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 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 A HANDBOOK ON TRAINING FOR OLDER BOYS
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 NKW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS 
 ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED 
 
 LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA 
 MELBOURNE 
 
 THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD 
 
 TORONTO
 
 Photo by Chappel, Philadelphia. 
 
 THE RELAY RUNNER 
 
 A well-proportioned youth in position for the relay. Reproduction 
 of a bronze figure by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie of the University of 
 Pennsylvania. Used through the courtesy of Dr. McKenzie.
 
 
 
 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 A HANDBOOK ON TRAINING 
 FOR OLDER BOYS 
 
 BY 
 
 HARRY H. MOORE 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 
 
 CLARK W. HETHERINGTON, Ph.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 Nefo 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 1916 
 
 All rights reserved
 
 COPYBIQHT, 1915, 
 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 
 
 Set up and electrotyped. Published October, 1913. 
 Reprinted October, 1915; July, 1916. 
 
 Korfnooto 
 
 J. 8. Gushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co. 
 Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
 
 PREFACE 
 
 MOST youths of fourteen to eighteen years of 
 age are ambitious to be strong and clean and 
 vigorous. If a high standard of manhood 
 is constantly before them, they will strive 
 
 o earnestly to achieve the qualities of man- 
 
 ( hood therein represented. They are eager 
 
 for information which will explain how they 
 
 | may get their bodies into the best possible 
 
 r* physical condition, how they may keep fit. 
 
 While considerable material on athletic train- 
 
 ing, personal hygiene, and sex hygiene is 
 
 ^ now being published in books and maga- 
 zines, no one has yet brought together in 
 concise form for adolescent boys all the essen- 
 
 tials of training for manhood. 
 
 
 
 This little book is an attempt to set up an 
 ]> ideal of vigorous manhood and to supply the 
 youth with the necessary information for its 
 achievement.
 
 vi PREFACE 
 
 The author is indebted to many friends 
 for much generous aid. He is especially 
 grateful to President William T. Foster and 
 Professor Norman F. Coleman of Reed Col- 
 lege, and to Professor Carl Kelsey of the 
 University of Pennsylvania for help in revising 
 the manuscript. Others, too numerous to men- 
 tion, members of the Executive Committee 
 of The Oregon Social Hygiene Society, mem- 
 bers of the faculties of Reed College and other 
 institutions, secretaries of The Young Men's 
 Christian Association, and High School boys 
 all have helped. If the book proves use- 
 ful, it will be due to the generous aid of 
 
 these friends. 
 
 H. H. M. 
 
 REED COLLEGE, PORTLAND, OREGON, 
 July, 1915.
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 THIS book gives boys a practical guide for 
 training in its larger sense of training for man- 
 hood. The essentials involved in training 
 exercise, fresh air, diet, rest, and " the control 
 of inner force " are interestingly explained 
 and the fact emphasized that all of these essen- 
 tials, not one or two of them, are necessary 
 for real success. But Mr. Moore goes further 
 and presents to boys, interested in their per- 
 sonal development and power, the method of 
 realizing their manhood and the relation of 
 this training to racial and national welfare. 
 
 The adult uses his physical, mental, and 
 moral powers to make a living, to enter into 
 social relationships with his fellow men, to 
 carry on civic and political enterprises, to 
 gain a deeper insight into the problems of the 
 world, to find pleasure in recreation, and, above
 
 viii INTRODUCTION 
 
 all, to care for his family if he has one. These 
 are the functions of the grown man, but the 
 boy has a function more fundamental than 
 any of these and in that sense more important. 
 This function is revealed by his interest in 
 manly physical exercises and achievements. 
 While freed from the larger responsibilities 
 of adult life, it is the function of the boy to 
 develop the powers that will be used in adult 
 activities, such as vital and nervous energy, 
 skill, will power, and courage. His interest in 
 expending, or craving to expend, a large share 
 of his energies in physical achievement is 
 Nature's method of securing his development. 
 This development cannot be secured after 
 maturity. At maturity the gates of all the 
 more fundamental forms of education are 
 closed. The adult can only conserve the 
 powers his youth has given him. 
 
 There is yet a larger meaning to this ideal 
 of training for manhood. It is related to our 
 national progress and welfare. The realiza- 
 tion that he is a link in the chain of heredity
 
 INTRODUCTION ix 
 
 must appeal to every boy. Through parents, 
 grandparents, and great-grandparents he is 
 linked to the past, clear back to the beginning, 
 and he has the opportunity to be linked to the 
 future through possible children and children's 
 children, on to the end of time. His body, 
 as Mr. Moore shows, is a trust, and his right 
 to use his capacity to give life depends upon 
 his conservation of his trust and upon his self- 
 mastery ; for the race must not suffer from the 
 misuse of his energies or impulses. Those to 
 whom he may give life in the future have a 
 right to the vigor, steady nerves, and clear 
 brain of a wise ancestor. In making this fact 
 clear, the author connects the boy's ideal for 
 himself with the racial idea. 
 
 Many boys feel that the good old days of 
 adventure and achievement of personal glory 
 are no more. For the crude and untrained, 
 they are past ; but for the boy who develops 
 the highest vigor, the strongest nerves, the 
 clearest brain, and the steadiest moral courage 
 there never was a time in the history of the
 
 x INTRODUCTION 
 
 world so full of opportunities for achievement. 
 Every city and town offers its Golden Fleece 
 in the form of some civic achievement that 
 requires a finer type of courage and effort than 
 that put forth by the Argonauts. 
 
 For parents and teachers this book is timely 
 and suggestive. It shifts a large part of sex 
 hygiene from a position of awkward isolation 
 to its natural place as a phase of an idealized 
 yet practical program of training a train- 
 ing in which the boy's interests and enthu- 
 siasms are high. It points the way to a pro- 
 gram of training now used by many expert 
 leaders of boys to relieve them of the sex 
 excitation and temptations which Jane Addams 
 characterizes so clearly as part of the dangers 
 of our present-day social life. 
 
 The boy lives in the enthusiasms of his 
 daily experiences and achievements; he ex- 
 presses impulses and emotions, and molds 
 them into character habits. Whether the 
 impulses and emotions are morally good or 
 bad depends upon the ideas and ideals that
 
 INTRODUCTION xi 
 
 control their expression. These ideas and 
 ideals leadership must supply. It is the func- 
 tion of adult leadership to attach the ideal of 
 training for manhood to the boy's enthusiasm 
 in daily achievement. In this ideal of train- 
 ing to build a life, the parent's or teacher's 
 enthusiasm may match the boy's enthusiasm 
 and guide it into high and efficient effort. 
 
 CLARK W. HETHERINGTON. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, 
 May 8, 1915.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PA.SE 
 
 PREFACE v 
 
 INTRODUCTION vii 
 
 CHAPTER I. TRAINING AND VIRILITY .... 1 
 
 What virility means 3 
 
 Conservation of virility 5 
 
 Examples of virility 6 
 
 CHAPTER II. FIVE ESSENTIALS IN SUCCESSFUL TRAIN- 
 ING 15 
 
 Wise exercise 17 
 
 The best exercises 17 
 
 Excessive exercising 19 
 
 Posture 20 
 
 The bath . 21 
 
 Rubdowns 23 
 
 Fresh air 24 
 
 Results with fresh air 26 
 
 How to provide fresh air 26 
 
 ^Sufficient rest 29 
 
 Effects of insufficient rest 29 
 
 Reserve strength 31 
 
 Sufficient rest profitable 32 
 
 xiii
 
 xiv CONTENTS 
 
 pA.ex 
 
 Wholesome food 32 
 
 Fads 34 
 
 What to eat 34 
 
 What not to eat 35 
 
 Coffee 36 
 
 Alcohol and tobacco 37 
 
 Slow eating 38 
 
 Judgment 39 
 
 The control of internal force 42 
 
 The development of the boy into the man . . 43 
 
 A danger to avoid 47 
 
 Relation of mind to virility 48 
 
 Patience in training 51 
 
 Summary 51 
 
 CHAPTER III. DANGERS TO VIRILITY .... 54 
 
 Tuberculosis 55 
 
 Colds 56 
 
 Typhoid Fever 58 
 
 Constipation 59 
 
 Venereal diseases 62 
 
 Worry 66 
 
 Emissions 67 
 
 Cautions 69 
 
 Local irritation 70 
 
 Varicocele 70 
 
 Quack doctors 71 
 
 Pimples 72 
 
 Drugs 72 
 
 Throat, eye, and teeth disorders 73
 
 CONTENTS xv 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER IV. TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS . . 77 
 
 The reproduction of life 79 
 
 Reproduction in plant life ..... 86 
 
 Reproduction in animal life 88 
 
 Reproduction in human life 90 
 
 The transmission of characteristics .... 92 
 
 Characteristics already in the family ... 92 
 
 Possibilities of damaging the family stock . . 94 
 
 The transmission of standards of living . . 95 
 
 The control of the sex instinct 96 
 
 The fight for control 99 
 
 Attitude towards womanhood .... 103 
 
 CHAPTER V. TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS . 107 
 
 National dangers call for virile men .... 107 
 The relation of training to these problems . . .112 
 
 Various types of service 114 
 
 Choosing a vocation ....... 122 
 
 The need of the hour 123 
 
 SELECTED BOOKS 127 
 
 NOTES . .... 135
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 The Relay Runner Frontispiece 
 
 FACING PAGE 
 
 Climbing a Snow-covered Mountain Peak . . 12 
 
 Finish of a Race 20 
 
 An Appetizing Meal ...... 34 
 
 Sleeping on a Roof 56 
 
 A Refreshing Form of Exercise .... 68 
 
 Shooting a Rapids 102 
 
 A Worker in the Cotton Mills 108 
 
 xvli
 
 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 A HANDBOOK ON TRAINING 
 FOR OLDER BOYS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 TRAINING AND VIRILITY 
 
 To be in training, to get the body into the 
 best possible physical condition, to keep fit, 
 is the natural ambition of every youth. A 
 well-developed, well-proportioned human body 
 is a thing of beauty and an inspiration. It is 
 a marvelous organism, superior to any machine 
 which ever has been or ever can be invented. 
 It is a delicately adjusted organism, yet it will 
 stand severe strain, a hard football game, a 
 heavy day's work if it be kept in good con- 
 dition. 
 
 By specialized, intensive training a man may 
 become a great baseball player, football player,
 
 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 or a record breaker in the hundred yard dash. 
 But the custom of training continuously for 
 a few months each year for football, track and 
 field work, baseball, tennis, or other sport is 
 short sighted, compared with the custom of 
 training for manhood. A wiser way is to keep 
 in the best possible condition all the time. The 
 thing to be achieved is that excellent condition 
 known as fitness fitness for athletics, for 
 work, for any task which a man may be called 
 upon to perform. 1 
 
 So to keep in condition does not necessitate 
 continuous, intensive, and specialized training, 
 
 such as may cause a man to become " stale " 
 
 i 
 or overtrained. It need not mean a rigid 
 
 diet, from which there can be no variation, 
 day after day, and month after month. It 
 does not necessarily require a certain hour for 
 retiring year in and year out. It does mean 
 the selection of those factors in every day life 
 which make for the best possible physical and 
 mental health and the rejection of those factors 
 which tend to prevent one from achieving com-
 
 TRAINING AND VIRILITY 3 
 
 plete health. Training for manhood involves 
 \the development and conservation of virility. 
 
 Every normal youth is ambitious to have 
 virility. He would rather have full virility 
 than a million dollars. At least this is true 
 if he understands all that virility means. 
 
 What Virility Means. By virility is meant 
 manhood in a complete sense. It is made 
 up of at least six qualities. Of course it in- 
 cludes strength of muscle, not necessarily big 
 muscle, but muscle that will do any work 
 one may have for it, whether it be hiking, 
 wrestling, or pitching grain in the field. Quality 
 of muscle rather than quantity is desirable. 
 There is such a v thing as having too much 
 muscle. John L. Sullivan is said to have had 
 so much muscle that he could not reach the 
 collar button at the back of his neck. San- 
 dow, famous for his great muscular strength, 
 was unusually slow and inaccurate in using 
 his body. 
 
 While strong muscle is important, a con- 
 siderable number of men who have built up
 
 4 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 tremendously strong muscles on the outside 
 of their bodies have " lost out " in competi- 
 tion, because they have lacked inner qualities 
 of virility. 2 One of these inner qualities may 
 be shown by comparing two runners. They 
 may be placed side by side in track suits, sub- 
 mitted to various strength tests and meas- 
 urements, and apparently be of equal strength. 
 But placed together on a mile course, one man 
 shows himself weaker than the other. At 
 the end of the first half mile he becomes 
 exhausted and has to quit. He lacks staying 
 quality, or reserve force. The other possesses 
 this quality and finishes in good condition. 
 This quality is called endurance. 
 
 A third quality is energy. Without it, a 
 man is lazy. Unless he be exceptionally 
 strong in other particulars to compensate 
 for this almost inexcusable weakness, his 
 school has no use for him in baseball, basket- 
 ball, or track and field athletics. Energy 
 means activity, and activity results in the 
 development of one's powers.
 
 TRAINING AND VIRILITY 5 
 
 Two other qualities of great importance in 
 after life are sometimes demonstrated at 
 critical moments in athletics. At such times, 
 one player, muscular, energetic, and enduring 
 though he may be, seems helpless. Another 
 player, calm and determined, meets the emer- 
 gency and wins victory for his team. He 
 shows self-control and will power, two other 
 qualities necessary to virility. 
 
 Courage, the last quality, is shown at 
 moments of great peril. It is a quality which 
 may not be conspicuous every day. Yet it 
 gives a man power not possessed by the man 
 without it. When cowards, more concerned for 
 themselves than for the welfare of their friends, 
 retreat to positions of safety, the man of 
 courage will risk life itself for friends and honor. 
 
 At least six qualities, then, are necessary 
 to those of us who would be virile strong 
 muscle, endurance, energy, courage, self-con- 
 trol, and will power. 
 
 Conservation of Virility. In earlier times 
 it was assumed that there was in the United
 
 6 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 States an inexhaustible supply of timber, 
 coal, metals, and other forms of natural wealth, 
 and for years millions of dollars' worth of 
 these resources were wasted. Now it is 
 realized that this wealth is limited, and any 
 waste in its use is condemned. The conser- 
 vation movement is a protest against waste, 
 and is based on the idea of saving for future 
 use. 
 
 If, in the development of the nation, it is 
 important to conserve our natural resources, 
 it is much more important to conserve the 
 great vital forces in human life, especially the 
 vital forces of youth. Those things which 
 waste the strength and energies of youth are 
 to be regarded as much greater dangers to the 
 welfare of the nation than business activities 
 which endanger our forests, soil, mines, and 
 water power. He who trains for manhood 
 conserves the great vital forces in human life. 
 
 Examples of Virility. Most men of recent 
 years and of the past who have won great 
 records in athletics and who, by their intel-
 
 TRAINING AND VIRILITY 7 
 
 lectual powers and physical abilities, have 
 rendered great service in the world's work 
 have possessed these six qualities of virility. 
 
 Walter Johnson, who was the star pitcher 
 of the Washington baseball team in 1913 and 
 1914, combines self-control and will power with 
 energy, muscular strength, and endurance. 
 During the 1913 season he won more victories 
 than any other pitcher in the American 
 League. He holds several records, such as 
 striking out the most men in a season, throw- 
 ing a ball at the rate of 122 feet a second, and 
 pitching 56 consecutive innings without being 
 scored on. Johnson keeps in condition by 
 taking scrupulous care of his body. He does 
 not smoke, notwithstanding reports to the 
 contrary. A boy, who admires him more 
 than any other man on this earth, recently 
 said, " It's not what he says, it's what he is." 
 Modern baseball requires men who train and 
 develop strong bodies and alert minds. 3 
 
 Henry Ward Camp, who rowed with Yale 
 in the great Quinsigamond Regatta in 1859,
 
 8 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 was such a man. The first day Harvard won, 
 but Camp insisted that Yale should row the 
 next day, when, thanks to him, defeat gave 
 place to victory. A friend writes of his 
 " singular physical beauty his handsome 
 face, his manly bearing, and his glorious 
 strength." He continues, " I well remember, 
 while at college, riding out one day with a 
 classmate of his, and passing him as, erect 
 and light of foot, he strode lustily up a long 
 hill, and the enthusiasm with which my com- 
 rade pronounced this eulogy, * There's Henry 
 Camp, a perfect man, who never did anything 
 to hurt his body or his soul ! ' 
 
 William Holabird, Jr., who became a great 
 golf player at the age of eighteen, was also a 
 man of virility. The Golfers' Magazine writes 
 of him, " While chiefly known to the public 
 as a golfer, he was catcher on the school base- 
 ball team, half back on the eleven, held the 
 gold medal for the inter-class track meet, and, 
 in fact, excelled in all athletic sports." He 
 was " tall in stature and muscled like a Greek
 
 TRAINING AND VIRILITY 9 
 
 god, with clear-cut, delicate, refined, and 
 manly features." 5 
 
 President Emeritus Eliot of Harvard Uni- 
 versity has been able to maintain a high 
 standard of health, and, at the age of eighty, 
 is now capable of remarkably efficient work. 
 He writes that, as a boy, his diet was simple 
 and that he had exercise in the open air every 
 day, and two months of out-of-door life in the 
 country or by the sea every summer. His 
 exercise consisted of rowing, fishing, horse- 
 back riding, and walking. He was active 
 also in carpentering and wood turning. While 
 in college he took gymnasium work, boxed, 
 and rowed with the crew. His chief exercise 
 was walking. 6 As the President of a great 
 university and as a citizen, he has shown 
 energy, determination, and courage. He felt 
 it necessary on one occasion publicly to pro- 
 test against certain acts of labor unionism. 
 This action brought upon him vigorous criti- 
 cism from labor leaders. His life was 
 threatened. Hundreds of antagonistic men
 
 10 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 gathered, but he went into the midst of them. 
 His courage aroused their admiration. In- 
 stead of expressing their displeasure, they ap- 
 plauded vigorously. Dr. Eliot is wise and fair 
 and has been able to help the cause of union 
 labor. In various capacities he has rendered 
 to the nation services of inestimable value. 
 
