THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS GIFT OF W. HARRY LANGE Digitized by the interrret Archive in 20Q7 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/britishtortricesOOwilkrich THE BRITISH TOETRICES. BY S. J. WILKINSON. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1859. PllIKTEB BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, EED LION COURT, FLEET STEEET. PREFACE, A WORK on the British Tortrices, which should contain descrip- tions of the various species known to occur in these islands, and at the same time record our latest knowledge upon the subject, has long been desiderated, nothing of the kind having appeared upon this group of insects since the publication of the late J. F. Stephen's * Illustrations of British Entomology.' To supply this want was the object of a notice by Mr. H. T. Stainton, in the ' Entomologist's Annual' for 1855, Second Edi- tion, and I undertook the task. How it has been accomplished it is not my province to pronounce; but I may, perhaps, be per- mitted to make a few remarks on the mode of its execution, pre- mising, however, that I have no literary aspirations. I have merely endeavoured to make the subject-matter intelligible, and the following is the course I have adopted. All the descriptions have been made from the insects them- selves, without reference to what has been done by other authors; and the manner of writing them is uniform throughout. Whilst describing the anterior wings, I have, whenever practicable, taken the palest tint as the ground-colour, and then have noticed the separate markings, commencing at the base, and proceeding to the apex. I deem it right to mention this, that the tyro may not be at a loss, when, endeavouring to make out his species from the text, which has, with that object, been verbosely written, at the expense of what may be termed elegance of diction, con- ceiving the latter to be quite incompatible in a book on Natural History intended for study. The anatomical part of the subject has been carefully and microscopically investigated, and the few characters which have presented themselves have been made available for the purposes IV PREFACE. of classification, but the result is not by any means so satisfactory as I could have desired ; in fact, the structure of the palpi and the venation of the wings ojffer but few marked variations for characteristic distinctions. The principal features as regards the palpi exist in Sarrothripa and Phtheochroa (see PI. III. figs. 1 & 7) ; and with respect to the structure of the anterior wings, the costal fold deserves especial notice (see figs. 4 & 7 of Plate I.) ; for, although this character has long since been observed, it has never before been used in classification. It will be seen that my second family (the Plicatcs) is founded upon it ; and by it, at all events, one insect has been removed from former systems to its more natural location — T mean Xanthosetia inopiana, which has hitherto been associated by Stephens and Doubleday* with X. hamana and Zcegana, with what reason does not appear ; but is now removed to the HalonotcB, following H. turbidana, which it certainly resembles both superficially and stmcturally. I could multiply instances, but this one is sufficient for my purpose. The illustrations of the venation of the wings in Plates III. & IV. vary somewhat from those given by previous authors ; for the reason of this I refer the reader to the Explanations of the Diagrams at the top of Plate III. As this is peculiarly inter- esting to me individually, I invite the observations of others on this branch of the subject, as I think it may lead ultimately to some important physiological results. In consequence of structure being the basis of the present arrangement, great alterations have necessarily been made. These alterations I have the presumption to dignify with the name of improvements, because I deem them as eff*ecting a nearer approach to the true ' Systema Naturse * than any hi- therto published. Doubtless many persons will differ from me in this particular ; but I can only say that I look forward for a better system from abler hands, and if my labours should lead in any way to such a result, I shall consider them amply repaid. In the present work there are probably many errors, both of omis- * In the second edition of Mr. Doubleday's List I see inopiana is now placed m his genus Cochylis ; a position, which, if structure is to be considered, cannot be maintained. PREFACE. V sion and commission, and I shall be grateful to those who will kindly point them out to me for ulterior correction. At the outset of my labours I had proposed that there should have been a greater portion of them devoted to the descriptions of the Larvse and Pupae, and with this object I sought all the information I could, that bore on these points, both orally and by correspondence ; and, although I found many facts were knowm, they were scattered over the country, and in most instances unre- corded, and so dependent upon memory and hearsay, that I con- sidered them too crude and unauthentic to be made use of scien- tifically. I preferred, therefore, to be entirely silent whenever I was in doubt. The few Larvse and Pupae which are described have either been in my own possession, or the descriptions are taken from recent reliable drawings. It was in consequence of the vague and unsatisfactory state of our knowledge in these respects, that I planned my Diary (see the 'Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer,' No. 117, p. 101), which I have found of great service, and am happy to say is being adopted by others ; so that, by the close of the present year, I hope to hear that much recorded information on the subject has been gained, and I shall be most thankful to any Entomologist who will send me any communications relative to the Larvse or Pupse of the Tortricina, or more particularly the Larvse or Pupse themselves. This announcement I make, more especially to my Northern Brethren of the Net ; and I will endeavour to make a suitable return. One class of my readers, I expect, will feel disappointment at the omission of synonymy; and a few words upon this point are necessary, as I believe it is generally considered that a work upon Natural History, with scientific pretensions, should not be without it. As regards the Nomenclature, I have followed the law of priority, by attaching to each insect the specific name assigned to it by the original describer, so far as he can be ascertained ; and the names I have used will, for the most part, be found to correspond with the Museum Catalogue ; and I refer those parties to it who may be inclined for an interesting turmoil in the intricacies of synonymy, where they will find in- vi PREFACE. structing and ample materials upon which to try, if they do not exhaust their patience and perseverance. It is not, from these remarks, to be inferred that I have eluded this part of the sub- ject j far from it, I have given it a fair share of my attention : but I candidly confess I saw no useful result to be derived from going over the same labour again which has been so ably and satisfactorily done both by the late J. F. Stephens and Mr. H. Doubleday; and as the Nomenclature is now put into a satisfactory condition by the efforts of those two gentlemen, I am, for one, quite willing to let it rest where they have left it ; for I question the utility of bringing forward the "Babel perplexity'^ into every succeeding work on the subject. This, however, leads me to remark, that the " great alterations '' alluded to above, have necessarily driven me to find generic appellations for those insects which have been separated from their hitherto reputed congeners; and in every instance, except in Calosetia, in the family Lozoperidse, I have revived previously-used, but obsolete names, in preference to making new ones. I have already mentioned the names of Doubleday and Ste- phens, and the most important works which have been published during the last ten years are from their pens. I will, therefore, contrast them with my own. The first, the ' Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera,' by Mr. H. Doubleday, was published in 1849 (the second edition has just appeared). The second is the Museum Catalogue ' Part X. Lepidoptera continued,' by J. F. Stephens, published in 1852 ; and this latter I have taken as my text-book. Species. In the Museum Catalogue there are mentioned 310 Additions in the present volume 16 Making .... 326 Deduct species or varieties enumerated as such, in the Museum Catalogue, but not included in this work 28 Leaves the number described, inclusive of Lozo- ttmia piceana (see p. 9) 298 PREFACE. VU Making a similar comparison with Mr. Henry Doubleday's list, the figures stand as under : — Species. Enumerated in said list, after excluding the families Cimbidce and Pyraloidae, and the genus Tortricodes, there are 294 Add for species described in this volume, but not inserted in Mr. Doubleday's list ... 9 Making together . . 303 Deduct for species in Mr. Doubleday's list, but not mentioned in this book 5 Result as above . . 298 By this it will be seen, that, numerically, Mr. Doubleday's and my species approximate very closely. The nine species added to his number are: — 1, Antithesia similana; 2, Lozotania latio- rana ; 3^ Lithographia cineraria ; 4, Catoptria futvana ; 5, Pe- ronea Lipsiana (a doubtful species) ; 6, Peronea comparana ; 7, Cnephasia pascuana ; 8, Argyrolepia suh-Baumanniana ; and 9, Eupoecilia Vectisana. The omitted species are : — 1, Antithesia Grevillana ; 2, Halonota costipunctana ; 3, Dicrorampha senec- tana ; 4, Cnephasia Colquhounana ; and 5, Sericoris herbana. I cannot conclude without tendering my most sincere and heartfelt thanks to all those gentlemen who have so liberally and unhesitatingly assisted me with information^ loans of books and specimens ; some of these latter of great rarity. My obH- gations in these respects are so very numerous, that I will not attempt to mention each individually ; but as I feel that especial thanks are due to Messrs. Allis, Bedell, Bond, Boyd, Chapman of Glasgow, Dalman, Doubleday, Douglas, Edleston, Hogan, Machin, Newnham, Nicholls, Parfitt, Edwin Shepherd, Stainton, H. Tompkins, Vaughan, J. J. Weir, and T. Wilkinson of Scar- borough, they are acknowledged accordingly. S. J. WILKINSON. No. 7, Jeffreys Square, St. Mary Axe, London, E.G., 21st March, 1859. EXPLANATION OF THE CONTRACTIONS USED IN THIS WORK. Bent Bentley. Curt., Curt. B. E Curtis's British Entomolog)\ Don Donovan. Doub Doubleday. Doug Douglas. Dup Duponchel. Ent. Ann Entomologist's Annual. Fab., Fabr Fabricius, J. C. Fischer, Fisch. v. R Fischer von Roslerstamm. Frol Frolich. Guen Guenee. Haw Haworth. H. Schaef. Herrich Schseffer. Hiib Hiibner. Kiihlw Kiihlwein. Lin,, Linn Linn6 (Linnaeus). Ratz Ratzeburg. Schiff. Schifferrmyller (and Denis). Sta Stainton. Step., Steph Stephens. Tisch Tischer. Treit., Treits Treitschke. Wood's Ind. Ent Wood's " Index Entomologicus. Zool "Zoologist." Zell ZeUer. THE BRITISH TORTRICES, Class INSECTA. Division Haustellata. Order LEPIDOPTERA, Linn. Section Heterocera, Boisduval. (Group 6.) TORTRICINA, Sta. The insects which form the subject of the following pages are comprised in the sixth* group (Tortricina) of the section Heterocera, and are numerously distributed throughout Europe, and perhaps the whole world. At present, however, it would appear that Europe is their metropolis, as specimens of this family, sent home in promiscuous collections of Lepidoptera from all parts of the world, are considerably fewer in number than those of other groups. It cannot be argued that this arises from their small