V 
 
 </ 
 
SELECT ORATIONS 
 
 OP 
 
 LYSIAS. 
 
 A ^A 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 JAMES MORRIS WHITO:^, Ph.D., 
 
 AUTHOE OF " riEST LESSOXS IN GEEEK," • ETC. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 GINN BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1875. 
 
^f^^""'' 
 
 ^ 
 
 cp^ 
 
 Copyright, 1S75. 
 By GINN BKOTHERS. 
 
 University Press : Welch, Bigelow, & Co., 
 Cambridge. 
 

 PREFACE. 
 
 XHAT the writings of Lysias have hitherto been so little 
 used by American students must be due rather to the lack of 
 American editions, — though of German editions there is no 
 lack. Certainly it is not attributable to any inferiority, either 
 in merit of style or in interest of subject, in those specimens 
 of his numerous orations which have come down to us. Such 
 was his ancient fame, that nearly twice as many orations as he 
 actually composed were ascribed to him. The large number 
 of two hundred and thirty orations was accepted by the an- 
 cient critics as genuinely his, of which there are now extant 
 only thirty-four, not all either complete or indisputably genu- 
 ine, and a still larger number of fragments. 
 
 As a representative of the purest Attic style, Lysias has no 
 superior. Among the ancients he was regarded as a model 
 of that quality called lo-xvorry?, or tenuitas, — for which see 
 Biographical Introduction. He was also highly esteemed for 
 a certain gracefuhiess of expression, which was regarded as a 
 characteristic peculiarly his. At the same time, he showed 
 no lack of energy, as Cicero observes : " In Lysia sgepe sunt 
 etiam lacerti sic ut fieri nihil possit valentius.'''' (Brutus, 16, 
 64.) In general, his style may be further characterized as 
 clear, suificient and precise ; always natural and appropriate ; 
 
iv ' Preface. 
 
 at once simple and dignified ; not devoid of rlietorical orna- 
 ment, and yet carefully subordinating it to the orator's prac- 
 tical purpose. The tradition that only two of all the orations 
 whiich he composed for others were unsuccessful, whether ex- 
 aggerated or not, marks the height of the fame which he 
 attained among the orators of Athens, and harmonizes with 
 the exalted praise which Cicero himself bestows : " Tum fuit 
 Lysias, ipse quidem in causis forensibus non versatus, sed 
 egregie subtilis scriptor atque elegans, quem jam probe audeas 
 oratorem perfectum dicere." [Brutus, 9, 35.) 
 
 The orations comprised in this edition were all composed 
 within the ten years subsequent to the expulsion of the Tiiirty 
 Tyrants from Athens, b. c. 403. While they all bear the 
 marks of tlieir times, the oration against Eratosthenes, in 
 particular, abounds in references to that painfully interesting 
 portion of the history of Athens, which exhibits her imperial 
 democracy, exhausted, despoiled, and bleeding, in its humili- 
 ating decline and pitiable overthrow. A special interest at- 
 taches to this oration, also, from its being the only one of all 
 the extant number which Lysias delivered himiself, — the 
 others having been composed for his clients to deliver from 
 memory in pleading their own cases before various tribunals. 
 
 Por a sketch of Lysias's life and professional work, see the 
 Biogra2')Iiical Introduction. 
 
 The text of this edition is substantially that of Dr. E. Rau- 
 chenstein's sixth edition, Berlin, 1872. Where any variation 
 occurs, suitable reference is made in the Notes. A table of 
 various readings has been added. In the preparation of the 
 Notes free use has been made of the notes of Eauchenstein, 
 and, to some extent, of the notes of Frohberger, in his first 
 and third volumes, Leipsic, 1866 and 1871. For a large 
 part of the annotations, however, the present editor is alone 
 
Preface, v 
 
 responsible. Geographical, historical, and archseological points 
 have been treated, it is hoped, comprehensively enough to meet 
 the necessities of those students who are not supplied with the 
 more costly works for reference, and yet not so minutely as to 
 make such further reference undesirable. For the benefit of 
 those who, in an earlier part of their course, have used Good- 
 win^s Greek Reader, occasional references are made to that 
 book, as containing extracts from Xenophon^s Hellenica cov- 
 ering the same part of Athenian history as the Oration against 
 Eratosthenes. Grammatical references have been made to 
 Goodwin^s Greek Grammar, third edition (G.), Hadley^s 
 (larger) Greek Grammar (H.), and to Goodwin^s Greek 
 Mooch and Tenses, sixth edition, revised {G^i the last named 
 of which is by no means to be supposed unnecessary to the 
 possessor of either or both of the other two. As to other ref- 
 erences, some citations have been made from Buttmann^s TJni- 
 versiiy Grammar, Harper's Ed., also from Grote''s Hisiorij of 
 Greece, Harper's Ed., 12 vols., and from Curtius's Risiorij of 
 Greece, Scribner's Ed., 5 vols. 
 
 The editor's grateful acknowledgments are due to his 
 friends. Dr. Lewis E. Packard, Professor of Greek at Yale, 
 and Mr. John Williams White, Tutor hi Greek at Harvard, 
 for their valuable suggestions in the undertaking and execu- 
 tion of the work. 
 
 Lyn:^, September, 1875. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 • •• 
 
 The Defence of Mantitheus ....••• 1 
 
 The Oration against Eratosthenes 8 
 
 FtEPLY TO "The Overthrow of the Democracy" . , , 31 
 
 Areopagitic Oration concerning the Sacred Olive Trunk 41 
 
 Biographical Introduction 51 
 
 Notes 59 
 
 Table of Various Keadings . . • . . • .149 
 
 Index of Topics ..,..•..• 151 
 
 / 
 
ATSIA__ _ 
 
 or THE 
 
 * 
 
 JLJNIVcRSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 XYI. ^^ ~ 
 
 EN BOTAHI 
 
 MANTIGEOI AOKIMAZOMENOI 
 AnOAOriA. 
 
 hdl /JLTj cvv^BeLP, oi PovXri^ rot? Karrj<y6poL<; ^ovKofii- 
 voL<; €fc iravTO^ rpoirov kukw^; efie iroieiVt iroWrju av 
 avT6l<i X^piv cl^ov TafT?;? tt;? KaTr}yopLa^ • riyovixaL 
 ^ap Tot? ahLK(o<i Bca^6^\')]/jL€V0L<; tovtov^ elvat fieyL- 
 arcov ayadcov aLTLOV<^t onLve^ av avTOv^ dvayxd^coaiv 
 et? €\€y')(ov T(DV avTOi<^ ^e^LWjievcov Karaa-Trjvat. eyco 2 
 yap oifTQ) <T(j)o8pa €fxavT(p TTio-reuw, coar eXirltoy kclI 
 €L Tt? 7r/3o? p,e Ti;y;^ai/a aT/Sco? [7) KaK:w<i~\ hiaKelfievo^^ 
 eireLoav ejxov Aeyoz/To? a/covar) irepi twv ireTrpayfj^epcou, 
 /jLera/i€\7]a€LV avrco Kac ttoXv jSeXrlco fie eU rou Xolttou 
 Xpovop Tiy-qaeaOat. d^Lw Se, w (Bovkri^ eav jiev rovro 3 
 fiovov vfJLtv airoSei^co, tu? eurou? et/^t to2<; KaOecnr^KoaL 
 irpayiiaai Kai to? rjvayKaafiac ro3V avrcov KivZvvwv fie- 
 re-^eiv v/jlIv, p.rjB€v ttco fMoc irXiov elvai • edv oe ^a/- 
 pojfLUL KUi, Trepo Ta aWa fi€Tplco<; 0€/3lcoko}^ kuI ttoXv 
 1 
 
2 AT^IOT 
 
 Trapa ri]v oo^av Kau irapa tou? Xoyov^ tov<; tcov 
 €^Opa)p, Beofiac vficou e/uue fxev SoKCfia^eiv, rcvTov<; Be 
 7]yeLa0ac '^6ipov<; elvai. irpcoTov Be airoBeL^co co? ovy 
 liTirevov ^ovr eVe^rJ/u-ou;^] eiTL tcov rpLuKOVTa, ovBe 
 fjLeTe(j')(ov T?7? rore 7ro\tT€ia<;. 
 
 4 Hfia<^ yap o irarrjp irpo rrj<; eu EWrjaTTovTw ovp.- 
 <^opa<^ CO? ^ajvpov tov ev Tft> Uovrco BtanrjaoiJLevov<i 
 e^eire/jiylrey Kai ovre tcov Tec^cov Ka6atpov/xevcov eVeSrJ- 
 fiovv ovre fjLedcaTa/jievrjf; Trj^ TToXtTem?, dW i]\6ojjl6v 
 TTpiv Toi/? aiTo ^v\r)<; et? tov IleipaLa KareXOelv irpo- 
 
 5 Tepov TTevd r]fjLepac<;. Kairoi ovre rjfxa<; €lko<; rjv et? 
 TOLovrov /catpov u<J3C'yfievov<; einOvjJieLv /xeTe^eiv tcov 
 aWorpicov lavBuvcov, ovr e/celvot ^aivovrai, Toiavrrjv 
 yuco/irjv ey(ovTe^ coare teat tol<; aTroBrj/jiovcn kuc fit]- 
 Bev e^a/juapTcLVOvac iieTaBiBovai t?;? 7roXLT€La<;, aXXa 
 fiaWov rjTiiia^ov Kai tov<> crvy/caTa\v(7avTa<; tov BrjjjLov. 
 
 6 ETreira Be etc fxev tov aaviBiov toi;? LiT7revaavTa<^ cko- 
 nreiv €vrj6e<; eaTiv ev tovtcd yap ttoWol fiev tcov ofio- 
 Xoyovvrcov cTTTreveiv ovk eveicriv^ evcot Be tcov arroBrj- 
 fjiovvTcov eyyey pa fi/xevot eiaiv. eKeivo^ o ecTLv eKey^o<; 
 jxeyiaro^ • eTreiBrj yap KaTr]\6eT6, e'>^ri<^L(jaa6e tou? 
 <pv\<ip')^ov'^ aireveyKetv rov? LTTTrevcjavTa^.^ Lva Ta<; Kara- 
 
 7 <7Ta(7et? avaTTpd^rjre Trap avTcov. efie toivvv ovBei<i 
 av uTToBei^eiev ovt airevej^Oevra viro tcov (pvXap^cov 
 ovre TrapaBoOevra to6? gvvBlkol^ \ovre Karacrraaiv 
 Kara^aXovToA. Kairoc ttclctl paBiov tovto yvcovat, on 
 avayicalov rjv toZ? <f)vX(ip^0L<;, ec fir) arroBei^eiav tov^ 
 e^ovra^ Ta? KaTaaTacrei'^, avrols ^r]fjLiova6ai. coare 
 
THEP MANTIQEOT, 3 
 
 iroXv av oiKaiorepop €K€lvoc^ tol<; ypu/xfiaatv rj TOVTot<; 
 iTLO'TeuoLTe • €fc [lev yap rovrcov pahtov 7]u e^oKet' 
 (j>dr}vaL Tco /SovXofievq)^ ei> etceivoL'^ he rov^ LTTirevaav- 
 ra? avajKaiov rjv vtto twv cf)v\ap^cov uTTeve-^drjvac. 
 jiiTC Oc, CO pofA.7/, eiirep iirTrevaa, ovfc av rjp e^apvo^ 8 
 0)9 BeLVou TL TreTTOtrjKCD^, aXX rj^Lovv, a7roheL^a<; w? 
 
 OvheL<^ VTT €flOU TWV TToXcTCOV KaKQ3<; TTeTTovde, hoKLfia- 
 
 ^eaOat,, opco Be Kac vjia^ Tavrrj rjj jvco/jirj '^pcoiievov^^ 
 Kai rrroXXovi [lev tcov rore uTTreuaaurcov l3ovXevovTa<;, 
 TToXXov^ o avTcov arpaTTjyov^ kul LiTTrap-^ov^ /ce'^etpo- 
 TOvrifjLevov<^. coare /jiTjBeu Be aXXo fie rjyelcrOe ravrrju 
 iroielaOaL rrjv airoXoycav, rj otc irepi^avo)'^ eroX/jLijcrau 
 fiov Kara-^evaaaOac. Avd^TjOu Be /loc koI /laprv' 
 
 pT](70V, 
 
 MAPTYPIA. 
 
 IlepL fiev TOLVvv aur^? T17? acTca^ ovk olB o tc Bel 9 
 irXeico Xeyeiv • BoKel Be fioc, co /SovXt], ev jiev rot? 
 a\KoL<; aycoac irept avrcov /jlovcov tcop KaTrjyoprjfjLevoiv 
 i7po(jr]KeLV airoXoyelaOai^ ev Be rat? BoKLiMaalaL^; BUaLov 
 ecvat TravTO^ tov ^lov Xoyov BcBovac, Beo/jLac ovv vfMwv 
 ^ler evvota^ a/cpoaaaa-uac fiov. TroLrjcrofMaL oe tt]v airo- 
 Xoyiav ct)9 av Bvvcofiac Blu fipay^^vrdrcov. 
 
 Eyco yap Trpcjrov fiev ovcla^ jj,ot ov TToXXrj^ Kara- 10 
 XeL(f)deL(J7j^ Ota rd<; avfj,(j)opd<; koI ra? rov 7raTpo<^ real 
 Ta? T17? TToXew?, Buo fiev dBeX(j)a<: e^eBcoKa, iircBov^ 
 rptaKovTa /zi/a<? CKUTepa, 7rpo<; rov dBeX(f)Ov B ovtco<; 
 evetfiafirjv coar exelvou irXeov 6/xoXoye2v e^^iv ifiov 
 
4 ATXIOT 
 
 7(ov iraTpwcov, KaL 7rpo<; tol"? aAAou? airavra^i ovrco 
 ^e/Scwfca coare fxr^^eiroiTrore [loi firjSe Trpo<^ eva firjhev 
 
 11 €<yK\r}fia 'yeviaOai, kul ra fxev iBia ovt(o hia/K7]Ka • 
 Trepl Be rwv KOLvayv fioi fieyiaTov rijov/jiai, reKfxrjpiov 
 elvac tt}? e/a?;? 67rLeLKeta<;^ on 7(ov vecorepcou oaoL irepL 
 Kv^ov^ rj TTOTOu? Yj €Tepa<; TOLavra<; aKo\aaLa<s Tvy^a- 
 vovcrt, Ta? Btarpc^a^ iroLovfjuevoc, iravia^ avrovs oi^eaOe 
 (loi Bia(f)opov<i 0PTa<;, kul irXelara tovtov<; irept e/iov 
 Xoyo'TTOLOvvra^ Kav 'slrevSofiepov'^. kultol BrjXov otLj el 
 Twv avrcov eireOvfiovfJiev^ ov/c av Toiavrrjv yvw/jLrjv el^ov 
 
 12 Trepc e/jLov, ere o , &> povXrj, ouoef? av aTrooec^at, irepu 
 e/jLov ouvano ovre olktju aicr'^pav ovre ypacprjv ovre 
 aaayjeXiav yeyevrjiievrjv ' KairoL eTepov<; opare ttoX- 
 XuKi'i et9 TOLOvTov<; aycova^ KauearrjKOTa';. rrpo^ tol- 
 vvv Ta? (rrpareia'^ Kai rou? klvovvov^ tov9 tt^o? tou? 
 '7ro\€fiLOV<; aKeyjraade olov efiavrov Trape^o) rrj iroXei. 
 
 J3 irpcoTov fxeu yap, ore ttjv avfifxa'^iav eTroirjaaoOe tt/jo? 
 Ftoi)?] Boianov<; Kal Ci? * AXuapTOv eBei fiorjBelv, viro 
 ^OpdojBovXov KareiXeyfjievo^i LTTTreuetv, eirecBr) iravTa^ 
 iaypoiv to2<; /lev Irrirevovcnv aacfyaXeiai/ elvai \Be7v^ 
 vofjLi^ovTa<;, roU S' oTrX/rat? kIvBvvov rjyov/iepov<;, ere- 
 pcov avapavTcov eiru tov<; ctt'TTOV'S aooKijJLaGKOV irapa 
 TOi/ vofiov eyo) irpocreXOojv ecprjv too OpOo^ovXw e^a~ 
 Xelyjral fie eic rov KaraXoyov, rjyovfievo^; ata'^pop eivat 
 Tov 7rXrj6ov<i /ieXXovro<; KLvBvveveiv uBeiav ejnavroi ira- 
 paaKevdcavri aTpareveaOaL. Kai pLot ava^7)6i, Op6o- 
 ^ovXe, 
 
 MAPTYPIA. 
 
rnEP MANTIOEOT, 5 
 
 XvWeyevTUiV roivvv twv Stj/jlotcov irpo rrj<; e^oSov, m 
 etSo)? avTcov €vlov<: TroXtra? /leu '^prjarov'i ovra^ Koi 
 irpodvjxov^, €(fjoBi(ov Be a7ropovvTa<i, elirov otc y^pi) Tovi 
 eyovTWi irapi^eiv ra €7rvTr}BeLa TOL<i airopto'i Bt,aK€ifj,€- 
 voL<;, Koi ov fjLovou TovTo avpe^ouXevov rot? aWoL<i, 
 dWa Kol auTO? eScoKa Bvolu avhpolv TpiaKOvra Bpa'^fxa<: 
 eKarepw, ov^ co? TroWa KeKTrjixevo^, ahK Lva irapa- 
 Becy/xa tovto toU aWot^ yevrjTai. Kac fMOb ava^tjTe, 
 \_fxdpTvpe<;.'j 
 
 MAPTYPE^. 
 
 Mera ravra rotpvv, co ffovXrj, et? KopcvOov e^oBov 15 
 iyevofjL€vrj<; koI ttclvtwp irpoecBoTcov otc B€r]aei KivBvvev- 
 eiv, eripcov avaBvo/juevcov eyco BteTrpa^afjLrjv oxxre t^9 
 irpcoTTj^ Te7ayfxevo<i /na^^^eadat rot? 'jroXefiioc'; • xai, fia- 
 Xtcrra tt}? r]fi€Tepa<i (j)u\rj<i BvaTV^rj(7uar]<;y Kat TrXeKTTCOU 
 airoOavovTGJV^ varrepo^i ave^wprjara rov acfivov Xreipiw'i 
 rov iracTLV avOpo)7roL<i BetXiav (oveiBtKOTOf;. Kat, ov ttoX- 16 
 Xat? r]/x6pat<; v(7T€pov fiera ravra ev KopLv6(p '^aypioov 
 io")(yp(ov KaTeLXrj/iifjLevcov, ware tov? TToXe/z-tov? fJLj) Bvva- 
 adai TTpoaUvai, Ayrja-iXaov B et? t'^v BoicoTtav Cfx^a- 
 Xot'TO?, yjrrj^caafjievcov twv ap')(pvT(iiv a7ro^(opi<Tac Ta|^et? 
 atTti/69 ^orjOrforovcTL, (po^ovjuevcov drravrwv (^€lkot(i)<;, w 
 ^ovXt) • Becvop yap rjv ayainjTco'i oXiyo) irporepov <7e<70)- 
 (T/j,evov<; €<f> erepov klvBvvov ievai\ rrpoaeXdwv eyco top 
 Ta^cap'^op CKeXevop aKXrjpcoTi ttjp r^fierepap ra^cp 7re/i- 
 Tretp, ciXJT eL rtre? vp^wp opyi^oprai, rot? ra fxep 17 
 T^9 TToXeo)? d^iovac 'n-pdrreLP, e/c Be rSov KtpBvpoop 
 
6 ATXIOT 
 
 airohiZpaaKovcTLV^ ouk av Bt/caLa)<; irepu ejJLOV rriv yvay 
 fiTjv TauTTjv e^oiev • ov fyap jjlovov ra 7rpo(JTa7TOfjL€va 
 eiTOLovv 7rpodu/x(o<;, aWa /cal KLvSuveveiv eroX/icov. koI 
 ravT eiTOLOvv ov^ co? ou Beivov r)yov/jL€vo<; elvai Aarce- 
 BaifiovioL^ fjLu^eaOai^ aXX iva^ eo iroie ahiKCO^ el? klv- 
 hvvov KaOio-TaL/jirjv, Bia Tavra ^ekiicov v(f> v/jlwp vop.1^0- 
 /x€vo^ oLTTavTwv Twv BcKaicoi/ Tvy '^avo I fiu Kai> fioL 
 ava^rjTe tovtcov fMupTVpe^;, 
 
 MAPTYPE5. 
 
 18 Tcov TOLVVV aXKwv arpareictjv Kai <f)povpwv ovBeixtaf; 
 a7r6\€c(f)6r}v TTcoTTore, aWa Travra top '^povov Biare' 
 reXexa fiera rcou rrrpcoTcov fxev ra? e^oBov^ 'TroLovix€Vo<;, 
 fiera tcov TeKevjaiwv Be ava-^^copwv. KaLToi '^prj tou? 
 
 (j)l\OTLll(D<^ Kai K00rpLLQi<; ITOKiTeVOfieVOV^ €K TWV TOLOVTtOV 
 
 CKOTrecv, aXX ov/c eo rt? kojuLol, Bca tovto /jLicreLV • ra 
 fiev jap Totavra eircTTjBevfjLaTa ovTe tov<; tSiojra? ovt€ 
 TO Koivov T^? TToXeo)? /SXaTTxet, etc Be twv KLvBvveveLV 
 eOeXoPTCDV tt/oo? tou? iroXe/ilov; a-Travre'i vfiel^ (o<pe' 
 
 19 XeloOe. cocrre ov/c a^iov air oilrect)?, co fiovXrj^ ome 
 (j>t,Xelv 0VT6 fiLcelv ovBeva, aXX etc rcov epycop o-Koireiv • 
 TToKXoi, fiev yap fxiKpov BidXeyofievoi Kai, KoafMi(o<; afi' 
 nre'^ofievoL /leydXcov kukwv anioi yeyovaaiVy krepoi Be 
 Ttov TOLovTCDV apLeXovvTe^ TToXXa Kayada vfia^ eiaiv 
 ecpyaafiei'oi. 
 
 80 HBr) Be TLVCDV r}(T$ofi7]p^ 0) ^ovXrjt koc tea Tavra, 
 a)(dofiep(DP fMott oTt vecDTCpo^ cop eire^eiprja-a Xeyetp cu 
 Tft> Bi]fia>, eyco Be to fiep irpcoTOP 'iqpayKaadrjv virep 
 
THEP MANTieEOT. 
 
 V / 
 
 Tcov efjiauToO Trpayfxarcov Srjfirjyoprjcrai,, cireLTa fievTOc 
 Koi €fiavT^ Bofcco (j^iXoTtfjiOTepov BcaTedrjvaL rov 5fcOi/T09, 
 afia fxev iwv irpoyovcov epOv/MovjJL€i'o<i, on ovBev ireiravv- 
 jau Ta 7779 TToXeco^ TrpaTTOi/re?, a/ia Be vp.a'^ opwv 21 
 (^TLi yap aXrjOi] '^^prj Xeyecv^ tou? tocovtov^ julopov^ 
 a^lov^ vofii^opTa<; elvat,^ 6}(TT€ opcou v/jLa<i tuuttju T7]v 
 yi^cofiTjv e)(QV7a^ rt? ovk av eirapOecr] irpaneiv Kau Xe- 
 yetu virep T17? TroXeo)? ; ert Be tc av rot? tolovtol^ 
 a')(6oiade ; ov yap eTepoc irepc avjwv KpLTUc eiaiVj 
 aXX v/jLel^. 
 
8 ATXIOT 
 
 XII. 
 
 KATA EPATODGENOYS 
 
 TOT TENOMENOT THN TPIAKONTA, ON 
 ATTOS EinE AT2IAS. 
 
 (JTK ap^aaOat, /xoi BoKel airopov etvai, w avhpe^ 
 BiKaarai, t?}? KaT7]yopi,a<;, aWa iravcraadat, \ejovri • 
 TOLavTa avroL<; to fxejedo^ kul Toaavra to ttXtjOo^; 
 €Lpya<TTai, ware [ir)T av 'sjrevBofievov BeivoTepa twv 
 v7rap')(ov7(iiV KaTrjyoprjaaL.^ fjL7]T€ tuXtjOtj ^ovXcfievov 
 €Lirelv airavTa BvvaaOaL, a\\ apajKrj r) tov kut^- 
 
 2 yopov aTTeiTreiv rj tov '^povov eiTiXnrelv. TOVvavTiov 
 he /JiOL BoKov/ji€u TreicreaOac rj ev Ta> irpo tov ^(^povw, 
 TrpoTspov fikv yap eBei tjjv e^Opav tov<s KaT'qyopovvTa'^ 
 eiriBel^at, 7]tl<; etrj 7rpo<; tou? ^€vyovTa<; ' vvvi- 8e Trapa 
 Twv (bevyovToyv Yprj TrvvOaveadai r]TL<; rjv avTOL^ Trpo<^ 
 rrjv TToXiv e^Opa^ avO^ orov Toiavra eToXfxrjaav et? 
 avTTjv e^afiaprdveiv. ov fievToi tu? ovk e^cov oiKet,a<: 
 €')(6paf; Kat <rvfjt,(f)opa<s tov? Xoyov? TroLovfxai,, aXX co<; 
 aTracn ttoXXtj^ a<pOovLa<; oycri;? virep twv lBicdv t] virep 
 
 3 Tcoi^ Brjfxoa-LCDV opyL^eaOat,. lyi) fiev ovv, ca ai^3/369 
 BiKaaTat, ovt e/JiavTOv Trwrfore ovre aXXoTpia irpa- 
 yfiara Trpa^a^ vvv rjvayKaa-fiai viro twv yeyevr^fidvcdv 
 tovtov KaTTjyopeiv, oxttc ttoXXuki^ ei? TroXXrjv aOvfiiav 
 KaTecTTjv, firj Bt,a rrjv aireipiav ava^ico'; xal aBvvaTCo^ 
 
KATA EPATOXBENOTX. 9 
 
 virkp rov aBeXcj^ov Kac efiavrov rrjv KaTTjyopLav iroLrjo-o- 
 fiai • 0/^0)9 Be TreLpdaofiai viia<^ e^ ^PX^^ ^^ ^^ Svi^co- 
 fxat, hi eXa'^Lcrrcov BtBa^at. 
 
 Oufxo<; irarr^p KecfiaXo^; trrreiaOi] fiev viro TlepLKkeovi 4 
 et? Tavrrjv rr]u >yiiv acpuceauai^ err) oe rpiaicovra ojfcrjae, 
 Koi ovBevl TTCDTTOTe 0VT6 rjfiel<i 0VT6 eKelvof; Bcktjv ovre 
 eBLKaad/jbeOa ovre ecpuyofiei^, aW ovtq)<^ oy/covfiev Brjfxo- 
 Kpaiovpevoi coare firjTe et? toi;? aX\ov<; t^a {xa pi aveiv 
 fMrjre uito Twv aW(OV aBiKelaOaL. CTrecBrj B ol rpca- 5 
 Kovra TTovrjpoo ll^^uj fcai, auKocpavjac ovr€<; et? TT^f 
 ap'y^^Tjv KaTecTTTjaav, ^acr/coi/re? '^prjvac T(ov aBcKCOU /caua- 
 pav iroLr^aai, Trfv ttoXlv Kac rov^ Xocttou^ iTo\LTa<; eir 
 aperijv icat, CLKaLoavvrjv rpaireaOai^ rocavra \eyovr€<i 
 ov TocavTa iroLeiv eroXficov, w? ejco Trepc to^v efiavrov 
 irpwrov eiTTCDV Kai rrepi, roiv v/ierepcov avafivriaai Tretpa- 
 crofiac, &€oyvt<; yap Kac IJecacov eXeyov ev rot? rpia- 6 
 Kovra irepb ro3V fieroifccou, oj? eteV rtu6<; rrj TroXcreta 
 a-^do/ievoL ' KoXXcarrju ovv elvau 7rpo(j>acriu rLficopei- 
 oOat fiev B0K6LV, ra> B ^pyw '^prffiart^eaOai • Trai^ro)? 
 Be ri]v fiev ttoXlv ireveaOai, rr)v dp-^rjv Be BelaOat XPV' 
 pLaroiV. Kai tou? aKOvovra^ ov '^aX€7ra)<; eireiuov • 7 
 aiToicrivvvvat fiev yap av6 pwirov^ Trepc ovBevo^ rjyovvro, 
 XapL^avetu Be y^piqpara Trepc ttoXXov eTTOcovvro. eBo^ev 
 ovv avroL<; BeKa avXXa^elv, rovrcov Be Bvo Trev7]ra<;^ cva 
 avroL<i 17 Trpo<i rov^ aXXov^ aTToXoyta, co? ov '^pTjfiarcov 
 eveKa ravra TreTrpaKrac, aXXa avpcpepovra rf) TroXcreca 
 yeyiPTjrac, ojcJTrep n rcov aXXcov ei/Xoyca? TreTroir)' 
 Kor€<^, BiaXa/Soi/re^ Be ra<; 0LKca<; e/SaBc^ov • Kac epe 8 
 
10 ATSIOT 
 
 fjuev fei/ou? eaTtwvTa Kareka^ov, ou? e^eKa<TavTe<; 27e/- 
 acovL fjL€ irapaoLooaaiv • ol oe aKKoi et? to epyaarr}' 
 pLov eXdovre^ ra avBpaTToSa aTr6'ypa(f)OVTo. eyco Be 
 Ileiacova fiev -i^pcorcov ei /SovXolto [xe cwaai '^pruxara 
 
 9 Xa^CJV ' B €(pa(TK€P^ €L TToWa eLT], eilTOV ovv bii 
 
 raXavTOV apyvpiov eToi,fJLO<; eajv Bovvai • o 5' (ojuloXo- 
 yijae ravra iroiriaeiv. TjTTLaTafiTjv fxev ovv on ovre 
 Oeovi ovT avOpwTTov; vofii^ec, o[iw<^ h e/c rwv irapov- 
 Tcov cBoKei fJLOL avayKaioTajov eivai inaTiv irap avjov 
 
 lo Xa^elv. eireiBr) Be coixoaev e^cokeiav eavro) kol tol<; 
 iraicTLv e7rapo)/jLevo<;, "ka^cov to ToXavTov fxe o-coaeiv, 
 et<je\6(ov et? ro Bcofiartov ttjv ki/Scotov avotyvv/jbt • 
 Ueuacov B aLijOo/ievc^ eL(jep')(eTai, Kai t,Bcov ra ivovra 
 KoXel TCOV vTrrjpercov Bvo, koI ra ev rjj Ki^corm \afielv 
 
 XI eKeXevaev, eTrel Be of^ ocrov co/JboXoyTjTo el')(ev, co av- 
 Bpe^i BiKaa-Tal, aXXa Tpia TaXavTa apyvpiov Kao TerpU' 
 Koaiov^ Kvl^iKT]vov^ Kol cfcaTOV BapeiKov<^ Kal (piaXa<i 
 apyvpa<; TeTTapa<;, eBeofJLTjv avrov ecjyoBia fioi Bovvai^ 
 
 12 8 ayairricreLV fie ecj^acKev^ ei to awixa o-coao). e^tov' 
 <TL S' eiJLOL KCLi UeiacDvi eTTtTvyxavet, MrjXo^LO^ Te Kai 
 MvTjcnOetBr]'^ Ik tov epyaaTrjpiov a7novre<;, Kac Kara^ 
 Xa/ub/Savovat 7r/)09 avTa2<; Tah Ovpat<^, Kai epcorcocriv 
 oiroi fiaBi^oL/jLev • o B e^aaKev 6t9 TaBeX<pov rov e/xov, 
 vva Kol TCL ev eKelvrj tt) olklo, aice'^^rjTai, eKeivov /nev 
 ovv eKeXevov (BaBll^eiv, efxe Be fieO avrdv aKoXovOeiv 
 
 13 6^? AafivLTTTTov. IJeiacov Be irpoaeXOcov aiyav jjlov 
 TrapeKeXevcTO kol dappelv, cw? r/|^a)i/ eKelcre. KaraXa/jL- 
 fiavofiev Be avToOc Qeoyviv eTepov^ <f>vXaTT0VTa • w 
 
RATA EPATOXQENOT^. H 
 
 TTapabovr^fi e/xe iraXiv qj^ovto. ev tocovtw o ovtl fxoi 
 KLpBuveveiv tBoKCit co<i rou <ye arroOavelv v7rap'^ovro<; 
 7]drj. Ka\€<7a^ Be AafivLTTirov Xeyo) tt/so? avTOv raSe, 14 
 " eTTtTT^Seio? fiev fxoi Tvy)(^aP6L^ cjv, rjKco B et? ttjv <t7]v 
 oLKLav^ aBiicw B ovBev, '^prjfjiaTWP B eveKa airoWvfiai. 
 ov ovv ravTa iracryovru fxov TTpodu/iov irapacr'^ov ttjp 
 aeavTov BvvajjLiv et? rr]v efjLyjv o-cjrrjpiav. o B uTre- 
 a^€TO ravra TTOCT^aeLV. eBoK€L B avroi ^eX7iov elvai, 
 7rpo<i ©eoyvLV fivTjaOijvac • rijelro yap airav iroi-qaetv 
 avToVy el Td apyvpiov BiBon]. €K€lpov Be BiaXeyofiepov 15 
 GeoypiBc {^efjuireipo^ yap cop ervyx^^^op T179 0LKLa<;, kqc 
 rjBeLP OTL ajK^tOvpo^ 6677) eBoKec /jloc ravrrj TreipaaOac 
 crcoOrjpai,, ep6vfiov/ieP(p brty eap /xep \a6co, ccodrjao/jLat, 
 eap Be Xrjcfida), rjyovfirip fiep, et ©eoypL<^ ecT] ireTrec- 
 c/jLePO<; VTTO rou Aap.PLTrirov '^prj/jiara Xa/Selp, ovBeP 
 rjTTov a(p€6r]cr€(j6ai, et Be firj, o/jlolco'^ airoOapelaOaL. 
 Tavra Biapo'qOeL^ ecf)euyop, efcelpcop eiru ry avXeia) Ovpa iQ 
 TJjp (l)vXaK7]p TTOLovfjLePcop • TpLWP Be Ovpwp ovacop, a? 
 eBec fxe BceXdelp, airacrai apefpy/iepat, ervyop. a^iKo- 
 fxepo^ Be et? Ap)(^epeco rov vavKXrjpov ckcIpop ire/iTTco 
 et? aarv, rreucro/iepop irepl rov aBeX^ov • iJkwp Be e\e- 
 yep ore EpaToa6epr)<^ avrop Iv rrj oBco XajScop el? to 
 oe<TfiQ)Trjpiop airayayoi, Kai eyco Toiavra ireirvaiiepo'^ 17 
 T^? linov(jr)<: vvkto^ BieirXevaa Meyapaoe. IToXe- 
 ^^PX^ ^^ '^^p'r)yyeLXap ov rpiaKopra to vtt €K€lpcop 
 ecuicrfiepop irapayyeXfia^ Tripetp Kwpetop, iTp),p ttjp al- 
 Tiap eiireLP Be rjPTLPa e/ieXXep airodavelaOac • ovtco 
 TToXXov eBerjae KpiOijpai, xal aTToXoyrja-aadat. Kai 18 
 
12 AT^IOT 
 
 eTretBi] mre^epeTO etc rov SeafxcoTTjpLov Tedveco^;, rpcwv 
 7]fiLV oIklwv ovacov [e^J ovhefXLa^; eiaaav e^eve'^Orjvat^ 
 aWa KXeiacov fJnaOajcrafievoi, irpovOevTO avTov. Kau 
 TToWcov ovTcov CfJiaT icov aiTovaiv ovSeu eBoaav et? rrjv 
 Ta<hr)V, aWa twv (^iK.wv o fxev L/iarLov o he irpo(TK€(^a- 
 \aLQV he o Ti kfcaaTo^ erv^ev eScoKev et9 t7]v eKeivov 
 
 19 ra<^7]V. Kat €-^ovTe<; /lev e7naK0cria<; aa7TLha<; rcov 'ij/iie- 
 repcov, e-^ovre^ he apjupLOV Kat '^pvaiov Toaovrov, %aX- 
 Kov he KUL Koafiov Kau eircifXa kul LfxarLa yvvaiKela 
 baa ovheTTcoTTOTe wovro KTrjcraaOat, Kat, avhpairoha et,- 
 Koat KUL efcarov, d)V la [lev (BeXnaTa cXa^ov, ra he 
 XoLira ei? to hrjfxoatov airehocrav, €t9 roaavTTjv airkr)- 
 CTiav Kai aiay^poKepheiav a(f>LKOvro Kat rov rpoirov rov 
 auTcov aTTohec^LP eTTonjaavTO • t^? yap IloXefiap'^ou 
 jvvauco^; '^pv(jov<; eXi/cTT^pa?, ovi e'^ovaa crvy^aveu^ 
 ore 70 TrpcoTov ifxOev et? Tr]v oiiaav M7)Xo^t.o<;, tK rcou 
 
 20 C07COV c^elXero. Kac cvhe Kara ro eXa-^io-rou jJLepo<; t?;? 
 ovaia<; eXeov rrap avrwu ervyyavoixev. aXX ovrco<i et? 
 ^/^a? hta TO, '^prj/iara e^7]/iapravov, coaTrep ovh av ere- 
 pot fiejaXwv ahcKTjfiara^v opjrjv e^oz^re?, ov rovrcov a'^i- 
 ou? je ovra<i rr) iroXec, aXXa iraaa^ ra? '^opijjia^; X^PV' 
 j^aavra<;, TToXXa? h ei<j(^opa^ €t(7eveyK0pra<;, Koa/jnovi 
 3* 7]/jLa<; avrov^ 'Trape')(,oi^TCi<; Kat, Trap ro irpocrrarro- 
 fievov 7roi.ovpra<;, e-)(6pov h ovheva K€Kr7]p.epov<;, ttoXXoi;? 
 h* ^ A6r]vaL(ov €K rwv rroXefjitwv Xvaafi€vov<; roiovrcov 
 r)^t(o<Tav ovy o/jLotco^i fjLeroiKovvra^ coarrep avrot nroXt- 
 
 21 reuovro. ovroi yap rroXXov^ fiev roiv rroXtrwv et? tou? 
 iroXep.lov<; l^rfkaaav^ ttoXXov^ h ahcKco'; aTroKreLvav7e<; 
 
RATA EPATOXQENOTX. 13 
 
 ajd(j>ov<; eiroLrjcTav, TroWof? B einTL^ov^ ovra^ arifiou^ 
 Ft^? TToXeci)?! KaTearrjaau, ttoWcov Be 6uyaTepa<i fieX- 
 Xoucra? eKhihoaOaL CKooXvaav. Kal et? loaovrov euac 22 
 To\u7]<i ddjcy/jievoi, coa9 7]fCovacu aTToXoyrjaofievoi, Kac 
 Xeyovaiv «? ovBev kukov ovh aia^pov eLpyaa/xevoo 
 elalv. eyco 8' e^ovkofirjv av avTOV^ aX7]6rj Xeyecv 
 fierrji/ yap av Kal ejjLol tovtov rayadov ovk eXa^iarov 
 fxepo^. vvv he ovre '7rpo<; ttjv itoXlv avTot<; TocavTa 23 
 v'rrdp')(eL ovre iTpo<; efie- 70u aBeX(j)ov yap fxov, coairep 
 Kol irpdrepov elirov, 'EpuToa6ev7j<: cnreicreLvev^ ovre avio^ 
 iBua dBcKouiievo^; ovre etv rrjv irdXiv opcou e^aixaprw 
 vovTa^ dXXd ttj eavrov Trapavo/jLca irpoOv/jLco^; e^vrnjpe- 
 rwv. dva(Bi^aadixevo'^ B avrov ^ovXofxai epeadaCj co 24 
 dv6pe<; Btfcaaral. roLavrrjv yap yvwjJLrjv e-^w eiri, /leu 
 17] TOVTOV cocpeXeia Kat, irpo^ erepov irepi tovtov oiaKe- 
 yeaQai dael3e<; elvai vo/jLl^o), eiru Be tt) tovtov ^XajSp 
 teal Trpo? avTOV tovtov octlov Kat ev(T€^e<;. ava^rjOv ovv 
 fjLOL Kac airoKpivai^ o rt av ere epcoTco. 
 
 Airriyaye'^ IIoXe[iapy(ov 7] ov ; Ta viro twv ap- 25 
 ydvTcov irpocTTa-^OevTa BeBcco^ eiroiovv. * HcrOa B ev tco 
 ^ovXevT7]pt(p, ore oi Xoyoi, eytyvovTO rrepl i]fX0L>v ; 'Hv. 
 TIoTepov (Tvv7]yopeve<^ TOt? KeXevovcnv airoKTelvat rj avTe- 
 Xeye? ; AvTeXeyov. Iva airoOavco/xev rj firj arroOa- 
 vco/jL€v ; Iva ixrj a7ro6avr]T€. HyovfjLevo<; rjfjLOL'; aBuKa 
 TTaayeLV r] BcKaca ; ABt/ca. 
 
 EIt , CO ayeTXiWTaTe iravTOiV^ avTe\€ye<; fiev iva aco- 26 
 o"€ta?, (TvveXafJiBave^ Be cva a7roKTeiV€ia<^ ; Kac oTe fiev 
 TO irXrjdo^ Tjv vfioiv Kvptov T/79 acoT7jpca<; ttj^ T^/zerepa.?, 
 
14 ATSIOT 
 
 avTtkeyeLV ^7;? rot? ^ovkofxevoi^; rjfia^ airokeaat^ eTreihr] 
 Ze eirv croi fxovw eyeveTO kul awcai UoXefiap'^ov kol firj, 
 et? TO hecTfiwrripLov aTrrjjaye^ ; elO on fiev, &>? ^tJ?, 
 avTeiTTcop ovSev (0(^e\7jaa<;^ a^Lol^ '^prjcno^ vofii^eadai^ 
 on he cvWa^cov aire/CTeiva'^, ovk ocei e/iol kclI tovtoloI 
 ^eLV~^ hovvat Blktjv ; 
 
 27 KaL fjbTjv ovBe TOVTO €uco<; avra> TnareveLV^ elirep aXrjOrj 
 Xeyet (padKcoi/ avrecTrelv, co<; avrco irpoa-era-^Orj. ov yap 
 Bt] ttov ev Tot? fjLerocKOL<; inaTiv 'Trap avrov eXufiffavov, 
 €7r€LTa Tft) rjTTov eLfco<; r)V Trpoara'^Orjvai 7] 6aTi<; uvtcl- 
 nT(ov ye eTvy')(ave kuc yvwjirjv airoZeheLyiievo^ ; 7Lva 
 yap eLKO<; r)v r}Trov ravra virrfpeTrjaaL ij rov avTenrovja 
 
 28 ofc? eKelvoL e^ovkovro Trpa'^Orjvat ; Etl Be toc'^ fxev aX,- 
 A,oi? AOr]vaioi,<i iKavrj fiov Boxel 7rpo^aaL<; elvai rwv ye'ye- 
 VTjfjLevcov €t? Tou? TpcuKOVTa avatpepeiv rrjv acTiav av- 
 rov; Be Tof? rpiaKovra, av et? (rd>ci<; av70v<; ava<^epcoGi^ 
 
 29 TTw? uyLta? €t«:o? awoBe^eaOac ; et (xev yap rt? r}v ev t^ 
 iToXev ap-^ri la-^vporepa avTrj<i, v(p 779 avro) Trpoaerar- 
 Tero nrapa to BUaiov avOpcDirov; airoXXvvaiy ca(0<; av 
 ecKOTco^; avT(p avyyvw firiv et^eTe* vvv Be irapa rov iroie 
 KaL Xi^yjreaOe Biktjv, elirep e^earai toZ? rpiuKovra Xeyecv 
 
 30 OTL ra V7T0 rcov rpiaKOvra Trpoara'^uevra cttolovv ; ts.au 
 fiev Brj OVK ev rrj OLKta aXX ev rr) oB(p^ aco^eiv avTov Kara 
 ra rovTOt<; eyjrTjyfjccr/jieva irapov^ crvXXa/Scov airiiyayev. 
 vp,e1^ Be Tracriv opyl^eaOe^ oaoi e/9 Ta? oi/cia^ tjXOov ra<; 
 Vfierepa^ ^Yirrjcnv TroLQVfxevoL tj vficov rj rcov v/jLerepcov 
 
 31 rLvo<;. Kairoi et ^pr] Tot? Bta rt]v eavrcov ccorripLav 
 eTepov<; airoXeaaat. avyyvcofXTjv e^eiv, eKCivot^ av Btfcat' 
 
KATA EPATOXSENOTX. 15 
 
 oT€pov e^oLre* klvZvvo<; yap rju TreficpOeca-i fii] ekOelv 
 KUL KajaXa^ovaLv e^dpvoL'^ yevecrOai, tm he Eparo- 
 oOeveu e^fjv eLirelv on, ov/c aTTTjVTTjaev, eTretra otl ou/c 
 elSev Tavra yap ovr eA-ey^oy ovre ^acravov el-^ev^ 
 oicrre fiTjh viro rdv e-^Opcov ^ovXofievcov olov r elvai 
 €^e\ey)(6rjvai. xprjv Be ae, co EparoaOeve*;, eiirep rjada 32 
 'XprjaTO'i, TToXf fiaWou rot? fieWova-cp ahLK(o<i airoOa- 
 velcrdai, firjvvrrjv yeveaOat rj tov? aBLfca)<; a7ro\ovfjLevov<i 
 GvXkajJiPdveiv. vvv Be crov la epya (pavepa yeyevrjrac 
 ov^ &)? avLWfMevov aW qj? rjBofJLevov toI? yLyvofjLeifoi<;, 
 (ocTTe TOvaBe etc t(dv epyoiv xpf] fiaXkov rj etc tcov Xoycov 33 
 riju '\lr7](f>ov (pepeiu, a uaaa-L yeyevrjiieva rcov Tore \eyo- 
 jievcDV TeKjxripLa \a/iffavovTa<;, eTreiBr) fiaprvpa^ rrrepl 
 avTcov ov^ oiov re irapaa'^eaOaL. ov yap jmovov rjfuv 
 TTapelvai ovk e^rju, aW ovBe Trap avTol<; eluac, co(jt eirt 
 rouTOL^ ea-TC iravra ra Ka/ca ei,pyacrfJLevo(,<; tt^i/ ttoXcp 
 iravra rayaOa TrepL avrcov Xeyeiv, tovto fxevroc ov 34 
 c^euyco, aW o/jLoXoyco aoc, ec /SofXet, avrei'TTelv. 6av- 
 /jLa^o) Be ri up irore e7roL7jaa<; (TVpeLTrcop, oirore avrei- 
 irelp <f)aaKcop aireiCTeipa^; IIoXe/jLap')(^op, (pepe 5?}, t/ up 
 ec tcac aB€X(j)oc ovTe<i ervyyuvere avrov rj Kac flet?; 
 aireyjrTjcj^L^edOe ; Bel yap, w apBpe<; BtKao-rai, EparodOe- 
 PTjp BvoLP Oaiepop aTToBel^ai, rj tw? ovk airr^yayep avrop, 
 7] oj? BuKaicof; tovt eirpa^ep. ovTO<i Be cofjLoXoyrjKep aBi- 
 «•&)? crvXXa/Secp^ wcrre paBiap v/jlIp tjjp BLa-\!rri(ptcrcp Trepi, 
 avTov Tre'TTOLTjKe. Kau (xep Brj ttoXXol kul tcop aarcop 35 
 Kac TCOP ^epcop rj/covacp eLaofiepot rlpa ypcofirjp irepi tov- 
 rcop efere. cop ol (xep viierepoL oP7e<; TroXlrat fJLadoPT6<: 
 
16 ATXIOT 
 
 uTTLaaiv on 77 Zlictjv Bcocrovatv o)U av e^afiaprcocriv, rj 
 irpd^avre^^ ^xev oov ecj^tevTai rvpavvoL Tr}? iroXeco^ eaov- 
 raL, ovaTv^r]aavTe<^ oe ro caov v/xiu e^oucnv ocroL be 
 ^evoi eiTLhrifiovcrLV^ euaovrab irorepov adiKW^ rov^ rpia- 
 Kovra eKKTjpuTTovdiv etc tcov iroXecov 7] BcKaico^i. et yap 
 Si] avToc OL KaKW'^ ireTTovOoref; Xa^ovre^ a^rjcrovcrtv, ij 
 TTOu a(f)a<; avrov^; 7jyr]croi>Tai, irepiepiyov; virep vfxwv K7)do~ 
 
 36 [xevov;. ovfc ovv heivov €i TOf? fxev <TTpaT7]yov<;^ 61 evL- 
 Kcov vav/J,a'^ovvT6<;, ore Sia '^etfjLwva ov^ olot r e^aaau 
 elvai Tou? etc rrj^i 6a\aiT7]<^ aveXeaBai^ 6avaT(o e^Tj/iico' 
 (rare, ijyov/ievot '^prjpai t?; twv reOi/ewrcov apery Trap 
 etceivwv Si/crju Xafielv, rovrov; 3e, di idicoTaL (xev ovre^ 
 Ka6 oaov ehvvavTO eTToirjoav rj7T7]6rjiJaL vaviJLay(ovv7a<i, 
 eireihr] he ei? 77]V ctp^rjif Karear^jaav, ofioXoyovcnv gkov- 
 re? TToXXov'^ iwv itoXitcov afcpirov<; airoKTivvvimi^ ovic 
 apa ^p?7 avTov'^ kcli tou? 7rat8a? v<^ v/xwu rals: €cr^aTai<i 
 ^r)/j.iat<; tcoXa^eaOat; 
 
 37 ^Eyo) TOLVUV, c5 auSpe^ ZtKacTai^ rj^iovv Lfcava elvai 
 ra KaTr]yopT]jiieva' fJ^e-y/pi yap tovtov vofiL^co '^/prjvac 
 Karrjyopetv eco^ dv OavuTov So^rj tw (jievyovrc a^ia 
 elpydoOat' ravTrjv yap eay^uTTjv hiK^qv Buva^eOa Trap 
 avTcov XajSelu. cocrr ovk olc^ o rt Zel nroXXa icarrjyo- 
 pelu roLovTCDV avSpwv^ Ci cvh VTrep e^'09 efcaarou twv 
 ireTTpayfievcov Si9 diroOavovre^ Blktjv Bovfat hvuatvT av. 
 
 38 ov yap hr] ovhe rovro avTco nrpoaritcet TTOtrjaai, CTrep ei> 
 TTjBe ry TToXet elBidjJievov eariv, irpo^ fxev rd KarT^yopr)- 
 fieva firjSev airoXoyelaOai^ irepc Be acf^cov avrcov erepa 
 Xeyov7€<: evtore e^ar^ajiOGiv^ vjxlv a7roBetKPVPT€<; &)? arpa- 
 
RATA EPATOXQENOTX. 17 
 
 TLcoTUL ayaOoL €l<tlv, 7] oj? TToWa? 7C0V TToXefiLcop vav<; 
 e\a^ov rpLr}pap-^7]aavT€<i, if 7ro\eL<i 7ro\€/ii,a<; ovaa^ <f}i- 
 Xm? €7roi,7]aav eirec KeXevere avrov aTToBet^aL ottcv 39 
 TO(TOVTOV<; Twv iroXe/jLLCOv aTTeKTeivav oaov<; roiv irokv- 
 rwv, 7) vav<^ oirov ro(TavTa<; eXajSou oaa<; avrou irapeSo- 
 aav, Tj ttoXlv r]V7Lva TOiavrrfv TrpocreKTrjaavro oiav ttjv 
 v/ierepav KareSovXojaavTO. aXXa yap oirXa rcou TroXe- 40 
 fxLtov ecTKvXevaav Toaavra oaa irep v/icov u(f)eiXovTO ; 
 uXXa rei-^T} roiavra elXov ota T17? eavTcov TrarptSo'; Ka- 
 Teo-/ca\lrav ; ozTtz/e<? koI ra irepi rrjv Attiktjv (f)povpLa 
 KadelXov, fcac vjjllv eSrjXcocrav otc ovoe 70v Tleipata AaKe- 
 SaLfiovLcov TrpoaTaTTOPTcov irepielXov, aXX ore eavjol^ 
 TTjv ap^7]v ouTco ^6^aL0T€pav evojXL^ov elvai. 
 
 IIoXXaicL<; ovv edavfiaaa 7rj<; To\fjL7}<; rwv Xeyovrcop 41 
 VTrep avTov, ttXtjv brav evdufiridco otc tcov avrwv ecrrLV 
 avTOv<s T€ Travra ra tca/ca epya^ecrdac Kau tou? tolov- 
 Tou? eTraivelv, ov yap vvv irpwrov Ta> vfxeTepw irXriOeL 42 
 7a evav7La eirpa^ev^ aWa Kau eirc tcov TeTpaKOGiwv ev 
 7(p (T7pa707re8Q) oXtyap-^iav Ka6i(77a<i e^evyev e^ EX- 
 X7](T7rov70v TpLTjpap'^o'i Ka7aXL7Tci)v TTjV pavv, /j,e7a 
 Ia7poKXeov<^ Kau e76pcov, a)V ra ovofia7a ovhev Beofiai, 
 Xeyeiv. a(l>LKoixevo<; Se Bevpo rapavTia rot? ffoyXo/jLe- 
 voL<^ Brj/jLOKpaTcav elvac €7rpa77ev, Kac tov7cov [jLdp7V' 
 pa<; vpuv Trape^ofxai. 
 
 MAPTYPE^. 
 
 Top /xeu 701PVP fieTa^v ^lop avTov iraprjo-co' eTretS?} 43 
 Se 7] pavfia'^ta Kai rj avfi(popa 7^ TToXec €yep€70, BijfMO' 
 2 
 
18 AT^IOT 
 
 Kpaiia^ €TL ovar]^^ hOev tt;? o-racrea)? rjp^av, Trevre av- 
 5/36? €(j>opoL Karea-Tijcrav vtto tcov KoXov/ievcov eraipcov, 
 (Tvvaycoy€l<i /xev rwv TToXirayv, ap^ovre<; Se twv crvvco- 
 /iOTwi/, evavTca Be Ta> vfierepw ifkriOei irpaTTovre^' oyv 
 
 44 EpaT0G6evr}<; kul KpLTia<; rjaav. ovtol Be (f}v\ap^ov<; 
 re eiTL ra? <f)v\aKa<; Karearrja-au, kul o ti Beoi '^eLporo- 
 vecaOac Kai ovajLva^ XP^^^ ^PX^^^ vraprj'yyeWov, kul eu 
 It, aWo irpaTTeiV /SovXolvto, Kvpioi yaav ovrca ov)^ 
 viTO Twv TToXepLLCov fiovov aWa Kat vtto rovrcov ttoXltcov 
 ovro^v eirej^ovXeveaOe b7r(o<; JjLtjt ayaOov firjBev '\lr'r)(f)L6la66 
 
 45 TToXXcov re evBeet^ eaecrde. tovto yap [«'«t] rjiriaTavTO, 
 ore aXXco<; fxev ou^ olot t6 eaovrai irepiyeveaOai, KaKco<i 
 Be irpaTTovTcov BwrjaovTai' kul vfia's rjyovvTo rwv irapov- 
 rcov KUKcov e7ndvfiovvra<; aTraXXayrjvai irepu rcov fjieXX6i>' 
 
 45 Tcov ovK ev6u/jL7]crea6at. «? tolvvv rcov ecpopcov eyevero^ 
 fiapTvpa<; vfitv Trape^ofiaL^ ov tou? rore crv/iTrpaTTOVTa^; 
 (ov yap av Bvvaifirjv^, aXXa tou? avrov EpaToa6evov<; 
 
 47 aKovaravra^, KaiTOi et €a(0(j)povovv Karefiaprvpovv av 
 avTWV^ Kat, Tou? BiBaG-KaXov^ tcov (Kperepcov ap,apT7}jjLa- 
 roiv (TcboBp av eKoXa^ov, Kac rov<^ bpKov<;, ei ecrax^povovv^ 
 OVK av eiri fiev rol^; tcov ttoXltcov KaKOL^ ttkttov^ evofit- 
 ^ov, em Be rot? tt}? TToXew? aya6oL<; paBiWi irape^aivov. 
 TTpo'^ fiev ovv tovtov; ToaavTa Xeyco, tov<; Be fiapTvpa^ 
 fjLOL KaXec. Kai v/xel'^ ava^rjTe, 
 
 MAPTYPE^. 
 