 Lincoln is one of the greatest examples of 
 virility that our nation has produced. In his 
 youth and early manhood he repeatedly per- 
 formed various tasks showing fine quality of 
 muscle, wonderful endurance, great energy, 
 high courage, and strong will power. As a 
 youth he wrestled, jumped, ran races, and 
 walked long distances. He could " strike 
 with a maul heavier blows " and " sink an 
 ax deeper into the wood " than anybody else 
 in the community. A friend said of him, " If 
 you heard him fellin' trees in a clearin' you 
 would say that there was three men at work 
 by the way the trees fell." He could out-lift, 
 out-work, and out-wrestle any man with 
 whom he came in contact. On one occasion,
 
 TRAINING AND VIRILITY 11 
 
 he exercised his ingenuity and courage and 
 saved three men who were in danger of drown- 
 ing. On another occasion, the champion of a 
 neighboring community was matched against 
 him in a wrestling bout. Neither man seemed 
 to be able to throw the other off his feet, and 
 the champion tried to foul. Lincoln no sooner 
 realized the game of his antagonist than, 
 furious with indignation, he caught him by the 
 throat, and, holding him out at arm's length, 
 shook him as he would a child. 7 
 
 Captain Robert F. Scott, who reached the 
 South Pole January 17, 1912, gave the world 
 a wonderful record of determination, endur- 
 ance, and courage. Though starting on his 
 expedition with a complete equipment and 
 a large crew of men, as he and his comrades 
 advanced south they were forced to leave 
 behind, not only the less vigorous members of 
 the party, but motor sleds, dogs, and ponies. 
 In making the last 120 miles, he and his four 
 final companions had to haul the great sledge 
 upon which they carried their provisions.
 
 12 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 At the pole, they found that Amundsen, the 
 Norwegian explorer, had arrived there only a 
 month earlier. " It is a terrible disappoint- 
 ment," Scott wrote in his record, " and I 
 am very sorry for my loyal companions." 
 But, with magnanimous spirit, they photo- 
 graphed Amundsen's tent with the Norwegian 
 flag at the pole, thus themselves giving to the 
 world a record and a proof of their rival's 
 previous discovery. 
 
 On their return they met difficulties and 
 hardships almost unendurable. With over 
 nine hundred miles between themselves and 
 safety, they pressed on day after day, week 
 after week, in the face of discouraging acci- 
 dents, limited rations and fuel, snow blind- 
 ness, severe cold ranging from 20 to 43 
 below zero, and piercing, penetrating winds. 
 Captain Scott and his brave companions, 
 with bodies which must have been in wonder- 
 fully fit condition, persisted by sheer force of 
 will power, and were overcome by a blizzard 
 only a few miles from their ship.
 
 TRAINING AND VIRILITY 13 
 
 The simple records, found months later by 
 the side of their dead bodies, tell with dra- 
 matic effectiveness of the last few days of 
 heart-rending torture from exposure and 
 starvation. ' Wilson is feeling the cold most, 
 mainly from his self-sacrificing devotion in 
 doctoring Gates' feet," reads the record. 
 " He has rare pluck. He has borne intense 
 suffering for weeks without complaint. . . . 
 We must fight it out to the last biscuit. . . . 
 Gates at last said he couldn't go on. . . . We 
 induced him to come on the afternoon march. 
 In spite of its awful nature for him he 
 struggled on, and we made a few miles." 
 And later when they were in their tent, " He 
 went out into the blizzard and we have not 
 seen him since." W T hen Evans was insensible 
 and the safety of the rest of the party seemed 
 to demand his abandonment, they stood by 
 and did not leave him till two hours after his 
 death. The remaining three pressed on and 
 were later found together, frozen to death in 
 their tent. Scott seems to have survived the
 
 14 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 longest. He writes in his journal, ' We 
 arrived within eleven miles of our old One 
 Ton Camp with fuel for one last meal and food 
 for two days. For four days we have been 
 unable to leave the tent the gale howling 
 about us. We are weak, writing is difficult, 
 but for my own sake I do not regret this 
 journey, which has shown that Englishmen 
 can endure hardships, help one another, and 
 meet death with as great a fortitude as ever 
 in the past." 8 
 
 Many other examples of men of dynamic 
 power, vision, and leadership might be cited 
 men who have not only excelled in athletics, 
 but have achieved success in the work of the 
 world, because they have trained and kept 
 themselves fit. Progress towards a higher 
 civilization depends upon men of this type.
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN SUCCESSFUL TRAINING 
 
 THE youth who would keep himself fit and 
 acquire virility must provide five essentials 
 in successful training. They are (1) wise 
 exercise, (2) fresh air, (3) sufficient rest, 
 (4) wholesome food, and (5) the control of 
 internal force. 
 
 Failure to provide any one of these five 
 essentials will endanger the success of the 
 others. Exercise alone will not bring desired 
 results, nor will fresh air alone, nor will any 
 combination of two, three, or four of these 
 elements. All five are necessary. Only when 
 the youth faithfully trains himself along these 
 five lines will he attain his maximum virility. 
 
 A complete examination by a physical 
 director is desirable when one begins training. 
 Such an examination should include various 
 
 15
 
 16 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 tests of muscular strength, measurements of 
 lung capacity, weight, height, and a thorough 
 inspection of heart and lungs. A record of 
 these various results may be kept, together 
 with photographs of the body in two or three 
 different positions. Six months or a year 
 later, by obtaining another examination and 
 another set of photographs, one may note the 
 progress made after following the suggestions 
 given him by the physical director. Thus a 
 plan of competing with one's self may be 
 established. Every month the youth may. 
 break his own past records, and at the end 
 of a year greatly improve his physique and 
 health. 9 
 
 Whether or not an examination be taken, 
 however, it is well for the youth to check over 
 his daily program every month or oftener to 
 see if he has become deficient in any one or 
 more of these essentials. He may find, for 
 instance, that his work and other activities 
 have reduced his time in the open air to only 
 a half hour, and his time of rest to only seven
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 17 
 
 hours. When a youth discovers deficiencies 
 in his daily program or weaknesses in any one 
 of these five essential points, he will set him- 
 self immediately to correct his daily schedule 
 and bring it back to normal. 
 
 Wise Exercise. - - In the physical life of 
 man, activity results in development, and 
 inactivity in stagnation and retrogression. 
 The present-day custom of sitting in the grand- 
 stand while two teams of five, nine, or eleven 
 men get all the exercise is an unfortunate and 
 even dangerous tendency. Reading the sport- 
 ing page, yelling one's self hoarse in the 
 bleachers, and consulting bulletin boards may 
 be enjoyable, but these customs will never 
 produce a nation of vigorous men. Exercise 
 is found, not in the grandstand, but on the 
 field. 
 
 The Best Exercises. Hiking, baseball, 
 rowing, canoeing, and skating in the open 
 air are among the most beneficial exercises. 
 Swimming is an excellent exercise when taken 
 moderately. When swimming in cold fresh
 
 18 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 water, twenty minutes or less is enough at 
 one time ; more than this may be weakening. 
 One may swim for a longer time in salt water. 
 General gymnasium work with dumb-bells, 
 clubs, wands, and apparatus is excellent, as are 
 also boxing and wrestling, when fresh air is 
 provided. Of all these, in the opinion of 
 many, hiking stands first. Hiking takes one 
 out into the open country and into the moun- 
 tains; it brings into play the large muscles, 
 tones up the nervous system, and generally 
 insures large quantities of exhilarating fresh 
 air, by bringing into use the entire capacity 
 of the lungs. 
 
 The youth should not confine himself to 
 hiking, however, or to any particular exercise. 
 Let him guard against specialization and one- 
 sided development. The highest ideal for 
 which all should strive is not to produce a 
 runner or a jumper or a boxer, but the highest 
 type of a physically perfect man. 10 What- 
 ever one's favorite recreation may be, he 
 should add to it a variety of other exercises.
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 19 
 
 If light exercise be taken, a few minutes of 
 strenuous work should be included to quicken 
 heart and lung action. If, for instance, a 
 boy walks four or five miles a day, it is desir- 
 able to run a quarter or a half mile of this 
 distance, or to arrange for the walk to include 
 the climbing of a steep hill. For reasons to 
 appear later, each day's program should 
 include exercise strenuous enough to produce 
 perspiration. An entire change of clothing 
 for all vigorous exercise is desirable. This 
 enables one to put on clean, dry clothes after 
 exercising and bathing. 
 
 Excessive Exercising. For the sake of 
 health the time to stop exercising is when slightly 
 tired, not when exhausted. 11 The sprinter, 
 when training, is careful not to overtax his 
 strength. Only in the race does he feel 
 justified in straining himself to the point of 
 exhaustion. Every physical effort requires 
 energy, and energy is generated by the com- 
 bustion of fuel or food products. This com- 
 bustion leaves certain by-products which act
 
 20 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 as ashes or clinkers and are called fatigue 
 poisons. The system can readily cast off 
 through the lungs, the skin, and the kidneys 
 a normal amount of these poisons ; but if 
 physical activity be continued too long, more 
 poisons are made than can be disposed of by 
 the system. Fatigue and sometimes sickness 
 result. 
 
 These cautions refer only to excessive par- 
 ticipation in the distance runs, boat racing, 
 basket ball, and tennis. For some boys and 
 men who are continually keyed up to a high 
 pitch, and who are of a nervous temperament, 
 hard tennis and basket ball are not desirable. 
 For such persons, quieter exercise may be more 
 profitable. 
 
 Posture. An abundance of proper exercise 
 tends towards the building up of an erect, well- 
 proportioned body. The head, chest, and 
 shoulders should be held up. Emphasis need 
 not be placed on throwing the shoulders back. 
 A flabby, clumsy, stooped body and a pro- 
 truding abdomen detract greatly from the
 
 EH 
 
 5 "H 
 
 o 
 
 PU 
 
 02 S 
 
 M
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 21 
 
 beauty and efficiency of the body. The rela- 
 tive attractiveness of various postures may be 
 observed in the following figure. 
 
 FIG. 1. Profiles showing (from left to right) bad, mediocre and 
 good postures. 
 
 If necessary, one should take special arm, 
 abdominal, and breathing exercises in order 
 to correct faulty tendencies and develop an 
 erect, well-proportioned body. 
 
 The Bath. A man's daily exercise should 
 be vigorous enough to cause him to perspire 
 freely. This helps in throwing off the poi-
 
 22 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 sons referred to, a process important to good 
 health. One should follow such exercise with 
 a shower bath of from one to three minutes' 
 duration, using first warm water, then cold, 
 and a vigorous rubdown with a coarse towel 
 afterwards. Warm water and soap should be 
 used first to cleanse the body thoroughly. 
 The feet and hands and hairy portions of the 
 body need particularly to be kept clean. 
 Soap on the head, however, is needed only oc- 
 casionally in most communities. If a shower 
 be not available, a tub bath may be used 
 with at least two changes of water. The 
 warm bath should not last over five minutes. 
 After this a cold plunge may be taken. If 
 even a tub bath be not accessible, a wash 
 bowl, placed on the floor of one's room, with 
 two or three changes of water, will prove a 
 good substitute. A bath so taken with a good 
 rubdown afterwards may be as invigorating 
 as a bath taken at the finest athletic club 
 in the country. 
 In order to keep the entire body sweet and
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 23 
 
 clean, many youths find it desirable to take 
 a short vigorous bath every day, especially 
 if a shower be available or if one may be con- 
 trived. If a tub be used, one may take a 
 thorough bath, as outlined above, once or 
 twice a week, and a cold splash daily. The 
 bath should be taken quickly. Prolonged daily 
 baths may be weakening. 
 
 A pleasant reaction should always follow the 
 bath. One should feel as warm after bathing 
 as before. If he does not, water not so cold 
 should be used. A bath should not be taken 
 less than 45 minutes before a meal and not 
 sooner than 1J hours after eating, so as not 
 to interfere with digestion. 
 
 Dr. Dudley A. Sargent of Harvard Uni- 
 versity believes that the regular bath follow- 
 ing exercise and the habit of bathing estab- 
 lished thereby are almost as valuable as the 
 exercise itself. 12 
 
 Rubdowns. After a track meet or similar 
 occasion demanding unusual muscular exer- 
 tion, a vigorous massage of the particular
 
 24 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 muscles fatigued is often advisable. An 
 athlete may massage some of his own muscles. 
 Often he will need the help of his trainer, or 
 coach. A rubdown of this kind assists the 
 system to throw off the fatigue poisons into 
 the blood. It does not take the place of rest, 
 however. After unusual muscular work and 
 the rubdown, a long period of sleep should 
 follow so that the blood may, in turn, cast 
 off the fatigue poisons through lungs, skin, 
 and kidneys. 
 
 Fresh Air. In the city of Calcutta in 
 1756, 146 persons were confined in a small 
 apartment, now referred to as the Black 
 Hole, about 20 feet square, having only 
 two small windows. The next morning 123 
 of them were dead. 
 
 At the time of the Civil War, the Assistant 
 Surgeon of the United States Army re- 
 ported that those whose occupations exposed 
 them to " crowd poisoning or to vitiated 
 air from any cause " were by no means 
 so well fitted for military service as those
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 25 
 
 who were in the habit of living in the fresh 
 air. 13 
 
 Every hour the lungs take in and give out 
 about 800 cubic feet of air. The oxygen of 
 the air is consumed in the process of purifying 
 the blood, the product being carbon dioxide. 
 Therefore when the air is breathed out again 
 into the room, much of its vitality is gone. 
 These facts emphasize the importance of a 
 continuous supply of fresh air. 
 
 Air is the most beneficial gift of nature ; it is 
 given freely and unreservedly ; it is the one 
 cure-all, more valuable than medicine, more 
 valuable than the skill of physicians ; and 
 yet many of us shut it out of our houses. 14 
 If each deep breath of cool fresh air cost five 
 or ten cents as do cooling drinks, most people 
 would be glad to get several such breaths 
 every day. Some one has said, " He who 
 breathes best, lives best." It is desirable 
 to combine sunshine with fresh air. Sunlight 
 gives tone to the tissues of the body. It also 
 tends to keep the air free from disease germs.
 
 26 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 Results with Fresh Air. What wonderful 
 results may be had from living in the fresh 
 air is shown by experience with open-air 
 schools in Germany, England, and America. 
 Usually children have been selected for the 
 experiments who are below normal in general 
 health in many cases they have been 
 tuberculous. In the open air, the children 
 respond wonderfully the color comes into 
 their cheeks and the sparkle into their eyes. 
 They increase in weight and grow stronger 
 physically and more alert mentally. 15 
 
 In Switzerland, tuberculous children are 
 taken up among the snow-covered mountains 
 and are there gradually exposed to the air and 
 sunshine. A good coat of tan soon replaces 
 nearly all their clothing, and although the air 
 is cold, they seem to enjoy their sports in the 
 snow and to derive much benefit from the 
 exercise. 16 
 
 How to Provide Fresh Air. Those people 
 tfhose occupations and habits of life keep 
 them out of the fresh air most of the time
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 27 
 
 must definitely plan ways and means of over- 
 coming this difficulty. 
 
 The youth should (1) live as much out of 
 doors as possible, (2) keep the air indoors 
 where he is working or studying as fresh as 
 possible, and (3) sleep in the fresh air. 
 
 Two hours a day should be the minimum 
 for actually living in fresh, out-of-door air. 
 More time is of course very desirable. This 
 time should be spent if possible in invigorating 
 exercise, particularly in those exercises which 
 develop the chest, as the heart and lungs need 
 to be given plenty of room. Walking to and 
 from school or place of business is a simple and 
 wise way of providing for a portion of this time. 
 
 Cold air indoors is no more harmful than it 
 is out-of-doors. Bad, overheated air is more 
 likely to make us " catch cold " than fresh, 
 cold air. When the outside temperature will 
 permit, it is well to keep open all the doors and 
 windows of the house. Even during the cold 
 season the windows should be partially open ; 
 and occasionally during the day all doors and
 
 28 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 windows should be thrown wide open to insure 
 a thorough change of air. 
 
 In recent scientific experiments, human 
 beings have been kept alive in air-tight com- 
 partments for many hours by keeping the air 
 in motion and at a moderately low temper- 
 ature. If one be forced to remain for long 
 periods in rooms where ventilation is difficult, 
 it is highly desirable to have the indoor air 
 kept in motion by an electric fan or other 
 device and kept at a temperature of not over 
 68 or 70 F. 
 
 Arrangements for sleeping in the fresh air 
 may be procured if the youth is resourceful 
 and determined. A room with several win- 
 dows opened at the top and bottom usually 
 makes a fairly satisfactory arrangement. 
 Tents are good if well ventilated, especially 
 when they can be placed on a flat roof, up 
 above the stratum of bad air which is some- 
 times found near the ground. The best ar- 
 rangement is a sleeping porch, particularly 
 when it is built above the ground floor.
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 29 
 
 Sufficient Rest. That rest is needed in 
 proportion to the amount of energy expended 
 is evident. If the youth is to keep in the best 
 possible condition, he must carry out this 
 idea in his everyday life. Nine out of every 
 ten youths between the ages of fifteen and 
 twenty years need eight and one half to nine 
 and one half hours of sleep each night. One 
 may sleep much more restfully by sleeping 
 alone. Double beds are now being largely 
 replaced by single 'beds for both adults and 
 young people. Though the youth should get 
 all the sleep needed, he should lie in bed no 
 longer than sleep requires. Lying in bed 
 after waking tends to make one lazy and to 
 rob one of vigor. To spring out of bed imme- 
 diately upon awakening is good for developing 
 the will. 
 
 Effects of Insufficient Rest. As was ex- 
 plained under the heading of exercise, physical 
 and mental activity causes the manufacture 
 of fatigue poisons. Under proper conditions 
 these poisons are cast off during sleep. If,
 
 30 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 however, sufficient sleep be not provided, 
 they may accumulate and cause sickness. 
 