size, as the Tineina, a group usually much more diminutive, reach us well represented. There are about five hundred known and described European species in cabinets, and of these nearly three hundred are indi- genous to Great Britain and Ireland, or about one-seventh of our entire known Lepidopterous fauna, and doubtless we have many more yet to be discovered. Considering the smallness of the area in which our number of species occurs, and comparing it with the whole of Europe, it would appear that we are favoured with a greater portion of this group, as is the case also in the * Vide Insecta Britanniea, vol. iii. pp. 2 and 6. B TORTRICINA. Tineina, than our continental neighbours. There are, perhaps, several causes tending to explain this disparity : for instance, our isolated position ; the absence of hedges in many parts of the Continent, which in England afford food and shelter to very many species ; and the tract, perhaps, more generally and evenly hunted — although, in this last respect, very much yet remains to be done. Is this disparity in numbers real, or only imaginary ? Com- paring these islands with the whole of Europe, the assumption certainly holds good; but it is very questionable whether it would continue to do so, if the Continent were divided into areas of equal extent with our own, and the latter contrasted with any one of those areas — the difference might then not prove so striking. In the perfect or imago state, these insects present no great variety of habit to the observer ; their flight is never of long duration, nor is their love of locomotion great, as they appear merely to hover over and around the plants and trees which nourished their larvae, and which again will form the nidus for their future progeny. Their time of flight is chiefly confined to the morning and evening, although there is no interval between, in which some of the species are not to be seen on the wing — few fly during the night. They are in general numerous, especially certain species of the genera Tortrix, Lozotcenia, Pcecilochroma, Ciiephasia, Serimris, and some others, which are to be met with, in the middle of summer, wherever trees and herbage grow. They are to be seen from March to November, but appear in May, June and July in the greatest numbers. Their life in the imago state is of short duration, lasting only a few days, in which are performed those duties necessary for the continuance and conservation of the species. The eggs are deposited, and the parents die. Of the ova, or egg- state of these creatures, very little is known. This branch of the subject is open to much interesting inquiry, and, when gone into, must necessarily throw consider- able light on their natural history. The ova, so far as is ascertained, though defined in shape, are usually void of sculpture and that symmetry of form observable in the eggs of most of the other families in this Order. In general they are flat, and laid in small masses, arranged and overlapping each other, like the scales on fishes {Anticlea trima- culana) ; in others they are somewhat oval, but very wrinkled and flattened on their under surface, arising, most probably. TORTRICINA. 3 from subsidence, in consequence of their soft condition at the period of extrusion [Grapholitha Ulicetana), They are sometimes laid in stringy masses, as in Sphaleroptera ictericana. The time required for the production of the larvae after the ova are deposited is unknown ; it doubtless is very varied, and probably many which are laid in the height of summer remain unhatched till the following spring, as must be the case with TortriXf Lozotcenia, and their congeners. On the other hand, some must hatch almost immediately, — for instance the typical species of the genus Endopisa, as the larvae are found in our table-peas very shortly after the appearance of the perfect insects. The larva state is that in which these insects perform their most important offices in the economy of Nature, by checking a too redundant vegetable growth, forming the food of birds, &c. In fact, we look upon it as debateable ground, whether the larvae of Carpocopsa pomonella, which spoil so many of our apples and pears, and C. funebrana our plums, are not, while destroying some of the fruit, actually improving the quality and condition of the remains of the crop; for it is scarcely reasonable to suppose that, if every apple, pear, or plum were to be matured, the whole would be either of such size or flavour as when they have undergone the natural process of thinning by these larvae. By these remarks it is not intended to argue that the propaga- tion of such larvae is to be encouraged, but to show that they are not, as very many suppose, entirely noxious. Most of the larvae are leaf-eaters, and are to be found in April, May and June in great abundance; the modes they adopt in forming shelter for themselves, by twisting and distorting the leaves and young twigs of trees, plants, &c., are so very nume- rous and varied, that they can scarcely have failed to attract the attention of the most unobservant. They are naked, or very sparingly sprinkled with hairs, which are not always present ; never found gregariously ; and, although in their young state many of them are miners, none are case-bearers. Such as do not feed on leaves, burrow into the bark, stems, roots, fruits, or seeds of their respective food-plants, — Halonota, . Dicroramphaj Ephippiphora, Carpocapsa, &c. ; but these, as a rule, are never so numerous as the leaf-eating kinds. The folding, twisting, or distorting the leaves and twigs is accomplished by means of an elastic silk, spun by the larvae, usually of a white colour, which hardens and contracts on expo- sure to the air, and thus draws opposite portions of the leaves towards each other. A series of spinnings and contractions eflPects the end in view. The operation is therefore twofold : B 2 4 TORTRICINA. first, the act of the larva itself; secondly, the force exercised by the contraction of tlie silk : there is otherwise no accounting for the extraordinary folding and bending of stubborn leaves, ob- viously beyond the unassisted strength of the minute larvae. The duration of life in the larva state varies considerably, according to the species, — those which are internal feeders being usually longest in coming to maturity. The reason for this is evident. For such as feed on leaves it is requisite they should be full-grown before the fall, whilst those living internally are urged by no such necessity; and many of these latter may be found in the winter and early spring months, if not actually feeding, still in the larva state. The larvse themselves,, at least of those most commonly met with, are so similar to each other, as to render their discrimina- tion difficult, if not altogether impossible, without the most careful attention. They are mostly of plain and uniform colours ; and besides the roundish elevated spots (which are equally cha- racteristic of the Tineina larvae), they are deficient in markings, to enable the student to distinguish them ; nevertheless, they are very interesting, but must be studied before we can expect to become acquainted with their habits ; and we would urge on those who have the time to observe them, to note down carefully eveiy fact that comes before them, relative to these insects in their larva state ; for until we are much better acquainted with the preparatory states than at present, we must not hope to see a natural grouping of the species. The pupa state, like that of the larva, also varies in duration : in some species a iew days are sufficient to develope the imago, in others it requires months ; but we have not sufficient data on which to base any sound or general conclusions. GENEEAL CHAKACTEES. Imago. Head tufted with hairy scales above; the tufts inserted over the eyes, and meeting in a ridge on the vertex. Eyes always compound, large, semiglobose. Ocelli frequently (always?) present, inserted over the eyes, but partly concealed by the tufts on the head. Palpi always three-jointed ; middle joint longest (except in Sarro- thripa, where it is of the same length as the apical) ; apical joint never recun^ed upwards. Maxillce usually not longer than the palpi (in Sarroihripa thrice as long) ; when at rest, woimd up convolutely at the base of those organs. Antennoi almost invariably simple (in Amphisa pectinated, in Ditula TORTRICINA. O subserrate and plumose), stoutest and pubescent beneath in the c? . Never so long as the anterior wings. TJwraoc usually stout, globose or ovate ; sometimes with a crest (simple or bifid) behind. Patagia two — never longer than the thorax, covering the bases of the anterior wings. Wings four. The anterior pair varying in length and breadth, of obovate or elongate triangular shape; frequently truncate at the apex, ornamented with markings of various colours, usually dull, but sometimes with metallic lustred spots and streaks. The discoidal ceU always obtuse at the apex, never ? attaining to three-fourths the length of the anterior wing, and usually lying more towards the upper half than in the middle. The posterior pair always shorter than the anterior, but frequently much wider ; always of sombre colours, and without markings ; folded in repose. CiHa ample. Legs formed for walking: the first, or anterior pair, simple and shortest ; the second, or intermediate pair, with two unequal moveable spines at the apex of the tibia ; the third, or posterior pair, with the tibia armed with two pairs of unequal moveable spines, one pair situate beyond the middle, the other at the apex of the tibia. These spines are directed downwards, and inserted on the under or inner surface. Tarsi five-jointed, terminated by two minute claws. Abdomen moderately stout in both sexes, but usually more robust in the $ ; generally with a caudal tuft in the ^ . Pupa obtected, robust ; enclosed in a cocoon or web spun by the larva (never exposed, suspended or girt). The abdominal seg- ments armed with transverse rows of minute spines (except Sarrothripa) ; caudal extremity frequently armed with spines, hooks, or tentacula. Larva always ? with 16 feet, 6 pectoral, 8 abdominal, and 2 anal (sometimes these organs are only rudimentary). Head and shield homy, and frequently with a homy plate on the anal segment above. Ova usually scale-like. The colouring of the British Tortricina is very varied, and although generally of tints which may be designated sombre, these insects are certainly equal in beauty to any found upon the Conti- nent, and scarcely less gay than most of the few we are acquainted with from extra-European localities. The markings, however, are extremely simple ; being, as in some of the other families in this Order, a modification of an almost universal type through- out. These consist of a basal patch, a central fascia, a spot or mark upon the costa towards the apex, and an ocellated patch at the anal angle, with one or two others of minor importance : b TORTRICINA. in the modification of any or all of these, does the variation we witness in these insects consist, except perhaps among the Peroneidee, where the colouring and direction of the markings in one or two of the species assume quite a different aspect. Short oblique streaks upon the costa are of very frequent occur- rence, which are for the most part geminated, or arranged in pairs. These streaks are frequently produced or continued to the middle of the wing, and often to the opposite or dorsal margin. The type of marking is simplest and most perfect in the fasciated species of the genus Tortrix [heparana, Ribeana, cin- namomeana), and least so in the genera Capua, Bactra, some of the Peronea, Retinia, Endopisa, and Phtheochroa. Of