Illustrated Sterling edition THE KING'S OWN THE PIRATE THE THREE CUTTERS BY CAPTAIN FREDERICK MARRYAT With Introduction by W. L. COURTNEY, M. A., LL. D. BOSTON AND NEW YORK DANA ESTES & COMPANY PUBLISHERS GENERAL INTRODUCTION IF in the case of some novelists it makes little or no difference what their private life and personal experience have been, there are many others whose existence we ought to know with fair intimacy, before we can even begin to understand their work. Captain Marryat assuredly belongs to the latter class. If we are to put ourselves at the right point of view to estimate those novels by which he lives '" Peter Simple," " Mr. Midshipman Easy," " The King's Own," and others whose titles are household names it is necessary to have some general acquaintance with those stirring times of his life which lie between 1 806 and 1 8 1 o. Fortunately enough because the materials for Captain Marryat's life are strangely scanty he has told us a great deal of his personal history in " Frank Mildmay." The author energetically denied that he was in his first published book drawing his own portrait, for the best of reasons, because his hero is by no means a perfect young gentleman, such as the ordinary reader would be likely to take to his heart. Nor, perhaps, would some of the other personages who figure in the tale be precisely the models which his contemporaries would gladly accept for themselves. Let us grant, by all means, that Frank Mildmay is not Frederick Marryat, and that the officers and messmates with whom he was brought into contact are not literally and precisely the comrades of the author's youthful years. The incidents, how- ever, remain, whatever else we take away, and " The Adven- tures of a Naval Officer " is full of the experience which was gained by the spirited young midshipman on board the under Captain Lord Cochrane, afterwards Earl of v GENERAL INTRODUCTION Dundonald. Marryat had run away three times from school before he attained his ambition, and was allowed to go to sea. His father, Joseph Marryat, a prosperous man, who was M.P. for Sandwich and chairman of the committee of Lloyds, does not seem to have been a very sympathetic parent, and the youth's schooldays, so far as we can judge from the allusions to school life in the novels, were anything but happy. It was in September 1806 that he gained his proud position on the quarter-deck of the frigate Imperieuse, and he was then fourteen years old. For the purposes of a general introduction the early life of Marryat is all that is of real consequence from the age of fourteen to the age of thirty-four, when he became a post- captain, and was given the Companionship of the Bath. The later period, to the time of his death m 1 848, is by no means so pleasant to contemplate. It is full of restlessness and discontent, chequered by not a few disasters- and illnesses, and embittered by more than an occasional want of money. He was producing book after book with magnificent prodigality, and he was enjoying the summer tide of his popularity, but the materials which made his literary productiveness possible were all, or nearly all, amassed in the earlier part of his career, and such happiness and contentment as came in his way were enjoyed in his early manhood. The first voyages under Cochrane are in themselves a romance of the ocean. Entering the navy at a time when, from Trafalgar onwards, it was for the rest of the great war with France the acknowledged mistress of the sea, Marryat was equally fortunate in his ship and his commander. The Imperieuse was one of the smartest frigates afloat, and Lord Cochrane one of the most brilliant of English officers. " Mr. Midshipman Easy," "Peter Simple," "Frank Mildmay," "The King's Own" are full of the English Channel, and the Mediterranean, the coasts of France and Spain, and America and the West Indies. It was under Cochrane, and afterwards in the Molus, the Spartan, the Espiegle, the Beaver, and the Rosario, that all vi GENERAL INTRODUCTION the wonderful experiences were gained which were turned subsequently to such excellent account. On September 30th, 1811, the JEolus was, during a furious gale of wind, laid on her beam-ends, with top-masts and mizen-masts blown away, and Marryat succeeded in the perilous bisk of cutting away the main-yard. The incident is retold in the pages of " Frank Mildmay." The tremendous shipwreck in " The King's Own " is also a fragment of real history, of which Lord Exmouth was the hero. So it is with a host of other inci- dents, such as the defence of Rosas on the Spanish coast in the Peninsular War, the capture of the privateer in Almeria Bay, the accident by which Marryat was knocked down by the body of the first lieutenant in front of him in a boarding atfray and very nearly killed by the trampling feet of his followers, and many other exploits and misfortunes too numerous to mention. The future novelist had a retentive memory and a quick eye for useful incidents. If the lines of his early life had fallen in other places, he might still have been a novelist, for the writing propensity was very strong within him : but assuredly his novels would have been very different. It will be as