 The problem of fatigue is important in our 
 industrial life. Tables have been compiled 
 from numerous investigations, showing disas- 
 trous effects of fatigue among workers. 17 
 
 It is said that Mr. Thomas A. Edison can 
 work all night till six in the morning, then take 
 a little nap from six to nine, and continue with 
 another good day's work. A few men seem 
 capable of working under such conditions, 
 but most people are not Edisons. Because 
 one occasionally hears of a famous man who 
 can work many hours with but little sleep, one 
 is sometimes inclined to think that he himself 
 should work harder, and sleep less. This is a 
 great .mistake. A man may get along for a 
 few days or a few weeks without sufficient 
 sleep and notice no particularly bad results, 
 but sooner or later he feels the effects of the 
 accumulation of fatigue poisons. He is per- 
 haps attacked by disease germs during a 
 period of insufficient rest ; his system, already
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 31 
 
 behind in its work, is unable to cast off both 
 fatigue poisons and disease germs, and he soon 
 finds himself a victim of disease. Continued 
 study late at night, and attendance at parties, 
 the theater, and other amusements, if partici- 
 pated in at the expense of sleep, are doubly 
 vicious. They increase fatigue and they 
 lessen time for recuperation. 
 
 Reserve Strength. Every youth ought to 
 have not only enough strength for each day's 
 work, but a little extra for use in an emergency 
 at the finish of a race, for instance, when 
 victory is a matter of a few feet or inches. If 
 an engineer pulls his throttle wide open and 
 uses more steam than the fire under his boiler 
 is generating, he soon lowers the pressure in 
 his boiler. He is then compelled to slow 
 down until the pressure rises, before he can 
 again get the best work out of his engine. 
 The youth, in order to maintain maximum 
 efficiency, to originate great ideas, to execute 
 big pieces of work, must avoid using his 
 strength to the point of fatigue. Each night
 
 32 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 he must fully recover from the previous day's 
 efforts and in addition store up a little energy 
 for emergencies. 18 
 
 Sufficient Rest Profitable. Sometimes 
 troubles attributed to other causes may be 
 quickly corrected by getting more rest. The 
 president of a large bank, upon being deprived 
 of a vacation in Europe, decided to get more 
 sleep at home as a substitute. He did so, 
 and found, as he put it, that he could " fight 
 better." Pressed with the responsibilities of 
 his position, that fighting tone, that ability 
 to say " yes " or " no " decisively and at the 
 right time, must have added not only to his 
 own well-being but to his efficiency as presi- 
 dent of the bank. 19 
 
 Wholesome Food. On Lake Erie in 1900, 
 two large popular steamers raced from Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, east 100 miles. Much interest 
 was aroused in advance of the race, and the 
 crew of each boat was eager to win. In prep- 
 aration for the race, the men on both boats 
 carefully sorted the coal in order to reject
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 33 
 
 material from which a proper amount of 
 energy could not be developed. The race was 
 practically a tie. Had the men on one boat not 
 taken this precaution, their boat would doubt- 
 less have been at a marked disadvantage. 20 
 
 The human body may be considered as an 
 engine, and food as fuel. The lungs are 
 machines to bring oxygen to the fuel so that 
 it may burn and produce heat or energy. 
 Clothes keep in the heat and prevent waste of 
 energy. The pores of the skin, the kidneys, 
 the lungs, and the bowels are agencies for 
 removing the clinkers or ashes in the form of 
 waste products. 
 
 If it be important for a steamer or loco- 
 motive to have carefully selected fuel, cer- 
 tainly the human body is entitled to proper 
 food. This does not mean that men have to 
 know a great deal about food values. The 
 most important things to say to the youth of 
 to-day are (1) beware of fads, (2) eat plenty 
 of wholesome food, (3) chew it to a pulp, 
 and (4) use judgment.
 
 34 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 Fads. The idea of getting much nutri- 
 ment condensed into a small quantity of food, 
 and numerous other ideas upon which various 
 manufactured products and various " isms " 
 in eating are based, are erroneous. About 
 twenty -five years ago, it was thought by some 
 that explorers and others who desired might 
 live on food condensed into small volume. 
 This theory has been exploded. Now, it is 
 realized that the stomach and intestines need 
 bulk to work on in order that they may func- 
 tion properly. 
 
 What to Eat. The system, then, needs 
 volume of food as well as nutriment. One 
 should eat chiefly fresh vegetables, cereals, 
 bread and butter, eggs, and fruits, with a little 
 fresh meat or fish not more than once a day. 
 If, perchance, one were forced to eat one food 
 exclusively, bread would be the best food to 
 select. It is the most nearly perfect solid 
 food. Bread and milk together provide all 
 the important elements in food. A variety 
 of foods, however, is desirable.
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 35 
 
 There has been in the past a difference of 
 opinion regarding the use of meat. Now 
 many authorities agree that eating too much 
 meat may cause constitutional diseases such 
 as kidney disease and hardening of the 
 arteries. 
 
 Milk is an ideal drink, and is rich in nutri- 
 ment. Water is now considered not harmful 
 at meals, if the food be reduced to a pulp, and 
 the water be not used to wash down the food. 
 Water should be drunk freely it is well to 
 make this a practice upon rising in the 
 morning and between meals. When one is 
 thirsty, cold, fresh water is the best drink. 
 It is the water in any drink which really 
 quenches thirst. 
 
 What not to Eat. There are very few 
 foods in common use which one may not eat 
 if one chews them properly. Stimulants and 
 highly seasoned foods, however, should be 
 avoided. Especially should one be careful 
 not to eat meats, fruits, and vegetables which 
 are even slightly decayed. In using canned
 
 36 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 goods in camp or elsewhere, the can should be 
 emptied and thrown away as soon as it is 
 opened, in order to avoid metallic poisons. 
 If all of the contents of the can be not needed, 
 they should be transferred to a porcelain or 
 enameled dish and kept covered. 
 
 Coffee. Coffee is a stimulant which in- 
 creases brain activity. Coffee might there- 
 fore be a good thing to use, if it were not for 
 the fact that reaction always follows the use 
 of such a stimulant, and confuses or checks the 
 activity of the brain. Coffee does not add 
 any energy to the system, but tends to give 
 a false sense of power and to cause men to 
 draw on their reserve strength with the result 
 of weakening vitality. It may be said that 
 coffee is to the brain of a youth what a whip 
 is to a fine horse. Once, in the great chariot 
 race, Ben Hur used the whip, and because 
 he had never used it before, it proved effec- 
 tive in the emergency. Even if coffee be 
 used in an emergency, one should expect a 
 period of lessened brain activity afterwards.
 
 FIVJE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 37 
 
 Tea is also a stimulant. Neither coffee nor 
 tea is a food. 
 
 Alcohol and Tobacco. It is now proved by 
 scientists that alcohol is a poison. Heads 
 of governments, economists, physicians, and 
 business men condemn alcohol because of its 
 effects on health and efficiency. Many sta- 
 tistical tables show these effects. 
 
 In respect to tobacco, while many mature 
 men feel justified in smoking, all agree that it 
 is detrimental to the development of a grow- 
 ing youth. Dr. Seaver, formerly director of 
 the Yale University gymnasium, studied 
 scientifically for a period of nine years the 
 effects of smoking among students. He found 
 that non-smokers increased more in height, 
 weight, and chest girth than the smokers ; 
 in lung capacity the non-smokers increased 
 21.60 cubic inches and the smokers 12.17 
 cubic inches. 
 
 Recent scientific investigation also throws 
 light upon the question of smoking. The 
 heart beat of several non-smokers was reg-
 
 38 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 istered by means of a scientific instrument; 
 also the heart beat of various smokers be- 
 fore smoking, at the time of smoking, and after 
 smoking. The heart beat of the smokers was 
 considerably weaker th^n that of the non- 
 smokers, it was stimulated at the time of 
 smoking, and became weak again immediately 
 afterwards. 21 
 
 Slow Eating. Some people eat as though 
 they thought their stomachs had teeth. In 
 eating slowly lies a secret of healthful and 
 happy living. All food should be chewed to 
 pulp. If the youth adopts this habit, it will 
 add more to his enjoyment, strength, and effi- 
 ciency than many other less simple factors 
 in hygienic living. 
 
 A little eaten slowly will do more good 
 than much eaten rapidly. Hurry and excite- 
 ment tend to retard or stop digestion. Dr. 
 Charles W. Eliot attributes much of his suc- 
 cess to a calm temperament and a serene mind. 
 These are furthered by taking one's meals 
 leisurely, quietly, and cheerfully. Cheerful-
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 39 
 
 ness is a great aid to digestion and good 
 health. A hearty laugh is worth more than 
 all the digestive tablets or chewing gum 
 ever manufactured. Mealtimes should be 
 happy times. To relax fully and rest a 
 few minutes after eating is also good for 
 the digestion. 
 
 Judgment. Men need not only to acquire 
 a knowledge of foods and their use, but they 
 must learn by their own experience to eat 
 properly. There are a number of foods which 
 are good for some people and positive poisons 
 to others. Strawberries, onions, and fish are 
 proper foods for most people, but a few learn 
 by experience that they cannot eat one or 
 more of them. By using judgment, a boy 
 may avoid particular foods which prove to 
 be harmful to him ; and by using judgment 
 he may also restrain himself from overeat- 
 ing. Unless judgment be used, information 
 in regard to food values may do but little 
 good.
 
 40 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 DIET 
 
 (Containing approximately 2500 calories) 
 
 For boys 14 to 18 years of age, weighing 110 to 160 
 pounds. 
 
 BREAKFAST 
 
 Prunes, apricots, apple sauce, or any fresh fruit in 
 season, one dish. 
 
 Oatmeal, ] . 
 
 Moderate-sized dish, with cream 
 Rice, or \ 
 
 tor winter, 
 Wheat cereal j 
 
 or 
 
 Flaked wheat or corn 1 
 
 Large-sized dish, with cream 
 Puffed wheat or rice > 
 
 for summer. 1 
 Shredded wheat J 
 
 Eggs, two. 
 
 (Bacon or griddle cakes may be substituted occa- 
 sionally, or this course may be omitted entirely.) 
 
 Milk, one glass. 
 Toast, two slices, with butter. 
 
 DINNER 
 
 Steak, one or two chops, roast, or fish. 
 
 Baked potato, one, or its equivalent in mashed or 
 
 boiled potatoes. 
 
 1 The breakfast foods suggested for the winter months may be used through- 
 out the year. They furnish more nutriment in proportion to their cost than 
 the prepared foods suggested for summer. If lighter, cooler breakfast foods 
 are desired, however, these prepared foods may be used.
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 41 
 
 Celery creamed, peas, spinach, cauliflower, beans, 
 carrots or other cooked vegetables, one dish. 
 
 Milk, one glass. 
 
 Bread, two slices, with butter. 
 
 Any fruit mentioned above, fruit, berry, or custard pie. 
 
 SUPPER 
 
 Light broth or soup with a few crackers. 
 
 Creamed potatoes or baked potato. 
 
 Small portion of cold meat, small piece of steak, or 
 
 one chop if desired. 
 
 Milk, one glass. 
 Bread, two slices, with butter. 
 
 Custard, plain pudding, baked apple with cream, or 
 any fruit mentioned above. 
 
 In the menu above, which provides changes 
 from day to day, the first-named article in 
 each class of foods is the best of its class. 
 One tires of many foods after continuous use, 
 however ; therefore, variety is desirable. One 
 may eat mashed potatoes, boiled potatoes, 
 and creamed potatoes often, but it is well to 
 remember that baked potatoes are the best. 
 So, also, oatmeal is the best cereal. In a 
 similar manner, preference should be given to
 
 42 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 the first one or two named foods of each class. 
 As a general rule, youths of the broad-chested, 
 broad-waisted, large-boned type should be 
 careful not to overeat. Youths of the slen- 
 der type should eat more heartily, particularly 
 of vegetables and fruits. 
 
 The Control of Internal Force. The last 
 element of successful training is control of 
 internal force. There is implanted in every 
 youth a certain internal force or instinct. 
 It is the instinct which leads man to per- 
 petuate his species, to reproduce his kind, 
 and we call it the race instinct, the reproduc- 
 tive instinct, or the sex instinct. 
 
 Animals have this same instinct. With 
 animals it seems to rule their lives. Nature 
 gives it limitations, and keeps it under cer- 
 tain control; but animals, themselves, make 
 little or no attempt to control it when it 
 asserts itself at various seasons. 
 
 Youth is given this instinct, plus the mental 
 and physical powers through the exercise of 
 which he may develop control of it. Further-
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 43 
 
 more, he must control it or it will control him. 
 If this instinct masters him, he will lose 
 much of the virility he has already gained; 
 if he masters it, and makes it his servant, 
 then it will bring to his life greater dynamic 
 powers. 
 
 In the next chapter it will be shown how 
 this instinct serves the final purpose for which 
 it was intended, how it causes all living crea- 
 tures to reproduce their kind and thereby 
 continue their species. The sacredness and 
 the importance to the body of the reproductive 
 organs will there be explained. 
 
 The male has reproductive organs for two 
 separate and distinct purposes. Their final 
 purpose is reproduction, as stated ; their ear- 
 lier purpose is this to develop a boy into a man. 
 
 The Development of the Boy into the Man. 
 It would be impossible for boys to grow into 
 men were it not for the reproductive organs. 
 This will be shown by three illustrations. 
 
 The first is this: On each side of the neck 
 there is a little gland, called the thyroid gland,
 
 44 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 which continually manufactures an important 
 secretion. It is similar to the secretions of 
 other glands, such as the saliva and the gastric 
 juice. This secretion, however, goes, not into 
 the food, but into the blood, and becomes a 
 very important part of the blood. If by 
 accident this gland be injured in childhood, 
 the child is likely not to grow into a normal 
 boy. He is likely to be feeble-minded, be- 
 cause his development from the time of the 
 accident is severely handicapped by the lack 
 of this important secretion in his blood. 
 
 The second illustration is this : When male 
 colts are about a year old, most of them are 
 subjected to an operation called castration. 
 The farmer may say that he " cuts " or 
 " alters " them. This operation consists in 
 cutting away two glands called testicles, 
 which hang in a sack between the hind legs. 
 A colt which is so altered becomes a gelding 
 and a colt which is not cut becomes a stallion. 
 Those who are familiar with horses know what 
 a striking difference there is between the geld-
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 45 
 
 ing and the stallion. The stallion has more 
 muscle, a longer tail and mane, a higher 
 arched neck, and more fire in his eye. He has 
 more fight in him. He is a far finer specimen 
 of a horse than the mutilated gelding. 
 
 The third illustration is this : In some 
 Oriental countries, when slaves are wanted 
 for menial kinds of work in the court of the 
 ruler, young boys are sometimes castrated. 
 These boys do not grow up to be men. It is 
 difficult to describe the kind of human beings 
 into which they do grow. They are likely 
 to lack endurance and energy and courage. 
 In most cases their voices do not change, 
 nor do their beards grow. These unsexed 
 beings are likely to become tricky, effeminate, 
 and cowardly. 
 
 From these illustrations a boy may get a 
 good idea of the importance of the reproduc- 
 tive organs in the development of a boy into a 
 man. The facts are as follows : The human 
 male has two glands called testicles which 
 hang in a sack, called the scrotum just be-
 
 46 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 neath the main sex organ, called the penis. 
 They are similar to the testicles of the colt, 
 and somewhat similar to the thyroid glands in 
 the neck. When a boy reaches the threshold 
 of his manhood, these glands increase in size. 
 They secrete a substance important to his 
 development. At this time, boys undergo 
 various physical changes. The shoulders 
 broaden and the lung capacity increases ; the 
 vocal cords lengthen and the voice changes ; 
 the hair begins to grow coarser and longer on 
 the face, on the legs, under the arms, and 
 around the sex organs. Sometimes these 
 changes take place at the age of 13, more 
 often at 14 or 15, and sometimes not until 
 the boy is 16 or 17 or even older. Tardy 
 development should not be regretted, for the 
 later these changes take place, the better 
 it is for the boy. One testicle usually 
 hangs somewhat lower than the other as 
 the boy grows older. This is not a wrong 
 condition, as quack doctors would have boys 
 believe.
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 47 
 
 The substance secreted by the testicles is 
 absorbed by the blood as fast as it is made. 
 The blood takes it to every part of the body 
 from the bottom of the feet to the top of the 
 head, to muscle and to brain, giving tone to 
 the muscle, power to the brain, and strength 
 to the nerve. 
 
 A Danger to Avoid. Sometimes a boy 
 yields to impulses associated with the sex 
 instinct and abuses these organs. This may 
 develop into a habit called masturbation. 
 A boy indulging in this practice runs the risk 
 of missing the virility he might otherwise 
 acquire. If such a boy, realizing his mistake, 
 will stop immediately and absolutely, and live 
 an active, healthy life, Nature will come to his 
 rescue, and assist him in regaining the virility 
 which he may have lost by this practice. 22 
 
 Sexual temptations and excitement may be 
 largely avoided by careful training in respect 
 to food, rest, fresh air, and especially in regard 
 to exercise. If an overabundance of life 
 seems to demand sexual activity, let the youth
 
 48 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 not yield to temptation, waste his energy, 
 and lose his self-respect. Far better let him 
 control this impulse or force, and make it his 
 servant. By immediately turning to vigorous 
 exercise, or hard mental or physical work, this 
 impulse may be converted in a wonderful 
 yet mysterious manner into a great con- 
 structive force in his life. The control of this 
 force seems to contribute definitely to mus- 
 cular strength, endurance, energy, courage, 
 and will power, and also to intellectual growth 
 and spiritual development. Life for a youth 
 who controls this force will open up far fuller 
 and richer than otherwise would be possible. 
 
 Relation of Mind to Virility. It should 
 be clear that clean living makes for fullness 
 of virility. One should not think for a 
 minute, however, that a youth can keep 
 clean physically without keeping mentally 
 clean. He cannot do it. There is too inti- 
 mate a relationship between the mind and the 
 body. Sorrow, a mental condition, may cause 
 loss of appetite, a bodily condition. Fear
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 49 
 
 may cause marked disturbances in the di- 
 gestive tract. 
 
 Sometimes embarrassment causes one to 
 blush. As long as the mind dwells upon the 
 subject of the embarrassment, the blood con- 
 tinues to rush to the face. One's will power 
 cannot control the blood supply. The only 
 way to stop blushing is to focus the mind on 
 some other subject. 
 
 Experience proves conclusively that a boy 
 or man cannot continue to look upon im- 
 morally suggestive pictures, hear so-called 
 " smutty stories," or indulge in sexual 
 thoughts without a harmful physical re- 
 action. 
 