the above-mentioned marks, the central fascia is the most conspicuous, and generally present ; next to this, the basal patch, then the subapical costal spot, and lastly, the ocelloid patch ; the remainder do not require especial notice. The central fascia originates about the middle of the costa, and is, independent of its colouring, varied in direction and shape. In direction it is straight, or proceeding at right angles with the margins of the wing, as in some species of the genus Euchromia : it is curved, as in Cnephasia hyhridana $ : it is oblique ; and the obliquity is twofold : in the first place, it commences on the costa and proceeds to the anal angle; se- condly, it lies more or less parallel with the apical margin. Instances of the former occur, amongst others, in the genera Tortrix and Lozotania, and of the latter, only in the family LozoperidcB^. In quantity it is entire, interrupted, or abbre- viated : entire in Tortrix ; interrupted, as in Brachytcenia Hart- manniana, Argyrolepia Baumanniana and its congeners ; and ab- breviated, as in Brachytania semifasciana, and in most of the EupoBcilice. It possesses, besides, other characters ; such as being isometric, constricted, dilated, angulated, &c. ; but as it fre- quently happens that two or more of these are present in the same species, it is not proposed, here, to do more than allude to them. Sometimes a second fascia is visible, and when so, it is always a prolongation of the subapical costal spot. (Enectra Pilleriana $ has this mark distinctly present. The basal patch is scarcely less Protean than the central fascia, but is more frequently absent altogether. In some in- stances it is solid, i. e. composed of one colour only ; in others, * In the genera Argyrolepia and Eujpoecilia the central fascia in many species is expressed only on and towards the dorsal margin ; in such cases it may be considered as originating thereon, and os, 'proceeding towards the costa. TORTRICINA. 7 open, or streaked and mottled : it is abbreviated, or not reaching the dorsal margin, or the costa, as the case may be : its poste- rior edge is straight, rounded or hollowed ; or it reaches further along the costal than on the dorsal margin, and vice versa. The ocelloid patch is a roundish mark at the anal angle, usually of a light ground-colour, enclosing several black spots or longitudinal lines. It is subject to great variation both in size and colour, and not unfrequently edged or bordered with streaks or markings of a metallic lustre. It is smallest in some species of the genera Catoptria {Scopoliana, Hohenwarthiana) and Grapholitha [Ulicetana, Hypericana) ; largest in Spilonota, Steganoptycha, and Carpocapsa, It is most indistinct in Dicro- rampha, Endopisa, and some of the Ephippiphorce ; in the two former genera it is merely indicated by the usually enclosed black dots being present, and in the latter it is nearly obliterated, owing to the very dark ground-colour of the anterior wings. The British species of this group are classed under nine families, which may be distinguished as follows : — Family I. TORTRICIDJE, having the costa for the most part regularly arcuated (it is obtusely so towards the base in some genera only). The basal patch, central fascia and subapical costal spot usually well ex- pressed (examples of abbreviation and interruption do occur). Ocelloid patch wanting , save a slight indication thereof in some species of the genus Antithesia. Family II. PLICATiE, having the costa in the 6 invariably folded at the base, in the ? regularly arcuated. In some genera the basal patch and central fascia are present and well defined, in others they are wholly wanting. The same remarks apply to the ocelloid patch. Family III. ANCHYLOPERID-ffi. The costa is regularly arcuated in both sexes. Most of the genera are distinguished by the produced apex of the anterior wings. The basal patch is chiefly more developed than the central fascia. The ocelloid patch not always present. O TORTRICINA. Family IV. PERONEIDJE. The costa is always obtusely arched towards the base^ and the species are chiefly distinguished by tufts of elevated scales on the anterior wings, and by the slightly incised or emarginated costa. (In Teras it is much incised.) The basal patch almost wholly wanting. The central fascia, when present, is abbreviated, or represented only by a triangular mark on the costa. The ocel- loid patch never present. Family V. STIGMONOTIDiE. The costa always regularly arcuated. The basal patch and central fascia frequently well developed; but, from the dark colours of the wings of many species, and from the markings being confluent, are often obliterated or un discernible. The ocelloid patch not always present. The chief characteristic mark of this family is the pale, various-coloured blotch upon the dorsal margin ; this, however, occurs also among the Flicatce, but there it is always accompanied by the folded costa in the 6 . Family VI. CARPOCAPSID-ffi. The costa is sometimes nearly straight, at others regularly arcuated. In one genus the basal patch and central fascia are wanting, and the ocelloid patch represented only by marginal dots (Endopisa) : in the remainder the basal patch is ill deve- loped, the central fascia wanting ; the ocelloid patch is either large or small, but well defined, and sometimes adorned with metallic lustred streaks. Family VII. CNEPHASIDiE. The costa of the 6 less rounded than in the $ . Ground- colours of the anterior wings mostly white or grey. The basal patch is, here, frequently modified into an abbreviated curved fascia near the base. The central fascia much angulated, not always entire. The subapical costal spot frequently produced. Ocelloid patch always wanting. Family VIII. SERICORIDiE. The costa always regularly arcuated, and equally so in both sexes. The basal patch usually distinct and sharply defined. The central fascia, in direction, nearly straight, and frequently biangulated on its posterior edge. Ocelloid patch wanting. TORTRICINA. U Family IX. LOZOPERID^. The costa always regularly arcuated. The ground-colour of the anterior wings mostly yellow or straw-coloured. The basal patch frequently wanting, or but little developed. The central fascia sometimes entire, but mostly abbreviated, or expressed on and toivards the dorsal margin ; always running in a direction more or less parallel with the apical margin. Sometimes the central fascia is represented by two similarly directed streaks, which are sometimes abbreviated, at others entire. Ocelloid patch never present. By a careful perusal of the above, it will be seen that the ocelloid patch offers the best character for generalization ; thus. In four of the families it is wholly wanting, viz. in the Pero- neidcB, the Cnephasida, the Sericoridce, and the Lozoperida, It is almost wholly wanting in the Tortricidce. It is more or less present in the Plicatce, the Anchyloperidce, and in the Stigmonotida. It is well defined in the Carpocapsida. There are, however, other simple characters by which some of the fauiilies may be distinguished ; viz. the Plicata by the costal fold in the d . Anchyloperidce by the produced apex of the anterior wings. PeroneidcB by the tufts of elevated scales on the anterior wings. LozoperidcR by the ground-colour of the anterior wings being of a yellow colour, and by the direction of the central fascia being parallel with the apical margin. The group contains 298 species, which are located in the several families as follows : — Family 1. ToRXEiciDiE contains 12 genera, comprising 37 species. 2. Plicate ?> 15 59 3. AlfCHYLOPERIDiE » 8 38 4. Pekoneid^ » 5 21 5. Stigmonotid^ yy 11 46 6. Carpocapsid^ )f 3 19 7. Cnephasid^ yy 3 13 8. Sericorid^ » 4 21 9. LoZOPERIDiE y> 11 44 72 genera, 298 s pec] 10 TORTRICINA. Family I. TORTRICIDiE. The genera comprised in this division are twelve in number, of which the larvae feed almost entirely in folded, rolled, or united leaves, and chiefly assume the pupa state in a loosely- spun cocoon or web (except Sarrothripa) of silk. In the imago, the anterior wings are ample, their length seldom exceeding twice the width ; and in several genera, particularly in Tortrix, with the costa considerably dilated towards the base, but never folded. The posterior wings are ample, ovate, and slightly concave or emarginate below the apex. The twelve genera are thus tabulated : — A. Anterior ^vings with the costa roughly clothed with scales at the base and ape.v, and slightly incised in the middle. a. Palpi with the apical joint very long, a a. With the middle joint as long as the apical 1. Sarrothripa. B. Anterior wings with the costa rounded at the base, or regularly arcuated, and ivithout the rough scales at the base and apex. h. With the antennae ^^cimaiecZ in both sexes, mostly so in the S • c. Palpi having the mi ddlejoint^v^ times as long as the apical 2. Amphisa. h b. With the antennae setaceous, subserrate and plumose. c c. Palpi having the middle joint foiir times as long as the apical .... 3. Hypermecia. bbb. With the antennae setaceous, and only hirsute beneath in the (S , and simple, or nearly so, in the $ . ccc. Palpi with the middle joint tivice as long as the apical. d. With the apical joint twice the length of the basal 10. (Enectra. dd. With the apical joint half the length of the basal 8. Siderea. cccc. Palpi with the middle joint three times as long as the apical .... 9. Dichelia. ccccc. Talpi with, ihe middle joint mo7'e\ 11. Clepsis. than three times as long as the apical . J 12. Tortrix. c ccccc. Palpi with the middle joint four times as long as the apical. e. With the apical joint not so long as 1 4. Eulia. the basal J 6. Antithesia. TORTRICINA. , 11 e e. With the apical joint as long as the basal 5. Brachytjenia. ccccccc. Palpi with the middh joint sLv times as long as the apical ... 7. Penthina. Genus I. SARROTHRIPA, Guenee. Head tiifted above and between the eyes. Antennae setaceous, inserted on the crown towards the front. Eyes large, subglobose. Palpi much longer than the head, appressed, porrected upwards ; basal joint shortest and curved ; the middle twice the length of the basal, curving upwards; apical joint horizontal, straight, cylin- drical, as long as the middle. Maxillae thrice the length of the palpi. Thorax ovate, with a simple tuft behind. Anterior wings elongate, length equal to twice the breadth; costa abruptly arched and ciliated at the shoulder and towards the apex ; apex obtuse ; apical margin subtruncate, oblique, rounded ; dorsal margin slightly rounded. The costal vein reaches the costa beyond the middle ; the six apical nervures all simple ; the submedian nervure inserted in the middle of the median vein. Posterior wings ample, apex ob- tuse, apical margin concave. Legs : middle pair longest ; first pair with brushes of hairs situated on the inner portion of the femur and tibia. Abdomen slender in the J , moderate in the $ . This genus is placed at the head of the Tortricina in con- sequence of its affinity to Hylophila and Earias, which are now separated into a distinct family. It approaches those genera by having the pupa unarmed with transverse rows of minute spines in the dorsal region of the abdominal segments, and by being enclosed in a tough, closely-spun silken cocoon, somewhat like an inverted boat. The appearance of the perfect insect, how- ever, offers no resemblance to them, but is of the true Tortrix character, much resembling Peronea : from this latter genus it differs in the absence of tufts of elevated scales ; for, although the small dark spots on the surface of the wings have the ap- pearance of being raised, it proceeds from an optical illusion, owing to the spots themselves being of a dull velvety character upon a shining surface. The structure of the palpi is abnormal, the terminal joint being as long as the middle one, and nearly as stout, — in both respects differing widely from what usually obtains in this family. The great length of the maxillae, too, is very remarkable ; but in the neuration of the wings there is no departure from the typical form. 12 TORTRICINA. There is now but one recognized British species, although formerly it was considered there were several, in consequence of the great variation to which it is liable. 