 4) itinerant; 5) to fling. 
 
 g (C) "What ails you?" and he showed a face like an egg. 
 1) to pant; 2) to query; 3) to gasp; 4) egg. 
 
 53.— YUKI-ONNA 
 
 a Mosaku and Minokichi had to reach home by a boat. 
 
 1) woodcutter; 2) apprentice; 3) ferry; 4) flood; 5) current. 
 
 b One evening they were forced to take shelter in a miserable hut 
 beside the river. 
 1) snowstorm; 2) shelter; 3) brazier; 4) straw rain-coat. 
 
 c Minokichi lay awake for a time listening to the storm. 
 1) slashing; 2) to sway; 3) to creak; 4) junk; 5) to shiver. 
 
 d The white woman breathed over Mosaku, and bending over Mino- 
 kichi, said she spared him only on condition that he would never 
 mention it to any one. 
 1) showering; 2) to force open; 3) snow-light; 4) to blow; 5) smoke; 
 6) to stoop. 
 
 e Minokichi looked out of the door after the woman, and then found 
 that Mosaku was dead. 
 1) to drive; 2) hut; 3) billet; 4) ice; 5) stark. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 173 
 
 f It took long for Minokichi to convalesce, but he said nothing of the 
 vision, and returned to his calling. 
 1) ferrjrman; 2) senseless; 3) to freeze; 4) to come to; 5) nightfall; 
 6) bundle. 
 
 g Snow pleased him and his mother so much that she became the 
 " honorable daughter-in-law. " 
 1) to overtake; 2) greeting; 3) song-bird; 4) Yedo; 5) to charm; 
 
 6) to betroth; 7) widowed; 8) shy; 9) fancy. 
 
 h Snow won the love of her mother-in-law, and bore a large family. 
 1) affection; 2) fair. 
 
 i Snow kept her youth. 
 1) peasant- woman; 2) country-folk; 3) to age; 4) fresh. 
 
 j (C) " To see you sewing reminds me of something." 
 1) lamp. 
 
 k (C) ^'What?" 
 1) to Uft. 
 
 1 He told her of the night in the hut. 
 1) silent; 2) Woman of the Snow. 
 
 m (C) " It was I, and only these children save your life. 
 1) to fling down; 2) to shriek. 
 
 n She disappeared. 
 
 1) thin; 2) wind; 3) to melt; 4) mist; 5) to spire; 6) roof-beam; 
 
 7) to shudder away; 8) smoke-hole. 
 
 54.— JIU-ROKU-ZAKURA 
 
 a A cherry tree in the province of lyo blooms on the sixteenth day of 
 the first month. 
 1) to bloom; 2) ghost. 
 
 b When the tree died, it was the only thing the old man had to love. 
 1) samurai; 2) to flower; 3) strip; 4) to wither. 
 
 c His joy in the new tree was only pretended. 
 1) to plant; 2) to comfort; 3) pain. 
 
174 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 d He suicided in order to give life to the tree. 
 1) Migawari Ni Tatsu; 2) divers; 3) harakiri. 
 
 e The tree still blooms. 
 1) snow. 
 
 55.— RIKI-BAKA 
 
 a I was forced to drive Riki-Baka away on account of his noise 
 
 1) childhood; 2) mosquito-curtain; 3) to clap; 4) broomstick; 5) peal; 
 6) submissively; 7) to trail; 8) chicken. 
 
 b (C) "I asked a woodcutter." 
 1) woodcutter; 2) fuel; 3) bundle. 
 
 c (C) "He is dead." 
 
 d (C) "His mother wrote on his hand, and prayed for a re-birth." 
 1) palm; 2) kana. 
 
 e (C) " A child was bom three months ago." 
 1) honorable; 2) visible. 
 
 f (C) "The people were angry and asked where Riki was buried." 
 1) vegetable-seller; 2) to bury; 3) clay. 
 
 g (C) "They took the clay." 
 
 1) graveyard; 2) to wrap; 3) square. 
 
 h (C) "To nib the skin is the only way to remove those characters." 
 1) former. 
 
 56.— THE STORY OF AOYAGI 
 
 a On his way to Kyoto, Tomotada was saved from the storm by the 
 timely appearance of a cottage. 
 1) samurai; 2) daimyo; 3) settlement; 4) halting-place; 5) to thatch; 
 6) summit. 
 
 b He forgot his meal in his admiration of the girl, and carried her off 
 to make her his wife. 
 1) bamboo splint; 2) coarse; 3) to bewitch; 4) grateful. 
 
 c Aoyagi was discovered, and when she was in prison Tomotada wrote 
 her a poem. 
 1) consent; 2) curious; 3) palace. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 175 
 
 d He expected the death sentence. 
 
 1) Hosowaka; 2) to usher in; 3) presence-room; 4) dais; 5) prelude; 
 6) kindly. 
 
 8 (C) "I authorize your marriage." 
 1) lieu; 2) Lord of Noto; 3) wedding. 
 
 f The wedding was splendid. 
 1) sliding-screen; 2) apartment; 3) dignitary. 
 
 g After five years of happiness, Aoyagi one day suddenly cried out, 
 while Tomotada tried to calm her, (C) "We will meet again, but I 
 die now." 
 1) household; 2) feeble; 3) Karma-relation; 4) existence; 5) unwell; 
 6) sap. 
 
 h As her husband sprang forward, on the floor lay only her empty 
 robes. 
 1) to collapse; 2) matting; 3) empty. 
 
 i The wandering priest found three wdllow stumps. 
 1) to shave; 2) Buddhist; 3) itinerant; 4) province; 5) soul. 
 
 j He erected a memorial tomb. 
 1) to inscribe; 2) divers; 3) rite. 
 
 57.— THE LEGEND OF HORSESHOE FALLS 
 
 a An Indian maiden resolved to die. 
 
 1) hideous; 2) Sachem; 3) desperation; 4) Niagara; 5) arm. 
 
 b Hinun flew to her rescue. 
 
 1) deity; 2) to dwell; 3) to run; 4) launching; 5) canoe; 6) frail; 7) to 
 dash. 
 
 c She learned many things from Hinun. 
 
 1) busy; 2) to coil up; 3) lair; 4) to poison; 5) to crave. 
 
 d At the death of the suitor, Hinun sent the maiden home. 
 1) ugly; 2) to bid. 
 
 e Hinun killed the serpent w^hen it followed the Indians. 
 
 1) to break up; 2) to prevail; 3) cunning; 4) to outwit; 5) to drag; 
 6) to launch. 
 
176 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 f The breaking of the rocks beneath the serpent caused the falls. 
 1) enormous; 2) flight; 3) mountain; 4) to be become wedged; 5) to 
 press on. 
 
 58.— WHY THE BEAR HAS NO TAIL 
 
 a A fox duped a fisherman out of a mess of fish. 
 
 1) ruse; 2) delicacy; 3) to feign; 4) preserving; 5) trick; 6) slyly. 
 
 b The wolf was unable to apply the fox^s methods. 
 1) to secure; 2) business method; 3) mess. 
 
 c Forced by the appearances, the fox gave the bear a new prescription. 
 1) to settle scores; 2) Bruin; 3) fortune; 4) to make no bones; 5) to 
 shake one's faith; 6) to be at no pains; 7) Renard; 8) to nettle; 
 9) to concoct. 
 
 d The bear lost his tail, just when he thought the fishing had begun. 
 1) fish-fry; 2) to nibble; 3) twitch; 4) jerk; 5) snapping ofif. 
 
 59.— THE LOVE OF KNOWLEDGE 
 
 a The sons of Ethelwulf were slow to learn letters. 
 1) Saxon; 2) tutor; 3) to profit. 
 
 b The queen brought about a change of mind. 
 
 1) Provence; 2) sorely; 3) devoid; 4) to cast about; 5) hawking; 
 
 6) cheerless; 7) step-dame. 
 
 c She promised the beautifully illuminated book to the boy who could 
 first read it. 
 1) rose-colored; 2) bullion; 3) to clasp; 4) vellum; 5) illumination; 
 
 7) margin. 
 
 d Only Alfred asked for the volume. 
 1) to hang one's head; 2) indolent. 
 
 e In a short time he came to claim the prize. 
 1) rudiments. ■^'^ 
 
 f Alfred became one of the most learned of kings. 
 1) reign; 2) proficiency; 3) acquirement. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 177 
 
 60.— BURNT CAKES 
 
 a Just at evening Alfred met the neatherd. 
 
 1) Saxon; 2) Dane; 3) Chippenham; 4) to bewilder; 5) marsh; 6) dole- 
 ful; 7) quag; 8) miry; 9) neatherd; 10) to house. 
 
 b Alfred discovered his identity to the hospitable old man, but not tc 
 the latter's wiie. 
 1) plight; 2) shieling; 3) incognito; 4) shrew; 5) to begrudge; 6) fare; 
 
 7) stingily; 8) meek; 9) Switha. 
 
 c When he was one day kept home — against his will — by the weather, 
 he burnt the cakes intrusted to his care. 
 1) cot; 2) better half; 3) moor; 4) virago; 5) batch; 6) oaten; 7) hearth; 
 
 8) smell. 
 
 d She promised him in her wrath a week of burnt bread. 
 
 1) to berate; 2) tirade; 3) amendment; 4) soft answer; 5) mouthful. 
 
 e The king was saved from his penance, and history is silent about 
 after-events in the life of the neatherd and his wife. 
 1) to invade; 2) white; 3) reviling; 4) secret. 
 
 61.— THE WERE-WOLF 
 
 a King Edgar emerged into a rich country ripe for the harvest. 
 
 1) Shropshire; 2) ring-fence; 3) hide; 4) fallow; 5) to whiten; 
 6) golden; 7) to rear; 8) plumy; 9) stubble; 10) to shear; 11) to 
 wave; 12) sickle; 13) to loiter. 
 
 b He found two children face to face with a wolf. 
 
 1) shriek; 2) to ring out; 3) to push forward; 4) to frighten. 
 
 c Edgar's arrow pierced the wolf just as he made ready for the spring 
 1) to glare; 2) to bristle; 3) twang; 4) to whistle. 
 
 d It was the were-wolf. 
 
 1) quarry; 2) were-wolf; 3) country-side. 
 
178 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 62.— THE BURIAL OF THE CONQUEROR 
 
 a Asceline Fitz-Arthur drew near the abbey of St. Stephen's. 
 1) to repress; 2) spire; 3) arch; 4) gray. 
 
 b A funeral train was passing along the Ome. 
 
 1) death-knell; 2) train; 3) red glare; 4) dale; 5) to plume; 6) to 
 canopy; 7) bier; 8) dirge. 
 
 c The thought of burying the Conqueror on his patrimony woke a res- 
 olution in Fitz-Arthur. 
 1) to lay away; 2) limip; 3) to forbear; 4) shadow. 
 
 d Hidden behind one of the pillars, Fitz-Arthur watched the entrance 
 of the funeral procession. 
 1) to shroud; 2) regal; 3) ducal; 4) Normandy; 5) diadem; 6) velvet; 
 7) sable; 8) taper; 9) mourner; 10) chancel. 
 
 e When the ceremonies were over, Fitz-Arthur cried out, forbidding the 
 burial. 
 1) panegjrric; 2) to lower; 3) to startle. 
 
 f Fitz-Arthur was settled with and, it is said, afterwards became the 
 friend of Henry. 
 1) to stand forth; 2) imperious; 3) to awe; 4) pledge; 5) Beauclerc; 
 
 6) belted; 7) token. 
 
 63.— THE LEGEND OF TELL 
 
 a When Gessler could not frighten Tell by word, he ordered the peas- 
 ant's boy to be set in the market place that he might see a speci- 
 men of the father's skill. 
 1) Altdorf ; 2) craven; 3) homage; 4) to storm at; 5) Burglen; 6) to 
 gleam; 7) malevolently. 
 
 b Tell learned from the tyrant the conditions under which he was to 
 shoot, and the penalty if he refused. 
 1) sardonic; 2) to cleave; 3) hoarse. 
 
 c A crowd gathered round, and in its midst Tellnerved himself for the 
 trial by prayer. 
 1) bow-shot; 2) pinion; 3) quiver; 4) to sling; 5) girdle; 6) to swim; 
 
 7) energy. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 179 
 
 d A woman announced the result. 
 
 1) to thrill; 2) shaft; 3) twang; 4) bow-string; 5) to answer. 
 
 e Tell told Gessler the purpose of the second arrow. 
 1) to fold. 
 
 64.— A MOTHER'S PRAYER 
 
 a Margaret and Edward came to an open space in the forest. 
 
 1) Northampton; 2) Lancastrian; 3) Yorkist; 4) Hexham; 5) glow- 
 worm; 6) star; 7) to glitter; 8) shadowy; 9) murmur. 
 
 b Margaret's terror was lightened by the absence of the badge of York. 
 1) spaniel; 2) gigantic; 3) to menace; 4) forester; 5) hostile; 6) to 
 plume. 
 
 c The prince clung to his mother. 
 1) to cling. 
 
 d The queen intrusted the prince to the generosity of the man. 
 1) by the hand. 
 
 e When he learnt that the queen knew him, the robber promised a 
 place of safety. 
 I) to conduct. 
 
 f He fulfilled his promise. 
 1) fern; 2) bramble; 3) Scotland; 4) presence. 
 
 65.— A STRANGE HOG 
 
 a Three men disappeared mysteriously. 
 
 1) confine; 2) Savannah; 3) to relieve; 4) guard; 5) to ambush^ 
 6) to desert; 7) to ruminate; 8) preternatural; 9) to apprise. 
 
 b Upon one man's demur, the colonel called for a volunteer. 
 1) to tremble; 2) credit. 
 
 c The volunteer announced his programme. 
 
 1) ranks; 2) to command; 3) to chatter; 4) musket. 
 
 d He was left, and his anxious and admiring comrades waited. 
 1) ambiguous; 2) foreboding; 3) guard-house. 
 
180 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e At the signal they returned to see another man in the hands of the 
 sentinel. 
 1) rack; 2) on the instant; 3) to drag; 4) hair. 
 
 f The soldier narrated the strange maneuvers of the hog. 
 1) rustling; 2) to crawl; 3) intense; 4) thicket; 5) coppice; 6) groan; 
 7) tomahawk. 
 
 66.— WOODEN MEN 
 
 a The sergeant and his men met a company of Indians who professed 
 great devotion to the American cause. 
 1) wilderness; 2) amicable; 3) to gratify; 4) favorable. 
 
 b When they had proceeded some distance, the sergeant warned his 
 men of their danger. 
 1) to halt; 2) utmost; 3) inveterate; 4) to lull. 
 
 c The men prepared themselves for attack, but saw no sign of the 
 enemy till near midnight. 
 1) to cover; 2) to fell; 3) dummy; 4) repose. 
 
 d When one after another, and finally the whole band of Indians, ap- 
 peared, the men restrained their fire only because of the plan of the 
 sergeant. 
 1) glimmering; 2) tiptoe; 3) cautiously; 4) greedily; 5) formidable. 
 
 e The triumphant savages were shot down. 
 1) suspense; 2) war-whoop; 3) tomahawk. 
 
 67.— YANKEE DOODLE 
 
 a The American colonies voted troops to assist in the attack on 
 Canada. 
 1) ministry; 2) quota. 
 
 b These troops were a motley mob. 
 
 1) motley; 2) ragged; 3) Sir John Falstaff; 4) facetious; 5) gravity; 
 6) anchorite; 7) rainbow; 8) to crop; 9) accouterment; 
 10) agone; 11) tout ensemble. 
 
 c Shackburg invented "Yankee Doodle," littW dreaming how much 
 chagrin it would one day cause the British. 
 1) wit; 2) Brother Jonathan; 3) martial; 4) levity; 5) ridicule; 
 6) lines. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 181 
 
 68.— THE LAST FIGHT IN THE COLISEUM 
 
 a There was an intemiption to the shouts of ecstasy that greeted the 
 gladiatorial contest which crowned the triumph. 
 1) Stilicho; 2) Goth; 3) PoUentia; 4) under way; 5) to enchant. 
 
 b The mob called to the pious old man to leave off his Christian 
 twaddle. 
 1) arena; 2) to requite; 3) howL 
 
 c His second attempt met a like response. 
 
 1) meddler; 2) to hold apart; 3) Aljrpius, the Prefect. 
 
 d When he lay dead, the mob came to its senses. 
 1) to enrage; 2) to cut down; 3) to rain; 4) stark. 
 
 e He had stopped the gladiatorial fights. 
 
 1) tomb; 2) Alymachus; 3) Telemachus; 4) to slaughter; 5) hermit. 
 
 69.— AT THE PRAYER OF THE QUEEN 
 
 a The governor refused the unconditional surrender which the king 
 wished to force on the starved inhabitants. 
 1) Calais; 2) to withstand; 3) Edward of England; 4) Philip of 
 France; 5) banner; 6) unconditional; 7) to jeopardize. 
 
 b The king changed his terms. 
 
 1) herald; 2) clemency; 3) townsman; 4) halter; 5) obstinacy. 
 
 c In the midst of the weeping citizens one offered himself as victim. 
 1) hard; 2) market place; 3) town-hall; 4) Messieurs; 5) trust. 
 
 d The governor delivered up to the messenger of the king Eustache de 
 St. Pierre and his five companions. 
 1) burgher; 2) barefoot. 
 
 e When the prayers of the barons failed to waken the king, the queen 
 knelt to pray for them. 
 1) venerable; 2) implacable; 3) execution; 4) to stain; 5) heads- 
 man; 6) to stream; 7) mercy. 
 
 f The king yielded. 
 1) tear-stained; 2) to harden; 3) to stir; 4) noble. 
 
182 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 70.— A CONVICT BY CHOICE 
 
 a Abb6 de Paul's charity won him the place of almoner-general. 
 1) Count dejoigni; 2) to go the rounds; 3) fiendish; 4) to minister. 
 
 b The Abb4 changed places with the prisoner. 
 1) Marseilles; 2) broken appearance; 3) solution. 
 
 c He Hved as a convict, and was only discovered against his own will. 
 1) gang; 2) fare; 3) hurt; 4) pressure; 5) to suppress. 
 
 d His whole life was devoted to the convicts. 
 
 1) precedent; 2) chaplain; 3) almoner; 4) to better. 
 
 71.— THE WOMEN OF WEINSBURG 
 
 a Wolf was given permission to depart in safety. 
 
 1) strife; 2) Guelfs and Ghibellines; 3) Bavaria; 4) Frederick of 
 Suabia; 5) Conrad III; 6) siege. 
 b Wolf's wife asked for a special privilege. 
 
 1) fair; 2) safe conduct; 3) garrison. 
 
 c The permission was given, and the women came out with their hus- 
 bands on their backs. 
 1) design; 2) fortress; 3) guise; 4) heirloom; 5) to stagger. 
 
 d Conrad appreciated, and rewarded the women's act. 
 
 1) generous; 2) to alight; 3) lenient; 4) Vine Hill; 5) Weibertreue. 
 
 72.— URSUS AND THE BULL 
 
 a Rome had never seen the equal of Ursus. 
 
 1) Lygian; 2) to blink; 3) lack; 4) vestal; 5) Augustan; 6) tree-trunk; 
 7) shield; 8) Hercules. 
 
 b He saw on the aurochs the Princess Lygia. 
 
 1) shrill; 2) brazen; 3) grating; 4) podium; 5) aurochs; 6) hostage. 
 
 c The man and beast seemed a group of statuarj:* so still amid so much 
 exertion. 
 1) living fire; 2) to fall on; 3) ankle; 4) bow; 5) Hercules; 6) Theseus; 
 7) repose; 8) shaggy; 9) gigantic ball. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 183 
 
 d Save for the noises from the lamps and torches, the arena was silent 
 and without motion. 
 1) posture; 2) crackle; 3) torch; 4) to split; 5) age; 6) monstrous; 
 7) to plant. 
 
 e A groan was heard, and then the bull's head began to turn. 
 1) dull roar; 2) to wrest; 3) iron; 4) purple; 5) to rally; 6) remnant. 
 
 f The groan grew louder, and the bull's head turned farther. 
 1) to mingle; 2) to whistle; 3) to foam. 
 
 g A moment more it lasted. 
 1) crack; 2) to twist. 
 
 h The giant freed the girl, and then began to show signs of exhaustion. 
 1) in a twinkle; 2) sweat; 3) to flood; 4) spectator. 
 
 i The maiden's Hfe was saved. 
 1) to go wild. 
 
 73.— THE FIGHT OF THE GLADIATORS 
 
 a Lanio, heavily armed, and Calendio, wholly unprotected, stood face 
 to face. 
 1) mail; 2) ridge; 3) beetle; 4) loins; 5) trident. 
 
 b Calendio followed the retreating Gaul, singing his song. 
 1) visor; 2) retiarius; 3) to circle; 4) statuesque; 5) to wave. 
 
 c They played with one another, with no result. 
 
 1) huge; 2) to encase; 3) bronze; 4) three-pronged; 5) to quiver; 6) ill 
 omen; 7) masterly. 
 
 d The retiarius tricked the Gaul, and threw him to earth after more 
 play. 
 1) precision; 2) edge; 3) to feign; 4) to wield; 5) to bring to earth. 
 
 e Entangled and stabbed, the Gaul lay beneath the trident. 
 
 1) in a twinkle; 2) mesh; 3) to entangle; 4) stab; 5) to press; 6) handle- 
 
 f At Caesar's signal, Calendio dispatched the Gaul. 
 1) thumb; 2) breast; 3) armor; 4) three-edged blade. 
 
184 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 74.— THE SEJAN STEED 
 
 a The Sejan steed and Paulus Aemilius Lepidus stood side by side in 
 the arena. 
 1) sire; 2) to mangle; 3) groom; 4) to muzzle; 5) thong; 6) greave; 
 7) housing. 
 
 b At the sound of the trumpet, Paulus prepared himself for the contest. 
 1) truncheon; 2) to sheath; 3) bronze; 4) to thrust; 5) stave. 
 
 c After he had mounted and made ready, he signaled the grooms to let 
 loose the horse. 
 1) to spring; 2) to carry; 3) to blaze. 
 
 d The audience cheered the youth's agiUty in mounting and descending. 
 1) to rear; 2) to paw; 3) hither; 4) crash; 5) thud; 6) to dart; 7) to 
 greet; 8) feat. 
 
 e Overcome and guided by the torches, the horse circled the arena 
 and finally rushed away into the open country. 
 1) fell; 2) to writhe; 3) catamount; 4) to lash out; 5) to tread; 6) to 
 flow; 7) to fleck; 8) storm-beaten. 
 
 f At sunset the youth returned with the conquered horse to receive the 
 applause of the spectators and the thanks of the slave. 
 1) level; 2) shield; 3) to silhouette; 4) head-gear; 5) golden flames. 
 
 75.— THE PASSING OF THE VETERAN 
 
 a Kehoe soon knew that the enemy were aware of his weakness. 
 
 1) scrimmage; 2) furtive; 3) a-quiver; 4) streak; 5) bark; 6) ava- 
 lanche; 7) to crumple; 8) to writhe; 9) lithe; 10) to paralyze. 
 
 b The cruel failure of that season flashed through his mind. 
 
 1) vivid; 2) fragment; 3) grasp; 4) vigorous; 5) momentum; 6) with 
 thumbs down; 7) verdict. 
 
 He resolved to stop the blue line, but it rolled on. 
 
 1) idol; 2) to hurl; 3) pack of wolves; 4) hungry; 5) to welt; 7) to 
 sting; 8) threat. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 185 
 
 d He awoke to a cry for Cochran that almost thrust him to earth. 
 1) to emerge; 2) roar; 3) fiendish; 4) to hurtle; 5) to hammer; 6) to 
 vent; 7) frenzy; 8) to convulse; 9) livid; 10) to distort. 
 