 Of course it is impossible to keep dangerous 
 thoughts and suggestions from coming to one's 
 attention. But, by the exercise of will power, 
 a man can avoid harboring them. As the 
 saying is, ' We cannot prevent the birds 
 from flying about over our heads, but we 
 can keep them from coming down and making 
 nests in our hair."
 
 50 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 " Entertain in your secret consciousness no 
 thought that you would blush to have your 
 friends know or fear to have your enemies 
 know," a friend writes; and Dr. Prince A. 
 Morrow, a noted physician, has said, "The 
 problem of clean living is primarily a problem 
 of self-control, of the mastery of the mind over 
 the body." 
 
 Sometimes one sees a strong, muscular man 
 known to be unclean in his private life. A 
 short-sighted youth may conclude that a man 
 may be unclean and still retain his full 
 strength; but this is not the way unclean 
 living works out in the long run. Aside from 
 a man's responsibility to his future children 
 and to race progress (an important considera- 
 tion to be discussed later), ultimately the un- 
 clean man " loses out." Regardless of how 
 much strength a man has to start with, he 
 is the loser to the extent that he wastes his 
 strength. 
 
 It is desirable for the youth who has been 
 curious about these matters to dismiss them
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 51 
 
 now from his mind. He need not worry 
 about glands or anything else concerning his 
 sexual life. If he will live a clean, healthy 
 life, Nature will take excellent care of him. 
 
 Patience in Training. He who would 
 possess virility must work for it. While 
 some men seem to get on well for a few years 
 without particular effort, the man who wins 
 out in the long run is he who not only trains 
 but trains hard and patiently, who develops 
 his body regardless of either advantages or 
 disadvantages at the beginning. Ruskin has 
 said, " If you want knowledge, -you must toil 
 for it, if food, you must toil for it " ; he might 
 have added, " if virility, you must toil for 
 it " ; for, as he says, " Toil is the law." 
 
 Summary. So much in regard to personal 
 hygiene is being published now in books and 
 magazines that the youth is likely to become 
 confused. He may fail to get his knowledge 
 in its true relation to the subject as a whole. 
 He may also become discouraged, fearing 
 that he must study a great deal about per-
 
 52 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 sonal hygiene in order to live healthfully. 
 While the study of many such books may be 
 beneficial, it is not necessary. Hygienic liv- 
 ing is really a simple matter. It consists 
 largely in living up to a determination to 
 observe the simple, commonplace ideas which 
 have here been enumerated. 
 
 The foregoing suggestions in respect to 
 exercise, air, rest, food, and the control of 
 internal force may be reduced to the following 
 five rules : 
 
 1. Provide two hours or more of physical 
 
 activity each day, with short periods of 
 strenuous effort. If possible, all or part 
 of this activity should be out of doors. 
 
 2. Sleep in the fresh air, and sleep long 
 
 enough each night to fully recover from 
 the previous day's exertions. (This will 
 generally mean 8| to 9J hours.) Also, 
 keep the air indoors fresh. 
 
 3. Bathe often enough to keep the body sweet 
 
 and clean. (This will mean a daily 
 bath for many.)
 
 FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 53 
 
 4. Eat fresh foods moderately, and meat 
 
 sparingly, and chew all foods to a pulp ; 
 drink milk instead of coffee or tea, and 
 use judgment. 
 
 5. Control body and mind. Make sex in- 
 
 stinct a strength-producing force. 
 These, then, are the standards for the 
 youth who would keep himself fit. Let him 
 measure himself by these rules regularly, 
 every month or of tener. When weaknesses 
 are discovered, let him promptly correct them, 
 and thus by faithful effort achieve good 
 health. He will know the joy of breathing 
 the fresh morning air, of the splash of cold 
 water on the body, of the taste of simple 
 foods. A high degree of virility will mean for 
 him the joy of action and conscious strength.
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 
 
 IN the United States there are probably 
 at all times about 3,000,000 persons seriously 
 ill. 23 A large proportion of these are sick 
 because, as individuals, they do not take 
 good care of themselves; and another large 
 proportion, because society as a whole has 
 not yet acquired control of infectious disease. 
 This condition of affairs constitutes a great 
 economic waste, which is, in large measure, 
 unnecessary. 
 
 Disease is a danger to virility which the 
 youth may for the most part avoid. The 
 science of sanitation is rapidly safeguarding 
 the public against infections by such meas- 
 ures as vaccination and the use of antitoxins 
 and the insistence upon pure water and milk 
 supplies. But the best safeguard against 
 
 54
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 55 
 
 disease for the youth is training. By keeping 
 the body in the best possible condition, one 
 maintains a high state of resistance, so that 
 when disease germs of any kind attack the 
 body, they may be destroyed before damage 
 is done. 
 
 The dangers against which even the youth 
 should protect himself are tuberculosis, colds, 
 typhoid fever, constipation, venereal disease, 
 worry, drugs, and disorders of the eye, nose, 
 throat, and teeth. 
 
 Tuberculosis. Of the infectious diseases, 
 tuberculosis is one of the most serious. It is 
 the great white plague. It kills hundreds of 
 thousands, and causes an annual expense in 
 the United States of about one billion dollars. 
 To-day people are learning to prevent and 
 cure it by the simplest means imaginable 
 living in the fresh air. Although diet and 
 sleep are important, the one great preventive 
 and curative factor is fresh air. 
 
 The youth who has any tendencies towards 
 tuberculosis should consider outdoor living
 
 56 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 more important than school life or any other 
 occupation. If his physician advises life in 
 the open for a year or two, he should quickly 
 put aside other ambitions and adopt that 
 mode of life which means recovery and health. 
 Colds. Colds cause a great loss of virility, 
 especially to persons who have them often. 
 A cold is a serious germ disease, the medical 
 name of which is coryza. It may be said that 
 thousands of people die of colds not di- 
 rectly, but indirectly. It is a disease not 
 entirely of the throat or nose, but of the entire 
 system. The coryza germ, by getting through 
 the system, breaks down the resistance, so 
 that other more dangerous germs may enter 
 and cause serious damage. Among these is 
 the pneumonia germ. Most cases of pneu- 
 monia start with a " common cold." The 
 coryza germ has been called the " little bad 
 boy of the gang who, having once broken into 
 the system, turns around and calls back to 
 the bigger boys, * Come on in, fellers. The 
 door's open ! ' " 24
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 57 
 
 General training, with emphasis upon fresh 
 air and sufficient rest, will do much in pre- 
 venting colds. The fact that those who live 
 in the open are the most free from colds should 
 convince us that it is lack of fresh air indoors, 
 rather than too much, which causes us to have 
 colds. The teamster, the chauffeur, the forest 
 ranger, and the mail carrier seldom suffer. 
 The motorman on our street cars suffers more 
 frequently now than when he stood in the 
 open. The locomotive engineer is some- 
 times exposed to extreme cold on one side and 
 severe heat on the other side, yet seldom takes 
 cold. Notwithstanding the severe exposure 
 to which explorers are often subjected, colds 
 are unknown in the polar regions. 25 
 
 If a cold be contracted, a good treatment 
 consists in drinking three or four glasses of 
 hot lemonade and taking a cathartic upon 
 retiring. The hot lemonade causes profuse 
 sweating and urination, resulting in the cast- 
 ing off of poisons by both kidneys and skin. 
 One should preferably stay in bed the next
 
 58 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 day. This treatment is better than to let 
 a cold continue and cause one to feel half sick 
 for several days. 26 
 
 As a matter of practice, however, it is 
 much better to consult a physician when one 
 feels sick than to use home remedies. If a 
 man treats himself, a serious disease may de- 
 velop unnoticed, which might be detected 
 early by a physician. One is safer, even with 
 a light cold, if he be under the supervision 
 of the family physician. 
 
 Typhoid Fever. The number who died 
 of typhoid fever in the United States during 
 1912 probably exceeded the number killed in 
 six of the greatest battles of the Civil War. 27 
 People are now learning, however, that this 
 disease can be prevented by drinking only 
 pure water and pure milk. Flies may carry 
 typhoid and other germs and therefore should 
 be destroyed. Garbage should be kept in 
 closed cans, manure should be covered, and 
 the breeding of these pests in other places 
 should be prevented by similar means. It is
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 59 
 
 now hoped that flies may soon be permanently 
 destroyed. 
 
 If a youth, then, finds himself in a com- 
 munity with a dangerous water or milk supply, 
 he will want to use every means in his power, 
 for the sake of his own health and that of his 
 family and friends, to correct this condition. 
 Though boiling the water and avoiding milk 
 will prevent infection, more permanent meas- 
 ures should be taken. If health officials and 
 other municipal authorities are enlightened 
 and have the welfare of the community at 
 heart, they will take steps at once to remedy 
 conditions if the danger be properly brought 
 to their attention. 
 
 Constipation. Habitual constipation is a 
 common trouble and causes a great loss of 
 vigor. When waste food products accumu- 
 late and are not promptly cast off, the system 
 absorbs poison from them. Headache and 
 other symptoms of general ill health may 
 result. It is important in fact of first 
 importance for the youth to have at least
 
 ^^ t 
 
 2 ** 
 
 -1 
 
 II 
 
 *-* 
 
 ss _ 6 'C a o 
 
 Jo S 2 S Q 
 
 60
 
 61
 
 62 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 one regular time each day for eliminating 
 these waste products. The movement of the 
 bowel should be accomplished without labo- 
 rious straining. This may cause piles, an 
 exceedingly painful disease of the rectum. 
 General training greatly aids regularity. 
 
 If special remedies are necessary, more fruit 
 and more butter may be added to the daily 
 menu. Unripe fruits should be avoided. 
 Two glasses of water upon arising, followed by 
 a brisk walk of 15 to 30 minutes or abdominal 
 exercises before breakfast, are particularly 
 helpful, as are also two or more glasses 
 of water drunk between meals. Abdominal 
 exercises which are especially helpful are 
 those described by Figures 3, 6, 7, 9, and 10 
 of the Home Exercises described on the 
 preceding pages. Except in emergencies, 
 or upon the advice of a physician, medicines 
 and injections of water into the lower bowel 
 should not be used for this condition. 
 
 Venereal Diseases. Venereal diseases are 
 germ diseases which start with an infection
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 63 
 
 of the sex organs. From the sex organs, the 
 germs often travel to other parts of the body. 
 Of all diseases, venereal diseases are now 
 considered the most serious. They constitute 
 the great black plague (called on the Pacific 
 Coast the great red plague). There are 
 two principal venereal diseases. They are 
 contracted almost always from prostitutes. 
 A prostitute is a woman who makes a business 
 of selling her body to men. Most prostitutes 
 are diseased part of the time and some of them 
 most of the time. There are also non-pro- 
 fessional prostitutes women who prosti- 
 tute themselves only occasionally to particular 
 men. From a standpoint of disease, non-pro- 
 fessional prostitutes as a class are as danger- 
 ous as professional prostitutes, or even more 
 dangerous. In referring to the infectiousness 
 of both these diseases, it should be stated 
 that certain preventives recommended by un- 
 scrupulous men are not to be depended upon. 
 Syphilis is one of the venereal diseases. 
 Men are generally afraid of this disease.
 
 64 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 When the germ of syphilis gets into the blood, 
 it may cause loathsome sores on various parts 
 of the body. It is well understood to cause 
 much insanity and paralysis. A man may 
 transmit syphilis to his children, who may 
 have to suffer much more than he himself 
 suffers. His children's children, even, may 
 have to pay the penalty of his mistakes. 
 
 Gonorrhea (or clap) is not well understood 
 by many men. It has often been said that 
 gonorrhea is no worse than a cold. That is 
 a false statement which has caused immeas- 
 urable suffering. The germs of gonorrhea 
 are sometimes exceedingly persistent and 
 treacherous. They may remain asleep inside 
 of the body for months and then break out 
 and cause a recurrence of the disease. It 
 is true that many men are apparently cured 
 of gonorrhea in a few weeks' time. Quack 
 doctors and other incompetent physicians 
 often stop outward signs of the disease and 
 leave the germs deep seated in the tissue, 
 to break out again, possibly years later.
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 65 
 
 Gonorrhea cures sold in some drug stores 
 are worse than useless. A man may contract 
 this disease, realize his mistake, may quit 
 associating with immoral women altogether; 
 he may fall in love with a beautiful girl whom 
 he would not harm for anything in the world 
 and his happiness may seem complete. And 
 then, after marriage, tragedy may come. He 
 may find that he has made his bride an 
 invalid for life. 
 
 It is said by physicians that this disease 
 causes about 50 per cent of the operations 
 upon women for diseases of the reproductive 
 organs; it also causes large numbers of 
 women to be incapable of bearing children, 
 and many to be invalids or semi-invalids for 
 life. Furthermore, it is estimated that there 
 are to-day from 10,000 to 15,000 blind people 
 in the United States who became blind at the 
 time of birth because of gonorrhea. 28 Their 
 blindness is incurable. A large proportion of 
 all this suffering is caused by gonorrhea 
 given to the wife by men who think they are
 
 66 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 cured before marriage. It should be under- 
 stood, however, that there are other causes 
 of blindness, childless marriages, and invalid- 
 ism. Therefore, one should refrain from draw- 
 ing conclusions regarding disease in others. 
 
 Venereal diseases may be acquired by 
 accident, from public drinking cups and from 
 toilet seats. Therefore it is well not to use 
 public drinking cups, and well to protect 
 the sex organs from contact with public toilet 
 seats. These diseases are very rarely caught 
 in this way, however. Practically always 
 they are contracted from persons having one 
 or the other disease. 
 
 Many darker pictures might here be drawn 
 to show the effects of these diseases upon the 
 innocent ; most physicians can tell of tragedy 
 after tragedy due to venereal diseases. But 
 these are not pleasant to relate, and it seems 
 -unnecessary to enlarge upon the subject 
 here. 
 
 Worry. Another danger to physical 
 strength and vigorous life is worry. All
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 67 
 
 worry is needless, useless, and harmful. It 
 robs one of energy and vigor. Most boys are 
 not so foolish as to worry, except when they 
 do not understand an experience which comes 
 into their lives at about the age of 16 to 19. 
 It is a physiological experience which every 
 youth should understand. 
 
 Emissions. Inside the body near the blad- 
 der are two little glands, which may be likened 
 to miniature football bladders. When a boy is 
 blowing up a football bladder and he lets his 
 finger slip from the rubber tubing, the inward 
 pressure of the walls of the bladder forces out 
 all the air at once. These little glands, called 
 seminal vesicles, act in a similar manner. They 
 begin at about the age of 15 to 18 to fill up with 
 a secretion. They get fuller and fuller until 
 finally they can hold no more. Then in the 
 night, during sleep, when the youth has no 
 control over his body, the walls press inward 
 and force out a small quantity of this secretion 
 through the same passage through which the 
 water from the bladder is discharged. This
 
 68 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 is sometimes called a wet dream. It is more 
 properly called a seminal emission. It is a 
 natural experience and happens sooner or 
 later in the lives of all healthy boys. In some 
 boys these experiences may begin at 15 or 
 even earlier, in other boys they may begin as 
 late as 18 or 19, or even later. At first they 
 may occur only once every few months. 
 When full manhood is reached at the age of 
 21 to 25, emissions may still happen infre- 
 quently or they may occur as often as two 
 or three times a month or even oftener. 
 They are also likely to be irregular. Two or 
 possibly three may occur on successive nights, 
 and then there may be none for a period of 
 several weeks. 
 
 The secretion of the testicles, which hang 
 on the outside of the body, bears a vital rela- 
 tion to virility, because this secretion is ab- 
 sorbed by the blood. The secretion of the 
 seminal vesicles within the body, however, is 
 not needed in the development of virility, 
 and it is this secretion that is occasionally 
 discharged. 29
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 69 
 
 Cautions. If a boy or young man allows 
 himself to become sexually excited, these emis- 
 sions may involve the whole sexual system, and 
 may happen so often as to be harmful. A short 
 time ago, a football player on one of the big 
 University teams began to play poorly. His 
 coach investigated the trouble and found 
 that the man had a suggestive picture hang- 
 ing in his bedroom. The coach at once tore 
 it down. 30 Pictures of this kind, suggestive 
 stories, certain vaudeville acts, and all im- 
 pure thinking may result in emissions at too 
 frequent intervals. If one be leading a com- 
 paratively inactive life physically, and fears 
 he is having emissions too often, he may do 
 well to add more physical exercise or manual 
 labor to his daily program. If the emis- 
 sions do not become less frequent, it may be 
 assumed that they are occurring at natural 
 intervals, provided, of course, they are not 
 caused by sexual excitement during one's 
 waking hours. 
 
 It is well not to lie on the back at night or
 
 70 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 to drink water late in the evening. If one 
 sleeps in this manner, the bladder may rest 
 in a full condition on top of these little glands, 
 irritate them, and thus cause an unnatural 
 emission. 
 
 Local Irritation. Occasionally, when the 
 foreskin of the sex organ is long, a cheesy 
 substance, which collects under the foreskin, 
 causes irritation, resulting in emissions at 
 too frequent intervals. This irritation may 
 be prevented by drawing back the foreskin 
 when bathing, and washing the organ clean. 
 If the condition of the organ is such as to make 
 this impossible, a trivial surgical operation 
 called circumcision may be performed, if this 
 be advised by the family physician. 
 
 If the sex organ becomes hard and erect at 
 times, the youth need not worry. The wise 
 way is to pay no attention to it. 
 
 Varicocele. Another needless source of 
 worry is a condition called varicocele. Some- 
 times the veins around the cord in the scrotum 
 (the bag-shaped receptacle in which the tes-
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 71 
 
 tides hang) become enlarged. This is all 
 there is to varicocele. It is seldom dangerous, 
 though quack medical concerns call it so in 
 their advertisements. Often nothing needs 
 to be done ; rarely it is necessary to wear a 
 suspensory ; occasionally a slight operation 
 is advisable. If advice be desired, one's 
 family physician or some other first-class 
 doctor should be consulted. If the condition 
 causes no trouble, no attention need be paid 
 to it. 
 