1. revayana, Schiff. Alis anticis nitidis canis aut griseis (ali- quando brunneis); puncta ferruginea in medio, punctisque atris obscuris, sparsis; posticis griseis. S Exp. al. 11-12 lin. Head drab. Face drab, paler below. Eyes dark umber. Palpi more than twice the length of the head ; above and at sides fuscous, beneath pale drab. Antennae brown. Collar drab, with a streak of umber near the apex. Thorax and patagia drab, the former with the crest slightly darker. Anterior wings glossy, drab, with the central region darker, generally with a reddish appearance towards the costa, and black or umber spots disposed over the surface ; these spots are without gloss, giving them the appearance of being raised. The central darker portion commences anteriorly on the costa, one- third from the base, and proceeds direct to the dorsal margin, with a clearly- defined wavy line. On the costa it extends one-fourth the entire length ; its posterior edge very wavy, and dilating considerably before the middle, but contracting before it attains the dorsal margin ; anteriorly and posteriorly is a line, following the course of the borders of the central portion ; both suffuse upon the costa, especially the posterior one. In the dilated portion of the central region is a brown or black liturated spot. Before the central region towards the base are two other similar spots. In the apical portion of the wing is a sharply-angulated or zigzag line, followed by three spots towards the anal angle, all black or dusky. On the apical margin is a row of black lunules. Apical scales and cilia drab. Posterior wings at base grey, merging into fuscous at the margins. Marginal scales and cilia pale drab. Abdomen glossy, grey. $ Exp. al. 11-121 lin. A somewhat rare species in this country, and extremely variable, the ground-colour of the anterior wings ranging from hoary-grey to olive-drab, and to umbreous-brown with the spots and markings darker ; but the character of these latter is con- stant throughout, so that no doubt can be left of there being but one species. The imago appears from July to December, but more com- monly in the autumn, and occasionally they may be met with (probably hybernated specimens) in the spring. It has been captured at the New Forest, Combe, Darenth, and Birch Woods, Black Park, Mickleham Downs, in Norfolk, &c. The pupa and larva appear to be unknown in this country ; but, according to Hiibner, the former is bright green, with a broad longitudinal brown stripe from the head to the edge of the second abdominal segment; the latter is also bright green, TORTRICINA. 13 slightly hairy, and with the segments edged transversely with yellow. The cocoon is whitish, boat-shaped, resembling the cocoon of Earias clorana, but is longer. Genus II. AMPHISA, Curtis. Antennae strongly pectinated and pilose in the S > faintly so in the $ , inserted on the crown of the head over the eyes. Palpi much longer than the head, approximating, porrected horizontally, thickly clothed with scales ; basal joint minute, drooping ; middle horizontal, robust, especially towards its apex, five times as long as the apical ; apical slender, cylindrical, as long as the basal, shghtly depending. Maxillae short. Thorax slender, ovate. Anterior wings elongate-triangular in the S > lanceolate in the $ . In the cJ the costa is obtusely arched at the base, less so in the $ ; the apex slightly produced ; apical margin oblique, slightly concave ; dorsal margin rounded. The discoidal cell reaches rather beyond the middle of the wing ; the three subcostal nervures nearly equidistant ; the apical vein gives out five nervures, of which the first is furcate, one branch reaching the margin above, the other below the apex. Poste- rior wings : apex obtuse, with the apical margin scarcely concave. Abdomen slender, tufted in the S • This genus was established by Mr. Curtis, and may be distin- guished by the antennae, which are pectinated in both sexes, a character which does not occur elsewhere in the family, so far as is at present known. The palpi offer no peculiarities in their structure, being of the normal form, and the maxillae do not exceed those organs in length. In Curtis^s * British Ento- mology,' pi. 209, the neuration of the anterior wing is figured, in which the discoidal cell is represented as being open at the apex; but, upon a careful investigation of this part of the subject, we have not met with this peculiarity throughout the family. There are two British species, which may be thus distin- guished : — A. Anterior wings with the ground-colour sulphur-yellow Species 1 B. Anterior wings with the ground-colour grey . . . Species 2 1. Gremingiana, Schiff. Alis anticis ochraceo-flavis ; subreticulatis (ahquando sine reticulatione) ; fascia media obliqua maculaque postica costali brunneo-fuscescentibus ; posticis violaceo-griseis. S Exp. al. 61-8 lin. Head and face castaneous brown, dull. Eyes black, dull. Palpi 14 TORTRICINA. castaneous brown above and beneath, paler at sides. Antennae with the basal joint and stem above, at base, castaneous brown, merging into brownish drab or whitish at the apex, the pectinations black; beneath, wholly black ; sometimes the basal joint and stem above, wholly di-ab or whitish. Thorax and patagia castaneous brown ; the latter somewhat paler at the apex. Anterior wings dull sulphur-yellow at the base, which is clouded with rich brown, and a grey irroration on the dorsal margin. At the middle of the costa commences a broad, dark broTVTi, oblique, nearly isometric fascia ; straight, sharply- defined, and reddish on its anterior edge, but suffusing posteriorly : the subapical costal patch is of similar colour; along its anterior border runs a streak, which is continued to the apical margin near the anal angle, and the space at the apex enclosed by it is more or less suffused with pinkish brown ; the interval between the pos- terior edge of the central fascia and the said streak is yellowish towards the costa, but clouded with pinkish brown. The apical half of the wing is reticulate, the basal streaked transversely; extreme margin intense brown or black. Apical scales shining, dull pinkish brown, sometimes mottled with black. Cilia ferruginous, in some lights rosy ; pale or whitish at the anal angle, and iron- grey beyond. Posterior wings very pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales fuscous, ^dth pale bases. Cilia very pale straw-colour. Abdomen deep fuscous; the caudal tuft pale ferruginous. $ Exp. al. 6~Q^ lin. Anterior wings marked like the (5" , but much narrower and more acute at the apex. A northern species, varying in the intensity of the ground- colour of the wings and of the markings. The imago appears from June to August among Calluna vulgaris, sometimes in great profusion ; the males flying at sun- set, but the females are rarely met with on the wing. It occurs on most heaths and moors in the north of England, and also in Scotland. The larva, according to Herr Zeller, feeds, on the Continent, upon Vaccinium uliginosum. 2. prodromana, Hiibner. Alis anticis canis aut griseis ; basi macula nebulosa, fascia media triangulari (in qua litm^a oblonga grisea) brunneis ; posticis cinereo-fuscis. c? Exp. al. 8 lin. Head black, with a few deep ferruginous scales on vertex. Face obscure ferruginous. Eyes and palpi black. Antennae : stem brown at base, the remainder whitish ; the pectinations rusty black ; wholly black beneath. Thorax deep rich ferruginous brown. Patagia paler. Anterior wings very pale grey, inclining to white, with rich ferru- ginous markings. The base, on the dorsal margin and nearly to the costa, is occupied by a roimdish patch. Before the middle of the costa commences a broad fascia, attaining the dorsal margin on its anterior TORTRICINA. 15 edge, which is nearly straight, dilating on its posterior edge, and, instead of attaining the dorsal margin, curves uj)wards and returns to the costa parallel with its original course ; between this recurved mark and the apex on the costa is a greyish patch mixed with ferru- ginous, and a curved mark of the latter, enclosing an apical spot. The pale portions of the wing irrorated with grey and ferruginous. Apical scales smoky grey, tipped with whitish. CiHa smoky grey at apex, the tips whitish towards the anal angle. Posterior wings shining, pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales fuscous, with pale bases. Cilia grey at apex, with pale tips ; altogether paler at the anal angle. Abdomen smoky black ; the caudal tuft luteous, or slightly ferruginous. $ Exp. al. Q-6^ lin. The markings of the anterior wings are the same as in the J , but darker in colour and more distinct. The posterior wings are whitish at the apex, and speckled Avith grey or cinereous. Marginal scales pale fuscous. Cilia cream-colour. Abdomen umber, with the segments fringed with silvery hairs. Rather a scarce species, being confined to the north of England and Scotland. It was originally taken by Mr. Walker near New Lanark in 1827, since when it has been occasionally met with by other collectors ; in 1857 it occurred somewhat plentifully at the Brushes near Manchester. The 6 is in most collections, but the 2 is still very rare ; she seldom flies, and must be sought for in the bushes. Genus III. HYPEEMECIA, Guenee. Antennee slender, stoutest in the S , and pubescent beneath. Palpi longer than the head, approximate, densely clothed with rough scales ; basal joint short and robust ; middle stout, four times as long as the apical ; apical minute, slender and exposed, as long as the basal. MaxillsB much longer than the palpi. Thorax mode- rately stout, ovate. Anterior wings elongate -triangular ; costa slightly arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical margin subtruncate, slightly concave ; dorsal margin straight. Posterior wings with the apical margin concave and the anal angle somewhat produced. Abdomen stout, acute in the S > obtuse in the $ , not tufted. In general appearance this genus somewhat resembles the preceding, and is therefore placed in close proximity to it. In structure it varies considerably ; for instance, the antennae are simple, the formation of the palpi different, and in the venation of the anterior wings there are six simple apical nervures, whilst in Amphisa there are only five. There is but one species of this genus, and no others appear to be known on the Continent. 16 TORTRICINA. 