 48 Tcov fiev fiapTvpcov uKrjKoaTe. to Be reXevralov et? 
 T^y apxh^ KaTaaTa^ ayaOov puev ovBevo'^ fieTea'^ev, 
 
UN ' J 
 
 RATA EPATO^QENOT^. 19 
 
 aWcov Se ttoXXwi/. kultoi euirep rju avi]p ayaBo^^ ^XP^l^ 
 \cLV~^ TTpcoTOv /jL6i/ fii] 7rapavo/j.co<; ap'^etVy eirena ry ^ovKr) 
 firjvvrrjv ytyveaOat, irepu tcov eLaayyeXLwu airaacov, ore 
 ylrevSei^; eiev, Koi BaVpa^o? Koi ALa-^vKiZri^ ov TaXrjdrj 
 firjvvovo'LV^ aWa ra vtto rchv rptuKOVTa TrXacxOevra 
 etaayyeWova-L, (TvyKelfxeva eirc rrj jwv ttoXitwv ^Xafir). 
 KQL jjLev Stj, (o avBp€<; BiKaarac, baoc KaKovoi rjaav tu> 49 
 vfierepoy irXriOet,^ ovhev eXarrov el^ov aL(07rcovT6<i' ere- 
 poc yap Tjcrav oc Xeyovre^ kul TrpuTTOvre^ wv of^ olov 
 T i-jv fj,6i^co KaKa yeveaOaL rrj iroXeL. oiroaoi S evvoo 
 (paaiv eivai, ttoj? ovic evravOa eSec^av, avroc re ra /3eX,- 
 TLO-ra X€yovTe<; Kai 70u<; e^afiapTavovja's airorpt'iTOVTe'^ ; 
 
 I(7Q)<s 3 aif €')(0i eiTrelu otl ehehoLKei^ Kac v/jLwv tovto 50 
 evLOL^ LKavov earat. otto)? tolvvv [itj ^avrioerai eu toI? 
 XoyoL<; Tol<i rpia/covra evavTLOviievo<^' ei Be fZT], evjavOou 
 BrjXo^ earac ore eKelva re avTa> ijpecTKe, Kac roaoviov 
 eBwaro ware evavTiovfievo^s firjBev Kaicov iraOelv vir av- 
 70)1^. xprjv B avTov vTrep t?}? vfieT€pa<; ao)T7]pLa<; rav 
 TTjv TTjv irpoOvfiiav ey^eiv, aXXa fMrj virep ©r}pa/i€vov<i, b? 
 et? uyua? iroXXa e^i]iiaprev, aXX ovto^ rr]v fiev ttoXlv 51 
 e-^Opav evofiL^ev ecuac, tou? B v/ieiepov^ e-^dpov^ (pcXov;, 
 <a)9 a/jLcj)oT€pa ravra eyro TToWot? T€KfnjpLOL<; Trapaarrjaco, 
 Kac Ta? 7rpo<i aWrjXoi/? Biacbopa^ ov)(^ virep vficop aXX 
 virep eavTwv yiyvofi6va<;, oirorepoc [/zoyoij ravra nrpa- 
 ^ovac Kac r?}? TroXeoj? ap^ovaiv. Kac yap ec virep roiv 52 
 aBcKov/jcevcov ecnaaca^ov, ttov kuXXlou [cci^~\ r]v avBpc 
 ap'^ovTC^ t] ©paavjBovXov ^vXi)v KaT€cXT]^0T0<^, tot 
 eircBec^acOac ttjv avTov evvocav ; B avTc tov eiray- 
 
20 AT^IOT 
 
 tyeiXaadai tl tj Trpa^au ajaOov 'jTpo<; tou? ein ^vXrj, 
 e\6cov fiera rcov avi/ap'^ovraw et? Xakafxlva Kai ^EXev- 
 alvahe TpiaKocrLov^ rcov ttoXctcov aTn^jajep et? to Secryuo)- 
 Ti]piOV^ Kai fMLa y^i]^o^ avTcov diravTwv Bavarov Karey^rj' 
 
 53 (piaaro. eTreiS?] Se et? top IleipaLci rjXOofxev koI al 
 Tapaj(ai fyeyevifixevai rjcrav Kai, irepc rcov SiaXXaycov ol 
 XoyoL ejcyvovTO^ vroWa? efcarepoi eXTrt8a<; eL^ofiev Trpa 
 aXXT]Xov^ ecreaOau &)9 afxc^oTepov ehei^afiev. ol puev yap 
 €K IIeLpaia)<i KpeiTrov; 0PT6<i etaaav avrov^ aireXOelv 
 
 54 OL he et? TO aajv eX6ovTe<^ tou? [lev rpLiiKOvra e^e^aXov 
 irXrjv ^etSajfo? Kab EpajoaOevov;, ap^ovTa<; Se tou? e«e/- 
 poc<; eydiCFTOVi eiXovio, 7]yov/i€voc SLKato)'^ av viro rcov 
 avTcov Tof? T€ rpiuKOvra fiLaelaOaL Kai tov<=; ev Tleipaiel 
 
 55 ^iXelaOaL. rovicov tolvvv ^elBcov [o rcov rpiaKOVTa yevo- 
 fievo'f^ Kai I'7T7roKXri<; Kai E7n')(^apr)<; o AafXTrrpev^ Kai 
 erepoL ol Sokovvt6<; elvai evavJiwraroL XapiKXel Kat Kpi- 
 Tia KaL Tjj eKCLvcov eraipeLa, cTreiS/; avroL ez,? rrjif ap-yi^v 
 KarecTTTjaav, ttoXv fieL^o) crrdaLV KaL iroXefiov twc tou? ev 
 
 56 TleipaLel 7ol<; e^ daT60<; eTTOLTjaav ot? kul ^avepQx; eTre- 
 BeL^avTO ore ov^ virep tcov ev IJeLpaiel ovB virep rcou 
 a8/«:&)? aTToXXvfievcov earaaia^ov, ovB ol Tf^f/ecoTe? av- 
 tou? eXvTTOvv, ouS OL fieXXovTei; airoOavecaOaL, aXX ol 
 
 57 fxei^ov Bvva/jL€voL KaL Odrrov TrXovrovpre^i. Xa/3opTe<i 
 yap ra^ ap')(^a<^ KaL ti]V itoXlv aix^o7epoi<^ eiroXefiovv^ 
 TOt? T6 rpLUKOvra iravra Ka/ca eLpyaaiievoL^ Kai v/hlv 
 iravra KaKa 'jreTTovOoaL, KaiioL tovto ttclctl BijXov ?yi/, 
 OTL €L fiev eKelvoL BiKaLCt)'; e<pevyov, uyuet? aBLKCO<;, et B 
 vjjLel^i Si/cato)?, OL TpLUKOvia uBlkco^' ov yap Bi] erepcop 
 
KATA EPATOXOENOT^. 21 
 
 epywv auTiav Xa^ovre^ eic t?}? 7ro\6co<; e^eireaov^ aWa 
 rovTcov. cocTTe a(f)o8pa ^pr; opyt^eaOaij on ^€tScov atpe- 58 
 ^ei? f/ia? BtaWa^ai, kul Kajayayeuv tcov avTcov epycov 
 Eparoadevei /jLCTel^e Kau ttj avrrj jvco/jlt) tov^ fiev 
 KpecTTOU^i auTcov Be u/j,a<; KaKco^ ttolgIv kTOLp,o<i yv^ v/jl2u 
 Be aBtKCD<; ^evyovav ovk rjOekrjdev aiToBovvai ttjv ito- 
 \lv, aW eXdcov et9 AaKeBaifjuova eireiOev avTOv<; crpa- 
 revecrdai, Bca^aWoyv otl Boicotcou ?; 7ro\t9 earai, icav 
 aWa Xeycov ot? a>6T0 Treiaecv fMuXcara. ov Bvva/i€vo<i 59 
 Be TouTcov TV)(elv^ evre Kai tcov lepcou e/JbTToBcou optcov 
 6tTe Kac avTwv ov povXofievcDV, efcarop raXavTa eoavec- 
 aaro, iva e'^oc eiriKovpov'^ fiKrOouadai. Kac AvcavBpov 
 ap^^ovra r}TT]craTO, evvovcnaTOV jMev ovra rrj oXLyap-^^La, 
 Ka/covovaraTOV Be rr} TroXec, fiLcrovvTa Be fiaXtara roi;? 
 €v UetpaLel. fMLcjOcoaa/MevoL Be 7ravTa<; avOpojirov^ eir' 60 
 oXedpw Trj<; 7roXe&)?, Kac iroXet^i eirayovTe^iy Kai reXev- 
 rcop7e<; Aa/ceBaLfiovLov<; Kac twv trvfi/jid'^CDV oiroaov; eBu" 
 vavTO irelaac^ ov BcaXXa^ac aXX airoXeaac irapecTKeva' 
 ^ovro T7]v TToXcv €c fiT) Bc avBpa<^ aya6ov<;^ oh vf-iecq 
 BrjXcoo'aTe irapa tcou €')(6p(ov Bcktjv Xa/3ovr€<;, ore Kac 
 execvoc^ ')(apcv airoBccaeTe. ravra Be einaTaade fiev 61 
 Kac avToc^ Kac oco ore ov dec /iiapTvpa<^ nrapaaj^eGuac 
 6iLLC0<i Be' eyco re yap Beofxac avaTravaaa-Oac^ vfiwv r 
 evcQi<; 7]Biov (w? irXeccncov rov^ avrov; Xoyov? axovecv. 
 
 maptype:^. 
 
 ^epe Br) Kac irepc ©rjpafjbevov^ «? au Bwcojiac Bia 62 
 /Spa-^VTarcov BcBa^co. Beopbac B vfxwv aKOV<jai virep t 
 
22 ATSIOT 
 
 €fiavrov Kai rrj^ TroXeo)?. Kac firjSepc tovto Trpoaarrj, 
 (w? EparoaOevov^ KLvBvvevovro'; 07]pafjLevov<; KaTrjyopco' 
 TTUpdavofiac yap Taura a7ro\ojrja€a6ac avjov^ otl eKelvto 
 
 63 (pcXo'i Yjv Kat Tcop avTcov epyoov /JLerec^e. Kacroc a(f)odp 
 av aviov ol/xaL jxera ©ejJLL(TTOK.\eou<; iroXiTevoixevov irpoa' 
 iroieiadai irparreLV birw^ OLKoSofirjOrjaerai, ra rei^rj^ 
 OTTore Kau fiera ©TjpafMevov^ otto)? KaOaLpedriaejai. ov 
 yap fJLOi, hoKovcnv laov a^Loi yejevrjaOaL' 6 fiev yap 
 AafceBacfiovLcov aKovjcou a}fCoBo/JL7](76v avra, ovro^ he tov? 
 
 64 7ro\tTa<i e^a7raT7]cra? KaOeiXe. TrepuajTjKev ovv rfj tto- 
 Xei TOVvavjLOV rj w? et/ro? r]V. a^iov [xev yap /cao tou? 
 (})tXov<; Toi/? ©rjpa/xevovi 'TrpoaaTroXcoXevai, irXrjv ei. iL<i 
 ervy^avev efceiuq} ravavria Trparrcov. vvv he opo) tu^ 
 re airoXoyia^; et? e/ceivov avatpepojjLtva^, rov^ r eKeiv(p 
 (Tvvovja^ rifjLaadai Tretpw/mei^ovi^ 0)a7rep itoXXojv uyaOwv 
 
 65 OLTLOU aXX ov fieyaXcov kukwv yeyevrjfJLevov, b? irpwrov 
 fiev 7779 Trporepa^i oXLyap'^ta<; anuoiaro^ eyevero, ireiaa^ 
 vjjLa<; Tiqv eirc rwv rerpa/cocncov iroXiTeiav eXeaOai. kul 
 6 fiev rrarrjp avrov rwv irpo^ovXwv cov tuvt eirpaTTev, 
 avro<; he hofccov evvovaraTO'^ eivac rot? Trpay/iaat crrpa- 
 
 65 T7]yo<i VTT avTcou rjpeOrj. Kai eo)? fiev er^yuaTO, Triarov 
 eaviou irapel-^ep' eTreihr] he Ueicravhpov fieu kul KaX- 
 Xaia'^pov KUL eTepov<i ecopa irporepovi avrov yiyvofxt- 
 z/of?, TO he vfxerepov irXrjOo^ ovkcti ^ovXo/ievov tovtcov 
 a/cpoaaOai, tot rjhrj hui re top Trpo^; efC€tvov<i if>6ovov Kat, 
 to Trap vfjLO)v 8eo? yLterecr^e rcov ApL(TTOf<:paTov<; epycov. 
 
 67 j3ovXo/j.evo(; he tco v/jLerepfp irXipet hoKeiv tt^ctto? elvai 
 AvrL(f>(A)VTa Kal Ap'>(^e'moXefiov (piXraTovf; 0PTa<; avTM 
 
RATA EPATOXSENOTX, 23 
 
 Kairiyopoiv aireKTeivev^ ei? touovtov Be KaKia^; rjXOev, 
 coare afia fiev Sta Tr)v irpo'^ e/ceivov^ ttlcftlv v/xa<; Kare- 
 BovXcoaaTO, Slu Be rrjv Trpo? v/j.a<; tou? (pLXov; aiTwXeae, 
 rifjbwfJLevo^ he kul t(dv ^eyiarcov a^iov/j.evo<;, auTo? eiray- 68 
 fyeiXafievo'^ acoaecv tt]v ttoXlv ol'to? avrwXeo'e, (paaKcou 
 irpay/jba evprjKevai jxeya Kai ttoWov a^cov. virec^eTo 
 Be eLpr]vr}v iroiricreLV firjre ofxripa Bov^ fJ-V^^ t<^ '^^^X'^ '^"" 
 deXwv fjLTjre ra? vav<; 7rapaBov<;' ravra Be eiiTelv yu.e^ 
 ovBevL r)6eXrj(Tev, eKeXevce Be av7(p TriareveLV. i;/x.et? 69 
 ^e, CO avBpe<i AOrjvaloi, irparTovar)^ /j,ev t?;? ev Apeiw 
 iraycp ^ovXrj<; crcoTTjpca, avnXeyovrwv Be iroXXwv ©rjpa- 
 fievec, €LBoTe<^ Be otc ol fiev aXXot avOpcoiroi twv iroXe- 
 /jLLcov eveKev raTTopprjra TTOiovvrai, eKelvo<^ B ev Tot? av 
 Tov TToXnaL'i ov/c rjdeXrjaev enrelv javra a Trpo? tov? 
 TToXefiLovi €/j,eXXev epelv, ofico'^ errerpe^are avrof nra- 
 rpiBa KUL iraiBa'^ Kau yvvoLKa^; Kac vjxa'i avrov^. 6 Be 70 
 b}v fjuev v'rreG")(ero ovBev eirpa^ev, ovrco^ Be evereOvfirjTo 
 o)? ^pr) fjLLKpav KUL aaOevrf yeveoQai rrjv iroXcv, cocrre 
 irepi (i)v ovBei<^ iranTore ovre rwv iroXefjitcov efxvriaOi] ovre 
 TQ)V ttoXltcov riXiTLaey ravO u/xa? eireiae irpa^ac^ ov>(^ 
 VTTO AaKe6aifjL0VL(DV avayKa^ofxevo^;^ aXX avTo^ €KeivoL<i 
 e7rayy€XXo/jLevo<;, tov re Hetpaiw^ ra ret^^; irepieXelv 
 Kav rrjv vTrap-^oucrav iroXcreiav KaraXvaat, ev etSoj? on, 
 ei fir) iraawv rcov eXiriBajv aTroarepTjOriaeade^ raj(eLav 
 rrap avrov rrjv rifXfDpvav KO/xiecaoe. Kau to reXevratov^ 71 
 o) avBpe^ BcfcaaraL, ov rrporepov eiaae ti]v e/CKXrjaiav 
 yeveaOai, eax; 6 Xeyo/ievo'^ vtt CKeivcov Kaipo<^ evrt/xeXco? 
 vir avrov errjprjOrj^ Kai jiereTrefJi'^aTO fiev ra? fiera 
 
24 AT^IOT 
 
 AvaavSpov vav<; e/c ^a/iov, €7reSr]fi7)(76 Be to tcov iroXe- 
 
 72 fjiicov CTpaTOTreBov. Tore Be tovtwv viTap')(ovT(jdv, kclL 
 TrapovTcov AvaavSpov kul ^iXo'^apov; Kai MiXTLaSov, 
 nrepi Trj<^ TroXtrem? ttjv eicKkrjcnav eirotovv, iva /zT^re 
 pT}Tcop avTol'^ /jL7}BeL<i evavTLolro fxrjBe B tarn- e 1X0170, vfxel<i 
 re /jL7] ra Trj iroXet crvficf)€povTa eXotade^ aWa raiceLvoi^ 
 
 73 BoKovvra '\^r](^L(TaLa6e. avaara^; Be QT^pafjuevrj^ eKeXev- 
 crev vjxa^ rpiaKovra avbpaaiv eirnpe^^ai Tr,v iroXiu, koI 
 Tj] TToXiTeia y^prjddai rjv dpaKOVTiBrj'^ a7re<^aivev» Vfie2<i 
 B ofjLco<; KUL ovTco BiaKeifxevoL eOopv^elie to? ov iroc^aov- 
 T69 ravTa' eytyvcoaKere jap on irepi Bov\eta<; koi eXev- 
 
 74 Oepia^ ev efcecvrj rrj ')]/jie pa e^eKXTjcrLal^ere. Grjpa/jLevrj'^ Be, 
 CO avBpe<; BLKacrrai, yKol tovtcov v/JLa<; avTOv^ fiaprvpa^ 
 rrrape^o/JLat^ elirev on ovBev avTa> fjbeXob rov vfxerepov 
 Sopv^ov, eTreiBr) iroXXov^ fxev AOrjvaKDV eiBeir] rof? tci 
 ofxoia 7rparTovra<i auro), BoKOVvra Be AvaavBpcp kol 
 AaKeBaLjxovioi^ Xejoc. fxer eKeivov Be AvaavBpo<i ava- 
 <T7a<i aXXa re iroXXa eiire Kai on irapaaiTovBov^ f/za? 
 eyoi, Kai on ov irepv TroXireia^ vpuv earai aXXa rrepi 
 
 75 o-(0T7jpta<;, et jxrj 'jrotrjcraiO a 07]pa/Ji€V7)<i KeXevoc. tcou 
 B ev rr) eKKXrjaia oaoi avBpe^i a<ya6ol rjcrav, jvovre^ t?;z/ 
 TrapacTKevrjV Kai rrjv avayfcijv, ol fiev avTOV fxevovre^ 
 7]av)(^tav rjyov, 01 B wyovro a7ri6i>Te<;, tovto jovv ac^taiv 
 av70L<i (7vvetBo7e<i, on ovBev KaKov rrj iroXei. e'^7]^i-' 
 cravTO' oXijoi, Be nve^ Kai irov-qpoi Kai KaKW^ ^ovXevo- 
 
 76 fievoi ra TrpoaTa^Oevra e)(eLpo7ov'r]aav. 7rap7]jyeX70 
 yap av7ol<; BcKa p,ev ov? ©T]pafi€vr]<:: aTreBei^e '^eipoTovj}- 
 <7at, BeKa Be ou? oi Ka6ecrTrjK07e<^ ecf)opoi KeXevoiev, BeKa 
 
RATA EPATOXeENOTX. 25 
 
 3' e/c Twv TrapopTcov ovrco yap 7r]v vfxerepav aadeveiav 
 i(i)p(i)V Kat, rrjv avrwv hwapnv i^TTicnavTO^ coare Trpoie- 
 pov rjBea-av ra /JLeWovra ep rrj eKKXrjaia rrrpa'^OijaeaOai. 
 lavra he ov/c efioc Set Tnarevaav^ aXXa eKeivw' iravTay? 
 yap ra vir e/iov etprj/jLeva ev ry /3ouX^ aTroXoyoufxevo'^ 
 eXeyev, oveihit^wv fiep rol'^ (j^evyovaiVy otl Bl avrov Ka- 
 TeXdocev, ovBep ^povri^ovrcov AaKeSai/xovtcou, oveiBi^cov 
 Se Tot? T?7? TToXtreta? fMere-^^^ouaiP ore Travrwv twv ire- 
 irpay/xevcov TOi? eLprjfjuevoc^; TpoTTOt? vtt efiov avro^ aLTt,o<: 
 y€y6V7j/j,evo<; tolovtcov rvy^avot, TroWa? TTfcrTet? avTO<^ 
 epytp BeScoKco's Kai irap €K6ipcop opKOV^ €l\7]^(o<;. Kac 78 
 ToaovTcov Kav erepcov KaKcov kql aia^pcov Kac iraXac Kac 
 veaxTTL Kac [xiKpwv Kac fieyaXcov auTiov yeyevqixevov 
 ToX/jLr]aov(TLV avTov<^ (poXov^ ovra<^ aTrocpacvetv^ ov^ virep 
 vjuicop aiTodapoPTO'^ ©Tjpa/jLevov^ aXX vwep rrj'^ avrov rro- 
 vripLa<;^ Kal Blkuko'^ fiep ep oXcyap-^ia BIktjp Bovro^ (r/S?; 
 yap avrrjp KareXvae^, BiKaLco^; B ap ep Br)/iof<paria' Bci 
 yap y/^a? fcareBovXaxraro^ rcop puep rrapoprcop Kara(f)po- 
 v(jL>Py rcop Be aiTOprcop e7n9v/i(0Vy Kav rto KaXXicrrcp ovo- 
 fxari '^p(ojjLepo<; Becporarcop epywp BcBaaKaXo^; Karacrra<^, 
 
 Uepi juuep roipvp ©ijpa/jbevov^ iKapa /xoi, ean ra Karrj- 79 
 yopViUbeva" rjKec B vjmp eKelpo<i 6 Kaipo<;, ep o) Bel avy- 
 ypwixrjp Kav eXeop /jlt) elpat ep rat? vfLerepaL<; yp(OfiaL<^, - 
 aXXa irapa EparoaOepov? Kac rcop rovrov avpapyop- 
 Tcop BcKTjp Xa,8etp, p.7]Be fia'^ofiepov; fiep Kpecrrov; elvac 
 rcop rroXe/jLLCDP, ylrrjcf^i^ofievov^ Be rjrrovi rcop e-^Opcop. 
 firjB COP cjiaac /xeXXeip rrpa^ecp rrXetco 'X^apip avrot^ ccrre, 80 
 rj cav errocTjaap opytl^ecde' p,7jB arrovcn fiep rol^ rpca- 
 
26 AT^IOT 
 
 Kovra eTTi/SofXeuere, irapovra^i h a^r)re* firjBe t^? 
 Tvy'r)<^, Y) TOVTov^ TrapeBcoKe Tjj TroXet, kuklov vfuv avrol^ 
 
 8i KaT7]yopr]7aL Bq Eparoadevov; /cat twv rovrov (f)t- 
 A(OV, ot? ra? uTToXojLa'i apocaec Kai fxeu cov avrcp ravra 
 nreirpaKTat. o jaevTOi ajcjv ovk e^ ccrov rrj TroXet Kai 
 ^EpaToadevei' ovto<; puev yap Kajrijopo'; kuc ^i/vacrr?]? 
 auTo? rju roiv Kpcvofievcov, r]/jL€i<; Be vvvl €/? Karrfjopiau 
 
 82 Kao airoXoyiav KaOearafxev. Kai, ovtol fiev Tov<i ovBev 
 dScKovvra^ aire/CTeLvav aKpcrov^^ vfiel^ Be tou? diroXe- 
 aavra^ ri)v ttoXlv Kara lov vofiov a^Lovie Kpiveiv, Trap 
 03V ovB au TTapavopL(i)<; ^ovXo/xevoL BiKrjv Xap^aveiv 
 a^iav Twv aBiKij/jLarcov 6)v ttjv ttoXlv r}BtKr,KaaL Xa^ocre. 
 TL yap av TTa6ovTe<^ Blktjv ttjv a^cav eirjaav tcop epjoov 
 
 S3 BeBcoK07e<; ; Trorepov ev avrov^ aTTOKretvoire Kac tov<; 
 7raZ3a? avrcov^ lfcavi]v av rov <^ovov Blktjv Xa^oifiev^ 6)v 
 OVTOL Trarejoa? Kai vleL<; KaL aBeX^ov; aKpLrov<i uTreKieL- 
 vav ; aXXa yap el ra 'XpVP'CiTa ra <j)av€pa BrjpevaeTe.^ 
 KaXa)(; av e^oL rj tt) TToXct, ^? ovtol TToXXa elXrj^ao-iv, 7; 
 
 84 ToU iBLcorat^, o)V ra^ olKLa<; e^eTropOrjaav ; eTreiBi] tol- 
 vvv iravTa ttolovvt€^ Blktjv Trap avTwv ovk av BvvaiaOe 
 Xa/Selv, TTW? OVK aLa-)(pov vfilv KaL tjvtlvovv aTToXiTrelv, 
 rjUTLvd Tf? /SovXoLTO Trapa tovtojv Xafi^aveLV ; irav B 
 av fJLOL BoKel ToXfxrjaaL^ b<TTL^ vvvi ov^ eTepcov ovrcov 
 T03V BLKaa-Tcov dXX! avTcov tcov KaKco<; TreTTOvOoTWV, tjkcl 
 aTToXoyTjao/ievoi; 7r/?o<? avTov^ tov<; /iiapTvpa<i 7rj<; rovrov 
 Trovr)pLa<s' roaovrov tj v/j^cov Kara7red>povT}Kev tj eT€poL<; 
 
 85 TreTTLcrrevKev. oiV dfi^orepcov cl^lov eTTL/jLeXTjOrjvai^ evOv' 
 
RATA EPATOXQENOTX. 27 
 
 fiovfievov^; otc ovt av eKelva eSui/avro Troielv fir) erepcov 
 GVfMTrparrovTcov ovt av vvv eire^eip-qaav eXOelv /jlt] vtto 
 Tcop avTcov OLOfievoi acoOrja-eaOaL, di ov tovtol'^ TjKOvat 
 ^or]0ri(TOVT6<;, aWa ijyov/jLevot ttoWtjv aBeiav <T<pLacv 
 eaeaOai rwv re Treirpayfjievcov kuc tov Xolttov ttqi^iv b 
 n av l3ou\covTaL, ei tol"? ixeyuaTcov KaKwv acTcovi Xa~ 
 ^ovie<i a(f)7](TeT€. 
 
 AWa Kac rwv cvvepovvrcov avTo2<; a^tov 6av/jLa^€iv^ 85 
 TTOTepov oj? KaXoL KuyaOoL aLTrjcrovraL, rrjv avTcov ape- 
 TTjv irXewvo's a^cav airo^aLVOvje^ t?}? tovtwv 7rovr}pca<i* 
 €j3ovXofji,7)v fzevT av avrov^ outo) irpodujjbov^; elvat cw^eiv 
 TJjv TToXiv^ (oairep ovTot aTroXXvvac rj tw? hetvou Xeyeiv 
 airoXoyria'ovTai Kac ra toutcov epya ttoXXou a^ca airo- 
 (j)avovcnv, aXX ow^ virep vfxwv ofSet? avTcov ovBe ra 
 SiKata TTcoTTore eTre'^ecprja-ev €i7recv. 
 
 AXXa Tou? fjuaprvpa'^ a^tov uZelv, du tovtol^ fiapTV- 87 
 povvre^ auTcov KaTrjyopovcrt, a(f)oSpa e'inXricT [xova<^ Kau 
 €vrid6L<; vojiitovTe^ vfia'^ elvat, el Bta fikv to ufX€T6pov -- 
 7rX7]9o<; a3e(i? tjyovvTat tov<; rpuiKovTa acoaecv, Bca Be 
 EpajoaOevTjv Kav tou9 <Tvvap'^ovTa<i avTOv Betvov rjv Kac 
 T(ov T€6v6(OT(ov €77 eK<poj)av eXOclv. KacTOC ovToc fxev 88 
 <jcod€VT6<s TTaXiv av BvvaivTO TTjV TToXcv aTToXeorac eK€C~ 
 VOL Be, ou? OVTOC aiTwXeaav, reXeuTTja-avTef; rov fiiov Tre- — 
 pa<i e^ov(TC Tr}? irapa tcov e-^Opcov TC/jL(Dpca<^. ov/c ovv 
 Betvov ei Twv jxev aBcKco^ reOvecoTcov oc (f)cXoc crvvaTTcoX- 
 XvvTo, al'Tot? Be rot? rr]v ttoXcv airoXecracn Btjttov eir 
 €K(f>opav TToXXoc Tj^ovc-iv, oTTOTe ^oTjOelv ToaovTOC irapa- 
 tTKeva^QVTai ; Kac fiev Br} TToXX^p p(iov rjyovaac ecvac 39 
 
28 ATXIOT 
 
 virep (jdv vfJi6L<i eTTaay(eT€ avTenreiv, i) virep cou ovtol ire- 
 iroLr]Kaaiv aTroXoyr^aaadai, KatroL Xeyovaiv o)? Eoa- 
 ToaOevei eXa^tcrra toov rpLUKovTa kuku eipyaarai, koI 
 Eca rovro aviov a^iovau acoOrjvai' otl Be rcov aWwu 
 EW7]V(t)v 'Trkeuara et? f/^a? e^rj/xaprrjKev, ovtc OLOViat 
 
 90 '^prjvai avTOV uTToXeaOai,. vfi€L<i Be Bec^ere r]VTLva 
 yvwixrjv e^ere Trepu rcov irpay/xarcov. ei jxev yap tcv- 
 Tov KaTa^lrTjcj^LeLaOey BrjXoi, eaeade &)? opyc^o/jievoi Tot? 
 rrreTrpayfJievoL^' et Be a7ro'^r)(^Le1a6e^ o(f)6rio-ea6e twv av- 
 Tcov epycov eTnOv/JLTjTai tovjol^ ovre^y Kai ov^ e^ere 
 Xeyeiv otl ra vtto tcov rpiaKOVTa Trpoara'^Oevia eiroi- 
 
 91 etre* vvvl p.eu yap ovBei<; f/ia? avayKa^eL irapa ttjv 
 vfjuerepav yua> firjv airoylnj^L^eaOaL. coare avfi^ovXevco 
 fir] TOVTcov a7Toylrr](piaajiievov<; v/jlwv avTwv Karay^rff^i- 
 GaaOai. firjB otecrOe Kpv/SBijv elvai ti]v y^rjc^ov <^ave- 
 pav yap rfj TroXet, rrjv v/ierepav yvcofJLrjv TroLTjaeTe. 
 
 92 BovXo/jiaL Be oXcya eKarepov^ avafivr}aa<; Kara^ai- 
 V6LV, TOV<; 76 6^ aareo<s /cac tov<; etc Tleipaiai^, iva ra? 
 vfilv Bui rovTCOv y€yevrj/jLeva<; (TV/ncpopa^; TrapaBecy/jLura 
 eyovTe<i rrjv 'drrj(l)ov <})epr]Te. Kat, irpcorov fiev ocroi e^ 
 acrreo? eare, aKe-xlraaOe on vtto toutcov ovtco acpoBpa 
 rjpyecrOe^ coaTe aBeX(jjoc<; Kai viecrc fcac TroXtrat? rjvayKu- 
 ^eaOe TroXe/juelv rotovrov ttoXc/jlov, ev w r)TTT]9evTe'; fxev 
 TOi? viKr\aaGi to laov e-^eTe, vLKrjaavT€<^ B av rovTOL<^ 
 
 93 eBovXeveTe. Kai rot"? lBlov<; olkov^ ovtol fiev e/c twv 
 TTpayf^aTcov fieydXov; eKTiqaavTo^ vfiel^ Be Blu tou Trpo^ 
 aXkriXov'i TToXefiov eXaTTOv^ e^ere* crvvax^eXelaOaL fiev 
 ycip vpa<^ ovK tj^lovp, ovvBia^aXkeaOaL B rjvayKa^ov, 
 
RATA EPATO^BENOT^. ' 29 
 
 • 
 
 et? TOCovTOv virepoy^La^ eXOovre^ ware ov tcov ayaOwv 
 KOLvovfievoi TTLarov^ u/L^a? eKTcovTO, aWa tcov oveiScov 
 /LteraStSoi/re? evvov^s cpovTO eivai. av6 (hv v/m6l<s vvv ev 94 
 TO) 6appa\e(p 6pTe<s, Kad oaov Svvacrde kul vnep u/icov — 
 avTcov KCLL xjirep rcou e/c ITefpaia)? TtfjUcDprja-acrde, evOvpLrj- 
 6evT€<; fxev ore vtto tovtcov irovqpoTajcov ovrwv ijp-^eaOe^ 
 ev0vpLr}6evTe<i he ojl [ler avhpcov vvv apiGKov iroXcTev- 
 eaOe kol Tot? iroXepiLOL^ pLa')(ea6e Kat irept rrj^ TroXeco? 
 fiovXeveade^ dvapLvrj<76evT6<; Se tcov eiriKovpcov^ ov? ovtol 
 <f>vXaKa<; tt}? a(j)6Tepa<; dp)(rj<; Kav ttJ? vpL6Tepa<i BovXeca^; 
 
 €49 TT;Z/ UKpoTToXlV KaT6C7TT](TaV. KUt TTpO? VfJLa<; fiev €Tl 95 
 
 iroXXcov ovTcov eiirelv ToaauTa Xeyco. ocjol S eic Uet- 
 patco<; ecrre, TtpcoTOV /lev tcov ottXcov avafJLvr^cjOrjre, on 
 TToWa? P'dX'^'^ ^^ "^V ciX^OTpia pLa'^eaapLevoc ofi^ vtto — 
 TCOV TToXepLtcov aXX vtto tovtcov €Lpriv7]<; ovari<; a<pr}pe' 
 6r]Te TCL oirXa, eTreiO otl €^€'C7]pv)(^9r]T€ pL6V e/c Trj^ tto- — 
 Xeci)?, rjv vpuv ol TraTepe^ irapehocrav, <^evyovTa<s Se fycta? 
 etc TCOV TToXecov e^rjTovvTO. av6 d)V opjLaOrjTe puev 96 - 
 cocTTrep OT ecpevyeTe, avapLvrjaOrjTe Be Kac tcov aXXcov 
 KaKcov a TreirovOaTe vir avTcov^ di tou<? piev etc ttJ? (lyo- 
 pa<^ Tou? S' eK TCOV tepcov <TVvapTru^ovTe<; ^iaLco<s aire' — 
 KTecvav^ Tou? Be airo Texvcov Koi yovecov Kac yvvaiKcov — 
 a^eXK0VTe<i (f>ovea<; avTcov '^vdyKacrav yeveaOav Kac ovBe ~" 
 Ta^r}? T?}? vopLi^opbevrj^ euaaav TV^elv^ riyovp-evoi ttjv 
 avTcov ap'^rjv /SejSaioTepav elvai, t^<? Trap a tcov Oecov tl' 
 pLCopca<;. bcTOL Be tov OdvaTov Bcecfjvyov, iroXXa^^^ov klv- 97 
 BvvevcravTe<; Kal eh TroXXa? rrrdXec^; irXavrjOevTe^ Kat, — 
 iravTa^oOev eKK7]pvTT6p.evoi^ evBeeh ovTe<; tcov eiTLTT]' 
 
30 ATXIOT 
 
 • 
 
 heuoov^ ol ^ev ev •jroXe/jna ry TraTptSc tou? iralBa<^ Kara- 
 XtTToWe?, OL B ev ^evr) <yrj, rrroWwv evavrtovfievcov rjXOere 
 et? Tov Ueipata. iroWuiv he Kac fieyaXoyv Ktvhvvwv 
 virap^avTwv avhpe'^ a'yaOou yevofjLei'ot tou? fiev rfKevOe- 
 
 98 pwaare^ tou? 8 et? ttjv irarpiha KaT7]ya<y676. et Be 
 eBvcrrv^rjaaTe Kav tovtcov Tj/mapTere, avroL fxev av Bet- 
 cravT€<; ecj^evjere fMi] TraOijre roiavra ola Kat irporepov, 
 Kai ovT av Lepa ovre ^co/jlol vfiaf; aBLKOVfievov^ Bia tou? 
 TOVTCOV TjOOTTOU? co<l)e\7](7aVf a Kai TOfc? aBiKOvai awiripLCL 
 yiyveTai' ol Be TratSe? v/jlcov, ogol fiev evOaBe ijaav, vtto 
 TOVTCOV av v^pL^ovTOy OL B eiTL ^ev7j<i fjLLKpwv hv eveKa 
 (TVfjL^oXaicov eBovXevov eprj/jLca tcov eTTLKOvprjcrovTcov, 
 
 99 AXXa yap ov Ta fjueXXovTa eaeaOai ^ovXo/nat Xeyeiv, 
 TO, nrpayOevTa viro tovtcov ov Bvvafi€vo<; CLirelv ovBe 
 yap evo<; KaTrjyopov ovBe Bvolv epyov ccttlv^ aXXa iroX- 
 X(ov. o/JL(o<; Be tt}? e/z-rj? Trpodv/uita^ ovBev eXXeXeiTTTat, 
 virep T6 TCOV lepcov^ a ovtol Ta fiev aireBovTo Ta B clctiov- 
 T69 efiLaLvov, vrrep re t?}? TroXeco?, r]v (iiKpav eTroiovv, 
 virep re tcov vecopicov^ a KaOelXov, Kac virep tcov TeOvecO' 
 Tcov^ ot<; vfieL<?^ eireiBi) ^cocrtv eirajxvvai ovfc rjBvvacxOe, 
 
 ioo diroOavovcTL ^orjOrjcraTe. olfxaL B avTOv<; 7]ficov re aKpo^ 
 aaOaL Kat Vfia<; eLaecOai ttjv '\lrrjcf>ov cf)epovTa<;^ rjyov/jLe- 
 vov<;, ocTOL fiev av tovtcov airo-ylrrj^LCTTjcTOe, avTcov QavaTov 
 KaTayp-7jcl)Le2a6aL, ocroi B av irapa tovtcov Blktjv XajSo)-- 
 CLV, virep avTcov ra? TL/J.copta<; Treiroirifxevov<;. 
 
 Uavaofiac KaTTjyopcov. aKTjKoaTe^ ecopciKaTC, ireirov- 
 6aTe, e^ere* BcKa^eTe, 
 
AHMOT KATAATXEnX AnOAOFIA. 31 
 
 XXV. 
 AHMOY KATAAY2E02 AnOAOriA. 
 
 1 MIN fiev TToWrjV avyyvcofirjv e^<w, (o avBp€<; Bcxa- 
 aTUL, uKOVOvcri tolovtcdv Aoycov Kac ai^a/jLi,/jLvria-KO/jLevoL<i 
 Twv <y€j€VT]/jLev(ov, 6iJ,0LC0<; airaaLif opytl^eaBav To2<i eu 
 aaT€L fieivaaf twv Be Karijyopoyu davfial^co^ du afjuekovv' 
 Te? Twv OL/cetcov rcov aWorpicov eirtfieXovvraf Kac (to- 
 ^co? etSore? toi;? fjLi-jhev ahiKovvra^ Kai roi;? iroWa e^rj- 
 /jLapTr]K0Ta<; ^rjrova-c ^KepBacveov^ rf] vfia<^ TreuOeLv Trepl 
 diravrtov rj/xcov rrjv yvcofirjv ravrrju e-^euv, ei fxev ovu a 
 OLouTai, a VTTO Twv TpLUKOvra yeyevqrai rrj iroXei^ \ydvd 
 opLOv^ KaTTjyoprjKevaty aBvvaTov^ avTov<; rjyovfiai, Xiyecv 
 ovoe yap ttoWocttov /xepo? rcov €K€Lvoi<^ TreTrpay/xevcov 
 €Lpr]KaaLV ei oe oj? €/uLoc tl Trpocrrifcov irepi avrcov irot' 
 ovvraL T0U9 \oyov<?, aTToBet^co Tourov<; fxeu cnravra ^^ev- 
 BoijL6i/ou<;, cfMaurov Be toiovtov ovra otocnrep av twv etc 
 Ileipauo^ o ^eXTiaro<; ev aarec /xeLva^; eyevero. Beo- 3 
 fJLai B vfiaiv^ (I) auBpe^i BiKao-rat, /irj ttjv ovttjv yvco- 
 P'Tju e^etv TOL<; avKocfxivrai,^. rourcov fiev yap hpyov 
 6(776 Kai Tou? fiTjBev rjfiapTrjKOTaf; et? atriav KaOiaravai 
 (e/c TovTcov yap av fiakKira y^prjfxaTL^OLVTO^ vfierepov 
 Be TOi? /iLTjBeV uBtKOVCTLV €^ LCTOV tt}? TToXfcTem? fieTaBiBo' 
 vat' ovTO) yap av rot? KaOearrjKocTL irpayfJiacTL irXecarov^ 
 cu/i/xa^ou? e^ocre, a^ico Be, co auBpe^; BtKaaraL, eav 4 
 
32 AT^IOT 
 
 a7ro(f)7]vcj) crv/ii(f)opa<; fiev jjLr)B6/uLi,a<; auTLO'; yeyevT] /lepo^;, 
 iToWa Be Kuyada eipyaajxevo'^ 7r)v ttoXlv Kac tco acofiari 
 Kol To2<; '^p7]fxa(7L^ ravra jovv /uloc irap vficov vTrdp-^eLV, 
 6)v ov fxovov TOL'? ev ireTTOirjKora^; aWa kul tou? fxrjhev 
 
 5 ahLK0vv7a<; Txjyyaveiv BuicaLov earc. /neja fxev ovv ijyov- 
 fiac fe/iotl T6K/jL7]ptoi^ elvuL, OTL, eiirep eBvvavro ol Kart]' 
 yopot ihca fxe aBiKOvvra e^eXej^ac^ ovk av ra rcov 
 rpcaKovra djuLaprT^fMara efiov KaTrjjopovv, ovS av cpovro 
 '^prjvau virep rcou eK6LP0L<; Treirpayfievcov ejepov; Bca/SuX' 
 XeLV, aW avTov^ tou? aBiKouvTa<i Ti/uLcopelaOat' vvp Be 
 vojii^ovcn rr]v tt^o? eKetvov^ opyrjv Lxavrjv elvai Kai rov<; 
 
 6 firjoev KaKOV etpyaa/jLevov^i wrroKeaaL. eyco oe ov^ ^jyov- 
 fiav BtKaiov eivat ovre et rtve^ rfj TroXei iroXXcop ayaOcov 
 auTLoi yeyevrjvraL, aXXov^ Tiva<; virep rovrcov TLfirjv ?; 
 yctpiv KOjiiaaaOau irap vfjicov, ovt ei rtve? iroXXa kukii 
 elpyaajievoi eicnv, eiKorca av Bu €Keivov<; tov<; fJirjBev 
 aBiKOVVTa^ oveiBov^ Kai, Bia^oXrj'i rvy^aveLV ikuvol yap 
 ol V7Tdp')(ovTe<i eyQpoi tij nroXei Kai jieya KepBo<; vo/jll- 
 
 ^ovre<; elvai TOv<i aBi,K(0<i ev rat? Bia^oXat'i KaOeari]- 
 
 f 
 Kora<;. 
 
 7 Ueipaaofiac B f/za? BcBa^at, ob? t^yovfxai rcov ttoXl- 
 Twv TrpocrrjKeLV oXiyapp^ia? eTriOvfJielv Kai Br]fjLOKpaTLa<;. 
 e/c rovTov yap Kac vfi€2<; yvwaeoOe, \icayai Trepl e/iavTov 
 Tr]V uTToXoytav TroLrja-ofiaL, a7rocf)aiv(ov~\ w? ovre e^ wv 
 €V BrjfioKpaTLa ovre e^ <hv ev oXtyap'^La TreiroirjKa, ovBev 
 fjLOL irpoGTjKov KaKOvovv clvat T(p ifXriOei rm v/nerepqy. 
 
 8 rrrpcoTOV fiev ovv evOu/mrjdrjvai '^prj ore ouSet? eanv av-> 
 Opcoircov (pvaec ovre oXiyap^cKo^ ovre BrjfioKpaTLKO<i^ dxx! 
 
AHMOT KATAATHEfl^ AUOAOTIA. 33 
 
 Tyrt? av eKaar(o noXireia orvixd/eprj^ ravrrjv TrpodufieLrat 
 KaOiaravat,* ware ovk eXw^^^Lcrrov ev u/juv ean fi6po<; w? 
 TrXetcTTOu? eTndufieiv rcou Trapourcov vvvl irpay/juarcov, 
 Kau ravra ore ovTco<i €^6c, ov ^aXeTroo? 6K twv irporepov 
 r'^e<y6vr)iJi,ev(iiV fiaOqaeade* CTKey^acrOe yap^ co av8p€<; Bl- 9 
 Kaarao, rov^ irpoarara'^ a/JLcporepcou to3v TroXireicov, 
 6adfCL<; Sr] fiere/SaWovTO. ov ^pvvL'^o'^ fxev Kat IleLcrav- 
 Bpo^ KOL ol fjLST eKCLPCOv Srj/jLaycoyot^ eTrecBr) iroWa et? 
 v/ia^ e^Tj/jiapTOV, Ta? irepl tovtcou Beiaavre^ TifX(£)pLa<i 
 TTjv irpojepav o\tyap')(^iav KareaTrjaav, ttoWoi, Be twv 
 rerpaKoatcov fiera rcov e/c UeLpaio}'^ avyicairjXOov, evtOL 
 Be TWV eKeivovi eK/SaXopjcov avrou avOc^ twv rpLUKOvra 
 eyevovTO ; eiac Be oLTiv€<i rcov EXevalvaBe aTroypayjrafie- 
 vojv, e^eXOovTe^i fxed v/xcov enoXiopKovv 701*9 fieO avTcov. 
 ovfcovv j^aXeirov yvwvai,, <o avBpe'^ BiKaajaL^ ori, ov irepi 10 
 TToXtTeta? etcrcv at Trpo? aXX7]Xov<; Biacpopat, aXXa nrepb 
 Tcov lBlo, avfidiepovTcov ifcaara), v/iia<i ovv '^pr] €k tov- 
 rcov BoKtfjba^eLV tov<; TroXtra?, crK07rovvTa<; fiev otto)? rjcrav 
 ev rrj BrfiiOKpajia ireiroXneviievot^ ^7]T0vvTa<i Be rjTL<i 
 avroL^ eytyvero axpeXeca rcov irpay/narajv ixeraireaov' 
 TWV ovTCO yap av BiKaLOTarrjv tijv Kpiaiv Trepi avrwv 
 TTOLolaOe. eyw toivvv r)yov/jLac, baoc fxev ev ttj BrjfjLOfcpa- n 
 Tia arijioi ycrav ev6vva<^ BeBwKOTe^ 77 Tft)t» ovtwv arre- 
 aTeprj/jievoc rj aXXr) tlvl avfjuc^opa ToiavTrj Ke'^prj/jLevot, 
 TrpocrrjKeLv avTo2<; eT€pa<^ eiriOvjielv 7roXLTeia<;, eXiri^ov- 
 ra? Ti]V fiera^oXrjv w(peXeiav riva avTol<; eaeaOai' oaoi 
 8e t\)V Brj/jLov TroXXa KayaOa elpyacrp,evoi eiac, kukov Be 
 fiTjBev TTWTTOTe, 6(f)eLXeTai, Be avToi^s x^P^^ KOfjLcaaadab 
 3 
 f 
 
34 ATXIOT 
 
 Trap vfJLOiV fiaWov 7] Zovvai hiKrjv tcov TreTrpay/xevcDv^ 
 ovK a^iov ra^ irept rovrcov uTroBe^eadac Sta/SoXa?, ovB 
 av TTuvre^ ot ra Tr]<; Tro/Veoj? 7rpaTT0VT6<? oXtyap^LKovi 
 
 12 auTovf (fxKTKoxTLV elvaL. e/jLOL TOivvv^ ct) avSp€<; hucaarai^ 
 ovT ihia ovT€ BrjfxoaLO. avjjLcpopa if eKeiva too 'y^povw of- 
 Be/jLca TTWTTOTe eyevero, av6 rjaTivo<; av irpoOv/iovfjLevo^ 
 7 coif irapovTccv Kaicwv airaXKayrjvai. erepcov eTreOviiovv 
 irpayiJLaTwv. TGTpirjpap^rjKa fjuev yap Trevra/ci^;, tcai re- 
 rpaKd V6vav/jba)(^r]Ka^ kul €ia(f)opa<; ev tm iroXefxw iroXXa^ 
 eiaevrivoy^a^ Kai, raXXa XeXeLTovpyrjKa ovBei'o^ '^elpov 
 
 13 TO)v TToXncov. Kanoc Bta tovto irXeioy twv vtto ttj'; tto' 
 Xe&)? 7rpoaTaTTOfjL6VQ)v eSaTravcojuLTjv, iva kul /SeXricov vcf) 
 
 V/jLCOU V0/jLC^0Cjji7]V, KUi 61, ITOV pLOL Ti? avfji(f}opa yevoLTO, 
 
 apLUvov aycovi^oipLTjv. o)V ev ry oXiyap'^La drruvTcov 
 a7re(7T€pov/jL7]V' ou yap tou? tw TrXrjOet ayaOov 7CV0(; 
 aircov<; yeyevr]pievov<; ')(^apLTO<; Trap avjwv rj^iovv Tt"y- 
 '^avet.v^ aXXa tov^ TrXeldTa KaKa vpLUf; €Lpyacr/jLei^ov<; e^9 
 Ta? Ti/Lta? KaOtcrraaav, w? javTrjv Trap rjjucov ttlgtlv 
 €tX7](j)0T€(;. a ')(^pr) TravTa<i evOvpLOvpievov^ pLrj rol<; rov- 
 Tcov XoyoL<; Triarevetv^ aXXa etc twv epywv GTroiielv a 
 
 14 6KaaTG) Tvyyjivei Treirpaypieva. eyco yap, co avBp6<i Bc- 
 Kacrrac, ovre twv TerpaKoatcov eyevopLrjv tj todv Kajrjyo' 
 pcov l3ovXopL€vo^ TrapeXOcov eXey^aroy ov tolvvv ov6 
 eTretBri ot, rptaKovra KaTearrjaav^ ovBei^; pue airoBeL^ei, 
 ovre /SovXevaavra ovre ap-^7]v ovBepLcav ap^avra. fcal' 
 TOi et, puev e^ov pLoi apj(€LV pLT] r)^ovXopL7]v^ vcf) vpcov 
 vvvl TipaaOai, BcKaio^ €Lpt' ei Be ol Tore Bvvaperot, 
 pLT) rj^iovp pioi pLeiaBiBovai twv Trpaypidrcov, ttoj? av 
 
JHMOT KATAATXEfLX AnOAOTIA. 35 
 
 ^avepoirepov rj ovtco '^IreuSo/xei^ov^; aTrooel^at/jLi, tov<; 
 KaTi]yopov<; ; 
 
 Etc tocuuv, oj apSpe^ BcKaaTac, koI e/c rwv aXkwv 15 
 roiv e/jLoc ireTrpajfievcou a^tov o-Ke-^^aaOat, eyco jap 
 roLovrov efxavrov ev Tat? ttJ? 7roA,ea)9 (TViJL^opai<^ Trap- 
 ea')(ov (o(TTe^ eu Traz^re? Tr]v avrijv jvcj/jltjv ecr'^ov efMoc^ 
 /jL7]Sei>a av vfioiv fMTjSefiLa Ke^prjadat avfi(f)opa. vir c/jLou 
 yap eu rrj oXcjap^La ovre avra^^ei? ovSec^i (j)avT](7€Tac, 
 ovre Twv e^Opcov ovSec'i T6TLfj,cop7]/jLepo<;, ovre rwv (piXcov 
 €v TreTTovdoj'^. Kac tovto /xev ovic a^iov OavjuLa^ecv • eu 16 
 fjL€v yap iroielv ev 6K6cv(p rep '^popo) "^aXeTrou tjv, e^a/jLap- 
 raveiv he tco ^ovKofxevw paocov. ov roivvv ovh et? tov 
 fcaraXoyou Adrji/accov KaraXe^a^ ovheva <pav7]aofj,a(,, ovhe 
 hiauTav KaTahiauTriaaixevo^ ovhevo^, ovhe irXovaccjTepo'^ 
 €K Tcov v/j,€T€pMV yeyovco^ aviK^opwv. Katroc et rot? tcov 
 yeyevt-jIxevcDV /ca/cwv anioL<^ opyi'^eaOe, et^o? koI tou? firj' 
 Bev rifiaprrjKOTa^ ^eXiLOV^ v<p vficou vofii^eaOaL. kol 17 
 p,ev Sr], CO avBpe<; SiKaarac, fieytcTTrjv rjyovfiat irepX 
 ejJLavTov rr) Brj/jLOKparia inartv BeBwKevaL. oart^ yap 
 loie ovBev e^r^/xaprov ovtco TroWr}^ BeSofievr}^ e^ovata^, 
 7] TTOv vvv acfioBpa rrpodufirjOrjo'o/jLat ■^prjcrro'^ eli/aL, ev 
 €lB(o<; otl, eav aBi/cco, irapa'^prjfxa Bcoaco BiKrjv, aXXa 
 yap roiauTTjv Bta t6Xov<s ypco/njv e^ct>, cocrre eu oXiyap- 
 '^icL fiev fiT) eTnOvixelv rwv aXXoTpicov^ ev Brjp.oKpaiLa Be 
 ra ovra irpoOvfico'^ et? u/xa? avaXidKeiv. 
 
 Ryovpiai Se, co avBpe<; BiKaa-rai, ovfc up BiKatco^ vfMa<; 18 
 jitaelv Tov<; ep rrj oXcyap^ta firjBev 7r€7ropOora<? kukop^ 
 e^op opyi^eaOai rol'^ et? to ttX^^o? e^ijiiapTrjKoaiv, ovBe 
 
36 AT^IOT 
 
 Toy? firj ^v<yovTa<; e'^Opov'^ vofjLi^etv, aWa iov<; vfia<i lie- 
 ^akovra^^ ovSe TOf? 'Trpodv/JLOV/Jievov'; ra eavTwv crcocrac, 
 aXXa TOf? T6t Twz/ aXkcov acf>7)pr]/jLevov<;, ovSe ol ttj^; 
 <T<p€T€pa<; avrcou crcorrjpLa<; eveKa e/juetvav ev tw acrret, 
 aW oLTiv€<; 6T6pov<i aTToXeaao /BouXo/aevGL /u6T6a')(^ov 
 TOiV Trpay/jbarcop. et, Se oteade "^prjvac, ov? eKslvot, 
 TrapeXiiTov aStKovvTe<i, fyuet? aTToXeaat, ovSei^ twv ttoXi' 
 rcov vTToXei^driaeTai. 
 
 19 ^/coTTelv Se '^pTf KUL etc rwi^Se, ct> avBp6<i BiKacTTai, 
 Trai/re? yap eTrtaTaaOe oil ev rrj irpoiepa Brj/ioKpaTia 
 TCDV ra T?7? iroXeco'^ irpaTTovrcov iroXXoi, [xev ra Bij/uLocrca 
 eKXeiTTov, evLOL h ^ttc rot? vpLerepoL'^ eBcopoBoKovv, 01 Be 
 GVKO<^avroi)V7e<; tou? avpLfia-^ovi a^Laraaav. Kai eu 
 fiev OL rpidicovra TOVTOv<i fxovQVi erifjicopovvTO, avBpa<i 
 ayaOov^ koI vfiel^ av avrov; rjjelaOe' vvv 3e, on virep 
 TGiV eKelvoL<^ TjfiapTTjfxevcov to ttXt^^o? KaK(o<i iroteiv 
 Tj^bovv^ r]<yavaKTelre^ i)'yovfxevoi Beivov elvau 7a ^rcovj 
 
 20 oXcycov aBiKTifiara Traaij rrj 7ro\et ycyveaOaL KOLva. ov 
 TOLvvv a^LOV '^prjadaL Tourot?, ot? eKeivov^ ecopare e^a- 
 fjLaprdvovTa<i^ ovBe a iraa'^ovTe^ aBcKa evofic^eTe iraayeiv^ 
 orav eT€pov<; Trocrjrej BiKaia rjyelaOaL, aXXa tt^i' av77]u 
 KareXdovre^ Trepl avrcov yv(o/jL7]v e^ere, i^virep (^evyovre^ 
 \yrepl vfxwv avrwvl et^ere' ck toutcov yap Kac opLovoiav 
 irXebcnrjv irotriaere^ kul r] iroXi^; earaL ^eyiajri^ Kau TOL<i 
 e')(6pol<:; avi-aporara yjrTjcfiLetade. 
 