well, perhaps, in however cursory a fashion, to enumerate some of these earlier voyages, on which so much depends. Not much is to be said about the first expedition under Lord Cochrane, which began at the end of 1 806, except that the frigate was very nearly wrecked off Ushant, and that the cruise was confined to the French coast. In the second, in September of the next year, the Imperieuse joined Lord Collingwood's fleet in the Mediter- ranean, and Marryat gained a good deal of that experience at Malta which he was afterwards to utilise in the historv of Mr. Midshipman Easy. From Malta the frigate went to Corsica, where a dashing action took place with a Maltese privateer : thence to Toulon, back again to the Ionian Islands, and finally home. The third of Cochrane's expeditions began early in 1808, when the Imperieuse was on service off the GENERAL INTRODUCTION coast of Spain, and saw many brilliant operations during the continuance of the Peninsular War. Let it not be forgotten that his captain made an extraordinary impression on the young novelist's mind. Lord Cochrane was not perhaps the most ideal of men, so far as his relations to Parliament and the Admiralty were concerned, but he was at his best on the quarter-deck. Marryat has drawn him at least twice, as Captain M in "The King's Own," and Captain Savage of the Diomede in " Peter Simple." What especially struck him was the combination of daring with judgment, ^dauntless heroism united with the most scrupulous care for human life. As soon as Cochrane was superseded from the Im- perleuse, Marryat went through a number of naval adventures under other captains, in the course of which he made ac- quaintance with the eastern coast of America, Barbadoes, and the West Indies. The only important event to chronicle is the proof of a constitutional weakness which subsequently was fatal to him. In 1813, while serving in L'Espiegle on the north coast of South America, he was invalided home, owing to the breaking of a bloodvessel, a misfortune which occurred to him a good many times in his subsequent career until the end came in 1848. For many reasons the years which elapsed from 1815 onwards may be passed over with but slight mention. After a marriage with Miss Shairp, in January 1819, he was on guard duty at St. Helena, at the time when Napoleon was looking forward to the end of his last imprisonment. In the Rosario, it was his business to cruise for smugglers. He made no little use of the knowledge he thus acquired in his picture of M'Elvina and Captain Debriseau in "The King's Own." The Burmese War, in 1824 and 1825, afforded many opportunities for distinction, as a result of which he gained post rank and a C.B. But in 1830 he resigned the command of the Ariadne, his last ship, and thenceforward devoted himself to literature and the management of his private affairs. He was far more successful, however, as a novelist viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION than as a man of business. Whether in Sussex House, Hammersmith, or at Langham in Norfolk, he seems steadily to have lost money partly owing to the failure of a property in the West Indies but his books brought him in large sums, and his industry was enormous. From 1830 to 1837, when he went on a visit to America, he had produced ten stories "Frank Mildmay," "The King's Own," ''Newton Forster," "Peter Simple," "Jacob Faithful," "The Pacha of Many Tales," " Mr. Midshipman Easy," " Japhet in Search of a Father," "The Pirate and the Three Cutters," and " Snarlevyow," besides two technical works, one on the Abolition of Impressment, the other a detailed scheme for a new code of signals. The tour in Canada and in the United States led to the publication of " A Diary in America," hardly a successful venture, and an admirable story on the Old Vanderdecken legend, entitled "The Phantom Ship'." But none of the later stories, evan including " Masterman Ready," can be compared with those issued between 1830 and 1837, most of which saw the light in the Metropolitan Magazine, of which Marryat was for some time editor. " Masterman Ready " is, in reality, the first of a new depart- ment of b'terature books for children, to which the author now began to devote himself. Marryat was at Langham when he poured out, in rapid succession, " The Travels and Adventures of Monsieur Violet," " The Settlers in Canada," "The Mission," "The Children of the New Forest," and "The Little Savage." "Valerie" seems to have been written while he was dying. His actual demise was un- doubtedly hastened by the sad news of the loss of his son, Lieutenant Frederic Marryat, who perished in the wreck of the Avenger in the Mediterranean. Our author himself passed away quietly in the early morning of August 9, 1848. Marryat's character is not difficult to estimate, despite the scantiness of the records. His daughter, who gives us the best picture of him, neither disguises his points of weak- ness nor ignores his true strength. Like his old commander, is GENERAL INTRODUCTION Lord Cochrane, Captain Marryat is obviously at his best on board ship ; if these naval heroes are put on shore, they are apt to exhibit a certain explosiveness of temperament which does not