 6 He caught sight of Cochran on the side-lines, and determined to give 
 up in his favor. 
 1) to still; 2) hazy; 3) drone; 4) to crouch; 5) hawk; 6) to dilate; 7) to 
 pulsate; 8) tense; 9) taut-corded; 10) to quiver; 11) tiger; 
 12) futile; 13) renunciation; 14) thrill. 
 
 f (C) He called time, telling the referee simply that he was going out, 
 and called in Cochran. 
 1) sharp; 2) lump; 3) to burst. \ 
 
 g Cochran was greeted with applause. 
 1) to bound; 2) to leash; 3) tumult. 
 
 h A tear rolled down Kehoe's cheek. 
 
 1) to trickle; 2) silver; 3) to corrode; 4) zigzag; 5) grime; 6) wonder„ 
 
 i He stood up, throwing off the momentary softness. 
 1) to scramble; 2) to streak; 3) visage. 
 
 j Cochran had made a gain. 
 1) to paw; 2) to pounce. 
 
 k Kehoe won the game. 
 
 76.— WHEN THE ICE BROKE 
 
 a One day, when the ice had been running down the river for a week, a 
 boy announced to two foundry-men that a woman was being car- 
 ried away on a floe. 
 1) berg; 2) Skerret's Point. 
 
 b The men, standing on the bank, saw the dark object drifting farther 
 and farther away. 
 1) Dick Wade; 2) Bill Tarbox; 3) hemlock-crested; 4) leaden-green; 
 5) to wrinkle; 6) gray. 
 
 c They took the skiff. 
 
 1) crazy; 2) wobbly; 3) boat-hook. 
 
 d Their progress was for the most part slow. 
 1) lead; 2) porridge; 3) brash; 4) to baffle. 
 
186 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e Despite the perilous condition of their boat, they went right on. 
 1) stem; 2) to nip; 3) to ooze in; 4) crackling; 5) crunching; 6) to 
 urge on. 
 
 f The condition of the ice and the position of the figure warned them 
 to hurry. 
 1) to cleave; cj weary. 
 
 g The mist made steering hard. 
 
 1) snow-dust; 2) squall; 3) curtain; 4) glimpse; 5) to roar. 
 
 h In the re-appearing light they reached, and saved the woman. 
 
 1) to cut in; 2) snow-flurry; 3) luminous; 4) to part; 5) to resuscitate. 
 
 77.— A BUMPING RACE 
 
 a The Cantabs have a way of their own of racing. 
 1) Cam; 2) canal. 
 
 b The Caius men came on rowing leisurely. 
 
 i) flash; 2) to bend to; 3) "cortege"; 4) "Reach"; 5) leisurely. 
 
 c Amid the shouts of partisans, Trinity forced Caius to spurt. 
 1) magical; 2) nightmare; 3) to overhaul; 4) shiver. 
 
 d Trinity came so near the foe that her partisans raised the shout of 
 victory. 
 1) vain; 2) slashing; 3) exultant. 
 
 e The Caius steersman saved his boat. 
 1) rudder; 2) to fall off; 3) to overlap. 
 
 f After escaping a second time, Caius was driven to the further bank 
 and bumped. 
 1) to hail; 2) dexterous; 3) to baffle; 4) coxswain; 5) to avert; 6) to 
 hoist. 
 
 78.— THE EASTER BELLS OF FELDKIRCH 
 
 a The armies of Napoleon were sweeping along in a resistless tide. 
 1) tide; 2) to resist. 
 
 b On Easter morning the people of Feldkirch awoke to see above it the 
 army under Massena sent by Napoleon to reduce the little town. 
 1) frontier; 2) Austria; 3) God-fearing; 4) housewife; 5) fowl; 6) to 
 encamp; 7) file. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 187 
 
 c In the consternation, surrender was suggested. 
 
 1) consternation; 2) to hurry; 3) to overwhelm; 4) truce; 5) sack. 
 
 d The priest gained attention. 
 
 1) juncture; 2) to revere; 3) counsel. 
 
 e (C) "Let us trust in God." 
 1) distress; 2) calamity; 3) vast. 
 
 f To the accompaniment of ringing bells, the people thronged to 
 church. 
 1) sexton; 2) to throng; 3) to menace; 4) to interfere. 
 
 g The misinformed French General retired. 
 1) reenforcement; 2) to relieve; 3) to retire. 
 
 h The people thanked God for their deliverance. 
 1) to steal away; 2) knee; 3) deliverance. 
 
 79.— THE BELL OF JUSTICE 
 
 a The people hung the bell in obedience to the King's command. 
 1) realm; 2) obedience; 3) ceremony. 
 
 b (C) " This bell will insure justice to all." 
 1) treatment; 2) magistrate; 3) to wrong. 
 
 The summons of the bell was never unanswered. 
 1) homeless; 2) to beat; 3) to succeed. 
 
 d A horse chanced to ring the bell. 
 
 1) to rot away; 2) indolent; 3) to starve; 4) to nibble. 
 
 e The magistrate, finding that the horse had rung the bell, gave him 
 justice. 
 1) summons; 2) distress; 3) penalty; 4) to provide. 
 
 80.— ON THE WAY TO THE FIRE 
 
 a The team of the truck were running away down a narrow street 
 straight for the water-front. 
 1) to unsnap; 2) to pound out; 3) clatter; 4) stampede; 5) pulse; 
 6) well-reined; 7) to tear. 
 
188 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 b They sped on within two streets of the water-front, the brakes help- 
 less to stop them. 
 1) ball-bearings; 2) mighty-flanked; 3) pillar; 4) toboggan; 5) to 
 whip past; 6) to swallow; 7) tunnel. 
 
 c Brunton climbed forward. 
 
 1) nimble; 2) turn-table; 3) to peer; 4) cat; 5) to crouch. 
 
 d In the flash of a comer-hght, Meaghan saw Brunton moving forward 
 along the off horse. 
 1) lurch; 2) corner; 3) to work forward; 4) astride; 5) mane. 
 
 e After half a block, Meaghan gave up hope of Brunton succeeding in 
 throwing the horse, and spoke an order to Donnelly. 
 1) cavalryman; 2) mount; 3) filly; 4) Percheron; 5) feeble; 6) to 
 flow by; 7) slackening; 8) to groan. 
 
 f Two shots rang out. 
 1) flash; 2) echo. 
 
 g The truck jammed into the tangle of fallen horses. 
 1) asphalt; 2) heap; 3) to jam; 4) lurch. 
 
 h Meaghan ran forward, caUing for Brunton. 
 1) to force down; 2) hoarsely. 
 
 i He ordered the men, unbuckling the straps at his command, to cut 
 them. 
 1) Gallegher; 2) lantern; 3) flank horse; 4) to tangle. 
 
 j Gallegher called his attention to the imperturbed Brunton. 
 1) to bleed; 2) curb; 3) unconcerned. 
 
 81.— THE HEART OF A GOAT 
 
 a When his friend Gwendoline came into the paddock, Billy submitted 
 quietly to the tyrant Tommy and the cart. 
 1) to flood; 2) paddock; 3) to pat; 4) buckle; 5) compensation; 
 6) docile; 7) to hitch. 
 
 b Tommy ran off to get the strap. 
 
 1) to raise; 2) to discover; 3) to dart; 4) to warn. 
 
 c Gwendoline disobeyed. 
 1) lustily. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 189 
 
 d In liis anxiety to escape from Tommy, Billy, to his own grief and 
 remorse, threw Gwendohne from the cart. 
 1) smartly; 2) Somers Street; 3) gurgle; 4) lightening; 5) ominous; 
 6) softly; 7) rose pink; 8) to smite; 9) safeguard. 
 
 e When Billy woke up to the danger, he threw himself at the onrushing 
 horse. 
 1) stock still; 2) stricken; 3) clatter; 4) phaeton; 5) to crash along; 
 6) engine; 7) flutter; 8) heap. 
 
 f The hero was soon forgotten. 
 1) to bury; 2) puppy; 3) mound. 
 
 82.— JUANITO'S DREAM GIFT 
 
 a By noon of Easter day the happy bells had not brought much joy to 
 Juanito. 
 1) cuarto; 2) bull-baiting; 3) Virgin de la Esperanza; 4) nook. 
 
 b Two tourists commented on the sleeping boy. 
 1) windfall; 2) silver. 
 
 c The gentleman complied with the lady's suggestion. 
 1) mechanical; 2) contact. 
 
 d He dreamt that the Virgin appeared to him, and promised him a gift. 
 1) ladder; 2) rainbow; 3) to recompense. 
 
 e Awaking from the joy of the dream, he discovered the coin and ran 
 for the Plaza de Toros. 
 1) petal; 2) rose; 3) white; 4) peseta; 5) bound. 
 
 f He met Chata. 
 1) Callo San Pablo; 2) slip; 3) great black eyes. 
 
 g (C) Juanito questioned her, and learned the facts of her mother's 
 sickness. 
 1) medicine; 2) to toll; 3) to outlive. 
 
 h He gave her his coin, telling her it had come from the Virgin. 
 1) silent; 2) tearful; 3) to vex. 
 
 i Chata took the gift hurriedly. 
 1) to excite; 2) druggist. 
 
 j Juanito wondered how he could be so happy. 
 1) contentment; 2) to wonder. 
 
190 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 83.— THE DWARF'S GIFT 
 
 a Parpon was chosen to bear the petition of starving Pontiac to tht» 
 world. 
 1) to starve; 2) pinched; 3) Cui€; 4) volunteer; 5) Quebec; 6) Avo- 
 
 cat; 7) drudge. 
 
 * 
 
 b The Uttle, uncouth man attracted the attention of all passers by. 
 1) uncouth; 2) Picardy; 3) Place de Cathedral; 4) to lessen; 5) to 
 loiter; 6) to catch up; 7) revolt; 8) to halt; 9) to stroll; 10) raw; 
 11) unshapely; 12) to thrill. 
 
 c The governor's wife began to gather money in the dwarf's hat. 
 1) to step; 2) sleigh. 
 
 d Out of love for the past she insisted on gathering the money herself 
 1) tear; 2) sight. 
 
 e He sang in the pubUc halls for several nights amid the greatest enthu- 
 siasm. 
 1) dwarf; 2) moccasin; 3) comforter; 4) divine; 5) Provencal; 
 6) simple folk. 
 
 f He disappeared from Quebec, to appear the following Sunday at 
 Pontiac. 
 1) St. Savior; 2) chancel. 
 
 g Parpon gave the bag to the priest, and immediately moved away. 
 1) to whisper; 2) thanksgiving; 3) to trot; 4) aisle. 
 
 h (C) "We have through Parpon money enough for the present and 
 shall have more against seed-time." 
 1) to shame; 2) seed-time; 3) to demand. 
 
 i Only two knew who had helped Pontiac. 
 1) to pass; 2) need. 
 
 84.— THE ORIGIN OF ROAST PIG 
 
 a Bo-bo burnt the cottage and litter of pigs during Ho-ti's absence. 
 1) swineherd; 2) wont; 3) mast; 4) lubberly; 5) yonker; 6) bun- 
 dle; 7) to kindle; 8) conflagration; 9) litter. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 191 
 
 b While Bo-bo stood in consternation over the loss, especially of the 
 pigs, an odor, unknown to him, assailed his nostrils. 
 1) consternation; 2) tenement; 3) to wring; 4) remnant; 5) nos- 
 trils; 6) firebrand. 
 
 c He stuck his burnt fingers in his mouth, and tasted roast pig. 
 
 1) to stoop; 2) booby; 3) to scorch; 4) crumb; 5) to fumble; 6) to 
 Hck. 
 
 d Understanding the source of the delicious taste, he became so im- 
 mersed in dispatching roast pig as to disregard his father's blows. 
 1) handful; 2) to cram; 3) rafter; 4) retributive cudgel; 5) to rain, 
 6) rogue; 7) hailstone; 8) to engross. 
 
 e (C) To his father's angry words, Bo-bo rephed with an invitation to 
 taste the pig. 
 1) to devour; 2) to eat fire. 
 
 f The angry father soon became a party to the offense. 
 1) to tingle; 2) to rake out; 3) to rend asunder; 4) to thrust; 
 
 5) savor; 6) ado; 7) to dispatch. 
 
 g The secret of Ho-ti and his son was discovered, and led to a notable 
 increase of fires till ovens and stoves were invented. 
 1) to farrow; 2) to chastise; 3) indulgent; 4) to retire; 5) guild; 
 
 6) to revive. 
 
 85.— MR. WINKLE'S RIDE 
 
 a The Pickwickians were off on a jaunt, three in a chaise, one on horse- 
 back. 
 1) jaunt; 2) Manor Farm; 3) chaise; 4) saddle; 5) Pickwick; 
 6) Snodgrass; 7) Tupman; 8) Winkle. 
 
 o Mr. Snodgrass asked Mr. Winkle why the latter's horse moved so 
 strangely. 
 1) bin; 2) to drift. 
 
 c After a twentieth repetition of his horse's strange performance, Mr. 
 Pickwick cried out that he had lost his whip. 
 1) to concentrate; 2) to jerk; 3) to tug; 4) to dart; 5) maneuver. 
 
 d Mr. Snodgrass requested the badly shaken Mr. Winkle to pick up the 
 whip. 
 1) equestrian; 2) ear; 3) to shake. 
 
192 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e Mr. Winkle complied after some effort, and prepared to remount. 
 1) black in the face; 2) charger; 3) to dismount. 
 
 f For some reason, not known, the horse pulled as far from Mr. Winkle 
 as possible. 
 1) plajTfulness; 2) innocent; 3) to perform a journey; 4) definite; 
 5) to actuate. 
 
 g Being unable, despite his flattery, to approach the horse, Mr. Winkle, 
 after ten minutes, applied to Mr. Pickwick for help. 
 1) soothingly; 2) to be proof against; 3) to sidle away; 4) coaxing; 
 5) wheedling. 
 
 h Mr. Pickwick responded. 
 1) impersonation; 2) hedge. 
 
 i The surprised Messrs. Winkle and Pickwick were roused from their 
 stupefaction by a noise at a little distance. 
 1) refractory; 2) retrograde; 3) to wrench out; 4) blank. 
 
 j (C) "The other horsel" 
 1) agonized. 
 
 k The desertion of their steeds and the destruction of their vehicle left 
 the Pickwickians to journey to their destination on foot. 
 1) heat; 2) to dash; 3) wooden; 4) perch; 5) stock still; 6) to trudge. 
 
 86.— THE FESTIVAL OF THE GUILLOTINE 
 
 a The multitude moved towards the Rue St. Honore and the approach- 
 ing gendarmes. 
 1) eddying; 2) gendarme; 3) alanmi; 4) squadron. 
 
 b In the midst of the squadron was the carriage, and beside the car- 
 riage Santerre. 
 1) miserable; 2) to horse; 3) postilion; 4) cockade; 5) notorious, 
 
 c The king could be seen in the carriage. 
 1) to press close; 2) glimpse; 3) plaster. ,_ 
 
 d On arriving at the scaffold, the king showed a disinehnation to losioiQ 
 his coat and to being bound. 
 1) to shriek; 2) fist; 3) to retreat. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 193 
 
 e At the sight of the crucifix, the king submitted, and the mob grew 
 silent. 
 1) to exhort; 2) cravat; 3) execration. 
 
 f The king proclaimed his innocence. 
 1) to fringe; 2) to threaten. 
 
 g At the demonstration by Santerre, the drums drowned the king's 
 voice. 
 1) to rear; 2) rattle. 
 
 h The executioner threw the king along the plank. 
 1) arm; 2) guillotine; 3) block. 
 
 i In an instant the knife did its work. 
 1) to crouch; 2) lightning; 3) hawk; 4) to pounce; 5) groove; 6) to 
 quiver; 7) pallid; 8) ruddy; 9) to topple; 10) to gush forth. 
 
 j The headsman held up the head for further ignominy. 
 1) headsman; 2) a-flutter; 3) dumb; 4) to resound; S) slap. 
 
 k A scene of blood-madness followed. 
 
 1) "Vive la Nation"; 2) hoarse; 3) to fling one's self; 4) to hurl; 
 
 5) basket; 6) to smear; 7) to spatter; 8) to roar out. 
 
 87.— A RIDE WITH A PANTHER 
 
 a The quickness with which the woman drew near to me puzzled me. 
 1) bottom; 2) campaign; 3) to scream; 4) lustily; 5) to puzzle. 
 
 b The panther understood that I had discovered him. 
 
 1) to grin; 2) to call up; 3) to give head; 4) to bolt; 5) to ease on a 
 horse; 6) ruse; 7) to snarl. 
 
 c I was in terror of being passed, and showed it by a yell which dis- 
 covered the whereabouts of the panther. 
 1) to out-travel; 2) to chill; 3) to rake off; 4) to overhang; 5) to 
 answer. 
 
 d As we raced down the hill, I could distinguish the panther. 
 1) fairly; 2) climb; 3) shadow; 4) greenish; 5) coal. 
 
 e The horse slackened on the ascent. 
 
 1) to sweep across; 2) hollow; 3) to slacken; 4) pitch; 5) to heave; 
 
 6) foam. 
 
194 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 f Losing his hold on my foot, he leaped on the horse's flanks to my 
 terror. 
 1) to circle; 2) to lunge; 3) claw; 4) haunch; 5) shrilly; 6) to par- 
 aljze; 7) to chatter; 8) to blaze. 
 
 g At the end of that eternity of helpless terror, the horse freed hinu^lf 
 from the panther. 
 1) weapon; 2) shrill; 3) to enrage; 4) gash, 
 
 h The last kick ended the battle. 
 1) to grumble; 2) sulkily. 
 
 i I had to be helped from the horse. 
 1) unstrung; 2) limp. 
 
 88.— AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 
 
 a (C) "My first recollections are of a mine." 
 
 1) St. Mary's; 2) Little Sweet Voice; 3) belfry; 4) to stray 5) wet; 
 6) hanging ceiling; 7) timber; 8) gallery; 9) niche; 10) flicker- 
 ing; 11) goblin; 12) to bump. 
 
 b (C) " I next stopped on a pile of ore-rock." 
 
 1) stage; 2) to blind; 3) to heave; 4) newcomer; 5) shoulder; 
 
 6) sharpness. 
 
 c (C) "At the next stage of my travels, I received a warm reception." 
 1) furnace; 2) agony; 3) to relax; 4) to shrivel; 5) scale; 6) livid; 
 
 7) dipper. 
 
 d (C) "I have suffered from rheumatism ever since." 
 1) delicious; 2) torment; 3) cramping; 4) to straighten. 
 
 « (C) " I made a rough journey." 
 
 1) broad-wheeled; 2) to puff; 3) to stumble; 4) rutty. 
 
 f (C) "I was jolted into position." 
 1) block and tackle; 2) to settle; 3) lifting engine. 
 
 g (C) " I have called out men to three wars." 
 V 1) thrill; 2) to toU; 3) cheerful. 
 
 h (C) " I releamt the gay tunes, and have never lost the sweetness of 
 my voice." 
 1) peal; 2) hallelujah; 3) melody; 4) caroler; 5) pelt; 6) to crack. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 195 
 
 i He tried a measure, and called Sweet Voice's attention to his tone. 
 1) round; 2) brass; 3) throat. 
 
 j The silence of the smaller bell drew from him a condemnation of the 
 younger generation. 
 1) garrulous; 2) clang. 
 
 89.— HOW THE CHARTER WAS SAVED 
 
 a For a year Sir Edmund Andros attempted to wrest their liberties 
 from the Colonies. 
 1) James H; 2) determined effort; 3) charter rights; 4) to disdain; 
 5) to exert authority; 6) patent. 
 
 b After a long argument during the session of the Connecticut assem- 
 bly, the Governor at last had the Charter laid before Sir Edmund. 
 1) to make a stand; 2) session; 3) body-guard; 4) peremptorily; 
 5) Governor Treat; 6) presiding officer; 7) to waste hours; 8) tal- 
 low; 9) colonial; 10) to deepen into rage; 11) reluctant; 
 12) parchment. 
 
 C At that moment the room was thrown into darkness. 
 1) critical; 2) diversion; 3) important; 4) deftly; 5) circle. 
 
 d Amid the general confusion the Governor cried out in indignation, 
 1) to ensue; 2) lusty cheer; 3) treachery; 4) at work. 
 
 e When the candles were Hghted, the box was found empty. 
 
 1) to elapse; 2) to shed a feeble light; 3) glow; 4) blank astonishment. 
 
 f A man had passed through the crowd and out of the open window, 
 crying out to those without that he had the Charter. 
 1) lane; 2) sash. 
 
 g While Sir Andros raged, the man hid the Charter. 
 
 1) throng; 2) to fume; 3) imposing; 4) cavity; 5) to thrust; 6) packet; 
 7) debris. 
 
 h The man was Captain Joseph Wadsworth. 
 1) tradition; 2) daring patriot; 3) to play a part. 
 
 i The Charter Oak feU in 1856. 
 1) Hartford; 2) to venerate; 3) tempest; 4) decay. 
 
196 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 90.— THE PICKWICKIANS ON THE ICE 
 
 a Mr. Pickwick and his friends retired to the pond, where Bob Sawyer 
 was soon performing mystic evolutions, while Mr. Winkle strug- 
 gled with his skates. 
 1) to betake one's self; 2) dexterity; 3) gimlet; 4) to complicate. 
 
 b Mr. Winkle was assisted by Sam Weller, to whom he made several 
 rather commonplace observations about the ice. 
 1) to clutch; 2) to drown; 3) slippery; 4) uncommon; 5) frantic desire. 
 
 c (C) Mr. Winkle exchanged several remarks with Sam, and made sev- 
 eral requests for assistance, while Mr. Pickwick encouraged from 
 afar. 
 1) awkward; 2) to stagger; 3) anxiety; 4) ghastly; 5) fast. 
 
 d His assistant was called away from the struggHng Winkle. 
 
 1) to stoop forward; 2) to double up; 3) un-swanlike; 4) "governor." 
 
 e Mr. Weller's parting shove led to disastrous results. 
 
 1) to disengage; 2) agonized; 3) impetus; 4) unhappy mortal; 5) to 
 bear down; 6) a flourish of unparalleled beauty; 7) spasmodic; 
 
 8) to depict; 9) anguish. 
 
 f The party took to sUding, after Mr. W. was relieved of his skates. 
 1) pastime. 
 
 g Mr. Pickwdck's disappearance caused general consternation. 
 1) at its height; 2) sharp crack; 3) prompt; 4) with might and main. 
 
 h On his appearance Mr. Pickwick was greeted with petitions which 
 were quite unnecessary. 
 1) to emerge; 2) to disclose; 3) adjuration. 
 
 i A great hubbub was made over his rescue. 
 1) prodigy of valor; 2) shawl; 3) to escort. 
 
 91.— AN AUTUMN SUNSET 
 
 a The sun struggled through the clouds at evening. 
 1) to decline; 2) to struggle through; 3) to obscure. 
 
 b Spring seemed to live again. ^ 
 
 1) flash of memory; 2) to shed a glory on a scene; 3) to sparkle; 4) to 
 resist to the last; 5) to nip; 6) sullen; 7) to twitter; 8) to taper; 
 
 9) ivy-shaded; 10) to hoard; 11) ruddiness. 
 
FUNDAMKNTAL ENGLISH 197 
 
 c Even the signs of winter seemed to have found a way to look cheerful. 
 
 1) token; 2) to tinge; 3) fragrance; 4) to strew; 5) unison; 6)stubbled; 
 
 7) coral bead; 8) garniture; 9) to crunch; 10) to crackle; 
 
 11) ruddy; 12) athwart; 13) swarthy; 14) to mantle in among; 
 
 15) to use as foils. 
 
 d In one moment all the glad cheerfulness was gone, 
 1) to pile up; 2) airy; 3) battlement; 4) gloom. 
 
 e The wind rose, and night, with its end of work, came. 
 1) to rattle; 2) to wither; 3) shelter; 4) to trudge. 
 
 f The village forge stood out brilliantly. 
 1) lusty bellows; 2) clinking; 3) emulation; 4) melancholy; 5) te 
 hover; 6) lounger; 7) hearth; 8) cricket. 
 