 21 EvOupirjOrjvai Be XPVi ^ (ivBpe<; BLfcaarat,^ kuo twv eirc 
 Twv rpLcLKovra yeyevqjxevwv, iva ra twv e')(6p<MV afxap- 
 TTipbaia dfieivov vpLa<^ iroiT^ar] irept rcov vfxerepwv avTcov 
 
AHMOT KATAATXEn^ AUOAOTIA. 37 
 
 l3ov\€V(Taa6aL. ore fiev yap aKOvocre tou? eu aarec rrjv 
 avTi]v yvcofjLTjV e;^eti/, fMiKpd<; eX-rrlBa^; elx^re ttJ? Kudo- 
 Sou, rjyov/jLevoi 7r}i/ ijfjLeTepav op^ovotav iikjiarov Kanov 
 elvau TT) vfieiepa ^vyrj- liruhri S' eirvvdaveaee tou? 22 
 fiev TpLO-Xf^Xlov^ (TTao-m'foi/Ta?, tol'? aX\ov<; Se TToktia^ 
 eicicefcripvyiievov^ etc rov ciaTeo^, tou? Se TpLu/covra fiy 
 Tr]u avTi]v yvw^iTjV e^ovra^^ TrXe/oi/? Se ovra^ tov^ virep 
 vfiayv B6hi6Ta<; rj rov? vp-lv iroXeixovvra^, tot rJS?? Kao 
 Kanevat irpocreSoKare koI irapa rcou ex^pcov \T}yfr6adao 
 BUr]v. ravra yap rot? Oeol^ evx^aOe, airep Ueivovi 
 iwpare iroLovvTa^, riyovixevoi Sea rrju tcop rpiaKovra 
 TTovrjpiav TToXv fiaWov awOriaeaOaL 97 8ta rrjv twv ^eu- 
 yovTwv hvvafiiv KaTievai. XP^ tolvvv, a> avBpe^ hiKa- 23 
 GTai, Toh irporepov ysyevrj/juevoL^: TrapadeLyfiacn XP^f^^" 
 vov^ ^ovXeueaOai Trepl rcov fxeWovrcov eaeaOai, Kai rov- 
 rov<; rjyelcrOat, hr)jxoTiK(DTdTov^, otrii^e? ofiovoeiv v/ia^ 
 fBov\o/ji6POL Tot9 opKOL<; Kol TOt? <jvv6r]Kai^ efxiievovai^ 
 vojjLL^ovTe^ Koi tt)? TToXecc^ TavT7]v IfcavcoraTrjv elvav croj- 
 riipiav teal rcov Ix^P^v fMeyicrrrjv TLficopiav ovBev yap 
 av etr] avroU ^aXeTTcorepoy toutcov, tj irvvOaveaOai fiev 
 rifia<; /xereYoyra? Twt» Trpay/JLaJcov, atauaveauab oe oi;7&)9 
 SiaKeifjievov^ tou? 7roXLTa<; cocTTrep injSevo^ eyfcXr^iiaro^ 
 irpot; aXXriXov<; yey evrjfievov. XP'^ ^^ elhevaL, co avSp€<; 24 
 hLfcacnal, on ol (j)€vyovTe<; rcov aXXcov itoXltcop co? TrXet- 
 CTTOL"? Kal Siaj3e^Xr]a6ai, Kal rjTi/jLwaOai. fiovXovrat, eX- 
 irl^ovreg tou? vcj> v/j,cov ahiKOV[JLevov<^ eavrol^ eaeauai 
 avpLp.dxov<;, TOV<i Be avK0(^dvra^ evBoKifielv Be^aLvr av 
 Trap v/MU Kal fieya BvvaaOaL ev rrj iroXeL' ttjv yap 
 TovTcov irovTjpiav eavidv tiyovvrai acoiTjpiav, 
 
38 AT^IOT 
 
 25 A^LOP Se fiv7]a6rjvaL Kat twv jxera rov<: TerpaKOcnov<! 
 irpajiiaTcov ev yap eicreaue ori,, a /jl€u ovtol (Jv/xfjoV' 
 XevovcTLv, ovBeTTcoTTore vfxlv eXva-LTeXrja-ev, a B eyco irap- 
 aivw, ajbL(po7€pai<; aeu Tat? TroXireiac'; av/jLoepei, care 
 yap EiTiyevrjv Kac Arj/jiocpavTjv Kau KXeLoOevriv tBia fieu 
 KapTToyaafxevovs Ta? t?}? ttoXco)? av/JL(popa<;, Brj/ioaia Be 
 
 26 ovTa^ fieyia-Tcov kukcov ultiov;. evicov fiev yap eireiaav 
 vfia^ aKpLTcov Oavarov KaTa'\p'7](f)Lcraa6ai, ttoWcov Be 
 aBLfcoi)<; Brj/jLevaat ra? ovcrLa<i, rov^ B i^eXaaat, Kau ari- 
 fjLcoaai Tcov ttoXltcov' toiovtol yap rjaav cocne Tov<i fxev 
 7]fxapTr}K.07a<; apyvpiov Xaii^avovTe<^ acpcevaL, tou? Be 
 fiyBev r)BiK7]K0Ta<^ et? t'/xa? etatoi^re? airoXXwai, Kac ov 
 irporepov eTravcravro, €Ct)9 ttjv fiev ttoXlv ei? aracreL<; Kav 
 T«9 iJLeyL(7Ta<^ avix(popa<i Kaiearrjcrav^ avrot o eic irevT]- 
 
 27 T(DV irXovaioL eyevovio. v/j.€l<; Be ovtco<; BiejeOrjre cocrre 
 Tou? /JLev <pevyovTa<; KareBe^aade, rov^ B aTL/bLOu<; eTnjL- 
 fiov; eTroLTjaare^ rot? B aX\oi.<; rrept ofiovota^ opKOV<; oj/j,- 
 vvre' Te\evTCt}VTe<; Be rjBiov av rov<; ev rrj Brj/io/cparia 
 avKO(pavrovvTa<; eTLfjL0)p7)craatfe 1) tou? ap^avra<; ev Trj 
 oXcyap')(^La. Kac eiKorui^, co avBpe<; BiKaaraL' Tracn yap 
 rjBrj (j)avepdv ecmv on Bia tou<; fiev aBiK(o<; TrdXnevofjie- 
 vov<; ev ry oXiyap'VLa Brj/JLO/cparLa ycyveraL, Bia Be rov^ ev 
 rrj Brj/jLO/cparia av/co(f)avrouvTa<; oXcyapy^ia Bl<; Karearr]' 
 wcrre ovfc a^tov tovtol^ itoXXukl^ y^prjaOai ctv/jl/SovXol'^^ 
 
 28 ot? ovBe anra^ eXva-neXijcre ireiOofievoif;. aKey^aaOai Be 
 ypr) OTL icdi ro)v e/c IIeLpaLa}<; ol fieyLarriv Bo^av e^0P7e<; 
 Kal fidXLara KeKivBvvevKOTe<; Kai irXeidTa v/iia<^ ayaOa 
 elpyaafievoL 7roX\a«:t9 tjBtj tcS vfierepo) TrXrjOeL BieKeXev' 
 
AHMOT KATAAT^En^ AnOAOTlA, 39 
 
 aavTO TOi? bpKOL<; kul Tat? avuOijKai^ cfJifieveLV, riyou/jLe- 
 VOL TavT7]v Brj/jLOKpana^ eivat (f)v\a/C7]V' rot? fieu yap 
 €^ a<TT€0<; virep rcou irapeXrjXvdoTOJV ahetav TroLijaetv, 
 Tot? B etc TIeipaL(x)<; outco irXelarov y^povov tjjv ttoXc- 
 recau av TTapapelvai. ot? vpei^ iroXv av hiKaiojepov 29 
 TTLGrTevoLTe 7] TovTOL<;^ OL <pevyovT€<i fiev oL erepovi ecrco- 
 Orjaav, KareXOovre^; Be avKo^avrelv eTTf^^ecpovaLv, rjyov- 
 fiat Se, o) apBpe^ BiKaaraL, tou? fMev rrjif avrrjv yvco/XTju 
 eyovTa<^ efJLOL iSiv ev aareL /x€LvavTcop (f)ap6pov<; yeye- 
 vrjaOai Kai eu Brj/jbO/^paTLa kol ev oXiyap-^ia, ottolol Ti,ve<i 
 
 €L(rC TToXLTaC' TOVTCOV B Cl^LOV 6aVpa^€LV, b TL av eTTOLT]- no 
 
 cap, eu TL<i avTOv<; eiaae tcov rpiuKOVTa yeveaOai^ di vvv 
 orjyLOKpajLa^ ovcrr]<? ravTu eKeLV0L<i TrparTovat, Kac ra^eo)? 
 fi6P efc 7r6vr]T(ov TrXovcnot yeyevqvraL. TToWa? Be ap'^a<s 
 ap')(ovr6^ ovBe/jLta'i evOvvqv BcBoaaLv, aXX avro fxev ofio- 
 voLa<i VTToylnau Trpo? aXX'qXov'^ TreTTOL-qKaaiv, avn Be eiprj' 
 vt]<; TToXefiov KarijyyeXKaatt Bia rovTovi Be WTTiaroi rot? 
 EXXtjctc yeyevi]pieda. Kac 7oaovTcov /carccov Kac erepcov 31 
 iroXXcop ovre^ aoTLOL^ Kav ovBev Bia^epovre'^ twv rpia' 
 Kovra irXrjv on eKelvoL jiev oXiyap-^La^ ovarj^ eireOvfjiovv 
 oiVTTep ovTOLt ovToc Be Brj jio K par La<i rwv avrwv cavirep 
 exetvot, ofto)? oLovrai '^prjvaL ovtq) paBiw^i ov av jSoV' 
 XcDvrai, KaKw^ iroielv^ loairep rwv fxev aXXcov aBcfcovv- 
 Tcov, apLaroL Be avBpe<; avroc yeyevrj/ievoc. koI tovtcov 32 
 /16V ovfc a^Lov davpia^€Lv, v/jlcov Be, on oueaOe /lev Brj/io- 
 Kpanav euvai, yiyverai Be o n av ovrot /SovXcovrat^ Kat, 
 BiKrjv BiBoacnv of^ ol to vfierepov '7rXrj0o<; aBtKOvvTe<i, 
 dXX OL ra a^erepa avToov fir} BcBovre^i. kul Be^acvr av 
 
40 at:^iot 
 
 fiLfcpav eTvai t7]v ttoXlv fiaWov tj Be aWov<; fieyaXrjv 
 
 33 Kol eXevOepav, rjyov/xevoi. vvv fxev Bta tou? eic UeipaLw<; 
 \Kivhvvov<{\ avTOL<; e^etvau irotelv o n au ^ovXcovrai, eav 
 B vaiepov vfuv Bi €T6pov<; crcorrjpia jtvrjTac^ rovTOv<; 
 fiev €7rcXva€a6ai,, 6K6cuov<; Be /lel^ov Bwriaeodat' ojcrre 
 70VT avTO BeLcavre^ e/jLTToBcov 6L(TLP, eav re Bl aXXcov 
 
 34 ayaOov vpuv (j)aci'i)Tat. tovto /jiev ovv ov '^aXeirov rco 
 (BovXojjLevw KaTavoYjaai' avTOt re yap ovk emOvfiovai 
 \avdap6iv, aXX aia')(VPOVTat, fjLT) BoKovvre<i eivai Trovrjpot, 
 v/jL6L(; Be ra [xev avrot opare ra B erepcov iroXXccv a/cov- 
 €7 6. rjfiel^ Be^ a> avBpe<i BiKacrrac, Blkulov fiev '>]yov}JLe6 
 eivai 7rpo(; 7ravra<; VfjLa<; rov; TroXira^ TaL<^ avv6i]/caL<i 
 
 35 KOL Tot? opKOi<^ e/Jb/iiepeiv, ofjL(o<; Be, oiav fiev iBcofxev tov<; 
 Twv KaKwv aiilov^ Blktjv BiBoPTa<;, tccv tot6 Trept, vixa<^ 
 yeyevT] fjLevcov /jLepLvrj/jiepoi. avyyva) firjv e')(oiJiev, orav Be 
 (pavepoL yevrjcFue tov<; firjoeu aiTiovi e^ laov rot? aoL- 
 Kovdi Ti/jLcopovjULevot, T^ auTT} ^^r^ij)^ 7rapTa<; rj/jLa<; et9 vtto- 
 ^jyjrlav KaTaaTTjaeTe . . . .] 
 
nEPI TOT XHKOT. 41 
 
 Yn. 
 
 APEOnAriTIKOS. 
 HEPI TOT SHKOT AnOAOTIA. 
 
 llPOTEPON /xei/, w /SovXtj, evofjLt^ov l^elvai tS 
 fiovXofJLevM^ r)av')(^Lav ayovTit firjre BcKa<; e^eiv firjre irpa- 
 jliara' vvvl he ovto}<; a7rpo(rSoK7]Tot,<; aLTiai^i kuc ttovt}' 
 pol'i <7VK0(j)aPTaL<s TreptTreTTTOJ/ca, coar et, ttoj? olov re, 
 Bofcel (JLOL Belv Kac tou? /at) yeyoifOTa<^ 7]hrj BeBceuac irept, 
 rcoif fieWovTwv eaeaOat' Bca yap tou? tolovtov^ oc klv- 
 hvvot KOLVOL yiyvQviai Kat rot? fxrjhev a^LKOvac Kac tol<; 
 iroWa 7]fiapTr}K0(TLif, ovtco S a7ropo<i o aycov (jlol KaOe- 2 
 arrjKev, ooare aireypa^rjv to jiev Trpcorov eXaiav eic rr]<i 
 yrj^ a<pavc^eLV, /cat, rrpo^ tov^ ecovr]/jLeuov<; rou? /capirov^ 
 Tcov fiopLcju irvvOavofJuevoL irpoarjecrav' eTreiBr] B e/c roJ- 
 rov Tov Tpoirov ahiKOvvra fjue ovBev eupelv ehuvriOrjcraVt 
 vvvu /xe arjKov ^acriv acfjavt^ecv, rjyovfiei'OL e/xob fiev 
 ravTTjv Tr]V aircav cnTOpcoTarrjv eivai direXey^ac, avroL<^ 
 Se e^eivau fiaXkov b rt, av jSovXcovrai \eyeiv. kol Bel 3 
 fie, irepc wv ovro^ e7rL^e^ov\evKco<; rjKei, afju v/icv To2<i 
 OLayvcoaofj,evoi<; irepc tov irpayfiaTd aKOvaavTa kcll irepl 
 T^? TraTpiBo^ Kai irepl T17? ovala^; aycoviaacrOai. ofiw<; 
 he Treipaaofxai ef ^PXH^ ^/^^? BcBd^ac. ^Hv fikv yap 4 
 TOVTO TleiaavBpov ro '^aypuov^ BrjfievOevrwv Be twv eKel- 
 vov AiToXkoBwpo^ Meyapev'i Bojpedv irapa tov Brj/xov 
 
42 AT^IOT 
 
 "kajScov rov {xev aWov ')(^povov eyecopyei, oXtyq) Be nrpo 
 Twv TpiaKOvra Av7tK\rj<i Trap avrou irpLajievo^ f'^^/^/- 
 aOcoaev eyco 3e Trap AvrLK\eou<i €i,p7]V7]<i ovar]<i (oi'ov- 
 
 5 fiai. r,yov/jLaL tolvvv^ co jSouXi]^ e/xov epyov uTroBel^at, 
 6)9, 67retS/; to '^copiov eK.TTjaajxrjv, ovt eXaia ovre o7]K0<i 
 evTjV ev avTcp. vofiLtay yap rov fiev Trpojepov '^povov, 
 ovo 6L TraXai, evrjaav /lopcaL, ov/c av cL/caico'; ^TjfjiLOV' 
 aOai' et yap firj Sl r]/jia<; euGLV rj<pavLcr/jL6yai, ovSeu Trpoa- 
 7]K6C Trepi Tcov aWorpccov dfiaprrnMaraJv o)? ahiKOvvraf; 
 
 6 KLvhvveveiv, Trai^re? yap eTrco-racrOe on a 7roXe/io? Kal 
 aWcov TToWcov aLTLo<i KUKcov yeyevTjrai, Kac ra (lev 
 TToppco viTO AaKeBaLfJLOvLcov ere/jLvero.) ra S eyyi;? vrro 
 rwv <hCKwv BcrjpTTa^ero • cocrre ttoj? au BiKatco^ virep roov 
 rrj TToXcL yeyemjfievcov crv/i<f>opcov eyco vvvl Blktjv Bl- 
 BoLTjv ; aXXco<; re Kai rovro ro '^coptov ev rep TroXe/iqy 
 
 7 Br]fiev6ev arrpaKrov rjv TrXeiv ?; rpua enj. ov Oauiiacjov 
 B ei rore ra<; iiopi,a<; e^eKOTrrov, ev ay ovBe ra rjfierep 
 avrcov ^vXarreiv rjBvva/jieda. eiriaraade Be, co ^ovXr], 
 baa) fiaXiara rcov rotovrcov eTri/JLeXetaOe, TroXXa ev eKet- 
 vw rep /^povw Baaea ovra iBiai^; kul /j,opLaL<i eXaiai^, d)v 
 vvv ra TToXXa eKKeKoirrai Kac rj yrj ^jnXr] yeyevTjrac icat 
 rcov avrcov Kai ev rfj €Lpr]V7} fcac ev rqj TToXe/nco neKroj/ie- 
 vcov ovfc a^Lovre Trap avrcov, erepcov eKKO-yp-avrcov, Blktjv 
 
 8 XafjL^aveiv, Kairoi ec rov<; Bia TTavro<; rov y^povov yecop- 
 yovvra<^ rrj<: atria^i acfycere, rj ttov '^prj rov<; y ev ry ei- 
 prjvT) rrpLa/jbevov; acj) v/jlwv a^TjjjLiov; yevecrdat. 
 
 9 ^AXXa yap, w ^ovXt], rrepc fxev rcov rrporepov yeye- 
 vrjfievcov ttoXXu e^cov elirelv iKava vofxt^co ra etpTjfjLeva* 
 
nEPI TOT XHKOT, 43 
 
 eTretdrj S eyco TrapeXa^ov to '^apcov, irpLV rjfiepa<i irevre 
 ^eveaOai^ aTre/jLiaOcocra KaWcarTpaTO}, eiri IlvdoScopov 
 apyovTO<;' 09 huo errj eyecopyTjaev, ovre ihiav eXaiav 10 
 ovTe jiopuav ovre arj/cop TrapaXajScou. rpcro) he eret, 
 AriiJLr]TpLO<; ovTocrt e^pyaaaro' Ta> Be reraprw AX/cta 
 AvTLG6evov<i aireXevBepw efjLLcrOcoaa^ 09 redprjKe' Kara 
 Tpia err} 6/jLolco<; kuo IIpcoTea<i eiMcadcoaaTO. Kai, pLOL 
 hevpo LTe pLapTVpe^:, 
 
 MAPTYPE^. 
 
 EirecBr} TOLVVV 6 ')(^povo<; ov7o<; €^r]K€L, avro<i jeoopyo). n 
 <p7]ai. Be 6 Karr\yopo^ em XowiaBov ap'ypvTO'^ ctjkov 
 VTT epLov €K/ceK6(p0ai. vpuv Be fiepapTvprjKaaLV ol irpo- 
 repov epya^ofjLevoi, kul iroXXa err] irap epiov pbepuiGOco' 
 fievoi fiT] eivau arjKov ev ra> ')(ct}pL(p. KauTOL 'Trw<; av Tt? 
 (f)av€pcoTepa)<; e^eXey^eie ylrevBofievop lov Karriyopov ; ov 
 yap olov re, a irpojepov pLr] rji/^ ravra top vcnepov epya- 
 '^ofievov atpavt^eiv, 
 
 Eyco TOLVVV, at fiouXr], ev fjuev tco reo)? '^^pova, bcroi 13 
 /Lte (paa-KOLev Beivov elvac Kac aKpc^rj teat ovBev av eiKjj 
 Kal aXoyLaTco^ iroirjaai,, rjyavaKTOvv av, aipovfievo'; fiaX- 
 Xov XeyeaOai cb? fxov irpocrrJKe' vvv Be Trai^ra? av v/iia<i 
 ^ovXoc/jLT]v Trepl e/Ltou TavTTjv Tr}V yvojfjurjv e-^eiv, iva 
 rjyrjade pie (TKOTrelv, ecTrep tocoutol<; epyot? e7re')(ei.povv, 
 Kai o TL KepBo^ eyiyveTO [twI a<f>avc(ravTC Kac 7]Ti<^ ^rj/jLca 
 |_Tft)J TreptTTOtrjcravTL, Koi tl av XaOwv BieTrpa^dprjV Kat, 
 TL av <pavepo<i yevofievo'^ v(f) vjJLOiV eiTaa')(ov. iravTC^ 13 
 yap avOpoiTTOi, to. ToiavTa ov^ v^peco^ aXXa KepBov^ 
 
44 AT^IOT 
 
 €i>6Ka irotovcTL' Kac u/xa? et/co? ovra> c-KOireiv, fcac tou? 
 avriBifcov^; e/c rovrcov ra? Karrjyopi.a'i iroielcrOai, airo- 
 
 14 <pai.voi>Ta<i tjtl'^ axpeXeia rot? aBtKijaaa-iv ejiyvero. ov- 
 TO? fievTOL ovic av ^^(oi aiTohel^at, ov6 a)<; vtto Trerm? 
 '^vajKaaOrjv tocovtol<; €pyoi<; eiri'^eipelv, ovO co? to ^o)- 
 pLov fjLOL hia^OeLperai tov arj/cov ovto^, ovO <w? dfiTre- 
 Aofc? efiTToocop r)v, ovo o)? OLKLa<^ eyQ/f?, ofC' o)? 6«y&) 
 a7r€Lpo<; rcov Trap v/jlcop klvSvvcov. eyco Be, ei re rotovTOV 
 €7rpaTT0V, TToWa? av Kac jj.eya\a<; e/iavro) ^rjixla^ yevo- 
 
 15 iieva<i airocprp^aL/jLL • 09 TrpcoTOv jjuev fieO rjpLepav e^eKO' 
 ITTOV TOP arjKov^ coairep ov iravra^ XaOeiv Beov, aWa 
 nravTa<; AOrjvaLOv; ciBevai. Kai u fxev aia-^pou rjv fiovov 
 TO Trpayfia, tcro)? av tl<; twv irapiovTcov rjfjLeXrjae' vvv h 
 ov irepL aia')(yvr)<^ aWa Tfj<; fjL€yl<7T7]<; ^rjfiLa^; eicivBvvevov, 
 
 j5 TTtw? S ovK av r)v a6Xi(t)jaT0<; avOpwircov diravrcdv^ et, 
 Toi;? efiavTov Oepairovra'i firjKeTL Bov\ov<; efieWov k^eiv 
 aXXa Sea7roTa<; tov Xolttov ^cov, toiovtov epyov crvvet- 
 hoTa<; ; wo-re el Ka\ til jxeytcTa ei^ €/xe e^rjfiapTavov, 
 OVK av olo<; re rjv Blktjv Trap avrcov Xa/JL^aveiv ev yap 
 av TjBeLv OTL eir eKetvoL<i r]v Kav efie Tt/jLoypr]aa(76at, Kat 
 
 17 af rot? fx7]vv<Taaiv eXevOepoi^ yeveaOai. €tc tolvvv eu 
 Tcov 0LK6TCOV Trapearrj jiol firjSev ^povTi^ecv, "ttw? av eroX- 
 firjcra Toaovrcov /jL6fitaOo}/jL€vcov fcal diravTcov avvecBoTcov 
 a(pavcc-ai tov (ttjkov ^pa'^eo^ fiev KepSov^ €V€Ka, Trpo- 
 Oecrfiia^; Be ovBefiia<; ova7]<; tm klvBvvw rot? eipyaafxevoi^ 
 airacFL to '^copcov ofioico<; Trpocri^Kov eivai acov tov (JT)kov, 
 IV eu Ti<% avTov<^ yTiaTo, ^l^ov aveveyKeuv otw Trapeoo- 
 cav ; vvv Be koI e/ue a7roXvaavT6<: ^aLvovTat, Kai, o-^a? 
 
nEPI TOT HHKOT. 45 
 
 auTOi/9, eiTrep yp-euhovrai, fiero-^ov^ tt)? anLa<; KaOtarav- 
 Te?. €(. TOLVVV Kat ravTa nrapecTKevaaafjLrjv, ttw? av olo<i i8 
 T r^v irdvra^ Trelcrac toi;? irapiovra'^, if toi;? y6iT0va<;, 
 ol ov fiovov dWr]\a3V ravr LcacjLv a Tracrtv opav e^earLV, 
 dXka Kol Trepl 03V aTroKpvTrTOfievoc oiojJLeda fir}8eva ecBe- 
 vaL, Koi irepi €K€lpcov irvvdavovrai, ; e/xot tolvvv tovtcov 
 ol fiev (j)iXoL ol Be Btdipopoc nrepb rcop efioiv TV^yavovaiv 
 6vT€<;. oO? evprju TOVTOV irapaaj^ecrdaL fjLaprvpa<;, Kai, 19 
 firj fJLovov ovTQ)<i ToXfjLTjpw^ KaTTjyopLa^; TrocecaOai,' 69 
 (prjaiv <W9 eyco fxev irapeLo-TriKeLVy oc 8 OLKerac e^erefivov 
 rd irpe/jLva, avad€fJL€i/o<; Be 6 ^07fkaTrj<^ (pX^'^° airayrov 
 td ^vXa. KalroL^ a> NtKo/ia'^e, XP^l^ ^^ Tore Kai irapa- 20 
 KoXecv Tou? 7rapL0VTa<; p,apTvpa<^^ kul (pavepov iroLetu to 
 TTpdyfia' Kac epLOL fiev ovBepnav av airoXoyuav i/TreXiTre?, 
 avTo<i Se, et fiev aoc e)(6po<i rjv, ev tovtw tw rpoircp 
 Tjada av jxe TerifJbroprjfxevo^^ ei Be Try? TroXeoj? ev€Ka 
 eTTparre?, oi/tw? e^eXey^a? ovk av €Bok€c<; elvac avKo- 
 ^avT7)<;, €L Be KepBaivetv e^ovXov, ror av TrXetcrrov eXa- 21 
 ySe?* (f)av€pov yap ov70<^ rov 7rpay/iaT0<^ ovBejxLav aXXrjv 
 rjyovfjLTjv av eivat fioL acoTijpcav 77 ere Treccrac. rouTcov 
 TOLVVV ovBev iroLr\aa^ Bia rov<; crov<; Xoyov^ a^Lol<; fze 
 airoXeaOai, Kao KaT7]yope2<; co? viro Try? e/u^? Buvapew^ 
 Kai TCDV €fJLO)v p^pTy^aTwy ouSet? edeXet aoi jMaprvpeiv. 22 
 KatTOL €L (^7]i/a? ft iBcov 77]V fjLopcav a<f)avt^ovTa rov^ ev- 
 vea ap^ovraf; e'Trr\yaye<; rj dXXov<; Tiva<? rcov ef Apecou 
 TTayov, ovfc av erepcov eBet aoL fiapTvpwv ovrco yap av 
 (TOi avvr)Becrav aXrjOrj Xeyovri, olirep Kau BiaytyvwcrKeLV 
 €/jLeXXov irepc tou irpayp^aro^. Beivorara ovv Tracr^w, 23 
 
46 AT^IOT 
 
 bcrrp CL fxev 7rap6a"^eT0 fxap7vpa<^, 7ovtoi<; av tj^lov itL' 
 arevetv, eirecor] oe oufc eiatv aura), c/jlol Kac ravrrjv ttjv 
 ^7]/jLLau oiejai '^prjvai jeveo-Oac. Kat, tovtov jjuev ov 
 Oavfia^co' ov yap Bi^'irov crvKo^avjwv afia iolovtcov re 
 Xoycov airoprjaei, Kav /xapjvpcov vfia<i B ovfc a^LCO T7]U 
 
 24 avTTjv TOVTM ypwjUL7]v €^€tv. eTTCcTTaaOe yap eu to) TreSiw 
 TToXXa? jjLopca<; ovaa^ Kat, irvpKa'Ca^s ev rol^ oXKol^ To2<i 
 €/jiol<; '^copLoi<^, a?, euirep eireOufjLOVv, ttoXv rjv aa^dkecFTe' 
 pou Kai ac^avLaau Kau e/CKoyjrat, Kai eirepyacraiOaL^ ogw- 
 irep rjTTOV to ahucrjixa iroXkwv ovacov cfieWe CrjXov 
 
 25 eaecrOai. vvv h ovtco<; aura? 'irepb ttoXXov iroLOv/bLat, 
 coaTrep ^Kac ttjv iraTplBa^ kul tt^i/ clWtjv overlap, rjyov- 
 /j,€vo<; Trepo a/ubcpOTepcov tovtcop eivat fioi top Kivhvvov. 
 avTov^ TQivvv vfJLa<; rovrcov fiaprvpa^; Trape^o/jLac, e7rt/Lte- 
 Xovfxevov^ /JL€V e/ca<JTov /iirjVo<;, yvwfxova^ he ireixirovra^i 
 KaO e/cacTTOP evcavrow cov ovhei<; ircoTTor e^TjfXLOocre fju w? 
 
 25 epya^ofievov ja irepo ra? jJLopia^; '^aypta. KatroL ov 87^- 
 iTov ra? {xev fiLKpa<i ^7jfjiLa<; ovtco irepi iroXKov iroLOVfxai, 
 rov<: Be Trepl rov aoijiaro^ KLvhvvov^ [ouro)] nrepX ovhe- 
 vo<i t]yovpiai' Kai Ta<; fxev 7roWa<; €\aia<;, et? a<; e^rjv 
 fiaWov e^afxapTaveiv, ovrco Oepairevcdv ^aivofiai^ ttiv he 
 popiav, rjv of^ otov r rjv XaOelv e^opv^avia, &)? a^avi- 
 
 27 ^wv vvvi Kpivofjiai ; TIoTepov he fioi Kpeirrov r)V, co 
 ^ovXt], h7)/jbOKparia(; ov(T7j<; irapavofielv rj enri tcop rpia- 
 Kovra; Kai ov Xeyco co? Tore hwafxevo^ tj o)? vvv hia^e- 
 l3X7]fi€vo^, aXX ft)? TO) ^ovXofievM rore fiaXXov e^rjv 
 ahiKelv 7] vvvi. eyo) tolvvv ovh ev eKeivw ray '^pov(p 
 ovre ToiovTov ovre aXXo ovhev KaKov iroiriaa^ (pavrjco" 
 
nEPI TOT XHKOT. AT! 
 
 fiao. 7T(U9 S aVf €1, fjLTj TTuvTCDv avdpcoircDV e/iavTO) /ca- 28 
 KOVOv<TTaTo<i r]V, vficov ovTO}<; eirifjueXou/jLevcov etc rovrou 
 TTjv fiopLav a(f)avL^eLV eTre^ecprjaa rov -^copcoVt ev ca Bei/- 
 Bpop fjLev ovSe ev eari^ fiiaf; Be €\aia<; o-?;/co?, co<; ovTo<i 
 ^T)(TLV etvaiy KVKkoOev Be oBo^ Trepce^ec, a/i<porepo}6ev Be 
 yeiTove<; TrepcocfcouaLV^ aepKTov Be Kai Traz/ra^o^ei/ Ka- 
 TOirrov ecTTcv ; (oare ri<i av aireToX/MTjo'e, tovtoov oi/to)? 
 e-)(pvT(i3V, eTTL'^eLprjcrac tolovt^ TrpajfiajL; Aeivov Be fioi 2g 
 BoK€L ecvac vfMa^ fxev^ oh vtto ttJ? TToXeo)? tou airavra 
 '^(poifov irpoareTaKrat, tcov fiopccov e\ato)v €7nfjLeXela6ac, 
 /jLTjO 0J9 ewepya^ofiei^ou ircoiroTe ^rjp.icocrai, (le fMrjO o)? 
 a(f>avLaavTa €t? klvBuvov Karaa-Trjaac, tovtov B , b? ovre 
 yeQ)pja)v eyyi/? Tvyyavei ovr eircfieXTjTjj^; rjprj^evo^ ovO 
 rfXiKiav e-)((i3V eiBevac Trepc twv toiovtcov, airoypdy^ai fie 
 jjLopiau a(f)avL^ecv. 
 
 iLyco Tot,vvv oeouat, vficov jjlt] TOu<i tolovtov^ Xoyov<; 30 
 7rL(JTOTepov<; rjyrjo-aaOaL rcop epycov, fxrjBe Trepl cou avrol 
 avvcare, ravr avaaj^eadau twv e/jucou eyOpwv Xeyourcov, 
 evOvpLOVfievovi Kac etc rcov eipTjfievcov koI eic t^? aXXrj^ 
 iToXneia^, eyco yap ra e/jLoc TrpoaTerayfieva aTravra zi ~ 
 irpodviiorepov TreTrocTjfca, (o<; vtto rrj<; TroXeo)? rjvayical^o- 
 firju, Kuc rpi'qpap'^oiv Kao et<T<^opa? etcrcbepajv Kat '^oprjywv 
 Kat raXXa Xetrovpywv ovBevo<; rjTTou TroXureXco? tcop 
 itoXltwv. Kacroc ravTa fieu fieTpLco<; irotcov aXXa firj 33 
 '7rpo0ufjLO}<; ovr av irepc ^vyrj^ ovt av irepl Tr]<; aXX7]<; ov- 
 GLa^ rjycovL^o/jLTjv, irXeLO) B av eKeKTrnjLrjV^ ovBev aBc/ccov 
 ovB eiTLKLvBuvov efiavTO) KaTa(TT'^aa<; tcv ^lov ravra 
 Be irpa^a'^i a ovto^ fiou Karrjyopelt CKepBatvov fiev ovBev, 
 
48 ATXIOT 
 
 33 efiavTOV h €i9 KLV^vvov KaOiarrjv. kultol iravre^ av 
 6/jLoXoy7](TaLT€ hiKatorepov elvau tol^ /jL6ya\oi<; '^prjaOat 
 reKfirjpLot^ irepi twv fieyaXcov, Kac iriaToiepa 7]<y€La6ac 
 irepi (OP airaca t] iroXc'i /laprvpel, fxaXXov rj irepc wv 
 fiovo^ oyjo? Karrjyopel. 
 
 34 Etc tolvvv, o) ^ovXt], e/c rwv aXXayv CTKe^JraaOe. 
 fxapivpa^ yap eywv avro) irpoarjXOov, Xeywv on pLoi 
 '3TavT€<; eicnv ol Oepdirovre^y ou? eK6Krr]fjLr]v, eireihrj irape- 
 Xa^ov TO "y^copcov, Kac erocfxo^ ecjxc, ec rcva /SovXocto, Tra- 
 paSovuac /SaaavL^ecv, rjyov/xevo'; oi/tw? up rov eXey^ov 
 Ld'^vpoTepov yevecrdac tcop tovtov Xoycop Kac rcov epycou 
 
 35 Tcop efi(t)p» ovTo<^ B ovK 7]6eX6Vy ovSep (jiacTKcov inaTov 
 ecvac T0i9 Oepairovacp. epioc he BokcI Becpop elpai, ec 
 irepc avTWP fiev ol /Saaapc^o/iepoc KarTjyopovacp^ ev etSore? 
 OTC airoOapovPTai, irepc he rcop heairoTcop, ot? Trec^vKacrc 
 KaKOPOvcTTaTOC, fiaXXop ap ecXoPTO ape^eadac ^aaapi^o- 
 fiepoc Pj Kareciropre'^ dirrfXXa-xOac rcop irapoprayp kukccp. 
 
 36 Kal flip hi], w ^ovXri, (f)apep^op ot/iac elpac orc^ ec^NcKo- 
 pcdyov €^acT0VPT0<; tou? dvOpcoTrou'; /jCtj irapehchovp, eho- 
 Kovp ap efxavru) avpecoepac' eTrechr) tolpvp epou irapa- 
 hchoPTo^ ovTO^ TrapaXajSelp ovk 7]9eXe, hcKacop Kac irepc 
 TOVTOV rrjp avT7]p yp(opLr)p o"^eLP, aWo)^ re Kac tov klP' 
 
 37 hvpov OVK caov ajjL<poT€poc<; opto<;. irepc efxov fiep yap 
 el eXeyop, a ovto<; e^ovXeTO, ovh clp aTToXoyTqaaaOac 
 fjLoc e^eyepeTO' tovtm S' ec fir] oyfioXoyovp, ovhefica ^rj- 
 fica epoyo^ r)P. coaTe iroXv fiaXXop tovtop irapaXafijSa- 
 vecp eyprjp rj e/ie irapahovpac irpoarJKep, eyco tocpvp et? 
 tovto irpoOvfica'^ d(l>CK0fir}P, 7]y ov/iepo^ fieT efiov elpac 
 
nEPI tor XHKOT. 49 
 
 Kai, €K ^aaavcov Kai eK fiaprvprnv Kau eK TeKfirjpicov vfia^ 
 irepL Tov 7rpayfLaro<; raXrjBrj irvBeadac. evdvp^elaOai, he 38 
 XP^i'i (O /SouX?;, iTOTepoL's XPV TTicneveLV /laWov, ot? ttoX- 
 Xoc fiefiapTvprjKao-tv ?; a> /i^^Set? reroXfiTjKe, Kau irorepoif 
 eivo? fiaWov rovrov aKivhvvco'^ y^evBeaOai ?; fiera to- 
 covTOV KLvhvvov TOLovTov €/JLe cpjov cpjacTaadat, Kau 
 iTOTepov oueaOe avrov virep rrj'i TroXeo)? /SorjOeLv 7; avfco- 
 (f)apTOVPTa auTLacTaaOcu ; eyo) fiev [ejvcoKevaLJ v/ia^; 39 
 yjyovjuLac otl NcKO/jua'^o'; viro rcoi' e-^Opoiv Trecadec^i rwv 
 €fjL03v TOVTOV TOV ayoiva aycovt^erac, ov^ co? aoLKovvTa 
 eXiTL^cDV uiroBeL^eiv, aW co? apjvpiov irap efiov Xryi^e- 
 oOaL irpoaBoKcov. bacp yap oi tolovtoc eicnv eTraiTLoiTa- 
 
 TOL Kau aTTOpcOTaTOC TOJV KLvhvvWV^ TOVTCp TTUVTes UVTOV^ 
 
 <^evyov(Ti /laXca-Ta. eyco Se, co ^ovXtj^ ou/c t/^lovv, aXX 40 
 €7reiSr]7r€p fi€ rjTiacraTO, irape(T^(ov ejiavrov b tl /3ov- 
 XecrOe '^prjadaL^ kuo tovtov eveKa tov KLvhvvov ovSevc 
 eyco Tcop e^Opcov BiTJXXayrjv^ 61 ejae tjSlou KaKOi^; Xeyov- 
 (Tiv 7] (T(^a<i avTov<i eiraLVOvcL^ Kau <j)avepcj<i fiev ovBei<^ 
 ircoTTOTe efjue avTcov eTre'^eiprjae nrocrjaac kukov ovoeu, tol- 
 ovTov<i Be eTrcTrefjLTTOvai, fioi, ot? v/iel<; ovfc av BiKauco'^ 
 inaTevoiTe. TravTcov yap av a6Xt,(OTaT0<^ yevoi/jLTjv, ei 41 
 ^uyrt? aBiKO}'; KaraaT7](jo[iaL^ airai'^ fiev wv Kau fjLovo<;, 
 €pr]/jLOv Be TOV olkov yevofievov^ jJLrjTpo^ Be iravTcov ev- 
 Beov^y TTctrptSo? Be TOLavTr]<; ctt aca-'^ca-Tac'; (TTepT)6eL<: 
 atTtat?, TToWa? fiev vavfia')(^La<; virep avTr]<; vevavfiayr}' 
 KQ3<:, TToWa? Be jia-^a^ fiefjLa'X7jfievo<;, koo'/jLLov B ejiavrov 
 Kat ev Brj/jLOfcpaTLo, koI ev oXiyap-^ia irapaay^wv. 
 
 AXXa yapy co ^ovXt], TavTa fxev evOdBe ovk olB b 4a 
 
50 at:^iot 
 
 TL Bel Xeyecv aireBei^a B vfuv to? ovk evrjv (TTJko^ ev rat 
 ycopiM^ Kol jxaprvpa^ Trapea'^ofiTjv Kac retc/jLijpLa. a ')(pr] 
 /jL€fivr)iJLepov<; BiaycyvaycrKeiv irepi, lov Trpayixaro^i^ kol 
 a^iovv irapa tovtov irvdeaOai otov eveKa^ e^ov eir av- 
 TO^copcp eXey^aL, too-ovtg) '^pov(p vcnepov et? Toaoinou 
 43 /Ae KareGTrjaev aywva^ Kav /JLuprvpa ovoeva irapaa'^ofie- 
 z/09 etc Tcov Xoycov ^rjrel TTiaro? yeveaduL, e^ov avTOL<; 
 roc<; epyoL<i dBiKovi/Ta aTToBel^ac, Kac e/xov a7ravTa<; Bt- 
 SofTO? Tou? depdirovTa'i, 01/9 (f)rj(7L TrapayeveaOai, irapa' 
 Xapelv OVK rjOeXev. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION". 
 
 Note. — This general Introduction, and those which are specially connected with the 
 several Orations, although freely combining material from various sources, are indebted 
 especially to the admirable Einleitungen of Dr. R. Kauchexsteik, in. his Sechste Ver- 
 besserie Aujlage. 
 
 IjYSIAS -was born at Athens, most probably, according to K. F. 
 Hermann's view, b. c. 444, or eight years before Isocrates, who by 
 all accounts is represented as somewhat his junior. There he re- 
 ceived his education together with the noblest of the Athenians, 
 and there also he died, B. c. 378. Compare Cicero's remark, "Est 
 enim Atticus, quoniara certe Athenis est et natus et mortuus et 
 functus omni civium mnnere." {Brut. 16, 63.) His father was 
 Cephalus of Syracuse, who, through Pericles's advice, had emigrated 
 to Athens, about 447. Curtius says of Cephalus, that he was "a 
 man of property and consideration, whose ancestors had distin- 
 guished themselves in the struggle against the tyrants of his native 
 city, and in whose house a higher class of studies were eagerly 
 cultivated. Por thirty years he dwelt in the Piraeus, and both in 
 his manhood and old age was the type of piety and wisdom. He 
 was devoted "with his whole heart to the Periclean state to which 
 he belonged as a resident alien, so that he accounted it an honor 
 to undertake costly service in its behalf; and his hospitable house 
 was a meeting-place of men of the most distinguished intellectual 
 gifts." — Hist. Greece, 11. p. 547. Such were the influences amidst 
 which Lysias grew to manhood. 
 
 After the death of his father, he was attracted, with his brothers 
 Polemarchus and Euthydemus, to Thurii in Lower Italy, about 
 417. Here, in the vicinity of the ancient and ruined Sybaris, a 
 fiourishing city had sprung up, laid out after the model of the 
 
52 Bioc/ra^liical Introdaction. 
 
 Piraeus, and by the same Hippodamus wliora Pericles had em- 
 ployed to lay out and beautify the port of Athens. Here, under a 
 democratical constitution, such was the growth of the colony tiuit 
 many distinguished men were attracted from all quarters. 
 
 Here Lysias came under the influence of the Sicilian school of 
 oratory, as led by Tisias of Syracuse. The style of this school 
 was characterized by sharp antitheses, by elaborate parallelisms in 
 the construction of sentences, by alliterations, and similar artifi- 
 cialities. In this style Lysias produced some compositions. But 
 the mannerism of such a style, although well enough adapted to 
 excite admiration in exhibitions of rhetorical skill, was less fitted 
 for effective service in the encounters of the courts and the popular 
 assemblies. Yet the straightforward practical address necessary for 
 a statesman and an advocate can occasionally make profitable use 
 of the ornaments of speech on which the rhetorician places more 
 reliance; and so far Lysias's training in the Sicilian school brought 
 some advantage to his later practice at Athens. 
 
 Lysias lived in prosperity at Thurii until the overthrow of tlie 
 Athenian armament in Sicily, in 413. This occasioned the over- 
 throw of the democratic constitution of Thurii, and the expulsion 
 of the Athenian party, including Lysias and his brother Polemar- 
 chus, with whom three hundred others were obliged to flee. 
 
 The tAvo brothers returned to Athens in 412 or 411, and during 
 the next seven years resided in Piraeus enjoying a period of pros- 
 perity. Though not possessing the rights of citizenship, they 
 possessed the isotely (see General Note to the Oration against 
 Eratosthenes, 9, Metoecus), and the business which they pursued 
 was likely to be profitable in that time of war, — the manufacture 
 of shields, in wliich they employed one hundred and twenty slaves. 
 The capture of the city early in 404, and the inauguration of the 
 despotism of the Thirty, found them the holders of a considerable 
 property, of which they were despoiled by the tyrants, and Polemar- 
 chus was put to death, while Lysias made his escape to Megara. 
 Having co-operated with liberal contributions and effective service 
 
Blogra]r)ldcal Introdtidion. 53 
 
 to tlie expulsion of the usurpers, Lysias had no sooner seen the 
 ancient constitution restored, than he proceeded to prosecute Era- 
 tosthenes for his brother's murder. 
 
 Whether he gained this case or not, — on which point we have 
 no testimony, — the undertaking proved eventful to Lysias as the 
 beginning of a new career. To this, not improbably, his now 
 reduced circumstances, together with his previous studies, may 
 have inclined him. He now became a \oyoypd(j>o<;, or writer of 
 speeches, which his clients in pleading their own causes delivered 
 from memory (see General Note to the Oration against Eratos- 
 thenes, 4, Synegorus). 
 
 On the motion of Thrasybulus, a decree had been adopted con- 
 ferring upon Lysias the privilege of citizenship, in recognition of 
 his distinguished services to the state. But this decree having 
 been cancelled for informality, in having been passed by the 
 assembly "without the previous assent of the senate (Trpo/SovXcvfxa), 
 was never renewed. Having thus failed of obtaining that civic 
 standing in which alone he could exercise his gifts as a popular 
 speaker (prjTiop) in the assembly, Lysias had no opportunity to 
 attain the distinction in that capacity of which his plea against 
 Eratosthenes had given promise. But his orations have, perhaps, 
 thereby become none the less interesting to us, such is the greater 
 variety of subject and manner which they present, corresponding 
 to the variety of circumstances and persons for which they were 
 prepared. 
 
 It was highly important that the persons who delivered from 
 memory the orations which professional pens had written for them 
 should seem to speak out of their own individuality. Eor, so ftir 
 as their speeches should appear to bear the stamp of another mind, 
 so far the impression upon their judges would be unfavorable. 
 Accordingly, the speech-writer needed to study the persons for 
 whom he wrote, as well as their causes, and to adapt each address 
 to the characteristics as well as the circumstances of the speaker. 
 This Lysias has done in such a way that, without introducing 
 
54 Bio^raj)hical Introduction. 
 
 unessential matter, or speaking otlierwise than in the purest Attic, 
 he has made each oration a " character-picture," a work of art 
 expressing the personality of the speaker. Dionysius says of him 
 in this respect : " He was by far the best of all orators in discern- 
 ing the nature of men, and in attributing to each their appropriate 
 feelings and manners and acts (7). ... To each age, and kind, 
 and education, and calling, and manner of living, and other things 
 in which persons differ, he gives the natural expressions" (8). 
 This was what the ancients praised in Lysias as the art of charac- 
 ter-drawing (rjOoTToda), and they highly esteemed him for expres- 
 siveness (cvctpycta), and fidelity to life (StarvTrwcrts). 
 
 The style of Lysias has been briefly described in the Preface to 
 this volume. Dionysius calls him *' an excellent standard of the 
 Attic tongue, not of the old, which Plato and Thucydides have 
 used, but of that which was current at that time " (2). The 
 ancients regarded his style as a model of the (/enus teiiue, Icrxyov 
 yeVos. The difficulty of describing this by any one or two English 
 synonymes is apparent from the multitude of predicates by which 
 Francken endeavors after an exhaustive translation, namely, '•' Tenui- 
 tati . . . propria est gracilitas et siccUas, i. e. ornatus defectus ; 
 simul subtilUas sive acuta demonstratio ; denique brevitas. Tenuis 
 orator parens est verbis, et inornatus, sed idem sanus ac sobrius, 
 subtilis, tersus, elegans, cavebit a jejunitate." — Commentt. Lys.y 
 pp. 9, 10. Lysias gives everything its common and familiar name; 
 he seldom uses a metaphor, even in passages of the highest elo- 
 quence. Demosthenes also, and other Attic orators, used figurative 
 language sparingly, but this plain style was peculiarly adapted to 
 the sphere for which Lysias designed his orations. Dionysius 
 praises him for his faculty of " making things seem uncommon, 
 and dignified, and great, while using the most common expres- 
 sions, and abstaining from poetic devices " (3). His luminous 
 preciseness, his naive truthfulness, his straightforward movement, 
 deserve to be studied by every orator who aims at the orator's 
 practical end of conviction and persuasion. As contrasted with 
 
Biographical Introduction. 65 
 
 Demosthenes, he is thus characterized by Francken : " Flumine 
 verborum abripit Demosthenes, * monte decurrens yelut amnis ' ; 
 Lysias leniter allabitur, placidi et quieti rivuli instar, qui rare 
 fluctus movet. Sanitatem et sobrietatem Atticam in utroque ag- 
 noscas, sed veheraentior est Demosthenes, quietior Lysias." {lb. 
 p. 10.) Isocrates, on the other hand, writing comparatively few 
 orations, and expending proportionately more time in perfecting 
 them, — ten or fifteen years, it is said, upon his Tanegyricus, — is 
 much more elaborate than Lysias in the arrangement and treatment 
 of his subjects, and, though harmonious in the flow of his sentences, 
 sometimes wearisomely so in the monotonous finish of his elegant 
 periods. But with regard to Lysias, furthermore, there is a pecul- 
 iar charm (xapts) of elegant completeness and graceful finish invest- 
 ing his works. Dionysius calls it "the charm which blooms over 
 the whole expression and arrangement, — a thing indescribable and 
 most admii-able. For it is most easy to see, and manifest to eveiy 
 one alike, both common man and artist, but most difficult to show 
 in speech, and not readily achieved even by those best able to 
 express themselves. This, indeed, I believe to be the best and 
 most characteristic merit of the style of Lysias ; whether one 
 should call it a happy gift of nature, or the result of labor and art, 
 or a habit or faculty combined of both, in which he excels all the 
 rest of orators " (10). 
 
 As regards the details of oratory, the ancients regarded Lysias 
 as unsurpassed in his statement of a case. In argument he is 
 ingenious and acute. While he looks at his subject on all sides, 
 he has a keen perception and vigorous grasp of the strong points 
 of a case. His tliought is never hampered by \i%form^ but easily 
 frees itself, by agreeable changes of construction, whenever the 
 form is in danger of proving burdensome or obscure. More than 
 any other Attic orator, Lysias uses the favorite rhetorical ornaments 
 of that Sicilian school in which he had been trained (see Notes^ 
 § § 1, 7, 37, 54, 78, Or. against Eratosthenes). Yet his use of them 
 is never such as either to detract from the naturalness of his style, 
 
56 Bio fjra^l deal Introduction. 
 
 or to interfere with tlie sober earnestness of his aim. In his intrO' 
 ductions, Lysias shows the greatest variety. Each oration seems to 
 open with the spontaneous thought of the moment. In his conclu- 
 sions he is generally brief, and is fond of condensing in a terse 
 statement the main points which he has presented. 
 
 In this connection the following remarks of Curtius upon Attic 
 oratoiy, and that of Lysias in particular, deserve perusal : — 
 
 " The real oratory of the Athenians connected itself closely with 
 the tasks of actual life, as they offered themselves in the law 
 courts and in the popular assembly. Here it could take for its 
 model neither the pomp of the style of Gorgias, nor the artistically 
 constructed periods of Isocrates ; for the ample and self-satisfied 
 manner of the artistic orators was not in its proper place when the 
 point at issue was to treat a given case according to the facts at 
 issue, and, in the short time allowed, concisely to combine that 
 which was adapted for determining the decision of the civic assem- 
 bly, or of the jury. . . . But this Attic oratory reached its fullest 
 development, and the most abundant evidence of it remains, in the 
 works of Lysias, who is likewise by the experiences of his life so 
 intimately associated with the internal and external history of 
 Athens. . . . He now applied himself entirely to forensic oratory, 
 which at Athens came more and more into the foreground, and 
 which was also the principal subject treated in the books of in- 
 struction. Under the salutary discipline of a practical profession, 
 Lysias put aside whatever had formerly clung to him of artifi- 
 ciality and sophistic mannerism ; he emancipated himself from all 
 useless ornament, and wrote his speeches in so straightforward and 
 simple a style, that they became perfect models of the natural 
 grace of Attic prose. He moreover possessed a peculiar gift, which 
 very probably was due to his Sicilian blood, namely, the power 
 of seizing with admirable force the characteristic points, according 
 to age and social class, in the particular personages whose suits he 
 conducted, and of thus making his speeches dramatic sketches of 
 actuallife." — Hist. Greece, V. pp. 180, 181. 
 
Bio(/rajjhical Introduction. bl 
 
 Tliat the writings of Lysias were liigWy esteemed in antiquity, 
 is evident from the number of commentators upon them, whose 
 works, however, have not survived together with their names. 
 The most valuable critique of him that we have from any ancient 
 writer, is that of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (who died soon after 
 B. c. 7), of whom Francken says, that whoever attempts to praise 
 Lysias, after Dionysius, w^ill probably seem to be writing the Iliad 
 after Homer. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 »■♦-• 
 
 THE DEFENCE OF MANTITHEUS. 
 
 XVI. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 N. B. — In the following pages the orations are severally referred to by the numerals 
 prefixed to each, which are the same that designate them in the complete series. 
 
 The date of this oration is determined by the references in § 15, as 
 shortly subsequent to the battle at Coronea. Accordingly the oration 
 must have been delivered some ten years after the time of the Thirty 
 Tyrants. Mantitheus had obtained an election to the Senate. But, 
 so strong was the hatred still cherished toward the Thirty and their 
 adherents, that in the constitutional scrutiny (boKifxaa-ia) of the sen- 
 ators elect, — which took place before the out-going Senate, — the 
 objection was raised against Mantitheus that he had served among the 
 cavalry during the year of anarchy, as the Athenians termed that 
 period of unconstitutional government. 
 
 It had been decreed, after the restoration of the democracy, that 
 those cavalry-men who had served in the time of the Thirty should 
 refund the KardaTao-is, that is, the allowance granted them by the state 
 for their outfit. It is likely that the tyrants, anxious to recruit the 
 ranks of a force on which they depended, had perverted this allowance 
 to cavalry-men, customary as it had been before they came into power, 
 into a mere bounty for partisans, and that the resources for it came 
 from unrighteous confiscations. The decree of reclamation was doubt- 
 less a stroke of censure at the cavalry, who had incurred the hatred 
 of the people by the devotion which they had shown to the cause 
 of the tyrants. Grote remarks, that the horsemen, as a class, had 
 steadfastly supported the Thirty through aU the enormities of their 
 
60 Notes. 
 
 career, and had made themselves their partisans in every species of 
 flagitious crime which could possibly be imagined to exasperate the 
 feelings of the exiles. {Hist, VIII. pp. 246, 302.) 
 
 This reclamation of the KardaTacn^ naturally produced some law- 
 suits, which were tried befoi'e judge-advocates {(rvvbiKoi), who had 
 been appointed to take cognizance of the claims for indemnification, 
 that arose after the return of the exiled democrats, whose property 
 had been confiscated by the oligarchs. The lists of the cavalry-men 
 w^ere, of course, in evidence. These lists were on tablets covered with 
 gypsum (trai/i'Sia). These lists, as might have been expected, had 
 been more or less corrupted, names erased and names inserted. The 
 results of the legal proceedings were probably various. But a connec- 
 tion with the cavalry service, whether positively ascertained or not, 
 made in many cases little difference. (See § 8.) Grote remarks, " the 
 general body of the knights suffered so little disadvantage from the 
 recollection of the Thirty, that many of them in after days became 
 senators, generals, hipparchs, and occupants of other considerable posts 
 in the state." — Hist.^ VIII. p. 306. Sometimes, however, they were 
 more severely treated {Or. XXVI. § 10). 
 