 Quack Doctors. Boys and young men 
 should not allow the advertisements of quack 
 doctors to frighten them. These men are 
 scoundrels who try to frighten the ignorant 
 into paying large sums of money for troubles 
 which do not exist, by referring in their 
 advertisements to " lost manhood," pimples 
 on the face, and other things which have 
 nothing to do with sexual health. Thousands 
 of dollars have been wasted on these quacks 
 and hundreds of boys have passed through 
 periods of great worry, fearing they were
 
 72 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 diseased because of false ideas and misinfor- 
 mation. Fortunately Social Hygiene So- 
 cieties, State Medical Boards, the United 
 States Government, and other agencies are 
 putting these scoundrels out of business. 
 
 Pimples. - - Many boys pass through a 
 period in their lives in which they are annoyed 
 by pimples on the face and other parts of the 
 body. Pimples have little or nothing to do 
 with the sex life and are not in any way an 
 indication of venereal disease. 
 
 Fear and worry tend to make us cowards 
 and to rob us of vigor. The healthy youth, 
 as a rule, need pay no attention to seminal 
 emissions or to his sex organs in any way. If 
 he will keep clean in mind and body and take 
 good care of his general health, there will be 
 no cause for fear and worry. 
 
 Drugs. Headaches and other pains are 
 danger signals and should be so regarded. 
 The real cause of trouble should be studied 
 instead of covered up by the use of headache 
 medicines and other drugs. Some drugs not
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 73 
 
 only are ineffective in getting at the real 
 trouble, but they cause positive injury to the 
 system. Various popular headache powders, 
 which contain coal-tar products, are weaken- 
 ing to the heart ; death even has resulted from 
 their use. Two or three widely advertised 
 soda-fountain drinks also contain injurious 
 drugs. Most patent medicines are to some 
 extent frauds. Many times they contain 
 habit-forming drugs and other injurious sub- 
 stances. A wise youth will consult a reli- 
 able physician when in ill health, and not 
 rely on any of the much -advertised patent 
 medicines. 
 
 Throat, Eye, and Teeth Disorders. Facial 
 deformities, deafness, retarded intellectual 
 development, serious nervous disorders, 
 stomach disease, and juvenile delinquency are 
 some of the direct and indirect results of com- 
 mon defects of throat, eye, and teeth. 
 
 Adenoids are found in the back of the throat. 
 By causing one to breathe through the mouth, 
 they often result in the " hatchet face " and
 
 74 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 various disorders. Deafness and backward- 
 ness in school are also traceable to adenoids. 
 
 Sore throats are sometimes not serious, but 
 so often do they prove to be an indication of 
 diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough, 
 measles, or tonsillitis, that to-day every sore 
 throat is regarded with suspicion by those 
 well posted in preventive medicine. 
 
 Eyestrain may cause indigestion and other 
 serious troubles. Few things will cause a 
 breakdown of the nervous system more 
 swiftly and surely. It is found that many 
 juvenile delinquents have defects of vision. 
 The use of newspapers and books with small 
 type, reading on street cars, excessive use of 
 the eyes at night, attending moving picture 
 theaters too frequently and sitting too close 
 to the curtain are among the most common 
 causes of eyes train. If we force our eyes to 
 overwork in studying, we may develop eye or 
 nervous trouble, and lose far more time as a 
 result than we could ever gain by extra work. 
 
 The care of the teeth is more important than
 
 DANGERS TO VIRILITY 75 
 
 
 
 many suppose. Indigestion, dyspepsia, foul- 
 smelling breath, aches and pains in later years 
 are penalties paid by many men who neglect 
 their teeth in early life. Unclean teeth de- 
 tract greatly from the general appearance. 
 The youth ambitious to have a clean body 
 will brush his teeth often (at least each night 
 and morning) in order to keep them clean, 
 white, and attractive. It is well to have the 
 teeth examined carefully at least twice a year. 
 Decay of the teeth may thus be stopped in its 
 early stages, and time, suffering, and money 
 saved. 
 
 It is of even greater importance to have the 
 throat and eyes examined if there be any sus- 
 picion of weakness or disorder. The youth 
 should beware of danger signals. For the eyes 
 an oculist (a physician who specializes in eye 
 work) is probably safer than an optician. 
 
 A consideration of these dangers to virility 
 should not cause the youth to fear he will 
 contract disease. It is well, when beginning
 
 76 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 active physical exercise of any kind, to have 
 not only an inspection of heart and lungs, 
 but a complete medical examination, to see if 
 there be any weaknesses which need particular 
 attention. If such an examination shows the 
 youth to t>e in good health, he need have no 
 fears. The thought to be remembered from 
 this chapter is that disease is almost always 
 unnecessary. Knowledge of disease shows the 
 importance of healthful living. If the youth 
 will train and keep himself fit, he can develop 
 a high degree of bodily resistance, and he need 
 have but very few, if any, sick days in his life.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 
 
 TRAINING is important not only to the in- 
 dividual youth, but to the future generations 
 which will succeed him. Every youth alive 
 to-day may affect the future of hundreds of 
 descendants. Those who follow him may 
 be vigorous and useful citizens or they may 
 be defectives and a source of great expense 
 to the state. According to the training and 
 the. standards of living a youth adopts in early 
 life, he may be a factor in race progress or a 
 factor in race degeneration. 
 
 In 1720 there was born in New York State 
 a man to whom scientists have given the name 
 of Jukes. 31 He had five daughters, and 
 there has been up to the present time a total 
 of at least 1000 descendants. The histories 
 of these descendants, together with about 
 
 77
 
 78 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 200 persons who have married into the 
 family, have been looked up. They have 
 included : 
 
 Professional paupers . . . . 310 
 Convicted criminals . . . . 130 
 
 Habitual thieves 60 
 
 Murderers 7 
 
 Victims of venereal diseases . 440 
 Prostitutes .... at least 600 
 
 Tradesmen 20 
 
 (Of the 20, 10 learned their trades in prison.) 
 
 Scientists who have traced the record of 
 this family estimate that up to the present 
 time it has cost the state of New York over 
 $1,000,000. 
 
 In 1703 there was born a boy named 
 Jonathan Edwards. 32 He became a very 
 able man. A few years ago, 1394 of his 
 descendants had been listed. These have 
 included : 
 
 College presidents .... 13 
 Judges 30
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 79 
 
 Public officers (including one 
 vice president of the United 
 States and three United 
 
 States senators) .... 83 
 
 Eminent authors 60 
 
 Physicians and surgeons . . 60 
 
 Clergymen, missionaries, etc. . 100 
 
 College professors .... 65 
 
 Officers of Army and Navy . 75 
 
 Lawyers at least 100 
 
 Managers of railroads, banks, 
 
 etc 15 
 
 The striking contrast between these two 
 families emphasizes the importance of learning 
 the facts about heredity. It is profitable, 
 therefore, to study how life is passed on from 
 one generation to another, how various forms 
 of life reproduce themselves. 
 
 The Reproduction of Life. One of the 
 simplest forms of life known is the single cell 
 called the amoeba (see Figure 2). This little 
 animal, or organism, reproduces itself by a
 
 80 
 
 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 process called cell division. After the amoeba 
 has grown to its full size it gradually gets 
 longer, and thinner in the center. The nucleus 
 in the center divides and the cell comes to have 
 
 two distinct parts, each 
 with a nucleus. Finally 
 the two parts completely 
 separate, resulting in 
 two daughter amcebas, 
 just like the parent ex- 
 cept for the fact that 
 they are smaller. The 
 parent amoeba has re- 
 produced itself. In this case the parent has 
 given all of its life to its offspring. Noth- 
 ing remains. Its sacrifice is said to be 
 complete. 
 
 Figure 3 represents a many-celled organ- 
 ism. 33 This little animal reproduces itself 
 by a process of cell division, but in this case 
 it sacrifices only part of itself. The parent 
 organism remains and can later reproduce 
 itself again. The daughter organism becomes 
 
 FIG. 2. Diagram showing 
 cell division in the amoeba 
 (highly magnified). 
 
 P, parent cell. 
 D, daughter cells.
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 81 
 
 entirely separated from the parent and soon 
 becomes a parent itself, capable of reproduc- 
 tion. 
 
 In the more complex many-celled organisms, 
 including human beings, there are many mil- 
 lions of cells. As scientists study complex 
 organisms, it becomes 
 
 M 
 
 necessary for them to 
 classify cells according 
 to their uses. Among 
 the many different kinds 
 of cells, there are thou- 
 sands known as muscle 
 cells, thousands as brain 
 cells, thousands as gland 
 
 cells, and thousands as germ cells or repro- 
 ductive cells. 
 
 Figure 4 may be used to represent repro- 
 duction in certain forms of animal life (for ex- 
 ample, the salmon) , 33 The male (M) and also 
 the female (F) are composed of millions of 
 cells (many more, of course, than are shown 
 in the figure). Each has muscle cells, brain 
 
 FIG. 3. Diagram showing re- 
 production in many-celled 
 organism (highly magni- 
 fied). 
 
 P, parent organism. 
 
 D, daughter organism.
 
 82 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 cells, and germ cells. The difference is that 
 the germ cells in the female and the male are 
 different. The female germ cell (O), called 
 the ovum, is round in shape and passive in 
 disposition; the male germ cell (S), called 
 
 TIG. 4. Diagram (greatly idealized) showing fertilization of the ovum 
 
 outside of the the female organism (highly magnified). 
 
 M , male organism ; F, female organism O, ova ; S, sperms ; 
 
 A, sperm fertilizing an ovum. 
 
 the sperm, is shaped generally like an elon- 
 gated tadpole and is active in disposition. 
 Both the ova and the sperms are liberated 
 from the female and male organisms before 
 reproduction occurs. The sperms are at- 
 tracted to the ova, and unite with them.
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 83 
 
 The sperm is said to fertilize the ovum. 
 This makes it capable of growth. After the 
 ovum is fertilized it grows through a process 
 of cell multiplication, and becomes an adult 
 organism, sometimes a male and sometimes a 
 female. 
 
 In other instances (for examples, the hu- 
 man organism and all mammals), the ovum 
 is not at once liberated. The sperm is re- 
 
 C 
 
 Fio. 5. Sperm cells (highly magnified on different scales). 
 A, human ; B, bird ; C, bird ; D, snail. 
 
 leased from the male organism, however. 
 Sperms are developed in the testicles of the
 
 84 
 
 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 male. They are live organisms capable of mo- 
 tion, and under a high-power microscope they 
 may be seen propelling themselves. The sperm 
 cells of various animals are shown in Figure 5. 
 When reproduction occurs among mammals, 
 a sperm cell which has been released from 
 the male organism enters the female organism 
 and fertilizes the ovum within. This is 
 illustrated by Figure 6. 33 After the sperm 
 unites with the ovum, the ovum thus fer- 
 
 FIG. 6. Diagram (greatly idealized) showing fertilization of the ovum 
 within the female organism (highly magnified). 
 
 M, male organism ; F, female organism ; O, ova; S, sperms; 
 A, sperm fertilizing an ovum. 
 
 tilized develops to a certain state, when it 
 frees itself from the parent and continues its
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 85 
 
 growth in the outside world. It, in turn, 
 becomes an adult organism, male or female, 
 as the case may be. 
 
 While in the more complex forms of life 
 the male and female parents sacrifice but 
 little of their own lives in liberating germ 
 cells from their bodies, the nourishment and 
 care which they give to their offspring in- 
 volve far more sacrifice than is ever required 
 of the simpler organisms. Sometimes the 
 female (as among the birds) must deposit a 
 large amount of food within a shell, so that 
 the ovum, shut up within, can grow and 
 achieve sufficient strength to break loose 
 from its covering and obtain food for itself. 
 In other instances (as in human beings) the 
 female must carry the growing ovum within 
 its own body, protect it, and nourish it for a 
 period ranging from a few weeks to many 
 months. As will be seen later, the human 
 father and mother sacrifice more for their 
 offspring than do all other forms of life. 
 
 It will now be interesting and profitable
 
 86 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 to see how these laws apply to particular 
 forms of life with which we are familiar. 
 
 Reproduction in Plant Life. The most 
 beautiful part of the plant, the flower, con- 
 tains the reproductive organs of the plant. 
 The male germ cells develop from the yellow 
 pollen, which is readily noticed in most 
 flowers. The female germ cells, or the ova, 
 are found at the base of the central organ, 
 the pistil, in a receptacle called the ovary. 
 When the flower is in full bloom, it is ready 
 to do its part in reproducing the plant. 
 Flowers have no control over the process of 
 reproduction, but are entirely dependent upon 
 other forces, especially upon the wind and 
 upon the work of insects. 
 
 The lily furnishes a good illustration of 
 reproduction in plant life. Reproduction in 
 this plant may be brought to pass by the in- 
 dustry of the bee. All the lily blossoms have 
 a number of short stems, called stamens, in 
 the swollen ends of which the pollen grows 
 (see Figure 7). As the bee works from one
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 87 
 
 flower to another, accidentally, as far as it is 
 concerned, it gets pollen on its body. When 
 it flies to another flower, the pollen brushes 
 off on to the sticky end of the pistil. From 
 the pollen grains, little germ cells move down 
 through the pistil 
 into the ovary, 
 where they ferti- 
 lize the ova. The 
 ova thus fertilized 
 become growing 
 seeds. Then as the 
 summer advances, 
 the petals of the 
 flower droop and 
 fall, the ovary 
 becomes a seed 
 pod, the seeds 
 grow larger and larger, and soon are ready 
 to be gathered. If planted the following 
 spring, they will produce plants which will 
 bear flowers like the one from which they 
 came. If one is able to study all of this with 
 
 FIG. 7. Diagram showing cross sec- 
 tion of lily. 
 
 O, ova ; Po, pollen grains ; 
 S, stamens ; P, pistil ; Pe, petals.
 
 88 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 the use of a microscope in a laboratory, one 
 gets a much better idea of the beauty and 
 wonder of the whole process. All flowering 
 plants are dependent upon insects, the wind, 
 and other natural agencies for their reproduc- 
 tion. No plant can choose whether or not it 
 will reproduce itself. 34 
 
 Reproduction in Animal Life. Salmon 
 furnish interesting examples of reproduction 
 in animal life. They are found along both 
 the eastern and western coasts of the United 
 States, but are the most plentiful in the fresh- 
 water streams flowing into the Pacific Ocean. 
 The salmon born in these rivers start down 
 stream for the sea as soon as they are about 
 an inch and a half in length. There they 
 grow and develop for a period of from two 
 to four years. When they are fully matured 
 and when springtime comes, they swim back 
 into the fresh-water streams, and often 
 through rapids and up over falls. They go 
 on and on till they finally reach shallow water, 
 where the female digs a nest in the sand and
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 89 
 
 lays a quantity of ova from her body. The 
 male then swims over the nest and pours 
 from his body a few drops of fluid containing 
 sperms. These sperms fertilize the ova. The 
 male and female work, first one and then the 
 other, for about two weeks, until the average 
 female has laid about 6000 eggs. 
 
 All this time they have been so intent on 
 their work that they have eaten nothing 
 in fact they have hardly stopped to eat all 
 the way up from the ocean, so that now they 
 are much exhausted from lack of food and 
 from the process of reproduction. They drift 
 downstream, but none ever reach the ocean 
 alive. They give up their lives for their 
 young. They sacrifice life itself in obeying 
 the race instinct and in fulfilling the laws of 
 reproduction. In the meantime, a small per 
 cent of the eggs which have been fertilized 
 hatch out young fish, who in their turn, if 
 they are not eaten by larger fish, swim to 
 the ocean, where they develop into fine, big 
 salmon.
 
 90 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 It was seen that flowering plants are de- 
 pendent upon bees, the wind, and other out- 
 side forces for their perpetuation. Animals 
 reproduce their kind through the working 
 out of the race instinct within them, and are 
 not dependent upon other agencies. 34 
 
 Reproduction in Human Life. Human re- 
 production is on a much higher plane. In 
 some respects, however, the process is similar 
 to that in the flower. Within the body of 
 the human mother there are two ovaries 
 which produce ova at intervals of about 
 twenty -eight days. When a sperm from the 
 male sex organs unites with an ovum within 
 the body of the mother, the ovum thus fer- 
 tilized begins at once to develop. This is the 
 beginning of a new individual life. It con- 
 tinues to grow month after month, carefully 
 protected by the mother and nourished by 
 the blood from her heart, until, after nine 
 months, it is born a new human life into the 
 world. This means suffering and sacrifice 
 on the part of the mother ; but she thinks of
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 91 
 
 it rather as a privilege than as a sacrifice. 
 So intensely does she love the new life she 
 has had a part in creating, she is willing and 
 glad to undergo suffering for it. After birth, 
 the mother feeds the child with her own milk, 
 clothes and shelters it, nurses it when sick, 
 and in a multitude of ways gives of her 
 strength and of her very life, because of her 
 great love for it. 
 
 In a true man, the beauty and wonder of 
 it all awakens tenderness and a protective 
 sense toward all women and girls. Not only 
 is he inspired by the sacredness of mother- 
 hood, but also by the solemnity of fatherhood. 
 The power to be a parent in the creation of 
 life brings to men a wonderful and sacred 
 responsibility. 
 
 While reproduction in most plant life is 
 dependent upon outside agencies and while 
 animals reproduce almost entirely under the 
 control of the reproductive instinct, when the 
 plane of human life is reached, it is found 
 not only that man has been endowed with
 
 92 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 this race instinct, but that he has acquired 
 the power to control it to a far greater extent 
 than have the animals. In this respect, he is 
 far above them. 34 
 
 The Transmission of Characteristics. It 
 has been shown how we transmit life from one 
 generation to another. Now it is important 
 to inquire what characteristics, such as genius, 
 perseverance, disease, and insanity, may be 
 transmitted to future generations. The laws 
 of heredity have not yet been fully deter- 
 mined by scientists, but a few facts are 
 known which are important for us to under- 
 stand. 
 
 Characteristics Already in the Family. 
 Evidence is accumulating to show that such 
 characteristics as feeble-mindedness, insanity, 
 and criminal tendencies, on the one hand, and 
 resistance to disease, inventive genius, musi- 
 cal ability, and strong moral qualities, on the 
 other hand, are all transmitted to future 
 generations when these characteristics are 
 represented in the germ cell. It should be
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 93 
 
 understood, however, that, according to the 
 best scientific facts at our command, ac- 
 quired characteristics are not transmitted to 
 any measurable extent. If there be in- 
 ventive ability in a boy's family, he may 
 transmit this ability to his children. But if 
 there be no ability of this kind in him or 
 among his ancestors, he cannot alter the 
 germ cell and introduce inventive ability into 
 the family even by hard study. 35 Sometimes, 
 however, inventive ability is concealed in the 
 family stock for several generations, so a 
 youth may become an inventor even if his 
 father and grandfathers have shown no such 
 ability. 
 