1. Augustana, HUbner. Alls anticis cinereis aut pallide ochraceis, basi fuscis ; pone medium rufis, castaneis aut ferrugineis, puncto triangular! ad costam ochraceo vel cinereo ; posticis fuliginosis basi dilutioribus. c? Exp. al. Q-6^ lin. Head drab. Face drab, paler below. Eyes brown. Palpi as long as the head, very pale drab, except at the apex, which is smoky black. Antennae dark grey. Thorax and patagia dusky drab, the latter paler at the tips. Anterior wings dull drab ; at the base, on the dorsal margin, is a roundish dusky patch, followed by an oblique isometric fascia of the ground-colour of the wing. Beyond this, the apical portion is occupied by a brick- red patch enclosing a triangular space on the costa ; this latter is maculated with white and dusky, and streaked with lustrous silvery scales, especially at the inner edges. There are also some silvery streaks on the brick-red patch towards the apical margin and the anal angle. The wings often with an irroration more or less of dusky atoms. Apical scales without gloss, dull brick-red, slightly paler at the base. Cilia slightly glossy ; at the apex dusky ferruginous ; then straw-colour, tinged with ferruginous to the middle of the margin ; afterwards, dusky ferruginous to beyond the anal angle, where they become iron-grey. Posterior wings rich fuscous, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with ta^vny bases. Cilia pale grey, frequently white, and sometimes with a fuscous tinge at the apex. Abdomen glossy, fuscous ; the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 6-|-7 lin. In colour somewhat brighter than the (S , but the silvery markings nearly obsolete. This is rather a common species ; it varies a little in size, and considerably in colour, especially the ground-colour, which ranges from pale to dark drab, and the markings from fuscous and ferruginous to deep brick-red. In some specimens the base is wholly pale, constituting the var. a. of Haworth and the viminana of Guenee. The imago appears in June and July, among Sallows and Willows, and is generally distributed throughout the south of England, Combe, Darenth, and Birch Woods, Cheshunt, Brox- bourne, Ripley, Monkswood, Black Park, near Gloucester, &c. It occurs also in Scotland. The pupa is long, amber-coloured, and enclosed in an earthen cocoon, spun together with silk. The larva spins together the leaves of the Willow and Sallow, feeding thereon, and also in the catkins, and is full-growni in May. It is pale yellow in colour. Head black and shining; shield pale brown, darker in front, its anterior margin white ; spots scarcely darker than the body. TORTRICINA. 17 Genus IV. EULIA, Hubner. Head broad. Antennae slender, clothed with scales above, pubes- cent beneath. Palpi rather longer than the head, approximating, ascending, densely clothed with short scales ; basal joint short, thick, slightly curved, truncate ; apical minute, ovate, shorter than the basal; middle four times as long as the apical, curved, stout, thickest beyond the middle. Maxillae short. Thorax stout, sub- globose, with a large elevated tuft behind. Anterior wings twice as long as broad ; costa regularly arcuated ; dorsal margin roimded slightly ; apex acute ; apical margin oblique and nearly straight. The costal vein reaches to the middle of the costa, and the submedian nervure is inserted nearly opposite the middle subcostal one. The discoidal cell reaches to the middle of the wing ; in shape elongate- triangular, broadest before its apex. Posterior Avings : apex obtuse ; apical margin slightly concave. There is but one British species, which is of difficult location. By some (Guenee^ Doubleday, &c.) it is placed in the genus Lozo- tctnia {Tortrix), but the general appearance of the insect scarcely warrants that position. It is erected into a distinct genus in Stephens's Mus. Cat., under the name Eulia, as assigned to it by Hubner, which is retained until a better knowledge of the larva and preparatory states dictate its proper place. The structure of the palpi and venation of the wings are the same as obtain in the genus Tortrix as here restricted, and there, after all, may be its proper place. In repose the perfect insect holds the wings in a deflexcd position^ but somewhat rounded at the sides. 1. ministrana, Linn. Alis anticis nitidis, ochraceis; basi a medio maculis nebulosis et margine apicali ferrugineis ; pone medium gutta alba ; postieis fuscis. S Exp. al. 9-10 Hn. Head and face dusky ferruginous. Eyes black. Palpi dull drab, slightly dusky at sides. Antennae fuscous. Thorax pale ferruginous in front, ochreous on vertex; the tuft pale ferruginous. Patagia pale ferruginous at base, the apex pale ochreous. Anterior wings : glossy, pale bright ochreous, with pale ferruginous clouds ; at the base the costa is pale ferruginous, with a dusky irroration ; a broad pale ferruginous cloud proceeds two-thirds the length of the vting along^ the dorsal margin, extending upwards nearly to the costa ; at the apex is a broad, somewhat triangular cloud of a rich ferruginous red colour ; the space between this and the basal cloud is ochreous ; an irroration of iron-grey scales, more or less distinct, is in the middle of the wing, extending from the costa to the dorsal margin. At the apex of the discoidal cell is a whitish irregular- shaped spot. Apical scales and cilia pale ferruginous, both becoming pale ochreous, or yellow mixed with iron-grey, at the anal angle. Posterior wings c 18 TOllTRICINA. clothed with coarse fuscous scales on a white ground. Marginal scales fuscous, with paler bases. Cilia whitish, sometimes pale grey. Abdomen dark fuscous, the tuft dull straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 10-11 Hn. This beautiful species is tolerably abundant and constant in its general appearance. The Scotch specimens are mostly much darker than the southern ones, constituting the var. E. sub- fasciana. E.ferruginea is an extension of the same variety, but darker and more evenly coloured. The imago is somewhat plentiful round London and in the south of England, especially near Dover. It is taken also in the north of England, in Scotland, and at Newtonlimavady, co. Derry, in Ireland. Its flight is sluggish, and it may be taken on the wing at dusk. The larva is green, and is supposed to live through the winter. It has been bred by Mr. Harding {vide Entom. Weekly Intell. vol. i. p. 62) ; and, from the perfect insect being mostly taken among Hazel, may not that be its food-plant ? Genus V. BRACHYT^NIA, Stephens, MSS. Antennae clothed above with scales, pubescent beneath. Palpi longer than the head ; the apical joint conspicuous and exposed, minute, oval, densely clothed mth short scales ; middle joint four times the length of the apical, cmred, very stout, thickening from before the middle, clothed beneath mth long scales; basal joint short and stout. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax stout, tufted behind. Anterior wdngs scarcely twice as long as broad ; costa regularly arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical margin slightly sub- tnmcate ; dorsal margin concave. Posterior wings ample, ovoid ; apical margin concave. Abdomen slender, tufted in both sexes. This genus was instituted by the late J. F. Stephens to'sepa- rate the two species included in it from the Antithesis, to which they are so closely allied as scarcely to be separable from them. The venation of the wings in the two genera is identical ; but there are minor structural differences, and the wings are much less deflexed in repose than in the latter genus. The abbre- viated or interrupted central fascia readily distinguishes them from the true Antithesis. The species above alluded to may be arranged thus : — A. With the central fascia ahriqytly abbreviated . . . Species 1 li. With the central fascia attaining the dorsal margin, hutintemfjpted in ihe middle . . . . . . . Species 2 TORTRICINA. 19 1 . semifasciana, Haw. Alis anticis griseis ; nebulis satui'atioribus ; maculis diiabus costalibus (basi una, altera pone medium) fuscis nigro-punctatis ; posticis griseo-fuscis, margine saturatioribus. c? Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head fuscous, darker behind antennae. Pace fuscous. Eyes black. Palpi above, at sides, and beneath, hoary; between paler. Antennae fuscous. Thorax pale fuscous, streaked transversely with dull brown. Patagia fuscous at base, somewhat hoaiy in the middle, and paler at the apex. Anterior mngs dull, ashy grey, palest at the apex, with numerous pale fuscous, undulating, transverse, in- terrupted streaks, most distinct on the costal and dorsal margins. Near the base of the costa is a short, pale, dull fuscous fascia margined with darker broi^Ti ; in the middle of the costa is a large, irregular, somewhat quadrate fuscous patch, bordered and dotted with dark bro^vn, and having the inner edge broadly and sharply black. In the middle of the subapical portion of the wing are several obscure brown spots placed on the nervures of the wing. Apical scales deep fuscous, with the apices and bases pale grey. Cilia pale fuscous. Posterior ^\ings shining, fuscous, deepest at apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen pale fuscous grey. $ Exp. al. 9i-10 lin. This species is far from common, but in some places it is occasionally taken in plenty. It does not vary. The imago appears from June to August about Sallows and Willows. It occurs in Kent and Hampshire, at Wandsworth, formerly in Battersea Fields, and in many places round London. The larva feeds on various species of Sallows and Willows, in the young shoots and in the catkins. 2. Hartmanniana, Linn. Alis albidis, subnebulosis ; fasciis duabus interruptis fusco-nigris, una ad basin, altera pone medium, ob- liqua, in qua linea atra ; posticis griseis. c^ Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head and face pale rusty brown, the latter somewhat paler below. Eyes black. Palpi above, at sides, and at apex, beneath, dark hoary grey ; the bases beneath and between drab. Antennae fuscous. Thorax pale fuscous, streaked transversely with dusky brown ; the bifid tuft dull brown. Patagia coloured like the thorax. Anterior wings dull, pale drab ; the costa widely alternated with pale brown ; near the base is an interrupted curved fascia of umber colour and black. The central fascia is umber- coloured, mottled with black, and interrupted longitudinally in the middle ; it is Avidest on the costa, and on attaining the dorsal margin curves inwardly, running along it to the base, thus enclosing, in conjunction with the basal fascia, an oblong-ovate space on the median fold, marked with three dots. In the apical region are some curved streaks, the darkest bearing one or two black spots. Marginal scales umber, with the bases and apices c 2 20 TORTRICINA. pale di-ab. Cilia drab, mottled with umber-coloiired scales. Posterior wings shining, clothed "«ith coarse fiiscous scales on a light-grey ground ; marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia white. Abdomen and caudal tuft fuscous. $ Exp. al. 8-9 lin. In colours and markings resembles the cS . An uncommon insect, and does not vary. It is very like a pale-coloured Antithesia corticana, but may be distinguished from it by the ground-colour of the anterior wings, which is pale drab, instead of white, and by the interrupted medial fascia, which in the latter insect is entire. The imago makes its appearance in August ; and latterly it has been taken near Lea Bridge, from the trunks of Willows. Stephens, in his 'Illustrations, Haust.,Vol.iv.p. 86,says it is "not common ; taken occasionally within the metropolitan district in July ; also in Devonshire." It has been bred by Mr. Thomas Boyd, from pupse found by him, spun up between Willow-leaves. Genus VI. ANTITHESIA, Stephens. Antennae setaceous, inserted in front over the eyes, clothed ^vith scales above, pubescent beneath. Palpi longer than the head; basal joint short, stout; apical oval, minute, not so long as the basal, clothed with short scales ; middle four times as long as the apical, stout, thickening from before the middle, and clothed beneath with long scales. Maxillae longer than the palpi. Thorax stout, ovate, with a bifid tuft behind. Anterior wings : length more than twice the breadth ; costa regularly arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical and dorsal margins rounded. The discoidal cell extends beyond the middle of the wing, and the subcostal vein gives out an internal ner\'ure, inserted between the first and second subcostal ner\Tires, which crosses to the apical vein between the first and second apical nervures. Posterior wings ovate ; apical margin concave below the apex. Abdomen in the (S slender, and tufted at the apex ; stout in the 2 f ^^^ ^ot tufted. The insects associated in this genus form a very natural group, the larvae for the most part feeding upon the leaves of various shrubs and trees ; some of them (A. Gentianana and mar- ginana) are internal feeders, and a more intimate knowledge of the preparatory states of the family may hereafter warrant the erection of a separate genus for the reception of the latter. In repose the wings are very much deflexed. The British species are fourteen in number, as tabulated below, and some others are known on the Continent. TORTRICINA. 