 92.— THE TWO COWARDS 
 
 a " Shuttle-Griccy," the bragging silk-weaver, was chosen as spy by 
 General Jourdan. 
 1) assault; 2) nickname; 3) to outbrag; 4) to set up; 5) Agricola. 
 
 b Early in the morning our spy started out on his mission along the 
 ditch. 
 1) to buckle on; 2) cabbage; 3) brace of pistols; 4) to dangle; 5) to 
 skulk; 6) break; 7) Monteux. 
 
 c The Carpentras folks sent out a scout, who came creeping along the 
 same ditch, but towards us. 
 1) scout; 2) to creep. 
 
 d It was amusing to the onlookers. 
 1) bang. 
 
 e Some were confident of the bravery of our man, others were not, but 
 none could warn him. 
 1) to turn tail; 2) to keep one's mouth; 3) grit; 4) shorter tongue; 
 5) to worry; 6) Avignon. 
 
 f Our hearts beat fast when they both reached the break. 
 1) beforehand; 2) to crawl; 3) nose; 4) hearts were in mouths; 
 5) shooting. 
 
 g Both heads disappeared an instant after they appeared, 
 1) to roll over; 2) to tumble down. 
 
198 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 h We soon found that neither spy was dead. 
 1) to fire; 2) flash of sword; 3) to untangle. 
 
 i During the retreat they began to fire off their arms, 
 1) to bang off; 2) to see the dust flying. 
 
 j The other scout fled into the city, and "Shuttle-Griccy" rushed in 
 to us with a wondrous tale. 
 1) city gate; 2) to bolt into a place. 
 
 k The laughter of the men awoke him to the ridiculousness of his posi- 
 tion. 
 1) to roar with laughter. 
 
 93.— ROBm HOOD AND THE CORN-ENGROSSER 
 
 a Robin Hood was soUloquizing on the desirability of an adventure. 
 1) grassy bank; 2) wayside cross; 3) Sherwood Forest; 4) merry ad- 
 venture; 5) jolly. 
 
 b A sorry-looking horse, and a rider, as sorry-looking, appeared. 
 
 1) to spy; 2) to cut a figure; 3) weazened; 4) dried up; 5) nag; 
 6) ragged; 7) mouse; 8) jagged; 9) hoop; 10) clog; 11) palm's 
 breadth; 12) to stud. 
 
 c Robin was anxious to cause the Corn-Engrosser discomfiture. 
 
 1) wayfarer; 2) Corn-Engrosser; 3) Lincoln; 4) exorbitant; 5) miserly; 
 6) discomfiture. 
 
 d (C) The Corn-Engrosser first abused the petitioner, and then de- 
 clared he had no money about him. 
 1) king's highway; 2) sour voice; 3) farthing; 4) to snarl; 5) sturdy 
 rogue; 6) hempen collar; 7) to stroll; 8) groat; 9) haunt. 
 
 e (C) Robin, with many signs of caution, assured the Engrosser that he 
 was no beggar, and ended by displaying a purse. 
 1) grain; 2) purse of money. 
 
 f (C) "I have a Kttle hiding place in these clogs." 
 1) nigh; 2) sweet; 3) four-score; 4) to clink; 5) to tell tales. 
 
 g (C) Robin laughed loud enough to arouse a protest from the En- 
 grosser. 
 1) fox; 2) "Let us forward-" 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 199 
 
 h (C) Robin demanded the clogs, and on inquiry, disclosed himself. 
 1) barefoot; 2) to take a fancy to anything; 3) hereabouts. 
 
 i The Engrosser gave up the clogs, and Robin, explaining why he did 
 not invite him to dinner, sent him off. 
 1) to quake; 2) wayfarer; 3) dealing; 4) to leave a nasty taste; 5) flank. 
 
 94.— THE BLACKSMITH AT BRANDYWINE 
 
 a The terrible wrath of the blacksmith who ranged hke Ajax over the 
 
 field of Brandywine had been awakened by the slaughter of his 
 
 wife and babe. 
 
 1) to plunge; 2) magic; 3) Thor-thrust; 4) death-dealer; 5) dumbly; 
 
 6) to befall; 7) to tattoo; 8) gaunt; 9) to range; 10) quarter; 
 
 11) Mary. 
 
 b Wounded though he was, at the end of the fight he was lifted into 
 a tree by a wagoner, and killed three men before he died on his 
 perch. 
 1) to ebb; 2) wagoner; 3) retreat; 4) crotch; 5) to sprawl; 6) to 
 reel forward. 
 
 95.— THE PHANTOM DRAGOON 
 
 a Iron Hill once had two reasons for its name. 
 1) Newark; 2) hematite ore; 3) General Howe; 4) Brandywine; 
 5) panoply; 6) to pitch. 
 
 b A phantom dragoon, apparently bullet-proof, caused consternation 
 among the American sentries. 
 1) outpost; 2) picket; 3) Welsh Tract Church; 4) charging gait; 5) to 
 relieve guard; 6) pallid; 7) mocking laugh. 
 
 C The nightly appearance of the ghost continued. 
 1) to make the rounds; 2) annoyance. 
 
 d The old corporal had the satisfaction of bringing the ghost to the 
 ground. 
 1) skeptical; 2) to haunt; 3) to look well to; 4) priming; 5) beat of 
 hoofs; 6) a thrill along the spine; 7) flint-lock. 
 
200 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e It was found that it was a British soldier who had made use of the 
 superstitious fears of the rustics to gain information very useful to 
 his army. 
 1) to scramble; 2) disposition of troops; 3) cuirass* 
 
 96.— THE SUNKEN CITY 
 
 a The richer inhabitants of the prosperous city lived in luxury, forget- 
 ful of the poor. 
 1) Zuyder Zee; 2) to pave; 3) ducat. 
 
 h The lady, in order to increase her possessions, ordered the captain to 
 return with the most precious cargo he could find. 
 1) maiden lady; 2) counting house; 3) haughtily. 
 
 »€ Public curiosity had been aroused about the cargo, which, by the 
 captain's selection, was wheat. 
 1) staff of life; 2) cargo; 3) precious. 
 
 d Despite the captain's protest, the woman ordered the wheat thrown 
 into the sea, and promised to see to the execution of her order. 
 1) to fly into a rage; 2) kernel; 3) furious; 4) port; 5) bidding. 
 
 e The poor, informed of the coming destruction, gathered at the dock. 
 1) to retrace steps; 2) to assemble. 
 
 f The captain, speechless with anger, and still helpless to resist the 
 woman, at last found voice to prophesy God's anger. 
 1) to implore; 2) handful; 3) to squander. 
 
 g She cast her ring into the sea with a proud defiance. 
 1) costly; 2) coolly; 3) to credit; 4) want. 
 
 h In one day the ring returned, and destruction came upon all her pos 
 sessions. 
 1) to discover; 2) deathly pale; 3) bearer of ill-tidings; 4) to find one's 
 self shorn. 
 
 i She died neglected in a miserable shed. 
 1) to recognize; 2) scorn; 3) ill-treatment. -— - 
 
 j Destruction also came on the other rich inhabitants. 
 1) dike; 2) reveler; 3) to submerge. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 201 
 
 k Stavoren now lies buried beneath the sea. 
 
 1) to ripple; 2) to thrash into foam; 3) blast • 4) to rest on one's oars; 
 5) turret; 6) rampart; 7) belfry; 8) to flap; 9) to toll the knell. 
 
 97.— INTO THE JAWS OF DEATH 
 
 a Occasionally people do meet on the narrow natural bridge near 
 Bendearg, and pass by crawling one over the other. 
 1) artificial; 2) chasm; 3) masonry; 4) rugged; 5) eyrie; 6) circuit; 
 7) to crawl. 
 
 b Caim and Bendearg met on the pass, one calling on the other to lie 
 down, and the other disregarding the command. 
 1) arch; 2) wajrfarer; 3) patrician order; 4) to disregard; 5) summit. 
 
 c The Grant refused to he down at the command of the MacPherson. 
 1) to prostrate; 2) to drive a sword through a body. 
 
 d They drew near, and made ready for a hand-to-hand struggle. 
 
 1) bonnet; 2) precipice; 3) to stretch the limbs; 4) to plant; 5) to knit 
 the eyebrows; 6) onset. 
 
 e They stood for a time straining and motionless. 
 1) to grapple; 2) to shift; 3) to strain. 
 
 f MacPherson succeeded in whirling Grant into the abyss, where he 
 hung overcome, but still defiant. 
 1) purchase; 2) abyss; 3) brink; 4) gulf; 5) fragment; 6) death-grip; 
 7) ragged. 
 
 g He fell to death below, and MacPherson returned home a changed 
 man. 
 1) to loosen hold; 2) to mangle; 3) heavy; 4) to alter, 
 
 h The place is Hell Bridge. 
 
 J) Gaelic; 2) to enact a tragedy. 
 
 98.— FOR A LETTER TO HEAVEN 
 
 a The overworked postal clerk looked up into two bright eyes. 
 1) penny; 2) golden head. 
 
 b (C) To his snappish question the little girl answered with her request. 
 1) to pluck up courage. 
 
202 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c Her package brought a strange look into the eyes of the clerk. 
 1) brown paper; 2) Yule tide; 3) domestic; 4) Harold Newton. 
 
 d The child, interpreting the clerk^s pause in her own way, produced 
 two more pennies, and asked him to take it for these. 
 1) postage; 2) to fumble; 3) wee purse; 4) counter. 
 
 e (C) As soon as the clerk began to explain, the child burst out into her 
 recital. 
 1) darling; 2) to plead. 
 
 f (C) The clerk's eyes were wet with tears, and the child sobbed out 
 the rest of her sad little story. 
 1) flaxen-haired; 2) to quiver; 3) angel. 
 
 g The clerk explained as tenderly as he could that it was impossible to 
 send the package to heaven, and a lady standing by began to weep. 
 1) to break; 2) railroad; 3) pleading; 4) convulsively. 
 
 h (C) The lady's assurance dried the despairing child's tears. 
 1) parcel; 2) to dance in glee. 
 
 i The lady kept the white lamb. 
 1) tiny; 2) pink; 3) touching scene. 
 
 99.— THE THREE WISHES 
 
 a According to the emperor's command every stranger, eating the 
 second side of the fish, was condemned to death, but allowed to 
 make three demands on the imperial Hberality. 
 1) to serve; 2) to eat to the bone; 3) stretch; 4) imperial clemency; 
 5) culprit; 6) to pledge. 
 
 b The son of the count, who was thus condemned to die, was accepted 
 in his father's stead. 
 1) edict; 2) to present one's self; 3) doom; 4) sorrow-stricken; 5) to 
 accord. 
 
 c (C) The young man demanded the emperor's daughter in marriage. 
 1) demand; 2) priest. 
 
 d This request was granted, and on the morrasy the young man de- 
 manded the emperor's treasures. 
 1) to feel bound; 2) to make objection; 3) imprisonment; 4) dis- 
 position. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 203 
 
 e He made many friends by his gifts. 
 1) profusely; 2) host. 
 
 f (C) The emperor in fear asked what was his third demand. 
 1) early; 2) uncomfortable; 3) out of hand. 
 
 g (C) " Put out the eyes of the accusers.*' 
 1) sire; 2) to put out. 
 
 h (C) When at the emperor's command the chamberlain was seized, 
 he accused the steward. 
 1) chamberlain; 2) steward. 
 
 i When one after another denied having seen the Count eat the second 
 side of the fish, the princess demanded her husband's release. 
 1) to protest; 2) to implicate; 3) valet; 4) butler; 5) worthy; 
 6) dense ignorance; 7) Solomon. 
 
 i The emperor granted the request of the princess. 
 1) to shuflELe; 2) to shrug; 3) savagely; 4) courtier; 5) radiant. 
 
 100.— KING JOHN AND THE ABBOT 
 
 > The Abbot was justly popular. 
 
 1) liberal; 2) velvet; 3) out of gratitude. 
 
 b King John summoned the Abbot to his presence. 
 1) jealous; 2) to brook the idea. 
 
 (rr (C) "I wiU spare thy life on condition that thou answerest me my 
 three questions." 
 1) realm; 2) to hold state; 3) clemency. 
 
 d The Abbot told his chief shepherd the bad news, and the latter bade 
 the good man to cheer up. 
 1) to dismiss; 2) greeting; 3) to cheer up; 4) to grant leave; 5) ap- 
 parel; 6) discomfiture. 
 
 e The shepherd presented himself in the character of the Abbot. 
 1) to consent; 2) cowl; 3) to accompany. 
 
 f (C) The king asked and was told where the center of the world was. 
 1) to measure. 
 
204 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 g (C) He asked and was told how long it would take to ride around 
 the earth. 
 1) shrewd; 2) graciously; 3) sun. 
 
 h (C) He asked and was told what he was thinking about. 
 1) to let pass; 2) Abbot of Canterbury. 
 
 i The king enjoyed the fellow's wit, and sent him home with presents. 
 1) nimble wit; 2) right royal. 
 
 101.— DEAF AS A POST 
 
 a The gentleman, apparently deaf, paid no attention to the ostler's 
 protestations. 
 1) winter; 2) traveler. 
 
 b (C) To further protest the gentleman replied with some directions 
 as to his horse's feed. 
 1) peck; 2) to make the best of one's way. 
 
 c (C) The ostler and the stable-boy exchanged yiews about the gentle- 
 man. 
 1) fool; 2) deaf. 
 
 d The gentleman insisted with the demurring landlady that anything 
 would satisfy him, and that talk was useless. 
 1) to lodge; 2) to stun; 3) accommodation; 4) cannon. 
 
 e It was determined to let him pass the night on the chair, 
 1) to get rid of; 2) to engage. 
 
 f He could not be disturbed from his place at table. 
 1) to bawl; 2) top; 3) comfortable. 
 
 g The landlady rejected his two francs. 
 1) hearty; 2) repast; 3) disdain. 
 
 h (C) "I insist on paying." 
 
 1) to put in; 2) politeness; 3) to foot the bill. 
 
 i The servant found that, on leaving the company, he took possessioi 
 of one of the bedrooms. 
 1) to find one's way; 2) stupidity; 3) to take possession. 
 
 j They heard his soUloquy and his determination. 
 1) to turn out; 2) to barricade; 3) risk. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 205 
 
 k He was left undisturbed. 
 
 1) eavesdropper; 2) to dislodge; 3) to pass. 
 
 I The next morning he explained his conduct, and left. 
 1) laugh; 2) sou; 3) to wager; 4) louis; 5) to some effect; 6) to spur. 
 
 102.— THE WEATHER VANE AND THE POACHER 
 
 a The poacher declared that he had been kept from sleep by the vane 
 which had the number nine pricked on its surface. 
 1) vane; 2) Frankfort; 3) legend; 4) poacher; 5) to complain sorely; 
 6) creaking. 
 
 b (C) " If I were free, I would show my accuracy of aim." 
 1) accursed. 
 
 e He was promised his freedom, if he succeeded. 
 1) councilor; 2) to fulfill. 
 
 d He succeeded. 
 
 1) to load; 2) to punch; 3) well-shaped. 
 
 103.— THE DEATH-DICE 
 
 a Prince Frederick decided that the soldiers should throw dice for their 
 Uves. 
 1) Alfred; 2) Ralph; 3) to deny guilt; 4) to extract; 5) to cut the Gor- 
 dian knot. 
 
 b The event was made notable. 
 
 1) pomp; 2) to celebrate; 3) to assist. 
 
 c Ralph made the highest possible throw, and Alfred prayed God to 
 help him. 
 1) jubilant; 2) to fall on one's knees. 
 
 d By a happy accident, Alfred threw thirteen. 
 1) die; 2) to split off. 
 
 e All were astonished, and Ralph acknowledged his guilt. 
 I) to thrill; 2) guilt. 
 
206 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 104.— A CURIOUS DECISION 
 
 a The cook demanded of the sweep half the price of a dinner as recoro* 
 pense for the sweet odors he had been inhaling. 
 1) to regale; 2) victual; 3) sweep; 4) savory. 
 
 b The policeman decided that the sweep should pay the cook by re- 
 galing one of his senses. 
 1) to feast; 2) odor; 3) to make one a recompense; 4) insatiable. 
 
 n (C) The policeman told the sweep to rattle the money which the 
 latter said he had. 
 1) two pence; 2) to rattle. 
 
 d (C) The sweep did so, and the policeman declared the cook paid. 
 1) to tickle. 
 
 e The decision did not meet with the same approval from all. 
 I) by-standers« 
 
 105.— THE THREE SLEEPERS 
 
 a Bonn is noted for the laziness of its people. 
 1) Beethoven; 2) propensity; 3) to prolong. 
 
 b The three yoimg men retired into the cave in order to enjoy a long 
 sleep. 
 1) somnolence; 2) hardship; 3) to settle; 4) nap. 
 
 c After seven years one awoke long enough to ask a question. 
 1) to mutter; 2) to bellow. 
 
 d After another seven years the second answered the first. 
 1) to relapse; 2) oblivion. 
 
 e After a third seven years the third sleeper spoke. 
 1) unbroken; 2) long drawn; 3) dreamily; 4) tojresume. 
 
 f They are said to interrupt their slumbers, even to this day, in the 
 same interesting fashion. 
 1) to volunteer; 2) thrillingly; 3) witty. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 20T 
 
 106.— AN OCTOBER SUNRISE 
 
 a I saw the sun rise above the mountains, scattering the clinging mists. 
 
 1) woodland; 2) warmth; 3) spread of light; 4) wavering length of 
 
 upland; 5) dew-fog; 6) to cling subtly; 7) brave lines of the hills. 
 
 b The woods were tinted with the colors of autumn. 
 
 1) drapery of awakened mountains; 2) mellow; 3) gold; 4) olive. 
 
 c Light was shed over all, and hfe woke in all creation. 
 
 1) gladsome light; 2) curtain; 3) cloven hoof; 4) crouching hollow; 
 5) fluttering sense; 6) impress; 7) wings of hope; 8) sprang re- 
 assured; 9) merged beneficence. 
 
 d So shall rise the day of the resurrection. 
 1) eternal morning; 2) crag; 3) chasm. 
 
 107.— TRYING OLD PRESCRIPTIONS 
 
 a A crowd gathered round the horse. 
 1) to balk. 
 
 b A string was suggested, but found useless. 
 1) ear; 2) remedy; 3) effect. 
 
 c Blindfolding proved equally useless. 
 1) cabman; 2) bandage. 
 
 d (C) The owner resented the suggestion to back him, 
 1) to exasperate. 
 
 e An ear of com was also useless. 
 1) to budge; 2) to resort to. 
 
 f When the fire blazed up under him, the horse moved forward just 
 five feet. 
 1) benevolent; 2) to build; 3) excelsior; 4) armful; 5) to curl about; 
 6) calm survey; 7) blaze ; 8) to unbend. 
 
 g Thirty-five dollars worth of damage was done to the buggy. 
 1) elegant; 2) to occur; 3) to scatter. 
 
208 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 h An old colored man came along, and spoke kindly to the brute. 
 1) faded siiit; 2) brim; 3) to rub; 4) to scorch, 
 
 i The horse trotted off. 
 1) brisk; 2) head. 
 
 108.— A SON OF ADAM 
 
 a The workman, stirred up by the heat, said some hard things about 
 Adam. 
 1) trench; 2) to suffer intensely; 3) to complain of one's lot; 4) to 
 say hard things. 
 
 b His master said he would do as Adam had done, but the workman 
 was so sure he would not that the master told him to come at 
 noon for a test. 
 1) to overhear; 2) gruffly. 
 
 c When the workman sat down to dinner at noon, the master bade liim 
 not to touch the dish in the center of the table. 
 1) well-laden; 2) grace; 3) covered dish. 
 
 d The workman at length grew curious about the covered dish. 
 1) to help one's self; 2) delicious. 
 
 e He Ufted the cover, and had to chase a mouse. 
 
 1) to hold back; 2) tiny bit; 3) to pop out; 4) to scurry. 
 
 f The master had the laugh on the workman. 
 1) clatter; 2) wee; 3) hubbub; 4) heartily. 
 
 109.— PIERROT, THE FAITHFUL 
 
 a At nine in the morning the ragpicker's donkey stopped short, imable 
 to drag the well-filled cart any farther. 
 1) to silver; 2) Park Monceau; 3) marquis of the old regime; 4) globe 
 of fire; 5) to veil; 6) to famish; 7) rubbish; 8) skillet; 9) stroke; 
 10) resignation. 
 
 b To the woman's kindness the donkey spoke with his eyes — a farewell 
 1) to curse; 2) motherly pity; 3) to do one's best; 4) to die. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 209^ 
 
 c The woman lifted a basket of bottles out of the cart, and encouraged 
 the donkey, but in vain, to make an effort. 
 1) Pierrot; 2) to lighten; 3) to put a shoulder to; 4) St. Ouen; 
 
 5) wretched; 6) to drag. 
 
 d While she ran into the nearest wine-shop, I examined the donkey 
 more fully. 
 1) anxious; 2) fearful; 3) Pjrrenean dog; 4) tuft; 5) emaciated body; 
 
 6) mountain burned bare. 
 
 e The donkey was too weak to eat the bread and sugar. 
 1) to show; 2) piano keys; 3) strength; 4) to oblige. 
 
 f (C) I found out the cost of the donkey, and offered to buy it on con- 
 dition that she would retire him in favor of another. 
 1) retired list; 2) abattoir. 
 
 g They started off together. 
 1) card; 2) high spirits. 
 
 li (C) The woman came back to me to tell me that the donkey had died 
 on reaching home. 
 1) hut; 2) to kiss; 3) work. 
 
 110.— THE CRITICS SILENCED 
 
 a The artist received unqualified praise from the Elector before the 
 great crowd assembled in the market-place. 
 1) Diisseldorf ; 2) unveiling; 3) John William; 4) masterpiece; 5) to 
 swell with pride; 6) equestrian; 7) Gabriel Grupello. 
 
 b The jealous courtiers criticised the steed. 
 
 1) unwonted; 2) to depreciate; 3) effigy; 4) to take revenge; 5) to dis- 
 parage; 6) wither; 7) quadruped. 
 
 c The artist's request was granted, and for three days the sounds of his 
 hammer were heard. 
 1) comment; 2) to entreat; 3) scaffolding; 4) to screen; 5) heavy 
 clang; 6) incessantly. 
 
 d The courtiers comphmented themselves, and at the end of the ap- 
 pointed time gathered with the Elector round the statue. 
 1) to and fro; 2) complacently; 3) hint; 4) suite. 
 
210 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e (C) To the query of the Elector, the critics of the hoofs and neck and 
 ears replied that they were quite satisfied. 
 1) arch of the neck; 2) strained. 
 
 f Each was well satisfied with himself. 
 1) to praise; 2) timely suggestion; 3) to openly profess. 
 
 g After Hstening in silence, the sculptor boldly spoke their condenma- 
 tion. 
 1) downcast; 2) unchanged; 3) bronze. 
 
 h (C) "Why then the hammering?" 
 1) Master; 2) vigorously. 
 
 i (C) " I was demolishing the reputation of my critics." 
 1) to shrug; 2) to demolish; 3) to generously bestow. 
 
 111.— THE WITCHERY OF OLD-TIME HOUSES 
 
 a There is no place for ghosts in a modern mansion. 
 