 An appreciation of the fact that both desir- 
 able and undesirable characteristics are trans- 
 mitted to future generations should make 
 both young men and young women careful 
 about marriage. It involves a serious risk 
 socially for those belonging to families hav- 
 ing tendencies towards feeble-mindedness, 
 idiocy, or insanity, to marry, because they
 
 94 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 may bring, and often do bring, into the world 
 children with these characteristics. It is 
 socially advantageous for men and women 
 gifted with desirable characteristics to marry 
 and to reproduce children which will be simi- 
 larly gifted. 
 
 Possibilities of Damaging the Family Stock. 
 Now it is important to consider if it be 
 possible so to change the germ cell as to 
 damage the family stock. There is some 
 evidence to show that the use of alcohol by 
 the parent may affect the germ cell and 
 thereby injure the offspring. 36 Observations 
 tend to show that syphilis may change the 
 germ cell and thus damage the family stock. 
 One physician examined 90 syphilitic families. 
 He found that 8 of these families produced 
 no children. Among the remaining 82 
 families, reproduction started in 350 in- 
 stances. The results were as follows : 91 
 were prematurely born in an imperfect 
 condition, 10 were born dead, 66 died very 
 young, and 183 lived. Of these that lived, it
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 95 
 
 was found that at least 83 were diseased. 37 
 Investigations have convinced many scien- 
 tists that syphilis can and sometimes does 
 damage the germ cell. Whether this will be 
 proved later or not, it is unquestionably true 
 that a large proportion of children of parents 
 who have syphilis become imbecile or insane. 
 In this connection it should also be remem- 
 bered that many children become blind im- 
 mediately after birth, because of gonorrhea. 
 
 The Transmission of Standards of Living. 
 A youth, when he marries, may pass on to the 
 next generation not only the desirable and the 
 undesirable characteristics mentioned, but 
 also certain customs and standards of living. 
 If a youth establishes habits of eating 
 properly, of getting sufficient rest, and of 
 exercising freely in the fresh air, in all prob- 
 ability when he marries, these customs will be 
 continued, and his children will enjoy similar 
 advantages, and become healthy men and 
 women. A youth who keeps in training, who 
 establishes a healthful home, and who has
 
 96 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 strong, vigorous children, becomes an effective 
 factor in race progress. 
 
 The Control of the Sex Instinct. The sex 
 instinct may be a great blessing or a source 
 of destruction depending upon man's con- 
 trol of it. If it be not understood and if it 
 be not controlled, diseases may be contracted 
 which sometimes handicap one or more suc- 
 ceeding generations. 
 
 The nature of the sex instinct may be 
 understood by referring to various natural 
 phenomena. Fire is a great blessing to man- 
 kind. It warms our houses and cooks our 
 food. Up in the mountains, after a day's 
 hard climb on the trail, its warmth cheers 
 the campers, it cooks their suppers and keeps 
 them comfortable through the chilly evening 
 hours. It may be a great comfort to them 
 while it is under control ; but if it gets beyond 
 their control, it may cause ruin, - - the loss 
 of thousands of dollars' worth of timber, or 
 the loss of the lives of fire fighters. 
 
 So, also, a spirited horse is a great prize.
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 97 
 
 It is a joy for a man to ride him, and feel his 
 fine strength and vigor under his control as 
 he guides him this way and that, and com- 
 mands him to run or to walk. But beyond 
 his control, the horse may kill him. 
 
 It is a fine thing to have temper, to be 
 capable of becoming angry. It adds a cer- 
 tain desirable quality to the courage and 
 will power of a man. But a man must con- 
 trol his temper, or it may some day control 
 him ; and under its control he may commit an 
 act he will forever after regret. 
 
 At many points in the Rocky and Cascade 
 Mountains, engineers have found mountain 
 streams fed by the melting snows, rushing 
 uncontrolled to the rivers and thence to the 
 sea. By building great concrete dams at 
 advantageous points, their flow has been 
 checked, and great quantities of water stored 
 up above these dams. It is directed into 
 conduits, which take it into turbines, where 
 it generates electric power for lighting homes 
 and business houses, for running street cars,
 
 98 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 and driving great dynamos in factories. If 
 it be simply checked, the accumulation may 
 cause damage. In order to utilize the power, 
 the engineers must not only hold back the 
 water but they must direct it through the 
 conduits to the turbines. 
 
 As in the realm of natural phenomena 
 control means the development of power, so 
 in human life, the control of the sex instinct 
 enables youths to develop greater virility 
 than would be possible without control. 
 But as the dammed-up water must be di- 
 rected, as the spirited horse must be guided, 
 and as temper must be given an outlet along 
 safe lines, so it is not enough to repress the 
 sex instinct; it too must be directed into 
 constructive activities. The idle youth is on 
 dangerous ground. As Charles Wagner re- 
 minds us, " Work is life, idleness is death." 
 
 Let the youth throw his energies, his en- 
 thusiasm, the whole flow of his life into 
 athletics, art, music, religion, into club activity, 
 into his studies, into the vocation of his choos-
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 99 
 
 ing, into any activity which is constructive, 
 and he thereby utilizes a great force which, 
 as an immature boy, had not been at his 
 command. Thus life for the youth may be 
 made richer and fuller, and thus he may 
 gain a capacity for enjoying the great and 
 beautiful things of life, hitherto impossible. 
 
 The Fight for Control. As a boy develops 
 and acquires manhood, sometimes the race 
 instinct asserts itself so strongly that he is 
 tempted to gratify it by association with im- 
 moral girls or women who may or may not 
 be professional prostitutes. 
 
 He who yields to this instinct debases love, 
 the finest, highest, and greatest thing in all 
 life, and sinks to the level of the beasts. 
 Love in youth may be confused with lust. 
 Each has its root in the sex or race instinct. 
 The one is noble and divine, the other is 
 beastlike. David Starr Jordan says, " Just 
 as honest love is the most powerful influence 
 for good that can enter into a man's life, so 
 is love's counterfeit (lust) the most disin-
 
 100 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 tegrating. Love's arch foe is lust." 38 At 
 the very start, there must be no question as 
 to which one is to rule. They cannot both 
 endure. 
 
 Furthermore, the boy or man yielding to 
 this temptation may contract one of the 
 venereal diseases before mentioned. There 
 have been so many lovely girls injured for 
 life by these diseases that fathers and brothers 
 of girls have begun to demand some assurance 
 of the young men whom their daughters and 
 sisters marry that they are clean. A few 
 states now require a certificate showing free- 
 dom from these diseases before a marriage 
 license will be issued. Men who evade this 
 law by getting a license in a neighboring state 
 are likely to be either ignorant or vicious. 
 They are not men whom most youths would 
 want their sisters to marry. 
 
 It should be understood that sexual inter- 
 course is not necessary to physical health. 
 Ignorant men often hold that it is, and some 
 doctors whose education is deficient may say
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 101 
 
 that it is advisable. The best physicians con- 
 demn this doctrine. A few years ago, 360 
 of the foremost medical authorities of lead- 
 ing American universities signed a statement 
 declaring that there is no evidence that 
 abstinence is " inconsistent with the highest 
 physical, mental, and moral efficiency." 39 
 Many who have been deceived by this false, 
 out-of-date idea have found out later, at the 
 expense of much suffering, that sexual inter- 
 course has meant for them not health but 
 disease. When a prize fighter is training for 
 a fight and needs every bit of endurance and 
 energy and courage he can command, his 
 trainer keeps him away from anything of 
 this kind., Thousands of fathers of healthy 
 families have been as continent before mar- 
 riage as the pure women they have married. 
 
 If passion or instinct at times seems in- 
 sistent, let the youth hurry from the surround- 
 ings which tempt, and throw his whole life, 
 body, mind, and soul, into a strenuous game, 
 or into some other wholesome and absorbing
 
 102 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 activity, and he will find that passion is di- 
 verted and becomes a source of added energy, 
 courage, and vigor in the activity into which 
 he has, for the time, thrown his life. 
 
 When Ulysses' ship passed the Isle of 
 Sirens, he had himself tied to the mast so that 
 he might not be enticed by the singing of the 
 sirens. Orpheus was able to pass by this point 
 of danger to Ulysses with obvious indifference, 
 because he was able to produce such beautiful 
 music as to make their music sound discord- 
 ant. So, by cultivating wholesome interests, 
 enthusiasms, and affections in their lives, 
 men may crowd out base passions. 
 
 With some men, to live clean may mean 
 hard fighting. Some seem to be handicapped 
 by more passion than is given to most men. 
 Fierce fighting, then, is the lot of such a youth. 
 This may be, an unknown friend suggests, 
 ; * the biggest fight ever waged by man a 
 fight in secret without applause," a fight 
 requiring self-control and will power, a deter- 
 mination not to yield till he can go joyfully
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 103 
 
 and clean into marriage with the one woman he 
 is willing to wait for. 
 
 'Sex instinct, then, is a great blessing ; it is 
 not, if properly controlled, a destructive force 
 in life, but a great constructive force given 
 to the youth at the threshold of his manhood. 
 Directed, this new force in the life of the youth 
 brings richer and fuller life, greater capacity 
 and power for love, and a quality of muscular 
 strength, courage, energy, endurance, and will 
 power not possible in early boyhood. 
 
 Attitude towards Womanhood. A youth 
 should regard all girls as the future mothers 
 of the race and should join all mankind in 
 paying homage to motherhood. The world 
 owes a great debt to mothers. It bows in 
 reverence before their self-sacrificing love. 
 
 It is a fine thing for a boy to associate with 
 a winsome girl, but the association must be 
 wholesome. A girl may inspire him to noble 
 deeds and accomplishments. But familiarity 
 breeds contempt, and sometimes worse things. 
 The boy who boasts of the number of girls he
 
 104 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 can fondle and kiss is far from being a gentle- 
 man. Such familiarity is dangerous. In the 
 first place, it may excite passion in the boy 
 to the point where he may then or later lose 
 control of himself; secondly, it may excite 
 passion in the girl to a dangerous point ; 
 thirdly, if neither boy nor girl is immediately 
 harmed, at least the boy breaks down or 
 helps break down the girl's modesty and 
 reserve, which is one of her choicest assets, 
 and thereby he may unknowingly prepare 
 the way for some vicious scoundrel who will 
 take advantage of her easy manner and ruin 
 her life. A man is a coward who, by his 
 conduct, makes it necessary for a girl to 
 restrain her own sex impulses and his also. 
 A youth should treat every girl as he expects 
 other fellows to treat his own sister. 
 
 In an accident at sea, with crew and pas- 
 sengers hurrying to the life boats, the rule 
 for every man is " women and children first." 
 So careful are men to protect them from danger 
 that they hold in contempt the coward who
 
 TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 105 
 
 tries to save his own life ahead of the women 
 and children. Consistency and sincerity de- 
 mand that men should always protect women- 
 kind from danger. 
 
 In order that boys may always be courteous 
 and avoid urging girl friends to undertake 
 sports and other activities which, at the time, 
 may be injurious, they should understand that 
 girls at about the age of thirteen also experi- 
 ence important changes in their lives. At this 
 time, they pass from girlhood to womanhood ; 
 their forms change and the mother instinct 
 comes into their lives. Then begins what is 
 called the " monthly sickness " which lasts 
 several days every month. During this period 
 the girl is unusually sensitive to exercise and 
 also to anything tending to irritate her. 
 She needs more rest than usual. The chival- 
 rous youth who understands this will refrain 
 from urging girl friends to undertake any 
 activity when they prefer to be quiet. 
 
 The youth between the ages of fifteen and 
 eighteen should think but little of marriage.
 
 106 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 He should center his attention upon develop- 
 ing a strong body and upon preparation for 
 his life work. These things in themselves 
 constitute fine preparation for marriage. One 
 ideal, however, should be woven firmly into 
 his very life, one principle should govern his 
 daily conduct. Knowing the facts, the youth 
 who is true to his manhood will resolve that 
 he will give his future wife as clean a life as 
 he expects in her. Though he may have but 
 few principles, at least he believes in fair 
 play and he despises cheating. As a matter 
 of fair play, he will adopt for his own life the 
 same standards he demands in the girl he 
 will some day marry. 
 
 Thus it is seen that training is important, 
 not only to the youth himself, but to his 
 children, and his children's children. The 
 spark of life is to be accepted as a sacred trust, 
 to be transmitted undimmed to future genera- 
 tions. The youth's habits of life may deter- 
 mine the success or failure of many others.
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 
 
 WHILE specialized training fits a youth for 
 a place on a football, baseball, or track team, 
 a larger program of training fits him for a 
 useful place in the work of the nation of which 
 he is soon to find himself a citizen. 
 
 He will soon face various social and political 
 problems upon which he must take a stand. 
 He must be against child labor and against 
 graft in politics or his very indifference may 
 act in their favor. He must be for a clean city 
 and for good schools or his very inactivity may 
 result in an immoral and unenlightened city in 
 which his children must grow up. He may 
 become a powerful factor in national progress 
 because of faithful training through youth. 
 
 National Dangers Call for Virile Men. 
 While strength of muscle, courage, self-con- 
 
 107
 
 108 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 trol, energy, determination, and endurance 
 were demanded of the great men of the past 
 in wars and other crises in history, these vital 
 qualities are needed in even higher degree 
 to-day. 
 
 To-day, special problems call for virile 
 men. Great wrongs exist in our country 
 which we would hardly believe possible. 
 Children labor long hours in cotton mills, 
 glass factories, and coal mines, deprived of the 
 joys of boyhood and girlhood, even of proper 
 nourishment and rest. In the coal breakers, 
 boys bend over coal chutes for long hours, 
 their backs aching as they pick out the slate 
 and stone amid the dust and roar of the moving 
 coal. In the cotton mills, girl " spinners " 
 walk up and down loiig aisles, quickly tying 
 threads together when they break. 40 The 
 work of boys in the glass factories of the East 
 is particularly hard and injurious. Mr. Owen 
 R. Lovejoy of the National Child Labor Com- 
 mittee several years ago calculated the work 
 done by the boys whose task was to carry
 
 Photograph from the National Child Labor Committee. 
 
 A WORKER IN THE COTTON MILLS
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 109 
 
 red-hot bottles from benches to oven. He 
 found by counting the number of trips and the 
 distance, that in eight hours they traveled 
 nearly twenty-two miles, constantly on a 
 slow run. Some of them were under twelve 
 years of age, and for this work they were paid 
 from sixty cents to a dollar per day. 41 While 
 recent legislation has raised the age limit at 
 which children can be employed, conditions 
 are still serious. 
 
 Hundreds of boys in our great cities, de- 
 prived of legitimate play and recreation, 
 seek adventure in petty forms of mischief, 
 which often brings them into the Juvenile 
 Court. Many of these are thus brought into 
 contact with serious crime, and develop into 
 real criminals. 
 
 In New York, a half million men, women, 
 and children are crowded into ill-lighted and 
 ill-ventilated rooms. There are 10,000 deaths 
 a year in New York City from tuberculosis 
 alone. If, year after year, in one little 
 district 10,000 men were killed in battle, the
 
 110 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 world would arise and stop it. Tuberculosis 
 is preventable, and if these thousands could 
 have proper nourishment, air, and light, most 
 of this suffering would soon be stopped. 
 The greed of tenement and sweatshop owners 
 is killing thousands. 42 
 
 Strikes have become a great source of 
 human suffering. It has been estimated that 
 during the twenty years ending 1900 there 
 were nearly 24,000 strikes and lockouts, 
 causing a loss of over three hundred million 
 dollars to employees and nearly one half this 
 amount to employers. Every great strike 
 leads some men to drink, others to petty thiev- 
 ing or vagrancy ; some to abandoning their 
 families. 43 All this loss and suffering may be 
 prevented in the future by establishing a 
 friendly relationship between capital and 
 labor. 
 
 A more serious problem is unemployment. 
 Although persons who do not understand this 
 evil may say that the unemployed can get 
 work if they wish, and although unemployed
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 111 
 
 individuals may commit acts we cannot 
 approve, nevertheless, the fact remains that 
 thousands are hungry and ill-clad each winter 
 in our cities because they cannot find work. 
 
 Many a young man becomes a slave to 
 alcohol, loses his position, and reduces his 
 family to poverty and hardship. Thus, thou- 
 sands of innocent women and children suffer. 
 Further, there are the problems of crime, war, 
 poverty, the social evil, disease, and various 
 great economic problems. 
 
 These evils are not, as some uninformed 
 people may say, " necessary evils." Re- 
 forms along these lines will doubtless be 
 opposed by complacent people, especially by 
 capitalists who are becoming rich under 
 present conditions. Opposition is to be ex- 
 pected. In the beginning of the nineteenth 
 century, when little children were being driven 
 by whips to the cotton looms, and when women 
 worked in the coal mines, the owners insisted 
 that proposed reform laws would ruin in- 
 dustry. 44 Slavery used to be considered a
 
 112 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 necessary evil ; many diseases used to be con- 
 sidered necessary evils which to-day are either 
 preventable or curable. So none of these 
 other evils are " necessary evils." They are 
 problems to challenge all the powers of the 
 most vigorous and capable men which the 
 country can produce. 
 
 While it requires ability and courage of high 
 rank to save one man from a burning building 
 or from drowning, and while men rejoice in 
 such heroic rescues, it is a nobler service to 
 combat those evil agencies which threaten 
 the health and happiness and the very lives 
 of hundreds of the weak. Facing bullets is 
 child's play compared with facing criticism, 
 unpopularity, even social ostracism, as men 
 of convictions sometimes have to, when they 
 undertake to correct these evils. Such enter- 
 prises require ability and courage of a higher 
 order. 
 