always accord with the best traditions of civilised society, and which sometimes prevents them from gaining that general consideration which is their clue. Captain Marryat had his fair share of squabbles, literary and personal, and he behaved throughout , them with a spirit a little too cavalier to be called Christian. We need not trouble ourselves with incidents which are of no value except to the picker-up of unconsidered trifles. It is more pleasant to notice that in his own home, and by his own children, our author was a good deal more adored than feared. He had that sublime impolicy in the management of his family which is often more successful than practical common-sense would suppose. With a great parade of punitive severity, he betrayed an engaging amount of paternal weakness. At the termination of each week at Langham it was his habit to interview his children, accompanied by their governess, in order to receive, with such solemnity as he could muster, the seven days' report of conduct and diligence. The unco guid received a prize for obvious reasons ; the desperately naughty also received a prize in order to tempt them to be better, and, lastly, the governess herself received a prize, in order that her criticism on this equivocal justice might be fore-- stalled. Of course they all loved him, although they reserved to themselves a certain liberty of judgment. If a child had torn its dress, the -culprit went as a matter of course to the father, who, on one occasion at all events, tore off the major portion of the skirt in order to take upon his own shoulders the blame for the misdeed. When a character of this descrip- tion has to manage an estate in Norfolk, the receipts are not likely to be excessive ; but the man himself is sure to be remembered, not only by his tenants and retainers, but also by the ex-poachers whom he converted into gamekeepers. It is pleasant to remember such traits as these, because x GENERAL INTRODUCTION they give us the right standpoint from which to estimate Captain Marryat's literary work. It is not probable that such a nature could be in the truest sense either artistic or literary. Of all that goes to the formation of a plot, of constructive and technical ability, Captain Marry at had but Little share ; as a rule his novels go on, as it were, of their own accord, the incidents succeeding each other in prodigal variety, the dramatis personce coming on and off the scene without any particular attention to the rules of the game. Of all his books perhaps two, " The King's Own " and " Snarleyyow," are the only ones which betray that preliminary labour of involution which ought to precede the evolution of the story. There is a plot undoubtedly in " The King's Own," and there is some good construction in " Snarleyyow ; " the rest are flying pages, torn from a naval officer's journal, written currente calamo, as opportunity and the pressing necessity for money dictated. On the other hand, because Captain Marryat was universally popular, he would be almost sure to sympathise with and understand very different varieties of character. Next to Dickens, he has drawn men who live in the national memory. Every schoolboy at all events, every schoolboy of thirty 'years ago knows, as if they were his own familiar friends, Mr. Midshipman Easy, Terence O'Brien, Equality Jack, and the immortal Mr. Chucks. The sense of fun is more obvious in these novels than the rarer and more lasting gift of humour. Pages could be quoted to prove the author's own enjoyment in his creations, and in those incidents where they figure. Mr. Easy and his reliance on the articles of war, quoted by Mr. David Hannay in his admirable little memoir of Frederick Marryat, form an obvious instance. Apart from this, however, which after all is due rather to an exuberant temperament than to those qualities we look for in a novelist, there is a simple straightforward power of description which cannot be overpraised. It is of course true that Marryat worked up his own experience into graphic and descriptive scenes ; but they never show signs of GENERAL INTRODUCTION excessive elaboration, they are never strained or theatrical, and the effect is due rather to a few subtle touches than to the conscious desire to write purple passages. The club- hauling of the Diomede in " Peter Simple," the fight between the Aurora and the Trident in "Midshipman Easy," the account of the hurricane on the coast of S. Pierre, once more in " Peter Simple," and the destruction of the French ship at the end of "The King's Own," are all admirable examples of a skill which, because it is apparently so easy, is not the less worthy of praise. What one lacks in Captain Marryat is not the narrative ability, but the poetic sense. There is little or no suggestion of that terror and mystery of the sea which are sometimes found in Victor Hugo and in the " Pecheur d'Islande " of Pierre Loti. We must not, however, ask from this novelist more than he could give us, and he has given us so much, that ingratitude would be particularly base. As compared, for instance, with Fenimore Cooper, we see at once his advantage, and although Mr. Clark Russell has written one book, " The Wreck of