21 A. With the basal cloud on the anterior wings extend- ing on the costa to, or slightly beyond, the middle . Species 1-8 B. With the basal cloud eoctending beyond the middle of the costa. a. With the base of the ^posterior wings of the S white Species 9, 10 ■ h. With the base of the posterior wings of the (S not white Species 11-13 C. With the anterior wings entirely darJc-coloured . Species 14 1. corticana, Hub. Alis anticis niveis; basi nigro plumbeoque variegatis; fascia media nigra, atro-punctata ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head fuscous mixed with grey. Face same colours, but sHghtly darker. Eyes black. Palpi above, at apex, at sides, and between, dull fuscous; at the base beneath and between, pale drab. An- tennae pale fuscous, darker beneath. Thorax dull umber, alternately streaked transversely with dull grey. Patagia coloured like the thorax. Anterior wings dull, snow-white ; the costa broadly macu- lated with black patches mixed with white scales. Near the base is an interrupted curved fascia ; at the middle of the costa commences a very broad irregularly angnilated fascia, extending to the dorsal margin, composed of mottled fuscous, umber and black markings ; a conspicuous longitudinal black mark runs through it, above the middle ; this fascia is produced inwardly, and joins the basal patch at its interruption, thus enclosing a white space on the costa ; out- wardly its edge is projected into three nodes, ivith a deep incision, level with the longitudinal black streak before named ; a broad fuscous and umber- coloured cloud extends from the base to the central fascia, leaving a white space above. The upper edge of the dorsal cloud towards the base is marked with a strong longitudinal black line. The apical region white, marked with curved streaks, composed of black and white scales, more or less intense, but most distinct at the apical margin and apex ; on one of these streaks, in the middle, are several black dots ; sometimes the apex is faintly reticulated. Apical scales deep fuscous, with white tips. Cilia grey mixed with iron-grey, and with a fuscous tinge, both becoming white at, and grey beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia pale grey, Avith a fuscous tinge. Abdomen and caudal tuft pale fuscous grey. 5 Exp. al. 9-10 Hn. Rather an uncommon species, and does not vary : it is, in appearance, like Brachjtcenia Hartmanniana, but is distin- guished from it by the ground-colour of the anterior wings being white instead of pale drab, and by the uninterrupted fascia beyond the middle. The white patches at the base of the 22 TORTRICINA. anterior wings at once separate it from the other species of this genus : some pale instances, however, of A. Betuletana might be mistaken for it; but the posterior margin of the basal cloud in the latter species is undulate in a straight direction, or nearly so, whilst in A. corticana it is concave as well as undulate. The imago appears from June to August among birch-trees. It occurs at Coombe, Birch, Darenth, Dulwich, West Wick- ham, and Plumstead Woods, Epping Forest, in Worcestershire, Cheshire, and at Torwood in Stirlingshire, N. B. The larva most probably feeds on the Birch [Betula alba), as the perfect insect is always taken where such trees grow. 2. Betuletana, Haw. Alis anticis niveis, aliquando oehraceis ; basi pone medium nigro, fusco, ochraceo plumbeoque variegatis ; apice cinereo-strigato ; posticis fuscis. ^ Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head dull dark brown, pale over eyes. Face same colour as the head. Eyes black. Palpi at the tips, above, between, at sides, and beneath, dull dusky brown, merging into whitish at the base. Antennce dark brown, the basal joint clothed with black scales. Thorax dark brown, alternated with transverse bands of hoary grey ; sometimes these bands have a ferruginous tinge ; the bifid tuft deep ferruginous. Patagia same colours as the thorax. Anterior wings shining snow-white at the apex, with dull, cmwed, grey streaks, most intense along the apical margin, and usually without black dots. The dark portion of the ^ving extends two-thirds along the costa, and near to the anal angle, on the dorsal margin ; it is beauti- fidly mottled with iron-grey, fuscous-black and white markings, in which may be traced a basal patch much interrupted and broken ; the central fascia is distinctly visible, chiefly of fuscous with black markings bordered Avith white ; the space between the central and basal fascia filled up with iron-gney ; the costa streaked throughout with grey. On the white part of the wing, near the middle of the central fascia, is frequently a delicate ochreous cloud. Apical scales with white bases and tips, iron-grey in the middle. Cilia pale grey at the apex, darker before, and white at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia shining, very pale straw-colour. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 9-lOi lin. A very common insect, and varies considerably in the in- tensity of the colours in the anterior wings. In some instances the base is pale, thus approaching A. corticana; in others the usually white tips are ochreous, which colour also pervades the whole wing. In this latter form it resembles A. ochroleucana. The typical insect is very like A. Caprcsana and A. pralongana : from the former it is distinguished by the straightly undulated TORTRICINA. 23 edge of the basal cloud, and the absence of a small cluster of blackish dots in the subapical region ; and from the latter, by its generally larger size, broader wings, and the absence of the mottled and fuscous apex. The imago appears from June to August throughout the metropolitan district; in Devonshire, the New Forest, near Dover, and in other parts of the country ; in Scotland ; also at Holywood, CO. Down, in Ireland. The larva feeds on the White Birch {Betula alba), and is full- fed about the end of May. 3. CaprsBana, Hiib. AHs anticis niveis ; basi pone medium nigro, fusco plumbeoque variegatis; apice strigis cinereis punctisque atris in lineis longitudinalibus dispositis ; posticis griseo-fuscis. S Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head pale brown, inclining to drab, palest close to the eyes. Face dark brown below, paler above. Eyes black. Palpi fuscous above and at sides, between and beneath w^hitish. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax fuscous, streaked transversely with darker brown, the crest deep ferruginous or castaneous bro^vn. Patagia coloured like the thorax. Anterior wings dull, clouded from base to two-thirds the length of the costa, and to near the anal angle on the dorsal margin, with black, umber, fuscous and whitish markings, beautifully mottled; the apex snow-white, somewhat glossy, with dull grey curved streaks ; at the base is a rounded and very angulated patch ; the central fascia darker, angulated on both edges, having a curved incision of white posteriorly ; the space between this fascia and the basal patch is suffused with fuscous, except towards the costa, where is a white space thickly marked with the costal streaks ; in the centre of the white apical space are several black spots and longi- tudinal short streaks of the same colour. Apical scales with white bases and tips, deep fuscous in the middle. Cilia shining drab, mottled wdth iron-grey ; both becoming white at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales, deepest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia pale straw-colour. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft paler. 2 Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Colouring somewhat darker than in the <5 . This beautiful species is comparatively rare, and does not vary. It has much the appearance of A. Betuletana, but is easily distin- guishable from it by the darker streaks on the tip of the wing, a cluster of blackish dots in the subapical portion, and, lastly, by the concave and sinuated posterior margin of the basal cloud. The imago is rarely taken at large, most of the specimens in our cabinets being bred. It is comparatively new to our fauna, the first record of it being by Mr. J. J. Weir, who bred it in 24 TORTRICINA. 1849, and informs us that this species will come to light, — a peculiarity not noticed with others of the genus, except A. ochroleucana. It has been captured at Swanscombe Wood, and appears to be confined to the south of England. The larva is of a beautiful bright green colour, and spins together the topmost shoots of Salix Caprcea ; it is to be met with in May atWestWickham Wood, and also at Epping Forest. 4. prselongana, Guen. Alis anticis niveis ; basi pone medium albo, fusco, brunneo, nigro cseruleoque variegatis ; macula alba quadrata margine costali ante medium ; apice fusco strigato, maculis atris oblongis longitudinaHbus ; posticis griseo-fuscis. ^ Exp. al. 8-81 Un. Head : on vertex smoky black, behind with the scales tipped with grey, ochreous brown over the eyes. Face smoky black, mixed with grey scales below the antennae. Eyes black, shghtly shining. Palpi : above dusky bro^vn at apex, mixed "with whitish scales towards the base ; at the sides the base is white ; the apex dusky brown mixed with white ; beneath white. Antennae dark brown, the lower por- tion of the basal joint clothed with blackish scales, its apex white. Thorax hoary or dark brown, streaked transversely with black ; the crest black, or intense brown. Patagia variegated with black, brown, and hoary scales. Anterior wings snow-white, with a dull dark cloud at base extending halfway along the costa, and very near the anal angle on the dorsal margin ; the upper half of its posterior edge nearly straight, the remainder bulging outwards into one or two nodes; the basal patch is angulated in the middle, as also is the interior edge of the central fascia ; they are both mottled with fuscous and iron-grey, and streaked longitudinally with strong black lines, the darker ones finely edged with white or pale ochreous ; the space between the fascia and the basal patch is coloured in the same manner, except at the costa, where it is w^hite (sometimes closely streaked with fuscous and grey), and one or two small white roundish spots with fuscous centres towards the dorsal margin. At the apex, sometimes extending to the anal angle, is a fuscous cloud sprinkled with white, with two broad streaks mthin, one fuscous, the inner- most grey ; both maculated with black. The costa broadly streaked throughout with black and grey. Apical scales dark brown, tipped with pale ochreous. Cilia shining, smoky black, both becoming white at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous, darkest at the margin. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. CiHa w^hite, except at the apex, where they are fuscous. Abdomen fuscous and shining grey, the caudal tuft dull drab. $ Exp.al. 10 Hn. In colour darker than the (S , and more distinct. This is an uncommon and most beautiful species, subject to some variation in the intensity of the markings composing the TOIITIIICINA. 