 The Relation of Training to these Problems. 
 Nations cannot meet dangers, solve prob- 
 lems, and make progress without men who keep
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 113 
 
 in training. William E. Gladstone was a man 
 who trained and kept fit, thus enabling him- 
 self to serve his country in times of great need. 
 Gladstone as a boy played cricket and foot- 
 ball. His favorite recreation was boating. 
 He was also a great walker, which he con- 
 tinued to be through life. In later life, 
 pressed with the responsibilities of high office, 
 in order to keep himself fit, he gave a whole 
 hour daily to exercise. As a man he was 
 about middle height, broad shouldered, and 
 muscular. He had great physical strength 
 and enjoyed remarkably good health. He was 
 a man with wonderful capacity for work, he 
 had a brilliant intellect, rendered great serv- 
 ice to his country, and lived to the age of 
 eighty -nine. 
 
 Lincoln, by keeping himself in condition, 
 was able to meet tremendous demands upon 
 his strength, and, by the power of his virility, 
 meet dangers and solve problems which would 
 have downed a weaker man. 
 
 So the youth must train not only for the sake
 
 114 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 of winning honors for his school, but in order 
 that later he may be fit to take up the fight in one 
 capacity or another against the dangers which 
 threaten his nation. As the football games of 
 Rugby and Eton (famous schools in England) 
 are said to have developed the grit and tenac- 
 ity that changed defeat to victory at Water- 
 loo, so may vigorous athletics and conscien- 
 tious training to-day serve our youth well in 
 later years, as they take up the battles of 
 citizenship. 45 Fighters are needed for this 
 warfare with a quality of virility greater than 
 that demanded by any war in history. 
 
 Various Types of Service. There are 
 numerous ways in which men may serve. 
 In the first place, men are needed in the world 
 of commerce and trade, not to get rich at any 
 cost, but to render a definite service to man- 
 kind. He who employs men and women 
 under wholesome and cheerful surroundings 
 to manufacture a useful product, who pays 
 them fair wages and sells the product of their 
 labor to the public at a fair profit, without
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 115 
 
 adulteration or short weight, renders such a 
 service. He who will not pay a living wage, 
 who provides quarters for his employees not 
 fit for live stock, who sells at exorbitant profits 
 products grossly misrepresented and detri- 
 mental to health and life is much worse than a 
 bad citizen. He is a robber, perhaps a mur- 
 derer, and should be so regarded by the law. 
 
 Business men are also greatly needed in 
 public office. Some men seem content to 
 manage a large bank or other business, when 
 they might be doing a far finer, bigger, and 
 more serviceable thing in administering the 
 affairs of an entire city. 
 
 George Peabody was a successful business 
 man who devoted his money to the common 
 good. He became a big wholesale merchant in 
 America, and in 1837, at the age of forty -two, 
 established himself as a banker in London. 
 There he made a great fortune. A large 
 proportion of it he gave to colleges and 
 churches in America and to improve the con- 
 dition of the poor in London. He tore down
 
 116 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 blocks of miserable tenements and built model 
 homes in which people could live decently 
 at reasonable expense. 46 
 
 George W. Childs, while working in a book- 
 store as a boy, made the positive decision that 
 he would some day own the Philadelphia 
 Ledger. His good health and cheerful, opti- 
 mistic spirit were important aids to later 
 success. At the age of nineteen he went into 
 business for himself, and at thirty-five pur- 
 chased the Ledger. This took courage; for 
 the year before the owners of the paper had 
 lost $150,000. He immediately set about 
 to make the Ledger a clean paper, excluding 
 scandal and illegitimate advertising. He was 
 successful and became a millionaire. He 
 treated his employees generously, and for 
 years made gifts of money at the rate of a 
 thousand dollars a day. His life was full 
 of deeds of service. 46 
 
 But the producer, artisan, and laborer have 
 an equally essential function in the great field 
 of commerce and trade. Men are needed
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 117 
 
 on the farm to produce the world's food, in 
 the mines and forests to take other forms of 
 wealth from the earth ; artisans and mechanics 
 are needed in shop and factory, in city and 
 country, as we strive for national progress. 
 All honor is due the man who creates and pro- 
 duces wealth by the sweat of his brow. The 
 man who goes through life living off the earn- 
 ings of his father or other relative without any 
 attempt to make himself useful is but a para- 
 site. Incidentally, it may be said that many 
 of the best all-round boys in high school are 
 those who are not afraid of work, but get out 
 into the fields at harvesting time, into fac- 
 tories, and into any honest work which will 
 pay them in experience and money, whether 
 or not their education depends upon their 
 earning their expenses. 
 
 In November, 1913, William Carr, an 
 engineer, was in charge of a passenger train 
 running between New York and Philadelphia. 
 When about forty miles from New York, the 
 steam chest exploded and instantly enveloped
 
 118 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 him in scalding steam and water. His agony 
 must have been intense, but his mind worked 
 clearly ; he was able instantly to throw on 
 the emergency brakes and close the throttle 
 before falling unconscious to the floor. So 
 strong was his sense of responsibility that, 
 when danger came, his mind worked almost 
 automatically. William Carr combined two 
 qualities, a feeling of responsibility and a love 
 for his work. These qualities lift work above 
 drudgery, make it a pleasure, and bring to life 
 a deep satisfaction. 47 Among the producers 
 of the world we find deeds of valor and 
 courage to equal those which inspire us from 
 the pages of history. 
 
 In the second place., men are needed in the 
 professions and in the sciences for work in 
 which special training is necessary. In order 
 to be effective, movements in social reform 
 must be backed by men who are trained and 
 capable and who are recognized as authorities. 
 Physicians, educators, lawyers, and scientists, 
 by entering the fight for national progress, may
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 119 
 
 render a type of service as noble as that of any 
 general who ever led a charge in battle. An 
 increasing number of positions in private 
 organizations and institutions and in city, 
 state, and federal governments are opening to 
 professional men. Men are needed also in the 
 field of science who will willingly throw their 
 lives into their work, understanding that 
 they may be taking risks, that " there is a 
 corpse by the side of every great discovery," 
 and that there are " blood stains on every 
 great invention." 
 
 To Cyrus W. Field came the idea of uniting 
 Europe and America by cable. Many men 
 said the plan was visionary, and it was; 
 visions generally precede great accomplish- 
 ments. He spent thirteen years of hard labor, 
 crossing the Atlantic forty times to interest 
 men of science and wealth. At last the cable 
 was ready, was loaded on a ship, and was laid. 
 Soon word came that it had parted in mid- 
 ocean. Thousands said, " I told you so " ; 
 but Field spent two years more preparing
 
 120 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 for a second trial. Again it broke. But the 
 third time he was successful. Thus he gave 
 to the world a great instrument in bringing 
 about a spirit of brotherhood among men. 46 
 
 Many professional men have rendered great 
 services to the world. Among those in the 
 medical profession, Lord Lister discovered the 
 value of antiseptics. By keeping secret his 
 discovery he might have made himself 
 wealthy. But he gave his discovery to the 
 world. It has been a greater factor in saving 
 life than anything else in the treatment of 
 surgical disease. In this profession no man 
 is considered in good repute who patents any 
 instrument or device or drug. He is expected 
 to give what he discovers, as soon as its value 
 is demonstrated, freely to the world. 
 
 Men are especially needed to train them- 
 selves for definite fields of social reform. 
 Experts are needed in the fields of child labor, 
 juvenile delinquency, the liquor traffic, the 
 prevention of disease, prison reform, unem- 
 ployment, charity and relief, immigration,
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 
 
 in Y. M. C. A. and modern church work, 
 and in all lines of organized service. Con- 
 nected with our great colleges and universities 
 are schools of civics and sociology, to which an 
 increasing number of the brightest men in 
 the country are going for special training. 
 
 Jacob A. Riis became one of New York's 
 most useful citizens as a newspaper reporter. 
 He exposed the conditions of New York City's 
 water supply, which might have caused a 
 serious epidemic of typhoid fever, and brought 
 about the installation of a new system. He 
 threw his life into a fight against the slum with 
 all its evils, and a dozen blocks of the foulest 
 tenements in the city were destroyed. One of 
 the worst of these blocks was turned into a 
 park. He worked against police lodging 
 houses and against child labor. Riis believed 
 in the power of fact and in the goodness of 
 the people. As a newspaper reporter he 
 brought the facts before the people and reform 
 resulted. Much of the time he fought almost 
 single handed, but he was right, and because
 
 122 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 he fought faithfully and would not give up, 
 he won out. 48 
 
 Choosing a Vocation. The youth who is 
 keeping himself in training for a life of useful 
 service should be careful not to handicap his 
 usefulness by drifting into his life work. A 
 man's vocation or life work should be de- 
 liberately and carefully chosen in reference, 
 first, to the opportunities in various fields, 
 and second, to his own adaptability. After 
 a vocation is chosen, thorough preparation 
 should be achieved although it may require 
 a considerable sacrifice. This may mean a 
 college course, and sometimes a professional 
 course. Records of the unemployed show 
 that lack of training means a great disad- 
 vantage to the man who wishes to make a 
 place for himself in the work of the world. 
 
 A high school or college career brings the 
 student not only benefit but responsibility ; 
 and a man who would play fair will strive 
 to give back to the world in generous service 
 something of what he has received from it.
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 123 
 
 President Eliot of Harvard University said 
 that none but the serviceable man can rightly 
 be called successful. 
 
 The Need of the Hour. As never before, 
 men are hearing the call to service. Men 
 high in public office, strong successful busi- 
 ness men, leading professional men, and 
 young men equipped with the best training 
 our universities can give them, are attacking 
 the problems of the day with determination 
 and courage. Representatives and senators 
 in state and national governments are fight- 
 ing for reform legislation. Municipalities are 
 appointing vice commissions in an effort to 
 reduce the social evil, and are appropriating 
 money to fight tuberculosis. State and federal 
 attorneys are leading noble fights against 
 public wrongs. Great gains are being made. 
 But the battle has just begun, and the need 
 for men of vigor and leadership is the greatest 
 need of the hour. Men are wanted who have 
 the courage to face the evils of the day. 
 The policy " to take the world as we find it "
 
 124 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 is the policy of the helpless, the selfish, and 
 cowardly. Animals have to take the world 
 as they find it. Men do not. 49 
 
 Right in American high schools are evil 
 conditions which do not have to be accepted. 
 Often there are dishonesty, dissipation, and 
 low moral standards. High school life, as 
 well as public life, needs men of vigor, cour- 
 age, and leadership to bring about higher 
 standards. 
 
 Students of history realize that the United 
 States of America faces grave dangers which 
 threaten the success of the Republic. Other 
 great nations have risen and endured for 
 three to five hundred years, and have suc- 
 cumbed to decay from within and their 
 enemies from without. Our nation is still in 
 its youth ; it is less than a hundred and fifty 
 years old. Will it endure ? One of our great 
 men of the present day asks, Will some his- 
 torian of another race " sit by the shore of the 
 Pacific in the year A.D. 3000 and write on 
 * The Decline and Fall of the Christian Em-
 
 TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 125 
 
 pire'? If so, he will probably describe the 
 nineteenth and twentieth centuries as the 
 golden age when outwardly life flourished as 
 never before, but when decay was already 
 far advanced." 50 
 
 As in -the past national immorality has 
 meant national decadence, so will it in the 
 future; and as in the past national purity 
 has meant national power, so will it to our 
 nation. As Charles Kingsley said, " It was 
 not the mere muscle of the Teuton which 
 enabled him to crush the decrepit and de- 
 bauched slave nations. It had given him 
 more, that purity of his : it had given him, 
 as it may give you, gentlemen, a calm and 
 steady brain and a free and loyal heart ; the 
 energy which springs from health ; the self- 
 respect which comes from self-restraint ; and 
 the spirit which shrinks from neither God nor 
 man, and feels it light to die for wife and 
 child, for people and for Queen." 61 
 
 In 1776 and 1861 great wars called for 
 brave men to die for their country. To-day,
 
 126 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 brave men are needed to live for their coun- 
 try. A higher type of patriotism is required 
 than ever before. Men of strong muscle, 
 endurance, energy, courage, self-control, and 
 determination, men who have conserved their 
 strength, men who have trained and who 
 have kept themselves fit, are now wanted to 
 take up the fight against the dangers which 
 threaten us from within, that our nation may 
 endure and realize in some degree the hopes 
 of mankind.
 
 SELECTED BOOKS 
 
 Training and Virility 
 
 1. ATHLETIC TRAINING. Michael C. Murphy, 
 
 Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Price $1.00. 
 The late "Mike" Murphy, as he was affectionately 
 called by his friends, held a high reputation as a trainer 
 at Yale and Pennsylvania. He first introduced the 
 crouching start for sprints, and, more than any other 
 man, has made training a science. This book is 
 doubtless the best one published on the subject. In 
 addition to introductions by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, 
 by the Editor, and by the Author, which athletes should 
 not pass over without reading, there are twenty-one 
 chapters on the various sprints, jumps, and other track 
 and field events. 
 
 2. MANUAL OF PERSONAL HYGIENE. Louis J. 
 
 Cooke, M.D., H. W. Wilson Co., Minneapolis. 
 Price 90 cents. 
 
 This little book of 90 pages has been used by the 
 freshman class of the University of Minnesota. It 
 deals with physical exercise, corrective gymnastics, 
 bathing, nutrition, first aid to the injured, and in- 
 
 127
 
 128 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 fectious diseases. It is written in a clear style and is 
 reliable. 
 
 3. THE HEALTH MASTER. Samuel Hopkins Adams, 
 
 Houghton Mifflin Co. Price $1.35 net. 
 The story of a physician who goes to live with a 
 family to teach them how to live healthfully and avoid 
 disease in preference to treating them after they be- 
 come sick. There is a boy in the story who plays base- 
 ball and patronizes the soda fountain too often ; also 
 other interesting characters. 
 
 4. FIRST AID TO THE INJURED General Edition. 
 
 Major Charles Lynch, American National Red 
 Cross. Price 30 cents. 
 
 This small volume tells what to do before the doctor 
 comes in case of drowning, fracture, sprain, dislocation, 
 shock, poisoning, fainting, sunstroke, and other acci- 
 dents. It is concise and reliable. 
 
 5. THE BOY SCOUT HIKE BOOK. Edward Cave, 
 
 Doubleday, Page & Co. Price 50 cents net. 
 This book is written by a man who himself is an 
 experienced hiker. It will be valuable to all who 
 know the joys of the road, regardless of their interest 
 in the Boy Scout movement. It tells about packs, 
 grub, tents, care of the feet, and the mysteries of 
 field, stream, and forest.
 
 SELECTED BOOKS 129 
 
 Virility in Fiction 
 
 6. THE CRISIS. Winston Churchill, Grosset & Dun- 
 
 lap. Price 50 cents. 
 
 This is the story of a young lawyer who lived at the 
 time of the Civil War. He had convictions hi regard 
 to public questions, was true to them, and was brought 
 into experiences requiring vigorous action and a high 
 quality of courage. 
 
 7. THE DOCTOR. Ralph Connor, Grosset & Dunlap. 
 
 Price 50 cents. 
 
 A book of action, of love, and of service. It tells of 
 a fight in defense of a woman's good name, and of many 
 thrilling incidents of life in the country and in the woods. 
 
 8. THE THREE GODFATHERS. Peter B. Kyne, 
 
 George H. Doran Co. Price $1.00. 
 A short story of three robbers in the California 
 desert. An adventure brings them into close touch 
 with motherhood, the wonder and glory of which makes 
 a deep impression upon their lives. Wonderful deter- 
 mination, courage, and self-sacrifice are shown by these 
 robbers, who endure harrowing experiences for the 
 sake of a little child they agree to protect. 
 
 9. MEN OF IRON. Howard Pyle, Harper & Bro. 
 
 Price $2.00. 
 
 This book tells of a youth who trained for knight- 
 hood. It is unusually well written and is full of ad- 
 
 K
 
 130 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 venture. Men of Iron will be enjoyed especially by 
 younger boys. 
 
 10. A CERTAIN RICH MAN. William Allen White, 
 
 Grosset & Dunlap. Price 50 cents. 
 This is a more serious novel dealing with problems 
 of business and economics in the United States. It 
 tells of vigorous men, some of whom are cruel, selfish, 
 and unprincipled, and of others who place honor and 
 the welfare of the state above private gain. 
 
 Virility in Verse 
 
 11. POEMS OF ACTION. Edited by David R. Porter, 
 
 Association Press. Price 75 cents. 
 These poems include Edwin Markham's "Lincoln, 
 the Man of the People," Robert Browning's "Incident 
 of the French Camp," Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "A 
 Man Must Live," and Edward Rowland Sill's "Oppor- 
 tunity," and many others poem of vigor, courage, and 
 action. 
 
 Virility in Real Life 
 
 12. THE MAKING OF AN AMERICAN. Jacob A. Riis, 
 
 Grosset & Dunlap. Price 50 cents. 
 The interesting experiences of Jacob Riis, his life 
 in Denmark, his arrival in New York, and his work as 
 a newspaper reporter. He has been called New York's 
 most useful citizen. This story of his life is an inspira- 
 tion.
 
 SELECTED BOOKS 131 
 
 13. FROM THE BOTTOM UP. Alexander Irvine, 
 
 Doubleday, Page & Co. Price $1.50. 
 Alexander Irvine tells in this book of his difficulties 
 in striving for social justice. He is an interesting, 
 vigorous character, and this story of his life may be 
 read with profit by older boys who are able to think 
 for themselves in facing social problems. 
 
 14. THE BEAST. Ben B. Lindsey and Harvey J. 
 
 O'Higgins, Doubleday, Page & Co. Price $1.50 
 
 net. 
 
 The story of Judge Lindsey's fight against political 
 corruption in Colorado. Though political parties, news- 
 papers, and big business interests attack him, he " wins 
 out" because there is nothing in^his life to incriminate 
 him. There are many inspiring incidents related. 
 
 15. ONE WAY OUT. William Carleton, Small, May- 
 
 nard & Co. Price $1.20 net. 
 
 A man who has been a small cogwheel in a big 
 business machine finds himself without a job in a 
 large city, unable to do anything except "office work." 
 How he meets this dilemma and makes a real place 
 for himself in the world forms an interesting and profit- 
 able story for the youth considering his life work. 
 
 16. UP FROM SLAVERY. Booker T. Washington, 
 
 Doubleday, Page & Co. Price 50 cents. 
 The life story of a man to whom presidents, states- 
 men, and many others in public life have paid tribute.
 
 132 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 It is well told and is considered to be one of the best 
 books published during recent years. 
 