the Grosvenor," which is worthy to stand with Marryat's novels, on the whole he is a lesser artist. We need not concern our- selves with the depreciative criticism, either of Carlyle, who seems to have written of him under an access of bile, or of Edgar Allan Poe, who declared that his ideas were essentially mediocre, and the common property of the mob. Washington Irving, Christopher North, Lockhart, and Thackeray, all in their various ways did him justice. In the history of English literature it is the glory of Captain Marryat to stand half-way between Smollett and Dickens, inferior, it is true, to either writer, lout still worthily handing on a tradition, and inaugu- rating in his chivalry of the ocean "a new region," as Washington Irving said, " of fiction and romance." W. L, COURTNEY. January 1896. xii INTRODUCTION ALTHOUGH Captain Marryat's first appearance in the world of fiction was signalised by the publication in 1 829 of " The Adventures of a Naval Officer, or Frank Mildmay," there seems no reason to doubt that " The King's Own " was composed at an earlier date. It was originally produced in the Metropolitan Magazine at a time when the author was getting all that he conld for thoroughly hard and conscien- tious work, at the remuneration of 16 a sheet very fair magazine pay. He was offered the editorship about this period of a new Radical review designed on the lines of the United Service Journal, but Mr. Bentley's proposals in this direction were rejected for the editorship of the Metro- politan, which he assumed in 1832, and in which for four or five years after this date he allowed the major part of his work to appear. At what precise time of his life he wrote " The King's Own " it is difficult to say, but there are one or two bits of personal history in the story which appear to prove that he was at the time on active service. In Chapter xxii., for instance, he says, " I am seated in the after-cabin of a vessel endowed with as liberal a share of motion as any in his Majesty's service. Whilst I write, I am holding On by the table, my legs entwined in the lashings underneath, and I can barely manage to keep my position before my manu- script." The rest of the passage is interesting, because it explains what it was that induced the youthful Marryat to go to sea. " It was not to escape the drudgery and confinement of a school, or the admonitions received at home. The battle of Trafalgar had been fought." After witnessing the xiii INTRODUCTION funeral procession of Lord Nelson the author determined that he too would, if possible, be buried in the same manner ; death could have no terrors if followed by so gorgeous a re- compense. "I had no idea at that time," he adds, "that it was such a terrible roundabout way to St. Paul's. Here I have been tossed about in every quarter of the globe for between twenty and five-and-twenty years, and the dome is almost as distant as ever. I mean to put up with the family vault; but I should like very much to have engraved on my coffin, ' Many years Commissioner,' or ' Lord of the Admiralty,' or ' Governor of Greenwich Hospital,' ' Ambassador,' ' Privy Councillor,' or, in fact, anything but Captain ; for though ac- knowledged to be a good travelling name, it is a very insigni- ficant title at the end of our journey." As Captain Marryat went to sea in 1 806, from twenty to twenty-five years gives us somewhere about 1828 for the composition of this story. As distinguished from the other novels, with the possible exception of " Snarleyyow," " The King's Own " has a definite plot a tolerably obvious one, it is true, but evidently thought out, and, in his nai've way, acknowledged by the author towai'ds the end of the book us a good subject for a novel. But the boy who has imprinted on his shoulder the broad arrow which designates him for the king's service, and who is the heir to a large estate, is more the nominal than the real hero. William Seymour is, in truth, a somewhat colourless young man, and, as is the customary rule in Marryat's novels, the main interest lies in the picturesque incidents and in the studies of character so plentifully besprinkled over his pages. More than once Marryat protests against the idea that he is describing acquaintances of his own, yet there must be a good deal of Cochrane in Captain M of the Aspasia, and it is difficult to conceive that a man like Captain Capperbar was otherwise than a caricature of some well-known personage. M'Elvina and Debriseau were obviously suggested by Marryat's own experiences of smugglers. There is a long passage in Chapter ix v containing notes about the smuggling trade INTRODUCTION between the port of Cherbourg and the English coast Our author is fond of these little disquisitions : he gives us, for instance, an essay on the way in which Sunday is kept on board ship, as well as on the various kinds of courage, which remind us not so much of the practised novelist as of the thoughtful amateur. But there is perhaps only one chapter which clearly conveys the suggestion that " The King's Own " appeared serially in a magazine. Chapter xxxvii. has absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with the story, and looks as if that