 Mantitheus, with his somewhat careless demeanor, may have'given 
 occasion for the complaint. He makes, however, a seemingly unim- 
 peachable defence with a skilful use of facts, and with a free and 
 unreserved exhibition of his life and his personal character. He ap- 
 pears as an Athenian from a good family of the old stamp, hostile to 
 the dissolute life of elegant men of his age, not very careful in his 
 external appearance, and rather disposed to brave criticism. He is 
 active, devoted, resolute, and brave, in a somewhat rough and im- 
 petuous way, but takes pains, by uprightness and solid merit, to secure 
 the approbation of his fellow-citizens. Such a character captivates 
 us by its probity and openness, and in its clear delineation Lysias has 
 furnished an excellent proof of his skill. 
 
 GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
 STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 
 
 [For fuller statements see especially Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.] 
 
 1. The civil and the military constitution of the Athenians ran 
 parallel. The nation, since the democratical reorganization by Clis- 
 
Notes. 61 
 
 thenes, B. c. 509, had been divided into ten tribes {cf)vXai) These 
 possessed each its leading officers, its common sanctuaries, and its 
 tribal festivals, but, as corporations, they had no political significance, 
 and served merely as organs for the performance of civil and military 
 services. (Curtius, Hist, I. pp. 407, 408. 
 
 The phyle, says Grote, seems to have been "the only military 
 classification known at Athens." The soldiers of each phyle formed 
 a division of the army (§ 15) called a rd^is, subdivided into \6xoi, 
 under Xoxayoi The rd^is of the Athenians v/as thus a larger body 
 than among other Greeks. Each rd^is was under a ra^iapxos. The 
 ten taxiarchs, who acted as lieutenants and assistants of the ten 
 strategi, both in peace and in war, commanded only the infantry of 
 the ten phyla. The cavalry commander in each phyle was called 
 (l>vXapxos (§ 6), and the ten 'plnjlarchs were themselves subordinate to 
 two hijiparchs {tinrapxoi, § 8). The chief military officer was the 
 strategus {o-TpaTrjyos, § 8). Of these there were also ten, one for each 
 phyle. They were elected by popular suffrage, and presided over all 
 matters belonging to the war and the foreign department. They also 
 nominated and exercised control over the trierarchs, or naval captains, 
 and, in general, were charged with superintendence of the public 
 safety. They had the power, in an emergency, of convoking, with 
 consent of the senate, an extraordinary assembly of the people ; and 
 even of prohibiting or dissolving the assembly, if so the necessities 
 of the state seemed to require. 
 
 2. Phylce and Denies. The phylae possessed no local centres of their 
 own, but were simply aggregations of clemes. These denies {orjpoi,) 
 were local parishes, and demes which might be remote from each 
 other were often included in the same phyle. In each phyle there 
 were originally ten demes, but the number gradually increased. The 
 common local centre of the phylse was the city agora, where the 
 statues of the ten tribal heroes stood, but that of each deme was its 
 own agora. The land-holders in each deme were catalogued, and 
 "registration in these parish lists served as evidence that an indi- 
 vidual belonged to the country in general, and was entitled to the 
 enjoyment of civic rights. Though he might change his habitation 
 as often as he liked, he still continued to belong to the deme in which 
 he had once been registered." — Curtius, Hist., I. p. 407. 
 
 Like our towns, the demes had their local governments, treasuries, 
 and meetings, and raised their quotas for the army and navy. The 
 
62 Notes. 
 
 demes were sometimes of large extent and populous. The deme 
 of Acliarnse supplied a force of three thousand men in the Pelopon- 
 iiesian War. The members of a deme were called demotce {b-qfiorai, 
 § 14), and the head man of each deme was styled demarch {dr]fxapxos). 
 
 3. The Senate (jSovXrj) had been comjDosed, since the time of Clis- 
 thenes, if we except the revolutionary period .about the close of the 
 Peloponnesian War, of five hundred citizens, not under thirty years 
 of age, who were chosen by lot (Kvafios), and held office for a year, 
 meeting daily, except on festivals and holidays, and receiving the 
 compensation of a drachm (about eighteen cents) per day. Every 
 senator elect had to undergo the scrutiny {doKifiacrla) (see General 
 Note, 5), in which evidence must be presented of citizenship, age, and 
 freedom from dnixia. (See General Note, XXV. 3.) The functions of 
 the senate were to originate business for the general assembly, to 
 take care for the navy and arsenals, to regulate all matters of finance, 
 to judge of the qualifications of magistrates, and of the members of 
 their own body ; and also to receive, and sometimes to try, informa- 
 tions {elaayyeXiai). (See General Note, 7.) The judicial power of the 
 senate was limited from b. c. 461 to the imposition of a fine of five 
 hundred drachms, — about $ 90.45. Of the five hundred senators, 
 fifty were chosen from each phyle, and each of the ten sections thus 
 formed presided {eTrpwdveve) in turn, both in the senate and in the 
 assembl}^ for a period of thirty-five or thirty-six days. This j^eriod 
 (Trpvraveia) was subdivided into five weeks, and each presiding section 
 (ol TrpvTaveis) into five tens, and each ten presided a week in turn. 
 The presiding ten (ol TrpofSpot) of any week chose one of their ovm 
 number for each day of the week, to act as president {eiricrTdTrjs) of 
 the senate and of the assembly of the people. 
 
 4. The assembly (eKKKjjo-la) embraced all the qualified freemen of 
 Attica. A man could be qualified for membership at the age of 
 twenty. The meetings, held regularly four times in each prytany, 
 or forty times a year, assembled in the Pnyx, a semicircular area on 
 a low hill southwest of the Areopagus. All matters of public and 
 national interest, foreign or domestic, might become subjects for dis- 
 cussion. It was not according to law to bring forward any particular 
 measure that had not previously received the sanction of the senate 
 by a Trpo^ovXevpa, or been referred by that body to the assembly. 
 Privilege of speech was not confined to any class or age. Speakers 
 addressed the meeting from a high platform of stone {^rjfia, still exist- 
 
Notes. 63 
 
 ing). The sense of tlie meeting was expressed by a show of hands 
 (xeipoTovia) or by ballot {^r}(f)os). The attendance on ordinary assem- 
 bly days probably numbered about five thousand. 
 
 As in addition to the forty regular meetings of every year there 
 were many special meetings, the poorer classes would either be bur- 
 dened by attendance, or must resign the control of affairs to persons 
 of wealth and leisure. There was some justice, therefore, in the 
 arrangement which secured the attendance of the poorer citizens 
 by allowing a compensation of, at first, one obol (three cents) a day, 
 which was increased afterward (b. c. 392) to three obols. 
 
 5. The AoKt/zacria. Before any person who had been designated 
 or elected to an office was permitted to enter on its duties, he was 
 obliged to pass an examination into his previous life and conduct. 
 This scrutiny of c^ualifications was called the doJcimasy (boKifiacria). 
 It did not take account so much of the actual capacities and personal 
 qualities of the persons elected, as of matters like the following : 
 Whether the individual were a genuinely bom Athenian citizen and 
 of proper age ; whether he had discharged his filial obligations to his 
 parents, and had done his duty as a citizen in war ; whether he had 
 borne his part in the customary sacrifices, and had discharged his 
 debts to the state ; and whether he had engaged in any transactions 
 prejudicial to the state, or such as should incapacitate him for ci^dc 
 functions. The dokimasy was held sometimes before the senate, 
 sometimes before the jury-courts of the dicasts. (See General Note^ 
 XII. 3.) It was in order at such times for any person to object to the 
 fitness of the candidate under scrutiny. So wide-reaching an exami- 
 nation of a man's whole record, public and private, gave wide oppor- 
 tunity to objectors, and permitted, as we see in the following oration, 
 an equal discursiveness in reply (§ 9). This institution was some- 
 times perverted to the gratification of private grudges, but was also 
 turned to account against some unworthy persons who could not be 
 successfully prosecuted under the laws. 
 
 6. A Syndicus (avvbinos) is sometimes s^Tionymous T\-ith a Sijnegorus 
 (see General Note to the next oration), and sometimes, as in this ora- 
 tion, denotes an advocate of a peculiar kind, possessing some judicial 
 powers. The duty of this class of avv8iKoi seems to have been to 
 exercise jurisdiction in disputes respecting property claimed both by 
 the state and by private parties, especially confiscated property. The 
 first appointment of such functionaries took place on the restoration 
 
64 Notes. 
 
 of the constitution after tlie overthrow of the Lysandrian tyranny, 
 B. c. 403. The name of avvbiKoi was also specially given to orators 
 sent to represent the state before a foreign tribunal. 
 
 7. Dike. The general word denoting any proceeding at law be- 
 tween parties was biKq. This had a wider and a limited sense. In 
 the wider sense, hUj} included both public and private actions ; in 
 the more limited sense it meant a private suit, while ypa<^r] was the 
 word specially appropriated to public actions (see General Note, YII. 
 1) ; and these again were divided into 'Idiai, or criminal prosecutions, 
 and 8r]fi6<Tiai, or state trials. The different classes of trials were also 
 included under the general name of dydves. ElcrayyeXla signified 
 an information laid before the senate or the assembly, especially 
 in cases not covered by the laws, or in case of eminent persons, 
 or heinous offences, or when a combination of crimes was charged, 
 or when speedy trial was necessary. 
 
 8. Martyria. In the courts of Athens only freemen possessing 
 their civO. rights could be witnesses (^dprvpes). Of the testifying of 
 women or minors there is no instance on record. Slaves could testify 
 only under torture (see General Note, VII. 2). But alien freemen 
 could testify like citizens. Neither of the parties to a suit was a 
 competent witness in his own case, though each was obliged to answer 
 questions put by the other (see Dr., XII. §§ 24, 25). Awitness v/ho 
 refused to appear Avhen summoned was liable to prosecution. He 
 was not obliged to be present at the preliminary hearing (see General 
 Note, VII. 1), but his deposition had to be handed in then in writ- 
 ing. When he was ill, or out of the country, he could be examined 
 by commission, and his deposition was then called iKjxapTvpla. Hear- 
 say evidence, except the declaration of a deceased person, was inad- 
 missible. After the preliminary hearing, no fresh evidence could be 
 introduced. When the trial took place the witness was obliged to 
 be present in court. When he was introduced, the Avater-clock 
 (Kkc^vbpa), which measured the time allotted to the speakers, — in 
 the midst of whose addresses the witnesses were brought forward at 
 fitting points, — was stopped, the witness ascended the speaker's ])lat- 
 form, and signified his assent to his written deposition as read to him 
 by the clerk. Either at the preliminary hearing or at the trial, an 
 oath was administered to the witness at the altar by the opposite 
 party. A contumacious witness incurred a line of 1,000 drachms. 
 A false witness was indictable, with punishment, if convicted, at 
 
Notes. 65 
 
 the discretion of the coiut. In our editions of the orators, the words 
 fjLapTvpia and fiaprvpes are interchangeably used to denote the intro- 
 duction of witnesses. 
 
 In connection with this subject, the original signification of the 
 word martyr in the Christian sense will readily be ai^preciated. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 xvi. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Part I. — Replt to the special charge, §§1-8. 
 
 " II. — Exhibition of the speaker's record, §§9-21. 
 
 I. — 1. Introduction : The accusers' malice gives the speaker a valuable opportunity to 
 
 demonstrate his character, §§ 1, 2. 
 
 2. The proposition ; stating in general what the speaker expects to prove, § 3. 
 
 3. The argument, §§4-8, namely : 
 
 A. An alibi : he was out of the country till the affairs of the Thirty had be- 
 come critical, § 4 ; and at such a time it was not liliely that he and they 
 would have become connected, § 5. 
 
 B. Whatever a falsified register may show, § 6, his name does not appear as a 
 cavalry-man either in the phylarchs' lists, or in the judicial recLima- 
 tions, § 7. 
 
 C. Were it true that he had served in the cavalry, he could show that he had 
 harmed no one, and could point to many such who had been honored with 
 high office, § 8. 
 
 II. — 1, Introductorj' : A personal narrative is required by the nature of the case, § 9. 
 
 2. The narration, §§ 10 - 16. 
 
 A. Of his conduct in domestic relations, § 10. 
 
 B. And also in social and public life, §§ 11-16. 
 
 a. Negatively. 
 
 a. as averse to dissolute habits, § 11. 
 
 6. and never charged mth a breach of law, § 12. 
 
 b. Positively. 
 
 a. as a volunteer for dangerous service, § 13. 
 h. generous to poorer comrades, § 14. 
 
 c. steadfast in battle. § 15. 
 
 d. and of undaunted daring aft^r defeat, § 16. 
 
 3. Argument on the facts presented, §§ 17-10. 
 
 A. Popular favor and political rights cannot justly be refused to a man with 
 
 such a record, § 17. 
 
 B. The true criterion of an honorable and worthy citizen is such a record, 
 § 18, rather than peculiarities of personal appearance and manner, § 19. 
 
 4. Conclusion, §§ 20, 21. (See Notes.) 
 
 
 
66 Notes. 
 
 1. — fTvviZav, G., 49, 2. H., 746. — povXojjieVois, G^., 113. H., 799. — 
 KaTT]70ptas, G., 173. H., 577. — SiajSepXtifie'vois, G., 18, 4. Notice the 
 emphasis given by position before the subject tovtovs. otrives, the indelinite 
 relative, gives a general signification to its antecedent tovtovs, "this class 
 of persons. ..who," — dva-yKa^wo-iv, G., 62. H., 757. — aurois, G., 188, 3. 
 H. 600. 
 
 2. — wo-T eXm^w, G., 65, 3. PL, 770, 771. —ct tis...tv7Xo-V£|., G., 48, 
 I. A. 1, & R. 1. — 8taK6i>£vos, G., 112, 2. H., 801. — ejiov, G., 171, N. 1. 
 H., 576, a. — dKoi5o-Ti, G., 20, N. 1 ; 60, 3, N. ; 61, 3. H., 760, a. — 
 |ji6Ta[i£\T|<r£iv, G., 27, N. 3. 
 
 3. — diToSci^w, G., 50, 1, & E. 1. Is the tense a future or an aorist sub- 
 junctive ? See G., 37, 2, N. 1. What is the apodosis ? — twv ayrciv kivSv- 
 V(ov p.. vjiiv, G., 170, 2, & 186. H., 574, a, k 603. — ra diWa, i. e. every- 
 thing beside his just-mentioned attachment to the established constitution, 
 and what he had endured in consequence. — jtcTpias, a modest expression 
 for "laudably." — PepioKtis, G., 112, N. 8. H., 797 & 802. — 8io(i,ai, G., 
 10, N. 7. So d^id, above. H., 699, a. — SoKijxd^etv, see General Note, 5, 
 L^oKLixaula. — oijx iirirevov [o^Jt lireSt'iixovv], the bracketed words seem to 
 have got out of place from § 4. Discriminate between this imperfect and 
 the aorist ^erecrxo?'. G., 200, N. 5. G., 19, N. 2. — (xgreirxov, why not 
 accented Aterecrxoi' ? G., 26, K. 1. H., 368, b. Free from all connection 
 with the administration, he was impliedly free from all responsibility for 
 its actions. 
 
 4. — 'Hp.ds, emphatic position. — <runijiopds, at ^gospotami, on the 
 European side of the Hellespont, opposite Lampsacus, where about one 
 hundred and seventy vessels, nearly the whole of the Athenian fleet, were 
 taken by Lysander, September, b. c. 405. This disaster was the finishing 
 stroke of the Peloponnesian War. — Sdrvpov (I.), king of a district in the 
 Tauric Chersonese (modern Crimea), whose capital was Panticapffium, also 
 called Bosporus, from its situation on the west side of the Cimmerian Bos- 
 porus (Strait of Yenikale). The region had been colonized principally 
 from Miletus, and maintained a flourishing trade with Athens in particular, 
 which drew from it annually 400,000 medimni (600,000 bushels) of corn. 
 Says Curtius : "Of all the existing foreign relations, those with the jiriRces 
 on the Cimmerian Bosporus were in truth the most favorable and the best 
 warranted," etc. Hist. V. p. 137. — 8taiTT]o-o}Ji£vovs, G., 109, 5. H., 789, d. 
 
 • — c|eTreix>|;e, notice the force of the e^, "out of the country." — Teix<Sv, the 
 Long Walls and the fortifications of Pirseus. See Or. XII. § 40, Notes. — 
 KaGaipovfjLeva)v...|i60i<rTa}i€VT]s, G., 16, 1. — TroXiTetas, see Or. XII. §§ 73-^ 
 76. — irptv, tr., 106, 2. H., 769. — <j>v\t]S, the military operations which 
 resulted in the expulsion of the Thirty commenced in the occupation of 
 Phyle by a force under Thrasybulus. Phyle, 14 miles from Athens, is a 
 
Notes. 67 
 
 fortress on a precipitous rock, ^* Phyle's hrow" commanding tlio pass of Mt. 
 Parnes, on the road from Thebes to Athens. — KareXOeiv, November, b. c. 
 404. — Ti|i€pats, G., 188, 2. H., GIO. 
 
 5. — KaiToi, a particle of very frequent occurrence in Lysias, compounded 
 of Kal and the enclitic tol, which is an old dative form equivalent to ru, and 
 meaning therefore, certcdnly. In composition it adds a strengthening force. 
 The compound Kairoi signifies, (1) and certainly; (2) and yet certainly ; 
 and yet; (3) although. — eUbs Tjv...€'m0v}ieiv, G., 49, 2, N. 3, (a). H., 703. 
 — ?X°V'''^s has the force of an imperfect, as will appear if the personal con- 
 struction be translated by the impersonal, "nor does it appear that they 
 had," etc. See G., 16, 2. Sauppe prefers to read o-^oi'Tes. But the 
 reference to the past is clear enough in the present participle ; and besides, 
 the aorist has a special sense not pertinent here. See H., 708. — [x-qSev 
 c|ajiapTdvovo-i, not Toh /x. e. ; those who had committed no fault are not 
 a distinct class from those who were out of the country (which the repe- 
 tition of the article would intimate), but these latter just because of 
 their absence were blameless. (Francken.) For the negative, G., 283, 4. 
 H., 839. — iroXiTcias, G., 170, 2. H., 574, a. — f|Ti}xa5ov...8fj}iov. Per- 
 haps such a case as that of Theramenes (see Introd. to the following 
 oration) was in the speaker's mind. And yet the sense of the passage, 
 as it stands, seems to take the edge off from Mantitheus's argument, 
 that the tyrants tinisted no one who had done nothing wrong. Francken 
 favors Eeiske's conjecture that, after tcv druxov, iTi/jLuiu has dropped out. 
 If so, the statement would agree with XXV. § 13 : rot's irXelara /ca/cd u.aas 
 elpyacr/xevovs eis ras ri/id? KaBiaracrav. 
 
 6. — o-avi8iov, see Introduction. — i'n'7r€v€tv, i. e. otl 'i-mrevov. G.,15, 3, 
 & R. 1. — lyycrypaixjievoi (so Cobet), the proper term for the entering of 
 names on a list, not eirLysypafiixhoL. — €K€ivos, H., 679, b, last part. — 
 €ij/T]<})icra<r66...d'Treve7K€LV, G., 92, 1, & E. 1. — Karao-Tac-ets, see Introd. — 
 dvc-rrpdfr.Tg, G., U, % k K 1. 
 
 7. — lp.1, emphatic. — aTroSeilsisv, G., 50, 2, & 52, 2. — o-uvSikois, see 
 Introd,. and General Note, 6. — KaraPaXovra (so Bake, Francken, Froh- 
 berger, and others, while Frei and Kayser regard the bracketed words as 
 spurious) ; the refunding of the allowance would have been the decisive 
 indication : KaralSaXovTa seems preferable to the conmion reading irapaXa- 
 §wTa, both for that reason, and for the sake of the climax in which the 
 three participles then stand, direi'exdei'Ta...Tra,oa5odei'ra...Kara\a^juTa. — 
 TOvTo, H., 679, a. — dvaYKatov ?\v, see Kote on eiicbs tju, § 5, above. — 
 diroSsL^eiav, G., 54, 2, (b), and 50, 2, R, (a). — €K€tvois tois •ypdfj.p.ao-iv, 
 i. e. the lists of the phylarchs. These, although just mentioned, are desig- 
 nated more distantly as e/cetVots in contrast with the aaviSiov, referred to 
 by ToiJrots (ypdix/mffiv), as either produced in court, or made specially 
 
68 Notes. 
 
 prominent Ijy the accuser. — tw PovXofie'vo), G., 108, 2. The participle 
 here involves the protasis, et rts ^ouXoito, or e^ovXero, G., 51, and Kote 3. 
 
 8. — eiTTip l''n-jreua-a...ovK dv ?]V, G., 49, 2, with E. (a.) & (6.) — ws... 
 •ireTrofqKws, G^., 113, N. 10. H., 795, e. — tj^iovv, has an implied &v, de- 
 rived from the preceding ovk hv 9jv. — diroSeLlas, equivalent to et diredei^a, 
 G., 52. — PovXcvovras, "members of the senate." — «o-t6.. i^yila■Be, G., 
 65, 3, Note. — |xov, G., 173, 2, N. H., 5S3. — iiapTvpi^crov ; the -svitness 
 Avas probably to testify as to the time of the absence and return ; see § 4. 
 The alibi was thus far the main point in his defence. — P»IAPTYPIA, see 
 General Note, 8. 
 
 9. — OVK oIS* 6 Ti 8€t irXcift) Xe'^eiv. Here begins the second and more 
 discursive part of the oration. The case, so far as concerned the accusation 
 now so thoroughly refuted, had been sufficiently argued. In an ordinary 
 lawsuit, Mantitheus might well have rested here. But as wide range was 
 allowed both to complaint and answer in the public scrutiny of the charac- 
 ter of candidates for office (see General Note, 5, AoKi/xacria), he is not con- 
 tent to have proved a mere negative, but now goes on to show that his 
 actual life and character had been that of a praiseworthy citizen, entitled 
 to such political rights as that now called in question. — avokoyilcrQai, 
 G., 91. H., 763. — oiKpodo-acrGai, G., 23, 1, & Eejn. — iroii^o-ojAai, G., 
 199, 2. H., 689. — 8id (3paxvTdT«v, H., 629, Thrases. 
 
 10. — irpunov. The first point which Mantitheus makes is with refer- 
 ence to his domestic and private affaii's, ra tdia, as distinct from to. icolpo., 
 his social and public relations. — ovcrias...KaTaX£i<{>8€ic-riS, G., 277, 5. 
 H., 790, e. — o-v}i(j)opds...Tds tt]S iroXews, in the course of the Pelopon- 
 nesian AVar, — ItlBo^s, sons inherited the whole patrimon}^ but with the 
 obligation of supporting their sisters, and providing them suitable mar- 
 liage portions. — rpidnovTa jxvds — half a talent : a mina was worth about 
 $18, — 6|xoXo76iv, acknowledged at that time and still acknowledges. G., 
 15, 1, & Ecm. — efJLov, G., 175. H., 585.— }JL^j8£'irwT-oT6...p,T]8€...fir,8€v, G., 
 283, 8, last part. H., 843. 
 
 11. — 8iwKTiKa (so Sauppe and Frohberger), preferable to the common 
 reading SupK-ncra, on account of the preceding perfect, /3e/3iwA-a. — ImeiKetas, 
 literally "moderation," unassumingly covers the claim to a virtuous and 
 honorable life. — 'jroiovjJL€vot, G., 199, 3. H., 690. — tovtovs, here not 
 strictly necessary, but subjoined to TrXelo-ra with significant emphasis, as 
 if — "these are they who talk and lie about me most." — twv avTwv, G., 
 171, 2. H., 576. — e-n-60-j|xovfi€v, "we" = they and I. 
 
 12. — d'n-o8ei^at, distinguish from diflerently accented forms. H., 367, 
 R. e. — 8iKTiv...7pa<f)TJv...€t<ra7-yeXiav...d*yovas, see General Note, 7. ^Ikt} 
 here denotes a private suit. This, however, would fall under the head of 
 rh KOLva, his social and public relations. — o-K^\j/ao-0€, G., 22. 
 
Noles. 69 
 
 13. — irpeliTOV, subordinate to the irpwrov in § 10. See Analysis. — 
 iTTOiiitrao-Qe, G., 19, JST. 4, b. H., 706. — [tovs], Kauchenstein brackets the 
 article here, "because Lysias omits the article before gentile nouns." — 
 BoiwTovs. The so-called Corinthian War, which was carried on by sea and 
 land for some seven years, was fomented by the Persian satrap Tithraustes 
 for the purpose of relieving the Asiatic provinces from the presence of a 
 Spartan army, and of transferring the scene of hostilities to Greece. The 
 Thebans headed an anti-Spartan league, and occasioned the outbreak of 
 the war, b. c. 395. The resolution of Athens to send military aid to Thebes 
 was her first emergence from the political eclipse which she had suffered 
 at the close of the Peloponnesian ^Var, and at the time Avhen this force was 
 sent, the city was still without fortifications and without ships. — ds 
 'AXiapTov, a city of Bceotia. Lysander, the conqueror of Athens, had 
 been routed and slain before Haliartus prior to the arrival of the Athenian 
 force. — 'OpOoPovXov, probably the phylarch of Mantitheus's tribe. — etvai, 
 G., 15, 2, IST. 2. The Spartans were generally weak in the cavalry and 
 strong in the infantry. Rauchenstein, after admitting the bracketed ocr^, 
 remarks that it is better, with Francken and Cobet, to drop it, and instead, 
 with Frohberger, to put du. — avapuvTwy k^X to-us tTnrovs, "entered the 
 cavalry service." — dSoKijxdo-rcov, in violation of the rule Avhich required 
 that, before entering the service, both men and horses should undergo an 
 examination satisfactory to the hipparchs. — e-^aXet\|/ai, G., 23, 2, X. L — 
 HsXXovTos, G^., 25, 2. H., 711. — 'n-apao-Kevdo-avTi, G., 133, N. 8. H., 776, 
 fine print. See i^dpvoLs, XII. § 31 and A'o'c. 
 
 14. Twv BTjfioTwv, the members of a deme served together. — on x?T> 
 G., 70, 2, R. 1. H., 734, a, 735. —tovs '^xcvras, G., 276, 2. —(rvvi^oo- 
 Xevov...^8«Ka, G., 19, N. 2. — avros, G., 79, N. 1. H., 669, b. — kskti]- 
 [le'vos, G., 200, X. 6. H., 712. — Y€VT]Tat, like dmTrpd^Tjre, § 6, G., 44, 2, 
 feiN". 1. 
 
 15. — €is KopivOov, the Athenians sent some six thousand hoplites, about 
 one fourth part of the heavy-armed force which the allies sent into the field 
 against Sparta, with about six hundred cavalry. Thrasybulus commanded. 
 — 8€TJor€i, the past thought quoted in the direct form, G., 77. What would 
 the indirect form be ? — r-qs irpoTrjS, supply rdfews, which Cobet inserts in 
 the text. The genitive may be construed with some such word as oTrXtrT/s 
 understood; G., 169, 2, N. H., 572. — Svo-rvxiicrdoT^s, in the battle of 
 Nemea in the Corinthian territory about midsummer, 394. The Athenians 
 were outflanked and severely handled. See Grofe, IX. pp. 306-308. Cin^- 
 this, IV. 249. — Tov o-€|ivov Srciptois, "the grand Stirian," iionically. 
 Thrasybulus was of the deme Stiria, in the phyle Pandionis. This refer- 
 ence shows the oration to have been delivered while the events were recent, 
 and before the death of Thrasybulus, who was slain near Aspendus, in 
 Pamphylia, in 390. 
 
70 Notes. 
 
 16. — yjiiipiiav Itrxvpwv. The passes of the Isthmus remained as "before, 
 in the control of the forces of the League. Moreover, the camp to which 
 many of the defeated allies retired was so strongly secured by the nature 
 of the ground (/cat yap fjv Xaaiov to %w/5toj', Xen. Hell. IV. 2, 19), that the 
 victors did not attack. — ja^ Svvao-eai, G., 283, 3. H., 837. — 'Ayqcri- 
 Xdov, the second monarch of that name, " the ablest and most energetic of 
 the Spartan kings" {Grotc, X. 363, sq.), having been recalled from a career 
 of victory in Asia to succor the Spartan interests in Greece, defeated the 
 allied forces at Coronea in Boeotia, a few weeks after the battle of Nemea. 
 
 — IfjLpaXovTos stands in the causal relation to \prj(f)Laa}X€Ubiv. — rov dpxo'v- 
 Ttov ; these were the stratcgi. See General Note, 1. — d'7rox<«)pi<rai, "to 
 detach." — PoTjOtjo-ovo-u, G., 74, 1, p. 1G2. See ^Note on oeTjcei, § 15, above. 
 
 — Ssivov, a touch of grim humor. — d'ya'n-T]T<3s, "barely," a meaning de- 
 rived from the more radical signification "contentedly," through the inter- 
 mediate idea of Avhat will no more than content. — aKX-qptort, such a mat- 
 ter was regularly determined by the lot. — Td|tv, here evidently in the 
 sense of (pvX-qv, while, as supplied with ttjs irpuTrjs, § 15, above, it denotes, 
 more restrictedly, a single rank in order of battle. 
 
 17. — TOLS...u|Loi)<ri, G., 184, 2. II., 595, b, last part. The constitu- 
 tional scrutiny would prevent such cowards from holding office. — I'^otsv. 
 G., 51, 1, («)• — €~olo-uv...eToXp,fe)v...eirotow, mark the proper force of the 
 imperfects, as distinguislied from aorists. — ov\ us ov, G., 283, 8. H., 841, 
 
 — I'va, cl' TTOTS, the speaker states his past intention in the form of quota- 
 tion. G., 74, 1. In the direct form, KaOiaTai/nTjv would have been in the 
 subjunctive, or the future indicative (G., 50, 1, & 1^. 1), and TvyxdfoijxL in 
 the subjunctive after tVa (G., 44), depending on the leading verb iroirjo-oj, or 
 TTOLui, here e-nrolovv. For another instance of this unconcealed avowal of an 
 intei-ested motive, see XXV. § 13. — ras e|cSo-us, the article is here restric- 
 tive = "those in which I took part," G., 141, N. 2. H., 527, d. — -noi- 
 ovfi«vcs, G., 112, 2. — KOfta, Hamaker's widely approved emendation of 
 the common reading to\/j,S.. With many imitators of the Spartan fashion 
 (AaiccovKxrai, as they were called), Mantitheus let his hair and beard grow 
 long. This would be taken by some to indicate his j)olitical sympatliy with 
 the foes from whom Athens had suff"ered most. Supply x/ot? before /xicre'tv. 
 
 — For the rhyme-like ending of the two clauses, (ncoire7v...fXLaeTv, see XII. 
 § 1, note on direnre'LV. — CK-.-eGfiXovrtov : d}(p€\(7a0aL €k is more commonly 
 said with reference to things, virb with reference to persons. 
 
 19. — (iiKpov 8taX€7C)fJLevoi, G., 109, 2. II., 789, b. Those who used a 
 moderate tone and utterance would naturally be more persuasive with many 
 than loud and fast talkers. — iroXXd Kd7a0a vfjLds,G. , 165. H., 555, 547, c. 
 
 20. — The conclusion of the oration, so far as its form goes, is quite pe- 
 culiar, j^lantitheus takes occasion, from a minor objection that had been 
 
Notes. 71 
 
 made to tim, to conciliate tlie favor of his hearers by a frank and manly 
 confession, § 20, while he puts his justification into the form, at the end, of 
 a brief but graceful compliment to the tribunal, § 21. — iio-9o|ir,v, G., 19, 
 jf_ 4 (^a). — 8ta Taura, H., 679, a ; compare 5id rodro fxiaelv, § 18, above. 
 
 Sti vcwrepos c3v k'jr€)(j£lpr\cra, G., 81, 1. It was the rule in Solon's time 
 
 that persons of fifty years and upwards should have precedence in address- 
 in<^ the assembly, but this had become obsolete. "Would the imperfect, 
 kiT^X'^ipovv, have presented the thought any difl"erently from the aorist ? — 
 Tuiv e|JLavTov irpa-yfiaTwv, H., 538, fine jmnt. — 8oK«...8iaTe8f]vai, Cr.,92, 2, 
 N. 2. H., 777. — irpo7ovwv ev6vp,o{ip,evos ; instead of the simple genitive 
 (H., 576), the genitive with Tcepl may be used. Compare hdviiovfxivovs e/c, 
 and Note, VII. § 30. The participle denotes cause. G., 109, 4. H., 789, c. 
 
 21. — dXTi0fi XPT ^^y^^v, apologetically, since he intimates that they, if 
 any, are to blame. — ToioiiTovs, "such" as those Avho undertake to address 
 the assembly of the people. — dgiovs, supply Tiixr,s. Cobet reads ttoXXoO 
 ^liouj. — 6p«v vfJias, G., 52, 1. — Tt...&x6oicr8€, the protasis is thrown into 
 the form of the subsequent declarative sentence. Stated in the regular 
 conditional form, the thought would have been expressed thus: "And 
 besides, if you more than others have to decide whether such persons are 
 worthy or not, why should you be displeased with them " [for endeavoring 
 to gain your favor] ? 
 
 The abrupt conclusion is both pointed, and characteristic of the seK- 
 reliant temper of the speaker. 
 
72 Notes. 
 
 THE ORATION AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 XII. 
 INTRODUCTIOK 
 
 The triumph of Sparta and her allies in the Peloponnesian War 
 v/as an overthrow, throughout Greece, not only of the Athenian 
 j>ower, hut of the democratieal principles for which that power stood. 
 The loss of the Athenian fleet at ^gospotami took place in Septem- 
 ber, B. c. 405. About November, the victorious fleet commenced the 
 blockade of Piraeus, while the Peloponnesian army encamped at the 
 gates of Athens. In April, the entry of Lysander into the city at 
 once terminated the famine-agonies of the siege, and introduced the 
 miseries of the year of misrule, — " the anarchy " {dvapxia) as it was 
 ever afterwards called by the Athenians, as the period during Avhich 
 the constitutional government was suspended. The dark picture 
 which is presented in this oration is the more impressive, because it 
 is but a specimen of a widespread condition of things at that time. 
 Says Mr. Grote : " Lysander, in all the overweening insolence of vic- 
 tory, while rewarding his devoted partisans with an exaltation com- 
 prising every sort of license and tyranny, stained the dependent cities 
 with countless murders, perpetrated on private as well as public 
 grounds." — Vol. IX. p. 188. And again : " We shall be warranted 
 in affirming, that the first years of the Spartan empire, which fol- 
 lowed upon the victory of ^gospotami, were years of all-pervatling 
 tyranny, and multifarious intestine calamity, such as Greece had 
 never before endured." — 76., p. 191. 
 
 Immediately after the capture of the fleet, the oligarchical party 
 commenced organization by appointing a managing committee of five, 
 subserviently called by the Spartan name of Ephors, § 43. After the 
 surrender of the city, the next step was the accusation and imprison- 
 ment of the leaders of the democratieal party, some account of which 
 is given by Lysias in his Oration against Agoratus (XIIL), who acted 
 as the tool of the oligarchs. Then, under the protection of Lysander's 
 presence, who came from Samos for the purpose, § 71, the revolution 
 was consummated in a popular assembly, by means of the menaces 
 
J\''otes. 73 
 
 narrated in § 74. The Thirty being thu3 clothed with power, about 
 June, 404, Lysander returned to finish the siege of Samos, but a 
 Spartan garrison at the service of the tyrants was sent to keep the 
 Acropolis, § 94, under Callibius, — a man whom even Lysander cen- 
 sured for his insolence to the conquered, — besides which the Thirty 
 maintained their own band of ruffians ready to execute without flinch- 
 ing the most flagitious commands. 
 
 Under the democratical constitution the accused had been entitled 
 to trial either by the numerous jury-court called the dicastery, or by 
 the senate, or by the assembly of the people. But by the Thirty 
 many were put to death without trial, §§ 17, 82, while of those who 
 were tried before the senate, newly composed as it now was of the 
 appointees of the Thirty, the fate vras generally secured beforehand, 
 though sometimes not without the intimidatincr even of such a bodv. 
 In the great number of cases broucrht before this tribunal, the only 
 acquittal pronounced was in the case of the informer Agoratus, who 
 was set free in return for his e\ddence. While a few justly obnoxious 
 persons perished at first, a far greater number of worthy citizens were 
 soon seized and executed, among them not only men who had served 
 the state with munificence and ability, but even some of the best 
 members of the oligarchical party itself. In the perpetration of these 
 crimes even respectable citizens were forced to render service, §§ 30, 
 90, so that, by becoming compromised in the doings of the Thirty, 
 they might, for their own safety's sake, be disinclined to a counter- 
 revolution, in which power might pass into avenging hands. 
 
 Excesses like these roused immediate opposition. In the circle of 
 the Thirty itself there was a section of less fanatical sentiments led by 
 Theramenes. He had at first been as forward as any to sanguinary 
 measures. But, partly from sagacious foresight of the ruinous conse- 
 quences of an unmitigated policy, and partly from jealousy of the pre- 
 dominating influence of Critias, he began to play the part of an op- 
 position leader, declaring that regard must be had to public opinion, 
 and support for the government must be looked for in the community 
 which they governed. These \aews would probably have controlled 
 the policy of the body in favor of milder measures, had it not been for 
 an audacious stroke of Critias, who suddenly overawed the senate with 
 an armed force, and handed Theramenes over at once to the ministers 
 of death. Such a death not only redeemed his character in some sort, 
 but even secured to him an extravagant degree of praise, as a martyr 
 
74 Notes.^ 
 
 to the cause of justice. That this posthumous credit of Theramenes 
 furnished some political capital to men like Eratosthenes, is clear from 
 the elaborate effort which Lysias makes in this oration, §§62-78, 
 to exhibit Theramenes, with whom Eratosthenes claimed to have 
 acted, in the odious character which was really his. 
 
 More successful were the operations which Thrasybulus, at the head 
 of a small armed force of exiles, with aid from Boeotia, commenced in 
 November, 404, by the seizure of the stronghold of Phyle, fourteen 
 miles north of Athens, and followed up in a few days by the occu2)a- 
 tion of Munychia, the acropolis of Piraeus. The pulling down a 
 part of the walls of Pireeus, instead of keeping Athens at the feet of 
 her conquerors, had opened a road to her liberators. In Piraeus the 
 ruin of maritime interests had intensified the popular discontent, and 
 the number to whom the liberators might look for reinforcements had 
 been swelled by the influx of more than five thousand fugitives from 
 Athens. And when the Thirty endeavored at once to carry by assault 
 the strong position which Thrasybulus had taken, on the hill of 
 Munychia, a defeat followed, in which seventy of the assailants were 
 slain, and, what was of especial consequence, Critias himself fell, to- 
 gether with Hippomachus, another of the Thirty. As an immediate 
 result, the moderate party among the oligarchs became predominant, 
 and the Thirty gave place, about February, 403, to the Ten, § 54. 
 Only one of the Thirty, Phidon, became a member of the new board. 
 Eratosthenes, however, remained with him in the city, inspiring the 
 councils of the government, § 58, though not nominally holding 
 power. The rest of the surviving members of the deposed board re- 
 tired to Eleusis, which, by the seizure and execution of a large num- 
 ber of innocent citizens, § 52, they had previously taken care to make 
 secure for themselves as a city of refuge. 
 
 Instead, however, of any accommodation with the exiles resulting, 
 as had been hoped, from the change of rulers, hostilities continued 
 between the city and Piraeus, § 55, a struggle whose terms, as Lysias 
 bitterly says, were such that the city men, if victorious, would be 
 enslaved by usurpers, while the humiliation and suff'ering of defeat 
 must be borne in order to obtain equal rights with the conquerors, 
 § 92. In this struggle, Lysias himself, despoiled though he had been 
 by the Thirty, lent valuable aid, contributing two hundred shields, 
 and two thousand drachms in cash, besides hiring three hundred fresh 
 soldiers, and negotiating a loan of two talents from, his friend Thra- 
 
Notes. 75 
 
 eycloeus of Elis. With sucli a spirit among the patriots, with continual 
 accessions from the numerous exiles, and with some aid from other 
 cities, the Piraeus party kept the city party on the defensive, until 
 the intervention of a Spartan force at the call of the Ten, § 60. 
 
 Had Lysander, whom the Ten had expressly desired as commander 
 of these succors, § 59, taken control of affairs at that crisis, it would 
 have gone ill with Thrasybulus and his compatriots. But such indig- 
 nation had heen excited even among the confederates of Sparta by the 
 Lysandrian policy as displayed in Athens and the other subjugated 
 cities, that it became the interest of Sparta to rid Athens of her 
 misery. And so, after Lysander had been sent forth to settle in his 
 own Avay the disturbances at Athens, the king Pausanias, his personal 
 and political opponent, ha^^dng won over to his views a majority of 
 the Ephors, was appointed, in May, to supersede him in the chief 
 command. Under his auspices, after some fighting and long negotia- 
 tion, at the end of ten months of civil war, peace was re-established, in 
 September, 403. The exiles in Pirseus were restored, and a general 
 amnesty was sworn to, from whose benefits there were excepted only 
 the Thirty, the Eleven who had executed their sentences, and the Ten 
 who had governed in Pirseus (not to be confounded with the Ten who 
 had succeeded the Thirty). The democratical constitution was now 
 immediately restored as soon as possible ; but the practice of payment 
 for the performance of the duties of citizenship was not re-established. 
 
 Under the nev/ order of things, however, Eleusis was left in posses- 
 sion of the Thirty and their adherents, an asylum for all refugees of 
 that party, and a stronghold of conspiracy and treason. It was not 
 long before their proceedings provoked the Athenians to take the field 
 against them with the entire force of the city. In the course of these 
 hostilities the generals of the oligarchs Avere seized and put to death. 
 After the flight of the rest of the Thirty and other obnoxious persons, 
 Eleusis was re-incorporated, with oaths of mutual amnesty ^nd har- 
 mony, in one political community with Athens. 
 
 But when the exiles had returned, impoverished, and smarting 
 under the wroncjs which had been inflicted on them and their inno- 
 cent relatives, especially as they daily felt the hateful presence of the 
 men who, for revenge or gain, had committed or abetted those outrages, 
 attempts were not wanting, in evasion of the amnesty, to seek repara- 
 tion by instituting legal proceedings against the guilty parties. In 
 cons-cquence of such attempts it became necessary, in the year after 
 
76 Notes, 
 
 the restoration, to pass the law of Archinus, by which any defendant 
 in such cases was entitled to plead the amnesty in bar of all proceed- 
 ings. 
 
 Previous to this, and probably while the exiled tyrants were still 
 in occupation of Eleusis, Lysias brought his complaint against Era- 
 tosthenes, who, with Phidon, seems to have remained in the city. 
 The compact which excluded the Thirty from the amnesty conceded 
 even to them the privilege of remaining, if they were ready to submit 
 their conduct as members of the government to the judgment of the 
 people (see General Note to the next oration, 2, Euthyyie). In ven- 
 turing on this course Eratosthenes probably placed reliance on the 
 posthumous credit of Theramenes as a martyr, which he might claim 
 to share as having acted with him. Lysias certainly seems conscious 
 of a strong prejudice in a portion of his hearers in favor of Eratos- 
 thenes. The selection of the dicasts by lot brought, of course, men 
 of all parties into the panel. Some there doubtless were who, how- 
 ever they disliked the Thirty, were not of the popular i^arty, and not 
 likely to vote with it in the secret suffrage of the dicastery, § 91. 
 Others, either voluntarily or by constraint, had so compromised them- 
 selves with the Thirty, as to be too lenient judges. Some may have 
 felt that, if Eratosthenes were convicted, they might not themselves 
 be safe. Furthermore, men of standing and eloquence v/ere ready to 
 speak for Eratosthenes, § 86, and there v^as no lack of persons to tes- 
 tify in his favor, §§ 87, 88. 
 
 In contending against these adverse influences, and in appealing to 
 the sympathies and the patriotism of his hearers, Lysias seems to 
 have bent all his genius to the performance of the sacred duty which, 
 both according to Athenian custom, § 24, and in obedience to natural 
 impulses, he owed to his murdered brother. As, however, the guilfc 
 of that murder could not be brought directly home to Eratosthenes, 
 who could plausibly contend, § 25, that he had been forced by his 
 colleagues to make the arrest, and tliat he had then pleaded, though 
 in vain, for the life of the prisoner ; Lysias does not confine himself 
 to his personal complaint. This occupies, in fact, only the first third 
 of the oration, beyond which Lysias proceeds, in behalf of his injured 
 country, to enlarge upon the whole iniquitous and treasonable career 
 of the Thirty, in which lie contends that Eratosthenes, as a voluntary 
 partner of the usurpers, was equally inculpated and responsible. 
 . We can easily conceive what public interest must have been excited 
 
Notes. 11 
 
 in this, the first important judicial proceeding after the restoration of 
 the constitution. A discourse so charged Avith just resentment toward 
 the authors of so many private wi-ongs and public disasters, pronounced, 
 as it was, before the deep impressions of two years of misery and dis- 
 honor had begun to fade away, must have waked stirring echoes in 
 many a patriotic bosom and many a bereaved heart. The orator com- 
 mends himself to us also by his modesty as well as his eloquence, suck 
 is the reticence which he maintains respecting those praiseworthy ex- 
 ertions and sacrifices, known to all, Avhich he had put forth for the 
 enfranchisement of his adopted city. Undoubtedly first in order of 
 composition among the author's orations, this one is not inferior to any 
 either in interest or in merit. In his capacity as prosecutor in such 
 a cause, Lysias had the opportunity, which otherwise he would have 
 lacked, to plead the cause of the city itself. In so doing, he was able 
 to re^dew the whole of the recent history of the city, and to instruct 
 the people, as a political leader, upon their situation and its duties. 
 And so his discourse rises from a mere plea for justice upon a criminal, 
 to the rank of a statesmanlike oration. 
 
 It is a singular circumstance that no record is extant of the result 
 of so important a trial, so that we must remain without the satisfac- 
 tion of knowing that Lysias gained his case. 
 
 GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
 STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 
 
 1. Tlie Archons. After the kingly office ceased in Athens, the chief 
 magistrate was styled archon (apx<ov). This office, at first for life, and 
 then for a term of ten years, became, B. c. 683, an annual magis- 
 tracy, and its honors and duties were distributed between nine 
 individuals, who, after a time, instead of election by suffrage, were 
 designated by lot. The chief of these, styled by eminence the ar- 
 chon, gave his name to the year of his office, and was thence called 
 the archon eponymus (eVcow/io?) ; he was the legal protector of widows 
 and orphans, and judge in certain family matters. The next, or king 
 archon {apxo>v ^aaikeis), had superintendence in matters of religion, 
 and in cases of homicide, which it was his duty to bring before 
 the Areopagus. The third archon, styled the polemarch (TroXeVapxos), 
 
78 Notes. 
 
 was commander of the army, and judge in disputes between citizens 
 and non-citizens. Each of these three had also the superintendence 
 of particular religious festivals. The remaining six, styled legislators 
 (SearfiodeTai), had it for their duty to report to the people every year 
 on the subject of the revision of the laws, and to be judges in matters 
 not reserved to the superior archons. But the chief part of their 
 duties was in the receiving of informations, and in bringing cases to 
 trial in the courts. After the Persian "War, the archons were with- 
 drawn from political and military duties, and their judicial poAver 
 was limited to the imposition of small fines. From the time of 
 Pericles, the archon simply received complaints, and conducted the 
 preliminary inquiries, fixed the day of trial, and presided OA^er the 
 dicastery which heard and decided the case. The person of an ar- 
 chon, when wearing the official chaplet of myrtle, was sacred ; he had 
 the privilege of exemption from the trierarchy (see Trierarch), and 
 at the expiration of his year of office, if his record was such as to 
 bear the customary scrutiny, he became a member of the Areopagus 
 (see Areopagus). 
 
 2. The Areopagus (6 "Apeios nayos) was a rocky eminence opposite 
 the western end of the Acropolis, and in close proximity. The name 
 was transferred to the council or senate uhich assembled there, holding 
 its sittings in the open air. Instituted in remote antiquity, and origi- 
 nally the sole council of the city, it retained its pristine honor more 
 permanently than an}' other part of the Athenian constitution. Its 
 powers, varying at different periods, were of a somewhat elastic and 
 discretionary nature, and were regulated to some extent by that 
 public opinion of the better citizens which the body was supposed 
 to reflect. It was composed exclusively of past archons, sitting in it 
 for life after the expiration of their archonship. It had particular 
 oversight of matters connected with religion, and of cases of homi- 
 cide ; while at one time, as supervisor in general of the public morals, 
 it exercised functions analogous to those of the Roman censors. In 
 times of emergency, the Areopagus seems to have acted as a Vigilance 
 Committee, or as a Committee of Safety, § 69, and miscellaneous 
 public matters were from time to time referred to it. As the single 
 political body which was neither elective nor otherwise responsible 
 to the people, it formed for some time an obstacle to the complete 
 development of democratical principles (sec Curtius, Hist. II. p. 420 
 sqq.), until, about B. c. 461, Ephialtes, iu conjunction with Pericles, 
 
Notes, 79 
 
 carried a law which abolished its political "power. Thenceforward, 
 although retaining its judicial competence chiefly in cases of homi- 
 cide, and shorn of its amplest powers, it was still retained during the 
 period of the freest democracy as a venerable relic of the primitive 
 aristocratic institutions, and, especially in its capacity of a criminal 
 court, enjoyed a reputation of long continuance. After the restora- 
 tion of the constitution, B. c. 403, the Areopagus regained its ancient 
 dignity as guardian of the commonwealth, by being intrusted with 
 the duty of seeing to the accurate observance and the unimpaired 
 preservation of the newly arranged laws. 
 
 3. The Athenian Dicast (St/cao-Tjyy) was a member of a dicastery 
 {biKaa-TTipiov), a body which sat to give judgment {biKa^eiv) in pro- 
 ceedings at law. By the laws of Solon, b, c. 594, the assembly of 
 the people had the power of reviewing and pronouncing upon the 
 administration of the archons, at the expiration of their year of oflSce. 
 In the time of Clisthenes, B. c. 509, the collective body of citizens 
 above thirty years of age appears to have been convoked and sworn 
 to try persons accused o^ public crimes, and in such a capacity to 
 have borne the name of heliasts (j^Xtaorai), or the hclicea (r]\iaia). 
 But as the extension of the swav of Athens brought more and more 
 law business to that city, the accumulation of that business made it 
 necessary to subdivide the heliasts. In the time of Pericles, nearly 
 the whole judicial power, in civil cases as well as criminal, was trans- 
 ferred to the dicasteries thus formed. Six hundred citizens being 
 annually selected by lot from each of the ten tribes, five sixths of the 
 total number were divided into sections, or panels, of five hundred 
 each, in which members of all the tribes were thro'svn together indis- 
 criminately, while the remaining thousand were held as a reserve 
 from which to fill vacancies. The thesmothetm, or six junior ar- 
 chons, decided by lot which panel should sit, and where, and who 
 should preside at the trial. In some important cases two or more 
 panels were "imited, sometimes only a fraction of a panel sat, but the 
 usual number was a full five hundred. Not only Athenians, but the 
 subject allies also were amenable to these tribunals, whose number, 
 whose assignment by lot, and whose secret ballot, § 91, prevented that 
 intimidation or corruption to which smaller or diff'erently constituted 
 bodies might have been liable. The dicasts were sworn in collec- 
 tively at the beginning of their annual term of service. The court- 
 rooms were painted of difi'erent colors, and each had its letter of the 
 
80 Notes. 
 
 alphabet inscribed over the doorway. Each dicast also bore a staff, on 
 which was painted the color and the letter of the court allotted to 
 hini. The dicasts sat on benches spread with rugs or matting. The 
 advocates, during their addresses, occupied an elevated stand {^jjfia). 
 " The city," says Curtius, " resembled a vast court of law, when, 
 early in the morning, the hosts of JLirymen, the fourth part of the 
 entire civic body, were seen moving." {Hist., II. p. 499.) For each 
 day of service the dicast received at first one, and afterwards three 
 oboli. At the latter rate, the annual amount of the dicasts' fees, in 
 the most flourishing period of the city, was one hundred and fifty 
 talents. 
 
 The dicastery, in giving its verdict, voted by ballot {■sj/'^cfyov cfy^peiv). 
 The most common way was for each dicast to drop into a box one 
 of two pebbles or balls of stone (>|/'^(^oi), which had been furnished 
 him. One of these was black, and the other white ; or one was 
 pierced, and the other whole : the white pebble, or the whole one, 
 meant acquittal {dnoyj/'TjcpiCfaOai) ; the others, condemnation {Kara- 
 yp-T}(pi(€(j6ai). The pebble not used in the. ballot was dropped into 
 another box, and thus the secrecy of the ballot was secured. 
 
 For a discussion of the practical working of the dicasteries, and a 
 comparison of them with modern juries, see the valuable remarks of 
 Grote, Hist, Y. pp. 385-400. 
 
 4. A Synegorus was one who pleaded a case at law in behalf of 
 another. The traditional usage at Athens for parties to plead their 
 own cases in court was modified by the development of law, and the 
 cultivation of rhetoric, which put unlearned and inexperienced men 
 at disadvantage with better versed opponents, A class of men sprang 
 up, of whom Antiphon, § 67, first became distinguished, who gave 
 legal advice to others, and wrote speeches for clients. Lysias him- 
 self, as well as Isseus and Isocrates, obtained considerable income by 
 such speech-writing : these were Xoyoypacpoi, as distinguished from 
 (rvvt]yopoi. In general, while a party was still expected to speak for 
 himself, the old rule was relaxed, so that, after a short speech, he 
 might obtain permission to yield the floor to his more capable friend, 
 or avvfjyopos. Thus the principal speeches were frequently made by 
 the advocate, as being deivos Xeyeiu, § 86. But as no fees were suff"ered 
 to be paid for this service, the advocate was expected to show the 
 court what motive led him to appear. 
 
 As to the number of advocates allowed in any one case, there was 
 
Noles. 81 
 
 only this limitation, that the time allowed to a side was all the Fame, 
 whatever the number of speakers. Each party had two opportunities 
 to be heard ; the plaintiff opening, and the defendant replying ; then 
 the plaintiff speaking again, and the defendant closing. 
 
 In criminal trials, it was common to have several speakers for the 
 prosecution ; especially in cases where the state vvas materially inter- 
 ested. A public advocate employed by the state to assist in a prose- 
 cution was allowed the fee of a drachm. 
 
 5. A Liturgy (Xeirovpyi'a) was a personal service which was required 
 of certain citizens, who, as larger property-holders, vrere expected to 
 be larger burden-bearers. Liturgies were classified as ordinary and 
 extraordinary, and the former class might be imposed on any citizen 
 — save a few specially exempted — who possessed as much as three 
 talents. These liturgies came in turn to the members of the several 
 tribes who possessed the requisite property, but not more than one 
 liturgy at a time, and not oftener than every other year. The tax 
 thus imposed on the wealthy was in general liberally discharged 
 (see the next oration, § 13, and the following oration, § 31). To fulfil 
 only the letter of the requisition seemed to many incompatible Avith 
 true public spirit. Nor v.'ere cases Avanting in which a wealthy citi- 
 zen Avould volunteer to undertake a liturgy out of turn. In times 
 of stringency, a liturgy was sometimes undertaken by two persons 
 jointly, especially the choregia and the trierarchy, which latter is the 
 only liturg}'- which may be properly classed as extraordinary. 
 
 6. An Athenian Trierarch (rpiijpapxos) was charged with somewhat 
 more than the duty, which is implied in his title, of commanding a 
 trireme. 
 
 Though sometimes wealthy citizens patriotically furnished and 
 served in their own ships, yet ordinarily the state provided the tri- 
 erarchs with their vessels, at least the hulls and masts. Like modern 
 ships, each trireme in the Athenian navy had its name, as "the 
 Siren," "the Liberty," "the Democracy," etc. The Athenian harbors 
 were calculated for four hundred triremes ; three hundred was the 
 normal number held in readiness for service, capable of taking on 
 board a force of sixty thousand men. Sixty triremes regularly 
 cruised in the ^Egsean as a police squadron and for practice. The 
 equipment, certainly in the Sicilian expedition, B. c. 415, was at the 
 cost of the trierarchs ; and at a later period, when triremes were fitted 
 out from the public stores, repairs were at their expense, while they 
 6 
 
82 Notes, 
 
 were also obliged to return in good condition the rigging and equip- 
 ments Avliicli they had received. Sometimes, from motives of display, 
 a trierarch would go to unnecessary expense with his own means in 
 the outfit of his ship. The procuring of a crew made another item 
 of cost to the trierarch. Among the crews were many aliens, freed- 
 men, and slaves, but the nucleus of each crew consisted of Athenian 
 citizens. These were ordinarily obtained through the demarchs from 
 the several demes ; but it occasionally became necessary for the 
 trierarchs to give bounties to induce lit persons to serve. To meet 
 such costs, a client of Demosthenes, b. c. 361, had even to mortgage 
 his estate. Pay and provisions for the sailors and marines were sup- 
 plied at the public cost. The expense to the trierarch of his year of 
 office averaged about 50 minae, or over $944. 
 