 1) stylish; 2) garret; 3) attic; 4) to accommodate; 5) to flatten out; 
 6) nook; 7) to lodge; 8) sealed interval. 
 
 b The old houses abounded in creepy things. 
 
 t) wainscot; 2) to scamper; 3) to enact a scene; 4) theatrical; 5) slug; 
 6) misanthropic spider; 7) garish; 8) mold; 9) potato-shoot; 
 10) haply; 11) cold sweat; 12) sepulchral; 13) heap of bones. 
 
 c It had a most unfinished garret. 
 
 1) lath; 2) ridge of mortar; 3) bridge; 4) conchoidal; 5) broadaxe; 
 6) sap. 
 
 d It is a region of wrecks. 
 
 1) realm; 2) shroud-like cobweb; 3) to be thrown up; 4) to rock; 
 5) symbol; 6) reel; 7) blear-eyed; 8) to twirl; 9) limbo. 
 
 e More can be added to this catalogue. 
 
 1) portmanteaus; 2) stranded porpoise; 3) to gape; 4) to gorge; 5) to 
 bulge; 6) repletion; 7) andiron; 8) paltry; 0) fore-stick; 10) back- 
 log; 11) churn; 12) dasher; 13) Salem witches. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 211 
 
 112.— DEATH OF SPORUS, THE GLADIATOR 
 
 a The combat of Niger and Sponis drew the attention of the spectators. 
 1) first interest 2) fatal; 3) science; 4) antagonist. 
 
 b Nigei- it«treated, attempted a throw, then fled at the top of his speed. 
 1) caution; 2) fencer; 3) net; 4) to glitter; 5) swordsman; 6) reti- 
 arius; 7) gladiator; 8) snare; 9) inflection; 10) rage. 
 
 c Spoms succeeded in wounding Niger, but in an unguarded moment 
 Niger struck him to his knees, and wrapt the fatal net about him. 
 1) agility; 2) trident; 3) rapidity; 4) caution; 5) point; 6) deadly; 
 7) mesh; 8) redly. 
 
 d Victor and vanquished looked to the spectators for their decision. 
 1) to withdraw; 2) to roll; 3) to despair; 4) to glare upon. 
 
 e The signal of death was given, and the headsman walked out and 
 gave the death-stroke. 
 1) woman's hand; 2) to warm; 3) dogged; 4) fatal; 5) to stalk; 
 6) dismal; 7) humbled crest; 8) to glitter; 9) to quiver. 
 
 113.— JACK HANNAFORD 
 
 a Jack Hannaford came to the farmhouse where dwelt a farmer and 
 his foolish wife. 
 1) penniless; 2) widow; 3) witless; 4) thick-skulled. 
 
 b The farmer confided to her care ten pounds. 
 1) market. 
 
 c The wife hid the money. 
 1) yoke-mate; 2) chimney. 
 
 d (C) Jack Hannaford arrived, and introduced himself as coming from 
 Paradise. 
 1) to rap; 2) Paradise. 
 
 c (C) On inquiry the woman learned of the wants of her former spouse, 
 and confided to Jack the gold needed to help poor Tom Turpin. 
 1) to allude; 2) to cobble; 3) stock; 4) fresh supply; 5) parlor. 
 
212 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 f The farmer was soon in pursuit, and Jack made ready to meet him„ 
 1) to return; 2) anger; 3) to waste words; 4) beat of hoofs; 5) to 
 shade. 
 
 g (C) Jack explained the reason of his attitude, and -the farmer grew 
 curious enough to imitate him, at which Jack gave further direc- 
 tions. 
 1) rare; 2) sky; 3) to fly. 
 
 h The farmer saw. 
 
 1) to gallop; 2) horseless. 
 
 i (C) "You're the bigger fool." 
 
 114.— THE PEDDLER OF SWAFFHAM 
 
 a In the olden days there Uved at Swaffham a poor peddler. 
 
 1) London Bridge; 2) to line; 3) shop; 4) salmon; 5) arch; 6) Nor- 
 folk; 7) to have much ado; 8) to trudge; 9) pack. 
 
 b He made no account of his dream until he had dreamt it three times. 
 1) to fall out; 2) London town; 3) to make little account of; 4) to try 
 the issue of. 
 
 c At his journey's end he seemed Ukely not to hear the promised news. 
 1) weary; 2) to pace to and fro; 3) to yield comfort. 
 
 d (C) On the third day a shopkeeper drew from him the reason of his 
 presence. 
 1) to tramp; 2) wares; 3) alms; 4) to roam. 
 
 e (C) "Do you think I am such a fool as to go to this unheard-of 
 Swaffham, and investigate the meaning of my dream." 
 1) bimipkin; 2) orchard; 3) to journey; 4) silly; 5) to get hence. 
 
 f The peddler kept his own counsel, and found the treasure. 
 1) shrewd; 2) prodigiously; 3) to dig. 
 
 g He was a just rich man, and is honored to this day. 
 
 1) duty; 2) pride of wealth; 3) magnificent; 4) townsman. 
 
 115.— WHICH WAS THE HEIr? 
 
 a The jeweler took with him his son and the slave. 
 
 1) to carry on a trade; 2) superfluity; 3) to dispose of; 4) to adopt 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 213 
 
 b On the jeweler^s death, the slave laid claim to his fortune, and was 
 favored by appearances. 
 1) issue; 2) pestilence; 3) to possess himself; 4) to this end; 5) pre- 
 tension; 6) comely; 7) ill-favored; 8) indulgence. 
 
 c The magistrate declared his inability to decide. 
 1) heirdom; 2) lack; 3) assertion. 
 
 d The judge found a way. 
 
 1) to engage; 2) claimant; 3) curtain; 4) to project. 
 
 e The contestant agreed, and an officer stationed himself in readiness. 
 1) reliance; 2) detection; 3) scimeter. 
 
 f Shortly the judge cried out to strike off the villain^s head. 
 1) debate. 
 
 g At the sign of danger the impostor discovered himself. 
 1) to brandish; 2) conscious security; 3) to animate. 
 
 h The slave was ordered to be punished. 
 1) custody; 2) condign. 
 
 116.— THE HEROISM OF JOHN BINNS 
 
 a The whole scene comes back to me, — everything, and, most of all, the 
 boy w^aiting for help. 
 1) clanging; 2) hoarse; 3) hush; 4) sea; 5) fire-glow; 6) back- 
 ground; 7) ledge. 
 
 b But the help came, and the lad was carried down the scaling ladders 
 
 to the extension ladder by one of the firemen who had cHmbed up 
 
 after him. 
 
 1) truck company; 2) stretch; 3) cross-bar; 4) to thrust; 5) crash; 
 
 6) dizzy; 7) human fly; 8) recess; 9) span; 10) pent-up; 
 
 11) lurid; 12) impotent fury. 
 
 c A pandemonium of joy broke loose. 
 
 1) to deafen; 2) to fall on necks; 3) to glisten; 4) to stall; 5) to 
 clutch; 6) Comanche; 7) to relieve one's feelings; 8) a touch of 
 nature that makes the whole world kin. 
 
 d John Binns was rewarded. 
 V> crew; 2) Bennet Medal. 
 
214 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 117.— BETH GELLERT 
 
 a Gellert had been given to Llewelyn by King John. 
 1) greyhound; 2) lion; 3) chase. 
 
 b Llewelyn had Uttle sport because he hunted without Gellert. 
 1) horn; 2) call; 3) blast; 4) bold. 
 
 c Master and dog were both surprised on the return of the former. 
 1) rage; 2) to bound out; 3) to startle; 4) fang; 5) to drip; 6) to 
 crouch. 
 
 d The terrible thought that entered Llewelyn's mind gained confirma- 
 tion at every step on the way to the nursery. 
 1) to cross; 2) nursery; 3) disorder; 4) to daub. 
 
 e The prince, not finding the child, slew the dog. 
 1) frightful; 2) to plunge into; 3) deep yell; 4) eye. 
 
 f Too late Llewelyn discovered the child, and the truth, 
 1) unharmed; 2) gaunt; 3) to slay, 
 
 g The grave is called Beth Gellert. 
 1) cairn. 
 
 118.— THE DEVIL AND THE ROOSTER 
 
 a The attempt to span the Main with a bridge had been unsuccessful 
 enough to make the builders confide the project to the devil. 
 1) red sandstone; 2) Frankfort; 3) to span; 4) freshet; 5) to carry 
 away; 6) completion; 7) to mutter. 
 
 b One architect asked the devil's help. 
 
 1) worldly-wise; 2) predecessor; 3) to take at one's word; 4) Satanic 
 Majesty; 5) to bespeak. 
 
 c The devil consented on being promised a toll. 
 1) tender mercies; 2) contract. 
 
 d A long procession was formed to do honor to the opening. 
 1) magistrate; 2) gala attire. 
 
 e The architect was invited to cross the bridge first. 
 ' 1) master of ceremonies; 2) modestly; 3) graceful gesture; 4) to pass 
 first; 5) to lead the march. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 215 
 
 f The master of ceremonies was just about to ride forward, when the 
 rooster escaped, and was seized by the claw-hke hand. 
 1) to stammer; 2) to curl; 3) pompous; 4) drum-major; 5) dis- 
 tracted rooster; 6) squawk; 7) to prance; 8) to zigzag; 9) to 
 flutter; 10) cackle; 11) to clutch; 12) imprecation; 13) fumes of 
 brimstone. 
 
 g The people were deKghted to hear of the outwitting of the devil. 
 1) frankly; 2) to be beside one's self; 3) to cheat 
 
 h They placed a memento on the bridge. 
 1) memento; 2) golden effigy. 
 
 119.— THE NIGHT-STORM 
 
 a A destructive north wind blew up. 
 
 1) dismal; 2) bitter storm; 3) to rattle; 4) to creak; 5) to fall crash- 
 ing; 6) to totter; 7) to reel; 8) to stagger; 9) to rock. 
 
 b Everyone that could be was indoors. 
 
 1) to brave the fury; 2) blast; 3) tavern; 4) water-side; 5) uncouth; 
 6) hearth; 7) to founder; 8) to cluster; 9) goblins; 10) rum- 
 bling; 11) pattering; 12) to wail; 13) howl. 
 
 c The May-pole tavern shone cheery, and stood stalwart through it all. 
 1) ruby; 2) to blend; 3) jovial; 4) bleak; 5) to crunch; 6) to 
 crackle; 7) perfume; 8) sturdily; 9) chafe; 10) to pant; 
 11) hospitable; 12) to puff defiance at; 13) to drive at. 
 
 120.— THE THREE CAKES 
 
 it The carpenter's much-prized tree-trunk was floated to the home of 
 the hospitable man who discovered its value. 
 I) covetous; 2) to overflow; 3) destination; 4) benefactor; 5) pil- 
 grim; 6) to cleave in twain; 7) to deposit. 
 
 b This man, when he heard the carpenter's tale, determined to see 
 whether the money ought to be restored to its owner. 
 1) to bitterly lament; 2) quest; 3) host; 4) title j 5) cake. 
 
 c At his host's suggestion the carpenter chose a cake, greedily promis- 
 ing to take another, if he desired it. 
 1) to weigh; 2) earth. 
 
216 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 d In the presence of the carpenter the host disposed of the money. 
 1) to restore; 2) varlet; 3) pauper; 4) tribulation. 
 
 121.— THE DERVISE AND THE FOUR ROBBERS 
 
 .-a The four robbers determined to possess themselves of the sheep by 
 strategy. 
 1) purchase; 2) sacrifice; 3) Dervise; 4) to part company; 5) to 
 accost. 
 
 b The first thief asked him where he had gotten the dog. 
 1) to contrive. 
 
 <5 The second and third robbers also asked where he had picked up the 
 dog. 
 1) quarter; 2) venerable; 3) greyhound. 
 
 «d The fourth capped the climax. 
 1) to put one beside himself. 
 
 e The Dervise, believing himself cheated by the grazier, returned to the 
 city to claim his money, leaving his sheep with the robbers. 
 1) grazier; 2) conjurer; 3) to bewitch; 4) to give credit to; 
 5) wether; 6) felon. 
 
 122.— CLEARING A MYSTERY 
 
 ft The lady advised the nervous gentleman to hide his money in his 
 boots. 
 1) stage-coach; 2) London; 3) highwayman; 4) guinea; 5) to con- 
 ceal. 
 
 b The lady invited her accusers to dine with her, promising an explana- 
 tion of her conduct. 
 1) purse; 2) to submit; 3) to load with abuse; 4) confederate; 
 5) appearance. 
 
 c (C) After the feast the lady explained her conduct, and generously 
 reimbursed the gentleman. - _^ 
 
 1) sumptuous; 2) drawing room; 3) apology; 4) to make amends* 
 
 d The travelers expressed their pleasure. * 
 
 1) presence of mind. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 217 
 
 123.— A TALE OF TERROR 
 
 a We stopped at the cottage of a peasant. 
 1) companion; 2) peasant; 3) Calabria. 
 
 b Our room was an attic that was used as a store-room. 
 1) loft; 2) ladder; 3) nest; 4) joist; 5) laden. 
 
 c My companion slept, while I stayed awake. 
 1) to relight; 2) to finish. 
 
 d I overheard a conversation. 
 
 1) dawn; 2) host; 3) to distinguish. 
 
 e I was stricken with terror, and could see no means of escape. 
 1) marble; 2) to howl; 3) wolf. 
 
 f The climax of my suspense came, when mine host and his wife climbed 
 into the attic. 
 1) to mount; 2) crack; 3) barefoot; 4) to shade. 
 
 g The man went to the bed, and cut a shce from a ham hanging above. 
 1) throat; 2) bare; 3) to retire. 
 
 h At breakfast several terrible things were easily explained. 
 1) hostess; 2) capon. 
 
 124.— THE MISCHIEVOUS WIND 
 
 a The wind had no other effect on the fire than to make it bum 
 
 brighter, and in anger ran away to take revenge on something else. 
 
 1) out upon; 2) to bluster; 3) forge; 4) to bang; 5) wicket; 6) to 
 
 grumble; 7) to bully; 8) bellows; 9) swaggerer; 10) hoarse; 
 
 11) gaily; 12) to whiz; 13) surly; 14) howl; 15) cuff; 16) ale- 
 house; 17) blue dragon; 18) rampant; 19) to rear; 20) crazy 
 frame. 
 
 b The wind took after the leaves, and followed them into the wheel- 
 wright's. 
 1) small tyranny; 2) to wreak vengeance; 3) to come up with; 
 4) heap; 5) to vent one's humor; 6) pell-mell; 7) to whirl; 
 8) frantic; 9) gambol; 10) malicious fury; 11) to charge; 
 
 12) saw-pit; 13) sawdust; 14) to follow at one's heels* 
 
218 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c The leaves clung wherever they could, but the oddest feat they 
 achieved was to rush into Mr. Pecksniff's door, whither the wind 
 followed with strange results. 
 1) to scare; 2) giddy chase; 3) outlet; 4) to eddy round; 5) eave; 
 6) hay-rick; 7) to achieve a feat; 8) bat; 9) to cower; 
 10) hedge; 11) incontinently; 12) twinkling of an eye; 13) bois- 
 terous rover; 14) moor; 15) meadow; 16) flat; 17) to make a 
 night of it. 
 
 125.— THE PICTURE OF A PHANTOM'S FACE 
 
 a The stranger was moved by the portrait, and his rest was broken as 
 a result of looking at it. 
 1) Lubeck; 2) hospitably; 3) to lodge; 4) apartment; 5) to arrest at- 
 tention; 6) unearthly; 7) fascination. 
 
 b The master was put out when he heard the guest's story, and e:iv 
 plained the presence of the picture. 
 1) to glare; 2) oversight; 3) to part with anything. 
 
 c (C) The master told how his father met the painter. 
 
 1) coffee-house; 2) Hamburg; 3) to observe closely; 4) to shudder; 
 
 5) intimacy; 6) solicitation. 
 
 d (C) "The painter assassinated his former friend." 
 
 1) familiar terms; 2) to patronize; 3) to fall out; 4) to challenge. 
 
 e (C) "In desperation the painter drew the phantom face, and gave it 
 to my father before his return to Italy." 
 1) fixed eye; 2) to encounter; 3) to stare; 4) mood; 5) specter; 
 
 6) phantom visage; 7) conscience-smitten; 8) to surrender to 
 justice. 
 
 126.— A WARM JOKE 
 
 a A trickster lost his leg, and found in this another means of making 
 money. 
 1) wit; 2) expense; 3) credulous; 4) to overturn; 5) to amputate; 
 6) to levy contributions. ~ ._^ 
 
 b He soon spent the two hundred pounds. 
 
 1) to bring action; 2) cork-leg; 3) artificial; 4) to resort to trickery; 
 5) livelihood. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 219 
 
 c He confinned the tale of the fanner, and assured his listeners that he 
 could perform the wonder. 
 1) to provide one's self; 2) rotten wood; 3) public-house; 4) molten; 
 
 5) hero; 6) to have about one. 
 
 d (C) He produced, and explained the virtues of his powder. 
 1) to compound; 2) to melt. 
 
 e (C) They ridiculed the idea, and he agreed to try it on himself. 
 1) to guffaw; 2) incredulous. 
 
 f When the water was brought, he applied the powder. 
 1) pail; 2) to steam; 3) stocking. 
 
 g He plunged his leg into the pail, and the farmers stood in wonder. 
 1) to plunge; 2) tranquillity; 3) to glare. 
 
 h The farmers prevailed on him to part with some of the powder, and 
 next day invited their friends to see the experiment. 
 1) to yield to entreaty; 2) eagerly; 3) to hasten; 4) to astonish. 
 
 i A vain spectator leaped into the tub. 
 1) vanity; 2) nimbly. 
 
 j His agony only raised a laugh, and he was left to the care of his wife. 
 1) shriek; 2) victim; 3) to dance; 4) to convulse; 5) to scald; 
 
 6) yokel. 
 
 127.— THE CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS' FEAST 
 
 a The origin of the chimney-sweepers* dinner is this. 
 
 1) London; 2) superb; 3) metropolis; 4) Montague House; 5) Cav- 
 endish Square. 
 
 b When the guilty footman announced the loss of the boy to the dis- 
 tracted mother, every effort was immediately made to find him. 
 1) coimtry-seat; 2) a-walking; 3) to lose sight of; 4) ale-house; 
 5) indescribable; 6) bill; 7) goodly reward. 
 
 e The sweep who had been summoned proved to be the lost boy. 
 1) Lady Montague; 2) ball; 3) town-house; 4) saucepan; 5) to suf- 
 focate; 6) vinegar; 7) smelling-bottle; 8) temple; 9) bosom. 
 
 d The stoiy of his abduction was learned. 
 
 1) gypsy; 2) donkey; 3) to maltreat; 4) father. 
 
220 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e The Lady Montague gave a feast to the chimney-sweeps on the first 
 of May to commemorate the event. 
 1) to reward; 2) handsomely; 3) to preside; 4) to do full justice to; 
 5) fare. 
 
 f The First of May is still the chimney-sweepers' holiday. 
 1) grave. 
 
 128.— A DUEL BY FRENCHMEN 
 
 a We had a duel. 
 1) heroic spectacle. 
 
 b Everytliing was in readiness for action, when doubts arose which 
 called for a postponement. 
 1) suspender; 2) complication; 3) proxy; 4) hotly; 5) to separate. 
 
 c Another postponement, and only at the third meeting do they go at it. 
 1) to palpitate; 2) to rekindle; 3) to send forth; 4) to lunge; 
 5) fencer; 6) thruster; 7) cruel; 8) honor. 
 
 d The damage was sUght. 
 1) eyebrow. 
 
 129.— JOHN RIDD ON THE STRAWBERRY MARE, WINNIE 
 
 a Tom Faggus came round the comer. 
 1) to rush down; 2) hedge; 3) Winnie. 
 
 b (C) Faggus yielded, under protest, to John's request. 
 1) burden; 2) to be loath; 3) bravest scorn; 4) skull, 
 
 c Tom told the filly to give me a soft fall. 
 
 1) filly; 2) to subdue; 3) to draw in the nostrils; 4) soft turf. 
 
 d The mare treated me so kindly that I grew confident enough to urge 
 her. 
 1) to prick; 2) to mince about; 3) caper. 
 
 e In an instant I knew I was in for it. 
 1) to plug; 2) shrill; 3) whale-bone. 
 
 f Finding I stuck to her despite her plunging, she raced away. 
 1) to rear; 2) comb; 3) heaven; 4) wax; 5) "my mettle was up"; 
 6) to fly. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 221 
 
 g (C) I refused to listen to my sister. 
 1) to scream. 
 
 h I hung to her, but was very sick at heart. 
 
 1) to take the gate at a leap; 2) to knock the words between one's 
 teeth; 3) water-meadow; 4) child at the breast; 5) to feel the 
 earth rushing away. 
 
 i She made me long for death. 
 1) water-trough; 2) sideways; 3) to leave no breath in one. 
 
 j At the sound of the whistle she carried me home swiftly and gently. 
 1) shrill; 2) bullet; 3) speed of a swallow; 4) fluent; 5) breeze flit- 
 ting over the flowers; 6) summer lightning; 7) limp. 
 
 130.— FINDING GOLD IN CALIFORNU 
 
 a The excitement began after the Mexican War. 
 1) California. 
 
 b Sutter had settled at Sacramento. 
 1) Missouri; 2) to style; 3) site. 
 
 c He found Western ways slow. 
 
 1) log; 2) plank; 3) to grind; 4) roller; 5) slab. 
 
 d Marshall hired Indians to dig the necessary ditch. 
 1) saw-mill; 2) mill-wheel; 3) great water-wheel. 
 
 e He discovered the gold by accident, and verified the discovery. 
 1) to course through; 2) pebble; 3) brass; 4) pea; 5) scales. 
 
 f The secret* was wormed out of the teamster. 
 1) whisky; 2) wherewith; 3) grain; 4) to worm out. 
 
 g People came from all parts to reap their fortune in the gold fields. 
 1) fire in dry grass; 2) to abandon; 3) to lay down; 4) thirst; 5)htmt; 
 6) gold-seeker. 
 
 131.— HOW THE CENTURY PLANT GOT ITS NAME 
 
 a A Russian nobleman brought roots of the maguey to Russia. 
 1) maguey; 2) eager. 
 
 b The gardener died before he could carry out the Czar's command. 
 1) attention; 2) to accomplish. 
 
222 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c The roots lay neglected until one was planted by the second gar- 
 dener's child. 
 1) sack; 2) unheeded; 3) to pick out; 4) playful mood. 
 
 d The Czar and this second gardener died. 
 
 e The plant grew slowly and mysteriously 
 1) spike; 2) to thrive; 3) origin. 
 
 f The new Czar wondered at the strange plant, but died before it 
 bloomed. 
 1) thick; 2) to bloom. 
 
 g Shortly after the coronation of the next Czar the plant bloomed. 
 1) coronation; 2) cluster; 3) bud; 4) blossom; 5) to unfold. 
 
 h The gardener had his explanation, and the Court came to admire the 
 plant. 
 1) honor; 2) to send word, 
 
 i Thus the plant got a new name. 
 1) exile; 2) sunny sky; 3) to earn. 
 
 132.— FEARSOME SIGHTS IN A STORM 
 
 a During the October hurricane strange tales were told, and Captain 
 Sammis came in with a story of a mermaid. 
 1) to rage; 2) skipper; 3) craft; 4) startling tradition; 5) schooner; 
 6) Bartley Hope; 7) port; 8) scales; 9) fin. 
 
 b Captain Ade Scidmore had seen two terrible monsters, and others had 
 tales of their own. 
 1) Fulton Market Fishing Fleet; 2) Sandy Hook light-ship; 3) to 
 rear; 4) plesiosaurus; 5) alligator; 6) paddle; 7) hideous; 
 8) storm-swept beach. 
 
 c Captain Hank Henderson had the most marvelous story of all. 
 1) to overtop; 2) marine; 3) mast; 4) to snap. 
 
 d Greneral excitement .was the result. 
 