 17. ADRIFT ON AN ICE-PAN. Wilfred S. Grenfell, 
 
 with biographical sketch by Clarence John Blake, 
 Houghton Mifflin Co. Price 25 cents. 
 Dr. Grenfell is a vigorous, red-blooded physician 
 whose heroic service has made him much beloved by 
 the people of Labrador. A brief sketch of his life is 
 given. Following this is a vivid account of Dr. Gren- 
 fell's experience on an ice-pan with his eskimo dogs. 
 
 18. TOLD BY THE CAMPFIRE. F. H. Cheley, Associa- 
 
 tion Press. Price 75 cents. 
 
 Interesting stories of real boys, who are full of vigor 
 and the joy of living. The scenes are laid in the out- 
 of-doors of the Colorado Rockies. This will be 
 especially enjoyed by younger boys. 
 
 Choosing a Vocation 
 
 (The lines of work pursued by the men above re- 
 ferred to will be suggestive to those choosing a voca- 
 tion. The following books are of particular value.) 
 
 19. THE YOUNG FOLKS LIBRARY OF VOCATIONS. 
 
 President William De Witt Hyde, Editor-in- 
 chief, Hall and Locke Co., Boston. Ten volumes. 
 Price $16.25. 
 
 These books contain valuable material regarding 
 every sort of vocation. These are grouped into ten
 
 SELECTED BOOKS 133 
 
 volumes of the following titles: The Mechanic Arts, 
 Homemaking, Farm and Forest, Business, The Profes- 
 sions, Public Service, Education, Literature, Music and 
 Public Entertainment, The Fine Arts. While they are 
 too expensive for most boys to purchase, libraries should 
 provide them, so they may be accessible to all youths. 
 
 20. PUBLICATIONS OF THE VOCATION BUREAU. 
 
 This bureau publishes a series of pamphlets on "The 
 Architect," "Banking," "The Profession of Law," 
 and other vocations for 10 to 50 cents each. A full 
 list may be had by addressing The Vocation Bureau, 
 5 Beacon Street, Boston. 
 
 21. SALARIED POSITIONS FOR MEN IN SOCIAL WORK. 
 
 Published by the Student Department, Inter- 
 national Committee, Young Men's Christian 
 Association. Price 15 cents. 
 
 The booklet outlines twenty-one lines of social work, 
 including Public Health and Sanitation, Juvenile Pro- 
 bation, Public Research Work, Housing, Child Labor, 
 and many other lines. It describes the work in each 
 field and tells of opportunities for advancement and 
 larger service. 
 
 22. ENGAGEMENT AND MARRIAGE. Orrin G. Cocks, 
 
 Association Press. Price 25 cents. 
 This little book will not be of much interest to youths, 
 but is mentioned here as a book to which they may
 
 134 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 turn later for sound advice regarding marriage. It 
 discusses in clear concise style such questions as the 
 age of marriage, what it costs, relationship of engaged 
 couples, care of wife before childbirth, and living with 
 relatives.
 
 NOTES 
 
 Cf. Dudley A. Sargent, A.M., M.D., S.D.: Physical 
 Education, Ginn & Co., p. 297. 
 
 2 Cf. Luther H. Gulick, M.D. : The Efficient Life, Double- 
 day, Page & Co., p. 181. 
 
 3 See McClure's Magazine, May, 1914 ; the American Mag- 
 azine, June, 1914 ; and Association Men (124 East 28th St., 
 New York), June, 1914. 
 
 4 Robert E. Speer : Young Men Who Overcame, Fleming 
 H. Revell Co., pp. 81-94. 
 
 5 Speer : Young Men Who Overcame, pp. 20-30. 
 
 6 See article by Dr. Charles W. Eliot in Ladies' Home 
 Journal, April, 1914. 
 
 7 Ida M. Tarbell : The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln, 
 S. S. McClure, Ltd. 
 
 8 The Uttermost South. The Undying Story of Captain 
 Scott, from his diaries ; Everybody's Magazine, July to Octo- 
 ber, 1913. 
 
 9 Cf. Sargent: Physical Education, pp. 136-139. 
 
 10 Cf. Sargent : Physical Education, p. 296. 
 
 11 Louis J. Cooke, M.D. : Manual of Personal Hygiene, 
 H. W. Wilson Co., Minneapolis, p. 32. 
 
 u Sargent : Physical Education, p. 139. 
 
 13 Report of Dr. Robert Bartholow on "The Various In- 
 fluences Affecting the Physical Endurance, the Power of 
 Resisting Disease, etc., of the Men Composing the Volunteer 
 Armies of the United States." 
 
 14 Cf . Samuel Hopkins Adams : The Health Master, 
 Houghton Mifflin Co., p. 52. 
 
 15 Leonard P. Ayres, Ph.D. : Open Air Schools, Double- 
 day, Page & Co. 
 
 16 The Survey : December 6, 1913, pp. 232-233. 
 
 135
 
 136 KEEPING IN CONDITION 
 
 17 Josephine Goldmark : Fatigue and Efficiency, Charities 
 Publication Committee, Part II, p. 193. 
 
 18 Cf . Gulick : The Efficient Life, pp. 4 and 10. 
 
 19 William Blaikie : How to Get Strong and How to Stay 
 So, Revised Edition 1902, Harper & Bro., p. 53. 
 
 20 From Letters from the C. & B. Transportation Co., 
 Cleveland, Ohio, and the White Star Line, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 21 Frances Gulick Jewett : The Next Generation, Ginn & 
 Co., pp. 136-144. 
 
 22 Cf. Winfield Scott Hall : From Youth into Manhood, 
 The Association Press, New York, pp. 56-58. 
 
 23 Irving Fisher : National Vitality, Its Wastes and Con- 
 servation; Senate Document No. 419, 61st Congress, 2d 
 Session, p. 656. 
 
 24 Adams : The Health Master, pp. 258-265. 
 
 25 Professor William L. Hooper, Acting President of 
 Tufts College, Massachusetts : an article on Colds, The 
 Journal of Outdoor Life, March, 1914. 
 
 26 Cf. Hall : From Youth into Manhood, p. 91. 
 
 27 Irving Fisher : Memorial Relating to the Conservation 
 of Human Life ; Senate Document No. 493, 62d Congress, 
 2d Session, p. 9. 
 
 28 Prince A. Morrow, M.D. : Social Diseases and Mar- 
 riage, Messrs. Lea Brothers & Co., pp. 21, 22 and 26, 27. 
 
 29 Cf . Hall : Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene, Four- 
 teenth Edition, Wynnewood Publishing Co., pp. 48-65. 
 
 30 Max J. Exner, M.D. : The Rational Sex Life for Men, 
 The Association Press, p. 77. 
 
 31 Jewett : The Next Generation, p. 4. See also R. L. 
 Dugdale : The Jukes, Seventh Edition, G. P. Putnam. 
 
 32 Jewett : The Next Generation, p. 3. See also A. E. 
 Winship : Jukes-Edwards, A Study in Education and 
 Heredity, R. L. Myers & Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 33 Adapted from diagrams in Galloway's The Biology of 
 Sex, D. C. Heath & Co., New York.
 
 NOTES 137 
 
 34 Cf . Nellie M. Smith, A.M. : The Three Gifts of Life, 
 Dodd, Mead & Co. 
 
 35 Jewett : The Next Generation, Ginn & Co., pp. 72, 73. 
 
 36 Charles E. Stockhard : The Effect on the Offspring of In- 
 toxicating the Male Parent and the Transmission of the De- 
 fects to Subsequent Generations, The American Naturalist, 
 Vol. 47, No. 563, pp. 641-682. 
 
 37 Journal of the American Medical Association, April 3, 
 1915, p. 1141. 
 
 38 David Starr Jordan : The Strength of being Morally 
 Clean, H. M. Caldwell Co., Boston. 
 
 39 M. J. Exner, M.D. : The Physician's Answer, Associa- 
 tion Press. 
 
 40 See the Publications of the National Child Labor Com- 
 mittee, 105 East 22d St., New York. 
 
 41 John Spargo : The Bitter Cry of Children. 
 
 42 Revised to date from reports in "The Children in the 
 Shadow," by Ernest K. Coulter, McBride, Nast & Co., New 
 York. 
 
 43 Walter Rauschenbusch : Christianity and the Social 
 Crisis, The Macmillan Co., pp. 238-239. 
 
 44 Rauschenbusch : Christianity and the Social Crisis, p. 
 351. 
 
 48 Sargent: Physical Education, p. 11. 
 
 46 Harvey L. Smith : The Christian Race, Association Press. 
 
 47 The Outlook, 287 Fourth Ave., New York, December 6, 
 1913. 
 
 48 See Jacob A. Riis : The Making of an American, The 
 Macmillan Co. 
 
 49 Caleb Williams Saleeby : Parenthood and Race Culture, 
 Moffat, Yard & Co., p. 1. 
 
 60 Rauschenbusch : Christianity and the Social Crisis, p. 
 285. 
 
 81 Charles Kingsley : The Roman and the Teuton, Mac- 
 millan & Co., London, p. 46. 
 
 Printed in the United States of America.
 
 E following pages contain advertisements of 
 books on kindred subjefts.
 
 OF KINDRED INTEREST 
 
 The Care of the Body 
 
 BY R. S. WOODWORTH 
 
 Professor in Columbia University 
 
 Cloth, izmo, $1.50 
 
 Intended quite as much for the person who regards 
 himself as absolutely healthy as for the invalid or the one 
 who is just a little ailing, is this practical consideration of 
 the human body, which might be further described as a 
 treatise on the science of the care of the body. The vol- 
 ume presents the leading facts about the care and building 
 of the body in a way that will sufficiently interest and im- 
 press the reader and induce him to form those daily habits 
 most likely to insure health and usefulness. 
 
 The blood, the circulation, breathing, food, digestion, 
 wastes and their removal, diet, bodily heat, the work of the 
 body, the ear, the eye, nerve and brain, work, rest and 
 recreation, indulgences, the cycle of life and disease are 
 among the different topics which the author takes up. 
 The author believes that the reading and discussion of 
 these facts will thoroughly familiarize the reader with the 
 use of food, air, and water in the development and main- 
 tenance of the body. It will also impress the fact that 
 health and strength are not due to good luck, but to the 
 wise use of these common things. 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York
 
 OF KINDRED INTEREST 
 
 The Wonderful House that Jack Has 
 
 A Supplementary Reader in Physiology and Hygiene for Use 
 in School and Home 
 
 BY COLUMBUS N. MILLARD 
 
 Supervisor of Grammar Grades, Buffalo Public Schools 
 
 Decorated cloth, I2mo, $.50 
 
 This book is intended for supplementary reading in a 
 most important field ; physiology and hygiene. Its pur- 
 pose is not to teach facts or names, but to influence the 
 early formation of good health habits. Few technical 
 terms or physiological phenomena are mentioned unless 
 they are essential to an understanding of the proper 
 building and care of the body. Topics like the nervous 
 system are treated briefly, while such subjects as food, 
 air, water, are given ample emphasis. The book is writ- 
 ten in an easy conversational style, with occasional per- 
 tinent incidents and interesting references to well-known 
 men. 
 
 The Building and Care of the Body 
 
 BY COLUMBUS N. MILLARD 
 
 Cloth, i2mo, illustrated, $.40 
 
 This text-book in physiology and hygiene for inter- 
 mediate grades aims throughout to lead children to form 
 habits that will result in the development and the pres- 
 ervation of strong, healthy bodies. The fact that bodily 
 weakness is attended by discomfort and handicap, and 
 that vigorous health results in improved appearance, more 
 enjoyment, higher efficiency, and greater usefulness, is 
 strongly emphasized. That each individual child is largely 
 responsible for the health and efficiency he will enjoy in 
 manhood, is also forcefully presented. 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York
 
 The Healthy Baby 
 
 THE CARE AND FEEDING 
 OF INFANTS 
 
 BY ROGER H. DENNETT, M.D. 
 
 Instructor in Diseases of Children in the New York Post-Graduate Medical 
 
 School; Assistant Attending Physician to the Babies' Wards in the 
 
 New York Post-Graduate Hospital; Chief of Clinic in the 
 
 Post-Graduate Dispensary for Children; Fellow of 
 
 the New York Academy of Medicine 
 
 Cloth, izmo, $1.00 
 
 This work makes clear to the mother just how to do best the ordinary, 
 everyday things that every mother has to do for her child. The author 
 believes that there is a definite need for a book which will describe in the 
 minutest detail the daily care of the baby. The description or treatment of 
 any but the simplest ailments has purposely been left out, because a book of 
 this sort which attempts in any way to describe disease does more harm than 
 it does good. A well-trained physician or a specialist in children's diseases 
 finds it difficult enough at times to diagnose the different affections, and it 
 only confuses the mother or nurse to describe the different diseases to her. 
 
 The chapter on feefling has purposely been cut down, and all complicated 
 formulas omitted. Probably more harm has been done than can possibly be 
 estimated, by giving to mothers sets of complicated formulas which she tries 
 to use herself. In this way the baby's digestion is often ruined. The 
 author here describes the simplest kinds of milk, water, and sugar mixtures, 
 and if these do not agree with the baby, he recommends seeking the 
 physician's help. There is no one but can be interested in the numerous 
 and valuable suggestions which the book offers; parents and teachers alike 
 will find in it a wealth of suggestive matter. 
 
 Dr. Dennett is a well-known physician in New York City and is also a 
 writer of reputation, his page in the Woman's Home Companion called THE 
 HEALTHY BABY having made him the friend of mothers throughout the land. 
 What he has to say, therefore, on such subjects as appetite, clothing, the 
 bath, teeth, milk, the mixing and care of the food, and food for traveling is 
 certain to secure wide attention. His book is divided into six parts, consid- 
 ering, respectively, Development and the Bodily Functions, Hygiene and 
 Treatment, Common Ailments, Care of the Special Organs, Feeding and 
 Diet, and Lists. 
 
 "A useful book to young mothers, young fathers, and older people of all 
 ages." St. Louis Globe-Democrat. 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New YorK
 
 The Study of Children 
 and Their School Training 
 
 BY FRANCIS WARNER, M.D. 
 
 Cloth, izmo, $1.00 
 
 ga 
 Pa 
 
 A practical book. The conclusions are based on FACTS, not theories, 
 ined by Dr. Warner from the examinations of 100,000 school children. 
 arents and teachers are shown ivhat observations to make and how to make 
 them. Suggestions for overcoming many puzzling difficulties are given. No 
 more valuable book for those interested in the study of children has been 
 published. 
 
 "This is a volume singularly clear and exact in its expression and defi- 
 nite in its generalization, the first really scientific monograph on child study 
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 volume will exert a profound and far-reaching influence for good in aiding 
 teachers and parents in doing the best that can be done with children in 
 various phases in life." Journal of Pedagogy. 
 
 "I am greatly pleased with the book, and I believe it will be of marked 
 benefit to teachers in all grades of educational work. I trust it may find 
 its way into the hands of a great many teachers and parents, for I feel it 
 is of genuine merit, combining scientific and practical qualities in a happy 
 manner." Prof. M. B. O'SHEA, University of Wisconsin. 
 
 "I regard this volume as one of the very best contributions yet made on 
 the subject of Child Study." J. M. GREENWOOD, Supt. of City Schools, 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 "This book seems to us an extremely suggestive and important one for 
 teachers and parents; and being simply written, and free from technicalities, 
 it may be understood and applied with ease by any reader." The Dial. 
 
 "The physical side of child development which has been frequently 
 ignored is here presented in a very forcible and practical manner. The 
 book will be most valuable to Kindergartners, and to all mothers and teach- 
 ers and students, who are interested in Child Study." Miss HILDA JOHN- 
 SON, President of Kindergarten Union, New York City. 
 
 "The Study of Children is a most valuable book that should have a very 
 large circulation. Parents will find it most helpful, for it contains a mass 
 of the most valuable material dealing with the health and training of chil- 
 dren. It is an original, strong, and thoroughly satisfactory work." Boston 
 Saturday Evening Gazette. 
 
 "There is no better statement than is here given of the way to study a 
 child. Dr. Warner tells what to look for and what to look at." Journal of 
 Education. 
 
 "The book is indispensable to the teacher's library, and is full of in- 
 formation for those who are engaged in directing education, philanthropy, 
 social settlement work, as well as any student of mental development." 
 Child Study Monthly. 
 
 " 'The Study of Children and their School Training* is one of the most 
 valuable contributions yet made to the literature of scientific education. 
 It contains information of interest to all who are intelligently awake to 
 the progress of educational movement and other forms of social work con- 
 nected with mental science." Philadelphia Evening Telegraph. 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New YorK
 
 BOOKS BY NATHAN OPPENHEIM 
 
 A.B. (Harv.), M.D. (Coll. P. & S., N.Y.) 
 
 Attending Physician to the Children's Department of Mt. Sinai Hospital 
 Dispensary. 
 
 The Development of the Child 
 
 Cloth, I2mo, $1.25 
 
 " 'The Development of the Child,' by Nathan Oppenheim, is a 
 most valuable contribution to a subject of universal importance 
 and interest. The book is written from full knowledge, and it is 
 practical ; it should be studied by every parent, and if its wise 
 counsels were followed the child would be the happier and the 
 better for it. Dr. Oppenheim gives the best and the soundest of 
 advice, he is always scientific, even when he is opposing some of 
 the cherished isms of our day, and his book stands in the very 
 front rank as a lucid, well-reasoned, and trustworthy guide on the 
 development of the child." Boston Saturday Evening Gazette. 
 
 The Care of the Child in Health 
 
 Cloth, ismo, $1.25 
 
 " Ought to be read and heeded by every parent." 
 
 Home Journal. 
 
 " The best and soundest of advice from the standpoint of an 
 experienced, scientific physician." Baltimore Sun. 
 
 "A more useful book, coming from one authorized to speak, 
 can hardly be imagined." Chicago Tribune. 
 
 " No parents, certainly no mother, should be without this 
 treatise." The Outlook. 
 
 Mental Growth and Control 
 
 Cloth, i2mo, $1.00 
 
 An inspiring and practical little treatise on that fundamental 
 problem which all young men and women must consider how 
 the mind's latent powers shall be nourished and developed as 
 best to realize its highest possibilities. 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York
 
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