 After B. c. 358, the burdens of the trierarchy, which had pre- 
 viously been borne in turn by the individual members of the tril^es, 
 were distributed among the twelve hundred richest citizens, grouped 
 in twenty symmories {(Tvufioplai) of sixty members each. 
 
 7. The Clwregia (xoprjyia) was the most expensive of the Athenian 
 liturgies of the ordinary kind. The burdens of the office lay in 
 providing choruses of different kinds for the various dramatic and 
 other performances connected with the public festivals. 
 
 Dramatic entertainments were not of daily occurrence at Athens, 
 as with us, but were exhibited at great festivals, the Lencea and the 
 Bionysia, held in honor of Dionysus (or Bacchus). At such times, 
 the theatre was crowded the day long, while play after play was 
 acted. When a poet wished to bring out a play, application was 
 made to the second archon, or in case of the great Dionysia, to tlie 
 first archon, who, if the play were deemed deserving, nominated a 
 choregus {xopr]y6s), whose duty it was to l)ring out the play with a 
 suitable chorus (xopos). In the earliest times the choregus himself 
 led the chorus, as his name — chorus-leader — implies. It was at the 
 poet's option to train the chorus himself, or to have the services of a 
 professional trainer. From the time of Sophocles the ordinary cho- 
 rus for a tragedy was composed of fifteen. In a comedy, the number 
 of the chorus was commonly twenty-four. The specific duties of the 
 choregus were to procure the choreutse (xopevrat), or members of the 
 chorus, to provide a trainer and a training-room, to pay and support 
 both the trainer and his class during their preparations, and furniish 
 the necessary costumes for the exhibition. The burden of the chore- 
 
Notes, 83 
 
 gia varied witli the nature of the chorus ; the expense of a single 
 chorus averaged perhaps hall a talent, or about $ 550. The emula- 
 tion of the choregi made the service the more expensive. The chore- 
 gus who was judged to have done the best received the prize of a 
 tripod. The whole expense of the play, however, by no means de- 
 volved upon the choregus. Demosthenes reproved his countrymen 
 with lavishing larger sums on their festivals than on their naval 
 service. " Count the cost of their tragedies," says Plutarch ; " you 
 will find that their (Edipuses and Antigones and Medeas and Elec- 
 tras cost more than their wars for supremacy with the other Greeks, 
 and their struggles for freedom against the barbarians." 
 
 8. The Eisjjhora {da-^opd) was an extraordinary tax on property, 
 levied whenever the burdens of war required. It was laid by a 
 decree of the assembly, and collected under the superintendence of the 
 strategi. To defray the expenses of the siege of Mytilene, b. c. 428, 
 the sum of 200 talents was thus raised at one time. 
 
 9. A Metcecus (jieToiKos) was a resident foreigner. Athens, as the 
 commercial emporium and literary centre of Greece, was the favorite 
 resort and residence of strangers from every quarter. "Whoever," 
 says Curtius, " considered himself an adept in his art, was aware that 
 no place existed where he would meet with a readier recognition or 
 with ampler gains." (Hist, II. p. 539.) The population of Attica 
 was about half a million, of whom 90,000 were citizens, 45,000 metoeci, 
 and 365,000 slaves. The civic duties required of the native Athe- 
 nians were so engrossing as to throw nearly all business, industrial 
 and mercantile, into the hands of metoeci, who on this account re- 
 sided mostly in Piraeus. The Athenian metoecus was subject to the 
 same burdens as the citizen, certain liturgies excepted ; was obliged 
 to serve in both the army and the fleet ; was taxed somewhat higher 
 than citizens of the same valuation, besides being subject to an 
 annual alien-tax of twelve drachms on each family. Yet he was not 
 permitted to become a real-estate owner, but must live in a hired 
 house, and must have some citizen for patron (Trpocrrdr?;?), through 
 whom alone he could transact legal business, private or public. An 
 Athenian metcecns might, however, like Lysias, obtain the isotely 
 {laoTeXeia), a condition of immunity from the disadvantages of aliens, 
 which was inferior in privilege only to the condition of the na- 
 tive citizen, who possessed the right of suffrage and was eligible to 
 office. In the war of liberation which Thrasybulus waged, the re- 
 
84 Notes. 
 
 ward of isotely was promised to all aliens who should assist the 
 patriot cause. 
 
 10. A Sycophant {o-vKocjidvTTjs, literally, a fig-shower) was originally 
 a person who informed against another for exporting figs. The expor- 
 tation of figs had been prohibited by law at an early period in the 
 history of Attica ; and this law, though it had ceased to be sustained 
 by public sentiment, was meanly made use of by some informers 
 from motives of gain. Their practices were facilitated by the Athe- 
 nian policy of encouraging the detection of ofi'ences by permitting 
 any person to prosecute any oftender in court. But the obnoxious 
 character of such informations under an almost obsolete law indeli- 
 bly stained the name of sycophant as a term of reproach, denoting 
 the bringer of malicious and vexatious accusations. The evil import 
 of the term expanded, conformably to the usual character of the 
 class of persons to whom it was originally applied. And so, its 
 primary meaning disappearing, it came to signify, in general, a slan- 
 derer, a black-mailer, a lying scoundrel, an extortioner. Neverthe- 
 less, as the informer, in case of conviction, received half the penalty, 
 and as guilty persons were often glad to pay hush-money, the dis- 
 graceful business had no lack of followers, and the most stringent 
 laws were not able to suppress the evil. 
 
 To the preceding references to the political and social constitution 
 of Athens the following, of a more miscellaneous nature, are sub- 
 joined, derived mainly from Bancroft's Literary and Historical Mis- 
 cellanies, art. Economy of Athens. 
 
 11. Attic Money. If Bockh's estimate of the Attic talent as worth 
 5,625 /rawcs be accepted, then (the franc being now worth 19^^^ cents) 
 a talent = f 1,085 -|-. The following table exhibits the values and 
 ecLuivalents of the several denominations : — 
 
 1 obolus (ojSoAos) = $0.03 
 
 C oboli = 1 draclime {Zpaxii-ri) = O.lSl 
 
 100 drachmse = 1 niina (ju.i/a) = 18.09 
 
 60 minaj = 1 iolQwi (jaXavrov) =1,085.00-1- 
 
 The same authority reckons the Attic gold stater, the Cyzicene stater, 
 and the daric as of equal value, each worth about 20 drachms, or 
 ^3.62. Smith's Diet. Anc. Geog., art. Cyrdcus, reckons the Cyzicene 
 as = 28 drachms, or 1 5.06. 
 
 The ratio hetiveen ancient and modern prices is stated as one to three. 
 This does not vary much from the result obtained by comparing the 
 
Notes. ■ 85 
 
 prices of wheat. "Wheat brought at Athens, b. c. 390-380, thirty- 
 six cents a bushel ; in the age of Demosthenes, sixty cents -was a 
 moderate price. Wheat is quoted at Boston this summer (1875) at 
 from $1.17 to $1.48. 
 
 The cost of living at Athens. A house could be bought for a price 
 varying from $54 to $2,160, according to size, location, and quality. 
 $1,000 would buy a very fair house. Twice that sum was an ex- 
 treme price. The average price of an acre of good land in Attica 
 was $36. Estates were small and greatly subdivided. 
 
 Provisions were cheap. The retailer of wheat was restricted to a 
 profit of three cents on a bushel. The wine of Attica brought about 
 two cents a quart, and a fair article could be had for half that sum. 
 The best beeves brought, in prosperous times, from $ 9 to $ 13.20. 
 Board was, as we say, reasonable. Demosthenes, his mother and 
 sister, together paid for their board $ 126 a year, providing the house 
 besides. 
 
 As to clothing, a good cloak might cost $2.16 ; a fashionable coat, 
 $ 3.60. A good quality of women's shoes could be had for 36 cents 
 a pair ; men's ditto, a showy article, $ 1.44. 
 
 Manual labor could be hired for twelve cents a day. This was not 
 bad, considering the rates of salaries. Senators received 18 cents for 
 each day of service ; jurymen, half that sum. A foot-soldier received 
 36 cents a day for pay and rations for himself and attendant, the 
 officers twice, and the generals only four times that amount. " Stars " 
 at the theatres, however, were paid as liberal!}^ as now-a-days. The 
 highest sum mentioned is $ 1,085 for two days' service. 
 
 Travelling was not expensive. From ^Egina to Piraeus, sixteen 
 miles, the fare was six cents. From Egypt to Pontus, thirty-six 
 cents. 
 
 Funerals were expensive. The cost of a funeral would pay for a 
 house. The scale ran from $54 to $2,160. 
 
 The quantity of fuel that an ass could carry sold for 36 cents. 
 
 Slaves outnumbered the free population three to one, and could be 
 bought cheap. Prices varied from $ 8.25 to $ 30. A skilful work- 
 man would bring about $90. Everybody, even the poorest, was 
 served by slave-labor. 
 
 12. Athens and PircEUS, the city and port, although enclosed within 
 the same fortifications, and inseparably united as a double city, — see 
 Note to § 40 of this oration, — were internally as unlike as possible. 
 
86 Notes. 
 
 "While Athens, hastily rebuilt amidst her ruins, as necessity de- 
 numded, was disorderly, devoid of plan, and full of narrow and 
 crooked lanes, the Piraeus, on the other hand, was a modern city, with 
 large open places, roomy cloistered halls, broad and rectangular 
 streets, — in its entirety a work of art, the creation of Hippodamus." 
 (Curtius, Hist, 11. 611.) In the city, the houses were of wood or 
 unburnt brick, of a single story generally, and often imsightly and 
 mean. The city contained about 10,000 houses. The public build- 
 ings were disproportionately costly. The Propylaea, or Gateway of 
 the Acropolis, cost $2,183,020; and the docks (see Note to §99 of 
 this oration), $1,085,620. 
 
 " Privatus illis census erat brevis. 
 
 Commune magnum." 
 
 HoR. Od. II. 15, 13. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 XII. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 (For the filling up of this outline, see the Notes in successive sections.) 
 
 Part A. — Specific plea upon the indictment for murder. 
 I. Introduction, §§ 1-3. 
 II. Narration of the facts, §§ 4-20. 
 
 III. Comments on the facts narrated, §§ 20-23. 
 
 IV. Confirmatory, §§ 24-2G. 
 
 a. Bj' examination of the defendant, § 25. 
 
 b. By discussion of his statements, §§ 2G-3G, 
 
 Part B. — General arraignment of the defendant as a traitor and tyrant 
 
 ■WORTHY OF DEATH, § 37 Sqq. 
 
 I. Narration of his political career, §§ 39-61. 
 
 II. Refutation of his claim to favor on the score of Theramenes, §§ 62- SO. 
 
 III. Comments on the complete case, §§ 81 - 91. 
 
 IV. Appeal to the jury, §§ 92 - 98. 
 
 V. Peroration, §§ 99, 100. 
 
 1, — fip|ao-9ai, H., 691, The exordium of the oration includes the fir.'jt 
 three sections, in which, respectively, tlie orator sets forth (1) the impor- 
 tance of the case, (2) its peculiarity, and (3) his own inability to do it jus- 
 tice. — dvBpes 8iKa<rra£, see General Note, 3. AvSpes is here used, like our 
 
Notes. 87 
 
 "gentlemen," as an appellation of respect. See JBicttmami's Gr., § 123, 
 N. 6. — KaTT]"Yop£as, H., 574, b. — Xc-yovri, the concluding word attracted 
 by the introductory /ioi : see XVI. § 13, Note on Trapaa-KevdaavTc: Xcyovra 
 could also have been used. — roiavra, the omission of yap makes the style 
 more energetic. — aurois. Although Eratosthenes only was indicted, yet 
 the orator means to make him the scapegoat of the Thirty. Hence the 
 frequent alternations between references to him and to them throuo-hout 
 this oration. — jie'YeOos, strictly denoting magnitude, lias here a qualitative 
 force in connection Avith the qualitative rotaCra = "such in enormity." 
 — \};6v8op.evov...8vva<r9at, G., 52, 1 ; 53. For the position of &v, G., 42, 
 Kote 1. du migbt have been repeated with the second disjunctive, G., 
 42, 8, — dvd^Kii, "scarcely found construed otherwise than in this ellip- 
 tical manner." {Buttmanns Gr., § 129, N. 18.) Supply iari. — dirciiretv 
 ...liriXiireiv ; notice the rhyme-like ending, ofxoioTeXevrop, — a rhetorical 
 ornament not uncommon both in Greek and Latin rhetoricians. Compare 
 with the introductory thought, ovk dp^aa-dai, as amplified in this section, 
 the remark of Cicero in beginning his oration for the Manilian law : ''hujus 
 autem orationis dvfficilius est exitum quam pi'incipium invenire ; ita mihi 
 nan tarn co2na quam modics in diceiido qucerendus est.'^ 
 
 2. — Iv Tw irpb Tov \p6v(a = "aforetime," literall}^, "in the time before 
 the (present)." For irpb tov, see G., 143, 2. H., 525, d. — 'i\Qp<x.v . . .k-ni- 
 Sci^at, in j ustification of the complaint, inasmuch as false accusations were 
 often brought by the so-called sycophants (see General Note, 10, Sycophant) 
 against persons with whom they had no just quarrel. Compare Cicero in 
 defence of Roscius, § 55 : "neino nostrum est, Eruci, quin sciat tihi inimi- 
 citias cum Sex. Roscio nullas esse: vident omnes qua de causa hiiic iniraicus 
 tenias ; sciunt hujusce pecunia tc adductum esse. — ^x.®pav, H., 726. — 
 ■fJTts dr\, G., 68, 3, and 70, 2. — tovs 4>€V70VTas ; in law, 0ei>yw had the 
 technical meaning of "to be prosecuted" ; hence, 6 (pe'uyiav = "the defend- 
 ant." — -{JTis f|v, G., 70, 1. — dvO' oTov, "in consequence of which," H., 
 813 ; see avd' fjarLPos, XXV., § 12. — ^ ws ouk '4\(av. See XVI., § 8, wj... 
 TreTToirjKus, and Note. — ?x®P°-s Kal o-u[X{j>opds, the latter term is coupled 
 with the former as being its consequent ; the calamities were caused by 
 enemies. — tovs Xd-yovs iroioCiJiai ; \6yoi has sometimes in forensic use the 
 specific meaning of accusations. See XXV., § 2, TroioOurac roi/s Xoyovs. — 
 d<|)0ovias oiJo-Tjs, G., 111. 
 
 3. — irpd^as, G., 109, 7. The orator desires indulgence toward his 
 maiden speech. — tovtov, H., 583, fine print. — wo-tc KaTe'o-Trjv, see XVI., 
 § 2, Note on (hare iXiri^oi. The aorist is here nearly equivalent to the pres- 
 ent, G., 30, 1, N. 1, "I am frequently quite despondent lest," etc., and 
 hence governs the mood of the dependent sentence like a primar}'' tense. — 
 iroiT](ro}i.ai, (?., 46, N. 1. So also Sauppe and Frohberger, instead of the 
 
88 Notes. 
 
 common TTotrjcroj/xai. "With Lis own inexperience Lysias contrasts, § 86, the 
 ability of the opposing advocates. — 8t' k\a\C(rT(av, see XVI., § 9, Slo. ^pa- 
 XVTdTuv, and Note. 
 
 4. — The accuser, in grim earnest, now hastens to plunge t?i niedias res. 
 The case against Eratosthenes, introduced, § 4, with the briefest reference 
 to the accuser's blameless and trustworthy character, is put into a tren- 
 chant narrative of facts, concluding at § 20. 
 
 OvjAos = i/jios. — e-jrelcrSr] ji€V...^T7i 8€. fiev and di are very often used 
 as here, where there is either no antithesis or a weak one, merely to exhibit 
 the antecedent and the consequent proposition in their connection. When 
 so used fxeu is untranslated. — IlepiKXcovs. Pericles, the son of that Xan- 
 thippus who defeated the Persians at Mycale, B. c. 479, was the greatest 
 statesman of Athens. Born of a good family, reserved and stately in his 
 manners, well educated, and endowed with an impressive eloquence, fore- 
 sighted and self-controlled, a born leader of men, but mild and liberal 
 toward opponents, he influenced the public policy for a period of about forty 
 years. Under his guidance the democracy of Athens realized its complete 
 development in well-balanced institutions ; while through the improvement 
 of agriculture, the extension of commerce, the cultivation of letters and 
 philosophy, the fortification of the city, and its ornamentation by magnifi- 
 cent edifices and other works of art, the period of his ascendency was the 
 golden age of Athens. — ^ttj, G., 161. H., 550. Cephalus had probably 
 been dead some fourteen years. — Siki^v, see XVI., General Note, 7. — eSi- 
 Kao-djieOa, H. 689, b, iSTotice that the verb agrees with 7jfj.€li. In Eng- 
 lish, on the contrary, after a disjunctive, the vei'b must agree with the 
 nearest subject. — wKOvfiev, we as a family lived. — <i>a-Te...€|a[iapTdvciv, 
 G., 98, 1. The compound verb here in the sense of the uncompounded. 
 
 5. — o-vKo<}>dvTai, see General Note, 10, — Kargo-TTjo-av, is this a fii'st or 
 second aorist ? H., 416, a. — <}>do-KovT€s, begins the principal sentence, or 
 apodosis, H., 732. — t«v dSiKwv, G., 180, 2. H., 584, f. As to the fact, 
 see Xen. Hell., II. 3, 12, in Goodv/in's Gr. Reader, pp. 65, QQ> : "ETrctra 
 irpQiTov fikp, ovs rravres rjoeaav iu ttj drjfioKpaTia aTcb avKOcpavTias ^tZuras, Kal 
 Tols /caXois Kal dyadoh jSapeiS 6uTas, <7v\\a[x^dvovTe%, vTr-qyov 6av6.TOV • Kal 7/ 
 re jSouXtj ijdeus avrtbu KaTe-ij/Tjcpi^ero, c'i re &Woi, 8croi ^vvridecrav iavrois p.rj 
 tvres ToiovTOi, ov5^v iJx^ovTo. — iroXlras, subject of rpaTriffOai. — Toiavra 
 XcYovTcs, a condensed repetition of the clause (pda-Kovres . . .TpairiaOai, so as 
 to bring out more strongly the contrast between saying and doing, which is 
 previously implied in (f>daK0UT€s = "alleging." — TrpwTov cIttwv, "after I 
 have first spoken." 
 
 6. — Compare ?Xryov and § 7, ^irciGov, with the following ^So^6v; the im- 
 perfect tenses denote introductory and preparatory action, the aorist con- 
 clusive action. — (ietolkwv, see General Note, 9. — «s etev, (?., 68, 2. — 
 
■Notes. 89 
 
 j^p-qnaTi^corOat was no part of the 7rp60a(ris just mentioned, but tlie result 
 of it, and might well hav<? taken 6.v as the apodosis of a condition here sup- 
 pressed. See, however, L. & S. Lex. , -rrpocpaa-is. — ire'vco-Oai, the natural 
 consequence of the long and exhausting war. — )(jpr\\i.6.r<av, for the main- 
 tenance of the Lacedaemonian garrison, and other retainers. 
 
 7. — diroKTtvvvvat |x^v...f|'YoCvTO, Xafipdveiv 8€...l7roiovvTO. Notice the 
 balance of the antithetical sentence in its two equal clauses, a good case of 
 the rhetorical figure isocolon. See remarks on Lysias's style in the Biogi-aph- 
 ical Introduction. Compare also with riyovvTo...eiroLQdvTo, aire lit civ.. AttiXl- 
 Trelv, § 1, and Note. The orator here throws out, in the form of a com- 
 ment on his preceding remark, the very proposition which he was expecting 
 by and by to prove ; but he knew that many of his hearers were ready to 
 accept it in advance of proof. — ircpl ovSevos-.-irepl iroXXov, H., 650, h. — 
 8€Ka. Xenophon, as above quoted, says, § 21: e5o^e...TuJi/ /uLeToiKOju eva 
 cKaarov Xa^eTu. This would make thirty arrests. Lysias probably states 
 the ^fact more correctly, — ^...•Tr€irpaKTai...Y€'y€VTiTat, all forms of direct 
 discourse. What would the indirect forms be? G., 74, 1, — «<nr€p...ir€- 
 •n-oiTiKOTcs, G., 109, N. 9. Instead of ireTotrjKoai, in agreement with the 
 preceding avrols, the nominative is used (construdio ad sensum) as if tVa 
 diroKoyiav ix'^^'-^ ^'^^ preceded. See Buttmann's Gr., § 144, N. 5. 
 
 8. — ToLs oiKCas, H., 527, a, "the houses" of the proscribed. — IpdSi^ov, 
 compare the tense with the following KareXa^ov, and see Kofe in § 6 on 
 fKeyov, etc. To enter and search a private house without a warrant (given 
 by decree of the people) was regarded at Athens just as it is in our own 
 country. See § 30, and compare Demosthenes's i)e Corona, § 132 : KeKpayus, 
 ojs iv STjuoKpaTia 8eiva iroiu) roll's i}TVXf)K6Ta^ r(hv iroiXiTCiv v3pi^o}v Kal eir 
 oldas ^a8i^o3v avev ^T)(picr/j.aTo^. — Ip'yao'Ti^piov, the shield-manufactory of 
 Lysias and his brother. — dirc-Ypatl^o^^Oj "took a list." This was the legal 
 term to denote taking the inventory of property to which the state laid 
 claim. H. 689. For distinction between active and' middle, see L. & S. 
 Lex. — f|ptdTcov, notice the descriptive imperfect here, and in ^(paaKev be- 
 low. — €1 PovXoiTO, G., 70, 2, p. 151, examples, and 71, IST. 1 : the direct 
 question was ^oiukei; — xprjiutTa Xa^wv, equivalent to our phrase, " for a 
 consideration." 
 
 9. — rdXavTov, see General Note, 11. — ovre Oeovs-.-vont^ei, not a com- 
 mon combination in classic Greek, but reminding us of the unjust judge in 
 the parable, "who feared not God, neither regarded man." LuJce xviii. 2. 
 — k< Twv iropdvTwv, "under the circumstances." 
 
 10. — wjAoo-ev, G., 19, X. 4. The object clause is \a^uv...crwcr€iu. — to 
 8a)(idTiov, "my little room," a bedchamber, probably. — tt|v Kipurov, 
 "my chest," G., 141, K 2. H., 527, d. — dvoiYv^jit, G., 10, 2. — d-rr^pc- 
 T»y, officers attending on him. For synonyraes, see YIL, § 16, note. 
 
90 Notes. 
 
 11. — ovx So-ov, suj^ply ixivov, "not merely as much as." The cash por- 
 tion of the seizure can be estimated from the table given in the General 
 JVote, 11. — d-yaTTTjO-eiv, "would be glad."— crw<r», G., 50, 1, K 1, and 
 74, 1. 
 
 12. — ktrirvyyuvei, H., 511, h, for eTrcTvyxdvovaL. Melobius and Mnesi- 
 tbides Avere also members of the Thirty. — Paol'^oijj.6v, the optative may 
 follow secondary tenses, G., 70, 2, and the historic present, epurCJcnv, being 
 used for the aorist, is in effect a secondary tense. — Td8eX<j>ov, for the 
 crasis, see G., 11, 1, (b), H., 69, E. c : for the genitive, limiting an omitted 
 word, G., 141, N. 4. H., 509, 13. — <rKi^y]rai, G., 44, 2, and K 1. 
 
 13. — (is 'q^f^v, G., 277, 3, and N. 2 : translate, "as he would come." — • 
 KivSiivevgiv, "to make a venture." — rov yi a.'jroQaviiv, G.. 262, 2. H., 7S1. 
 
 14. — Ttt8€, H., 679. — TjKw, G., 200, N. 3. H., 698. —els ty|v o-^v ol- 
 idav, and, accordingly, under your protection, so far as you can give it. — 
 c.Tro\Xvp,ai, G. , 10, N. 7. These short, pithy sentences, coupled Vvith the 
 hasty be, picturesquely represent the urgency of the critical situation, — 
 •n-apdcrxov ; the second aor. mid. imperative is perispomenon, Vv-hen simple. 
 H., 367, a. But "the compound imperatives follow the general rule." 
 Buttmann's Gr., p. 160. — ravra, see note on rdbe above. The plural em- 
 braces everything that might be included in the single request. — |xvr|<rGfj- 
 vai, suj)ply irepl i/j.ou. 
 
 15. — ?p,7r€ipos "ydp; yap = "inasmuch as." — oiKtas, H., 584, c. For 
 the (conjectural) plan of a Greek house, see Smith's Diet. Antiq. art. 
 Domus, p. 426. — d{j,<|>i!0vpos, here with special reference to the I'ear or 
 garden door. — o-coS'^cro.aai, quoted and explained, G., p. 162. — v'siov'd.r^v ; 
 as the sentence becomes prolonged and complicated by the introduction of 
 a second hypothesis, the construction introduced with cp6vp.ovfj.ev!^ is 
 changed by putting in the finite verb for the sake of perspicuity. — \iiv, cl ; 
 transposed by Rauchenstein on logical grounds. — fxt] irsireto-ixsvos, G^., 18, 1, 
 and ITote. — ouolojs, "all the same," i. e. as if I made no effort to escape. 
 
 16. — 'it^evycv , " I took to fiight," H., 702. — ttj avXelw 6upa, the street 
 door, strictly, "the court door," because giving access to the auX77 or inner 
 court. — Tpiwv 8^ Gvpwv ovo-c5y, "although there were three doors," viz. 
 (1) the door leading back from the men's part of the house (dvopcjvlTLs) to 
 the women's part (ywaiKiap'tTis). This door Avas called yueVauXos 6vpa, as 
 between tlie tvro courts or av\ai ; (2) the door leading from the rear of the 
 house into the garden (/ctJttos), and called KTjTraia 6vpa ; (3) a door or gate 
 leading from the garden into a street. — 'Apxe'vew, derived from ^p^w and 
 muj, an appropriate name for a " ship-master." — els ^cttv, for Archeneus 
 lived in Pirneus. — a.-Ko.y6.yo\., G., 21, 2, (a). 
 
 17 — Me/apdoe, G., 61. H., 203. Megara was about 24 miles, accord- 
 ing to Procopius, west of Athens. Modern travellers reckon it eight hours. 
 
Notes. 91 
 
 _ W iKclvtov maybe construed with an implied TrapayyiWeaCa-i to be sup- 
 plied ^vith eW.ap.evov: translate, " sent to Polemarchus the order custom- 
 arily issued by them." - mv€tv, H., 766. -uplv clirav, G., 106, 2. Trpt;. 
 and TTporepov, like our before, do not necessarily imply the realization of the 
 followincr idea. -8i' {ivriva. The indefiuiteness of the relative transters 
 itself to°the antecedent, though this is specialized by the article ; translate, 
 " before informing him of any cause for which^he was going to die " ; hter- 
 allv, "the cause for whichsoever. " — ttoXXov eSerjO-c, H., 575, a. 
 
 18. — iir£<Mp6T0, compare the imperfect with the aorist etaaav. —r^)i.lv, 
 G 1*84 4 H , 598. — iAio-0a)(rdpL€vot irpo^BevTO, both causative, H., 689, b. 
 The body' was customaiily laid out {irporid-nfxC) on a bed, after having been 
 washed, anointed with perfumed oil, crowned with flowers, and arrayed m 
 as handsome a robe, usually white, as the family could afford. A pillow 
 {■Kpo<XKect>6.\a.ov) supported the head and back. On the day after the xp.- 
 ee<7Ls early in the morning, before sunrise, the corpse was carried out 
 {^K<pepu) for the last rites, and either interred or burned. See further 
 Smith's Did. Antiq. art. Funus. — ^rvxev, supply Ix'^"- 
 
 19._,fJovTO KT^o-ao-Oai, G., 23, 2, N. 3. ototm. here, as occasionally 
 elsewhere' = e\Trlt^. — dKoa-\. Kal iKardv, G., 77, 2, "N. 2. H., 2oo. — 
 aaPov-.d-TreSocrav, G., 19, X. 4. - els too-o-vtv^v . . A^Uovro ; after this 
 we should have the result expressed, as usual, by (bare, but for the inter- 
 position of the comment Kal..Airoi-h<7avTO, which requires a change of con- 
 struction. — 6t€ to irpcoTOV, "as soon as. 
 
 The orator now briefly cominents upon his narrative to bring out the full 
 atrocity of the facts : (1) as contrasted with the meritorious character of the 
 sufl'erers, § 20 ; (2) as repeated in numerous similar outrages, § 21 ; (3) and 
 as followed by a shameless lack of compunction on the part of the crimi- 
 nals, § 22 ; who, however, can show nothing to disprove the charge of 
 wanton lawlessness, § 23. 
 
 20. — IXs'ov, G., 171. H., 574, c. — wc-rep oiS* fiv, G., 42, 3, N. 2. — 
 aSiKT^jidTwv, H., 566.— irdo-as, Eauchenstein adds //ij/. — xopT17^<^S,Lysias 
 was a /xe'rotKo?, and the principal liturgy (see General Notes, okl) men- 
 tioned as performed by such was the choregia at the Lensea. — €l<r(})opds, 
 see General Note, 8. — XvcraH-evovs, the active voice means to release oil 
 receipt of ransom ; the middle (causative, H., 689, b), to make one do this, 
 i. e. to release hi payment of ransom. This was accounted a meritorious 
 act of humanity, or ct>L\avOpo:Trla. — c^x onoi'ws, i. e. quite differently, an 
 instance of the rhetorical figure litotes, or the assertion of a fact by the 
 denial of the contrarv. — ItoXitctjovto, H., 690, a. 
 
 21. — dTdtfjovs ; as it was supposed that the departed spirit was not at 
 rest till the body had been buried, the neglect of the rites of buriaWas 
 considered a great inhumanity. — aTijiovs [rf.s trdXews], G., ISO, 2, X. 1. 
 
92 Notes. 
 
 H., 584, b, fine print. See General Note to Or. XXV. 3, Atimia. — Ov-ya- 
 Tc'pas ; wealthy citizens not infrequently gave marriage portions to poor 
 maidens. Lysias, XIX., § 59 : €ti toLvvv koI idia rial tQv ttoKitCjv airopovcn 
 avve^edcjKe dvyarepas Kal d5e\(pds. The spoliations and executions of the 
 Thirty had prevented many from portioning their own daughters, or those 
 of neighbors. 
 
 22. — iyu 8*, emphatic. — €povXo|JLT]v &v, G., 226, 2, and examples, H., 
 752. But civ might be omitted, G., 49, 2, Note 3, (c). — ovk cXdxicrTov, a 
 litotes, H., 665, a ; see note on oi^x o/xoius, § 20. 
 
 23. — Toiavra, translate : "but now neither as regards the city nor me 
 can they show such things as they allege"; literally, "such things do not 
 exist for them." 
 
 24. — The facts, as now narrated and commented on, the orator proceeds 
 to establish by an interrogation of the defendant, § 25, who was obliged to 
 take the stand and answer. See General Note, XVI. 8. — dvaj3iPa<rd|j.£VOs. . . 
 Ipe'crOai, translate, "I wish to put him on the stand, and question him." — 
 aa-i^is, "sinful," as intercourse with a polluted person. — ttvai, more em- 
 phatic than cLv ehai. — irpbs airbv tovtov, supply bLakeyecOai. — 6(n.ov Kal 
 €vo-€p€s; " a sacred and pious thing": o<no$, says Trench, denotes fidelity 
 to the eternal sanctities, evae^rjs denotes piety, both towards God and in the 
 fulfilment of human relations. — ava.^r\Qi, "step up." — dirdKptvai ; dis- 
 tinguish different forms of this word by different accents, H., 367, R. e. — 
 cpcoTw, G^., 61, 3. As distinguished from its synonyme alreij, used in § 18, 
 ipuirdu} means to ask a question, while airio} means to make a request. 
 
 25. — dirTi-ya-yes, contrast with the tense of the answer, eirolovv. See also 
 XXV., § 15, dTraxeeis, and notc.—'i[ o% G., 29, X. H., 104, a. — tva 
 dToedvtop.6v : in deciding what verb is to be supplied before iVa, observe 
 that '^Xeyes Xva is not Attic Greek {G., 45, N". 5, h), but avreXeyes as a verb 
 of striving may govern a final clause, as in § 26. As Eratosthenes was 
 claiming to have opposed the death of Polemarchus, and yet had arrested 
 him, Lysias touches his inconsistency with the satirical question, whether 
 it was their not dying or their dying that he had opposed. — 'H70ufi€Vos, 
 G., 109, 4, agrees Avith the subject of the implied dvTeXeyes. 
 
 From this examination the orator now keenly draws proof of his charge, 
 §§ 26-36, showing, (1) the defendant's claim as the advocate of lenity is 
 confuted by his conduct in making the arrest, § 25. (2) His allegation of 
 constraint is not only false, but improbable, § 27. (3) It is absurd to let 
 the members of a ring like the Thirty excuse themselves at each other's 
 expense, § 28. (4) This would leave no responsibility anywhere, § 29. 
 (5) The defendant's animus is clear from the fact of the arrest on the street, 
 an unnecessary act of tyranny, § 30. (6) Especially since it was not the 
 act of an inferior, but of a superior, who could have avoided the act had 
 
Notes. 93 
 
 he chosen, § 31. (7) Who in this case could easily have saved the victim 
 by timely information, § 32. (8) "Whose acts must therefore weigh more 
 with the jury than his unsupported assertion, § 33. (9) The argument on 
 the evidence concludes with a repeated attack on the defendant's veracity, 
 § 34. And (10) the orator puts this part of the case to the jury with a 
 reminder of the importance of their verdict as a precedent, § 35, and with 
 an appeal to a previous decision in which righteous public indignation had 
 prevailed, § 36. 
 
 26. — EIt, "then," indignantly. — ervv€Xdp.j3av€s, the imperfect, on ac- 
 count of the preceding avriXiy^^, instead of the momentary (rvve\a[Ses, 
 because the orator, to mark more strongly the inconsistency of the two 
 actions, represents them as cotemporaneous, H., 701. — dvTi\e7€iv <\>r\s, 
 G., 15, 3 ; the infinitive contains the prominent idea. Notice the inverted 
 order in which the contrasted verbs avriX^yeiv and air'^yayes are made to 
 stand in their respective clauses for emphasis. 
 
 27. — TOVTO is in apposition with the clause ws ai^ry TrpoaeTaxOv- — ^T 
 TTOv, "I imagine," H., 852, 5. — Iv tois hctoIkois, "in the case of metojci." 
 
 — cXdp.pavov, the imperfect is here used to deny a past intention, G., 11, 
 N. 4. H., 702. — T« = Tiui. — So-Tis, "one who." — ols, G., 153, Avith 
 Notes 1 and 2. H., 808, 2, and 810 with K. a. 
 
 28. — dv...dva4>€pw<ri, d;', not af, G., 50,1. — 'jr«s...d'iro8€'x€0-Gai, G., 
 50, 1, R. 1. — v|xds cIkos (transposed by Eauchenstein), emphasizes vfids. 
 
 29. — avTTjs, "than t^," a, constricdio ad sensicm, as though the govern- 
 ment of the Thirty had been already mentioned. — v4>' r\s, referring to the 
 apx^ to'xi'poT^po. — TTopd Tov = irapa rivos. — Kal Xirjv|/€a"0€ ; Kai in such 
 connections, says Arnold, may be translated by "at all," or "possibly." — 
 c'iirep e^eVrai, G., 49, 1, N. 3. 
 
 30. — Kal [l\v Stj ; H., 851, a. 677 calls attention to the important fact 
 mentioned in § 16, that Polemarchus was arrested on the street : trans- 
 late, "and you will observe, that," etc. — Kard rd tovtois, so Cobet, with 
 others, reads for Kal to. t., in order to avoid a zeugma in a-iL^ecv, which 
 (using Kai) would have to be understood differently with its two accusatives. 
 
 — TovTois, G., 188, 3. H., 600. — irapdv, G., 278, 2. H., 792, a. — ird- 
 o-iv...i)<rot ; oVot rather than 01 is the proper relative after iravTcs. Refer- 
 ence is here made to those citizens whom the Thirty compelled to aid in 
 illegal acts : see Introd. Socrates alone had dared to brave the WTath of 
 the Thirty by refusing compliance with such requisitions. — op-yi^ecrSe ; 
 Fraucken considers ihpyi^effOe preferable. 
 
 31. — Ka^Tot, see XVI., § 5 and 7iote. — 8id t^v kavrav <rcoTTipiav, "in 
 order to save themselves." — Kiv8vvos...'Y€V€o-9ai, translate: "It would 
 have been dangerous for them, if sent, not to go, and if they had made an 
 arrest, to deny the fact." iju for av iju, G., 49, 2, N. 3, {a), fir] iXOdw, 
 
94 Notes. 
 
 H., 837. — c|apvois, predicate after yevicrOai., in agreement witli KaraXa- 
 §od(7Lv. Sec \eyovTi, § 1, and note. "AVhen the omitted subject of the 
 infinitive stands with the preceding verb only as an immediate or remote 
 object, the adjuncts connected with the infinitive must in like manner stand 
 in that oblique case in which their subject thus stands as object." Butt- 
 manv!s Gr., § 142, 2, (&). — ravra, ** these assertions." — etxev, "would 
 have had" ; o.v may be supplied — PovXofJievwv, G., 109, 6. 
 
 32. — ){pr[v . . .yevia-Qoii, quoted and explained, G., p. 100. — Y€ve<r6at... 
 o-DXXa}xpdv€iv ; observe the distinction between the present and the aorist 
 of the infinitive, G., 15, 1, R., and 23, 1. — "yi^voiie'vois, distinguish from 
 yevoixGvoLS. 
 
 33. — Tovo-Ss, the court. — nqv \j/7]<bov, see General Note, 3, Dicccst. — - 
 d icrao-t •ye'yevTip.Eva, construed as object of \a/Ji^dvovTas. — \iyo\LivoiV, i. e. 
 in the conclave of the Thirty. — TeK\i.i]pia, accusative in apposition to the 
 relative clause. — irapetvai, another odious feature of the government of 
 the Thirty ; under the democracy publicity W'as characteristic of all official 
 proceedings. — Trap* avrots, "by ourselves," or, "at home" ; a gi'im play 
 upon Avords suggested by the preceding irapeTmi. For the pronoun, G., 
 146, N. 2. H., 672, a. — Travra to. KaKa, "all the evils," i. e. under 
 which the city has suffered. Compare with irdvra /ca/cd, § 57, "all evils," 
 absolutely so. — ircivTa rayaQa^ "all the good things," i. e. that they allege. 
 
 34. — Toi)TO,*i. e. a.vT€Lirelv ae. — (rvveiirwv, G., 226. H., 751. Notice 
 the inverted arrangement, which here brings together the antithetical 
 words (Tvpenrdiv and avreLirelv, and compare note on avrCkiyeLv, § 26. — <i>€pe, 
 interjcctional, G., 84, N. 1. — rl dv, G., 42, N. 2. Rauchenstein takes the 
 point of the following appeal to be, that even if the brothers or sons of 
 Eratosthenes Avere on the jury, they could not acquit him, so compromised 
 is he by his own admissions. Others, as Francken, less correctly, it seems, 
 refer avrov to Polemarchus. The imperfects ervyxdveTe and direxl/rj^i^eade, 
 referring to present time, are to be preferred, M'ith Kayser, to the aorists 
 of the common text. See G., 49, 2. "With direxJ/rjcpL^ecrde supply &u, from ri 
 av, above. What is its protasis ? — dS^Kws cruXXaPeiv, the orator strains a 
 point here, as Eratosthenes evidently referred the dotKa, § 25, only to the 
 decree of death. 
 
 35. — Kal ^\v 8t], see the same in § 30, and note. — d-irtao-tv, G., 200. 
 N. 3. H., 699, a. ~ €|a}i.dpTw<riv, G., 20, N. 1, last part, and 62. H., 
 760, a. — (ov lt})i6VTai, G., 171, 2. H., 576. Crosby, Gr.\ 373, 2, remarks 
 on " the ease with which verbs of motion pass into those of simple eifort 
 and desire. Thus 'iefiai, and, more commonly, c(f)leixai, to send one's so?/ to, 
 to rush to, to strive for, to seek, to desire." — v[liv, G., 186. H., 603. A 
 powerful argument for punishing traitors, if their impunity involves the 
 dilemma, that they must either be tyrants over the loyal, or partners in 
 
Notes. 95 
 
 privilege with them. -€l...d<t>f.crov(riv, G., 50, 1, X. 1. -^ irov, the en- 
 clitic iroi is used, says Arnold, ".vhen anything is assumed m a haxf- 
 questioning wav, that the speaker may build something on the assent of 
 tiie person appealed to." It answers to our / ir.mgine, or / siq^posc. — 
 KTiScjisVovs, a conjectural reading of Rauchenstein. Froliborger reads r.^cu- 
 powro.'i; Cobet, TL}xupoviJ.€vov^. 
 
 36.-oiK oSv 8€iv6v, supply h.v 7>, (?., 49, 2, K. 2. - var}j.axovvT€s, oiT 
 the Ar-inusa? islands, about fourteen miles southeast of Jlytilene in Lesbos, 
 B c 406. In this, the greatest naval battle of the war, the Lacedaemo- 
 nians lost seventy-seven vessels, or more than half their fleet, -tovs U 
 TfjS BaXdTTTis, about a thousand men, according to Grote, were left to per- 
 ish on the twenty-five Athenian vessels that were disabled in the action.— 
 eavdrco klr\v^<^^o.Ti, six were thus dealt with. Grote's opinion upon the 
 Vnole case is, that the generals were guilty of inhuman neglect, but that 
 tlie overruling of constitutional provisions, in order to force through the 
 assembly the decree of condemnation, was as discreditable to the Athenians 
 as it was exceptional in their history. See Grote's History, YIII. 185- 
 190, 205, 208-210. Curtius says, that if any one was to blame for the 
 death of the wrecked, Theramenes was the guilty man ; yet he took advan- 
 tage of the opportunity for his party purposes, to requite the kindness sho^vn 
 him by the generals, in abstaining from blaming him in their despatches, 
 by coming forward as their accuser. Hist, III. p. 539. It was a difficult 
 and delicate task for Lysias to turn an unconstitutional act to account as a 
 precedent, but he does it skilfully. Siding so far with that class of his 
 hearers who had justified the generals as to adopt their principal argument, 
 MKo^vvavfmxovvre,, and then propitiating the other party by the phrase 
 ■XfivvaL .\a^etv, which veils the irregularity of their proceeding, he seems to 
 press the argument from consistency fairly enough: "Would it not be 
 stran-e to have executed victorious commanders, and not these traitors t 
 -eavuTo,, G., 188. H., 607.-dp6Tfi,H., 611. -IS.cSrat, acting as members 
 of the oligarchical clubs. — l7rolTi<rav TiTTTiGfivat, G., 260. H., /b4 b. 
 Grote says of the disaster of ^gospotami, " It was the general belief after- 
 wards, not merely at Athens, but seemingly in other parts of Greece also, 
 that the Athenian fleet was sold to perdition by the treason of some of its 
 
 own commanders Indeed, we may add that the utter impotence and 
 
 inertness of the numerous Athenian fleet during the Avhole ^summer of 40a 
 B C. conspire to suggest a similar explanation." {Hist, VIII. 220, 221.) 
 -Athens," says Curtius, "fell by her own hand Party intrigues de- 
 livered into the hands of the foe the last fleet of the city, and m the end 
 the city herself. The victory which terminated the war was a victory of 
 treason." {HisL, III. 581.)- KaTeV-nio-av, see the same, § 5, iwtc.-- 
 5!kovt€S acrrees with the subject of the leading verb, where we should make 
 
96 Notes. 
 
 it agree witli the subject of the dependent avoKTiwivai. For the tense of 
 the infinitive, compare dvTiXiyeiy (prji, § 26, and see G., 15, 3. — ovk iLpa. 
 yjp-q ; for gi'eater energy this fresh interrogative breaks up the hypothetical 
 interrogative construction, which would nonnally end, a^roOs /cai toi)s irai- 
 cas Tch iaxdrai.^ ^7;^uats oi/ (not /u.?}, H., 842) KoXdcrere; ov KoXdcreTe = diro- 
 xl/Tjcpiaeade. H., 886. In the sequel, however, "the sons, even of such 
 among the Thirty as did not return, were allowed to remain at Athens, and 
 enjoy their rights of citizens unmolested ; a moderation rare in Grecian 
 political warfare." (Grote, Hist., VIII. 294.) 
 
 37. — Here begins the second and larger part of the oration. The orator 
 passes (observe the transition from ry (pevyovri to irap avrwv) from the sjje- 
 cific accusation of murder to a general arraignment of Eratosthenes as 
 responsible for tJie sum of outrages perpeti'oted by the ring of usurpers to 
 which he belonged. See Analysis. 
 
 The course of thought from this point to § 62 is as follows : The accusa.- 
 tion now preferred expresses but a fraction of the defendant's guilt, as tlie 
 associate toioutuv dvSpQv, § 37. Not even the usual subterfuge, the plea 
 of past merits, can avail, § 38, culprits, whose guilt, as stated in §§ 39, 40, 
 is so enormous, that to defend them argues equal guilt, § 41 ; for the recent 
 outrages are but the conclusion of a long career of iniquity, § 42. To sub- 
 stantiate this assertion, the orator goes into a review of the political career 
 of the defendant, and brings out its salient points to exhibit him as from 
 first to last an enemy of the democratical constitution and of the interests 
 of his country, viz. (1) as an agent of the first revolution in the time of the 
 Four Hundred, § 42 ; (2) as a member of the usurping directory of the 
 Five Ephors, §§ 43-47; (3) as one of the Thirty Tyrants, §§ 48-53; (4) as 
 a supporter of the Ten, §§ 54 - 61. 
 
 i\iCovv, ''used to think" (and still think). — HteXP*- 7*P tovtov, "(only) 
 so fiir." — ©avdrov, observe the em.phatic position. — tw ^ivyovTt, construe 
 w-ith eipydaOau — To.vrr\v, see ra^jriju and note, XXV., § 13. — SiKTjv Sowvai 
 SvvaivT* &v, observe the alliteration. 
 
 38. — ov...'jrpo<n^K€i, = "for, observe, he has a right to do not even 
 this." The criticism, 6irep...iaTlp, has a satirical point. See XVI., § 9. — 
 Xe''yovT€s...e|a'iraTa)<riv, by anacoluthon for Xiyovras i^awarav, in order to 
 assert the fact more positively than by the infinitive. 
 
 39. — itril, used elliiitically = "since [if they have such a record] bid 
 liim," etc. iirel thus used = yap. — d-TroSei^ai., see note on diroKpivai, § 24. 
 — direKTeivav, 1,500, it was said, and without trial. — irape'Soo-av, the 
 Avhole navy except twelve ships, which Lysander conceded the Athenians 
 as an act of grace. — ol'av ti^v vjicrepav, a brachylogy (H., 881) for ota fjv i] 
 vper^pa, -fju, H., 816. 
 
 40. — dXXd -ydp, elliptical = "but [how would such questions confound 
 
Notes. 97 
 
 him !] for," H., 870, a and d. The construction with i^ ccald have con- 
 tinued as in § 39, but the orator is kindled by these hateful reminiscences, 
 and breaks into a more vehement style. — iroX€|j.i«v, G., 174. H., 580, a. 
 
 — dt)>€i\ovTO ; for an account of the manoeuvre by Avhich the Tliirty dis- 
 armed the citizens, except their own adherents, see Xen. Hell., II. 3, 18- 
 20, Goodwin's Gr. Reader, p. 67, and Grote, Hist., VIII. 247. — oIa...Ka- 
 T€<rKaijrav, brachy logy for oIa...T€ixv ^^, ^ KaT€<XKa\pav ; Rauchenstein and 
 Cobet read ola ra rrjs ; the Long Walls demolished after the capture of 
 Athens extended southwest from Athens to Piraeus. They were designed 
 to secure the maritime power of Athens by giving free communication 
 at all times with her harbors. They were forty stadia (about four and 
 three fifths miles) in length, and some twelve or more feet thick. The 
 space between them, five hundred and fifty feet in width, was occupied by 
 houses on both sides of a carriage road. The northernmost wall was built 
 B. c. 457 and 456 ; the other at a subsequent period prior to 431. The wall 
 of Pirseus was built, prior to 471, under Themistocles. It was sixty stadia in 
 circumference (about six and nine tenths miles), thirty feet in height, and 
 sixteen feet thick, all of squared stones cramped with metal. — olVives, 
 "men who," H., 681, b. See oo-ns, XXV., § 17, and note. — ^povpiCj 
 fortified places, like Qilnoe, northwest, Decelea, northeast, and Sunium, 
 southeast of the city, are probably referred to, inclusively with the forti- 
 fied harbors and the city itself. — ov8€...AaK€8ai|iovtcov, see § 70. — irepiet- 
 Xov, distinguish the idea of time in this tense from that in evo/xi^ov. 
 
 41. — iroXXctKis o5v k9av[iaa-a, G., 30, 1, N. 1. — t6X|xt]s, G., 173. H., 
 577. — avTOv, according to Francken's conjecture, instead of avrQv, as the 
 following section refers specially to Eratosthenes. — irXT|V, H., 626, R. r. 
 
 — cv9vfiT]0w, G., 62, and Rem., with 20, N. 1. — iravra to. KaKa, "all the 
 evils " (that have been done) ; see note on the same, § 33. 
 
 42. — eirl t»v T€TpaKoo-t<i)v : in the year 411, while a large Athenian 
 armament was assembled at Samos, which had become the headquarters of 
 the fleet, and the base of operations for the remainder of the war, the 
 machinations of Pisander and others of the officers, at the instance of Alci- 
 biades, effected a brief revolution in Athens, by which the democratical 
 constitution was subverted, a century after its institution by Clisthenes, 
 and an oligarchy was set up. This ' ' temporary calamity, which so nearly 
 brought Athens to absolute ruin, called the Oligarchy of Four Hundred," 
 lasted from February or March to July, 411. Says Grote : "It was only 
 by a sort of miracle — or rather by the incredible backwardness and stu- 
 pidity of her foreign enemies — that Athens escaped alive from this nefii- 
 rious asfjn-ession of her own ablest and wealthiest citizens." See Hist., 
 VIII. 7-83. — KaGioTCL?, G., 10, N. 2. Cotemporaneously, it would seem, 
 v.ith the oligarchical machinations at Samos and Athens, Eratosthenes and 
 7 
 
93 Notes. 
 
 others, -u-hile on service at the Hellespont, had endeavored to gain their 
 squadron to the service of the revolutionary party, but, not succeeding, 
 had been obliged to flee. — rpn^papxos, see General Note, 6, Kauchenstein 
 takes the words TpLrjpapxos...vadv as an imputation of unlawful conduct. 
 Perhaps rather the orator intimates how thoroughly even then Eratosthenes 
 was repudiated, not only by the fleet, but even by his own crew. Here 
 the full force of the ov 'yap vvv irpCJTov appears. After Eratosthenes's part 
 in that notorious conspiracy of eight years before, those who now speak 
 virep avTov, § 41, cannot be excused as ignorant of his real character, but 
 are as bad as he. — ovSe'v, G., 160, 2. H., 848, a. 
 
 43. — irapi^o-to ; assuming it to be of a piece with things before and after. 
 
 — f| vQ.v\i.a\io. ; the affair of iEgospotami was not so much of a battle as a 
 surprise, the crews of nearly the whole fleet being ashore and dispersed. — 
 69£V...'i]p^av, explanatory of the clause 7re^re...eratpwy. — 2<j>opoi, see Introd. 
 
 — KaTco-TT^o-av iiiro : " Many verbs of the active form in which the idea of 
 suffering, being affected, is predominant, may be construed wholly like pas- 
 sives, i. e. with virb and the genitive. They then serve to supply the place 
 of less usual passives." Buttmann's Gr., § 134, 2. — eraipcov, these irdlpoi 
 v.ere members of erapdai, or clubs. These clubs, organized for \)^xiY pur- 
 poses, had kept alive the faction which had won a brief triumph in the 
 ascendency of the Four Hundred, watching for the opportunity of another 
 revoliition. — o-uvaYco^ets ; in this capacity they would hold meetings of 
 the citizens and address them in favor of an oligarchical constitution. — 
 Kpixlas : it was a hard blow at Eratosthenes merely to couple vv^ith his a 
 name so hateful to most Athenians as that of Critias. " Koscitur a sociis.'" 
 This man, well-born and rich, a pupil of Socrates, and possessed of some 
 literary culture, as well as decided political ability, was cursed with "not 
 merely an unmeasured and unprincipled lust of power, but also a rancorous 
 impulse toward spoliation and bloodshed, Avhich outran even his ambition, 
 and ultimately ruined both his party and himself." Grote, Hist., VIII. 
 234. Curtius characterizes him as "a literary pretender, whom all his cul- 
 ture served morally to deteriorate," and "a criminal, who at last shrank 
 from no act however vile and base." Hist., III. p. 575. 
 
 44. — <})vXdpxovs ; these regularly commanded the cavalry. The cav- 
 alry, as a class, comprised the wealthiest men at Athens, and remained, as 
 a class, stanch adherents of the Thirty through thick and thin. See 
 XVI., § 6, with Introd., and General Note, 1. — TrapTiYycXXov, i. e, to their 
 various partisans. The aorist KaTicrrrjaav denotes a single act, the imper- 
 fect iraprjyyeWov a repeated act. Is this KaTiaTTjaav the first, or the second 
 aorist ? — \j/T]c})ieicr9€...?o-€(r0e, G., 45 and Rem. — iroWciiv, supply ayaOCov. 
 
 45. — ToCTo...T|7rLo-TavTO, "for of this they were especially aware." — 
 ^o-ovxai, compare oeri<jei and note, XVI., § 15. — TrpaxTovTcov, supply vjxCiv, 
 
O^ Th: 
 
 99 
 
 G., 110, IS". 2. H., 791, a. — KaKwv, construe with d7ra\Xa7^mt. — ev6v- 
 p'j(r€T0at, G., 27, N. 1. 
 
 46. — l<}>dpwv, H., 572. Compare t^s irpJiTrjs, and Note, XVI., § 15. — 
 'Eparoo-Gc'vovs oKovo-avTas, not, "wlio heard E.," but "who heard [it] 
 from E." G., 171, 2, X. 1. H., 576, a. 
 
 47. — Observe the repeated imperfect in this section, G., 49, 2. R. (a), 
 (Z>). — avTwv, i. e. their leaders. — cKoXa^ov, G., 200, N. 2. H., 702. — 
 8pxo-us, whence they were called avvupLOTai., § 43. — el eo-oxjjpdvovv, repeated 
 with a purpose. — eiri here denotes the condition, H., 640, c. €Trl...KaKo'cs, 
 = "to the disadvantage of." — ttio-tovs, "binding." — irapt'Paivov ; the 
 thrice-repeated dv is, of course, implied here. — roa-avra, "thus much," 
 nearly equivalent, in such connections, to "no more." — koXci, speaking 
 to an officer of the court. 
 
 48. — dpXT|v, i. e. that of theThirt}\ — d-yaOov, neuter gender, G., 170, 2. 
 H., 574, a. — expTJv [dv], quoted and explained, G., p. 100. Compare note 
 on XPW> § 32. Frohberger plausibly conjectures that this suspicious dj/ 
 ehould be avrbv. — PovX'g ; on the subserviency of this packed senate, see 
 Introd. — |XT]wniv, satirically said, as informers were encouraged by the 
 Thirty. — elo-ayyeXi&Jv,, see note on biKr), XVI., §12. — €t€v...fn]vvov(riv ; 
 for the variation, see G., 247, In". 1. H., 734, b. — Bdrpaxos, "Frog," a 
 fit name for such a wretch, whom Lysias, VI., § 45, styles 6 yodv iravruv 
 irovrjpoTaTos Bdrpaxos Tr\r]v tovtou. He came from Oreus in Eubcea. After 
 the restoration of the constitution, he did not dare to reside in Athens un- 
 der the amnesty, but emigrated. 
 