 1) shipping circles; 2) white heat; 3) collusion; 4) sea-dog; 5) in 
 flocks; 6) plague; 7) deep; 8) amateur scientist. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 223 
 
 e A youth who heard the tales hurried off with information which 
 resulted in a bulletin that destroyed all the romance of the tales. 
 1) Rockaway Beach; 2) to post off; 3) Battery; 4) Herman Kensel- 
 man; 5) merry-go-round; 6) carrousel; 7) keel. 
 
 133.— THE "EASY MARK" 
 
 a The Meadowthorpers looked on Johnnie Keating as one of a far 
 inferior species. 
 1) Hudson River; 2) out of the West; 3) Michigan. 
 
 b They tried to sell him some of their broken-down horses, and gave 
 him encouraging odds on the race. 
 1) handicap; 2) to supply liberally; 3) horseflesh; 4) specimen; 
 5) to hem; 6) to haw; 7) to give odds; 8) to dub. 
 
 c Six horses were entered in the race. 
 
 1) bugle; 2) Major Bastlay's Boadicea; 3) Ralph Gering; 4) Dick 
 Middleton's Bricktop; 5) Tom HalUday's Fleetwing; 6) Dr. Wil- 
 cox's Firefly; 7) Martin Follingsby's Graystone; 8) Barrister; 
 9) to have up; 10) breeding. 
 
 d After some delay they got off, Keating doing well. 
 i)hitch; 2) flag. 
 
 e In the eariiest stage of the race the leaders were Bricktop, Boadicea, 
 Barrister, in the order named. 
 1) polo field; 2) to fight for his head; 3) to make the pace; 4) to take 
 a fence; 5) to rush a wall; 6) to go strongly; 7) well within her- 
 self; 8) quarter; 9) pull. 
 
 f In the second stage Barrister hung at the quarter of the leader, 
 Boadicea, and the disappointed Meadowthorpers' only solace was 
 the river. 
 1) Higgin's barn; 2) to bolt; 3) to hang at; 4) to negotiate. 
 
 g The river left three horses in the race. 
 1) to take off; 2) brook; 3) cat; 4) bird. 
 
 h When they came out from behind the grove Barrister was third, but 
 soon regained his place beside Boadicea, making a finish that 
 awoke the admiration of the spectators. 
 1) to intervene; 2) to come strong; 3) to shake out the reins; 4) ar- 
 
224 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 row; 5) to creep up; 6) flank; 7) splendid machine; 8) reserve; 
 9) inch by inch; 10) neck and neck. 
 
 i Keating won in the last ten yards. 
 1) to gallop; 2) to Uft forward. 
 
 j (C) Explanations followed. 
 1) to introduce; 2) Grand National; 3) long-drawn sigh. 
 
 134.— THE TRIBUTE OF "DE GANG" 
 
 a The dead lodger awakened Httle comment. 
 1) third floor back; 2) diversion; 3) meager. 
 
 b Among the man's effects were found enough to satisfy the landlady ^ 
 and a card that served for his identification. 
 1) out of sorts; 2) in advance; 3) coroner; 4) formality; 5) to soil; 
 6) to crumple; 7) "Andrew L. BilUngs, Daily Eagle ". 
 
 c BiUings was remembered as a queer character whose hobby seemed 
 to be the helping of the poor. 
 1) staff; 2) spare time; 3) contribution column; 4) hobby. 
 
 d The "Eagle" was to pay for his burial. 
 
 1) cemetery; 2) twenty-five dollars* worth of decency; 3) generosity. 
 
 e A minister and some reporters who had worked with him assembled 
 in the cold parlor for the funeral. 
 1) blizzard-like; 2) cheerless; 3) rite; 4) to cower; 5) cheap coffin; 
 6) to clear the throat. 
 
 f Just then a newsboy entered, and was recognized by one of the re- 
 porters. 
 1) unkempt; 2) scant; 3) to match; 4) blustery; 5) Nick. 
 
 g The boy silently laid his flowers on the coffin. 
 
 1) purple; 2) tiny bunch of carnations; 3) to tiptoe; 4) to close 
 softly. 
 
 h The minister read the explanation on the appended card. 
 1) white cord; 2) stem; 3) to scan; 4) solitary-tribute. 
 
 i The minister closed the services briefly and aptly. 
 1) to reach for; 2) to preach. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 225 
 
 135.— THE ADVENTURE OF TILLERMAN McDERMOTT 
 
 a In a little over four minutes after the alarm was given, the men were 
 raising the ladder. 
 1) St. Patrick's day; 2) to bring to a standstill; 3) slow-moving 
 clouds; 4) red streakings of fire; 5) windlass. 
 
 b Beggin saw the woman^s peril, and motioned to McDermott, who in an 
 
 instant was crawling up to her rescue, having to warn her, as he 
 
 drew nearer, to sit still. 
 
 1) ledge; 2) sheer; 3) flagging; 4) to wave; 5) to drown out; 
 
 6) ominous orange glow; 7) dizzy seat; 8) scaling-belt ; 9) to 
 
 wrench; 10) to crook; 11) sill; 12) to plunge; 13) measuring 
 
 worm; 14) fragment; 15) to hook; 16) sleeve. 
 
 c When he reached the sixth floor, he saw the walls within all ablaze. 
 1) inner; 2) raging furnace. 
 
 d He took the woman on his shoulder, and descended, with one accident, 
 to the lowest rung, where he waited for McGuire and the exten- 
 sion ladder until the latter cheered him with his voice. 
 1) conscious; 2) to hold the breath; 3) unanchored; 4) to sway; 
 5) cotton string; 6) roar of falling walls; 7) to gush out; 
 8) round; 9) with a snap; 10) tendon; 11) to grapple; 12) to 
 trickle; 13) bow; 14) to break into spray; 15) legs drawn under 
 him. 
 
 e It was a moment of uncertainty. 
 
 1) awful; 2) to paralyze; 3) numbness; 4) frail; 5) burden; 6) to 
 dash to death. 
 
 f They did not fall, and to-day McDermott bears the scars of battle. 
 1) scar; 2) swelling 
 
 136.—" FRECKLES " McGRAW 
 
 a " Freckles " was William McGraw. 
 1) official register; 2) State House. 
 
 b " Freckles, " as a reformer, wanted the Kelley bill to pass. 
 1) legislature; 2) measure; 3) to destine. 
 
226 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c The Senator explained to the Representative the state of affairs. 
 1) session; 2) Stacy; 3) Ludlow. 
 
 d "Freckles" heard, and, when Ludlow seemed to be following Stacy, 
 knew a battle was on. 
 1) lobbyist; 2) doubtful; 3) look of triumph; 4) to make up a plan of 
 campaign. 
 
 e Halfway up he stopped the elevator. 
 1) basement. 
 
 f (C) "Freckles" began to give frightening answers to the evidently 
 anxious Ludlow. 
 1) nervous; 2) anxiously. 
 
 g " Freckles" showed some signs of emotion, when he ccme to the con- 
 clusion that it would run. 
 1) glitter; 2) gray eyes; 3) red spots; 4) freckled cheek. 
 
 h Its flight scared Ludlow. 
 
 1) history; 2) to rush past; 3) utter abandonment; 4) blood. 
 
 i (C) " Freckles " would not console the lobbyist even with the thought 
 that the fleeing elevator would not fall. 
 1) thick with terror; 2) to gasp; 3) shaking voice; 4) to blubber. 
 
 j The elevator ascended almost to the roof. 
 1) shaft; 2) tower; 3) rickety; 4) to wabble. 
 
 k At "Freckles'" suggestion the lobbyist cHmbed, — and the elevator 
 began to descend. 
 1) to pant; 2) eminent; 3) to clamber; 4) to slam; 5) lever. 
 
 1 Ludlow knew he had been tricked. 
 1) dull; 2) smooth; 3) to gull; 4) winding stairway; 5) parapet? 
 6) flag of distress. 
 
 m When the night boy released him, Ludlow was angry, but it was not 
 from him that the world learnt the story. 
 1) oil; 2) atmosphere; 3) joke. 
 
 137.— THE GREEK STORY OF DELPHI 
 
 a The birth of Apollo filled the earth with joy. *^ 
 
 1) to deck; 2) nymph; 3) Delos; 4) Hellas; 5) choir; 6) white 
 swan; 7) to pipe. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 227 
 
 b He wandered up and down and out of Greece and back again. 
 
 1) to entrance; 2) Zeus; 3) Olympus; 4) Pieria; 5)Iolcos; 6) Thes- 
 salian; 7) to take up one's abode; 8) Hyperboreans. 
 
 c He chose the plain of Tilphussa for his temple, but the nymph did not 
 favor his plan. 
 1) Copals; 2) well- watered ; 3) moss; 4) lily. 
 
 d (C) **This land will attract the spoiler, and is not peaceful even now." 
 1) spoiler; 2) song of the cicada; 3) din of battle; 4) to give place; 
 5) herd; 6) to drive afield; 7) plowman; 8) boorish. 
 
 e (C) ** Where, if not in this pleasant place, will I settle?" 
 1) vale. 
 
 f (C) " Go to Parnassus for a place of honor.' 
 1) cleft; 2) to do honor. 
 
 g Apollo built his temple. 
 
 1) master-architect; 2) Trophonius; 3) Agamedes', 4) massive; 
 5) shrine. 
 
 138.— A GODDESS BRmE 
 
 a One morning Peleus saw the beautiful Thetis walking on the shore. 
 1) purple; 2) Myrmidons; 3) dream; 4) nymph; 5) to weave; 6) Naiad; 
 7) chaplet; 8) sandal. 
 
 b Peleus was warned by Pallas Athene that this was his predestined 
 bride. 
 1) silver-footed; 2) to woo. 
 
 c He went to Chiron to learn how to win his bride 
 1) blue cloud; 2) Chiron; 3) mountain-top. 
 
 d He captured and held fast the nymph as she changed to various 
 shapes. 
 1) to gild; 2) crag; 3) Pelion; 4) sea-washed; 5) to dally; 6) golden 
 tress; 7) mist; 8) tawny. 
 
 e Peleus won her love, and the gods made ready the banquet hall. 
 ^^ leafy; 2) to sport; 3) to sparkle; 4) cavern; 5) vaulted; 6) niche; 
 /) to polish. 
 
 f That was the grandest wedding-feast mortal man had ever had. 
 1) immortal; 2) viand; 3) Nereides; 4) Muses; 5) Apollo. 
 
228 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 139.— PROMETHEUS 
 
 a Prometheus in pity for their lot gave men fire and many other good 
 gifts. 
 1) forethought; 2) to scoop; 3) to vary; 4) fennel stalk; 5) Helios. 
 
 b Zeus, who hated men, ordered Prometheus bound upon Caucasus. 
 1) naught; 2) feeble; 3) burden; 4) to grovel; 5) pent up; 6) peak. 
 
 c Hephaestus unwilUngly went with the servants of Zeus to help in 
 doing his bidding. 
 1) ruthless; 2) bleak; 3) barren; 4) bond; 5) crag. 
 
 d (C) " I bind you to this everlasting torture most unwillingly.*' 
 1) loathing; 2) blaze; 3) to scorch; 4) to shimmer; 5) veil. 
 
 e Prometheus sang fearlessly while birds of prey and the elements 
 
 joined in an effort to torture him. 
 
 1) to swoop ; 2) scream ; 3) grim ; 4) to flap ; 5) talon ; 6) to hurtle down ; 
 
 7) to topple; 8) to rattle; 9) to eddy; 10) gust; 11) lurid; 12) to 
 
 crash; 13) to deafen; 14) to blend; 15) turmoil; 16) to whirl; 
 
 17) chaos; 18) to quail. 
 
 f After thirteen generations Hercules freed Prometheus. 
 1) to purge; 2) everlasting; 3) to fetter; 4) naked; 5) to circle; 6) to 
 dig; 7) paean. 
 
 140.— AN UNWn.LING HERO 
 
 a A pleasant family group was gathered in the orchard at the foot of 
 Mount Neritus. 
 1) garb; 2) Anticelia; 3) Penelope; 4) to beam; 5) Odysseus; 6) to 
 dandle; 7) Telemachus; 8) to bud. 
 
 b When Odysseus heard of the purpose of Nestor of Pylos and Pal- 
 medes of Euboea, he showed himself unwilling to fulfill his oath. 
 1) shrewd; 2) Menelaus of Lacedaemon; 3) Paris; 4) Helen; 5) to 
 darken. - 
 
 c He suddenly rushed aimlessly to the palace, seeming to recognize 
 neither of the messengers. 
 1) stride; 2) aimless; 3) footpath; 4) white; 5) greeting. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 229 
 
 d Palamedes suspected a trick. 
 1) wreck. 
 
 e He began to plow the beach and sow salt. 
 
 1) to make one's way; 2) to yoke; 3) fvirrow; 4) to strew; 5) grain. 
 
 f Odysseus forgot to sham when he saw his child laid in front of his team 
 by Palamedes, and the latter pressed his advantage. 
 1 ) with the dawn ; 2) Eurycleia ; 3) to smile ; 4) to trample ; 5) maniacal ; 
 6) to hands. 
 
 g Odysseus acknowledged gracefully that he had been outwitted, and 
 joined the Grecian forces. 
 1) to cloud; 2) to outwit; 3) to own. 
 
 141.— THE WOODEN HORSE 
 
 a In the tenth year of the siege of Troy, when all other schemes had 
 failed, Odysseus suggested a new plan. 
 1) Trojan; 2) to sit down before a city; 3) starvation; 4) for good and 
 all; 5) to go aboard. 
 
 b A host of warriors hid themselves in the wooden horse, while the rest 
 of the Greeks departed. 
 1) doughty; 2) Pyrrhus; 3) wooded; 4) Tenedos. 
 
 c The Trojans, pouring out of the city, listened to Sinon's story, and 
 asked the meaning of the horse. 
 1) to pour out; 2) relic; 3) to hazard; 4) to lurk. 
 
 d Sinon told them the horse was a Greek offering to Athene which 
 would turn to the benefit of the Trojans should they receive it 
 within their walls. 
 1) Palladion; 2) distant; 3) Calchas, the soothsayer; 4) to revere; 
 
 5) to insure. 
 
 e The horse was dragged into Troy, to the ruin of the city. 
 
 1) artful; 2) to fall upon; 3) torch; 4) to mete out; 5) Tyndareus; 
 
 6) blemish. 
 
 142.— A WONDERFUL SWORD 
 
 a Mimer, unable to make a sword fit to pierce the armor of AmiUas, 
 came to his apprentices for help. 
 1) upstart; 2) Burgundyland; 3) underling; 4) to foil. 
 
230 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 b The other apprentices ridiculed the temerity of Siegfried. 
 1) to shake; 2) to scorn. 
 
 c After seven days of labor he brought a sword to Mimer. 
 1) spark; 2) ringing; 3) hissing; 4) to temper. 
 
 d The sword cleft a thread of wool. 
 
 1) thistle-down; 2) to glitter; 3) twain; 4) to cleave. 
 
 e On the fourth day, after more working and tempering, the sword 
 spUt a ball of wool floating on the water. 
 1) to weld; 2) white-hot; 3) to temper; 4) milk; 5) corn-meal; 6) to 
 sneer; 7) eddy; 8) to whirl; 9) to bare; 10) to ripple. 
 
 f After seven weeks Siegfried again brought the sword to Mimer. 
 1) smithy; 2) to glow; 3) cheery; 4) haggard. 
 
 g Siegfried split Mimer's anvil with the beautiful sword without dulling 
 the blade in the least. 
 1) ruddy hilt; 2) rune; 3) to score; 4) to gleam; 5) gathering gloom; 
 6) lightning's play; 7) whit; 8) Thor. 
 
 h Mimer, holding it in the water, split ten fleeces, and then, proclaim- 
 ing his confidence, went to meet Amilias. 
 1) brook; 2) to swirl; 3) cleanly; 4) Balmung. 
 
 143.— THE STORY OF SPRING 
 
 a From the North Sea came sweeping in to Siegfried a vessel, and in 
 its prow played a minstrel who told Siegfried he was Bragi. 
 1) white; 2) to speed; 3) to float; 4) to be wafted; 5) incense; 6) to 
 reef. 
 
 b Siegfried saw that the ship was filled with flowers and birds, for Bragi 
 was bringing spring to the lands of the North. 
 1) to be laden; 2) to circle; 3) twittering; 4) to wake; 5) to scatter. 
 
 c At the music of Bragi the vessel sped on its course with Siegfried 
 aboard. 
 1) right; 2) to touch; 3) to leap. 
 
 d Icebergs were melted, and the North winds joined forces with those 
 from the South. 
 1) Reifriesen; 2) Hoder; 3) to drift; 4) breath; 5) ally. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 231 
 
 e At the approach of Bragi the ice of the North-lands was melted, and 
 flowers and grass sprang up everywhere. 
 1) huge; 2) gray; 3) fortress; 4) to play; 5) rivulet; 6) to tumble; 
 7) gorge; 8) to plunge; 9) to peep; 10) fjord. 
 
 144.— A WARRIOR MAIDEN 
 
 a To him who excelled her in her three chosen feats, Brunhild would 
 give her hand and kingdom; vanquished contestants had to accept 
 death. 
 1) Valkyr; 2) Isenland; 3) challenge; 4) intrusion; 5) to forfeit. 
 
 b Gunther, with Siegfried hidden in the Tamkappe, came to try for the 
 prize. 
 1) courtyard; 2) Burgundyland; 3) fearful; 4) outcome; 5) peerless. 
 
 c Brunhild's armor and weapons were wondrous. 
 
 1) Libyan; 2) to dint; 3) stroke; 4) lace; 5) stout; 6) sun; 7) span. 
 
 d After the trial she confessed herself surpassed by Gunther in huriing 
 the spear. 
 1) to speed; 2) lightning; 3) to bear down; 4) giant; 5) to poise; 
 
 6) beam; 7) blunt; 8) cliff; 9) to hurl. 
 
 e Brunhild threw a stone of a ton weight and leaped a dozen fathoms. 
 1) huge; 2) head; 3) to swing; 4) to land. 
 
 f Gunther, aided by Siegfried, leaped and threw farther, and led 
 away Brunhild, a willing bride. 
 1) to bury; 2) vassal; 3) homage; 4) liege. 
 
 145.— GOLDEN HAIR 
 
 a Loki, wandering among the mountains, came upon an underground 
 smithy, wonderfully rich, where dwarfs were at work making 
 jewels and gems. 
 1) crevice; 2) cleft; 3) crooked; 4) forge; 5) bellows; 6) vaulted; 
 
 7) star; 8) brown; 9) leathern; 10) to smelt; 11) pearl; 12) dew- 
 drop; 13) tear; 14) emerald; 15) leaf; 16) souvenir. 
 
 b A lump of gold was drawn, spun, and made into hair which Loki car- 
 ried to earth and gave to a little girl. 
 1) Ivald; 2) token; 3) to draw; 4) elf; 5) flax; 6) tiny; 7) anvils; 
 ^) chorus: 9) soft: 10) gossamer; 11) golden. 
 
232 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 146.— THE STORY OF THE VOLCANO 
 
 a When the gods made up their minds to punish Loki, the mischief- 
 maker hid himself at the foot of the Fanander Cataract, where his 
 pursuers found trace of him. 
 1) Asa; 2) to condone; 3) Asgard; 4) to mete; 5) wrongdoer; 6) to 
 whirl; 7) waterfall. 
 
 b When the net missed Loki the first time, Thor suggested to try again. 
 1) mesh; 2) to roar; 3) to drag; 4) current; 5) cunning; 6) dead. 
 
 c Loki, seeing no other way, attempted to leap over the net, but was 
 caught by Thor. 
 1) weight; 2) to rush; 3) shallow; 4) Aegir; 5) slippery. 
 
 d The gods bound him beneath a smoking mountain, and now, when 
 
 his wife is emptying the basin of venom, the poisonous drops, which 
 
 fall on him, make him belch forth fire. 
 
 1) bitter; 2) cavern; 3) to drip; 4) Skade, wife of Niord; 5) hideous; 
 
 6) venom; 7) tar-black; 8) to writhe; 9) to shriek; 10) to tremble; 
 
 ll)tospit; 12) fume; 13) sulphurous; 14) to belch forth; 15)Sigyn. 
 
 147.— THE KNIGHT OF THE SWAN 
 
 a All in the castle turned in the direction whence the sound of the bell 
 came. 
 1) to halt; 2) to fill; 3) music; 4) battlement; 5) squire; 6) menial. 
 
 b Out of a cloud came the swan and the boat. 
 
 1) waving; 2) weed; 3) ripple; 4) to shelve; 5) mist; 6) silver; 7) angel; 
 8) gold; 9) scallop; 10) silken; 11) to ravish; 12) song. 
 
 c When the knight landed, the music died away as the swan drew off. 
 1) empty; 2) to welcome; 3) to die away; 4) distance. 
 
 d The strange knight was dumb, but Roland found a parchment at his 
 neck. 
 1) courteous; 2) to hold converse; 3) ribbon; 4) parchment. 
 
 6 The parchment gave the knight's name. -^*^ 
 
 1) Lohengrin; 2) fief. 
 
 f Charlemagne received him royally. 
 
 1) mantle; 2) crimson; 3) ermine; 4) banquet. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 233 
 
 148.— THE WHITE STAG 
 
 a The army and Charlemagne were in despair, when Turpin set him- 
 self to prayer. 
 1) Alps; 2) gorge; 3) ascent; 4) fain. 
 
 b During the Archbishop^s prayer the stag appeared. 
 
 1) crag; 2) knightly; 3) to drift; 4) wide-branching; 5) sunbeam. 
 
 c (C) "Behold our hope!" 
 
 1) sure-footed; 2) steep; 3) to smile. 
 
 d There seemed no hope, but the stag waited. 
 
 1) grim; 2) snow-crowned; 3) angrily; 4) lowermost. 
 
 e The stag led the army up and up along the difficult way. 
 1) bugle; 2) cloud; 3) radiant; 4) to yawn. 
 
 f They came to heights whence behind them they could see France, 
 but before, nothing but rocky crags. 
 1) solitude; 2) map; 3) speck; 4) desolate; 5) to dishearten. 
 
 g On the eighth day Turpin gave thanks for their deliverance. 
 1) steep; 2) to toil; 3) to burst; 4) throat; 5) peril; 6) mysterious. 
 
 149.— ROLAND'S HORN 
 
 a Roland prized his horn above all his other accouterments. 
 
 1) accouterment; 2) sea-horse; 3) tusk; 4) unicorn; 5) to set; 6) to 
 inlay; 7) clear. 
 
 b One day Charlemagne challenged Roland to blow the horn which no 
 one else had been able to blow. 
 1) workmanship; 2) to issue; 3) Paris; 4) Aix; 5) to split; 6) idle; 7) to 
 bethink. 
 
 c (C) " Try to blow this horn, which has been silent since the time of 
 Charles the Hammer." 
 1) tourney; 2) valiant; 3) to couple; 4) to deafen; 5) crash; 6) slan- 
 derer; 7) Poictiers; 8) lung. 
 
 d Roland blew a note which was so terrible that the king begged him 
 to cease. 
 1) to roll; 2) forest; 3) country-side; 4) to echo; 5) vibration; 6) folk; 
 7) heaven; 8) clangor; 9) gesture; 10) to reverberate. 
 
234 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e (C) " Keep the horn to blow only in battle and need." 
 1) to gainsay; 2) utmost. 
 
 f Roland kept the horn till death. 
 1) to hang; 2) death-song; 3) Valley of Thorns. 
 
 150.— CHAINING THE SOUTH WIND 
 
 a The great bodies of troops who gathered at the king's command to 
 accompany Astolpho in his expedition against Algeria hesitated 
 when they leamt his destination. 
 1) desert; 2) liege-lord; 3) Charlemagne; 4) herald; 5) stronghold; 
 
 6) countryside; 7) to equip. 
 
 b (C) The South Wind will kill us. 
 