25 basal cloud. In many specimens patches of white are present, which give the insect much the appearance of A. coriicana ; but its smaller size, the narrow or elongated anterior wings, and the clouded apex at once distinguish it. The beautiful figure of Curtis (Brit. Ent. No. 567 S)y under the name of Penthina Grevillana, well represents a dark instance of this species. Mr. Stainton describes this insect in the ' Zoo- logist,' p. 1988. It is very rare on the Continent. The imago appears in May and June among Birch-trees, and specimens have been captured by Mr. Douglas at West Wickham and Dulwich Woods ; also at the former locality by Mr. Waring* Our own specimens were taken, from the beginning of May to the middle of June, at West Wickham Wood. According to Mr. Stainton, this is a commoner insect in the north of England and in Scotland. The larva in all probability feeds upon the Birch, but this is mere conjecture. 5. ochroleucana, Hiib. Alls anticis pallidis ochraceis; basi pone medium nubilis maculisque brunneis variegatis ; apice strigulis punctisque costalibus fuscis ; posticis fusco-griseis. with a caudal tuft at the apex in both sexes. M. Guenee has chosen the above name for the reception of the only species at present known in this genus^ and places it in his 5th tribe (Sericoridi), between Notocelia [Aspis) and Sericoris, which does not seem to us as its proper place. It ill assorts with Notocelia, from its not possessing the folded costa, besides the structure of the palpi being very different : in the venation of the anterior wings, however, it approaches the Sericorida. Its location by Mr. Curtis among the Spilonotcs appears much more natural ; but as that appellative is now restricted to such species as have the costa folded, we must find a new one for the subject of this genus, and therefore adopt M. Guenee^s. 1. Achatana, Schiff'. Alls anticis griseis, cinereo strigatis; macula basi in medio costae, altera dorsali angulum analem versus, apice- que brunneis ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Head and face fuscous. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, fuscous, darkest at the apex. Antennae brown. Thorax and pata- gia dull brown, the latter palest at the apex. Anterior wings dull, pale grey, with chocolate-brown and brick-red markings. At the base is a chocolate-brown patch, streaked with drab, extending one- fourth along the costa, and one-third along the dorsal margin, with its posterior edge broadly angulated in the middle. At the middle of the costa is a broad, oblique, quadrate patch, passing one-third across the disk, and ending abruptly. On the dorsal margin, occu- pying from within the anal angle to near the middle, and proceeding to midway towards the costa, is an obtusely rounded patch, of dark chocolate colour, and edged with white posteriorly : in shape this is sometimes conical, but is frequently angulated on its anterior edge. 38 TORTRICINA. The costa is marked with six geminated pale streaks, two before the middle, which are produced more or less distinctly to the dorsal margin, and four beyond, which are sHghtly lustrous, and produced into metallic-lustred lines. In the apical angle is an oblique, broad, brick-red band, and a similar colonized spot at the apex. The pale portions of the wing are streaked with iron grey. At the anal angle are a few white spots, mixed with broadish, pale, lustrous, blue streaks. Apical margin edged with intense brown scales. Apical scales dull brown, with drab bases, and speckled with white towards the apex. Cilia glossy, iron-grey, with a fuscous tinge ; a few white scales at the apex, and a dark patch level with the oblique band on the apical angle. Posterior wings dull, pale fuscous. Mar- ginal scales glossy, fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia glossy, paler, fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous ; the caudal tuft di-ab. $ Exp. al. 6-8 lin. An uncommon species : variable in size, colour, and also in the shape of its markings, especially of the basal patch, which is sometimes angulated in the middle, and at others more or less truncate. In general appearance it resembles the Sericorida, and also Lithographia trimaculana, from all of which it is distin- guished by the dark chocolate-coloured patch on the dorsal margin, near the anal angle ; in this last respect it resembles Notocelia Udmanniana. The imago appears in June and July, frequenting Hawthorn- hedges, and occurs at Coombe and Darenth Woods j near Beck- enham, West Wickham, Lewisham, Northfleet, Ripley ; in Nor- folk, Devonshire, Worcestershire, &c. Genus IX. DICHELIA, Guenee. Antennae inserted in the front of the head, over the eyes ; shghtly stouter in the S • Palpi longer than the head, divergent ; basal joint short, stout, cun^ed, tnmcate ; apical as long as the basal, slender, terminating in a point, horizontal ; middle ascending, three times as long as the apical, very stout, thickening from the base to near the apex, slightly curved, ascending, and clothed at apex above and beneath with long scales. Maxillae slender, as long as the palpi. Thorax ovate, not tufted. Anterior wings : length equals twice the width. Costa arcuated somewhat abruptly at the base. Apex ob- tuse ; apical margin subtiimcate, straight ; dorsal margin shghtly rounded. The discoidal cell extends two-thirds the length of the wing, somewhat arched above, and receives an internal nervure, in- serted near the first subcostal nervure, and crossing to the apical vein, which gives out five apical nervures, of which the first is fur- cate midway from its base. Posterior wings concave on the apical TORTRICINA. 39 and dorsal margins, the latter very slightly. Abdomen slender, shorter in the $ , tufted at the apex in both sexes. The only insect comprised in this genus was formerly asso- ciated by J. F. Stephens, in his ' Illustrations/ with the Lozo- tcenicE, to which it bears considerable resemblance, both in form and colour, and is still retained there by Herrich Schseffer. In consequence of the folded costa being absent, and there being only live apical nervures proceeding from the apex of the discoidal cell on the anterior wings, the rounded apex, trun- cated apical margin, besides other minor differences in struc- ture, it can no longer remain in that position. M. Guenee has erected it into a separate genus under the above name, but he does not state upon what grounds. He has associated with it, in his Catalogue, diversana and histrionana, two continental species, which seem more properly to belong to the genera Tortrix and Sericoris, 1. Grotiana, Fab. Alis anticis ochraceis, subreticulatis ; fascia media distincta obliqua, macula costali triangulari postica brunneis ; posticis fuscis. J Exp. al. 5^—7 lin. Head and face ochreous. Eyes black. Palpi ochreous above and at sides, usually paler betw^een and beneath. Antennae above and beneath fuscous ; basal joint clothed with ochreous scales. Thorax in front, at sides, and behind, ochreous ; on vertex smooth, fuscous. Patagia ochreous. Anterior wings shining, ochreous, with rich brow^n markings. The base is streaked with reddish brown, with an ashy irroration, followed by a plain, ochreous space, shghtly clouded with ashy ; the central fascia is brown and broad, but with undefined edges, and somewhat angulated; it contracts a little towards the middle, and dilates from thence to the anal angle ; the subapical patch, more or less present, streaked with brown and rich ochreous, seldom produced to, or confluent with, the central fascia ; the pale portions of the wing streaked and reticulated with reddish brown ; the apidal margin ochreous, sometimes brown. Apical scales dull drab ; cilia paler, both becoming dilute at, and iron-grey beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings very pale grey, clothed wdth coarse fuscous scales, darkest towards the margins. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia grey at the anal angle, slightly straw-colour at the apex. Abdomen shining, fuscous; the caudal tuft luteous. $ Exp. al. 5^7 lin. A somewhat local species, and occurring sparingly, but does not vary, excepting as to size. The imago appears in July among Hornbeam, Maple, and Honeysuckle. Epping Forest, New Forest, Darenth Wood, Martinhoe in Devonshire, Lewisham, and at Caesar's Camp, near 40 TORTRICINA. Farnham in Surrey, are recorded as its localities. It sometimes comes to sugar. Genus X. (ENECTRA, Guenee. Head covered above with hairy scales, which are somewhat directed over the face. Eyes small. AntennaD with the basal joint long and thickened, clothed with scales above, and pubescent beneath. Palpi thrice as long as the head, somewhat drooping, thickly clothed with short scales ; basal joint stout, ascending, truncate ; apical joint long, slender, drooping, twice as long as the basal ; middle arcuated, thickest in the centre, more than twice as long as the apical. Maxillae slender, not so long as the palpi. Thorax ovate, not tufted behind. Anterior wings : length equals twice the width. Costa arcuated, obtusely so at the base ; apical margin subtruncate, straight ; dorsal margin slightly rounded. The apical vein gives out five nervui^es, of which the first is furcate. Abdomen slender ; a small tuft at the apex in the c? . The subject of this genus is by M. Guenee removed from Tortrixy notwithstanding its general great resemblance. It is still retained there by Herrich SchsefFer. Like Dicheliay it has but five apical uervures in the anterior wings, and the great length of the palpi is very characteristic. 1. Pilleriana, Schiif. Alls anticis stramineis autochraceis ; macula basin marginis dorsalis versus, fasciis duabus undulatis margine- que apicali brunneis ; posticis fusco-griseis. S Exp. al. 8 lin. • Head and face drab. Ej^es black. Palpi above and at sides drab, irrorated with pale fuscous straw-colom* between and beneath. Antennas dull drab. Thorax drab. Patagia drab, with the bases somewhat ferruginous. Anterior wings shining, pale ochreous, with the apex sHghtly darker, and the markings more or less fuscous. Near the base on the dorsal margin is a small patch ; this is some- times wanting. At one-third from the base of the costa commences a fascia, nearly straight in its anterior edge, shghtly dilating, and un-angulated posteriorly ; the subapical patch is here placed just be- yond the middle of the costa, and is produced in an irregular and interrupted manner to the anal angle ; the apex reticulated. Apical scales and ciha straw-colour, the latter paler. Posterior wings pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales and cilia pale straw-colour. Abdomen grey, the caudal tuft straw-colom-. $ Exp. al. 8i- lin. Anterior mngs ochreous; in certain lights ivith a brassy iridesceyice ; the markings somewhat as in the S , but darker and more clearly defined. Near the base, on the dorsal margin, is a fuscous patch, followed by a very curved fascia, originating before the mid^c, is widest at its termination ; its anterior edge concave, TORTRICINA. 