 49. — Kttl |X€V hr\, see the same, § 30, and note. — Scroi ; mark the dis- 
 tinction between this definite relative and the following indefinite oiruaoif 
 the same as in I^atin betvreen quot and quotquot. The change from the 
 definite to the indefinite intimates that while it is quite clearly ascertained 
 who were ill-disposed, it is very iudefinitely known if any were well-minded. 
 — ovS^v t'XaTTov ctx°Vj ^ litotes, equivalent to "profited." See oi'x o/xoius, 
 § 20, and note. — a-ioiruvris, "if silent," G., 277, 4. H., 789, e. — 
 ^Tcpoi, "other members" [of the party]. Buttmann, Gr., § 127, 10, 
 remarks: "'AXXos without the article is the Lat. alius, another; erepos 
 without the article has the same meaning with a stronger expression of 
 difference," etc. The orator's idea is, the silent partners shared the profit 
 of those outrages with the active partners, and must therefore share the 
 guilt. — «v, governed by ixci'^o). The relative clause S)v...ir6\€'. stands in 
 the relation of an accusative to the preceding participles, H., 810. — oldv 
 T f,v, supply cti', G., 49, 2, JT. 3, (a). "What is the suppressed protasis? 
 G., 52, 2. — cSvoi 4)ao-iv ctvai, " say that they were well disposed," i. e. 
 during those evil times. G., 203, N. 1. 
 
 50. -7-6irws..-4>°'VTJc-cTat, touches the inconsistency of E.'s plea with the 
 
100 Notes. 
 
 claim avriXeyov advanced in § 25. Translate : "I am afraid then he will 
 not appear opposing," etc. G., 46, N. 4. H., 756, a. — el Se (itj, "other- 
 wise," i. e. but if he opposed them, as previously claimed. G., 52, K. 2. 
 H., 754, \)y fine print. — IvravGot, a more emphatic form of iuravda, formed, 
 says Buttmann, Gr., § 116, 8, by adding to ivravda the demonstrative t, 
 giving both ivravOL and the more common euravOot — 8{]\os ^o-rat on ; a 
 blending of tyv'o constructions, the impersonal dijXov 6'rt with a clause (as in 
 XVI., § 11) and the personal 5^Xos (is (see XII., § 90) with a participle, as 
 in G., 113, N. 1. — IvavTiovncvos, G., 109, 6. The following sentence in- 
 timates that he sided with Theramenes as against Critias. 
 
 61. — <os d}i(|>0Tepa ravra. . .irapaa-Ti^o-fc>, " as I will prove in both of these 
 respects." — Ka£ here = atque, "and I will also show," etc. — Yt-yvojxevas, 
 G.y 16, 2. — oTTOTcpoi [[xovoi] : if Eeiske's conjectural fxovot be accepted, 
 then the sense is, "which of the two parties — i. e. among the oligarchs — 
 exclusively." 
 
 52. — Kal 7dp, H., 870, d. — koXXiov [dv] iiv ; there is no good reason 
 for objecting to du, though it is not necessary. See note on klvSwos yap 
 7>, § 31. — dv8pi dpxovTi : "The Greeks often connect with those personal 
 appellations which denote an occupation or charactej (as herdsman, judge, 
 etc.) the words dvrip and avOpoiiros in the manner of adjectives, whenever 
 those are to be taken as referring to personal individuals, and not as mere 
 appellatives." Buttmann, Gr., § 123, N. 6. avqp &px<^v = a man that is 
 a ruler ; Avhere we should say, simply, a ruler. Compare Mattheio xx. 1, 
 dvdpdiTTifi oiKodeffiroT-ri, A. V., "a man that is a householder." — 0pao-upov- 
 Xov : this noble patriot, well named the "Bold Counsellor" {dpaav% — 
 ^ovXrj), pitted himself with a puny force against tj'^ranny in the height of 
 its power. To him was chiefly due, not merely the restoration of Athenian 
 liberty, but its healthful working afterwards. Says Grote : ' * Tlie feature 
 which stands yet more eminent in his character — a feature infinitely rare 
 in the Grecian character generally — is, that the energy of a successful 
 leader was combined with complete absence both of vindictive antipathies 
 for the past, and of overbearing ambition for himself." Hist., IX. 367. — 
 ^v\t\v, see Introd.; also XVI., § 4, and note. — eiri8€i|a<r9at...€i5voiav : 
 such good- will was shown to Thrasybulus by those that were discontented 
 with the government of the Thirty, that, in the few days which intervened 
 between his occupation of Phyle and his seizure of Piroeus, his force swelled, 
 according to Xenophon, from seventy men to one thousand. — tovs cttI 
 <l>v\'g : on account of the elevated position of Phyle, eirl, "on," was regu- 
 larly used with it, instead of h, "in." — els SaXafiiva Kal 'EXcvcrivdSe : 
 ia connection with the preceding word, 'EXeutrt^'dSe = ci's 'EXeyatfa, gives a 
 pleasing variation both of sound and form. Salamis, on the island of the 
 same name, was situated nearly opposite and west of Piraeus, from which it 
 
Notes. 101 
 
 was separated by the naiTow strait wliere the Greeks, b. c. 480, with 366 
 vessels, won the famous victory over Xerxes' fleet of more than 1,000. 
 The more ancient Salamis of the Telamonian Ajax was built at the south- 
 em end of the island. Eleusis, northwest of Athens on the road to the 
 Isthmus, and a little more than half-way on the road from Athens to Me- 
 gara (see note on MeyapdSe, § 17), stood on a hill facing the broad bay of 
 Eleusis, which, enclosed on three sides by the shores of Attica, was bounded 
 on the south by the island Salamis opposite Eleusis. It was celebrated for 
 the sanctuary of Demeter, and the Eleusinian mysteries celebrated annually 
 in her honor. For an account of the trick by which the Eleusinians were 
 seized, see Grote, Hist., VIII. 266-268; Xen. Eell., II. 4, 8-10; Good- 
 win's Gr. Reader, p. 77. Compare Lysias, XIII., § 44 : icrre [xkv yap tovs e/c 
 HdXafJuvos tQ}v ttoXltCiv KOfJuadevras, oloi Tjcav koL ocroi, Kal o'iu) oXedpip vtto 
 rCiv TpLOLKOvra diruXovTO- Icrre 5e rot's e| 'EXeucrrj'oj, ws ttoWoI ravrri t^ cru/x.- 
 ipopq, expv<^o.vTO. — avT«v...0avaTov, G., 173, 2, Note. H., 58S, Jine print. 
 — KaT€\|rrid)i<raTo : Critias was the master-spirit in this outrage, which is 
 here charged solely on Eratosthenes. In the condemnation of these cap- 
 tives Critias had gone through the form of taking a vote of the Three 
 Thousand (a body of citizens, whom, on the score of their supposed oligar- 
 chical sentiments, the Thirty had invested with the political franchise). 
 See XXV., § 22. But where the Three Thousand were assembled to give 
 their verdict, the Lacedsemonian garrison were at hand under arms, and 
 any dissentient from the death-sentence, which Critias ordered to be given 
 by open ballot in his presence, would have been put to death. The orator 
 therefore, without alluding to the coerced participants in that crime, many 
 of whom probably were among his hearers, justly treats the act of many as 
 the crime of one. 
 
 53. — ■{^X0ojj.€V : all that Lysias says of his own noble part in the war of 
 liberation is comprised in this modest reference of the plural number. See 
 Introd. — oX ropaxat : with this euphemism the orator prudently veils 
 two sharp encounters, the one a surprise of the camp of the Thirty between 
 Phyle and Acharnee, and the other the battle of Munychia, in which, to- 
 gether, Thrasybulus inflicted a loss of about two hundred slain. Some of 
 the defeated party were doubtless members of the jury. — oi Xoyoi : during 
 the truce which was granted for burying the dead, says Xen. {Hell., II. 
 4, 19) irpoaLoirres dXX^Xois troWol dieXeyouro. See especially the speech of 
 the herald Cleocritus, ib. 20-23. Goodwin's Gr. Reader, p. 80. — ^<r€<r9ai, 
 "that we should be." — 48€i|afi€v, "showed," i.e. by our acts in the 
 sequel. — avrovs, i. e. the city party. It does not appear, however, that 
 the force of Thrasybulus, which was quite indifferently armed, was able to 
 do more than to repel the attack made upon them by the Thirty. But 
 they abstained from stripping the slain of their clothing, in token of 
 respect to their countrymen. 
 
102 js^ofes. 
 
 54. -ol 8e',i. e. the forces of the oligarchs. - l^^'PaXov : the deposed 
 tyrants retired to Eleusis. See Litrod. - dpxovTas...€\:XovTo, namely, the 
 Ten, "one from each phyle," says Xenophon {Hell, 11. 4, 23). On 'this 
 attempt at a middle way between tyranny and democracy, see Grote, Hist., 
 YIII. 272. — ni<reio-eai...<j)iX€i(r0ai, see note on d7ret7reZ^...e7riXt7re?j/, § l! 
 What form of the finite verb does the infinitive here represent ? G., 41, l! 
 The protasis is involved in 5u'ai'wj, i. e. Si/catw? kv e'^oi, el, k. t. X. 'g., 52* 
 where see the last example quoted, p. 111. 
 
 55. — [6 T(3v TpidKovra Y€V($fi.€vos] : this is probably a mere gloss which 
 has crept into the text, since Phidon has just been mentioned, § 54, as one 
 of the Thirty. — Aafxirrpe^ls, of Lamptra ; there were two Attic denies of 
 this name. Upper Lamptra was at the southeast extremitv of Mt. Hymet- 
 tus, three or four miles from the sea, and Lower Lamptra on the coast. 
 Of Epichares and Hippocles little or nothing is known. Grote {Hist, 
 \lll. 271) names Eratosthenes also as one of the Ten. If so, it is hard to see 
 how Lysias could have omitted to make a point of it. Instead of that he 
 limits himself to saying, § 58, that Phidon, as leader of the Ten, pursued 
 the previous policy of Eratosthenes. As the Ten, according to Lysias, 
 were appointed in the supposed interest of a conciliatory policy, and as 
 Eratosthenes is not mentioned among them, the clear implication of Lysias's 
 statements is, either that he was not regarded even by moderate oligarchs 
 as eligible with such an object in vicM^ or, rather, that he was altogethei- 
 opposed to it. It is clear, however, that Eratosthenes remained in tlie 
 city after the deposition of the Thirty ; and the aim of this portion of the 
 orator's argument is to represent him as a silent partner in the misgovern- 
 nient of the Ten. — XapiKXet, characterized by Grote as a "furious and 
 imprinciijled politician," Hist, VII. 198. — a{>Toi', an emphatic ''they:' 
 G., 145. H., 669, b. —rots '4 fio-Teos, G., 188, 5. H., 604. — lTroiT]<rav ; 
 distinguish from iwoirjo-avTo, H., 690. 
 
 56. — ots ; Scheibe's reading ; the common text is oi, for which Rauchen- 
 stein reads y. — lir^Bd^avro, H., 688. — eo-rao-ta^ov, at the time when they 
 deposed the Thirty. — ovSi...ikv'irovv : compare Xenophon's comment on 
 the execution of the citizens of Salamis and Eleusis : 7> de ravra dpecrra. 
 Kal TU3P ttoXitQi' oaois to irXeoveKTctv {xovou ejxeXev. HcIL, II. 4. 10. 
 
 57 TpiaKOVTa...clp7acrfX€Vois Kal i;[x:v...'n-e7rov9ocri, an isocolon ; com- 
 
 ■parejiote on d7roKTLi'Pvi'aL..j7roLovvTo, § 7. — -rravTa Kawd, compare nnte on 
 'n-dura rd kuku, § 33. — vjAsts 8tKa.f«s, supply ccpevyere. From the stand- 
 point of either of the extreme parties, the middle course of the Ten appeared 
 in this dilemma of inconsistency. —^p^tov, H., 566. — alriav Xapovres, 
 distinguished from alriav exovrcs as \aSe'tu to "get," or "incur," from 
 ^X^Lv, "to have." 
 
 68. — alpfc6a's,H.,694, c.-SicXXd^ai, G^., 97, X. 1. —yvcCix- G., 138, 1. 
 
Notes. 10 
 
 Q 
 
 H., 611. Lysias's attack on the policy pursued by Phidon had the double 
 aim, first, of representing it as emanating from Eratosthenes, who had pre- 
 tended to be overruled by his associates in office, and, second, of raising a 
 prejudice against Phidon, in case he appeared, as was probable, in the 
 capacity of an advocate of Eratosthenes, § 85. — tovs fJ^ev KpeiTTovs aoTwv, 
 i. e. the majority of the Thirty, then at Eleusis. — 8t* ii|xds ; for the dis- 
 tinction between the genitive and the accusativ^e after 5td, see H., 629, c, 
 630, b. But the accusative is often used with very little apparent distinc- 
 tion from the usual sense of the genitive. Compare 5td tovtuv, § 92. — 
 avTovs, a constructio ad sensum, as if the antecedent were XaKeoatixovlovs. 
 — BoicijTtov, see note on t^s Trpurij^, XVI., § 15. Occasion for this misrep- 
 resentation was given by the support which Thrasybulus derived from 
 Thebes. — 'ia^ai ; what would be the indirect form ? — jidXio^a, emphatic 
 position. 
 
 59. — ov SvvdjJisvos ; ov, not /x-q, because the participle does not express 
 a condition. So ov ^ouXofxeuuv, below. G., 283, 4. H., 839. — Kai = 
 "also." — leptov IjittoScov ; a notable instance of the tenacity with Avhich 
 the Spartans adhered to their superstitions in such matters was given by 
 their six days' delay to help the Athenians at Marathon, b. c. 490, in the 
 crisis of the fate of Greece. — kolI = "even." — eKarbv rdXavTa ; this loan, 
 though contracted by an usurjnng government to destroy the liberties of 
 the country, was afterwards repaid by the constitutional government. — 
 cBavsto-aro, H., 689, b. — T]TTJo-aTO, observe the force of the middle, 11., 639. 
 
 60. — irdvTas, loosely said for iravTaxodev. — iroXeis hrayovres, the Pelo- 
 pounesian allies generally. The Boeotians and Corinthians, however, who 
 had previously been intensely anti- Athenian in their policy, declined to co- 
 operate, a remarkable proof, as Grote observes, of the altered feeling with 
 which Athens and Sparta were beginning to be regarded in the other states 
 of Greece. — TcXevTcavrcs, G., 109, N. 8. H., 788, a, fine print. — trapi- 
 o-KCvd^ovTo, observe the imperfect as inclusive of the successive acts speci- 
 fied by the preceding tenses. — el {jlt; 8i* ; the complete expression would 
 be, KoL diru}\€(Tav du, el ixr] 5l dvdpas dyadovs eKoAvOrfffav. G., 52, N. 1. 
 H., 754, a,, fine print. As to the danger of Athens at the time, and how 
 it was averted, see Introd. By the &v8pas dyadovs are meant such friends 
 of Athens among the other Greeks as was the wealthy Theban Ismenias, 
 who aided Thrasybulus's first movement, — XaPoVres, G., 109, 3. — Kal 
 CKctvois, i. e. the ai'dpes dyadoi just mentioned. — Xo.p\.v dToSiSdvat is to 
 shoiv gratitude by some requital, Latin grcdiam refcrre, in distinction I'roui 
 Xdptv eldhai, or exetf, to feel gratitude, Latin gratiam habere. 
 
 61. — 6|X(dS Se, supply irape^o/xai, H., 883 : the witnesses of course were 
 to testify to the acts of Phidon. — ws TrXctcrrcov, H., 664. 
 
 62. — <j>cp€ 8t], see the same in § 34 a.nd' note. — ©-qpajievovs ; on the g^ii- 
 
104 Notes. 
 
 eral relevancy of this portion of the argument, see Introd. It is to he spe- 
 cially noticed that Theramenes, in his reply before the senate to the 
 impeachment of Critias, declared that he had opposed the seizure of the 
 metcBci : avTelirov 5e koX ore tCjv [xeroLKuv 'iva eKaarof Xa^elp ^(paaav XPW°-h 
 Xen. Hell., II. 3, 40. This lent some color to Eratosthenes's assertions, 
 § 25, that he had been adverse to extreme measures, and rendered it more 
 necessary for the orator to blacken Theramenes's record. 
 
 The analysis of §§ 62 -80 is as follows : § 62, the orator shows the rele- 
 vancy of his apparent digression. He is simply refuting Eratosthenes's 
 claim to favor on the score of Theramenes ; § 63, he sneers at Eratos- 
 thenes's choice of a political guide, taking up with a Theramenes for lack 
 of a Themistocles ; § 64, and shows the folly of allowing such malefactors 
 to claim credit as benefactors. Then, § 65, he shows that Theramenes was 
 a leader in setting up the oligarchy of the Four Hundred ; next, §§ 66, 67, 
 a base turncoat ; more recently, §§ 68 - 70, the procurer by false pretences 
 of disastrous terms of peace with Sparta ; finally, §§ 71 - 77, responsible 
 for the establishment of the Thirty, and meeting at length, § 78, with de- 
 served retribution. In §§ 79, 80, he concludes the digression with a fresh 
 ajipeal, upon these facts, for a verdict against Eratosthenes and his partners. 
 
 8id Ppax^TttTtov, see 5l iXaxicTTuv, § 3, and note. — Trpoo-o-xTJ, "offend," 
 Sauppe's emendation of the common text, irapaa-Tfj, "occur." G., 254. 
 H., 720, b. — Tavra, i. e. 0Tt,...fjLeTeix^. — |X€T€tx,€) why not accented fii- 
 reixe'i G., 26, N. 1. H., 368, b. 
 
 63. — o-<|>c8p' &v . . . ot(j.ai, "I strongly think"; dv belongs to irpocr- 
 iroielcOaL, G., 42, Note. — TroXiTcvdjievov irpoo-iroieio-Gai, the participle is 
 the protasis, the infinitive the apodosis ; G., 52, 1 ; 53. What forms of 
 the finite verb do these respectively represent ? — ottotc Kat, Kai here = 
 "even." — <Jirws Ka0aip€0T)o-€Tai, G., 217. H., 756, dependent on ^irpaTre 
 understood. — ov "ydp, said on account of the preceding <x^68pa B,v oT/.:ac. 
 The idea of the orator's irony is : of course Eratosthenes would have been 
 much gladder to co-operate with Themistocles than with Theramenes, for 
 Themistocles was a worthier citizen. — AaK€8aip.ov£ci>v ; for an account of 
 the stratagem by which Themistocles outwitted the Spartans, and thwarted 
 their mean opposition to the restoration of the walls of. Athens, after the 
 expulsion of the Persians, see Grote, Hist, Y. 244 ; Curtius, Hist., II. 
 pp. 361, 362. The contrast which Lysias here draws between Themistocles 
 and Theramenes had been already pointed out by the demagogue Cleomenes. 
 According to Plutarch, Lysandcr, 14, Cleomenes asked Theramenes if he 
 dared to undo the work of Themistocles by delivering to the Lacedaemonians 
 the walls which that patriot had erected against them. To which Thera- 
 menes responded, that Themistocles had had the walls built for the pres- 
 ervation of the citizens, and it was for the same purpose that they were 
 
Notes. 105 
 
 now to be demolished. As Lysias viewed the matter, Themistocles erected 
 the walls to secure the democracy, while Therameues destroyed them to 
 overthrow the democracy. The exhibition of such a contrast was adapted 
 to arrest the reaction of feeling in favor of Theramenes which the manner 
 of his death had occasioned. 
 
 G4. — tUbs iiv> ^^^ t^^6 same in XYL, § 5, and note. — il^iov yXv yap, an 
 im])lied iiu follows. — trpaTrov, G., 16, 2. So crvvovras, below. — wo-irtp, 
 G., 277, N. 3. — yiyivr[[i.hov, the eKeivov which we supply here has been at- 
 tracted into iKebcp by ffvyom-as. H., 791, a. The balanced arrangement 
 of these genitives is noticeable as an elaborate bit of literary finish, viz. : — 
 
 icTTrep vo\X(av ayaOuiv aiTc'ou 
 
 . I . L I - I 
 
 aAA ov /u.eyoAuji' KaKuiv yey^vrjiJieyov. 
 
 65. — Ss ; oVris might have been used. See oiTivei, § 40, and note. 
 Compare, also, o'l and o'irives, XXV., § 18, where, as Frohberger remarks, ot 
 denotes the individuals, and oirti/es their class or kind. — oXt^opxCas, i. e- 
 of the Four Hundred. See note on iiri tQv TeTpaKoalwv, § 42. — alTtwraTos; 
 this seems exaggerated. Theramenes took an active part, but Alcibiades 
 and Pisander seem to have been alTLUTaroi. It is quite clear that the revo- 
 lution received the first effective impulse from a proposition of Alcibiades 
 to the officers of the Athenian armament at Samos, engaging, on condition 
 of the formation of an oligarchical government, to secure to Athens the 
 Persian alliance. See Grote, Hist., VIII. 6 sqq. ; Curtius, Hist., III. p. 450. 
 Pisander was ostensibly the chief agent in the execution of the plan, and 
 the soul of the movement at Athens was Antiphon, see § 67, and oioie. 
 Critias, in impeaching Theramenes before the senate, merely says of his 
 revolutionary zeal, TrpoTrereo-raros eyeuero tyjv Brifj.OKpa.Tlav fxeraaTrjaai els 
 rods TerpaKoaiovs, Xen. Hell., II. 3, 30. — 6 |j.^v ira-nip ; Hagnon, a cit- 
 izen of high standing, adopted Theramenes, who was a native of Ceos. 
 The position of his adoptive father secured to Theramenes a favorable en- 
 trance into political life. — Tojv TTpoPouXwv; a "Board of Elders," called 
 -rrpo^ovXoi, or "Provisional Councillors," consisting of ten of the older 
 citizens, was appointed, upon the tidings of the defeat of the Sicilian expe- 
 dition, B. c. 413, "to review the expenditure, to suggest all practicable 
 economies, and propose for the future such measures as occasion might §eem 
 to require." Grote, Hist., VII. 362. These became promoters of the revo. 
 lution in 411. By this appointment, as Curtius remarks, the democracy, 
 which since the fall of the Areopagus had been free from all control, was 
 again placed under the supervision of authority, For the case, compare 
 Twc iifyopuv, § 46, and note. — ravr 'iirpamv, compare the same expreaisiou 
 in § 51, ravra Trpd^ovai. — vir* avrwv, i. e. the Four Hundred. 
 
 66. — ^ws H-^v lTi|idTO, G., 59 ; Q6, 4, Kem, — ing-Tov, i. e. to the oli^aiv 
 
106 Notes. 
 
 cliical party. — ITcio-avSpov, of Acharnse, a man of miicli ability and conr- 
 ao"e, tliongli this latter trait was disputed by his enemies. After the fall 
 of the Four Hundred he was banished, and his property was confiscated. 
 See VII., § 4. Calliesehrus Avas the father of Critias. — avrov, G., 175. 
 H., 58.5. — oiKeTt...dK,ooa.cr0ai ; the Athenian armament at Samos, when 
 they heard of the revolution at Athens, repudiated the authority of the 
 Four Hundred. See Grote, Hist., VIII. 46, sqq. Realizing that this pre- 
 Sao-ed the overthrow of the revolutionists, Theramenes began to disconnect 
 himself from his imperilled party. — 'Apto-TOKparovs ; in order to maintain 
 themselves against the armament at Samos, the Four Hundred were trea- 
 sonably plotting to receive a Lacedtemoniau force into Pirajus, and to accom- 
 plish this were constructing a citadel there. Suspecting that design, the 
 tribe of which Aristocrates was taxiarch broke into a mutiny, which spread 
 until, with the concurrence of Theramenes, who had been sent to suppress 
 the mutiny, the obnoxious citadel was demolished. This affair proved a 
 fatal blow to the ascendency of the Four Hundred. Aristocrates was after- 
 ward one of the generals who AVere put to death for misconduct at the Ar- 
 ginusse.; see note on davdrci} e^yjfjLiucraTe, § 36. 
 
 67. — 'AvTKf>t3vTa : *' Antiphon, the son of Sophilus, at that time already 
 an advanced sexagenarian, but full of unwearying activit}'', political experi- 
 ence, and knowledge of human nature ; inexhaustible in clever devices, 
 trustworthy and reticent ; in intellectual power and influence superior to 
 all his fellow-citizens, and at the same time perfect master of himself." 
 Curtius, Hist., III. p. 461. He "formed a school of oratory, which exer- 
 cised a deeply felt influence on the development of Attic prose." Id., II. 
 p. 569. This man undertook the chief directorship of the oligarchical 
 movement in Athens during Pisander's absence. By systematic assassina- 
 tion he silenced the popular leaders, extinguished freedom of debate, and 
 so overawed the public mind, that, at length, the sanction of the senate 
 and the assembly was extorted for measures which the majority detested. 
 See Grote, Hist., VIII. pp. 30-41. After the restoration of the democracy, 
 Antiphon and Archeptolemus were "impeached by Theramenes for their 
 treasonable negotiations with Sparta, and suffered the doom of traitors. 
 Tlie fate of Antiphon, then sixty-nine years of age, was deserved ; but this 
 ratting of Theramenes gained him the nickname of 6 Kodopvos, or the Buskin, 
 fitting either foot equally well, and was used at length by Critias as a pre- 
 text for his destruction. Comp. Xen. Hell., II. 3, 30-33 ; Goodwin's Gr. 
 Header, pp. 69, 70. Curtius says of him that he was *' a man of brilliant abili- 
 ties, eloquent, intelligent, and versatile, endowed with noble natural gifts, 
 but .... wholly devoid of fixed principle, and was seriously attached neither 
 to the one side nor the other," but ambitious to play the first part himself. 
 Hist., III. pp. 4G1, 539. — dp-a.-.d-n-wXto-c, for the isocolon, compare diro- 
 
Notes, 107 
 
 i{rLWvva.L...iiroLovvro, § 7. — tJjV irpbs i}ias, supply irlffTLV. — In balancing 
 Theramenes's account with liistory, Curtius remarks: "As no less severe 
 a judge than Aristotle reckons him among the best citizens whom Athens 
 ever possessed, we may be sure that his merit consisted not merely in his 
 having, more than any one else, contributed to frustrate the treasonabla 
 efforts of the party which was prepared to proceed to extremities, but 
 principally, in his having, after the overthrow of that party, succeeded in 
 preventing the outbreaks of passion which would have ruined the state," 
 etc. Hist., III. p. 4S6. 
 
 68. — An interval of six and a half years, from the deposition of the Four 
 Hundred, in the summer of 411, to the siege of Athens in the winter of 
 405 - 4, occurred between the events mentioned in this section and those 
 in the preceding. In this interval, the orator passes over without mention 
 an instance of Theramenes's faithlessness as glaring as any, in his accusa- 
 tion of the generals who commanded at Arginusae for the criminal neglect 
 of a duty which had been delegated to him. See Xotc on § 36. — auTos, 
 "of his own accord. " — o-ao-eiv, G., 27, X. 3. — {nreo^ero 8€, "for he prom- 
 ised." — TO, Tctx^i KttGeXwv : for the Lacedaemonians had intimated that the 
 demolition of the Long "Walls to the length of ten stadia would be insisted 
 on in the terms of peace. — ravra, an abbreviation for ottws ravra SiaTrpax^r)- 
 coLTo : plural, though the antecedent is singular, perhaps with reference to 
 the particulars of his plan ; see note on raOra, § 14. — avrw irto-TCiieiv, em- 
 phatic, to trust Mm. 
 
 69. — '7rpaTT0v(rr,s...<rwT'qpia, "taking measures for safety." The par- 
 ticulars are not very definitely known ; but see XXV., § 27, note on ufiwre. 
 — 'Apeiw TraYo), see General Xote, 2. " It would appear that at this period, 
 when revolutionary and conservative measures were indiscriminately applied, 
 the Areopagus, which had only continued to exist as a court for capital 
 cases, was also re-established as a state magistrature, and, as at the time of 
 the Persian wars, invested with extraordinary powers for contributing its 
 share to the preservation of the city." Curtius, Hist., III. p. 564. — avri- 
 XcYovTwv : no wonder, in view of Avhat Lysias asserts, XIII., § 10 : vfielr 
 eiXeaOe eKelvov TrpeajSevrriv avroKparopa, 8v tu) irporepo} ^rei (TTparriybu x^'Po- 
 rovqdevra dTreSo/ct/xdcrare, ov po/xi^ovre^ evvovv elvai, k. t. X. iN^othing more 
 clearly reveals the desperate condition of besieged Athens, than that the 
 people, catching at the vrord of such a man, should appoint him their pleui- 
 pote tiary, without pressing inquiry into his plans. 
 
 70. — ovSev ^irpci^ev. Theramenes staved more than three months with 
 Lysander, who then told him that the ephors, and not he, had power to 
 make peace. When Theramenes came home with this report, the famine 
 had become so intolerable, that he was sent back to make peace on any 
 terms. This was probably his oiiginal scheme, as Xenophon intimates :■ 
 
108 Notes. 
 
 iTTiTTjpSiv oTTote * A6r]vaL0t ^fieWoy, diet. t6 CTriXeXciTreVat top (tItqv aTTavTa, 6 Tl 
 ris \iyoi 6fioXoyrja€LV. Hell., II. 2. 16. Goodwin's Gr. Header, p. 64. — • 
 i\ivr](r9T\, "had mentioned," i. e. in the previous negotiations. — •i'|XTrio-6, 
 "had expected."— iiTr€io-€ : how does this tense present the idea as compared 
 with ^rreidev, § 58 ? See eX^yoy, § 6, 7iote. Lysias's assertion is corrobo- 
 l-atedl3y Xenophon {Hell., II. 2. 22), Trpo-qyop^L 5e avrCovQ-qpaixivris Xiyut^ wj 
 XP'O TT^idecrdai AaKeSac/xoviois Kal to. rei^'?; VeptatpeZj'. — c.va"YKa^ofj;«vc6...tTra'y-' 
 •ycXXdjAeyos, see note on d7rei7reiz',..e7rtX*7r€?j', § 1. The proof of Lysias's asser- 
 tion is of course merely circumstantial. How much harder were the con- 
 ditions that Theramenes brought home, than those which the enemy at lirst 
 proposed, Lysias states, XIII., § 14 : ^p yap dvri ixkv rod eirl dcKa crrddLa rdv 
 jxaKpCiv reix^v BieXeTy oXa to. /xa/c/oo. reixv KaTacTKa^pat., avrl 5k tov aXXo rt 
 ayaObv ry TroXei evpecrdai ras re vavs irapahodvai roh AaKeBaifMopioii, Kal to 
 Trept TOV Iletpato t€ixo^ irepieXeiv, Although, In the strife which raged in 
 Greece between oligarchy and democracy, party fury was often stronger 
 than love of country, — so that even Xenophon was found at the battle of 
 Coronea on the side of Sparta against his native Athens, — yet it is alto- 
 gether improbable that the extreme and most humiliating demands of Sparta 
 were suggested, as Lysias claims, by the Athenian oligarchs themselves. 
 "What Cicei'o says of the contending parties at Rome has its applicability 
 to this case : Non illi nullam esse rempuhlicam, scd in ea quoe csset se esse 
 2)rincipes ; neque lianc tirbem conflagrarc, sed se in hac urbe florere, volu- 
 crunt. Or. in Catil., III. 10. — diroorrcpiiGi^a-ecrSe . . . KOjxieto-Oe, G., 50, 1, 
 ]Sr. 1, 77. See ia-ovrai, § 45, and note. — raxciav, translate as a predicate, 
 G., 142, 3. H., 535, b. 
 
 71. T^v €KKXT](rtav, the forms of the ancient constitution still subsisted, 
 until they should be used to give sanction to the intended change. — cws... 
 kT7\pr\Qy], G., 19, N. 4 (b), 66, 1. — 6 Xc'ydp.evos, the common text, for which 
 Eauchenstein reads 6 (hfx,oXoyrjfjL€vos. — vir €K€iv«v, i. e. the Spartans. - - ck 
 21d|Jkov. Samos, a large and fruitful island off the coast of Ionia, with a city 
 of the same name fronting the Ionian coast, was the only ally or depen- 
 dency of Athens which did not submit without resistance to the Lacedas- 
 monians after the affair at J^^gospotami. Lysander, after receiving the 
 surrender of Athens, had proceeded to press the siege of Samos, and reduced 
 it about the close of the following summer, b. c. 404. Lysander's return 
 to Athens had been prepared for by putting out of the WMy the democratical 
 leaders. See Introd. 
 
 72, TotiTtov v'lrapxdvTwv, "these arrangements being ready." — 4»iXoxd- 
 povs Kttl Mt-XTidSow : Rauchensteln regards these as companions of Lysau' 
 der ; Frohberger conjectures, from the names, that they were Athenians 
 who had been sent to summon Lysander. — t^v cKKXi^trCav, " the intended 
 ftgsembly," — pi^Twp, "a publia speaker," In the free political atmosphere 
 
Notes. 109 
 
 of Athens a professional class liouvisiied, who devoted themselves to poli- 
 tics and public speaking, and were called prjTopes. For different estimates 
 of them, compare Curtius, Hist., III. pp. 90-93, and Grote, Hist., VIII. 
 42, 43. The same policy of silencing the popular lead(?rs had been tried in 
 the previous revolution. See note on 'AuTicpuvra, § 67. The Thirty, by 
 one of their earlier edicts, even forbade all teaching of "the art of words." 
 Xen. Mem., I. 2, 31 : iv rdls vofiois iypaxfe, Xoyuu rex^rjv fiq 6i5dcr/cei;/, — 
 evavTioiTo, G., 216. H., 739. 
 
 73. — TpidKovra ; these were appointed, nominally, to draw up laws for 
 the future government of the city, and to hold a provisional authoiity 
 meanwhile. Dracontides, who acted merely as the instrument of others, 
 ** a scoundrel on whom repeated sentences had been passed" (Curtius, III. 
 579), became one of the Thirty. — a'7r€<}>aiv€v, "proposed." For the tense, 
 see note on eXeyov, § 6, and i^ddi^ov, § 8. — ofiws, belongs with i6opv,3eiT€, 
 G., 109, N. 5. — ouTw 8iaK€iji£voi refers to the situation as described in 
 §§ 71, 72. — «s ov iroiTio-ovTss, G., 277, X, 2. — c-yi-yvwcrKCTe, "you were 
 becoming aware." — c^eKXr,o-id5€T€, H., 315, also augmented ly/c/cX?;-. 
 
 74.— avTu |X€Xot...eopvpov, G., 184, 2, N. 1. H., 576, 595, b. — iroX- 
 Xovs, here predicative. — 8oKo€vTa...Xe7ot ; this, in contrast Avith his for- 
 mer boasts, § Q^, would further dispiiit the people. Xeyoi is construed 
 with eireLO-q; tianslate : "and since he spoke the views of Lysander and the 
 Lacedremonians." — Kal Sti, "and particularly that," etc. : /cat \iQ\e~atque. 
 — TrapaoTTovSovs, because the walls had not been demolished within the 
 specified time, which had not been long enough. — ^xoS ^oi' this and the 
 following verbs, see the passage commented on in G., p. 163. The reading 
 here followed is that of the common text, for which Eauehenstein and 
 Scheiba both read iroi-qaed' and /ceXei/ct. 
 
 75. — dv8p€S d-yaOoi, in the language of each of the political parties this 
 "was the designation of their own members. — yvovtcs T-qv irapaa-KeuTiv, 
 " having perceived the concerted action." Compare the meaning of the 
 aorist with that of the imperfect, eyiyviLcrKere, § 73, — wxovto diriovrts, 
 "took their departure." G., 279, !S'ote. 
 
 76. — irap-rj-yyeXTo, i, e. by the managers of the meeting. — dire'Sci^e, 
 "nominated." — ^(|>opoi, see § 43, and 7iote. — KcXevciev, G., 247, N. 1. 
 H., 738. — irapdvTwv, those present were largely of the oligarchical party. 
 
 77. — ev TTJ povXfj, Avhen replying before the senate to his impeachment 
 by Critias. Xen. Hell., 11. 3, 35-49. Goodwin's Gr. Reader, pp. 70-73. 
 Grote, Hist., A^III. 249-252. — oTi...KaTc'XGoi€y. In Theramenes's speech, 
 as reported by Xenophon, this point is not touched. — ovSsv (fspovTi^ovrwv 
 A., the restoration of the exiles was one of the treaty stipulations. If this 
 article was really the work of Theramenes, it w^as a point in favor of 
 Lysias's claim that the whole disgraceful treaty was his work. — ireirpa'yiis- 
 
110 Notes. 
 
 vwv, construe with amos. — vir' Ijjlov, construe with elprjfxhois, IT., 8S5. 
 — ToioiJTwv TV'Y)(dvoi, "he met such a requital." — avros . . . SsSwkws, so 
 Sclieibe, see avToi iira-yyeiXaixevos, § 68. Rauchenstein prefers avTOL$. 
 
 78. — Kat...Kai...Kai ; this accumulation of conjunctions not only suits 
 the cumulative nature of the argument, but adds vehemence to the style, 
 especially in delivery. — 7«7€vt)(X£vov, see yeyevrifxivov, § 64, and note. — 
 ToX(JLTjo-ovo-iv, the indefinite subject, "they," includes specially Eratosthe- 
 :ies. — 0T]pap.€'vovs ; in translating join with yeyevrjfxevov. — SiKaiws, so 
 far as an act in itself despotic and outrageous may be extenuated by the 
 comment "served him right." AVith Critias, no doubt, it was a matter 
 of self-preservation to despatch Theramenes, wdiose desertion of his col- 
 leagues in the preceding revolution made it likely that he would not 
 scruple, should occasion serve, to deal with Critias as he had dealt with 
 Antiphon, § 67. — ev oXi-yapxia, see the same and note, XXV., § 7. — ^hi\ 
 . . . KareXvo-e, G., 19, jST, 4, b. Instead oi i]8r) E-auchenstein adopts Sauppe's 
 emendation 8b. The statement then becomes contrary to fact. Thera- 
 menes did not twice break down the oligarchy, except in a sense which 
 probably did not enter the speaker's mind. He had indeed co-operated to 
 overtlirow the Four Hundred. But he broke down the Thirty rather by 
 his death, the manner of which increased the intestine strife within the 
 faction, and gave a fatal shock to its stability. To avoid the difficulty, 
 Cobet further emends by changing KareXvae to KareXve, " he endeavored to 
 break down." But this is ai'bitrary. The text as it stands needs no 
 emendation. — dv ev 8T]p,0KpaTLa, supply dii<r}v eScjKev. G., 212, 3. H., 
 754. On the protasis involved in diKaiios, see note on /xiaelaOaL, § 54. 
 Theramenes, as the orator claims, should have been punished after the 
 expulsion of the Four Hundred, and again, had he lived, after the deposi- 
 tion of the Thirt}^ — irapovrcov KaTa<|>povwv...d'irdvT«v i-mQv^iav, compare, 
 for the form, 7jyouvTO...€iroLoduTo, § 7, and dTr€nre7v...eTn\nre'Lv, § 1. A sen- 
 tentious description of a restless agitator. — Tw...)(pw|jLevos, "under the 
 fairest pretence," i. e. of saving the city, § 68 ; ovo/xaTL, i. e. awaeip, G., 
 188, N. 2, and 277, 2. H., 607, a, 789, b. — 8t,8do-KaXos, "a prompter." 
 
 79. — €K€LVos, "that" long expected. — |iaxo(JL€'vovs jxt'v...\j/T]<}>i^op,€vo'us 
 8e. " fxev and 5e are often employed also to connect two clauses, of which 
 only the second properly belongs in the connection ; while the other is 
 merely inserted in order to heighten by contrast the effect of the second." 
 Buttmann' s Gr., § 149, 11. Here 8el fxri elvat. is not said with reference to 
 Kpeirrovs elvai, but rjTTovi. Accordingly, the fxev clause is to be translated 
 by " while," or " seeing that," with a finite verb, while 5^ remains untrans- 
 lated. —TroX€}iCwv...€X^P<^v, these synonymes correspond respectively to 
 the Latin hosiis and inimicus, the former a foreign or public enemy, the 
 latter a domestic or private one. 
 
' Notes. Ill 
 
 80. — <3v, limiting x*^/""- ^'-j 1^3» ^'- ^- H., 810. — IVtc, imperative. 
 See note on x'^P"' dTroSiSoz/ai, § GO. — «v...6p7t^€<r9€, imperative. G., 173. 
 H., 577. — dirovo-i, i. e. iu Eleusis;, see Introd. — jj,€v...€TriPouX€V€T€, see 
 note on /j.axo,uei^ovs txiv, § 79. — CLt{>f)T€, 6^., 86. H., 723, a. 
 
 81. — Kanrydp-iiTai, 8tj. So Bake, Frohberger, Scheibe, and Sauppe, 
 for the ]\1SS. KaTTjyopeiTe 8e. Also Kauchenstein in earlier editions, whose 
 sixth edition emends to Kara-yvuiTe be, with Kayser and others. Trans- 
 late : "the accusation of Eratosthenes and his friends is now complete." 
 G., 17, 1, and N. 1. G., 173, 2, X. 
 
 The analysis of the remainder of the oration is as follows: §§ 81-91, 
 Coimnents on tlie complete case as it stands. (!) These judicial formalities 
 give an undeserved advantage to the tyrant, § 81, for whom no stretch of 
 severity could be excessive, §§ 82, 83, while any mitigation is unseemly, 
 and the proposal audacious, § 84 ; which proposal, however, marks the 
 accomplices of the traitors, § 85. (2) These pleaders for the defendant 
 are remarkable as men of doubtful merit and lukewarm patriotism, § 86. 
 (3) The defendant's witnesses also occupy a singular position ; they give 
 the court credit for slight discernment, § 87, and suppose it to be unmind- 
 ful of what has been endured and perpetrated, §§ 88, 89. (4) A square 
 statement of the alternative issues, stripped, of all excuse and subterfuge 
 for the friends of the defendant, §§ 90, 91. — An exhortation to tlie two 
 classes of ichich the jury v:as composed, §§ 92-98 : (1) those of the city, 
 §§ 92-94, and (2) those of the Piraeus, §§ 95-98, basing an appeal for 
 their verdict upon a summary statement of the recent and present situation 
 of each respectively. — TJie PeroroMon : (1) a condensed reiteration of the 
 principal charges, § 99 ; (2) a reminder to the court of the duty due to 
 those unjustl}' put to death, § 100. See Analysis. 
 
 ois...dvoio-€i, "to whom he will refer in defence" ; ets oCs is the more 
 common construction with dvacpepu}. — diroXoYias, plural, with reference to 
 all the various charges. — jicvtoi, "yet " ; the connection of thought is as 
 follows : "The accusation is complete, yet I ought to speak of the advan- 
 tage over the city which this trial gives Eratosthenes, for he," etc. — Ka.rr\- 
 70005 Kal 8iKa<rTT*|s avros ; at first without restriction, but when, after 
 many arbitrary executions, the Thirty were obliged to make concessions to 
 the views of Theramenes, it was determined that no person in the list of 
 the privileged Three Thousand (see note on Karexl/rjcpicraTo, § 52) might be 
 doomed to death by the Thirty without appeal (Xen. Hell., II. 3, 51): all 
 others, as before, held their lives at the tyrants' mercy. Under this rule, 
 Lysias intimates, it Avas much easier for Eratosthenes to obtain verdicts 
 than it is now for the city to get a verdict against him b}' due process of 
 law. Compare the remark of Grote upon the unconstitutional condemna- 
 tion of the six generals for neglect at the Argdnusce : " There has been no 
 
112 Notes, 
 
 people, ancient or modern, in whose view tlie formalities of judicial trial 
 were luibitually more sacred and indispensable than that of the Athenians; 
 formalities including ample notice beforehand to the accused party, with a 
 ni;*asuretl and sufficient sj)ace of time for him to make his defence before 
 the dicasts ; while those dicasts were men who had been sworn beforehand 
 as a body, yet Avere selected by lot for each occasion as individuals." Hist.^ 
 VIII. 19g/ 
 
 82. — oiZ* div, G. , 42, 2, and Note 1. — irapavofictfs ; the fate of the six 
 generals could hardly fail to have suggested and been suggested by this 
 word. We have already observed, §§ 36, 68, that the orator seems afraid 
 of that topic, though it is one that he can hardly help referring to. — d^iav 
 construe with XajSoiTe. — «v...TroXiv, G., 159, and N. 2. H., 5.55. cSf, by 
 attraction for a. — TC-iraGovrcs, "by what sufferings?" What regular 
 form of the protasis does this participle represent ? Observe the position 
 of du, and see note on ovd' &v above. — €'iT)<rav...8€8&)KdT6s, G., 18, 1. 
 
 83. — »v ovToi, the antecedent of Sjv is the i^ixeh in Xd^oLixev. — aXXa 
 ^dp, see the same and note, § 40 ; translate : *' but [why speak of full satis- 
 faction ?] for," etc. This elliptical expression is equivalent to " nay, more." 
 • — XP^IF'-"''^^' "^^ <}>av€pd, "real property," in distinction from cash and val- 
 uables which the Thirty had probably removed. — Zr\^i{)<reTi..X\o\.t G., 
 54, 1, {h). — KaXcos dv ^xoi, *' would it satisfy ?" — €iX'n<|>a<riv ; observe 
 the special force of the perfect, denoting the continuance of the result [G., 
 17, N. 2, and Rem.), as distinct from the aorist e^eirbpOrjaav, denoting mo- 
 mentary past occurrence. Although part of these losses could be made 
 good out of the confiscated estates of the tyrants, it was not possible to 
 eliect a restoration to the rightful owners of all the property which had 
 unlawfully changed hands during the troubles. 
 
 84. — 8iK7]v Trap' avT«v ; after these words Rauchenstein and others put 
 a conjectural [d^mi'j without, as it seems, sufficient reason. oIktjv alone 
 here stands intelligibly enough as the equivalent of Ukt}v d^lav, § 82, and 
 lKav)]v dtKTjv, § 83. Compare dUrju douvai duvaivr av, § 37. — "JrcBs ouk al- 
 trxpov, see ovk ody deivov and note, § 36. — tjvtivovv, H., 816, a. Suits (see 
 XVI., General Note, 7) were of two kinds, according as a variable penalty 
 was inflicted at the discretion of the court (this was the blK-q Tifj-i^Trj), or as 
 the penalty was prescribed and fixed by law {oIkt} dTifXTjToi). The present 
 case was of the former kind, as the law contemplated no such accumulation 
 of crimes as Eratosthenes was charged with. — (SovXoito, G., 61, 4. — &v... 
 ToXfJL-qo-at ; what form of the finite verb does this represent ? G., 53, com- 
 ])are 41 and 21. Where does the protasis appear? G., 52, 1. — wvl, em- 
 phatic. — ovx €Tepwv ovTwv T«v 8(,Kao-Twv ; " the subject generally has the 
 article, the 2>'>'cdlcnte not" ; Arnold's Gr. Prose Composition: H. , 535. — 
 Ti]s TOvTov TrovT]plas ; instead of tovtov we might expect eavTov, since the 
 
Notes. 113 
 
 subject oVris refers to Eratosthenes (see note on oiTives, § 40, and compare 
 note on OS, § 65) ; oCroj, however, as the coinniou designation of an adver- 
 sary in court, is not uncommonly used by Lysias, where we should expect 
 the reflexive. See note on tovtovs, XXV., § 33. — ^■■^, equivalent liere 
 rather to vcl...vel than to aut...aiit, the assigned grounds of Eratosthenes's 
 confidence, KaTairetppoi'yjKev and irewiaTevKev, being tantamount to each 
 other, as the course of thought in the next section shows. 
 
 85. — cSvvavTo ; why is the imperfect used here instead of the aorist, 
 as in the next line? G., 49, 2 (second paragraph). Observe the changes 
 of number in this section and the preceding, as if Eratosthenes and the 
 Thirty were equivalent terms. — (irj, G., 283, 4. H,, 839. — a~v\nTpaT- 
 TOVTwv, G., 16, 2. Compare rare cvixirpdrTovTas, § 46. — eXGeiv, i. e. into 
 court. — poT)0TJ(rovT€S ; these were in part the cwepovvrcs, § 86, and in 
 part other persons who appeared in court to throw their influence in favor 
 of the defendant. — tov Xoittov ; what distinction in meaning between the 
 genitive and the accusative ? H., 591, fine i^r int. 
 
 86. — o-wepovvTojv, see General Note, 4. — &|iov Gavjid^eiv, "we w'ell 
 may wonder." — atTTjcrovToi, H., 689, "will intercede." — €povXd(i7]v, G., 
 226, 2, fine j}^' int. H., 752. Like the Latin vellem, i^ovXa/xriv av may refer 
 to past time, and here, with dvai, means, "I could have wished them to 
 be." G., 49, 2. In § 22 it is used in reference to present time. — ovtoi, 
 supply vpovdvfxoOvTo. — i], "or whether." — ovx...ov8€is...ov8€, G., 283, 8, 
 last part. H., 843. The emphasis of the strengthened negative is thrown 
 on TO. diKaia, in contrast with the present readiness to defend the wrong. 
 H., 858, b. 
 
 87. — &|iov ISctv, compare Cicero's expression, operce jjreiium est cogno- 
 scere ; Or. in Catil., lY. 8. — Td...'irXfj0os. Eauchenstein reads Tov...'ir\'ff' 
 Govs. But see the following accusatives with 5tp, and compare Si v;j.a.i, 
 § 58, Si erepovs, XXV., § 29. — tovs TpiaKovra <r«<r€iv, intimating that a 
 verdict for Eratosthenes would be a verdict for the Thirty. — 8€':= "while." 
 • — Itt* eK<}>opdv. Frohberger cites ^Eseh., III. 235 : oi rpidKovra ovS' iirl 
 rds To^dy /cat eK(popas tuv reXevT-qaavTuv eiuv roiis irpoaTiKOVTai irapaye- 
 viaQai. 
 
 88. — OVS ovTot dirwXco-av, a rhetorical ampliflcation thrown in with 
 special reference to the following clause. — TeXevT-qo-avres, often used abso- 
 lutely, without the roi' ^i'oj'. — Trepas-.-TijAwpias, "are debarred from tak- 
 ing vengeance on their enemies." — ovk olv Scivcv, see § 36. — t2v fie'v, see 
 twte on ixaxofievovs p.h, § 79. — on»vairwXXvvTO, G.., 11, N. 4. — Itt' iKcjjopdv, 
 as if there were no doubt of the defendant's condemnation. — oiroTe, be- 
 tween this and the preceding clause some such expression as ws ei/c6s is im- 
 plied. — Po-qOciv, emphatic : when so many are ready for the more arduous 
 work of defending them, how many more would attend their funeral ! 
 
 8 
 
114 Notes. 
 
 89. — Kttl jxev 8t], see the same, § 30, and note. The intmber ready to 
 aid Eratosthenes occasions a sarcastic reference to his claim, § 25, avriXe- 
 'yov. — iroXXw, G., 188, 2. H., 610. — etvai, "that it wouhl have been," 
 G., 15, 3, supply av, see olbv r -^f, and note, § 49. — % "than" [it is]. 
 The implied eirat is a present tense here, while an imperfect before. — 
 diroXo^Tjo-ao-Gat, the distinction between the avvepovvrcs and the fidprvpes 
 is dropped at this word, which applies to both, as (3oT]6odvT€s ; see the pre- 
 ceding j3or]6€Lu, § 88. — Tbjv diXXwv 'EXXtjvwv. Lysias meets the claim 
 that Eratosthenes is the least culpable of the Thirty, by claiming that he 
 is a citizen Avho has harmed his country more than any foreign enemy. 
 Compare Cicero in CatiL, IV. 5 : qui autem reipuhliccc sit hostis, cum civem 
 esse nulla modo 2oossc. 
 
 80. — 8et|€Te, G., 25, N. 5, (a), Marldand's conjectural emendation of 
 the common reading Sei^are. This and the following section have mainly 
 in view the city party, who are directly addressed in § 92. — 8T]Xoi...a>s, G., 
 113, N. 1 and 10. Francken remarks that the only other example of this 
 construction in good Attic [prose] writers is Xen. Anah., I. 5, 9. — tcl... 
 irpoo-raxGevTa, an allusion to the defendant's plea, § 25. 
 
 91. — d'iro4'T]4>t<ra!xe'vovs, G., 277, 2. H., 789, b. — Kptij38i]v, "in secret." 
 H., 492, h. See General Note, 3. Comp. Demosth. XIX. 239: d Kp{>^6r]v 
 iarlv 7] xprjtpos. 
 
 92. — 6XLYa...dva[JLVTi<ras, G., 159 and N. 2. H., 554. — Kara^aCvuv, 
 i. e. from the speaker's platform {(PrjfM). — Sia rovroiv, compare Sea rb 
 '7rX?i6os, § 87, and oiote. The genitive with did, denoting the means, and 
 the accusative denoting the efficient catcse, are in this connection about 
 equivalent. — irapaSeiYiiaTa, H., 556, a, "warning exami)les." — ^xo^tcs, 
 "with," G., 109, Note 8. — •{^px€O"06, in this word lies the hatefulness of 
 the past tyranny, as contrasted with the present liberty expressed, § 94, 
 by TToKLTeveaee. — irdXcfJiov, G., 159. H., 547, a. — t|ttt]0€vt€s, in the fol- 
 lowing paradox the unnaturalness of their recent civil war is well charac- 
 terized. 
 
 93. — oI'kovs ; oTko^ often = ov<rla, as, Lysias, XIX. 47 : oT/cos o^jk 'i\aTTov 
 i} eKUTov TaXdvTuu. — €k twv irpa-yiiaTcov, "as a result of their administra- 
 tion." Compare § 56 : the narrative, §§ 6-20, has substantiated the asser- 
 tion. Eauchenstein and Scheibe before e/c insert [av]. But while personal 
 aggrandizement tvould have been a result of prolonged power, it u-as an 
 actual result while their power lasted. Frohberger and others therefore 
 reject the [df]. — viixds, i. e. you as a community ; there were individual 
 exceptions to the rule ; see the next oration, § 16. — (rwwjfjcXeto-Gat, "to 
 share benefits," ffwdia^dWeadat, "to share accusations"; v/xas is sub- 
 ject of both ; as to the idea, see note on iraaiv oVoi, § 30. — KOivoiJfxevoi . . . 
 jt€Ta8i86vTcs, denoting the means, see dTro^jz-ntpiaafxipovs, § 91. — tKToivTO, 
 
Notes. 1]5 
 
 G., 200, N. 2. H., 702. — twv 6v€t8a)v, i. e. by compiilsory parlicipation 
 in their outrages; compare Plato, AiJoL, § 20: Kal aWois eKelvoi. TroXXoIj 
 TToXXa irpoaiTa-nov ^ovXa/xeyoi ws irXeiaTovi dvaTr\T]<rai airiuiv. — oiovTO civai, 
 G., 15, 2, N. 3. See note on i^ovto KT-qcaadaL, § 19. "By such jiartici- 
 pation," remarks Grote, "these citizens became compromised and imbrued 
 in crime, and, as it were, consenting j^arties in the public eye to all the 
 projects of the Thirty ; exposed to the same general hatred as the latter, 
 and interested for their own safety in maintaining the existing dominion." 
 Hist, YIII. 244. 
 
 94. — dv9* (5v, H., UZ,fin^ print.— iv t<S eappoXeo), 0-, 139, 2. H., 496. 
 — Tijjtwpifio-aCT-Oe, H., 691. — -fipxco-Qc, recalling the odious word (see § 92) 
 for the sake of the contrast. — vvv belongs with iroXireijea-de, H., 885 ; 
 compare eiprj/xevoLs vir i/xoO, § 77, and note. — dpi<rT«v, i. e, the auSpes dya- 
 6oi in § 97. — iroXciiiois, the tyrants now besieged in Eleusis. — eirtKoiipwv, 
 the garrison of 700 Spartans ; see Introd. — aKpdiroXiv. The Acropolis, or 
 citadel of Athens, was " a square craggy rock rising abruptly about 150 feet, 
 Avith a flat summit of about 1,000 feet long from east to west, by 500 broad 
 from north to south." It was the chief centre of the architectural splendor 
 of Athens. "After the Persian wars the Acropolis had ceased to be in- 
 habited, and was .... covered with the temples of gods and heroes, and 
 thus its platform presented not only a sanctuary, but a museum, containing 
 the finest productions of the architect and the sculptor." (Smith's Smaller 
 Hist. Chreece, Ch. X., which see for a good condensed account of the Acrop- 
 olis.) The occupation of their national sanctuary by domineering foreign- 
 ers must have stirred the indignation of every patriotic Athenian. "With 
 this well-put appeal, therefore, the orator closes his address to that portion 
 of his hearers from which he might apprehend some opposition. 
 