 1) sand; 2) furnace; 3) scorch; 4) to parch; 5) whirlwind; 6) to bury. 
 
 c Astolpho quieted their fears, and flew to the land of the many- 
 minded, fickle South Wind. 
 1) to quiet; 2) winged; 3) to kiss; 4) bud; 5) blossom; 6) to ripple; 
 
 7) to rustle; 8) canebrake; 9) rivulet; 10) ledge; 11) to unlock; 
 12) curse. 
 
 d He found her asleep, and fixed a magic net over the entrance to her 
 cave. 
 1) heavy; 2) to repose; 3) to hearken; 4) dight; 5) mesh; 6) courser. 
 
 e When the South Wind loosened herself from the net, and caught up 
 with the army, it was too late to do it any harm. 
 1) to dread; 2) sand storm; 3) peak; 4) Atlas Mountains; 5) to rid; 
 6) to trip; 7) tree-top; 8) to whistle; 9) glen. 
 
 151.— THE DEATH OF ROLAND 
 
 a When victory seemed assured, the Moors swept down on the Chris- 
 tians, and left but sixty alive. 
 1) Vale of Thorns; 2) slaughter; 3) Roland; 4) Oliver; 5) Marsilius; 
 6) to hem in. 
 
 b Charlemagne heard the sound of the horn, a«d turned back with his 
 army. 
 1) plight; 2) burial; 3) gorge; 4) league; 5) gate; 6) Pyrenees; 7) rear- 
 guard; 8) to befall; 9) to succor. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 235 
 
 c When all but himself and Tuipin were slain, Roland blew the horn 
 again. 
 1) to rage; 2) to bite the dust; 3) to survive; 4) to ooze away; 5) feebly. 
 
 d The pagans made a last attack, and fled at the sound of Charlemagne's 
 trumpets. 
 1) blast; 2) to answer; 3) to bode; 4) to stretch. 
 
 e Roland carried his friends before the Archbishop, who gave them 
 his last blessing. 
 1) faint; 2) to Uft. 
 
 f When Roland awoke from his swoon, he saw the Archbishop, who 
 had tried to help him, dead beside the rivulet. 
 1) to swoon; 2) distress; 3) to stagger; 4) to fetch; 5) to totter; 
 6) rivulet. 
 
 g Roland sat down, and addressed Durandal. 
 1) death's door; 2) marble; 3) shame; 4) folk. 
 
 h He tried to break the sword, but failed, and died. 
 1) to smite; 2) to split; 3) glove. 
 
 i Charlemagne buried all the dead on the field save Roland and Oliver 
 and Turpin, whom he carried to Blaye. 
 1) at the charge; 2) death-strewn; 3) chapel of St. Roman's. 
 
 152.— THE QUEST OF THE GRAIL 
 
 a The Grail was guarded by a descendant of Joseph of Arimathea who 
 had to be pure of hfe. 
 1) to pierce; 2) relic. 
 
 b The sinning guardian was punished by an incurable wound, and the 
 Grail was withdrawn from sight. 
 1) pilgrim; 2) to confer; 3) to intrust; 4) frailty; 5) spontaneously; 
 
 6) iron age. 
 
 c While Arthur was considering how to carry out the message of 
 Gawain, the Grail was seen at a banquet at Camelot. 
 1) Merlin; 2) recovery; 3) quest; 4) to achieve; 5) vigil; 6) Pentecost; 
 
 7) meat; 8) clap; 9) samite. 
 
 d Breaking silence, Arthur said they should thank God for the favor. 
 1) mystic; 2) cloud. 
 
236 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e Most of the knights vowed to seek the Grail. 
 1) vow; 2) twelve months and a day. 
 
 f As Arthur foresaw, many perished on the quest. 
 1) to gainsay; 2) sin-stained; 3) to purify. 
 
 153.— SIN-STAINED 
 
 a Launcelot entered freely into the castle by the sea until he came to 
 the one closed portal. 
 1) chasm-like; 2) breaker; 3) to make semblance. 
 
 b When he heard the song, he prayed for some fulfillment of his desires. 
 1) Holy Grail; 2) to wit; 3) pity. 
 
 c He would have entered, but was bade stay without, and thence viewed 
 the holy tiling. 
 1) clearness; 2) torch; 3) to withdraw; 4) heavy; 5) silver; 6) samite; 
 7) wax. 
 
 d He forgot himself, and was smitten to the ground. 
 1) wonder; 2) fire; 3) to smite; 4) visage. 
 
 e He was carried thence, and when to his sorrow he awoke from his 
 pleasant dream, he was told he had seen all that was to be given 
 to him of the Grail. 
 1) pulse; 2) to waken; 3) marvel; 4) to achieve. 
 
 f When he returned to Camelot, he said more was not for him. 
 1) to take leave; 2) Guinevere; 3) round table; 4) passing glad; 5) to 
 veil. 
 
 154.— SIR GALAHAD AND THE GRAIL 
 
 a When, after many adventures, they came to the wondrous ship, Gala- 
 had prayed, and was granted the favor of dying in the hour he 
 wished. 
 1) Grail; 2) Bohort; 3) Percival; 4) silver; 5) samite; 6) reverence; 
 7) request. 
 
 b When they were entering Sarras, was wrought the miracle of the man 
 lame ten years. 
 1) silver; 2) cripple; 3) crutch; 4) to assay. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 237 
 
 c Galahad was made king. 
 
 1) to dismay; 2) to wit; 3) to bid; 4) assent; 5) chest; 6) vessel. 
 
 d When Galahad leamt that the man who prayed before the Grail was 
 Joseph of Arimathea, he prayed for death. 
 1) fellowship; 2) to tremble; 3) to lift. 
 
 e Galahad and the Grail were borne up to heaven. 
 1) to kneel; 2) to bear; 3) rose; 4) to withdraw. 
 
 155.— THE PASSING OF ARTHUR 
 
 a Arthur was wounded to death, kilhng the traitor Modred. 
 
 1) conspiracy; 2) goodly; 3) fellowship; 4) to sunder; 5) accursed; 
 
 6) to make at; 7) to smite; 8) liege; 9) helm; 10) Excalibur. 
 
 b Arthur gave Bedivere his orders about Excalibur. 
 1) Lucan; 2) chapel; 3) to fling. 
 
 c Bedivere hid the sword, and told the king he had seen nothing. 
 1) pommel; 2) heft. 
 
 d A second and a third time the king sent him on the same mission. 
 1) to deceive; 2) to spare; 3) temptation; 4) to upbraid; 5) selfsame. 
 
 e He threw it into the lake, where it was caught by an arm. 
 
 1) ridge; 2) to plunge; 3) bush; 4) to clutch; 5) to wheel; 6) lightning; 
 
 7) to flash; 8) to whirl; 9) arch; 10) streamer; 11) to dip; 
 12) samite; 13) hilt; 14) to brandish. 
 
 f The lamenting women received the king aboard the black barge. 
 1) water-side; 2) fast; 3) barge; 4) hood; 5) to shriek. 
 
 g Bedivere turned from Arthur to become a hermit, and Arthur was 
 borne away, and it is said will come again. 
 1) Avalon; 2) hull; 3) dot; 4) dawn; 5) wailing; 6) to turn; 7) hermit- 
 age; 8) to abide; 9) lowly. 
 
 156.— THE PROVING OF A KING 
 
 a In the general distress the Archbishop of Canterbury called upon 
 Merlin to devise some scheme for finding a king. 
 1) Uther-Pendragon; 2) overlord; 3) realm; 4) seer; 5) woeful. 
 
238 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 b Merlin devised the stone and anvil and sword and its strange device. 
 1) naked; 2) midway; 3) blue; 4) to glister; 5) hilt; 6) to chase; 
 7) inlaid. 
 
 c Meriin told the Archbishop that he would be king who drew forth the 
 sword. 
 1) miracle; 2) to make assay; 3) rightwise. 
 
 d Nineteen kings and sixteen dukes were bidden to try. 
 
 1) gentle and simple; 2) quality; 3) herald; 4) trumpet; 5) adventure. 
 
 e Of the contestants some were ashamed, some angry. 
 1) to bend; 2) blade; 3) to plant. 
 
 f Merlin presented Arthur. 
 1) to make a mock; 2) to press; 3) yonder. 
 
 g The Archbishop gave leave. 
 1) comely; 2) to go out. 
 
 h Arthur drew forth the sword, waved it, and replaced it in the sight 
 of all. 
 1) cube; 2) haft; 3) smoothly; 4) to flash; 5) lightning; 6) face, 
 7) aforetime. 
 
 i To satisfy all, Arthur four times accomplished the same, and was 
 made king. 
 1) to have none of; 2) Candlemas; 3) Easter; 4) Pentecost; 5) to 
 anoint; 6) estate. 
 
 157.— KING ARTHUR AND THE SABLE KNIGHT 
 
 a After due preparations the conflict commenced. 
 
 1) Arthur; 2) Sable Knight; 3) lawn; 4) to dress; 5) spur; 6) flank. 
 
 b The shock of their meeting was terrible. 
 
 1) to course; 2) to tremble; 3) earthquake; 4) to crash; 5) thunderbolt; 
 6) splinter; 7) truncheon; 8) to stagger; 9) address. 
 
 c At the third onset Arthur only saved himself from falling by leaping 
 from his saddle, and was dazed by the blow. 
 1) to run the course; 2) to hurl; 3) to deliver; 4) girth; 5) to void; 
 6) to whirl. 
 
 d When he recovered, he forced his opponent from his se%t 
 1) red; 2) anger; 3) to constrain. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 239 
 
 e Tbey fought with swords until each was all bloody. 
 
 1) bull; 2) to foin; 3) to trace; 4) to parry; 5) cantle; 6) to hew; 7) to 
 stain. 
 
 f Arthur at last stunned the Sable Knight. 
 1) to withstand; 2) hilt; 3) to stagger. 
 
 g On his recovery he struck Arthur a heavy blow. 
 1) dolorous; 2) to cleave; 3) brain-pan. 
 
 h The Sable Knight called on the wounded Arthur to surrender. 
 1) to swim; 2) to commingle; 3) lather; 4) sorely. 
 
 i Arthur stood ready, after throwing his adversary to the ground, to 
 give the deathblow. 
 1) sword-belt; 2) thigh; 3) to bereave; 4) to imlace; 5) helm; 6) miseri- 
 cordia. 
 
 158.— EXCALIBUR 
 
 a Arthur and Merlin came upon a plain. 
 1) seer; 2) bedight; 3) conceive. 
 
 b Arthur felt he had come into a land of enchantment. 
 
 1) gold; 2) fragrance; 3) to ravish; 4) silver; 5) border; 6) hollow; 
 7) to push. 
 
 c As Arthur pondered how to get the wonderful sword which he saw 
 before him, a lady drew near. 
 1) margin; 2) samite; 3) wrought; 4) to carve; 5) hilt; 6) to glister; 
 7) star; 8) tall flower; 9) to bloom. 
 
 d The lady, who looked like an ivory statue clad all in green, promised 
 to help Arthur achieve the sword. 
 1) wax; 2) black; 3) jewel; 4) silk; 5) cord; 6) to achieve. 
 
 e At the sound of her whistle a wonderful boat appeared. 
 
 1) girdle; 2) to carve; 3) brass; 4) swan; 5) silver thread; 6) glass. 
 
 f Merlin and the Lady of the Lake watched Arthur as he moved away. 
 1) to enter; 2) bank. 
 
 g Arthur watched his approach to the sword. 
 1) to uplift. 
 
 h He took the sword. 
 
 1) to reach forth; 2) scabbard; 3) belt. 
 
240 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 i Arthur, after saluting the Lady as courtesy required, rode away with 
 Merlin and the sword. 
 1) thanks; 2) war-horse; 3) palfrey; 4) to expand. 
 
 159.— A BATTLE ON STILTS 
 
 a Among other things done for the amusement of Marshal Saxe was a 
 battle on stilts. 
 1) Low Coimtries; 2) Namur; 3) stay; 4) to do honor. 
 
 b Stilts are used for both business and pleasure by the people of Namur. 
 1) to be well used to; 2) low; 3) overflow; 4) slim. 
 
 c The young men fought as opposing armies. 
 1) flags flying; 2) trumpets blowing. 
 
 d The assault was limited to an attempt to throw the opponents from 
 their stilts. 
 1) club; 2) fist; 3) elbow; 4) to kick. 
 
 e The battle lasted for an hour or two, and was abetted by wives and 
 sisters. 
 1) to advance; 2) to retreat; 3) warrior; 4) hand-clapping; 5) to hasten 
 to the assistance. 
 
 f It was rough, but rarely dangerous sport. 
 1) combatant; 2) to depend; 3) sore. 
 
 g Marshal Saxe remarked the fierceness of the contest. 
 1) fury; 2) butchery. 
 
 160.— THE LEGEND OF BOMERE POOL 
 
 a Few of the sinful inhabitants of the village were turned from their 
 wicked ways by the prayers of the old priest. 
 1) hollow; 2) mere; 3) wicked race; 4) idolatrous; 5) Thor; 6) Woden; 
 7) mockery; 8) to laugh to scorn; 9) skirt; 10) cassock; 11) to 
 pelt; 12) to dismay; 13) rivulet. 
 
 b The warning of the old priest was met witlTshouts of derision. 
 1) December; 2) to swell; 3) fuel; 4) barrier; 5) peat; 6) channel; 
 7) superfluous; 8) to croak; 9) kill-joy. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 241 
 
 c Shortly after the beginning of the midnight Mass the whole village 
 was submerged. 
 1) heathen; 2) revelry; 3) to usher; 4) stormy; 5) torrent; 6) deafening 
 roar; 7) Sanctus bell; 8) bell-cot. 
 
 d The bell is still heard. 
 1) to sail; 2) to toll. 
 
 161.— THE DEATH OF MARY STUART 
 
 a Queen Mary advanced with all her former majesty, and even at the 
 scaffold refused assistance. 
 l)Pawlet; 2) Drury; 3) Earl of Shrewsbury; 4) Kent; 5) Scottish; 
 6) Melville; 7) to offer one's arm. 
 
 b A last chance was offered, and refused, and Mary prayed. 
 
 1) Dean of Peterborough; 2) to persist; 3) circuit; 4) Latin; 5) Book 
 of Psalms; 6) afflicted; 7) Church; 8) James; 9) Elizabeth; 
 10) popish; 11) trumpery. 
 
 c Not the maids but the executioners prepared her for the execution. 
 1) perquisite; 2) to remonstrate; 3) groom; 4) lamentable; 5) to solicit. 
 
 d Mary was bhndfolded, led to the block, and executed. 
 
 1) Kennedy; 2) to disconcert; 3) headsman; 4) to sever; 5) to convulse. 
 
 e The fanatical exclamations of the Earls received no response. 
 1) to subjoin; 2) fanatical; 3) to absorb. 
 
 162.— THE DEMONIAC 
 
 a Juba discovered a strange power within him, but could not rid him- 
 self of it. 
 1) demoniac; 2) flinty; 3) tunic; 4) shred. 
 
 b The tyrannizing power uttered blasphemies which Juba himself 
 loathed. 
 1) conception; 2) bravado; 3) loathing; 4) to tjrrannize. 
 
 e Even the wild beasts feared him. 
 1) preternatural; 2) to prowl. 
 
 d He slew a beast of prey, and sucked its blood. 
 I) draught. 
 
242 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 e He comes upon the rustic celebration, destroys the idol, and escapes. 
 1) rustic; 2) Pan; 3) hideous; 4) to caper; 5) to lap; 6) mingled blood 
 and dust. 
 
 f The Christian Bishop passes Juba, and calls him. 
 1) Caecilius; 2) Victor; 3) dark road; 4) sudden cry; 5) tall form; 
 6) remarkable figure. 
 
 g Juba hesitated, but at last approached, and rebuked CaeciHus. 
 1) hypocrite; 2) hoimd of a priest. 
 
 h The bishop made the sign of the cross, and commanded him to come. 
 
 i Juba obeys, but threatens to destroy the Bishop, yet at the sign of 
 the cross follows. 
 1) savage wolf; 2) to stand one's ground; 3) to quail; 4) manifest 
 antagonism. 
 
 163.— THE PLAGUE OF THE LOCUSTS 
 
 a The sound from the cloud announced the locusts. 
 1) plague; 2) harsh; 3) shrill; 4) whizzing; 5) portent. 
 
 b This army, with its furlong square of vanguard, could be stopped by 
 nothing. 
 1) compact body; 2) vanguard; 3) from front to rear; 4) copse; 
 
 5) olive woods; 6) orangery; 7) palm plantation; 8) deep forest; 
 9) stubble; 10) lavish of lives. 
 
 c They destroyed the food of rich and poor. 
 
 1) harvester; 2) lodging; 3) far-famed; 4) African; 5) Roman popu- 
 lace; 6) beforehand; 7) glutton invaders. 
 
 d They destroy all the magnificence of Sicca, and pass on. 
 
 1) Sicca; 2) to surmount; 3) parapet; 4) luxurious chamber ; 5) forage; 
 
 6) rioters; 7) array; 8) gilding; 9) triclinitun; 10) viand; 11) mys- 
 terious instinct; 12) aught; 13) reckless; 14) strong of appetite; 
 15) certain of conquest. 
 
 e They die in loathsome swarms outside the city, and cause a plague. 
 1) steaming underwood; 2) green swamp; 3) sheltered valley; 4) hide- 
 ous; 5) to issue. — ' 
 
 f The country folk seek refuge in the city, but in vain. 
 1) overseer; 2) quarantine; 3) hovel. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 243 
 
 164.— THE VILLAGE PREACHER 
 
 a The preacher, caring little for the vanities of the world, lived in a 
 modest mansion. 
 1) copse; 2) garden; 3) wild; 4) shrub; 5) passing rich; 6) to fawn; 
 7) doctrine; 8) to raise the wretched. 
 
 b Vagrants found shelter at his fireside, and pity at his hands. 
 
 1) vagrant train; 2) to chide; 3) wandering; 4) beggar; 5) spendthrift; 
 
 6) broken soldier; 7) guest; 8) vice; 9) charity. 
 
 c With a heart full of love, he tried to allure his fellows to better Hves. 
 1) to relieve; 2) duty; 3) to watch and weep; 4) to pray; 5) to feel for 
 all; 6) new-fledged offspring; 7) brighter world. 
 
 d He was a comfort to the dying. 
 
 1) bed; 2) parting life; 3) sorrow; 4) guilt; 5) pain; 6) despair; 
 
 7) struggling soul; 8) faltering accent. 
 
 e He was a holy man, commanding respect in the pulpit, and wanning 
 love out of it. 
 1) meek; 2) zeal; 3) rustic; 4) lore. 
 
 165.— THE CASHIER 
 
 a The choleric cashier belonged to the race of beaux. 
 
 1) Evans; 2) Cambro-Briton; 3) choleric complexion; 4) sensible; 
 
 5) powdered and frizzed out; 6) Maccaronies. 
 
 b His haunted imagination cleared up as the day passed. 
 
 1) melancholy; 2) gib-cat; 3) counter; 4) defaulter; 5) hypochondry; 
 
 6) neck of veal; 7) Anderton*s coffee-house; 8) meridian of ani- 
 mation; 9) hour of tea and visiting. 
 
 c Parlor gossip was his forte. 
 
 1) rap; 2) bachelor; 3) chirp; 4) Pennant; 5) London; 6) Rosamond's 
 pond; 7) Mulberry Gardens; 8) Hog Lane; 9) Cheap. 
 
 166.— DAVID AND GOLIATH 
 
 a Unaccustomed to armor, David preferred to meet the Philistine in 
 shepherd's attire. 
 1) Saul; 2) garment; 3) helmet; 4) coat of mail; 5) staff; 6) smooth 
 stone; 7) scrip. 
 
244 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 b The Philistine, meeting David, showed his contempt. 
 
 1) to draw nigh; 2) armor bearer; 3) ruddy; 4) comely; 5) dog. 
 
 c (C) Confident in the Lord, David prophesied that he would conquer 
 and give over the PhiHstines to slaughter. 
 1) sword; 2) shield; 3) Lord of Hosts; 4) Israel; 5) carcass; 6) bird of 
 the air; 7) beast of the earth. 
 
 d David killed Gohath with his sling. 
 1) forehead; 2) to fall upon one's face. 
 
 e He cut off his head with the captured sword. 
 
 1) to prevail over; 2) to stand over; 3) to draw out; 4) sheath. 
 
 f The victorious Israehtes pursued the PhiHstines. 
 
 1) champion; 2) Israel; 3) Juda; 4) Accaron; 5) Saraim; 6) Geth; 
 7) to fall wounded. 
 
 167.— THE HALL FARM 
 
 a As the rustic gate hanging from its stone pillar is never opened, we 
 will look at the house through the bars. 
 1) hemlock; 2) stone-built; 3) carnivorous affability; 4) coping; 
 5) grassy inclosure. 
 
 b In the old house of lichen-covered brick we remarked the patched 
 windows and the splendid door which is never opened. 
 1) powdery lichen; 2) irregularity; 3) companionship; 4) sonorous; 
 5) liveried lackey; 6) carriage and pair. 
 
 c The house would seem deserted were it not for the barking of dogs 
 and the bleating of calves. 
 1) chancery suit; 2) booming bark; 3) gorse-built hovel; 4) silly; 
 
 5) reference. 
 
 d In imagination we inspect the curious contents of the room. 
 
 1) trespasser; 2) impunity; 3) clothes-horse; 4) pillion; 5) mutilation; 
 
 6) to bear a strong resemblance to. 
 
 e It is the residence of a former country squire. 
 
 1) watering place; 2) genteel; 3) resonant; 4) focus; 5) to radiate. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 245 
 
 168.— THE TOURNAMENT 
 
 a The crowd were expectant as Bois-Guilbert and Ivanhoe entered 
 the lists. 
 1) lists; 2) to strain; 3) to terminate; 4) encounter; 5) spectator. 
 
 b The combatants closed in the center of the lists; but neither was 
 unhorsed. 
 1) champion; 2) to close; 3) thunderbolt; 4) to burst into shivers; 
 
 5) address of the riders; 6) to glare; 7) vizor; 8) attendant. 
 
 c The applause of the spectators died away into silence before the 
 second onset. 
 1) acclamation; 2) to attest; 3) to grace; 4) to resume; 5) station* 
 
 d At a sign from Prince John the trumpets sounded the onset. 
 1) combatant; 2) truncheon; 3) dexterity; 4) to recover. 
 
 e As Ivanhoe struck Bois-Guilbert, the latter's saddle girth burst. 
 1) antagonist; 2) to reel; 3) career; 4) irresistible; 5) to render; 
 
 6) reputation; 7) to chance. 
 
 f The marshals prevented the enraged Templar from using his sword. 
 1) to extricate; 2) stirrup; 3) steed; 4) to unsheathe; 5) to spur;, 
 6) species. 
 
 169.— THE HALL OF CEDRIC THE SAXON 
 
 a The great hall, with its folding doors, and thatched roof, was black- 
 ened with smoke. 
 1) disproportioned; 2) rafter; 3) clanking; 4) clumsy; 5) vent;, 
 6) low-browed hall; 7) to incrust; 8) implement. 
 
 b The dining hall was arranged in Saxon simplicity. 
 
 1) to pique one's self; 2) flooring; 3) dais; 4) distinction; 5) scar- 
 let; 6) transversely; 7) domestic; 8) antique; 9) massive^ 
 10) settle; 11) canopy; 12) dignitary. 
 
 c The hangings and carpets were gaudily embroidered, though the 
 lower hall was uncarpeted. 
 1) to adorn; 2) tapestry; 3) brilliant; 4) range of table; 5) rude. 
 
 d Two elevated chairs were provided for the master and mistress. 
 1) to preside; 2) hospitality; 3) to signify; 4) curiously; 5) inlaid; 
 6) distinction. 
 