41 and its posterior giving out a branch towards the dorsal margin, and pointing to the apical margin. Beyond this, the subapical spot is produced into a second fascia, widest on the costa, diminishing as it reaches the opposite margin ; sometimes this fascia is interrupted towards the middle, at the part where it narrows. Apical margin fuscous. The only place at which this species is recorded to have been captured is near Ventnor, Isle of Wight, where it was taken about thirteen years ago- by W. W. Saunders, Esq., in July. It has occasionally turned up since at the same place. Messrs. Buxton and A. F. Sheppard have taken it in some plenty ; but it is still rare in cabinets. This insect affects the Iris faiti- dissima in the seed- capsules, of which plant the larva is said to feed. On the Continent the larva is very destructive to the Vine. Genus XI. CLEPSIS, Guenee. Head small. Antennae setaceous, stouter and pubescent beneath in the c? • Palpi twice as long as the head, stout, drooping, thickly clothed with loose scales, which envelope the apical joint ; basal joint stout, truncate; apical minute, straight, not so long as the basal ; middle, stout, thickened towards the apex, more than three times as long as the apical. Maxillae short. Thorax subglobose, not tufted behind. Anterior wings in the c? • length rather more than twice the width. Costa arcuated, obtusely so at the base. Apex acute ; apical margin straight, oblique ; dorsal margin slightly rounded. In the 2 the length of the anterior wings is considerably 7nore than twice the width, and they are obtusely arched at the base, hut straight beyond. Apex produced ; apical margin concave, oblique ; dorsal margin parallel with the costa. Posterior wings obtusely fal- cate at the apex ; apical margin concave ; the dorsal margin in the 2 more rounded than in the ^ . Abdomen slender in the ^ , with a large tuft at the apex ; stout and obtuse in the 2 - This genus is established by M. Guenee, who located it at the end of his 6th tribe Sciaphilidi, not however without doubt^ as in a foot-note he observes : — " Genus vix Sciaphilidis adnume- randum, sed ubi melius ?" The only species known^ offers very great resemblance to the true Torfrices, especially to our first section of that genus, where the anterior wings of the 2 are seniilanceolate (T. icterana and Viburnana) ; the palpi too are of similar structure, and it is just possible that further observation and knowledge of the larva may assign its real position in the latter genus. 1. rusticana, Treit. ? Alis anticis tnaris ochraceo-cinereis atomis 42 TORTRICINA. atris ; posticis cinereis. Fcem. : fla\is, basi nebula, punctis sparsis ochraceis ; posticis ochraceo-griseis. ^ Exp. al. 6-6^ lin. Head dusky brown, paler behind. Face blackish. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head, dusky, mixed with ochreous. Antennae dusky ochreous. Thorax and patagia dull ochreous brown. Ante- rior wings glossy, grey, with numerous short ochreous and dusky streaks disposed over the surface ; towards the middle of the disk is an umbre spot, and another below it, but shghtly nearer the apex, both edged with ochreous. Viewing this insect towards the base, the wing has a very ochreous appearance. Apical scales and cilia ochreous, the latter with the bases grey. Posterior wings glossy, whitish, clothed mth coarse grey scales with a violet tinge. Marginal scales grey, with straw-colour bases. Cilia straw-colour at the apex, otherwise grey. Abdomen dark iron-grey, the caudal tuft ochreous drab. $ Exp. al. Q-Q^ lin. Head, face, and palpi rich ochreous. Thorax and patagia ochreous. Anterior %Adngs bright ochreous, im- maculate, sometimes irrorated with dusky scales, which are occa- sionally disposed in streaks. Apical scales ochreous. Cilia paler. Posterior wings paler than in the J , and with apex slightly ochreous. A common species. The sexes differ^ but, inter se, are tolerably constant, both in size and colour. The imago appears in plenty in marshy places, and occurs in Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Cheshire, and other parts of England ; also in the vicinity of Edinburgh, and boggy moors in Scotland. Genus XII. TORTRIX, Auctorum. Palpi longer than the head (sometimes considerably so, as in T. heparana), porrected horizontally, usually appressed ; basal joint stout, slightly curved, cylindrical, and drooping, partly enveloped by the clothing of the middle joint, which is more than three times the length of the apical one, stout, arching upwards at the apex, and densely clothed with scales ; apical slender, obovate, drooping, not so long as the basal. MaxillaB shorter than the palpi. Thorax stout, subovate, and tufted behind. Anterior wings : length frequently more than twice the breadth. Costa arcuated, abruptly so at the base; apex slightly produced upwards; apical margin truncate, nearly straight, or concave below the apex ; anal angle sometimes produced; dorsal margin slightly rounded. The costal vein is stout, and reaches to the middle of the costa. The discoidal cell extends beyond the middle of the wing, the subcostal vein arcuated, giving out the three subcostal nervures, which are nearly equi- distant. Posterior Mnngs ample ; apex obtuse ; apical margin con- cave. Abdomen slender and tufted at the apex in the d ; stout and obtuse at the apex in the $ . TORTRICINA. 43 This genus, with the following {Lozotaenia) , may be said to comprise the commonest and most generally-known and distri- buted species in the family, and fairly represent its type. In the early spring months, up to May, their larvae literally abound; not a plant, shrub, or tree, but affords food for great numbers of them. The ravages of the larvse of T. viridana in our Oak and Hornbeam woods are too well known to be commented upon ; nor can the larvae of T, Ribeana, heparana, and some others, be said to be scarcely less numerous, although their ravages are never so decided. From their vast numbers, these larvae perform a very important office in the economy of Nature, by affording food to many of our birds, which appear to live on nothing else whilst they are to be met with. In this genus we find the type of the venation in the wings, but the structure of the palpi presents no peculiarity. There are ten British species in this genus, which are ar- ranged in the following order : — A. Anterior wings in the $ semilanceolate. a. Anterior wings unicolorous Species 1 b. Anterior wings unicolorous in the ^ , but fre- quently fasciated in the $ Species 2 B. Anterior wings unicolorous, wings of the $ 72oi diffeiing from those of the . simpli- ciana, senectanaj Tanaceti, satuimana, and plumbagana ; but it is smaller in size, and distinguished by the more acute apex of the anterior wings. The imago appears in August, in grassy places and among TORTRICINA. 109 mixed herbage, at Headley Lane, and other localities round London ; also towards the North of England. 9. consortana, Steph. MSS. Alis anticis brunneis ; strigis, macula elongata curva medio marginis dorsalis; strigulis costalibus albidis ; margins apicali punetis atris ; posticis nitidis, basi griseis ; margine fuscis. (^ Exp. al. 4^-5 lin. Head fuscous. Face slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; pale drab at the base ; the apex fuscous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax fuscous, mixed with drab. Patagia fuscous ; the apices drab. Anterior wings dull umber, with slender drab mark- ings, and on the dorsal margin is an elongated curved blotch ; the base is occupied by a large streaky, indistinctly defined, rhomboid patch, extending one- third along the costa and dorsal margin, the angle in the middle reaching to the centre of the disk ; on the costa, which is dark umbreous, are six whitish, and produced, slightly lustrous streaks, the anterior three geminated, the remainder simple ; the umbreous interspaces produced obliquely towards the apical margin ; the curved blotch is streaked with blackish, and at the anal angle is a small indistinct ocelloid patch ; a row of black dots on the apical margin. Apical scales dark umbreous, sometimes inter- rupted below the apex. Cilia glossy umbreous, with the bases broadly pale drab. Posterior wings glossy grey at the base, soften- ing into fuscous at the margins, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales darker fuscous, with glossy drab bases. Cilia : the apices grey, the bases pale di^ab. Abdomen blackish; the apex drab. 2 Exp. al. 4i-5 lin. An uncommon insect ; the smallest British species of this genus, and although obscure in colour, it is very distinctly marked. The imago appears in July and August, and is captured by sweeping grass and mixed herbage. It occurs at Headley Lane, on the tramway, near Croydon, in the North of England, &c. , Genus XIIL COCCYX, Treit. Palpi robust, scarcely longer than the head ; basal joint drooping, stout, pyriform, truncate ; apical obovate, slender, not so long as the basal ; middle moderately stout, ascending, not curved, scarcely thicker beyond the centre, more than three times as long as the apical. Maxillae slender, longer than the palpi. Thorax robust, ovate, not tufted behind. Anterior wdngs : length more than twice the width ; costa slightly arched, the fold extending to the middle ; 110 r TORTRICINA. apex acute ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin nearly straight ; the costal vein not reaching beyond the fold ; the subcostal nervures equidistant. Posterior wings : apex acute and somewhat produced ; apical margin concave ; the submedian nervure inserted near the apex of the submedian vein. Abdomen stout ; in the S tufted at the apex. Formerly of much greater extent, but now reduced to three British species. They are all of moderate dimensions; in repose they sit with the wings much deflexed, and the larvae for the most part frequent fir-trees. The British species are thus arranged : — A. Anterior wings Avith two distinct pale fascice. a. The pale fasciae hroacl and simple Species 1 b. The pale fascice slender and the posterior one furcate on the costa Species 2 B. Anterior wings with more than two distinct pale fasciae or strigae, frequently interrupted Species 3 1. fiuitimaiia, Guen. MSS. Alis anticis subargenteis, fusco strigatis ; macula basi rhombea, fascia media obliqua, altera ad apicem punctoque rotundato fuscis; posticis fusco-griseis. S Exp. al. 5ilin. Head fuscous. Face darker. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, whitish above ; dark drab at the sides and beneath. Antennae glossy fuscous. Thorax and patagia fuscous, the latter glossy at the apex. Anterior wings glossy dirty white, mth rich bronzy brown markings, speckled with umber ; at the base is a streaked and speckled rhomboid patch, paHsh at its origin, sharply defined at its posterior edge, extending nearly one-third along the costa, forming an angle towards the middle of the disk, and attaining the dorsal margin rather more than one-third from the base. At the middle of the costa commences a sharply-defined fascia, narrow at its origin and gradually dilating to the opposite margin ; its anterior edge is nearly straight, but there is a* sharp angle posteriorly. The apical region is occupied by a broad patch, streaked with white at the anal angle ; on the costa beyond the middle are two geminations, fol- lowed by a simple streak, and tliis latter is succeeded by a third gemination, which is produced and curved, enclosing the apical spot. The pale portions of the wing have a silvery appearance, more or less speckled, especially on the dorsal margin. Apical scales umber. Cilia paler umber, with drab bases, both becoming lighter coloui'ed towards the anal angle. Posterior wings glossy pale fuscous. Marginal scales slightly paler, with the bases yellowish. Cilia fuscous grey. Abdomen glossy fuscous, the apex drab. ? Exp. al. 5| Hn. TORTRICINA. Ill A rare species in cabinets. It was first added to our list by the late Richard Weaver, who took it in Scotland ; it has since been taken by other collectors. 2. distinctana, Bentley MSS. Alls anticis aureo-brmineis nebulis saturatioribus ; ante medium striga, pone altera ad costam bifida, argenteis ; posticis fascis.