 95. — Too-avTo, see the same, and note, § 47. — Ileipaiws, the Piraeus 
 party was the one which Lysias had sided with, see Introd., and on whose 
 full sympathy he might reckon. — jidxas, see iroXefioy, and note, § 92. — 
 d45T]pe'0T]T€ Ttt oirXa, G. , 164. H. 553, a. See note on dcpeiXouro, § 40. — 
 l|£KT]pilxOTjT€ (see XXV., § 22). After the destruction of Theramenes, the 
 Thirty forbade those who were not enrolled in the privileged list of the 
 Three Thousand (see note on KaTe\p't]<l>l<TaTo, § 52) to enter the city. Xen. 
 Hell., II. 4. 1. — iroXswv, those, namely, in alliance with Sparta. Xeno- 
 phon, as just refen-ed to, says heirX-rjaav Kal rd Meyapa Kai rds Qrj^as tu>u 
 virox^dpoCvTwv. Almost all of Greece was then included in the LacediEmo- 
 nian alliance ; compare § 97, iravraxodev iKK-rjpvTTofievoL. Several cities 
 refused to comply with the demand of Sparta, especially the two above 
 named, with Argos, and Chalcis in Eubcea. — 6|t)tovvto, for the middle 
 voice, compare riTTjcraTo, § 59, alTTjaovrai, § 86, and notes. The demand of 
 Sparta was inspired by the Thirty, and is therefore charged to their account. 
 
116 Notes. 
 
 96. — op7to-0T]T6 ; distinguish by the accent the aorist imperative from 
 the aoiist subjunctive. Happily for Athens, this strong and natural desire 
 of revenge did not control the policy of the restored democracy. See Introd. 
 "The Athenian Demos, on coming back from Pirreus, exhibited the rare 
 phenomenon of a restoration, after cruel wrong suffered, sacrificing all the 
 strong impulse of retaliation to a generous and deliberate regard for the 
 future march of the commonwealth." Grote, Hist., VIII. 303. — or k^iv- 
 •y€T€, "when you were in exile." — ol', compare oiVtves, § 40 and os, § Qb. 
 — d^opds. The Agora — corresponding in nature to the Forum at Rome — 
 lay at the foot of the Acropolis toward the northwest ; not southwest, as 
 generally stated (see Smith's Map, 1873). It was adorned with colonnades, 
 one of which, the 'Lrod UoiKiXr} (from which the Stoic philosophers got their 
 name), was especially famous for its paintings ; and was lined with temples 
 and the statues of gods and heroes. Here also was the Senate House (j3ov- 
 'XevT-qpLov), and the 66\os, or Round House, in which the Prytanes (see XVI., 
 General Note, 3) took their common meals, and offered sacrifice. As a 
 focus of political freedom, and under the special protection of the tutelary 
 gods whose statues and temples it contained, the Agora is significantly 
 mentioned here in connection with tCsv iepQi',a.s desecrated by the violators 
 of civil liberty. — ck twv lepwv <rvvapirdl^ovT€S, e. g. Theramenes had been 
 dragged from the altar of Hestia in the senate house. — 4'°v^'°'5 avrwv, i. e. 
 by drinking the hemlock-cup. — Ta(J)f]s, see §§ 18, 87. — PePatorepav ; 
 there is a kind of {rhetorical) zeugma here ; as applied to the government 
 it means more stable, as applied to the divine vengeance it means more cer- 
 tain. For the definition of grammatical zeugma, see H. 882. 
 
 97. — 8ie<|>vyov ; dieipvyere would correspond better with the concluding 
 -ifKOere. — irXavTiOevTes : after the triumph of the extremists in the murder 
 of Theramenes, such a reign of terror set in throughout Attica, that emi- 
 grants in great numbers, and many in great destitution, swarmed into all 
 the adjacent districts. — €KKT]pvTT6|i€vot, see note on irokeu^v, § 95. — iro- 
 Xejxia, predicate, compare rax^'^o.v, and note, § 70 ; translate, "tlieir native 
 country, which had become a hostile country." — tovs p.iv, i. e. those left 
 behind .... toi>s di, i. e. those in exile ; in each case the preceding toi'J 
 TratSas. — For the terms of peace, see Introd. So far as concerns actual 
 fighting between the Piraeus party, under Thrasybulus, and the Si)artans, 
 under Pausanias, the honors of war were chiefly, though not wholly, with 
 the latter. But the spirit and force displayed by the exiles, together 
 with the universal clamor against the misgovernment of Athens, combined 
 with the anti-Lysandrian feelings of Pausanias to put the speediest end 
 to the troubles by an accommodation satisfactory to the Athenians them- 
 selves. For Sparta herself this was not only the easier course, but also, in 
 the view of the Greeks generally, the more popular one. 
 
Notes. 117 
 
 98. — TovTwv, "these objects," i, e. the liberation and the restoration. 
 G., 171. H., 580. — dv, see note on oyS* av, § 82. — l<j)ev"y€T€ ; why not 
 aorist, like the connected verbs ? See idwauTo, and note, § 85 ; translate, 
 "you would be in exile." H., 698. — ht| TrcLGT^Tc, G., 20 and 46. — rpd- 
 irovs, as described, § 96. — lirl |6vt]s, supply yijs. — (rv(j.poXaia>v, *' loans " ; 
 ])roperly, bonds or notes for repayment of loans. — eSovXevov, as bound to 
 liquidate their indebtedness by a fair terra of service. 
 
 99. — *AXXd 7ttp, see XXV., § 17, and note. — ra [icXXovTa, equivalent 
 to a efxeWev, with an implied av, G., 49, 2, N. 3, (e). — ov Svvdjxevos el-n-eiv, 
 recurring to the thought with which he began, dv ay kt)... dire lit eTv, § 1, — 
 TrpoOvjiCas, G., 172. H., 575. — twv Upciuv, a term comprehending, with 
 the temples themselves, also the movables therein, and the lands belonging 
 thereto : the wider signification appears in diredouro ; the narrower in elac- 
 6vT€S — €|x£aivov ; the presence of a man-slayer or other criminal polluted 
 the sanctuary. Observe the distinction between the aorist and imperfect. 
 diredovTo refers to them as sold and done with ; i/xiaivou, as subject to recur- 
 nng acts of desecration. — p-iKpav eirotow, see § 70. — roiv vewpiwv ; these 
 included ship-houses (ueucroiKoi), of which, in the three harbors of Pirreus, 
 there were 372, dock-yards for building (muTrrf/ca), and a naval arsenal 
 (<TK€vo6riicr]) which contained armor and stores for 1,000 ships. These yeiLpia, 
 or navy-yards, were constructed, under Pericles, at a cost of 1,000 talents. 
 The Thirty had let out the work of demolishing them for the sum of three 
 talents. Their motive is stated § 40. — ots...poTj0i^o-aT€, compare oh drjW- 
 care, § 60. 
 
 100. — iq(Ji«v, all the speakers. — vfids ei<rccr0ai...<f>€povTas, "will take 
 knowledge how you vote." — d'rro\|/T]4>io-Tj<rO€, G., 61, 3. — avr<av, "them," 
 reflexive, with some emphasis. H., 671. — KttTa^/t]<{>i£r<rGat, which Scheibe 
 (ed. II.), Cobet, Frohberger, etc., read after the MSS., seems preferable to 
 the conjectural KaTeiprjcpKX/jiei'Ovs ^creadai, which Rauchenstein adopts. — 
 Xdpctxriv ; Xd^rjTe would correspond better with the preceding diro\p7](pl(nj<rO€ : 
 for a similar interchange of the second and third persons, see § 97, dU(f)v^-ov 
 and -fjXOere. — ir€irotT](Ji€Vovs, G., 113 ; not to be diluted into an infinitive 
 by supplying ^aeadai. — nav(rojiai...8iKd^CTe, for the asyndeton (H., 854) 
 Frohberger cites Aristotle, Rhet., III. 19, reXevrr] de ttjs Xe'^ews dp,a6rret 7? 
 davvderos, ottws e7riXo7os, dXXd /xt; \6yos y • eiprfKa, dKrjKoaTe, ^xere, Kplvare. 
 — ?X€T€, "you understand"; literally, "you have," i. e. the facts and 
 their interpretation. In Latin, hcthco is similarly used. The first four 
 imperatives may be imagined as deliberately uttered, in tones correspond- 
 ing to their climactic arrangement ; then a pause at the colon, followed, 
 impressively, by the concluding SiKd^ere. 
 
118 Notes. 
 
 REPLY TO "THE OVERTHROW OF THE 
 DEMOCRACY." 
 
 XXV. 
 
 INTEODUCTIOIT. 
 
 It has been stated in the Introduction to the Oration against Eratos- 
 thenes, that in order to check revengeful prosecutions after the restor- 
 ation of the democracy, B. c. 403, Archinus, who had been the chief 
 colleague of Thrasybulus in the struggle for the restoration, and to 
 whom, next to the gods, as Demosthenes said, the city was indebted 
 for her salvation, had the famous law passed, in the year after the 
 restoration, which entitled persons prosecuted contrary to the amnesty 
 to the privilege of a demurrer. Reference has also been made in the 
 General Note (5) to the Defence of Mantitheus to the doJdmasy, or 
 scrutiny of the record of persons chosen to office, as affording an 
 opiDortunity for the gratification of animosity in cases where it would 
 be less easy to prosecute successfully a complaint under a specific 
 law. In the present oration we probably find an instance where the 
 revenge precluded by the law of Archinus was sought through the 
 dokimasy. That this oration was prepared for a case in dokimasy 
 seems pretty clear from some expressions in §§ 3 and 4, Such as the 
 following, § 10, vfias ovv xp^ ^< rovrcov doKifid^eiv rovs TroXiVaff, and 
 § 23, fjfxas fxcTixovras t(ov TTpayixdroiv, are not easy to understand in 
 any other way. 
 
 That the date of the oration must be placed very soon after the 
 restoration, is probable, not only from § 24, which represents the exiled 
 faction as watching to see what policy would be adopted in the resettle- 
 ment of affairs, but also from the way in which the time of misrule 
 is referred to as but just past. From §§ 23 and 28, in which only the 
 oaths of amnesty and concord are referred to, it has been inferred that 
 the law of Archinus had not yet been passed, and consequently that 
 the oration was delivered between the restoration in September, 403, 
 and the beo-innini]' of 402. But as the law of Archinus had reference 
 only to judicial proceedings, and provided only a judicial bar to such 
 proceedings, the inference from silence in regard to that law in a case 
 
Notes. 119 
 
 of dokimasy perhaps cannot be absolutely depended on. In the 
 dokiinasy, says Curtius, " it was easy to reopen the old account of 
 ■wrongs, without violating the amnesty in terms ; and whosoever, after 
 giving a lively description of the oligarchic intrigues, put the ques- 
 tion whether men who had taken part in them were really worthy of 
 filling offices of public trust, might rely upon applause, and cheaply 
 acquire the glory due to a friend of the people." — Hist, IV. p. 153. 
 It is clear from an expression in § 28, that some interval had elapsed 
 since the restoration. See note on iroWaKis . . . dLCKeXeva-avTo. This 
 interval, however, can hardly have been more than a year. 
 
 The title given to this oration by the old grammarians is not ob- 
 viously intelligible. It is probable (see Curtius, Hist, IV. p. 155, 7iote) 
 that the phrase B^ftov KaraXvo-is — "overthrow of the democracy" — 
 had become a party cry of demagogues, and that it contains the pith 
 of the objection made to the present speaker, as having favored the 
 recent overthrow of the democratical constitution. His defence, 
 therefore, might be entitled a " Reply to the Charge of Overthrowing 
 the Democracy," or, in abbreviated form, a " Reply to ' the Overthrow 
 of the Democracy.' " 
 
 A wonderful moderation had characterized the proceedings of the 
 Athenian democracy in its exultant return to power. The soul of 
 that policy, so unprecedented in Greece, was Thrasybulus, and the 
 equally worthy, though less celebrated, Archinus, of whom Curtius 
 says, that " in intellectual capacity and in the spirit of his opinions, 
 he was the foremost man of the restoration." — Hist., IV. p. 68. The 
 race of sycophants, however, had not died out (see General Note (10) 
 to the Oration against Eratosthenes) ; and as it was not to be expected 
 that the magnanimous spirit of the leading patriots would animate 
 every democrat who had suffered from the fury of the oligarchs, so 
 the arts of venal and greedy men were at hand to rouse and tempt 
 the dormant spirit of revenge. And this indeed took place. " Fel- 
 lows of the vilest kind, only entitled to be tolerated in the city . . . 
 under cover of the amnesty, promoted the most shameless charges, 
 and hired themselves out for money to annoy other citizens in the 
 enjoyment of this very amnesty." — Curtius, Hist., IV. p. 155. Such 
 persons apparently had appeared against the present speaker. If their 
 base practices were to succeed, could the original policy of amnesty 
 and toleration be supplanted by one of proscription and revenge, the 
 road to another revolution would be entered on. And the stability 
 
120 Notes. 
 
 of the restored democracy lay only in turning a deaf ear to the men 
 who for ends of the most despicable selfishness sought to evoke and 
 pander to the spirit of retaliation. The only prospect of peace and 
 prosperity lay in faithful adherence to the Thrasybuline policy of 
 moderation, and the oaths that guaranteed it, § 28. 
 
 This is the drift of the speaker's argument. He speaks like a man 
 who, previous to the revolution, might have favored a moderate 
 oligarchy, or at least a limited democracy. He, indeed, avows no 
 preference for either form of government, and it is quite clear that he 
 is no earnest democrat ; but the tone which he adopts — urging the 
 interests of the country as superior to those of party — is such as 
 any sensible member of a hopelessly worsted party might well assume 
 at such a time. In contrast with the prevailing spirit in Grecian 
 politics, the sentiments of the speaker are remarkably elevated. (See 
 note to § 70 in the preceding oration.) 
 
 The difference in tone between this oration and the Oration acrainst 
 Eratosthenes is very striking. In that we seemed to hear the cry of 
 an extremist for vengeance ; in this we listen to the plea of a mod- 
 erate for toleration. It is not necessary, however, to suppose that the 
 views of Lysias had undergone such a change in the short time — at 
 most but a few months — since he had demanded the punishment of 
 his brother's murderer. Eratosthenes having been specially excepted, 
 as one of the Thirty, from the amnesty, Lysias could with entire con- 
 sistency pursue him to the death, and at the same time call upon the 
 people, as in this oration, to abide by their covenant with those to 
 whom amnesty had been sworn. It is c[uite unnecessary, therefore, to 
 attempt to account for the difference in the tone of these two orations, 
 by referring to what has been said in the Biographical Introduction of 
 Lysias's skill in adapting speeches to the individuality and circum- 
 stances of the speakers. 
 
 Lysias was on friendly terms with Thrasybulus and other leading 
 democrats, and we may well suppose that we have in this oration the 
 views, not only of Lysias himself, but of the best men in the party 
 which then controlled the policy of Athens. 
 
 The burden of the charge against the speaker was, that he had not 
 cast in his lot with the exiled democrats, but had remained in the city 
 during the despotism of the Thirty, by which, it was claimed, ho 
 showed himself on the side of those who had overthrown the democ- 
 racy, as a man who had nothing to fear from them. The reply is 
 
Notes. 121 
 
 presented in a very simple train of thought, -which, with no display 
 of oratorical ingenuity or art, holds us by its solid good sense and 
 transj)arent truthfulness. 
 
 In form, the oration is a personal exculpation, but in substance it is 
 a statesmanlike demonstration of a sound political policy. Twice in 
 the last nine years had internal abuses, through the machinations of 
 sycophants and oligarchs, overthrown the democracy ; and no sooner 
 had the state regained liberty and peace after the second and most 
 disastrous of these revolutions, than the same evil practices began to 
 be rife which had led to the woes just past. In such a situation the 
 speaker, mostly abstaining from his personal matters (and therein 
 presenting a marked contrast to Mantitheus), proceeds to show, from 
 the fresh memory of the recent troubles, where lies the seed of all 
 political instability and disorganization, and to demonstrate the only 
 basis of future permanency and prosperity under the newly re-estab- 
 lished government. 
 
 GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
 STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 
 
 1. Arbitrators. The pressure of business on the courts of Athens 
 was relieved by the institution of arbitrators (SiaiTrjrai). Of these 
 there were two kinds, the private (aiperoi), chosen by parties them- 
 selves, as among us, to be referees in particular cases, and the public^ 
 drawn annually by lot (kXtjpcotoI). The number of these arbitrators 
 in the year b. c. 325 is known by an inscription to have been one 
 hundred and four. It is probable that they heard civil causes only. 
 It was at the option of the complainant to bring his case before them or 
 a higher court. Which of the public arbitrators should hear any case 
 was determined by lot. The parties might, however, agree to select 
 their arbitrator. In that case there was no appeal from the award. 
 The public arbitrators, besides lawsuits, sometimes sat to examine 
 matters which could not be conveniently examined in a court of jus- 
 tice, as wills, deeds, etc. It was sometimes the case also, that they 
 were called on to preside at the examination by torture of a slave 
 supposed to be cognizant of some disputed matter. (See General Note, 
 VII. 2.) The compensation of the public arbitrators was by pre- 
 scribed fees from the parties interested. 
 
122 Notes, 
 
 2. The Euthyne. The legislation of Solon, b. c. 594, imposed on 
 the archons the requirement of having their year of office reviewed 
 and judged by the popular assembly. This custom spread at a later 
 period into every branch of the public service. Every person who 
 had filled any othce — the dicasts excepted — was obliged, within 
 thirty days after the expiration thereof, to render an account {evOvvr/) 
 of his administration. Until this was done, many of the civil and 
 even personal rights of the ex-official remained in abeyance, and who- 
 ever refused to render his account was punished with forfeiture of 
 civil rights. Any citizen had the right to bring complaint against an 
 ex-official in the euthyne. In the case of financial officers the scrutiny 
 was specially strict ; in many other cases, the mere non-appearance 
 of an accuser entitled the past officer to an honorable discharge. 
 
 3. Atimia {aTifiia.), literally signifying dishonor, technically signi- 
 fied the loss of civil rights. He who incurred it suffered a kind of 
 civil death. He was excluded from the agora, the public sanctuaries, 
 and the public sacrifices ; he could be neither plaintiff", defendant, nor 
 witness in any judicial process ; he could neither speak nor vote in 
 any public body ; he could hold no place whatever in any branch of 
 the public service. While he was not actually proscribed as a mark 
 for enemies, he had no claim to the protection of the laws so long as 
 he was in atiTnia (artjuo?\ 
 
 Atimia was of three kinds, (1) total and perpetual ; (2) total, but 
 terminable ; (3) partial. The first kind was inflicted on givers or 
 takers of bribes, defaulters to the treasury, cowards, false witnesses, 
 false accusers, unfilial sons, unjust judges, spendthrifts, fornicators, 
 and those who insulted a magistrate in his duty. The second kind 
 was terminable as soon as the duties were performed, whose neglect 
 had incurred it ; the public debtor was atimos no longer than his 
 debt remained unpaid. The third kind extended only to particular 
 rights ; e. g. the failure of an accuser to carry the votes of one fifth of 
 the jury deprived him of the right to appear again as accuser in a 
 similar case. 
 
 It was difficult to remove atimia in ordinary times ; but occasion- 
 ally, when grave peril menaced the state, considerations of the public 
 safety induced the restoration of civil rights to the atimoi in a body, 
 §27. 
 
 4. Apagoge {anayoayr]). This was a summary process, by which a 
 culprit caught in the act could be led at once before a magistrate, 
 
Notes. 123 
 
 who, upon proof of guilt, could inflict punishment without reference 
 to the courts ; otherwise the case must go up for regular jury-trial. 
 The magistrates who presided over the apagoge were generally the 
 Eleven (the board which had charge of the prisons, the police, and the 
 punishment of criminals), or some one of the archons. In case the 
 complaint were ill-founded, the complainant was liable to forfeit 1,000 
 drachms ($181). The process of apagoge was tyrannically abused by 
 the Thii'ty. (See also General Note, VII. 3.) 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. — The Exordium, §§1-4. 
 
 The orator couciliates his judges, and impugns his accusers, § 1. 
 
 Declares these either incompetent or false, § 2. 
 
 Asks that they be discountenanced, and the innocent impartially treated, for 
 
 the city's sake, § 3. 
 As both innocent and meritorious, he claims civil rights, § 4. 
 II —The Argument, §§ 5-34. 
 
 A. Negatively. There is no case against him ; the accusers have been driven to 
 tax him with the crimes of othens, § 5, but 
 It is UTijust to reward or punish the wrong persons, § 6. 
 J5. Positively. 
 
 1. With reference to Ms men case, §§ 7-18 
 
 a. In general : the test of the revolutionary and of the loyal spirit, 
 §^§ 7, S. 
 
 As illustrated in the two recent revolutions, § 9. 
 
 Funiishing a fair rule for the dokimas}', § 10. 
 
 And a test of the accusations of sycophants, § 11. 
 6. In particular : his own case as illustrating the foregoing principle, 
 
 § 12. 
 Especially as to his condition under the recent oligarchies, §§ 13, 
 
 14. 
 And to his conduct during the same, §§ 15, 16. 
 Wliich record guarantees his future course, § 17. 
 Wlio then are not, and who are, worthy of popular displeasure, 
 
 §1S. 
 
 2. From fTie tyranny of the Thirty. You blamed them for visiting the sins 
 
 of the few upon the many, § 19. 
 Consistency and the public good require you to blame their policy still, 
 §20. 
 
124 Notes. 
 
 3. From the, stdcidal error of the oligarchs. You were disheartened while 
 
 they tagreed, § 21, but 
 Elated and strengthened by their disagreements, § 22. 
 Therefore concord and observance of the amnesty are your salvation, 
 
 § 23, but 
 A prescriptive policy your perdition, hoped for by your enemies, § 24. 
 
 4. From the history subsequent to the fall of the Four Hundred, §§ 25-27. 
 Showing the ruinous consequences of listening to sycophants, § 27. 
 
 5. From the counsels oftlie leaders of the restoration, § 2S. 
 
 With whom as political guides contrast the sycophants, §§ 29-31, 
 "Whose influence reduces democracy to a mere name, § 32, 
 "Who favor only their selfish ends, §§ 32, 33, 
 "VMiose base principles and i)ractice3 are notorious, § 34. 
 III. — The Peroration, §§ 34, 35. 
 
 The claim and the apprehension of innoceut citizens in the situation of the 
 speaker. 
 
 1. — X07COV, i. e. those of the accusers. — yiy€vr][i.iv(av, i. e. in the time 
 of the Thirty. — op-yi^co-Gai ; Frohberger remarks, that a more usual con- 
 struction with avyyvihixrjv 'ix^iv tivl is a participle, or a clause with et or idu, 
 more rarely on. dpyi^eadat clearly stands in the relation of a protasis to 
 cvyyvufiTjy '4x^ (^-^ ^52), and so one MS. reads el dpyi^eaBe. — dfJieXovvTes... 
 lirijxgXovvTai, Socrates {Mem., III. 7, 9) reproaches the Athenians in gen- 
 eral with this fault : ol yap ttoXKoI (hpixTjKores eirl to CKoirdv to, rOiv oXKwv 
 "Trpdyp-aTa, ov TpiirovTat, eirl rb eavroiis i^erd^eiv. — 4] iiiids ireiSstv ; instead 
 of these words Francken would read u/iSs irelOovre^. — ifj|xa)v, i. e. who 
 remained in the city. — -yvwp.rjv TavTt]v, i. e. dpyi^eadai. 
 
 2. — [irdvG* 6}j.ov]. Frohberger and Francken read simply oyttoO, without 
 brackets. — J>s.. irpotrfiKov, G., 110, 2, and see ws ovk ^x^^j XII., § 2, and 
 note. — €[101, emphatic. — iroiovvTai tows Xd-yovs, see the same phrase, and 
 note, XII., § 2. — ovra, i. e. during the rule of the Thirty, G., 16, 2. — 
 otdo-irep, H., 850, 3. — PcXticttos, Buttmanns Gr., § 68, 1, thus dis- 
 tinguishes in signification the anomalous forms of comparison given under 
 ayadb^ : dfieiubjy, dpLcrros, abler, braver, Jitter ; ^eXriuv, ^iXria-Tos, better in 
 amoral sense ; Kpeiaaoiy, KpanaTos, stronger, superior ; Xiiuu, Xt^ros, more 
 advisable, only used in certain connections. — jieivas, G., 109, 6. 
 
 3. — CK TovTwv, involves a protasis, = if they should accuse these. — 
 XpT]|xaTi^otvTo, because the innocent frequently, through timidity, prefer to 
 pay hush-mone3\ — || l'<rov, " on equal terms," i. e. to men of both parties. 
 — ouTO), involves a protasis, = "if you should so do." G., 52, 1, and the 
 concluding examples. 
 
 4. — diro<}>TJva).. •Y€'Ycy7][i€vos, for dirocprjuo} i/xavTov yeyevrjfxhov, H., 797. 
 So also Francken and Frohberger, instead of the dTro<f>avQ) of the MSS. — 
 ravra, i. e. equal civil rights. — c5v, depends on rvyxdveiv. 
 
 5. — The speaker here begins his argument. See Analysis. — rcKjAi^piov, 
 
Notes. 125 
 
 of ichat, can easily be iiifen'ed. The thing to be proved is regularly stated, 
 as Francken observes, by a clause with on, but here the 6ti. clause contains 
 the proof itself. — KaTi^-ydpovv, for the constmction following, see G. 173, 
 2, N. — Ttp.&)p€i<r0ai, middle. 
 
 6. — e'lKCTws &v, a repetition, in varied phraseology, of the idea already 
 expressed in biKaiov elvai. For a similar repetition, compare aladaueada'., 
 § 23. The hv expressed with et/corws (which might also have been expressed 
 with diKaiov) indicates it as involving an apodosis. The full form would be 
 eiKoTus B.V ^x^'-^i €^ ■■■TvyxdvoLev. — iKavol . . . Kal . . . vo(jlC^ovt€s, co-ordinate 
 predicates after an understood etViV. 
 
 7. — ovs, an infrequent use of the relative in place of the interrogative. 
 
 — Kttl STjfioKpaTias ; read instead k. o(js 5. So Rauchenstein, Cobet, and 
 Frohberger. — Kal vfiets, yoic, as well as I. — "yvwo-co-Oe, connects with the 
 following wj. Frohberger, bracketing only aTocpaiuuv, as the interpola- 
 tion of some copyist, regards Kal...7roirjao/j.aL as a genuine parenthesis. — 
 Iv 8TijxoKpaTia...ev 6Xi7apxta, "under a democratic," .... "under an 
 oligarchic constitution." The same words with the article, as in §§11, 
 15, 27, refer definitely to the actually existing democracy, or oligarchy. — 
 ovSt'v, G., 160, 2. H., 848, a. — Trpoo-^KOV, Rauchenstein supplies ecrrt : — 
 better to construe here as in § 2. See G., 113 (b), last example. Trans- 
 late : " that I have no inducement at all to be ill-disposed." 
 
 8. — oXiYopxiKos, H., 469, b. — 8T]p.0KpaTiKds, not elsewhere used by the 
 orators, and so Cobet substitutes here its more common synonyme, 5?7/xort- 
 Kos, Lat. popularis. Frohberger, however, cites an example from Plato's 
 Republic, IX. 571 : d rvpain/LKos av-qp ttcDj fiediaTarai e/c drj/j-OKpaTiKOu, and 
 remarks that the philosophical notion is what Lysias wishes here to express. 
 As to the proposition here stated, it occurs also in Isocrates, VIII., § 133 : 
 TravawixeOa drj/xoriKoi/s [xkv eJpai vofxi^ovre^ Toi>$ <xvKO<pa.uTa$, oXiyapxi-KOvi 5^ 
 TO'us KaXov^ Kdyadoi;s tQv avdpCjv, yovrei ort (f>}j(T€i [ikv ovdeU ovdirepov tovtuv 
 iariv, iv rj 8' hv eKacrroi TifxQurai, raOTTjv ^ovXovrai KaOiardvai. rriu iroKiTeiav. 
 The idea that the individual existed for the state was combined in ancient 
 politics with this idea that the staXt-constihUion existed for the individual. 
 
 — <rv{jt<j)€pTi, G., 62. — oi)K cXdxtoTov, a litotes ; see the same, XII., § 22, 
 and note. Translate : "it lies to a very great degree with you." — ws irXcC- 
 <rTovs, H., 664, a. 
 
 9. — irpoo-rdras, H. , 726. — (irrepdXXovTO, the imperfect is preferable to 
 the aorist, because of the repeated changes. So also Scheibe. Two revolu- 
 tions and two restorations had taken place in about nine years. — *l»pvvixos, 
 a man of great talents as an orator and a general, had worked his way up 
 by intrigues and sycophancy, till we find him prominent among the Athe- 
 nian commanders at Samos, b. c. 412 and 411. At first an opponent, he 
 was gained over to be a partisan of the first oligarchy, and was assassinated 
 
126 Notes. 
 
 shortly before the downfall of the Four Hundred. — IleCo-avSpos, a man 
 who stood in evil repute at Athens as an effeminate debauchee, and who 
 was at the same time a born intriguer, and an adept in dissimulation. 
 Curtius, Hist., III. p. 338. See also XII., § ^^, and note, and VII., §-4. 
 — Tas...Tip,ctfptas, observe the article, — the due, or the lawful punishments. 
 H., 527, c. — TTjv irpoTcpav 6Xi'yapX^°'V» see XII., § 65. — ^viot, especially 
 Theramenes, XII., §§ ^^, 67. — diro'ypaxj/aiJLevwv. Grote {Hist., VIII. 
 p. 280, note 2) confesses that he does not comprehend this allusion. Rau- 
 chenstein thinks it refers to those citizens who had pledged themselves to 
 go with the Thirty, in case these thought it necessary to retire to Eleusis, 
 but who, instead of keeping their engagement, united with the Piraeus 
 forces under Thrasybulus in blockading Athens. Frohberger's explanation 
 seems preferable, viz. : Those who " enlisted for Eleusis " are those who pre- 
 ferred to remove to Eleusis under the Thirtj'", rather than remain in Athens 
 under the amnesty ; but afterwards thought better of it, and joined the 
 Athenian army in blockading their late superiors in Eleusis. 
 
 10. — iroXiTcias, observe the emphatic position given this word by in- 
 verting the usual order of subject and predicate. — at 8ia(j>opaC, see XII., 
 § 51. — Ik toutwv, "from this point of view." — cv rfj 8T]p,0KpaT£a, see 
 note on iv bn^fioKparlq., § 7. — •Jjcrav . . . ireiroXtTeTjjxevoi. Francken regards 
 this connection of the pluperfect with the present, XP"^) ^s a strange one, 
 and suggests that XPV should be XPV^- I^^t see G., 17, N. 2. Translate 
 accordingly : ** considering what their political relations were." — tyiyvero, 
 the imperfect, with reference to a continued time after the change of con- 
 stitution. — SiKaiOTCLTTjv, predicative, see rax^^o-v, XII., § 70, and note. 
 Distinguish the protasis and the apodosis which are combined in the prop- 
 osition oijTb)...iroio'i(x6e. See oi/rw, and note, § 3. 
 
 11. — dTi|j.oi, see General Note, 3. — €v0vvas, see General Note, 2. — SeSoj- 
 KOTcs, suggests the ground of the atimia. — dir€crTepTjpL6voi...K€XP'nH-evot, 
 supply ijcrau with each. Three classes are specified, viz. those who had 
 suffered atimia, those who had been impoverished (perhaps by liturgies or 
 fines), and those who had suffered any similar adversity (as by the loss of a 
 valuable office). — Trpoo-TiKciv avrois ; for another construction, see § 7. 
 — eXm^ovras, remains constant to its infinitive, though its subject has 
 been attracted into the dative by vpocrriKeiv. — avrots 'icna-Gai, avroTs is em- 
 phatic. G., 145. H., 669, b. — 6<j)€tX€Tai Sc airois ; when the relative 
 pronoun would be in different cases in connected propositions, the Greek 
 was fond of changing the relative to ai/rdi, sometimes offros, in the second 
 and successive members of a compound sentence. — rds irepl tovtwv. So 
 also Francken; but Frohberger omits Tepi. — ovS' &v, see lSLv...dva(p^p(d(n, 
 and note, XII., § 28. — 0i...7rpdTT0VTes, "the politicians." — <|>do-Kotrtv, 
 "should assert." The distinction between <p6.<JK<a (assert, or allege) and 
 
Notes. 127 
 
 <f>-q!xi (say), was not ahvays observed. Compare <paaiv, XII., § 49, VII., 
 §2; <t>w^v, VII., §^8. 
 
 12. — «|iol, emphatic. — iv kKiLv(^ t(J XPov*P> i- ^- imder the democracy, 
 § 11. — ovStfita, receives emphasis by sepaiation from its subject, avfj-cpopd. 
 
 — dv6' VjCmvos. Compare dvd' otov, XII., § 2, and note. — dv TrpoBu- 
 |iovp.svos, G., 42, 2, and X. 1. Compare ov5' dv, XII., § 82, and note. — 
 irapdvT(i)v...dTraXXa'ynvat, see XII., § 45. — €T€p«v...'irpaY(idT«v, a change 
 of government, a revolution ; so the Latin novce res. For er^puv Cobet 
 reads vewrepojv. "What difference between the conception of the imperfect, 
 iiredirjLovv, and an aorist, iiredviJirjaa '? — TerpiTipdpx'HKa, ...€i<r<j)opds...XeX6i- 
 TovpyrjKa, see XII, Goieral Note, 5, 6, 8. — ovSevbs y^al^ov^ the negative 
 belongs to the adjective ; translate : "in a manner not inferior to any of 
 the citizens." See ouSei'os ^ttqv, VIL, § 31, and note. 
 
 13. — irpboTaTTOjiEvtav, no definite sum was required to be spent in the 
 fulfilment of a liturg}", but a satisfactory execution of the trust was ex- 
 pected. — €8aTravwp.T|v, H., 690. See VII., § 31. — p€XTtc«)v...vo|ii^ot(JiTjv, 
 an unreserved avowal which no one hesitated to make. See XVI., § 17. — 
 «v...d'7rco-T€potj}ir]v, "of advantage from all which things I was deprived." 
 
 — X^P'''''°s» depends on Ti;7xd''etJ'. A case in point was that of the wealthy 
 Antiphon, who had furnished two well-equipped triremes for the war at his 
 own cost, but was put to death by the Thirty. — «s...£iXi]<}>ot€s, G., 109, 
 K. 4. — Tavn]v, i. e. the injuries done you. The pronoun is very often 
 assimilated to the gender of a predicate substantive. As to the fact stated, 
 see XII., § 93. — irap* -qficov, i. e. those who remained in the cily. — p-iV- 
 Xd-yois, see VIL, § 34, note, on Xoywi'. 
 
 14. — T«v T€TpaKocrtft)v, see icfjbpwv, XII., § 46. G., 169. H., 572, a. 
 
 — -Jl, "else." — 6 povXdfjL€vos, G., 108, 2. — irapeXGwv cXcT^drw, "step for- 
 ward [to the bema] and confute me." — ov Toiwv o^8' ; this emphasizes 
 the second member of the sentence, see H., 859, a : translate: "nor in- 
 deed, furthermore." For the sixfold negative, see G., 283, 8. H., 843. 
 ov qualifies the whole sentence, introducing it as a negative sentence ; ovB^ 
 belongs specially to the temporal clause. — PovX€v<ravTa...dp|avTa, H., 
 708. — €1 |i^v...€l $€, a sharply put and conclusive dilem^ina .• " I was either 
 not xvilling to sei-ve under the Thirty, or not permitted to do so : if not 
 ■willing, I deserve your approbation ; if not permitted, my accusers deserve 
 your condemnation as liars." For a similar bit of argument, see XII., § 34. 
 
 — vwf, emphatic. — Tt|JLd<r6<u,i. e. by being admitted to the office to which 
 I have been designated. — SiKaids cifii, "I am entitled," H., 777, and 
 examples. — \|/eu8o|i^vovs, predicate accusative, G., 166. H., 556. — diro- 
 8et|ai|ii ; what is the protasis ? 
 
 15. — 6J^\.ov o-K£\|/a(r0cu, see note on &^i.cp ISeTv, XII., § 87. -^ irapeVxov. 
 Gould vapeixov have been used instead ? With what diSepeace would it 
 
128 Notes. 
 
 have presented the thought ? For the active instead of the middle, see 
 H., 688, a. — K€%pr\iirQo.i, G., 18, 3, Eemark. — vir' ejtov, observe the em- 
 phasis repeatedly given to the personal pronoun in this section. — kv r\\ 
 oXiYapxla, see ev oXiyapxig-, § 7, and note. — diraxGeCs ; for the technical 
 meaning, see L. & S. Lex. (Am. ed.), dirdyio, IV. and General Note, 4. 
 Imitating the despotic abuse of the summary process of ajmgoge by the 
 Thirty (XII., § 16), private persons among their partisans resorted to it in 
 taking revenge upon their enemies. — c'S ireirovGws, that is, unjustly, and 
 for party purposes : G., 165, N. 1. 
 
 16. — ov Toivvv ov8*, see the same, and note, § 14. — cS 'Troietv...xa'X€irov, 
 because of the policy of the tyrants as described in XII., § 93. — KaroXo- 
 •yov, "a list of suspected persons was drawn up, in which each of the ad- 
 herents of the tyrants was allowed to insert such names as he chose, and 
 from which the victims were generally taken." Grote, Rist., VIII. p. 247. 
 
 — *AOT|val«v, join with ovMva. — Siairav, G., 159. H., 547, a. See 
 General Kote, 1. — KaTaSiaiTqcrdjitvos, causative middle. — 'irXov<riwT€pos, 
 see § 26, and XIL, § 93. 
 
 17. — Kai jilv 8;^, see XIL, § 30, and note. The speaker calls attention, 
 to the record just exhibited. — 5<rTis, not os, because, according to Froh- 
 berger, not the nian, but the sort of man is the turning-point of the argu- 
 ment. Compare o'i and oirives, § 18, and see XIL, § 40, olVtj'es, and note. 
 
 — "fj irov, see XIL, § 35, and note. — irpoGvixTjGiqo-oiiat ; apparently the 
 time since the restoration had been too brief for the speaker to give proof 
 of good-will by any piiblic service. — dXXd "ydp ; the ellipsis may be filled 
 by some such thought as tL del irXeiu) Xiyeiv ; see XIL, § 99. — \i.-i\ cirtGv- 
 |j.6tv ; the same thought is elsewhere expressed by Lysias, e. g. XXL, § 15, 
 /cat TOiS 6eols eix^aOat roi/s dWovs ehai roiovrovs TroXiras, iVa tcDv fxh ii/j-C' 
 repcov fJi.1] eirL6vjxi)au(TL, rd 8k atperepa avrQu els v/jlcLs dvaKlcKwcnv. 
 
 18. — SiKttiws, see XIL, § 54, and note. — ^v-yovras ; distinguish the 
 signification of the aorist from the present cpevyovres, § 20. — ex^povs, see 
 \j/€voofi€vovs, and note, § 14. — d<}>'np7]}j,£vovs, observe the force of the middle. 
 
 — <r<|>€T€pas avTwv, a mere variation of the preceding eavruv, G., 137, i^. 1 ; 
 147, N. 2. H., QlQ, fine print. — iv tw dcrret. Cobet strikes out the ry. 
 Frohberger, however, regards the article as giving a local, rather than a 
 party reference to the phrase. — oitiv€S, "such as"; see note on o(jtl%, § 17. 
 
 — H€Tt'(rxov, Avhy not [xirecrxov ? — vixets ; for the sake of antithesis to iKU- 
 VOL, the subject of oieaOe is here repeated in the nominative, despite the con- 
 tiguous infinitive : see Buttmann's Gr., § 142, N. 3 : "AVhen, in a depen- 
 dent clause, there are introduced other subjects besides that of the main, 
 sentence, and consequently, for the sake of antithesis, a repetition of the 
 subject in the dependent clause seems necessary, a twofold construction 
 may take place, viz. either all the subjects are putiu the accusative, or the 
 
Notes. 129 
 
 repeated subject stands alone in tlie nominative," etc. Frohberger remarks 
 that this construction is found in only one other instance in Lysias (XXX., 
 § 8), but is very frequent in Demosthenes, and not rare in Xenojihon. — 
 Twv iroXiTwv, i. e. of the ol iv da-rei party. 
 
 19. — €K Twv8e, "from the following considerations," H., G79. — ^kXctttov 
 ...eSwpoSoKovv, observe the force of the imperfect. Grote remarks that 
 " personal and pecuniary corruption seems to have been a common vice 
 among the leading men of Athens and Sparta." Hist., V. p. 381. — cirl 
 Tois ■ufiCTtpoLs, supply irpdyfiaa-i ; iirl denotes the occasion. — <rvK0^av- 
 TovvT£s...tt<j>to-Ta<rav. Speaking of Alcibiades, Lysias says, XIX., § [i2 : 
 SnrXda'ia iKeivii) ij^lovv ai iroXeis didovat ij aWcp rivl twv CTpaTtiyCbv, (har 
 ^ovTO v.vai rives avTU) irXcov t) eKarbv rdXapTa. — toiItovs |1cvovs, the adiKOC 
 of XII., § 5. — eTijxwpo-CvTo, "had continued the practice of punishing," 
 G., 49, 2. — Ixeivois, i. e. the peculators, sycophants, etc. — [twv] oXi-ywv. 
 Frohberger defends the bracketed article as needed to distinguish "the 
 minority " from the body of citizens. — KOivd, emphatic. 
 
 20. — TovTOis, "these measures," i. e. punishing the many for the mis- 
 deeds of the minority. — Ikcivovs, in this connection, can only refer to the 
 Thirty. SL...irdax^'-^ stands in the relation of object-accusative to rjydadai, 
 and SiKaia is the predicate-accusative. — irepl avTwv refers to erepovs, i. e. 
 persons in the situation of the speaker. So Frohberger. See, however, 
 the following. — ^X^tc is imperative. — <})€v-yovT€S, H., 698. — Trcpl ti|iwv 
 aiiTov. Eauchenstein brackets these words, regarding them as an inter- 
 polation occasioned by referring the preceding irepl avrCjv to persons, ire- 
 povs, whereas he refers it to the unjust practices complained of. — tcis 
 cX^pots, see this thought amplified in § 23. 
 
 21. — T«v...7€7€VT]ji£v«v, for the genitive after iv6v/xi]6r,pai, see XVI., 
 § 20, and note. — a(iapTT)p,aTa, "mistakes." — djieivov modifies /SouXei^- 
 caaOac, from which it is separated, and placed forward in the sentence, 
 for emphasis. — iroii\<rr\, G., 44. For the idea expressed, compare Virgil's 
 ab hoste cloccri fas est ; also, Aristophanes's (xtt' ix^P^f iroWa /.tavOdvovacu 
 ot c-o<poi (Birds, 376). — aKovoiTe, G., 62. — ttiv avTT|v, supply dW'oXois. 
 — KaKov . . . (jivyfj ; the same idea is expressed in Xenophon's account of 
 Theramenes's reply to Critias (Hell., II. 3, 44) : ei de to KpdnaTov t^s 
 TTyXews 7rpoa(pL\(2s tjjxlv ctxe, x^^XeTrov dz' riyeiaOai (toi>s (pevyouras) dvai Kal 
 TO €7ri(3aiu€iv Trot rrjS x^P^^- 
 
 22. — €7ruv9dv6o-6e, preferable to Trvv9dvoi(T$e. So also Francken, with 
 Kayser, who remarks that the change of ore to eTeldri corresponds well with 
 the change of mood. The optative aKovoire denotes an indefinitely repeated 
 action ; the imperfect, a definite continued action. — Tpi<rxiXiot)s, a privi- 
 leged number of citizens, supposed to be favorable to the Thirty, and there- 
 fore, together with the cavalry-men (see XVI., Introd.), permitted to hold 
 
 9 
 
130 Notes. 
 
 some civil rights. — <rTa<rid^ovT€s, after tlie defeat at Munychia, in which 
 Critias perished (see XII., Introd.). — iKKtK-qpvYiJievovs, see e^cKrjpiJx^TjTe, 
 XII., § 95, and note. — jnf) ttiv avm^v ; see Thucydides, VIII. 89, and 
 Grcte's remarks (Hist., VIII. pp. 58-60) on the greater likelihood of dis- 
 cord in an oligarchy than in a democracy. — virkp v\L(av SeSioras, " anxious 
 for your success." — iroXefiovvTas ; all whom the Thirty could then rely on 
 were the Lacedremonian garrison and the cavalry-men. — uircp, "precisely 
 what." — <r«0'r|(r€or8at...KaTi€vai, Frohberger remarks that the omission of 
 either of the infinitives would destroy the isocolon. See XII., § 7. 
 
 23. — ■ irapaScC-yiAtto-i, predicate-dative, H., 607, a. For the argument, 
 compare XII., § 92. — povXeveaGat ; the word denoting the function of the 
 dicasts was diKa^eiv, XII., § 100, in order to which it was necessary, as in- 
 timated, ^ovXevecrdai, etc. — ^creo-gai ; what other tense could be used ? 
 G., 25, 2. — S-rnioTiKwrdTous, the superlative perhaps hints at improper 
 applications of the epithet dtjfioTUios, which were common in Athens, as 
 was the case also with the synonymous popularis at Rome. Compare Cicero 
 (in Cat., IV. 5), "we quis .... in ijcrnicie 2J02}uli Romani posthac pojncla- 
 ris esse possit." — ol'rives, see § 18. — ojiovoetv, emphasized here (by its posi- 
 tion) as the watchword of a sound domestic policy. — 6pKOis...a'vv0T}Kats, 
 see XII., Introd. — ravT-qv, see the same, and note, § 13. — a'urois, the 
 same as ol ^ei^yoircs, § 24. — tovtwv, i], one of these words is superfluous 
 in translation. H., 884. Compare with this pleonastic use of the pronoun 
 to announce the following clause, the Latin lioc or illud, in such sentences 
 as, Hoc te rogo, ut epistolam seribas. — alcr6dv€(r6ai, not a necessary word, 
 but thrown in to balance the fiiv clause. Compare <rw^^<re(7^ai.../cart^j'ai, 
 and note, § 22. — wo-irep, G., 109, N. 9. 
 
 24. — iroXiTftiv, limits TrXeiarovs. — SiaPepX'tjcrOai, G., 18, 3, N. — 86- 
 |aivT , here thrown into the middle of the sentence, because less emphatic 
 than the two infinitives. What is the protasis? — irovTipiav...<r«TT|plav, 
 compare direnre?u...iin\nreXv, XII., § 1 ; see also §§ 54, 78, notes ; also cru)- 
 Trjpiav . . .Tiixwpiav above, § 23. 
 
 25. — d.-.o-up-PovXevovo-iv, i. e. party revenge. — d.-.Trapaivw, i.e. oixo- 
 voeiv, § 23. — d}i.tjjoTepais..'n'oXiT6iais, i. e. both oligarchy and democracy. 
 — 'Eiri-ylviiv, the three individuals here named, and just before alluded to 
 as o^TOL, are not otherwise known, but were probably the accusers in this 
 case. — Kapir<i)<ran€Vovs...<rvfj.t|)opds, compare ovbe TrXovcridljTepos, § 16, ami 
 note. — €v£(ov...6dvaTov, G., 173, 2, N, — aKpCr<av, probably the six gen- 
 erals are referred to (see XII., § 36), who perished dKpiroc, so far as they 
 had no constitutional trial. 
 
 26. — d8£K«s 8T]H€i)<rai ; the fact is more circumstantially stated in 
 XXX., § 22 : ^ ^ovXrj i) ^ovXeiJOvaa Srav fxkv ^XV '■k^vo, xP''7/^aTa ei's diOiKrj' 
 GLf, ovbkv i^apiaprdvei, Urav 5k eis diropiav naraar^, dvayKa^erat elcrayyeXias 
 
Notes, 131 
 
 S^X^""^** *^^ SrjI^eOetv to, tCjv ttoXltCju Kal tCju prjTopuv tols to. TOv^poTara. 
 Xeyovai veideadac. — dpYvpiov Xa|xpdvovTcs, compare -xfi-niMtra Xa^djv, and 
 notCy XI I., § 8 ; \aix^6.vovr(.% rather than Xa^jvres, to denote a repeated 
 act. — €l<ridvT€s, i.e. with informations, elaayyeXiai ; see XVI., General 
 Note, 7. — •irpoT€pov...^«s, see XII., §71, and note. — irXovo-ioi. v^ivovro^ 
 see § 19. 
 
 27. — vjJi€ts...8i€T€0TiT€ ; Francken remarks that this also depends on the 
 preceding ^ws, as the point to be described is not, mainly, the disposition 
 of the Athenians, but, to what condition they had been brought by the 
 practices of the sycophants. A comma, therefore, might stand after iyi- 
 vovTo. So Frohberger, who puts a comma also after dieTedrjTe, where 
 Francken omits (bare, and puts a period. The measures here described 
 were taken after the disaster of /Egospotami, and previous to the surrender 
 of the city. The orator Patroclides, in the interest of the oligarchical 
 party, proposed * ' that public debtors, and those who had been condemned 
 in public suits, or whose case was still under judgment, those who had 
 formerly been members of the Four Hundred, together with all who had 
 wholly or partially forfeited their civil rights, should be reinstated in their 
 
 full rights and honors So comprehensive an amnesty had only 
 
 occurred twice in Attic history : once under the archonship of Solon, as the 
 introductory measure to his great work of reconciliation, and again at the 
 time of the battle of Salamis, when it appeared necessary to unite all forces 
 at hand for the preservation of the common country." Curtius, ITisL, III. 
 p. 5G4. Frohberger cites Cicero (m Verr., II. 5, 6): " Perditce civitates 
 dcsjocratis jam omnibus rebus hos solent exitus exitiales habere, ut damnati 
 in integrum restituantur, exsules rcducantur, res judicatce rescindantur." — 
 <{)gii'yovTas, the restoration of the exiles could not be accomplished until the 
 termination of the siege. It was then made an article of the treaty stipu- 
 lations. — ftijivvTe ; Andocides (Or. de Myst., § 76) says: ^So^ev ...iriaTiv 
 aWrfKois irepl oixovoias doui/ai €v aKpoTrdXet. The imperfect tense is notice- 
 able here in the series of aorists. It conceives the fact not as a single 
 momentary occurrence, like the vote which decreed it, but as an action 
 which required tim.e for its completion. The Areopagus (see XII., General 
 Note, 2) appears to have acted in this emergency as a Committee of Safety, 
 and probably these proceedings were by its direction. See XII., § 69. — 
 •fj8iov...lTt}twp'<](rao-6€, see § 19. — tovs &p|avTas, against whom, and their 
 adherents, the sycophants had operated. — 8ls KaTco-n], compare 5tj.../caTe- 
 5ovXu}(raTo, XII., § 78. Frohberger cites Plato {Rep., VIII. 564): rj dyau 
 eXevdepia ^oiKev els dyav dovXelav fxera^aXXetv. — ols is governed by Trei$o/xe- 
 VOLS, which agrees with vp/.u understood ; and the subject of iXv(nT€Xr}(re 
 is the Treideadat which is implied in irei.dop.ivoLS, and might have stood here 
 in its stead. Rauchenstein, with Frohberger, prefers to connect ttoXXolkls 
 
132 Notes. 
 
 immediately with Teido/jJuois. But the speaker's point is, that his hearers 
 must no 7)101-6 follow evil counsellors. Accordingly, he says, in a kind of 
 litotes (XII., § 20), ovK d^iov toutols iroWaKis XPW^"-'- o'v/j.j3ov\ois. The 
 reading here followed is Scheibe's. 
 
 28. — ot...gx,ovT€s, specially Thrasybulus, Archinus, and Anytus. The 
 last named was a man of the people, uncultured and rough, who had become 
 rich in the trade of a tanner, and who acquired afterward the ill-name of 
 heing one of the accusers of Socrates, and probably the influential mover 
 of his prosecution. For Thrasybulus, see note on XII., § 52 ; as to Archi- 
 nus, see Introduction to this oration. — •jroXX.dKis...8ieK€X€vcravTO, G., 30, 
 1, N". 1. See the speech of Thrasybulus, Xen. Hell., II. 4, 40-42. Good- 
 win's Gr. Reader, p. 85. Time enough had apparently elapsed since the 
 restoration for quite a number of occasions to arise, on which the leaders 
 of the people had to insist on the observance of the amnesty. — ravr-qv, for 
 rovTo, referring to efiixiveiv : see the same, and note, §§ 13, 23. — ^Seiav, oft- 
 ener construed with the simple genitive, XII., § 85. — iroiiqo-civ depends on 
 an implied -qyovvTo, and has for its subject tovto understood, referring to 
 
 ifXlliVQLV. 
 
 29. — ots, i. e. to the leading patriots. — 8i* Irepovs, for the case, see 5t' 
 I'/ias, XII., § 58, and bia tovtoiv, § 92. — eo-w0T]o-av, see § 22, where this 
 word and naTuvai are used as synonymes. — c})avepovs, the personal consti'uc- 
 tion instead of the impersonal. Compare the use of BrfKos, XII.. § 50, and 
 brj\oL, § 90. — Iv S-qfxoKpaTta, see § 7, and note. — oirotoC rives, the s^^eaker 
 has sketched himself already in § 17. 
 
 30. — TOVTcov, construed with Oav/xd^eiv by prolepsis, H., 726, instead of 
 standing as subject of €Troir)aav. — &v €Trott]<rav, for the argument, see XII., 
 § 34. — irXovarioi, see § 26, and compare Cicero (m M. Antonium, II. 27), 
 modo cgens, repente dives. — evBuvqv, in the disturbances of the times, there 
 was probably no lack of pretences on which the euthyne could he avoided. 
 — T7oX€|Jtov, i. e. a war of prosecutions. — Karq^^eXKao-i, "have proclaimed," 
 as thougli the power were in their hands. — tovtovs ; for the change from 
 the relative to the demonstrative, see § 11, note on dcpelXerai 8^ aCirots. — 
 d'7rio-Toi..."y6-y£VTnxe0a, "we have lost the contidence of the Greeks," There 
 were complaints, e. g. of the favor shown to Athenian citizens in lawsuits 
 with other Greeks. The demagogues had also, since the death of Pericles, 
 gradually doubled the annual tribute of the dependent cities, not for war- 
 purposes, so much as for largesses, shows, and huildings in Athens. See 
 Plutarch, Aristidcs, § 24. 
 
 31. — eK€ivoi...oiTOi ; see Lys. XXVIII. 13 : ocroi ok KareXOouTes iv S-qixo' 
 Kparia rb fxeu vfiirepou irXrjdo^ aSiKoOai, tovs dk idiovs oikovs ck tCiv vjnerepoju 
 fJLcydXovs iroLOUcn, iroXd fxdXXov avroTs TrpocrrjKei. dpyi^eaOai ij toI^ rpidKOura. — 
 8T]|ioKpaTias, supply ova-rjs. — oiovrai xp'HVOi'') sarcastic, "think it their 
 
Notes. 133 
 
 duty." — ovTfc) p(j.8tci)s, " without further scruple." — a.5iKOTJVT«v...'Y€'y6v?]- 
 fji^voi, G., 111. 
 
 32. — Kttl TovTwv, Eauchenstein conjectuvally emends /cat to Kalroi in 
 view of the preceding negation (§ 30) of the a^iov Oav/xd^eiv which he here 
 asserts. The simple Kai, however, is often used, as here, to introduce an 
 antithesis. Compare VII., §§ 15, 40, and notes, and see L. & S. Lex. 
 The speaker here offsets his previous remark by saying, "And yet, thej/ 
 are not so to be wondered at as you." — "yt-yvcTat Bi, notwithstanding the 
 principle of democracy is to laov, XII., § 35 : U — "while," XII., § 87. 
 — TO. <r4>eT€pa, see note on tt/s acperepas, § 18. — p.T| 8i8dvT€S, i. e. to the 
 sycophants. 
 