246 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 170.— CEDRIC THE SAXON 
 
 a The irascible Cedric was powerful, well built, and not gray, though 
 almost sixty years old. 
 1) frank; 2) choleric; 3) middle stature; 4; broad-shouldered; 
 5) long-armed; 6) powerfully made; 7) chase; 8) lodge; 
 
 9) hasty temper; 10) to assert; 11) invasion; 12) upon the 
 alert; 13) yellow hair. 
 
 b He was clad in Saxon fashion, rich but almost barbaric. 
 
 1) forest green; 2) furred; 3) ermine; 4) doublet; 5) a close dress of 
 scarlet; 6) to sit tightly; 7) sandal; 8) peasant; 9) to secure; 
 
 10) golden-clasped; 11) to stud; 12) to dispose; 13) perpendicu- 
 lar. 
 
 c His scarlet cloak, matching his cap, was thrown over the chair against 
 which his boar-spear leaned. 
 1) richly embroidered; 2) opulent landholder; 3) to go forth; 
 4) boar-spear; 5) to recline; 6) staff; 7) chance. 
 
 171.— LEAR 
 
 a Lear determined to divide hie kingdom, giving the greatest part to 
 the daughter that loved him most. 
 1) grown old; 2) to bestow in marriage; 3) to ask solemnly; 
 4) warmth of affection. 
 
 b The eldest expressed love for him greater than for her own soul, and 
 
 received her share; in hke manner Regan, but Cordelia expressed 
 
 her honest love for him. 
 
 1) Goneril; 2) eldest, 3) weakness; 4) to make answer; 5) above her 
 
 soul; 6) decUning age; 7) hitherto; 8) best beloved; 9) solid 
 
 purpose; 10) virtuous answer. 
 
 c CordeUa again expressed less than her real love, wherefore the king- 
 dom was divided befween the other daughters, and she married a 
 French Prince. 
 1) to persist; 2) to recall; 3) to restrain her expression; 4) to rever- 
 ence. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 247 
 
 d King Lear tried to live with Goneril and Regan, in turn, but was 
 refused, and sought CordeHa to confess his injustice. 
 1) to complain; 2) to resent; 3) affront; 4) to betake himself; 5) to 
 soothe wounded pride; 6) retinue; 7) to take his journey; 
 8) kind consideration; 9) recompense. 
 
 e CordeHa heard of his coming and of his condition, and sent servants 
 to have him properly clad. 
 1) sad condition; 2) filial tears; 3) forlorn; 4) to convey; 5) abode. 
 
 f Cordelia went in state to meet him, and by means of her husband's 
 army set him on the throne, and three years after succeeded him. 
 1) in state; 2) honorable reception; 3) to prosper; 4) consort. 
 
 172.— THE PRODIGAL SON 
 
 a The younger of two sons asked, and received his patrimony. 
 1) portion of substance; 2) to fall to me; 3) to divide unto. 
 
 b This son went away, squandered his fortune, and was reduced to the 
 lowest condition of life. 
 1) abroad; 2) riotously; 3) mighty famine; 4) to cleave to a citizen; 
 5) fain; 6) husk. 
 
 c He recalled his happy home, and resolved to return and acknowledge 
 his sin. 
 1) to return to himself; 2) to abound with bread; 3) to perish. 
 
 d He returned, and was received with great rejoicing. 
 
 1) to rise up; 2) a great way off; 3) moved with compassion; 4) to 
 fall upon one's neck; 5) the first robe; 6) to make merry. 
 
 e The eldest son returning from the field, and hearing what had hap- 
 pened, was angry. 
 1) to draw nigh. 
 
 f The father told his angry son that all at home was his, and gave an 
 explanation of the rejoicing. 
 1) to entreat; 2) to transgress; 3) to devour one's substance; 4) har- 
 lot; 5) fit; 6) to come to life. 
 
248 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 173.— THE CLOUD 
 
 a I bring weal and woe to leaves and flowers and plains. 
 
 1) to thirst; 2) to rock; 3) breast; 4) to wield the flail; 5) to lash. 
 
 b Basking in heaven's smile, I sleep on my white pillow, while my pilot 
 ranges far, and dissolves in rain. 
 1) to sift; 2) aghast; 3) arm; 4) skyey; 5) to fetter; 6) pilot; 7) to 
 lure; 8) purple sea; 9) genius; 10) rill. 
 
 c At mom, like an eagle, the sun rides on my rack, and at evening 1 
 rest on my airy nest. 
 1; sanguine; 2) meteor; 3) plume; 4) crag; 5) ardor; 6) crimson 
 pall; 7) brooding dove. 
 
 d Sometimes the moon breaks the roof of my tent, and then the stars 
 show above me in the skies and below me in the streams. 
 1) orbM maiden; 2) white fire; 3) fleece-like; 4) woof; 5) to peer; 
 6) swarm of golden bees; 7) rent. 
 
 e After obscuring sun and moon, and covering all the sky at my will, I 
 march through my triumphal arch. 
 1) burning zone; 2) girdle of pearl; 3) to reel; 4) to unfurl; 5) col- 
 umn; 6) million-colored; 7) sphere-fire. 
 
 f I have many shapes, but I never die. 
 1) nursling; 2) pose; 3) cenotaph; 4) cavern. 
 
 174.— THE CULPRIT FAY 
 
 ;a Clad in his armor, gathered from thistle and bug, the culprit fay 
 mounted his firefly steed, and rode away. 
 1) plumed; 2) corslet plate; 3) mingled dies; 4) the quivering lance; 
 5) to brandish; 6) to bestride; 7) to skim the heavens; 8) fiery 
 trail. 
 
 h He enjoyed the clear moonhght and starry heavens, but made no 
 stop till he came to the bank of the milky-way, where he halted to 
 watch the shooting planets. 
 1) starry plain; 2) cooling breath; 3) elfin; 4) courser. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 249 
 
 c The sylphs surround the fay, and lead him and his steed to the palace 
 of their queen. 
 1) to weave the dance; 2) warblings wild; 3) clouds of amber; 4) re- 
 splendent; 5) spiral columns; 6) the morning's rosy blush; 
 7) feathery fleece. 
 
 d The fay is entranced by the sylphid queen, clothed in her mantle of 
 gold and jewels. 
 1) rainbow; 2) the purple rolled at twilight; 3) threads of dawning 
 gold; 4) sparkling star; 5) beamlet; 6) welkin blue; 7) dewy 
 even. 
 
 e The queen ordered a sable car for the fay, and bade him fly to the 
 north, where a star would soon fall. 
 1) to hover; 2) fiend of upper air; 3) shadowy shroud; 4) verge; 
 5) northern sky. 
 
 f The fay speeds on till he reaches the northern plain. 
 1) wings of the blast; 2) the cloudy wain; 3) flickering star; 
 
 4) rocket-light. 
 
 g The star rocks, and trembles, and grows dim, but finally bursts forth 
 in flame, and shoots across the heavens. 
 1) vault of heaven; 2) summer gale; 3) fitful; 4) rayless beam; 
 
 5) storm spirit; 6) sheeted sky. 
 
 h The elfin, protected by the sylphid charm, gallops unhurt into the 
 shower of fire, catches a glimmering spark, and speedily returns 
 with it to the fairy ground. 
 1) as swift as the wind; 2) cloud fiend; 3) flake; 4) lightning's 
 speed; 5) midnight dark. 
 
 175._PARADISE AND THE PERI 
 
 a A Peri, looking in at the gate of Eden, mourned her loss. 
 
 1) Peri; 2) Eden; 3) disconsolate; 4) portal; 5) recreant race; 
 6) glorious. 
 
 b The angel at the gate beheld her, and was moved. 
 
 1) angel; 2) to behold; 3) to draw near; 4) tear-drop; 5) to glisten; 
 6) eyelid; 7) fountain. 
 
250 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c (C) The angel told the Peri that she might obtain pardon by 
 bringing Heaven's dearest gift to the gate. 
 1) nymph; 2) gently; 3) book of fate; 4) Peri; 5) to forgive; 
 
 6) heaven; 7) to redeem; 8) sin. 
 
 d On hearing this, the Peri fled. 
 
 1) comet; 2) fleeter; 3) starry; 4) brand; 5) to fling; 6) daring; 7) em- 
 pjrreal height; 8) blue vault. 
 
 e At the sound of the vesper bell, the Syrian boy knelt, facing the 
 South, to say his prayers. 
 1) hark; 2) vesper; 3) Syria; 4) minaret; 5) fragrant; 6) sod; 7) to 
 lisp; 8) cherub; 9) God; 10) Paradise; 11) to stray. 
 
 f The wretched, sinful man at his side was moved to tears of repent- 
 ance at sight of the boy's piety. 
 1) to recline; 2) memory; 3) strife; 4) blessed; 5) haply; 6) aim; 
 
 7) to weep. 
 
 g (C) The Peri mused that the tear of repentance had power to heal 
 the disease of sin like some magic drop that fell from the moon. 
 1) June; 2) Egypt; 3) feeling; 4) balmy; 5) contagion; 6) to descend; 
 7) to reanimate; 8) foul; 9) plague; 10) to dispel. 
 
 h A light fell upon the repentant sinner which the Peri knew was a 
 smile from the angel of Paradise. 
 1) golden orb; 2) to linger; 3) meek; 4) to dew; 5) northern flash; 
 6) meteor; 7) to enrapture; 8) to hail; 9) harbinger. 
 
 i (C) The Peri, having now won Heaven, said a joyous farewell to this 
 earth. 
 1) joy; 2) to win; 3) odor; 4) vanishing; 5) wreath; 6) Alia; 7) forever. 
 
 176.— THE VISION OF MIRZA 
 
 a I surveyed the bridge, which now consisted of a hundred arches, 
 though at one time there had been a thousand. 
 1) leisurely; 2) to consist; 3) score; 4) arch; 5) flood; 6) ruinous. 
 
 b I noticed a great many trap-doors in the bridged-through which many 
 passengers were falling. 
 1) attentively; 2) passenger; 3) examination; 4) trap-door; 5) to 
 tread upon; 6) pitfall. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 251 
 
 c Some few people walked along the broken arches, but soon fell. 
 1) to continue; 2) to hobble; 3) spent. 
 
 d I gazed upon the varied crowd with deep melancholy. 
 
 1) contemplation; 2) structure; 3) melancholy; 4) mirth; 5) jollity; 
 6) posture; 7) speculation; 8) to stumble; 9) to glitter; 
 10) scimiter. 
 
 e On the other side of the bridge I saw an ocean dotted with beautiful 
 inhabited islands, and I longed to get to them. 
 1) ocean; 2) adamant; 3) innumerable; 4) interwoven; 5) habit; 
 6) harmony; 7) perception; 8) gates of death. 
 
 f These islands are the abodes of good men after death. 
 1) mansion; 2) to excel; 3) to distribute; 4) relish; 5) perfection; 
 6) respective. 
 
 177.— THE STORM 
 
 a As we approached the sea, we became more and more aware of the 
 dreadful wind that was lashing the water inland. 
 1) to struggle; 2) to blow dead on shore; 3) terrific; 4) shower; 5) Yar- 
 mouth; 6) puddle; 7) breaker; 8) horizon; 9) interval; 10) abyss. 
 
 b I staggered down to look at the sea. 
 
 1) to stagger; 2) to strew; 3) seaweed; 4) slates; 5) beach; 6) to lurk. 
 
 c The fury of the advancing and receding waves seemed to threaten 
 an upheaving of all nature. 
 1) tremendous; 2) agitation; 3) to tumble; 4) to engulf; 5) hoarse; 
 6) to scoop out; 7) billows; 8) fragments; 9) wrath. 
 
 178.— GULLIVER IS CARRIED TO LILLIPUT 
 
 a Skilled in mechanics, the LiUiputians have contrived several clever 
 machines. 
 1) Lilliputians; 2) mathematics; 3) perfection; 4) fixed on wheels; 
 5) carriage; 6) men-of-war; 7) wood; 8) timber; 9) engine. 
 
 b After many gigantic efforts, GuUiver was finally lodged in the largest 
 vehicle they could prepare, and drawn off to the metropoUs. 
 1) carpenter; 2) engineer; 3) frame of wood; 4) inch; 5) foot- 
 
252 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 6) wheels; 7) difficulty; 8) pole; 9) cord; 10) pack-thread; 
 11) hook; 12) body; 13) leg; 14) pulley; 15) sleep; 16) sopor- 
 iferous medicine; 17) horse. 
 
 c After a long journey, during which a ridiculous accident occurred, 
 they came near to the city's gates. 
 1) journey; 2) carriage; 3) to adjust; 4) nature; 5) curiosity; 6) officer 
 of the guard; 7) half -pike; 8) march; 9) torch; 10) bow; 11) ar- 
 row; 12) emperor; 13) to mount upon. 
 
 179.— ROBINSON CRUSOE DISCOVERS THE FOOTPRINT 
 
 a Surprised at seeing a footprint on the shore, I fled home in terror. 
 1) apparition; 2) impression; 3) to observe; 4) fancy; 5) fluttering; 
 6) confused; 7) affrighted; 8) unaccountable. 
 
 b I entered my hut in the greatest haste. 
 
 1) to pursue; 2) ladder; 3) to flee to cover; 4) retreat. 
 
 c How strange that I should be afraid of a human footprint, after I 
 had so long sighed for human company. 
 1) checker-work; 2) Providence; 3) affection; 4) apprehension; 5) to 
 exemplify; 6) to banish; 7) to circumscribe; 8) salvation; 9) to 
 bestow. 
 
 d On examining the footprint a second time, and finding that it could 
 not be my own, I concluded that there were people on tlie 
 island and was filled with new terror. 
 1) bold; 2) to persuade myself; 3) similitude; 4) evidently; 5) there- 
 abouts; 6) ague; 7) co inhabit; 8) security; 9) ridiculous: 10) reso- 
 lution. 
 
 180.— STORM AT SEA 
 
 a All was in repose save the clouds and the rustling wind. 
 1) sable pall; 2) clump; 3) giant plume; 4) to creep; 5) trail. 
 
 b Whither go the clouds and the v^nd? 
 
 1) eagerly; 2) guilty spirits; 3) to repair; 4) conference. 
 
 c On the ocean the blasts are lashing the waters into fury. 
 
 1) cramped; 2) waste of water; 3) to shriek; 4) cavern; 5) to rushj 
 6) unchecked; 7) to buffet; 8) raving. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 253 
 
 d Through the mad confusion of the billows is heard the cry, "A ship". 
 1) heaving; 2) to spout; 3) to whiten; 4) clamorous; 5) wild cry; 
 6) constancy; 7) incessant. 
 
 e The trembling ship oomes on through the storm. 
 
 1) gallant; 2) timber; 3) curling billow; 4) hollow; 5) fury. 
 
 f The ship defies the fury of the waves all night long. 
 1) mariner; 2) to start up; 3) to surge; 4) moaningly; 5) multitude; 
 6) thick and fast; 7) untiring; 8) to bear down upon; 9) hull; 
 10) to peer; 11) unfathomable. 
 
 181.— THE BURNING OF NEWGATE 
 
 a The mob started a bonfire with the jailer's furniture at the prison 
 gate. 
 1) to besiege; 2) jailer; 3) fragment; 4) pitch; 5) resin; 6) turpentine; 
 7) joist; 8) infernal; 9) blazing tow. 
 
 b Though the heat was intense and many fainted, the men kept 
 feeding the flames. 
 1) to parch; 2) to crumble away; 3) window sash; 4) to blister; 5) in- 
 cautious; 6) eaves; 7) to slacken; 8) to keep aloof; 9) to swoon; 
 10) unendurable. 
 
 c The door began to yield. 
 
 1) hinge; 2) upright; 3) gap; 4) to descry; 5) cavernous. 
 
 d As the jail could hold out no longer, the inmates tried to escape. 
 1) fiercely; 2) to shield; 3) readiness; 4) to crawl; 5) oflicer. 
 
 ft The door fell. 
 
 I) to settle; 2) cinders; 3) to totter; 4) to yield. 
 
 182.— THE DEATH OF BILL SIKES 
 
 a No sooner had Sikes entered the house than a loud knock was heard. 
 1) to burst into; 2) hoarse murmur; 3) to quail. 
 
 b The furious mob tried to get at the murderer. 
 
 1) infuriated; 2) murderer; 3) to roar; 4) ladder; 5) sledge-hammer; 
 6) torch; 7) impotent; 8) execration; 9) crevice. 
 
254 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c (C) The murderer demanded a rope for his escape. 
 1) ditch; 2) to clear off; 3) to kill. 
 
 d Appearing on the roof with a rope, the murderer attracted the atten- 
 tion of the crowd below. 
 1) panic-stricken; 2) to select; 3) to emerge; 4) to proclaim; 
 
 5) throng; 6) to put around. 
 
 e Sikes, having fastened the rope to the chimney, prepared to let him- 
 self down. 
 1) energy; 2) risk; 3) to protrude; 4) noose; 5) knife. 
 
 f The murderer uttered a yell of terror. 
 1) loop; 2) previous; 3) armpits. 
 
 g He fell, and the noose, tightening about his neck, choked him. 
 
 1) parapet; 2) bowstring; 3) jerk; 4) convulsion; 5) to hang; 
 
 6) to quiver; 7) lifeless. 
 
 183.— JOHN TIPP 
 
 a John Tipp contentedly considered himself a great accountant. 
 1) to pretend to; 2) to care a fig; 3) accountant. 
 
 b His hobby was to gather in his suite of rooms a small crowd of singers 
 and musicians, and to improvise concerts with them. 
 1) hobby; 2) Orpheum; 3) Ijnre; 4) suite; 5) clarionet; 6) Lord 
 Midas. 
 
 c At his desk, however, Tipp was entirely engaged with his accounts. 
 1) romantic; 2) dividend warrant; 3) balance; 4) farthing. 
 
 d His character and actions were formal. 
 
 1) executor; 2) executorship; 3) spleen; 4) ratio; 5) tenacity. 
 
 e Tipp's timidity showed itself in many small details, but it was all 
 owing to his desire for self-preservation. 
 1) self-preservation; 2) temperament; 3) "Fortinbras"; 4) parapet; 
 5) water-party. 
 
 184.— THE CHARIOT RACE 
 
 a To the peal of the trumpet the ten charioteers dashed forward. 
 1) amphitheater; 2) to forge to the front; 3) to plunge. 
 
 b In the seventh dash, the Aenean's steeds crashed into the Lybian's 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 255 
 
 chariot, and, as the two cars went down, six oncoming chariots 
 were piled on top of them. 
 1) Aenean; 2) Lybian. 
 
 c The Athenian and Orestes escaped the wrecked mass, and side by 
 side raced down the course. 
 1) spurt; 2) flying mares. 
 
 d Orestes' wheel struck the pillar, the axle snapped, the chariot crashed 
 to pieces, and the horses dragged the mangled body down the 
 course. 
 1) wheeling; 2) to snap. 
 
 e Orestes' attendants finally caught the steeds, but the body was too 
 badly mangled to be recognized. 
 1) to sicken; 2) demeanor; 3) wreckage. 
 
 185.— A HIGHLAND EXECUTION 
 
 a The messenger who had brought the summons to the trysting, and 
 who had been kept as a hostage, was dragged forth on the command 
 of MacGregor's wife. 
 1) humane. 
 
 b The hostage, humihated and in agony, begged for hfe. 
 
 1) plaid; 2) ecstasy; 3) eloquent; 4) inconsistency; 5^ Rashleigh. 
 
 c MacGregor's wife regarded the plea with scorn. 
 1) loathing; 2) boon. 
 
 d The captive was hurried to the cliff, overhanging the flood, and in his 
 agony appealed to me for help. 
 1) prostrate; 2) to haunt; 3) articulate. 
 
 e With a stone tied to his neck, the victim was hurled into the lake 
 below, amid shouts of triumph. 
 1) halloo; 2) vindictive; 3) poleaxe. 
 
 186.— OCTOBER 
 
 a In Italy on an October day the sun's course from dawn to twihght is 
 glorious and full of splendor, 
 l) Indian Prince; 2) largess; 3) Ophir. 
 
256 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 b Though mild, the sun*s ray is active in maturing the grape. 
 1) to shrivel; 2) tendril; 3) to mantle; 4) luxurious; 5) opal. 
 
 c It is pleasant to watch the varying landscape from some spot on the 
 hillside. 
 1) cypress; 2) ilex; 3) adust; 4) melancholy; 5) portico; 6) to feast 
 one's eyes; 7) villa. 
 
 187.— CHARYBDIS 
 
 a One stormy night a fisherman rowed far out to sea. 
 
 1) coast; 2) Southern Italy; 3) cockle shell; 4) gale; 5) buoyant; 
 6) bark; 7) placid; 8) glassy; 9) shouting. 
 
 b Ilis bark refused to move toward those who called him, and per- 
 sisted in making spiral curves. 
 1) family boat; 2) to cry aloud; 3) to wave; 4) lustily; 5) skiff; 
 
 6) craft. 
 
 c Despairing of controlling his craft, he threw up his arms frantically. 
 1) tunic; 2) madman; 3) circle; 4) funnel; 5) hissing; 6) sea bird; 
 
 7) to scream; 8) Charybdis. 
 
 d Casting himself flat in his boat, he was drawn down into the abyss. 
 1) to spin; 2) ear; 3) to gurgle. 
 
 188.— MOLL WHITE 
 
 a An odd-looking creature appUed to me for charity as I was walking 
 near the woods with my friend. Sir Roger. 
 1) dress; 2) figiure; 3) wrinkled hag; 4) aged; 5) grown double; 
 
 6) stick; 7) to mumble; 8) galled eyes; 9) crooked shoulders; 
 10) dress; 11) color. 
 
 b The country-folk told many absurd and marvelous tales about the 
 witch, Moll White. 
 1) lip; 2) switch; 3) to stumble; 4) straw; 5) figure; 6) cross; 
 
 7) pin; 8) dairymaid; 9) churn; 10) horse; 11) hare. 
 
 c Entering the hovel, my companion pointed out the suspected imple- 
 ments of her art. 
 1) solitary corner; 2) broom staff; 3) tabby; 4) chimney-corner: 
 5) prank. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 257 
 
 d I smiled to see that my friend was much puzzled about the old 
 woman. 
 1) human nature; 2) wretched; 3) disgrace; 4) communication; 
 5) devil; 6) cattle; 7) boimty. 
 
 189.— POMPEII 
 
 a The crowd in the ampliitheater saw a vast vapor shooting from the 
 summit of Vesuvius. 
 1) eye; 2) gesture; 3) Egyptian; 4) dismay; 5) fire; 6) pine tree; 
 7) fire; 8) to shift and waver; 9) luminous; 10) to blaze; 
 11) glare. 
 
 b The short, dead silence was broken by the yell of the lions. 
 
 1) heart-sunken; 2) roar; 3) to echo back; 4) ampliitheater; 5) fellow- 
 beast; 6) seer; 7) prophet; 8) wrath. 
 
 c Within, all were struck with fear and fright; without, the eruption 
 
 steadily became more violent, spreading its terrors farther and 
 
 farther. 
 
 1) s>iriek; 2) woman; 3) to stare; 4) dumb; 5) earth; 6) to shake; 
 
 7) to tremble; 8) crash; 9) mountain cloud; 10) torrent; 
 
 11) agitated sea. 
 
 d A fearful panic reigned in the amphitheater. 
 
 1) safety; 2) to fly; 3) to dash; 4) to press; 5) to crush; 6) reckless; 
 7) groan; 8) prayer; 9) shriek; 10) passage; 11) to escape. 
 