 33. — [kivSvvovs], Eauchenstein, bracketing this word, assents to the 
 view of Cobet and Scheibe, that it is a mere gloss. — o-wn^pta, Eauchen- 
 stein and Frohberger read cbn-qpia, and cite XII., § 69. — tovtous [icv 
 liriXvio-eo-Sai, the common text, for which Eauchenstein and Sauppe have 
 virodu(X€(T6aL, Frohberger eirCK-qaeadai., — future middle with passive mean- 
 ing, for which it is difficult to cite an example from Attic prose, — and 
 Francken (who exclaims, ^^ Locus unus omnium, dlJ/iciUinius"), iTiX^xra- 
 cOai. The analog}' of XII., § 84, ttjs tovtov Trovrjplas (see Note) refers rov- 
 Toi's to the present accusers, as the speaker would probably show by a 
 gesture ; einXva-ea-daL signifies to become weak, i. e. to lose credit. — cksi- 
 vovs refers to the just-mentioned irepov^. — tovt avrb SeitravTcs, accord- 
 ing to Kayser's conjecture, for the common text, to avTo iravTes. Froh- 
 berger reads dia toOto iravrus. — €|xiro8wv €l<riv, for the form of the 
 apodosis, see G., 50, 1, E. 1. 
 
 34. — T<3 PovXo|jieva), involves the protasis, efxis /Soi^Xerat, G., 49, 1. See 
 XVI., § 7, and Note. — avrot t€...v}X€is 8e ; H., 855, b. Frohberger re- 
 marks, that this transition from a copulative to an adversative form, though 
 quite common in the orators and historians, is used by Lysias elsewhere 
 only in XIX., § 62. It throws the main emphasis on the second proposi- 
 tion. — [iT| 8oKOvvT€s, G., 283, 4. H., 839. See ix-q in XII., § 85. 
 
 The Peroration, see Analysis. — T[[i.€ts Se ; in his peroration, as in the 
 introduction, § 1, and throughout the argument, the speaker expresses 
 liim^self as a representative of his party. — irpbs iravras, observe the em- 
 phatic position. — (Tvyyvwp.'qv 'i\0Y.e^, a recurrence to the introductory 
 remark, § 1, but with a qualification. Observe the same recurrence to the 
 opening strain in XII., § 99. 
 
 35. — SiKTiv 8iS6vTas, definite instances where this took place in contra- 
 vention of the amnesty — which 6/iws implies — are not known. The Thirty 
 and their immediate agents were excepted from the amnesty, and the 
 seizure and execution of their generals at Eleusis (see XII., Introd.) does 
 not come within the scope of the speaker's remark, which bears only upon 
 
134 Notes, 
 
 civil processes. — cis {i'iro[\|/tav KaTatm^o-cTc, i. e. "suspicion" that tlie 
 sworn amnesty will be of no benefit to us, and that we must seek our secur- 
 ity in new measures. But this will be likely to produce fresh troubles. 
 
 Though the speaker's concluding word, or words, are lost, evidently 
 little remained to be said. Francken suggests, that the conclusion might 
 have been as follows ; r^^iaj ets viro[\j/Lav KaTacTrja-ere vpuu d' a'ltxxi'O'Ta ^ov- 
 Xevaeade ' iav 5e Tavavria, ^orjOricreTe Kat rots po/mols Toh Kei/ievoLS, /cat tois 
 6pK0L%, oh ofxiti/jLuKaTe.] But a terse brevity in the conclusion is character- 
 istic of Lysias's style (see Biographical Introduction), 
 
Notes. 135 
 
 AREOPAGITIC ORATION CONCERNING THE 
 SACRED OLIVE TRUNK. 
 
 VII. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Olive culture has been from remote antiquity an important part 
 of husbandry in Attica, whose soil and climate are peculiarly adapted 
 to the production of a fine quality of that fruit, and where to this day 
 extensive olive groves flourish on the banks of the Cephissus. The 
 state very early exercised supervision over the olive-trees as a valuable 
 source of national wealth. In the fifth century b. c. a law was passed 
 which forbade the uprooting of olive-trees under a penalty of 200 
 drachms ($ 36.20) for each tree destroyed, excepting for sacred pur- 
 poses, or to the extent of two trees per annum for the convenience of 
 the proprietor. (Grote, Hist, III. p. 135.) 
 
 Besides the common olive-trees (cXalat), which were the property 
 of private individuals, there were also public olive-trees (jioplai), sacred 
 to Athene, supposed to have been propagated from the sacred and im- 
 mortal olive-tree in the Erechtheum, which Athene, in her contest 
 with Poseidon for the possession of Attica, had miraculously pro- 
 duced. A plantation of these trees stood near the temple of Athene 
 in the Academy. A considerable number of such fxopiaL were also 
 scattered about on private grounds, constituting incumbrances thereon. 
 They were all registered, the right to gather their produce was leased, 
 and their oversight was committed to the Areopagus (§ 29). This 
 body both nominated inspectors {yvayyioves) to exercise supervision 
 over the trees, and in its monthly sittings took cognizance of all com- 
 plaints respecting them (§ 25). To cultivate the ground immediately 
 about a popla was forludden under a fine (§ 25), as impairing the tree's 
 productiveness. The removal of such a tree was punishable, as an 
 outrage on a sacred object under the protection of Zev? nopios, by exile 
 and confiscation (§ 3). The action was aTifirjTos (XII. § 84, Note), and 
 not subject to any statute of limitation, Trpcdca-fxla (§ 17). 
 
 During the Peloponnesian War, and the subsequent struggles be- 
 tween the oligarchical and democratic parties of Athens, the country 
 
136 Notes. 
 
 Lad been devastated far and near (§ 6), and the olive-trees, both com- 
 mon and sacred, had perished in large numbers. But the vitality of 
 this tree ('• silva vivacis olivoe," Virg.) is such, that when cut down it 
 sprouts again, if the stump be left in the ground. To protect this 
 new growth an enclosure {o-tjkos) had been thrown around, and a 
 mutilated fiopla^ when thus enclosed, was called a arjKof, which term 
 signified both the tree and the land enclosed, as well as the enclosing 
 boundary. The same term is applied to the enclosures of temples and 
 holy places generally, in which category the fioplai, belonged. 
 
 The present oration is the defence of a person, now of unknown 
 name, who had been accused of removing one of these arjKoi, tree and 
 all. He appears to have been a thrifty and influential landholder 
 (§ 21), who, while not putting himself forward in politics, had fulfilled 
 his duties as a citizen in a generous way (§ 31), yet had not escaped 
 the envy and the enmity which a strong and successful man often 
 provokes (§ 40). The accuser, Nicomachus, a young man, seems to 
 have brought an utterly unfounded complaint, partly at the instiga- 
 tion of the enemies of the accused (§ 40), and partly in the hope of 
 intimidating him to pay hush-money, in which expectation, however, 
 he had been disappointed. He seems to be in a sorry plight with his 
 case, having been obliged to abandon the original indictment, and to 
 betake himself, in his address to the court, to a modified charge, in 
 substantiation of which he has neither witnesses nor other evidence. 
 The defendant, on the other hand, is able to produce witnesses enough 
 to show that on the piece of ground alleged neither fiopia, nor arjKos, 
 nor any tree at all, had stood while the place had been in his posses- 
 sion. This is quickly done, and in a technical and legal point of 
 view it is sufficient to secure the defendant's acquittal. But it was a 
 point of honor to win, if possible, a unanimous acquittal, and to come 
 off with eclat. It not only conferred respect, but secured immunity 
 from further attempts of sycophants, when the accuser failed to carry 
 at least one fifth of the jury in his favor ; as he thereby was subjected 
 to a fine of 1,000 drachms ($ 181), and to partial drcfxia. (See General 
 Note, XXV. 3.) In the present case, therefore, the defendant does not 
 rest content with having secured his acquittal ; he metins to leave his 
 accuser not an inch to stand on. Accordingly, after having met the 
 legal necessities of the case, he goes on, in the second and more dis- 
 cursive part of the oration, to exhibit, from various points of view, 
 the tissue of improl^abilitiea and absurdities involved in the charge, 
 
Notes. 137 
 
 the iintrustwortliiness of the accuser, and the utter weakness of his 
 case. 
 
 The oration, as its title implies, was delivered before the senate of 
 Areopagus (see General Note, XII. 2). The king-archon (see General 
 Note, XII. 1) brought the ease to trial, and presided. The date of 
 the oration can be approximately determined. The alleged misde- 
 .meanor was committed (§ 11) Avhen Suniades was archon, or B. c. 397. 
 Blass dates the oration, at the earliest, b. c. 395. 
 
 GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
 STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 
 
 1. Graphe (ypacf)fj) signifies in Attic law-language a public action as 
 distinguished from dike {dUrj), or a private suit. (See General Note, 
 XVI. 7.) In its common and limited application it is not inclusive 
 of the doKLfjiaaria, or trial of qualifications (see General Note, XVI. 5), 
 or of the eidvurj, or trial of accountability (see General Note, XXV. 2). 
 In a public action the prosecutor was ordinarily required to be an 
 Athenian citizen with ununpaired civil rights. And with the excep- 
 tion that in special cases advocates (avvrjyopoi, see General Note, XII. 4) 
 were retained by the state, the public interest in the repression of of- 
 fences against the commonwealth was left to volunteer accusers and 
 to the juries. Says Curtius : " In the Attic free commonwealth it 
 was in truth the mission of every citizen to exercise a control over 
 public life, and to see, so far as in him lay, that no unwarrantable act 
 was allowed to go without its punishment." (Hist., V. pp. 249, 250.) 
 
 The proper court in which to bring an action was often determined 
 by the nature of the case, e. g. the Areopagus had jurisdiction in cases 
 of homicide and impiety. Yet the six generals (see XII. § 36) were 
 tried before the assembly for the death of the -svTecked at Arginusae, 
 and Socrates was tried before a dicastery on the charge of introducing 
 new gods, etc. In an ordinary graphe the proceedings commenced 
 with a summons to the accused to appear on a certain day before the 
 magistrate. Next came the preliminary hearing {avaKpicni), in which 
 the parties respectively made oath to the justice of their cause, settled 
 questions of form, jurisdiction, etc., with reference to the coming 
 trial, and exhibited their evidence. After the anacrisis, the trial came 
 
138 Notes. 
 
 on at the end of a set time, but might be deferred by legal machina- 
 tions. The evidence Vvdiich had been given in was kept meanwhile 
 under seal in the custody of an officer. If the plaintiff dropped his 
 accusation, he was subject to a line of 1,000 drachms and partial 
 atimia. The indictment was termed ypa(pr], or (particularly in case 
 there were several defendants) dnoypa<pr], and the defendant was said 
 ypdcjyeadai, or d-noypd^earOai. At the trial, the aim of the parties was 
 to work upon the jury by the addresses of the orators, as they pre- 
 sented the evidence which had been developed in the anacrisis. 
 
 2. Slaves. In the commercial cities of Greece slaves were very 
 numerous, performing the work of the artisans and mechanics of mod- 
 ern towns. The number held in Attica was nearly three times the 
 number of the free inhabitants. (See General Note, XII. 11.) Many 
 persons kept gangs of slaves to let for all kinds of service. The 
 condition of Greek slaves Avas more tolerable than that of Roman, 
 and at Athens they seem to have been even more leniently treated 
 than elsewhere. Especially during the Decelean War, b. c. 413-404, 
 when slaves to the number of 20,000, chiefly mechanics, escaped to 
 the Spartan fortress at Decelea, fourteen miles northeast of Athens, 
 the Athenians, to limit the evil, were obliged to adopt the most con- 
 siderate treatment of their domestic slaves. (Curtius, Hist, III. p. 
 426.) At all times, however, a person who struck or abused a slave 
 was liable to prosecution, and an abused slave could claim the right of 
 being sold away from a hard master. Neither could a slave be put to 
 death, except by process of law. But he was not permitted to give 
 evidence in legal proceedings, except under torture. Any person 
 might offer his own slave or demand that of his adversary to be exam- 
 ined by torture. The slave, however, v\^as not obliged to be given up, 
 nor was it the general practice so to do, although the refusal of this 
 challenge (irpoKXrja-is) was sometimes regarded with suspicion. Tlie 
 damage suffered by the owner of the tortured slave was guaranteed 
 by the party at whose instance the torture was applied, and this was 
 often done in the presence of an arbitrator {diaiTrjTrji, see General Note, 
 XXV. 1). The depositions of the slaves were then read at the trial, 
 and those who were present at the torture added their testimony in 
 corroboration. 
 
 3. Eiohegesis {ecf)T]yr](ni). This was the converse of the aijagoge 
 {General Note, XXV. 4). When one did not wish to incur the risk 
 of forfeiting 1,000 drachms by an apagoge that might be proved 
 
Notes. 139 
 
 unwarrantable, he could have recourse to the ejjJiegcsis, conducting a 
 magistrate or officers to the spot where the breach of law was going 
 on, or where the culprit could be found. The cases in which these 
 two kinds of process were common were murder, impiety, theft, 
 ill-treatment of parents, etc. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 VII. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Part I. — Technical Refutation of the Charge, §§ 1-11. 
 Part II. — Demonstration of its Fraudulency, §§ 12-43. 
 
 I. — A. Introduotion, §§ 1-3. 
 
 1. The injustice of the accusation, § 1. 
 
 2. Its vacillation, § 2, and 
 
 3. Its illegality, § 3. 
 
 B. Proposition, §§ -i-S : Proof to be furnished. 
 
 1. From ichat dote, § 4. 
 
 2. To ichat fact, § 5. 
 
 3. "Why no further, §§ 5-8. 
 
 C. Demonstration: Statement of facts, with the testimony, §§9-11. 
 
 II. — A. Introductory : The accuser admits that the defendant acts according to the cut 
 
 bono jirinciple, § 12. 
 
 B. Proposition : Whatever the defendant did must have been in accordance with 
 
 the cui bono, § 12. 
 
 C. Demonstration, §§13-41. 
 
 1. From the general principle that such acts are not wantonly done. The 
 
 bringer of such a charge is bound to show the cni bono of the act, § 13. 
 
 2. From the particular results to be expected, §§ 14-18. 
 
 a. Negatively, no supposable advantage to the defendant lay in such an 
 
 act, nor could he have been ignorant of its consequences, § 14, but 
 
 b. Positively, publicity and punishment were ine%'itable, § 15. 
 
 a. Through betrayal by slaves, § 16, or 
 
 b. Through testimony of tenants, § 17, or 
 
 c. Through informations from passers-by, or neighbors, § 18. 
 
 3. Conversely, from the obvious interest of the accuser, which he has neglected, 
 
 §§ 19-23, which was 
 
 a. Negatively, not bald accusation, § 19, but 
 
 b. Positively, 
 
 a. To summon passers-by to bear witness, § 20. 
 
 Whose absence he absurdly charges to the defendant, 
 §21. 
 
 b. Or to call in the authorities, § 22. 
 
 The neglect of vrhich legal steps stamps a worthless case, 
 § 23. 
 
140 Notes, 
 
 4. Contrariwise, §§24-30. 
 
 a. Mlmt breach of law self-interest might have tempted to, § 24. 
 
 Which the defendant did not commit, § 25. 
 And therefore cannot, as charged, have run a gi-eat risk for 
 notliing, § 26. 
 
 b. When a breach of law might have been committed by him with 
 
 impunity, but was not, § 27. 
 
 c. JVliere such a breach of law would have been most foolhardy, just 
 
 there he has been chai'ged Avith it, § 28. 
 
 d. By whom such a breach of law, if committed, must have been de- 
 
 tected ; yet only the accuser seems aware of it, § 23. 
 All which facts no assertions of enemies should outweigh, 
 §30. 
 
 5. From the analogij, §§ 31, 32, 
 
 Of his record as a munificent and public-spirited citizen, § 31. 
 If he would not scrimp where it was safe and profitable, much less 
 would he jeopard everji;hing for nothing, § 32. 
 
 6. From congruity, § 33. 
 
 A serious case should be settled by strong evidence, rather than 
 by unsupported accusation, § 33. 
 
 7. From the virtual admission of the accuser, §§ 3-1-37. 
 
 The defendant offered the accuser his slaves to be examined, under 
 
 torture as to the facts, § 34. 
 "Which olfer he declined on frivolous grounds, § 35. 
 Exposing thus the fraudulency of his charge, §§ 30, 37. 
 
 8. Recapitulation of the improbabilities in the accuser's case, § 33. 
 
 Showing him to be a malicious and venal rascal, § 39, 
 In sorry contrast with his own open and fearless attitude toward 
 all, and set on by the defendant's enemies, § 40. 
 
 9. The outrage contemplated, § 41. 
 D. Conclusion, §§ 42, 43. 
 
 1. Restatement of the decisive point of the defence (as established in Part I.), 
 
 §42. 
 
 2. Restatement of three decisive omissions of the accuser (as demonstrated 
 
 in Part II.), which he must account for, before the court can give him 
 their verdict, §§ 42, 43. 
 
 APEOnAFITIKOS, supply AOPOS. 
 
 1. — PovX-/) ; the full title of the senate of Areopagus was ^ ev 'Apeiii} 
 irdy^ jSouXtj (XII., § 69). Sometimes it was also termed 77 dvu /SouX^, to 
 distinguish it from the senate of Five Hundred, which held its sessions in 
 the Agora below the hill. See General Note, XII. 2, and XVI. 3. — pov- 
 Xo|xev<p...fi7ovTi ; observe the conditional force in each. — SiKas, see Gen- 
 eral Note, XVI. 7. — truKocfxxvTais, see General Note, XII. 10. — cjctt... 
 otov T€, H., 856, a. — S€iv...'^<r€cr9at ; Francken thinks that this rather ex- 
 travagant expression comes from some old proverb. So we say, "as inno- 
 cent as the babe unborn." — 2o-€(r0at ; for the present infinitive with /xAXw, 
 Bee § 22, and (?., 25, 2. — toiowto-us ; as the present accuser, for instance 
 
Notes. 141 
 
 — oi KivSvvoi, "the [now so frequent] lawsuits," H., 527, a. "With /ccVSv- 
 vo$ in this sense compare the forensic application of the Latin periciclum. 
 
 — dSiKoOo-i has the force of a perfect here, corresponding to rnjLaprrjKocnv, 
 H., Q'^S, fine print. G., 10, N. 4. 
 
 2. — aYwv, the general word for a legal action of any kind. — wtrre dirc- 
 Yptt<}>T]v, the expression is condensed from something like the following : 
 "that [I have not even a definite indictment to jjlead to, for] I was in- 
 dicted," etc. — d(f>avi^€iv, G., 15, 3. — jiopiwv, in full, fiopiQu eXaiLOf, § 29, 
 also § 7. — vwi, emphatic. The accuser in his address to the court had 
 abandoned the original indictment by charging a different trespass, viz, 
 the removal of a crjKoi ; therefore (paalv, referring to a verbal charge, is 
 more appropriate than airoypacpovTat. — dTreXcYlai, Rauchenstein's conjec- 
 ture for the common d-rrode'L^at, an unstrained interpretation of which yields 
 a meaning here incongruous. So Cobet. 
 
 3. — ix^i v(xiv...dKOiio-avTa ; these words belong together. For the ac- 
 cused not to know what he was charged vv'itli until he came into court, was 
 not according to due form of law. See note to KaT-qyopos i:al diKaaT-qs, XII., 
 § 81. — •7raTpt8os...oi(rias ; banishment and confiscation were the penalty. 
 
 — SjjLws. Having a strong case, the defendant disdains to press the tech- 
 nical point just raised. 
 
 4. — 'Hv |X€V ^dp, "for this was in fact." — netcrdvSpov, see XXV., § 9, 
 and note. — 'AiroXXoStopos. He had taken part in the assassination of 
 Phrynichus (for whom see XXV., § 9, and note) just before the downfall 
 of the Four Hundred (see XII., §§ 42 and 66), and had been put to the 
 torture to discover his accomplices. After the restoration of the democracy 
 he was presented with distinguished rewards. See Curtius, Hist., III., 
 pp. 481, 490. — 6 Me^apevs, see note on 'Meyapdhe, XII., § 17. — *Avti- 
 KXfjs, not otherwise known. Thucydides (1. 117) mentions an Athenian 
 general of that name about b. c. 440. — clprjvTjs, after the surrender to 
 Lysander, April, b. c. 404. For in the same year he let the place (§ 9) to 
 Callistratus. — a>vov|iak, G., 10, 2. Scheibe reads icjvovfiTjv, which lacks 
 the aoristic sense here requisite to coiTespond M'ith XajSdov and i^efxiadwaev, 
 and Cobet, iwvrjfiai, which incurs the same objection. The aorist middle 
 of (hv4o/jLai is supplied by eirpidfX7}v. 
 
 5. — Toivvv, H., 867, 4, "therefore," "then," "now," a particle of very 
 frequent recurrence in this oration ; often used to mark the advance of an 
 argument, "now further," "but now" ; quite seldom the first word of a 
 clause. — \p6vov, G., 173. H. ,577. Construe with ^ijuxiova-dai. — StKaitos ; 
 for the involved protasis, see note on pna-eladac, XII., § 54. — 8t* "qp-ds, see 
 note on Si' vp-di, XII., § 58. 
 
 6. — rd \ikv iroppo), i. e. not in the immediate neighborhood of the city. 
 After the occupation by the Lacedaemonians (b. c. 413) of the fortress of 
 
142 Notes. 
 
 Decelea, foiirteen miles from Athens, one tliirtl of Attica was in the hands 
 of the enemy. Observe the change of the construction from the tov to. ixev 
 '7r6pp<3}...T€/xvea0ai, required by the preceding aiTios. — SiTipird^eTO. Com- 
 pare XIV., § 33, v/J.ds (pevyoi'Tas ^vXrjP KaToKa^elv Kai 8iv5pa rcfielv. 
 The 0i\ot were all who fought against the Thirty. — dXXws t€ Kai, H., 857. 
 A participle or a causal conjunction usually follows. See § 36. — dirpaK- 
 Tov, "useless," suits the thought better than ^Trparoi/, "not sold," which 
 Cobet reads. For the verbal adjective, see H., 398. — irXetv 'f\ rpia ^ttj = 
 "three years and over," but less than four; TrXeto; -q = more than three 
 years, possibly four. 
 
 7. — ov 9av{iacrTov, G., 49, 2, N. 2. — rd Tip.£T€p' avTwv, G., 137, N. 1. 
 H., Q7Q, Jinc 2)rviL — i]Zvva\i.iQa, G., 102, 1, N. H., 308, R. a. — 5(ra» 
 pLoXio-Ta, G., 188, 2, fine jjrint. H., 610, fine 2yrinL The common text 
 is ojoL. But that is not the speaker's idea, namely, that as many of the 
 court as gave particular attention to such things would understand him, 
 but rather, that the court itself, by as much as such things were its special 
 province, would understand. 
 
 8. — Kal...T«v QUT«v, ^'and even when," etc. — Iriptov, "if others," 
 etc. — •?] TTOv, see XII., § 35, and note, also XXV., § 17. — d<|>' vjjlmv, con- 
 strued with ai^r]}xlovs. If construed with Trpiafxivovs, the preposition would 
 have been Trapd. 
 
 9. — TToXXtt ix<av elirstv, "though I could say much," G., 109, 7. — 
 'irplv...76V£<rOat, G., 274. H., 769. — lirl nv0o8wpou, H., 641, b. Pytho- 
 dorus was First Archon under the Thirt}^ b. c. 404. After the restora- 
 tion his name was struck off from the list of archons, and his year, instead 
 of being called, according to custom, by his name, was called " the year 
 of anarchy," rj dvapx^a. lie may be the same as the Pythodorus, son of 
 Isolochus, who is mentioned occasionally as a general in the Peloponnesian 
 War (Thuc. III. 115). 
 
 10. — ovToo-L = "here present." The persons named in this section are 
 not known ; unless, possibly, Proteas be the Proteas, son of Epicles, who 
 was a naval commander in the Peloponnesian "War (Thuc. I. 45). — rpia 
 ^Tt] ; the common text connects these words with the foregoing thus : 6s 
 TcOvrjKe raOra rpia ^ttj. So Cobet and Scheibe. But the death of Alcias 
 is mentioned only to account for his not being among the witnesses, and it 
 was not the time since his death that was of consequence, but the time 
 during which Proteas had leased the ground, as that covered the remainder 
 of the period of the defendant's ownership up to the present. — 6|jlolcos, 
 "in the same condition," i. e. without trees, as before stated. — cjxic-0w- 
 o-aro, II., 689, b. 
 
 11. — 6 xpovos ovTos,i. e. the seven years thus accounted for. — "ycwpYcS, 
 G., 10, 2.' — 2ovvid8ou, archon B. c. 397, seven years after the lease in 
 
Notes. 143 
 
 the time of Pythodorus. — lp7a^o(X£voi, G., 16, 2. — [i,€|xi(r0&)|X€voi, here 
 pluperfect in signification, G., IS, 4. — oldv T€...a(}>avi^etv : self-evident, 
 and superfluous for argument, yet not unsuited to a gush of honest indig- 
 nation. So vofii^o: . . .^T)ixLOvaOat, § 5. 
 
 12. — Here begins the second part of the oration. See Analysis. — <j>d- 
 CTKoicv . . . T|"yavdKTovv dtv, G., 62, Rem. and 30, 2. H., 704. — Setv&v, 
 "sliarp." — aKptPfj, "close." — dv...povXoi[iT]v, Lat. vclim, G., 52, 2. 
 H., 752. Admirable is the dexterity with which the speaker turns the 
 slur cast upon his character into a strong argument in his favor. See 
 Analysis. — i\-^i\a-Qi, G., 44, 2. — ^p-yois iTrexeipouv, G., 187. II., 605. 
 The accusative is more rarely used with this verb. — kyL^fvero, supply av. 
 [r^] ; in Francken's view, this results from a careless repetition of the last 
 syllable of iyiyvero. The article is oivt of place here, since the participle 
 seems not to have a general reference, but to designate the speaker. — 
 — TTfpnroi'qo-avTi, Kayser's emendation for the common text TrGifjaavTi, 
 "which gives no antithesis to acpaviaavTL. 
 
 13. — d8tK^<racriv, compare doiKoOa-i, § 1. The aorist is used, because 
 the past commission of the illegal act is the point referred to, rather than 
 the status of an dSiKos resulting therefrom. 
 
 14. — Tov o-T]Kov ovTos, G. , 278. H., 790, c. Translate : "by the olive- 
 trunk being there." — olxtas, G., 182, 2. H., 589. — KtvSvvtov, G., 180, 1. 
 H., 584, c. For the article, see H., 527, c. The next words in Cobet's 
 text are as follows : ei' rt roiJrwi/ evparrov. IloXXas yap dv, etc. — ^irpaTTCv 
 ...dirotjjii^vaiixt, G., 54, 1. 
 
 15. — |i€9' Ti|X€pav, H., 645, Phrases. — eleKo-irrov, G., 11, N. 6, an as- 
 siivied fact. — laa-mp . . .Ziov, G., 109, N. 9, 110, 2. ov belongs to \a9elv ; 
 translate : "as if it were needful, not to be unobserved by all, but that," 
 etc. — Kat here = Kairoi. — irapidvTwv, governed by -qix^XTjae. — cKivSvvevov, 
 as.sumed, like i^eKowTov above. Both of these verbs are logically in apod- 
 osis to an implied et ti tolovtov ^irparTou. 
 
 16. — irtJs 8'. As a new argument and a strong one is here presented, 
 we should have expected a more significant connective than the simple 
 Se, — perhaps kuI p-ev d-q, or dXXa pi.]iv...ye, or at least irpbs 5k tovtols. 
 But the artless style befits the simplicity of the speaker. — tovs ep-auTcO 
 OepdirovTas ; for the position of the genitive, see H., 538, fine 2orinf. 
 Oepdirwv is the general word for one who renders any service ; oouXo's is a 
 person in a permanent condition of servitude ; vTr-qpirris (XII., § 10) is a 
 subordinate official, or in general an assistant. — (ruveiSdras, G., 109, 4. — 
 €t Kttt, H., 874, 2, a. — kre IkcIvois, the demonstrative is sometimes thus 
 used in oratio obliqua instead of the reflexive pronoun. — p.T]vv<ra(riv, G.^ 
 109, 2. — IXevOe'pois 76V£<r0ai, see e^api/ots yeviaBai, and note, XII., § 31. 
 
 17. — KivSvvw construed with oiiari^. For the asyndeton (H., 854), com- 
 
144 Notes. 
 
 pare XVI., § 16, ifM^aXdvTos xprjcpiaafx^uuu. — rots €lpYatrjJi€vois...'n'poo-f]Kov, 
 *'it being alike incumbent on all those who had worked the place." — 
 €lxpv, G., U, 3. 
 
 18. — Olds T, G., 151, N. 4. H., 814. — dWTJXcav depends on ravra. 
 
 — dTroKpvirToiJLevoi, G., 200, N. 2. H., 702, Jine jyrmt. — Kal, "even." — 
 irvvOdvovTai, "find out." — Trcpl tcUv ep.wv, probably in regard to such 
 matters as boundary lines, right of way, the trespassing of cattle, etc. The 
 implication is, that if the defendant had really done anything which an 
 enemy could take hold of, there were not wanting neighbors who would 
 have availed themselves of the opportunity against him. 
 
 19. — ovTOis qualifies the whole phrase, ro\iiir}pa$...TroL€?crdai. — i^ire\i.voVf 
 imperfect, because the cutting was done, as charged, tuhile the defendant 
 stood by. — dva6e|xevos, i. e. upon the cart, E/xa^a. — a>x€To airayiav, G., 
 279, N. See XII., § 75. Compare the colloquial English, "went and 
 carried" = simply "carried." 
 
 20. — NiK6|xax€ ; the Kicomachus against whom Lysias wrote Or. XXX. 
 had held office before the time of the Thirty Tyrants, but this Nicomachus, 
 is evidently (see § 29) a different person. — |JidpTvpas, predicate-accusative, 
 G., 166, X. 2. H., 556, a. — Iv-.-rpdirw, the preposition is not necessary, 
 G.j 188. H., 608. — 6povXov...^apes ; what difference here in the signifi- 
 cation of the imperfect and aorist ? 
 
 21. — ircio-ai, instead we might have had xeicras, agi'eeing with the subject 
 of TjyoifXTju, or Trela-avTi, agreeing with fioL. — v7rb...8vvd|J.66)S, H., 656, c. 
 
 22. — <}>TJvas p.* tStov ; the common text is <pi^aas fi idelu, to which Eau- 
 chenstein objects that (prjcras is hardly a demonstrable Attic form : ^Tjms is 
 the proper term for informing against a person before a magistrate. — tous 
 €vvea dpxovTtts, that is, any one of them, but specially the king-archon is 
 meant, who had jurisdiction in such cases. See General Note, XII., 1. — 
 kTri\yayis, see General Note, 3. — ovtw, the common text, for which Rau- 
 chenstein reads oSrot. But ovtw is x^referable on account of the implied 
 protasis, G., 52, 1, as the argument has been proceeding on the ground 
 that it would have been better for Nicomachus to do so and so. — o-vvi^Se- 
 <rav...X€7ovTi, "would have known that you spoke the truth." 
 
 23. — SeivoTttTa . . . 8o-a) ; "now I am very strangely treated, inasmuch 
 as." — •7ri<rTev€iv, subject vfxa% understood. — ovk clcrtv : whenever el^il 
 "signifies actual existence, it retains the tone. The 3 sing., especiallj^ 
 then takes the tone on the first syllable." BiUtmann's Gh-., § 108, IV. 3. 
 
 — avTw €|xot : observe the juxtaposition of these pronouns in sharp an- 
 tithesis. — TavTT]v T-^v ^T]p.iav, the common text, which Scheibe retains, 
 while Eauchenstein and Cobet omit T-fjv. If r-qv be omitted, ravrrju is sub- 
 ject and ^rj/xlav predicate to yeviadai, ravrrju being attracted from toOto, as 
 in XXV., § 13 (see note). If rriv be retained, — and there appears no con- 
 
Notes. 145 
 
 clusire reason for the omission, — then r. r. f. is simplj' the subject of 
 yeveadai. — tovtov, masculine, not neuter ; as the fi^p shows the pronoun 
 to be in antithesis with the following v/xds 5'. — Stjirov, see XII., § 27, and 
 note. — o-VKO<|>avT«v, participle. — diropi^<r€t ; for its position between the 
 two genitives, compare note on Se^aiur, XXV., 24. Cobet reads eviroprjaei. 
 
 24. — ircSiw ; this was the broad "Athenian Plain," watered by the 
 Cephissus, and stretching westward of the city to that Mount ^Egaleos, 
 from which Xerxes witnessed the battle of Salamis, and on the farther side 
 of which lay the plain of Eleusis. This central plain of Attica, in the 
 midst of which the city stands, extends N. to Mt. Parnes, with its cele- 
 brated fortresses of Phyle and Decelea, N. E. to Mt. Pentelicus, famed for its 
 marble, and S. E. to Mt. Hymettus, noted for its honey. "The plain of 
 Athens is barren and destitute of vegetation, with the exception of the long 
 stream of olives which stretch from ^Mt. Parnes by the side of the Cephissus 
 to the sea." Smith's Bid. Geog. — irupKatds ; probably trees which, after 
 being burnt, had sprung up as wild oUves. See Virg. Geor., II. 303 - 314 : 
 
 *' Infelix superat foliis oleaster amaris. " 
 
 — iTrep-ydo-ao-Sai, "to encroach upon," i. e. by tillage. See Introd. — 
 iQTTov qualifies drfkov. 
 
 25. — irepl iroXXoi) iroiov|iai, "I prize." G., 10, N. 1 ; comp. iroioO/jiai... 
 Tjyovixai, § 26. — T-tjv &XXt]v : for the cqypositive use of aXXos, see H., 538, e. 
 Compare Xen. Anah., I. 5, 5 : ov yap 9}v x^Rtos ovde &X\o bevbpov ovd^v. 
 The thought is : I cared for those trees as for my country and fortune, con- 
 sidering that, if I trespassed, my risk involved both of these. — p.T|vds, 
 referring to their monthly meetings. 
 
 26. — ovTa>...iroiov{JLai, "care so much for." — -iroioviiai . . . Ti70vjA,ai, see 
 note on 7]yovyro...€iroLovi>TO, XII., § 7. — I|tiv...oiov t* fjv, G., 49, 2, N. 3. 
 
 — a^avLXfiiv ; Rauchenstein reads dcpavi^ui, ws vv^l Kpbofiai. But the com- 
 mon text corresponds better with the parallelism of the whole sentence, and 
 specially with ovtcj depaxevojv (paii/o/nai. The interrogation begins at Kal 
 rds /x^v, — fiev signifying "while," or "seeing that." Compare note on 
 liaxop-evovs fiiv, XII., § 79. 
 
 27. — ndrepov 8c, a new argument. For the introductory 5^, compare 
 note on ttwj 5*, § 16. — irapavofjictv ; for the position, see note on diropria-ei, 
 § 23. — ov \iy<a «s, "I do not mean that." The remark just made had 
 to be guarded against an unfavorable inference. The course of thought 
 requires dvvdfxevos to be taken absolutely, in the sense of "influential," as 
 in XXV., § 14, ol rdre dvvdfxevoL. — (ioLXXov ^f\v, all the more since the 
 authority of the Areopagus remained in abeyance during the tyrants' time. 
 Compare XXV., § 16. 
 
 . 28. — II«s 8', a new argument, still introduced by the insignificant 5e. 
 10 ' 
 
146 Notes. 
 
 — Ik TovTOv, observe the emphatic position. — ws-.-ctvai, "as this man 
 says there was," G., 15, 3. — tis dv direToXiA-r^o-e; *'who would have had 
 the foolhardiness ? " 
 
 29. — Aeivov, " strange." — e-iriiisXeto-Oai ; for the omission of the article 
 to, see G., 91. — l'n-i[xeXT]TTJs ; the relation of the eTTLixekrjTaL to the yvdi/ioves 
 is uncertain, but it is not unlikely that the former were a committee of 
 the Areopagus upon all matters pertaining to the olive-trees, and that the 
 •yvibfxoves, or inspectors, made their reports to them. — clSevai, G., 92, 1, 
 N. 2. wcrre might have been prefixed, G., 266. H., 770. — aTro-ypd^fai ; 
 Rauchenstein prefers to read diroypdxI/aadaL, on the ground that the middle 
 is the proper technical term for an indictment, while the active rather 
 means to inform agaiiist. This does not seem sufficient ground for changing 
 the common text, the technical distinction being of no importance in the 
 argument, which is, simplj', that the accuser claimed to have made a dis- 
 covery which he was the last man in the world to have made. 
 
 30. — Xo-yovs, "accusations." See XII., § 2, and XXV., § 2. — ravr , 
 here emphasized, depends on \eybvTiav. — dvacrxe'o-Gat may govern either a 
 genitive or an accusative. — cv6v|xov|i€vovs ck, the participle is used ab- 
 solutely (H., 495), "reflecting (on the subject)," while the preposition 
 denotes the point of view. See the construction in XVI., § 20. — iroXi- 
 T€tas, "my conduct as a citizen." 
 
 31. — •irpoGv|j,oTepov...a!s ; ws must be translated here like 7;. Cobet and 
 others insert i] before ws. Buttmann, Gr., § 149, 7, remarks: "Less 
 accurately, and with a certain anacoluthon, instead of i^, after comjjaratives 
 we find us [oaov, oXov)." — f|va'YKa^6[i7]v, see XX., § 13, and note on irpoa- 
 TaTToixevuv. — TpiT|papx<«>v...iroXiT»v, see XXV., § 12, and notes. Compare 
 also XII., § 20. — ovSevbs f|TTov ; the negative belongs to the adjective. 
 
 32. — iroiwv, equivalent to d eiroiow, referring to the actions as habitual ; 
 while the aorist Avould refer to them as past occurrences. — ^i.^ qualifies an 
 implied ttoiQu. — ti]s &XXi]s, see ttjv aWTjv, and note, § 25, — Trpci^as, ob- 
 serve the force of the aorist in contrast with TroiQv, above. — iKcpSaivov, &v 
 omitted. Compare Ifoxos ^v, § 37. — Ka.Ql<m\v ; the other co-ordinate 
 tenses being imperfect with reference to time present (-qyuvL^o/jiTjv—. "should 
 be on trial"; iK^pdaivov = "should be gaining"), this tense, which might 
 naturally have been an aorist like irpd^as, follows suit by a kind of as- 
 similation, and = "should be endangering myself," i. e. as the facts came 
 out in the present trial. Compare cvvcXdjx^aves, and note, XII., § 26. 
 
 33. — iisYoXcov, i. e. such important interests as home and fortune, § 25. 
 
 — Trepl <ov...}JLapTvp6i, H., 810; this clause stands as the direct object of 
 riyelaOaL, which has Tnardrepa for predicate-accusative. — [idXXov, pleonas- 
 tic, H., 665, b. — fi irepl cSv, the regular form would be ^ a...KaTTjyopu, 
 but Lysias, as often, prefers to parallel the preceding construction. Com- 
 
Notes, 147 
 
 pare note on aladavtcrdai, XXV., § 23. — KaTtryopct, in homceotcleutoii with 
 /MipTvpei. See XXV., § 24, Trovqpiav, and note. 
 
 34. — o-Ke'ij/acrec, H., i9o. — i\uv, G., 109, N. 8, last clause. —iravres, 
 emphasized by its position, since the value of the proposal lay in this 
 •word. — Pa(ravi^€iv, see General Note, 2. — ovtws, G., 52, 1. — X6y<i)v... 
 2pY«v, a contrast repeatedly made prominent in this oration, see §§21, 30, 
 33, 43. This was one of Lysias's characteristic points as a reasoner. See 
 also XII., §§ 5, 33, XVI., § 19, XXV., § 13. 
 
 35. — oiSiv, H., 848, a. — Seivbv . . . c'cXovto ; a difficult construction. 
 Eauchenstein conjectures, unnecessarily, that e'iXovro has been substituted 
 for ^XoLVTo. Logically, this belongs to the protasis introduced by e^ ^ueV. 
 But &v marks e'iXovTo, in form at least (comp. G., 49, N". 4, b), as an apodosis 
 to some implied protasis after trepl 8^ ; but [should they so accuse them- 
 selves] they would have chosen to shield their hated masters, etc. H., 886. 
 Compare G., 49, 2, N. 5. — 'Tr€<|)vKao-i, G., 200, N. 6. H., 712. 
 
 36. — Kul (X€v Stj, XII., § 30, note. — o-vveiSe'vai ; some such participle 
 as ddiKuu (or ddLKouvri, G., 113, N. 6) may be supplied. — irapaSiSovTos ; 
 this expresses the offer, rather than the actual delivery, G., 10, N, 2. See 
 dTroKpvwTo/xevot and note, § 18. — o^eiv, '^ to form"; H., 708 : "to hold an 
 opinion" is yvdj,uriv ^x^lv, §§ 12, 23. See also XXV,, §§ 1, 3. — &XXcos re 
 Kai ; see § 6, and note. 
 
 o7. — irepl e(xov...TovTw ; notice the emphatic position of each of the con- 
 trasted pronouns. — ^voxos li^v, G., 49, 2, jS". 2. Compare eKepdaLvov, § 32. 
 But if slaves were subjected to torture on demand of the opposite X'^rty, he 
 had to indemnify the owner. — •iroXv...'irpo(rf]Kev, "it was much more his 
 duty to accept, than my interest to offer." — els touto -n-poSvixCas, i. e. the 
 challenge to examine the slaves. — |xst* ejioi), " for my advantage." — H-ap- 
 Tvpwv ; Eauchenstein changes the common text here to /xaprvpiQu. 
 
 38. — evGvfAsio-Gai Be xp^j. How does this tense present the conception 
 of time as contrasted with that in ii/dv/j.7}6rjvai 5^ xP''h XXV., § 21? — ois, 
 referring to himself as representing a class, who, with strong evidence in 
 their favor, are audaciously accused by sycophants. — T€T6X(XT|!<e ; supply 
 fiapTvpelv. — Kal iroTepov ; before these words supply ivdv/xeiaOac xPV- — 
 alTidcracrOai, the common text, preferable to Kayser's emendation airid- 
 aOat, which Eauchenstein adopts. See G., 23, 2. But the connected 
 ^orjOelu is present, because denoting the continuous action of the accuser iu 
 endeavoring to make good his alria. 
 
 39. — tt'ywva, G., 159. K., 547, a. — <os belongs to iXwi^c^v. — ^ctp, see 
 6(X0} fjLaXLCTTa, § 7, and note. - — airopwraTOt t«v kivSvvcov, literally, "com- 
 pletely without means to extricate themselves from dangers," is equivalent 
 to our colloquial phrase, "hai'd up." — tovt^ = ToaovTcp. 
 
 40. — TTcp^o-xov sfiairro'v, H., 688, a. So in § 41. — StT]X>.dyn,v, so ctrorg 
 
148 Notes. 
 
 was his case that he felt no need of gaining favor. — ot...liratvoC<rt, a 
 strong remark, showing the honest farmer himself to be ** a good hater. " 
 — Kttl <})av€p(ios ; Kai here, as in § 15, = Kairoi. 
 
 41. — ■>(ivoi^y\v, €i...KaTao-T'/|(ro(i.ai, G., 54, 1, b. — vav|j,axkas...|J.dxas, 
 a customary argument, especially of those who lacked stronger ones. See 
 XXV., § 12. — Koo-fjiiov, the common term for, as we say, "a respectable 
 citizen." See XVI., § 18 ; XXL, § 20. —Iv StifiOKparto, see XXV., § 7, 
 and note. 
 
 42. — 'AXXa Yap, H., 870, d, see XII., § 99, supply 7ra6<Toixai. \iywv. — 
 IvddSe, speakers before the Areopagus were expected to keep to the facts, 
 with less latitude of appeal than in other courts. — dire'Sei^a 8'; U here 
 = "for," as in XII., § 68, uTreVxero di. — hr avTO<t>wp<{), i. e. by the 
 ejyhegesis, § 22. 
 
 43. — moTos 7€V€'o-0at, H., 398, *'to be believed." — ^7015; because 
 witnesses w^ould have given his words the weight of facts. — dSiKovvra, 
 supply /ue. — SiSovTOS, see note on TrapadidovTot, § 36. — <j)T]<rl irapayi- 
 veo-Qoi, see § 19. 
 
 ADDITIONAL KOTE. 
 
 It is open to question whether the unusual yuds/xt^v (tx'^Iv of § 36 may not 
 have arisen from a misreading of an original ^x^i.v, through the similarity 
 between e and c, an ancient form of S. I am indebted for this suggestion 
 to my learned friend Dr. Ezra Abbot, of Cambridge. 
 
A TABLE 
 
 Showing the variations of Eauchenstein's text from that of 
 C, ScHEiBE {editio altera aucta et emendata), as published by 
 Teubnee, 1874. 
 
 Scheihe's reading stands first in each passage. 
 
 XVI. 2. {) KaK»s — [ ]. 3. lirtScf^w — dTroSei^w. ...o<Jt lircS-^liOW — [ ]. 
 4. Ka0aipovp.€v«v — add iTredrj/xovy. 5. crxdvres — ^x<"^^^ — *^°-^ ''■°^S |i.t]- 
 8€V — om. TOis. 6. liri'YC'YpaiAjievoi — iyyeypa/jL/mivoi. 7. irapaXapdvTa 
 
 — KaTaj3a\6vTa. 9. Tavrqs — avT7]$. 11. i] ircpl rds — i) ir^pas. 13. irpbs 
 Tovs Boi(i)TOV9 — [ ] Toijs €tvai Sctv — [ ] Setv. 15. IvOavdvrwv — Airoda- 
 
 VOVTWV VCTTCpOV VCTTepOS 2T£ipi€a>S SreiplWS. 18. ToXjJia KOfl^. 
 
 19. TrtpicpxoH'^*"' — a/JLirexotJ^voi. 20. twv tt^s — ra ttjs. 21. tovtovs — 
 
 Toili TOIOVTOVS. 
 
 XII. 3. Troi-^o-wjiat — TOLr/a-o/Mi. 5. irovT]pol |jl€V — [ ] ^u^;'. ...<J>d<rKOV- 
 T6S 8e — ovi. S4. 6. T'fjv 8' dpx'^v — rrjv dpxw ^^- H- wp-oXd-y-qo-a — 
 
 w/xoXoyrp-o dp-yvpCov T€or(rapas — apyvpas Tirrapas. 12. {Jirr) — oiroi — 
 
 cls Tov d8e\<j)0v — eis rdSeX^oO. 15. iq"YOV|iTiv |i€V, el — TjyoCpiTjv, d ixh. 
 18. ov8£|i.ids — prefix [i^\ .. .Kkltr\.ov — K\ei.(rlov. 20. ovk dv — ov8' &v. 
 ...ird<ras — Trdcras /u^;/, . . . Xv<rajX€VOvs • toiovtwv — Xvaa/J^vovt TOtoOrbiv. 
 21. Ti]s irdXews — [ ]• 25. kyivovro — €yiyvovTo..."Iva [Li\ diroOdvwiicv y 
 
 — "Ii/a diroddvw/xev ?) /xtj dTroddvcj/xeu ; 26. d'iroKT€Cvais y — diroKreiveias 
 
 ...8ovvai — prefix \pelv\ 27. eircC toi t<5 — iireira tw. ...[tvavrtav] yv<a}i.i\v 
 
 — om. [ivavriap]. 28. v|Jids ctKds — trans2J0se. 30. <r<&^€iv t€ avrbv Kat 
 
 — au)^€iv avrbv /card. ...irdvTss — irdaip 31. otdv t* — oZovt. 34. Iru^cTe 
 
 — cru7x<i''e'''e. ••• dir€\|n]<J>{<raa-0€ — dTre\}/-r}(f)i^effd€. 35. Ti|i<Dpov(Ji€'vovs — 
 
 Krjdo/xivovs. 38. Icrrt — iartv (j>lXas — 0iXias. 39. ^jv nva — -ijvTtpa. 
 
 40. ota ri)s — ola rd rrji. 41. tnrlp avrwv — vir^p avrov. 42. lirpaTre 
 
 — ^irpaTTcu. 44. x(/T]<(>C(rai(rde — \j/-i)(f>i€i(76e. 45. ^dp KaC — yap [/cat]. 
 
 48. exp'qv &v — [ ] &v 'yCvetrOai — yiyveadac. 50. tw Xoyta — rots X6- 
 
 7ots. 51. oiroTcpoi — add [fjiSvoi]. . . . &p^ov<ri — &p^ov<nv. 52. tl ^dp 
 
 — Kol yap et — KdXXiov dv — [] d»' c-yCvovTO — iylyvovro. 55. 6 t«v 
 
 TpidKOvra "ycvdiAcvos — [ ]. 56. ols KaC — y /cat. ...0d<rorov — ddrrov. 
 57. dStKws 2<|>€VYOV, v|i.ei9 8i.KaCa)s — diKaiojs ^<pevyov, vfieh dSt'/cojs. ...d8iK<i)S, 
 ol TpidKOvra 8iKaC<i>s — St/catwy, oi rpidKoura dot'/cwj. 62. irapacrrg — 
 irpo<r<TTy. 66. y\.vo\Uvovs — yiyvofx^vovs. 67. dircSXecc — diruXeaev. 
 68. ttvTw — ai)r^ 71. Xe-ydjjicvos — ufioXoyrjfi^yos. 72. direiXot — dia- 
 
150 Table of Various Readings. 
 
 TeiXo'iTO. 75. 8^ tj>)(0VT0 — 8' ^-X^^'^^- 76. 'jrap-qYYA.XcTO — Trap-qyyeXro. 
 77. 8t' avTov — 5i auro;/. ...mo-Tcts a.-uT09 — wicrTeis avrols. 78. ^St] — dis. 
 79. TOVTOv'C — Toj/rof. ...p=G,xo|xevovs [|as'vJ — om. [ ]. 81. KaTT|7opt]Tai 
 8tj — KardyviOTe oe. 82. dtcptrous dircKTeivav — transjjose. 83. 8i]|j,€v- 
 <ratT6 — 5T]fM€vcreT€ — oiKias — ^wcy^a; rds. 84. irap' avrav — add [d^iav']. 
 85. T(ov [t€] tmrpa.yii.ivbiv — ovi. [ ]. 86. ^vvepovvxwv — avuepovvTcov. 
 87. TO vjX£T€pov irXfjGos — ToO v/j-erepov ttXtjOovs. 88. dTrft)X€cra(riv — oltto}- 
 XeaacTL. 89. p(^8iov — paoi'. 90. Sei^are — dei^ere, 98. ■y^verai — ylyverac. 
 99. [oiSe'v] — om. [ ]. 100. KaTa^J/i]{|>i£io-6ai — KaT€\p')](ptcrfji.€Povs ^(xeadai. 
 XXV. 1. o'i o-a<{>ws — Kal ca^ws ^tjtoCjti — ^r)Touaiv KCpSatveiv ^ 
 
 — [ ]. 2. 6|i,oi} — [irdv9^ 6/jLov]. 4. dTro<j>avw — dirocprjuoj. 5. T£K|ii^piov 
 
 — prefix [ip-oi], 7. ST]|X0KpaTLas — prefix ous Kd"yw irepl €[ia-uTo\) ti'Jv 
 
 dTToXoYtav 'iron](rop,ai, dTro<})atvwv — [ ]. 9. irpoo-Tavras — vpocrTdTas..., 
 
 ji€T€pd\ovTO — p.€T€^d\\oyTO. 10. ^"qTOvvTas — ^rfKodvTas oiiTws — oIjto). 
 
 11. Tus TOVTtov — rds Trept ro^uTiav. 12. -qs nvos — ^arivos. 13. ^Ivoito 
 
 — yevoiTO dWtt [Kal] Ik — dXXd ck. 14. ovt«s — ovtu. 19. twv oXt- 
 
 •ycov — [ ] Tu)v Koivd •yt"yv€<r0at — transpose. 20. 'n'€pl tip.»v avrwv — [ ]. 
 
 22. 8^ TrvvGdvotcrGe — 5' eirvvOdveaOe — Se dtXXovs — transpose iiirsp fjjxftiv 
 
 — virep vp.u)u. 27. 8t€Te6r]T€ ' tows — 5i€T^drjT€ Cbare toi/s •yiverai — 
 
 yiyverai iroXXaKis XP'HO'^Q''' — om. 7roXXd/vts irciOojJievots — prefix ttoX- 
 
 Xd/cij. 29. iv oXi^apx^a Kal Iv 8r|(j,0KpaTia — h drjpLOKparig. Kai ev 6\l- 
 yapxi-q- 30. vnroxj/Cav — vwoxj/ias. 31. ovtws — ovtcj. 32. Kal tovtcuv 
 
 — KalroL Todrwv. 33. twv €x Ilcipaiws kivS'Jvovs — in IIei/)atu)s \_KLvovvovi\. 
 
 ...o-«Tr|pia — cwT-qpLa — eiriXvcrco-Gat — VTroSvcreaOai. to aiuTo iruvTes — 
 
 TovT avrb deiaat^re^. 35. els viro... — els xjiro[\plav Karaar-qcFeTe... 
 
 VII. 2. oiojxsvot — 7}yo6p.evoi. 4. t«v Svtwv 8* IkcCvou — 8k tQv iKci- 
 pov. ... ewvovfiTjv — C)vovp.ai. 5. p,vpCat — p.opiai. 6. irXtiov — 7rXe?f. 
 
 7. bcrot — Sacp. 10. clp-ydo-aTo eviavTov — 07Ji. eviavrhv tc0vt|K€ Tavra 
 
 Tpia 2r»] • 6|XoC«s — ridvqKe • Kara rpia ^rr/ op.olws. 12. kyivero — iyiyvero. 
 Ttp a<j)avi(ravTi — [ ] Taji....Tw •jrciijo-avTi — [to;] TrepLTroLrjcravTi. 13. l"yiV€TO 
 
 — iyiyvero. 1 4. Trap' vit.iv — Trap' vp.Cjv Kiv8vvft)V, €t Tt to\5t<«)v ^Trparrov. 
 
 iroXXds — Kivbvv(i}v. iyui de, ei' tl toiovtou ^irpaTTOv, iroWds. 16. oiov T6 
 fjV 8Ckt]v p.€ — oris re ^i* SZ/fT?!/. . . .clSef-qv — 7*/5eij'. 17. cwov — (ra)z/. . . .irape- 
 8o<rav. — irapiSocrav ; 18. [toiis irapiovTas ^] — oni. [ ]. 22. <|)T^cras fi' 
 1861V — ^Tji/as ^' ^5w;/. . . .ovTco — o^TOL. 23. 8s — 6Vw. . . .TavT-cjv ti]V — rai'- 
 
 TT?!/. . . .TOIOVTWV 7€ T0L01JTWV T€. 25. Kttl T'flV TTaTpiSa [ ]. . . . I^TI p,{cO<r6V 
 
 — ^^yjfil-faffi p.. 26. «s d4>av£5(ov vwl KptvojJiai ; — dcpavii^ci}, ws wvi Kplvo- 
 
 fj.ai. 27. TOtovTO — roiovTov. 29. ^T]|xi6o"at — ^7],uiQicrai p,e diroYpdvj/at 
 
 diroypaxl/aaOai. 36. ^uveiS^vav — crvveLdemt. 37. -fjXeYX^v — ^Xeyou, & o5tos 
 i^oCXero. . . .a\i.o\6yovv, d ovros epovXcTO — WjUoXoyour'. . . . p,apTvpwv — juap- 
 TvpiQv. 38. aiTtdo-ao-GaL — atrtacr^ai,.^^jjj^ toctovtw — to^'tcp. 41. deXuo- 
 TttTOs dv — transpose. ^^js^f^Vv -^ '^-V' 
 
TOPICS 
 
 TREATED OF IN THE GENERAL NOTES TO THE SEVERAL 
 
 ORATIONS. 
 
 Or. XVI. 
 
 Or. XII. 
 
 Or. XXV. 
 
 Or. YII. 
 
 1. The Civil and Military Constitution of Athens 
 
 2. Phylae and Demes 
 
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 4. The Assembly . 
 
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 6. Syndicus . 
 
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 1. The Archons . 
 
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 5. Liturgy . 
 
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 11. Money . 
 
 12. Athens and Pirjsus 
 
 1. Arbitrators . 
 
 2. The Euthyne . 
 
 3. Atimia . 
 
 4. Apagoge . 
 
 1. Graphe . 
 
 2. Slaves 
 
 3. Ephegesis 
 
 [Cambridge : Electi-otj-psd and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, and Company. 
 
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