 190.— A TYPEE HOUSE 
 
 a Near one side of the valley stood an oddly constructed bamboo 
 
 house. 
 
 1) midway; 2) ascent; 3) habitation; 4) dwelling; 5) summit; 6) pile; 
 
 7) "pi-pi"; 8) veranda; 9) stalk; 10) wood of the hibiscus; 
 
 11) thong; 12) cocoanut bough; 13) shelving roof; 14) to thatch; 
 
 15) palmetto; 16) sinuate; 17) impervious. 
 
 b It was not a large house. 
 
 1) length; 2) picturesque; 3) breadth; 4) aviary. 
 
258 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 c The interior was curious enough. 
 
 1) narrow aperture; 2) to polish; 3) trunk; 4) mat; 5) pattern; 
 
 6) couch; 7) divan; 8) Oriental. 
 
 d Instead of wardrobes, they had large packages hung from the ridge- 
 pole. 
 1) to envelop; 2) tappa; 3) dress; 4) bundle; 5) to lower; 6) to elevate, 
 
 e Various implements of warfare were arranged against one wall, but 
 all articles for domestic use were stored in a shed outside the habi- 
 tation. 
 1) tasteful; 2) figure; 3) spear; 4) javelin; 5) savage; 6) larder; 
 
 7) "poee-poee"; 8) culinary. 
 
 191.— A PROSPECT 
 
 a While viewing the rolling plain below us, our thoughts are lifted up 
 to God. 
 1) gladness; 2) to expand; 3) God; 4) rolling; 5) foliage; 6) shade. 
 
 b The great city, shrouded in smoke, lies below us. 
 
 1) gigantic; 2) to gleam; 3) ivory whiteness; 4) perpetual; 5) canopy; 
 
 6) spire; 7) shipping; 8) complicated. 
 
 c Birds are singing, and flowers are breathing sweetly under the blue 
 heavens. 
 1) himi; 2) sunbeam; 3) tiny; 4) to unweave; 5) mazy; 6) glossy; 
 
 7) surcoat; 8) panoply; 9) dome; 10) lark. 
 
 d In the distance is heard the boom of cannon, while the perch quietly 
 sail in the pond. 
 1) unstartled; 2) fleet; 3) perch; 4) enjoyment; 5) to minglCo 
 
 192.— HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE 
 
 a As Hector was about to issue on the plain, Andromache, his wife, 
 with her maid, carrying the child, came to meet him. 
 1) Scaean gates; 2) plain; 3) Andromache; 4) Eetion; 5) Hector; 6) to 
 tend. •* 
 
 b Andromache, weeping, addressed her husband. 
 1) to gaze; 2) to weep; 3) to clasp; 4) silently. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 259 
 
 c (C) " Abide here, for if you are slain, I shall be alone in the world ". 
 1) hardihood; 2) to undo; 3) hapless; 4) widow; 5) Achaean; 6) to 
 slay; 7) Achilles; 8) CiUcians; 9) Thebe; 10) Hades; 11) the 
 archer Artemis. 
 
 d (C) Hector answered: "I would be a coward if I remained here ". 
 1) glancing plume; 2) Trojan; 3) coward; 4) to shrink; 5) vaUant. 
 
 e The cliild shrank from Hector until he had removed his fierce-looking 
 helmet; after which Hector kissed him and prayed for him. 
 1) to be frightened; 2) to dread; 3) bronze; 4) to nod; 5) helmet; 
 6) Zeus; 7) preeminent. 
 
 f (C) Hector spoke a last farewell to his wife. 
 1) tearfully; 2) to caress; 3) sad; 4) to provide; 5) Troy. 
 
 g With many tears Andromache returned to the city, and bewailed 
 Hector while he was still alive. 
 1) crested; 2) tear; 3) mansion; 4) household; 5) to escape. 
 
 193.— THE SNOWSTORM 
 
 a The storm, with its wind and darkness, came at night. 
 1) to moan; 2) dark as a wood; 3) to swirl; 4) to huddle. 
 
 b The light in the room was the snow light, and through the snow- 
 beaten window showed a snow world. 
 1) rafter; 2) grizzly; 3) moldy oat-rick; 4) lattice; 5) gray lime; 
 
 6) fern; 7) dot; 8) peck; 9) cobweb. 
 
 c It had blocked everything, and it was still snowing. 
 1) water-course; 2) saw-pit; 3) leaden; 4) mine. 
 
 d Though there was a strong wind, which played pranks with the bil- 
 lows, the downfall was heavier. 
 1) to curl; 2) to tuft; 3) to comb; 4) to rustle; 5) cornice; 6) to groove; 
 7) whiff; 8) to channel; 9) chine; 10) herring-bone; 11) to pelt; 
 12) pitiless; 13) murky; 14) barb. 
 
 c The sun, when he came, was cold, and only really ht up a little circle 
 around him. 
 1) topmost; 2) cheer; 3) shaft; 4) curtain; 5) verge; 6) purple-blue; 
 
 7) to cluster. 
 
 f Such a frost was unheard of, and even burst the trees. 
 1) Frobisher; 2) sharp; 3) solemn. 
 
260 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 194.— THE SON OF THE SUN 
 
 a Stung by the words of Epaphus, Phaethon demanded the sun-car of 
 Phoebus. 
 1) to discredit; 2) Clymene. 
 
 b Phoebus repented quickly of his rash promise, but yielded at length, 
 1) palace; 2) chariot; 3) book; 4) flaming car; 5) Jupiter; 6) to huri. 
 
 c With the disappearance of night, the chariot was made ready, and 
 Phoebus prepared Phaethon. 
 1) chrysolite; 2) rosy-fingered Dawn; 3) purple door; 4) to strew; 
 
 5) ambrosia; 6) unguent; 7) to endure. 
 
 d When the youth was in his seat and the bars let down, the steeds 
 started on their way, but soon perceived that something was 
 wrong. 
 1) agile; 2) snorting; 3) fiery; 4) to stamp; 5) boundless plain; 6) to 
 cleave; 7) to outrim; 8) ballast; 9) headlong; 10) beaten road. 
 
 e Phaethon and the earth were on fire. 
 
 1) hapless; 2) breath of a furnace; 3) ash; 4) pitchy; 5) Ethiopia; 
 
 6) Lybian; 7) nymph; 8) disheveled; 9) chink; 10) Neptunejk; 
 11) to screen; 12) husky. 
 
 f Jupiter, not finding a cloud, killed Phaethon. 
 1) forked lightning; 2) shower; 3) to brandish; 4) to launch; 5) shoot- 
 ing star; 6) Eridanus; 7) Heliades; 8) poplar. 
 
 195.— THE PUNISHMENT OF THE IMPIOUS 
 
 a In spite of heaven-sent warnings, Wilherm Postik persisted in his 
 evil ways. 
 1) to forbid; 2) pleasure; 3) to dance; 4) to drink; 5) Mass; 
 6) God; 7) ill wind; 8) mother; 9) sister. 
 
 b When the peasants went off to pray for the dead, Wilherm went off 
 on one of his carousals. 
 1) feast; 2) dead; 3) mourning garments; 4) church; 5) neighboring 
 town. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 261 
 
 c He had a merry night of it. 
 
 1) to pray; 2) souls in Purgatory; 3) to drink; 4) brandy; 5) sailor; 
 
 6) coarse song; 7) steady; 8) active. 
 
 d Heated with drink, he strolled homeward in a jolly mood. 
 
 1) to sing; 2) road; 3) song; 4) crucifix; 5) to lift the hat; 6) U 
 lower the voice; 7) thicket; 8) to wound. 
 
 e It was a dark, weird night in autumn. 
 
 1) moonless; 2) to rattle; 3) leaf; 4) spring; 5) bush; 6) to shiver; 
 
 7) silence; 8) to frighten. 
 
 f It was the witching hour of midnight when he entered the haunted 
 valley. 
 1) bells; 2) to sound; 3) to whistle; 4) cart; 5) pall. 
 
 g Wilherm met a hearse. 
 
 1) to recognize; 2) black horse; 3) Phantom of Death; 4) iron 
 whip; 5) Paleface. 
 
 h Not the least scared, Wilherm passed on, and encountered another 
 ghost. 
 1) washerwoman of night; 2) hedge of blackthorn; 3) washing 
 place; 4) pounding; 5) grave clothes; 6) beetle; 7) ghostly; 
 
 8) shroud. 
 
 i The ghosts ran up to him while he laughed. 
 1) to laugh; 2) to offer; 3) winding sheet; 4) to ring out. 
 
 j He comphed with their request. 
 1) to set down; 2) stick; 3) shroud; 4) twist; 5) to break to pieces. 
 
 k Surrounding him, his ghostly relatives called down,curses on his head. 
 1) washerwoman; 2) aunt; 3) wife; 4) mother; 5) sister; 6) a thou- 
 sand curses; 7) Purgatory; 8) to shake the hair; 9) moor; 
 10) hedge; 11) voice. 
 
 1 Wilherm, frightened, fell, and was killed. 
 1) out of his wits; 2) hair; 3) to stand up; 4) dismay; 5) to press; 
 6) vise; 7) iron arm; 8) to stretch. 
 
 196.— DON QUIXOTE AND THE WINDMILLS 
 
 a (C) Don Quixote called attention to a number of windmills, against 
 which he intended to do battle. 
 1) fortune; 2) monstrous; 3) spoils; 4) righteous; 5) evil brood. 
 
262 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 b (C) Don Quixote claimed the windmills were giants, and ordered 
 Sancho Panza to prayer, while he engaged them in combat. 
 1) league; 2) millstone; 3) adventure; 4) fierce and unequal. 
 
 c Don Quixote gave spurs to his steed, while Sancho cried after him 
 that the mills were not giants. 
 1) heedless; 2) positive; 3) cowards; 4) vile beings; 5) knight; 
 6) Rosinante. 
 
 d A breeze sprang up, and the sails began to move. 
 1) flourish; 2) giant Briareus; 3) to reckon. 
 
 e He charged the sails with his lance, and he and the horse were thrown 
 to the ground. 
 1) to commend; 2) buckler; 3) to shiver; 4) shock; 5) in rest. 
 
 f (C) Sancho came to his assistance, and chid him for his mistake. 
 1) Your Worship; 2) to mind. 
 
 g (C) Don Quixote imagined the sage Friston had changed the giants 
 into mills out of enmity against him. 
 1) liable; 2) fluctuation; 3) vanquishing; 4) avail. 
 
 h Sancho Panza consoled him, and helped him to mount his steed, and 
 both set out for Puerto Lapice. 
 1) to be half out. 
 
 197.— THE COUNTRY MOUSE AND THE CITY MOUSE 
 
 a The Country Mouse entertained his city friend as best he could. 
 I) plain; 2) playfellow; 3) to do the honors; 4) gray pease; 5) par« 
 ing; 6) mellow; 7) to nibble; 8) wheaten straw. 
 
 b (C) "Without loss of time you should move from this hole to the 
 city". 
 I) crony; 2) to be free with; 3) nasty; 4) melancholy; 5) wood; 
 6) meadow; 7) rivulet; 8) chirping; 9) rude aspect. 
 
 c The Country Mouse was prevailed on to go to town, where they came 
 upon the remains of a feast. 
 1) to prevail; 2) entry; 3) tidbit; 4) to purloin; 5) window seat. 
 
 d The courtier entertained a visitor, who was i»ghly pleased with 
 town hfe, for a few moments, and who, after those few moments, 
 expressed other views. 
 1) Persian; 2) courtier; 3) address; 4) to acquit oneself; 5) course; 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 263 
 
 6) clerk; 7) epicure; 8) to tickle; 9) turn of affairs; 10) to 
 scuttle; 11) mastiff; 12) to make the house echo; 13) "Much 
 good may it do you ". 
 
 198.— THE MINOTAUR 
 
 a To secure peace for Athens, Theseus determined to destroy the 
 Minotaur. 
 1) Athens; 2) Island of Crete; 3) to devour; 4) pet monster; 
 
 5) Minos; 6) sacrifice. 
 
 b Ariadne, the King^s daughter, conducted Theseus to the labyrinth. 
 1) plight; 2) midnight; 3) to unbar; 4) torch; 5) labyrinth. 
 
 c Theseus heard a fierce roar that somewhat resembled a human voice. 
 1) lowing; 2) bull; 3) articulation; 4) creature; 5) harsh. 
 
 d On seeing the monster, Theseus shuddered, while at the same time he 
 pitied him. 
 1) to hesitate; 2) hideous; 3) ugly; 4) horned; 5) preposterously; 
 
 6) to waddle; 7) detestable; 8) to stride; 9) to emit. 
 
 e After a fierce conflict Theseus slew the huge monster. 
 
 1) headlong; 2) a hair's breadth; 3) to bellow; 4) to smart; 5) ridicu- 
 lous; 6) precisely; 7) to graze; 8) caper; 9) to snap off- 
 
 f So Athens was free. 
 1) tribute; 2) brave. 
 
 199.— LITERARY POACHERS 
 
 a I dreamt of a ragged throng that were robing themselves piecemeal 
 with varied books which changed to clothes as soon as they were 
 seized. 
 1) rambling fancy; 2) doze; 3) sage; 4) threadbare; 5) garment; 
 6) antique; 7) to equip; 8) to deck oneself out; 9) finery. 
 
 b Several, whom I observed, succeeded very ill in making themselves 
 appear wise or elegant by decking themselves out in these bor- 
 rowed garments. 
 1) to ogle; 2) polemical; 3) to purloin; 4) trappings; 5) flimsy; 6) illu- 
 
264 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 minated manuscript; 7) spoils; 8) tract; 9) philosophy; 
 10) lamentable; 11) parchment, 
 
 c Some only took a gem, or studied an old costume to catch its style. 
 1) to help oneself to; 2) to sparkle; 3) ornament; 4) to eclipse; 5) to 
 array; 6) patchwork. 
 
 d The portraits of the old authors suddenly came to Hfe, and demanded 
 their stolen property, whereupon a great hubbub ensued. 
 1) masquerade; 2) canvas; 3) motley; 4) to rifle; 5) to scamper; 6) to 
 baflle description; 7) culprit; 8) devastation; 9) compiler; 
 10) affright; 11) raiment; 12) pursy. 
 
 e At the ludicrous sight I burst into laughter, and awoke. 
 
 1) catastrophe; 2) immoderate; 3) illusion; 4) scuffle; 5) to resume. 
 
 200.^THE POUND OF FLESH 
 
 a Shy lock was a usurer of Venice; Antonio was a young merchant 
 whose dearest friend was Bassanio. 
 1) to amass; 2) to lend; 3) interest. 
 
 b Bassanio, wishing to marry the noble Portia, asked Antonio for three 
 thousand ducats. 
 1) poor; 2) heiress; 3) to furnish; 4) befitting. 
 
 c Antonio borrowed the money from Shylock on the credit of ships 
 which were soon to arrive. 
 1) laden; 2) to expect; 3) merchandise. 
 
 d (C) Shylock, before lending, demanded a bond that Antonio should 
 forfeit a pound of his flesh if he could not repay the money when 
 due. 
 1) to catch him on the hip; 2) grudge; 3) to hate; 4) want; 5) lawyer. 
 
 e (C) As Antonio was unable to pay at the appointed time, he asked 
 Bassanio to visit liim before he should die; and Portia promised to 
 pay the sum twenty times over. 
 1) to forfeit; 2) gold; 3) kind friend; 4) fault. 
 
 f The Jew refused the money. 
 1) payment; 2) cruel; 3) to insist; 4) to shock; 5)*T)uke; 6) suspense. 
 
 g Portia proceeded to the trial with her maid Nerissa. 
 1) apparel; 2) robes; 3) counselor; 4) to arrive. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 265 
 
 h Portia received permission to plead the cause. 
 
 1) Bellario; 2) to recommend; 3) Balthasar; 4) to grant. 
 
 i She allowed the Jew his forfeit, but pleaded for mercy. 
 1) to address oneself to; 2) Venetian law; 3) quality; 4) unfeeling. 
 
 j (C) On the Jew^s repeated refusal of the money, Portia bade the Jew 
 make ready. 
 1) judgment; 2) scales; 3) to sharpen; 4) knife; 5) eagerly; 6) Daniel. 
 
 k (C) Portia forbade the Jew to shed a drop of Antonio's blood. 
 
 1) to tarry; 2) expressly; 3) to shed; 4) to confiscate; 5) discovery; 
 6) plaudit; 7) upright. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 SYNTAX 
 
 SYNTAX is that part of grammar which treats of the rela- 
 tion of words in a sentence. 
 
 RULES: 
 
 1. Articles relate to the nouns which they hmit. 
 
 Note: When adjectives are connected, and modify things 
 individually different, though of the same name, 
 the article should be repeated before the second 
 and subsequent adjectives; if the connected 
 adjectives refer to the same thing, the article 
 should not be repeated, — e. g. "A black and a 
 white cat" is said of two cats, '^A black and 
 white cat" is said of one cat. 
 
 2. Adjectives relate to nouns and pronouns. 
 
 Notes: a) Adjectives which have a singular and plural 
 form must agree with their nouns in 
 number. 
 
 b) The reciprocal expression "one another" 
 
 should not be applied to two objects, nor 
 should the expression "each other" be ap- 
 plied to more than two objects. 
 
 c) The comparative degree can only be used in 
 
 reference to two objects or classes of ob- 
 jects; the superlative degree compare ^ one 
 or more things with all others oi tiie samo 
 class. 
 
 267 
 
268 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 d) When the comparative degree is employed, 
 
 the latter term of comparison should never 
 include the former; when the superlative 
 degree is employed, the latter term should 
 never exclude the former. 
 
 e) The pronoun ^Hhem'^ should never be used as 
 
 an adjective instead of 'Hhose^\ 
 
 f) The adjectives ^ ^either'' and '* neither^' relate 
 
 to two things only; when more are referred 
 to, "any^' and ^^none^^ should be used. 
 
 3. Adverbs relate to verbs, participles, adjectives, or other 
 adverbs. 
 
 Notes: a) Adverbs should not be used as adjectives; nor 
 should they be employed when quality is 
 expressed, and not manner, 
 b) A negation in English admits but one nega- 
 tive word. 
 
 4. Participles relate to nouns or pronouns. Frequently, 
 too, they are governed by prepositions after the manner , of 
 nouns, and in this case are called Gerunds. 
 
 Notes: a) Active participles govern the objective case, 
 just as the verbs from which they are de- 
 rived; the preposition ^*of , therefore, 
 should not be used after the participle 
 unless the verb from which the participle 
 is derived requires such preposition. When 
 the transitive participle becomes a verbal 
 noun, '^of'^ should be used to govern the 
 object following the verbal noun. 
 b) The preterite of irregular verbs should not be 
 used for the perfect participle. 
 
 5. Prepositions show the relation of things, and govern the 
 noun or pronoun following them. 
 
APPENDIX 269 
 
 6. A Noun or Pronoun answering the question " vViio' or 
 "Whaf before a verb is put in the Nominative Case. 
 
 7. Intransitive, Neuter, and Passive Verbs take the same 
 case after them as before them. 
 
 8. A Noun or Pronoun used to explain a preceding noun or 
 pronoun is put by apposition in the same case. 
 
 9. A Finite Verb must agree with its subject in person and 
 number. 
 
 Notes: a) When the subject is a collective noun convey- 
 ing the idea of plurality, the verb must be 
 plural; if the collective noun conveys the 
 idea of unity, the verb must be singular. 
 
 b) When a verb has two or more subjects con- 
 ' nected by a copulative conjunction, it must 
 
 be plural. 
 
 Exceptions.— a) If one of the connected 
 subjects is affirmative, and the other nega- 
 tive, the verb must agree with the affirmative 
 subject, and be understood with the other. 
 
 P) When the subjects are connected by 
 "as well as'\ ''but^^, or "save'' (unless one 
 of them is negative), the verb (and pronoun) 
 must agree with the former, and must be 
 understood with the latter. 
 
 y) When two or more subjects are pre- 
 ceded by the adjectives "each", "every'', 
 or "no", the verb must be singular. 
 
 c) Two or more singular nouns connected by 
 
 " or " or " nor" require a verb in the singular 
 
 number. 
 Note: When the subjects are of different persons, the 
 verb must agree with the subject placed nearest 
 to it, and be understood with the other subjects 
 
270 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 in the person and number required. But if 
 different forms of the verb are required, it is 
 better to express the verb, or its auxiliary, with 
 each of the subjects. 
 
 10. Verbs connected by a Conjunction, or by Conjunctions, 
 must either agree in mood, tense, and form, or have separate 
 subjects expressed. 
 
 11. Transitive Verbs and their present and past participles 
 (active) govern the objective case. 
 
 12. A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent, and with 
 the noun or pronoun which it represents, in person, number, 
 and gender. 
 
 Notes: a) "As'' is sometimes a relative pronoun. 
 
 b) The relative "who" is applied only to persons 
 
 and to animals personified; and "which", 
 to brute animals and inanimate things. 
 
 c) Nouns of multitude, unless they express per- 
 
 sons as such, should not be represented by 
 the pronoun "who". 
 
 d) The relative "that" may be applied to per- 
 
 sons or to things. In some cases it is 
 preferable to use " that " rather than " who " 
 or "which".* 
 
 13. When a Collective Antecedent conveys the idea of 
 
 * Some of these cases are: 
 
 1) After an adjective in the superlative degree, e. g. " Napoleon was 
 
 the greatest leader that the modern world has seen"; 
 
 2) After the adjective "same", e. g. "This is the same horse that I 
 
 had yesterday"; 
 -3) After the antecedent " who " ; 
 
 4) After antecedents which are expressed without limitation; 
 
 5) After an antecedent introduced by the expletive "it", e. g. "It 
 
 was Csesar that crossed over into Britain ". 
 
APPENDIX 271 
 
 plurality, the pronoun must be plural; when the antecedent 
 conveys the idea of unity, the pronoun must be singular. 
 
 14. When there are Two or More Antecedents, the pronoun 
 must be in the plural number. 
 
 Notes: a) When the antecedents are of different persons, 
 the first person is preferred to the second, 
 and the second to the third. 
 
 b) The gender of the pronoun, except in the 
 
 third person singular, is distinguished only 
 by its antecedent. If the antecedents are 
 of different genders, the masculine gender 
 is preferred to the feminine, and feminine 
 to the neuter. 
 
 c) When a pronoun has two or more singular 
 
 antecedents connected by '^or^' or ''nor'', 
 it must be in the singular number. 
 
 15. A noun or pronoun in the Possessive Case is governed 
 in the possessive by the name of the thing possessed. 
 
 Notes: a) When nouns in the possessive case are con- 
 nected, the sign of possession must always 
 be annexed to that noun, and to that noun 
 only, which immediately precedes the gov- 
 erning noun, expressed or understood, 
 b) A noun governing the possessive case should 
 not be made plural unless the sense requires 
 it. 
 
 16. Prepositions govern the objective case. 
 
 17. The Preposition TO commonly governs the Infinitive 
 Mood, and connects it with a finite verb, or some other part 
 of speech. The verbs ''bid'', "dare", "feel", "hear", "let", 
 "make", "need", "see", "please", are followed by the 
 infinitive without "to". 
 
 18. The Subjunctive Present is used to express a fact which 
 
272 FUNDAMENTAL ENGLISH 
 
 may be, and which it is Hkely will be: the Subjunctive 
 Imperfect is used to express a fact as a mere possibility, 
 which may take place in some indefinite time. It must be 
 remembered, however, that anything assumed as a fact, even 
 though it be expressed conditionally, requires the Indicative 
 Mood. 
 
 19. A Noun or Pronoun is put in the Nominative when its 
 ' case depends on no other word. 
 
 20. When Two Terms connected by a Conjunction refer 
 jointly to a third, they must be adapted to it, and to each 
 other, both in form and in significance. 
 
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